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GAME, SHORE, AND WATER BIRDS OF INDIA
GAME, SHORE, AND WATER
BIRDS OF INDIA.
WITH ADDITIONAL REFERENCES TO THEIR
ALLIED SPECIES IN OTHER PARTS
OF THE WORLD.
BY
COLONEL A. LE MESSURIER, CLE, F.Z.S., F.GS.
LATE ROYAL ENGINEERS,
AUTHOR OF ‘‘KANDAHAR IN 1879”; ‘‘FROM LONDON TO BOKHARA AND a RIDE THROUGH PERSIA.”
WITH ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY NATURAL SIZE ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM ACTUAL SPECIMENS.
FOURTH EDITION.
LONDON:
W. THACKER AND CO., 2, CREED LANE, E.C.
CALCUTTA AND SIMLA: THACKER, SPINK AND CO.
1904.
[All Rights Reserved.]
Op nstth
OL
69/
ry
ie
)904
PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.
TuE old title has been preserved, but this edition includes references to
all species in other parts of the world that are allied to the Game, Shore,
and Water Birds of India.
These additions seem necessary, as owing to the facilities of travel
Anglo-Indians are now engaged in most countries either on business or
pleasure.
The scheme of the work is still as originally designed in 1874. The
system of reference is comprised in three prime divisions, viz. :—
I. Game Birps (Birds with feet like those of a Fowl), TasLe,
pp. 49-52.
II. SHorz Birps (Birds that fly with legs out behind), Tantus,
pp. 117-120.
III. Water Birps (Birds with feet more or less fully webbed), Tass,
pp. 205-208.
The additional references have been taken chiefly from :—
Blanford, Fauna of British India, vol. iv. : : . (B.)
Ogilvie-Grant, Game Birds, vols. i. ii. . (0.G.)
Bowdler Sharpe, Birds of Great Britain, vols. i-iv. : . (8)
Mivart, Elements of Ornithology : j : . (M.)
Oates, Game Birds of India, parts i. ii. ‘ . (0)
Gordon, Our Country’s Birds , : . (G.)
Encyclopedia Britannica. : : . (E.B.)
British Museum Catalogues . , ‘ : . (B.M.C.)
The illustrations, 180 in number, are life size, and drawn from actual
specimens within a few hours of their being brought to bag.
A. LE MESSURIER.
Eatine, May, 1904.
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.
Ow1ne to the insertion of additional matter, the tabular form of previous
editions has been abandoned, and the Notes are now given in paragraphs.
The system of reference, however, is intended to be the same. The
Index (p. 151) shows the Order to which a bird belongs, and the Indices
of the Orders (pp. 2-3, 36-37, 98-99) are divided into Families, with
references to the pages on which the different species are detailed.
The illustrations were originally drawn from the specimens when shot,
or when received from friends. Many of these were afterwards beautifully
executed in pen and ink by Mr. W. W. Turner, of Simla.
The numbers, names, and descriptions, as given in Jerdon, have been
adhered to as far as possible. The additions have principally been taken
from The Game Birds of India, Messrs. Hume and Marshall (H. & M.),
and Stray Feathers (S.F.).
The Introduction has been copied from the descriptive exhibits at the
Natural History Museum, where I have received every assistance.
The derivations of names have been chiefly taken from A List of
British Birds compiled by a Committee of the British Ornithologists’ Union.
A. LE MESSURIER.
EALING, August, 1887.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
It was intended that an edition for the public should have been illus-
trated; but now that an expedition is starting for Central Asia, the
Notes which were privately circulated in 1874 without the pictures are
reprinted.
Some additions have been made, and the divisions into Families will
now be found on pages 1, 9, and 22.
A. LE MESSURIER.
SIMLA, October, 1878.
vi
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
(For Private Circulation only.)
To SIR WILLIAM MEREWETHER, C.B., K.C.S.1
COMMISSIONER IN SIND.
Dear Sir WILLIAM,
The accompanying Notes (commenced in 1861) on the Eastern
Narra have been so often referred to by brother officers that, after an
interval of thirteen years, I have been induced to complete and print
them, not only to satisfy inquiry, but to remove, if possible, the difficulty
that exists in tracing Birds to their proper names.
The plan adopted is, it is hoped, both simple and concise. The Index
shows the Birds in Classes, and these again are divided into Families on
pages 1, 6, and 19, with references to the intermediate sheets on which
the different species are detailed.
Errors and omissions must occur, and if at the close of the shooting-
season those receiving copies will return them to me, I shall hope to
complete my first intention of presenting them with others fully illus-
trated in exchange for their suggestions, corrections, and illustrations.
These may be “Dry Leaves” from an “Unhappy Valley,” but they tell
of the advantages that Sind offers to the sportsman in the abundance of
its small game.
A. LE MESSURIER.
Kurracuez, November, 1874.
vii
*(uos8poy) asnowy-aNnvg GULNIVG ‘% jo ureideiq
or
REFERENCES TO PAINTED SAND-GROUSE,
COND oP wD HE
REFERENCES.
. Crown (Vertex).
. Forehead (Frons).
. Hind head (Occiput),
. Hind neck (Cerviz),
. Nape (Nucha).
. Back (Dorswm).
. Rump (Uropygium).
. Upper Tail-coverts,
. Tail-feathers (Rectrices),
. Central Tail-feathers (Uropygiales).
. Lateral or outer Tail-feathers.
. Lore.
. Ear-coverts (Regio parotica).
. Eyebrow (Supercilium).
Cheek.
. Side of Neck (Collum),
. Shoulder (Humerus),
Scapulars or Humerals (Parapteron).
. Interscapulary region (Interscapulium).
. Primaries or Metacarpo-digitals
. Secondaries or Cubitals
. Greater coverts
. Middle coverts (Tectrices).
. Lesser coverts
. Winglet or Bastard Wing (Ala spuria or Alula).
. Chin (Mentum).
. Throat (Gula).
. Fore neck (Jugulum),
. Breast (Pectus).
. Abdomen.
. Vent (Crissum).
. Under Tail-coverts.
. Tarsus,
. First or Hind Toe (Halluz).
. Tibia,
. Carpus.
. Radius and Ulna.
. Digit or Toe.
\ (Remiges).
f]
44
Foreheyh # 4
4
w Naa
Upper or Dorsal Aspect of 57. Larce Grey QUAIL. ial :
Ocer, bu 7 ‘\
Nape-
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PREFACES F ¥ ‘ i 5 - ‘i Vv
TABLE OF Geman ; 3 . xiii
List oF ILLUSTRATIONS : i F £ ‘ i) ev
List oF TaBLES . m e : . xvi
INTRODUCTION 3 : : : 3 ‘ - 1
BrrpsS—CLASssiFICATION : 1
I. SAURURE. Archeopterye (Lizard Tail) 1
Il RATITA. Struthionide (True Ostriches) 2
‘5 Rheide (S. American Ostriches) 3
5 Dromeide (Emeus) 3
35 Casuartide (Cassowaries) 3
ai Apterygide (Kiwis) 4
Flightless Birds : ; ; 4
Fossil Birds. : : 4
Subfossil Birds 5
Birds Recently Extirpated 6
Birds Partially Exterminated 6
III. CARINATA, Dromeognathe 7
59 Schizognathe 7
2 Aigithognathe 8
i Saurognathe 8
Desmognathe. ‘ : ‘ 8
Morphological Classification . . : 3 . 9-12
Geographical Distribution : : : : . 13
Australian ; ; i . 18
Neotropical i : : : . 14
Nearctic : . » 15
Palearctic : . : : . 16
Ethiopian : : ‘ ‘ . VW
Indian , ; . 18
Bill or Beak : : . 2
Teeth ; ‘ ; : . 22
Forelimb or Wing. ; . ‘ : ; - 22
Integument and Feathers . F : : . 24
Remiges, or Flight-Feathers, Modifications ‘i é ‘ . 24
Arrangement of Coverts , . : : - 26
Modification of Cubitals . ; . 26
Wing Claws : ‘ : ‘ : : . 26
Wing Spurs . : - 26
Posterior Extremity or Leg (is) ‘ : : : » 27
Spurs on Leg : : : 2 . 27
Covering of the Feet . : : . . 27
Number of Digits or Toes : : F . 29
Reduction in Number of, and Supernumerary Toes . ; . 29
Variation in Number of Phalanges F ‘ F , - 29
Position of Toes : : , é . . 380
xiii
xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Modifications of the Foot 30
Tail 2 : 31
External Covering or Feathers ‘ 32
Contour feathers 32
Down Feathers 33
Semiplumes 33
Filoplumes 33
Powder Down 33
After-Shafts. 33
Peculiarities of Arrangement and Structure 34
External Variation at Different Seasons 34
Adaptation of Colour 34
Albinism 35
Melanism 35
Migration 36
Routes of Migrants 38
Song and Gestures 40
Nidification 40
Eggs 41
Incubation . 43
Moult _ 43
Velocity in Flight 44
Age ‘ F ‘ j : 44
GENERAL INDEX. CARINATE 2 i : S : ‘45- 48
Index to Game Birds . ; : : 49-52
Rasores (Scratchers). Game Brrps . 58
Crypturt (Tinamous) 54
Pterocletes (Sand-Grouse) . 55
Galline (True Game Birds) : 60
» (Grouse, Turkeys, Guinea Fowls) 60
» (Pea-Fowls, Pheasants, Jungle-Fowls) 66
» (Quails, Partridges, Snow-Cocks) 91
» (Guans, Curassows, Megapodes) 110
» (Bustard and Button eae ; 112
Index to Shore Birds . : . 117-120
GRALLATORES (Waders). SHORE BIRDS . 121
Gralle (Rails, Water-Hens, Finfoots) 122
» (Cranes, Sun-Bitterns, Trumpeters) . 134
» (Bustards, Florikins) : 138
Limicole (Plovers, Jagands, Lapwings, Stilts) 143
, (Curlews, Godwits, Sandpipers, Ruffs, Stints,
Phalaropes, Woodcocks, Snipes) 165
Herodiones (Ibises, Spoonbills, Ct ae Egrets,
Bitterns) a . 185
Index to Water Birds 2 ; . . . 205-208
Natatores (Swimmers). WateR Birps . a . 209
Gavie (Gulls, Terns, Noddies, Skuas) A 209
Steganopodes (Tropic Birds, Pelicans, cae Boobies,
Frigate Birds) : 231
Tubinares (Petrels, Shearwaters, ‘Arbatroases\, 240
Phenicoptert (Screamers, Flamingoes) Z 249
Anseres (Swans, Geese, Ducks, Teal, Pochards, Mergansers) : 251
Pygopodes (Grebes, Loons) é 287
Alce (Auks, Razorbills, Puffins) 291
Impennes (Penguins) 293
ALPHABETICAL INDEX . ; ; 296
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
SERIAL
NUMBER, PAGE
2, Painted Sand-Grouse ‘ F ¥ ‘ é : viii
57. Grey Quail . , ‘ e a _ z A x
187. Pintail Snipe A e i é : ; a a EEX
— Billof Albatross . ‘ . : : - : « 21
— Bones in Wing of a Fowl 3 4 é ‘ 4 . » 28
— Modification of Avian Hand . ‘ . < ‘ 7 » 25
— Bones in Leg of a Fowl . ; ‘ . ‘ : - 28
31. Foot of Red Jungle-Fowl - : : ‘ . 5 . 29
1. Head and Foot of Large Sand-Grouse . : ‘ : . . 56
4, Head of Coroneted Sand-Grouse : 2 a 3 . 57
6. Head (2) and Foot of Pintail Sand- Crouse ‘ : : F . 58
7. Head and Egg of Blue-browed Sand-Grouse ‘ , : 2 . 59
9. Head (2) and Foot of Pea-Fowl < 7 F 3 - 68, 69
16. Head of Cheer Pheasant : , . : . 7
20. Head (2) and Foot of White-crested Kalij Pheasant ‘ i : - 76
22, Head and Foot of Black-backed Kalij Pheasant . . 2 : . @
34. Head of Koklass Pheasant . A . ‘i 7 . 88
39. Head (2) of Western Horned Pheasant . ‘ i ; 5 é . 86
43, Head (2) of Moonal Pheasant 3 j ‘ : ei . 88
54, Head (2) of Painted Bush-Quail : F : F . 98
57. Head (2) and Foot of Grey Quail 5 : ‘ : 5 . 94
59. Head (2) of Rain Quail ‘ 3 ¥ . F F » 95
62. Head (2) of Hill-Partridge . z ‘ : : - 97
63. Head and Foot of Black-throated Hill- Partridge : F 5 : - 98
71. Head of Chukor . : 2 é ‘ . 101
72. Head and Foot of Sand- Partridge : ! . : . 102
73. Head (2) of Black Partridge . ‘ - ; , : . 103
76. Head and Foot of Grey Partridge . : : : : - 104
79. Head of Snow-Cock F . . i : : . 108
81. Head of Snow-Partridge ; ‘ : : . 110
83. Head of Bustard Quail . ‘ “ ‘ F . 118
84. Head of Little Button Quail . : 4 4 ‘ ‘ . 1214
86. Head (2) of Larger Button Quail : 4 ‘ r : - 115
94, Head and Foot of Little Crake ‘ ‘ , . ; . 125
106. Head and Foot of Moorhen . : 3 ‘ 5 > . 130
107. Head and Foot of Purple Moorhen i 3 ‘ . ‘ . 131
108. Head and Foot of Coot A : r “ ‘ : . 133
110. Head and Foot of Crane - : i ‘ . 3 - 136
"118, Head and Foot ofHoubara . : 6 ‘ é . 141
120. Head and Foot of Florikin . ‘ i F : . 142
121. Head and Foot of Stone-Curlew : : ‘ é i . 144
124. Head and Foot of Crab-Plover 5 ‘ r A ‘ . 146
129. Head and Foot of Pratincole : ‘ , ‘ ‘ . 149
131. Head, Foot, and Feathers of Jacana. : . 3 - 150, 151
183. Head and Foot of Turnstone 2 és ; , : . 158
137, Head and Foot of Grey Plover 3 : é : . . 154
141, Head and Foot of Sand-Plover . : P ‘ . 156
146. Head and Foot of Ringed Plover 3 ‘i : F . . 157
149. Head of Lapwing . : : 159
XV
xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
SERIAL
NUMBER PAGE
154. Head and Foot of Oyster-Catcher . : ; ‘ . 161
155. Head and Foot of Stilt 3 F A . ‘ . 163
158. Head and Foot of Curlew é ‘ ‘ : A . 166
159, Head of Whimbrel ‘ : : ‘ . 167
160. Head of Black-tailed Godwit . “ : , . 169
161. Head and Foot of Bar-tailed Godwit . ; : : . 170
167. Head and Foot of Sandpiper . ; : ; F . 172
169. Head and Foot of Redshanks : : 3 . 178
170. Head and Foot of Spotted Redshanks . , ‘ a . 173
173. Head and Foot of Sanderling : ; : : » 175
187. Head and Pin-feathers (14) of Pintail Snipe : : ; . . 180
188. Head and Foot of Fantail Snipe : é : : . . 181
191. Head and Foot of Jack Snipe : : ; ; . 183
192. Head and Feathers (2) of Painted Snipe : - : - . 184
194, Head and Foot of King Curlew ‘ 2 A . 187
195, Head of Black Ibis ‘ . é 5 7 - 188
207. Bill of Heron F a i : ‘ 2 : « 195
212, Head and Foot of Heron i . : F ‘ . . 197
227, Head and Foot of Black-headed Gull. : 7 , ‘ . 211
229. Head and Feathers (3) of Laughing Gull : : : . . 213
230. Head and Feathers (5) of Brown-headed Gull : : F ‘ . 215
231. Head of Sooty Gull ° : ‘i , ‘ ; . 214
232. Head of Slender-billed Gull . 7 : ‘ ‘ % . 216
234, Feathers (3) of Black-backed-Gull p A : 5 : . 217
235, Head and Foot of Herring-Gull : , 7 2 . . 219
238, Head and Foot of Caspian Marsh-Tern . : : . 5; . 222
240. Head of Sandwich Sea-Tern . : : 3 A : . 228
242, Head and Foot of Crested Sea-Tern q : . . F » 225
246. Head and Foot of River-Tern r 2 F 2 ‘ . 226
250. Head of Little River-Tern . 2 ? ‘ , x. 227
269. Head of Cormorant : é é “ a . 235
284, Head and Section of Bill of Flamingo ‘ ; $ F . 250
289. Head of Grey Goose ‘ zi : : , . 254
294, Head of Barred-headed Geiss : - F 7 . 256
299. Head and Foot of Whistling Teal : : : : 5 . 260
800. Head (2) of Sheldrake ‘ z ‘i ; : a . 262
301. Head of Brahminy Duck é ; 3 : : . . 268
302. Head (2) of Shoveller 3 ‘ ‘ 3 ‘ ‘ . 264
303. Head (8) of Mallard : ; : ‘ ‘ . 267
304, Head (2) of Spotted-billed Duck . : : A : » 269
808. Head (3) of Teal. ‘ x : ‘ 3 i » 271
310. Head (2) of Wigeon ‘ . ; . : . . 278
811. Head (2) of Pintailed Duck . x ‘ - 6 : » 275
312, Head (2) of Garganey Teal. : . é ; « 276
813. Head of Goose Teal 3 ‘ : ‘ 3 . 277
315. Head of Red-crested Pochard é : ‘ . . 278
816. Head (2) of Pochard 7 : : a : . 279
318. Head of White-eyed Pochard . : 2 7 ‘ . 281
820. Head (2) of Tufted Pochard . . : ¢ : ‘ . 282
324, Head of Goosander 3 5 5 , , ‘ . 286
826. Head and Foot of Grebe ‘ ‘ : ‘ . 288
328. Head and Foot of Dabchick . : ' A ' E . 289
LIST OF TABLES.
Morphological Classification , . ‘ ‘ : 9-12
General Index to Game, Shore, and Water Binds : ei ' 45-48
Index to Game Birds . ‘ ‘ F . é 49-52
Index to Shore Birds ‘ ‘ 4 ‘ ‘ : - 117-120
* Index to Water Birds. ri é 3 ‘ ‘i - 205-208
BIRDS.
——
ROFESSOR HUXLEY (Proc. Zoo. Soc., 1867) showed, by the near approach
of members of the class Aves to Repritta in all essential and fundamental
points of structure, that the phrase “‘ Birds are greatly modified Reptiles” would
hardly be an exaggerated expression. After having detailed fourteen principal
points in which Aves and Reptilia agree with one another and differ from
Mammalia, he concluded that the class Aves, while well enough defined from
all existing Reptiles, is nevertheless far more closely connected with the class
Reptilia than with any other.
Classification. He divides Birds into groups :—
i. Where the tail itself (not the quill feathers it supports) is longer than the
body—Savrvure.
ii. Where the tail is shorter than the body—Ratitz and CarinaTaZ.
The first group (i.), the Saurur# (lizard-tailed birds), is represented by the
solitary fossil remains of Archwopteryx lithographica. These fossil remains, only
discovered in 1861 by Andreas Wagner in the Upper Oolites of Solenhofen, in
Bavaria, indicate that creatures existed in the Upper Jurassic geological age,
which were undoubtedly birds in their general structure, although very different
from those now existing. They were about the size of a Rook, and clothed with
feathers, but the jaws were armed with teeth; three of the digits of the fore
limb were free and furnished with claws, and the tail consisted of a series of
elongated vertebrae gradually tapering to the extremity, each vertebra bearing a
pair of well-developed feathers. As the skeleton of the tail rather resembled
that of a reptile than that of a modern bird, the name Saurura, signifying
“lizard tailed,” has been applied to the group.
The second group (ii.), where the tail is shorter than the body, is itself divided
into the Ratite (ii.), those birds having the sternum or breast-bone without a keel,
and the Carinate (iii.), having the breast-bone with a keel (see pp. 6-8).
(ii.) Ratrra.
(Breast-bone without a keel.)
These constitute a group, very distinct in many important characters from all
other known birds. They derive their name from the sternum or breast-bone
having no keel, and therefore resembling a raft or flat-bottomed boat (ratis).
Their wings are so greatly reduced in size and strength that they do not possess
the power of flight so characteristic of the majority of birds. The feathers are
always soft and loose, the barbs being “disconnected,” or not united together by
minute hooks, as in most other birds, and there is no marked distinction between
feathered and unfeathered tracts upon the skin. The oil gland is absent.
In addition, the Ratite (like the Tinamous) have the upper mandible covered
B
2 BIRDS.
at the base with a membrane or cere, which also envelops the nasal grooves, and
the fifth secondary is present. Incubation is performed by the male. Young
when hatched are able to run.
This subclass (not represented in India) includes the giants of the bird king-
dom, and approaches nearest to Mammalia, The existing members of the group
are few in number, and are readily divided by well-marked structural differences
into five families, viz.— ,
STRUTHIONID (true Ostriches).
Raeiws (S. American Ostriches).
Dromaipz (Emeus).
Casuarip& (Cassowaries).
APTERYGIDE (Kiwis).
It has been remarked by some that Cassowaries and Emeus resemble Bustards
in their anatomy, while Rheas and Ostriches are more like game birds. Owen
says Cassowaries are modified Coots, and Parker considers there is a connection
between Ostriches and Rails.
There are also other forms only known by their fossil remains. Though com-
paratively but few genera and species of this order now exist, they differ from
one another considerably, and have a wide distribution, from Africa and Arabia,
over many of the islands of Malayasia and Polynesia, to Australia and S. America.
Hence in all probability the existing Ratite are but the waifs and strays of what
was once a very large and important group.
Order STRUTHIONES.
Only two toes (third and fourth). Fourth shorter and much padded. Nails stunted. The
largest of living birds.
Family STRUTHIONID. True Ostricues.
No after shaft. Of the two toes the one corresponding to the middle of the three anterior
toes in ordinary birds (the third of the complete set) is much the largest and supports the
‘greater part of the weight; it has a short pointed nail. The smaller outer toe (or fourth) often
wants the nail. Head, neck, and legs are bare or only covered with short down. The feathers
of the wings and tail (corresponding to the “‘remiges” and ‘‘rectrices” of ordinary birds) are
of considerable size, but soft and plumose. Widely distributed throughout Africa, Arabia, and
Syria. Egg white.
Genus STRUTHIO.
Body-feathers black in males, greyish in females. Three species.
S. camelus, 72”. Legs flesh colour. Bill yellow, tip brown. Naked parts reddish. Ring
of white feathers on lower neck. Height about 8 feet. N. Africa, Arabia, and S. Palestine.
Egg-shell smooth. :
S. molybdophanes. Somewhat larger than S. camelus. Legs dull red. Bill pale red, tip
yellow. Naked parts lead-grey. Horny shield on crown surrounded by downy hairs and no ring
of white feathers on lower neck. Somaliland and C. Africa, Egg-shell deeply pitted, purple.
S. australis, Of same size as 8. molybdophanes. Naked parts lead-grey. Vertex naked,
but with no horny shield on crown and no white band at commencement of feathering on back,
8. Africa. Egg-shell with small dark pores.
S. epoasticus. Doubtful whether name refers to S. camelus or S. australis.
S. bidactylus, A diminutive Ostrich reported to exist in C. Africa, not higher than Otis
‘arabs (36"}, but in figure and colour much like S. camelus.
Fossil remains of a true Ostrich have been found in the Tertiary deposits of the lower ranges
of the Himalaya. In India there is an ostrich farm near Delhi. In Mysore, in the menagerie
of the late Maharajah, an ostrich egg was hatched on April 5th, 1894, after forty-two days in
an incubator.
RATIT&, 3
Order RHEAs.
Three toes (second, third, and fourth), Second toe shortest. Nails strong and compressed.
Family RHEIDA, Rukzas.
Distinguished from the true Ostriches by certain osteological characters and externally by
the presence of three toes, Head and neck fully feathered. Tail indistinct. Wings covered
with long slender plumes, Body-feathers single without after shaft. They associate in small
flocks on the great open plains of S. America. Eggs white and laid on the ground.
Genus RHEA.
Plumage grey or brown, with or without white tips. Three species.
R. americana. 52”, Legs and bill yellowish. General plumage grey. Head blackish.
Neck whitish with black shaft stripes ; black band on nape. Bolivia to 8.E. Brazil.
R. macrorhyncha, Similar to R. americana, but bill is longer and narrower, Colouring
brown. Crown nearly black. N.E, Brazil.
R. darwini, 36’. Legs yellow. Bill brown. General plumage brown, tipped white.
Patagonia to Tarapaca.
Order CASUARII.
Three toes (second, third, and fourth). Second shortest. Claws strong and obtuse. After
shaft very large. No tail. Australasia. Two families.
Family DROMAIDAL. Emeus,
No casque on head. The three toes (mid toe longest) have claws of similar form and nearly
equal size. Wings exceedingly small. Feed on fruits, roots, and herbage, and generally keep
in small companies. Confined to Australia. The nest is a shallow pit in the ground in which
from nine to thirteen green eggs are laid.
Genus DROMAEUS.
Plumage with black tips, uniform grey or barred grey and white. Three species,
D. nove hollandie. 79". Legs and Dill blackish. Body-feathers uniform grey tipped
black. Naked skin on sides of head and throat blue. Wings exceedingly small in proportion
to the body and legs, and are entirely concealed under the general covering of feathers.
E. Australia and formerly Tasmania.
D. ater, 55”, Similar to D. nove hollandie, but neck feathers entirely black. Kangaroo
Island, but now extinct.
D. irroratus, Similar to D. nove hollandie, but plumage spotted white, grey, and rufous,
tipped black. W. Australia.
Family CASUARIID. Cassowarigs.
Horny casque or helmet. Plumage loose and hair-like. Accessory plume as long as the
main feather and a rudiment of a third. Wings rudimentary, with five or six rounded shafts
without webs. Part of the neck bare, and generally ornamented with long hanging wattles.
Powerful claw on second toe. Shy, solitary birds, Papuan subregion with N. Australia. Eggs
light green,
Genus CASUARIUS.
Body-feathers black. Ten species,
C. tricarunculatus. Similar to C. galeatus, but three caruncles, one median and two on
sides of neck. Geelvink Bay.
C. bicarunculatus. Head greenish, neck blue. Two caruncles on throat purple. Body-
feathers blackish. N, Aru Islands.
C. galeatus. 60”, Head greenish, neck purple. Two caruncles close together, flesh colour.
Body-feathers black. Ceram.
C. australis. Similar to C. galeatus, but large. Two caruncles very large and red, N.E.
Australia.
C. salvadorit. 60”. Allied to C. galeatus. Geelvink Bay.
C. beccarit, 63”, Head grey-blue; band from base of lower mandible yellow. One long
wattle on throat more or less divided at tip. Aru Island and 8. New Guinea.
4 BIRDS.
C. uniappendiculatus. 65”. Head, throat, and hind neck blue, Single pear-shaped
caruncle on middle of fore neck yellow. New Guinea.
C. occipitalis. Legs and bill dark olive—similar to C. uniappendiculatus, but has a triangular
yellow patch on occiput. Jobi.
C. papuanus. 55”, Head, throat, and fore neck blue, Casque blackish, like a triangular
pyramid. No caruncles. N.W. New Guinea.
C. picticollis. 55”. Allied to C. papuanus, but throat is red, and lower neck light blue.
S.E. New Guinea,
C. bennetti. 58”. Head and neck blue. Casque black. New Britain.
Order APTERYGES.
Four toes with claws long and acute. New Zealand.
Family APTERYGID. Kiwis.
The smallest of the Ratite. Hind toe as well as the three other digits of the foot. Legs
and feet stout. Claws long, curved, and sharp-pointed. Bill greatly elongated, with nostrils
near the tip. Lengthened hairs at base of bill. Plumage hair-like. No after shaft. Wings
rudimentary and covered with feathers. No tail. Nocturnal in their habits, and feed mainly
on worms, Eggs few in number, white, and remarkably large for the size of the bird.
Genus APTERYX.
General plumage brown, edged darker or greyish brown, with light bars. Six species.
A, australis, § 23” 9 27". Legsdark brown. Bill 3-75”, white. Head, neck, and breast
grey-brown, tipped rufous and edged blackish. South Island.
A, lawryi. § 304” 9 33”. Similar to 4. australis. Bill 54’. Rudimentary wings,
with long and slightly curved claw. Stewart Island.
A, mantelli, § 22” 9 25”-27", Similar to .4. australis, but darker and more rufous,
Upper feathers with stiffened points. North Island.
A, owent. § 12h” 9 20’. Legs pale brown, Bill 2-85’, dark. Plumage grey, banded
white. EE. coast of South Island.
A. occidentalis. Similar to A. oweni, but as large as A. australis, Feathers barred black.
W. coasts of North and South Islands.
A. haasti. § 25” 9 27". Similar to 4. oweni, but darker, with the light bands broader.
Central South Island, and W. of North Island,
FLIGHTLESS BIRDS.
Although the power of flight is very general in birds, it is by no means
universal in the class, several species of different groups having wings too small
and weak to raise the body from the ground. Among these are the Dodos, Pen-
guins, some Auks and Rails, and all the Ratite, or birds with a flat or keelless
sternum (including the various forms of Ostrich, Rhea, Cassowary, Emeu, Apteryx,
and Dinornis.)
FOSSIL BIRDS.
Among Oolitic birds mention has already been made of the Archwopteryx
(p. 1).
Those from the Cretaceous or chalky fresh-water formation are rare. Chiefly
they consist of six genera from the United States of America. Odontornithes,
about the size of a Pigeon, possibly possessing teeth ; a second belonging to the
Steganopodes (Pelicans, etc.) ; a third related to the Colymbide (Divers, etc.) ; a
fourth nearly as large as a Swan, still undetermined; a fifth to the Limicole
(Plovers, etc.) ; and a sixth to the Rallide (Rails, etc.).
SUBFOSSIL BIRDS. 5
The Eocene, or earliest Tertiary period, is more fruitful. One Gastornis, as large
as an Ostrich, incapable of flight, though able to swim; Lithornis, as resembling
a Vulture; Dasornis, of Struthious character ; Odontoptoryx, having jaws armed
with true teeth ; and others allied to the Kingfishers, Gulls, Herons, etc.
The fossils of the Paris basin contain several specimens of extinct birds allied
to Flamingoes, Rails, birds of prey, game birds, ete.
In the Miocene or middle division of Tertiary strata remains have been found
of extinct birds allied to Flamingoes, Storks, Snipes, Gulls, Divers, etc., and in the
lower ranges of the Himalaya those, apparently, of a true Struthio (Ostrich), an
Argala (Adjutant), and possibly a large species of Phaéton (Tropic Bird).
In the Pliocene or modern Tertiary deposits, those of a bird of prey, and of
several water birds, Eagles, Cranes, etc. In the Post-Pliocene the remains of a
Turkey, Crane, etc.
From caves in France a large and extinct Crane; in Malta a gigantic Swan ;
and in S. America a large Crax and a large Rhea.
SUBFOSSIL BIRDS.
Birds’ bones from the Danish kitchen middens reveal the existence of two
species long since vanished from the spots where their remains are found, viz.
the Capercailzie (7. wrogallus) and the Great Auk or Garefowl (A. impennis).
From the fens of East Anglia a form of Pelican now extinct, not only in
England, but even in Northern Europe.
New Zealand was formerly inhabited by a gigantic race of birds, Dinornithide
(Moas, eleven species grouped in two families), some of which considerably
exceeded in size the modern Ostriches. The situation and state of preservation
of the abundant remains which have been found indicate that they existed down
to comparatively recent times, and were probably exterminated by the present
Maori inhabitants of the islands. Feathers which have been found associated
with the bones show the presence of a large after shaft, as in Emeus and Casso-
waries, but some of the species at least resemble the Kiwis, alone of existing
Ratite birds in possessing a hind toe to the feet. The wings were quite rudi-
mentary, if not altogether absent, no trace of a wing-bone having been found
with any of the numerous skeletons discovered. Egg white and a foot long.
In the same formation Harpagornis, a bird of prey—of stature sufficient to have
made the largest Dinornis its quarry. Cnemiornis, a gigantic goose.
From Australia Dromwornis, an extinct Struthious bird allied to the well-
known Emeu.
Aipyornithide. Fossil remains from superficial deposits in Madagascar show
the existence in a very recent geological period of several species of Ratite birds,
which bear much resemblance to the Dinornithide, One of the most striking
characteristics was the enormous size (both absolute and relative) of the egg, in
which they resemble the Kiwis rather than the Moas.
48. maximus, a species which laid an enormous egg (nearly a yard in circum-
ference and over a foot in length) not unnaturally recalls the mythical Roc, of
Arabian tales.
.
6 BIRDS,
BIRDS RECENTLY EXTIRPATED.
The Dodo (Didus ineptus), discovered by Mascaregnas in Mauritius in the
beginning of the sixteenth century, a large bird, clumsy, flightless, and defence-
less, but allied to the Pigeons. Also Aphanapteryx, a Ralline bird, abnormal,
flightless, and long-billed.
The Solitaire of Réunion, allied to the Dodo and the Solitaire of Rodrigues, a
Didine bird, but not so large as the Mauritian Dodo.
In the Antilles eight out of fourteen kinds have probably become extinct.
The Garefowl or Great Auk (A. impennis), nearly allied to the Razor Bill
(A. torda), but flightless and about twice as big, seems to have become extinct
since 1844, in which year the last two were taken on the rocky islet, Fuglasker,
or Fowlskerries, 8.W. of Iceland. But it was in the Newfoundland seas this
Penguin, or “ Pinwing,” was most abundant. In 1536, English and French
mariners killed these birds for food, and the practice was carried on till 1785,
when Cartwright foresaw their speedy extirpation.
The Labrador Duck (Anas labradora), nearly allied to the Eiders, seems also
doomed, for the last known was killed by Colonel Wedderburn in Halifax in
1852. The Philip Island Parrot (Nestor productus), peculiar to the New Zealand
subregion, has also become extinct.
BIRDS PARTIALLY EXTERMINATED.
The Common Crane in 1555 was breeding in the fens. The Spoonbill in 1688
bred in Suffolk. The Capercailzie (7. wrogallus) frequented the pine forests of
Ireland and Scotland till about 1760, but the species has been successfully
introduced from Sweden into Scotland during the last fifty years. The Bustard
vanished from Norfolk in 1838. All these four species were protected to a
certain degree by Acts of Parliament, but these laws only gave immunity to their
eggs, and none to the parent birds during the breeding season, thus showing how
futile is the former when compared with the latter, since there are very many
species whose nests from time out of mind have been and are yearly pillaged
without any disastrous consequences arising from the practice. The singular
wisdom of the old command (Deut. xxii. 6, 7), the most ancient “game law”
(using the term in its widest sense) in existence, has here a curious exemplification.
(iii.) The Carinata, having the sternum or breast-bone with a keel,
All existing birds which do not belong to the Ratite, greatly as they differ
externally, have so much in’common in their structure that they are included in
one great division, named CarinaTa, because their sternum or breast-bone carries
a median projecting ridge called the keel (carina). This keel forms a very
obvious feature in the skeleton, as it affords a surface for the attachment of the
great breast-muscles which move the wings in flying; its development is more or
less in proportion to the exercise of this faculty. It should be noted that in
some few birds (the Parrot, Stringops; the Rail-like bird, Notornis; and the
Hoatzin, Opisthocomus) belonging to several different subdivisions of this great
CARINATZ. 7
group, the keel is greatly reduced in size, and the power of flight is almost or
entirely lost. The division of Carinate birds into orders and families, and the
mutual relations of these groups one to another, are subjects of great difficulty,
and upon which zoologists are by no means as yet agreed.
The CarinatT# are again separated into orders according to their palatal bones,
viz.—
(A) Having the vomer broad behind.
(B) Having the vomer narrow behind.
The vomer (vomer, a ploughshare), which is the key to the classification, varies
more than almost any bone in the skull of a bird. It is a cmall bone, thin asa
knife-blade, and rarely broader, standing on its edge in the very centre of the
roof of the bird’s mouth, a bone so delicate that it is one of the first to vanish,
when the student in search of it first prepares a skull.
(A) The Dromm@oenatHaz, or birds with vomer broad behind, are repre-
sented by the single family Timamide of America. (Note.—All Ratite birds
possess this form.)
(B) Among birds with vomer narrow behind a further separation occurs,
according as the maxillo-palatines (bones on each side of the vomer) are free (a),
arrested (3), or united (y); and again with those having the maxillo-palatines
free a further distinction is drawn according as the former is pointed (i.) or trun-
cated (ii.) in front.
Thus by taking as a basis the modifications introduced by Professors Newton
and Parker, in communication with Professor Huxley, as set forth in the
Encyclopedia Britannica, and combining therewith later information, a full
morphological classification of the CaRInaTz can be prepared.
(B) The Scuizoawatue (cxitw, to cleave), or birds with vomer narrow behind,’
pointed in front (i.); maxillo-palatines free (typical skull, C. pluvialis, the Golden’
Plover), embracing nine groups of allied families ; viz.— ,
Stone Curlews, Crab Plovers, Coursers,
Pratincoles, Jagands, Turnstones, Lap-
(9) Charadriomorphe (the Plovers) wings, Plovers, Oyster Catchers, Stilt:,
(xapaépiss—a Sea Lark.) Avocets, Curlews, Godwits, Sandpipers,
Ruffs, Stints, Phalaropes, Woodcocks,
Snipes, etc.
(10) Cecomorphee (the Gulls) {re Terns, Noddies, Scissorbills, Skuas,
(Kié—a Gull.) Petrels, Albatrosses, Divers, Grebes,
Razorbills, Auks, etc.
(11) Spheniscomorphee (the Penguins) i single family Apterodytide, comprising:
(Spheniscus—a Penguin.) three genera, Zudyptes, Spheniscus, and
Apterodytes.
(12) Geranomorphe (part) (the Cranes) { Rails, Crakes, Moorhens, Watercocks, Fin-
(T'épavos—a Crane.) feet, Cranes, Bustards, etc.
Pea-Fowls, Jungle-Fowls, Pheasants, Spur-
Fowls, Partridges, Quails, Bush Quails,
(13) Alectoromorphe (the Fowls) . . ;
| Hill Partridges, Wood Partridges, Snow
*AXExtwp—a Cock,
cnreee oe Cocks, Snow Partridges, Grouse, Mega-
podes, Curassows, etc.
8 . BIRDS.
(14) Pteroclomorphe (the Sand-Grouse).
(15) Peristeromorphe (the Pigeons)
(Ilepuorepa—a Dove.)
(16) Heteromorphe (the. Hoatzins).
(17) Coccygomorphe (part) (the Goatsuckers).-
\ Pigeons and Doves.
(C) The AlerrHocnatH# (A‘yiGos—a Sparrow), or birds with vomer narrow
behind, truncated in front, (ii.) maxillo-palatines free (0) (typical skull, C. coraz,
the Raven), embracing five groups of allied families, viz.—
(18) Trochilomorphe (the Humming Birds).
(19) Geranomorphe (part) Thinocorine, American Shore Plovers.
(20) Turnicomorphe (the Hemipodes). Bustard and Button Quails.
(21) Cypselomorphe (the Swifts).
Orioles, Starlings, Tits, Waxwings, Dippers,
Wrens, Ravens, Crows, Jays, Magpies,
Finches, Sparrows, Wagtails, Swallows,
Shrikes, Larks, Thrushes, etc.
(D) The SavrocnaTHa, or birds with vomer narrow behind, the vomerine
halves permanently distinct and maxillo-palatines arrested ().
(23) Celeomorphe (the Woodpeckers). Woodpeckers and Wrynecks.
(E) The DesmoanatHa (Seopds—a bond), or birds with vomer small or none,
but when it exists, pointed in front, maxillo-palatines united (y) (typical skull,
NV. crecca, the common Teal), embracing seven groups of allied families ; viz.—
(22) Coracomorphe (the Passerines)
(24) tomorphee (the birds of prey). Cariamas, Owls, Vultures, Hawks, Falcons,
Eagles, etc.
(25) Psittacomorphe (the Parrots).
(26) Coccygomorphe (part) (the Cuckoos, Kingfishers, and Trogons).
27) Ch hee (the Anseri
Gn aa BANS eae } Swans, Geese, Ducks, Pochards, Smews, etc.
(28) Amphimorphe (the Flamingoes).
(20): Patarpomorplae (the Stoke) Ibises, Spoonbills, Storks, Herons, Egrets,
: Bitterns, etc.
Pelicans, Frigate Birds, Cormorants, Dar-
(30) Dupromarphel Corona). ters, Gannets, Boobies, Tropic Birds,
etc.
“The above scheme is a nail in a sure place, and on it for the present we may
hang all that we know or are learning of the anatomical structure of this class
of Vertebrates. That which relates to the Carinate must be regarded merely as
a list of birds having a similar facial structure. For the general ornithologist it
is very suggestive and helpful, and will save him from looking merely on outward
appearances ; for the study of structure and development is looking into -the
heart of the matter.”
For more easy reference and correction, if necessary, a table is here inserted.
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION.
l. SAURURZ.
ll. RATITA.~
lll. CARINATZ.
MORPHOLOGIC... CLASSIFICATION.
Class. aVES BEDS
Tail longer than body. ; , Tail aaa! than body.
°c
Subclass. (1) SAURURA. (I.) RATIT.Z, (IIL) CARINATZA.
Sternum with keel. Sternum devoid of keel. Sternum with a keel.
;
Order ; Wing with long humerus and Wing with rudimentary or Vomer broad behind. Vomer narrow behind.
‘ with two ungual phalanges. very short humerus and with
not more than one ungual
phalanx.
boo ed ae Potnedae S oe depen oat oer el
Suborder. Ischia fies and pubes Ischia uniting immedi- Nohind toe. A hind toe. (a) Maxillo-palatines free. (8) Maxillo-palatines arrested. (7) Maxillo-palatines united.
uniting in a ventral ately beneath sacrum and
symphysis. pubes free,
(i.) Vomer pointed in front. (ii.) Vomer truncated in front. _(iii.). Vomerine halves per- (iv.) Vomer abortive or small
manently distinct. when existent, always slender
] and tapers in front.
(A) (B) (0) an) (i)
DROMACOGNATHA. Sep Conte: AZGITHOGNATHEA. SAUROGNATHA. DESMOGNATHA.
“Cleft” palate.
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GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 13
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS.
The surface of the globe has been divided by Mr. Sclater into six regions,
termed respectively, Australian, Neotropical, Nearctic, Palearctic, Ethiopian,
and Indian.
Wallace’s Line. A strait some fifteen miles or so in width, and separating the
two fertile, but otherwise insignificant, islands of Bali and Lombok, makes such
a frontier as can hardly be shown to exist elsewhere. The former of these islands
belongs to the Indian region, and the latter to the Australian, and between them
there is no true transition, that is, no species are common to both, which cannot
be easily accounted for by the various accidents and migrations that in course of
time must have tended to mingle the productions of islands so close to one another.
1. Tae Austratian Recion is divided from the Inpran by the narrow but
deep channel (Wallace’s Line) which separates the small islands of Bali and
Lombok, and determines the boundary between two entirely distinct portions of
the earth’s surface. A line is drawn midway along this channel, and carried
N.N.E. up the Straits of Macassar, dividing Celebes on E. from Borneo on W.,
and continued N.E. between the Philippines and the Ladrones to the N. of the
Sandwich Islands. Southwards from Lombok Strait, the boundary rounds the
W. coast of Australia, and then runs S.E., to include New Zealand and its
dependencies. After encircling the Low Archipelago and the Marquesas, the
line travels N.W. to the N. of the Sandwich Islands, and so completes the
demarcation of the region. The region so defined does not comprise the Aleutian
Islands in Bering Sea, Japan, or the Loochoo Islands.
The Australian region possesses the most exceptional fauna, both with respect
to groups here found and found nowhere else, and with respect to widely diffused
groups which are here either remarkable by their absence or by having their
headquarters within it. Thus the whole family of Birds of Paradise, the Bower
Birds, the Lyre Birds, the Broad-billed, the Brush-tongued, and the Grass Parrakeets,
the Emeus, the Cassowaries, the Apteryx, and the Kagu are absolutely peculiar to
this region, while most of the Cockatoos, the Honey-Suckers (one exception), and
Megapodes (two exceptions) are almost so.
Among birds which are feebly represented elsewhere, and here attain the maxi-
mum of development, are the Thick-Headed Shrikes, Caterpillar-Eaters, Flower-
Peckers, and Swallow Fly-Catchers. Among groups of wider distribution, the
‘Weaver Birds, Moreporks, Kingfishers, and Pigeons obtain a degree of prominence
and beauty which is elsewhere unequalled. Two-fifths of the genera of Pigeons
"(including the great Crowned and the Tooth-billed) and ten genera of Kingfishers
are peculiar to the region. Among those entirely wanting are the Bulbuls,
Barbets, Vultures, and Pheasants. There are but few Thrushes or Woodpeckers.
The Australian region may be said to have four subregions, viz.—
(a) The Papuan subregion, with New Guinea as a centre, comprises Lombok,
the Timorese, the Celebesian, and the Moluccan groups. Out of 350 species of
land birds, 300 are peculiar to it. Generally they are remarkable for brilliancy
of plumage, and twelve genera are decorated with metallic covering of the
feathers. Its chief features are the extraordinary development of the Casso-
~waries, the richness and specialisation of the Kingfishers, its Parrots, Pigeons, and
14 BIRDS.
Birds of Paradise, Honey-Suckers, and some remarkable Fly-Catchers. The Birds
of Paradise, Racket-tailed Kingfisher, the largest and the smallest of the Parrot
tribe, and the Crowned Pigeons are very characteristic. Hornbills do not extend
beyond the Solomon Islands.
(6) The Australian subregion includes the island itself and Tasmania. Out of
630 species, nearly 490 are land birds, of which not more than twenty-five are
found elsewhere. It is rich in Parrots, having several very peculiar forms, and
poor in Picarians, certain Kingfishers, and Pigeons. It possesses two extraordinary
families of abnormal Passeres, the Lyre Birds (Menuride) and the Scrub Birds.
(Atrichiide), the only two species of Emeu (one West, one East—the Emeu in
Tasmania is extinct), and all the Bower Birds (Ptilonorhynchide), except two
genera, which are both found in New Guinea. It is also the exclusive home of
the Ocellated Megapodes (Leipoa).
(c) The Polynesian subregion, which extends from one tropic to the other
throughout 90° of long. It includes—
The Palau (Pelew), Caroline, and Ladrone Islands.
New Hebrides and New Caledonia.
Central Polynesia (Fijian, Tongan, and Samoan groups).
The clusters from Cook’s Islands to the Marquesas, with the Society Islands.
and the Low Archipelago.
The Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands.
Amongst the peculiar genera are a Reed Warbler (Psemathia) in the Palau
Islands; the Kagu (Rhinochetus) in New Caledonia; the Manu-mea, or Tooth-
billed Pigeon (Diduncwlus) in the Samoan Islands, and a brevi-pennate Water-Hen
(Parendiastes) from Savai. The Sandwich Islands possess all the Drepanidide,.
and nine genera of small (Passerine) land birds, including two species of Honey-
Suckers, There is also a Coot (Fulica alat) and the well-known Sandwich
Island Goose (Bernicla sandvicensis), which has been very commonly domesticated
in Europe.
(d) The New Zealand subregion includes its own three islands and surroundings,
as Lord Howe’s, Norfolk, and Kermadoc islands, with the Chatham, Auckland,
and Macquarrie groups. This subregion was inhabited by the gigantic species of
Dinornis (the hallux obsolete), now extinct, and by the extinct forms (with hallux
present) Palapteryx and Euryapteryx. The most characteristic living form is
the Apteryx, but one almost as remarkable is the Owl-like Parrot (Stringops:
habroptilus). The flightless Weka Rail, or Woodhen (Ocydromus australis) ; the
Takahe (Notornis mantellt), a flightless Coot-like bird; the Parson Bird (Prosthema-
dera nove zealandie); and the Huia Bird (Heteralocha acutirostris) are noteworthy
peculiar forms. The genus of Parrots (Nestor) is also peculiar, and it is one of.
these, the Kea Parrot (NV. notabilis), which is so destructive to sheep. A genus.
of ducks (Nesonetta) is said to be peculiar to the Auckland Islands.
2. Tue Neorropican Region (véos—new, tpomixés—tropical), the tropical
division of the New World, embraces the whole of S. America, from Cape Horn
to the isthmus of Panama, all Central America, and reaches in N. America (the:
central plateau of Mexico excluded), to about 22° N. lat. It includes the’
Falkland Isles to the S.E.; the Galapagos to the W.; and the Antilles, or West.
India Islands, up to the Florida Channel. Of birds peculiar to the region are
three species of Rhea, the Tinamous, and the Hoatzins. Of birds chiefly restricted
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 15
are the Curassows, Humming Birds, Tyrants, Tanagers, Piculules, and Ant
Thrushes; while among the smaller groups equally defined are the Tapaculos,
Toucans, Jacamars, Motmots, Todies, Trumpeters, and Screamers, besides such
isolated forms as the Seriemas and the Sun Bitterns.
Its subdivisions are as follows :—
(a) The Patagonian subregion, extending from Cape Horn to Bahia Blanca on
the east coast, thence N.W. to Mendoza and so northwards along the eastern and
higher slopes of the Andes, crossing the equator and returning along the western
slopes seaward to Truxillo in lat. 7°S. Of peculiar genera it has one belong-
ing to the Rheide and two to the peculiar family of Game Plovers (Thinocoride),
and of these almost restricted are the Plantcutters, Tyrants, and Screamers.. In
the Falkland Islands there is a peculiar species of water bird (Chloephaga),
and about half a dozen species of Penguins resort to these islands for breeding
quarters.
(b) The Brazilian subregion follows the foregoing from Bahia to Mendoza and
continues to Potosi in Bolivia, then N.E. (avoiding watershed of the Amazons)
to the Paranahyba, through or along which it probably makes its way to the
Atlantic. It has no birds peculiar to itself, but is distinguished by the presence
of the Rhea, Cariamas, and Plantcutters.
(c) The Amazonion subregion is continuous southwards with the Brazilian
boundary. The western frontier (seems to turn off before the eastern confines of
the Patagonian subregion are reached and to leave a space intervening) pursues
a northward course at a lower level along the western bank of the Huallaga, and
crossing the Amazon River about long. 77° W. and lat. 5° S., pursues its way to
the mouth of the Orinoco. Two families are here peculiar—the Hoatzins and the
Trumpeters. There is another genus (Chenalopex) belonging to the Geese, not
found elsewhere in the New World, but common to the Ethiopian region.
(a) The sub-Andean subregion. This includes the narrow slip left between the
Amazonian and Patagonian subregions, and extends from the frontiers of Bolivia
to the table-land of Ecuador, lapping the western coast line to Truxillo, embracing
the Galapagos Islands to the W., and on the E. following the Amazonian boundary
to the Atlantic. It includes the islands of Trinidad and Tobago and those lying
on the N, coast of S, America, Nueva Granada, and Venezuela, till it reaches the
Central American subregion in Panama. There is only one family of birds
peculiar to it, composed of a single species—the Guacharo or Oil Bird of Trinidad.
It is especially rich in Tanagers and different kinds of Humming Birds. In Gala-
pagos there is a peculiar species of Buzzard and possibly a Penguin also.
(e) The Central American subregion extends as far northwards as Guayamas in
the Gulf of California and eastwards to the Rio Grande, the boundary between
Texas and Mexico. The birds of two subregions here, and it has no family of
birds peculiar to itself. The American Partridges and Quails (Odontophorine) are
well represented.
~ (f) The Antillean subregion—the Antilles excepting Trinidad and Tobago.
The family of Todies is entirely confined to this subregion.
3, Tae Nzarctic Racion (véos—new, dpxros—north), the northern division of
the New World, includes the rest of the American continent, the Aleutian
Islands and Bermudas, as well as the circumpolar lands lying westward of long,
60° W. and Greenland. Most of its birds are common either to the Neotropical
16 BIRDS.
or Palearctic regions. Of sixty-three families, only one is peculiar to this region,
viz., Chameide, restricted by a single genus and a single species to the coast
district of California. Of the remainder, forty-four are also Palearctic and
eighteen are common to thé Neotropical region.
As the great majority of Nearctic families and genera of birds appear to be
generally distributed throughout the region, the subdivisions are termed
‘‘provinces” as under.
(a) The western or Californian province, or California, Oregon, and part of
British Columbia, including the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains. Here
is the peculiar Wren-like bird (Chamea), the Plumed Partridge (Oreortyx pictus),
the Californian Vulture and the Mocking Birds, while it is the chief home of the
Passenger Pigeons.
(b) The eastern or Alleghanian province. The boundary starts from the Gulf
of Mexico, near the eastern border of Texas, and runs northwards near long.
100° W. along the western edge of the Great Plains to the southern frontier of
Canada, then inclining to the west, it includes the valleys of the Saskatchewan
and the Athabasca, crosses the Rocky Mountains, and loses itself in the borders
of the Arctic Ocean.
(c) The middle province lies for the most part between (a) and (6), and is
roughly represented by the western and eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
(ad) The Canadian province. All Canada except the 8.W. portion included in
(6) and across Davis Straits to Greenland.
(e) The Alaskan province, which shows a Palearctic element, although the
Aleutian Isles do not appear to be used as a route of communication from the
Old World to the New.
(f) The Bermuda province has not a single peculiar species. It appears to be
a resting-place for migrants as they retreat southwards from Labrador and Green-
land, and again on their journey northwards in the spring.
(9g) The Greenland province. The'Sea Eagle, Ringed Plover, and Snipe which
breed in Greenland are those of Europe instead of their American congeners.
Among birds of wider range, the Aridw are represented by a single species,
the Carolina Parrakeet, and the Tanagrid@, small brilliant birds confined chiefly
to tropical America, are exemplified by but one genus (out of forty) which occur
within its limits. The American Partridges and Quails (Odontopnorine), partly
Neotropical, are well represented. The turkeys are found only to the eastward of
the Rocky Mountains. The most characteristic family is that named Mniotiltide,
which contains brilliant little warblers which take the place of the Old World
Sylviide.
4, Tue Paumarctic Region (raAaws—old, dpxros—north, ¢.e. the northern
division of the Old World) begins with the Atlantic Islands (the Azores,
Canaries, and Madeiras) and includes that portion of N.W. Africa which was
formerly known as the Barbary States, the whole of Europe and its islands
(from Iceland and Spitzbergen to those of the Mediterranean), Asia Minor, Syria
(excepting the Jordan valley), and all the rest of the Asiatic continent lying to
the northward of the Himalaya Mountains, and of a line drawn eastward in pro-
longation between lat. 30° and 35° N. till it meets the Pacific Ocean, besides
Japan, the Kurile Islands (connecting Japan with Kamschatka) and the Loochoo
Islands.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 17
The Palearctic region (next to the Nearctic) has a much greater affinity to the
Indian region than to any other. The entire number of families is computed at
67 and the genera 324 (less one). Of these, though there are neither Parrots,
Humming Birds, Hornbills, nor Toucans, 128 are common to the Nearctic region,
including Thrushes, Crossbills, Magpies, Goatsuckers, Woodpeckers, Swallows,
Snowy Owls, Jerfalcons, and others. Species of 51 more seem to occur as
true natives, both in the Ethiopian and Indian regions. Also 18 appear to
be common to the Ethiopian without being found in the Indian region, and
no fewer than 71 to the Indian without being found in the Ethiopian.
Almost the only group which may be said to characterise the palearctic region
positively is that to which the Bearded Titmouse belongs. The true Hawfinches
are also characteristic. The most conspicuous is the Capercailzie.
The subregions aré distinguished as under :—
(a) The European subregion includes all Europe N. of the Pyrenees, the Alps,
the Balkans, the Black Sea, and the Caucasus. It is bounded on the E. by the
Ural Mountains. It does not seem to possess a single genus which can be
accounted absolutely peculiar to it. The Spitzbergen Ptarmigan (L. hyberboreus)
is nearly allied to the Rock Ptarmigan (L. rupestris) of the Nearctic region, which
only occurs in the Palearctic region in Iceland. Iceland is also the breeding
place of the Falcon (Ff. islandus) and the Harlequin Duck. The Red Grouse
(L. scoticus), restricted to the British Isles, differs in no essential character save
colouration from the Willow Grouse (LZ. albus), which is cireumpolar, inhabiting the
Arctic tundras of Europe, Asia, and America.
(6) The Mediterranean subregion. The Barbary States, the Iberian and Italian
peninsulas, as well as Turkey in Europe, extending eastward through Asia Minor
and Persia until it touches the Indian region.
In the Atlantic isles there is a specific Bullfinch, a peculiar Chaffinch in the
Canary Islands, while Madeira has also its peculiar Gold-crested Wren and peculiar
Pigeon.
(c) The Mongolian subregion. Stretching from the eastern shores of the
Caspian, and marching with the Mediterranean subregion till the Hindoo Koosh
is reached, and thence coincident with its southern borders, possibly following
the course of the Yang-tze-kiang to the Yellow Sea and Japan. Subregions (6)
and (c) have many peculiar Chats and Shrikes, and possess Sand-Grouse, Larks, and
Warblers. Pheasants abound in the more eastern parts. It has Vultures, Pelicans,
and Flamingoes, which are wanting further north.
(4d) The Siberian subregion has but one genus (Eurynorhynchus), the Spoonbill
Stint, peculiar.
5. Tus Ersrorian Recron. All Africa except the Barbary States, the Cape
Verd Islands, and those in the Gulf of Guinea, Madagascar, the Mascarene group
(from Réunion to the Seychelles), Socotra, and Arabia, The Ghor, or valley of
the Jordan, and the depressed basin of the Dead Sea is considered as an outlier
of this region. It possesses a number of Ratit# in the very specialised form
Struthio—the Ostrich—which is supposed at one time to have ranged as far to
the east as Sind. Amongst the families of birds absolutely peculiar to it are
Plantain-Eaters, Colies, Guinea Fowls, and the Secretary Bird.
Its subdivisions are distinguished thus :—
(a) The Libyan subregion, or all the northern part of Africa bounded by a
18 BIRDS.
line drawn from Cape Verd parallel to 10° N. lat. as far as long. 15° E., and then
S.E. to include the eastern watershed of the Great Lakes, Socotra, and Arabia.
One of the most peculiar is the Shoe Bill, or Whale-headed Stork, on the Upper
Nile, and the valley of the Lower Nile is overrun with migrants from the Pale-
arctic region during winter.
(6) The Guinean subregion occupies the western seaboard from Sierra Leone to
the south of Congo. It has three species of Guinea Fowl and the Grey Parrot. It
is essentially a forest region.
(c) The Caffrarian subregion. Africa S. of the Quanza, and the northern
watershed of the Zambesi, with St. Helena. The Secretary Bird appears here as
semi-domestic, and in St. Helena there is a small Ringed Plover which is not
known to have occurred off the island.
(ad) The Mosambican subregion includes East Africa between Abyssinia and
the watershed of the Zambesi, as well as the islands of Pemba, Zanzibar, and
Monfia.
(e) The Madagascarian subregion includes the Mascarene Islands. Except
‘New Zealand, it may be safely deemed the most peculiar subregion on the
earth’s surface. The now extinct Dodo, Solitaire, and pyornis were birds of
this subregion, The Dodo inhabited Mauritius, the Solitaire was found in
Rodriguez, and Apyornis was peculiar to Madagascar itself.
6. THe Inpian Reaion comprises all India south of the Himalayas, and the
rest of Asia south of the Yang-tze-kiang; the Indian Archipelago, including the
Philippines, Borneo, and the island of Bali. Characteristics of Himalayan avi-
fauna are found showing themselves not only on the highlands of 8. India and
Ceylon, but far away to the eastward also, as in Formosa, Hainan, and Cochin
China, and again in a lesser degree in the mountain ranges of Malacca and
Sumatra. This region is the home of the most gorgeous Gallinaceous birds—
the Peacock, the Argus, Firebacked, Polyplectron, and other Pheasants. It is
also the home of the Jungle Fowl, and possesses most of the Asiatic Hornbills.
Sunbirds, Barbets, Cuckoos, Bee Eaters, Kingfishers, Mynahs, and others are
found, and three families of birds, viz. the Hill Tits (Liotrichide), the Bulbuls
(Pycnonotide), and the Broad Bills (Zurylemide) are peculiar out of upwards of
seventy which occur within its limits.
The subregions are thus defined :—
(a) The Himalo-Chinese subregion includes all the middle slopes of the Hima-
layan range from an elevation of about 3,000 to 12,000 feet, and beginning with
Kashmir, extends through Nepal, Bhotan, the highlands of Assam, and thence
marching with the as yet undetermined frontier of the Palearctic region to the
sea-coast of China. To this subregion belong the islands of Formosa and
Hainan, and it not only includes a great part of China proper, but probably the
whole of Cochin China and Siam, with the hill country of Tenasserim and
Burma, merging into the Malayan subregion somewhere about lat. 12° N. In
its western part, Mr. Elwes observes, it is merely a narrow borderland in which
the members of two very different fauna meet, and being inhabited during some
part of the year by nearly all the principal Palearctic genera and those of the
proper Indian subregion, probably includes some of the richest portions of the
world.
Taking the various countries in succession. In Kashmir, out of 116 genera
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 19
of land birds, 34 have a wide range, 32 are characteristic of the Palearctic, 29 of
the Indian, and 21 of the Himalo-Chinese subregion. Only one species is
peculiar to Kashmir, a very normal Bullfinch (Pyrrhula).
Nepal is said to have 294 genera of land birds. Of these 62 are of wide
range, 30 are characteristic of the Palearctic, 122 of the Indian region, while
80 are characteristic of the Himalaya.
Sikkim seems to be richer still, Excluding the Accipitres, there are here
found 423 species of land birds, of which 270 do not occur out of the Himalaya
except as migrants or stragglers.
Assam seems to resemble Sikkim, but it has sixteen species which are not
found in Sikkim, and of these one-half are Burmese. On its southern boundary
there are a few genera which are not actually found in the Himalaya.
Burma and Tenasserim, the valley of the Irawadi, Aracan, and Pegu are very
fairly known. Of 373 species of land birds, 97 are common to India and the
rest to the Malay peninsula, 193 more are found in India and 27 in the penin-
sula alone, while 46 are peculiar to Burma or to Burma and Tenasserim. In
Tenasserim there are 313 species of land birds, 93 being common to India and
the rest to the peninsula, 117 more being found in India and 56 in the peninsula
alone, while 47 are peculiar to Tenasserim or to Tenasserim and Burma. This
country is especially rich in species of the peculiarly Indian family Eurylemide.
The groups of islands, the Andamans and the Nicobars, from the similarity of
their avifauna to that of Pegu, are included in this subregion. Lord Walden
thinks the Andamans have a greater affinity to the highlands of India south of
‘the Himalaya and west of the Brahmaputra, while Mr. Hume considers both
groups to form an outlying bit of the proper Indian subregion on which many
foreign intruders have established themselves. Many families which are common
in Burma are wanting in the Andamans. The Andamans possess an avifauna
of some 155 species, 17 of which (all land birds) are peculiar. The precise
number of species in the Nicobars is not known, but Mr. Hume gives 10 as
peculiar to that group, which is inhabited by two very noteworthy forms—
-Calenas, a very remarkable genus of Columbide, widely spread throughout the
‘Malayan archipelago, and a species of Megapodius, belonging to one of the most
characteristic families of the Australian region. The presence of these two
forms inclines one to place the Nicobars in the Malayan subregion.
In China and its islands 675 species are enumerated. In Formosa 144 species,
assorted, as 74 of wide range, 47 common to Himalayan and Malayan subregions,
and 5 to China itself; 18 are not found in the Malayan subregion, and no less
than 34 are peculiar to the island. In Hainan 130 species, of which 54 belong
to wide-ranging genera, 59 to genera characteristic of the Indian, and 16 of the
Palzarctic region, while 16 are believed to be peculiar to the island.
(6) The Indian subregion. This consists of the remainder of the peninsula
of India lying to the S. and W. of the last, as well as the island of Ceylon. For
the Punjab there is no complete list of the birds, and we may infer that here we
shall find the Malayan influence at its least, and the Palearctic at its greatest.
In Sind 150 species have been observed, of which 41 are peculiarly desert forms,
and as such either very nearly allied to or identical with the like forms of the
Palearctic and Ethiopian regions ;.40 are peculiar to the Indian subregion; 8 are
common to the Malayan; 4 to the non-desert portions of the Ethiopian; and 12
20 BIRDS.
to the similar parts of the Palearctic region; while 45 do not come under any of
these heads. Omitting the desert forms as not leading to any just conclusion,
it would appear that Sind has less affinity to the Ethiopian region than to the
Mediterranean subregion of the Palearctic.
In Cutch 115 land birds were mostly migrants, or common Indian species of
wide range.
Near Goona Dr. King observed 116 species of land birds, and more recently
-Mr. Adam noticed 171 species of land birds around the Sambhur Lake in its
western portion.
In Oudh Colonel Irby obtained 108 species of land birds, but of these 23 were
found only on the hills of Kumaon.
For the Central Provinces 190 species of land birds are enumerated, of which
-38 have a very wide range, 57 belong to widely ranging genera, but are almost
confined to India, 37 to genera common to tropical Africa and India, 8 to genera
of Ethiopian type, and 53 to purely Indian genera.
In the Deccan there are 150 species of land birds, of which about 105 belong
to genera common to the Himalayan and Malayan subregions, 27 to Himalayan
but not Malayan genera, 30 to genera having Ethiopian or Palearctic affinity,
and the rest to widely ranging genera, or to genera peculiar to the Indian sub-
region.
The avifauna of Southern India seems to be small relatively to the extent and
variety of the country, and most of its peculiar species are said to have a con-
siderable range of latitude, though some, which are restricted to the highest hills,
are only found to the southward of lat. 12° N., where several mountain ranges
reach the height of 8,000 feet.
For Ceylon the list numbers 323 species, of which 224 are land birds, and an
analysis shows that, though 37 species are peculiar, only 4 belong to genera not
found in S. India, 22 belong to genera inhabiting the Himalaya but not the
Malayan subregion, and only 6 to the Malayan but not Himalayan genera, while
14 are members of genera only found in India.
(c) The Malayan subregion, or that portion of the Indian region S. of Tenas-
serim, with the Philippine and Sunda Islands, but excluding Celebes and islands
east of Bali Strait (Wallace’s Line).
This subregion is distinguished by some striking and interesting approximation
to the bird fauna of the Australian region. Thus in the Philippines we have
a Cockatoo of the Australian genus Cacatwa, and there, as well as in the Nicobar
Islands and Borneo, the Australian mound-building Megapodius is met with.
Hornbills are very characteristic of the subregion, as is likewise the Argus
Pheasant, which is, however, also found in Siam. More than 36 genera are
peculiar to this subregion.
In the Philippines Lord Walden enumerates 219 species, of which 150 are
land birds; of these .106 species are peculiar to the Archipelago, 96 of them
being land birds.
Borneo has, in common with Malacca and Sumatra, 226 species of land birds;
in common with Java, 149; with the Philippines, 25; with the Indian subregion,
53; with China, 72; and with Celebes, 28.
To Sumatra not more than 240 species can be assigned, of which about 20
appear to be peculiar.
BEAK OF BIRDS. 21
Java has 270 species of land birds, of which about 45 are peculiar, most of
them being from the mountains in the western part of the island. The re-
appearance in Java of several Burmese species (including Pavo muticus) which
do not occur in the Malay peninsula south of Penang is very remarkable.
Of Bali, so interesting as the southern outpost of the region, we only know
from Mr. Wallace that he saw there several birds highly characteristic of Javan
ornithology, and whether the island has any peculiar species nowhere appears
(Enc. Brit.).
THE BILL OR BEAK OF BIRDS.
The bill or beak of birds consists of two parts, generally called the upper and
lower mandibles, but more properly maaiila and mandible.
The externally visible part of each is an epidermic sheath of horny, or some-
times leathery, consistence, which covers the anterior bony prolongation of the
cranium in the one case (the premazillary bone), and of the lower jaw in the
other (the dentary bone).
In most birds the sheath (rhamphotheca) of each jaw is entire (as the Storks),
but in some (as the Petrels) it is “pieced,” or divided into distinct parts by
various lines of slight connection.
The different parts of the bill have received names useful for descriptive
purposes. Of these the following are the most important :—
The whole length of the middle line of the upper surface, from the tip or
apex to where the feathers commence on the forehead, is called the culmen.
The lateral sharp edge of the horny covering of either maxilla or mandible is
the tomium.
The point at which the edges of the jaws meet behind is the commissure, or
angle of the mouth (sometimes called the gape).
The mandible is composed of two lateral halves, called rami or branches,
separate behind, but united in front; the space between them where they are
separate is the ¢nter-ramal space; the lower median edge of the mandible, from
the point at which the ramz unite to the tip, is called the gonys.
Lom Missure or es
Angle op Mout
“qq Hany i
t Tomium or Cutling
L
amus of Mande bbe
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IN
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Gon Nay PAS
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Nat. Hist. Museum. D. chlororhyncha—Yellow-nosed Albatross,
22 BIRDS.
The nostrils are two in number, situated usually near the base of the maxilla.
Their form and exact position vary considerably in different birds. They often
open into a depression or groove (the nasal fossa or sulcus). In the Petrels
(Tubinares) the borders of the nostrils are prolonged forwards in a tubular form.
In some birds (as Hawks and Parrots) they open in a soft waxy-looking covering
of the base of the maxilla, called the cere. In the Apteryx alone of existing
birds the nostrils open near the tip of the bill.
The horny sheath of the bill grows continuously from the base, but in con-
sequence of the wear to which the edges and the tip are subjected, it usually
maintains its definite size and form throughout life. If from any cause the
natural wear does not take place, the continuing growth produces a prolongation
of the upper mandible in either straight, curved, or spiral form (Nat. Hist.
Museum).
TEETH OF BIRDS.
The nearest approach to teeth in any existing birds is seen in certain modifica-
tions of the edges of the horny coverings of the bill, These may be—
(i.) Dentate, having one or two tooth-like processes (Cerchneis tinnunculus,
Harpagus lidentatus).
(ii.) Serrate, having many such processes (Mergus serrator, Momotus brasiliensis,
Pteroglossus baillont).
(iii.) Lamellate, produced into numerous ridges or fine plates, which act rather
as strainers than as cutting or tearing organs (the Shoveller, Wild Duck, Goose,
Swan, Flamingo, etc.).
In Odontopteryx toliapicus, a bird of the Eocene period, conical dry processes
were developed on the jaws, presumably covered with horn (as in the Tortoise,
Hardella thurgt), and closely resembling teeth functionally.
As far as it is at present known, only in the Mesozoic epoch did birds exist
possessing true teeth composed of dentine, and with enamelled covered crowns.
These were implanted either in a continuous groove (as in Hesperornis regalis)
or in distinct sockets (as in Ichthyornis dispar and Archeopteryx macrura).
FORELIMB OR WING.
The bones of the forelimb (wing) of a bird consist of humerus (upper arm),
radius and ulna (forearm), and manus (hand). Ulna usually stronger than
radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar (excepting the
Screamer, C. chavaria, which has three).
In Apterygide and in Casuariide there is but one complete digit in the manus,
and it is provided with a claw. In Struthionide, Rheida, and in all the Carinata,
there are three digits in the manus, which answer to the pollex and second and third
digits of the pentadactyle forelimb, and the metacarpal bones of these digits are
ankylosed together. As a rule the metacarpal of the pollex is much shorter than
the other two; that of the second digit is strong and straight; that of the third
is more slender and bowed.
The pollex has two phalanges, and the second of them is in many birds (Rhea,
Chauna, etc.) pointed, curved, and ensheathed in a horny claw.
'
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24 . BIRDS.
The second digit has two, and sometimes three, phalanges (as in the Swan),
and the terminal phalanx is similarly provided with a claw in sundry birds
(Swan, Rhea). In the Ostrich both the pollex and the second digit are unguicu-
late.
The third digit possesses one phalanx, besides its ankylosed metacarpal, and is
always devoid of a claw.
Starting from a typical five-fingered hand such as that of a lizard, passing
through the Archzopteryx (the Lizard Bird of the Jurassic period) and the young
Duck, it is seen how, by loss of certain carpal bones and fusion of others with
the metacarpus, loss of digits v., iv., and part of iii, and fusion of the remaining
metacarpals, the typical avian manus seen in the adult Duck is brought about
(see diagram).
Integument and Feathers.
The exoskeleton of birds consists almost entirely of epidermic structures in
the form of horny sheaths, scales, plates, or feathers. No bird possesses dermal
ossifications, unless the spurs, which are developed upon the legs and wings of
some species, may be regarded as such.
The Remiges, or Flight-Feathers.
The feathers of a wing of a bird have a very definite arrangement. They
consist of the large quill-feathers (Remiges, or’ flight-feathers) and the coverts
(Tectrices).
The Remiges are developed in the wing-membrane (ala membrana), and come
into close and definite relation to the bones, forming two well-marked groups :—
(i.) The cubitals, or “secondaries,” are attached to the ulna, and vary greatly
in number in different groups of birds.
(ii.) The metacarpo-digitals, or “primaries,” are attached to the bones of the
manus, and are typically eleven in number. Of these the metacarpus bears six
(the ‘‘metacarpals”), and the phalanges of the digits bear five (the “ digitals”),
disposed as follows: One (the “addigital”) lying upon the phalanx of digit (iii.),
and inserted at the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation ; two (the “ middigitals ”)
inserted on the first phalanx of digit (ii.) ; and two (the “ predigitals”) inserted
on the second phalanx of digit (ii.). The most distal of these (the “remicle”) is
always rudimentary, and sometimes absent. The bones of digit (i.) always bear
a small number of more or less developed quill-feathers, forming the “ bastard
wing” (ala spuria or alula).
In many birds (notably, the Wild Duck) there is a development of large feathers
lying over the distal half of the humerus, resembling remiges, but really con-
tinuous with the series of greater coverts; these are called “ humerals” (Para-
pteron). Corresponding with these on the under surface of the wing are the
“ axillaries” (Hypopteron).
Modifications of the Metacarpo-digital or Primary Remiges,
The typical condition of the metacarpo-digital remiges being as described above,
the following are the principal modifications :—
I. The metacarpals may be increased to seven (as in Grebes, Flamingoes, and
Storks).
Young DUCK
Lunar
Cunerform Ojo
|
Decrease
ae
Ih
UL
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Wr
LIZARD
Adul— DUCK
ARCHA-OPTERYX
26 BIRDS.
II. A decrease in the number of digitals may take place at distal end of wing.
(a) A remicle may be lost, its principal coverts being retained (as in the
Turkeys, Grouse, etc.).
(b) The remicle and its coverts may disappear, and, in addition, the next
predigital (2) may disappear also (as in “nine-primaried birds”), though generally
some trace of it may be found. Among Passeres almost every gradation in the
development of these feathers may be met with (Nat. Hist. Museum).
The Arrangement of the Coverts.
The coverts of the upper surface of the wing (Tectrices superiores) are divided
into Tectrices majores, T. medic, and T. minores. Those of the lower surface
are Tectrices inferiores. The relative development of these series of coverts
varies much in different groups of birds.
The most important, or “Principal Coverts,” are the Tectrices majores, consisting
of one row of upper coverts attached to the bases of the remiges, and a row of in-
ferior coverts attached in a similar way. Each remex has thus two principal coverts
in relation to it, one on its upper or dorsal, and one on its lower or ventral surface.
The dorsal covert of the first metacarpal remex is generally rudimentary, in
compliance with mechanical requirements in the folding of the wing.
Modifications of the Cubital or Secondary Remiges,
Beyond variation in number and form, the only important modification in this
series consists in the absence in many birds (Owls, Eagles, Geese, Ducks, Pigeons,
Grebes, etc.) of the fifth remex (counting from the carpal joint), the coverts being
retained. This condition is “ Aquin cubitalism”; when the feather is present
the condition is called “Quin cubitalism.”
Wing Claws,
Horny claws of the same nature as those of mammals and reptiles are not un-
frequently present on the end of the first and sometimes the second digit, though
not found on the third in any existing birds. More often they are absent, or
occur only in an imperfect or rudimentary condition. Thus a claw is present on
the terminal phalanx of the first digit (yollex, or bastard wing) of the Secretary
bird (Serpentarius reptilivorus), and well-developed claws are seen on the end of
both the first and second digits in the wings of the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus
cristatus),
Wing Spurs.
Wing Spurs are conical bony outgrowths (the spurcore) covered by a sharp-
pointed horny sheath, and therefore closely resemble the horns of ruminants.
One or more may be present on the forelimbs of birds, being always placed on
the radial side either of the carpus or the metacarpus, and forming weapons for
fighting. They are not to be confounded with the claws which often ensheath
the terminal phalanges of the digits. Thus a long curved black spur is found on
the first metacarpal at the bend of the wing of the Indian Spur-winged Plover
(Hoplopterus ventralis), and a small tubercular spur in the same position on the
wing of the Bronze-winged Jacana (Melopidius indicus). A carpal spur is present
in the Spur-winged Goose (Plectropterus gambensis); while the Derbian Screamer
(Chauna derbiana) possesses two spurs, one on the first metacarpal and one on
the second metacarpal, as well as a claw at the end of the first digit.
LEG OF BIRDS. 27
POSTERIOR EXTREMITY, OR LEG, OF BIRDS.
The hind limb consists of three principal divisions :—
I. The thigh, or femur. II. The leg, or crus. III. The foot, or pes. The
latter has a more or less undivided portion, called, in ornithological language, the
tarsus, but the skeleton of which corresponds to the united three middle meta-
tarsal bones of mammals, to which is also joined the lower or distal part of the
tarsus proper. The other portion of the true tarsus is united to the lower end of
the tibia. The ankle-joint is therefore not situated between the tibia and tarsus,
as in mammals, but in the middle of the tarsus itself.
To the lower end of the tarso-metatarsal bone the three principal (second,
third, and fourth) digits, or toes, are attached. The first digit has a separate, or
accessory, metatarsal bone, of which only the lower end is developed, and which
is usually attached loosely to the hinder surface of the principal bone.
The front, or dorsal, surface of the tarsus is called the acrotarsium, the back
the planta, as it corresponds to the sole of the foot of man and plantigrade
animals (Nat. Hist. Museum).
Spurs on leg.
Spurs, consisting of a conical bony core covered by a horny sheath, are de-
veloped on the posterior or inner surface of the metatarsus in some birds. There
is usually but one, though occasionally two, on each foot. There is one spur on
the Grey Jungle-Fowl (G. sonnerati) and two spurs in the Red Spur-Fowl
(@. spadicea). Spurs are usually present in the male sex only.
Covering of the feet.
In some birds, notably the Owls and Grouse, the tarsi, and even the toes, are
more or less covered with feathers or bristles. Usually that part of the limb
which is devoid of feathers is covered, like the bill, by a hardened, thickened,
modified integument, varying in texture from horny to leathery. This sheath is
called the podotheca. It is more corneous or horny on land birds, and softer and
tore leathery in those that habitually live on the water. Its surface may be—
(i.) Scutellated, disposed in scales or scutella (like a Pheasant’s).
(ii.) Reticulated, cut up by cross lines, leaving polygonal plates between them
(as in a Macaw).
(iii.) Granulated, or rugose, covered with little tubercles.
(iv.) Cancellated, covered with a lattice-work of cross lines not strong enough
to produce distinct plates (like the web of a Wild Duck’s foot).
When the planta (sides and back of the tarsus) is covered with one pair of
plates or laminz, one on each side, meeting behind in a sharp ridge, the condition
is called laminiplantar.
When there is no division of the podotheca in front (along the acrotarsium),
or only two or three scales close to the toes, it is said to be “ booted,” “ greaved,”
or holothecal. This occurs in the Thrushes and many other Passerine birds, but
even these when young show scutella, which disappear by progressive fusion with
age (Nat. Hist. Museum).
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TOES OF BIRDS. 29
Number of the Digits, or Toes.
Birds have usually four toes, never more; in some cases only three; in the
Ostrich alone two. These are designated the first, second, third, and fourth.
The one attached to the accessory metatarsal bone, and which is almost always
directed backwards, being called the first, or hallux. The second toe, the inner
one of those that turn forwards, has normally three phalanges, The third has
four phalanges, and is the middle toe of those that are usually directed forwards.
The fourth has five phalanges, and is the outer toe.
31, Rep JuNGLE-FowL (Gray).
Reduction from the normal number of Toes.
When one of the four normal toes is absent it is almost always the first, or
hallux, which may be entirely suppressed or exist in a rudimentary condition
the bones being present, but concealed beneath the skin.
It is not always the hallux which is absent in three-toed birds. In the King-
fishers of the genera Ceyx and Alcyone the hallux is well developed; but the
second digit is reduced to its basal phalanx, appearing externally merely as a
wart-like eminence.
In the Passerine genus Cholornis the fourth, or external, digit is in a rudi-
mentary condition.
In the Ostrich two digits only are present, which represent the third and
fourth of the normal foot. The small size of the latter, and the frequent absence
of its nail, indicate a tendency to reduction to a single toe (the third), as in the
Horse among Mammals.
Supernumerary digits.
The conditions of the feet above shown are not departed from among birds in
a state of nature, except in individual variations. Under domestication, however,
such variations may be perpetuated in particular races, as in the Dorking Fowl,
a breed characterised by the constant presence of a supernumerary toe upon. each
foot (Nat. Hist. Museum).
Variation in the number of Phalanges.
The normal number of phalanges being, as shown above, 2, 3, 4, 5, in the
respective digits counting from the first, or hallux, to the outer toe, the following
variations are met with :—
(i.) In the Tubinares (Petrels) the number of joints of the hallux is reduced
30 BIRDS.
to one, which is quite short and covered by a spur-like claw; the digital formula
therefore becomes 1, 3, 4, 5.
(ii.) In the Swifts of the genera Cypselus and Panyptila (though not in the
rest of the family) the number of phalanges in each digit external to the hallux
is three ; the formula being 2, 3, 3, 3.
(iii.) In the Sand-Grouse (Pteroclide) and true Caprimulgide (Nightjars) the
fourth digit wants one of the normal phalanges; the formula being 2, 3, 4, 4.
Position of the Toes.
In the vast majority of birds three toes are directed forwards (second, third,
fourth) and one (the hallux, or first toe) backwards.
Exceptions :—
1. All four toes may be turned forwards, as in some of the Swifts (Cypselida@).
2. The first toe may be versatile, turning backwards or forwards, as in the
Coliide.
3. The outer (fourth) toe may be versatile, or capable of being turned back-
wards or forwards, as in most Owls and the Osprey (Pandion).
4, The toes may be permanently in pairs, two before and two behind, as in
‘Woodpeckers, Toucans, Cuckoos, and others, a condition described as Zygodactyle,
or yoke-toed. In these cases it is always the first and fourth that turn backward,
except in the Trogons, where it is the first and second. The third toe is in-
variably directed forwards (Nat. Hist. Museum).
Leading Modifications of the Foot of Birds,
There are three functional plans or types upon which birds’ feet are constructed,
each with various modifications and with transitional forms connecting them.
I. The Pzrcuine or InsEssor1aL type, in which the foot is best fitted for the
grasping function required in perching on trees.
(a) The typical Passerine modification. All the toes free and movable, and
the hinder one well developed; the foot is thus like a hand with three fingers
and an opposable thumb. Examples: Song-Thrush (Turdus musicus), Sky-Lark
(Alauda arvensis), Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus), Nightjar (Caprimulgus
europeeus) and Lyre Bird (Menura superba).
(6) The Raptorial modification. The toes armed with powerful curved sharp
claws and widely spread, so that they may have greater power in seizing and
holding their prey. Their under surface bulbous, scabrous, or even spiny, for
greater security in grasping. Examples: Osprey (Pandion haliaétus) and Sea-
Eagle (Haliaétus albicilla).
(c) The Syndactyle modification, in which the outer and middle toes are
coherent for most of their extent, with a broad sole in common. This occurs in
perching birds, as Kingfishers, which scarcely use their feet for progression, but
simply for sitting motionless. Examples: Kingfisher (Ceryle torquatus), Hornbill
(Buceros rhinoceros), Cock of the Rock (Rupicola crocea).
(d) The Zygodactyle, or yoke-toed modification. Two toes are turned forwards
TAILS OF BIRDS. 31
and two backwards, This occurs in many families of birds not otherwise related
either in structure or habits. Examples: Wryneck (Yunx torquilla), Common
Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), Indian Koel (Eudynamys honorata), Red-and-Blue
Macaw (Ara macao).
II, Tae Watgine or Wanine (Cursorial or Grallatorial) type. In this form
the foot has the grasping power, but is especially adapted for walking on the
ground. The hind toe is elevated above the level of the others, and reduced in
size or totally lost. In some wading birds the intervals between the toes are
completely or partially webbed. Examples: Apteryx (A. owent), Pheasant
(Phasianus colchicus), Heron (Ardea cinerea), Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hydro-
phasianus chirurgus), Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), Red-necked Avocet
(Recurvirostra avocetta).
III. The Swimuine or Naratoriat type. By the development of webs between
the toes the foot is transformed into a swimming instrument, usually with much
loss of its power of perching and running.
(a) The Lobvate modification. The toes not united together by webs, but
furnished with lobes or flaps along the sides, as in the Coot (Fulica atra), Crested
Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), and Grey Phalarope (P. fulicarius).
(8) The ordinary Palmate modification. All the front toes united by webs.
The hind toe free, as in the Wild Duck (Anas boscas), Black-headed Gull (Larus
ridibundus), Skimmer (Rhynchops flavirostris).
(c) The Totipalmate modification. Webs not only between the front toes, but
also extending between the second and first, or hind toe; so that all four are
united together, as in the Pelican (Pelicanus onocrotalus) (Nat. Hist. Museum).
TAIL OF BIRDS.
In the extinct Jurassic bird, the Archeopteryx, the skeleton of the tail was
elongated and consisted of about twenty free vertebre. In all existing birds it
is short. Among these the Rariram have the caudal vertebre mostly free and
gradually diminishing in size, a primitive condition, also seen in the early state
of all birds. In the majority, however, a certain number of the terminal verte-
bre become fused together and assume a peculiar shape, constituting the pygostyle,
or ‘‘ploughshare bone,” which supports the rectrices or tail-feathers and the uropy-
gial oil-gland.
The feathers of the tail consist of the large quill-feathers, or rectrices, and the
upper and lower coverts, or ¢ectrices. The rectrices are so called because of their
action in directing flight. They are arranged in pairs and are usually 12 in
number ; less commonly 10, 14, 16, or 18, and very exceptionally fewer than 10
or more than 18. They radiate more or less from the pygostyle, the innermost
pair being placed above the level of the others. Asa rule the upper coverts are
shorter and fewer than the lower, but in the Peacock they are far longer than
the rectrices, and form the gorgeous train which distinguishes that bird.
Form of the Tail. The tail may be—
(i.) Even at the end, “truncated,” as in the Lapwing (V. vulgaris), 12 rectrices.
a
32 BIRDS.
(ii). The inner rectrices may be longer than the other ones. This form in
different degrees is called—
“Rounded,” as in the tail of the Mallard, which has 20 rectrices, of
which the four nearest the middle line are differently coloured from
the rest and curled upwards. In the female Wild Duck there are
18 rectrices, similar in colour, and the middle ones are not curled
upwards.
“Gradated,” as in the Rook, 12 rectrices, and in the Bengal Eagle-Owl,
12 rectrices.
‘“‘Cuneate,” or “acute,” as in the Magpie, 12 rectrices.
“Long exserted.” The two central feathers alone may be much longer
than the others, as in the Common Sand-Grouse, 16 rectrices.
(iii.) The outer feathers may be longer than the inner. This form is called,
according to the degree—
‘“Emarginate,” as in the House-Martin, 12 rectrices.
“Forked,” or “ forficate,” as in the Swallow, 12 rectrices.
Special modifications of this forked form are called “‘lyrate,” as in the Black
Grouse (7. ¢éetrix), 18 rectrices; ‘“racket-tailed,” as in the Humming Bird
(S. underwoodit), 10 rectrices,
EXTERNAL COVERING, OR FEATHERS.
A feather consists of a stem, shaft, or scape (scapus) forming its axis, and
bearing two webs, or vanes (vewilla), one on either side.
The stem is divided into two parts, that nearest to the body of the bird is a
hard, hollow, horny, and semi-transparent cylinder called the ‘‘barrel,” or ‘‘quill”
(calamus). One end of this is embedded in the skin, the other is continued into
the shaft proper (rhachis), which is four-sided, solid, elastic, and gradually tapers
to a fine point. It is longitudinally grooved on the under side, or that towards
the body of the bird. The stem has an inferior aperture at the apex, into which
the vascular pulp (“‘pith” of the dried feather) penetrates, and a superior aper-
ture (umbilicus) situated on its under surface at the junction of the calamus with
the rhachis.
The vanes consist of a number of flat, narrow-pointed plates set obliquely on
the rhachis by their bases, called “barbs.” The edges of the barbs bear numerous
smaller processes called “ barbules.” These in the most perfect feathers (those of
the “plumous” or “‘pennaceous” type in the wing of an Argus Pheasant) are
fringed with still smaller “‘ barbicels” and hooklets (hamuli), by which the barbs
are held together so as to present a continuous resisting surface to the air.
The various kinds of feathers are—
I. Penne, or plume proper, also called “‘ contour feathers,” because they lie on
the surface and determine the contour of the body. They are exposed to the
light. They have a perfect stem and vanes, mostly of a pennaceous structure,
though generally more or less plumulaceous at the base. (They are distributed
evenly over the body only in a few birds, as the Ratit#, the Penguins, and some
others.) Generally they are arranged in definitely circumscribed patches or bands,
between which the skin is either bare or covered only with down,
FEATHERS. 33
These patches of contour feathers are termed pteryle and their interspaces
apteria, This general arrangement of the contour feathers, which prevails (with
many modifications in detail) in nearly all birds, is related to the facility of
movement of the body and limbs. The pierylosis, as the arrangement of the
feather tracts is called, is of importance in determining the natural affinities of
birds.
II, Down feathers (plumule). In these the stem is little developed, and the
soft barbs have long, slender, thready barbules, with little knotty dilatations in
place of barbicels, and no hooklets. They more or less completely invest the
body, but are almost always hidden away beneath the contour feathers. If the
contour feathers are removed from the breast of a Wild Duck, the thick covering
of brown down feathers next the skin will be clearly seen. In a Swan the down
is white, the downy layer is very thick, and is composed partly of true down
feathers and partly of the plumulaceous or downy part of the contour feathers.
Down feathers of the young. The down of a duckling is replaced by the true
feathers (penne). The rudiment of the new feather is formed at the base of the
down plumule. As the new feather grows it pushes the down plumule out from
the skin. The plumule remains attached to the apex till the new feather is about
an inch long, when it is shed. This process is analogous to the shedding of the
“milk” teeth in Mammals. The down feathers of a young Albatross are on a
far more magnificent scale.
III. Semiplumes (semiplumce). Many feathers are intermediate in character
between the penne and the plumule, possessing the large and more rigid stem of
the former and the downy barbs and barbules of the latter. The contour feathers
from the breast of a Swan (C. olor) show the downy or plumulaceous character
of the basal portion of the vanes and the plumous character of the terminal part.
The feathers of the Common Heron show various transitions from the plumous
to the plumulaceous or downy form. The under tail coverts of the Adjutant
(Z. argala) are semiplumous, and usually called Marabou feathers.
IV. Filoplumes (filoplume), or thread feathers, have a very slender stem, and
barbs either rudimentary or wanting, so that they closely resemble hair. In the
Golden Eagle these feathers have a slender stem with a small terminal tuft of
barbs, and grow out from the edge of the folds of skin forming the sacks of the
larger feathers.
V. Powder down ( pulviplume). Certain down feathers are peculiarly modified,
growing indefinitely from the follicle, and continually breaking down at the ends
of the barbs. From the white dust-like material with which they are constantly
covered, they are called ‘‘ powder down,” or “ pulviplumes.” They occur in some
Hawks, Parrots, and other birds, and are especially developed in the Herons and
their allies. Sometimes they are scattered over the surface, but more often are
collected in definite tracts or patches. The breast of the Common Heron (A. cinerea)
shows large ‘‘powder-down patches,” which reach to the middle line in front, and
there are a pair of such patches on the lower part of its back.
VI. After-shafts. In very many birds each quill bears two vexilla; the second
is called the after-shaft. The after-shaft (hyporhachis), or accessory plume, when
34 BIRDS.
present, springs from the under side of the stem of the main feather at the junction
of the quill (calamus) with the shaft (rhachis) close by the umbilicus. Though
occasionally (as in the Emeus and Cassowaries) almost as large as the main feather,
it is generally very much smaller, It is never developed on the large wing and
tail feathers, and is entirely wanting in all the feathers of some groups of birds.
In the one-wattle Cassowary the accessory plume is as long as the main feather,
and in the Emeu it is nearly so. In the feathers on the back of the Argus
Pheasant the after-shaft is about one-third the length of the full feather (Nat.
Hist. Museum).
Peculiarities of the arrangement and structure of Feathers.
In the Grey Jungle-Fowl (G. sonneratc) the ends of the shafts in the upper
wing coverts show flattened horny expansions resembling sealing-wax, and in the
American Wax-wing (A. cedrorum) the shafts of the cubital, or secondary flight
feathers, are expanded in vermilion-coloured horny terminations.
The Great Crested Grebe (P. cristatus) has a double occipital crest, and the
Cock of the Rock (R. crocea) carries a red fanlike crest, which extends from the
crown past the eye to the gape.
The Australian Darter (P. nove-hollandie) shows a ribbed structure in the
vanes of its tail, and the Curl-crested Toucan (P. beawharnaist) has peculiar
expansions and curved prolongations of the shafts of the crown feathers.
In the Common Peacock (P. cristatus) the terminal portion of one of the tail
coverts shows the beautifully coloured ocellus, or eye, surrounded above by the
“transparent zone,” an effect produced by the absence of the barbules on a limited
portion of each of the barbs.
EXTERNAL VARIATION IN THE TWO SEXES
AND AT DIFFERENT SEASONS.
All individuals of many species of birds are, when full grown, closely alike
externally, both male and female, and at all times of the year.
In some species the two sexes are more or less marked by different plumage at
all times.
In others the two sexes are alike for part of the year, but differ in the pairing
season.
ADAPTATION OF COLOUR TO
SURROUNDING CONDITIONS.
The genus Lagopus (Willow-Grouse and Ptarmigan) in summer more or less
resemble in colour the rocks and plants among which they live, while in winter
they change to white, like the snow which covers the ground around them.
Such complete changes only occur in latitudes and localities where the differ-
ences between the general external conditions in the different seasons are extreme,
where the snow completely disappears in summer and remains continuously on
the ground during the greater part of the winter. The change is in direct
adaptation to the surroundings, the advantage gained being concealment from
their enemies or their prey, as the case may be. :
ALBINISM. 35
White, as a normal colour of any species of animal, is comparatively rare in
nature. Compared with the immense number of species which inhabit the land-
surface of the warm and temperate parts of the globe, which is continuously
clothed with dark or richly coloured herbage, rocks, or soil, the number of those
of which white is the prevailing colour is infinitely small. On the other hand,
birds which habitually dwell among the foaming waves of the sea are usually
either partially or entirely white, and white is rather the rule than the exception
among the comparatively few inhabitants of the northern regions, where the
ground is either permanently or during a considerable portion of the year covered
with snow. Under such conditions, white, instead of being the most conspicuous
style of colouration, is quite the reverse. The whiteness of these animals must
not be confounded with albinism (whiteness occurring accidentally in individuals
normally of a different colour).
ALBINISM.
Albinism is a condition in which the pigment or colouring matter, usually
present in the tissues constituting the external coverings of the body, and which
gives them their characteristic hue, is absent.
When it occurs, the hair, feathers, etc., are of an opaque white, the claws and
bill of a pale horn, and the skin and eyes are pink colour, in consequence of the
‘colour of the blood which circulates through them being no longer concealed by
the stronger hues of the pigments. An individual in this condition is called an
Albino.
In complete albinism there is a total abstinence of pigment throughout the
system. This condition occurs occasionally as an individual peculiarity among
wild animals, but it has never become perpetuated among them in distinct races
or species.
Partial albinism, a condition in which the absence of pigment is limited to
portions of the surface, is much more common as an individual variation, and it
certainly becomes perpetuated more frequently among domestic than among wild
animals.
MELANISM.
Melanism is the opposite condition to albinism, and depends on an excess of
‘dark-coloured pigment in the skin and its appendages—hair, feathers, etc.—beyond
what is normally met with in the species. As with albinism, melanism may be
partial or complete. When partial, it may occur in either of two forms. In one
the black colour may be confined to distinct patches, the remainder of the surface
retaining its normal colour; in the other there is a general darkening of the
whole surface not amounting to black. This condition, when transmitted by
inheritance and maintained and intensified by natural selection or some similar
agency, gives rise to the permanent dark or melanic varieties which occur in
many species of animals of various classes in a wild state. Melanism as an
individual peculiarity is not so frequent as albinism. It may be congenital or
acquired. With birds in confinement this change frequently occurs, and is
‘commonly attributed to errors in diet, especially feeding too freely on hempseed
(Nat. Hist. Museum).
36 BIRDS.
MIGRATION.
Distribution should not be confounded with migration. Birds migrate year
after year, according to a more or less fixed rule, from one locality to another,
with the seasons.
Migration is perhaps the greatest mystery which the whole animal kingdom
presents. ‘The Hawk that stretches her wings toward the south is as familiar
to the latest Nile boat traveller or dweller on the Bosphorus as of old to the
author of the Book of Job. The autumnal thronging of myriads of water-fowl
by the rivers of Asia is witnessed by the modern sportsman as it was of old by
Homer. Anacreon welcomed the returning Swallow. The Indian of the fur
countries, in forming his rude calendar, names the recurring moons after the
birds of passage whose arrival is coincident with their changes ”—the theme of
comment in all ages and in all lands—and yet our “ignorance is immense.”
Chief facts of migration. In almost all countries there are—
(a) Some species which arrive in spring, remain to breed, and depart in autumn.
(6) Others which arrive in autumn, stop for the winter, and depart in spring.
(c) Others (birds of passage) which show themselves but twice a year, in passing
through the country, their short transient visits occurring about spring and autumn.
All these three classes are affected by the same impulse, and the nature of their
movements is almost uniform, inasmuch as—
(a) Have their winter abode nearer the equator.
(6) Have their breeding quarters much nearer the poles, and in returning to
them on the approach of spring are but doing exactly as do those species which,
having their winter abode nearer the equator, arrive in the spring.
(c) Like winter visitants, have their breeding places nearer the poles, but, like
summer visitants, they seek their winter abode nearer the equator, and thus per-
form a somewhat longer migration.
Partial migrants. While there are some species in the British Isles, such as
the Swallow or the Fieldfare, of which every individual disappears at one period
of the year or another, there are other species, such as the Red Wagtail or the
Woodcock, of which only the majority of individuals vanish, a few being always
present, and these species form the so-called “ partial migrants.”
Migration almost universal. There is scarcely a bird of either the Palearctic
or Nearctic region, whose habits are at all well known, which is not subject to
the migratory impulse, and hence we are led to the conclusion that every bird
of the northern hemisphere is to a greater or less degree migratory in some part.
or other of its range. Such a conclusion brings us to a still more general inference,
viz. that migration, instead of being the exceptional characteristic it used formerly
to be thought, may really be almost universal, and though the lack of observations.
in other, and especially tropical, countries does not allow us to declare that such
is the case, it seems very probably to be so. With the additional fact that birds.
exhibit a real partiality year after year to occupy the same quarters in the breeding
season, we may begin to try and account for the cause or causes of migration.
Causes of migration. Want of food would seem to be enough, and it is the
most obvious cause. Even among many of those species which we commonly
MIGRATION. 37
speak of as “‘sedentary,” it is only the adults which maintain their ground
throughout the year. Birds of prey drive away their offspring so soon as the
young are able to shift for themselves, for the simple reason of the impossibility
of both parents and progeny getting a livelihood in the same vicinity. Many
other species do the same, and with some, the time of expulsion is deferred from
the end of summer or the autumn to the following spring. As food grows scarce
towards the end of summer in the most northern limits of the range of a species,
the individuals affected thereby seek it elsewhere. Thus doing, they press upon
the haunts of others, and these in like manner upon that of yet others, and so
on, until the outward movement which began in the far north is communicated
to the individuals occupying the extreme southern range of the species at that
season, though but for such an intrusion these last might be content to stay some
time longer in the enjoyment of their existing quarters.
This may explain the southward movement of all migratory birds in the
northern hemisphere, but when we consider the return movement some six months
later, it is doubtful whether scarcity of food can be assigned as its sole or sufficient
cause. On one side it may be urged that the more equatorial regions, which in
winter are crowded with emigrants from the north, though well fitted for the resort
of so great a population at that season, are deficient in certain necessaries for the
nursery. And it may be assumed that, even if such necessaries are not absolutely
wanting, the regions in question may not supply sufficient food for both parents
and offspring, the latter being, at the lowest computation, twice as numerous as
the former, unless the numbers of both were diminished by the casualties of travel.
(If the relative proportion of land to water in the southern hemisphere were
at all such as it is in the northern, we should no doubt find the birds of southern
continents beginning to press upon the tropical and equatorial regions of the
globe at the season when they were thronged with emigrants from the north,
and in such a case it would only be reasonable that the latter should be acted
upon by the force of the former, according to the explanation given of the south-
ward movement of northern migrants. But though we know almost nothing of
the migration of birds of the other hemisphere, yet, when we regard the com-
parative deficiency of land in southern latitudes all round the world, it is obvious
that the feathered population of such as nowadays exists can exert but little
influence, and its effects may be practically disregarded.)
On the other hand, we must remember the pertinacity with which birds return
to their accustomed breeding places, and the force of this passionate fondness for
the old home must be taken into account, even if we do not allow that in it lies
the whole stimulus to undertake the perilous voyage.
Mr. Wallace suggests (Nature, x. p. 459) that “survival of the fittest” has
had a powerful influence on the manner in which the habit of migration has
come to be adopted. “Let us suppose that in any species of migratory bird,
breeding can as a rule be only safely accomplished in a given area; and further,
that during a great part of the rest of the year sufficient food cannot be obtained
in that area. It will follow that those birds which do not leave the breeding
area at the proper season will suffer and ultimately become extinct, which will
also be the fate of those which do not leave the feeding area at the proper time.
Now if we suppose that the two areas were (for some remote ancestor of the
existing species) coincident, but by geological and climatic changes gradually
D
38 BIRDS.
diverged from each other, we can easily understand how the habit of incipient
and partial migration at the proper seasons would at last become hereditary and
so fixed as to be what we term an instinct. It will probably be found that every
gradation still exists in various parts of the world, from a complete coincidence
to a complete separation of the breeding and the subsistence areas; and when
the natural history of a sufficient number of species is thoroughly worked out,
we may find every link between species which never leave a restricted area in
which they breed and live the whole year round, to those other cases in which
the two areas are absolutely separated.”
Earlier return of male migrants. In the spring movement of most species of
the northern hemisphere the cock birds are always in advance some days or
perhaps weeks before the hens. It is not difficult to imagine that, in the course
of a journey throughout some 50° or 60° of latitude, the stronger should outstrip
the weaker. Some observers assert that the same thing occurs in the return
journey in autumn.
Weather. As a rule it would seem as if birds were not dependent on the
weather to any great degree. The arrival of seafowl, it is said, is as regular as
the almanac itself. Puffins (F. arctica) repair to some of their stations punctually
on a given day as if their movements were regulated by clockwork. Nor is the
regularity with which certain species disappear much inferior, for the Swift
(C. apus) is rarely seen in its summer home in England after the first days in
August.
Routes of migrants. Herr Palmén lays down the chief roads taken by most
of the migratory birds of the Palearctic region in their return autumnal journey
southwards from their breeding quarters, and further asserts that in the spaces
between these lines of flight such birds do not usually occur. These main routes
are nine in number, viz.
(A) Leaving the Siberian shores of the Polar Sea, Nova Zembla, and the N.
of Russia, passes down the W. coast of Norway to the North Sea and the British
Islands.
(B) From Spitzbergen and adjoining islands, follows much the same course,
but is prolonged past France, Spain, and Portugal, to the W. coast of Africa.
(C) From N. Russia, and threading the White Sea and Lakes Onega and
Ladoga, skirts the Gulf of Finland and the southern part of the Baltic to
Holstein, and so to Holland, where it divides—one branch uniting with the
main route (B), while the other running up the valley of the Rhine, and crossing
that of the Rhone, splits up on reaching the Mediterranean, where one path
passes down the western coast of Italy and Sicily, a second takes the line by
Corsica and Sardinia, and a third follows the 8S. coast of France and eastern
coast of Spain—all three paths ending in N. Africa.
(D) From the extreme N. of Siberia, ascending the River Ob, branches out
near Tobolsk—one track diverging to the Volga, descends that river, and so
passes to the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea, and thence by the Bosphorus and
A®gean to Egypt; another track makes for the Caspian by way of the Ural
River, and so leads to the Persian Gulf; while two more are lost sight of on the
steppes.
MIGRATION. 39
(Z) From extreme N. of Siberia, mounts the Yenesei to Lake Baikal, and so
passes into Mongolia.
(Ff) From extreme N. of Siberia, ascends the Lena, and striking the Upper
Amoor, reaches the Sea of Japan.
(G) From the eastern portion of Siberia to the Sea of Japan.
(O) From Kamschatka to the Sea of Japan.
(X) Starting from Greenland and Iceland, passes by the Faeroes to the British
Islands, and so, joining (2) and (C), runs down the French coast.
These are the main routes, while nearly all river courses form minor routes.
Return to former haunts inexplicable. But lay down the paths of migratory
birds, observe their comings and goings, or strive, as we will, to account for the
impulse which urges them forward, there still remains for consideration the most
marvellous thing of all. How do the birds find their way so unerringly from
such immense distances? This seems to be by far the most inexplicable part of
the matter.
Year after year the migratory Wagtail will build her nest in the accustomed
spot, and year after year the migratory Cuckoo will deposit her eggs in that nest,
and yet in each interval of time the former may have passed some months on the
shores of the Mediterranean, and the latter, absent for a still longer period, may
have wandered into the heart of Africa (absolute proof and identity of particular
birds is, of course, wanting; but if that objection be raised, the circumstance
becomes still more puzzling, for then we have to account for some mode of com-
municating precise information by one bird to another). Solution of this mystery
does not lie in the “homing” faculty, for this depends on a knowledge of land-
marks obtained by sight, and sight only is the sense which directs pigeons, while
sight alone can hardly afford much aid to birds which at one stretch transport
themSelves across the breadth of Europe, or even traverse more than 1,000 miles
of open ocean, to say nothing of those birds which perform their migrations by
night.
Instinct is no explanation of this wonderful faculty; it is an evasion of the
difficulty. Herr Palmén ascribes the performance of the flight to experience
where migrants are led by the older and the stronger birds. It is likely that the
strongest lead the flock, but not necessarily the oldest. Besides, many birds do
not migrate in flocks; for example, while swallows do leave our shores in large
companies, the majority of summer visitors slip away almost unobserved ap-
parently without concert with others. Temminck states that among migrants
the young and the old always journey apart, and most generally by different
routes. The former can have no “experience,” and yet the greater number of
them arrive safely. The sense of sight, essential to a knowledge of landmarks,
is insufficient to account for the success that attends birds which travel by night,
or in a single flight span oceans or continents. Yet without it the idea of
“experience” cannot be substantiated. We may admit that inherited but un-
conscious experience, which is really all that can be meant by instinct, is a factor
in the whole matter, certainly, as Mr. Wallace seems to have proved, in origi-
nating the migratory impulse; but yet every aspect of the question is fraught
40 BIRDS.
with difficulty, and we must leave to time the discovery of this mystery of
mysteries.
Exceptional migration occurs when from some cause or other the ordinary
practice is broken through. One of the most extraordinary events known to
ornithologists is the irruption into Europe, in 1863, of Pallas’s Sand-Grouse
(S. paradoxus). Of this bird, hitherto known only as an inhabitant of the
Tartar steppes, a single specimen was obtained at Sarepta, on the Volga, in 1848.
In May, 1859, a pair were killed in Vilna, on the western borders of Russia;
and a few weeks later five examples were procured—one in Jutland, one in
Holland, two in England, and one in Wales. In 1860 another was obtained at
Sarepta; but in May and June, 1863, a flock of at least 700 spread over Europe,
reaching Sweden, the Faeroes, and Iceland in the N.W., and in the S. extending
to Sicily, and almost to the frontiers of Spain. On the sand-hills of Jutland and
Holland some of- these birds bred. In 1872 another visitation to Great Britain
was reported.
Nocturnal concourse of migrants. Towards the close of summer, in dark,
cloudy, and still weather, a vast and heterogeneous concourse of birds may be
heard hovering over our large towns. It is supposed that these noises proceed
from migrating birds which have lost their way. Lord Lilford records that once
at Corfu he was startled by an uproar like a conflict overhead (Enc. Brit.).
SONG.
The deep booming of the Emeu, the harsh cry of the Guillemot, the wail of
the Plover, the whistle of the Widgeon, “the Cock’s shrill clarion,” the bleating
of the Snipe, or the drumming of the Ruffed Grouse, etc., are sounds made by
birds under the influence of love, etc., which may be regarded as a “song.”
Gestures akin to song. Akin to the “song” of birds are the peculiar gestures
which males perform during pairing. The Ruff dances on his hillock; the
Snipe and some allies mount aloft and execute wild evolutions in the clouds;
the Woodcock and many of the Goatsuckers beat the same aerial path evening
after evening with sudden and sharp turns; the Capercailzie and Blackcock on a
height throw themselves into curious postures. Other species of Grouse assume
strange attitudes, and run in circles till the turf is worn bare. The Peacock
spreads his train.
NIDIFICATION.
The making of a nest is a labour that is scamped, if not shirked, by many
birds. Some of the Auk tribe place their single egg on a bare ledge of rock,
where its peculiar conical shape is but a precarious safeguard against wind or
accident. Stone Curlew and Goatsuckers deposit their eggs without preparation
of the soil, but select carefully the spot for their procreant cradle. The Apteryx
seems to trust its abnormally big egg to an excavation among the roots of a tree
fern. Female Ostriches scrape holes in the desert sand and promiscuously drop.
their eggs, cover them, and leave incubation to the male, who discharges the duty
by night only and trusts by day to the sun’s rays to keep up the warmth.
EGGS. 41
Megapodes raise a huge hot-bed of dead leaves wherein to deposit their eggs,
and the young are hatched without further care on the part of either parent.
Some of the Grebes and Rails pile fragments of aquatic plants on some growing
water weed. Gulls, Sandpipers, and Plovers lay their eggs in shallow pits.
The Ringed Plover commonly places its eggs on shingle. Flamingoes erect
mounds of earth two feet high. The Shelduck beds its nest with down from
her own body.
EGGS.
Number. The eggs laid in one nest which are sat upon together and hatched
about the same time are called a clutch. Their number, though tolerably uniform
in each species, varies greatly in different species. Some birds have only one,
others two, and the majority of species four or five. Higher numbers are less
common, but eight to twelve eggs in a clutch are frequent among Ducks and
Rails, and even more among some game birds. Examples :—
Single egg. Manx Shearwater, Razorbill.
Two eggs. Black Guillemot, Swift, Ringdove.
Three eggs. Oyster-Catcher, Sand-Grouse.
Four eggs. Golden Plover, Common Sandpiper.
Five eggs. Kestrel, Robin.
Nine eggs. Long-tailed Tit.
Twelve eggs. Red-legged Partridge.
Form. In form, eggs may vary from almost spherical to different modifications
of elliptical or oval. The latter form, in which one end is smaller and more
pointed than the other, though not universal, is the most frequent, and dis-
tinguishes the eggs of birds from those of reptiles. If there are many eggs in
the nest, it is obvious that the conical form makes close packing more easy.
Where only two eggs are laid they are seldom conical. Eggs having a pyriform
shape, or narrowing very rapidly towards the smaller end, are mostly those of
birds (as Limicole) which lay four in a nest, and are large in proportion to the
size of the bird. Their pointed ends being turned inwards, they occupy as little
space as possible, and are thus more easily covered by the brooding parent.
A conical egg placed on the ground or ledge of rock is less liable to roll away
from its place if disturbed than one of a spherical form. Examples :—
Spheroidal. Scops Owl, Tawny Owl, Green Bee-Eater, Diving Petrel.
Elliptical. Nightjar, Sand-Grouse, Shag.
Biconical. Grebe.
True oval. Wild Turkey, Dipper, Grey Partridge.
Conical or Pyriform. Dunlin, Jagana, Lapwing, Guillemot.
Size. The size of the egg has generally, but by no means constantly, some
relation to that of the parent bird. It also depends very much upon the degree
of development the young bird attains at the time of hatching. In the case of
birds in which the young are hatched in a very immature and helpless state, the
eggs are small relatively to the size of the parent. These birds usually build
carefully constructed nests suitable to contain the young birds during the first
period of their existence. When the young are well clothed with down, and can
42 BIRDS.
run and feed themselves as soon as hatched, the eggs are large. Such birds usually
lay on the ground in imperfectly formed nests. Other circumstances seem to
influence the size of the egg in some cases. Thusthe Cuckoo, which lays its
eggs in the nests of birds much smaller than itself, has eggs of size nearly corre-
sponding to theirs, and therefore relatively the smallest of any of the class.
Among birds of about equal size with different-sized eggs are the Guillemot,
the Curlew, and the Raven, where their eggs are as 3-2” x 2”, 2-6”x 1.8", and
2” x 1-3” respectively. The Snipe is about the same size as a Blackbird, and yet
its egg is 4” longer and }" wider. The Apteryx has a far larger egg than the
Crowned Pigeon, while Cuckoos’ eggs are but slightly larger than those of a
House Sparrow. The smallest eggs are those of some species of Humming
Birds. Of existing birds, the Ostrich lays the largest egg, but these were far
exceeded by those of the extinct Apyornis of Madagascar.
Texture of surface. The surface of the shell of the eggs of different birds
varies much in texture. It may be—
(A) Extremely smooth and polished, as with Tinamous,
(B) Smooth and glossy, as in the Woodpecker, Kingfisher.
(C) Dull and chalky, as in the Ibis, Megapode, Duck.
(D) Covered with a distinct calcareous film, sometimes of considerable and
irregular thickness, as in the Shag, Grebe, Flamingo.
(£) Distinctly granulated or pitted, as in the Emeu.
Colour. The colour of the egg has no relation to that of the parent bird.
White is probably the primitive colour of birds’ eggs, as it is that of the eggs of
all reptiles. The eggs birds laid in holes, either in the earth or in trees,
entirely concealed from the light, are mostly white (exceptions—Nuthatch, Tree-
Creeper, Jackdaw). The largest number of eggs are variously coloured by the
deposition of pigment on or near the outer surface of the shell, The colour may
be uniform throughout the surface of the shell, or it may be in irregular washes,
blotches more or less circular, spots or lines upon either a white or uniformly
coloured ground. Examples :—
One colour. Tinamous, Virginian Colin, Owl, Grey Parrot, Bee-Eater, Wryneck,
Woodpecker, Roller, Stork, Swan, Wild Duck, Francolin, Pheasant, Jacana,
Warblers, Nightingale, Fly-Catcher, Redstart, Indian Minah, Jay, Thrush, Heron,
Ibis.
Clouded. Godwit, Peregrine Falcon.
Blotched. Sparrow-Hawk, Sandwich Tern, Razorbill, Ptarmigan, Red Grouse.
Speckled. Red-legged Partridge, Jay, Carrion Crow.
Spotted. Hemipode, Pratincole, Diver, Sandpiper, Redshank, Golden Oriole,
Wren Warbler, Willow Warbler, Tit, Song Thrush, Swift, Tern, Oyster-Catcher,
Sand-Grouse.
With linear markings. Starling, Crow, Blackbird, Guillemot, Indian Jacana.
The signification of the various modes of colouration is very little understood
at present. It often happens that the different species of a natural group of
birds present a general similarity in the style of colouration of their eggs, or, in
other words, that nearly allied birds have similar eggs, but the exceptions to this
tule are very numerous. In certain cases there is evidently an adaptation of the
INCUBATION AND MOULT. 43
colour of the eggs to their natural surroundings for the purpose of concealment.
Similarity of eggs in a natural group of birds is observable in Warblers and
Buntings. Dissimilar eggs in closely allied species are seen in the Missel Thrush,
Song Thrush and Blackbird; Black Redstart and Common Redstart; Red, Spotted,
and Red-breasted Fly-Catchers ; the Rook and the Cape Crow.
Though the greater number of species of birds lay eggs, all of which are of
tolerably uniform character, varying only within narrow limits, there are some
cases in which the eggs of different individuals of one species present a remark-
able diversity. Similarity in all the eggs of one species is seen in the Water-ben
(G. chloropus), Dissimilarity in the eggs of one species is to be observed in the
Tree Pipit, Tree Sparrow, Fantailed Warbler, Guillemot.
INCUBATION
is performed by the females of nearly all birds, but with most of the Passeres,
and many others, the male seems to share the duties. Among the Ratite the
male takes that office wholly on himself. Most of the smaller Passeres of
Europe hatch their young in about thirteen days, and in a few species the time is
believed to be shortened to ten or eleven days, while in the largest of the order
(the Raven) it is lengthened to twenty-one. This is the ordinary time taken by
the Barndoor Fowl, but the Pheasant takes twenty-eight. Most water birds seem
to require as long a time, but in the Swan incubation is protracted to six weeks,
the same period as for an ostrich.
MOULT
This is the shedding of the old and often weather-beaten feathers, to be in turn
replaced by an entirely new suit. As a general rule all birds are subject to an
annual moult, which begins at the close of the breeding season. Such renovation
is required in birds which nearly all have to depend upon their quills for the
means of locomotion and hence of livelihood. Feathers do not last for ever, and
they are liable to accidental breakage. The remiéges, or quill feathers, are always
shed in pairs, and the power of flight is only slightly deteriorated thereby. In
the young of most species the original quills are not shed during the first year,
but in the typical Galline, which are able to fly at a very early age, often before
they are one-third grown, the original quills are shed before the bird has attained
its full size and are succeeded by others that serve it when it has reached
maturity. In the Duck tribe, however, we have a very singular exception.
Most of these birds shed their quill feathers all at once, and thus become
absolutely incapable of flight for a season, and it is further to be particularly
remarked that the males of most of two sections of the family (Anatine and
Fuliguline) at the same period “go into eclipse,” and put on for several weeks
the garb of the female (Kandahar in 1879, p. 249), resuming their full-coloured
plumage under an additional moult, when their new quills are grown and fit for
flight. In the Ptarmigan (L. mutus), both sexes of which not only moult after
the breeding season into a grey suit, but again as autumn passes away have an
additional moult into their snowy winter clothing, and yet again in spring put on
44 BIRDS.
a third and most distinctive dress. These changes, however, do not extend to the
quills either of the wings or the tail. Though the annual moult commonly takes
place in birds as soon as the breeding season is over, there are plenty of cases
where it is delayed to a later period of the year, notably the Swallow, which has
long been known to moult in midwinter. But unquestionably most birds accom-
plish the change much earlier, and before they leave their breeding quarters for
their winter haunts, thereby starting on one of their great annual journeys with
all the machinery of flight renewed, and in the best condition for escaping its
attendant perils (Enc. Brit.),
VELOCITY IN FLIGHT.
Mr. Tegetmeier regards as mere fiction the oft-repeated statement that the
Homing Pigeon flies at the rate of 100 miles an hour. There is no recorded
case of its flying 60. The Homing Pigeon requires to be well trained and strong
to be enabled to fly at the rate of 45 miles an hour, and it may with safety be
stated that it has never been known to exceed 50 miles in that time.
The “record” speed for a Homing Pigeon in 1898, as given in the Dazly
Telegraph (21.11.98) was in a flight from Berwick to London, 300 miles, at “an
average of 1,551 yards to the minute,” or nearly 53 miles an hour. The same
edition also reported another flight from the Shetland Isles, 600 miles in 144
hours, or at nearly 414 miles an hour. The Penny Magazine (April, 1899) reports
a flight of 182 miles from a ship off the Eddystone to the Naval Dovecote,
Whale Island, Portsmouth, in 3} hours, or at a rate of 52 miles an hour.
AGE OF BIRDS.
The birds said to live to the greatest age are the Eagle, the Swan, and the
Raven, which sometimes attain more than 100 years. The average life of a
Wren is 3 years; the Heron, the Parrot, the Goose, and the Pelican live 60
years; the Peacock and the Linnet, 25 years; the Canary, 24 years; the Pigeon
and the Crane, 20 years; the Goldfinch and the Pheasant, 15 years; the Lark,
13 years; the Blackbird and the Robin Redbreast, 12 years; the Thrush, 10
years.
RASORES. (SCRATCHERS.)
GAME BIRDS.
.
GAME-BIRDS.
| |
Order. CRYPTURI. PTEROCLETES. GALLINA.
| |
Suborder. ALECTOROPODES. _PERISTEROPODES.
TINAMoUS.*
Sanp-GROUSE,
TRUE GAME BIRDS.
Grouss.* Curassows.*
TuRKEYs. * MovunrTAIN PHEASANTS, *
GuINEA Fow.s.* PENELOPEs, *
PEA-FowLs. Guans.*
Pra-PHEASANTS. Hoarzins.*
PHEASANTS, BrusH-TuRKEYS.*
JUNGLE-FowLs. MALEos.*
Spur-Fow.s. MEGAPODES.
QUAILS.
PARTRIDGES.
Snow-Cocks.
GrovusE PARTRIDGES. *
Snow-PARrTRIDGES,
AMERICAN PARTRIDGES
AND QUAILS,*
HEMIPODIL.
BusTARD QUAILS.
ButTTon QUAILS.
PLAIN WANDERERS. *
III.
CARINATA.
Breast-bone with a keel.
SHORE—BIRDS.
|
|
GRALLA.
| | |
FULICARIA. GRUES. OTIDES.
Rais, CRANES. BUSTARDS,
CrakEs, LimpkIns. * FLORIKINS.
Warter-Hens. Sun BITTERNS.*
Water-Cocks. Kacus.*
Coots,
MoorHEns.
MxsITEs,*
FINFOOTs.
TRUMPETERS. *
LIMICOLA. HERODIONES. GAVIAZE.. STEGANOPODES.
|
|
|
|
° i}
STonE-CURLEWS. IBISEs. GULLS. Tropic Birps.
STONE-PLOVERS. SPOONBILLS. MArsuH-TERNS. PELICANS.
CraAB-PLOVERS. Storks. Sea-TERNs, CorMORANTS.
Courier PLovEers. OPEN BILLs. River-TERNS. DARTERS.
SwALiow PLovers, ADJUTANTS, TERNLETS. Boosigs,
JAGANAS. HERONS. OcEAN-TERNS, Fricate Birps,
TURNSTONES, EcRrerts. NovpIieEs.
LAPWINGS. BoaTBILLS. * SKIMMERS.
PLOVERS. BITTERNS. SKUAS.
OysTER-CATCHERS. SHOEBILLS.*
Srixts, HAMMERHEADS, *
AVOCETS.
IBIs-BILLS.
CuRLEWs.
GopwiIts.
SANDPIPERS,
Rurrs.
Knots. 7
PHALAROPES,
Woopcocks.
’ SNIPES,
SHEATHBILLS, *
SEED-SNIPEs. *
* Not represented in India.
TUBINARES
|
|
SrorM PETRELS
SHEARWATERS,
FULMARs.
Divine PETREL:
ALBATROSSES. *
III.
CARINATZ.
Breast-bone with a keel.
|
GAME--BIRDS.
| |
SHORE--BIRDS. WATER—BIRDS.
: : | | | me
GALLINA. HEMIPODII. GRALLA. LIMIGOLZ. HERODIONES. GAVIZ.. STEGANOPODES. TUBINARES. PALAMEDEZA. PHCENICOPTERI. ANSERES. PYGOPODES. ALCA. IMPENNES.
|
| | |
ALECTOROPODES. PERISTEROPODES. FULICARIA. GRUES. orrbes. |
TRUE GAME BIRDS. |
GROUSE. * Curassows.* BUSTARD QUAILS. RAILs. CRANES. Bustarps, SToNE-CuRLEWS. IBISEs. GULLs. Tropic Brrps. Srorm PETRELS, ScrREAMERS. * FLAMINGOES. Swans, GREBEs. AuKs, * PENGUINS, *
TURKEYs.* MouNTAIN PHEASANTS.* BUTTON QUAILS. CRAKES, LIMPKINS, * FLoRIKINS. STONE-PLOVERS. SPOONBILLS, Marsu-TERNS. PELICANS., SHEARWATERS, GEESE. Loons.* RaAZORBILLS. *
GuINngEA Fow1s.* PENELOPES, * PLAIN WANDERERS.* WatTeR-HENs. SUN BITTERNS.* Cras-PLOVERS. Storks. Sua-TERNs, CoRMORANTS. FuLMaRs. Spur-GEESE, GUILLEMOTs. *
Pra-Fow Ls. Guans.* Water-Cocxs, Kacus.* CourirR PLovers. OPEN BILLS, RIvEeR-TERNS. DaRtTERs, Divine PETRELS, TREE-Ducks. PUFFINS, *
Pra-PHEASANTS. HoarTzins. * Coors, TRUMPETERS. * SwaALitow PLovers, ADJUTANTS. TERNLETS, Boosiezs, ALBATROSSES, * SHELDRAKES,
PHEASANTS. Brusu-TURKEYsS. * MoorHENS. JAGANAS. HERons. OcEAN-TERNS. Frigate Brrps. SHOVELLERS.
JUNGLE-FoWLs. MALEos. * MzgsitEs,* TURNSTONES, EGRETs. Novppigs. Wip Ducks.
Spur-Fow.s. MEGAPODES. FinFoots. LAPwines. BoATBILLs. * SKIMMERS, TEAL.
QUAILS. PLOVERS. BITTERNS. SKuAS. WIGEONS.
PARTRIDGES. OysTeR-CATcHERS. SHOEBILLS.* PINTAILS.
Snow-Cocks. Sri.ts, HAMMERHEADS, * GARGANEYS.
GrRousE PARTRIDGEs.* AVOCETS. Corron-TEAL.
SnNow-PARTRIDGES, IBIs-BILLS. MARBLED TEAL.
AMERICAN PARTRIDGES CuRLEWs, PocHARDs.
AND QUAILS.* GopwIts. MERGANSERS.
SANDPIPERS,
Rurrs.
Knots.
PHALAROPES,
Woopcocks.
" SNIPES.
SHEATHBILLS. *
SEED-SNIPEs. *
* Not represented in India.
53
RASORES. GAME BIRDS (Generally).
Scratchers. Type, Domestic Fowt.
Gallinaceous (or Game) Birds, of which the Domestic Fowl may be taken as
a type, are termed Rasorgs (Rado, ére, rasi, raswm, to scratch up), from their
habit of scratching in the ground for grain, seeds, roots, and insects as food.
They do not wash in water, but flutter in the dust, and almost all nestle on the
ground. Many are polygamous, and in these the male bird is the larger and
adorned with a much richer plumage. The female is prolific; the young are
born covered with down (in Megapodes, fully feathered), and run as soon as
hatched.
This order is remarkable in comprising so many species capable of domestication,
in having the tarsal spur (considered as representing the thumb); in the presence
{in most of the groups) of the accessory plume to the clothing feathers; and in
the bastard secondary feather of the wing. Owing to the simple construction of
the windpipe and muscles, they cannot modulate the voice.
Game Birds evince many interesting analogies with ruminating animals among
Mammals. The crop may be said to represent the paunch, and the cca of both
are large. They both have a low degree of intelligence, are easily domesticated,
and are more prone to variation than most other tribes. The head, too, is, in
many of both orders, adorned with appendages—horns and crests—and they
afford more wholesome food to man than any other orders.
Game Birds are found over the greater part of the world, but the finest groups
and greatest variety of form are from Asia.
Bill strong, short, arched. Wings usually short and rounded. Legs very stout.
FEET FORMED FOR WALKING.
This division herein includes—
1. The Tinamous.
2. The Sand-Grouse.
3. The true Game Birds, grouped under—
(i.) Alectoropodes, with hind toe raised (Grouse, Turkeys, Guinea-Fowls,
Pea-Fowls, Pheasants, Jungle- and Spur-Fowls, Partridges, and
Quails).
(ii.) Peristeropodes, with hind toe on same plane as others (Curassows,
Penelopes, Guans, Hoatzins, Brush-Turkeys, and Megapodes).
4, The Hemipodes. The Bustard and Button Quails (no hind toe).
54 CRYPTURI.—TINAMID.
Order CRYPTURI.
A very isolated group of birds, having the vomer broad behind (Dromeognathe). In certain
characters (especially in the construction of the skull) they approach the Ratite, but their
general structure places them among the Carinate. Peculiar to the Neotropical region,
NorTHOCERCUS
CRYPTURUS
Hind toe raised RHYNCHOTUS -
NoTHOPROCTA - } Trnamous,*
NoTHURA
TAoNISoUs
CALOPEZUS
TINAMOTIS
{ Nornoo . ‘ a
‘No hind toe
Family TINAMID, Tinamovs.
A single family, in external appearance and habits resembling Partridges. They inhabit
either open plains, forests, or rocky mountains, but are always found on the ground, and fly
badly. Their eggs are highly polished and uniformly coloured, the colour varying with the
particular species. As in the Ratite, the male bird appears generally to perform the duty of
incubation.
Tinamous have a small head and slender neck, clothed with very short feathers. Upper
mandible of the bill is covered at base with a cere which also envelops the nasal grooves.
The general plumage is inconspicuous, ranging from rufous to slaty, often more or less closely
barred. In size they vary from that of a quail to that of a fowl, or from 6” to 21” in length.
Wing short and rounded. Fifth secondary present. Ten primaries, Tail short, pendant,
and generally hidden by the upper tail-coverts. Tarsus shielded or reticulated. Powder-down
patches present, and these in some have after-shafts. Oil-gland tufted. Young are hatched
covered with down, and resemble those of some of the Ratita.
The existing sixty-five known species are all inhabitants of the Neotropical region, being:
widely distributed throughout S. America, and as far N. as Central Mexico. The presence or
absence of a small and elevated hind toe has given rise to a division into two subfamilies, viz. —
Tinamine (with hind toe raised), containing the large majority of the group ; and
Tinamotidine (without hind toe), containing only three species.
Subfamily TINAMINZ.
With hind toe raised. Seven genera (sixty-two species), distinguished as under with—
(i.) Ten tatl-feathers, hidden by the upper tail-coverts.
The genus Tinamus, with tarsus rough behind, toes short, ten species, varying from 15’-21”,,
and ranging from Mexico to Peru and Paraguay.
The genus Nothocercus, with toes, especially the middle one, long. Five species, varying from
12”-164”. CO. and N, of S. America,
The genus Crypturus, with tarsus smooth behind. Twenty-nine species, varying from 9’~13”..
N. Mexico to Peru and Argentina.
* Not represented in India,
PTEROCLETES.—PTEROCLID. 55
(ii.) Tatl-feathers rudimentary, and mixed with upper tatl-coverts.
Bill round, and tapering to a point.
The genus Rhynchotus, hind toe rather long. Primaries uniform, rufous, Two species
varying from 14”-17”, Brazil and Bolivia to Argentina,
The genus Nothoprocta, hind toe short, Primaries not uniform, rufous, Eight species
varying from 94”-13}”. Ecuador to Chili and Argentina,
Bill almost straight and not tapering.
The genus Nothura, with upper tail-coverts not very long, Seven species, varying from
7x’-11". S, Brazil and Bolivia to Patagonia.
The genus Taoniscus, with upper tail-coverts very long and abundant. One species, 6”.
Paraguay and S. Brazil.
Subfamily TINAMOTIDINA.
With no hind toe, two genera (three species).
The genus Calopezus, tarsus with transverse scales, One species, 144”. Argentina and Lower
Uruguay.
The genus Tinamotis, tarsus with hexagonal scales, Two species, varying from 154’-18". The
Andes to Peru (B.M. Cat. xxvi.; 496-569).
Order PTEROCLETES.
Inner notch of breast-bone sometimes reduced to a foramen. Wings long and
pointed. First or second quill longest. Eleven primaries. Fifth secondary
wanting.
Hind toe raised. Tarsus feathered { Preroctes . Sanp-GRouss.
in front. Toes naked A . ( PrerocLurvs .
No hind toe. Tarsus feathered 5 teas eT eee
throughout. Toes feathered } FRBH SPIES
Family PTEROCLIDA, Sanp-GRouss.
Classed midway between the Pigeons and game birds of the Grouse family.
Found in Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but not E. of Bay of Bengal.
Placed by Jerdon as a distinct natural family. Gray groups them as a subfamily
of Tetraonide, with which they only agree in having feathered tarsus.
Tarsus feathered in front. "Wings long and pointed. First or second quill
longest. Hind toe raised, very short or none. Orbits more or less nude. Plumage
pale yellow, variegated with brown. After-shaft. Primaries eleven. Fifth second-
ary wanting. Tail of sixteen feathers (P. lichtensteint excepted). Generally found
in flocks in open plains. Flight rapid. Fly to water regularly morning and
evening. Feed on seeds. Sexes differ. Generally three eggs, elliptical, pale
olive, double-spotted brown and purple. Young are hatched covered with down.
As in true Grouse, the flesh of breast is of two colours, white near the bone and
dark in outer part.
Genus PTEROCLES.
mrepov =a feather ; xels=a bar.
Maile uniformly coloured.—Female more or less spotted or barred. First and
second quills longest. Toes bare. Minute hind toe raised. Tarsus feathered in
front, reticulated behind. Tail feathers graduated.
56 PTEROCLETES.—PTEROCLID S&S.
(i.) With tail-feathers graduated.
1. Pterocles arenarius. Tar Larce or Buack-BELLIED Sanp-Grovusz.
Arénartus: =pertaining to sand, aréna.
Bhut-titur, Buk-tit, Upper India ; Banchur, Peshawar ; Siahsin (Persian), Khorassan ;
Bagrikara (Turkish), N. Persia.
Jerome, Khojak, 1879.
3 134” to 143”; 18 oz. 9 13” to 14”. Legs dull yellow. Bill bluish. Central
tail-feathers slightly lengthened, tipped dark grey, the others tipped white.
Primaries slate, with black shafts. Abdomen and breast-band black.—Male
above mottled ashy and fulvous. Orange wing-band. Chin deep chestnut. Black
triangle on throat. Breast fawn, unspotted.—Female: Breast, head, and above
fulvous, banded brown. Chin fulvous, with black edges and specks.
Range from Canary Islands and Spain through N. Africa and 8.W. Asia to
Turkestan. Cold-weather migrant to N.W. India, arriving about end of September
and leaving in March. Eggs (1-85x 1-33) found in 8. Afghanistan in May.
(J. 799. B.1316. 0.5.)
Also P. decoratus, the Bridled 8.G. from E. Africa, 3g 8-8”, 9 8-6"; and P. variegatus, the
Variegated S.G. from S, Africa, $ 9-8’, 9 9-8”. (0.G. 17.)
2. Pterocles fasciatus. Tu Paintep Sanp-Grouss.
Fascio (no perf.), atum=to swathe or envelop in bands.
Bhut-titur, Bhut-bur, V.W.P.; Palki, Belgawm; Handeri, §. India; Pokundi
(Marathi); Kal gowjal haki (Kanarese), Mysore; Sonda polanka (Telugu).
3 10%” to 113”; 6 to 74 oz. 9 10” to 10%”. Legs dull yellow. Bill red.
Primaries brown-black, with pale edgings, shaft of first quill white. Abdomen
black, with crescentic white marks. Under-tail and tarsus barred. Throat un-
spotted.—Male above yellow, banded brown. Four stripes on forehead. Triple
breast-band. Wing-coverts banded black, edged white—Female: No pectoral
band. Breast and above finely barred. Abdomen and feet finely barred, chocolate
and cream-white (see Frontispiece).
PTEROCLURUS. 57
Peculiar to and resident in India, but not W. of the Indus or on the Gangetic
alluvium. Eggs (1-42 x 0-98) generally found in April and May, salmon-pink,
speckled, and blotched. (J. 800. B, 1317. O. 7.)
Also P. guadricinctus, the Painted S.G. from Africa. (O.G. 24.)
3. Pterocles lichtensteini. TH Ciosz-BaRRED Sanp-GRovssE.
In honour of Lichtenstein.
3 102”; 8o0z. 210%". Tarsus white. Bill flesh-brown. Primaries hair-
brown, margined dull white, shaft of first quill brown. Resembles P. fasciatus,
but tail has only fourteen feathers and pectoral band has four bars.—Male:
Abdomen white, with crescentic black marks, Neck-feathers yellowish white,
tipped black spot.—Female: No pectoral band. Chin, throat albescent, closely
speckled blackish brown, (S8.F. i. 219.)
Cold-weather visitor to Sind, W. of Indus, from N.E. Africa and 8.W. Asia.
(B. 1318. 0.8.)
Also P. bicinctus, the Double-banded S.G. from S, Africa, ¢ 9-7”, 9 9-7”. (O.G, 21.)
4, Pterocles coronatus. THE CoronETED SanD-GROUSE.
Coréno, avi, atum=to crown, wreathe,
Katinga, Sind.
Berot, 22.10.74.
S& 103” to 114”; 80z, 210" to 10%”. Legs fawn. Bill bluish. Primaries
umber, white shafts, some with inner webs edged rufous. Yellow cheek-patch.
Under-tail not barred.— Male - Crown buff, edged grey and yellow. Black stripe
on each side of the bill, and one from chin down throat. Above light brown,
mixed grey. Abdomen buff.—Female: Crown wanting. Pale cinnamon through-
out with crescentic black cross-bars. Abdomen fawn, faintly speckled. Throat
yellow, without black bar.
Range from N.E. Africa to Sind and Punjab, W. of Indus. Probably breeds
in Sind. Eggs (1-5 x 1-06) taken in Afghanistan in May and June. (B. 1319.
O. 6.)
Also P. guttwralis, the Chestnut-vented 8.G. from Africa, g 12”, @ 11-6’; and P. personatus,
the Masked 8.G. peculiar to Madagascar, g 11-6”, 9 11-5”. (0.G. 19.)
Genus PTEROCLURUS.
Male uniformly coloured. female more or less spotted or barred. First and
second quills longest. Tarsus feathered in front, reticulated behind. Toes bare.
Minute hind toe raised. Tail-feathers elongated.
58 PTEROCLURUS.
(ii.) With medial tail-feathers greatly elongated.
5. Pteroclurus alchatus. Larcr Pintait or Sonitary Sanp-GRovuse.
S 14” to 154"; 10 to 12 oz. 9 13%” to 15”; 8 toll} oz. Legs plumbeous.
Bill brown. Primaries slate, inner webs brown. Median tail blackish. Abdomen
white. Black eye-stripe.—Male: Bands on crown and nape. Broad breast-band
buff, edged black above and below. In summer, throat black ; in winter, white.
Above olive-grey.—Female: Throat white. Double breast-band of grey and buff,
fringed with three black bands. Above barred black, with ashy spots. Cold-
weather visitor to N.W. India from S.W. and C. Asia. (J. 801. B. 1320. O. 2.)
Supposed Quail of the Israelites (Num. xi. 31, 32; Exod. xvi. 13).
Also P. pyrenaicus, the Western Pintail §.G. from 8. Europe and N. Africa. Annual
complete moult in June, when male assumes female plumage without the double throat-bar,
the female changing the white eye-stripe for a black one. And P. namaquus, 6 12", 9 10-5",
from 8. Africa. (O.G. 11.)
6. Pteroclurus exustus. THe Common Pintain or WaIstTLIne Sanp-GRouseE.
Exuro, ussi, ustum=to burn up.
Bur-titur, Kuhar, V.7.P.; Batiban, Sind; Popandi (Bheel); Pokandi, Deccan ;
Palki, Belgawm ; Jam-polanka (Telugu) ; Kal-Kondari (Tamil).
3 112" to 132”; 8to 100z, ¢ 11” to 123”; 74 to 8 oz. Legs plumbeous.
Bill plumbeous. Primaries black, tips, except of first four, white. Plain bar on
wing.—Male: Above dusty green. Abdomen chocolate. Narrow black breast-
\
‘
Dorbajee, 8.8.72.
band, edged white.—Female: Abdomen chocolate, closely barred, brown. Neck
and breast spotted. Broken black gorget. Above fulvous, barred brown. Central
feathers of tail not always elongated. Young have mixed plumage alternately edged
and barred.
From 8.W. and C, Asia, but resident also in N.W. India and Deccan. Eggs
(1-45 x 1-03) buff-green and double spotted. (J. 802. B. 1321. 0. 3.)
7. Pteroclurus senegallus. THe Buvse-srowep Pinrai, Sanp-GRovse.
Gutu, Sind.
& 133” to 142”; 9 to 12 oz. @ 123” to 134”; 8 to 9 oz. Legs blue-grey.
Bill plumbeous, dark tip. Primaries pale madder-brown, black shafts, first three
tipped black, rest tipped white. Chin and throat-patch yellow. Abdominal line
sooty, fringed buff—Male: Crown and nape dove-colour. Neck, breast, and
SYRRHAPTES, 59
eye-patch ash-grey. Above fulvous yellow. Whole plumage unspotted.— Female:
Neck and above dotted dusky grey on buff.
Eggs (1-6 x 1-12). From N.W. Africa and 8.W. Asia. Cold-weather visitors,
and also generally resident in W. India, but not known to breed E. of Indus.
(B. 1322, O.G. 14. 0. 4.)
iS (sh
Rindawaree, 27.12.72. Berot, 22.10.74.
Genus SYRRHAPTES.
Syrrhaptes derived by Illiger from ovfsdrrew=to sew or stitch together, because the last
phalanges of the toes alone are free.
No hind toe. Tarsus feathered throughout. Toes broad and feathered to claws.
First and second quills lengthened ; second quill longest. Middle tail-feathers
elongated.
8. Syrrhaptes tibetanus. Tae Trsetan Pintart Sanp-Grovss.
Kaling, Kuk, Ladak.
3S 18” to 20”. ¢ 16%” to 18%. Bill bluish. Primaries black, with white patch
on inner web of hinder ones.—Male: Crown and nape white, closely barred.
Narrow yellow band across back of neck. Black blotches on inner web of scapulars.
Breast grey. Abdomen white, with no black patch. Wing finely barred.—Female :
Whole breast lineated with zigzag brown lines. Closed wing boldly barred
(Lahore to Yarkand, p. 259).
Eggs (2 x 1:33). From Tibet; common in Ladak and Sutlej Valley. (B. 1323.
0.G. 6. O. 1.)
Also S. paradoxus. Pallas’s Pintail 8.G. from the Kirghiz steppes,
“© Baguerlac,” the Tetrao paradoxus of Pallas, known as S. pallasi, is Marco’s bird (Yule’s
Marco Polo, p. 240).
Tetrio=rerpdwy, a bird mentioned by Atheneusand Pliny. Paradowus=rapddotos, strange,
contrary to expectation ; from the curious structure of its feet.
Pallas’s Sand-Grouse, known also as the “Tartary Partridge,” or “Partridge of the Steppes,”
is a rare and erratic visitant to Europe and Britain. Unknown in British Isles till 1859, when
three were obtained (two in England, one in Wales). In May, 1863, the first great irruption
occurred all over Europe and throughout Britain. In 1872 there was another visitation to
Great Britain. During May, 1888, its appearance was reported in several places remote from
one another. Nothing is known of the causes which are forcing it to quit its native Central
Asian steppes for a new home in Germany and elsewhere. Throat and around eyes orange.
Breast grey, with black patch on abdomen. Breast-band black and white, Eggs, three or
four (1-7 x 1-5), pale olive, spotted brown. (0.G. 4.)
60 GALLIN &.
Order GALLINA (Part).
GROUSE, TURKEYS, GUINEA FOWTS.
Bill stout. Hind toe always present. Wings rounded. Ten primaries. Fifth secondary
present. After-shaft. Oil-gland (except in Argusianus). Breast-bone has two deep in-
cisions in the posterior border on each side of the keel. Palate is schizognathous, All nest
on the ground and lay numerous eggs. Young are hatched covered with down (Opisthocomide,
naked ; Megapodiide, fully feathered) and able to run at once.
r LAGOPUS * z 5 WILLOW-GROUSE AND PTARMIGAN,
Lyrvurus * 3 Biack GROUSE.
TETRAO* - ‘ CAPERCAILZIES,
CANACHITES* . , CANADIAN GROUSE.
FALCIPENNIS* . . SHARP-WINGED GROUSE.
Nostrils covered with J DenpRracapPus* . . AMERICAN CAPERCAILZIES,
feathers. . . | TymPpANUCHUS* . PINNATED GROUSE.
CENTROCERCUS * " SacGE-GROUSE.
PEDI@CETES* . : SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.
Bonasa * 3 i RuFFED GROUSE.
\ TETRASTES * ‘ F Haze. Hens.
MELEAGRIS™ . F Wiip TuRKEys.
Puasipus * } ‘ ‘ Buack GUINEA FowLs.
Nostrils never hidden | AGELASTES *
by feathers. . |) Numrpa * j js HELMETED GUINEA FowlLs,
GUTTERA™ ; é CrEsTED GUINEA FowLs.
ACRYLLT™ * : ‘ VULTURINE GUINEA FowLs.
Order GALLINAS, TRUE GAME BIRDS.
Bill stout. Hind toe always present. Wings rounded. Ten primaries. Fifth
secondary present. After-shaft. Oil-gland (except in Argusianus). The breast-
bone has two deep incisions in the posterior border on each side of the keel.
Palate is schizognathous. All nest on the ground and lay numerous eggs. Young
are hatched covered with down (Opisthocomide, naked; Megapodiide, fully
feathered) and able to run at once.
, Suborder ALECTOROPODES.
Hind toe raised above level of other toes. Inner notch of breast-bone more
than half the length of the entire breast-bone. Includes Grouse, Turkeys,
Guinea Fowls, Pheasants, Partridges, and Quails,
Family TETRAONIDA. Grovuse.*
Nostrils covered with feathers. Legs partially or entirely feathered and never armed with
spurs. Hind toe raised. Toes densely feathered or naked, with a series of comb-like processes
on each side. Bill very short. Tail of sixteen to twenty feathers. Not represented in India,
being peculiar to northern parts of both continents. Eleven genera,
* Not represented in India,
LAGOPUS. 61
Genus LAGOPUS. Witiow-Grovse and Prarmican.
Feet and toes densely covered with feathers. Tail of sixteen feathers. Six species, viz.—
L. scoticus. § 15%". @ 15”. Weight 28 to 30 oz, The Red Grouse or Moor-Cock. Primaries
brown. Tail square. Male has a long moustache and a large red wattle. Female has no
moustache and a smaller wattle. The peculiarity of Red Grouse is that changes of plumage in
male and female occur at different seasons. Both have two distinct moults during the year,
but in the male they occur in autumn and winter, and in the female in autumn and summer.
The male has no distinct summer dress and the female has no distinct winter plumage. Con-
sidered by some as an insular form of L. lagopus.
The only species of game bird peculiar to the British Isles, The male bird in autumn
plumage has the upper parts black, margined and irregularly barred buff. Chest widely barred
buff and black. In winter-summer plumage, which begins to appear about 1st September,
the upper parts are black, finely mottled chestnut. Head, neck, and chest dark chestnut, finely
marked black, and when once the winter moult is complete, no change whatever takes place in
the plumage of the male till the following autumnal moult. The female in autwmn-winter
plumage, commencing in November, has upper parts black, irregularly barred and mottled
rufous, and a buff spot at tip of most feathers. Chest and flanks narrowly barred rufous and
black. Below dark chestnut, mottled and barred black. In swmmer the upper parts are black,
widely margined, barred and marked orange-buff, and this change is generally complete by the
first week in May. “The summer flank-feathers are produced in two ways, either by a gradual
rearrangement and change in the pigment of the autumn feathers or by moult.” Inhabits
open moors, covered with heath and ling from sea-level, but not found above the level where
these plants grow. Monogamous. Nesting season April to May. Grouse shooting commences
12th August and ends on 10th December. Seven to fifteen eggs (1-75 x 1-32) buff, spotted and
blotched reddish brown.
LL lagopus. 6 154”. 9 15”. The Willow-Grouse, or Ripa. Primaries white. Outer tail-
feathers black with bases and tips white. Three distinct changes of plumage in summer,
autumn, and winter in both male and female alike. In winter both birds are white with outer
tail-feathers black, and in autwmn both birds have the head, throat, and chest pale chestnut,
finely barred black. The flight-feathers, tail-feathers, and feathers of the feet are renewed at
this season. In summer the male has head and neck chestnut. Upper parts chestnut, mottled,
and barred black, and often tipped buff. Below white, and the female has the upper parts
black, widely margined, and marked orange-buff. Found among birch and willow trees. Perch
and roost on trees, Circumpolar, inhabiting Arctic tundras of Europe, Asia, and America,
Eggs as in L. scoticus.
LD. mutus. § 144”. 914”. The Common Ptarmigan. Primaries white. Tail rounded.
Outer tail black, with base and tips white. Bill more slender than in the Red and Willow-
Grouse. In summer the male has red wattles over the eyes, and is black and brown above,
except on lower back and rump, where he is white. In autumn the black and brown have
become greys, and in winter the plumage is almost white.
The winter plumage is more or less white, and mid-tail is white. The males have black
lores, the females have not. It may be said to be complete by middle of November, and this
dress lasts till the end of February.
The sumer plumage is dark brown, mottled and barred grey and rusty. (The males have
red wattles, lower back and rump white.) It commences in the beginning of March, is com-
pleted by end of May, and lasts till the end of July, when the autumn feathers begin to appear,
and the feathers moult from the legs.
The autumn plumage, or change of colour from blacks and browns to greys, commences at
end of July, and is complete by 20th August. The feathers are fading in September, and by
mid-October the white feathers of the third moult begin to appear, and by the end of October
the feet are again quite fully covered.
Monogamous. From Scotland to the Ural Mountains, and south to the Pyrenees and Alps,
above the limits of tree growth and heather. Eggs similar to those of L. scoticus.
L. rupestris, the Rock-Ptarmigan. A climatic variety of Z. mutus, from northern latitudes.
L. hyperboreus, The Spitzbergen Ptarmigan. Distinguished by having more white on basal
part of tail-feathers at all seasons,
é
L. leucurus, § 124". ¢ 12". The White-tailed Ptarmigan. Outer tail-feathers pure white.
E
62 LYRURUS.—FALCIPENNIS.
Changes of plumage are similar to those of ZL. mutus, but the black markings on the summer
plumage of the male are much bolder, and in winter the black lores are wanting. Seldom
found at a lower altitude than 8,000 or 9,000 feet at any time. Summits of Rocky Mountains,
from Alaska to N. Mexico. Eggs (1-75 x 1-2) salmon-buff, blotched chocolate.
Genus LYRURUS. Buack Grouss.
Feet feathered, but toes naked and pectinate at sides. Tail of eighteen feathers, laterals
curved outwards at extremities. Remiges twenty-five. Two species.
"L. tetrim, § 23%". 917". The Black Grouse. (Black cock and grey hen.) Plumage
mostly black. White bar on wing. Under tail-coverts white. Female: Chestnut, freckled
black. During the autumnal moult, when males are incapable of flight, they assume the female
garb, and the throat then becomes white. The young male attains the black adult plumage
at the first autumnal moult, and by December resembles the old male. Barren females assume
male plumage and the white throat. Polygamous. Perch on trees. From Great Britain to
N.E. Siberia, southwards to the Pyrenees, N. Italy, N. Caucasus, Tian Shan Mountains, and
Pekin. Six to ten eggs (20x 1-4), buff, spotted red-brown ; hatching the eggs and rearing
the young being exclusively the task of the females. Hybrids between the Black Cock and
female Capercailzie (so-called Tetrao medius) are not uncommon.
L. miokosiewicxi, & 20". 9? 164”. The Caucasian Black Grouse. Plumage entirely black.
—Female : Rufous and buff, barred black. Young males retain hen-like plumage throughout first
year, and probably till second moult. Caucasus.
Genus TETRAO. CaPpeErcalLzigs.
Tail slightly rounded of eighteen feathers. Remiges twenty-nine. Extinct in Ireland and
Scotland about 1760, and reintroduced from Sweden into Scotland since 1837. Three species.
T. urogallus. § 35”. 925". Weight 9to12lbs. The Capercailzie. Above dark grey.
Black chin-feathers forming a sort of beard. Metallic green chest-band. Breast and belly
black.—Female: Back rufous, barred black. Breast and belly buff, barred black. Tail-feathers
tipped white. Polygamous. In pine forests from Scotland to Lake Baikal, and south to
Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, N.E. Turkestan, and the Altai Mountains. Five to fifteen eggs
(1.25 x 1-65), light brown, spotted red-brown.
T. wralensis. A subspecies similar to 7. urogatlus, but mantle and back grey, finely
mottled black, Breast and belly mostly white. Ural Mountains.
T. parvirostris. § 85”. 9 25". The Slender-billed Capercailzie. Mantle brownish black,
not barred. White tips of shoulder-feathers forming a line of white spots.—Female: Mantle
barred black. Breast and belly black, barred buff, tipped white. White line on shoulder
broken. N.E. Siberia and Saghalien Island.
T. kamschaticus. § 30". @ 22", Like 7. parvirostris, but in females the white shoulder
line is unbroken. Kamschatka. ‘
With toes naked and pectinate on the sides.
Genus CANACHITES. Cawnapian Grovsz.
Tail of sixteen feathers, rounded. Two species from N. America.
C. canadensis, 3 154”. 9 14”. The Canadian Grouse. Upper parts black barred brownish
grey. Upper tail-coverts edged and tipped grey. Tail with terminal red band. Chin, throat,
and below black.—Female: Chin and throat rufous, spotted black. Neck and chest black,
barred rusty. Below the same, but tipped white. Frequent dense thickets anil evergreen
woods. Monogamous. Pairing begins end of April. E. of Rocky Mountains. Seven to
thirteen eggs (1-75 x 1-25), reddish buff, heavily blotched dark brown.
C. franklini, Franklin’s Grouse. Similar to C. canadensis, but upper tail-coverts tipped
white and no terminal tail-band. W. of Rocky Mountains. Densely timbered mountain
ranges from 5,000 to 9,000 feet altitude.
Genus FALCIPENNIS. Sa#arp-wineep Grouse.
Tail of sixteen feathers, rounded. Outer quills attenuated and sickle-shaped. One species.
F. faleipennis, § 163". ¢ 142”. The Sharp-winged Grouse. Chest uniform smoky black.
—Female: Chest black, barred buff. Regarded as the representative form of C. canadensis in
the Old World. N.E. Siberia, Kamschatka, and Saghalien Island.
DENDRAGAPUS.—TETRASTES. 63
Genus DENDRAGAPUS. American CaPERCAILZIES,
Tail of eighteen feathers, subequal. Male with inflatable air-sac on each side of neck.
Two species, :
D. obscurus. $194’. 917". The Dusky Capercailzie. Above smoky black, mixed brownish
buff; below grey. Breast not barred. Mid tail with grey band.—Female : Breast-band buff.
Tail with grey terminal band on laterals. Monogamous. Known also as “Blue Grouse,”
“Pine Grouse.” §. Rocky Mountains, Eggs (1-9x1-4) creamy buff, dotted all over chest-
nut-brown. ‘
D. fuliginosus, a subspecies distinguished from D, obsewrus by the narrower tail-bands.
N.W. Rocky Mountains.
D. richardsoni. Tail uniform black.—Female: No grey tail-band. E. Rocky Mountains.
Genus TYMPANUCHUS. Pinnarzp Grouse.
Tail rounded, of eighteen feathers. Males have an inflatable air-sac and an elongated tuft
of feathers on each side of neck. Three species.
T. americanus. $ 16%’. 9 16”. The Prairie Hen. Above barred brown and black. Below
barred black and white. Neck-feathers three inches long, the longer ones parallel-edged with
rounded tips. Chest feathers white with two brown bars. Outer tail black, tipped white.—
Female: Ear-tufts short and outer tail barred rufous. In migration the females only are
believed to change their quarters. Mississippi. Eleven to fourteen eggs, buff, faintly dotted
brown,
T. cupido, The Heath-Hen, similar to 7. americanus, but smaller. Longer feathers of
ear-tufts lanceolate and pointed. Massachusetts.
T. pallidicinctus. The Lesser Prairie-Hen. Longer feathers of ear-tufts parallel-edged
with square tips. Chest-feathers white with three brown bars, S.W. Kansas and Texas.
Genus CENTROCERCUS. Sacz-Grovssz.
Tail pheasant-like of twenty feathers. Males with an inflatable air-sac on each side of neck.
One species.
C. urophasianus, 28”; weight 8 lbs. ? 22”; weight 5 lbs. Above blackish, mottled
buff. Breast and belly mostly black. Chin and throat white, spotted black.—Female : Chin
and throat white. Plains of Rocky Mountain Plateau. Pairing begins in March. Males
remain apart till young are grown up. Seven to nine eggs (2-2x1-5), olive-buff, spotted
chocolate.
Genus PEDIG@:CETES. Ss#arp-tarnep Grouss.
Tail of eighteen feathers, wedge-shaped. Males with an inflatable air-sac on each side of
neck. Two species.
P. phasianellus. 16%". 216”. The Northern S.T. Grouse. Above black, marked buff
and white. Breast black, with white heart-shaped patch. British America. Seven to fourteen
eggs (1-8 x 1-3), brown, spotted red-brown.
P. columbianus. $615”. 9214”. The Columbian 8.T. Grouse, or Prairie-Chicken. Above
white and buff, marked black. Breast white, banded black. Plains of the United States.
Genus BONASA, Rurrep Grovsz.
Tarsi partially feathered. Tail of eighteen feathers. Frilled ruff on each side of neck.
One species.
B. umbellus. $617". 9 16". The Ruffed Grouse. Plumage subject to great climatic
variation. Males never congregate during breeding season. E. United States. Eight to
fourteen eggs, pale buff, spotted pale brown. Besides this species (the lighter rufous), there
are—a darker rufous variety, locally known as B. sabiniz, in the W.; a lighter grey, B. wmbel-
loides, in the Central Rocky Mountains; and w darker form, with dusky breast-bars more
defined, from British Columbia.
Genus TETRASTES. Hazes. Hens.
Feet only partially feathered, lower part entirely naked. Tail of sixteen feathers, wedge-
shaped. Three species.
T. bonasia. 3 14”. 918% The Hazel Hen. Above grey or rufous, barred on head and
back with black. Breast black, margined white, and sometimes with white spots. Chin and
64 PHASIANID.
throat black.—Female: Chin and throat mostly white. Known also as “Hazel Grouse,” or
“Gelinotte.” Haunts hilly and wooded districts. From Scandinavia to Japan, and south-
wards to N. Spain, N. Italy, Transylvania, Altai Mountains, and N. China, Eight to twelve
eggs, pale buff, spotted brown.
T. griseiventris. $14”. 918". The Grey-bellied Hazel Hen. Breast sandy, with narrow
black bars. Chin black. Throat black, tipped rufous. Chest reddish, barred and tipped
grey.—Female: Chin white. Chest black, barred rufous, tipped grey. E. Russia,
T. severtzovi. 184”. Severtzov's Hazel Hen. Breast black, barred and tipped white.
Outer tail black, barred white. Chin and throat black.—Female: Chin and throat buff, tipped
black. N.E. Central Asia. (0.G. i. 26-77.)
Family PHASIANID.
Head often furnished with crests or nude skin, or lappets and wattles. Tail of
8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, to 24 feathers, much developed. Nostrils never hidden by
feathers. Legs partially or wholly naked, and often armed with spurs. Toes
always naked and not pectinated. Hind toe raised. Frequent forests and thick
cover. Roost on trees. This family is here divided into five subfamilies, viz.
Turkeys, Guinea Fowls, Pheasants and Jungle-Fowl, Old World Partridges and
Quails, and American Partridges and Quails.
Subfamily MELEAGRINZ. WILD TURKEYS.*
First primary about equal to the tenth. Fifth primary slightly the longest. Tarsus in
males armed with large, stout spurs. Frequent American woodlands, and feed on nuts, fruit,
seeds, and insects. Polygamous.
Genus MELEAGRIS. Witp Turkeys,
Head and neck naked and wattled, with a few hair-like feathers. An erectile fleshy process
on forehead. Tail broad, of eighteen feathers. Three species, viz.—
M. gallopavo. 6 43’. 9 40". The Mexican Turkey. Plumage black. Long black, hair-
like feathers on breast. Upper tail-coverts and tail tipped white. Primaries equally barred
brown and white. Naked skin on head and neck pale crimson.—Female: Crown-band of
narrow feathers. No hair-like feathers on breast. Below fringed white. N. Mexico, Arizona,
New Mexico, and W. Texas. Roost on trees, Eggs (2-7 x 1-9) creamy white, dotted red-brown.
The origin of the domestic breed. Brought to Europe early in sixteenth century.
M. ellioti, a subspecies differing from M. gallopavo in having feathers of rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail tipped pale rufous-buff. E. Mexico and 8. W. Texas.
M, americana, The American Turkey differs from M. gallopavo in having feathers of lower
rump, flanks, upper and under tail-coverts, and tail tipped deep maroon. Eight to thirteen
eggs. Nest, a slight depression in ground, either at foot of tree or under a thick bush, lined
with dead leaves and grass.
M. osceola, The Florida Turkey, a subspecies, differs from M. americana in having white
bands on quills very narrow and tips of tail-feathers pale chestnut. Usually in flocks of from
two to twenty.
M, ocellata. 6§ 33”. 9? 33”. The Honduras Turkey. Mantle, chest, and flanks brass-green,
margined black and fringed green. Ocelli on tail greenish blue. Tail margined copper-red.
Naked skin of head, neck, and fleshy process blue.—Female: Tarsi with small wart-like
knobs, OC. America. Eggs (2.4x1-8). (O.G. ii, 103-111).
Subfamily Numipinz. GuINEA FowLs.*
First primary shorter than tenth. Five genera, confined to Africa.
Genus PHASIDUS.
Head and neck naked, excepting band of feathers along the crown, Tail of fourteen feathers.
Fourth primary slightly the longest. Male with short, blunt spur. One species,
P. nigra. 164”. The Black Guinea Fowl. Naked skin of head and neck yellow or scarlet,
Crown band black. Plumage blackish, mottled dark brown. W., Africa.
* Not represented in India,
AGELASTES.—ACRYLLUM. 65
Genus AGELASTES.
Head and neck naked, with a few scattered plumes. Tail of fourteen feathers, Fifth to
seventh primaries subequal and longest. Male with short, stout spur. One species.
A, meleagrides, 19”. The Turkey-like Guinea Fowl. Plumage black, mottled white.
Neck, chest, and mantle white. Naked skin of head red. W. Africa.
Genus NUMIDA.
Head and neck naked, bony helmet on crown. Cheek wattles. Tail of sixteen feathers.
Fifth primary slightly longest. Plumage black, spotted white. Sexes similar. Eight species.
N. meleagris. 25”. The Common Helmeted Guinea Fowl. Wide collar, vinous grey.
Naked skin on side of face, neck, chin and wattles red, rest of neck bluish. W. Africa and
Cape Verd Islands. Twelve eggs (1-95 x 1-55), pale brown, thickly pitted red-brown.
NV. xechi. 18%". Allied to N. meleagris, but differs in having feathers of upper parts pale
brown, spotted darker. W. Africa.
NV. coronata. 20’. Large-helmeted Guinea Fowl. Bony helmet sloping backwards, basal
part red. Naked skin on sides of head and neck pale blue. Wattle pale blue, tipped red.
Feathers round base of neck banded black and white. E.S. Africa. Eggs 1-7 x 1-4.
N. reichenowi. 204”. Differs from N. coronata in having helmet set vertically. Wattles
crimson. E. Africa.
NV. marugensis. 27’. Marunga Helmeted Guinea Fowl. Naked skin on sides of head and
throat flesh colour. Black and white bands of neck continued on the chest.__ W. Africa.
N. cornuta. 214”. Damaraland Helmeted Guinea Fowl. Helmet nearly cylindrical.
Naked skin of face blue. Wattles blue, tipped scarlet. W.S. Africa. Fifteen to twenty eggs,
pale buff, speckled grey.
NV. mitrata. 20’. Helmet conical. Top of head scarlet. Naked,skin on sides of head
and neck blue, Wattles blue, tipped red. E. Africa, Eggs (1-9 x 1-4) pale brown, blotched
and spotted pale red.
NV. ptilorhyncha, 19”. Abyssinian Helmeted Guinea Fowl. Bunch of pale horny bristles
at base of bill. Naked skin and wattles blue. Equatorial and N.E. Africa.
Genus GUTTERA.
Crest of black feathers. Wattles small. Fold of skin at back of neck. Tail of sixteen
feathers. Fifth primary slightly longest. Male without spur. Sexes alike. Plumage black,
spotted pale blue. Outer webs of outer secondaries margined white. Four species.
G, cristata. 20’. The Black-collared Crested Guinea Fowl. Black collar at base of neck.
Naked skin of head and neck cobalt. Chin and throat red. W. Africa.
@, edowardi, 20’. The Black-chested Crested Guinea Fowl. Black collar extending over
whole chest. Naked skin of head and neck purple, black round eye, and yellowish on back
of neck. S. Africa,
G. pucherani. 20”. The Curly-crested Guinea Fowl. No black collar. Naked skin of
throat and neck red. Back and sides of head blue. Wattlesred. E. Africa,
G. plumifera. 20". The Straight-crested Guinea Fowl. Crest of thin, straight feathers.
Naked skin bluish purple. W. Africa,
Genus ACRYLLUM.
Head and upper neck naked. Band of feathers from ear-coverts round nape. Plumage
long and hackled. Tail of sixteen feathers, mid-pair lengthened. Sixth primary slightly the
longest. Tarsus in male with four or five knobs. One species.
A. vulturinum. 30". The Vulturine Guinea Fowl. Nape-band velvety red-brown. Long
hackles of neck, mantle, chest white, edged black and margined blue. Breast and belly blue.
Naked skin blue. E. Africa. (0.G. ii, 84-102.)
66 PHASIANINA.
Subfamily PHASIANINA,
First primary considerably shorter than tenth (Phasianus and Calophasis
excepted). Tail shorter or longer (often much longer) than wing. Sides of
head feathered or entirely naked. (If first fiight-feather is longer than the
tenth, then the tail is always considerably longer than the wing; Calophasis
2 excepted). Most typical Pheasant wing is found in Argusianus argus, where
first flight-feather is shortest and tenth longest,
r Pavo . . . Pra-Fow..
PoLyPLECTRUM
Cuatcurvs* Pra-PHEASANTS.
ARGUSIANUS
Tail longer than wing in both | Razinarprivs* .
sexes (Pavo 2 and Calo-{ Crossoptitum . Earep PHEasanrs.
phasis 9 excepted) . . | LopropHasis* . Warrrep Parasants,
CaTREUS . . CHEER PHEasants.
CurysoLopHus . GoLpEn PHrasants.
PHASIANUS . . True PHEASANTS.
\ CaLOPHASIS . . BaARRED-BACKED PHEASANTS.
Tail longer than wing in ¢ Katis Purasants.
and as long as wingin 2 . } GENRES { Sitver Paeasants.
Serer ie Ar a ai - \ GaLLus : . JuUNGLE-FowL.
seas ae } Poucrasia . . Koxwass PHEasants.
Tail not longer than wing in } Tens ee ee
3, shorter in ? a Sebe : :
r LopHURA :
Avewras® \ FrreBpack PHEASANTS.
LorHorHorus . Monat PHEASANTS.
Tail shorter than wing in both | IrHacenzs . . Broop Paz#asants.
sexes “ 3 : . | GALLOPERDIX . Spur-Fow.,
BamBusIcoLa . Bampoo PHEASANTS.
Priropacoys* . Stone PHEasants.
\ OPHRYSIA . . Piemy PHEAsANtTs,
Subfamily PHAsIANINZ., PEA-FOWL, PHEASANTS, JUNGLE- AND SPUR-FOWL.
First flight-feather considerably shorter than tenth (Phasianus and Calophasis
excepted). Tail shorter or longer (often much longer) than wing. Sides of head
feathered or entirely naked. If first flight-feather is longer than tenth, then tail
is always longer than wing (Calophasis ¢ excepted). Most typical form of
Pheasant wing is in A. argus, where the first flight-feather is shortest and tenth
longest.
* Not represented in India,
PAVO. 67
Genus PAVO.
Pavo= proper name= Peacock ; the same as Greek rads, Anglo-Saxon pawa, English Peafowl,
Argus, king of Argos. As he had one hundred eyes, of which only two were asleep at one
time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had turned into a heifer; but Mercury, by order
of Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put the
eyes of Argus on the tail of the Peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity.
Tail of twenty feathers. Occipital crest-feathers long and erect in both sexes.
Upper tail-coverts lengthened and beautifully ocellated, forming a ‘‘ train.”
Males with one spur on each tarsus. Short spur in females. Polygamous. Roost
on trees,
The short, stiff feathers fixed in the uropygium represent the true tail, and
serve as a fulcrum to raise and support the long and heavy train. When this
train is erect only the head and neck of the bird appears in front of it, which
would not be so if these long feathers sprang from the rump as in Turkeys
(W.H.K.). Found wild in India, Indo-Chinese countries, and part of Malaya.
9. Pavo cristatus. THs Common Pza-FOWL.
Cristatus =formed with a tuft or crest, crista.
Mor, India ; Mujur, Terai; Myl (Tamil); Nimili (Telegu); Nowl (Canarese); Monara,
Ceylon; Moir, Assam; Mabja (Bhutia); Mong-yung (Lepcha); Dodé, Garo Hills,
& 42” to 48” to end of true tail, train 40” to 48”; 9 toll} lbs. @ 36” to 40”,
tail 12” to 15”; 6 to 82 lbs. Legs grey-brown. Bill horny brown, Facial skin
white. Crest of twenty-four feathers, naked shafts, webbed at tips. Head, neck,
and breast purple. Above green. Lesser and median wing-coverts, shoulder-
feathers and inner secondary quills buff, barred and mottled black, glossed green.
Primaries and tail chestnut. Train green. Thighs buff. Abdomen black.—
Female: Head and nape chestnut. Above light brown, with faint wavings.
Tail light brown, tips white.
‘Cases of gradation are important, as they show that it is at least possible
that highly complex ornaments may have been acquired by small successive
steps.” — Darwin.
The feathers of the Peacock are excellent examples of gradation in ornament,
showing a gradual transition from a comparatively plain and simple feather
merely marked with alternate dark and light bands and having no metallic lustre
into the elaborate and gorgeous ‘“eye-bearing ” feather, one of the most beautiful
objects in the world. Similarly there is a retrograde transition from the fully
developed eye-bearing form of the elongated central tail-coverts to the curiously
modified feathers which complete the margin of the train. The terminal portion
of one of the tail-coverts shows the beautifully coloured ocellus or eye surrounded
above by the “transparent zone,” an effect produced by the absence of the
barbules on a limited portion of each of the barbs.
The Common Pea-fowl is distributed throughout India and Ceylon, ascending
the Himalayas to 2,000 feet and the hills in Southern India to 5,000 feet. It
inhabits the whole Assam valley up to Sadiya, but none are found in Sylhet,
Cachar, or Manipur. Males moult about September in N. India, and the train
GAARA = Y
at
at t
aw
Larsauli, 28.10.89.
PAVO. 69
is not fully grown till April. Six or fifteen eggs (2-74 x 2-05), unspotted, glossy,
closely pitted, white to reddish buff in colour. (J. 803. B, 1324.)
Also P. nigripennis, the Black-shouldered P.F., differing from P. cristatus in having the
lesser and median wing-coverts, shoulder-feathers, and inner secondary quills brownish black.
Hitherto only observed among birds in captivity, and supposed to be a reversion to the
ancestral type. It is not known if this form ever occurs among wild Indian birds. (0.G. ii. 81.)
9. Larsauli, 28.10.89.
10. Pavo muticus. THe Burmesz Pra-Fowt.
Miiticus=curtailed or docked.
Doun, Doung (Burmese) ; Marait (Talain) ; Tusia (Karen) ; Bourong marah, Malay.
3 40” to 48", train 24" to 44"; 83 to 11 lbs. 2 36” to 44”, tail 16’. Legs
horny brown. Bill greyish.— Male: Long crest of ten or more feathers
regularly barbed from base. Blue crown. Facial skin blue, fringed beneath
70 POLYPLECTRUM.
with chrome-yellow. Neck-feathers olive-bronze, with purple and green centres
and narrow black borders. Lesser wing-coverts, tertiaries, and their coverts
and scapulars of uniform colour and unbarred. Thighs black.—Female: Neck
as in the male. Back and rump brown, barred and mottled buff. (H. & M. i. 93).
Found wild in Chittagong and Aracan, Burma to Siam, Cochin China, Malay
Peninsula, and Java. Sumatra doubtful. Eggs similar to those of P. cristatus,
The train begins to grow at the autumn moult, and attains its greatest development
by December. (B. 1325. 0. 58.)
Norts.—The tail is longer than wing in both sexes of the following, viz. Poly-
plectrum, Argusianus, Crossoptilum, Catreus, Phasianus, and Chrysolophus.
Genus POLYPLECTRUM.
modus =Many, TARKTpoy =an instrument to strike with, a quill.
Crown-feathers soft and hair-like. Tail long, full and rounded, of twenty to
twenty-four feathers. Lach tail-feather beautifully adorned with one or a pair of
metallic green or pink ocelli. These ocelli are rudimentary or absent in some
females. Two or three spurs on each tarsus in males. Found in Indo-Chinese
countries and the Malay Archipelago. None occur W. of Bay of Bengal.
11. Polyplectrum chinquis. Tus Grey Pra-PHEASANT.
Dounkalah, Aracan and Pegu ; Munnowar, Deyodahuk, Assam; Deodurug, Garo
Hills ; Kat-mor, Chittagong ; Shwe-doun, Burma.
3 24%” to 26”, tail 124” to 14”; 14 tol¢lbs. 9 19”, tail 8”; 14 oz. to 1 Ib.
Legs plumbeous. Bill horny brown. Spots grey-white on grey-brown ground.
White chin. Facial skin pale yellow. Crest brush-like.—Male.: Plumage brown,
dotted white, with glossy violet ocelli, edged with successive rings of black, brown,
and grey. Tail-coverts and tail with divided pairs of greenish purple ocelli, one
on each side of the shaft.—Female: Head and neck dark brown, finely barred.
Black, blotchy ocelli. Primaries and greater coverts liver-brown. Back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts minutely pencilled buff-brown. Breast and abdomen hair-
brown, minutely speckled. Ocelli on central tail-feathers rudimentary, on outer
tail-feathers obscure, and on upper tail-coverts absent. (S.F. i. 36; H. & M. i. 110.)
Found from Sikkim to Assam, throughout Burma (except Pegu) to Mergui and
Siam. Eggs (2x 1-44) buff. (B. 1327.)
12. Polyplectrum germaini. Grrmain’s Pra-PHEASANT.
3 20". ¢ 184”. General colour black-brown, irregularly spotted light brown.
Head, back of neck black, each feather barred white. Back, wing, and tail-
coverts with metallic spots, lustrous green and rich purple. Primaries dark brown.
Bill black. Feet black. (S.F. vii. 426.)—Male: Like P. chinguis, but the
spots above are smaller and closer together. No white on throat. Facial skin
crimson.—Female: Ocelli on mantle and upper tail-coverts comparatively well
marked. Scapulars bordered with narrow black and buff bands. Found in
Cochin China. (0.G. ii. 64.)
ARGUSIANUS. 71
13. Polyplectrum bicalcaratum. Tos Matayan Pra-PHeasanr.
Calcar, aris=a spur.
Quon-chermin (Malay).
3 203”. 9 18". Legs dusky. Bill blackish. Spots hair-brown on buff
ground. Orbital space red. (S.F.i. 36. H. & M.i.114.) Male: Violet crest.
Only mid-tail and longer upper tail-coverts with pairs of ocelli, confluent and
not divided. Outer tail-feathers with only one ocellus on outer web.—Female :
Feathers of mantle and wings with black blotch near tip. Mid-tail with paired
ocelli; no ocelli on outer tail. Range from Malay Peninsula and Sumatra to
S. Tenasserim. (O.G. ii. 65.)
P. schleiermacheri. § 20”. 9 14”. The Bornean P.P., allied to P. bicalcaratum, but feathers
on sides of neck and chest with heart-shaped metallic spots of golden green.—Female: No ocelli
on longer upper tail-coverts.
P. napoleonis. § 19". 914%”. Elongate crest dark green. Longer upper tail-coverts
and tail with pair of bluish green ocelli, each framed in a black and greyring. White triangular
patch on each side of head.—Female: Crest well developed. No ocelli on long upper tail-
coverts, Palawan Island.
Also the genus Chalcwrus, an aberrant type from Sumatra, with tail of sixteen feathers, as
in Phasianus, with no ocelli, Sides of face feathered. Male with two or more pairs of spurs.
Sexes alike,
C. chaleurus. 618”. 9 152’. General colour brown. Above barred and fringed rufous.
Throat and neck with white shaft streaks. (O.G. ii. 66-69.)
Genus ARGUSIANUS.
Argus, king of Argos, had one hundred eyes, of which two only were asleep at one time.
Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the Peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity.
Tail of twelve feathers, mid pair elongated. Most typical form of Pheasant
wing where first primary is shortest and tenth longest. Secondary quills largely
developed, marked with ocelli, and longer than primaries in both sexes. Sides of
face, throat, and foreneck naked. Short hairy occipital crest. No spurs. These
birds never live in pairs, the female visiting the male.
14. Argusianus argus. THe Arcus Pra-PHEasant.
Quon (Malay); Kyek-wah, Siam.
& 70” to 73”, tail from vent 49” to 52”; 44 to 54 lbs. 9 27” to 30”, tail from
vent 124” to 13”; 34 to 33 lbs. Legs bright red. Bill white. Facial skin dull
pale indigo.— Male: Mantle black, mottled buff. Back and rump buff, with
rounded black spots. Secondary quills with a row of large ocelli on outer webs.
These eye-like spots are remarkable, and resemble balls lying loosely in sockets.
The series of feathers in the wing show gradation in ornament from the more
ordinary forms of feather marking, through what Darwin calls the “elliptic
ornaments” of the smaller feathers, up to the perfect “ball-and-socket ocelli” on
the larger quills Female: Primary quills chestnut, irregularly marked with
black. No ocelli on wings. Seven or eight eggs (2-6 x 1-9), creamy, speckled
red-brown. Range from Malay Peninsula to Siam and S. Tenasserim. (B.1326.
O. 59.)
Also 4. grayi. 6 60". 9 29”. Differs from 4. argus in having mantle and wing-coverts
mottled, white, and rufous. Lower back and rump rufous-buff.—Female : Neck rust-red.
Below sandy brown. Borneo.
72 CROSSOPTILUM.—CATREUS.
A, bipunctatus, Wood’s Argus Pheasant. Primary with red-brown band minutely dotted
white on both webs. Range unknown.
Also the genus Rheinardtius, the Crested Argus Pheasant from Tonkin. One species.
RB. ocellatus, § 84”. 9 31". General colour dark brown, mixed rufous, thickly spotted
and marked white.—Female: Amber-brown, transversely mottled black and buff.
Genus CROSSOPTILUM.
kpocovs=shaggy hair, a tuft of hair; rrfhov=a feather.
Tail longer than wing, of twenty to twenty-four feathers, mid pair elongated,
webs long and decomposed. Sides of face naked, red, and covered with small
papilla. Ear-coverts forming long white tufts. Sexes alike. Male with short,
stout spurs. Found in companies. Roost on trees.
15. Crossoptilum tibetanum. Hopason’s Earep Peasant.
3 38" to 40”, tail 19” to 20”. Legs bright red. Bill dull red. Eye-patch and
cheek red. -Crest-feathers black, short, erect, velvety, and thick-set. Sixth quill
longest. Twenty tail-feathers, satin-green or black. Neck, back, and abdomen
yellowish grey-white. Plumage ample, unglossed, and wholly dishevelled. (H.°
and M.i. 115). Found in the mountains of W. China and E. Tibet, from 10,000
to 12,000 feet.
Also C, leucurum, The White-tailed Eared Pheasant. Distinguished from C. tibetanum
in having greater part of tail white, tipped black.—Female: Tail white, margined and tipped
grey. E. Tibet.
C. manchuricum. 6 40”. The Manchurian Eared Pheasant differs from C, tibetanwm in
having mantle brownish black and an indistinct white band across crown. Tail twenty-two
feathers, basal part dirty white, tips brownish.—Female: No spurs. The feathers formerly
worn by Tartar warriors. Twelve to sixteen eggs (2:3 x 1-7), pale stone colour. Time of incuba-
tion twenty-eight to thirty days.
C. auritum. 40’. Pallas’s Eared Pheasant. Mantle slate-blue. An indistinct white band
bordering black crown behind. Tail twenty-four feathers. Kokonor, Kansu, and N.W.
Szechuen. Five to seven eggs (2-6 x 1-6), olive-grey.
C. harmani resembles C. auritum, but with a wide white band bordering the crown behind
and without any white on basal part of outer tail. Tail twenty-four feathers (?). Tibet.
Also the genus Lobiophasis, the Wattled Pheasants. Tail-feathers, 6 thirty-two, ¢ twenty-
eight, by far the largest number in any of the Phasianide. Sexes differ. In males, head
naked with three pairs of wattles: one pair large and erect on sides of head, a second pair
large and drooping on sides of throat, and a third pair small on sides of bill. Pair of spurs.
L. bulwert, 6 35”. 9 20". Bulwer’s Wattled Pheasant. Neck and chest crimson.
Plumage black, margined blue. Naked skin and wattles blue. Tail white.—Female: Brownish
buff, mottled black. Tail chestnut. Sarawak. (0.G. i, 248-257.)
Genus CATREUS.
Occipital crest of long narrow feathers in both sexes. Tail eighteen feathers,
long and wedge-shaped ; longer than wing in both sexes. Sides of face naked,
crimson. Males have one spur on each tarsus, and females sometimes a knob.
16. Catreus wallichi. Tus Corer Paerasant.
Kahir, Chihir, Nepal ; Cheer, Kumaon ; Bunchil, Mussoorie ; Chaman, Chamba.
g 34” to 40”, tail from vent 20” to 23”; 3 to 34 lbs. 9 24” to 30”, tail from
vent 134” to 154”; 2 to 3 lbs. Legs brown. Bill pale horny. Head dark ashy,
with crest of hair-like feathers. Chin, throat, and cheeks pale ashy. Nape,
breast, shoulders, back, and wing-coverts yellowish, with curving black bars
PHASIANUS. 73
tipped white. Tail long, barred and blotched; below dusky.—Female. Re-
sembles male, but more closely marked, Back minutely mottled. Chin plain.
Throat and breast-feathers yellowish, centred dark brown. Above, the dusky
oval spots are separated by the white shaft.
Found from Khatmandu to Chamba at from 4,000 to 10,000 feet. Breeds
from April to June. Nine to fourteen eggs (2:13 1-5), pale stone colour,
slightly speckled. (J. 809. B. 1333. 0. 60.)
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Also the genus Chrysolophus, the Golden Pheasants with tail longer than wing in both sexes.
Tail eighteen feathers, vaulted, and mid pair very long. Males with full crest of heavy feathers,
and a cape-like development of erectile feathers. Pair of spurs, Two species, viz.—
C. pictus. & 40’. 9 24”. The Golden Pheasant. Deemed by Cuvier to be the type of
Pheenix of the ancients. Crown, crest, and rump golden. Cape-like feathers, orange, tipped
black. Eye-ring entirely feathered. Breast crimson. Mid-tail black, with rounded, pale
brown spots.—Female: Head and mantle brown, barred black and buff. Lower back and
rump pale brown, mottled black. S. and W. China, Eggs (1-75 x 1-35) creamy buff. Hybrids
with the Bantam, the Common and Reeves’ Pheasant.
C. obscurus. A domestic variety of Golden Pheasant, differing from C. pictus in having
mid-tail pale brown, obliquely barred, and marked black.
C. amherstice. 50". Lady Amherst’s Pheasant. Top of head bronze-green, crest blood-red.
cape-like feathers, white. Eye-ring naked and coloured blue. Breast white, barred black on
flanks. Mid-tail white, with black bars on both webs, W. China and E. Tibet. Eggs
(1-8 1-4) pale buff. (O.G. ii. 45-47.) A male bird of this species was recently shot in the
Myitkyina or the Bhamo district. (O. ii. 497.)
Genus PHASIANUS.
Phiasidnus = gpacvavés, the Phasian bird in Aristophanes ; from the River Phasis, in Colchis,
whence it is said to have been first brought by the Argonautic expedition.
True Pheasants. Tail longer than wing in both sexes, eighteen feathers, long
and wedge-shaped. Wing exceptional, as first flight-feather is considerably longer
than tenth. No crest. Males have lengthened ear-tufts, facial skin naked red,
and a spur on each tarsus. Range from Eastern Europe to Japan. Not repre-
74 PHASIANUS.
sented in Himalayas, but two species are found in Manipur and Burma. Crowns
green, or red-brown, or white. With no white neck-ring, or with traces of one,
or with white neck-ring. The ringed forms may be regarded as the northern,
and those without a neck-ring as the southern type. Lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts maroon glossed green on slate-grey, with nest-coloured patches
on each side (P. versicolor excepted). All maroon-rumped species are found W.
of about 90° E. long., while those with grey rumps are only found E. of this line.
Most of the Pheasants in England are hybrids between P. colchicus with maroon
rump and no neck-ring and P. torquatus with grey rump and white neck-ring.
The various species may be distinguished as under—
A. With crown green. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts slate-grey,
with rust-coloured patches on each side. ,
(i.) With no white neck-ring, or only traces of one.
17. Phasianus elegans. Stonz’s True PHEASANT.
go 274". 9 21”. Legs lead colour.—Male: Head, neck, and breast dark
green. Mantle chestnut. Lower back and rump dark green, broadly edged with
grey. Upper tail-coverts greenish grey, with outermost on each side rusty red.
Tail rufous-brown, cross-barred black. Lower plumage steel-blue.—Female :
Above black, edged grey. Below buff, speckled and banded blackish. Tail rufous,
irregularly barred black. From Szechuen in 8. China, Yunnan, and N. Shan
States. (B. 1332. 0. 61.)
Also P. decollatus. § 34”. 9 25”. The Chinese Ringless Pheasant from W. China, similar
to P. torquatus, but the white ring is absent in typical examples, though some show traces of
a white ring. Crown of head and margins of breast-feathers dark green. Flank-feathers buff.
Chest orange-red. *
P. strauchi. 6 864". 9 234”. Chest and sides orange-red. N.W. Kansu.
P. vlangalii. § 314". 9 22%”. Differs from P. elegans in having mantle and scapulars
sandy red. Sides and flanks golden. Tsaidam to Kokonor.
P. versicolor. § 29". ¢ 24”. The Japanese Pheasant. Below uniform dark green, and
no rust-red patches on sides of rump. Mantle dark green, with concentric lines of buff.
(ii.) With white neck-ring.
P. torquatus. 6 35". 924%". The Chinese Ring-necked Pheasant. Mantle and flanks
orange-buff. Scapulars margined Indian-red. From Lower Amoor to Canton.
P. satscheunensis, Paler form of P. torquatus. Scapulars margined sandy brown. Chest
and below margined purple-green. Satschen.
P. formosanus. The Formosan Ring-necked Pheasant differs from P. torguatus in having
ground colour of mantle and flanks pale primrose.
B. With crown green. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts maroon, glossed green.
(iii.) With no white neck-ring, or only traces of one.
P. colchicus. The Common Pheasant from Asia Minor. 6 37%". @ 244”.—Male: Head
and neck dark green. Mantle, chest, breast, and flanks fiery orange, margined purplish green.
Below dark brown, mixed rufous. Tail olive, edged rufous, with narrow black bars wide set.—
Female: Sandy brown, barred black. Mantle, sides of breast and flanks chestnut, with black
centres and grey margins. Evidence tends to show that in a really wild state the genus
Phastanus is monogamous. Barren females generally assume male plumage. Eight to twelve
eggs (1-8 x 1-4), olive-brown or bluish green.
P. talischensis, Intermediate between P. colchicus and P. persicus. Wing-coverts sandy
brown. Feathers of chest and breast narrowly margined purple. Talisch, a district S.W. of
Caspian Sea.
CALOPHASIS. 75
P. persteus. 6 35”. The Persian Pheasant differs from P. colchicus in having lesser and
median wing-coverts nearly white.
P. principalis. The Prince of Wales’ Pheasant, from N.W. Afghanistan'and N.E, Persia.
é 354”. With greater part of wings white. Rump bronze-red. Skins brought to England by
Dr. Aitchison, and some live specimens by Major Peacocke, r.E., of the Afghan Boundary
Commission, from Bala Murghab in 1884, at the request of Sir Peter Lumsden.
P. zarafshanicus, The Zarafshan Pheasant from Bokhara, allied to P. prinetpalis, but
‘scapulars are not margined with dark greenish purple, and breast-feathers have narrow, heart-
shaped, purplish margins, as in P. persicus. Breeds and nests in reed swamps and marshes.
P. shawi. 6 354". @ 284”. Differs from P. colchicus in having lesser andjmedian wing-
coverts white. Chest and breast edged dark green. Mid-breast and sides dark green. Yarkand
and Kashgar. Twelve to fifteen eggs (1:74 x 1-41), grey-stone colour.
P. tarimensis, 30%’. The Tarim Pheasant, closely allied to P. shawi, but lesser and median
-wing-coverts are yellowish brown. Feathers of chest and sides without marginal bands, Karaschar
to Lob-nor.
P. chrysomelas. 34”. 9 24”, The Oxus Pheasant, distinguished from P. shawt by having
a triangular dark green spot at tip of each feather of mantle, back, and rump. Chest, breast,
and flanks tipped green. Amu-darya,
(iv.) With broad white neck-ring.
P. mongolicus, 3 36%”. 226”. The Mongolian Ring-necked Pheasant. Broad white
ring (interrupted in front) round the neck. Resembles P. persicus, but mantle, chest, and
‘breast are orange-red, glossed purple-carmine. Throat purplish red, breast and flanks tipped
-dark green. Mid-breast and sides of belly dark green. Syr-darya to Issikul.
P. semitorquatus. Severtzov’s Ring-necked Pheasant, a subspecies similar to P. mongolicus,
but mantle, rump, throat, chest, and upper breast are glossed dull oily green. Dzungaria.
C. With crown reddish brown.
P. semmerringi. 650”. @ 21”. Sammerring’s Copper Pheasant. Lower back maroon.
Breast and below chestnut. Japan. Eggs (1-8 x 1-35), greenish white.
P, scintillans. A variety of P. semmerringi, the feathers above margined on each side
-with a white black-edged band.
D. With crown white.
P. reevesti, & 78". 9 32”. Reeves’ Pheasant. Crown white, surrounded by a wide black
‘band. Chin, throat, and nape white, margined by black neck-ring. Above cinnamon, bordered
black. Wing-coverts white, centred and margined black. Mid-tail very long, white down
middle, barred black and chestnut, and margined brownish buff. Below black. N. and W.
China, Hybrids with the Golden Pheasant. (0.G. ii. 6-40.)
Genus CALOPHASIS.
As in Phastanus, but with only sixteen tail-feathers. Males have lower back
and rump transversely barred black and white. No ear-tufts. In females the
tail is shorter than the wing.
18. Calophasis humie. Mrs. Hume’s Barrep-BackED PHEASANT.
Loi-nin-koi, Manipur.
3 33”, 9 22”, Bill greenish. Legs drab.—Male: Upper mantle and upper
‘breast glossy blue-black, each feather with triangular black velvet spot. Lower
mantle and lower breast maroon with similar spots. Back and rump pale blue,
narrowly fringed white. Closed wing maroon with broad blue-black band with
‘white band on either side. Mid-tail grey, barred black and chestnut.—Female :
Brown blotched with black, each feather of mantle with triangular white mark.
Wing-bar imperfect, mixed chestnut. Mid-tail and next four pairs barred chest-
mut. From Manipur and Upper Burma. (B. 1331. O. 62.)
AY
89.
9
1
20. Theog,
GENN AUS. 77
19. Calophasis burmannicus. Tse Burmesz BaRRED-BACKED PHEASANT.
Yit, Burma,
Mantle maroon. Rump black, each feather broadly margined white. Wing-
bar imperfect, mixed chestnut. Mid-tail and next four pairs distinctly barred
chestnut. (O. 63.)
Also C. ellioti, Elliot’s Pheasant from 8.E. China. ¢ 32”. Sides of neck and belly white.
¢ 20’. Throat and foreneck black. Eggs (1-7 x 1-3) creamy buff. (0.G. ii. 41.)
Nors.—In Gennceus the tail is longer than the wing in males, and as long as
the wing in females.
Genus GENN AUS.
Crest long and hairy, of unequal feathers in both sexes. Tail longer than wing
in males and equal to the wing in females; of sixteen feathers, long and laterally
compressed like that of the game fowl. Sides of head naked, crimson, in both
sexes, with additional lappet in males. Male with spur on each tarsus. Forest
birds, inhabiting the Himalayas, Burma, China, and Formosa. They may be
separated into Kalij and Silver Pheasants, viz.—
KALIJ PHEASANTS.
With upper plumage black, fringed white or black. Plumage lanceolate
(G. horsfieldi excepted).
20. Gennezus albicristatus. THe Wuite-crestep Katiy PHeasanr.
Kalij, Kumaon ; Kookera, Mussoorie; Kaleysur, Kulu ; Kolsa, Punjab.
Sf 24” to 29”; 2h lbs. ¢ 20” to 23”; 1} to 24. lbs. Legs grey-brown. Bill
greenish.—Male. Head, neck, upper back, wings, and tail blue-black. Crest
long, white, and hairy. Lower back and rump black, broadly fringed dull white.
Eye-patch crimson. Throat and breast hackled light grey; below long grey
hackles with white shafts—Female: Light brown, with each feather fringed
white-brown and showing shaft white. Chin whitish. Tail except mid pair
glossy black.— Young assume full plumage in first year. In the Himalayas from
Kumaon to Hazara, not W. of Indus or in Nepal. Breed from April to June.
Eight or nine eggs (1-94 x 1-44), cream-white to reddish buff, glossy and finely
pitted. (J. 810. B. 1336.) See illustration, p. 76.
21. Genneus leucomelanus. THE BLAcK-cRESTED or NepaL KatiJ PHEasant.
Kalich, Rechabo, Nepal.
S 23” to 26”, tail from vent, 102” to 12”; 12 to 24 lbs. 2 19” to 20%”; 14
to 2 lbs. Legs brown. Bill greenish. Orbital skin crimson. Small black crest.—
Male: Rump and upper tail-coverts dark green, white-tipped. Feathers of throat.
and breast grey-white and lanceolate. Lower plumage variegated, not black.—
Female as in G. albicristatus, but generally darker and middle rectrices more
rufous. Throughout Nepal. Usually seen in pairs, or in parties of from three to
ten. (H. & M.i.191. B. 1337. O.G. i. 262. 0. 68.)
F
78 GENN AUS.
22. Gennzus melanonotus. Tue Buack-packnp Katis PHeasant.
Muthura (Bengali); Kirrik (Bhutia) ; Kar-rhyak (Lepcha).
oS 21” to 25”, tail from vent 94” to 122”; 24 to 3 lbs. 9 15” to 21”, tail from
vent 8” to 83”; 2 to 24 Ibs. Legs horny brown. Bill pale yellow. Crest black.
Orbital skin bright red.—Male: Above glossy black. No white on rump. Breast
hackled white. Abdomen dull black.—Female: Brown, with feathers white-
shafted, tipped grey on back, and broadly edged white below. From E. Nepal to
Bhutan. Six to ten eggs (1-91 x 1-47), creamy white to brownish. (J. 811.)
a
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en
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Pedong, 7.6.88.
23. Genneus horsfieldi. Tar Buack-BREASTED Kats PHEASANT.
Doreek, Debrugurh ; Durug, Garo Hills; Muthoora, Sylhet ; Mathura, Chittagong.
23” to 244”; 24 to 3Ibs. 9 21” to 22%”; 2 to 24 lbs. Legs plumbeous.
Bill greenish. Orbital skin crimson.—Male: Crest black. Entire lower surface
and neck-feathers rounded, not lanceolate, black, with blue-black patches. Lower
back, rump, and upper tail fringed white. Coverts and long scapulars white-
tipped.—Female : Mid-tail plain rufous. Breast-feathers with narrow buff shaft
lines. From Bhutan to 8. Manipur and Bhamo. Breeds from March to June.
Eight or ten eggs (1-85 x 1-5), buff. (H. & M.i. 197. B. 1339. 0. 70.)
SILVER PHEASANTS.
With upper plumage vermicellated or irregularly marked white or buff. Plumage
ordinary, not lanceolate.
Caborstoty of Ornithology
059 Sepsucker Woods Road
Cornell University
GENNZAUS. Ithaca, New York 1485" 79
24, Genneus lineatus. THe Vermiceruatep Karis Pueasant.
Lineo, avi, atwm=to fashion to a straight line.
Yit, Kayit (Burmese); Phoogyk (Karen); Rak, Aracan ; Synklouk (Talain).
3 254” to 30"; 24 to 3 lbs. 2 20" to 24”; 2 to 24 Ibs. Legs pinkish brown.
Bill greenish horny. Facial skin blood-red.—Male: Crest black. Above, and
nearly whole tail, black, finely zigzagged white ; inner webs and tips of mid-tail
feathers entirely white. No white fringes on rump. Chin and throat black.
Below black, with white shafts.—Female: Above pale olive-brown, with white
across head, and with bars on side of neck. Neck and mantle with arrow-headed
white marks. Below chestnut, with white shafts. Found in the greater part of
Burma and N.W. Siam. Breeds in March or April. Six or seven eggs (1-97 x 1-46),
pale buff. (S.F. iii. 166. B. 1340. 0.75. O.G, i. 272.)
25. Genneus andersoni. ANpERSON’s SILVER PHEASANT.
Yit, Burma.
Oates says (p. 337) that this bird is described by Ogilvie-Grant (i. 271) as
G. davisont. g 24”. Crest black. Mantle, upper back, and wing-coverts black,
with several zigzag white lines following the margin of each feather. On wing-
coverts usually three, and on mantle and upper back five or six such lines. Quills
of closed wing black, obliquely barred white. Lower back and rump black,
widely vermiculated white, each feather edged with a white fringe on a black
band. Mid pair of tail-feathers black, with white lines more or less parallel to
the shafts, the three outer pairs black. Below glossy black.—Female: Not known.
Kachin Hills, E. of Bhamo. (0. 71.)
26. Genneus williamsi. Tae Cainpwin River Sitver Pugasant.
Yit, Burma.
3 24". 9 21”. Legs dark flesh colour. Facial skin crimson.—Male: Crest
glossy black. Mantle, back, and rump coarsely vermiculated, across the shafts
buff. Each feather of lower back and rump with a firm black band, fringed
broadly white. Wing-coverts black, with five or six buff lines on each web
parallel to the margin of feather. Tail black, obliquely barred buff. Below
glossy blue-black.—Female: Upper plumage and wings red-brown, edged paler,
and minutely freckled black. Throat ashy white. Below, ash-brown, edged
grey, with grey shaft streak. Mid-tail chestnut, mottled, and barred black;
intermediate feathers mottled and barred white; and the outermost pair black.
Chindwin River, Upper Burma. (0. 72.)
26a. Genneus wickhami. Tu Cain Hints Sinver Paeasanr.
Yit, Burma.
gS 24”. Mantle and back finely but irregularly vermiculated, and speckled
pale buff. Rump and upper tail-coverts plain black, broadly fringed white.
—Female: Not known. Chin Hills, Upper Burma. (0. ii. 495.)
27. Genneus cuvieri. Toe Norra Aracan Sitver Puaasanr.
Rak, Aracan; Yit (Burmese).
$ 23", 9 21". Legs brown. Facial skin crimson.—WMale-: Crest glossy
black. Upper plumage and closed wing blue-black, finely freckled buff across
shafts. Each feather of rump and lower back with broad black band, broadly
80 GENNAUS.
fringed white. Tail with three outer pairs black, the others black with narrow
oblique pale buff lines. Below glossy black. No white central stripes to any
feathers.—Female: Back and wings olive-brown, closely freckled, edged paler.
Mid-tail chestnut, dotted black, the outermost pair black. (H. & M.i. 201. O. 73.
O.G. i. 271.)
28. Genneus oatesi. Tar Soura Aracan SILVER PHEaSsANT.
Yit, Burma.
3 24”, 9 21”. Legs brown, facial skin crimson.— Male - Crest glossy black.
Upper plumage and wing-coverts black with fine vermiculations across shafts.
Closed wing obliquely barred white. Each feather of lower back and rump with
narrow white fringe, but no black band. Mid-tail with outer web and half of
inner web black with oblique white lines, the exterior half of inner web white ;
intermediate feathers black, diagonally barred white; outermost pair chiefly
black. Lower plumage glossy black.—Female: Crest brown. Upper plumage
and wing chestnut, minutely freckled black. Throat pale brown. Below red-
brown with broad yellow shaft streak edged black. Central tail pale chestnut,
closely barred black; outer tail deep chestnut, mottled black on inner webs.
(0. 74. O.G, i. 276.)
29. Genneus sharpii, THe Satwren Sitver Peasant.
Yit, Burma,
Oates says (p. 359) that this bird is described by Hume (i. 203) as E. craw-
Jordi, and by Ogilvie-Grant (i. 276) as G. andersoni (see No. 25 ante).
3 30"; 23 lbs. ¢ 24". Legs pink. Bill pale blue. Facial skin crimson.—
Male: Crest glossy black. Upper plumage and wing-coverts black, each feather
with five or six white lines on each web curved and parallel to the margin.
Rump-feathers more finely marked than those of the back, but no fringe of white
at the tips. Tail and lower plumage as in No. 24, G. lineatus.—Female: Differs
from G. lineatus in having inner quills barred with narrow buff lines reaching to
the shafts and broader white shaft stripes on lower plumage. (0.76. H. & M.,
E. craufordi, i. 203. O.G., G. andersoni, i. 276.)
30. Genneus rufipes. THe Rupy-mines SILveR PHEASANT.
Yit, Burma.
g 34”, Legs red, facial skin crimson. Crest glossy black. Upper plumage
and wing-coverts white, each feather with four or five firm black lines on each
web parallel to the margin. Closed wing black, with broad oblique white bars.
Lower plumage glossy black. Tail-feathers obliquely barred black and white
except inner web of mid pair, which is white—Female: Not known. (O. 77.)
Also G. nycthemerus, the Chinese 8.P. from S. China. 6 40”. 9 20%”. Crest black.
Above white, with black concentric lines. Mid-tail pure white. Eggs (2:1x 1-6), brownish
buff, finely pitted.
G. swinhoii. Swinhoe’s S.P. from Formosa. ¢ 29%”. 9 194”. Crest, mantle, and mid-
tail pure white. Eggs (2-4x1-7) buff, dotted white, (0.G. i. 277-279.)
Note.—In Gallus, Calophasis, and Pavo the tail is longer than wing in males
and shorter than wing in females.
GALLUS. 81
Genus GALLUS.
Gallus=a cock.
Tail of fourteen to sixteen feathers, laterally compressed and curved down-
wards, mid pair elongated.—Males: High fleshy comb with margins serrated or
entire. Sides of face, chin, and throat naked, with two pairs of wattles, or with
single wattle. Long sharp spur on each tarsus. In females the comb is rudimentary ;
wattles absent, Tail uniform. No spurs. Forest birds; found singly, or in pairs,
or in small parties. Found throughout the greater part of the Oriental region.
31. Gallus ferrugineus. THe Rep Juneue-Fow..
Ferrigineus=of the colour of iron-dust, dusky.
Jungli-moorghi, Ban-moorghi, Upper India; Bunkokra, Sundarbans ; Natsu-pia
(Bhutia); Pazoktchi, Sikkim ; Gera-gogor, Gondwara; Lall, Chanda; Taugyet, Burma;
Ayamootan, Malay ; Kura, Chittagong.
& 25” to 28”, tail from vent 11” to 14”; 12 to 24 lbs. 9 16” to 18’, tail from
vent 5%” to 64”; 13 to 18 lbs. Tail of fourteen feathers. Bill and legs slaty
brown.—Male: Flesh comb with serrated margin and wattles red. Gold hackles
on head, neck, and breast, with black shaft streaks. Ear-coverts white. Back
purple. Sides and upper tail-coverts orange. Inner quills of wing margined
chestnut on outer web. Tail and wing-coverts black, glossed green. Below black.
—Female: Yellow, minutely mottled dark brown, with white shaft streaks.
Red throat line passing up behind ear. No comb or wattles. Tail dark brown,
mottled at edges with buff. Below rufous, with pale shafts. In June hackles and
long tail-feathers are moulted, and replaced by short black feathers, to be renewed
again in the second moult in September. The natural range is throughout the
Himalayas, from Assam to Kashmir, Malay, Sumatra, Siam, and Cochin China.
Forsyth shows that their limit coincides with that of the sal tree. Five or six
eggs (1:78 x 1-36), yellowish brown (see illustration of foot, p. 29). (J. 812.
B. 1328. 0.78. O.G. ii. 48. H. & M. i. 217.)
32. Gallus sonnerati. THe Grey or Mapras Juncie-Fow..
Komri, Abu ; Jungli-murghi, India ; Pardah, Komri, Chandah; Kombadi, Deccan :
Katu-Koli (Tamil) ; Koli, Mysore ; Adavi-kode (Telugu).
& 28" to 32”, tail from vent 14” to 16"; 18 to 24 lbs. @ 18” to 20", tail from
vent 6” to 7”; 14 to 13 Ibs, Legs yellowish. Bill yellowish. Tail fourteen
feathers.—Male: Comb with serrated margin and wattles crimson. Grey hackles,
with yellow spots; each feather blackish, with shaft white and two spots, the
terminal one like wax. Lar-coverts rufous. Plumage black and grey, with
white shafts. Wing-quills brown or black. Wing-coverts with oblong wood-
brown spots.—Female: Above mottled brown. Breast white, fringed and
marked with black, and without thick black cross-bars. Below black-brown,
broadly centred pure white. Whole head feathered, except a space round the
eye. No comb or wattles. Found in S. and W. India. Seven to thirteen eggs
(1-84 x 1.38), buff. (J. 813. B. 1330. 0.79. 0.G. ii 55. H. & M. i. 232.)
33. Gallus lafayetti. THs Cryton Junaus-Fowt.
Wali-kukula, Ceylon ; Kada-koli (Tamil). ,
gd 19” to 30”, tail from vent 8” to 14”; 23 to 24 1bs. 9 15” to 17”, tail from
vent 5” to 6”; 13 to 1 Ibs. Tail fourteen feathers. Legs pale yellow. Bill
brown.—Male: Comb with serrated margin red ; wattles purplish red with yellow
82 PUCRASIA,
oval spot. Neck-hackles straw-yellow, dark shafted; those on lower back and
rump with heart-shaped spot of glossy violet. Chest and sides orange, with
maroon central band. Belly black, mottled chestnut. Tail purplish black.—
Female: Brown mottled, each feather margined dark brown. Chin white.
Differs from G. ferrugineus in having the secondary quills irregularly barred
buff. Breast white, fringed and marked with black. Ceylon. Two to four eggs
(1-71 x 1-30), yellowish brown, minutely speckled. (B. 1329. O. 80. O.G. ii.
53. H. & M. i. 243.)
Also G. varius, the Javan J.F, $28’, 915%”. With comb entire and single throat-
wattle. Tail of sixteen feathers.
G. eneus. From Sumatra, a hybrid between the Domestic Fowl and G. varius.
G, temmincki. From Batavia, with toothed comb, throat-wattle, and a small lateral pair.
A hybrid between G. ferrugineus and G. varius,
G, violaceus. A hybrid from Borneo.
G. stramineicollis, From the Sulu Islands, the offspring of a domestic variety run wild.
(0.G, ii. 60.)
On 7.8.88 Jamrach’s agent showed me in Delhi two pairs of what he called Wild Bantams.
The cocks were combed, and had a rudimentary spur. The legs green. The hens were coloured
ordinary brown. He said they had been reared from eggs by a tame fowl. Mr. Wright, of
the E. I. Railway, told me he had seen these birds wild on the Jubbulpore line. They belong
to the subfamily Phasianine. But what is their genus? Not Gallus, for it has a long curved
spur; and not Galloperdix, for that has two or more spurs.—A. Le M.
Nors.—In Pucrasia the tail is but slightly longer than wing in males, and
shorter in females.
Genus PUCRASIA.
Crested in both sexes. Sides of head feathered. Tail of sixteen feathers,
upper tail-coverts nearly as long as tail. In males plumage lanceolate and cock-
like ; central drooping crest outflanked by greatly elongated ear-coverts. One
spur on each tarsus. From Afghanistan to Nepal (none in the Eastern Himalayas),
and China.
A. With basal part of outer tail never grey.
34, Pucrasia macrolopha. THE Common Kox ass PHEASANT.
paxpés=long ; Ad@os=crest.
Phokrass, Kumaon; Koklass, Simla; Koak, Kulu; Plas, Kashmir; Kukrola, Chamba.
3 23” to 25”; 24 to3 lbs. 2 20” to 22”; 2 Ibs. Legs ashy. Bill black.—
Male: Head dark green. Long buff crest. Ear-coverts longer than crest. Large
white spot on side of neck. Above light ashy, with long black streaks. Breast
and below chestnut. Outer tail black (basal half rufous on outer web), tipped
white.—Female: Short crest. Above pale brown, varied and barred with brown.
Throat white. Below light chestnut, with dark markings. From Kumaon to
Chamba. Five to nine eggs (2-08x 1-47). (J. 808. B, 1334. 0.64. O.G.
i281. H. &M.i. 160.) See illustration, p. 83.
35. Pucrasia biddulphi. Bmpuirn’s Koxiass Pueasant.
Differs from P. macrolopha in having the dark chestnut of foreneck extended
more completely round the neck. Lower plumage chocolate——Female.: Like
P. macrolopha. N.W. Himalayas and Kashmir. (0. 65.)
PUCRASIA.
84, R. Le M., Mussoorie, 1864.
83
84 TRAGOPAN.
36. Pucrasia nipalensis. Tue Nepan Koxiass PHEASANT.
Pokrass, Nepal.
3 24"; 2 Ibs. 9 21"; 14 to 2 lbs. Legs bluish grey. Bill dusky. Triangular
white patch on throat, edged with black-brown markings. Mantle, sides of neck,
and flank-feathers striated black, chestnut, and grey.— Female: Asin P.macrolopha,
but more rich in colour. Central Himalayas and W. Nepal. (H. & M. i. 165.)
37. Pucrasia castanea. THE CHESTNUT-MANTLED Koxiass Peasant.
Differs from P. macrolopha in having nape and upper part of mantle deep
chestnut.—Female: Not yet described. N. Afghanistan and Kafiristan. Possibly
may be found in Kashmir. (S.F. v. 188. 0. 312. 0O.G. i. 285.)
P. meyeri. Meyer’s K.P. from W. China and C. Tibet, with well-marked yellow nuchal
collar. Outer tail rufous.
B. Basal part of outer tail grey.
P. xanthosphila, The Yellow-necked K.P. from N.W. China and E. Tibet, the feathers
black with grey margins and grey shaft stripes. Outer tail grey, banded black.
P. darwini. Darwin’s K.P. from E. China, with no yellow collar. (0.G. i. 285-287.)
Norz.—In Tragopan the tail is not longer than wing in males and shorter in
females,
Genus TRAGOPAN.
Tail comparatively short, of eighteen (sometimes twenty) feathers. Axillary
feathers very long. Sides of head naked or thinly feathered. Crested in both
sexes. Males have an erectile fleshy horn above each eye and a gular wattle.
Brilliant plumage with white or grey spots. Spur on each tarsus.—Female :
Crest shorter than in males. Plumage plain. Rarely spurred. Forest birds,
rarely seen. Himalayas, Assam, and China. The Argus of European sportsmen.
38. Tragopan satyra. THe Crimson Hornep PHEASANT.
odrvpos=a satyr, companion of Bacchus; at first represented with long, pointed ears, a
goat’s tail, and small knobs, like horns, behind the ears.
Loongee, Kumaon; Moonal, Nepal; Nunal, Sikkim; Dafia, Bengal; Tirriak-pho
(Lepcha) ; Omo (Bhutia).
S 26” to 284”; 44 lbs. 9 214” to 24”; 24 to 24 lbs. Legs yellow-brown.
Bill brown. Orbits blue—Male- Gular wattle orange with blue cross-bars.
Horns blue. Crest black in front, red behind. Sides of head with black
feathers. Above brown, finely barred black, with white spots. On wing-coverts
white ocelli edged black. Neck, breast, and below crimson, with white spots
edged black. Tail black.—Female: Brown, with dark mottlings, and spotted
with triangular buff marks. Below sandy, finely mottled black, with triangular
white or buff shaft spots, the white lines below increasing in size from breast to
vent. Common between 7,000 and 10,000 feet. From Kumaon through Nepal
and Sikkim to Bhutan. Males generally outnumber females four to one. Eggs
(2-58 x 1-82) nearly white, slightly freckled lilac. (J. 805. B. 1344. 0, 50.
0.G. i. 220. H. & M. i. 137.)
LOPHURA. 85
39. Tragopan melanocephalus. THe WeEsteRN HorneD PHEASANT.
pédas=black ; xepadrh=a head.
Jewar, Garhwal; Jaghi, Bussahir ; Sing-moonal, V. W. Himalaya; Fulgoor, Chamba;
Jigurana, Kulu.
3 27" to 29"; 44 Ibs. 9 24"; 24 to 24 Ibs. Legs ashy. Bill black. Orbits
bright red.—Male: Gular wattle purple, spotted and edged pale blue. Horns
sky-blue. Crest black, tipped red. Sides of head naked. Above brown,
irregularly barred and spotted white on black. Breast and below black, dashed
dull red, with white spot. Tail black, barred buff except at tips—emale- Above
mottled grey and brown, the feathers edged brown with white shafts. Below
ashy brown, with shafts more broadly marked, thus forming a series of white
splashes in regular lines from throat to under-tail— Young: Second year head
and neck red. W. Himalayas to Kashmir. Six eggs (2-51x 1-7), pale buff,
finely freckled. (J. 806. B. 1345. 0.51. O.G.i. 224. H. & M.i. 143.) See
illustration, p. 86.
40. Tragopan temmincki. Temmincn’s Hornep PHEASANT.
3 25". 9 23”. Legs reddish. Bill black. Orbits blue.—Male- Gular wattle
deep blue, margined red. Occipital crest orange-red. Sides of head naked.
Above Indian red, with grey spots edged black. Below dark Indian red, spotted
grey.— Female: Above dark rufous and grey, with triangular white patches on
back and wings. Below rufous and buff, blotched white. Tail black, mottled
and barred pale rufous. From Mishmi Hills, 8.W. and C. China. (O. 52.
0.G. i, 227.)
41. Tragopan blythi. THe Grey-BeLitiep Hornep Paeasant.
Hur-huria, 4ssam ; Gnu, Naga Hills; Chingto (Kuki).
od 21” to 23”. 9 18” to 20”. Legs light brown. Bill dusky. Orbital skin
orange.—Male: Horns azure. Gular wattle brimstone. Forehead black. Nape
and breast maroon. Abdomen light sepia, with brown markings. Above maroon
with buff and black bars, spotted white on red.—Female: As T. satyra, but
blacker and less ferruginous above and creamy below. Three or four eggs
(2-42 x 1.71), pale buff, minutely speckled brown. N.E. Assam to N.E, Manipur.
{B. 1346. O. 53. O.G. i. 228. H. & M. i. 151.)
Also T. caboti, the Buffy H.P. from S. and E. China. ¢ 23”. Above olive-brown, with
black shafts and buff spots.
Norz.—The following genera of the subfamily Phastanine, viz. Lophura,
Lophophorus, Ithagenes, Galloperdix, Bambusicola, and Ophrysia, all have the
tail shorter than the wing in both sexes.
Genus LOPHURA.
Tail long, of sixteen feathers, laterally compressed. Crested, with naked face
and pair of wattles in both sexes.— Male: With long spur on each tarsus.— Female:
Rather handsomely plumaged. S.E. Asia and some of the islands.
42. Lophura rufa. VisitLot’s Crestep FIREBACK PHEASANT.
Knokwah, Siam ; Mooah-mooah (Malay).
& 27” to 29"; 44 to 5 lbs. 9 23” to 24”; 3 to 34 lbs. Legs vermilion. Bill
white. Naked face and wattles blue-—Male: Crest brush-like with bare shafts,
black. Upper back and below black, glossed purple. Lower back and rump
NA SSS
SS
Z
92,
7
Sungri, 10
39.
LOPHOPHORUS. 87
fiery red. Mid-tail white.—Female: Above chestnut, mottled black. Tail dark
chestnut. Siam and S. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. Eggs pale
brown (2-25 x 1-68). (B. 1335. 0.81. H. & Mi. 213.)
Also L. ignita. The Bornean Crested F.P. ¢ 23”, with lower plumage fiery gold and mid-
tail buff. ¢ 22”, with tail black.
L. diardi. Diard’s Crested F.P. From Shan States, Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin China.
$ 24”, with neck, mantle, and chest grey, finely mottled black, and mid-tail black. Face and
wattles red. 9 21”, with wing-coverts and scapulars black, banded buff. (0.G. i. 246-248.)
Also the genus Acomus. The Crestless Fireback Pheasants, with tail of fourteen feathers.
Crestless. Red face-patch, and spurred in both sexes.
A. erythrophthalmus. The Malayan Crestless F.P. 20”, general colour black, finely
mottled white. 9 184”, black, glossed steel-blue.
A, pyronotus. The Bornean Crestless F.P. 20”, with neck and mantle grey, mottled
black with white shafts.
A, inornatus, The Black Crestless F.P. from Sumatra. 4 184”, (0.G. i, 240-243.)
Genus LOPHOPHORUS.
Abpos=a crest ; popéw=I carry.
Tail rounded, of eighteen feathers. In males the plumage is brilliantly
metallic. Crest elongated or short and curled. Naked eye-space. Stout spur
on each tarsus. From Afghanistan, throughout Himalayas to W. China.
43. Lophophorus refulgens. Taz Common or WHITE-BACKED CRESTED
Moonat PHEasant.
Nil-mor, Kashmir: Moonal, Himalayas; Datteya, Kumaon; Dafia, Nepal ; Cham-
dong, Sikkim ; Nilgur, Chamba ; Fo-dong (Lepcha).
S 26” to 29”; 44 to 53 lbs. 9 24” to 26”; 4 to5 lbs. Legs ashy green. Bill
dark horny. Eye-patch cobalt.—Male: Crest of bare shafts, spade-tipped, metallic
green. Head and throat metallic green. Above glossed purple and green. Lower
back white. Tail cinnamon. Below black.—Female: Head and small crest of brown
feathers, centred white. Chin and throat white. Crown, mantle, rump, and chest
black with buff centres. Lower back irregularly barred black and buff. Tail black,
barred rufous.— Young in first year resemble females, with chin, throat, and vent
spotted black. Males in second year spotted all over with glossy green. Seventh
quill retains brown till third year. From E. Afghanistan to W. Bhutan. Seldom
found at a lower elevation than 10,000 feet. Four to six eggs (2-55 x 1-78), dull
white, speckled brown. See illustration, p. 88.
Nors.—Oates (p. 260) considers that this is Latham’s bird, P. impeyanus.
(J. 804. B. 1342. 0.54. O.G.i. 231, H. & M.i. 125.)
44, Lophophorus impeyanus. THe CHampa or BRONZE-BACKED CRESTED
MoonaL Pueasanr.
oS 26”. Differs from L. refulgens in having the lower back and breast golden
green. Lower plumage highly glossed blue, and some of the tail-coverts maroon,
tipped glossy green.— Female: Not known. Chamba.
Norz.—Oates considers (p. 261) that this should be called L. chambanus.
(B. 1343. 0.55. 0.G. i. 237.)
Also L. mantoni. <A variation of ZL. refulgens, with no bronze-red on neck.
L. obscurus. A variation of L. refulgens, with crest, neck, and mantle very deep green.
L. Vhuysii. De ’Huys’s Crested M.P. from W. China. ¢ 30’. With crest of ordinary
feathers, and the tail bluish green. 9 With lower back white.
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43. Sungri, 10.7.92.
ITHAGENES.—GALLOPERDIX. 89
45. Lophophorus sclateri. Tue Crestiuess MoonaL Pueasant.
3 27", 9 24". Legs dark brown. Bill yellowish. Bright blue eye-patch.—
Male: Short crest of curly golden green feathers. Mantle and wings steel-green.
Entire lower parts and wing-lining velvet-black. Side of the face blue. Middle
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts silver-white, with black shafts. Tail chestnut
with white band.—Female: Lower back pale yellow, mottled brown. Tail black,
tipped and barred whitish. N.E. Assam. (0. 56. O.G. i. 240. H. & M. i. 135.)
Genus ITHAGENES.
lOaryevns = well-known,
Tail slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Bill very short and stout. Large
naked eye-patch. Plumage long and soft.—Male: With full crest and feathers
lanceolate. Two or more spurs on each tarsus.—Female: Sometimes with a
blunt knob on tarsus. Found in flocks of twenty or thirty at altitudes of from
12,000 to 15,000 feet. The principal food consists of tops of pine and juniper
in spring; berries, mosses, and bamboo leaves in winter. The flesh is tough, and
has a strong flavour. Cocks have often five spurs on one leg, and four on the
other. Out of thirty-six birds shot on 10.4.80 by Masson near Sundukphoo.
twenty-two were cocks. Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet, and China. The link between
the Pheasant and the Partridge.
46. Ithagenes cruentus. THe Bioop Pxeasanr.
Cruenttis, a, wum=bloody, gory, blood-stained.
Selmung, Nepal ; Soomong-pho, Sikkim.
3 17” to 194”; 1 to 1 Ib. 2 164” to 17”; 12 oz. tol lb. Legs coral-red,
Bill black. Crest grey. Orbital skin scarlet.—Male: Forehead and feathers
round eye black, Chin, throat, and cheeks crimson. Above dark grey, with
white shaft and black edging. Upper tail-coverts widely margined crimson.
Breast and below pale green, blotched blood-red.—Female: Brown, finely mottled.
Forehead, chin, and throat rusty yellow. Nepal to Tibet. (J. 807. B. 1347.
O. 48. O.G. i. 215. H. & M. i. 155.)
Also £. geoffroyi. Geoffroy’s B.P. from Tibet and China. 17”. Differs from J. cruentus
in having long crest-feathers grey with white shafts, and chin, throat, and chest grey. ¢@ 16”.
Forehead, chin, and throat brown. Eggs (1-95 x 1-31) buff, spotted brown.
Z, sinensis. The Northern B.P. from N. China. g 17%’. Crest black-brown, Chin,
throat, and foreneck dark grey, with white shaft stripes. 916’. Above brown, throat grey,
breast pale brown. (0.G. 218, 219.)
Genus GALLOPERDIX. Srur-Fowt.
Gallus=a cock ; répd.é= Partridge in classical authors.
Of small size. Nude orbits. No comb or wattles. Tail rounded, of fourteen
feathers.— Male. With two or more spurs on each tarsus.—Female: One or more
spurs, rarely none. India (between Bay of Bengal and Indus River) and Ceylon.
Shy, solitary birds, keeping much to wooded ravines.
47. Galloperdix spadiceus. Tur Rep Spur-Fowt.
Chota jungli murghi, C.P.; Kustoor, Deccan; Sarava-koli (Tamil); Yerra kodi
(Telugu) ; Kokatri (Mahratta),
3 14” to 15"; 11 to 14 oz. = 13” to 144”; 9 to 12 oz Legs vermilion.
Bill dusky. Orbital skin red.— Male: Head olive-brown. ‘Forehead black, with
grey edges. Chin and throat pale brown. Plumage above and below chestnut,
with pale grey margins. Tail brown, mottled rufous.—Female: Forehead grey,
90 BAMBUSICOLA.
streaked black. Neck olive. Above brown, banded black, minutely speckled.
Breast red, tipped black. Throat smoky brown. Tail brown, mottled rufous.
India. Four to seven eggs (1-67 x 1-28), pale brown. (J. 814. B. 1349. O. 45.
0.G. i. 206. H. & M. i. 247.)
48. Galloperdix lunulatus. Tur Paintep Spur-Fow..
Liniilatus, lintila, e, f. =a little moon, an ornament worn by women.
Askol, Orissa ; Hootkah, Chanda ; Kul-koli (Tamil) ; Jitta-kodi (Telugu).
od 12” to 134”; 9 to 10 oz, = 12” to 123”; 8 to9 oz, Legs horny brown.
Bill blackish. Space in front of eye feathered.—Male: Head and neck black,
with white streaks and spots. Above chestnut, with white spots, black edged.
Breast buff, with black triangular marks. Tail black—Female: Crown black,
with chestnut shaft stripes. Above dull olive-brown, with dusky margins. Nape
chestnut. Pale ruff and moustache. Below brown, with marginal spots or bands.
— Young have the female plumage, with tertiaries and tail chestnut, banded black.
Young females partly spotted black. India (restricted). Five eggs (1-62 x 1-11),
pale brown. (B. 1350. 0.46. O.G.i. 208. H. & M. i. 255.)
49. Galloperdix bicalcaratus. THe Cryrton Spur-Fow..
Haban-kukula, Ceylon.
Sf 12%” to 144”; 11 to 13 oz 9 11” to 113”; 7 to 10 oz. Legs pale red.
Bill pale red. Orbital skin red.—Male: Crown, neck, mantle, and sides black,
with white shaft streaks. Chin and throat white. Chest black, with white
patches. Below white, edged black. Back chestnut. Tail black. Generally
four and sometimes six spurs. Wing-coverts chestnut, spotted white, edged
black.—Female: Chin and throat white. Plumage chestnut, mottled black.
Seldom devoid of spurs, and often have two or three. Ceylon. Four to six eggs
(1-42 x 1-12), pale buff. (B. 1351. 0.47. O.G.i. 210, HH. & M. i. 262.)
Genus BAMBUSICOLA.
Tail graduated, of fourteen feathers. Males, and sometimes females, have spurs.
Sexes similar. A connecting link between Pheasants and Partridges.
50. Bambusicola fytchii. Toe Inpo-Cuinusz or WESTERN BAMBOO PHEASANT.
Vengte (Kuki).
3 14”; 10 to 14 oz. ¢& 12%” to 134”; 9 to 12 oz. Legs plumbeous. Bill
brown. Eyebrow stripes, sides of head and throat buff. Black band from behind
the eye down side of neck. Plumage above brown. Upper back chestnut,
mottled white. Chest brown, marked chestnut and white. Side- and flank-
feathers have velvet-black heart-shaped spots. Lower back and rump olive-brown,
irregularly barred. Tail rufous, conspicuously banded. N.E. Bengal, Assam,
and N. Burma. Eggs (1-45x 1-11), pale rufous, (B. 1352. O. 44. O.G. i.
202. H. & M. ii. 97.)
Also B. thoracica, The Chinese B.P. 411-8’. 911’. With eyebrow stripes and chest grey.
B. sonorivox. The Formosan B.P. 6 9-6”. ¢ 9”. With chin and throat chestnut, and
sides of face dark grey. Seven to twelve eggs (1-38 x 1-0), cream colour.
Also the genus Ptilopachys. With tail of fourteen feathers, Naked space behind eye. No
spurs. Sexes similar, One species, viz.—
P. fuscus. The African Stone P. $11” 910%. With sides of head and throat brown,
edged white. Above brown, finely mottled white. Mantle and chest sienna, with dark shaft
stripes. Breast buff. Belly brown. Sides and flanks chestnut, irregularly barred white. Eggs
yellowish white, like miniature eggs of the Golden Pheasant, C. pictus, (0.G. i. 202.)
OPHRYSIA. 91
Genus OPHRYSIA.
Tail of ten feathers. Plumage long and soft. No spurs. Supposed to be a
winter migrant from Tibet. Met with in coveys of from six to ten at altitudes
of 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Neither Pheasant, Partridge, nor Quail.
51. Ophrysia superciliosa. Tu Piamy Paeasant, or Mountain Purasant
QualIL.
édpvs (a plant with two leaves)=an eyebrow.
3 10”. 910". Bill coral-red. Legs dull red.—Male: Spots before and
behind eye and beneath ear white. Mid-crown and nape brown-grey, with black
shaft stripes. Forehead and wide band on each side of crown white. Sides of
head, chin, and throat black, with white band on each side of throat. General
plumage grey, edged black. Tail olive-brown.—Female: Spot before and behind
eye white. Eyebrow stripes and sides of head pink-grey. Black band on each
side of crown. Above brown, with black shaft stripes. Tail irregularly barred
and mottled black. No other species of this genus is known. Mussoorie and
Naini Tal. (B. 1348. 0.23. O.G.i.212. H. & M. ii. 106.)
Subfamily PERDICINA.
Cutting edge of lower mandible not serrated. First primary equal to or longer
than tenth (two species of Francolinus excepted). Tail shorter (usually much
shorter) than wing. Sides of head feathered, with or without naked eye-patch.
Extreme form of Partridge wing is found in the Snow-Partridge (Lerwa), where
first primary is equal to third, and but slightly shorter than second (longest).
Also among Quails (Coturnix and Synccus), where first primary is equal to third
and but slightly less than second, and sometimes the first three primaries are sub-
equal and the first primary the longest.
4th primary longest. Tail12 . Purpicuna . .
BusH-QuaILs.
4th, 5th, and 6th primaries longest.
MIcroPERDIx
Tail 10. P : }
2nd primary { Tail 10 or 2 . Corurnix . . TRUE QualLs.
longest Tail 8. : . Excanractoria . Patnrep Quam.
. . ARBORICOLA. F
4th and 5th primaries longest Peewiaennite> . \ Hitt-PartRIDGEs.
: Tail12 . Rowzvzus
5th primary longest, { :
aaa ai ak | i) 5: Oaeaeuanne : } Woop-PartRiDGEs.
3rd primary longest, { Tail 14. Caccazis . . Rep-tzc Parrripess,
Tail 12 . AMMOPERDIX . SaAnpD-PaRTRIDGES.
keen Franco.inus
3rd and 4th l if :
rd ani primaries Longes Ginraonnan. : \ FRANCOLINS.
4th primary longest. Taill6to18. Pxsrprx ‘ - Tru Parrringss.
2nd primary longest. Tail20to22. Trrrao Gattus . Snow-Cocxs,
4th primary longest. Tail 18 . TrrraopHasis* . Grouse PaRtRingEs.
2nd primary longest. Tail 14 . Lerwa ‘ . SNow-Parrtrivces,
Ovowropmonnn®: AMERICAN PaRTRIDGES
AND QUAILS.
* Not represented in India.
92 PERDICULA.—MICROPERDIX.
Subfamily PERDICINZ. OLD WORLD PaRTRIDGES AND QUAILS.
Cutting edge of lower mandible not serrated. First primary equal to or longer
than tenth (two species of Francolinus excepted). Tail shorter (usually much
shorter) than wing. Sides of head feathered, with or without naked eye-patch.
Extreme form of Partridge wing is found in the Snow-Partridge (Lerwa), where
first primary is equal to third and but slightly shorter than second (the longest) ;
also among Quails (Coturnix and Synecus), where first primary is about equal
to the third and but slightly less than second, and sometimes the first three
primaries are subequal or first the longest.
(i.) With outer webs of primaries irregularly barred buff.
Genus PERDICULA.
Bill short and thick. Upper plumage buff, barred black with white shaft streaks.
Shaft streaks on sides wanting. Lower plumage cross-barred or plain, First
primary intermediate between seventh and ninth (fourth longest), Tail of
twelve feathers about half length of wing. Males with blunt spurs. Resemble
Quails in size, but agree better with Partridges in structure and habits. India.
52. Perdicula asiatica. Tue Junete Busa-Quait.
Lowa (Hindi) ; Juhar, Manbhoom ; Girza-pitta (Telugu) ; Kari lowga, Mysore.
3 64" to 7”; 2 to 3 oz. Legs yellow. Bill dusky red.—Male: Chin and
throat chestnut. White superciliary stripe from nostril to nape 13”. Upper
plumage dark red-brown, bordered black, with black bars and buff shaft streaks.
Quills brown with buff spots on outer webs, inner webs plain. Under surface
white or grey barred black.— Female - Lower plumage spotless rufous, with white
shafts. Superciliary stripe nearly 1” long. India and Kashmir. Five to seven
eggs (1:0x 0-85), cream colour. (J. 826. B. 1857. O. 21. O.G. i, 153.
H. & M. ii. 109.)
53. Perdicula argoondah. Tue Rep or Roox Busn-Quat.
Lowa (Hindi) ; Lawunka (Telugu) ; Kemp lowga, Mysore.
3 63” to 7”; 24 to 3 oz «9 62". Legs dull red. Bill dark slaty.—Male-
Head and neck rufous, tipped black. Supercilium from nostril to ear-covert
scarcely perceptible. Throat and chin dull red. Above brown, transversely
barred and edged black. Breast closely barred black and white. Inner webs
of primaries barred like the outer.—Female- rufous. Chin, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts whitish. India. Five to seven eggs (1-02 0-84), glossy white,
tinged buff.
Genus MICROPERDIX,
puxpés = small,
Allied to Perdicula. Slender bill. Upper plumage brown or grey, spotted
black. Lower plumage with round, oval, or cross-shaped black spots. Shaft
streaks on sides wanting. First primary equal to the tenth (fourth, fifth, and
sixth longest, and subequal). _ Tail of ten feathers, rather longer than half length
of wing. Male wants tarsal tubercle. India, including Sind, Assam, and
Manipur.
COTURNIX. 93
54. Microperdix erythrorhynchus. THe Paintep Busa-Qualu.
Sapoora, 9.8.75.
Kokni-lowa (Hindi) ; Kadai (Tamil).
3 6h" to 74”; 24 to 3 oz. Legs fine red. Bill fine red.— Male: Crown black
with white band. Back olive, spotted black. Throat and cheeks white, with
black gorget. Below light chestnut with black spots. Quills brown, with outer
webs barred.—Female: Head brown. Chin rufous. Above olive, blotched
black. Ten to twelve eggs (1-22 x0-91), glossy pale brown. Western India
and Sind.
55. Microperdix blewitti. Tue Eastern Paintep Busa-Qual..
Sirsee-lowa, Mandla, Chanda.
3 6” to 64”; 14 to 24 oz. Legs coral-red. Bill coral-red.— Male: Narrow
black frontal band, with broader white band on‘crown. Breast and below chest-
nut, widely spotted black. Above grey.—Female: Grey, with broad pale frontal
band. Sides spotted. C.P. India. (H. & M. ii. 129.) Shaped something like
a smal] Guinea Fowl.
56. Microperdix manipurensis. Humz’s Paintep Buse-Qualt.
3 74”; 3 oz. Legs orange. Bill dusky.—Male: Forehead, supercilium,
cheeks, chin, and throat maroon. Spots behind eye and ear white. Upper
plumage olive-grey, with central black marks. Shaft streaks on sides wanting.
Below buff, with black shaft streak transversely barred, forming cross-shaped
black marks. Outer webs of primaries barred rufous.—Female: Head, chin,
and throat grey. Below rufous. Sikkim and S.E. Manipur. (B. 1361. 0. 20.
O.G. i. 159.)
Genus COTURNIX.
Coturnix=a Quail, in classical Latin. Etymology unknown.
Bill small and slender. Plumage prominently streaked on back and sides.
Axillaries long and white. First primary equal to third (second longest), or
first second, and third quills are subequal or first longest. Outer web of primaries
barred or plain. Tail of ten or twelve feathers less than half the length of the
wing. Nospurs. Flight rapid, close to the ground, and very straight.
True Quail (Coturniz and Synecus) are most common in §. Asia, but occur
throughout the whole of the Old Continent as far as New Zealand. Of the Blue
Quail (Zacalfactoria), one species occurs in India and China, another extends
from Malaya to the Philippines and Australia, a third off New Guinea, and a
fourth in Africa; but none in Central and Western Asia. The species from the
islands E. of New Guinea (£. lepida) is the smallest game bird in the world.
Bush-Quail (Perdicula and Microperdix) are peculiar to the Indian Empire.
@
94 COTURNIX.
57. Coturnix communis, Tue Common or GREY QUAIL.
Bateyr, Upper India ; Batairo, Sind ; Batri, Lower Bengal ; Soipol, Manipur ; Botah-
surrai, Assam; Burganji, Deccan; Burli, Belgaom; Sipalé-haki, Mysore ; Watwalak,
Kashgar.
3, 2 62" to 84”; 3 to 44 oz. Legs fleshy pink. Bill grey-brown. Male:
Double collar with black band down middle of throat. Above brown with yellow
shaft streaks, black patches, and cross marks. Quills brown, the first with outer
border white, the other primaries and secondaries barred on outer webs rufous
(see illustration), Lower plumage and sides pale rufous, with paler shaft streaks
(see illustration).—Female : Larger than male, with brown spots on breast. No
black throat line. Feathers on chin and throat short and rounded.— Young birds
ashy, spotted black or brown.
Mulleer, 22.9,72.
Sykes, Yarrell, and others say this was the Quail of the Israelites (see No. 5).
The Grey Quail is migratory, and is found throughout the greater part of
Europe, Asia, and Africa. They generally arrive in N. India from C. Asia in
September; occasionally in Sind as early as 16th August, but these come probably
from Arabia and Persia, and remain for a few days only. They leave N. India
in December and January for the south, returning for the wheat and barley
harvests in February, March, and April, finally leaving northward in May.
A few breed in India, and Hume asks (ii. p. 136), “Are these birds the
representatives of a permanently resident race?” Six to ten eggs (1-18 x 0-89),
buff, speckled brown.
The call of the Grey Quail is trisyllabic— Whit / Whit-whit /
“A group of men talking and lounging round a field of waving barley clearly indicates that.
something is on hand, and this something is merely the preliminary to net such Quail as may
have sought shelter in the cover before the crop is cut. The arrangement is very simple.
A few cone-shaped cages, covered with coloured cloth, containing the call birds, are suspended.
COTURNIX. 95
from poles at the end of the field; a large stop net is then spread at this end, reaching from
the ground, and resting so as to cover some 6 or 8 feet on the top of the barley ; two men then
go off with a long rope to the other end of the field, and beating is commenced by drawing
this rope backwards and forwards through the tops of the barley; the rope is very gradually
brought forward, and the Quail, disturbed by the rustling noise, are supposed to run forward
into that part of the field which is covered by the stop net. When the rope has been drawn
to the net, the beaters drop the rope and enter the field, taking the net in one hand, and beating
the barley with the other, while the birds, scared by the noise, jump up and catch themselves
in the net. The birds so caught are at once operated on by the wily Afghan, who draws the
whole of the quills of one wing by a simple bite of his teeth, and the game is popped into a bag
for market, the stronger male birds being selected and reserved for fighting purposes. Many of
the birds fly back, and probably alight in a field less grown; a hawk is then flown across the
field to make these birds lie till they are secured by a small hand net drawn over the spot.
Quail-fighting seems to be a favourite pastime, for, go where you will, every other urchin you
meet will have a quail in his hand, handling and smoothing its feathers, and training it to be
strong by jumping it up and down. Again in the market-place of a morning, the farmers in
the intervals of buying and selling will have a round or two, betting one, two, and even three
rupees, and for the moment all thoughts of business are absorbed in the issue of the bet”
(Kandahar in 1879, pp. 180, 181). The system of netting is also the same in Hazara,—A. Le M.
(J. 829. B. 1355. 0.14. O.G.i.180. H. & M. ii. 133.)
58. Coturnix japonica. Tue Japanese Qual.
& 5-7", Resembles C. communis, but in males the throat and sides of head
are brick-red, without any black bands, and in females the throat is pale buff,
with feathers on chin and throat lengthened and pointed. Japan, Mongolia,
China, and N. India. (0.15. O.G. i. 184.)
Also C. capensis. The Cape Quail from S, Africa and adjacent islands. 4 6-3”. Differing
from C. communis in having the head, chin, and throat bright chestnut, (O.G. ii. 183.)
(ii.) With outer webs of primaries uniform brown without bars.
59. Coturnix coromandelicus. Tur Buack-BrzasTep or Rain QualL.
Bateyr, Upper India; Chanac, Nepal; Batairo, Sind; Kade (Tamil); Chinna-yellichi
(Telugu) ; Ngon, Pegu.
Sapoora, 7.8.75.
& 64” to 73”; 2 to 3 oz. Legs fleshy yellow. Bill dusky. Chin pure white.
Primaries unspotted brown.—Male: Like C. communis, but black bands on
throat and neck more strongly marked, and there is a large black patch on
breast. Sides of body buff-streaked black. Below pale buffi—Female: Larger
than male, breast merely spotted with black.
The Rain Quail is a resident or partially migratory bird, shifting its ground
with the seasons and extending from India to Assam, Sylhet, Burma, and Pegu.
Not observed in Ceylon. (In 1875 they were in full breeding at Sapoora, in
96 EXCALFACTORIA.
Sind, on 7th August, and the young were running about at the Hubb River
on the Ist September, when the Grey Quail came in.—A. Le M.) Four to nine
eggs (1-18 x 0-89), buff, speckled and blotched brown.
The call of the Rain Quail is disyllabic— Whit / whit / and stronger than that
of the Grey Quail. (J. 8380. B. 1356. 0.16. O.G.i.185. H. & M. ii. 151.)
60. Coturnix delegorguei. De.ecorcur’s Qualt.
& 6". Under parts chestnut with large black breast-patch. Africa S. of
15° N. lat. Recently obtained at Aden.
Also C. pectoralis. 7”. The Australian Quail. Head, chin, and throat dull brick-red.
Lower plumage white, with black shaft stripes and a black chest-patch.—Female: Chest and
breast longitudinally barred black, with central buff interspace. Known as the ‘Stubble
Quail” in Tasmania. Seven to fourteen eggs (1-2x 0-94), yellowish white, blotched brown.
Australia and Tasmania.
C. nove zealandie. 7%’. The New Zealand Quail, like C. pectoralis, but head, chin, and
throat are chestnut, with black bar on each side of throat.—Female-: Buff interspace on breast
small or wanting.
Also the genus Synecus, the Swamp-Quails, like Coturnia, but axillary feathers are short
and grey. Three species.
S. australis. 74”. The Australian Swamp-Quail. Sides of head and throat dull grey.
Below buff, with grey centres, and almost devoid of black cross-bars.—Female : Sides of crown
black. Chest pale rufous, barred black. S.E. New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania.
Weight 43 oz. Ten to eighteen eggs (1-17 x 0-92), bluish white, dotted light brown.
S. raalteni, 7%". Raalten’s Swamp-Quail. Head, chin, throat, and below rufous.—Female:
Chest rufous, with black bars nearly obsolete. Timor and Flores.
S. plumbeus. The Grey Swamp-Quail. Resembles S. australis, but plumage more grey.
S.E. New Guinea.
Genus EXCALFACTORIA.
Ecalfactorius, a, um=warming, heating.
First primary subequal to or shorter than second (longest). Sides without
shaft streaks. Outer webs of primaries plain. No spurs. Tail of eight feathers
entirely hidden by upper tail-coverts and less than half length of wing. Mono-
gamous. The Oriental region, Australia, and Africa.
61. Excalfactoria chinensis. THs Buuu-BreasTED or PaInteD Qualt.
Khair-butai, Nepal ; Burli, Deccan ; Ngon, Burma; Peeyo, Malay.
3 5" to 6"; 1 to 2 oz. 9 5”. Legs bright yellow. Bill black.—WMale-
Rich plumage. Chin and throat black, enclosing white cheek-patch. Above
brown, blotched black, with white shaft stripes. Narrow red wing-band. Quills
plain. Breast blue. Below chestnut—Female: brown; breast with dark cross-
bars ; chin and throat white. Ceylon, India, Indo-Chinese countries, Formosa,
and Celebes. Four to six eggs (0-98 x 0-76), olive-brown, speckled purple.
J. 831. B. 1354. 0.17. O.G.i.193. H. & M. ii. 162.)
Also Z. lineata, the Island Painted Quail. Differs from Z. chinensis in being darker above
and more strongly blotched with black. Philippines, Sulu Islands, Borneo, Java, Sumatra,
and Australia.
E. lepida. 4-8", The New Britain Painted Quail. No trace of chestnut on wing-coverts.
Below slaty blue. Vent and under tail-coverts chestnut. The smallest game bird. New
Britain to E. of New Guinea.
E. adansont. 5-2". Adanson’s Painted Quail. Above blackish brown washed slate.
Wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts chestnut. Below slate-grey. Sides and flanks bright
chestnut. Africa S. of 5° N. lat. (0.G. i. 195.)
ARBORICOLA. 97
Genus ARBORICOLA.
A peculiar row of superorbital bones present. Tarsus not spurred. Toes with
very long claws. Tail of fourteen soft feathers less than half length of wing.
Sexes alike in all except forgueolus. Throat and foreneck often thinly covered
or naked. Feathers of neck or throat, or of both, spotted. Patch of downy
feathers under the wing grey. First primary intermediate between eighth and
tenth (fourth and fifth longest). Quills uniformly coloured.
The Hill-Partridges occur throughout the Himalayas, but are found nowhere
else in India proper. They extend into Assam, Burma, and China, They
inhabit hill forests from 7,000 to 11,000 feet, and are usually seen solitary or in
pairs. Of short flight. Occasionally perch. Six to eight eggs, white.
(i.) With upper back barred with black.
62. Arboricola torqueolus. THe Common HiLi-ParrripcE.
Torquis or torques=a twisted neck-chain, necklace.
Roli, Chamba; Peura, Kumaon ; Kaindal, Kangra ; Kangkom, Sikkim.
S 108” to 12”; 134 oz. 9 8 oz. Legs slate-grey. Bill black.—Male : Crown
bright red. Broad necklace, grey, heavily marked dark brown. Foreneck white.
Back olive-brown, barred black. Breast pale ashy. Flank grey, edged chestnut,
with white central spot.—Female: Breast grey, tinged rusty, with middle of
throat rufous, unspotted. Crown brown, with black shaft stripes. Face and
neck rust-red, spotted black. Large white spots on flanks. Chamba to Sikkim
and Manipur. Six to eight eggs (1-58 x 1-25), pale grey, minutely speckled.
(J. 824. B. 1362. 0.26. O.G.i.160. H. & M. ii. 69.)
Se
SATA,
ios
SY
ff
s® M
R. Le M., Mussoorie, 18
98 ARBORICOLA.
63. Arboricola atrigularis. Tu Buack-tHroatep Hri1-PaRrTRIDGE.
Peura, Syihet ; Duboy, Assam; Sanbatai, Chittagong.
3 10” to 11”; 7 to 10 oz. 927 to 10 oz. Legs orange-red. Bill black.
Resembles A. torqueolus, but foreneck is black and flank-feathers are edged olive-
brown with white spots near tips. Crown olive.. Cheeks white. Back broadly
barred and tipped black. Breast pale grey. From E. Assam to E. Bhamo. Four
eggs (1-38 x 1-12), glossy white. (B. 1365. 0.30. O.G.i.163. H. & M. ii. 79.)
Darjeeling, 11.4.88.
Also.4.ardeus. The Hainan H.P. Liked. atrigularis, but with orange-red chest-patch, 8”.
A. crudigularis, The Formosan H.P. Like A. atrigularis, but with lower part of throat
black. 3 94”. (0.G, i. 164.)
A, javanica. The Javan H.P. ¢ 11". Crown red-brown. Above grey, barred black. Chest
grey. Below chestnut.
A. rubirostris. The Red-billed H.P. from Sumatra. Above olive, barred black. Chest
brown. Flanks barred black and white. (0.G. i. 168.)
64. Arboricola brunneipectus. Tue Brown-Breastep HitL-ParTRIDGE.
Toun-hka, Pegu.
S 104” to 114”; 9 to 130z. 10” to 102”; 8 to 12 oz. Legs red. Bill
black. Crown brown. Forehead, supercilia, and cheeks buff. Middle of throat
fawn, densely spotted black. Breast tawny. Above olive, barred black. Wings
strongly marked chestnut. Flanks with white spots, near tips banded black.
Burma and Tenasserim. (B. 1367. O. 31. O.G.i.169. H. & M. ii. 87.)
Also 4. hyperythra. Treacher’s H.P. from N.W. Borneo. Like A. brunneipectus, but
crown is black. Supercilia and cheeks ashy. 104”.
A, erythrophrys. Whitehead’s H.P. from N. Borneo. Like A. hyperythra, but the super-
cilia are black. (0.G. i. 170.)
TROPICOPERDIX. 99
(ii.) With upper back not barred.
65. Arboricola intermedius. Toe Aracan Hitt-Partripce.
Toun-hka, Burma.
g 10’ to 11”. Legs red. Bill black. Crown olive. Lower margin of rufous
throat meeting grey of breast, without black line. Black patch on throat. Above
olive, without bars, but sometimes with dusky margins. N.E. India to Bhamo.
Eggs (1-50 x 1-15) white. (H. & M. ii. 85.)
66. Arboricola rufigularis. THe Rurous-THRoATED HILL-PARTRIDGE.
Lakom, Sikkim ; Pokhu, Daphila Hills; Peura, Kumaun.
$ 10’ to 11”; 7 +010 oz. 9 9” to 104”; 7 to 10 oz. Legs red. Bill black.
Resembles A. intermedius, but lower margin of rufous throat has sharply defined
black line. Breast grey. Flanks grey, spotted white, with chestnut borders.
Above unbarred. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with semi-oval black
spots. Kumaon to Tenasserim. Eggs (151-2) white, with grey specks.
(H. & M. ii. 75.)
Also A. gingica. Sonnerat’s H.P. Like A. rufigularis, with triangular black patch on fore-
neck, with bands of white and maroon.
(iii.) With upper back freckled and mottled.
67. Arboricola mandellii. Tar Bautan Hiu-Partripce.
3 8" to 11”. Legs red. Bill black. Crown chestnut. Back olive, margined,
not barred. Cheeks rust-red, spotted black. Lower margin of rufous throat
with sharply defined black line. Breast maroon. Patch in neck pure white.
Flanks grey, with central white spots and chestnut edges. Sikkim. (H. & M. ii. 83.)
Also A. orientalis. Horsfield’s H.P. from E. Java, 11”. Eyebrow, cheek, and throat
white. Above dark brown, fringed blackish. Flanks grey, irregularly barred black and white.
A. sumatrana. The Sumatran H.P. Differs from A. orientalis in having the back fringed
and barred, no white eye-stripe, and flank-feathers with triple bands.
Genus TROPICOPERDIX.
Differs from Arboricola in wanting the peculiar row of superorbital bones, and
the patch of downy feathers under the wing is white.
68. Tropicoperdix chloropus. THe GReren-LeceEpD Hitt-PartRIpGE.
xAwpés=pale green; rois=a foot.
Toun-hka, Pegu.
3 114” to 12”; 9 to 12 oz. = 103” to 114”; 8 to 10 oz. Legs pale green.
Bill greenish. Crown and above brown, barred black. Chin, throat, eye-stripe,
and sides of neck white, spotted black, not enclosed by black band. Breast olive,
banded black. Flanks buff, irregularly barred black. Axillaries and patch of
downy feathers white. Outer webs of secondaries with rufous bars. Tonghoo
to Tenasserim. (B. 129. O.G.i.172. 0.32. H. & M. ii. 91.)
Also 7. charltoni, The Malayan H.P. Differs from 7. chloropus. Above finely mottled.
Flanks regularly barred. Irregular neck-band of black spots.
100 ROLLULUS.—CALOPERDIX.
Genus ROLLULUS.
Remarkable for wanting the claw of the hind toe. From their colour, fan-like
crest, and different colour of the sexes, they might rather be placed with the
Jungle-Fowl than with the Partridges. The crest is similar to that of the Crowned
Pigeons, and the bare frontal plumes are only represented elsewhere in this family
by some of the American Partridges (Jerdon, iii, p. 580). Placed by Gray in
Tetraonine. Called by Blanford “the Green Wood-Quail.” Long hair-like
bristles on forehead in both sexes. Male with full crest. Tail of twelve feathers
about two-fifths length of wing. First primary equal to tenth (fifth longest).
Claw on hind toe rudimentary or wanting. Naked eye-patch. No spurs.
69. Rollulus roulroul. Tue Rep-crestep Woop-Partripae.
See-oul (Malay); Baniul, Sumatra,
3 102” to 11”; 8 to 10 oz. 2 94” to 103”; 8 oz, Legs red. Bill black.
No spurs.—Male-: Red crest. Facial skin and eyelids bright red. Head black,
with white band between eyes. Below black. Back green. Wings umber.—
Female: Black head, grass-green body, and umber wings. (H. & M. ii. 103.)
8. Tenasserim to Borneo. Eggs (1-52 x 1-21) buff.
Also the genus Melanoperdiz. The Black Wood-Partridges, with tail of twelve feathers.
No crest. Hind toe with rudimentary claw. Sexes differ. One species.
M. nigra. 103%”. The Black Wood-Partridge. Plumage glossy black. ¢ above chestnut,
finely mottled black. Throat and belly whitish. Chest dark chestnut. Malay Peninsula to
Sumatra and Borneo. Five eggs (1-65 x 1-3), white.
Also the genus Hematortyx. The Crimson-headed Wood-Partridges, with tail of twelve
feathers. Hind toe with small but well-developed claw. Male with three pairs of spurs, none
in female. Sexes differ. One species.
EH, sunguiniceps. 104”. The Crimson-headed Wood-Partridge. Crown, nape, cheeks, and
throat dull crimson. Foreneck, chest, and under tail-coverts bright crimson. 9? 10%”.
Throat pale rufous, Foreneck and breast chestnut. N. Borneo. (0.G. i. 174.)
Genus CALOPERDIX.
Tail, as in Arboricola, of fourteen feathers, less than half length of wing, but
feet and claws are shorter, and the claw on hind toe is rudimentary. First
primary is equal to the tenth (four, five, six longest). Sexes alike, but male has
one or more pairs of spurs.
70. Caloperdix oculeus. THe Ferrucinous Woop-PartRIDGE.
xadés=beautiful ; répdut= Partridge ; dciilus=an eye.
Burong, Trung (Malay), Sumatra.
3 102” to 114”; 8 oz. Legs dirty green. Bill black. Head and breast and
below chestnut. Back black, with feathers fringed white. Wings olive-brown,
with round black spots. Flanks barred black and white. Males often double-
spurred. Might be classed with the Pea-Pheasants or Spur-Fowl. It extends up
the Malayan Peninsula.
Also C. sumatrana. The Sumatran W.P. A subspecies which differs from C. oculeus in
having back irregularly cross-barred pale yellow, and basal half of breast-feathers mottled and
barred black.
C. borneensis. The Bornean W.P. Allied to C. oculeus, but the mantle is black.
CACCABIS. 101
Genus CACCABIS.
Caccdébis = kaxxaBls, a collateral form of xaxxdfy, a Partridge, in classical Greek,
Nude eye-patch. Plumage uniformly coloured, not mottled, with flanks trans-
versely banded grey-buff, black, and chestnut. Tail of fourteen feathers from
five-eighths to two-thirds length of wing. First primary equal to fifth or sixth
(third longest). Primaries brown, unbarred, with part of outer web near tip buff.
Sexes alike, but males generally larger. Males with a pair or more of blunt spurs
on each tarsus. Chiefly Palearctic, one species ranging into N. India.
71. Caccabis chucar. Tue Cuuxor Rep-Lteccep Rock-PaRtTRIDGE.
Chukor, India; Chukru, Chamba; Kaukau, Kashmir; Keklik, Yarkand; Kabk, Persia.
Khojak, 2.6.79.
S 147" to 16”; 19 to 27 oz. = 13” to 144”; 13 to 19 oz, Legs red. Bill
red. Crown grey. Black band across forehead, behind eye, round throat, form-
ing a gorget. Above grey orrufous. Breast ashy. Flanks grey, with transverse
bands of black, buff, and chestnut. Lores buff, ear-coverts chestnut. Closely
allied to C. sawatilis (the Western form). From W. Asia to China. Seven to
twelve eggs (1-68 x 1.25), light brown, speckled darker. (J. 820. B. 1370.
O. 38 0.G.i.91. H. & M. ii. 33.)
Also C. saxatilis. The Rock R.L.P. from 8. Europe. $15”, 9? 134”. With throat and
neck white, encircled with black band. Lores black, and ear-coverts black mixed with buff.
C. magna. Prjevalsky’s R.L.P. from N. Tibet. With double collar.
C. rufa. The Common or Spanish R.L.P. from S.W. Europe. Resembles C. saxatilis, but
necklace is margined on chest with black spots. 4 134’. 9183”. Introduced into Britain
about a century ago. Ten to eighteen eggs (1-55 x 1-2), buff, dotted darker.
C. petrosa, The Barbary R.L.P. from N.W. Africa, Sardinia, and the Canaries. 124",
With crown dark chestnut and collar chestnut, spotted white. (0.G. i. 90-97.)
C. spatei. Spatz’s R.L.P. from 8. Tunis ; a paler form of C. petrosa. (0.G. app. ii.)
C. melanocephalus. The Black-headed R.L.P. from S.W, Arabia. 164”. With crown
black and outer tail grey. (0.G. i. 98.)
102 AMMOPERDIX.—FRANCOLINUS.
“Genus AMMOPERDIX.
Of small size. No spur. Tail of twelve feathers, subequal and about half length
of wing. First primary equal to sixth (third longest). Cheek and throat feathered.
Flanks of male longitudinally barred. From Egypt to the Indus.
72. Ammoperdix bonhami. Tuer Srsszz or SanD-PaRTRIDGE.
Sisi, Punjab; Tihu, Persia.
3S 94" to 11”; 7 to 8 oz. = 9” to 92"; 6 to 8 oz. Legs olive-yellow. Bill
pink. Pale brown, freckled. Breast grey. Black streak from forehead across
Chaman, 31.5.79.
eye to behind the ear. Neck blue-grey, spotted white. Lower back, wings, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and mid-tail grey, finely marked buff. Primaries brown, and
all (except first) barred rufous on outer web. Tail chestnut.—Female: Grey,
finely mottled all over. From Euphrates to Indus, Transcaspia to Aden. Eggs
(1-42 x 1-02) cream colour, minutely pitted. (J. 821. B,1371. 0.39. O.G.
i. 99. H. & M. ii. 45.)
Also A. heyi. Hey’s S.P. from Arabia. ¢ 9%”. Differs from A. bonhami in having no
frontal black band. Chin and throat chestnut. (0.G. i. 101.)
A, cholmleyi, Cholmley’s 8.P. from Egypt and Palestine. 6 94”. Differs from A. heyi
in wanting white forehead and lores. (0.G. ii. 293.)
Genus FRANCOLINUS.
Francolinus = proper name.
Rich spotted plumage. Tail of fourteen feathers, even or rounded, rather more
than half the length of the wing. First primary between seventh and tenth
(three and four longest). Two exceptions—F. squamatus and F. schuetti—where
first primary is shorter than tenth. Throat feathered. Sexes usually similar.
—NMale: Without spurs, or with one pair, or with two pairs. Old females some-
times with blunt tubercles. From Cyprus to China, including Ceylon. Here
restricted to three species (originally of African descent), which have a well-
defined row of rufous or buff spots on both webs of the primary flight-feathers,
and a black tail more or less barred with white.
FRANCOLINUS. 103
(i.) With defined row of rufous spots on both webs of primaries.
73. Francolinus vulgaris. THE CommMon FRANCOLIN or BLack MeaDow-PaRTRIDGE.
Kala-titur, India ; Kais-titur, Nepal; Tetra, Garhwal ; Vrembi, Manipur; Taroo,
Afghanistan,
Khairadera, 12.10.72.
3 122” to 144”; 10 to 20 oz = 12)” to 14”; 8 to 17 oz. Legs yellow.
Bill black. Spurs in both sexes.—Male: Head black. White ear-patch. Chest-
nut collar. Upper back and sides of breast black, with white spots on each web.
Lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black, with narrow white bars.—
Female: Plumage below buff, with black spots arrow-shaped. Chestnut patch
on back of neck. Rump and tail brown, with dark-edged buff bars. Throughout
N. and W. India to Assam, but not E. or S. of Manipur. Persia, very common
on the banks of the Tigris, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Cyprus. Six to ten
eggs (1-56 x 1-28), stone colour. Monogamous and pairs for life. Roosts on the
ground, and but rarely perches on trees. (J.818. B.1372. 0.33. O.G.i. 103.
H. & M. ii. 9.)
74, Francolinus pictus. THe Paintep Franco.tin or SOUTHERN
MEaDOW-PARTRIDGE.
Titur, Deccan ; Kakora-kodi (Telugu).
o 11" to 13”; 84 to 13 oz. Legs yellow-red. Bill blackish. No spurs.
Sides of head chestnut, without bands or spots.—Male : Upper back, breast, and
flanks black, with white spots. Scapulars black, with submarginal buff bands.—
Female: Lower plumage variegated black and white. Throat unspotted. W.
and C. India and Ceylon. Six to ten eggs (1-41-18), drab. The southern
representative of F. vulgaris. Found in pairs. Roosts on bushes and trees.
(J. 819. B. 1373. 0. 34. O.G.i.106. H. & M. ii. 19.)
75. Francolinus chinensis. Tus CuHingzsz Francouin or Eastern
MEapow-PaRTRIDGE.
Hka, Pegu ; Nock-kahtah, Siam.
3 12” to 134”; 10 to 14 oz. Legs brown-orange. Bill black. Crown dark
brown,—Male: Black eye-streak, and a second black band from gape to ear-
coverts. Neck, wing-coverts, sides, and breast black, with a row of oval white
or buffy spots on each web of every feather. Comparatively large spur.—Female -
Feathers regularly and closely barred black and fulvous white. Burma and
China. Six to eight eggs (1-5 x 1-2), pale buff. (B. 1374. 0.35. O.G. i. 107.
H. & M. ii. 27.)
104 ORTYGORNIS.
Genus ORTYGORNIS.
Ortyx=éprvi=the Quail, in classical Greek; from the root of verto=I {turn, from its
whirling flight. Cf. Sanskrit vartakas=a Quail, vart=to roll, 8pys=a bird,
Tip of bill well turned over. Included by Blanford and Ogilvie-Grant under
Francolinus, but herein separated to include those species which want the defined
row of rufous spots on both webs of primaries. The feathers of the back and
scapulars with or without white or buff shaft streaks.
(ii.) With no defined row of buff spots on both primaries. Back and scapulars
with white or buff shaft streaks. Breast and flanks buff, uniformly
barred black.
76. Ortygornis pondicerianus. THe Grey or SPURRED or Busu-ParrTriper.
Titur, India ; Goujul-haki, Mysore; Kondari (Tamil); Kuwunzu (Telugu) ; Oussa-
watuwa, Ceylon ; Jirufti (Persian).
o 114” to 184”; 9 to 12 oz §=6 :10” to 12”; 7 to 11 oz, Legs bright red.
Bill plumbeous.—Male: Band over eye and cheeks rufous, Sides of neck
delicately barred black and white. Back, upper tail, and wing-coverts red-brown,
with three bars cream-yellow. Below buff finely but irregularly barred black.
Tail chestnut. Quills brown.—female smaller, with no spurs. India, Ceylon,
and Persian Gulf. Six to nine eggs (1-3 x 1-03), white, tinged brown.
Mayting, 4.11.75.
Also F. lathamt, 10”. Latham’s Francolin from W. Africa, Throat and foreneck black-
Breast black, with white heart-shaped spots.—Female: Above faintly and irregularly barred
rufous and black.
With breast and flanks whitish buff uniformly barred black,
F. coqui. 11”. The Coqui Francolin from E., S., and §.W. Africa. Nape and below
white, regularly barred black. Pair of spurs.—Female: Eyebrow stripes black. Nape and
breast dull chestnut, with white shaft streaks. No spurs.
F. hubbardi. 10”. Hubbard’s Francolin from Victoria Nyanza, Similar to F. cogut, but:
entire breast is uniform buff, unbarred.
F, schlegeli. Schlegel’s Francolin from Equatorial Africa. Differs from F. cogut in having,
shoulders, wing-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries uniform light red. (0.G. i. 108-112.)
ORTYGORNIS. 105
(iii.) With no defined row of buff spots on both primaries. Back and scapulars
with white or buff shaft streaks. Breast and flanks not buff, uniformly
barred black.
77. Ortygornis gularis. Tue Kyau or Swamp-PartTRIDGE.
Kyah, Bengal; Buntitur, India ; Koi, Assam ; Bhil-titar, Cachar.
3 15”; 17 to 22 oz. «9 14%. Legs dull red. Bill black. Sexes alike, but
male has a spur on each tarsus. Above brown, with transverse black-edged
buff bars. Lower plumage streaked, each feather white, with double border
black and brown. Chin and throat chestnut.—Female smaller, with no spur.
N.W.P. to Assam. Five eggs (1-47 x 1-2), cream colour.
Also F. streptophorus. The Ring-necked F. from C.E. Africa. With eyebrow stripe and
throat white, and neck-ring black and white. 411”. No spurs.
F. sephoena. Smith’s F, from 8. Africa. Like F. streptophorus, but neck-feathers are chest-
nut, edged white. $12”. -Pair of spurs.
F. granti. 11”. Grant’s F. from E, Africa. Smaller than F. sephena,
F. kirki. Kirk’s F. from E. Africa and Zanzibar. With oblong spots of chestnut on breast
and belly. 11’. Resembles F. sephena and F. granti.
F. spilogaster. The Spotted F. from N.E, Africa. Like F. kirki, but larger.
F. albigularis. The White-throated F. from W. Africa. Back chestnut, blotched and
barred black. 6 9”. Pair of spurs.
F. spilolemus, Harris’s F. from N.E. Africa. Chin and throat white, with round black
spots. ¢ 12-3”, Pair of spurs.
F. gutturalis. Riippell’s F. from N.E. Africa. Breast and below buff, with black shaft
streaks. Like F. spilolemus. § 124".
F. uluensis, The Ulu F. from E. Africa, An intermediate form between F. gutturalis and
F. africanus. $12". Pair of spurs.
F. africanus, The Pearl-breasted F. from E.S. Africa. Neck-patch of black and white
barred feathers. 13’. Pair of spurs.
F. finschi, Finsch’s F, from 8. W. Africa, Head and throat reddish. ¢ 144”. Pair of spurs.
F. castaneicollis. The Chestnut-naped F. from N.E. Africa. Nearly allied to F. finschi.
Forehead with black rigid feathers. 9 12”.
F. levaillanti. Levaillant’s F. from 8, Africa. Known as the “Redwing.” Rufous throat
encircled by defined line of black and white. ¢ 13”.
F. crawshayi. Crawshay’s F. from Lake Nyasa. Allied to F. levaillanti, but has the throat
white, bordered rusty. ¢ 11”.
F. gariepennis. The Gariep F. from E.S. Africa. Differs from F. levaillanti in that the
upper black and white stripes do not meet on the nape. 4 134”. Pair of spurs. ¢? some-
times with a blunt knob on one or both legs.
F. jugularis, Biittikofri’s F, from W.S, Africa. A paler form of F. gariepennis, but neck-
patch black and white.
F. shelleyi. Shelley’s F. from E.S. Africa. Breast and belly white, with black V-shaped
marks. ¢ 134”.
F. elgonensis. The Elgon F. from C.E. Africa. Nape and upper back rufous, spotted
black. 4 12”.
(iv.) Wath no defined row of buff spots on both webs of primaries. Back and scapulars
without white or buff shaft stripes.
F. adspersus. The close-barred F. from W.S. Africa, Mantle and below narrowly barred
black and white. 3 12-6’. Pair of spurs.
With inner webs of primaries buff, largely barred and mottled.
Ff. griseostratus, The Grey-striped F. from W. Africa. Above chestnut, margined black and
grey. 4 pair of spurs.
F. bicalearatus. The Double-spurred F. from W. Africa. Below pale buff, margined chest-
nut, with racket-shaped black marks. ¢ 12%”.
F. clappertont. Clapperton’s Double-spurred F. from the Soudan. Olive-brown, margined
and irregularly barred buff. Chest buff, with black shaft stripes. 14”.
106 PTERNISTES,
F, gedgit. Gedge’s F. from C.E. Africa. Like F. clappertoni, but crown and above chocolate,
narrowly margined white. 12’. Pair of blunt spurs,
F. hartlaubdi. Hartlaub’s F, from W.S, Africa, Allied to F. clappertoni, but tail is blackish,
barred and edged white.
F. dybrowski, Dybrowski’s F. from Upper Congo. Allied to F. gedgit. Buff bands on
outer web and on margin of inner web of primaries.
F. icterorhynchus, Heuglin’s Double-spurred F. from N.C. Africa, Allied to F. clappertoni.
Below buff, with brown shaft stripes, and often with round black spot. 6 184”. ¢ with one
or two pairs of blunt knobs.
F. sharpii. Sharp's Double-spurred F. from Abyssinia, Allied to F. clappertoni. Breast
dark brown, margined white. 6 134”.
With inner webs of primaries uniform dark brown, sometimes dotted buff towards
marginal extremity.
F. capensis. The Cape F. from S, Africa, known as the “Cape Pheasant.” Above black,
with white lines parallel to margins. Below black, with white shaft stripes, Throat spotted
black. § 16’. With one or two pairs of spurs.
F. natalensis, The Natal F. from E.S. Africa. Below whitish, with V-shaped black marks.
36 134”. With one or two pairs of spurs.
F. hildebrandti, Hildebrandt’s F. from E. Africa. Similar to F. natalensis, but without
black shaft streaks. Below white, with heart-shaped black spots near tips. $134. With
two pairs of spurs.
F. johnstoni. Johnston’s F. from Nyasaland. Like F. hildebrandti, but no heart-shaped
marks,
F. fischeri. Fischer’s F. from E.C. Africa. 9 12-8". Below clear ochre. Spots at
extremities of flight-feathers.
F. squamatus. The Scaled F. from W. Africa. First primary is shorter than tenth. Above
red-brown, blotched black, edged white. 134”. With one or two pairs of spurs. 9 no spurs,
F. schuetti. Schuett’s F. from W. Africa. Similar to F. sguamatus, Above margined grey.
é 13”
F. ahantensis. The Ahanta F. from W. Africa. Below brown, with submarginal white
band, edged blackish brown. 6 14”.
F, jacksoni. Jackson’s F. from E. Africa. Below bright chestnut, widely margined on
both webs white. Bill and feet coral-red. 4 154”. With pair of spurs and supplementary
knob on left foot.
F, erckeli, Erckel’s F. from N.E. Africa, A few outer scapulars have buff shaft stripes.
Grey-brown, margined chestnut. Bill black, feet yellow. 3617’. Two pairs of spurs, 9 no
spurs.
Genus PTERNISTES. Bare-roroatep Franco.ins.
The same as Francolinus, but the throat and large eye-patch is naked. Males with one pair
of spurs, Females without spurs.
(i.) Feathers of back and scapulars with dark shaft stripes.
P. nudicollis, The Cape Bare-throated F. from S. Africa. 4 15%”. Naked skin round eye
and throat crimson. Neck-feathers black, margined grey.
P. humboldti, Humboldt’s B.T.F. from E. Africa. ¢ 14”. Naked skin blood-red.
P. afer. Sclater’s B.T.F. from §.W. Africa. Like P. nudicollis, but eyebrow stripe and
cheek are pure white. 14”.
P. cranchi. Cranch’s B.T.F. from W. Africa. Naked skin crimson. ¢ 14”. Neck, mantle,
chest, and below finely mottled black and white.
P. boehmi. Boehm’s B,T.F. from C.E. Africa, Like P. cranchi, but under plumage with
black shaft stripes,
P. swainsoni. Swainson’s B.T.F. from S. Africa, Naked skin rose colour. 4 14”.
P. rufopictus, Reichenow’s B.T.F. from Equatorial Africa. Naked skin orange. 4 154”.
Neck-feathers white, with black and rufous margins.
(ii.) Feathers of back and scapulars with white shaft stripes.
P. leucoscepus. Gray’s B.T.F. from N.E. Africa, Chest and breast white, margined brown,
Naked skin orange. 4 15”.
P. infuscatus. Cabani’s B.T.F, from E, Africa, The southern representative of P. leucoscepus.
RHIZOTHERA.—PERDIX. 107
Genus RHIZOTHERA. Lonc-pittep Francouins.
The same as Francolinus, but tail is of twelve feathers. First primary is equal to the tenth
(sixth longest). Bill stout, long, and curved. Pair of spurs in both sexes. Sexes quite different.
R. longirostris, The Long-billed F. from Malay Peninsula to Borneo. ¢ 143”. Crown rich
brown. Above chestnut, blotched black. Neck, chest, and upper mantle grey. Below rufous.
9 neck and breast chestnut.
R. dulitensis. Hose’s L.B.F. from Borneo. Chest and breast grey. Below white. (0.G.
i, 112-142.)
Genus PERDIX.
Perdix=répéé, a Partridge, in classical authors,
No spur. Tail of sixteen or eighteen feathers more than half the length of
the wing. First primary intermediate between seventh and eighth (fourth
longest). Sexes nearly alike.
(i.) Tail of siateen feathers. Chest and breast barred black,
78. Perdix hodgsoniz. THe TiseTan PartTRIDGE.
Sakpha, Tibet.
g 13”; 1 Ib. Sexes alike. Legs green. Bill green. Nude crimson eye-
patch. Crown chestnut. Rufous collar. Cheek, chin, and mid-throat white.
Black cheek-patch. Above olive-brown, cross-barred black and buff. Below
white, barred black, with belt of black-edged feathers below representing the
horseshoe of English birds. 8S. Tibet, Kashmir, N. India, Kumaon, and Sikkim.
Ten eggs (1-77 x 1-2), pale drab. (B. 1377. 0.40. O.G.i.143. H. & M. ii. 65.)
Also P. sifanica, Prjevalsky’s P. from Kansu. Like P. hodgsonie, but smaller and with
no black breast-patch. ¢ 104”.
(ii.) Tail of eighteen feathers. Chest and breast not barred black,
P. perdix. The Common Partridge from Europe, W. and C. Asia. Crown brown. Head,
neck, and throat chestnut. Breast grey, finely mottled black, below which is horseshoe-shaped
chestnut patch. Above brownish, narrowly cross-barred black. Lesser and median wing-
coverts and scapulars blotched chestnut but not barred, with only buff shaft stripes. Below
whitish. First flight-feather with extremity rounded in old birds of both sexes and pointed
in birds of the year. 4 12-6’; weight 14 oz. @ with lesser and median wing-coverts and
scapulars black, cross-barred buff, and with buff shaft stripes. Sometimes with horseshoe
breast mark, but generally small or none. Ten to fifteen eggs (1-4x1-1), pale olive-brown.
English Partridges pair about February. The young appear about middle or end of July.
Male watches the nest, but hen alone sits. '
_ P. montana, A curious rufous variety of P. perdix, with whole head and neck rust-red.
Plumage dark chestnut. Grey and cream-coloured and white examples of P. perdix are some-
times met with.
P. damascena, The Migratory P. 10”. A smaller variety of P. perdiz, visiting S. and
C. Europe.
P. daurica. The Bearded P. 114”. The Asiatic representative of P. perdix, but chin and
throat feathers elongated with dark shafts, forming a beard. Breast buff, with black horse-
shoe patch. In the female the black breast-patch is much reduced. Common in S8.E. Siberia,
Mongolia, and N, China, extending to the Kokonor Mountains and other localities in N.E.
districts of Chinese Tibet. (O.G. i. 148-151.)
Genus MARGAROPERDIX.
Tail of twelve feathers about half the length of the wing. First primary between sixth and
seventh. No spurs. Sexes differ.
M. madagascariensis, The Madagascar P. 10”. Above red-brown, with white shaft
stripes. Head and throat black, with white eye-stripe. Mid-chest chestnut. Sides grey.
Breast and belly black, with oval, white spots. Tail black, barred reddish white.—
Female; Sides and flanks barred black. (0.G. i, 152.)
108 TETRAOGALLUS.
Genus TETRAOGALLUS. Swow-Cocgs.
Terpdwy = proper name; gallus=a cock.
Sexes alike, or differing but slightly. Naked eye-patch. Tail of twenty or
twenty-two feathers, five-eighths length of wing. First primary equal to fifth
(second longest). Blunt spurs in males. Confined to Highlands of Asia and
Himalayas. The larger forms approach the Capercailzies in size.
79. Tetraogallus himalayensis. THe Himatayan Snow-Cock.
Kullu, Nepal; Huinwal, Kumaon; Jer-moonal, Mussoorie; Leep, Kulu; Kubuk,
Kashmir ; Galound, Chamba ; Kauk-i-durra, Afghanistan; Kabk-i-dareh, Persia; Utar,
Turkistan.
So 26” to 29"; 5 to 64 lbs. @ 21” to 24”; 3 to4 Ibs. Legs yellow-red. Bill
pale horny. Naked eye-patch yellow. Above ashy grey, minutely freckled.
Primaries white, tipped dusky. Breast white, barred black. Below dark grey.
Under-tail white. Chestnut bands from eye and mouth meet and form a collar.
wen
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R. Le M., Mussoorie, 1864.
TETRAOPHASIS.—LERWA. 109
Only traces of white on basal part of secondaries.— Male has a blunt spur ; female
has none. From Himalayas to Altai Mountains. Five to twelve eggs (2-72 x 1-85),
olive, spotted brown. Found near the snow-line in flocks of from five to thirty.
The ‘ Snow-Pheasant” of Himalayan sportsmen.
Also 7. caspius. The Caspian S.C. from Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Persia. ¢ 24”.
¢ 23”. Like 7. himalayensis, but chest is grey and no chestnut on sides of nape and head.
Basal part of secondaries white.
T. caucasicus. The Caucasian S.C. 4 21”. Resembles 7. caspius, but back of head and
nape are rust-red, with chocolate band down each side of throat. Above barred and mottled
black and buff. (0.G. i. 89, 90.)
(VJ. 816. B. 1878. 0.42. O.G.i.86. H. & M. i. 267.)
80. Tetraogallus tibetanus. Tue Tisetan Snow-Cocx.
Huinwal, Ular (Kirghiz) ; Hailik (Mongol) ; Cunmo (Tanguts) ; Hrak-pa, Sikkim.
3 19” to 213”. 918". Legs 3 coral, ? orange. Bill ¢ orange-red, ? blackish,
orange tip. Naked eye-patch red. Above pale grey, tinged pink, fine freckled.
Primaries French grey, tipped white. Below white, striped black. Under-tail
black. White wing-band. Gorget freckled grey and buff. No white on basal
half of outer quills—Female: Ear-coverts white (Lahore to Yarkand, p. 281).
Tibet to Himalayas, Seldom met with below 15,000 feet in summer.
Also 7, henrici. Prince Henry’s S.C. Differs from S. tibetanws in having throat and chest
grey, with narrow white band down middle of chin and throat. 4 26”.
T. altaicus, The AltaiS.C. Differs from S. tibetanus in having the sides and below uniform
white, the basal part of outer primaries white, and no white at the base of the secondaries.
é 23”. (0.G, i. 85, 86.)
Genus TETRAOPHASIS. Grouse Parrrinces.
Tail of eighteen feathers about three-quarters length of wing. First primary equal to eighth
or ninth (fourth longest), Sexes alike. Males have spurs. Two species of Grouse-like Partridges
from Tibet and W. China.
Tf. obscurus, The Dusky Grouse Partridge from E. Tibet. ¢ 18-6”. Above olive, barred
buff on wings. Below grey, spotted black. Chin, throat, and foreneck chestnut.
T. szechenyit. Szecheny’s G.P. from C. Tibet to Mekong River. 4 17-6”. Differs from
Tf. obscurus in having chin, throat, and foreneck fawn.
Genus LERWA. Swow-Parrrince.
Lerwar=vox barbara,
Eyelids covered with plumelets. Wing expansive. First primary equal to
third, second quill longest. Upper part of tarsi feathered. Tail of fourteen
feathers, four-sevenths length of wing. Males with spur. Sexes similar. A
single species. Combines the colours of a Grouse with the naked leg of a
Partridge. Generally found near rocks and shrubs, very seldom amongst trees.
Feeds on shoots, moss, and roots.
81. Lerwa nivicola. THE Syow-Parrrivcs.
Larwa, Nepal ; Jungooria, Kumaon ; Koor-monal, Garhwal; Barf-ka-titur, Kudu.
3 14” to 16’; 16 to 22 oz. Legs red. Bill bright red. Above minutely
barred black and grey. Below chestnut, with broad white splashes on the flanks.
—Wale has short spurs.—Female like the male, but no spurs. From Kashmir to
H
110 ODONTOPHORIN.—PERISTEROPODES.
Bhutan and China. Eggs dull white, freckled red-brown. (J. 817. B. 1380.
0. 41. O.G.i.79, H. & M. ii. 1.)
R. Le M., Mussoorie, 1864.
Subfamily ODONTOPHORIN/. AMERICAN PARTRIDGES and QUAILS.
Distinguished from all the other subfamilies of Phasianide. by having the cutting edge of
the lower mandible more or less distinetly serrated. Crested (except in Ortyx and Rhynchortyx),
No spurs. Fourth quill longest (except in Dendrortyz). Tail of twelve feathers (except in
Callipepla and Rhynchortyx), It includes the following genera :—
Dendrortyx. Three species of Long-tailed Partridges from Mexico and C. America. Males
varying in length from 134” to 15”.
Callipepla. Two species of Scaly Partridges with tail of fourteen feathers, One from New
Mexico, called also the ‘‘ Blue Quail” or the ‘‘ White Top-knot Quail,” and the other from
Texas, 10%,
Oreortyx. The Plumed Partridge or ‘‘ Mountain Quail” from W.N. America. 94” long.
Lophortyx. Four species of Californian Quail from W.N. America and Mexico. Varying
from 9” to 10” in length.
Philortyx, The Mexican Barred Partridge. 7}” in length.
Eupsychortyx. Hight species of Crested Quails from C. and 8, America, Varying from
8” to 9” in length.
Ortyz. Ten species of Colins or Bobwhites from U.S. America and Mexico. Varying from
Tk" to 9”.
Cyrtonyx. Three species of Harlequin Quails from Mexico and C, America, With long
claws, and varying from 72” to 83” in length.
Dactylortyx. The Long-nailed Partridge from C. America. 9” in length.
Odontophorus. Fifteen species of Thick-billed Partridges from 8, and C, America, Varying
from 94” to 114” in length. Six of these species have the chest and breast spotted with white.
Rhynchortyx. Two species of Long-legged Colins. With tail of ten feathers. From
C. America, 7%” in length. (O.G. ii. 112-163.)
Suborder PERISTEROPODES.
Hind toe on same level as the other toes. Inner notch of breast-bone less than
half the length of the entire breast-bone.
This suborder includes three families, viz. Curassows (Curassows, Mountain
Pheasants, Penelopes, Guans), Hoatzins, and Megapodes (Brush-Turkeys, Maleos,
and Megapodes).
CRACID.—OPISTHOCOMID. 111
Family CRACID. Guans and CuRAssows,
No spurs. Toes long and slender. Hind toe long and on same level as the other toes.
Tail of twelve feathers. The young when hatched are covered with down. Exclusively
American, By their habits they appear to be the link that joins the Pigeons to the Game
Birds.
Guans and Curassows differ from true Game Birds (Tétraonide and Phasianide), and
resemble Megapodes in the position of the hind toe and form of the sternum, but they differ
entirely from the latter in their breeding habits ; the eggs (white and usually two in number)
being laid in a nest, made either in a tree or on the ground, and incubated in the usual
manner. \
Fifty-six species are known, all inhabitants of the forest regions of C. and 8. America, where
they seem to take the place of the ordinary large game birds of the Old World. These may be
grouped into three subfamilies, viz.—
(i.) Cracine, with the height of the upper mandible greater than its width, which includes
the following genera: Crax or True Curassows, large birds, 30” to 35” in length, comprising
eleven species, with curly recurved crest ; Northocraz, one species, 24” long, with flat crest ;
Mitua, three species of razor-billed birds, 28” to 35” in length, with crests not curled; and
Pauxis, one species, 33” long, with short velvety crest and an egg-shaped helmet covering the
base of the bill and forehead.
(ii.) Oreophasine, with height of upper mandible less than its width, containing one species
of Mountain Pheasant, 36” long, with crest almost bare, a straight cylindrical casque on the
top of the head, and cheeks and base of bill densely feathered.
(iii.) Penelopine, with height of upper mandible less than its width, which includes the
following genera :—
Penelope or Penelopes, large Pheasant-like birds from 22” to 35” long, comprising sixteen
species, with feathered crest, the eye-patch, chin, and throat being naked, with median
wattle; Ortalis or Guans, like Pigeons or Partridges, from 16” to 25” long, comprising
seventeen species, with long tail, a band of thin feathers on a bare throat, and no wattle;
Pipile, containing three species of Piping Guans, 30” long, the front neck naked, with a
median wattle; Aburria, a species of wattled Guan, 29” long, having the foreneck feathered
with a long vermiform wattle; and Champetes, containing two species of Sickle-winged Guans,
24” long, with chin and throat feathered, and no wattle. (O.G. 200-258.)
Family OPISTHOCOMID.
Sexes similar. Elongated crest of stiff-shafted feathers, Sides of head naked. Tail of ten
feathers. Fifth secondary quill present. Hind toe very long. The young are hatched naked.
The thumb and first finger being provided with claws, enables them to climb and grasp the
branches soon after they are hatched ; the bill as well as the legs and wings being used for
a similar purpose. They are able to swim and dive with facility. Eggs are double-spotted
like those of a Rail and are laid in a nest of loose twigs built high up over water or soft mud.
Only one genus from 8, America.
O. hoaxin. 23”. Plumage dark brown, glossed olive. (O.G. ii. 259.)
Family MEGAPODIIDA. Movunp-Birps.
Large strong feet and large claws. Tail of from twelve to eighteen feathers,
not always developed. Hind toe long and on same plane as the other toes. No
spurs, Plumage dull green-brown. Frequent sandy soil.
The Brush-Turkeys, Maleos, and Megapodes, varying from 10” to 25” in
length, differ widely in their habits from all other birds. Their eggs (very large
for the size of the bird and laid at considerable intervals) are deposited in the
sand or in a mound raised by one or more pairs of birds. The young are hatched
fully feathered (without the intervention of the parent bird) and able to fly
112 MEGAPODIUS.—HEMIPODII.
almost from birth. Limited geographically to Australia, New Guinea, and certain
of the adjacent islands. One species (I. nicobariensis), which is found far to the
west in the Nicobar Islands, may, however, have been imported. Twenty-six
species are known grouped in two subfamilies, viz.—
Subfamily TALEGALLINZ, TALEGALLAS,
which includes the following genera :—
Tallegallus. The Brush-Turkeys. Four species from New Guinea, birds varying from 20”
to 23” in length, with tail of sixteen feathers, no wattle, and a crest of narrow hair-like feathers,
Catheturus. One species (C. lathami). The Australian Wattled Brush-Turkey. 25” to 26”
long, with tail of eighteen feathers, and a large wattle at the base of the neck.
ipypodius. Two species of Papuan Wattled Brush-Turkeys. 17” to 19” in length, with
tail of sixteen feathers, and a pendulous wattle at the base of the foreneck, and an elevated
fleshy crest extending from the base of the bill to the crown.
Megacephalon. The Maleo. 22’ long. From Celebes. With tail of eighteen feathers, a
large gourd-shaped helmet, and a rounded tubercle behind each nostril. (0.G. ii. 188-200.)
Subfamily MEGApPopINaé.
Large strong feet, placed far back. Tail of twelve and sixteen feathers. Sexes
alike. Jerdon thought that the Lyre Bird of Australia (Menura superba) was
more nearly allied to the Megapodes than to the Wrens and Warblers.
Genus MEGAPODIUS.
péyas=great ; mols=a foot.
Dull green plumage. Long hind toe. Claws long and straight. Tail of twelve
feathers. First primary equal to or shorter than tenth (fifth longest). Secondaries
as long as the primaries. Fore part of legs covered by a single row of large scales.
From the Friendly Islands and Australia to the Philippines and Celebes.
82. Megapodius nicobariensis. Ture Nicopar MrEcapope.
3 144" to 17”; 1} to 24 lbs. Legs dark horny. Bill greenish. Orbits brick-
red. Crown pale olive, grey behind ears. Above olive-brown, below grey-brown.
Breast tinged grey.—Young snuff-brown, with tail-like bunch of fur (Stray
Feathers, ii. 276). Eggs (3-25 x 2-07) pink.
Also fifteen other species of True Megapodes, varying from 93” to 17” in length.
Also Zulipoa. The Painted Megapode, with secondary quills much shorter than the
primaries. 14” long, with tail of twelve feathers.
Also Lipoa. One species (ZL. ocellata) of Ocellated Megapode (the Australian Pheasant).
24” long, with tail of sixteen feathers.
Order HEMIPODII.
Single notch of breast-bone about two-thirds length of entire breast-bone.
Fifth secondary quill present. 4
No hind toe. i . TuRNIx : . Bustarp anp Burron Qualis.
Rudimentary hind toe . Pspionomus* . Pxrain WanbERers.
* Not represented in India.
HEMIPODII.—TURNIX. 113
Order HEMIPODII.
Single notch of breast-bone about two-thirds the length of the entire breast-
bone. Fifth secondary quill present. This suborder contains two genera—
Turniz, with three toes, found throughout the warmer parts of the Old World,
including Australia, and Pedionomus, with rudimentary hind toe, peculiar to
Australia. The females are larger and more handsomely coloured than the males.
Males generally incubate the eggs and tend the young, while the females fight
among themselves for possession of the males. The young are hatched covered
with down and able to run as soon as they leave the eggs.
Family TURNICIDA. THREE-TOED QUAILS and PLAIN WANDERERS.
Jerdon (p. 594) places the Bustard and Button Quails as a subfamily of
Tinamide.
Of small size. Bill slender. Wings moderate. Tail short or none. Lateral
toes short. No spurs, No hind toe (Pedionomus excepted). Frequent bushes
and grass-jungle.
Nors.—Bustard Quails differ more from Quails than the latter do from Pea-Fowl
in structure.
Genus TURNIX.
Turniz, shortened from Coturnizx, g.v., to show that it was a mutilated form, wanting the
hind toe.
First quill as long as others. No hind toe. Tail very short, of twelve feathers:
ina bundle. None are truly migratory.
(i.) Leg (metatarsus) longer than mid-toe and claw.
A. Entire breast cross-barred black. Belly spotless. Sexes differ.
83. Turnix pugnax. Tue Inpian Bustarp Quai.
Gulu, India; Durwa, Rutnagiri; Karehaki, Mysore; Timok (Lepcha); Ngon,
Burma.
Sapoora, 9.8.75.
3 5h” to 64"; 14 to 2 oz 9 6” to 64”; 14 to 24 oz. Legs plumbeous.
Bill dark slaty. No rufous collar.—Male: Chin and throat white. Chest barred
black and buff. Above rufous.—/female : Chin and throat black. Above rufous,
mottled black, margined pale buff.
114 HEMIPODIIL.
T. pugnax is figured by Hume (H. & M. ii. 169), and he also represents the
Burmese form (T. plumbipes) as a separate species (H. & M. ii. 177). Ogilvie-
Grant also describes this species as 7. tatgoor, and calls the Island Bustard Quail
from Ceylon and Java 7. pugnax (0.G. ii. 265-268). Blanford unites all these,
the range being from Sind (see illustration), India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay
Peninsula, and Java, to 8. China. Three or four eggs (0-93 x 0-79), pale lilac,
with brown specks and blotches. (J. 832. B. 1382. 0. 9. O.G. ii. 265.
H. & M. ii. 169.)
Also 7. fasciata. The Philippine B.Q. 6 5-2”, like 7. pugnaz. ¢ 6”, but with well-defined
rufous collar.
T. rufilatus. The Celebean B.Q. 4 5-6”, like 7. pugnax, but with chest barred black and
white. 9 6-6”, with chin and throat white, barred black.
T. powelli. The Sumbawa B.Q. Like Z. rujfilatus, but the male has no rufous on belly,
thighs, and under tail-coverts, and the female has them whitish.
B. Mid-breast not cross-barred black. Throat never black. Sexes similar. Mid-
tail lengthened, pointed, and edged white or buff. Plumage above edged white
or buff, giving the back a scaly appearance.
Mid-breast and belly spotless ; sides spotted or barred black.
84. Turnix dussumieri. Tae Lirrtze Burron Qualt.
Chota Lowa, India; Chimnaj, Mutira ; Tatu-bateyra, Sind; Durwi, Ratmagiri ;
San-gundlu, Orissa.
Sapoora, 9.8.75.
3 5” to 54"; 1 to 14 oz. 9 5h” to 52”; 14 to 14 oz. Legs fleshy white. Bill
plumbeous. Head brown, barred black. Chin and throat pure white. Mid-breast
buff. Sides of breast buff, with black spots. Shoulder-feathers edged golden buff.
Abdomen whitish. Rise once only. Single note. Sexes similar. Migrates all
over India, and extends to Pegu and Formosa. Four to six eggs (0-76 x 0-67),
pale yellow, spotted and mottled darker. (J. 835. B. 1383. 0.10. O.G. ii. 273.
H..& M. ii. 193.)
85. Turnix lepurana. SwmirH’s Burton QvaIL.
¢ 5”. 9 5-7". Sexes similar. Shoulder-feathers margined white. Mid-breast
rust-red. Sides of breast pale buff, with heart-shaped black spots. Plumage
above dull red, the scale-like margins extending to the back of the head. 8. Africa,
and recently obtained at Aden. Four eggs (0-88 x 0-72), white, spotted and
blotched red-brown. (O.G. ii. 272.)
Also 7. sylvatica. The Andalusian B.Q. from S. Europe and N. Africa. Differs only from
T. lepurana in being larger. 6 6". 2 7”.
T. nana, The African B.Q. Differs from 7. dusswmieri in having sides of breast cross-
barred black and white. @ 5-8”.
Mid-breast and belly with round black spots.
T. hottentotta. The S. African B.Q. Resembles 7. nana, but feathers of mid-breast and
belly have round black spots. @ 6-6”.
HEMIPODII. 115
Mid-breast not cross-barred black. Throat never black. But sexes differ, and
mid-tail is neither lengthened, pointed, nor edged. Above uniformly coloured,
without scaly appearance. Shoulder-feathers not edged with golden buff.
86. Turnix tanki. Tas Larcer Button QualL.
Lowa, Upper India ; Pedda-dubba-gundlt (Telugu).
Sapoora, 9.8.75.
¢ 5h’. 9 64". 14 to 14 oz. Legs bright yellow. Bill yellow. Chin and
throat whitish. Sides of breast with round or crescentic black spots. Wing-
coverts light brown, with small black spot margined yellow. Outer primaries
brown, with narrow buff outer margins.—Male has no rufous collar.— Female has
one. Seen singly. re
Jerdon wrongly names this 7. dussumiert. Throughout India, from the
Himalayas to Travancore. Four eggs (0-88 x 0-75), yellowish with purple specks
and blotches. (J. 834. B. 1384. O.11. O.G. ii. 278. H. & M. ii. 187.)
87. Turnix albiventris. Tam Nicopar Burton Qual.
Mool, Nicobars,
3 6"; ld oz. 9 64"; 12 oz. Legs yellow. Bill yellow. Plumage similar
to T. tanki.—Female has broad half-collar chestnut. Two black stripes from
crown to nape. Outer web of first primary nearly white. (H. & M. ii. 199.)
Found in Nicobar and Andaman Islands.
88. Turnix blanfordi. Tse Buruusr Borron Qualtt.
Ngon, Burma.
3 64". 97". Legs yellow. Bill brown. A larger race of J. tank.
Throughout Assam, Burma, and China, but not S. of Tenasserim. (B. 1386.)
Also with shoulder-feathers edged golden buff.
T. whiteheadi, Whitehead’s B.Q. from the Philippines. 4-4”. Mid-tail lengthened.
Back nearly uniform in colour.
T. maculosa, Temminck’s B.Q. from Australia to the Celebes, Like 7. blanfordi, but
shoulder-feathers edged golden buff. ¢5-1”. ¢@ 5-8”.
T. saturata. The New Britain B.Q. Like 7. maculosa, but with no rufous collar. ¢ 5”.
T. rufescens, Wallace’s B.Q. from Timor. 4 5-2”. Upper plumage as in 7. maculosa,
and with rufous breast as in 7. saturata. (O.G. ii, 281, 282.)
C. Neck and breast uniform rufous. Upper tail-coverts covering the true tail. Sexes differ.
TZ. ocellata, The Chestnut-breasted B.Q. from the Philippines. 4 6-4”. Chin and mid-
throat white. No rufous nuchal collar. Black ocelli on wing-coverts. ? 6-9". Throat black.
Neck, chest, and breast uniform chestnut. A rufous collar.
116 PEDIONOMUS.
(ii.) Leg (metatarsus) equal to or shorter than mid toe and claw,
7. nigricollis, The Madagascar B.Q. 6 5-5”. Chin and throat white. Mid-chest and
flanks buff, barred black. ? 5-8”. Chin, throat, and mid-chest black. Breast and belly grey.
T. melanogaster. The Black-breasted B.Q. from E, Australia. 4 6-3”. Chin and mid-
throat pure white. Chest and breast buff, with V-shaped black bars. ¢? 7-5". Sides of face
and throat black. Chest and breast black, tipped white.
T. varia, The Variegated B.Q. from Australia. ¢ 6-4”. No rufous collar. Chest buff,
irregularly spotted grey. ¢ 7-6”. Wing-coverts with irregular white spots, black edged.
Chest grey, with spatulate buff shaft stripe.
T. castanonota. The Chestnut-backed B.Q. from N. Australia, Male like female, but smaller.
¢ 6”. Wing-coverts with white and black ocelli. Chest and breast grey, with white shaft
stripes. :
T. pyrrhothoraz. The Rufous-chested B.Q. from N.E., E., and 8. Australia, 5-2”.
Resembles female. ¢ 6”. Chest, sides of breast, and flanks rufous.
T. velox. The Swift B.Q. from Australia. 4 54”. Similar to female. 95-5". Above
dull red. Sides of head and chest light red.
Genus PEDIONOMUS.
Distinguished from Turnix by having a small hind toe.
P. torquatus. The Collared Plain Wanderer from Australia, ¢ 5-8”. Neck-collar buff.
Upper chest washed bright buff. 9 6.3”. Neck-collar black feathers, white tipped. Neck
and upper chest rust colour. Chin and mid-throat white. (0.G. ii. 283-291.)
&
GRALLATORES.
(WALKERS or WADERS.)
SHORE BIRDS.
S;CRATCHERS.)
N
(Type, Domestic FowL.)
RASORES.
GAME BIRDS.
Wings usually short and rounded.
FEET FORMED FOR WALKING.
Legs very stout.
Bill strong, short, arched.
Order.
CRYPTURI.—An isolated group, intermediate be-
tween Ratite and Carinate
secondary wanting
\
GALLINZE.—Hind toe always present.
has two deep notches in posterior border on each
10 primaries,
Young hatched covered with down (two exceptions)
i:
side of keel.
and able to run at once.
HEMIPODII.—No hind toe (one exception).
notch of breastbone about §$ length of entire breast-
Primaries 10, 5th secondary present
bone,
PTEROCLETES.—Inner notch of breastbone some-
times reduced to a foramen.
Primaries 11. 5th
Breastbone
5th secondary present.
True game birds
Single
ae
\.
|
Suborder.
ALECTOROPODES. — Hind
toe raised above level of
other toes. Inner notch
of breast-bone more than
half the length of entire
breastbone
PERISTEROPODES.— Hind
toe on same level as other
toes. Innernotchof breast-
bone less than half the
* length of entire breast-
bone ae oe
=
TINAMIDZ.—Small hind toe (three exceptions). Always found on the
ground and fly badly. Resemble Partridges in appearance and habits.
PTEROCLIDZ.—Tarsus feathered in front Wings long and pointed.
Hind toe small (one exception).
Tail of 14 or 16 feathers,
Young hatched covered with down
TETRAONIDZ.—Nostrils covered with feathers.
entirely feathered, never armed with spurs.
or naked with comblike processes.
PHASIANIDZ.—Nostrils never hidden by feathers.
wholly naked and often armed with spurs.
never provided with comblike processes.
crest or nude skin or lappets and wattles,
much developed ...
CRACIDE.—No spurs.
of 12 feathers
OPISTHOCOMIDZ.— Hind toe very ae Tail of 10 feathers.
hatched naked
MEGAPODIIDE. —Large strong feet and claws.
feathers not always developed. Young hatched fully feathered
Toes long and slender.
TURNICIDZ.—No hind toe (one exception),
moderate.
marked than male.
Tail short or none,
77
Family. Subfamily. Genus. Page.
{ TINAMIN Z.—With hind toe an ove ae 54
TINAMOTIDIN A. —No hind toe Js
Plumage yellow, variegated brown. yp SAND-GROUSE... 55
Orbits more or less nude. seit ia
Legs sartuily or
Toes densely a ie ont si De as ... GRousE* 60
Tail of 16 to 20 feathers
MELEAGRIN A. —1st primary about equal to10th. TurKzEys* 64
NUMIDINA.—1st primary shorter than 10th .. GUINEA Fow1s* 64
Pra-Fow1s 66
Pra-PHEASANTS 70
EARED PHEASANTS 72
WatTLeED PHEASANTS* 72
CHEER PHEASANTS 72
GoLDEN PHEASANTS * 73
TRUE PHEASANTS 74
BARRED-BACKED Paraucers. 75
Kats PHEASANTS
PHASIANINA,—1st primary much shorter than Sitver PHEASANTS ... 79
10th (Phasianus and Calophasis excepted) “| Junete-Fow.s 81
Koxktass PHEASANTS... 82
HorNED PHEASANTS ... 84
FIrREBACK PHEASANTS 85
Moonau PHEASANTS ... 87
Legs partially or Boop PHEASANTS 89
Toes always naked and Srur-Fow.s ... . 89
Head often furnished with BamBoo PHEASANTS ... 90
Tail of 8 to 24 feathers SronE PHEASANTS“ ... 90
PicgmMy PHEASANTS 91
BusH-QUAILs ... ig 92
PAINTED BusH-QUAILS 93
TRUE QUAILS ... 94
PAINTED QUAILS 96
HILui-PARTRIDGES ar OE
Woop-PaRrTRIDGES ... 100
PERDICIN &.—1st primary ae to or eee than) RED-LEG PaRTRIDGES + 101
10th % ...\ SAND-PARTRIDGES ... 102
FRANCOLINS ... 108
Grey PARTRIDGES .. 104
Swamp-PARTRIDGEs ... . 105
TRUE PARTRIDGES ., 107
Snow-Cocks ... 108
GRousE PARTRIDGEs * . 109
SNow-PaRTRIDGES . 109
ODONTOPHORIN Z. — ae of lower man- ) Amurican PARTRIDGES AND
dible serrated ie e eee \ QUAILS * . 110
CRACIN A oe Curassows * .. 1
Hind toe as Tail OREOPHASINA MOUNTAIN Dagreanes® .. lll
“ PENELOPINA PENELOPES * . 111
Guans* . ill
Paces
‘1 Hoatzins * 111
Tail of 12 to 18 ae ALLEGALLIN BrusH-TuRKEys* aaa 112
MALz£os * .» 112
MEGAPODINZA MEGAPODES . 112
Bill slender. ont} } Bwor QUAILS .. 118
Female larger and more handsomely ¢ TURNICINA . Button Quaits .. 114
Young hatched covered with down PLAIN WANDERERS™.,. . 116
* Not represented in India.
(WALKERS or WADERS.)
GRALLATORES.
SHORE BIRDS.
Bill straight or inclining. Outer toe usually joined to middle one by short web, and to inner toe occasionally.
toes are bordered by a loose web, ALL FLY WELL, WITH LEGS OUT BEHIND.
Tarsus elongated. Wings usually long. Tail usually short.
Lower part of tibia bare,
In a few,
Order.
GRALLZE. — Hind toe
when present slightly
raised. Legs generally
long, tibia partly bare.
Schizognathous,
Breast-bone with one
or with two notches on
each side of posterior
margin (Grues except-
ed). Oil-gland tufted
or none. Young
hatched covered with
down and able to run
(Heliornithide except-
ed). Eggs double-
spotted as
LIMICOLZ.—Hind toe
present or wanting.
Toes partially webbed
or not at all. Tibia
partly bare. Schizog-
nathous. Breast-bone
usually with two
notches on each side
of posterior margin of
breast - bone (several
exceptions with only
one). Oil-gland tufted,
Young hatched covered
with down and able to
run. Eggs double-
spotted Ses
HERODIONES. — Hind
toe on same level -as
others (except in
Storks). Bill, neck,
and leg long. Tibia
partly bare (except in a
few Herons). Desmog-
nathous. Breast-hone
has two notches or one
notch of each side of
posterior margin. Oil-
gland tufted. Young
helpless at birth. Eggs
with or without spots.
:
Suborder. Family. Subfamily.
RALLINA.—No frontal plat
streaked or banded. Sexes:
FULICARIZ.—Hind toe present and raised (Mesitide | RALLIDZ.—Rectrices 12 to 14.
excepted). Single notch on each side of posterior
margin of breast-bone. Oil-gland tufted
Small after-shaft. 5th secondary wanting
GALLINULINZ.—With fro
Plumage uniform. Sexes di
MESITIDZ.—Rectrices 16. Hind to: on same level as others
HELIORNITHIDZ.—Rectrices 18. After-shaft. 5th secondary usually ireienbs
GRUIDZ.—Rectrices 12. Plumage grey or white ;
ARAMIDZ.—Rectrices 12. 1st primary sickle-shaped and spatulate. at tip, ae
EURYPYGIDZ.—Rectrices 12. Breas}-bone with notches. Fed by parents for a time
RHINOCHETIDZ.—Rectrices12. Inntrsecondafies longer than primaries, After-shaft
PSOPHIIDE.—Rectrices 10. No after-shaft : as vet wee
OTITIDZ.—Rectrices 16 to 20. 5tk shea wanting.
game-like ... a ae .
GRUES.—Hind toe present. No notches on posterior
margin of breast-bone (EZurypygide excepted), Oil-
gland tufted cee on eh eo
OTIDES.—No hind toe. Two small notches on each side Plumage mottled and } bs
of posterior margin of breast-bone. No oil-gland ... ee ae S64 ae
G2DICNEMIDZE.—No hind toe. Mid claw not pectinated. Eyes large
DROMADIDZ.—Hind toe raised. Toes long, much webbed. Mid claw notched ...
GLAREOLIDZ.— With or without hind toe. Nostrils impervious. Mid claw pec-
tinated. Tarsus transversely scaled all round a
PARRIDZ.—Four long toes with long claws. Wings spared,
CURSORIINE. —No hind toe
GLAREOLIN £.—With hind
CHARADRIINZ. — Hind to
wanting. Anterior toes sci
nected. Tarsus always reti
hind
HAMATOPODINZE.—No hit
curvirostra excepted). Ant
slightly webbed. Tarsus 1
No distinct summer plumag
CHARADRIIDZE.—With or without hind toe.
reticulated...
Toes moderate. Tarsus usually
TOTANINZ.—With hind to
excepted). Anterior toes fr
or lobed. Tarsus transvers
‘ lated all round (Nwmenius
Plumage in summer and wint
Sexes alike (Pavoncella excep
SCOLOPACIN A. — Hind toe.
toes cleft to base. Tarsus scutells
Plumage rich, streaked black and
CHIONIDIDZ.—Hind toe. Membrane between third and fourth toes. Tarsus }
reticulated all round. Bill complex. Plumage white ae Yee ned
THINOCORYTHIDZ.—Hind toe. Small membrane between third and fourth toes. 1
Tarsus reticulated all round. Bill without sheath. Plumage game -_
PLATALEZ.—Sternum with two notches on each side of IBIDIDZ. —Bill curved downwards. Anterior toes webbed at base.
posterior margin. Hind toe on same plane as others. | PLATALEIDZ.—Bill straight, flattened, dilated at end. Remiges 30
Remiges 25...
CICONLZ.—Sternum with one notch on each side of pos- ( CICONIIDZ.— Bill long, straight, and without grooves ; nodertral hook. Anterior
terior margin. Hallux raised (variable height) oe | toes webbed. No powder-down patches, Mid claw not pectinated
ABRDEIDZ.—Bill slender, straight, grooved at each side. Notched, with no dertral
hook. Web between fourth and third toes; that between second and third obsolete.
Powder-down patches. Loral space bare. Mid claw pectinated ...
ARDEZ.—Sternum with one notch on each side of
posterior margin. Hind toe on same plane...
BALZNICIPITIDZ.—Hind toe on same plane as others. |
tral hook. Anterior toes not webbed. Two powder- -
down patches. Loral space bare
“Oulmen
narrow, grooved for whole length with dertral hook.
Loral space feathered es
Culmen flattened, grooved for whole length with der-
SCOPIDZ.—Hind toe on same plane as others.
All anterior toes webbed. No powder-down ai
Suborder. Family. Subfamily.
RALLINA.—No frontal plate. Plumage |
streaked or banded. Sexes alike
lind toe present and raised (Mesitide | RALLIDH.—Rectrices 12 to 14. Small after-shaft. 5th secondary wanting on |
GALLINULINA.—With frontal shield.
gle notch on each side of posterior
st-bone. Oil-gland tufted ... ae Plumage uniform. Sexes differ
MESITIDZ.—Rectrices 16. Hind tot on same level as others
HELIORNITHIDE.—Rectrices 18. After-shaft. 5ti secondary usually prevent .
GRUIDE.—Rectrices 12. Plumage grey or white
oe present. No notches on posterior | ARAMIDZ.—Rectrices 12. 1st primury sickle-shaped and spatulate at tip.
EVRYPYGIDZ.—Rectrices 12. Breas|-bone with notches. Fed by parents for a time
RHINOCHETIDE.—Rectrices12. Innprsecondafies longer than primaries, After-shaft
PSOPHIIDZ.—Rectrices 10. No after-shaft isi ey ae .
at OTITIDZ.—Rectrices 16 to 20.
game-like ... ce
st-bone (Eurypygide excepted). Oil-
id toe. Two small notches on each side
5th secondary wanting. Plumage mottled and }
rgin of breast-bone. No oil-gland .. ss ner wo =
DICNEMIDZE.—No hind toe. Mid claw not pectinated. Eyes large
DEOMADIDZ.—Hind toe raised. Toes long, much webbed. Mid claw notched ...
GLAREOLIDZ.— With or without hind toe. Nostrils impervious, Mid claw pec-
tinated. Tarsus transversely scaled all round 2 ‘ “
PARRIDZ.—Four long toes with long claws. Wings apurced
CURSORIIN A. —No hind toe ...
GLAREOLINE.—With hind toe
CHARADRIINA. — Hind toe short or
wanting. Anterior toes scarcely con-
nected. Tarsus always reticulated be-
hind
HEMATOPODINA.—No hind toe (Re-
curvirostra excepted). Anterior toes
slightly webbed. ‘Tarsus reticulated.
No distinct summer plumage...
|
CHARADRIIDZ.—With or without hind toe.
reticulated...
Toes moderate. Tarsus usually
TOTANINA.—With hind toe (Calidris
excepted), Anterior toes free, fringed
or lobed. Tarsus transversely scutel-
lated all rounl (Numenius excepted).
Plumage in summer and winter distinct.
Sexes alike (Pavoncella excepted)
toes cleft to base. Tarsus scutellated in front.
Plumage rich, streaked black and yellow
Tarsus }
SCOLOPACINA. — Hind toe. Anterior |
CHIONIDIDZ.—Hind toe. Membrane between third and fourth toes.
reticulated all round. Bill complex. Plumage white ar an a ue
THINOCORYTHIDZ.—Hind toe. Small membrane between third and fourth toes.
Tarsus reticulated all round. Bill without sheath. Plumage game
ernum with tw6 notches on each side of ; IBIDIDZ.—Bill curved downwards. Anterior toes webbed at base.
n. Hind toe on same plane as others. | PLATALEIDZ.—Bill straight, flattened, dilated at end. Remiges 30
Remiges 25...
um with one notch on each side of pos- ( CICONIIDZ.— Bill long, straight, and without grooves ; nodertral hook. Anterior
Hallux raised (variable height) aie | toes webbed. No powder-down patches. Mid claw not pectinated é
ARDEIDZ.—Bill slender, straight, grooved at each side. Notched, with no dertral
hook. Web between fourth and third toes; that between second and third obsolete.
Powder-down patches, Loral space bare. Mid claw pectinated ...
m with one notch on each side of
n. Hind toe on same plane...
ZE.—Hind toe on same plane as others.
d, grooved for whole length with der- | ice
erior toes not webbed. Two powder- |
Loral space bare aie ais
toe on same plane as others. Culmen
| for whole length with dertral hook.
s webbed. No leas -down patches.
hered iss 3 oe
Genus.
RalILs
CRAKES
WatTer-HENS
WatTeEr-Cocks
MoorHENS
Coots...
MESITES* ...
FInFoots
CRANES is oi
LIMPKINS* ... ae
SUN-BITTERNS * ake
Kacus* ats ne
TRUMPETERS *
BusTaRDS
FLORIKINS
StonE-CURLEWS
STONE-PLOVERS
CraB-PLOVERS
CouRIER PLOVERS ...
SwALLow PLovERs...
JACANAS sie oa
TURNSTONES...
LaPwines
Grey PLovERs
GOLDEN PLOVERS
SAND-PLOVERS
DorrERELs ...
RinGED PLOVERS
WattTLep LaPpwincs
SPUR-WINGED PLOVERS
OysTER-CATCHERS ...
STILTS
Files
To
CuRLEWS...
WHIMBEELS ...
GopwItTs “sia
AVOcCET SANDPIPERS
YELLOW-SHANKS
GREEN-SHANKS
SANDPIPERS ...
RED-SHANKS ...
Woon-SANDPIPERS ...
RvuFFs
SANDERLINGS
STINTS
PECTORAL SANDPIPERS
_ Knots
‘CuRLEW STINTS
DUNLINS
BRoaAD-BILLED Siusts
PHALAROPES
Woopcocks ...
SNIPES
PAINTED SNIPES
SHEATHBILLS*
SEED-SNIPEs *
IBISEs..,
SPOONBILLS ...
STorKs
OPEN BILLs ...
ADJUTANTS ...
PAINTED STORKS
Herons re
EcRETS
RezFr HERONS
Nicut Herons
BoatTsitis* ...
Matay BITTeRns
GrreEen HERons
Ponp-HErRoxs
CaTTLe Ecrets
BITTERNS
SHOEBILLS*
HAMMERHEADS*
204
* Not represented in India.
121
4
GRALLATORES. SHORE BIRDS.
Waders.
The term GrRaLLaTores (derived from grddior, to take steps) is applied by
ornithologists to the Shore Birds, from their stalking, walking, or wading. Shore
Birds frequent edges of rivers, seas, lakes, and a few dry plains and deserts; they
feed on fish, reptiles, molluscs, insects, and a few on vegetable matter. In large
numbers there is a vernal moult, and plumage changes considerably, in many
becoming more or less black, in others rufous.
Lower part of tibia bare. Tarsus elongated. Wings usually long. Tail
usually short. Bill straight or inclining. Outer toe usually joined to middle
one by short web, and to inner toe occasionally. In a few, toes are bordered by
loose web, ALL FLY WELL, WITH LEGS OUT BEHIND.
Order GRALLAS.
Hind toe, when present, slightly raised. Legs generally long, and part of the
* Not represented in India,
tibia bare. Schizognathous. Young hatched covered with down and able to run.
(Heliornis, helpless and nearly naked). Eggs double-spotted.
Rattus ;
HyYpoTznipIA. Ralts,
CrEX :
PoRZANA ‘
: . nes Raina ; Craxkzs.
Single notch on each side of posterior Warer-HEns.
margin of breast-bone. Hind toe AMAURORNIS :
present GaALLICREX . . Warter-Cocgs.
GALLINULA . =
PorpPHyYRIO . : | Moonnexs,
Fourica Coors.
MesitTss*
HELIOPals . FinFoots.
Gaus . } CRANES.
ANTHROPOIDES .
‘No notches on posterior margin of | ARaMIDa* , LImprIns,
breast-bone. Hind toe present Evuryryeipz* . Sun Birrerns.
RHINocHETIDE* , Kaguvs.
\ PsopHupz”* TRUMPETERS.
; Otis :
No hind toe. Two small notches OD: | Bosna ae eer
each side of posterior margin of Hoveara ;
breast-bone . : SyPHEOTIS . FLoriKins.
122 GRALLZ.—FULICARLA.
Order GRALLAG
Includes Rails, Crakes, Water-Hens, Water-Cocks, Moorhens, Coots, Finfoots,
Cranes, Limpkins or Courlans,* Sun Bitterns,* Kagus,* Trumpeters,* Bustards,
and Florikins. Hind toe, when present, slightly raised. Legs generally long,
and part of tibia is bare. Breast-bone with one or two notches on each side of
posterior margin, or none. Oil-gland tufted, or none. Schizognathous, or birds
with vomer narrow behind, pointed in front; maxillo palatines free. Young are
hatched covered with down and able to run (except in Heliornithide, where the
young are helpless and nearly naked). Eggs double-spotted, one set of spots
distinct and deeply coloured on the surface, the second set purplish or-grey, less
distinct, and apparently beneath the surface.
Suborder FULICARIA.
A single notch on each side of posterior margin of breast-bone. Oil-gland
tufted. Hind toe present and raised (Mesitide excepted). Young are hatched
covered with down and able to run or swim at once (Heliornis excepted). Includes
Rails, Crakes, Water-Hens, Water-Cocks, Moorhens, Coots, and Finfoots.
Family RALLIDZ.
Rallus =thin.
The Rails, Crakes, Water-Hens, and Coots are marsh birds, varying in length
from 4}” to 214”. The breast-bone resembles that of Turnix with its single notch.
Bill short and wedge-shaped, longer in True Rails, shorter and stouter in Crakes,
and very deep in the Gallinules. Large feet, short legs. Hind toe always raised.
Tail short, of ten to fourteen feathers, or none. Wing rounded, often with spur.
Second or third quill longest, sometimes two, three, four subequal. Remiges
twenty-three to twenty-six. Fifth secondary wanting. Small after-shaft. Forehead
feathered or with a shield. Feet slender and long. ‘Toes free, or sometimes
webbed and scalloped.
Extensively represented in Australia and Oceania; less so in Malayan Islands.
General aspect and partially vegetable diet give them the appearance of Gallinaceous
birds. Many eggs double-spotted. Nest in grass or rushes. Young hatched
with down, and able to run or swim within a few hours. Cosmopolitan.
Subfamily Ratuinz. Ralts.
No frontal plate. Beak much compressed. Plumage soft and loose, brown,
streaked, and often banded. Sexes alike in colour. Mostly of small size.
(i.) Culmen longer than mid toe and claw. Tarsus equal to or less than
mid toe and claw.
Genus RALLUS.
Railus, the Latinised form of the French Réle (spelt Rasle in Bélon, 1555); our Raid, Dutch
Ral; akin to rattle. :
Bill longer than head (tip slightly curved) and grooved for two-thirds of length.
Nostril in groove nearer base of bill than tip. Forehead of bristly feathers.
* Not represented in India.
HYPOTANIDIA. 123
Wing short. Second quill longest usually. Remiges twenty-six. No white
marks on back. Tail short. Toes slender and free. Mid toe and claw varying
from 13” to 23”.
89. Rallus indicus. Tue Inpran Warter-Ralt.
3S 104” to 12”; 44 to 6 oz. Legs dingy pink. Bill 14”, dull red. Eye-streaks,
cheeks, and sides of throat grey. Chin and mid-throat white. Above olive-brown,
with black streaks. Under-tail white, rufous, and black. China, Siberia, and
Japan, but visits India in cold season. (J. 914. B. 1387. H. and M. ii. 257.)
90. Rallus aquaticus. THe Water-Ralt..
Aquaticus=living in or by the water, dqgua.
Yekan tokhisi, Yarkand.
$ 12”; 3 to 5 oz. Legs flesh-brown. Bill 12”, red. More grey than R. indicus.
No facial stripe. Throughout Europe and the Palearctic region as far HE. as
Cabul and Yarkand. A rare winter visitor to Himalayas. Hight to ten eggs
(1-4 x 1-05), stone colour, spotted purple. (B. 1388, H. & M. ii. 261.)
Also R. peruvianus, Similar to R. aquaticus, but smaller.
R, elegans, 144”, from N. America; and two subspecies, 15” and 16”, from California and
Mexico.
R. longtrostris, 104”, from Guiana; and six subspecies, varying from 12” to 15”, from Brazil,
N. America, W. Indies and Cuba.
. virgianus, 8%”, From N, and C, America.
. equatorialis, 7%”. From W.S. America.
. antarcticus. 7%". From 8S, America,
. semiplumbeus. 6%". From S. America.
. cerulescens, The Blue-necked Rail. 94”. From S. Africa.
. madagascariensis, 12”,
Also there are ten species of extinct Rails from France and Germany. (B.M. Cat., xxiii. 227.)
Also the genus Limnopardalus, with indication of a small frontal shield, the nostril placed
about centre of the bill, and mid toe and claw varying from 1-2” to 2.45”, Three species, all
from 8. America.
L. maculatus, 104"; L. eytirhynchus, 104”; and two subspecies, 124” and 154”; and L. nigricans,
12”, (B.M. Cat., xxiii, 8-32.)
bo by by by by by
Genus HYPOTANIDIA.
Bill is shorter than tarsus, but in Indian representatives it equals the tarsus.
With white bars or spots on the back. Mid toe and claw varying from 13” to 23”.
Widely distributed in Oriental and Australian regions,
Throat white.
91. Hypotenidia striata. THe Buue-sreastep BaNnpED Ral.
Wade-kodi (Telugu) ; Yay-gyet, Burma.
3 93" to 114”; 34 to 5 oz. Legs dingy pink. Bill 14”, reddish. Chin and
mid-throat white. Above olive, with narrow white bars edged black. Vent and
under-tail dull, with white bands. Face, neck, and breast blue-grey. White
banding on wings. S.E. Asia, Malay Archipelago, Philippines, and Celebes.
Resident in India, Ceylon, and Burma. Five to seven eggs (1-35 x 1-02), stone
colour, spotted brown. (J. 913. B. 1389.)
124 CREX
92. Hypotenidia obscurior. THz ANnpamanEsE BanpEp Ral.
3 114” to 122”. Legs slaty green. Bill 13”, Indian red. Resembles H. striata.
Face, sides of neck, and breast lead-grey. Forehead and crown dark maroon.
Above dark brown, banded white. The Andaman Islands. Four to six eggs
(1-43x 1). (H. & M. it. 253.)
Also H. brachypus, 74", from W. and S. Australia and Tasmania; and H. muelleri, from
Auckland Islands ; and one subspecies (extinct), H. pacifica, from Tahiti.
H. philippinensis, 114”, from Philippines to Celebes, the Moluccas, Australia, New Zealand,
and Pacific Islands ; and one subspecies, 103”, from Macquarie Islands.
a Throat black, or black, barred white.
HH. torquata. 11”. From Philippines.
H, celebensis, 18%”. From Celebes,
EH, jentinki. 11”. From Sula Islands.
, saturata. 13”. From New Guinea.
H, sulcirostris. 104’. From Sulu Islands,
HH. insignis. 12”. From New Britain.
Also the genus Cabalus, with genys distinctly decurved at tip. Mid toe and claw 2”.
Three species—C. dieffenbachi, 7", and C. modestus, 7”, from Chatham Islands; and C. sylves-
tris, 12”, from Lord Howe Island.
Tarsus longer than mid toe and claw.
Also the genus Zulabeornis, with no bare patch behind eye. Mid toe and claw from 2-2” to 2-7".
Three species—E. castaneiventris, 17”, from N. Australia and Aru Islands ; Z. pecilopterus, 18”,
from Fiji Islands ; and £. woodfordi, 144”, from Solomon Islands.
Also the genus Tricholimnas, plumage soft and hair-like. Mid toe and claw 24”. One
species—T". lafresnayanus, 17”, from New Caledonia.
Also the genus Gymnocrex, with bare patch behind eye. Two species—G. rosenbergi, 7”,
from Celebes; and G@. plumbeiventris, 13”, from Moluccas, New Guinea, and Solomon Islands,
Also the genus Aramidopsis. One species—A. platent, 114”, from Celebes.
Also the genus Aramides, with tail somewhat shortened. Mid toe and claw from 2-05” to 8-4”.
Eight species and three subspecies, from 104” to 164”, all confined to Neotropical region.
Also the genus Megacrex, with frontal shield distinct and tail decomposed. Incapable of
flight. One species—J. inepta, from 17” to 214”, from S. New Guinea,
Also the genus Habroptila, small frontal shield, plumage black. Mid toe and claw 2-85”.
One species—H. wallacei, 15”, from the Moluccas. (B.M. Cat., xxiii. 37-63.)
(ii.) Culmen shorter than mid toe and claw.
Genus CREX.
Bill shorter than head. Forehead feathered. Wing broad, second quill longest.
Remiges twenty-six. Plumage striped above. Tail pointed, rectrices narrow.
93. Crex pratensis. THe Lanp-Ratt or CoRNcRAKE.
Crex = xpéé, a Rail, in classical Greek. Cf. xpéxw=I strike so as to sound.
3 10”. 99”. Legs pale brown. Bill 1,4”, pale brown. In winter, crown,
hind neck, back, rump, and tail black, margined brown and grey. Wing rufous.
Chin, throat, and abdomen whitish. In summer the eye-stripes, cheeks, fore-
neck, and breast are grey. Young hatched with black down. Mid toe and claw
14”. A-single species. Migratory. Found in summer throughout Europe and
C. Asia, and in winter in Africa and Arabia. Said to occur in N. India. (B. 1391.)
Also the genus @nolimnas, One species, with uniform plumage. Mid toe and claw 2-6”,
@. isabellina, 9”, from Celebes.
Also the genus Amaurolimnas, One species, with culmen as long as inner toe. Mid toe
and claw 14”. A. concolor, 94”, from C, America.
Also the genus Anurolimnas. Two species, with tail obsolete. Mid toe and claw from 1-55"
to 1-7”. A. castaneiceps, 7”, and A, hauawelli, 64”, from 8, America.
PORZANA, 125
Secondaries not so long as primaries.
Genus PORZANA.
Porzana, the Italian name; also written Sforzana (Salvadori) and Forzane. Of unknown
derivation.
Small, short-billed, long-toed Water-Rails. Bill equals length of head, some-
what narrowed in middle. Wings rounded. Second quill longest, or two and
three equal. Tail short, nearly covered by tail-coverts. Toes long, slender, and
smooth. Sharp claws. Mid toe and claw from 1-2” to 1-8”. Cosmopolitan.
Breast uniform, not spotted white.
94, Porzana parva. THe Litre CRAKE.
3 8"; 12 oz. 9 72” to 8”; 14 to 14 oz. Legs yellow-green. Bill yellow-
green, red base.—Male: Throat and breast ashy, banded white on abdomen.
Outer edge of first primary brown. Above dark brown, splotched black. Mid
toe and claw 1-6”.—Female: Below isabelline buff. Europe, 8.W. and C. Asia.
Migratory to Africa and N. India in cold weather.
Calcutta, 5.2.88,
95. Porzana pusilla. THe Eastern Batuton’s Crake.
BAILLonI, in honour of Louis Antoine Frangois Baillon, of Abbeville, who died about 1855.
He first found the species in Picardy, and gave Vieillot details of its habits, etc.
dhilli, Nepal.
3 63” to 72”; 1 to 20z. Legs yellow-green, Bill 3”, dark green. Mid toe
cand claw 1}”. Above yellow-brown, with white irregular spots black-edged.
Beneath grey. Under-tail black, with white crossbar. Outer edge of first
primary white. Sexes alike. Eastern Asia, India, Ceylon, Burma, Afghanistan,
and Baluchistan. In W. Asia and Europe replaced by P. intermedia. Six to
126 RALLINA.
eight eggs (1-16 x 0-87), pale olive, thickly freckled. (J. 910. B. 1393. H. & M.
ii. 203.)
Also P, carolina, 8”. With white breast. From N. and C. America,
P. fuminea, 7”. With slate-grey breast. From Australia.
P. albicollis, 94’. With ashy breast. From 8S, America.
P. intermedia. 7”, With grey breast. From C. Europe, Persia, and Africa.
P. afinis, 7”. From New Zealand.
P. palustris, 6”. With grey breast. From Australia,
P. spiloptera. 54”. With leaden breast. From Buenos Aires,
P. flaviventris, 5”. With buff breast. From S. America, Cuba, Jamaica.
P. tabuensis, 64", with slate breast, from Oceania ; and one subspecies—P. tahitiensis.
P. gelapagoensis. 5%”. With grey breast. From the Galapagos, (B.M. Cat., xxiii, 97-113.)
Breast spotted with white.
96. Porzana maruetta. THe Srortep CRaAkE.
Maruetta, Latinised from the French la Marouette. The word is probably not Italian, as it.
is not mentioned by Salvadori.
Khairi, Bengal ; Venna-mudi-kodi (Telugu).
3 84” to 9"; 3 to 4 oz. Legs bright green. Mid toe and claw 1-7”. Bill
orange and yellow.—Male: Above olive-brown, blotched. All feathers spotted
and streaked white. Nape black and white. Chin and throat dark grey. Breast
grey, spotted white. Flanks barred white. Abdomen white. Female marked
like the male, but chin is white, and breast light brown with white spots. Found
in summer in Europe and W. and C. Asia, and migrating in winter to N. Africa
and India. (J. 909. B. 1394. H. & M. ii. 213.)
Also the genus Pennula. Two species from Sandwich Islands, with tail-feathers entirely
hidden. Mid toe and claw from 1-35” to 1:5". P. ecaudata, 54’; and P. sandwichiensis, 5%’.
Also the genus Aphanolimnas. One species—A. monasa, with tail hidden, from Kushai.
Also the genus Corethrura. Eight species and one subspecies. From 44” to 64”. With
nostrils pervious. From Africa and Madagascar. Mid toe and claw from 0-85” to 1-3”.
Also the genus Rallicula. Three species. From 8” to 84”. With nostrils closed. Mid toe
and claw 14”. From New Guinea.
Also the genus Thyrorhina. One species. 5”. With nostrils closed. Mid toe and claw
0-8”. From 8S. America.
Also the genus Ortygops, Four species, with white secondary quills. Mid toe and claw from
0-9” to 1-25”. 0. novaboracensis, 54”, from N. America; O. exquisita, 54”, from E. Siberia and.
Japan to N.E. China; 0. notata, 53”, from S. America; and 0. ayresi, 53”, from S.E. Africa.
Also the genus Poliolimnas, One species, with variegated plumage, and wing fully developed.
P. cinereus, 74", from the Malayan Islands, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Mid toe and
claw 2-1”.
Also the genus Porzanula. One species—P. palmeri, 5”, with variegated plumage, and wing
feeble, from N. Pacific Island, Laysan. Mid toe and claw 1-2”.
Also the genus Creciscus. With variegated plumage, and wing fully developed. Mid toe
and claw from 1” to 1-55”. Thirteen species and four subspecies. 4}” to 62”. From the greater
part of the New World.
Also the genus Limnocoraz, One species. Mid toe and claw 1.8”. L. niger, with black
plumage, from Africa. (B.M. Cat., xxiii. 114-150.)
Genus RALLINA.
Culmen less than inner toe and claw. Wing rounded. Third quill longest.
Mid toe and claw from 1#” to 2”. Secondaries shorter than or as long as
primaries.
RALLINA—AMAURORNIS. 127
97. Rallina superciliaris. THe Banpgep CRakE.
3 92" to 102”. Legs leaden brown. Bill 14”, green.—Male: Crown, nape,
and back of neck rich chestnut. Back and wings olive. Chin and upper throat
white. Below, including wing-lining and lower tail-coverts, barred white and
dusky black. Old females resemble males, but without bars on wing-coverts.
India, Ceylon, Burma, and Malayan Peninsula. A winter visitor. Summer
quarters and breeding haunts unknown. (J. 912. 3B. 1395. H. & M. ii. 237.)
98. Rallina fasciata. THe Matayan BANDED CRAKE.
3 84" to 92”; 22 to 42 oz. Legs coral-red. Bill slaty. Orbital ring, gape,
and skin of chin vermilion. Chin and throat whitish. Sides of neck and breast
chestnut. Above chestnut. Back and wings rufous. Abdomen heavily banded
black and white. From Burma, through Indo-Malayan region, to Celebes and
the Moluccas. (B. 1396. H. & M. ii. 235.)
Also R. euryzonoides, 84”, from the Philippines; and one subspecies, RA. separia, from Liu-
Kiu Islands.
R. minahasa. 104”. From Celebes and Sulu Islands, Mid toe and claw 12”.
R. tricolor. 114”. From N.E. Australia, New Guinea, and Aru Islands,
Also the genus Ocydromus, with wing-coverts lengthened. Three species from New Zealand—
O. australis, 19”, the Weka Rail; 0. eagli, 174”; and O. brachypterus, 174’; and one species—
O. insignis (extinct), from Chatham Islands. The Ocydrome, or Swift Runner, has a skeleton
like the Dodo. The Maoris say that this bird interbreeds freely with common poultry.
Also the genus Aphanapteryz, flightless and long billed (now extinct). ,
A, broeckii, from Mauritius; 4. hawkinsi, from Chatham Islands; and 4. leguati, from
Rodriguez.
Also the genus Himatornis, with tarsus longer than mid toe and claw. One species—
E hematopus, 15”, from W. Africa.
Also the genus Dryolimnas, with nostrils longitudinal and very narrow. One species—
D, cuvieri, 94", from Madagascar and Mauritius; and one subspecies—D. aldabranus, 10%", from
Aldabra Island.
Also the genus Canirallus, with nostrils large, oval, and pervious. Mid toe and claw 0-85”.
Two species—C. oculeus, 13", from W. Africa; and C. kioloides, 103”, from Madagascar. (B.M.
Cat., xxiii, 64-73.)
Secondaries as long as the primaries.
99. Rallina canningi. Tar ANnpAaMANESE BANDED CRAKE.
3 13” to 143”. Legs olive-green. Bill 13”, pale green. Head, neck, and
above chestnut. Below black, banded white. Andaman Islands. Six eggs
(1-4 x 1-09), pinkish, streaked and blotched chestnut. (B.1397. H. & M. ii. 241.)
Also the genus Stictolimnas, with second and third quills equal and longest. One species—
S. sharpii, 9”, from S. America.
Also the genus Crecopsis. One species—C. egregia, 9”, from tropical Africa,
Genus AMAURORNIS.
Bill much shorter than mid toe and claw. Wing rounded, third quill longest;
second quill as long as fifth or sixth. Secondaries shorter than primaries. Plum-
age more nearly uniform. Culmen sometimes swollen at base. Mid toe and
claw from 2}” to 24”.
128 AMAURORNIS.
Bill not swollen at base.
100. Amaurornis fuscus. Tue Ruppy Crake.
Chota Boder, Nepal ; Yay-gyet, Pegu.
3 7%” to 82". Legs red. Bill red, tip green. Above olive-brown. Vent and
under-tail barred white. Head and breast deep red. Chin and throat whitish.
India, Ceylon, and Burma to Java, Borneo, the Philippines, China, and Japan.
Breeds in Bengal, July to September. Five eggs (1-2 x 0-84), white with inky
spots. (J. 911. B. 1398. H. & M. ii. 217.)
101. Amaurornis bicolor. ExLwss’s Crake.
é¢ 8” to 9”. Legs dull red. Bill greenish. Head, neck, and breast ashy.
Back and wings chestnut. Tail black. From Nepal to Assam and Manipur.
gs (1-4 1-0) white, spotted sepia. (B. 1399. H. and M. ii. 217.)
102. Amaurornis akool. THe Brown Crake.
3 10%” to 12”; 4 to 6 oz, 9 10” to 114”; 34 to 5 0z. Legs dull lake-red.
Bill green.— Male: Head black. Above olive-brown. Wings and tail dusky.
Under-tail deep brown.—Female: The same, but without the black on head and
the chin clearly white. Rather a Moorhen than a Rail. Resident in N. India,
and met with throughout India generally, the N. Khasi Hills, and in China.
Breeds twice in the monsoon. Four to eight eggs (1-49 x 1-1), pinkish with red-
brown spots. (J. 908. B. 1400. H. & M. ii. 217.)
Also the genus Limnobenus. Three species—L. phwopygus, from Liu-Kiu Archipelago ;
L. paykulli, 84”, from E. Siberia, China, Malay Peninsula, Java, and Borneo; and L. margin-
alis, 9”, from W. Africa.
Bill swollen at base.
103. Amaurornis phenicurus. THz WHITE-BREASTED WATER-HEN.
gpowtkovpos=a bird.
Dawak, India ; Kureyn, Gondwarra; Kurayi, Sind; Kinati, Oudh ; Bolikadi (Telugu);
Tannin-koli, Ceylon; Kalu-gwet, Burma.
3 12%". Legs green. Mid toe 2-7”. Bill 1”, green, ridge orange. Forehead,
sides of face, chin, throat, foreneck, and breast white. Above black, with green
reflections. Under tail-coverts chestnut. Quills brown. Outer margin of first
primary and edge of wing white. India, Ceylon, Burma, to Celebes and For-
mosa. Breeds from May to September. Four to eight eggs (1-57 x 1-18), buff,
spotted and blotched purple. (J. 907. B. 1401.)
104. Amaurornis insularis. Tor AnDamMANESE WatTER-HEn.
3 12”. 212". Legs yellow. Bill pale green. Similar to A. phenicurus,
but the white of the forehead is extended to the crown, and on the breast is
restricted to a narrow strip. Andaman Islands and Nicobars.
Also A. olivaceus. 114”. From the Philippines.
A. moluceana. 104”. From the Moluccas to New Guinea and New Britain and N.E. Australia.
Also the genus Rougetius. One species—R. rougeti, 11”, with long and slender bill, from
N.E. Africa,
Also the genus Meocrex. One species—W. erythrops, 7”, with stout bill, and nasal groove
indistinct, from S. America. Mid toe and claw 1-3”,
GALLINULIN4@.—GALLICREX. 129
Subfamily GALLINULINA.
With frontal shield. Toes narrowly bordered or lobed. More aquatic than
Rails, and plumage generally uniform in colour.
Genus GALLICREX.
Posterior caruncle on frontal shield pointed. Toes without lateral membrane,
Third quill usually longest, or second, third, and fourth quills subequal. Sexes
differ.
105. Gallicrex cinerea. Tus Warer-Cock.
Kora, Khora, India ; Kettala, Ceylon ; Boun-dote, Burma,
3 16" to 17”; 914”. Legs, ¢ dullred; ¢ dull green. Mid toe 3-6”. Bill
red, tip yellow.—Jn summer: Male dull black, edged brown. Edge of wing
white, and white on outer web of first primary. In autumn male moults into
the female garb.—Female: Brown, edged fulvous. Beneath buff, barred brown.
India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Japan, Philippines, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.
Breeds in July and August. Eggs (1-7x 1-27) light brown, spotted purple.
(J. 904. B. 1403.)
Also the genus Psammocrex, One species. 17”. Mid toe without claw 1-85”. P. petiti, from
the Lower Congo (said to be identical with H. hematopus).
Also the genus Porphyriola. Three species. 9%” to 11”. With mid toe and claw from
2-6” to 3”, and no posterior caruncle to frontal shield. From S. Europe, Africa, and America.
Also the genus Parendiastes. One species—P. pacificus, 9", with mid toe and claw 1-6”,
large frontal shield, nostrils linear, not pervious, from the Samoa Islands.
Also the genus Microtribonyx. One species—M. ventralis, 104”, with mid toe and claw 3-1”;
the culmen dilated at base, nostrils oval, large, and pervious, from Australia.
Also the genus Zribonyx. One species—7. mortieri, 14”, with mid toe and claw 23”, the
culmen dilated at base, secondaries as long as primaries, wing feeble, from 8. Australia and
Tasmania; and the extinct species, 7. effwxus, from Queensland. (B.M. Cat., xxiii. 164-166.)
Genus GALLINULA.
Gallinitla=a chicken ; diminutive of gallina=a hen.
Bill bent up at base, forming a small fore shield, rounded behind. Nostrils
elongate. Wings very long. Second quill longest, or second and third equal.
Secondaries less than primaries. Toes varying in length from 2-3” to 3-6”, and
narrowly fringed. Remiges twenty-three. Found over the greater portion of
Old and New Worlds.
106. Gallinula chloropus. THe Mooruen.
Chlordpus =green-footed, from xAwpébs + rods.
Godhan, Behar ; Jumbu Kodi (Telugu); Jal murghi, Bengal.
g 13”. 912”. Legs green, with orange garter. Mid toe and claw 2-95”.
Bill red, tip yellow. Head grey. Above olive. Beneath grey. Chin and
abdomen speckled white. Flanks streaked white. Under-tail white, with black
feathers superposed. Edge of bastard wing white. Outer web of first primary
white. Found throughout the greater part of Europe, Africa, and Asia, including
I
130 PORPHYRIO.
India, Ceylon, and Burma. Five to nine eggs (1.62 x 1-21), drab, spotted red,
Young leave the nest as soon as hatched. (J. 905. B. 1402.)
Mandalay, 15.2.89.
Also G. lepida. Species undetermined.
G, tenebrosa. 14%’. From E. and §. Australia and S. New Guinea.
G. frontata. 14”, From Australia, New Guinea, Moluccas, Celebes, and Borneo.
G. galeata, 14”, from greater part of New World; and one subspecies from Sandwich Islands.
G. angulata, 9”, from Africa ; and two extinct Gallinules from Queensland.
Also the genus Porphyriornis. Two species, with fringe to toes nearly obsolete, and wing
feeble. P. nesiotis, 10”, from Tristan d’Acunha; and P, comori, 11”, from Gough Island. Mid
toe and claw 2-7”.
Also the genus Porphyriops. One species, with frontal shield pointed posteriorly. Mid toe
and claw 2-4”. P. melanops, 9”, from S. America (B. M. Cat., xxiii. 166-182).
Genus PORPHYRIO.
Porphyrio= moppupiwy=a red-coloured water-bird known to the Greeks: from mop¢ipa=
purple,
Base of bill prolonged to top of head and squarely truncated behind. Wings
rounded ; second, third, and fourth quills subequal. Toes very long, from 3-8”
to 4.9”, Plumage blue. Sexes alike. Africa, India, Burma, 8. China, Malayan
Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand, and South Sea Islands.
107. Mandalay, 15.2.89,
132 FULICA.
107. Porphyrio poliocephalus. Tar Purptze Moornen.
Keim, Kharim, India ; Kem, Bengal ; Nila bolakodi (Telugu) ; Sannary, Ceylon.
3 18” to 19”. Legs brick-red, joints darkened. Bill red, with spot. Mid toe
and claw 4-65”. Wing-coverts pale blue. Breast pure blue. Under-tail white.
Caucasus to Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, India, Ceylon, Burma. Six to eight eggs
(1-93 x 1-39), pale pink, spotted red and purple. (J. 902. B. 1404.) See
illustration, p. 131.
Also P. pajliatus. Range unknown.
P. cerulescens. Formerly in Réunion.
P. mackintoshi. Extinct species from New Zealand.
P. ceruleus. 16”. Mid toe and claw 4-9". From Mediterranean countries.
P. porphyrio. 16”. Mid toe and claw 4-6”. From Africa.
. benmelent. From Sumatra.
calvus, 15%”. Mid toe and claw 3-8”. Java to 8. Celebes.
edwardsi. 18”. Mid toe and claw 4-35”. Cochin China to Malay Peninsula.
. ellioti. 154”. Mid toe and claw 4”. From Admiralty Islands.
. bellus. 174”. Mid toe and claw 4-6’. From W. Australia.
chathamensis. 17”. Mid toe and claw 3-8”. From Chatham Islands.
smaragdimus. 15”. Mid toe and claw 3-8’. N. Celebes to Fiji and Friendly Islands.
. samoensis. 184”. Mid toe and claw 3-7”. Samoan Islands.
, melanonotus, 16”, mid toe and claw 4-5”, from Australia and Tasmania, New Zealand and
New Guinea; with one subspecies—P. pelewensis, 15”, mid toe and claw 4-1”, from Pelew Islands.
P. pulverulentus. 15”. Mid toe and claw 4-2’. From the Philippines.
Also the genus Notornis. One species. Without power of flight. Wing-coverts elongated.
N. mantelli, 20”, mid toe and claw 3-7”; and one species, WV. alba, now extinct, from Norfolk
Island:
Also the genus Aptornis, now extinct, from New Zealand. Two species—A. otidiformis
from North Island and A. defossor from South Island.
Genus FULICA.
Fulicé =a Coot, in classical Latin; akin to ¢ad-axpés = bald-headed.
Bill with shield on forehead. Toes lobed and clear to base. Tarsus with
membranous fringe behind. Second and third quills longest. Remiges twenty-
five. Secondaries as long as primaries. Plumage dark grey or blackish. Sexes
alike.
byte ty ty tote ty thy
108. Fulica atra. THE Coot.
Atra=black.
Dasari, India ; Bara godhan, Purneah ; Boli kodi (Telugu).
3 144” to 16’. Legs with three garters. Mid toe and claw 3-85”. Bill white.
Head, neck, and under tail-coverts deep black. Above blackish, tinged blue.
Under parts ashy.—In Young: Under parts grey, with white tips to secondaries.
Europe, Asia, Japan, and the Philippines, India (not observed in Ceylon), Burma,
and the Malayan Archipelago as far as Java. Seven to twelve eggs (1-98 x 1-4),
grey, speckled with black. (J. 903. 3B. 1405.) See illustration, p. 133.
Also F. cristata. 16”. Mid toe and claw 4-2”. Outer secondaries without white tips.
Frontal shield corrugated. Africa.
F. australis. 14”. Mid toe and claw 3-4”, With frontal shield smooth. From Australia
and Tasmania.
Secondaries with white tips. Under tail-coverts white.
‘ Five species from 8. America.
F. cornuta. 19”. Frontal shield with caruncles.
F. ardesiaca. 16”. Mid toe and claw 4”. Frontal shield plain and rounded.
F. armiliata, 18”. Mid toe and claw 4”. Frontal shield pointed.
F. leucopyga. 14”. Mid toe and claw 3-4”. First primary plain.
F. gigantea. 20”. Mid toe and claw 54”. Toes dark red.
108. Fulica atra, 22.10.75.
134 HELIORNITHIDA.—GRUES.
Outer secondaries with broad white tips.
F. americana. 14”. Mid toe and claw 3-1”. Billdusky. From N. and C. America.
fF. caribea, 184”. Mid toe and claw 3-1”. From the Lesser Antilles.
F. leucoptera. 11”. Mid toe and claw 3-1. Bill yellow. From S. America.
F. alai. 11%”. Mid toe and claw 3-2”, Bill yellow. From Sandwich Islands.
F. nove zealandie. Not identified.
Also the extinct species—F. newtont, from Mauritius; F'. minor, from Oregon; F, desjardint
and F. prior, from Queensland.
Also the extinct genus Leguatra. One species—L. gigantea, from Mauritius.
Also five fossil genera of Rallide—Gypsornis, one species, from France; Telmatornis, two
species, from New Jersey ; Orthocnemus, four species, from 8, France ; Elaphrocnemus, three
species, from 8S. France; and Tapinopus, one species, from S. France.
Also the family MrsiTIpa, akin to the Rallidw, but with hind toe on same level as others.
Rectrices sixteen. Primaries ten. Breast-bone with deep notch on each side. Five pairs of
powder-down patches (two dorsal, two ventral, and one lateral). Billshorter than head. Nostrils
linear, upturned, more than half length of beak, and covered above. One genus—WMesites. One
species—WM, variegata, 104”, mid toe and claw 1-05”, from Madagascar.
Family HELIORNITHIDA.
Externally like, but larger than Rails. Toes with scalloped lateral webs. No
after-shaft. Fifth secondary present (wanting in Heliornis). Tail of eighteen
feathers. Young hatched naked and helpless.
Genus HELIOPAIS.
No frontal shield. Toes webbed only at base, lobed as in Coots and broadly
fringed. Wing round. Second quill longest or second and third equal. Tail of
eighteen feathers, about half the length of the wing, short and rounded, soft and
broad. Sexes differ slightly.
109. Heliopais personata. Tae Maskrp Finroot.
3 22”. 2 204”. Legs light green. Bill orange. Mid toe and claw 3-1”.
Hind toe has no lobe or web. Tail of eighteen feathers, much rounded.—Male :
Crown and hind neck bluish grey. Forehead, face, chin, and throat black. Sides
drab. Breast, abdomen, lower tail-coverts white. Back and scapulars dark brown.
Female: Chin, throat, and foreneck white, with black border. From Assam to
Sumatra. (B. 1406.)
Also the genus Heliornis. One species—H. fulica, 12”, with toes webbed for nearly two-
thirds of length, from 8. and C. America.
Also the genus Podica. Two species, from Africa, with tail-feathers narrow and pointed,
long, stiff, and ribbed. P. senegalensis, 21", mid toe and claw 3-1”; and P. petersi, 23”, mid
toe and claw 3-4”. (B.M. Cat., xxiii, 229-235.)
Suborder GRUES.
No notches on posterior margin of breast-bone (Hurypygide excepted). Oil-
gland tufted. Hind toe present. Young hatched clad in down and run at once.
Includes Cranes, Limpkins or Courlans (Aramide),* Sun Bitterns,* Kagus,* and
Trumpeters.*
* Not represented in India.
GRUIDA.—GRUS 135
Family GRUIDA. TruE CRANES.
Bill equal to or longer than head, stout, straight, and slightly cleft. Nostril
shut in by large posterior membrane. Lower mandible slightly grooved. Mid
claw smooth. Hind toe small and raised. Large size. Plumage grey or white.
Long neck and legs. Rectrices twelve, primaries eleven. Sternum with no
notches behind, but perforated in front. No powder-down patches. Inner
secondaries longer than primaries, and generally composed of drooping plumes
with dissociated webs. Fifth secondary wanting. Small after-shaft.
Inhabit the Palearctic region, migrating to India and N. Africa in winter.
A rare straggler to portion of the United Kingdom, probably from Scandinavia.
Migratory and gregarious. Breed on the ground. Two eggs. Appear to pair
for life. Young hatched clad in down and run at once. ‘Externally allied to
Bustards ; while internal anatomy is more that of Plovers.
Genus GRUS.
Grus=a Crane, in classical Latin ; akin to yépavos, gallus, garrio=I chatter, etc.
Base of bill, orbits, and sometimes whole head nude. Wings long, third quill
usually longest. Remiges thirty-three. Tertiaries lengthened and overhanging.
Tail short. Sexes alike. The greater part of Europe and N. Asia, N.E. Africa,
India, China, and N. America.
Without straw-like bristles on the nape. Nostrils linear.
110. Grus communis. THz Common Crane.
Kooroonch, Koorch, N. W.P.; Kul-lung, Upper India; Kunj, Sind; Kallam,
Deccan ; Kulungi (Telugu) ; Wainu, Manipur.
3 43” to 48”; 94 to 13 Ibs. Legs dull black. Mid toe and claw 4-2”. Bill
green, tip white. Slate-coloured patch between gape and eye. Forehead nude,
with black hairs. Crown nude, blackish, with occipital red band. White bands
from eyes, which continue and meet down back of neck. Five or six beautifully
curled lavender feathers with black tips at elbow of wing. Plumage ashy blue.
Inner secondaries with drooping plumes of decomposed feathers.— Young birds
want the naked patch. Migratory. N. Europe and N. Asia, wintering in
S. Europe, N. Africa, 8.W. Asia, N. India, and China. Arrives in India in
August and leaves in March. Two or three eggs (3-9 x 2-4), grey, blotched and
spotted red-brown. (J. 865. B. 1407. H.& M. iii. 21.) See illustration, p. 136.
Also G, lilfordi. The same species as G, communis, but catalogued as distinct.
G. mexicana, 40°. Mid toe and claw 4”. From U.S. America,
G. canadensis, 35”. Mid toe and claw 3-3”. The Brown Crane from N. America.
G. monachus, 36”. Mid toe and claw 4-1’. Breeds in Siberia, winters in China.
G, nigricollis, 48”. From Kokonor.
G. japonensis. 50”. Mid toe and claw 5-2”. From E. Siberia and Japan, and wintering in
China.
Also ten fossil species (three from Italy, one Malta, one Greece, two France, one Hampshire,
one New Jersey, and one Nebraska).
Also the genus Limnogeranus, with crown and cheeks bare. One species—L. americanus,
48”, mid toe and claw 4-4”. The Hooping Crane, from N, America, (B.M. Cat., xxiii.
253-260.)
Sambalkar, 27.10.89,
110.
ANTHROPOIDES. 137
111. Grus antigone. THe Sarus CRANE.
Sirhaus (Hindi); Khur-sang, Assam; Sarus, Gyogya, Aracan,
3 56” to 60”; 16 to 20 lbs. 9 53” to 55”; 15 to 174 lbs. Legs rose-red.
Mid toe and claw 5”, Bill green, tip brown. Head and neck nude, crimson,
with few black hairs. White neck-ring.—Jn summer: Collar pure white.
Resident in N. India, Usually seen in pairs and often with one or two young
birds. Pair for life. Two or three eggs (3-96 x 2-56), white, blotched pale
brown. (J. 863. B. 1409. H. & M. iii. 1.)
112. Grus sharpii. THe Burmese Sarus Crane.
Gyo-gya, Burma.
Similar to G. antigone, but the neck grey and not white. 3 40”. Mid toe
and claw 5-4”. 9 40”. Burma, Siam, and Cochin China.
Also @. (antigone) australasiana. 42”. Mid toe and claw 3-6’. From E. Australia.
Also the genus Pseudogeranus. One species—P. leucauchen, 40’, mid toe and claw 4%”,
from E. Siberia, Japan, and China.
Also the genus Bugeronus. One species—B. carwnculatus, 54”, mid toe and claw 6-8’,
the wattled Heron of S. Africa.
Also the genus Tetrapteryz, One species—T. paradisea, 40”, mid toe and claw 4.3”,
from S. Africa,
113. Grus leucogeranus. THe Larce Wuits, or SNOW-WREATH, or
SiBERIAN CRANE.
Karekhur, ¥.W.P. ; Tunhi, Oudh ; Chini Kalung, Hansi ; Syakbal, Cabul.
3 52” to 56”; 16 to 19 lbs. 9 48” to 53”; 124 to 16 lbs. Legs red. Bill
umber. Quills black. Face naked, red. Plumage white. Rare visitor to N.W.
India. Breeds in Siberia. (J. 864. B. 1408. H. & M. iii. 11.)
Genus ANTHROPOIDES.
dvOpwroe.d7s=in the shape of a man.
Head and neck densely feathered, with white plumes behind ear-coverts.
Neck and breast-feathers lanceolate and hackled.
114. Anthropoides virgo. THe DemoisELLE Crane.
Virgo=a maiden, from the bird’s elegant appearance and dancing propensity.
Karkarra, N.W.P.; Ghanto, Nepal; Kurkurchi, Sattara; Parouthakee, Mysore ;
Wadakoraka (Telugu) ; Shuck duruck, Cabwi.
3 31” to 36”; 5 to 6% lbs. Legs black. Bill green, tip pink. Face, neck,
and breast-plumes black. Eye-tuft of white decomposed feathers.— Young birds
have no black and want ear-tuft. Migratory. Breeds in S. & E. Europe, S.
Siberia, C. & W. Asia. Winters in N.E. Africa, India and China. One was
shot at Deerness, Orkney, in 1863, and one (female) at Brancaster, Norfolk, in
1899, feeding in a cornfield. (J. 866. B. 1411. H. & M. iii, 31.)
Also the genus Balearica, with tuft of straw-like bristles on nape, and nostrils oblique,
Three species from Africa—B. pavonina, 37”, the Crowned Crane; B. chrysopelargus, 34”, mid
toe and claw 4-4”; and B. abbericeps, 37”, mid toe and claw 4-1",
Also the fossil genera Geranopsis, two species (one from Hampshire, one from 8, France) ;
and Aletornis, five species (from Wyoming).
138 OTIDES.—OTIS.
Also the following families of Wading Birds, with hind toe raised :—
(i.) ARamMIp&Z The family of Limpkins, or Courlans, intermediate between Rails and
Cranes. Rectrices twelve. Sternum as in Cranes, with no posterior notches. Bill longer than
head, curved, and Rail-like. Nostrils in deep groove. Secondaries as long as primaries, First
primary sickle-shaped, and spatulate at tip. Four bare tracts on body, extending up neck.
Ten to twelve eggs, large as a Turkey’s, white, blotched purple, having a powdered appearance.
One genus, Aramus, with two species—A scolopaceus, 22”, mid toe and claw 3-8”, from 8.
America ; and 4. pictus, 27”, mid toe and claw 4-2”, from Florida to Panama.
(ii.) Eurypyerpz. Sun Bitterns. Rectrices twelve. Primaries ten. Sternum with
posterior notches on each side. Bare tracts on body, not extending beyond base of neck. Bill
Rail-like, longer than head. Nostrils horizontal. Inner secondaries nearly reaching tips of
primaries. Young fed by parents for some weeks. One genus, Hurypyga, with two species—
E. helias, 18”, mid toe and claw 1-75”, the Sun-Bittern of S. America; and Z. major, 17”, mid
toe and claw 1-9”, from C. America to Ecuador.
(iii.) RurnocuetTipa. Kagus. Rectrices twelve. Primaries ten. Sternum with no posterior
notch. After-shaft. One pair of powder-down patches on side of rump. Four bare body
tracts, extending up neck. Billas long as head. Nostril basal, in broad depression, entirely
hidden. No lateral groove in mandible. Inner secondaries longer than primaries. One genus,
Rhinochetus, one species—R. jubata, the Kagu, with large drooping crest, 22”, mid toe and
claw 2-3”, from New Caledonia. :
(iv.) PsopHiipa#, Trumpeters. Rectrices ten, Sternum with no notch on posterior margin.
No after-shaft. Long tract on the neck bare. Plumage soft. Under tail-coverts long and lax.
Bill shorter than head. Nostrils ovate and pervious with posterior membrane. Nest on the
ground. Two eggs, light ash colour. One genus, Psophia, five species, confined to 8S. America—
P. crepitans, 21”, mid toe and claw 2-8”, the Gold-breasted Trumpeter; P. napensis, 19", mid
toe and claw 2-5”; P. leucoptera, 20”, mid toe and claw 2-8”; P. ochroptera, 19”, mid toe and
claw 2-8”; P. viridis, 17”, mid toe and claw 2-5”. (B. M. Cat., xxiii. 236-281.)
Suborder OTIDES.
Two small notches on each side of posterior margin of breast-bone. No oil-
gland. No hind toe. Young hatched covered with down, and run almost at
once.
Family OTIDIDAS. BustTarps and FLoRIKINs.
Bill flattened and obtuse. Three short toes, with connecting membrane.
Plumage mottled and game-like. KRectrices sixteen to twenty. Primaries eleven.
Secondaries nearly as long as primaries. Fifth secondary wanting. After-shaft.
A gular pouch in some species. No lateral bare tract on side of neck. Tarsi
covered with reticulate scales. No hind toe. Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Genus OTIS.
@ris=a kind of Bustard with long ear-feathers, known to the Greeks; from ods, genit. drés,
an ear,
Short and stout limbs and bill. Long white moustachial tuft. Third quill
longest. No crest or ruff. Palearctic.
115. Otis tarda. Toe Great or European Bustarb.
Tarda, the Spanish name, according to Pliny (Hist. Nat., x. p. 29). A Celtic or Basque
word. Tarda and Bistarda are always used as substantives, like the French Outarde (from
avis tarda, through the Provencal Austarde, as avis struthio became Autruche in French and
Ostrich in English) and our Bus-tard.
3 45”; 20 to 30 lbs. 9 33”; 84h lbs. Legs blackish. Bill brown.—Male:
Head and upper neck light grey. Chin, with long narrow feathers on each side
of throat, white. Breast pale orange. Back orange, barred black. Below pure
EUPODOTIS. 139
white.—Female: No rufous gorget, and without chin-plume till third or fourth
year.—Young born buff colour, barred black. §. and C. Europe, N. Africa,
C. Asia, China. Eggs (3-0 x 2:3) olive, clouded light brown. (B. 1412. H. & M.i. 1.)
Also 0. dybrowski, 34”, similar to O. tarda, from E, Siberia, Japan, and China; and
O. rhaad, from Africa,
116. Otis tetrax. Tue Lirrte or Burterriy Bustarp.
Tétrax=rérpat, a bird known to the ancient Greeks,
Chota-tilaor, India,
3 17” to 19"; 14 to 2 lbs. Legs yellow. Bill brown.—Male: In summer,
neck and upper breast black, with white necklet and white gorget. In winter,
chin and throat white; sides of head, neck, and foreneck streaked and mixed
black and buff. Breast white. Back chestnut, streaked black irregularly. Tail
of eighteen feathers.—Female: Head and neck chestnut, mottled black. Breast
with short black bars. §. Europe, N. Africa, C. Asia, including Afghanistan and
Yarkand. Eggs (2-0 x 1-5) glossy green, more or less blotched brown. (B. 1413.
H. & M. i. 3.)
Also 0. affinis, an extinct species from Bavaria.
Also the genus Lophotis. Two species—L. ruficristata, 16”, from 8, Africa; and Z. gindiana,
16”, from E. Africa.
Also the genus Compsotis. Two species—C, afra, 19”, from S. Africa; and C. leucoptera,
19”, from S.E. Africa,
Also the genus Heterotetrax. Three species—H. vigorsi, 20”, from S. Africa; H. ruppelli,
20”, from S. Africa; and H. humilis, 16”, from Somaliland.
Also the genus Neotis. Five species—N. ludwigi, 36’, from S. Africa; WN. burchelli, 30",
from N.E. Africa; N. caffra, 30", from S. Africa; N. denhami, 38", from W. Africa; and
N. henglini, 25”, from Somaliland.
Also the genus Lissotis. Four species—Z. maculipennis, from E. Africa; Z. nuba, 25”,
from N.E. Africa; Z. melanogaster, 22”, from tropical Africa; and ZL. hautlaubi, 27”, from
N.E. Africa,
Also the genus Trachelotis. Four species—Z. cerulescens, 16”, from 8S. Africa; J. cant-
collis, 22”, from E, Africa; 7. senegalensis, 18”, from E. Africa; and Z. barrovii, 17", from
8. Africa,
Genus EUPODOTIS.
e0=well ; rodorys= footed.
Long strong legs. Male with pouch. Occipital crest black in both sexes.
Neck white. Feathers of throat and foreneck lengthened. Of very large size.
Africa, Arabia, India, and Australia.
117. Eupodotis edwardsi. Tus Inp1ian Bustarp.
Toogder, Punjab; Hoom, C. P.; Kara-dhonk, Deccan: Gurahna, Sind ; Herihakki,
Mysore.
3 45” to 50”; 17 to 22 Ibs. 9 36” to 38”; 8 to 10 lbs. Legs dingy yellow.
Bill dusky and yellow. Sexes differ. Forehead, crown, and occipital crest black.
Plumage above pale brown, variegated with minute black lines. Greater coverts
grey, tipped white. Primaries slaty, tipped white. Beneath white with black
breast-band. Large gular pouch.—Female: Breast-band incomplete.— Young
resemble females. India. Polygamous. One or two eggs (3-11 x 2-24), drab,
mottled brown. (J. 836. B. 1414. H. & M.i. 7.)
Also £. arabs. 36”. The Arabian Bustard from N. and N.E. Africa to Arabia,
E. kori. 52”, 8. and E. Africa.
&., australis, 48”, Australia.
140 HOUBARA.—SYPHEOTIS.
Genus HOUBARA.
The Asiatic name for a Bustard,
Legs rather short. Black ruff and white crest, with black tip. Feathers of
foreneck lengthened. Of moderate size. Sexes alike. Mediterranean countries
and W. Asia, visiting N.W. India in winter.
118. Houbara macqueeni, THe Hovpara Bustarp.
In honour of the sender of the specimens described by J. E. Gray.
Houbara, Tilaor, Punjab; Taloor, Sind.
3 28” to 30”; 4 to 54 1bs. 9 25” to 274”; 3 to 32 Ibs. Legs green-yellow.
Bill slate. Sexes alike. Beautifully crested. Plumage pale buff, pencilled black.
Tail with bluish bands and lateral feathers, tipped cream-white. Primaries white
base, black end. Chin, throat, and below white. A cold-weather visitor to
N.W. India. In 1877. the first bird of the season was shot at Joongshae, in
Sind, on 11th August. Breeds in Afghanistan and Persia. Eggs (2-4 x 1-82)
olive, blurred brown, (J. 837. B, 1415. H. & M.i. 17.) See illustration,
p. 141.
Also H, undulata, similar to macqueeni, 30", Armenia, Mediterranean countries, and Canary
Isles.
Genus SYPHEOTIS.
ovgebs=a hogsty ; dris=a kind of Bustard.
No ruff.—Male with white wing and black plumage. Highly crested, or with
cheek side plumes. Primary quills notched on inner webs, and attenuated towards
ends.—Females bigger than males, India.
119. Sypheotis bengalensis. THe Bencat FLorixin.
Charas, NV. W.P.; Dabar, Nepal ; Ooloo Moora, Assam.
3 26” to 27”; 34 to 44 lbs. 9 28” to 29”; 4 to 5 lbs. Legs pale yellow.
Bill dusky and yellow. Crested. Full breast-tuft. Above blue-buff, minutely
mottled with black. Below deep glossy black.—Female fulvous, with black and
brown mottlings. Neck with dark lines. India. Two eggs (2-6 x 1-76), green,
blotched dull brown. (J. 838. B. 1417. H. & M. i. 23.)
120. Sypheotis auritus. Tue Like or Lesszr FLorikin.
Kurmor, Guzerat ; Tun-mor, Deccan ; Chini-mor, Belgaom ; Likh, V.W.P.; Charas,
S. India ; Kannoul (Canarese).
3d 17%" to 19”; 14 to 20 oz. 9 18” to 21”; 18 to 24 oz. Legs whitish
yellow. [Bill dusky and yellow. Elongate plumes from each side of face. Chin
white. Primaries sharp-pointed. Base of feathers rose colour.—Female clouded.
and barred deep brown. India. Three to four eggs (1-88 x 1-6), olive, mottled.
brown. (J. 839. B. 1416. H. & M.i. 33.) See illustration, p, 142.
Na
i
fs
BN Sree
Mayting, 4.1.73.
118.
(acaeiencnatient—
.
c
Mulock, Sapoora, 9.8.75.
120.
LIMICOL. 143
Order LIMICOLA (Part).
Usually two notches on posterior margin of breast-bone (several species have
only one pair), Tibia (with but few exceptions) is bare for some distance above
tibio-tarsal joint. Schizognathous. Hind toe present or wanting. Nostril in a
groove or depression. il-gland tufted. After-shaft. Eleven primaries. Fifth
secondary wanting. Eggs double-spotted. Young hatched covered with down.
: CEDICNEMUS Stons-CurRLEWs.
No hind toe .
Esacus Stong-PLOvVERs.
Hind toe raised Dromas . CraB-PLOVERS,
: Cursorius ;
No hind toe . { \ OURIER PLOVERS.
RHINOPTILUS ; C
With hind toe GLAREOLA Swa.iow Provers.
HyYDROPHASIANUS
Four toes with long claws
Mazropipius
STREPSILAS
VANELLUS
CHETTUSIA
SG@VATAROLA
CHARADRIUS
With no wing-spur and no
facial wattle. Hind toe
With no wing-spur and no
facial wattle. No hind toe. | A‘crazitis
With no wing-spur and with
MIcROsARCOPS .
facial wattle
SaRCIOPHORUS .
Hop.oPrerus .
HaMatopus
HimantTopus
RECURVIROSTRA
IBIDORHYNCHUS
CHIONIDIDA*
With wing-spur and no wattle.
Plumage black or pied .
at
|
‘|
|
! cacumaces
.
7
Plumage white
; \ Jagands,
TURNSTONES.
7 } LaPwINes.
GreEY PLovers.
GoLpEN Provzrs.
Sanp-PLovErs.
| DorrTeRELs.
Rineep PLovers.
; ! WartLep Lapwines.
SPUR-WINGED PLovERs.
Oyster-CaTCHERS.
STILTs.
AVOCcETS.
IB1s-BILLs.
SHEATH-BILLS.
THINOCORYTHIDE* . SEED SNIPES,
Order LIMICOL.
Hind toe present or wanting. Toes only partially webbed or not webbed at
all. Sternum has two notches usually on each side of posterior margin, but
several species have only one on each side, Tibia with but few exceptions bare
for some distance above tibio-tarsal joint. Schizognathous, or birds with vomer
narrow behind, pointed in front; maxillo palatines free. Nostrils in a groove or
depression. il-gland tufted. Primaries eleven. Fifth secondary wanting.
After-shaft. Young are hatched covered with down. Eggs double-spotted.
Plumage game
Family CEDICNEMIDAS, Stronz-CurLEws or STONE-PLOVERS.
Resemble Bustards in habits, but are more nearly allied to Oyster-Catchers.
No hind toe, the three anterior toes united by a membrane at the base. Mid
claw not pectinated, but dilated on inner side. Tarsus reticulated all round.
Remiges twenty-nine. '
* Not represented in India.
red-ashy, with black shaft stripe
C. and §.W. Asia, India, Ceylon, and Burma
buff, blotched black. (J. 859. B. 1418.)
Also G. senegalensis.
G. vermiculatus. 14”.
i, bistriatus. 15%”.
G. dominicensis,
G. superciliaris. 15”.
G@. capensis. 16”.
G. affinis, 16”.
144 CEDICNEMUS.
Genus DICNEMUS.
oldos=a swelling ; xvjun=a leg.
Plumage brown and striated. Eye large. Bill not longer than the head and
not compressed. WNostrils in long, shallow groove. Wings pointed. Second
quill usually longest. Tail of twelve feathers. Migratory, inhabiting all parts,
except N. America, Frequents dry, open, stony country
121. CGEdicnemus indicus.
Tue GoccLe-EYE or BastaRD FLORIKIN, or
Stone-Cur.ew, or THick Knep
Karwanak, Barsiri, Lambi, India; Kharma, Bengal; Kalleydu (Telugu); Kana
mosal (Tamil).
3 16” to 17”; $ lb. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, black tip. Upper feathers
— Sj
<<
2 \
SES < SAN
eS We \ \
\\ 1 wr NN
VU) SX ON WN
WSS
i
Laughton, Loharilung, 29.8.75.
Breast reddish, with dark brown shaft stripes.
Quills blackish, with white patch on first two or three quills. Tail brown, tipped
black (except mid pair) with subterminal white bar. C. and S. Europe, N. Africa,
Two to three eggs (1-9 x 1-39),
14”. From W. Africa.
From §. Africa.
From C. America.
144”, From San Domingo.
From 8. America.
From 8. Africa.
From N. and Equatorial Africa.
Also the genus Burhinus.
One species—B. grallarius, 204", the Australian Thick Knee,
DROMADIDA.—GLAREOLIDZ. 145
Genus ESACUS.
Bill much longer than the head. Edges of bill notched towards tip. Nail of
mid toe hollowed beneath. Found in India, Indian Archipelago, and Australia.
Frequents margins of rivers and seaboard.
122. Esacus recurvirostris. Tue Great Sronz-PLover,
Abi, Bara Karwanak, India ; Talur, Sind ; Gang-titai, Bengal.
3 19” to 21”; 12 1bs. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, tip black. Culmen almost
straight. Eyebrow, ear-coverts, and moustache blackish. Plumage above grey,
with dark shaft stripes. Below white. Sixth primary brown. Resident in
India, Burma, and Ceylon. Usually alone or in pairs, on banks of larger rivers.
Two eggs (2-15 x 1-6), drab, with dark blotches. (J. 858. B. 1419.)
123. Esacus magnirostris. Tue Avustratian STonE-PLOVER.
3 22%". Legs yellow. Bill greenish. Culmen curved, convex. Band round
eye extending back over ear-coverts. Chin and throat pure white. Nape, back,
and scapulars earth-brown. First five primaries umber-brown. Sixth primary
white. Australia and Malay Archipelago, Borneo, the Andamans, and Cocos
Islands. Eggs 2-6x 1-75. A bird of the seashore. (B. 1420. S.F, ii. 290.)
Family DROMADID.,
Bill long, arching towards tip; strongly angulated below. Nostril perforated
in the bill itself. Hind toe raised. First quill longest. Shores of the Indian
Ocean. Single white egg.
Genus DROMAS.
Spouds=a street-walker, a runner.
Bill strong, longer than the head. Culmen regularly curved. Angle of lower
mandible prominent. First quill longest. Feet much webbed. Mid claw notched.
A remarkable genus.
124. Dromas ardeola. THz Crap-PLover.
3 15”. Legs plumbeous. Bill black. Head, neck, and below white. Mantle
and wing-coverts black. Small patch in front of eye, and another at back of
head, black. Asiatic and African shores of the Indian Ocean, west of the Malay
Peninsula, including Persian Gulf and Red Sea, Single egg (2-54 x 1.77), white,
laid in a hole about 4 feet long, dug obliquely in the sand. (J. 861. B. 1421.)
See illustration, p. 146.
Family GLAREOLID, Covurizr PLovers or Coursers, and SwALLOW
PLOVERS or PRATINCOLES.
Bill short and arched. Nostrils in a depression, not in a groove. Fourth and
third toe united by web. Mid claw pectinated. Tarsus transversely scaled in
front and behind. With or withouta hind toe. Confined to the Eastern Hemisphere.
Young hatched covered with down, and able to run in a few hours.
Subfamily Cursorins,
No hind toe.
Babur Island, 22.10.75.
124. Dromas ardeola.
CURSORIUS.—RHINOPTILUS. 147
Genus CURSORIUS.
Cursorius = pertaining to a race-course ; cursor=a runner, from curro=I run.
Bill slightly curved. Three toes only. Plumage brown and rufous. Breast
without band. Tail short, of twelve feathers. First and second quills subequal,
first generally longest. Mid claw slightly pectinated. About the size of a Lap-
wing. Resemble Bustards both in structure and habits, but they are of small
size and do not change plumage at breeding season. S. Europe, Africa, S.W.
Asia, India, and Ceylon.
125. Cursorius coromandelicus. Tur Inpian Courter PLover.
Nukri (Hindi); Yerra Chitawa (Telugu).
3 9" to 10”. Legs cream-white. Bill black. Irides brown, White super-
cilia meeting at nape, bordered below with black and surmounting a rufous collar.
Above sandy, axillaries sandy. Abdomen chestnut, with black patch. Crown
bright red, the long occipital feathers concealing a nuchal spot. India and
Ceylon. Two or three eggs (1-19 x 0-97), drab, blotched with black. (J. 840.
B. 1422.)
126. Cursorius gallicus. Tus CreaM-coLouRED or EuRoPEAN
Courter Puover.
Gallicus=of the Gauls, Galli, Gmelin seems to have thought it only occurred in France.
3 10”. Legs cream. Bill brown, tip black. Irides pale grey.—Male: Fore-
head pale buff. Crown pale orange, hinder part shading into grey, below which
is a triangular black spot. Wing-coverts cream-yellow. Abdomen white.
Axillaries black.
Inhabits desert plains of N. Africa and S.W. Asia, including Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, and N.W. India. An occasional visitor to S. Europe, and a rare
straggler to England in late autumn. -Eggs (1-3 x 1-0) pale olive, speckled brown
and grey. Doubtful if this bird breeds in India. (B. 1423.)
Also C. somalensis. 74”. With axillaries ashy grey. From Somaliland.
C. rufus. 7%". With axillaries light brown, tipped white. From S. Africa.
C. temmincki. 6-6". Similar to C. coromandelicus. From tropical Africa.
Also the genus Ortyxelus. One species—O. meiffreni, the Little Courser from W. Africa,
4.8", with plumage variegated like a Quail.
Also the genus Pluvianus. One species—P. wgyptius, the Black-headed Plover, from
W., N., and E. Africa, occurring as a straggler in Mediterranean countries.
Genus RHINOPTILUS.
ply=a nose.
Adopted by Jerdon as a mountain form of Cursorius. The form combines
large eye and somewhat the colour of some of the true Plovers, with legs and
general structure of Couriers. The genus is almost Ethiopian, but a single species
of great rarity occurs in C. India.
Bill straight. Second and third primaries subequal and longest. Outer toe
joined by web. No hind toe. Mid claw slightly pectinated.
With one black band across the foreneck.
127. Rhinoptilus bitorquatus. THe Dovusie-sanpED CouRIER PLover.
Adavi-wula-titti (Telugu).
3 9” to 10". Legs pale flesh-yellow. Bill black, yellow at base. Throat
white, with red band. Broad brown gorget and second white collar. First and
148 GLAREOLA.
second quills obliquely marked. Crown black, with buff median band. Primaries
with a white band. First primary white. (J. 841. B. 1424.)
Also R. chalcopterus. 9-7”. From Africa,
R. albofasciatus. 10”. From 8. Africa,
With two bands across the foreneck.
R, bicinetus. 8”, From 8, Africa.
R. bisignatus. 7-2”, From E, Africa to 8. W. Africa,
&. hartingi. 6-8”. From Somaliland.
R. cinctus, 9”. From Upper White Nile.
Ei. seebohmi. 9”. From S.W. Africa.
Also the genus Stiltia, One species—S. isabella, 9”, from Australia, Celebes, and Moluccas,
as far as Java and Borneo. (B.M. Cat., xxiv. 43-52.)
Subfamily GLAREOLINA.
With a hind toe.
Genus GLAREOLA.
Glaréla=a diminutive from glaréa=gravel, from its haunting gravelly places.
Culmen much arched. Wings narrow, long, and pointed. First primary
longest. Nostrils basal, oblique, semi-tubular. Hind toe well developed. Mid
claw pectinated. Gape wide. Resemble Swallows both in detail of structure and
flight. Linneus placed them with Swallows, and Blyth approximates them to
Nightjars. Called ‘‘Sea-Partridges” by the French. S. Europe, Africa, C. Asia,
India, Burma, China, to Australia.
(i.) Tail forked.
128, Glareola orientalis, Taz Larez SwaLtow PLover.
$ 10”. Legs dusky black. Bill black. Chin and throat rufous, bounded by
black line from gape. Secondaries not tipped white. Exterior tail-feathers
project 1” beyond central ones.— Young pale fulvous, with blackish ends and
buff terminal spots. No gorget. India, Ceylon, Burma, Pegu, to N. Australia.
Breeding in E. Siberia and migrating through W. China. Two to four eggs
(1-18 x 0-93), drab, blotched brown.
129. Glareola pratincola. THe CoLiarep or AUSTRIAN PRATINCOLE.
Pratincdia, from pratum=a meadow ; incdia=an inhabitant. From its frequenting the
open meadows in Austria.
6 84" to 94”. Legs brownish. Bill black. White tipping to short secondaries
conspicuous. Exterior tail-feathers project 2” to 24” beyond central ‘ones. (S.F.
ii, 284.)
Migratory, occurring in summer in C. and 8. Europe, W. and C. Asia; breeding
in Sind and wintering in Africa. (B. 1426.) See illustration, p. 149.
Also G. melanoptera. 9%". From S.E. Europe. Wintering in Africa.
(ii.) Short and even tail.
130. Glareola lactea. Tu Smaty Inpran SwaLtow Puovezr.
Utteran, Sind.
o 64”. Legs dusky green. Bill black and red. No collar on hind neck.
Primaries brown, with first four white-shafted. Wing-lining and axillaries
black. Kashmir, India, Ceylon, and Burma. Two to four eggs (1-05 x 0-82),
PARRIDZ. 149
buff, speckled brown. The Swallow Plovers with short and even tail are placed
by many in a distinct genus—Galactochrysea, (J. 843. B. 1427.)
Also G. ocularis. 9”. From E. Africa and Madagascar. With black legs.
G. liberi. 6-3". From W. Africa. With feet coral-red, and hind neck with rufous collar.
G. emini. 8”, From Equatorial Africa. Hind neck with white collar.
G. nuchalis, 5-7". From Upper White Nile. With outer base of secondaries white.
G. cinerea. 6%". From W. Africa. With axillaries. (B.M. Cat., xxiv. 62-65.)
129. Glareola pratincola. Mandi Hissar, 21.4.79.
Family PARRIDA. JaganAs.
Para=a bird of ill-omen ; supposed to be the Wheatear.
Size moderate. General aspect that of a Rail, but more plump in form. Four
toes, all greatly lengthened, with long straight claws, that of hind toe longest.
Wings spurred.
Jacanas, as called in America, are found in the warmer parts of Asia, Africa,
and America. They walk or run easily over the plants that float on the water.
Not distantly removed from Ostriches and Cassowaries, they also resemble
Megapodius. Sexes alike, but the fact of females being much larger than males
militates against their association with Plovers. The genus Jacand is restricted
to America.
With no frontal shield or lappet. Primaries attenuated.
Genus HYDROPHASIANUS.
vdwp=water ; paciavds = Pheasant.
No frontal lappet. Tail-very long. Small sharp wing-spur. Four primaries
produced and attenuated. Breeding plumage is assumed by a change of colour
without any moult, central tail-feathers being elongated.
131. Hydrophasianus chirurgus. Toe PHEASANT-TAILED JacaNd.
Xetpovpyés =a surgeon.
Piho, India ; Dalkukra, Bengal ; Newiya, Ceylon.
3 18”. 9 20”. Legs green. Bill blue, tip green.—In winter: Above hair
brown, barred white. Golden eye-line. First primary with an appendage; second
METOPIDIUS. 151
4th. 3rd. 2nd. Ist.
and third barbed ; fourth attenuated and prolonged.—In summer: Head white,
with black mark on crown. Above olive. Tail black. First primary black ;
second nearly so; third black on outer web, and a broad tip; fourth white, edged
and tipped black. Kashmir, India, Ceylon, Burma, 8. China, Philippines, and
Java. Four eggs (1-46 x 1-12), bronze, without spots. (J. 901. B. 1429.)
With frontal shield rounded or truncated posteriorly. Primaries not produced
at the ends.
Genus METOPIDIUS.
perwrldtos = on the forehead.
With frontal lappet. Short tail. First and second quills longest. Primaries
not produced. Wing-spur obtuse and feeble. No distinct breeding plumage, and
no sign of a winter plumage; the change from the young plumage to that of
the adult is effected by a direct moult, without any change in the pattern of the
feather.
152 CHARADRIIDZ.—STREPSILAS.
132. Metopidius_indicus. Tue Bronzep-wine Jacand.
Dal-pipi, Bengal ; Kattoi, Purneah. :
3 10”. 912”. Legs green. Mid toe and claw 3-6”. Billyellow. Frontal
shield large. Head, neck, breast, and wing-lining black, glossed green. Back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and under tail-coverts chestnut. India, Burma,
Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Celebes. Wanting in Ceylon and
Kashmir. Four eggs (1-47 x 1-03), glossy buff, with dark brown lines. (J. 900.
B. 1428.)
Also the genus Phyllopezus. With frontal shield very small, and wing-spur nearly obsolete.
Two species—P. africanus, 10’, mid toe and claw 34”, from Africa; and P. albinucha, 104”,
mid toe and claw 3-3”, from Madagascar.
Also the genus Hydralector. With frontal lappet and erect central crest. Two species—
HT, gallinaceus, 9”, mid toe and claw 3-6”, from Australia, Celebes, and S. Borneo; and
A, nove-guinec, 7-8", mid toe and claw 3-1”, from New Guinea,
Also the genus Jagand. With single median indentation in frontal lappet, and pendent
lappets at angles of mouth. Wing-spur very sharp. Three species—J. jacand, 7:8”, mid toe
and claw 2.9”, from S. America; J. melanopygia, 84”, mid toe and claw 2:9”, from C. and S.
America; and J. nigra, 74”, mid toe and claw 2-9”, from C. and S. America.
Also the genus Asarcia. With double indentation in frontal lappet, and no mouth lappets
Wing-spur long and sharp. One species—A. variabilis, 74”, mid toe and claw 2-8”, from Texas,
C. America, Cuba, etc.
Also the genus Microparra. With forehead feathered. One species—WM. capensis, 6”, mid
toe and claw 2-1”, from S. Africa. ©
Family CHARADRIIDA. PLovers, Lapwines, SANDPIPERS, and
; SNIPES.
Bill short, basal half soft. Long nasal groove. Wings long and pointed.
Gape small. Hind toe short or wanting. Toes webbed or unwebbed. Tarsus
usually reticulated, but sometimes scutellated. Cosmopolitan. Four eggs, pear-
shaped. Young hatched covered with thick down, and able to run in a few hours.
Subfamily CHARADRUNZ. PLovers and LapPwincs.
Bill short, slightly enlarged on top at tip, resembling that of a Pigeon (Strepsilas
excepted). Nasal groove not extending beyond half the length of upper mandible.
Toes scarcely webbed or connected. Tarsus always reticulated behind, but, in
front, sometimes reticulated and sometimes scutellated. First quill usually longest.
The difficulties in recognition may be partially overcome if the species are ex-
amined in the following groups, viz.—
With neither wing-spur nor facial wattle (133-148).
Without wing-spur, and with a facial wattle (149-152).
With wing-spur, and without a facial wattle (153).
With both wing-spur and a facial wattle (not represented in India).
(i.) With no wing-spur, and no facial wattle.
Genus STREPSILAS.
Strepstlas, from orpépw=I turn, and Adas, contracted in Attic to \as=a stone.
Top of bill compressed and truncated. Nostril in a groove which extends
nearly half-way down bill. Remiges twenty-five. First primary longest. Tarsus
transversely scaled in front, reticulated behind. Hind toe well developed. Toes
without webs. Cosmopolitan.
VANELLUS. 153
133. Strepsilas interpres. Tus Turnstone or Sza-DorreERe..
Interprés=an agent between two parties, an explainer ; from inter= between, and the root
of the Sanskrit prath =unfold (whence rAarvs= broad); perhaps in allusion to its warning note.
Karachi, 21.6.75.
3 8" to 84". 9 84" to 94". 34 to 4 02. Legs orange-yellow. Bill black.
Remiges twenty-five. Sexes alike. In summer: Crown white, with black stripes.
Black stripe from eye meets another from mouth behind eye. Incomplete collar
with gorget, and a second incomplete band towards wing-shoulder. Mantle,
scapulars, and wing-coverts mostly chestnut, with black pattern. Axillaries
white.—In winter: Below pure white, Head and back hair-brown. Gape line
mottled.
Found in most parts of the world. A winter visitor to India, but met with
at other seasons, notably at Karachi in June and August; in Ceylon in June. At
the Laccadives, Hume found Turnstones swimming in the sea like Phalaropes.
Eggs (1-6 x 1-1) buff, spotted brown. (J. 860. B. 1430.)
Also S. melanocephela. 8”. With throat and breast blackish. From W.N. America.
Genus VANELLUS.
Formerly often spelt Vannellus, diminutive of vannus=a fan, whence the French name
Vanneau.
Head crested. Second and third quills longest. No white on wing outside.
Nostril in groove extending more than half length of bill, Tarsus reticulated all
round. Two toes cleft to base, two united to nearly first joint. Small hind toe.
Europe and N. Asia, wintering in Mediterranean countries; N.W. India and
China. Accidental in N. America.
134. Vanellus vulgaris. THe Prewit or Crestep LapwineG or
GREEN PLovEr.
Vulgaéris=common, from vulgus=the multitude.
3 12”. Legs orange-brown. Bill black. Black slender crest.—In summer :
Above green, glossed purple. Abdomen white. Under-tail chestnut. Axillaries
white.—In winter: Chin and throat white, Winter visitor to N.W. India.
154 CHETTUSIA.—SQUATAROLA.
Gregarious. Breeds in Punjab. Four or five eggs (1-8 x 1-3), pyriform, olive,
blotched brown. (J. 851. B. 1436.)
Also the genus Erythrogonys, One species with white on wing—Z. cinctus, 74”, from Australia.
Also the genus Defillipia. Two species with white on wing—D. crassirostris, 114", from
N.E. Africa; and D. leucoptera, 114”, from S8.E. Africa,
Also the genus Oreophilus. One species with no hind toe—O. rujicollis, 94”, with scarcely
any connecting membrane between the toes, from S. America,
Genus CHETTUSIA.
Head not crested. Plumage ashy. White on wings inside and out. Small
hind toe. Second or third primary longest. S.E. Europe to Turkistan, N.E.
Africa, and India.
135. Chettusia gregaria. Tor SoctaBLe Lapwine.
g 13”. Legs dull black. Bill black. Crown black. Broad white super-
cilium. Abdomen deep black, bordered chestnut. Tail white with broad sub-
terminal black band on median rectrices, narrowing and disappearing before it
reaches the outermost pair. Jn winter: Crown olive. No abdominal patch.
Migratory, breeding in E. Europe and C. Asia, and wintering in N.E, Africa and
N.W. India.
136. Chettusia leucura. THE WHITE-TAILED Lapwine.
\evxds = white.
g¢ 11”. Legs bright yellow. Bill black. No supercilium. Crown and back
light brown. Belly and flanks tinged rosy. Tail white. Breast slate-grey,
margined white. Breeds in Persia and Turkistan, and winters in N.E. Africa
and N. India. (J. 853. B, 1438.)
Genus SQUATAROLA.
Squatardla =the Italian name ; of uncertain origin.
Minute hind toe, with rudimentary claw. Otherwise it agrees with Charadrius
in colour and structure, undergoing similar changes of plumage.
137. Squatarola helvetica. THe Grey PLover.
Swiss, from Helvetii =the inhabitants of Switzerland, whence M. de Réaumur first received
specimens.
Bara-battan, India.
Karachi, 10.10,74.
CHARADRIUS. 155
3 10h’ toll”. 911” to12”. Legs black-grey. Bill black.—Jn winter : Forehead
and chin white. Below white, with brown spots. Above brown, tipped white.
Tail white, broadly barred black and brown. Axillaries black.—Jn summer :
Lower surface deep black, edged white. Back barred black and white. Almost
world wide. Breeds in the far north and visits the south of both hemispheres in
winter. Eggs (2x 1-4) pyriform, greenish, spotted brown. (J. 844. B, 1441.)
Also the genus Aphriza. One species—A. virgata, 94”, with hind toe, from W.N. America,
Also the genus Zonibyx. One species—Z. modesta, 7", with hind toe, from 8. America.
Also the genus Stephanibyx. Three species, without hind toe, from Africa—sS. coronatus,
124”; S. melanopterus, 10”; and 8. inornatus, 84”.
Genus CHARADRIUS.
Charadrius = xapadpiés, in classical Greek, a bird dwelling in clefts or river-valleys, xapddpa.,
The sight of it was held to be a cure for jaundice,
Nasal groove extends about two-thirds length of bill. First quill longest.
Secondaries short. Tertiaries lengthened and pointed. Tail rounded. No hind
toe. Plumage brown, spotted yellow. ‘Tarsus reticulated throughout. Outer
and mid toe nearly half-webbed.
138. Charadrius pluvialis. Tar GotpEn PLover.
Pluvidlis=rainy ; from pliivia=rain. Charleton says because it frequents places damp
from rain and marshes, Littré derives the French pluwvier from the fact of the birds only
reaching France in the rainy season.
3 10” to 114”. Legs blue-grey. Bill black.—Jn winter: Above black,
mottled golden, Throat, lower breast, and abdomen pure white. Avxzillaries
pure white—ZIJn summer: Above black, mottled golden and white. Throat,
breast, and belly black. Reigns in the W. Palearctic, from Europe generally to
W. Siberia, and migrating south in winter to N. Africa and Sind. Male helps
in incubation. our pyriform eggs (2-1 x 1-4), light brown, spotted purple.
H.M.S. Caroline in Pacific reported that during a gale on May 14th twelve
Golden Plover were seen round the ship migrating from the Sandwich Islands
for the north. The ship was 1,200 miles from nearest land, and it was coni-
puted that the time of flight would be 80 hours (at 30 miles an hour) to complete
the distance between Hawaii and the mainland. (B.1440. S.F. vii. 186.)
139. Charadrius fulvus. THe Eastern GoLpEn PLover.
Fulsus=tawny.
Chota battan, India.
3 9” to 10”. @ 94". Legs plumbeous green. Bill black.—Jn winter :
Above dull grey, with triangular spots. Breast white, spotted yellow. Primaries
black. Axillaries smoky grey.—Jn summer: Above darker, and spots smaller.
Beneath deep black, edged white. Reigns in the Nearctic region. Breeds in
E. Siberia, and has a wide range in Asia and Australia, but it rarely reaches
Europe. Visits India between September and May. Said to breed in India,
Four pyriform eggs (1-9 x 1-3), buff, blotched brown. (B. 1439.)
Genus ASGIALITIS. Sanpv-Piovers, Dorrerets, and Rincep Puovers.
aiycantris=of the shore, alyiards.
No hind toe. Tarsi reticulated. Of small size. Often with black collar.
Sexes alike. First quill longest. Upper plumage unspotted brown; below
chiefly white in breeding season, the amount of black not exceeding a pectoral
band. Almost cosmopolitan.
156 AAGIALITIS.
(i.) No white ring round the neck.
140. Aigialitis geoffroyi. Tue Larce Sanp-PLover.
3 8h" to 94"; 24 to 3 oz. Legs grey-green. Bill black.—In winter: Grey-
brown. Eye-streak and above bill white. Below white. Secondaries partly
white on outer web. Shafts of all primaries partly white. Axéillaries white.
—In summer: White mark on each side of black forehead. No supercilia.
Breast rufous. Throat white. Migratory, breeding in Japan, Formosa, and
Hainan, and wintering on the shores of the Indian Ocean from S. Africa to
Australia, (J. 846. B. 1442.)
141. Agialitis mongolica. THe Lisser Sanp-PLover.
3 7h". 97". Legs plumbeous. Bill black. Similar to, but smaller than,
45. geofroyt. Summers in C. and N. Asia, Japan, and Alaska. In winter visits
the shores of the Indian Ocean from S. Africa to Queensland. Has been found
breeding in Upper Indus Valley and Tibet. Sharpe has also added &. pyrrothorax,
similar to above, as wintering in India. (J. 847. B. 1443.)
142. Aigialitis asiatica. Tue Caspian Sanp-PLover.
3 74". Legs horn. Bill black.—Jn winter: Crown, nape, and above hair
brown. Broad rufous breast-band. Axillaries white. Shaft of first primary
and subterminal portion of second white. Shaft of third primary dark throughout.
In summer: Above pale brown. No breast-band, but patch dusky grey on each
side of breast. Breeds on Caspian and Aral Seas and in C. Asia. Winters in Africa.
Found in Persian Gulf and occasionally in India. (B. 1444. S.F. vii. 438.)
143. Agialitis vereda. Tur Eastern Dotreret.
3 8} to 94". Legs yellowish. Bill. black.—ZJn winter: Crown and neck
brown, more or less buffy below. Under-tail white. Shafts of first and second
primaries white, of the third dark throughout. Axillaries dark grey.—In summer:
Crown and above white. Forehead, eyelids, and chin white. Collar buff. Broad
rufous breast-band. Breeds in N. China and Mongolia, and winters in Malay
Peninsula and Australia. (B. 1445. S8.F. i. 83.)
ZEGIALITIS. 157
(ii.) A white ring round the neck.
144, Abgialitis (cantiana) alexandrina. Tse Kentiso Rinaep Piover.
Cantténa= Kentish, because specimens were first sent to Latham by Dr. Boys from Sand-
wich, in Kent.
3 64” to 62”; 14 to 1% oz. Legs dusky grey. Bill black.—Jn winter:
Crown brown. Large patch black on each side of breast. Central tail ashy.
Shaft of first primary white throughout. Jn summer: Crown pale rusty. Europe,
Africa, and the greater part of Asia and Australia. A winter visitor to India.
Has been found breeding in S. India and Ceylon, Guzerat, Karachi, and Jashk,.
Eggs (1-2 x 0-9) pale olive, spotted brown.
The Kentish Plover has its breeding place in Britain limited to the pebbly
beach between Sandwich and Hastings. In other parts of the British Isles it
only occurs as a chance straggler, yet this bird has as wide a range elsewhere as
almost any that could be named, breeding not only abundantly along the greater
part of the coasts of the temperate and warmer portions of the Old World north
of the equator, but also occasionally in the interior, as at the base of the
Caucasus and in the plains of N. Africa. During its migration it wanders to
the Malay Archipelago and S. Africa. Moreover, it appears to be specifically
identical with 4. nivosa, which is found on the W. coast of America. (J. 848.
B. 1446.)
145. Aigialitis hiaticula. Tae Rincep Puiover.
Zinea, India ; Bytueulanka (Telugu).
3 Ty" to TE”. Legs yellow. Bill black, base yellow. Frontal zone yellow.
Band from top of head, through eye and ear-coverts, black. White collar, with
black border narrowing behind. Shafts of all primaries, basal half brown and
distal half white, except near the tip. Throughout Europe, W. and C. Asia,
wintering chiefly in Africa. Migratory, and a rare visitor to N.W. India.
(J. 849. B. 1448.)
146. Aigialitis dubia. Tse Lirrne Rixcep Prover.
Mandi Hissar, 22.4.79.
é 64”. Legs yellow. Bill black, base yellow. Shaft of first primary almost
white throughout. Similar to &. hiaticula, but smaller. All Europe and Asia,
with N. Africa. Migrants, breeding in India from December to May. Four
eggs (1-14x 0-84). (J. 850. B. 1447.)
158 AGIALITIS.
147, Abgialitis placida. Tue Lone-sinuzp Rinaep PLover.
3 8” to 82”. Legs yellow. Bill black, base yellow. Greyish fuscous.
Quills fuscous black. Front, throat, collar, below and margins of wing-coverts
white. Black and grey breast-band. Shafts of all primaries brown. E. Asia,
Manchuria, Japan, China, and N.E. India. Migratory, visiting India in cold
season. (B. 1440.)
148. Abgialitis melanops. Tae Avustratian Rincep Puiover.
3 6". 9 5-8". Legs orange-yellow. Bill yellow, tip black. Forehead,
streak on either side extending through eye and ear and meeting behind, dark
brown. Breast-band brown-black. Wing-coverts ashy. Scapulars maroon.
Described by Jerdon as C. russatus. Not included by Blanford among Indian
Birds.
Also the following with no hind toe :—
4, peroni. § 6". 9 54”. With shafts of all quills white. From Malayan Archipelago.
Java to Philippines, Borneo, and Celebes.
4. marginata. 3 6-8". ¢@ 6-5”. With inner secondaries white. From S. Africa.
4, pallida, 6”. With inner secondaries brown. From Madagascar and E. Africa.
4, venusta. 5-3", From E. Africa.
4, ruficapilla. 6”. With neck and mantle rufous. From 8. New Guinea, Australia, and
Tasmania. Accidental in New Zealand.
4. collaris, 6-3". 96’. With black collar on foreneck. From 8. America and Mexico.
4, nivosa, Similar to 4. alexandrina. From W. coast of America.
4, meloda, With white collar on hind neck. N. America, wintering in S. America,
Bermuda, etc. ;
4, occidentalis. § 6-5”. 9 6-8”. With feet and toes black. From Chili.
4. falklandica. 7”. With double black band across foreneck and chest. From S, America,
. pecuaria, 3 6%”. 96”. Primaries excepting third with white shafts. From Africa.
. thoracic. From Madagascar. :
. sanctee helene. 7%". First primary only with white shaft. From St. Helena,
. cucullata. 6 8:3". 9 8”. Throat black. From Australia and Tasmania.
. obscurus. 10”. Belowrufous. No bands. From New Zealand.
» bicinctus. 7%. Triple breast-band black, white, and chestnut. From Australia and
Tasmania.
4, wilsont, 6-3. With single band across foreneck. From America.
43. pyrrothoraxz, Shown by Sharpe as additional to 4. mongolica, and as wintering in
India.
Also the genus Zudromias. One species—Z. morinellus, 84”, the Dotterel, shaft and outer
web of first primary white, from N. Europe and Siberia, wintering in Mediterranean countries
and N.E, Africa,
Also the genus Podasocys. One species—P. montanus, 84”, from W.N, America.
Also the genus Oxyechus, Four species—O. vociferus, 3 9”, @ 10°, from N. America,
migratory to 8. America; 0. tricollaris, $ 7-2, 9 64”, from S. Africa; O. bifrontatus, from
Madagascar ; and O. forbesi, 8-4”, from W. Africa,
Also the genus digialeus. One species—&. semipalmatus, 64’, from N. America, wintering
in C. and 8. America.
Also the genus Pluvianellus, One species—P, sociabilis, 74”, from Patagonia.
Also the genus Thinornis. Two species—T. nove zealandie, 7”, from New Zealand and
Chatham Island ; and 7. rossi, 74”, from Auckland Islands.
Also the genus Anarhynchus. One species—A. frontalis, 7”, 9 74”, from New Zealand.
Also the genus Peltohyus. One species—P. australis, 8”, with tarsus transversely scaled
both in front and behind, from Australia,
By By BB By
SARCOGRAMMUS.—MICROSARCOPS. 159
(ii.) With no wing-spur and with a facial wattle.
Genus SARCOGRAMMUS.
Small -hind toe, Nasal groove extending beyond middle of bill. Fleshy
wattles in front of the eyes. Wing with tubercle developed into a short spur in
breeding season. Tarsus reticulated throughout.
149. Sarcogrammus indicus. Tue Rep-wattLep Lapwine.
Titai, Titiri, India ; Yennapa, Chittawa (Telugu) ; Alkati (Tamil); Kiralla, Ceylon.
$ 133”. 9 13". Legs bright yellow. Bill red, tip black. Eyelid and wattle
lake. Head and breast black. Side of nape and round nape white. White wing-
bar. Tail white with broad black subterminal band. From Prussia, Mesopotamia,
N. Arabia to Afghanistan, Kashmir, India, Assam, and Ceylon. Four eggs
(1:64 x 1-2), yellow, blotched brown. “Did you do it” of Anglo-Indians.
(J. 855. B. 1481.)
150. Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis. Tae BurmMesz Rep-watTLep Lapwina.
Titidu, Burma.
3 124%. 9 13”. Similar to S. indicus, but the neck is black all round, and
the white eye-patch does not extend beyond the ear-coverts. Also a white bar
bordering the black of upper back. Burma and Cochin China to the Malayan
Peninsula and Sumatra.
Also the genus Tylibyx. One species—7. melanocephalus, 114”, from N.E. Africa.
Genus MICROSARCOPS.
Small hind toe. Tarsi transversely shielded in front.
151. Microsarcops cinereus. THE GREY-HEADED WatTTLeD Lapwina.
Chappour, India.
3 14”. 9 144”. Legs bright yellow. Bill yellow, terminal third black, basal
two-thirds yellow. Head, neck, and breast light grey, passing into black. Lower
plumage white. Small frontal lobes yellow. Winter visitor to Bengal, Assam,
and Burma, breeding in Mongolia, N. China, and Japan. (J. 854. B. 1434.)
160 SARCIOPHORUS.—HOPLOPTERUS.
Genus SARCIOPHORUS,
capxidy=a little bit of flesh; popéw=I carry.
No hind toe. Head more or less crested. Wattles in front of the eyes. Second
quill longest. Tarsus with transverse shields in front.
152. Sarciophorus malabaricus. Tar YELLow-waTTLep Lapwina.
Zirdo, India ; Chitawa (Telugu) ; Jithiri, V. W.P.; Alkati (Tamil).
3 94”. 9 10%”. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, black tip. Crown, chin, and
nape black. Sides of head, neck, upper breast, back, scapulars, tertiaries, and
wing-coverts pale ashy. Below from breast white. Resident throughout India
and Ceylon. Four eggs (1-45 x 1-07), buff, blotched brown. (J. 856. B. 1433.)
Also with no hind toe :—
8S. tectus. 10”. With crimson bill and feet. From Africa.
S. latifrons, Similar to 8. tectus. From E. Africa,
Also the genus Zonifer. One species—Z. tricolor, 104”, from Australia and Tasmania.
Also the genus Anomalophrys. One species—A. superciliosus, 104”, from W. Africa.
(iii) With wing-spur and no facial wattle.
Genus HOPLOPTERUS.
Head crested. No hind toe. Wing with horny black spur. Second quill
longest. Tarsus reticulated throughout. Found in S.E. Europe, Africa, India,
Burma, to Cochin China and Hainan.
153. Hoplopterus ventralis. Tar Inpian Spur-winGED PLovER.
Ventralis, adj. =a belly-band.
é 114”. 9 124”. Legs red-black. Bill black. Head, crest, and broad band
down throat black. Abdomen white, with broken black band. Central Provinces,
Bengal, and Orissa, Assam, Burma, to 8. China. Four eggs (1-45 x 1-07), yellow,
blotched brown. (J. 857. B. 1435.)
Also without hind toe :—
HZ, spinosus, 12”. From 8.E. Europe, Palestine, and Africa,
Hi, speciosus. 11”. From Africa.
Also the genus Belonopterus. Two species from S. America—B. cayennensis, 134”; and
B. chilensis, § 144”, 9 154”.
Also the genus Hoploxypterus. Onespecies—H. cayanus, 6 8”, 9 94”,fromC.and 58. America.
Also the genus Ptilascelis, One species—P. resplendens, 13”, from S, America.
(iv.) With wing-spur and facial wattle.
The genus Lobivanellus. Four species—L. lobatus, 14”, from Australia; Z. miles, 124”, from
Australia, New Guinea, and Papua; Z. senegalus, 12”, from W. Africa; and LZ. lateralis, 12”,
from 8.E. Africa.
The genus Xiphiodopterus. Two species—X. albiceps, 11”, from W. Africa; and X. cucullatus,
11”, from Java, Sumatra, and Timor.
Subfamily HamaToroDIN#. OYsTER-CATCHERS, STILTS, AVOCETS,
and IBIS-BILLS.
Bill long. Plumage black or pied. Tarsus reticulated. No distinct summer
plumage. No hind toe (Recurvirostra excepted).
Chinnee Creek, 23.10.75.
Hematopus ostralegus.
154.
162 HAMATOPUS.—HIMANTOPUS.
Genus HASMATOPUS.
HemitSpus =with blood-coloured feet ; from ajua=blood ; ros=a foot.
Bill straight. Nasal groove extends more than half length of bill. Remiges
twenty-nine. First quill longest. Bony toes. Slightly edged between second and
third toes. Third and fourth nearly one-third webbed. No hind toe. Sexes alike.
Found in most parts. Several species in America.
154. Hematopus ostralegus. Tar Oyster-Catcusr, Sza-Pre or OLIVE.
Ostréa=an oyster ; légo=I bring together, collect.
Darya gajpaon, India; Yerri kali ulanka (Telugu).
3 16”. 917". Legs pink-red. Bill 3}, orange-yellow. Head, neck, back,
wings, and tail black; rest white. Broad wing-band.— Young birds less black ;
feathers pale-edged. Europe generally, wintering in Egypt, C. Asia, and N.W.
India. Two to four eggs (2-2 x 1-5), buff, streaked brown. (J. 862. B. 1450.)
See illustration, p. 161.
Also with belly and quill-lining white :—
HA. osculans. 18”. Probably intermediate between JZ. -ostralegus and H. longirostris.
From E. Siberia south to China.
Also with belly white and quill-lining blackish :—
H. longirostris, 17’, From Australia, New Zealand, Papuan and Moluccan Islands.
H, leucopus. 16”. From Falkland Islands.
HH, palliatus. -6 154". 9.17". America and W. Indies.
4. frazari. 17”, From California.
HH, galapagensis. 15”. From Galapagos Islands.
H. durnfordi. 16”. From Patagonia.
Also with belly black or blackish :—
H. unicolor. 618’. 917’. From Australia and New Zealand.
HT. moquini. 20”. From Africa, Canaries, and Madeira.
A. niger. 174”. From N.W. America,
H. ater. 16”. From Falkland Islands, (B.M. Cat., xxiv. 105-121.)
Genus HIMANTOPUS.
Himantépus=a kind of water-bird, in Oppian (cire. a.p. 180); from iuds=a thong, and
wots=a foot.
Bill twice as long as head. Nasal groove extends half-way to tip of Dill.
Plumage black and white. First quill longest. Remiges twenty-nine. Long
thin legs, tarsi reticulated throughout. No hind toe, fourth joined to third by
broad web, third to second by narrow web. Found in most parts of the globe.
Breed in north region of N. Africa. Rarely if ever swim. When flying have
peculiar Tern-like call.
HIMANTOPUS. 163
155. Himantopus candidus. Tue Braok-wincep STILT.
Candidus=of a glistening white.
Gaj-paon, India; Lalgori, Lamgora, Bengal.
3 15%". Legs lake-red. Bill 23”, red, tip black. Back, neck, and tail grey.
Wing, back of head black, glossed green. Rest white. The adult male in
breeding plumage has head, neck, upper mantle, and entire under surface pure
white. §. Europe, Africa, C. and S. Asia. Cold-season visitor to India, Ceylon,
and Burma, Three or four eggs (1:64 x 1-21), drab, blotched black. (J. 898.
B. 1451).
Also with under surface white :—
H. melanurus. 14”, Similar to H. mexicanus. From Brazil and Chili.
H. leucocephalus. $144’. 914”. From Australia, New Guinea, and the Moluccas.
HT, picatus. 144”. Asubspecies. From New Zealand.
H. mexicanus. $114’. 9124”. America and W. Indies.
H. knudseni. 1434”. From Sandwich Islands.
Also with under surface black :—
. melas. 12”, From New Zealand.
Also the genus Cladorhynchus. One species—C, lewcocephalus, 134”, from Australia.
Mandalay, 15.2.89.
164 RECURVIROSTRA.—IBIDORHYNCHUS,
Genus RECURVIROSTRA.
Reeurvirostra, from récurvus=turned back, and rostrum =the beak.
Bill long and flexible, turned up, channelled above and below. Remiges
twenty-nine. First quill longest. Tarsus reticulated. Hind toe small. Anterior
toes deeply webbed, webs notched in middle. Swim well. Avocets, from their
strongly webbed feet, were classed by Temminck and others near the Flamingo.
Nearly cosmopolitan.
156. Recurvirostra avocetta. Tar AVOcET.
The Italian name ; said to be connected with avis=a bird.
Kusya-chaha, Behar.
3 16%”. 917". Legs pale grey. Bill 34”, black. Crown, nape, lesser
coverts, and quills black; the rest white. Europe, Asia, and Africa. A winter
visitor to Ceylon. Shot one, in hot weather of 1861, on E. Narra, Sind. Eggs
(2-0 x 1-4) buff, blotched brown. (J. 899. B. 1452.)
Also with greater wing-coverts and secondaries white :—
&. americana. § 16". 915”. From temperate N. America,
R, nove hollandie. 15%. From Australia and New Zealand,
Also with greater coverts and secondaries dark brown :—
&. andina, 17”. From Chili.
Genus IBIDORHYNCHUS.
iBis=Ibis ; pryyxos=a bill.
A peculiar species. Bill curved downwards. Nasal groove extends to more
than half length of the bill. First, second, and third quills subequal. Tarsi
reticulated throughout. No hind toe. Third and fourth toes connected by web,
hardly any web between second and third toe.
157. Ibidorhynchus struthersi. Tue Ispis-BiLi.
3 16”; 10 0z. Legs blood-red. Bill 32”, crimson. Head black, mixed grey
and margined white. Plumage olive.
Hodgson says it has the short legs and feet of a Plover. Gould remarks that
its legs and feet are those of an Oyster-Catcher, and its bill that of an Ibis.
Masson, in December, 1880, shot eight in the Great Ranjit River. Excellent for
the table. From W. Turkistan to N. China. Inhabits the Himalayas from the
Afridi country to Assam. (J. 879. B. 1453.)
LIMICOL.
165
Order LIMICOLAS (Continued).
( Numentus
Limosa -
MacroRHAMPHUS .
‘ ; TEREKIA
Anterior toes partially
webbed at base .
ToTanus
\ PAVONCELLA
( CauipRIS. 4
EURINORHYNCHUS.
Anterior toes divided to
base. Tarsus and culmen
equal TRINGA
\
Anterior toes lobed . PHALAROPUS
Anterior toes free and cleft ; ScoLopax
to base. Tarsus scutel- | eceaeaen :
lated : | RostTRaTULa
Plumage white.
CuionIs, CHIONARCHUS.
Plumage game . AttaGis, THINOCORUS
CURLEWS.
WHIMBRELS.
° \ Gopwits.
Avocet SANDPIPERS.
YELLOW-SHANES.
GREEN-SHANKS.
SANDPIPERS.
| RED-SHANES.
Woop-SanDPIPERS.
Rurrs.
SANDERLINGS.
STINTS.
PEcTORAL SANDPIPERS.
Kvorts.
CuRLEW STINTS.
DoNLINS.
BROAD-BILLED STINTS.
PHALAROPES.
Woopcocgs.
SNIPEs.
PainTED SNIPES.
SHEATH-BILLS.*
SEED-SNIPEs.*
Subfamily Toranina. CuRLEWS, GoDWITSs, SANDPIPERS, STINTS, and
PHALAROPES.
Bill lengthened. Fourth and second toes joined by webs to third. (In
Phalaropus toes have scalloped webs.) Tarsus transversely shielded both in
front and behind (Nuwmenius excepted). Summer and winter garb distinct.
Sexes alike (Pavoncella excepted). With hind toe (Calddris excepted),
Migratory birds scattered in both hemispheres. Winter visitants to India,
breeding in N. and C. Europe and Asia. They pick up small crustacea and
molluscs from the surface, and do not insert their bills deeply like Snipes.
Several are solitary in their habits.
(i.) Anterior toes partially webbed at base.
Genus NUMENIUS.
Niménius=vovpyvios, a kind of Curlew in Diogenes Laértius (about a.D. 200); from
véos=new, and yjv7=the moon, from its ‘‘ crescent” beak.
Hind toe with nail short. Bill very long, curved downwards. Nasal groove
for three-quarters length of bill. Anterior toes webbed at base. Tarsi transversely
scaled in front and reticulated behind. Differ from Gopwits and Stints in beak
* Not represented in India.
‘wyonbip sniusuUNAT ‘8CT.
eed
HS
i
io ia: at ages
Z <=
YE. 7” ZS
id, Ze
bs AE
: Cat ca
x 8 Zz
LIMICOLA, 167
and plumage. Remiges thirty. First quill longest. Primaries barred whitish
or rufous on inner web (NV. borealis excepted).
Migratory and found all over the world. Said to perch on trees occasionally
in N. Europe.
Colour of crown same as back, and without central longitudinal pale band.
158. Numenius arquatus. THe Cur.ew.
The medieval name. It is generally said to be derived from the bird’s bill being bent like
a bow, arcus; but it more likely refers to arquatus morbus=the jaundice (‘‘when the skin
turns to the yellow colour of the rainbow”), in allusion to the legend about Charadrius,
Galbula, Icterus, etc.
Goar, Goungh, India ; Choppa, Sada Kastachura, Bengal.
3 21"; 27 02. ¢ 26"; 300z. Legs grey. Bill 4” to 74”, brown. Tongue
rather short. Above brown, edged rufous. Lower back and rump white, with
blackish shaft streaks ending in dusky spots. Abdomen white, with dark shaft
lines on breast and flanks. In summer the male becomes darker, with broader
shaft lines. In winter the female resembles male in being nearly white below.
Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in temperate Europe and Asia, wintering in
Africa and 8. Asia. Winter visitor to India, Ceylon, and Burma. Accidental
in N. America. Eggs (2-6 x 1-8) olive, blotched grey. Its note is the wild
scream of “cur-lew.” (J. 877. B. 1454.) See illustration, p. 166.
Also MW. tenuirostris, 16”. Similar to V. arquatus, From C, Europe.
NV. cyanopus. § 21". 9? 24’. Breeding in E. Siberia and wintering as far south as Australia.
XN. longirostris. § 18%”. 921”. From America.
Crown with central longitudinal pale band.
159. Numenius pheopus. THs WaImBreL, WHaup, or SEVEN WHISTLER.
The medieval name ; from @acts=dusky, and 7ofs=a foot.
Chota-Goungh, India.
3 16”. 918". Legs bluish. Bill 3” to 34”, dusky. Crown brown, with
median white band. Pale broad eye-streak. Above brown with whitish spots.
Flanks and axillaries barred. Lower back and rump unstreaked white. Europe
159. Numenius pheeopus. 10.10.75.
168 LIMOSA.
and N, Asia in summer; Africa, S. Asia, Malay Archipelago, and Australia in
winter. Winter visitor to India, Ceylon, and Burma. Eggs (2-3 x 1-7) olive,
spotted brown. Its note is a whistling “titterel” repeated seven times. T. H.
Thornley, of Birkenhead, reported that on 4.10.94, in lat. 12° 33’ N., long. 26°
38’ W., a Whimbrel, VV. phwopus, came on board the homeward bound R.M.S.S.
Thames,.and being exhausted and starved, was easily caught. The nearest land
would be Cape Verd Islands, lying about 200 miles to the north.
Also NV. variegatus, 15”, which replaces N. pheopus in E. Siberia and Japan, extending
in winter to the Malay Archipelago and Australia.
NV. hudsonicus. $614”. 917”. Similar to MV. phwopus. From N. America, wintering
in S. America.
N. tahitiensis. § 184”. 917”. From N. America, visiting the Pacific Isles, where it is
believed to breed.
N. borealis. § 134”. 914”. The Eskimo Curlew. With quills uniformly coloured, and
without bars on inner webs.
Also the genus Mesoscolopax. One genus—M. minutus, 13’, with tarsus transversely scutel-
lated both in front and behind, from E. Siberia, passing through Japan and China on its
migrations to the Moluccas and Australia.
Genus LIMOSA.
Limésus=muddy, from dimus=mud.
Bill lengthened, straight or bent upwards, cylindrical at base, obtuse at tip;
both mandibles grooved at side. Plain plumage, in winter grey-brown, in summer
rufous in both sexes. Males smaller than females. Remiges twenty-eight. First
quill longest. Tail even. Tarsus transversely shielded in parts both in front and
behind. Hind toe well developed. Second, third, and fourth toes fringed on
both sides. Mid claw curved and often pectinated. Like Snrpzs in bill, and like
Srints in plumage. Scattered nearly all over the world.
Axillaries white, with or without dusky bars.
160. Limosa belgica. THe Briack-TaILeD Gopwit.
The Linnean form of alyoxépados, a bird mentioned by Aristotle; from alé=a goat, and
xepady =the: head.
Goodera, Gairiya, V.W.P.; Malgujha, Nepal; Jaurali, Bengal; Susling, Sind ;
Tonda ulanka (Telugu).
¢ 16” to 18”; 8 to 12 oz. ¢ 18” to 21”; 9 to 15 oz. Legs dusky. Bill
34” to 5”, fleshy.—In winter: Above ash-brown. Short supercilia and spot under
each eye white. Below grey-white. Tail, basal one-third white, terminal two-
thirds black.—Jn summer : Back black, tipped rufous. Breast rufous. Abdomen
white. Migratory, breeding in Europe and Asia, and wintering in S. Europe,
N. Africa, S. Asia, Malay Archipelago, and Australia. Common in N. India
from October to March. Eggs (2-1 x 1-5) olive, spotted brown. (J. 875. B. 1456.)
See illustration, p. 169.
161. Limosa lapponica. Tur Bar-rattep Gopwit.
Lapponica=of Lapland.
3 13%” to 142”; 74 to 10 oz 9 152”; 9 to 114 oz. Legs black. Bill
3” to 34”, pink and black.—Jn winter: Above earthy, and dark central shaft.
Lower back and rump white, with heart-shaped brown spots. Upper tail-coverts
white, with irregular brown bars. Mid-tail ashy, tipped white, and barred white
and brown towards base. Outer rectrices barred throughout. Below white.
‘LOLS ‘etepomeqy ‘vyvyda00ba vsowrvT ‘QOL
170 MACRORHAMPHUS,
re
161. Karachi, 29.10.76.
Axillaries white, with brown bars on inner web.—Jn summer: Crown black,
edged rufous. Below pale red. Above black-brown, marbled grey. Tail barred
white and brown throughout. Breeds in N. Europe and N.W. Asia, and migrates
south in winter, but does not cross the equator. Accidental in Canary Islands.
In India hitherto only found at Karachi (see illustration). Eggs (2-2 x 1-45) olive,
spotted grey. (B. 1457. S.F. i. 295.)
Also L. nove zealandie. 6 144”. 916”. From Alaska, Siberia, Japan, China, to Malay
Archipelago, Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand.
L. hudsonica. 14”. With axillaries slatish. From N. and S. America.
L. fedoa. $16". 9 143”. With axillaries cinnamon, Tail banded brown and rufous.
From N. and C. America,
Genus MACRORHAMPHUS.
With a long beak ; from paxpés + paugos,
Bill more high than wide, both mandibles broader toward the tip and pitted.
First quill longest, second subequal. Tarsus with lower part shielded in front or
behind. Hind toe well developed. Anterior toes webbed near base. Remiges
twenty. Plumage plain; in summer rufous and in winter grey. Breeds in
Arctic regions and migrates to C. and 8. America, Europe, Japan, China, India,
and Burma,
162. Macrorhamphus semipalmatus. THE SNIPE-BILLED GopwIT.
3 12” to 13"; 402. 9 13” to 13%". Legs green. Bill 23” to 3}”, dusky.
—In winter: Ash-brown, edged white. Broad white supercilia. Rump and
upper tail-coverts white, with arrow-shaped marks of brown. Tail barred brown
and white. Axillaries, flanks, and under tail-coverts spotted and barred brown.
Lower part of tarsus transversely shielded in front.—Jn summer: Rufous. Wing
brown, edged white. Tail banded black and white. Rare visitor to India and
TEREKIA.—TOTANUS. 171
Burma, Breeds in Siberia, and migrates to China, Japan, Burma, and India.
(J. 874. B. 1458.)
Also M, griseus. $10’. 911”. With tarsus shielded behind, wintering in C. and 8.
America.
Also the genus Micropalama. One species—M. himantopus. § 8". ¢ 8%”. With bill
widened at tip and pitted. Breeding in Canada and migrating to 8S. America and W. Indies.
Genus TEREKIA.
In some respects intermediate between Limosa and Totanus. Bill slender,
curved upwards. Upper mandible bent slightly downwards at tip. First quill
longest. Tail nearly even. Second and fourth toes united to third by distinct
membrane. Tarsus scutellated. Mid claw dilated, not pectinated.
163. Terekia cinerea. Toe Avocet SANDPIPER.
39". 9104". Legs pale orange. Bill 14”, orange.—Jn winter: Forehead
and supercilia white. Ashy blue, with dark shaft stripes. Shoulder-edge of
wing and quills brown. Breast ashy, with streaks of red. Avxillaries white.—
In summer: Scapulars black, edged with brown. Head, neck, and breast streaked
with brown. Breeds in northern parts of the Palearctic region, and winters in
Africa, India, and Australia. (B. 1459.)
Genus TOTANUS.
Toténus, Latinised from the Italian Tétano, Derivation unknown.
Bill straight or slightly curved upwards. Both mandibles grooved on each
side. Tip of upper mandible hard and bent down. First quill longest. Tarsus
always scutellated in front and behind. Hind toe present. Anterior toes united
by webs, which sometimes are rudimentary between second and third toe.
(i.) Bill with upward curve.
164. Totanus guttifer. ArmsTRone’s YELLOW-SHANKS.
¢ 12” to 13”; 34 0z. 9 13. Legs ochreous. Bill 2-4”, plumbeous. Broad
stripe from forehead. Chin, neck, breast, abdomen, and wing-lining white.
Crown, neck, secondaries, and tertiaries pale ashy. N.E. Asia, ranging in winter
to Burma and Bengal. (B. 1467.)
165. Totanus glottis. Taz Common GREEN-SHANES.
yAGrris= mouth of the windpipe.
Tim timma, India ; Gotra, Bengal ; Peria-kotan (Tamil); Maha-oliya, Ceylon.
6 18” to 15”. Legs greenish. Bill 2” to 22”, dusky. In winter and swmmer
the same. Tail cross-barred and laterals white, with narrow streak on outer web.
Head white, with brown streaks. Back brown, edged yellow. Breeds in N.
Europe and N. Asia, and winters in China, 8. Asia, and Australia. Four eggs
(2-0 x 1-35), light brown, spotted brown. (J. 894. B. 1466.)
(ii.) Bill straight and not curved upwards.
166. Totanus stagnatilis. Tue Marsu-Sanppipsr, or Lesser GREEN-SHANES,
Stagnatilis= pertaining to ponds,
Chota gotra, Bengal.
3 103”. Legs pale green. Bill 18", dusky.—Jm winter: Ash-brown. Quills
brown, shafts white. Cheeks, neck, breast, and flanks spotted brown. Lower
172 TOTANUS.
back white.—Jn summer: Beneath small, round,. black spots. Breeds in S.E.
France, S. Russia, C. Asia, and 8. Siberia, and ranges in winter to Africa, S.
Asia, Malay Archipelago, and Australia, India, Burma, and Ceylon. (J. 895.
B. 1463.)
167. Totanus hypoleucos. THz Common Sanppiper, or SuMMER SNIPE.
Hypoleucos=timéXevxos, which generally =whitish (pale from the ordinary sense of 76 in
composition, ‘‘somewhat”), but here plainly=white underneath. It was the bird’s common
medieval name,
Potti ulanka (Telugu) ; Kotan, Ceylon.
3 7} to 84". Legs pale green. Bill 1”, dusky. In winter and summer the
same. Above and four central tail-feathers glossed green. No white on rump.
Lateral tail tipped and barred white. Remiges twenty-four. Quills, except first, with
spot on inner web. The greater part of the Old World, and migrating in winter
to S. Africa, 8. Asia, and Australia. Common throughout India, Burma, and
Ceylon in cold season. Four eggs (1-41 x 1-06), buff, with black specks. (J. 893.
B. 1460.)
167. Totanus hypoleucos. 21.8.75.
168. Totanus ochropus. THe Green SanpPIPER.
Ochropus, from &xpés=pale yellow, and rofs=a foot.
Nella ulanka (Telugu).
3 92” to 101”. Legs green. Bill 1}”, green, tip black.—In winter : Above
ashy, tinged green, with edging of small white spots. Lower back brown. Upper
tail-coverts white. Tail, basal third white, rest white, barred brown. Axillaries
white, with brown bars. Remiges, twenty-nine.—Jn summer: Darker, greener,
and more spotted. Breeds in the north, and winters in Africa, S. Asia, and
Malay Archipelago. Common throughout N. India in cold weather. Four eggs
(1-5 x 1-1), buffish green, spotted brown. (J. 892. 3B. 1462.)
169. Totanus calidris. Taz Common Rep-sHANEs.
Kaédcdpts or oxddtdpts=a speckled water-bird, in Aristotle.
Chota battan, India.
3 10%” to 113”; 6 oz. Legs pale red. Bill 13”, red, tip dusky. Supercilia
from the bill white. Above brown. Inner margin of primaries mottled white.
Lower back white. Secondaries white. Known in flight by white on wing.
TOTANUS. 173
Karachi, 30.10.76.
Breeds from Asia Minor to S.E. Siberia, and migrates in winter to Africa, S. Asia,
and Malayan Archipelago. Common in cold season in India, Ceylon, and Burma.
Four eggs (1-8 x 1-25), buff, spotted dark brown. (J. 897. B. 1464.)
170. Totanus fuscus. Tue Sporrep REpD-sHANKS.
Fuscus=dusky.
Batan, India ; Yerra Kal ulanka (Telugu).
3 13”; 74 to 9 oz. Legs orange-red. Bill 24”, orange, tip black.—Jn winter :
Black patch near eye. Supercilia from base of bill white. Sides of neck and
upper breast indistinctly spotted and mottled with brown. Secondaries barred
brown and white. Upper tail-coverts barred black and white. Central tail ash-
170. Totanus fuscus. Buckree, 10.10.72.
174 PAVONCELLA.
grey; outer tail vandyked white.—Jn summer: Head, neck, and below sooty
grey. Vent and lower tail barred white and brown. Back black, with white
spots. Breeds in Finland, and migrates south to Mediterranean countries and
S. Asia. Common in cold season in N. India. Eggs (1-8 x 1-25) buff, spotted
dark brown. (J. 896. B. 1465.)
171. Totanus glareola. THz Woop-SanpPirPEr.
Glaérela, a diminutive from glaréa= gravel, from its haunting gravelly places.
Chupka, Chobaha, India ; Chinna ulanka (Telugu).
3 8}” to 9". Legs green. Bill 14”, green, tip black.—In winter : Forehead
and above deep brown, with grey spots. White supercilia from the bill. Tail
barred black and white; laterals white-spotted. Remiges twenty-six. Avxzillaries
barred brown.—Jn summer: Feathers of back brown, with white markings on
both webs. Europe and N. Asia, winters in Africa, India, Malay Archipelago,
and Australia. Eggs (1-5 x 1-1) olive, blotched red and brown. (J. 891. B. 1461.)
Also 7. macularius, 64”. Similar to 7. hypoleucos. From N. America. Migratory to
C. and 8S. America and W. Indies.
T. solitarius. $7”. 274%. Similar to 7. ochropus. From N. to 8. America.
T. cinnamomeus. Similar to 7. solitarius.
T. melanoleucus. $11”. 912-8". Similar to 7. glottis. From N. America. Migratory
to S. America.
T. flavipes. $69”. 994". N. America. Migratory to S. America.
Also the genus Symphenia. One species—M, semipalmata, 6 12”, 9 18”, from N. America
to C. and S. America in winter.
Also the genus Heteractitis. Two species—H. brevipes, ¢ 8-8’, 2 9", from E. Siberia
through Japan and China to Malayan Archipelago and Australia; H. incanus, 10”, from
Alaska and Mexico throughout Oceania to N.E. Australia.
Genus PAVONCELLA.
Males much larger than females. "Web only between fourth and third toes.
Bill almost straight. Both mandibles grooved. First quill longest. Tail
graduated. Tarsus transversely shielded in front and behind. Hind toe
moderate. At breeding season male assumes a distinct plumage, with a ruff
of long feathers. Scarcely two ruffs in full plumage are alike in colour. Poly-
gamous. Almost the whole of the Old World.
172. Pavoncella pugnax. Tue Rurr and Reeve.
Pugnax = fond of fighting ; from pugna=a fight.
Gehwala, India.
3 12” to 138”. 910". 6 oz. Legs yellow. Bill 13” to 14”, brown.—In
winter: Male has upper plumage brown, with black spots. Breast reddish.
Axillaries white. Lower parts white. Female, known as the Reeve, is smaller,
ashy plumage throughout, and has no ruff or occipital tufts.—In summer: Male:
Plumage black, deep rufous, and ashy. After spring moulting the face-feathers
are replaced by hard pimples and the ruff is developed. The two sexes are alike
for part of the year, but differ in the pairing season, Among young males and
females there is no difference in plumage during their first autumn, the only
marked difference being the larger size of the male. Similarly size alone dis-
tinguishes adult males and females in winter. In the breeding plumage (May
and June) the only alteration in the female from the winter state is a darker
and richer colouration, but in the males there is a special growth of elongated
CALIDRIS. 175
feathers about the head and neck, constituting the “ruff.” In addition to this
peculiarity is another which is rare amongst animals in a wild condition (though
so common among domesticated races), that of striking diversity of colour in
different individuals. The range of variation appears to be restricted within
certain limits, and the colour of each individual bird always continues the same
throughout successive seasons. The pugnacity of the males at this time of the
year is proverbial (N.H.M.). Breeds in N. Europe and Asia and migrates to
Africa and 8. Asia. Visitor in cold season to N. India. Four eggs (1-75 x 1-2),
olive, spotted red and brown. (J. 880. B. 1468.)
Also the genus Bartramia, One species—B. longicauda, 11”, a Sandpiper, with graduated
tail, from N. to S. America.
Also the genus Hreunetes. One species—Z. pusillus, 54’, a Sandpiper, from N.E. Siberia
and Arctic America to Brazil and Peru.
Also with tarsus longer than the culmen :—
The genus Tringites. One species—TZ. subruficollis, § 8, 9 74”, with central tail-feathers
produced beyond the others, a buff-breasted Sandpiper, nesting in N. America and migrating
to S. America,
The genus chinorhynchus. One species—&. cancellatus, a barred Sandpiper with small
hind toe and central tail not produced, confined to Oceania.
The genus Prosobonia. One species—P. leucoptera, 6-7”, a white-winged Sandpiper, with
long hind toe and central tail not produced, from the Society Islands.
(ii.) With anterior toes divided to base. With tarsus and culmen practically
equal in length.
Genus CALIDRIS.
kédpis or oxéddpis =a speckled water-bird in Aristotle. Derivation unknown.
No hind toe, otherwise as in Tringa. Web at base of toes very small.
173. Calidris arenaria. Tae SanpERLING.
Arenaria=pertaining to sand, aréna.
Manora, 27.10.75.
& 7k’ to 8". 12 0z. Legs black. Bill 1”, black.—JIn winter: Upper plumage
ashy. Shafts brown. Head, edge of wing, and tail deep grey.—Jn summer :
Head and cheeks black. Back, neck, and breast reddish, with black spots. Tail-
feathers doubly notched. Breeds in Arctic regions and migrates south. Common
in cold season in Sind and Baluchistan. Eggs (1-4 x 0-95) olive, spotted brown
and red. (J. 888. B. 1469.)
176 EURINORHYNCHUS.—TRINGA.
Genus EURINORHYNCHUS.
ed}=well; piv=nose; piyyos=a bill,
Bill with tip expanded, otherwise as in Tringa. Toes well cleft. Small web
between fourth and third toes. Hind toe present.
174. Eurinorhynchus pygmeus. Tue SpPoon-BILLED STINT.
3d 64”. Legs black. Bill 1”, black. Forehead, supercilia, cheeks, and
axillaries white. Tail-coverts dark brown, margined white. Shafts white, tipped
black. Lower parts snow-white. A very rare bird, visiting N.E. Siberia in
summer, and found in winter in China, Burma, and Bengal. (J. 887. B. 1470.)
Genus TRINGA.
The late Latin form of Aristotle’s rpvyyas. Derivation unknown.
Bill flexible, straight, or slightly curved downwards. Both mandibles grooved.
First quill longest. Tail even and without bars. Median rectrices pointed, and
sometimes projecting. Tarsus scutellated. Hind toe present. Anterior toes free
or barely united by a web. Migratory, breeding in N. Asia.
Stints have shorter bills and legs than Gopwits, and shorter and softer bills
than Sanppipers. Change of plumage in summer darker above and rufous be-
neath, Frequent marine marshes and seashore. Retire north in summer.
It is on the shore, after recess of the tide, in company with other species, that
these birds are seen collecting their food from the refuse of the ocean, or quietly
and intently probing the moist sand for worms and small shell-fish, running before
the advancing surf, and profiting by what is left behind.
(i.) Bill straight. Shafts of primaries mostly white.
175. Tringa minuta. Tse Lirrie Stint.
Chota pan-loha, India.
3 6”. Legs black. Bill 7", black.—Jn winter : Above and sides ash-brown,
with broad black shaft stripes. Below white. Six outer tail-feathers brownish
grey.—In summer: Head, above, and central tail black, edged rufous. Breast
reddish. Middle toe 3”. Nesting in N. Europe and Siberia; wintering in Africa,
India, and Ceylon. Eggs (1-1 x 0-8) grey, spotted brown. (J. 884. 3B. 1471.)
176. Tringa ruficollis. Toe Eastern Lirriz Stint.
3 5%” to 64”. 9 5". Resembles 7. minuta. Legs blackish. Bill black.
Forehead white. Primary shafts white about centre, sullied near base. Breast
white. From E. Siberia, China, and Japan, to Burma, Malay Archipelago, and
Australia. (B. 1472.)
Shafts of first primary white, of others brown.
177. Tringa subminuta. Tue Lone-rozp StTint.
6 6”. Legs pale brown. Bill olive. Above dark brown, edged lighter.
Shafts of primaries, with exception of first, are brown. Middle toe and claw 1”.
All tail-feathers brown. Ranges from E. Siberia in summer to Australia in
winter. Common during cold season in Burma, Bengal, and Ceylon. (S.F. i. 244.
B. 1473.)
TRINGA. 177
178. Tringa temmincki. THe WHITE-TaILED STINT.
In honour of Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Keeper of the Leyden Museum, b. 1778, d. 1858.
3 6” to 6)". Bill 3”, black. Legs greenish. Jn winter: Above brown,
with dusky streaks. Fourcentral tail-feathers ash-brown, six outer tail-feathers
white. Laterals, throat, belly, and under-tail pure white.-—Jn summer: Breast
sandy, with small dark spots. Shaft of first primary white, of others brown.
Mid toe and claw }’. N. Europe and Asia, migrating south. Common in
N. India from August till May. Eggs (1-15 x 0-85) green, spotted red and brown.
(J. 885. B, 1474.)
Also 7. minutilla. Similar to 7. minuta. 53”. From N, to 8. America.
179. Tringa acuminata. Tuer Asiatic PecroraL SaNDPIPER.
3 7” to 84". Bill 12;", black. Legs yellow. Tail-feathers lanceolate and
pointed.—Jn summer: Crown and above broadly margined bright rufous. Upper
throat unspotted.—Jn winter : All tail-feathers with white edges. Chin, throat,
and abdomen white. N.E. Siberia and Alaska, migrating to China, Japan,
Malayan Archipelago, Australia, and New Zealand. A single specimen was shot
at Gilgit on Ist August. (B. 1475. S.F. v. 344.)
Also T. maculata, 8”. The American Pectoral Sandpiper.
T. bairdi. 64”. From N. to S, America.
T. fuscicollis, 7” to 94”. Buonaparte’s Sandpiper. From E.N. America and W. Indies
to S. America.
180, Tringa crassirostris. THe Eastern Knot.
3 11%” to 12”. 9 114” to 12”. Legs dusky. Bill 14” to 2”, black.—Jn
winter : Breast mottled, brown spots heart-shaped. Above ashy, tipped white.—
In summer : Breast-feathers black, with white cross-band. From Siberia migrating
by China and Japan to the Malayan Archipelago and Australia, wandering to
W. India and the Laccadives. (B. 1476. S.F. i. 240.)
Also ZT. canutus, 10”. The Knot, really the Knut, from the king whose courtiers forgot
the double tide in Southampton Water ; the Latinisation of his name gives the specific Canutus.
Flight strong and straight, and always alights head to wind. Back black, with chestnut spots.
Upper tail-coverts white, with black bands. Axillaries white, with brown bars.
(il.) Bill curved downwards near the tip.
181. Tringa subarquata. Tue CurLew Srint,
Subarquata =a little like a Curlew, Arquata.
3 8” to 83”. Legs grey. Bill 14”, black.—Jn winter: Face, throat, and
beneath white. Brown streak from gape to eye. Above ashy brown, with dark
shaft stripes. Upper tail-coverts chiefly white. White ring barred with black
round base of tail_—In summer: Crown, neck, back, and scapulars rufous, with
black shaft stripes. Upper and lower tail-coverts with black spots. Below chest-
nut. Nesting in Arctic regions and wintering in Africa, India, and Australia.
Accidental in N, America and W. Indies. (J. 882. B. 1477.)
Also the genus Arquatella, One species—A. maritima, 74”, the Black Sandpiper, breeding
in Arctic Europe and N.E. America, and ranging south in winter on coasts of temperate
Europe and America. Also two subspecies—A. cowesi, 74”, replacing A. maritima in W.N.
America ; and A. ptilocnemis, 94, from Pribylov Islands.
M
178 PHALAROPUS.
182. Tringa alpina. Tae Duwntin, or Puree.
3 7h". Bill 12", black. Legs black.—Jn winter : Ash-brown, shafts darker.
Central tail projecting, dark brown. Laterals ashy, edged white. Upper tail-
coverts dark brown. Abdomen white.—In summer: Head and abdomen black.
Breast spotted white. Axillaries white. Breeds in N. Europe and Asia, and
migrates in winter to S. Europe, N. Africa, and S.W. Asia. Common in
N. India in the cold season, but not in §. India, Ceylon, or east of Bay of
Bengal. Eggs (1-3 x 0.95) buff, with brown marks. (J. 883. B. 1478.)
Also 7. americana. 73”. From N. America, E. Siberia, south to China.
183. Tringa platyrhyncha. THe Broap-BiLtep Stint.
wrarts=broad ; pryxos=a bill.
3 6)" to 7”. Legs dusky. Bill 1” to 14”, black. Sexes same size. Bill flat,
wide in the middle, and slightly bent.—Jn winter - Above, tail, breast, and under-
tail tinged rufous. . Mid-tail not projecting.—In summer: Above black, edged
rufous. Black breast-spots. Upper tail-coverts blackish brown. N. Europe
and Siberia, migrating in winter to Mediterranean countries, Red Sea, India,
Ceylon, China, and Malay Archipelago. (J. 885. B. 1479.)
(iii.) Anterior toes lobed.
Genus PHALAROPUS. Pxataropss.or LoBEFoots.
Phalardpus, from gadapls=a Coot, in classical Greek, which is from ¢d¢Aapos=having a
patch of white (on its forehead) ; rofs=a foot.
Feet lobed and partly webbed, the web between third and fourth toes ex-
tending to first joint. Tarsus scutellated in front and with small reticulated
fringe behind. Remiges twenty-five. In other respects agrees with Tringa.
Modified Sandpipers, but unlike those birds, they are found swimming in the
sea, Inhabit north regions. Appearance in India occasional and accidental.
Of dense plumage. Said to swim and dive well. Yarrell classes them with Coots.
Males alone incubate, females forsaking nest and leading a wandering life. Males
inferior in size to the females.
(i.) Bill thin and pointed.
184. Phalaropus hyperboreus. THe Rep-neckeD PHALAROPE.
Hyperbiréus=northern ; trepBdpeos=beyond Boreas, ‘‘at the back of the north wind”;
from rép=above, and Bopéas=the north wind, the north.
3 64”. 9 7h". Legs green. Bill 4”, dusky.—Jn winter: Crown brown.
Forehead white. Back and tail brown, edged red. Broad white bar on the
wing.—In summer: Above black, edged red. Neck red. Breeds in N. Europe,
Asia, and America, and winters in Arabia, Baluchistan, and Sind. Four eggs
(1-15 x 0-86), olive, spotted red. (J. 890. B. 1480.)
(ii.) Bull flat and broad.
185. Phalaropus fulicarius. THe Grey PHALARoPE.
Filicarius=like a Coot, fiilica,
3 72". 2 8". Legs green. Bill 1”, yellow, tip brown.—Jn winter : Fore-
head, supercilia, cheeks, and crown white. Grey nape streak. White bar on
SCOLOPAX. 179
wing. Beneath white. Mid-tail projecting.—In summer: The females have
the crown and nape black, with a white patch on the sides of the head. Back,
scapulars, and tertiaries black, edged buff. Breeds in Arctic regions and ranges
south in winter to Chili and New Zealand. Four eggs (1-2 x 0-9), olive, marbled
brown. (J. 889. B. 1481.)
Also the genus Steganopus, One species—S, tricolor, 6 84”, 2 94”, from N. America,
migrating to 8. America.
Subfamily Scotopacina. Woopcocks and SNIPES.
Bill long, slender, rather soft, swollen and bent over at tip. Eyes set far back,
with hinder margin, just above orifice of ear. Wings long. Inner secondaries
less than primaries. Tail of twelve to twenty-eight feathers. Toes free and cleft
to base, Hind toe present (Phegornis excepted). Tarsus scutellated in front.
Plumage rich, often streaked black and yellow. No distinct summer and winter
plumage.
Genus SCOLOPAX.
Scdlspacx=ckodérat, a kind of Snipe mentioned by Aristotle ; probably from oxbsoy=a
thing pointed, a stake, and akin to cxéd\\w=I stir up, probe, etc.
Tibia plumed to joint. Tail of twelve uniform feathers. Remiges twenty-six.
Head and neck transversely marked with black. First quill longest. Two
notches in posterior margin of breast-bone. Females as a rule larger than
males, Scattered throughout the world.
186. Scolopax rusticola. THE Woopcock.
Rusticdla=a little Heath-Cock in Pliny; rusticiilus=a little countryman in Cicero,
Diminutive of rusticus=of or belonging to the country, rus.
Sim-titar, India; Kumattu, Chinjarol, Chamba; Kangtruk, Manipur; Wilate-
chaha, Chittagong ; Murgh-i-zerak, Persia,
3 13” to 15”; 9 to 15 oz. 9 16". Legs livid. Bill 3”, flesh-grey. Fore-
head ash-grey. Chin white. Four cross-bars on head. Plumage variegated
brown, yellow, and grey, with rufous bars and black spots. Breast and abdomen
buff, barred black. Remiges twenty-six. Nine primaries, blackish, with rufous
notches on both webs; in old birds the notches on outer webs of first two
primaries disappear; in females first primary is plain. Tail black, tipped grey
above and silvery white below. Breeds in N. Europe and Asia, the Azores,
Canaries, and Madeira. Also in Himalayas above 10,000 feet, and migrates
in winter to the lower valleys, also to S. India and Burma. Rare in Ceylon.
Four eggs (1-65 x 1-4), drab, spotted brown. Nestlings are believed to be carried
between the thighs of the old bird and held there by the bill of the parent as it
flies. Rises with a whirr and flies with bent wings and beak pointed down.
Arrives in Darjeeling in October and leaves about the middle of March. Masson
says they breed ‘‘in the hills close to the snows, for many a time, while out
shooting in July and August near the snows at dusk, I have seen Woodcock
flying in various directions.” (J. 867. B. 1482. H. & M. iii. 309.)
Also S. saturate. 104”. With bill 3)”. Abdomen white, with dusky bars. Forehead
rufous, barred black. Primaries almost uniform black. From Java and N.W. New Guinea.
Also the genus Neoscolopax. One species—W. rochusseni, 15’, with bill 32”; a mountain
Woodcock confined to the Moluccas.
Also the genus Philohela. One species—P. minor, 9”, with bill 24”, and three outer
primaries attenuated ; from N. America.
180 GALLINAGO.
Genus GALLINAGO.
From gallina=a hen, feminine of an obsolete adjective gallinus, from gallus=a cock. The
termination is adjectival, as if from gallina, like virago from virax.
Tibia bare for small space. Tail of twelve to twenty-eight feathers. Pale
bands on head and scapular longitudinal. Two notches in posterior margin of
breast-bone. Inner secondaries as long as primaries.
Scattered all over the world, and breed in northern parts of Europe and Asia.
Females larger than males.
(i.) With broad red subterminal tail-band. Lower breast and abdomen white
and not transversely barred. Pale median band on crown.
187. Gallinago stenura. THE Pinrart SNIPE.
Chaha, N.W.P.; Bharka, Nepal; Chegga, Lower Bengal; Cherayga, Assam ;
Cheklonbi, Manipur ; Tibud, Ratnagiri ; Oolan, S. India; Birku, Malaya ; Kaswatua,
Ceylon,
® Ww :
A\ \ W .
V \\Y WA
NN
Gp
Maddur, 5.11.80.
3 93" to 10"; 4 oz 9 10” to 114”; 42 oz. Legs grey-green. BBill 23”,
red-brown. Like G. ccelestis, in colour, but duller. No transverse marks on outer
primaries. Outer web of first primary brown. Outer tail stiffened (see illustration,
p. 9). Normally twenty-six tail-feathers (ten soft and broad in centre and eight
narrow, stiff ones on each side), The side pin feathers vary from six to nine on
each side and are slightly curved, from 14” to 13” long, of a dusky colour, with
yellow tips, and less than 2” wide (see illustration.) Under wing-coverts and
axillaries richly barred dusky and white.
Breeds far north in E. Siberia, and migrates in winter to S.E. Asia and the
Malay Archipelago. Arrives in India and leaves later than G. celestis. In 1889
first bird was reported on 17th August. Common in §. India, Ceylon, and
Burma, (J. 870. B. 1485. H. & M. iii. 339.)
Also G. megala. $94. 9104”. With central tail of six feathers and seven outer ones
on each side attenuated and less than }” in width. From E, Siberia, migrating south by Japan
and China to the Philippines and the Moluccas.
GALLINAGO. 181
188. Gallinago celestis. THe Fantatn or Common Sniee.
Ccelestis = pertaining to or coming from heaven, cwlum. The Snipe was called by the older
authors Capella celestis, from its imitating the voice of a goat (capella) in its curious “drumming”
sound during the breeding season, as he swoops down with tail outspread.
Chaha, NV. W.P.; Bharka, Nepal; Chegga, Lower Bengal ; Cheryga, Assam ; Chek
lonbli, Manipur; Tibud, Ratnagiri ; Oolan, S. India; Kadakecho, Orissa ; Ketbatta,
Ceylon ; Pashalek, Afghanistan ; Mahalamche, Yarkand.
188. Gallinago celestis.
¢ 9” to 114” ; 33 to 5 oz. 9 9” to 124”; 3 to 54 oz. Legs green-drab. Bill
22", red-brown. Back velvet-black, crossed chestnut with streaks of yellow.
Lower wing-coverts faintly barred. Tail of fourteen feathers of same width.
Three outer tail-feathers white, tinged rufous, with dusky spots and bars. Outer
web of first primary white. Avxillaries often pure white. Eminently gregarious.
Calls ‘‘ chiswick” on rising as he zigzags up, preparatory to getting straight away.
Known formerly as the “Jill” Snipe. Breeds in Europe, C. and N. Asia, and
winters in §. Europe, N. Africa, and S. Asia. Found in Calcutta markets in
August. Four eggs (1-6x1-1), greenish, double-spotted red-brown. (J. 871.
B. 1484. H. & M. iii. 359.)
Also with tail of sixteen feathers :—
G. major, 11%”. With three outer tail-feathers white, without spots or bars. Wing-
coverts with white tips. Remiges twenty-five. The Great Snipe. From Europe and N. Asia,
wintering in Mediterranean countries and Africa.
G. nigripennis. 11”, Similar to G. major, but three outer tail-feathers have obsolete spots.
‘Confined to Africa.
Also with tail of sixteen feathers and axillaries regularly barred :—
G, delicata, 102’. Wilson’s Snipe. Similar to G@. celestis, but with outer tail-feather less
than }” in breadth and outer secondaries slightly extended beyond primaries, From N.
America, and wintering in Bermudas, W. Indies, and S. America.
G. frenata, 10”. Resembling G. delicata, but outer tail-feather is less than }” in breadth,
and the outer secondaries are strongly extended beyond primaries. Confined to S. America.
182 GALLINAGO.
G. andina, 7%" to 84”. Similar to G. frenata. From Peru.
G. nobilis, 114”, Of same group as G, delicata, but with larger feet and toes and a bill
38” long. From N, of S. America,
G. macrodactyla. 13”, Of same group as G, cclestis and @. delicata, Bill 35". From
Madagascar and Mauritius.
@. paraguaye. 10%”. Similar to G@. delicata, but with outer tail-feathers narrower and
having five distinct bars. Outer secondaries not exceeding the longest primary coverts in
length. From S. America,
G. australis, 114”, Similar to G. celestis, but with tail of eighteen feathers, the two
outer ones attenuated. Breeding in Japan, and wintering iu Australia and Tasmania.
189. Gallinago solitaria. Tur Himatayan Souitary SwIpz.
Bharka, Nepal.
3 12” to 13”; 5 to 8 oz. =9 13"; 9 oz. Legs green. Bill 22”, red-brown.
Pale buff stripe along scapular and inner edge of wing. Chin and throat white.
Breast olive, dashed white. Outer primary mottled. Outer margins of first three
primaries white. Abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts unbarred. Margins of
scapulars white. Tail of from sixteen to twenty-four feathers (eight central and
from four to eight laterals on each side). Median tail black, with rufous sub-
terminal band, then a black bar and whitish at the tip. Outer tail-feathers
irregularly cross-barred, with black at base and white towards tip. Calls as it
rises, a harsh imitation of the note of the common Snipe. From 9,000 to 15,000
feet throughout the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to Assam, Japan and N.E, Siberia,
wintering in the lower valleys and China. (J. 869. B, 1486. H. & M. iii. 333.)
190. Gallinago nemoricola. Tas Woop-Snips,
Ban-chaha, Wepal.
3d 114” to 124”; 5 to6 oz. 9 13"; 7 0z. Legs green. Bill 23”, red-brown.
Top of head and back black, marked rufous-grey. Breast ashy, Margins of
scapulars rufous. Outer margin of first three primaries nearly uniform with
rest of feathers. Abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts closely barred. Tail of
eighteen feathers (six central broad, the next two on each side intermediate, and
the outer four on each side very narrow). Silent as it rises. Home in the
Himalayas from Dalhousie to Sikkim, also Assam and Burma hills. A winter
visitor to hills of S. India. Four eggs (1-7 x 1-25), green, spotted red. (J. 868.
B. 1483. H. & M. iii. 325.)
Also with no rufous terminal tail-band. Abdomen and breast distinctly barred all over. Pale
median crown-band :—
G. gigantea. 19”, The largest of the Snipes. Bill 44” to 53’. Primaries and secondaries
barred on both webs. Back with pale margins to scapulars and secondaries, imparting broadly
streaked appearance above. From Brazil and Paraguay.
G. undulata, 14”, Of the same group as G. gigantea. Bill 3%” to 43”. Apparently confined
to Guiana.
Also with primaries of uniform colour :—
G. stricklandt, 134”. Bill 33”. Black markings on upper surface in bars, Wing-coverts
thickly barred. Centre of breast and abdomen sandy, without bars, Avxillaries sandy. From
S. of S. America,
G. jamesoni. 12”. Bill 32”. Centre of breast barred. Below and axillaries dull white.
From N.W. of 8, America.
G. aucklandica, 84’, bill 23”, black markings above as subterminal spots, from Auckland
Islands ; and the two subspecies—G@, Auegeli, 9”, from Snares Island; and G@. pusilla, 7},
from Chatham Islands.
G. imperialis. 11”. Bill 34’, With entire upper surface barred rufous and black, Breast
and abdomen white, barred black. From Colombia, (B.M. Cat., xxiv, 658-665.)
ROSTRATULA. 183
No median pale band on the crown,
191. Gallinago gallinula. THe Jack Swipz.
Gallintila=a chicken ; diminutive of gallina=a hen.
Chota bharka, Nepal ; Oolan, Madras ; Tibud, Ratnagiri.
3 72’ to 9”; 14 to 24 oz, 9 8h”. Legs green-grey. Bill 14” to 12”, blackish.
Back black, glossed green. Two yellow bands from shoulder to tail. Four notches
on posterior margin of breast-bone. Tail of twelve feathers of uniform width,
dark brown, bordered buff. Remiges twenty-four. Axillaries white. Flight
straight and rapid, beginning in silence, with a few zigzags. Formerly considered
as the male of G. celestis. Occur in Asia Minor, Palestine, N. Africa, Mediter-
ranean, and Europe, excluding Atlantic isles, Faroes, and Iceland. A winter
visitant to India, summering and breeding north of 60° N. lat. to far within
Arctic circle. Four eggs (1-5 x 1-1), olive, spotted red-brown, remarkable for their
large size, each weighing more than 14 oz., while the bird itself weighs but
2% oz, (J. 872. B. 1487. H. & M. iii. 373.)
Genus ROSTRATULA.
An aberrant form of Scolopacine. Tibia much denuded. Bill curved slightly
down at tip, and not pitted. Tail of fourteen to sixteen feathers. First and
second quills subequal and longest. Sexes differ. Non-migratory. Ethiopian,
Indian, Australian, and 8. Neotropical regions.
192. Rostratula capensis. THE Paintep SnIpz.
Ohari, Nepal ; Kone, Singbhoom; Tibud, Ratnagiri; Mail-ulan, Madras; Baggerjee,
Lower Bengal. 7
3d 94" to 10”; 34 to 5 oz, 9 92" to 11”; 44 to 64 oz Legs green, Bill 13”,
red-brown. Throat white. Above olive-brown, with narrow white bars broadly
fringed dark green. Line on head and one from eye to nape buff. Quills blue-
grey, with fine wavy black lines, and with oval buff spots on outer webs. Tail
of fourteen feathers blue-grey, with black bars.—Female: Darker face. Neck
chestnut. A tuft of white lanceolate feathers beneath the scapulars. E, and
C. Africa, Egypt, India, Ceylon, China, and Japan, extending to Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, and Philippines. Swims well. Four eggs (1-39 x 1-0), drab, irregularly
blotched brown. Nest found in Calcutta on 7.8.88. Three young just hatched.
184 ROSTRATULA.
Eggs obtained at Tongloo in September. Breeds two or three times a year.
(J. 873. B. 1488. H. & M. iii. 381.)
.
Vee lp
4 \ \* yi
ORE aS
BNA a
ah
Also R. australis. 94”. 6 as in R. capensis. ¢ throat and chest sooty black. From
Australia.
R. semicollaris. 74. Wing-coverts uniform blackish, with white spots. Throat sooty
black. From 8S. America.
Also the genus Phegornis, 64”. With no hind toe. One species—P. mitchelli, from
W.S. America.
Also the family CHIONIDIDA. SHEATHBILLS.*
Apparently connect the Jagands, Snipes, Turnstones, etc., with the Gulls.
The size of a Pigeon, with rather the appearance of a Fowl. White plumage, light pink
legs, small spurs on inner side of wings, and a black bill. Bill complex. Hind toe present.
Feet not webbed, only a membrane between third and fourth toes at base. Tarsus reticulated
in front and behind. Nest in holes or behind rocks. One to three eggs, similar to those of
the Oyster-Catcher, but blotched purple. Nestling covered with grey down. Two genera, viz.—
Chionis, with face bare and caruncles near base of bill ; bare space below eye. One species—
C. alba, 15”, the Kelp Pigeon, confined to S. of S. America and adjacent islands.
Chionarchus, with face bare in front of the eye; no caruncles at base of the bill. Two
species—C. minor, 6 16”, 9 154”, feet yellow, and sheath with rounded Petrel-like opening
above the nostrils, from islands of S, Atlantic; and C. crozettensis, 14”, feet dark red, and
sheath with no perceptible rounded opening in front, from Crozette Islands.
Also the family THINOCORYTHIDA. Srxp-Snipzs* (Latreille’s).
Seed-Snipes or Quail Snipes are small, short-billed birds, with general habits and appear-
ance of the Quails. According to Darwin, these birds partake both of the character of Snipe
and Quail. Their character and mode of flight show them to be modified Gralle. Blyth
thinks they approach Pteroclide in appearance and habit. Called ‘‘Shore Larks” by some
writers, but the term is here omitted to save confusion with Otocorys alpestris, which belongs
* Not represented in India.
HERODIONES. 185
to Alaudine, one of the subfamilies of Passeridw. Vomer broad and rounded in front similar
to that of Agithognathe. Bill like that of game birds, without any sheath. Feet not webbed,
with scarcely perceptible membrane between fourth and third toes. Hind toe present. Tarsus
reticulated in front and behind. Plumage like the game birds, in flight like the Plovers.
Eggs drab, thickly speckled chocolate. Nestling covered with light and dark down.
Not represented in India, Two genera—one, Attagis, in Falkland Isles and on lofty
mountains of southern portion of 8. America, within the boundary of Alpine plants, or even
in places entirely destitute of vegetation ; the second, Thinocorus, inhabiting the desolate
valleys of southern parts of S, America.
The genus Attagis, with tail rounded. Three species, viz.—A. gray, 114”, with breast
and abdomen cinnamon, from Chili and Peru; 4, chimborazensis, 11”, from Ecuador, and
A, maloninus, 11”, with breast and abdomen white, from the Falkland Islands,
The genus Thinocorus, with tail more wedge-shaped. Two species—TZ. orbignianus, 9”,
throat white, with black border, from Chili and Peru; 7. rwmicivorus, 64”, foreneck with
black mesial line, from 8. America.
Order HERODIONES.
Toes long. Hind toe free, well developed, and on same plane as others (except
in Storks). Tibia partially bare (except in a few Herons). Desmognathous.
Oil-gland tufted. ‘Fifth secondary wanting. After-shaft generally present
(wanting in some Storks). Eggs greenish white. Young remain in nest for
a time.
Two notches on each side of ( Isis ;
posterior margin of breast- | Inocotis Iniszs.
bone. Hind toe on same | PLEcapis
plane as others . : . \ PuataLea SPOONBILLS.
( Crconta ‘
One notch on each side of | ANasTomus . STorKs.
posterior margin of breast- : XENORHYNCHUS | Open Bix1s.
bone. Hind toe raised, | Dissura ADJUTANTS.
position variable ; . | Lepropritus PainteD STORES,
\ PSEUDOTANTALUS .
ARDEA
MrsopHoyx . Herons.
HeErRop1as . | Eerets.
LzpTERoDIUS ; . | Reer-HErons.
DEMIEGRETTA
One notch on each side of | Nyoricorax. Nicut Herons.
posterior margin of breast-
bone. Hind toe on same | Gorsacuius . . Manay Birterns,
plane as others . ; . | Butoripss . Green Herons.
ARDEOLA . Ponp-Herons.
Busutcus ‘ CattLe Ecrets.
ARDETTA
Dupetor a BItTERWS.
Botaurus . j
Hind toe on same plane as ¢ BaLa#nicipitripa* SHOEBILLS.
others ‘ : F . \ Scopipa* . ‘ . HAMMERHEADS.
* Not represented in India.
Cancroma* .
Boatsi.1s.
186 PLATALEA.—IBIDID 2.
Order HERODIONES. Isisers, Sroonsitts, StorKs, and
HERONS.
Marsh birds, resembling Rails, Cranes, and Plovers in their long bills, necks,
and legs, but differing from them in anatomy and their young being helpless
when hatched. They are more nearly allied to the Steganopodes (Cormorants,
Gannets, Frigate-Birds, Pelicans, etc.) and the Acciptrine birds. Desmognathous,
or birds with vomer abortive or small, when existent always slender, narrow
behind and tapers in front. Maxillo-palatines united. Oil-gland tufted. Sternum
has two notches or one notch on each side of posterior margin. Fifth secondary
wanting. After-shaft generally present (wanting in some Storks). Tibia (except
in a few Herons) partially bare. Toes long, hind toe free, well developed, and
on same plane as the other toes (except in Storks). Nest generally in trees, and
young are fed in the nest for a time by the parents. Eggs greenish white, with
or without spots.
Suborder PLATALEZ.
Vomer pointed in front. Two notches on each side of the posterior margin of
breast-bone. Comprising the Ibises and Spoonbills.
Family IBIDID.
Bill long, slender, and decurved. WNostril pierced in base of nasal groove
which extends nearly to tip of bill. Twenty-seven remiges.
Genus IBIS.
ifis=the Ibis, an Egyptian bird to which divine honours were paid.
Head and neck nude and black. Plumage white. Tarsus reticulated with
hexagonal scales. Second, third, and fourth toes joined by a web at base. Tail
of twelve feathers. Tertiaries in breeding season with elongate plumules forming
ornamental plumes. Young have head and neck feathered and streaked black
and white. Ranges from Africa through India to Australia.
(i.) Tarsus reticulated with hexagonal scales.
193. Ibis melanocephala. THe Waite Isis.
Munda, Jndia; Kacha-tor, Purneah; Sabut-buza, Bengal; Tatu-Kota, Ceylon ;
Kayusoti, Burma,
g 29". Legs black. Bill 64”, black.—JIn summer: Plumage white, similar
to I. ethiopica, but quills are white with no black tips, the ends of tertiaries are
grey with open barbs, and with a neck ruff with long plumes on foreneck.—In
winter: No plumes on foreneck. Quills grey, with ordinary barbs. India, Ceylon,
Burma, and §. Japan. Resident in India, replacing the Sacred Ibis (I. ethiopica)
of Egypt. Two to four eggs (2-54x 1-7), greenish white, occasionally spotted
light brown. (J. 941. B, 1541.)
=
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WN
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Ny
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SSS
194. Inocotis papillosus. Anderson, Jamallee, 1.2.75.
SSAA
TSS
188 INOCOTIS.
Also I. ethiopica. 25”. The Sacred Ibis, With no plumes on foreneck. All quills tipped
greenish black. Ornamental plumes with purple gloss. Iris brown. From Africa to Persian
Gulf.
I. berniert, 21”. With no plumes on foreneck., Quills white. Iris white. From Madagascar,
L. abboti. Similar to I. bernieri, but lower neck naked and minutely papillose. Iris light blue.
I. molucca. 30”. With plumes on foreneck. Primaries broadly tipped blue-black. Orna-
mental plumes black. From Australia and New Guinea.
Also the genus Carphibis. One species—C. spinicollis, 29”, with long yellow shafts on fore-
neck, no papille on crown, from Australia.
Genus INOCOTIS.
Head and throat bare. Hind neck feathered. No nuchal crest or ruff. Crown
covered more or less with papille or coral-like granulations.
194. Inocotis papillosus. Tae Kine Curtew or Buack Isis.
Buza, India; Nella kankanum (Telugu).
3 25” to 30”; 3} Ibs. Legs brick-red. Bill 6,5”, leaden. Plumage dark
olive-brown. Red warts on back of black head. Wings and tail black, glossed
purple and green. Large white patch on wing-coverts. Sexes alike. India,
Assam, Aracan, and Borneo. Three or four eggs (2-43 x 1-7), sea-green, generally
unspotted. (J. 942. B, 1542.) See illustration, p. 187.
195. Inocotis davisoni. Davison’s Buack Isis.
3 32” to 324"; 34 to 4 Ibs. Legs coral-red. Bill 7”, plumbeous. Head
black, with but few papille behind. Broad white necklet, tinged blue at the
“Drawn from memory. Killed at Shnaygheen in 1866. In all respects like the King
Curlew, except the head. I saw one pair only; both had the white band.”
H. Elton, Mandalay, 23.2.89.
nape. Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Cochin China, and Siam. Two eggs (2-55 x 1-8),
pale blue. (B. 1543. S.F. iii. 300.)
Also the genus Thawmatibis. One species—Z. gigantea, from Cochin China.
Also with crest or ruff of elongated feathers on the nape :—
The genus Nipponia. One species—W. nippon, 29”, with long crest and throat feathered
to chin, general colour white, from E. Siberia, Japan, and China.
PLEGADIS. 189
Also with entire throat bare :—
The genus Comatibis. One species—C, comata, 30”, with long and narrow nuchal crest,
head bare, general colour above black, from Asia Minor, Red Sea, Abyssinia, and N.E. Africa.
The genus Geronticus. One species—G@. calvus, 26’, general colour dark metallic green,
with nuchal crest of soft plumes, confined to S. Africa.
Also with head feathered :—
The genus Bostrychia. One species—B, carunculata, 28’, general colour blackish, with nape
strongly crested, and a fleshy wattle in centre of throat, from N.E. Africa.
The genus Hagedashia. One species—H. hagedash, 23’, general colour above dark olive-
green, chin feathered like the throat, and some warty papillz on lores, confined to Africa,
Also with chin bare and forehead feathered:—
The genus Theristicus. Two species—TZ. melanopis, 26’, general colour silver-grey, lores
with warts, region of eye bare, ne crest on nape, from 8. America; and 7. caudatus, 26”, from
British Guiana.
The genus Molybdophanes. One species—M, cerulescens, 30’, general colour grey, mottled
brown, large nuchal lanceolate crest, region of eye feathered, from S, America.
The genus Harpiprion, One species—H. cayennensis, 22”, general colour dark grass-green,
lores bare, with no papille, small nuchal, metallic crest, from C. and 8, America.
The genus Phimosus. One species—P. infuscatus, 204”, general colour black, glossed
green, forehead and lores bare, with warty papill, no nuchal crest, from S. America. (B.M.
Cat., xxvi. 11-26.)
(ii.) Tarsus plated with transverse scales.
Genus PLEGADIS.
Head feathered. Chin, lores, and area in front of eye bare. Tail short. Toes
strong, claws sharp and pointed, that of mid toe nearly straight.
196. Plegadis igneus. Tur Gtossy Isis.
Kowari, India ; Kala Kachiatora, Bengal ; Kankaram (Telugu) ; Kotan, Ceylon.
3 22” to 25”. Legs with blue garter. Bill 5}, blackish.—Jn swnvmer -
Head, breast, and below chestnut; rest dark green, glossed purple.—ZJn winter -
Head and neck brown, streaked with white.—Young- Ash-brown, with white
markings. Widely spread throughout the warmer parts of the world. Seems
to be the Black Curlew of East Anglia. Found in India, Ceylon, and Burma.
Breeds in Sind on E. Nara, also in Ceylon. Generally three eggs (2-01 x 1-40),
blue. (J. 943. B, 1544.)
Also P. guerauna. 21”. With white band across forehead. From United States, America,
C, and S. America, St. Domingo, and Sandwich Isles.
P. ridgwayt, 22”, With under surface purplish black. From Peru and Bolivia.
Also with short tail :-—
The genus Lampribis. One species—L, olivacea, 19”, general colour above dark grass-
green, toes weak, claws small and curved, from W. Africa.
The genus Hudocimus. Two species—Z. albus, 25”, pure white, from S. United States,
America; and £, ruber, 19”, general colour brilliant scarlet, from S. United States, America,
and British Guiana.
Also with tail very long :—
The genus Cercibis, One species—C. oaycerca, 34”, general colour black, and moderate
crest, from N, of S, America,
Also the genus Lophotibis. One species—Z. cristata, 28”, general colour chestnut, head
fully crested, chin feathered, from Madagascar.
Family PLATALEID.
Bill straight, broad, flat, and dilated at end. Head partially or entirely bare.
Nostrils in a groove extending to the front of the bill. Remiges thirty. Plumage
white.
190 CICONIZ.
Genus PLATALEA.
Platéléa=the Spoonbill, in Cicero, N.D., ii. 49, 124. Plaza, in Pliny, H.N., x. 40, 56,
probably from mAarvs = broad.
Bill like a spatula. Second quill longest. Region in front of eye naked. Legs
long. Tibia half naked. Tarsus reticulated throughout. Four toes, three
united to the second joint. Cosmopolitan.
197. Platalea leucorodia. THE SPOONBILL.
Leuctrédia=the late Latin form of evkepwiids ; from Aeveds= white, épwoi6s=a Heron.
Chamach buza, India; Chinta, Bengal; Gentu muku konga (Telugu); Chapy
Chundun, Ceylon.
3 31” to 38”. Legs black. Bill 8”, black, tip yellow.—Jn summer: Rose-
white. Long nuchal crest of pointed and drooping plumes. Breast-patch buff-
yellow, extending towards back.—Jn winter: Crest-plumes wanting.—Female
smaller. C. and 8. Europe, E. Africa, S.W. Asia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and
C. Asia, to China and India. Resident in India. Breeds in the Deccan, Sind,
N.W.P., and Ceylon. Four eggs (2-7 x 1-81), chalky, spotted brown. (J. 939.
B. 1545.)
Also P. regia. 34”. With orange mark over each eye. From Australia.
P. alba. 28”. ‘With forehead and chin yellow. From Africa and Madagascar.
P. minor. 27”. With forehead black, and yellow spot in front of eye. From Japan and China.
Also the genus Platibis. With no crest. With ornamental plumes on neck, and tertiaries
decomposed as in an Ibis. One species—P. flavipes, 38”, with dense tuft of long yellow feathers
on foreneck, confined to Australia.
Also the genus Ajaja. With head entirely bare, and earholes exposed. No ornamental
plumes on neck. One species—A. ajaja, 25”, tinged rosy, confined to America.
Suborder CICONLA.
One notch on each side of posterior margin of breast-bone. Hind toe elevated,
though to a very variable extent ; in some it is scarcely raised at all, while in the
White Stork, and especially in the Black Stork, the elevation is considerable.
Toes webbed at base, third and fourth especially. No pectination on mid claw.
No powder-down patches. No voice, but make sounds by snapping their bills.
Family CICONIIDA. Srtorxs.
Bill large, long, straight, and without any grooves. All anterior toes joined at
base. Of large size. Legs long. Tibia half naked. Tarsus reticulated with
hexagonal scales. Over thirty remiges. Genys recurved, except in Tantalida.
Inhabit India and its Archipelago, Africa, and America. Flight powerful. A few
migratory and gregarious. Breed in lofty trees or on high buildings. Giants of
the Bird Kingdom.
(i.) Under tail-coverts ordinary, not stiffened and not longer than tail.
Genus CICONIA.
Ciconia =a Stork, in classical Latin. Cognate with céno=I sing, cxvos=a Swan, xavayy=
a sharp sound, «évaBos=a din.
Bill convex above; genys inclining upwards. Crown and cheeks feathered.
Orbits naked. Toes strongly webbed. Claws short, broad, and depressed. Third
and fourth quills longest. Partially aquatic. Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Indian
regions, but not reaching Australian region.
ANASTOMUS.—DISSURA. 191
198, Ciconia alba. Tae Warr Srork.
Haji-Laglag, India ; Dhak, NV. 7.P.; Wadume konga (Telugu).
6 42”. Legs red. Bill 84”, blood-red. Greater coverts and quills black, rest
white. Orbital skin black. Europe and C. Asia, wintering in Africa and N. India.
Three to five eggs (3-2 x 1-5), white. (J. 919. B. 1546.)
Also C. boyciana. 56”. Bill 94”, black. Resembles C. alba. From E. Siberia, Corea,
and Japan.
199. Ciconia nigra. THe Buack Stork.
Surmai, India,
3 40” to 44”; 9 Ibs, 9 394”; 74 Ibs. Legs dark red. Bill 8”, blood-red.
‘Orbital skin red. Breast and abdomen white; rest blackish, with purple reflec-
tions. Europe and Asia, winters in Africa and India. Not observed in 8. India,
‘Ceylon, or Burma. (J. 918. B. 1547.)
Genus ANASTOMUS.
Ava=up and down ; oréua=a mouth.
Second and third quills unequal. Bill thick, coarse, and gaping in the middle.
‘Upper mandible edged with lamella. Genys strongly curved upwards.
200. Anastomus oscitans. THz OPEn-BILL Stork.
3 29" to 32”. Legs fleshy. Bill 6”, green. Plumage ash-grey. Wing and
tail black. Some nearly white, supposed to be adults. India, Ceylon, and east
to Cochin China. Two to five eggs (2-24 x 1-6), white. (J. 940. B. 1553.)
Also A. lamelligerus, 28’. General plumage black, with horny elongations to shafts of
‘breast-feathers. From Africa and Madagascar.
Genus XENORHYNCHOUS.
Bill large, solid, with no “saddle.” Tip ascending. Head and neck completely
feathered.
201. Xenorhynchus asiaticus. THe Buack-NecKED SToRK.
3 52” to 56". Legs red. Bill 12”, black. Under plumage white, rest glossy
green. Iris in male dark brown; in female yellow. India, Ceylon, Burma, and
through Malaya to Australia. Four eggs (2-91 x 2-12), white. (J.917. B.1549.)
Also the genus Ephippiorhynchus. With ‘saddle” across bill. Lores and eye region bare.
One species—Z, senegalensis, 65”, confined to Africa.
Also the genus Mycteria. Head and neck bare, with few downy feathers on occiput. One
‘species—M, americana, 50”, from C. and 8. America.
(ii.) Under tail-coverts lengthened and stiffened, equal to or longer than tail.
Genus DISSURA.
Crown feathered, forehead and cheeks naked. Tail deeply forked. Under
tail-coverts longer than tail. Legs very short.
202. Dissura episcopus. THe WHits-NECKED STorRK.
Manikjor, Kali, Laglag, India ; Kandesur (Mahratta); Sanku-budi-konga (Telugu) ;
Padre koku, Ceylon ; Chi-gyin-sut, Burma.
3 36” to 87”. Legs dull red. Bill 64”, dusky. Neck, abdomen, under tail-
coverts, and tail white; rest black-glossed. Forehead and eye-patch nude. The
192 LEPTOPTILUS.
Beefsteak Bird. Ethiopian region, India, Ceylon, Burma, Cochin China, Indo-
Malayan Islands, and Celebes. Four eggs (2-5 x 1-83), bluish white. (J. 920.
B. 1548.)
Also the genus Zuxenura. With tail deeply forked, sides of face and centre of throat
feathered. One species—E. maguari, 45’, general colour white, confined to S. America.
Also the genus Abdimia. With tail slightly forked, and under tail-coverts as long as the
tail, sides of face and centre of throat feathered. One species—A. abdimii, 30”, general colour
black, glossed green, from tropical Africa and 8. Arabia.
(iii.) With under tail-coverts of soft downy plumes.
Genus LEPTOPTILUS.
Aerrés=thin ; mrikov=a wing.
Bill enormous. Head and neck more or less nude, with fluffy down or a few
hair-like feathers. Pendent neck-pouch. Under-tail somewhat decomposed, and
called Marabou feathers. Adjutants as scavengers are in many places protected
by law. Africa and India, extending to the Indo-Malayan subregion.
203. Leptoptilus dubius. Tae Gicantic or ApsuTant Stork.
Hargila, Dusta, India ; Chaniari-dauk, Bengal; Garur, N.W.P.; Pini-gala-konga
(Telugu) ; Don-zat, Burma.
3 60". 9 55”. Legs grey-white. Bill 12” to 13”, greenish. Head bare,
with long neck-pouch. White neck ruff. Above, wings and tail dark slaty,
glossed green. Wing-band silver-grey, very conspicuous. Under-tail white, with
grey-black streaks near tips.—Jn winter: No wing-band, and pouch yellowish.
C. and N, India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Cochin China, Sumatra, Java,
and Borneo. Three eggs (3 x 2-28), white. (J. 915. B. 1550.)
The bones of the forelimb or wing of the Adjutant are thin-walled and hollow,
the interior being filled, not with marrow as in Mammals, but with air, which
gains access by apertures connected with the general system of air cavities ex-
tending through the body, which apertures occur at the ends of the humerus,
radius, and ulna. This hollow or “pneumatic” condition of the bones, which
diminishes the specific gravity of the body, and must therefore be advantageous
to the bird when on the wing, though very general, is not found in all birds, or
in any birds when very young, the interior of the bones being then filled with
marrow. It must also be noticed that the amount of pneumaticity of the bones
by no means follows the development of the power of flight. In the Ostrich,
for example, the bones are far more extensively pneumatic than in the Gull.
On 21.12.72 Dillon, of the 66th Regiment, sent me a young bird shot near
Ghizree. Top of the head bald; no hair-like feathers on occiput or face; and no
distinctive mane or tuft. Ruff moderate. Upper plumage white, tinged rosy ;
sides greenish black, edged white. Rest as described in Jerdon. Bill dirty
yellow. Bare head yellowish red. Facenude. Hair-like feathers on neck tinged
ted. . Legs dusky black, with hexagonal scales. Bar on wing similar to that of
the Gigantic Stork, but not quite complete, and tinged rosy. A few of the upper
coverts tinged crimson. Length 48”. Wing19". Tail 74”. Tarsus 83”. Mid
toe 44”. Bill 82”, curved towards tip.—A. Le M.
ARDEID. 193
204. Leptoptilus javanicus. Tur Harr-orestep or SmaLL ADJUTANT
Stork.
Madan-chur, Bengal ; Chinjura, India; Bang-gor, Purneah; Dodal-konga (Telugu);
Mana, Ceylon ; Don-mi-gwet, Burma.
3 54”. Legs dirty black. Bill 10” to 12”, dirty. Bald, bare neck. No gular
pouch. Thin mane. White neck-ruff. Above gloss-green, faintly barred. Under-
tail pure white. C. and S. India, Ceylon, and eastward through Burma to China,
and southward to Malacca, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. Eggs 2-84 x 2-09. (J. 916.
B. 1551.)
Also L. crumeniferus, 40, Similar to LZ. javanicus, but with white edges to all the
greater coverts and secondaries. From Africa,
Genus PSEUDO TANTALUS.
Tantélus, King of Phrygia, ancestor of the Pelopide (akin to rédavrov, raddvraw, ravrédow),
probably in relation to the mythological story of his hanging balanced over water.
Bill very large, thick, rounded, and smooth. Tip of bill bent down, emargin-
ated. Crown, throat, and face bare, but not the neck. Under tail-coverts extend
beyond tail.
205. Pseudotantalus leucocephalus. Tue Paintep Stork.
3 40” to 42”. Legs fleshy. Bill 10”, deep yellow. Plumage white.
Primaries, secondaries, and tail black, glossed green. Tertiaries rosy, with dark
band and tipped white. Broad breast-band black. India, extending to Burma
and China. Four eggs (2:77 x 1-88), white. (J. 938. B. 1552.)
Also P. cinereus. 38”. Pure white. Bastard wing, primary coverts, quills and tail black.
From Malay Peninsula to Java and Sumatra.
P. ibis, 40”. White, tinged rosy. Wing-coverts with crimson bar. From Africa and
Madagascar.
Also the genus Tantalus. With crown, throat, and neck bare. The neck covered with
scurvy scales. One species—T. loculator, 42”, confined to America.
Suborder ARDEA.
Herons, SHOEBILLS, and HAMMERHEADS.
One notch on each side of posterior margin of breast-bone. Hind toe on same
plane as other toes.
Family ARDEIDA. Herons.
Bill straight, grooved on each side, notched, but with no hook at end. Hind
toe well developed. Slight web between third and fourth toes, that between
second and third obsolete. Mid claw pectinated. Powder-down patches
present. In Herons, plumule of a peculiar kind (the summits of which break
off into a fine dust as fast as they are formed) are developed upon certain
portions of the integument which are termed “ powder-down patches.” Tail
of ten or twelve feathers. (206-221.)
N
194 ARDEA.
(i.) Tail of twelve feathers.
(a.) Bare portion of tibio-tarsus equal to or longer than second toe and claw.
Edge of mandibles serrated.
Plumage grey or white.
Genus ARDEA.
Ardéa=a Heron, in Virgil, Georg. i. 864. Cognate with the classical Greek é¢pwdtds, of
which the supposed primitive form, pwdiés, occurs in Hipponax (about 546 B.c.). Old Norse
arta=a Teal,
Head crested, nape-feathers elongated and ornamented. Foreneck plumes long,
not disintegrated. Bill with groove from nostrils towards tip. Fourth toe
joined to third by web. Second, third, and fourth quills subequal and longest.
Tarsus long, scutellate in front. Tibia half naked. Six powder-down patches.
No dorsal train. Plumage grey or white. Nearly cosmopolitan.
206. Ardea manillensis. Tae Eastsrn Purprz Heron.
Nari, India; Khyra, Behar; Lal-kank, Bengal; Pamula narigadu (Telugu) ;
Karawal-koka, Ceylon; Nga-hit, Burma.
3 38”. Legs red-brown. Bill 6”, yellow. Three narrow, black cheek-bands,
Crown and crest black. Fore throat and neck uniform rufous and not streaked.
Back, rump, wings, and tail slaty grey. Scapulars with long pointed rufous ends.
Breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts slaty black. Throughout the Oriental
region. Common in India, Ceylon, and Burma. Four or five eggs (2-17 x 1-56),
bluish green. (J. 924. B. 1554.)
207. Ardea cinerea. Taz Common Heron.
Cinerea=ash-coloured, from cinis=ashes.
Kabud, India; Anjan, Sada-kanka, Bengal; Saa, Sind; Khyra, Behar; Narraina
pachi (Telugu) ; Narrayan (Tamil); Induru-koka, Ceylon.
¢ 39”. Legs brown, Bill 6”, dark yellow, with tip of upper mandible brown.
Crown white, narrow crest of black. Head and neck white. Long grey scapulars.
Neck-feathers spotted black, form pectoral plume. Black patch of lengthened
plumes on each side of breast. The greater part of the Old World. Resident
in India. Abundant in Kashmir. Three eggs (2-27x 1-66), bluish green.
(J. 923. B. 1555.) See illustration, p. 195,
208. Ardea sumatrana. Tue Dusky Grey Heron.
3 50”. Legs black. Bill 74”, black, lower mandible yellow. Crown and
crest grey. Occipital crest sometimes 9” long, pearly white. Breast, abdomen,
lower tail-coverts, wing-lining, axillaries, and lower back dirty ash. Broad bare
space above and below the eye dirty green. Above slaty. A sea-coast bird.
Aracan, §. Tenasserim, throughout Malaya to Australia. (B.1556. S.F. vi. 469.)
209. Ardea insignis. Tue Great WHITE-BELLIED Heron.
Anjan, Bengal ; San barado, Sind,
¢ 40” to 46”. Similar to A. swmatrana. Narrow crest as long as 8”, Breast-
plumes and long scapulars silver-grey, with white shaft streaks and tips. Breast,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and wing-lining white. Nepal, Sikkim,
and Bhutan. (B. 1557.)
196 MESOPHOYX.—HERODIAS.
210. Ardea goliath. Toe Grant Heron.
Darya anjan, Bengal.
3 56” to 60”. Legs black. Bill 94”, dusky, tip green. Crown and crest
cinnamon. Stands nearly four feet. Upper plumage grey. Below chestnut-
brown.—Young have dense crest. Africa. Two were shot in Ceylon—one in
1878 and another in 1879—and a third was seen in 1880. (J. 921. B. 1558.)
Also A. purpurea. 30” to 34. Crown and crest black. Fore part of throat and neck
streaked with black. The Purple Heron of Europe, Africa, and S.W. Asia.
A. wurdemanni. 50”. Head white, forehead streaked blackish. From Florida.
A. wardi. 48" to 54”. Occiput and sides of crown black. Forehead and mid-crown white.
From Florida.
A. occidentalis. 58”. General colour pure white. From S. Florida.
A, hwmbloti. 37”, Crown black. From Madagascar.
A, melanocephala, 30” to 86”. Crown black. From Africa and S. Europe.
A. cocoi. 35” to 40”. Crown and crest black. From S, America.
A. herodias, 40”. Crown white. From N.C. and 8. America, West Indies, and Galapagos
Islands. (B.M. Cat., xxvi. 72-84.)
a
Genus MESOPHOYX.
Head crested. No ornamental nape-plumes. Foreneck plumes disintegrated.
Immense dorsal train. Plumage white.
211. Mesophoyx intermedia. Tor SmaLtter Waite Heron or Earet.
Patokha bagla, India ; Puru-wallai-koku, Ceylon.
g 27" to 28”. Legs black. Bill 22” to 3”; yellow in winter, black in
summer.—In summer: Head crested, but no drooping plumes. Pectoral plume
of long decomposed feathers. Dorsal train extending about 7” beyond tail. In
winter: Pure white and without dorsal train. India, Ceylon, N. Burma,
Andamans, Malay Peninsula and Islands to Java and the Philippines, China,
and Japan. Four eggs (1-9x 1-44), bluish green. Included by Jerdon and
Blanford under Herodias, but here separated, as the edges of the mandibles are
serrated. (J. 926. B. 1560.)
Also M. brachyrhyncha, 25’. Similar to M. intermedia, but bill and legs are yellow. From
S. and N.E. Africa.
MM. plumifera, 25”. Similar to M. brachyrhyncha, but with distinct loral black patches.
From Australia, New Guinea, and Moluccas.
Edge of mandibles not serrated, but with distinct subterminal notch in
upper mandible. Plumage white or black.
Bill not longer than mid toe and claw.
Genus HERODIAS.
épwiids=a Crane.
No crest or breast-plumes. Well-developed dorsal train. Plumage white.
212. Herodias alba. Tae Great Waits Heron or Ecret.
Bara-bagla, India ; Pedda-tella-konga (Telugu); Vella-koku, Ceylon.
3 36”. Legs black. Bill 33” to 54”, yellow in winter, black in summer.—
In summer: No crest, no pectoral plumes. Dorsal train extends about 5” beyond
tail. Orbital skin pea-green. §S. Europe to C. Asia, Africa, India, Ceylon, Burma.
Four eggs (2-11 x 1-55), bluish green. (J. 925. B. 1559.)
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198 LEPTERODIUS.
Also H. egretta, 38”. Similar to H. alba, but bill always yellow. From N. and S. America,
H. timoriensis. 30’. Similar to H. egretta, From China and Japan, from Malay Peninsula
to Australia. Probably will have to be united to H. alba.
Also the genus Florida, One species—F. cerulea, 22”, with blackish margins at tips of
quills, from N. America, W. Indies, C. and 8. America.
Also the genus Melanophoyx. Of black plumage. Two species—WM. ardeviaca, 174”, with
throat dark slaty, from tropical Africa; and M. vinaceigula, 164”, with throat rufous, from
Transvaal.
Bill longer than mid toe and claw.
213. Herodias garzetta. Tue Lirrte Waite Heron or Earer.
Kilchia, India ; Nella muka konga (Telugu) ; Sudu-koka, Ceylon.
3 24” to 25”. Legs black. Toes yellow. Bill 3” to 4”, black.—Jn summer :
Crest on head of two or three feathers 5” to 6” long. Dorsal train dense, entirely
decomposed, curving up, scarcely extending beyond tail. Pectoral plume of
narrow ordinary feathers.—Jn winter: Pure white, without crest. Pectoral
plume or train. S. Europe, Africa, 8. Asia to China and Japan, India, Ceylon,
Burma, and the Malay Archipelago. Five or six eggs (1-73 x 1-32), bluish green.
H. eulophotes, from Amherst, near Moulmein, referred to by Hume (S.F,
vi. 480), is probably an abnormally small species of H. garzetta. (J. 927.
B. 1561.)
Also H. nigripes. 22”. Similar to H. garzetta, but toes black. From Java to Australia.
Also the genus Leucophoyx. One species—L. candidissima, 203”, with crest decomposed,
no nape-plumes, breast-plumes decomposed, not lanceolated, and dense dorsal train. From
N, and 8. America.
Also the genus Hydranassa. With nape crested and continued into neck-frill. Feathers
of nape and forehead broad. Two species—H. rujicollis, 24’, plumage grey, from N. and C,
America and W. Indies; and H. tricolor, similar to H. rujicollis, but much smaller, from
N. of 8S. America.
Genus LEPTERODIUS.
Dorsal train short, of lanceolate feathers. Breast-plumes lanceolate throughout
the year. Two elongated nape-plumes. Plumage ashy. Coasts of Africa, India,
and Ceylon. ,
214. Lepterodius asha. Tue Inpian Reer-Heron.
Kala-bagla, India,
3 24” to 274” Legs black. Bill 44,” red-yellow. Crest moderate, two
long, narrow feathers of the crest grey. Chin and throat white. Short dorsal
train. Breast-plumes grey, narrow, and pointed. Scapulars and upper breast
grey. From Persian Gulf to Ceylon and the Laccadives, Three to five eggs
(1-85 x 1-35), sea-green. (J. 928. B. 1563.)
Also Z. gularis, 22”. Darker than Z, asha, but with crest of several short plumes.
From tropical Africa and Madagascar.
Also the genus Wotophoyx. Similar to Lepterodius, with lanceolate dorsal train and breast
plumes, but with full crest and no elongated nape-plumes. Four species—N. nove: hollandic,
26”, with black bill and no white streaks on breast and abdomen, from Australia, Celebes,
Moluccas, and New Zealand; NV. pacifica, with black bill, above glossy olive-green, and long
white streaks on breast and abdomen, from Australia; WN. flavirostris, 19”, with bill yellow,
crown and crest black, above slaty black, from N. Australia; WV. aruensis, 184”, with yellow
bill, head, neck, and below white, from Australia and Celebes.
Also the genus Dichromanassa. With nuchal crest and neck-frill of long lanceolate feathers
and long dorsal train. One species—D. rufa, 26”, from N. and C. America, Jamaica, and
Cuba.
DEMIEGRETTA.—NYCTICORAX. 199
(b) Bare part of tibio-tarsus less than inner toe and claw.
Bill without serrations, but with distinct notch in upper mandible.
Culmen longer than tarsus.
Genus DEMIEGRETTA.
Ornamental plumes fully developed. Full nuchal crest. Dorsal train lanceolate,
slightly disintegrated. Tarsus longer than mid toe. Adults dark. Young birds
white.
215. Demiegretta sacra. THe Eastern Reer-Heron.
3 21” to 24”. Legs green. Bill yellowish.— In summer: Above slate. Head
almost black. Pectoral and dorsal plumes lanceolate, slate-grey. Tufted crest
about 1”. Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, to China, Japan,
Australia, and Pacific Isles. Three eggs (1:7 x 1-3), pale sea-green. (B. 1564.
S.F. ii. 305.)
Also the genus Agamia. One species—A. agami, 32”, bill 52”, above glossy dark green,
from Mexico, C. and S. America.
Culmen equal to the tarsus.
Genus NYCTICORAX.
vuxrixopag =a Nightjar in Aristotle, a Screech-Owl in the Anthology (xi. 186); but strictly
a “Night-Raven,” from wE+ xépag.
Bill short, stout, with culmen curved. Head crested, with two or three orna-
mental nape-plumes. Wing rounded. Third quill longest. Tarsus reticulated
in front with large hexagonal scales. Tail broad and even. Six powder-down
patches, Nearly cosmopolitan.
216. Nycticorax griseus. THe Nicut Heron.
Wak, India ; Gadri, Sind ; Sannari, Ceylon ; Lin-wet, Burma.
3 21” to 24”. Legs greenish. Bill black. Eye-streak white. Crown, nape,
back, and scapulars black, glossed green. Crest of narrow feathers fitting into
each other. Cheeks, chin, throat, and abdomen white. C. and S. Europe, Asia,
Africa, N. America, W. Indies, India, Ceylon, and Burma. Four or five eggs
(1-92 x 1-35), pale sea-green. (J. 937. B. 1568.)
Also NV. tayazuguira, 24”. Similar to WV. griseus, but beneath pale grey. From S. America.
NV. cyanocephalus. 24”. Beneath dark slaty. From south of S. America.
NV. leuconotus. 20”. Black above, with white patch on back. From Africa,
N. caledonicus, 194”. Tail chestnut, eyebrow white. From Australia.
NY. crassirostris, 22. Similar to WV. caledonicus. From Bonin Islands.
XN. mandibularis, With white throat and no white eyebrow. From Solomon Islands.
NV. mamillensis, 25”. Similar to WV. caledonicus, but no white eyebrow. From the Philip-
pines and Borneo,
Also the genus Wyctinassa. With crest of nuchal plumes, dorsal plumes greatly developed,
plumage slaty blue. Two species—N. violacea, 22”, crown white, from N. and S, America;
and NV. pauper, 16”, crown black, from the Galapagos.
Also the genus Cancrema. With bill flattened, broader than high. Two species—C. cochlearia,
16”, the Boatbill, with throat and chest white, from S. America; and @. zeledoni, 18”, with
throat and chest tawny, from C. America.
200 GORSACHIUS.—BUTORIDES.
Culmen not so long as tarsus.
Genus GORSACHIUS.
Bill short and stout. Large deep groove on upper mandible. Head crested.
Short thick neck, densely feathered. Middle toe and claw shorter than the
tarsus. Tarsus reticulated in front.
217. Gorsachius melanolophus. THe Matay BIttTErn.
9 17” to 19”; 3 1b. Legs greenish. Bill 24”, black. Crown and nuchal
crest black. Mantle dull chestnut, finely barred black-brown. Rump and upper
tail-coverts slate. First three primaries blackish, broadly tipped white; others
tipped chestnut. Wing-lining, axillaries, flanks, and under tail-coverts barred
black and white. A rare bird in W. India and Ceylon, but found in Assam,
Burma, Pegu, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and Borneo, Breeds
on Malabar coast. (B. 1569. S.F. ii. 312.)
Also G. goisachi. 18”. Similar to G. melanolophus, but head is chestnut, From Japan,
wintering in Formosa and the Philippines.
Also the genus Syrigma. ‘With tarsus plated in front. One species—S. sibilatrix, 23’,
ashy grey, confined to S. America.
Bill with distinct serrations near tip, sometimes only on upper mandible,
subterminal notch obsolete.
Bill longer than mid toe and clan.
Throat entirely feathered.
Tarsus reticulated in front with hexagonal scales,
Genus BUTORIDES.
Head crested. Plumage dull blue, streaked or spotted. Feathers of back and
scapulars elongate and lanceolate. Inner toe short. Neck thick and short.
No separate nuptial plumage. Nearly cosmopolitan.
218. Butorides javanica. THe Green Heron.
Koncha-bagla, India ; Dosi-honga (Telugu).
o 16” to 18”. Legs greenish. Bill 3”, black and yellow. Forehead, crown,
and long occipital crest black. Black line from beneath orbit. Back green.
Central line to ashy breast white. Chin and throat white. Abdomen chocolate.
India, Ceylon, Burma, and rest of the oriental region, Mascarene Islands. Three
to five eggs (1-62x 1-21), pale sea-green. Includes Sharpe’s subspecies—B.
spodiogaster, from Andamans and Nicobars. (J. 931. B. 1567.)
Also B. atricapilla. 16”. Similar to B. javanica, but throat streaked light rufous, From
tropical Africa and Madagascar,
B. brevipes. 164”. Similar to B. atricapiila, but throat is grey. From E. Arabia.
B, striata. 144”. Similar to B. atricapilla, but throat is streaked dark tawny. From
8, America.
B. robinsoni. Allied to B. striata. From Margarita Island.
B. amurensis, 164”. Similar to B. javanica. From Amoorland, Japan, China to,
Philippines, Java, and Borneo, ;
B. stagnatilis. 17”. Similar to B. javanica. From N, and E. Australia, New Guinea,
Moluccas, and Pacific Isles.
B, sundevalli. 18”. With wing-coverts uniform. From Galapagos,
ARDEOLA. 201
B. virescens. 124”. Above green. Sides of face chestnut. From N. and C. America.
B. anthonyi. Similar to B. virescens. From Colorado.
Also the genus Pilerodius. With four long white nape-plumes. One species—P. pileatus,
25”, white, entirely confined to S, America,
Also the genus Tigrornis, with fore cheek bare. No dorsal plumes, and plumage barred,
One species—T. leucolopha, 28”, above greenish black, from W. Africa,
Also with tarsus transversely scaled :—
The genus Zonerodius, With crest-plumes full and rounded. One species—Z. heliosylus,
21”, above black, barred sandy, from New Guinea.
Also the genus Heterocnus. With throat feathered in centre and bare at sides. One species—
HH. cabanisi, 27”, above brown, with black shaft lines, from C. America,
Also the genus Tigrisoma, With throat bare. Five species—T. lineatum, 20”, olive-brown,
barred and streaked black, axillaries black, broadly banded white, from British Guiana and
C. America; 7, marmoratum, 28", similar to 7. lineatum, but axillaries slaty, finely barred
white, from S, America; 7’. bahic, 24”, similar to 7. lineatum, but breast and abdomen barred
brown, from E. Brazil; 7. fasciatuwm, 28”, with head and neck black, from S.E. Brazil ;
T. salmoni, 27", colour brown, and axillaries uniform without bars, from N, of S. America.
Bill as long as mid toe and claw.
Genus ARDEOLA.
Ardevla, diminutive of Ardéa. <Ardéa, ce, f,=épwdi6s=a Heron (Virgil, Georg.. i. 364).
Head, neck, and back always coloured, but colour changes completely at breeding
season. Wings, body, and tail white. Long ornamental nape-plumes. Tibia
feathered to the knee nearly. Dorsal train well developed. Confined to the
Old World.
219. Ardeola grayi. Tue Pappy-Birp or Ponp-HEron.
Bagla, India ; Gudi-konga (Telugu) ; Kana-koka, Ceylon ; Hbyein-ouk, Burma,
3 184”. Legs dull green. Bill 3”, blue, yellow, and black.—Jn summer: Long
pointed occipital crest white. Head and neck yellow. Back maroon.—ZIn winter :
Head, breast, and thigh fulvous. Persia, India, China, Burma, Andamans, Nicobars,
and Laccadives. Six eggs (1-48 x 1-17), greenish blue. (J. 930. B, 1565.)
220. Ardeola bacchus. THe CxHinesz Ponp-Heron,
& 21”; 11 oz. Legs bright orange. Bill 3,”, black, yellow, and pale blue.—
In summer: Chin and neck-stripe white. Head and back of neck chestnut.
Nuchal crest of long pointed chestnut feathers; longest 4”. Breast and side
feathers disintegrated. Back black; rest of bird white.——Jn winter: Similar to
A. grayt. E. Siberia, Japan, China, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and
Andamans. (B. 1567. S.F. ii. 481.)
Also similar to 4. grayi, with back and dorsal train rufous :—
A. ralloides. 21’, Head streaked black. From Africa, summering in Mediterranean
countries, 8. Russia, and Caspian.
A, ide, 18”. Head streaked black. From Madagascar.
Also similar to 4. bacchus, with back and dorsal train black :—
A, speciosa, 15”, Head and neck tawny. From Java, Sumatra, Borneo, to Celebes.
Also the genus Erythrocnus. With neck-frill full, but without long ornamental plumes.
No dorsal train, One species—ZF. rujiventris, 173”, black above, confined to Africa,
202 BUBULCUS.—ARDETTA.
Bill shorter than mid toe and claw.
Genus BUBULCUS.
Bill stout and slightly curved. Wings, body, and tail white, with the addition
in the breeding season of hair-like plumes on head, neck, and back. The least
aquatic of all the Herons.
221, Bubulcus coromandus. Tue Catrie Eerzrt.
Doria bagla, Gai bagla, Bengal ; Samti konga (Telugu) ; Huni-koku, Ceylon.
do 21”. Legs greenish. Bill 3”, yellow in winter, orange in summer.—In
summer: Head, crest, breast, and dorsal plumes golden buff.—Jn winter: Plumage
white. India, Ceylon, Burma, 8.E. Asia, Corea, Philippines, and Moluccas.
Three to five eggs (1-71 x 1-32), pale green. (J. 929. B. 1562.)
Also B. lucidus. 19”. White, with crest-plumes and dorsal plumes vinous sienna, From
8. Europe, Africa, and C. Asia.
(ii.) Tail of ten feathers (222-226).
Bill serrated.
Mid toe and claw as long as tarsus.
Tibio-tarsus feathered to heel.
Genus ARDETTA.
Ardetta, diminutive of Ardea=a Heron, on the analogy of the Italian Garzetta, etc. In
Pliny the diminutive is Ardevla.
A remarkable genus, of small size, with wing not longer than 6”. Toes long,
and claws strong. May be said to be Birrzrns with Heret bills. Head with
short pointed crest. No neck-frill. Space behind eye feathered. Feathers of
upper breast lengthened and concealing lower breast, but not forming ornamental
plumes. Four powder-down patches. Nearly cosmopolitan.
Back and scapulars in males uniform, in females generally mottled or streaked.
Greater coverts never chestnut.
222. Ardetta minuta. Tue Lirriz Birtsry.
Mintita=small, from mintio=I diminish.
3d 14”. Legs greenish. Bill 24”, purplish yellow. Head, back, scapulars,
and tail black. Long feathers of upper breast buff. Flanks with narrow brown
shaft lines. In females back and scapulars are brown, edged buff. Europe, south
of lat. 60°, Mediterranean countries, C. Asia, N.W. India to 80° E. long. Winter
in Africa. Common in Kashmir and in Himalayas as far east as Nepal. Four
or five eggs (1-34 x 1-0), white. (J. 935. B. 1570.)
223. Ardetta sinensis. THe YELLow Bittern.
Jan-bagla, India ; Mannal Nari, Ceylon.
3 14” to 15". @ 6 oz. Legs pale green. Bill 22”, pale yellow. Top of
head, quills, and tail black. Back, scapulars, and tertiaries grey-brown. In
females the back and scapulars are brown, edged buff. S.E. Asia, Malay Penin-
sula to Japan, New Guinea, and N. Australia. Also in the Seychelles, India,
DUPETOR. 203
Ceylon, Burma. Breeds in Sind. Three to five eggs (1-3 x 095), greenish white.
(J. 934. B. 1571.)
Also A. podicipes. 12”. Similar to A. minute. With wing-coverts orange, neck-frill red.
From Africa and Madagascar, and probably Aden.
Also with greater coverts mostly or entirely chestnut :-—
A, ewilis, 12”. Coverts entirely chestnut. In females back and scapulars chocolate. From
N, and C. America.
A, neowena, 11”. Coverts entirely chestnut. From E. Canada to Florida.
A. erythromelas. 11”. Similar to A. ewilis, but primary coverts and secondary quills
barely tipped chestnut. In females back and scapulars chocolate. From 8. America,
A. pusilla, 10”. With no rufous tips to primary coverts or quills. From Australia and
New Zealand.
224. Ardetta cinnamomea. THe Caestnut Bittern.
Lal-bagla, India ; Kuruttu-koku, Ceylon.
3 16”. Legs greenish. Bill yellow. Crown and back cinnamon. Pectoral
gorget dark brown, with buff edges. Wings and tail chestnut.— Young birds:
Feathers brown, with yellow edges. China as far as the Amur, but not Japan,
thence to Sind, the Philippines, and Celebes. Breeds in Bengal, Pegu, and
Ceylon. Five or six eggs (1-28 x 1-0), light blue. (B, 1572.)
Also with back and scapulars mottled or streaked :—
A. involucris, 114”. Crown ashy, with central line black. Primary quills black. From
8. America.
Also the genus Zebrilus. With large crest and plumage waved. One species—Z. pumilus,
93”, above slaty black, with wavy buff cross lines, from S. America.
Tibio-tarsus bare above heel.
Culmen longer than tarsus and mid toe together.
Genus DUPETOR.
Bill longer than in Ardetta. Back of neck less conspicuously nude. Throat-
feathers spotted.
225. Dupetor flavicollis. Tae Buack Brtrern.
Kala-bagla, India; Ay-jan, Assam ; Karu-Nari, Ceylon.
3 20” to 24”. Legs pale brown. Bill 4”, red-brown.—IJn summer: Crown
and upper parts, with wings and tail, dark ashy. Golden stripe on sides of neck.
Neck-feathers mixed white, brown, and black.—JIn winter the dark slaty colour
changes to black. From §. and C. China, through Burma, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java, the Philippines, and Celebes. Occurs in Sind, W. India, and
Ceylon. Common in E. Bengal, Assam, and Burma. Breeds in Sind and Pegu.
Four eggs (1-66 x 1-26), pale green. (J. 932. B. 1573.)
Also D. gouldi. 24”. With black spots down centre of throat. Abdomen brown. From
Australia,
Pees al 22”, With black spots down centre of throat, Abdomen grey. From New
D. melas, 21", With black spots down centre of throat. Abdomen black. From the
Moluccas.
204 BOTAURUS.
Tibio-tarsus bare for some portion above heel.
Tarsus shorter than mid toe and cla.
Genus BOTAURUS.
Botaurus=a Bittern, in late Latin; probably akin to our ‘‘ Bittern.” French butor, etc.
Certainly not derived from bos+tawrus, though perhaps confused therewith in popular
etymology.
Bill short, stout, with broad nasal groove. Long Jax plumage, beautifully
mottled yellow and black. Four powder-down patches. Mid toe and claw longer
than tarsus and longer than bill. Hind claw very long. Sexes alike, Cos-
mopolitan.
226. Botaurus stellaris. Tue Birrery.
Baz, India.
3 26” to 30”. Legs greenish, Bill 3” to 33”, yellow and brown. Crown
uniform black, not barred. Moustache black. Neck yellow, with brown spots.
Quills irregularly barred black and rufous. Temperate portion of Palearctic
region, visiting N. Africa, N.W. India, Burma, and China. Not observed in
S. India, Ceylon, or Tenasserim. Three to five eggs (20x 1-5), sandy green.
(J. 936. B. 1574.)
Also B. capensis. 25”. Similar to B. stellaris, but quills not so distinctly barred. From
8. Africa.
B. peciloptilus, 24’. With primary coverts uniform brown. From Australia and New
Zealand.
B. lentiginosus. 28”. With primary coverts uniform slaty, with rufous tips. From N.
and C. America and occasionally in Europe.
B. pinnatus, 30’. With crown of head barred, Primary coverts blackish brown, with
rufous tips. From north of 8. America,
Also with tarsus as long as mid toe and claw :—
The genus Nannocnus, One species—N. eurythmus, 12’, above chestnut, secondaries
shorter than primaries, from E. Siberia to Japan, China to Borneo and Celebes,
The genus Ardeirellus. One species—A. sturmi, 124”, above slaty grey, secondaries
equal to or longer than primaries, from Africa, extending occasionally to Canaries and
Pyrenees,
Also with tarsus much longer than mid toe and claw :—
The genus Erythrophoyx, Two species—E. woodfordi, 18”, with under tail-coverts sandy,
from Solomon Islands; and £. preetermissa, 19’’, with under tail-coverts dark grey, from
Molucca Islands.
Also like the family of Ardeide, with hind toe on same plane as the other toes; the
family of Balcenicipitide, with culmen flattened and grooved; a distinct hook toward the
tip, no webs at base of toes, two powder-down patches, and loral space bare. One species—
Balceniceps rex, 46”, bill 8”, slightly crested, the Shoebill, from the Upper White Nile.
Also the family of Scopide, With culmen narrow and ridged. A distinct dertral hook at
the tip. No powder-down patches, Lores feathered, and distinct webs at base of toes. One
species—S. umbretta, 20’, bill 34”, head strongly crested, the Umbrette, or Hammerhead,
from Africa, Arabia, and Madagascar, (B.M. Cat., xxvi, 242-290.)
NATATORES. (SWIMMERS,)
WATER BIRDS.
(SWIMMERS.)
BIRDS.
NATATORES.
d
v
Lf
7
v)
WAT.
Legs placed far back. Plumage thick and close, with quantity of down.
FEET MORE OR LESS FULLY WEBBED.
Hind toe small or wanting.
Order.
GAVLZ.—Front toes entirely connected by webs.
5th secondary wanting. Primaries 11. After-
shaft. Spinal feather tract. Tail-feathers 12.
Oil-gland tufted. Young hatched covered with
down, able to run, but fed by parents for some
days. Eggs double-spotted
STEGANOPODES.—Totipalmate, with four toes
united by web. Oil-gland tufted. 5th second-
ary and after-shaft wanting. Desmognathous.
Young hatched blind and helpless
TUBINARES.—Nostrils terminating externally
in tubes. Bill divided by deep grooves. An-
terior toes webbed throughout. Schizognathous.
Young oh cis and clad with down till ae
grown
PALAMEDEZ.— Modified arboreal form of Goose
PHENICOPTERI.—Bill abruptly bent in middle
ANSERES.—Bill straight, with distinct nail at
tip. Margins of bill laminated (Mergine ser-
rated). Tarsus reticulated at back and gen-
erally in front. Desmognathous. Young
hatched covered with down and able to run ...
Suborder.
PYGOPODES.—Bill straight and pointed. Plum- \ a
age short and dense. Schizognathous...
toe. Anterior toes fully webbed. Schizog-
ALCZ.—Bill high and sharponculmen. No hind }
nathous.
Close-set plumage
feathers in the wing. No power of flight. ene
IMPENNES.—Beak never hooked. No quill- Ne
born helpless and covered with down ..
| PROCELLARIIDZ.—Nostrils united externally in one tube
Family. Subfamily.
LARINA.—Upper mandible us than lower.
square, or nearly so
LARIDZ.—Bill without a cere. Hind toe generally present. Toes partially or fully webbed.
STERNINZA.—Both mandibles of about oF —
Claws not sharp. Breast-bone with two notches on each side of posterior margin ... ae ;
with acute tips. Tail forked ...
RHYNCHOPIN &. —Upper mandible much shorter than
lower. Tail short, slightly forked
STERCORARIIDZ.—Bill with horny cere, Hind toesmall. Anterior toes fully webbed. Claws i
sharp. Central tail projecting. Breast-bone with one notch on each side of posterior margin. f *”
PHAETONIDE.—Mid-tail greatly produced. Nostrils pervious ...
PELECANIDE.—Tail rounded. External nostrils... te wa ia ak ai te sia ty
, PHALACROCORACIN KH. —Cutting edges of bill entire.
Ri IDZ.—Tail 5 8 eas
coer atari a al PLOTIN H.—Cutting edges of bill serrated
SULIDZ.—Tail wedge-shaped. No external nostrils wah is aa sa an iL Ages ya si ie Baas
FREGATIDE.—Tail forked. Nostrils in a groove. Web between toes deeply emarginate ...
Nostrils not pervious ...
: : : . PUFFININA.—Sides of palate without lamelle
PUFFINIDE.—Nostrils united externally with two openings FULMARIN &.—Sides of palate with lamelle
PELECANOIDIDZ.—Nostrils distinct, opening upwards on each side ... ae bs ia si “3 ;
DIOMEDEIDZ.—Nostrils lateral, each in separate sheath opening forwards
PALAMEDEIDE.— Anterior toes very Jong, connected by rudimentary webs ...
PHENICOPTERIDE.—Neck and leg long. Anterior toes united to claw
CYGNINE
ANSERINE
| tna toe not lobed
PLECTROPTERINA
ANATIDZ.—Bill of equal width or wider at tip, with numerous lamellz.
webbed to end of digits (Anseranas excepted).
After-shaft rudimentary or wanting
Anterior toes fully
Hind toe always present. Primaries 11.4 aANATINA.—Hind toe narrowly lobed ...
FULIGULINA
MERGINA } ning toe broadly lobed
4 PODICIPEDIDZ.—Hind toe raised and lobed. Anterior toes with lateral lobes
COLYMBIDZ.—Hind toe on level with others. Anterior toes united by web ...
{ ALCIN #.—Feathers on lores extend to nostril
| FRATERCULIN2.—Feathers on lores not sae:
to nostril. Bill deeply grooved
Genus.
i] ;
7 } GULLS
MarsH-TERNS
Sza-TERNS
RIVER-TERNS
TERNLETS
OcEAN-TERNS
NoppDIEs
ae SKIMMERS
Skuas
Tropic BirRDs
PELICANS
CoRMORANTS
DARTERS
BooBiEs
FricaTE Brrps
Storm PETRELS
SHEARWATERS
FULMARS
Divine PETRELS
ALBATROSSES*
ScREAMERS*.,..
FLAMINGOEs ...
Swans
GEESE
SPuR-WINGED ee
WHISTLING TEAL
SHELDRAKES...
SHOVELLERS ...
Witp Ducks...
TEAL ...
WIGEON
PINTAIL Ducks
GaRGANEY TEAL
Cotton-TEAL
MARBLED TEAL
PocHARDS
MERGANSERS...
GREBES
Divers*
AuKs*
. RAZORBILLS*
GUILLEMOTS*
=} PuFFIns*
PENGUINS *
Page.
212
221
223
226
227
228
229
230
230
232
233
234
238
239
240
241
243
246
246
247
249
249
252
253
258
259
261
265
265
268
273
274
276
277
278
279
285
288
291
291
291
291
293
293
* Not represented in India.
209
NATATORES. WATER BIRDS.
Swimmers.
So variously organised that few generalisations can be made. The connections
of this order are not very apparent. Some imagine that it is related on one side
through the Geese with the Rasores, others through the Grebes with the Coots.
Again, the Frigate Birds show a decided tendency towards Raptores.
FEET MORE OR LESS FULLY WEBBED. Legs placed far back. Plumage thick,
close, with quantity of down. Hind toe small or wanting.
Order GAVIA:.
Nearly related to the Limicole. Front toes entirely connected by webs. Fifth
secondary wanting. Primaries eleven (terminal one minute and concealed). After--
shaft. Spinal feather tract. Rectrices twelve. Oil-gland tufted. Young hatched
covered with down, but fed by parents for some days. Eggs double-spotted.
r LaRUS. ‘ . GULLS.
HypDRocHELIDON ,
HYDROPROGNE . ; } Marsu-Terns.
SEa-TERNS.
Bill without a cere . «+ STERNA River-Tzrns.
TERNLETS.
Ocran-TERNs.
ANoUs. 3
Gyeais . ; } Nonptss.
\ RHYNCHOPS . . SKIMMERS.
Bill with horny cere . STERCORARIUS . . Sguas.
Order GAVIA. Guts, Terns, Noppres, SKIMMERS,
and SKUAS.
Closely related to the Limicole, and the resemblance is shown in nearly every
detail of their anatomy. The eggs of Gulls and Terns are double-spotted (like
those of Plovers). Schizognathous. Front toes entirely connected by webs.
Fifth secondary wanting. Primaries eleven (terminal one minute and concealed).
After-shaft, Spinal feather tract. Rectrices twelve. Oil-gland tufted. Young
when hatched covered with down, able to run, but fed by parents for some days.
Eggs seldom exceeding three, spotted or serolled with dark colours on white, buff,
or olive ground.
210 LARIDA.—LARUS.
Family LARID. Gutts, Terns, and SKIMMERS.
Bill without a cere. Hind toe generally present. Toes partially or fully
webbed. Claws moderately curved, not sharp. Breast-bone with two notches
on each side of posterior margin. Plumage grey and white or black and brown.
‘The family Laride may be divided into three classes, viz.—
(i.) With three toes united as far as the claws.
Rissa, the Kittiwake. Wings long. Remiges thirty-one. Tail not wedge-
shaped.
(ii.) With four toes (three united, one webbed to tarsus).
Pagophila, the Ivory Gull. Wings long. Bill decurved.
(iii.) With four toes (three united as far as the claws, hind toe free). Bill neither
lamellate nor toothed, and without a nail. Fourth toe rudimentary.
Larus. Tail square.
Rhodostethea. Breast white and rose. Tail wedge-shaped.
Hydrochelidon. Bill as long as head. Tail slightly forked. Legs short. Webs
incised.
Sterna. Bill longer than head. Tail forked. +
Anous. Whole body blackish brown. Tail graduated.
Aema. Bill shorter than head. Tail forked. Legs long.
Stercorarius. Bill strong, cutting, compressed, and with a cere. Remiges
twenty-six or twenty-eight. Tail rounded.
Subfamily Larinz,
Bill stout, curved at tip, upper mandible longer than the lower. Nostrils
oblong, at some distance from base of mandible. Tarsus scutellated in front.
Anterior toes fully webbed. Hind toe small, free, and raised (webbed to tarsus
in Leucopheus and Pagophila ; rudimentary or obsolete in Rissa). Tail square,
or nearly so (forked in Xema ; cuneate and mid pair produced in Rhodostethia).
(i.) Tail square, or very nearly so.
Hind toe free.
Genus LARUS.
Adpos=a ravenous sea-bird, in classica] Greek, Akin to Old Norse Utri=a Tern.
Bill strong, and always more than twice and usually about three times as long
as itis deep. Wings long, exceeding tail. First primary longest. Some species in
summer have the head darker than the neck.—Jn winter; Head and neck are
white, or streaked with brown. For. purposes of distinction these birds are here:
given in three groups, viz.—
A. Head with hood darker than neck in summer (227-231).
B. Head without hood and tail white (282-235).
C. Head without hood and tail with subterminal black band.
(Cosmopolitan with exception of Polynesia and the Central Pacific.)
Weight 32 lbs.
Ne}
i
ay
~
Py
an
3
3
3
a
s
4
o
=
o
Oo
S
24
5
Aa
S
°
eo]
a
FQ
Larus ichthyaétus,
227.
212 LARUS.
A. Head with defined hood darker than the neck in summer.
Hood black. Mantle grey.
227. Larus ichthyaétus. Tue Great Buack-HEADED GULL.
Fish-eyed, from ly6us + derés.
3 26” to 294". Weight 2 lbs. to 32 lbs. Legs dull red. Bill red, black bar.
Small crescentic white patches above and below the eye. Back and wings blue-
grey. Rump, tail, and below white. Five primaries white, with black band. First
quill, outer and half inner web, black.—Jn winter: Head white, streaked dark
brown. Breeds in C. Asia and migrates in winter to 8. Asia and N.E. Africa.
Not further east than Burma, India, and Ceylon. Eggs (3-0 x 2-1) buff, streaked
purple and brown. (J. 979. 3B. 1489.) See illustration, p. 211.
228. Larus minutus. Tas Litrte GULL.
311”. Legs vermilion. Bill lake. Below white, tinged pink. Primaries
grey, broadly tipped white, without black bars. Quills black below. Remiges
twenty-eight.—In winter : Forehead white and hood grey. Temperate Europe
and Asia, but not in Mongolia or China. One specimen shot by Colonel Irby,
in 1859, near Jehangirabad, Oudh. Eggs (1-6 x 1-2) buff, spotted brown.
Also Z. serranus. 19”, Legs and bill red. Small white spot behindeye. First and second
quills tipped black. Third tipped white.—Jn winter : Head white, streaked grey. Andean
lakes and west coast of S. America.
LI. melanocephalus. 15%” to 17”. The Mediterranean Black-headed Gull. Legs red.
Bill red, with dark band in front of angle. Primaries white, tinged grey on outer webs.
L. saundersi, 12%”. Legs red. Bill black. Narrow white eye-ring. First quill white,
with narrow black edges. Second quill, outer web white and black patch on inner web near
tip. Third quill, tip white, with black patch across both webs.—In winter: Head white,
streaked grey. China, Mongolia, and E. Siberia.
L. philadelphia, 15”. Bonaparte’s Gull. Legs orange. Bill black. White eye-ring.
First and second quills white, with outer webs, tips, and part of inner webs black. Third
quill white, tip and part of outer web black.—Jn winter: Head white, mottled grey. N.
America and occasionally in United Kingdom.
L. franklint. 14”, Legs livid. Bill red, with dark subterminal band. White patches
above and below eye. First, second, and third quills grey, tipped white, with subterminal
black bars.—In winter : Head white, spotted black above. N. America.
L. atricilla. 164”. Legs and bill red. White patch above and below eye. First quill
black ; second and third nearly so, and tipped white.—In winter: Head white, streaked grey.
Bill and legs nearly black. N. and S, America.
Hood dark brown. Mantle French grey.
229, Larus ridibundus. Tur Lavenine Guu.
Ridtbundus= full of laughter ; from ridéo=I laugh.
3 15” to 16”. Legs deep red. Bill deep red. Head and neck red-brown.
Remiges thirty. Shafts of first, second, and third quills white. First quill
white, with narrow black margins and tip. Second and third similar, but with
more black. Fourth quill more black, and with grey centre to inner web, and a
minute white tip. Sixth quill, both webs and tip grey, the black forming a sub-
terminal bar.—JIn winter: Head grey, or white, with grey patches round the eye
and on ear-coverts. Breeds in temperate Europe and Asia; winters in Africa and
S. Asia. Kashmir and India (not observed in Burma). Two to three eggs
(2-0 x 1-4), olive-green, blotched brown and grey. (J. 981. B. 1490.)
229. Larus ridibundus. Manora, 14.3.75.
6th. 4th. lst.
Karachi, 14.38.75.
214 LARUS.
230. Larus brunneicephalus. Tur BrowNn-HEADED GULL.
Dhorura, India.
3 16” to 17”. Legs red. Bill red, tip dark. Head brown, paler on forehead,
and darker towards neck. First quill black, white at base, white subterminal
mirror, and faint white tip. Second quill similar, but no light tip. Third quill
black, with more white at base and small white subterminal spot. Fourth and
fifth quills with basal white increasing on both webs. Seventh quill tip white,
white on outer web, and grey on inner web, with a black spot. Eighth, ninth,
and tenth grey.—In winter: Head dusky grey. Breeds in C. Asia, and ranges
south in winter, from Aden, through India, to Assam, Manipur, and Burma.
(J. 980. B. 1491.). See illustration, p. 215.
Also L. maculipennis. 15”. Legs red. Billcrimson. Eyelid and patch behind eye white.
First quill black, terminal 3” white. Second quill white outer web. Subterminal bar black,
inner web with black clear of white shaft. Third quill similar, but with more subterminal
black.—Jn winter : No hood for short time, and not rosy beneath. East of S. America.
L. glaucodes. 14”. Like L. maculipennis, but primaries without the black subterminal
bars. S. America.
Hood black or brown. Mantle sooty.
231. Larus hemprichi. Tue Sooty GuLt,
oS
YO
a
i
3 18%” to 194”; 14 to 18 oz. @ 13 to 14 oz. Legs greenish. Bill green,
tip red, with intervening black bar. Head dark brown. Narrow white collar on
back and sides of neck. First, second, third, and fourth quills blackish, with
white tip and spot. Wing-lining sooty.—In winter: Head pale brown, mottled
whitish. Chin white. Throat and foreneck mottled white and brown; white
collar wanting. Lower Red Sea, E. Africa, §. Arabia, Baluchistan, and Sind.
Eggs (2-27 x 1-58) buff, spotted brown and lilac. (B. 1492. S.F. i. 279.)
Also L. leucopthalmus. 15%”. Legs yellow. Bill orange. Head black. Mantle deep
slate. Eyelids and hind neck white. Primaries chiefly sooty black, tipped white. Red Sea,
Lower Egypt, Greek Archipelago, and Sicily.
L. fuliginosus. 617". 915”. Legs black. Bill red. Head black. Eyelids white.
Primaries chiefly black, tipped grey. Galapagos,
Hood grey. Mantle grey.
L. cirrhocephalus. 16’. Legs and billred. Eyelids white. First and second quills black,
with white subterminal mirrors. Third quill with smaller white mirror.—Jn winter: Head
white. Brazil and Africa.
3.75.
3
Larus brunneicephalus, Manora,
230.
1st.
2nd.
8rd.
7th
8th.
216 LARUS.
B. Head without a hood. Tail white.
Quills mostly white, margined black.
Bill red.
232. Larus gelastes. THe SLENDEH-BILLED GULL.
3 17h" to 184"; 12 to140z. 9 163” to 17}”; 10 to 11 oz. Legs deep red.
Bill deep red. Breast rosy. Mantle French grey. First quill white, tip black,
and black margins on outer and inner webs. Second and third quills similar,
but black on inner margins increasing. Mediterranean, Black, Caspian, and Red
Seas, W. Coast of Africa, and in winter Persian Gulf and Sind. Three eggs
(2-18 x 1-52), dull white, spotted and blotched dark brown and grey. (B, 1493.
8.F. i. 274.)
232. Larus gelastes.
Also L. nove hollandiw. 15”, Legs and bill red. Head, neck, tail, and below white.
First and second quill black, with long white mirror. Third quill tip white, followed by black
bar, and then an irregular white mirror joining basal patch of white. Australia and Tasmania.
L. scopulinus, 144”, Legs and bill crimson. Similar to LZ. nove hollandie, but first and
second quills are tipped white, and the mirrors are angularly edged, with no mirror on third
quill. Chatham and Auckland Islands, N.Z.
L. hartlaubi. 14”. Similar to LZ. scopulinus, but mirrors on first and second quills are
smaller. South coast of Africa and Madagascar.
Bill black.
L. bulleri. 144”. Legs and bill black. Head, neck, and below white. Mantle pearl-grey.
First quill white, with black margins to the webs. Second and third quills similar, but with
black subterminal bar. New Zealand.
Head without hood. Tail white.
Quills mostly black. Manile dark slate.
233. Larus affinis. THe Darx-BackeD Herrinc-GULL.
3 24” to 244”; 2 to 22 lbs. 9 22” to 234”; 2 lbs. Legs pale yellow. Bill
yellow, patch red. Mantle and both webs of primaries at base slate-grey. First
quill with grey wedge on inner web, then a broad white band, and then a sub-
terminal black bar and white tip. On second quill grey wedge is larger, rest
black and tip white. In other quills there is more grey on both webs, till the
black finally disappears.—Jn winter: Head and neck flecked with brown, Breeds
in N.E. Europe and Siberia, visiting in winter E. Africa, 8. Arabia, Baluchistan,
and W. India. (B. 1494. S.F. i. 273.) .
LARUS. 217
234. Larus fuscus. Tse Lesser BLack-BackED GULL,
¢ 22”, Legs yellow. Bill yellow, angle red. Head, neck, tail, and below
white. First quill with white mirror; second with smaller white mirror. Bases
of quills lead colour, tips white. On third quill grey wedge becomes visible, and
increases to the seventh, The other quills lead colour with white tips.—Jn winter:
Head and neck streaked dusky brown. N. Europe and Mediterranean, ranging
south in winter to Canaries, Egypt, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf. (J. 978.)
ings
1st. 2nd. 6th.
L. occidentalis, 21" to 22”, Legs yellow. Bill yellow, angle red. Head, neck, tail, and
below white. Mantle darker than in L. afinis. All primaries tipped white. First, second,
and third quills chiefly black, with white mirror on first, and a white spot on the second. No
grey on inner webs of outer quills. Pacific coast of N. America. ;
L. schistisagus, 24” to 25”. Legs grey. Bill yellow, with red spot at angle. Head, neck,
tail, and below white. Mantle darker than in L. afinis, All primaries with white tips. The
first quill for more than 2” crossed by narrow dark bar ; the second with white subterminal
spot on outer web, and a patch of white on inner; third quill transversely barred blackish
brown, Inner webs of outer quills grey. Behring Sea to N. Japan. .
Mantle deep sooty black.
L, marinus. 28” to 30”. The Great Black-backed Gull. Legs flesh colour. Bill yellow.
angle red. Remiges thirty-four. All quills broadly tipped white. First quill white for nearly
3”; second quill with large mirror and with black spot on inner web.—Jn winter : Crown and
218 LARUS.
nape with grey streaks, N. Europe down to about 50° N., ranging in winter to Canaries,
Mediterranean and Egyptian coast, Greenland, N. America, and Bermuda.
L, dominicanus. 23’. Legs olive. Bill yellow, red at angle, Resembles ZL. marinus, but
first quill is white for 2”, and second quill has small white mirror of irregular shape. S. America
to 8. Africa and New Zealand.
Quills mostly black. Mantle blue-grey.
235. Larus cachinnans. THE YELLOW-LEGGED Herrine-GULL.
3 23” to 252”; 12 to 2 lbs. 6 oz. Legs bright yellow. Bill yellow, red
below. Eye-ring vermilion. Head, neck, tail, and below white, Mantle,
secondaries, and tertiaries grey. Paler than in Z. affinis, and merely a climatic
race of L. argentatus. §. Europe, N. Africa, and S.W. Asia, ranging in winter
as far east as Bay of Bengal. (B. 1495. 8.F.i. 270.) See illustration, p. 219.
Also ZL. argentatus. 24’. The Herring-Gnll. Legs flesh colour. Bill yellow, red angle.
Orbital ring pale yellow. Remiges thirty-four. All primaries tipped white. First quill
white tip 24”, which is divided by a narrow black bar into ‘‘tip” and ‘‘ mirror.” Second
quill blackish for nearly 4” on both sides of shaft, with black subterminal bar, a white mirror,
and on inner web a broad grey wedge. Fourth quill with grey on both webs above the bar.
Sixth quill grey without a bar. The remaining quills grey, with white tips.—Jn winter : Head
and neck streaked brown and grey. N. Europe, Greenland, and N. America, southwards in
winter to Bermudas, California, Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas.
LL. vege. 24”. Resembles L. cachinnans, but legs are pale flesh colour. Arctic coast of
Siberia, southwards in winter to China, Japan, and Formosa,
L. audouini. 20”. Legs olive. Bill red, banded black, tip yellow. First quill black,
with small white spot on inner web. Third quill, black, with grey wedge on inner web.
W. Mediterranean.
L. delawarensis. 184”. Legs greenish. Bill greenish, with black zone and yellow tip.
Mantle pearl-grey. First quill with long white mirror on both webs, then a black bar and tip
white. Second quill with smaller white mirror and grey wedge on inner web. Third quill
without mirror, more white at tip and grey on greater part of both webs. N. America.
L. californicus, 20”. Legs greenish. Bill yellow, with red spot near tip. Eye-ring
vermilion. First quill black, with shaft and end white. Second quill with black shaft and
white mirror, black subterminal bar and white tip. W.N. America.
L. canus. 17” to 184”. The Common Gull. Legs greenish. Bill greenish, with yellow
tip. Orbital ring vermilion. Remiges thirty-one. First quill black, with white subterminal
mirror 2” long. Second quill black, with grey basal wedge and smaller white mirror. Third
quill black, with grey at base on both webs and sometimes a small subterminal white spot.
Fourth, fifth, and sixth quills chiefly grey, with black bars and broad white tips.—In winter :
Head and upper neck streaked and mottled ash-brown. N. Europe and Asia, southwards in
winter to Mediterranean, Nile Valley, and Persian Gulf. From Kamschatka to China and
Japan.
L. brachyrhynchus. 17”. Legs olive. Bill olive, tip yellow. Orbital ring vermilion.
First quill with long white mirror on both webs, followed by subterminal black bar. Second
quill with mirror and white bar. Western portion of Arctic and sub-Arctic America.
Quills devoid of black ; mostly pale grey or white.
L. glaucesceus. 25” to 26”. Legs flesh-colour. Bill yellow, angle red. First quill white
at tip for 2”. Second quill with white subterminal spot on each web and white tip. Third
quill without distinct spots and with white tip. Behring Sea, Kamschatka, and in winter
south to California and N. Japan.
L. nelsoni, 23’. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, with red spot. First quill ash-grey on outer
web, with pale stripe 3” wide next shaft. 3” of tip white. Alaska and N.W. America.
L. kumlieni. 19%. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, angle red. Third and fourth quills with
defined subterminal bar across both webs. Baffin’s Land.
LZ. glaucus. 29”. The Glaucous Gull. Legs pink. Bill yellow, angle red. Eye-ring
orange. Head, neck, tail, and below white. Mantle pale grey. Primaries pearl-grey basally
and tipped white on outer webs.—In winter: Head and neck mottled pale brown. Circum-
Karachi, 13.3.75.
Larus cachinnans,
235.
nb |
SSS SS SESS
220 STERNIN ZA.
polar, ranging south in winter to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, Japan, California,
Texas, and Bermuda,
C. leucopterus, 22. Resembles L. glaucus. All white. Legs and wings very long.
Greenland, and in winter to Iceland, the Baltic, the British Isles, N.W. Europe, and N.
America.
C. Head without a hood. Tail with a subterminal black band.
ZL. modestus. 18”. Legs and bill black, tinged red. Crown and throat grey. Forehead
and chin white, Mantle lead colour. First, second, third, and fourth quills chiefly sooty,
tipped grey. Tail grey, with subterminal black band. Beneath smoky. Peru and Chili.
L. heermanni. 17”. Legs black. Bill red, often tipped black. Head and neck white.
Mantle deep slate. First to fifth primaries nearly black, with white tips. Tail black, with
broad white tips. Pacific coasts of N. America.
L. belcheri. 20’. Legs and bill yellow. Head, neck, and below white, Mantle sooty.
First to fifth primaries sooty black, tipped greyish white. Tail chiefly black, tipped with white,
outer webs of outermost pair white. Coasts of Chili and Peru.
L. crassirostris, 19”. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, angle and tip red, with intervening black
zone. Mantle slate-grey. First to fifth primaries blackish, with white tips. Tail white, tinged
pale grey on basal half, followed by,a black band about 2” wide. Coast of E. Asia, through
Japan and China to about 22° N. lat.
Also the genus Gabianus. With bill barely twice its depth. Nostrils very small and ovate.
One species—-G. pacificus, 25”, legs greenish, bill orange, head, neck, and below white, mantle
deep black, primaries black, tipped white, tail white, broadly banded black, Australia and
Tasmania,
Also the genus Leucopheus. With hind toe joined to second by a rugose membrane. Webs
of anterior toes coarsely indented. One species—L. scoresbiz, 18”, legs vermilion, bill cherry,
orbital ring white, head, neck, and below lavender, mantle black, primaries chiefly black,
second quill with minute white tip, fifth quill with white spot on inner web. South of S. America.
Also the genus Pagophila. With hind toe joined to second by a strong serrated membrane,
All nails curved. Tibia feathered nearly to joint. One species—P. eburnea, 18”, the Ivory
Gull, legs black, bill greenish, with yellow tip, orbital ring brick-red, all white. Circumpolar,
southwards in winter to north of France.
Also the genus Rissa. Hind toe obsolete or rudimentary. Two species—R, tridactyla,
153”, the Kittiwake, legs blackish, bill yellow, mantle grey, rest white, quills chiefly grey,
outer web of first quill black, grey in others, first, second, and third quills terminally black,
fourth quill tip white, surmounted by a black bar, wing-lining white. Circumpolar, and in
winter south to Mediterranean and Caspian Seas, coasts of America to about 35° N. lat. ;
R. brevirostris, 15”, legs vermilion, bill yellow, under wing-coverts grey. Lower part of Behring
Sea.
Also the genus Xema, Hind toe very small and free. Two species—X. sabinii, 13”, legs
blackish, bill black, tip yellow, orbital ring vermilion, beneath which is a minute white speck,
head deep slate-grey, terminating in a dark black collar, first to fifth quills white, rest black
with white tips and broad white margins on inner webs ; X. furcata, 20”, legs red, bill black,
tip horny, white band at base of the bill, head sooty black, with no terminal collar, first
to fourth quills black, with white on inner webs, fifth and sixth tipped white, Arctic regions,
and down to 14° S. lat. on the American side of the Pacific.
Also the genus Rhodostethia. With tail cuneate, and central pair of rectrices produced.
One species—R. rosea, 13%”, legs red, bill black, orbita] ring vermilion, head and below white,
narrow black collar, mantle and quills pearl-grey, outer web of first quill black.—JZn winter :
No black collar. Circumpolar, exceptionally to about 54° N. lat. in winter. (B.M. Cat., xxv.
161-312.)
Subfamily STeRNINZ. TERNS and Noppizs.
Tehari, India ; Ramadasu (Telugu) ; Liniya, Ceylon; Myit-hway, Burma.
Bill almost straight ; both mandibles of about equal length, with acute tips.
Nostrils linear. Hind toe small, raised, and free. Web usually scalloped. Tail
forked (rounded or slightly pointed in Hydrochelidon and Phaéthusia). Long
pointed wing. More lightly built than Gulls, and have a different flight. Feed
on fishes. Rarely settle on the water.
HYDROCHELIDON.—HYDROPROGNE. 221
(i.) Tail-feathers rounded or slightly pointed (236, 237).
Genus HYDROCHELIDON.
Udwp= water; xeAOwv =a Swallow.
Bill long and slender. Tail short, less than half length of wing. Webs deeply
marginate,
236. Hydrochelidon leucoptera. THe WHITE-wincepD Brack Marsu-Tern.
Leucoptéra =evxdrrepos, white-winged ; from Neuxds + wrepov.
g 9” to 10”. Legs red. Bill livid red in summer, blackish in winter. Head,
neck, mantle, below, and wing-lining black. Upper tail-coverts and tail white.—
In winter: Parti-coloured and below white. Temperate Europe and Asia south of
55° N. lat. in summer, Africa to Australia in winter. Often met with in Ceylon,
but not identified in India west of Tipperah. Eggs (1-3 x 0-9) chocolate, blotched
grey and brown. (B. 1497.)
237. Hydrochelidon hybrida. Toe WHIsKERED MarsH-TErRn.
Hybrida=a mongrel, hybrid; because Pallas thought it like a hybrid between H. nigra and
Sterna fluviatilis.
$10” to 11”. Legs dull red. Bill lake. Forehead, crown, and nape black.
White eye-line. Chin, cheeks, throat, vent, under tail-coverts and wing-lining
white. Abdomen dull black. Upper tail-coverts and tail grey.—In winter -
Front and round bill white. Beneath white. S.W., C., and S. Europe, Africa,
Asia, to China and Australia. Three eggs (1-51 x 1-09), olive, spotted purple
and brown. Breeds along the Danube and in the Orange River Colony, forming a
curious but not the only instance of a bird nesting both north and south of equator,
(J. 984. B. 1496.)
Also H. nigra, 93” to 10’. The Black Tern. Legs red-brown. Bill black. Head and
neck black. Mantle and wings slate. Breast and abdomen dark lead colour.—In winter :
Forehead white, crown and nape mottled. Europe south of 60°N. lat., Africa. Not traceable
in Asia beyond W. Turkistan.
HT. surinamensis. 93”. Similar to H. nigra, but abdomen deep black. Temperate N.
America to 8. America in winter.
Also the genus Phaéthusia, with webs slightly indented. One species—P, magnirostris,
143”, Legs olive, webs yellow. Bill yellow. Head and nape black, with narrow white
line at base of bill. Mantle and tail slate-grey. Primaries dark brown, with whitish wedges
on inner webs. Below white. S. America.
(ii.) Outer tatl-feathers longest, pointed. (238-254.)
Genus HYDROPROGNE.
Bill stout and deep. Tail emarginate, short, rather more than one-third length
of wing. Webs fully developed.
238. Hydroprogne caspia. THe Caspian Marsu-TErn.
3 18” to 20”. Legs black. Bill coral-red. Head and nape black. Above
pearl-grey. Back, neck, and below white. Some primaries edged and tipped.—In
winter : Head white, with black streaks. (J. 982. B. 1498.) See illustration, p. 222.
238. Hydroprogne caspia, 3.4.75.
STERNA. 223
Genus STERNA.
The Latinised form of the name. Cf, Frisian Stirn, German Tanner, Swedish Fisk-tarna,
Norwegian Makrel-tern, our Tern or Tarney. Derivation unknown.
Bill slender, lengthened. Tail much forked, with outer rectrices prolonged
and generally more than half length of wing (S. anglica less than half, S. seena
more than three-quarters). Webs well developed.
Crown black in summer.
Wing from 11}" to 15”.
239. Sterna anglica. Tue GuLL-BILLED MarsH-Tern.
3 14” to 16”. Legs black. Bill black. Front, crown, and nape black.
Sides of head white. Five primaries tipped on inner webs. Below white.—
In winter : Head white, streaked grey and black. Temperate and warm regions
of Old World (except S. Africa), America, but almost unknown on the Pacific
side. Common in India and Ceylon. Eggs intermediate in character between
those of Terns and Gulls (2-0 x 1-46). (J. 983. B. 1499.)
240. Sterna cantiaca. THe SanpwicH Sza-TErRn.
4g 17” to 18”; 14 0z. 9 16” to 17”; 12 oz. Legs black. Bill black, tip
yellow. Feathers of nape prolonged and pointed. Lower parts rosy.—Jn
winter: Black crescent in front of eye. No rosy hue. Coasts of N. Atlantic,
Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas in summer.—Jn winter: 8. Africa,
Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Sind. Eggs (2-1x1-4) buff, marked brown.
(B. 1500.)
241. Sterna media. Tue SmaLuter CresteD SEA-TERN.
$15” to 17”. Legs black. Bill yellow. Crest black. Cheeks, neck, and
below white. Mantle grey. Quills dark grey, with white on inside of inner
webs.—In winter Crown black and white, and a black band from nape to the
224 STERNA.
front of the eye. Coasts of Indian Ocean, with Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and
Mediterranean. (J. 990. 3B. 1501.)
Also 8. maxima, 21’. Legs black. Bill orange-red. Neck and tail white. Mantle
pearl-grey, with conspicuous white line. Outer webs of primaries grey. America to W.
Africa in winter.
S. elegans. 16%.” Similar to S. maaima, but bill is longer and more slender. Pacific
coast of America.
S. eurygnatha, 17%, Similar to 8. elegans, but bill is yellow. East side of America.
242. Sterna bergii. Tue Larce Crestep Sa-TERN.
S 19%” to 21”; 14 oz to 1 Ib, 9 14 oz. to 1 Ib, Legs black. Bill pale
yellow. Resembles S. media, but has a white frontal band and broader white.
lores. Mantle grey, tinged lilac. Long black crest. Face, nape, and below
silky white. Tips of secondaries white.—Jn winter: Crown mottled white, and
some of the nuchal feathers with white tips. Indian Ocean and Polynesia, also
west coast of §. Africa, the Red Sea, and China Sea up to Japan, Australia, but
not New Zealand. Common throughout India and Ceylon. One to three eggs
(2-45 x 1-71), greenish, blotched and spotted brown and purple. (J. 989.
B. 1502.) See illustration, p. 225.
Also S. bernsteint. 17”, Legs black. Bill olive, tip yellow. Forehead and lores white.
Crest-feathers black and white. Mantle pale grey. Rump white. The Moluccas, Chagos
Archipelago, Seychelles, Rodrigues, and Mascarene Islands.
S. frontalis, 16” to 17”. Legs red-brown. Bill black. Forehead and lores white. Crest-
feathers filamentous and not acuminate. Mantle pale grey. Outer web of first primary black
nearly to the tip. Below white, tinged pink. Australia and New Zealand.
243, Sterna dougalli. Tur Roszats Sra-TErn.
In honour of Dr. MacDougall, of Glasgow, who first sent a specimen and description to
Montagu in 1812,
3 15#”. Legs coral. Bill black, Black head, and long, pointed, velvet-black
crest. Beneath rose. Mantle pale grey. White collar round hind neck. Inner
webs of primaries white to the tips.—Jn winter: Forehead spotted white, and
below nearly white. Coasts of temperate and tropical Atlantic, and of the Indian
Ocean. One or two eggs (1-58 x 1-12), greenish, spotted and blotched brown and
purple. (B. 1508. S.F. iii. 376.)
244, Sterna albigena. THe WHITE-CHEEKED Sza-TERN.
3 144”. Legs Indian red. Bill blackish. Patch in front of eye. Back,
scapulars, wings, and tail French grey. First primary with large portion of inner
web white to margin. Below dark vinaceous grey. Wing-lining pale grey.—Jn
winter ; Crown mixed black and white. Wing-lining white. From Red Sea to
Laccadives. (B. 1505.)
245. Sterna longipennis. Norpmann’s Sza-TERN.
3 144”. Legs black. Bill black. Similar to S. fluviatilis, From Kamschatka
to New Guinea, Malay Peninsula, and Ceylon. (B. 1507.)
*126.0aq DUS "GHZ
WR :
QIN WE
. ~ SS
NY WSsq_0_
WD SS 8
226 STERNA.
Wing 9” to 11” (S. hirundinacea, 114”, excepted).
246. Sterna seena. Tur Inpian River-TERN.
Mullookwalla, 19.10.72.
3 15” to 17". Legs red. Bill deep yellow. Mantle and tail-coverts dark
grey. Tail pearl-grey. Lateral tail white. Flanks ashy.—Jn winter: Head with
white streaks. India to Malacca, Three or four eggs (1-65 x 1-25), grey, spotted
and blotched brown and purple. (J. 985. B. 1503.)
247. Sterna melanogaster. Tue Buack-BELLIED RiveR-[TERn.
3g 12” to 13”. Legs vermilion. Bill orange. Breast pearl-grey. Tail pale
grey, outer rectrices white. Abdomen brown-black. Wing-lining white.——Jn
winter : Head dusky. Abdomen grey. From 8. Afghanistan to Bhutan, through-
out India, but not authenticated in Ceylon. Eggs 1-25 x 0-95. (J. 987. B. 1504.)
248, Sterna fluviatilis, Tas Common Rrver-Tzrn.
$ 124” to 144". Legs red. Bill deep red. Black markings on bill near tip.
Wings reaching beyond tail. Remiges twenty-nine. Tail-feathers grey, with
white on inner webs. Abdomen greyish. First primary, outer web black, and a
broad streak of dark grey next the white shaft on inner web. Rest of inner
web white, and tip ash-grey.—In winter: Crown streaked and mottled with white.
Temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and N. America, ranging into Ladak and
higher Himalayan valleys. In winter visiting India and Ceylon. Eggs (1-75 x 1-2)
olive, blotched brown and grey. (J. 986. B. 1506.)
Also S. macrura, 14” to 15”. The Arctic Tern. Legs red. Bill red. White streak
from base of bill to side of neck. Mantle pearl-grey. Outer web of first primary blackish.
Shaft white, and narrow line of grey on inner web, which is white, with ashy tip. Tail-coverts
white. Abdomen French grey.—Jn winter: Forehead and crown mottled white. Circum-
polar and in winter southwards to coasts of America and Africa and to 66° S, lat, in Southern
Ocean.
S. hirundinacea. 163”. Bill and legs red. Rump and tail white. Below nearly white.
S. America,
S. vittata. 16”. Bill and feet cherry-red. White moustachial streak prolonged to the
nape. Below grey. S, Atlantic.
STERNA. 227
8. virgata, 13”. Bill and feet red. Mantle and under parts dark smoky grey. Kerguelen
Island and the Crozettes,
S. albistriata, 12’. Legs and bill yellow. Broad streak of white passes under the eye to
the nape. Mantle dark grey. Breast and abdomen pale grey.—In winter: Head grey. New
* Zealand.
S. fosteri. 14” to 15”. Legs and bill orange. Forehead, crown, and nape sooty black.
Abdomen white. Outer web of long tail-feathers white. Inner web dark grey. N. America.
Wing 64" to 74",
249. Sterna sinensis. THs WHITE-SHAFTED TERNLET.
3 10”. Legs orange. Bill yellow, tip black. Broad arrow-shaped white
patch on forehead, Forehead white and lores black. Shafts of outer primaries
white. Rump, tail-coverts, and tail white. Ceylon, Burma, through S.E. Asia,
to Japan and Australia. Two or three eggs (1-24 x 0-94), drab, broadly spotted
and streaked. (B, 1509. S.F. v. 325.)
250. Sterna minuta. Tue Lirriz River-Tery.
3 8" to 94". Legs orange. Bill yellow, black tip. Rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail white. Shafts of outer primaries dark. Crown, eye-line, nape, and
hind neck black. Remiges twenty-six. Resembles S. sinensis. Europe, and in
winter Africa, W. and C. Asia, N. India as far as the Godavari, Burma, and
Java. Eggs (1-2 x 1-0) buff, marked brown and grey. (J. 988. B, 1510.)
. ty
|
Chinnee Creek, 1875.
251. Sterna saundersi. THe BLack-SHAFTED TERNLET.
3 975’. Legs yellowish olive. Bill yellow, tip dusky. First three primaries
black, with black shafts and broad white margins to inner webs. Rump, tail-
coverts, and tail grey. Back grey. Triangular frontal patch. Crown velvet-
black. Closely allied to S. minuta and S. sinensis. Coasts of Indian Ocean,
from S. Africa to Burma and Lower Pegu, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf.
Also S. antillarum, 8%. Legs orange. Bill yellow, tip black. Mantle, rump, and tail
grey. First and second primaries black. N. and C. America, visiting W. Coast of Africa,
S. superciliaris. 9’. Legs dull yellow. Bill greenish. First, second, third, and fourth
quills dusky, with narrow white margins on inner webs of first and second. §S, America.
S. lorata. 93’. Legs brownish. Bill greenish, tip dusky. Web between second and
third toes considerably indented. Mantle and tail slate-grey. Belly grey. Primaries with
white shafts. Coast of Peru.
S. nereis, 10”, Legs yellow. Bill yellow, tip dusky. A black spot in front of the eye,
and a narrow black ring round the eye. Shafts of outer primaries grey. Forehead and lores
white. Below white. Australia and New Zealand.
S. balenarum. 9”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Forehead black to the base of the bill.
Shafts of primaries white. Tail grey. Outer rectrices white. S. and W. Africa.
228 ANOUS.
Crown always white.
252. Sterna melanauchen. Tur Buack-NaPeD OcraN-IERN.
3 12” to 13”. Legs black. Bill black, red tip. Head white, nape, orbits,
and ear-coverts black, Eye-line widening to nape black. Mantle pale grey.
Wing almost white. First quill dark grey on outer web; shafts of all primaries
white. Outer rectrices white. Chiefly insular throughout tropical parts of Indian
Ocean, the Malay Archipelago, and N. Australia, the Loochoo, Friendly, and
Navigator groups. Two eggs (1-56x 1-12), yellowish and double-spotted.
(J. 991. B. 1512.)
Also S. trudeau. 14”. Legs dull orange. Bill yellow, banded black. Crown and nape
white, merely a blackish streak through the eye. Above and below grey. Chin and rump
white. 8. America,
Crown and lores black.
253. Sterna anestheta. Tus Brown-winGED OcEAN-TERN.
3 14". Legs black. Bill dusky red. Crown and lores black. Front of fore-
head, eye-stripe, and nape white. Quills blackish, Rump and mantle umber-
brown. Tail grey-brown, outer rectrices white’ on outer webs. Tropical and
subtropical seas. One or two eggs (1-72 x 1-2), white, finely spotted. (J. 992.
B. 1513.)
254. Sterna fuliginosa. Tue Sooty Ocran-TeErn.
6 172". 9 16”. Legs purplish. Bill purplish. Lores black. Middle claw
much curved. Forehead, chin, neck below, axillaries, wing-lining, and lower tail-
coverts white. Nape velvet-black. Mantle deep black. Tail sooty, outer feathers
dull white, with grey on inner web. Tropical and subtropical seas. Eggs (1-94 x
1:34) whitish, spotted red-brown. (B. 1514.)
Also S. lunata. 15”. Legs reddish black. Bill black. Crown, nape, and loral stripe
black. Centre of forehead and eye-streak white. Mantle and tail-coverts dark slate-grey.
Primaries with brown shafts. Below white. Low Archipelago and Pacific isles.
S. aleutica. 133”. Legs and bill black. Mantle slate-grey. Rump and tail white. Breast
and abdomen slate-grey. Shafts of primaries white. Alaska to S.E. Japan.
Also the genus Nenia. With conspicuously prolonged plumes at the gape. Tail slightly
forked, with the two outer rectrices equal. One species—WV. inca, 16”. Legs red. Bill
crimson. Forehead and crown dark slate. A white moustache prolonged to the auricles and
thence detached in curling feathers about 2” long. Mantle and tail slate, outer rectrices brown.
Coasts of Peru and Chili.
(iii.) Outer tadl-feather shorter than the next one (255-257).
: Genus ANOUS.
Anvis =dyvoos (trisyllable), without understanding (véos, vods), foolish.
Bill, tip decurved. Nostrils in groove, further from base of bill than in
Sterna. Tail cuneate. Fourth feather from outside longest (third in Micranous).
Feet large. Toes fully webbed. Plumage dark. Tropical oceanic birds allied to
Terns, but with a slower and heavier flight and very different habits. Live in
the open sea and settle on the water to feed. Tropical and subtropical seas.
The only Tern’s eggs laid in a nest.
GYGIS.—RHYNCHOPS. 229
255. Anoiis stolidus. Tu Noppy.
3 14” to 164”. Legs red-brown. Bill black. Forehead, crown, and throat
grey. Sooty brown above and below. Quills and tail darker. Tropical and
subtropical seas, breeding, as a rule, where found. One egg (2-08 x 1-38), whitish,
spotted dark brown and purple. (J. 993. 3B, 1515.)
256. Anoiis leucocapillus. THe Wauits-aeapEp Noppy.
611” to 13”. Legs black. Bill black. Front and crown white. Lores
and chin black. Nape and shoulders nearly blue-black. In tail, third feather
from outside the longest. Rest of plumage sooty brown. Tropical seas. (J. 994.
B. 1516. 8.F. ii. 322.)
Also A. hawatiensis. 134”. Legs brown. Bill black. Forehead and crown greyish white.
Lores black. Cheeks and throat lead-grey. Nape, shoulders, mantle, and tail dull lavender-
grey. Third tail-feather from outside longest. Below sooty black. Sandwich Islands.
A, tenuirostris. 12”. Legs brown. Bill black. A small black circlet above the eye,
followed by minute white eyelid streak and then a small black spot. Cheeks grey. Lores
lavender. Third tail-feather from outside longest. From Seychelles and Madagascar to
Australia,
Also the genus Procelsterna. With second feather from outside of tail longest. Foot very
long. General colour grey. Two species—P. coerulea, 92”, legs brown, bill blackish, dark
grey above, pale grey below, shafts of primaries black, Central Polynesia ; and P. cinerea, 11”,
legs reddish black, bill black, pale grey above, white below, shafts of primaries brown,
Australian and New Zealand seas.
Genus GYGIS.
Bill stout at the base, pointed. Culmen almost straight or slightly upcurved.
Toes slender. Mid toe abnormally long, webs deeply indented. Plumage pure
white.
257. Gygis candida. Tue Waite Noppy.
g 12” to 13”. Legs dark brown. Bill black. Irides blue. Narrow black
ring round the eye. Second feather from outside of tail longest. Shafts
brownish. W. Indies, across Atlantic to Indian Ocean, Malayasia to Australia,
Polynesia to the Sandwich Islands. (B. 326. S.F. vii. 447.)
Also G. microrhyncha, 104”. Legs brown. Bill black. Third feather from outside of
tail longest. Shafts white. Marquesas Islands.
Subfamily RHYNCHOPINZ. SKIMMERS or SCISSORS-BILLS.
Bill much compressed. Upper mandible freely movable, and considerably
shorter than the lower (the bill of the young when hatched resembles that of a
Tern). Wing long, first primary longest. Tail short, slightly forked. Feet
small, webs with concave edges. Temperate and tropical America, Africa, India,
to Burma.
Genus RHYNCHOPS.
puyxos=a bill, dy=a face.
Lower mandible knife-like, flexible, truncated at end, and closely marked on
side with minute oblique ridges. Nostrils elongate, opening in an irregular
hollow.
P
230 STERCORARIIDA.
258. Rhynchops albicollis. Tsu Inp1an SximmerR or ScISSORS-BILL.
3 163”. Legs vermilion. Bill orange. Crown, nape, back, wings, mid-rump,
mid tail-coverts, and inner web of median rectrices blackish brown. Forehead,
lores, cheeks, neck all round and below white. Sides of rump, tail-coverts, and
rest of tail white.— Young have bill and feet dusky. Large rivers of India and
Burma. Not known in Ceylon. Four eggs (1-63x 1-18), buff, blotched and
streaked brown and purple. (J. 995. B. 1517.)
Also R. flavirostris. 17”. Legs vermilion. Bill orange. No white collar. Above umber-
brown, beneath white. Africa and Red Sea,
R. nigra. 17”. Legs orange. Bill red, tip black. Above black, beneath white. Under
wing-coverts white. Tail chiefly white. N. America,
R. intercedens. 16%”. Similar to R. nigra, but tail chiefly brown, with merely white
borders to the outer webs. S. America.
R. melanura. 19%” to 204”. Similar to R. intercedens, but tail dark brown, with whitish
margins. Under wing-coverts dusky. S. America.
Family STERCORARIID. Sxuas.
Bill with a horny cere extending more than half the bill. Hind toe small.
Anterior toes long and fully webbed. Claws strong, much curved, and sharp.
Wings long and pointed, first quill longest. Tail long and rounded, with central
pair projecting. Sternum with one notch on each side of posterior margin. Gull-
like birds that live mainly by robbing Gulls, Terns, and Petrels of their food.
Plumage dark-coloured. Breed in high latitudes. Two eggs, olive, spotted brown.
Genus STERCORARIUS.
Bill like a Gull’s, with upper mandible bent over lower. Tail long and rounded,
with central rectrices projecting 3” or more.
259. Stercorarius pomatorhinus. Ts Pomatoruine Sxva.
Péimétirhinus, from r&pa, genitive tHparos=a lid or cover; pls, genitive pivds=the nose,
nostril, from the nasal operculum. Originally written pomarinus,
¢ 20” to 21”. Legs blackish. [Bill horny brown. Forehead, cheeks, and
crown sooty black. Acuminate feathers of neck white, edged straw colour.
Breast dull white, barred black. Mantle, upper tail-coverts, and rectrices deep
brown. Primaries brown, with white shafts. Abdomen, flanks, and under wing
umber. Two central tail-feathers 4” longer than the others, rounded at ends, and
twisted upwards. Breeds in Arctic regions north of 70°, and ranges in winter to
Africa, Australia, and 8. America. A single specimen was once obtained by
Colonel Tickell at Moulmein. Eggs (2-3 x 1-65) olive, spotted dark brown.
(B. 1519.)
260. Stercorarius crepidatus. RicHaRpson’s SKUA.
¢ 20”. Legs black. Bill brown. Crown, nape, lores, and sides of head
dark brown. Cheeks, ear-coverts, narrow collar (sharply defined in front) white.
Throat and collar tinged straw colour. Often a pale brown gorget. Mantle,
wings (above and below), and tail dark brown. All shafts of primaries white.
Median rectrices pointed, and project 3” beyond the others. Arctic and sub-
Arctic regions down to lat. 55°, and in winter to Europe, Africa, Persian Gulf,
STEGANOPODES. 231
Australia, New Zealand, N. Pacific, and Atlantic, as far south as Rio de Janeiro.
Eggs (2-4 x 1-6) olive, spotted brown and grey. (B. 1518.)
Also &. parasiticus. 22”. The Long-tailed or Buffon’s Skua, Legs olive. Bill horny brown.
Forehead, lores, crown, and nape brownish black. Mantle ash-brown, tinged grey. Shafts of
first and second quills white, of the rest brown. Neck yellowish, and breast white. Abdomen,
flanks, and under wing brown. Breeds in the Arctic Circle, and ranges in winter south as far
as the Straits of Gibraltar, to 40° N. on Atlantic side of America, and a little further south on
Pacific side. Eggs (2-1 x 1-5) olive, clouded brown.
Also the genus Megalestris, With short tail, the central pair of feathers projecting more
than 4” beyond the others. Four species—M. catarrhactes, 21”, the Great Skua, head and
nape umber-brown, acuminate feathers on neck streaked yellowish brown, primaries umber,
back streaked and mottled rufous, below tawny, Greenland, Iceland, and Norway, ranging
south to Straits of Gibraltar and New England States; M. chilensis, 21”, similar to M. catarr-
hactes, but brighter in colour, above boldly spotted chestnut, below rich rufous, 8. America ;
M. antarctica, 23 to 24”, legs black, bill black, above and below sooty brown, back slightly
striated, Southern Ocean from S. America to Australia and New Zealand, ranging as far north
as Madagascar, and perhaps Ceylon; M. maccormicki, 21”, legs and bill black, head and neck
clay-brown, neck-feathers tinged golden, abdomen coffee-brown, mantle, wings, and tail umber
as in M, antarctica, Victoria Land and high Antarctic region. (B.M. Cat., xxv. 314-334.)
Order STEGANOPODES.
Totipalmate, with four toes united by web. Oil-gland tufted. Fifth secondary
wanting. After-shaft rudimentary or wanting. Desmognathous, distinctly con-
nected with the Accipitres. Young hatched blind and helpless.
Mid-tail greatly produced. PHaTon . . Tropic Birps.
PELECANUS . . PELICANS.
"pail rounded Ge cunBAtA: . PHALAcROcoRAX . CORMORANTS.
Priotus ; . Darvers.
Sura . : . Boosizs.
Tail forked . i . FReGATA. . Frigate Birps.
Order STEGANOPODES.
Tropic Brrps, PELicans, CorMoRANTS and DartTers, GANNETS
or Booprges, and Fricate Birps.
Totipalmate, with four toes united by a web. Hind toe turned inwards.
Tongue rudimentary. Oil-gland tufted. Fifth secondary wanting. After-shaft
rudimentary or wanting. Plumage of neck continuous. Desmognathous, dis-
tinctly connected with the Accipitres. Young hatched blind, either naked or
covered with down, undergoing a protracted downy stage, during which they are
helpless and fed by parents. Food chiefly fishes, crustacea, or insects.
Family PHAETONID& (Ftyine Fisuers). Tropic or
Boatswain Birps.
About the size of the smaller Gulls, and combine the structure of Gannets or
Cormorants with habits and appearance of Terns. Plumage satin white or
salmon colour, with a few black markings. Bill pointed, not hooked. Nostrils
narrowly pervious. Palate imperfectly desmognathous. Mid-tail greatly pro-
duced and attenuated. Web between toes not emarginate. Intertropical seas.
Single egg, pinkish white, mottled and spotted purple.
232 PHAETON.—PELECANUS.
Genus PHAETON.
gaerévris, poetical feminine of ¢aédwy =shining,
Toes webbed to the tip. Wings very long. First primary longest. Bill
pointed, curved on top. Margins of bill finely dentated. Tail of twelve to
sixteen feathers.
Bill red. Back and scapulars transversely barred black.
261. Phaéton indicus. Tae SnHort-taiLep Tropic Brrp.
3 18”, and including two long (much prized) central tail-feathers 20}” ;
14 lbs. 9 202”. Legs white, claws black. Bill from gape 3}”, dull orange-
red. Black crescent in front of eye. Narrow black line from gape to nostrils
and from nostrils to culmen, dividing feathers from bill. First five primaries
black, narrowly tipped white. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts
white, regularly and closely barred black. Tail of twelve feathers. Mid-tail
not exceeding 12”. Indian Ocean. From Red Sea to Persian Gulf to the Straits
of Malacca. (B. 1533.)
Also P. cthereus. 40”. The Tropic Bird. Bill coral red. A conspicuous black band
behind eye. Tail of fourteen feathers. Mid-tail about 26”. Tropical portions of Pacific and
Atlantic Oceans.
Bill mostly yellow. Back uniform, not transversely barred black.
262. Phaéton flavirostris. Tar Waite Tropic Brrp.
$ 29". Legs dusky. Bill from gape 24”, yellow. A crescentic black patch
in front of eye. White, with black wing-band. Tail of twelve feathers white,
stem black. Mid-tail 18”. Intertropical seas except the east coast of N. America,
(J. 997, B. 1534.)
Also P. fulvus. 32’. As in P. flavirostris, but general colour is rich salmon. Tail ot
twelve feathers, Mid-tail 21”. Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.
P. americanus. 30”. Allied to P. flavirostris, but more black on primaries, and third
quill is black, narrowly tipped white. Tail of twelve feathers, Mid-tail, 162”. From
Bermuda to W. Indies.
263. Phaéton rubricauda. Tue Rep-tamep Tropic Brrp.
3 24" to 25"; ltold lb. 9 11b.6 02. Legs red. Bill red. Silky white,
with pink gloss. Black band on side of head. Tail of sixteen feathers. Mid-
tail 19”, carmine, with black shafts—— Young with upper plumage black arrow-
marked, Tropical portions of Pacific and Indian Oceans. (J. 996. B. 1535.)
Family PELECANIDZ (Swimmine FIsHERS). PELICANS.
Huge bill, long and flattened, with pouch. Tail of twenty to twenty-four
feathers, rounded. Of large size. Web between toes not emarginate. Frequent
inland lakes and rivers. Tropical and temperate regions of Old and New Worlds.
Genus PELECANUS.
meAcxavos=a Byzantine form of wedexdv, a bird known to the Greeks, a Woodpecker; from
mwé\ekus =a axe.
Nostrils concealed in a groove extending throughout bill. Two bony arches
support a huge extensive pouch. Wings long and ample. Second primary
longest. Of gigantic size.
PELECANUS. 233
(i.) Base of lower mandible entirely naked (264-268).
Feathers of forehead terminate in a point.
264. Pelecanus roseus. THe Eastern WHITE PELican.
Penr, India ; Gara-polo, Bengal; Sekhawet, Burma.
3 62”. 2 54". Legs flesh-pink. Bill 13” to 16”, blue, mottled white, nail
red, Plumage white (tinged pink in breeding season), Primaries and primary
coverts black. Secondaries black, with white outer borders. Tertiaries whitish,
with broad black margins. Pouch gamboge. No true crest in males, but in old
females the crest is about 4” long. Tail-feathers twenty-two. LBreast-feathers of
some birds golden. E, Asia and Malay Archipelago. Winter visitor to India
and Burma. (J. 1003. B. 1520.)
265. Pelecanus onocrotalus, Taz Waits or Roszate PEtican.
Onverdtdlus=svoxpbranos, the Pelican, in Pliny ; from dvos=an ass, and xpéradov=a rattle..
$ 66” to 73”; 25 lbs. Legs fleshy. [Bill 16”, with crimson central line, nail
light red. Differs from P. roseus in having twenty-four tail-feathers, Primaries.
and winglet black. Secondaries have outer webs white and inner webs grey.
Small crest. Pouch yellow, mixed red and purple. The female has a full crest.
of narrow pointed feathers directed backward, from 4” to 5” long. 8S. Europe,
N. Africa, and S.W. Asia. Those found in N. India during cold season belong
apparently to this species, but the greater number are intermediate in size and
other characters between P. onocrotalus and P. roseus. (J. 1001. 3B, 1521.)
Feathers of forehead terminate in a transverse concave line.
Under parts white.
266. Pelecanus crispus. THe Datmatian Petican.
3 64” to 72”. Legs plumbeous. Bill from gape 17”, plumbeous, nail orange.
Pouch in breeding season orange. Silver-white. Crest full, soft, and recurving.
Wings and back, at all seasons, white with black shafts. Tail of twenty-two
feathers, white. S.E. Europe, N.W. Africa, and S.W. Asia as far east as India.
Winter visitor to N. India and Sind. (B. 1522. S.F.i. 110.) °
267. Pelecanus philippensis. THe SpoTrep-BILLED PELican.
Woon-bah, Burma.
& 51” to 59”. Legs dark brown. Bill from gape 14”, pinkish yellow, with
large blue-black spots, nail orange. Pouch dull purple, blotched blue-black.
General plumage white. Back, rump, flanks, vent, and lower tail - coverts
vinaceous pink. Slight white crest slightly recurved, and a mane of brownish
feathers. Primaries dusky, with black shafts. Lower feathers lanceolate white,
with grey margins. Tail twenty-two feathers, ashy brown. Throughout the
Oriental region. Breeds in India and Burma. Three eggs (3-0 x 2-15), white
greatly soiled. (J. 1004. 3B. 1523.)
234 PHALACROCORACID.
268. Pelecanus rufescens. Tue Rep-BackeD PELICAN.
g 58". Legs yellowish. Bill yellowish, nail orange. Pouch flesh - colour,
with transverse parallel yellow lines, Resembles P. philippensis, but the sides of
upper mandible are without spots. Feathers of head and neck narrow and
straight. Lower back and rump vinaceous. Tail of twenty feathers. Africa,
south of 16° N. lat., Aden.
Also with general colour of under parts brown :-—
P. fuseus. 652”. 949. With back of neck velvety brown in breeding season and
white in winter. Pouch olive-brown. Legs black. Bill grey, irregularly spotted carmine.
Tail of twenty-two feathers. Orbital skin blue. From Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.
P. californicus. Resembles P. fuscus. Orbital skin brown. From Pacific coast of N. America.
P. thagus. 60”. Similar to P. fuscus, With straw-coloured occipital crest about 2}” long.
Under parts finely streaked with white. Base of bill and sides of forehead covered with warty
carunculations. Bill yellow, sides and tip of both mandibles red. Pouch black, with blue
stripes, Legs slate. Tail of twenty-two feathers. Pacific coast of S. America.
(ii.) Also with base of lower mandible feathered :—
P. erythrorhynchus. 60”. Culmen ornamented with horny excrescences in breeding season.
General plumage pure white. Naked skin round eye orange. Bill orange. Pouch pale yellow.
Legs orange. Tail of twenty-four feathers. Temperate N. America, and south in winter to
C. America.
Also with ring of feathers surrounding naked orbital space :-—
P. conspicillatus. 60”. General colour pure white. Quills and their coverts, scapulars, and
rump black. Tail of twenty-two feathers black. Bill yellow. Pouch yellow. Legs yellowish.
Australia and Tasmania, ranging north to New Guinea.
Family PHALACROCORACID (Divine FisHERs). CORMORANTS
and DartTERs.
Bill hooked at tip with smooth margins, or straight and pointed with toothed
margins. Nostrils nearly obsolete. Plumage blackish. Tail of twelve or four-
teen stiff feathers. After-shaft wanting. "Web between toes not emarginate.
Subfamily PHALACROCORACINA. CORMORANTS.
Bill hooked at tip, margins of commissure smooth. Almost world-wide, but
absent from C. Pacific.
Genus PHALACROCORAX.
Bill with narrow groove on each side, tip sharply hooked. Nostrils rudimen-
tary. Under mandible truncated. Cuneate tail of twelve to fourteen stiff
feathers. A gular pouch naked anteriorly. Second quill generally longest.
(i.) Tail of fourteen feathers.
269. Phalacrocorax carbo. THe Larce Cormorant.
Carbo=a coal ; perhaps from the bird’s sooty blackness.
Jal-kowa, India ; Wadda-silli, Sind ; Bonta-kaki (Telugu) ; Tin-gyi, Burma.
3 32” to 36”. Legs black. Bill from gape 32”, brownish. Small pointed
nuchal crest black. General colour bronze, with black edges.—In summer: White
spot on thigh-coverts. Head and neck with white and hair-like plumes. In
females the plume is larger. Europe, Africa, Asia, India, Ceylon, Burma,
)
H
H}
269. Phalacrocorax carbo.
236 PHALACROCORAX.
Australia, and Atlantic coast of N. America, Four to seven eggs (2-5 x 1-6),
white (green when held up to the light). (J. 1005. B, 1526.)
Also P. filamentosus. 33”. General colour oil-green. White feathers bordering gular pouch
thickly mottled greenish black. Large patch of white on each flank. E. Siberia to 8, Ohina
and Japan.
P. lucidus, 32’. Foreneck and chest white, Flanks with scattered white plumes. Cape
Verd Island, Africa, Socotra, and islands off south coast of Africa.
P. capensis, 24", Below black, glossed blue. No white flank-patch. 8S. Africa,
P. guimardi. 28”. Below smoke-grey. Long white patch on each side of neck. Legs
red. Pacific coast of 8. America,
(ii.) Tail of twelve feathers,
No crest.
270. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis. Tu Inpian Sac.
Pan-kowa, India ; Niru-kahi, (Telugu) ; Nir-kakam, Ceylon.
3g 24” to 27”. Legs black. Bill brown, red below. Cheeks pale brown,
Scapulars and wing-coverts grey, bordered black. Bronze feathers as in P.
carbo.—In summer: White ear-tufts, Chin black. India, Ceylon, and Indo-
Burmese countries as far south as Tenasserim. Resident in India. Three to
five eggs (21x 1-4), white (emerald-green when held up to light). (J. 1006.
B. 1527.)
Also P. pencillatus, 30”. Back, wing-coverts, and scapulars oil-green, margined dark
green. Feathers bordering naked throat white, Tuft of long white hair-like feathers behind
the ear. Pacific coast of N. America,
P. neglectus, 28”. Back, wing-coverts, and scapulars ash, margined brown; no white
band bordering chin and throat, 8. Africa,
P. sulcirostris, 25’. Head, neck, and below brownish black, with dull green gloss,
Australia and New Zealand, ranging to New Guinea, the Moluccas and Borneo,
P. vigua, 30". Feathers of back, wing, and scapulars lanceolate. White band bordering
chin and throat, Atlantic and Pacific coasts of 8, and C. America.
P. mexiconus, 28". A subspecies similar to P, vigua, Gulf of Mexico.
P. carunculatus. 30”. Below pure white. Legs red. Nasal caruncles well developed,
New Zealand.
Also with legs and feet black :—
P. varius, 28’. Scapulars bronze-grey, margined black. Lower back dark green, New
Zealand.
P. gouldi, 24”. Scapulars bronze-green, narrowly margined steel-blue, Lower back dark
green. Australia, Tasmania, and Louisiade Archipelago.
P. hypoleucus, 27”. Similar to P. gouldi, but feathering on throat not continued on lower
mandible. W. Australia,
Also with semt-erect crest on crown.
P. graculus, 30”. The Shag. Scapulars bronze-green, with narrow dark margins, Legs
black. No white in plumage. Said to dive to a depth of 120 feet. Three to five eggs
(2-5 x 1-5), white (emerald-green when held up to light). Coasts of Norway, from Norway to
Portugal, extending to British Isles and Iceland.
P. desmaresti. Asubspecies of P, yraculus. Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas.
P. chalconotus. 28”. Similar to P. graculus, but scapulars are edged pale green. Legs
orange. New Zealand,
Also with single crest well developed. General colour below white :—
P. onslowi, 25”. Foreneck white. Nasal caruncles well developed, Dorsal patch white.
From Chatham Island.
P. stewarti, 29”. Similar to P. onslowi, but no nasal caruncles, Stewart and South
Island, New Zealand.
P. colensoi, 25”. Similar to P, onslowi, but without caruncles and the white dorsal patch.
Auckland I.
PLOTINZ, 237
P. campbelli. 25”. Similar to P. colensoi, but foreneck is entirely black, the white on
chin and throat forming an isolated patch, Campbell Island.
P. bougainvillii. 30”. Similar to P. campbelli, but scapulars and wing-coverts margined
greenish blue. Pacific coast of S. America.
P. magellanicus, 26’. Throat black, a white patch on the ear-coverts, Southern coasts
of 8. America.
P, atriceps, 29”. Similar to P. albiventer, but feathers round the eye white. South-west
coast of S. America.
P. albiventer, 27”. Feathers round the eye black. Nasal caruncles largely developed. No
white dorsal patch. South coast of 8, America.
P. verrucosus, 27”, Similar to P. albiventer, but no trace of white bar on outer scapulars.
Kerguelen Land.
Also with two crests, one on crown and one on nape. Beneath grey:—
P, punctatus, 29”, No white flank-patch. Broad white eyebrow stripe continued down
each side of neck to shoulder, New Zealand.
P. featherstoni. 25”. Similar to P. punctatus, but no white eyebrow stripe. Chatham
Islands.
Also with two crests. Beneath black :—
P. perspiciliatus, 38”. Feathers of face and crests purple. Spectacles of thick white skin
round the eyes, Weight 12 to14 lbs. Similar to P. bicristatus. Behring Island. Probably
extinct.
P. bicristatus, 30’, Forehead naked. Wing-coverts and scapulars dark purple. Crests
bronze-green. E. Siberia to Alaska.
P. pelagicus. 27%" to 30”. Forehead feathered. Wing-coverts and scapulars violet-bronze
with green reflections. Similar to P. Licristatus. Kamschatka to 8, China, Alaska to W. Mexico.
Also with two crests, one on each side of crown :—
P. auritus, 31’. Crest-feathers mostly or entirely black. Loral region and gular pouch
deep orange. Labrador to Florida, W. Indies, Gulf of Mexico, extending far inland to W. Texas.
P. cincinnatus, 32’. Differs from P. auritus in having crest-feathera white or mostly
white. From Aleutian Islands and Alaska to Lower California and W. Mexico eastwards to
Great Salt Lake.
With culmen less than 14" from feathers on forehead to tip.
271. Phalacrocorax javanicus. THe Litrte Cormorant.
Jograbi, India ; Niru-kahi (Telugu) ; Nir-kakam, Ceylon.
3 19” to 22”, Legs black. Bill brown. Feathers black, edged brown.
Scapulars and wing-coverts dark silvery grey. Chin white.—Jn summer: Short
crest and white triangle on crown. Chin, throat, and below black. India,
Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Common in
India. Three to five eggs (1-76 x 1-16).
Also P. africanus. 22”. Similar to P. javanicus, but feathers of back and scapulars ash,
with a black spot at tip. Africa south of 294° N. lat., Madagascar.
P. melanoleucus. 23’, Chin, throat, and below white. Australia, ranging to New Zealand,
New Guinea, the Moluccas, and Pelew Islands.
P. brevirostris, 22’, Chin, throat, and sometimes the foreneck white, rest of under parts
black, New Zealand and Chatham Islands.
P. pygmeus, 22, Chin and throat reddish brown, rest of under parts black. CO, and S.
Europe, N. Africa, 8,W. and C, Asia,
Subfamily PLotinz. DaRteErs,
Bill Jong, slender, and acute. Margins finely serrated. Nostrils rudimentary.
Tail cuneate. Body nearly uniformly covered’ with small, rather soft contour
feathers and very delicate down feathers. N. Syria, Africa, Mesopotamia to
Indo-Chinese countries, through Malay Archipelago to Australia, New Guinea,
and New Zealand. Tropical and subtropical America.
238 PLOTUS.—SULID&.
Genus PLOTUS.
wAHs=a swimmer.
Bill slender, sharp pointed, both margins toothed near tip. No lateral groove.
Wings long. Third quill longest. Tail long, cuneate, of twelve rigid feathers.
Mid-tail transversely ribbed. Mid claw pectinate.
272. Plotus melanogaster. THe Inprian Darter or Snake Birp.
Banwa, India; Sili, Sind; Goyar, Bengal ; Killaki-pitta (Telugu); Pam buttara, Ceylon.
¢ 32” to 36”. Legs black. Bill dusky and yellow. Long and lanceolate
scapulars more than 5” long, spotted white. Outer webs of secondary coverts
mostly silvery white. Foreneck never entirely chestnut. Black at base of fore.
neck, and chest not divided by buff bands from brown base of hind neck and
upper back.—Female- Black at base of foreneck, and chest divided on each side
from hind neck and upper back by a wide buff band terminating at the shoulder.
Throughout the Oriental region, India, Ceylon, and Burma. Three or four eggs
(2-13 x 1-37).
Also P, novee hollandie. 31". Scapulars less than 5” long. Neck and under parts black.
Long chestnut patch at base of foreneck.—Female,; Foreneck and below white. Australia,
New Guinea, and New Zealand.
P. rufus. 36”. Outer webs of secondary coverts mostly rufous. Entire foreneck from
throat downward chestnut. Black at back of foreneck, and chest not divided by chestnut
bands from base of hind neck and upper back.— Female. Black at base of foreneck, and chest
divided on each side from base of hindneck and upper back by a chestnut band terminating
at the shoulder, N. Syria, Africa, north of 20° N. lat., and Madagascar,
P. anhinga. 36”. Tail tipped white. Foreneck, chest, and below black.—Female: Fore-
neck and chest whitish. Tropical and subtropical America. :
Family SULIDA (PLUNGING FIsHERS). GANNETS and BOOBIES.
Bill broad at base, pointed, curved, but not hooked, upper mandible with linear
groove on each side. Nostrils closed. Plumage black and white, or brown and
white. Tail wedge-shaped. Web between toes not emarginate. Smaller than
a goose, ungainly and awkward on land, but a perfect swimmer, with great powers
of flight.
“It is conjectured that Gannets destroy more than 100,000,000 of herrings
yearly. The apparatus by which this bird is furnished for its aerial powers, as
well as for aiding its arrowy descent, is very beautiful and instructive. Professor
Owen, by inserting a tube into the windpipe, was enabled to inflate the whole
body with air, and found that air cells communicating with each other pervaded
every part, separating even the muscles from each other, and isolating the very
vessels and nerves, and penetrating the bones of the wings. A large air cell was
found to be placed in front of the forked bone or clavicle, which was furnished
with muscles, whose action was instantaneously to expel the air, and thus in a
moment to deprive the bird of that buoyancy so necessary for its flight, but equally
detrimental to its swoop” (The Ocean, by P. H. Gosse).
Temperate and tropical seas.
SULA. 239
Genus SULA.
Latinised from the Norse Sule, which is said to mean an awkward fellow, a dolt.
Bill strong and pointed. Upper mandible furrowed, inner margins of both
mandibles serrated. Nostrils minute, in long groove (completely closed in adults).
Sides of head, chin, and part of throat naked. Tail wedge-shaped, of twelve to
eighteen feathers. Third and fourth toes equal. Mid claw pectinated.
(i.) Feathers on throat ending in a transverse line.
Plumage above uniform sooty brown.
273. Sula leucogaster. THe Boosy.
3 26” to 32”. Legs pale yellow. Bill from gape 4-7", white, veined blue.
Head, neck, and chest dark brown. Under parts white. Tail-feathers fourteen.—
Young all brown. Tropical and subtropical seas, except Pacific coast of America.
(J. 998. B. 1530.)
Also S. brewstert. Similar to S. leucogaster, but head and throat are white, shading into
grey on neck. Pacific coast of America.
Plumage above, including head and neck, mostly white.
274. Sula piscator. Tut Rep-tEacED Boosy.
3 26” to 30”. Legs red. Bill red. Upper tail slightly mottled. Tail white,
of fourteen or sixteen feathers. Outer webs of flight-feathers grey. Tropical
and subtropical seas, except the Pacific coast of America. Common in the Malay
Archipelago. (J. 999. B. 1531.)
Also S. websteri. Resembles S. piscator, but tail is brown-grey. Galapagos and neighbouring
seas,
275. Sula cyanops. THe Masxep Boosy.
3 33”. @ 32”. Legs lavender. Bill bluish. Tail, quills, and greater
wing-coverts black. Outer webs of flight-feathers brownish black. Tail-feathers
sixteen to eighteen. Tropical seas. Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. (B. 1532.
8.F. v. 303.)
Also S. variegata. 29”. Similar to 8. cyanops, but bill is red. Coasts of Chili and Peru.
Plumage above dark brown.
S. nebouxi, 34”. With feathers of head and upper neck narrow and pointed. Tail of
sixteen feathers. Pacific coast of America.
(ii.) Feathers on throat extending forward in two lines.
Mostly white. Head and neck buff.
Naked band down middle of throat.
Tail of twelve feathers.
S. bassana. 36”. The Gannet or Soland Goose. Throat-patch 2” long. Primaries black.
Full adult dress is not obtained till sixth year. Single egg (3:02-0), pale bluish green.
N, Atlantic, extending south in winter to Gulf of Mexico, N. Africa, Madeira, and Canary
Islands.
S. serrator. 386”. Similar to S. bassana, but mid-tail is brown-black. Australia and New
Zealand.
S. capensis. 31, Similar to §. bassana, but throat-patch is 6” long, and tail is brownish
black. 8. Africa.
240 FREGATIDZ.
Family FREGATIDA (Pouncine Fisuers). FRicate BIRps.
Bill long, nostrils in a groove, basal and linear, both mandibles bent down-
wards. Dark-coloured oceanic birds, Tail forked. Web between toes deeply
emarginate. Single egg. !
Frigate Birds live by piracy in tropical seas just as the Skuas do in colder
latitudes, and use their powerful flight in pursuing Gannets, Gulls, and Terns, in
order to rob them of their prey.
Genus FREGATA.
Bill long, strongly hooked at end, and both mandibles bent down. Nostrils
basal and linear in deep groove. Long tail forked, of twelve feathers. Large
naked gular pouch, capable of great distension. Mid claw pectinated inside.
Wings very long and pointed. First quill longest. Intertropical seas.
276. Fregata aquila. Tue Fricate Birp.
(Sometimes called ‘“Sea-Hawk,” “Man-of-War Bird,” and might also be called
a “ Gannet-Eagle.”)
$ 37” to 40". Legs red. Bill blue-grey. Glossy black throughout. Gular
pouch red. Breast and sides black. No white patch on flank. Young with
head, neck, and abdomen white.—Female- breast and sides white. No white
collar round back of the neck. ' Tropical and subtropical seas. Christmas Island,
Indian Ocean. (J. 1000. B. 1524.)
277. Fregata ariel. Tue Smatuer Fricats Brrp.
3 30” to 33”. Legs, ¢ black, 9 red. Bill grey. Head and above ferrugi-
nous brown. Similar to F. aguila, but male has a white patch on each flank,
and female has a white collar round the back of the neck. Tropical parts of
Indian and Pacific Oceans from Madagascar to the Society Islands. (B. 1525.
S.F. vii. 447.)
Order TUBINARES.
Nostrils terminating externally in tubes separate or united. Horny covering
of bill divided into several pieces by deep grooves. Hind toe small, rudimentary
or absent. Anterior toes webbed throughout. Primaries eleven. Fifth secondary
wanting. Oil-gland tufted. Special feather tract well developed. Schizognathous.
Single egg. Young helpless, clad in down till fully grown. Sexes alike.
Nostrils united externally in one { OcEANITES +)
f Storm Petre s.
tube . : . ; . . \ CymopRoMA
Nostrils united externally with two PurFINus . . SHEARWATERS.
openings . . : : . ‘ Daption . : . FuLmars.
Nostrils distinct . ‘ ; . PELECANOIDES . . Divine Petrezs.
DIoMEDEA ‘
Nostrils separate, in horny sheath . | THALASSOGERON : ALBATROSSES.*
PHG@BETRIA
* Not represented in India.
TUBINARES.—PROCELLARIID. 241
Order TUBINARES. Perrets, SHeaRwarTers, FULMARs,
ALBATROSSES.
Resemble Gulls externally, but as nearly allied to the Steganopodes as to any
other order. Nostrils terminating externally in tubes separate or united. Horny
covering of bill divided into several pieces by deep grooves. Upper mandible
generally much hooked at the end. Anterior toes webbed throughout. Hind
toe small, rudimentary or absent. Primaries eleven. Fifth secondary wanting.
Oil-gland tufted. Spinal feather tract well defined by lateral bare tracts on neck.
Schizognathous. Vomer large, broad, depressed, and pointed. Nostrils impervious.
Single egg in a burrow without nest, white, or with zone of reddish spots near
larger end. Young helpless, and clad with down till fully grown. Sexes alike
in colour. Food chiefly fishes, crustacea, or insects. Swift, powerful flyers, passing
the greater part of their life far from land, resting on the water at times, and
only visiting the shore, as a rule, for breeding purposes.
Lanp Brrps are only at sea by accident. Coast Birps are seen at sea, but near
land. Ocran Brrps seldom visit shore, except to breed. Land Birds explain
wind-currents, while difference between Coast and Ocean Birds is the difference
between signs that do and signs that do not prove proximity of land. Asarough
distinction, the more a bird lives on land the more he flaps his wings. The Rook
flaps continually. The Gull skims and flaps in about equal ratio. The Albatross
rarely, if ever, flaps.
Family PROCELLARIID.
Bill unserrated, and ending in a nail. Nostrils united externally in one tube
above the culmen. Margin of sternum even. Second primary longest. The
majority of Petrels on being captured vomit a small quantity of clear oil with a
disagreeable smell. The plumage of the Petrels is somewhat close set, and a
peculiar musky odour is perceptible in all of the species. The same smell attaches
to the eggs, and seems never to evaporate entirely.
Subfamily OcEANITINA.
Fourth toe as long as third. Claws usually flat. Tarsus covered in front with
single shield, or with transverse short scutes. Secondaries ten. Keel of sternum
with large fenestra.
Genus OCEANITES. Lonc-tzccep Storm Perrets.
Of small size. Slender compressed bill. Orifice of combined nostrils single.
Hind toe represented by a minute claw. Second quill longest.
It is from the Stormy Petrel (Procellaria pelagica), ‘‘ Mother Carey’s Chicken,”
that the whole tribe derive their name.
278. Oceanites oceanicus. Wuison’s Storm PETREL.
g 7” to 7$”. Legs black. Bill black. Pale yellow patch in centre of webs.
Tiny spur at base of tarsus. General plumage sooty. Upper and under tail-
coverts white, with white bar on upper base of tail, and white spots on the flanks.
Southern Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, into the N. Temperate Zone. Eggs (1-3 x 0-9)
242 CYMODROMA.
white. Recognisable by its long legs. In flight it seems invariably to cross the
waves at right angles, leaping from one to the other in the Petrel way, Petrel
being Peterel, or Little Peter, from the apostle who tried to walk on the water.
(J. 976. B, 1536.)
Also O, gracilis. 6”. Similar to O. eceanicus, but smaller, and the middle of abdomen
is white. West coast of 8, America.
Also the genus Garrodia. With scutelle on tarsus distinct. One species—G. nereis, 62”,
legs and bill black, above greyish black, tail grey, broadly tipped with black, breast and
below white. Southern Ocean from Kerguelen Land to New Zealand and the Falkland Islands,
Also the genus Pelagodroma. Grey Storm Petrels. With claws flattened and wide. First.
primary much shorter than third. One species—P. marina, 8”, the White-bellied or Frigate
Petrel, legs and bill black, above slaty brown, edged white. Forehead, eye-stripe, and below
white, tail brownish. Seas of southern hemisphere, ranging north to the Canary Islands and the
coast of Massachusetts.
Also the genus Pealea. With claws flat and wide. First primary longer than third. One
species—P. lineata. Legs and bill blue-black. Above dark fuliginous. Upper tail-coverts
white with dark longitudina] and terminal lines. Upola Island. (B.M. Cat., xxv. 361-364.)
Genus CYMODROMA.
Nearly allied to Oceanites. Claws flattened, spade-shaped, and pointed at
the end.
279. Cymodroma melanogaster. Tse Dusxy-ventep Storm Prrre..
36 8". Legs and bill black. Above blackish brown. Tail nearly even, bases.
of all rectrices except mid pair white. Abdomen in middle sooty black. Southern
Ocean, northwards to Bay of Bengal, and in the Atlantic to the Tropic of Cancer.
(B. 1537.)
Also C. grallaria, 73%’. Legs and bill black. Above sooty black. Back and scapulars.
grey, edged white. Tail black, bases of lateral rectrices white. Southern seas, north to the
coast of Florida.
Also with tail deeply forked :—C. albigularis, 82’. Legs and bill black. Above sooty black.
Throat, abdomen, and a narrow band across the rump white. S. Pacific Ocean. And C. mes-
tissima, 9%". Legs and bill black. Entire plumage sooty black. Samoa Islands.
Subfamily PROCELLARIINA.
Fourth toe shorter than third. Claws sharp and compressed. Tarsus covered in front with
hexagonal scutes. Secondaries, thirteen. Keel of sternum entirely ossified.
The genus Procellaria, With tail rounded or nearly even. Two species—P. pelagica, 6}",
the Storm Petrel, legs and bill biack, upper tail-coverts sooty black, rectrices sooty, white
at base, shafts black, N. Atlantic southwards to W. Africa and Mediterranean ; and P. tethys,
6”, similar to P, pelagica, but upper tail-coverts wholly white, tail slightly forked, Galapagos.
Also the genus Halocypteria. With tail cuneate. One species—H. microsoma, 54”, legs.
and bill black, sooty black, forehead and below brown, Lower California to Panama,
Also the genus Oceanodroma, With tail distinctly forked. Twelve species :—
O. lewcorrhoa, 8”. The Fork-tailed Storm Petrel. Legs and bill black. Head and throat.
grey. Upper tail-coverts more or less white. Bases of lateral rectrices black. Longest upper
tail-coverts white, narrowly tipped sooty. Seas of northern hemisphere.
O. cryptoleucura. 7”. The Madeira Storm Petrel. Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but longer:
upper tail-coverts, broadly tipped black. Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands. S, Atlantic,
and as far north as Madeira.
O. macrodactyla. 8%”. Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but tail longer and more deeply forked,
and upper tail-coverts tipped dusky. Lower California.
O. soccorroensis. 6%”. Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but upper tail-coverts chiefly greyish
white (producing a distinct spot on each side of rump). Coast of Mexico,
PUFFINID. 243
Upper tail-coverts of same colour as back, not white.
0. fuliginosa. 10”, The Sooty Petrel. Legs and bill black. Under parts uniform sooty
grey. Japanese seas,
0. melania. 9”. Bill and legs black. Uniform sooty above, paler below. California.
O. markhami. 9”, Entire head tinged plumbeous. Peru.
O, tristrami. 9’. Back, scapulars, and upper rump slate, each feather with one or two
indistinct dark bars. Japan.
O. homochroa. 7%. Legs and bill black. Under wing-coverts variegated with dirty white.
California.
0. monorhis, 74". Similar to 0. homochroa, but under wing-coverts uniform sooty. China
and Japan.
0. hornbyi. 8%”. Legs and bill black. Under surface white. Breast with sooty collar.
N.E. Pacific.
0. furcata. 8”. The Fork-tailed Petrel. Plumage generally pale ashy. N. Pacific as far
south as Oregon. (B.M. Cat., xxv. 343-357.)
Family PUFFINID.
Bill arched and hooked. Nostrils with two openings united externally, or
nearly so, above culmen. Margin of sternum uneven. First primary longest, or
equal to the second. Hind toe present.
Subfamily Purrinip#. Purrin PETRELS or SHEARWATERS.
Sides of palate without lamella. Tail of twelve feathers (Priocella fourteen).
Genus PUFFINUS.
Pufinus, the Latinised form of the English “ Puffin”; from “to puff” =to blow in an inter-
mittent way, thence “to swell,” French “ bouffer”; from the swollen bill of Fratercula artica,
Brisson seems to have applied the name to the Shearwater, from Willoughby calling it the
“ Puffin of the Isle of Man.”
Of moderate size, [Bill slender, compressed, much hooked at tip. Tubular
nostrils terminate in two distinct openings directed forward and upward. First
primary longest. Tarsus compressed, reticulated. Hind claw distinct.
280. Puffinus chlororhynchus. THE GREEN-BILLED SHEARWATER.
317". Legs fleshy white. Bill greenish. Dark smoke-brown, paler and
more grey beneath. Throat ashy. Tail long and cuneate. Indian Ocean,
Australian and New Zealand seas, and northwards to the Society Islands.
(B. 1538.)
Also P, leucomelas. 19”. Upper plumage sooty, edged with white. Under surface white.
Japan and Corea, and southwards to Philippines, N. Borneo, the Moluccas, and N. Australia.
P. cuneatus. 17”. Upper plumage not edged with white. Back, greater wing-coverts, and
primaries entirely sooty. Under surface white. N. Pacific.
P. bulleri. 16%’. Upper plumage not edged with white. Back and greater wing-coverts
grey. New Zealand.
281. Puffinus persicus. THE Persian SHEARWATER,
3 12” to 14”. Legs white. Bill pale lavender. White line round eye. Above
blackish brown. Below pure white. Axillaries dark brown. Tail rounded.
Lateral lower tail-coverts deep brown. Remiges thirty. Arabian Sea and Persian
Gulf. (B. 1539. S.F., i. 5.)
Also P. obscurus. 12”, The Dusky Shearwater. Legs black. Bill hazel. Similar to
P. persicus, but axillaries are white, or slightly mottled near tips. Tropical and subtropical
seas,
244 PUFFINUS.
P. assimilis, 104”, Inner webs of primaries edged white. Australia and New Zealand
seas, and northwards in Atlantic to Madeira.
P. elegans. 113”. S, Atlantic.
P. gavia. 12”, Legs dusky. Bill dark horn colour. Under tail-coverts pure white.
Axillaries sooty. New Zealand and Australian seas.
P. opisthomelas. 12”. Primaries wholly dark beneath. Under tail-coverts sooty black.
Flanks and axillaries dusky. California.
P. auricularis. 124’. Similar to P. opisthomelas, but flanks and axillaries white. Coast
of Mexico.
P. anglorum, 15”. The Manx Shearwater. Above slaty black. Below white. Lower
breast grey. Axillaries white, subterminally black. N. Atlantic Ocean, south to coast of
Brazil, One egg (2-4 1-7), white.
P. yelkouanus. 15”. The Levantine Shearwater. Similar to P. anglorwm, but axillaries,
lower flanks, and under tail-coverts mostly pale sooty. Mediterranean Sea, straying northwards
to Devonshire and Cornwall, where it is known as “ Kitty Carew,” from its call.
P. gravis, 19”. The Great Shearwater. Legs yellow. Bill horny. Back and upper tail-
coverts conspicuously edged dusky. Sides of neck distinctly defined. Middle of abdomen
and under tail-coverts sooty. It “shears the water” as it alights and dives. In flight it
keeps its wings bent, and glides along without much flapping, rolling from side to side, and
just skimming the waves. Hind toe replaced by a sort of spur. Atlantic Ocean from Green-
land to Cape of Good Hope and Falkland Islands.
P. kuhli. 20". Legs yellow. Bill yellow, tip dusky. Sides of neck mottled. Flanks
and mid-abdomen white. Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic.
P. creatopus. 20”. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, tip dusky. Sides of head mottled. Above,
including upper tail-coverts, dark grey-brown. From California to coast of Chili.
Plumage generally sooty.
P. carneipes. 19%”. Legs flesh colour. Bill flesh, tip dusky. Under wing-coverts sooty.
Australia and New Zealand seas, northwards to Japan.
P. griseus. 18”. The Sooty Shearwater. Legs hazel. Bill dusky. Above sooty, edged
paler. Below brown. Under wing-coverts, ashy with dark shafts. Formerly taken to be the
young of the Great Shearwater, From Faroe Islands to Straits of Magellan in Atlantic, and
Kurile Islands to Auckland Islands in the Pacific.
P. tenuirostris, 18”. Legs yellow. Bill dusky. Above sooty brown. Under wing-coverts
pale grey. Australia and New Zealand seas, northwards to Japan and Alaska and eastwards
to Samoa,
P. nativitatis. 14”. Similar to P. tenuirostris. Legs and feet black. Below dark brown.
Central N. Pacific Ocean.
Nostrils united in a single opening directed forwards.
Also the genus Priofinus. With nasal tube comparatively short. One species—P. cinereus,
19”, legs flesh brown, bill yellow, nares and culmen black, above ashy with dark shafts, below
white, sides of head and neck pale grey, Southern Oceans.
Also the genus Thalassewca. With nasal tube comparatively long. One species—T7’. antarctica,
17”, legs yellow, bill blackish, above brown, upper tail-coverts white, tail white, tipped brown,
throat pale brown, below white, Antarctic Seas.
Also the genus Priocella. With tail of fourteen feathers. One species—P. glacialoides,
18”, legs flesh colour, bill yellow, nares, culmen and tip black, above pale grey, a dark spot in
front of the eye, forehead, cheeks, and below white, tail pale grey, South Seas.
Also with tarsus not compressed. Tatl moderate, rounded,
The genus Majaqueus. With nasal tube almost united into a single opening directed for-
wards. Claw of hind toe small. Two species—J. eguinoctialis, 20”, the Black Shearwater,
legs black, bill yellowish, above sooty with pale edgings, chin and shafts of primaries white,
South Seas, north to about lat. 30°S,; MM. parkinsoni, 18", similar to M. equinoctialis, but
chin sooty black, New Zealand seas,
Also the genus W@strelata. Dove-like Fulmars. With nasal opening directed slightly
upwards. Claw of hind toe small. Thirty species of ‘‘ Swimming Petrels” :—
G. macroptera. 164”. Legs and bill black. Entire plumage sooty brown. Southern
Oceans.
, sterrima, 14”. Legs dark red. Similar to @. macroptera. Mascarene Islands.
PUFFINUS, 245
G. lessoni. 18’. Legs yellow. Bill black. Above grey, Whole head, except round
the eye, white, Southern Indian Ocean, Australian and New Zealand seas.
G. hesitata. 16”, The Capped Petrel, Above sooty. Crown and in front and below
eye black. Back of neck, upper tail-coverts, and below white, W. Indies,
G. jamaicensis, 14’. Legs and bill black. Back of neck and whole plumage sooty
brown. Jamaica,
G. rostrata, 14”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Above, under surface of wings and tail-
feathers blackish brown. Below and under tail-coverts white, Central Pacific Ocean.
G. parvirostris, 15”, Similar to @. rostrata.
. incerta. 174’. Legs yellow. Bill black. Above brown, edged paler. Sides of neck
and breast pale brown. Mid-throat nearly white. S. Atlantic, near Cape of Good Hope.
G. mollis, 14’. Legs and bill black. Above grey. A black patch in front of and
beneath the eye, Forehead, throat, and neck in front more or less white. Sides of breast.
grey. South Seas, northwards in the Atlantic to Madeira.
G. magente. From the S, Pacific.
G. pheopygia. 17”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Above brownish black. Under wing-
coverts white. Tail black. From the Galapagos to the Hawaiian Archipelago,
G, brevipes. 114”. The White-throated Petrel. Legs yellow. Bill black. Back, wing-
coverts, and upper tail-coverts grey. Tail greyish black, laterals pale grey. W. Pacific, New
Hebrides, and Fiji Islands, to the southern ice barrier, lat. 68° S., and straying to the English
coast.
G. hypoleuca, 13”, Similar to @. brevipes, but larger under wing-coverts, mostly dark.
N. Pacific Ocean.
G. nigripennis, 12%”. Above slaty grey, with dark patch on rump, Feathers of head
and neck narrowly edged white. Superciliary white spot. Kermadec Islands.
G. brevirostris, 144”. Legs dusky. Bill black. Bill much compressed. Nearly uniform
slate-grey. S, Atlantic and S. Indian Oceans,
G, solandri. 18”. Legs and bill black. Head dark brown. Plumage greyish sooty..
Concealed bases of feathers of under surface white. Australia.
G, externa, 16”, Legs yellow. Bill black, Above grey-black, edged paler. Bases of
all feathers white. Back of neck white. Tail grey-black. Coast of Chili.
G. cervicalis, 19”. Similar to @. externa, but margins of wing beneath are dark..
Kermadec Islands.
G. neglecta, 154’. The Norfolk Island Shearwater. Legs yellow. Bill black. Above
brown, edged paler, Cheeks mottled brown. Under surface white. Sides of neck and breast.
pale brown. §. Pacific Ocean.
G. arminjoniana, 16”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Above brown, below white. Chin,
sides of neck, and breast mottled grey-brown. Mid-throat white, Trinidad.
G. trinitatis. Similar to @. arminijoniana, but under surface sooty.
G. heraldica. 14”. Legs yellow. Bill black, Above dark brown, edged grey. Forehead and
cheeks white, mottled brown. Lateral under tail-covertsvermiculated with grey. Western Pacific,
G@. gularis. Similar to @. heraldica, but abdomen is slaty grey and larger under wing-
coverts white. Antarctic Ocean.
G. fishert. Crown white, spotted grey. Back grey. Tail mostly white, irregularly barred
and vermiculated with grey. A black spot beneath eye, Under feathers smoky, but pure
white beneath surface.
G. scalaris. 10”. Above dark grey, tipped ashy white. Chin, throat, chest, centre of
breast, and under tail-coverts pure white, rest of lower parts irregularly barred grey.
G. lewcoptera, 12”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Above slaty black, below white. Forehead
and sides of neck spotted slaty. Axillaries white. East coast of Australia,
i, defillippiana. Similar to @. leucoptera, but upper surface much greyer, the wings and
a patch on the rump alone being black. Coast of Chili.
G. cooki, Similar to @, lewcoptera, but much more grey. New Zealand seas,
G. longirostris, 92”. Like @. brevipes, but bill much longer, and tail less graduated.
Japanese coast,
G. axillaris, 12”. Similar to @. cook, but purer grey, without dark patch on rump.
Axillaries black. Chatham Islands.
Also the genus Pagodroma, With nasal tube high. Claw of hind toe large. One species—
P. nivea, 14”to 16”. The Snowy Petrel. Legs yellow. Billblack. Purewhite. Antarctic Seas.
Also the genus Bulweria. With long cuneate tail. Nasal tubes fleshy at the end, openings
Q
246 DAPTION.—PELECANOIDIDZ.
‘separate, and directed forwards and upwards. Two species—B. bulweri, 11", Bulwer’s Petrel,
legs yellow, bill black. Sooty brown, wing-coverts and chin paler and greyer, Temperate
N. Atlantic and Temperate N. Pacific; B. macgillivrayi, 114”, similar to B. bulwert, but colour
uniformly sooty, Fiji Islands. (B.M. Cat., xxv. 368-421.)
Subfamily Futmarinaz. FLyING PETRELS.
Sides of the palate with lamelle# more or less distinctly developed. Tail of
from twelve to sixteen feathers.
Sdrrw=I devour. Genus DAPTION.
Bill short, thick, and well hooked at tip. Lower mandible truncated. Few
lamelle on inner margin of upper mandible. Inter-ramal space bare. Nostrils
terminating in single orifice, but divided within, Wings long. First primary
longest. Tail short, slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Tarsus reticulate.
Claw of hind toe stout.
282. Daption capensis. Tue Cape Petren or Prep Fuimar.
(Called also “‘Cape Hen,” “Cape Pigeon,” “Pintado Petrel.”)
Has a spread of wing 24 feet.
3 16”; weight 14 to 18 oz. Legs dark brown. Bill blackish. Head, above,
and primaries soot-brown. Wing-coverts, back, and upper-tail white, each
feather tipped soot-brown. Below white. Small white streak below eye.
Southern seas generally, north to Ceylon and to lat. 5° S. on the coast of Peru.
(B. 1540. 8S. F. vii. 442.)
Also the genus Fulmarus. With stouter bill. Nasal tube large and high at the base,
Three species. —F. glacialis, 184”, the Fulmar Petrel, known to sailors as ‘‘the Mollymoke”
and ‘‘the Mall Duck,” legs flesh colour, bill dark, nasal tubes always dark, head, neck, and
under surface white, above bluish grey. Flight like a Gull’s, but with wings out straight and
not curved, N. Atlantic Ocean; F. glupischa, similar to F. glacialis, but with nasal tubes and
bill yellow, N. Pacific, southwards to W. Mexico; F. rodgersi, similar to F. glacialis, but back
and rump distinctly mingled white.
Also the genus Halobena. With nasal tube short. Tail of twelve feathers, First and
second primaries subequal. Lamelle rudimentary. One species—H. cwrulea, 11”, the Blue
Petrel, legs blue, bill black, edged blue. Above ashy blue, below white, feathers of mid-forehead
widely tipped white, outer tail-feather white, the two next ashy, and the three next ashy, with
white tips, Southern Seas between lat. 40° and 60° S.
Also the genus Prion. With lamella well developed. First primary longest. Four
species from Southern Ocean—P. vittatus, 12", the Blue or Vittated or Broad-billed Petrel,
legs light blue, bill blue-black. Above ashy blue, a band across the back, lateral rectrices grey,
with black shafts. Eye-stripe and below white; P. banksi, similar to P. vittatus, but bill
narrower and lamelle less visible; P. desolatus, similar to P. banksi, but lamelle not visible
when bill is closed; P. ariel, the Brown-banded Petrel, with crown paler than the back,
lamelle feebly developed.
Also the genus Ossifraga. Nasal tube very long and stout. Inter-ramal space feathered
throughout. Tail of sixteen feathers. One species—O. gigantea, 34”, the Giant or Osprey
Petrel, legs black, bill yellow. Uniform chocolate, edged paler, Southern Seas, north to about
lat. 30°S. (B.M. Cat., xxv. 422-436.)
Family PELECANOIDID. Divine PrErreEts.
Nostrils distinct, opening upwards on each side of the middle of the base of
the culmen. Second primary slightly longest. Margin of breast-bone even.
Genus PELECANOIDES.
Chin with pouch. No hind claw.
283. Pelecanoides urinatrix. Tue Lirrtz Divine Petre.
3 8%". Legs greenish. Bill black. Above black. Chin black. Below white.
Sides of neck grey. Axillaries dusky grey. Australian and New Zealand seas.
‘
DIOMEDEIDA.—DIOMEDEA. 247
Also those of Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands. Reported also from southern
parts of Bay of Bengal. (J. 977.)
Also P. exsul. Similar to P. urinatria, but feathers of sides and middle of throat with
subterminal grey bar. Flanks mottled grey, each feather with grey shaft. Under wing-coverts
grey, edged white, with dark shafts. From Crozette Islands to Kerguelen Land.
P. garnoti. 9%". Similar to P. exsul, but larger. Below pure white. Axillaries dusky
grey. Callao to Valparaiso.
Family DIOMEDEIDA.. ALBaTROssEs.
Nostrils lateral, separated by the wide culmen, each in a separate horny sheath opening
forwards. First primary the longest. Margin of breast-bone uneven. Of large size, and
known in flight by the white of under-wing, with hindmost edge of white or brown. Most
clumsy on the water, and very timid in approaching anything that moves. Name probably a
composition of Arabic-Portuguese ‘‘ Alcatraz,” meaning any big sea-bird. Rarely, if ever, seen
within the tropics. Common in Great Southern Ocean, and curiously enough, though some
frequent the Behring Strait, the bird is practically unknown in the North Atlantic. Stretch
of wing from 10 to 17 feet. An Albatross supports 20 lbs. weight on an area of 16 s.f. of wing
for hours together without any apparent effort, crossing and recrossing wake of ship steaming
sixteen miles an hour, and all this with wings perfectly still, except for an occasional flap. An
Albatross on the wing shows the most important characters by which a bird is externally dis-
tinguished from other animals. The surface of the body is clothed with feathers, which (in
the majority of birds), by the great size and special arrangement on the forelimbs, enable these
to act as organs of flight. The mouth is in the form of a horny beak, (N.H.M.)
Genus DIOMEDEA.
Sides of mandible without longitudinal groove. Tail short and rounded. Southern Ocean
and N. Pacific Ocean.
(i.) Interscapular region and mid-back white.
D. exulans. 42”. Legs flesh. Bill yellow. Head white. Upper back with narrow trans-
verse dark lines, Wing-coverts slaty black. Primaries black. Under-wing and axillaries
white. Tail white, irregularly marked on both webs near tips. Southern Ocean, Cape seas,
8. Atlantic, and S. Pacific to New Zealand. Young brown, face white.
D. regia, 48". Similar to D. exulans, but without transverse dark lines on back. Wing-
coverts dark grey. Tail white, without marks. New Zealand. Young white.
D. chinoptera. 48”. Similar to D. regia, but wing-coverts nearly white. A large white
patch on inner web of under surface of primaries. Southern Indian Ocean,
D. albatrus. 37”. Legs dark. Bill yellow. Head buff. Crown, nape, and back of neck
tinged buff. Scapulars, wings, and end of tail grey-black. A large white patch near distal
end of humerus. Shafts of primaries and of tail yellowish white. N. Pacific Ocean. Young
sooty brown.
(ii.) Interscapular region and mid-back brown or black.
D. irrorata, 35”, Legs dark. Bill yellow, tip dusky. Head and neck white. Back,
wings, and tail sooty. Above freely mottled and barred white. Below sooty, freely mottled
and freckled white. West coast of Peru.
D. nigripes. 28", Legs black. Bill red-brown. Above sooty brown. A large triangular
spot behind and below eye. Below sooty. Tail white at the base. N. Pacific Ocean.
D. immutabilis. 32’. Legs pink. Bill grey, tip black. Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and under surface white. Back, wings, and end of tail sooty. Under wing-coverts
brown and white. Laysan Island and vicinity.
D. melanophrys. 30”. Legs yellow. Bill yellow, tip darker. Plumage white. Short
black band on either side of eye. Back and wings black. Tail slate-grey, shafts white.
Southern Ocean, straying to N. Atlantic.
D, bullert. 34”. Legs red. Bill yellow, sides slaty. Above sooty. Below white. Tail
dark grey-brown. New Zealand.
Also the genus Thalassogeron. Sides of mandible without longitudinal groove, Tail rounded.
Six species, viz.—
T. culminatus. 36’. Legs yellow. Bill, culmen yellow, sides black. Head and neck
whitish grey. A dark patch in front of and above the eye. Above sooty. Rump and under
surface white. Tail dark grey, shafts white. Southern Oceans, ranging to Pacific coasts of
C, America.
248 PH@NICOPTERI.—ANSERES.
7. chlororhynchus. 83”. Legs flesh colour, Like 7. cwlminatus, but with an indistinct
grey mark in front of the eye. Southern Oceans,
T. eximius, Similar to 7. chlororhynchus, but lower mandible is black. No dark spot
behind eye. S. Atlantic Ocean.
T. cautus, 35". Legs grey. Bill, culmen yellow, sides grey. Head, neck, lower back,
upper tail-coverts, whole under surface, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white. A greyish
black mark in front of the eye. Back, wings, and tail ashy. Tasmania,
Tf. salvini. 38". Similar to 7. cautus, but forehead and crown more grey. New Zealand.
T. layardi. Allied to 7. cautus, Cape seas.
Also the genus Phebetria, Sides of mandible with a deep longitudinal groove. Tail long
and cuneate. One species—P, fuliginosa, 36”, legs hazel, bill black, groove orange, plumage
sooty, white ring round eye, Southern Oceans. (B.M. Cat., xxv. 440-455.)
Order PHOENICOPTERI.
Bill abruptly bent in middle. Margins of bill laminated. Desmognathous.
Tarsus scutellated in front and behind,
PHENICOPTERUS
FLAMINGOES.
PHGNICONAIAS
Order ANSERES.
Bill straight, with distinct nail at tip of upper mandible, Margins of bill
laminated (Mergine serrated). Tarsus reticulated at back, and generally in front.
Desmognathous, Young hatched covered with down and able to run at once.
Cyenvus Swans.
ANSER GEESE.
Hind toe not lobed : . 4 SARCIODORNIS
ASARCORNIS . SPUR-WINGED GEESE,
RHODONESSA
DrENDROCYCONA . WHISTLING TEAL.
TADORNA ;
@iexnes ; | SHELDRAKES,
SPaTULA SHOVELLERS,
ANAS
Eunetta Wip Ducks,
Hind toe narrowly lobed CHAULELASMUS .
Nertium TEAL.
Mareca WIGEONS.
DaFILa Pintain Ducks,
QUERQUEDULA GarGaNEY TEAL.
Nertorus . CottTon-Teat.
MaRMARONETTA Marsixep TEAL.
( Netra
Nyroca : i:
. FULIGULA . +} PocHaRpbs.
Hind toe broadly lobed . 2. Coaranra
ERISMATURA .
MeErcus :
| Menoaneien . r MERGANSERS.
PALAMEDEA.—PHCNICOPTERI. 249
Order PALAMEDEA:. Screamers.
Bill like a fowl’s. With soft skin at base. Tip obtuse, bent down. Margins of bill not
laminated. Tarsus reticulated in front and behind. No ventral bare tract. Desmognathous.
Neotropical. Young hatched covered with down and able to run at once. May be regarded
as a much-modified arboreal form of Goose.
Family PALAMEDEIDA. Screamers.
Peculiar to America. Anterior toes very long, connected by rudimentary webs. Hind toe
long and strong. Feet very large, covered with small hexagonal scales. Small soft plumes
on neck, Wings large, with two spurs, Of large size. Two genera, viz.—
The genus Palamedea. With lores feathered. A long frontal horn. Head not crested.
Tail fourteen feathers, One species—P. cornuta, 34”, legs ashy, bill grey. Neck, upper parts,
wings, tail, and breast black, abdomen black. Inhabiting marshes on north parts of S. America,
The genus Chauna, With lores naked. No frontal horn. Head crested. Tail twelve
feathers. Two species—C. chavaria, 28”, legs and bill red, plumage slate-black, cheeks and
throat white, from Venezuela and Colombia; C. cristata, 36”, legs red, plumage dark grey,
cheeks and throat grey, naked ring round neck, S. America.
Order PHOSNICOPTERI. Famtincoss.
Bill abruptly bent in the middle. Margins of bill laminated. Tarsus
scutellated in front and behind. Ventral tract bare. Desmognathous. Young
covered with down and able to run. When hatched the bill is straight. Tropical.
Family PHCENICOPTERID&.
Neck and leg of great length. Bill suddenly bent down. Have fleshy tongue
and anatomical structure of Ducks. Anterior toes united to the claws; webs
incised. Primaries twelve (fifth remex present in wing). Fifth secondary
wanting. After-shaft., Oil-gland tufted. General plumage rosy. Found in
warmer parts of the world. Nest of mud. One egg, white.
Genus PHCENICOPTERUS.
pow xbrrepos = red-feathered.
Upper mandible convex and overlapping the lower. First and second quills
subequal and longest. Small hind toe. Throat naked.
284. Phenicopterus roseus. THe Common Fiaminco.
Bag-hans, Raj-hans, India; Pukonga (Telugu) ; Pu-nari (Tamil); Urian, Ceylon.
36 52”; 10 Ibs. 9 42”. Legs rose-red. Bill rosy, black tip. Plumage rosy
white. Quills black.— Young: Mixed brown and dusky. From the Mediter-
ranean to Lake Baikal, Africa, India, and Ceylon. One or two eggs (3-6 x 2-2),
white. (J. 944. B. 1575.) See illustration, p. 250.
Also P, chilensis, 42”. Similar to P. roseus. Legs grey. Bill white, with black tip.
Wings more vermilion. South of S. America.
P. ruber. 42” to 48’. Legs and feet lake. Bill yellowish, with black tip. General
plumage vermilion. Florida to north of 8S. America.
=
ee
aE see
See
ane
Maxilla, showing Palate.
Mandible, showing Tongue.
Karachi, 6.3.61,
284. Phanicopterus roseus.
PHENICONAIAS.—ANSERES. 251
Genus PHOENICONAIAS.
Upper mandible flat and included between rami of lower. Small hind toe.
Throat feathered.
285. Pheeniconaias minor. THe SmaLier Friaminao.
$ 33” to 36”. 2 30”. Legs deep red. Bill dark red, tip black.—Jn winter -
Pale rose.—In summer: Bright rose, with cherry-coloured plumes on scapulars.
E. Africa, Madagascar, and N.W. India. (B. 1576. S.F. i. 35.)
Also the genus Phenicoparrus. Hind toe wanting. Lamelle on upper mandible prominent
and horizontal. Two species, from the Andes of Peru and Chili—P. andinus, 48”, legs
yellowish, bill pale yellow, tip black, quills and tertials black; and P. jamest, 36”, quills
black, tertials rosy.
Order ANSERES. Swans, Geese, Ducks, and
MERGANSERS.
Bill straight, with distinct nail at tip of upper mandible. Margins of bill
laminated (Mergine serrated). Tarsus reticulated at back, and generally in front.
Ventral tract bare. Desmognathous. Posterior border of breast-bone with a
notch (in some a foramen) on each side of keel. Young hatched covered with
down, and able to run or swim at once. Cosmopolitan.
Family ANATID.
Bill broader at base than high, of equal width or wider at tip, with numerous
lamella. Tongue large and fleshy, denticulated laterally to correspond with
lamelle, Anterior toes fully webbed to end of digits (Anseranas excepted).
Hind toe always present. Primaries eleven. Fifth secondary wanting. After-
shaft rudimentary or wanting. Oil-gland tufted. Monogamous. In moulting
most, if not all, shed all their quill-feathers at once, and are consequently for a
time unable to fly. Rough nest. Numerous eggs, Swans and Geese have no
lobe on the hind toe. In Ducks the hind toe is narrowly lobed, while the Diving
Ducks and Mergansers have a broad lobe.
(i.) Hind toe not lobed (286-297).
Subfamily CYGNINaz,
Lengthened neck, but short legs. Bill high at base, and of equal breadth
throughout. Lores bare (except in Coscoroba.) Of very large size. Feed on
seeds, roots of water-plants, and also on grass. Sexes alike, no seasonal change.
Principally Arctic.
Genus CYGNUS.
xuxvos=a Swan.
Bill covered with short fleshy core that extends in a point to the eye on each
side, Nostrils more or less in middle of bill, rather oblique and oval. Lores
naked. Second and third quills equal and longest. Hind toe short, and without
any marginal lobe.
252 CYGNUS.
With large tubercle on bill.
286. Cygnus olor. Taz Murs Sway.
(The “Tame Swan” of Europe.)
Olor =a Swan, in classical Latin, especially in poetry. Perhaps a Spanish word. Cf. Welsh
alarch.
Penr, Punjab ; Koday, Yarkand.
3 554” to 60”; 15 lbs. ¢ 53”; 13 Ibs. Legs black. Bill, lower mandible
black, upper mandible red-orange, with lores, tubercle, base, nostrils, nail, and
edges black. Plumage white, with cream or buff tinge. Tail comparatively
long and wedge-shaped. Remiges thirty-one.—Female: Similar, but smaller,
with smaller frontal tubercle. Sits on eggs for six weeks.— Young, sooty grey,
do not acquire full plumage till second year. Europe, N. and C. Asia. An
occasional visitor to N.W. India and Sind. Nest of dead reeds and grass 2 feet
high and 5 feet across. Five to eleven eggs (44 x 3), greenish white. Hybrids
with C. musicus and C. atratus. (B. 1577. H. & M. iii. 41.)
Also C. immutabilis. The Polish Swan, the wild variety of C. olor, but legs are ashy grey,
and tubercle is less developed. Generally regarded as a quasi albino produced by domestication.
None of the characters attributed to this bird are constant. Hybrids with B. leucopsis, the
Barnacle Goose, and B. canadensis.
C. melancoryphus. 48”. The Black-necked Swan. Legs flesh colour. Bill leaden, base
and knob red. Plumage white, with head and upper-neck black. Narrow white eye-ring.
S. America.
With no protuberance on bill.
287. Cygnus musicus. THe WuHoorer Sway.
Masicus= musical ; from Misa =the Muse,
3 60"; 19 Ibs. 9 52”; 1641bs. Legs black. Bill, lores, and base yellow,
anterior part black. Frontal feathers prolonged into an angle. Remiges thirty-
four. Plumage white, with occasionally some ferruginous yellow on the head.—
Female: Similar, but smaller.— Young: Greyish brown. Legs flesh colour. Bill
flesh colour, tip and margins black, with orange band across nostrils. Arctic
Europe and Asia, migrating to S. Europe, Turkistan, China, and Japan. Resident
in Iceland. One specimen of this bird (or of C. davidi) was obtained in Nepal
in 1829. Two to seven eggs (44 x 2-85), white. Hybrids with C. olor. (B. 1578.
H. & M. iii. 47.)
Also C. bewicki. § 42”to 50". ? 39” to 40”. Bewick’s Swan, named after Thomas Bewick
(b. 1753, d. 1828), author of the History of British Birds. Similar to C. musicus, but smaller.
Bare space from eye to nostril deep yellow. Breeds in Arctic Siberia, and migrates to Great
Britain, W. and C. Europe, Caspian, 8. Siberia, China, and Japan. Two to three eggs (4 2-57),
white.
C. americanus. 53” to 55”. The Whistling Swan. Legs black. Bill black. Lores black,
with yellow spot. Plumage white. Head, and sometimes the neck and below, tinged rusty.
Tail of twenty feathers. N. America, accidental in Scotland.
C. buceinator. 58%” to 68”. The Trumpeter Swan. Legs, bill, and lores black. Plumage
white. Head, and sometimes neck and below, tinged rusty. Tail of twenty-four feathers.
N. America,
288. Cygnus davidi.
Bill vermilion, tip black. Legs orange. Entirely white. Smaller than
C. bewicki. Its nearest ally is C. coscoroba of Chili, but it is larger than that.
Mr. Horace Vere, of the Indian Salt Revenue, wrote to me from Dera Ghazi Khan
ANSERIN AL. 253
on 30.4.92: “ Regarding a Swan I saw and fired at (but failed to kill) in March,
1891, it was neither Bewick’s Swan, nor the Mute Swan, nor the Whooper, as it
had bright orange legs. This bird is not mentioned in your book on birds, and
I fancy it must have been a specimen of Cygnus davidii, mentioned in Hume’s
book as a possible visitor to India.”
Also the genus Chenopis. The Black Swan. One species—C. atratus, 40", legs black, bill
light scarlet, tips white, and crossed with a broad band of white, Australia (except northern
part) and Tasmania.
Also the genus Coscoroba. With lores feathered. One species—C. coscoroba, 40”, legs and
bill orange-red, plumage white, but tips of primaries black, south of S. America.
Subfamily ANSERINE. GEESE.
Bill short, high at base, and conical. No cere on the bill. Laminar teeth more
or less exposed. Large heavy body, with long neck and small head. Hind toe
moderately large, without lobe. Tarsus reticulated throughout. Plumage dull,
and without coloured speculum on wing-secondaries. Apparently only one moult
of all the feathers, which takes place soon after the young are hatched. Sexes
differ slightly. Live in flocks. Breed mostly in Polar regions.
Genus ANSER. True Gzzsz.
Anser, anseris=a Goose,
Bill at base nearly as high as head. Cutting edges of bill distinctly arched,
with indentations of upper mandible visible (except in A. indicus). Of large
size and grey plumage. Legs usually reddish. Tail short, rounded, of sixteen
or eighteen feathers. Nest of grass on the ground, lined with down. Six to
twelve eggs, yellowish white.
Tip of upper mandible white.
289. Anser ferus. Tae Laa or Grey Goose.
Raj-hans, Hans, India ; Kallank, Karhans, Bhaugulpore ; Sona, N.W.P.; Mogala,
Nepal; Kangnai, Manipur ; Ghaz, Kashgar.
9 30” to 35”; 52 to 9 Ibs. Legs tile-red. Bill fleshy, tip white. Head and
neck dove-brown, tinged grey. Irides deep brown. No white on forehead.
Above dark brown, edged paler. Below light brown, with black bars on lower
breast. Female one-seventh shorter than the male. The origin of the Domestic
Goose in Europe. Blyth states that the tame Geese of India are a mixed race,
and hybrids between A. ferus and C. cygnoides, the Chinese Goose. Europe
north of 50° lat., C. Asia, and S. Siberia, migrating to S. Europe, N. Africa,
S.W. Asia, and N. India. Six to fourteen eggs (33 x 2-4), chalky white. (J. 948.
B. 1579.) See illustration, p. 254.
Also A, rubrirostris, 33”. Legs and bill red, similar to A. ferus, but more marked with
black below. Distinguished by many as the Eastern race.
290. Anser albifrons. Tue Wuuirr-rrontep or LaucHine Gooss.
Albifrons=with a white forehead ; from albus +frons.
$ 26” to 28”; 44 to 54 Ibs. Legs orange. Bill yellow, nail white. Forehead
and cheeks white, with brown band. Above ash-brown. Beneath white, with
black cross-bands.—Female: Smaller, with less black on the breast. From
Greenland to Siberia, migrating to the Mediterranean, Egypt, the Caspian,
N. India, Assam, Upper Burma, and China. Eggs (2:9x2) creamy white.
(J. 947. B. 1580.)
289, Anser ferus,
ANSER. 255
291. Anser erythropus. THe Dwarr WHITE-FRONTED Gooss.
$ 22"; 4 lbs. Legs red. Bill orange, tip horny. Similar to A. albifrons,
but smaller, and white of forehead extending as far as the eye. Back and
scapulars dark grey, with cross bands. Primaries grey. Abdomen black, bor-
dered white. Flanks dark grey. Lapland and Siberia, migrating in winter south
from W. Europe through N. India to Japan. Eggs (2-9x 2) white. (J. 948.
B. 1581.)
Also 4. gambeli, 29”, Very similar to A. albifrons, Legs yellow. Bill white. Stripe
on forehead pale yellow. Northern America (except Greenland), migrating south as far as Cuba,
and along E, Asiatic coast to Japan.
Tip of upper mandible black.
292. Anser brachyrhynchus. Tue Ping-rootep Googe.
Short-beaked, from Bpaxvs + piyxos.
3 26” to 36”; 6 lbs. @ 5 lbs. Legs pink. Bill pink, nail and base black.
Head and neck brown. Body brown, with white wavy lines. First and second
primaries bluish, others black. Breeding in Europe, migrating in winter to
W. Europe. Often reported as occurring in India, but no Indian specimen has
been preserved. Eggs (3-1 x 2-1) creamy white. (J. 946. B. 1582.)
293. Anser segetum. THe Bran-Gooss.
Stgétum=gen. pl. of séges=a cornfield.
36 31”. Legs orange-yellow. Bill black, with orange band, nail black, and
shaped like a horse-bean. Like the Grey-lag, but smaller. Colour nearly uniform.
Breeds in N. Russia and Lapland, migrating to the Caspian, Europe, and N. Africa.
Eggs (3-2 x 2-1) creamy white. Rate of flight said to be twenty-five miles an
hour. Doubtful if it occurs in India. (H. & M. iii. 67.)
Also A. serrirostris, like A. segetum, with the head brownish grey, but larger, and with
the bill much thicker; and 4. middendorffi, also like 4. segetwm, but larger, with head and
neck buff-brown, culmen 3-15”, E. Siberia to China and Japan.
294. Anser indicus, THe BarRED-HEADED GOOSE.
Indtcus=Indian ; from its native country.
Birooa, Raj-hans, V.P.W.; Paria, Nepal ; Nang-pa, Ladak ; Dod-sarlehake, JJysore ;
Neer bathoo, Coimbatore ; Kangnai, Manipur ; Badi-hans, Chittagong.
3 27” to 334”; 4 to 7 lbs. Legs orange. Bill yellow, tip black, cutting
edges nearly straight and indentations only visible near front of bill. Two bars
on head and neck. Above ash-grey. Flanks cinnamon. Breeds in C. Asia.
Arrives in India towards end of October and leaves in March. (J. 949.
B. 1583.) See illustration, p. 256.
Also the genus Cygnopsis, With bill longer than the head and flattened near tip. Serra-
tions on cutting edge visible from outside. One species—C. cygnoides, 36”, the Chinese Goose,
legs orange, bill black, rusty white band round base of bill. Above grey-brown, breast buff,
abdomen white, breeds in E. Siberia and winters in China, apparently resident in Japan.
Also the genus Chen. Snow-Geese. Bill very stout. Serrations on cutting edges visible
from outside. Plumage white or bluish, with primaries blackish. Four species.
C. ccerulescens, 30”. The Blue-winged Goose. Legs red. Bill red. Commissural space
black. Head and upper neck white. Body grey-brown. Rump and wings grey. Tail ashy,
bordered white. N. America, east of Rocky Mountains.
C. hyperboreus, 28” to 28", The Snow-Goose. Legs orange. Bill purplish, nail whitish.
Plumage white. Head often stained rusty. Wing-coverts grey. Breeding in Alaska and
migrating to Japan, S. California, and Mississippi valley. Five eggs (3-3 x 2-12), dirty white.
Rookun, 9.12.74.
294 Anser indicus.
PLECTROPTERIN4,.—SARCIDIORNIS. 257
C. nivalis, 30” to 38”, The (Eastern) Snow-Goose. Similar to C. hyperboreus, but larger.
Breeding ground unknown. United States and Bermudas during migration and in winter.
C. rossi, 20” to 26’. Legs reddish. Bill dull red, tip white, basal part often wrinkled
and warty. Plumage asin C. hypoboreus, Arctic America, migrating in winter to 8. California
and Montana,
Also the genus Philacte. With serrations only visible near angle of mouth. One species—
P. canagica, 26”, legs orange, bill purplish, with white spot on each side of lower mandible,
head and nape white, tinged rufous, plumage ashy, barred white and black, N.E. Asia and
N.W. America.
Also the genus Branta. Brent Geese. With cutting edges of bill almost straight, and
serrations not visible from outside. ight species :—
B. canadensis. 41” to 42”. The Canada Goose. Legs and bill black, Head and neck
black. Chin and throat white. Above brown, edged lighter. Rump and tail black. Upper
tail-coverts white. Below brown, fading into white. Temperate N. America, Eggs (3-5 x 2-4)
pinkish,
B. hutchinsi. 25” to 34”, Similar to B. canadensis, but smaller. Arctic and sub-Arctic
America, Japan to E, Siberia.
B. occidentalis. 35”. Below brownish grey, abruptly defined against white of anal region.
White cheek-patches usually separated by black throat-stripe. North-west coast of America,
B. minima, 28” to 25”. Similar to B. canadensis, but smaller, Pacific coast of N. America,
south in winter to California, straying to Sandwich Islands.
B. leucopsis, 25%” to 28”, The Barnacle Goose. Bill and legs black. Head white. Crown
and nape black. Black stripe from eye to bill. Greenland to Nova Zembla, migrating to
the Baltic, Denmark, England, and casually to Atlantic coast of N. America.
B. bernicla. 21” to 23”. The Brent Goose. Legs black, tinged olive. Bill black. Head,
neck, and breast black. White patch on each side of neck. Above and below brown-grey.
Tail-coverts above and below white. Arctic Circle, migrating to N. Europe and the
Mediterranean. Eggs (2-7 x 1-9) white.
B. nigricans. 22” to 29”, Similar to B. bernicla, Legs and feet black, but with conspicuous
white collar. Breast and abdomen black, W: Arctic America, migrating to California and Japan.
B, ruficollis, 22’. The Red-breasted Goose. Head black, white patch in front of the eye.
Neck and upper breast chestnut, with white band. N. Siberia (where it is known as the
“Shakvoy”), migrating in winter to the Caspian. Accidental in Europe and Egypt. Eggs
(2-7 x 1-8) greenish white.
Also the genus Mesochen. With webs deeply excised. One species—W. sandwichensis, 22%",
head and throat black, sides of neck buff. Above umber-brown, barred whitish, breast and belly
grey-brown, Sandwich Islands.
Also the subfamily Cerzorsinaz. Nzw HoLianD GEESE.
Bill rather thick and high at base. Cere much developed. Plumage dull, without coloured
speculum on wing-secondaries. Hind toe moderate. Seldom enter water. Appear to have
affinities both with Rasores and Grallatores. One genus, Cereopsis, one species, viz.—C. nove
hollandie, 34”, legs orange, bill black, cere yellow, crown whitish, plumage brown-grey,
S. Australia and Tasmania. Apparently allied to this is the extinct Cnemiornis calcitrans,
of New Zealand, known only from its bones, which are found together with remains of
Dinornithide.
Subfamily PLECTROPTERINZ. SPUR-WINGED GEESE.
Forehead and base of bill furnished with caruncles. Long spurs on the wings
(Catrina excepted), Hind toe rather long, Tail rather long, broad, and rounded
at tip. Upper parts mostly glossy.
With lores densely feathered.
Genus SARCIDIORNIS.
capkldiov ; from cdpé=a bit of flesh, and 8pys=a bird.
Bill with large fleshy boss. Plumage black and white. Wing with prominent
tubercle. Tail of twelve feathers, rounded. Hind toe with a narrow lobe. Placed
by Blanford under Anatine.
258 ASARCORNIS.—RHODONESSA.
295. Sarcidiornis melanonotus. Tue Comp Duck or BLAcK-BACKED
Spur-Goose.
Nukhta, India; Nukwa, Chota Nagpur; Jutu chillawa (Telugu); Neerkoli, Coim-
batore ; Tanbay, Pegu ; Bowkban (Karen).
3 30” to 34”; 6 lbs. 9 26”. Legs greenish. Bill and comb black. Head
and neck white, spotted glossy black. Above black, glossed purple. Lower
neck, all round breast, abdomen, lower tail-coverts, and tail white. Rump ash-
grey. Sides and flanks white, tinged grey—Female: No boss on bill. India,
Ceylon, Burma, Africa (south of the Sahara), and Madagascar. Seven to twelve
eggs (2-41 x 1-72), ivory-white. (J. 950. B. 1584.)
Also S. carunculatus. 24”. Similar to S. melanonotus, but sides and flanks brown-black,
and rump black, glossed green. 8. America.
Genus ASARCORNIS.
Resembles Sarcidiornis in structure and plumage, but there is no knob on the
bill of the male bird. Placed by Blanford under Anatine.
296. Asarcornis scutulata. Tos WuitTE-wincep Woop-Ducx.
Sciitéilata = diamond or lozenge-shaped, chequered.
Deo-hans, Assam.
¢ 28” to 32”. Legs orange. Base orange, base and tip black. Head and
neck white, speckled black. Lower parts brown, tinged with dusky red. Assam,
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, and Java. (J. 955. B. 1585. H. & M. iii. 147.)
Genus RHODONESSA.
Similar to Sarciodornis, but bill,is lower at the base. Distinguished by
plumage more than by structure. Egg nearly spherical.
297. Rhodonessa caryophyllacea. THe Piyk-HeapED Duck.
Saknal, Bengal; Lal sira, India ; Doomrar, Nepal ; Doomar, Tirhoot.
3 24". Legs black. Bill rosy, tip bluish Jn summer: Rosy tuft. Plumage
chocolate. Wing-lining pink.—Female: More dull. Vertex with brown spot.
India, Assam, and N. Burma. Nine eggs (1-78 x 1-66). (J. 960. | B. 1586.)
Also the genus Pteronetta. With plumage plain, with no mottlings and no metallic speculum
as in Asarcornis, but the frontal feathers in a straight line. One species from Equatorial Africa,
viz. P. hartlaubi, 22”, legs brown, bill black with yellow band, head and upper neck black, w
white square patch on frontal edge. Plumage chestnut, tail brown.
Also with lores naked :—
The genus Plectropterus. With forehead and base of bill furnished with caruncles. Four
species, viz.— :
P. gambensis. 38". Legs flesh colour. Bill coral-red. Above metallic black, glossed
green. Breast and sides black. Sides of head, throat, upper wing-coverts, abdomen, thighs,
and under tail-coverts white. Frontal knob and bare rhomboidal spaces on sides of neck.
Equatorial Africa.
P. riippelli. 40”. Similar to P. gambensis, but with very high frontal knob. N.E. Africa.
P. niger. 38”. Legs dull red. Bill crimson. Similar to P. gambensis, but with small
frontal knob,,many caruncles on naked skin of forehead, and no bare spaces on sides of neck.
Throat and under tail-coverts black. §S.E. Africa.
P. scioanus. Similar to P. niger, but with scarcely any frontal knob, and no caruncles on
forehead. Shoa.
Also the genus Cairina. With wings without spurs, One species—C. moschata, 29", the
Muscovy Duck, legs black, bill black and pink, head, crest, neck, and below brown-black,
ANATINZ.—DENDROCYGNA. 259
hind neck and back dark green, glossed purple and margined black, upper and under wing-
coverts white, Tropical America.
Also the subfamily ANSERANATINA,
Feet semipalmated. Hind toe very long, and on same level with the others. One genus,
Anseranas, one species, viz.—A. semipalmata, 38”, head, neck, mantle, wings, tail, and thighs
black. Back, rump, breast, abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts white, Australia and Tasmania.
Also the subfamily CHENONETTINA,
With hind toe narrowly lobed. Usually with metallic colours or speculum on the wings.
Bill rather short and goose-like. Three genera. The genus Cloéphaga. Kelp Geese. With
tail nearly even, upper wing-coverts white. Six species from S. America, viz.—
O. melanoptera. 28”. Legsred. Bill red, nail black. Plumage white, Speculum brown,
shading to dark green.—Female: The same, but smaller.
C. hybrida, 24”. Legs yellow. Bill black, yellow spot at base. Plumage white.—Female:
Breast barred black and white. Speculum green, black, and white.
C. magellanica, 26’, Legs leaden. Bill black. Head, neck, and scapulars grey. Hind
neck barred black. Breast white. Speculum grey, green, and white.—Female: Head rufous,
plumage barred black and rufous.
C. inornata. Similar to C. magellanica, but breast banded black.—Female: Head grey.
C. rubidiceps. 23”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Head, neck, mid-abdomen and under tail-
coverts cinnamon.—Female: Similar, but smaller. Falkland Islands.
C. poliocephala, 24”. Legs orange. Bill black. Head grey. Mid-breast and centre of
abdomen white. Speculum grey, green, and white.—Female: Similar.
Also the genus Cyanochen. With tail graduated. Upper wing-coverts blue. One species
from Abyssinia and Shoa—C. cyanopterus, 26’, legs black, bill black, head and neck ashy,
back, scapulars, and below brown, mottled paler, primaries and tertiaries glossy black,
secondaries glossy green, tipped white.
Also the genus Chenonetta. Maned Geese. With tail graduated. Upper wing-coverts grey.
One species from Australia, viz.—C. jubata, 20”, legs dark brown, bill olive, head and neck
brown, long plumes down back of neck chocolate. Back grey, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail black, breast grey, mottled black, abdomen and under tail-coverts black, speculum white,
green and white.
Subfamily ANaTINe. River-DucKs.
Hind toe narrowly lobed (298-314). Bill rather flat and broad, usually of even
width throughout or wider at tip, not raised at base. Numerous fine lamellae.
Usually with metallic colours or speculum on the wing. Cosmopolitan. Rapid
flight.
Genus DENDROCYGNA.,
dévdpov =a tree ; kixvos=a Swan,
Bill raised at the base, large, long, and of uniform width ; nail prominent,
suddenly bent down. Second and third and fourth primaries subequal and longest.
No wing-spot. Tail short, rounded, of sixteen feathers. Tarsus reticulated
throughout. Tropical regions.
298. Dendrocygna javanica. THe Common Waistuing Tat.
Soreil, Saral, Bengal; Silli, India; Chihee, Htawah; Horali, Assam; Yerra chilluwa
(Telugu); Yerreindi, Quilon; Sisalee, Pegu; Tingi, Manipur; Saaru, Ceylon; Sisali,
Burma,
3 16” to 18”; 1 to 1}]bs. Legs dark. Bill brown, nail black. Head wood-
brown, darkening on to black. Rump and wing-coverts maroon. Upper tail-
coverts chestnut. Lower surface light chestnut, whitish on lower tail-coverts.
India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Cochin, S. China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,
and Java, Eight to fourteen egos (1-88 x 1-40), white. Nest with eggs found
on 19th August in Calcutta. (J. 952. 3B. 1589.)
TADORNA. 261
299. Dendrocygna fulva. Tae Larce WHIstLinc TEAL.
Murghabi, Bengal; Badak, Deccan; Yerrinda, Travancore; Silli, India; Sisalee, Pegu.
3 18” to 21”; 13 Ibs. 9 194"; 14 Ibs. Legs leaden. Bill leaden. Head
(with slight crest) 2nd neck chestnut. A gorget of whitish hackles, and black
stripe down back of neck. Flank-feathers long, with dark edges. Upper tail-
coverts whitish. C. and S. America, Africa (south of the Sahara), Madagascar,
India, Ceylon, and Burma. Eggs 2:18x1-7. (J. 953. B.1590.) See illustra-
tion, p. 260.
Also D. arcuata, 17”. Legs and bill dark ashy. Head and line down back of neck chocolate.
Back and scapulars black, edged rufous. Breast pale rufous, dotted black. Abdomen whitish,
with brown spots. Philippines, Celebes, Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia, and
Fiji Islands.
D. viduata, 17%’. Legs leaden. Bill brown, nail black. Anterior part of head and throat
white. Lower neck chestnut. Back brown, with narrow fulvous bars. Rump and upper tail-
coverts black. W. Indies, S. America, Africa (south of the Sahara), and Madagascar.
D. autumnatis, 19". Legs pink. Bill coral-red, nail blue. Mantle and back chestnut.
Rump, upper tail-coverts, abdomen, flanks, and under wing-coverts black. C. America.
D. discolor, Similar to D. autumnalis, but mantle is grey-brown. Breast grey. North of
8. America.
D. arborea. 22”, Legs and bill black. Breast reddish brown, indistinctly spotted white.
Abdomen and under tail-coverts white, thickly spotted black. Upper tail-coverts black.
Bahamas and Antilles,
D, guttata. 17”. Legs ashy. Bill black. Superciliary stripe, sides of head, and upper
neck grey. Upper tail-coverts black, broadly barred white. Upper breast rufous, with white
spots, Celebes, Moluccas, and New Guinea.
Dz eytoni. 16”. Legs rose. Bill reddish, with mottled patch. Sides of breast reddish,
barred black. Wing with no chestnut colour. Feathers of flanks buff, long, and acuminate,
margined black, Australia and New Zealand.
Tarsus scutellate in front near the foot.
Wing speculum always present, more or less conspicuous.
Genus TADORNA.
Tadorna, an Italian word, which seems first to occur in Bélon, 1585, as the Latinised name
of a bird.
Bill short, high, swelling at base, and concave in middle. Tip flat and turning
up. Nail hooked. Tail rounded, of fourteen feathers.
300. Tadorna cornuta. THe Burrow Duck or Common SHELDRAKE.
Corniita=horned ; from cornu=a horn.
Shah-chakwa, Upper India ; Niraji, Sind ; Shah moorghahi, Cabdul.
3 23” to 26”; 3 lbs. 9 21” to 22”; 2 lbs. Legs red. Bill and basal knob
red, tip black. Head and neck glossy green. White collar. Chestnut breast-
band, uniting on back. Mesial black line. Speculum chestnut, black, and green.
Tail white, tipped black.—Female: No knob at base of bill. Lower plumage
white, mottled brown; no band. Europe and Asia, migrating in winter to
8. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, N. India, S. China, and Japan. Nest in a burrow.
Seven to sixteen eggs (2-6 x 1-9), buff. Hatched in twenty-eight to thirty days,
and immediately led to the sea. (J. 956. B. 1587.) See illustration, p. 262.
Also T. radjah. 19”. Legs and bill white, no knob at base. Head, neck, breast, and
abdomen white. Tail black. Moluccas, Papuan Islands, and Australia.
R
‘GIST ‘edelaeT ‘wynutoo wusopny, “00g
SSSI SES
CASARCA. 263
Genus CASARCA.
Casarca, a proper name=Goose, in South Russian ; Tartar karakehds=black Goose.
Similar to Tadorna, but bill of uniform width, depressed towards tip. Nail
large, and less hooked. Brilliant wing-spot.
301. Casarca rutila. THe Brauminy Duck or Ruppy SHELDRAKE.
Sarkhab, Chakwa, Chakwi, India; Mungh, Sind; Sarza, Sattara; Neerbathoo,
S. India; Bassana Chilluwa (Telugu); Hintha, Pegu; Surkhed, Cabul ; Hangat,
Yarkand.
3 24" to 27”; 3 to 44 1bs. 9% 213” to 24”; 2 to 34 lbs. Legs black. Bill
black. Head and neck buff, with black collar. Upper tail-coverts, tail, and quills
green-black. Breast and under tail-coverts orange-brown.—Female smaller and
no collar. S. Europe, N. Africa, W. and C. Asia, visiting Afghanistan, India,
Ceylon (rarely), Assam, Burma, China, and Japan. Nine to sixteen eggs (2-6 x 2),
pale buff, unglossed. Young when hatched carried to the water. No proof of
any change of plumage in summer. Held sacred by the Mongols and Calmucs.
(J. 954. B. 1588.)
ss SS ee
Wrage,
C. rutila, 6.12.73.
Also C. cana. 22”. Head and neck ashy. Rufous collar. Breast fulvous. Abdomen
chestnut. Under tail-coverts bright fulvous. S. Africa.
C. variegata, 24”. Head and neck glossy black. Back, scapulars, breast, and sides black
with grey wave lines.—Female: Head and upper neck white. New Zealand.
C. tadornoides. 24”. Head and upper neck dark glossy green. White neck-ring. Breast
ted. Tail, upper and lower tail-coverts black. S. and W. Australia and Tasmania.
Also the genus Chenalopex. With no prominent lamelle on edges of bill. Two species :—
C. egyptiacus. 28”. The Egyptian Goose. Legs pink. Bill pink, base and tip black.
Head and upper neck grey-brown. Base of bill, eye-patch, hind neck, and neck-ring ruddy.
Mantle grey, finely lineated. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black. Wing-coverts
white. Africa and Palestine.
C. jubatus. 20". Legs yellow. Bill black. Head, neck, and breast dull grey. Mantle
and scapulars ruddy. Greater wing coverts green, glossed purple. N. of S. America.
SPATULA.—ANAS. 265
Genus SPATULA.
Spatila=a small flat instrument, anything broad like a spoon, spdtha.
Bill much dilated. Lamelle very fine, closely set, and projecting.
302. Spatula clypeata. Tue SHovVELLER.
Clyp2ata=armed with a shield, clypeus or clipeus ; from its white shield-like gorget.
Tidari, Punana, V. W.P.; Alipat, Sind ; Kanak-aurdak, Yarkand.
3 19” to 22”. 9 18” to 19”. Legs orange. Bill brownish. Head, back,
rump, upper and lower tail brown, glossed green. Scapulars black, with broad
white stripe along the middle. Lesser coverts grey. Speculum bright green.
Upper breast white, lower breast and abdomen chestnut. Male assumes plumage
of female in summer.—Female; Dark brown, edged whitish. Northern Hemi-
sphere between lat. 10° and lat. 68° N. A winter visitor to India, Ceylon, and
Burma. Seven to nine eggs (2-0 x 1-5), greenish buff. On 4.11.75, the Mohanas
in Sind had their fowling nets all ready, but said that the Ducks would not arrive
in any number till the next full moon (November 13th). (J. 957. B. 1602.)
Also S. rhynchotis. 22”, Legs yellow. Bill purplish. Head and neck bluish grey. Crown,
base of bill, and chin black. White band between base of bill and eye, extending to the throat.
Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.
S. platalea, 20". Legs yellow. Bill blackish. General plumage reddish, spotted black.
8. America.
S. capensis, 20" to 21". Legs yellow. Bill red-brown. Mantle and above brown, with
narrow wave lines. Below grey-brown, thickly mottled. Speculum dark green. Scapulars
dark blue, with no white on central parts. 8. Africa.
Also the genus Malacorhynchus. With spatulate bill and a soft membrane on the sides
near the tip. One species,
UM. membranaceus. 17”. Legs brownish green. Bill greyish blue. Crown brown. Sides
of head and chin white. Brown eye-patch, with an oblong mark of rose-pink behind it.
Australia and Tasmania.
Genus ANAS.
virra=a duck, from véw=to swim.
Bill not so deep as wide, of nearly uniform width. Lamelle short. Nostrils
near base of bill. Metallic speculum formed by the outer webs of the secondary
quills. Fifth remex wanting. Tail rather pointed, of eighteen to twenty feathers.
Tarsus shielded in front. Hind toe with small, narrow lobe. Cosmopolitan.
303. Anas boscas. Tue Matiarp or Common Witp Duck.
Nilsir, India ; Lilgah, Nepal; Niroji, Sind ; Sabz-zurdan, Cabul ; Sun, Yarkand.
3 224" to 24”; 24 to 4 Ibs. 9% 20” to 213”; 2 to 24 lbs. Legs orange. Bill
yellowish, nail black. Head emerald-green. White neck-ring. Chestnut gorget.
Speculum Prussian blue, bordered black above and white below. Back vermiculated
white and brown. Four central tail-feathers glossed purple and curled. Tail of
twenty feathers. To avoid calling a drake a duck, the name of Wild Duck was
dropped in favour of Mallard, which simply means Drake. After the breeding
season the drake moults in June into female plumage. When the body-moult is
complete, the bird loses its quills, and is for a time unable to fly. The ordinary
male plumage is reassumed by a second moult in September. “20th August.
266 ANAS.
Our two Wild Ducks are very happy on the tank in the garden, and they have
now been joined by a pair of Dabchicks. The mallard has lost his green head
and his tail-curls, and is coloured as the female, only with his breast and back
more rufous, his bill being now a bright dead yellow” (Kandahar in 1879, p. 249).
—Female: Brown, edged lighter. Head and neck yellowish, unspotted. Below
buff, with brown centres. Tail brown, edged buff. The original source from
which tame ducks are derived. Temperate regions of Northern Hemisphere,
migrating south in winter. Breeds in the Himalayas and Kashmir. Unknown
in 8. India, Ceylon, Pegu, and Tenasserim. Six to twelve eggs (2-23 x 1-6),
greenish white. :
The Wild Ducks (A. doscas) afford an example of the changes of plumage in
the different sexes, ages, and seasons of the year which may take place in certain
species of birds.
At first the young are clothed with down, alike in colour. The down is soon
replaced by true feathers. In this stage also the two sexes are almost exactly
alike, both closely resembling the adult female.
The females, from the time they acquire their complete covering of feathers,
remain for the rest of their lives practically alike, undergoing no change with the
different seasons. Their dress is highly protective, being very inconspicuous as
long as the birds remain among the reeds and sedges which grow in the places
they usually frequent and where they make their nests.
The males for a considerable part of the year put on a very handsome and
conspicuous dress, which attains its perfection shortly before the pairing season
begins, or about mid-winter. By the time the young are hatched a change begins
to take place, the brilliant plumage disappears, and the bird “goes into an eclipse,”
as Waterton described it. It loses all the characteristic appearance of the male,
even the four curling central tail-feathers, and assumes a dress so closely re-
sembling that of the female that at a little distance it is impossible to distinguish
the sexes. While in this condition the moult of the large wing-feathers takes.
place, the bird being for a time unable to fly. After remaining in this garb.
about three months it rapidly acquires the winter dress, which is nearly complete
by the beginning of October, although the brilliant glossy green of the head and
the rich dark maroon of the breast are not yet fully developed, the feathers of
the latter being bordered by a light edge which they afterwards lose.
Precisely similar changes take place in many other species of Duck, though
not in all. In the Sheldrake (7. cornuta), for example, the males and females
are both conspicuously coloured, and change but little with the seasons. (N.H.M.
J. 958. B. 1592.) See illustration, p. 267.
Also A. wyvilliana. 18”. Like A. boseas, but speculum is greenish blue, and under tail-
coverts black, mixed with chestnut. Sandwich Islands.
A, laysanensis. 17’, Legs orange. Bill blackish. General plumage rufescent, Irregular-
white ring round the eye. Speculum purple, green, and white. Laysan Islands,
Central tatl-feathers not curled up.
A. melleri. 21”. Legs flesh colour. Bill black. Feathers brown, margined red. Speculum.
black, glossy green, and black, Madagascar.
A. obscura. 21”, Legs orange. Bill yellowish. Feathers brownish black, edged pale.
fulvous. Speculum glossy violet, surrounded by black. E.N. America and Bermudas.
A, fulvigula, Similar to A. obscwra, but much paler. Speculum bluish green, Florida.
A. maculosa. Similar to A. fulvigula, but cheeks are streaked with brown. Speculum.
purple, Texas and Kansas,
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268 ANAS.—EUNETTA.
A. diazi. Resembles A. fulvigula, but last row of wing-coverts with subterminal band of
white, and secondaries with broad terminal bar of white. Speculum green. Mexico.
A, aberti. In colour like A. fulvigula. Secondaries widely tipped white, preceded by a
black bar. Speculum grass-green. Mexico.
A. luzonica, 20”. General plumage grey. Crown and nape brown. Eye-stripe, throat,
and neck rufous. A black band from lores through eyes. Speculum black, green and black.
Philippines.
A, superciliosa. 24”. Legs yellow. Bill plumbeous, nail black. Above and below brown,
edged buff. Band from forehead through eyes brown-black. Speculum black, green and black.
Java to S. New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia.
A, oustaleti. Similar to A. superciliosa, but paler below, and speculum bluish purple.
Ladrone Islands,
304. Anas peecilorhyncha. THe Spottep-BILLED Duck.
Garmpai, India ; Gugral, N.W.P.; Hunjur, Sind ; Kara, Manipur ; Naddun, Nepal.
3 24” to 26"; 23 to 32 Ibs. 9 22” to 24”; 2 to 22 lbs. Legs orange. Bill
black, base red, tip yellow, nail black. Brown eye-line. Speculum green, with
black tip, edged white. Greater coverts white, edged deep black. Breast white,
conspicuously spotted black. Sexes alike, but female has eighteen tail-feathers
(two less than the male). India, Ceylon, Assam, and Burma. Six to twelve eggs
(2-15 x 1-70), greyish white. (J. 959. B. 1593.) See illustration, p. 269.
Also A. zonorhyncha, 23”. Legs bright red. Bill black, tip yellow. Similar to 4. pecilo-
rhyncha, but breast is brown, unspotted. Speculum black, glossy blue and black. China,
Mongolia, E. Siberia, Japan, and Kurile Islands.
A. undulata. 20”. Legs black. Bill yellow, with longitudinal patch on culmen, and nail
black. Above dark brown, edged paler. Broad speculum, black, green, and white. S., E.,
and W., Africa.
A. sparsa, 21”. Legs orange. Bill yellow, culmen and nail black. General plumage
sepia, edged lighter. Speculum black, green, and white. Conspicuous white bars across tail,
upper tail-coverts, and tertials. S. and E. Africa.
A. specularis, 21”. Legsred. Bill black. Head and neck brown. Large spot between
bill and eyes. Chin and mid-throat white. Above glossy brown-black, edged paler. Speculum
copper-red, with black band. S. America.
A. cristata, 24”. The Crested Duck. Legs grey. Bill brown. Head and neck grey,
finely spotted brown. Occipital patch brown. Nape with long pendent crest. Chin and
throat white. Above brown, edged paler. Speculum copper-red and black. 8. America.
Genus EUNETTA.
Bushy nuchal crest. Elongate sickle-shaped tertiaries. Upper and under tail-
coverts exceeding the tail in length. Fourteen tail-feathers. Sexes distinct.
Females do not differ in structure from those of Nettium.
305. Eunetta falcata. Tue Crestep or Fatcatep TEAL.
3 193”; 18 lbs. Legs drab. Bill black. Frontal spot white. Head bronze,
with green eye-patch. Throat white, with greenish band across it. Back mottled
grey and white. Tail brown. Falcate tertiaries black, glossed green, shafts
white. Breast and abdomen white, with dark brown bands.—emale: Head and
neck brown, streaked white. Speculum black, glossed green. E. Asia and Japan.
Visits N. India and Burma in winter. Eggs (2-2 x 1-56) creamy white. (B. 1594.
H. & M. iii. 231.)
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270 CHAULELASMUS.—NETTIUM.
Genus CHAULELASMUS.
xavdés=loose, gaping ; a word found only in classical Greek, xavAcddovs= with outstanding
teeth ; and é\acyés=metal beaten out, a metal plate, from eAavvw=I drive, strike, beat out.
From the projecting lamine of the upper mandible.
Bill narrows slightly towards tip. Small nail. Lamelle long and quite
prominent. Speculum black and white. Tail of sixteen feathers.
306. Chaulelasmus streperus. THe GapwaLu or Grey Duck.
Strépérus= noisy.
Mila, India ; Beykhur, NV. W.P. ; Mail, Nepal; Burd, Sind ; Syah-dum, Cabul.
3 20” to 214”; 14 to 2 Ibs. 9 18” to 20”; 1 to 12 lbs. Legs dull yellow.
Bill black. Head grey, speckled brown. Back brown, with white crescentic
lines. Wing-coverts chestnut. Speculum white and black.—Female: Brown,
edged buff. Bill pale, with red margins. Abdomen white. Northern Hemi-
sphere, and in winter to N. Africa, Palestine, India, Burma (not observed in
Ceylon), China, and Japan. In America as far south as Mexico and Jamaica,
Six to thirteen eggs (2-35 x 1-63), creamy. Masson saw flocks of from twenty to
thirty in Teesta and Great Rungeet valleys. (J. 961. 3B. 1595.)
Also C. couesi. 17”. Like C. streperus, but smaller, Bill and feet black. Lamelle small
and closely packed, about seventy-five in number, while in C. streperus there are only about
fifty. Fanning Island.
Genus NETTIUM, Tat.
Bill moderate, of uniform width, not gradually tapering towards tip. Lamelle
scarcely prominent. Tail of fourteen to sixteen feathers. Central tail more or
less acuminate, and extending somewhat beyond the lateral ones. Cosmopolitan.
307. Nettium formosum. Tue Barkat or Ciuckine Tran.
3 154” to 18”; 1 lb. Legs greenish blue. Bill bluish brown. Forehead,
crown, band from eye to throat, chin, and throat black. Green band from eye to
eye, round nape. Sides of head, and upper neck buff. Narrow borders to all
black areas on head and neck white. Back, sides of breast, and flanks finely
vermiculated grey and white. Secondaries bronze-green near coverts, tips black.
Speculum green, ending velvet-black, bordered silver.—Female dusky, edged
tufous. Tail-coverts white, with brown spots, Spot near base of bill and another
below eye buff. E. Siberia, S. China, and Japan, straggling occasionally to
W. Asia and Europe. Rare in India. Eggs (1-85x 1-35) pale grey-green.
(J. 966. B. 1596. H. & M. iii, 225.)
308. Nettium crecca. Toe Common TEAL.
Crecca, probably from its note. Cf. Crex, g.v., and the German Kriech-Ente; old English
Cracker = Pintail.
Moorghabi, India; Kerra, N.W.P.; Naroib, Bengal ; Baiji-lagairi, Nepal ; Kardo,
Sind; Killowai, Madras; Sorlai haki, Mysore; Churaka, Cabul; Alahbash, Kurak-
aurdak, Yarkand.
3 144” to 16”; 10 to 15 oz. 9 133” to 15”; 74 to 12 oz. Legs greyish.
Bill black. Head and upper neck chestnut. Green eye-patch. Speculum green,
with black sides, with yellow bar above. Lower neck, upper back, and sides of
body narrowly barred black and white. Outer secondaries black, inner green,
Tail of sixteen feathers, Assumes the female plumage about end of July.—
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272 NETTIUM.—MARECA.
Female: Throat, cheeks, and eye-band yellow, spotted black. Above dark brown,
edged paler. Europe, N. Africa, Asia, visiting India, Ceylon, Burma, China, and
Japan in winter. Not observed in S. Tenasserim, the Andamans, the Nicobars,
or in Malabar. Eight to twelve eggs (1:7x1-3), buff. (J. 964. B. 1597.
H. & M. iii. 205.)
Also WN. carolinense. The American Teal. Similar to WV. crecca, but the whitish line sur-
rounding the green eye-patch is almost obsolete, the scapulars are pale slate-grey with no white,
and there is a broad whitish crescent on each side of the breast. N. America and W. Indies,
occasionally in Europe.
NV. castanewm, 18%”, Legs leaden. Bill bluish, nail and edges black, red band near tip of
lower mandible. Head and neck dark glossy green. Mantle and back black, edged chestnut.
Breast and abdomen chestnut, spotted black. Speculum black, green, and white, Australia,
New Zealand, and a straggler in Celebes and Java.
309. Nettium albigulare. Tae Anpaman TEAL.
6 16” to 18”; 1 1b. 9 15” to 16”; 12 oz. Legs plumbeous. Bill plumbeous,
nail black. Upper part of head dark brown. Cheeks, chin, throat, and foreneck
white. Eye set in white ring. Full short occipital crest. Above dark brown,
edged paler. Brilliant longitudinal metallic green wing-band. Outer web of
first secondary white, of seventh to ninth bronze, of others black. §. Andaman
Island. Eggs (1-93 x 1-43) creamy. (B. 1598. H. & M. iii. 243.)
Also WV. gibberifrons. 17”. The Oceanic Teal. Similar to NV. albigulare, hut no white eye-
ring, and usually no white on outer web of first secondary. Celebes, Java, Timor, Flores, and
Sumba,
NV. berniert. 16” to 17”. Legs and bill red. Head and neck pale brown, streaked blackish.
Back brown, edged grey. Tail brown, tipped paler. Breast and abdomen dull red, mottled
pale brown. Speculum black, with no metallic green band. Madagascar.
NV. capense. 15%”. Legs yellow. Bill crimson. Head and neck white, dotted black.
Above fulvous, barred and spotted brown. Throat white, Upper breast barred with brown.
Speculum green, with white bar in front. 8S. Africa.
N. flavirostre. 15” to 16’. Legs grey-blue. Bill yellow, nail black. Head and neck grey-
brown, barred blackish. Above grey-brown, with black spots and margined red-brown. Breast
and below whitish, spotted and barred. Upper wing-coverts grey, tipped hazel, forming a band
above the black speculum. 8S. America.
NV. oxypterum. 174”. Similar to V. flavirostre, but abdomen is unspotted white. Scapulars
with small black spots and broad rufescent edges. Peru and N. Chili.
N. andiwm. 16”t017". Similar to NV. flavirostre, but legs are flesh-coloured and bill dark
without any yellow. Ecuador and Venezuela.
N. georgicum. Similar to NV. flavirostre, but speculum is entirely black, with no longitudinal
metallic green band on the upper part. S. Georgia.
NV. punctatum. 13”, Legs purplish. Bill light purple, base black. Upper part of head
black. Back black, edged light brown. Wings brassy green. Speculum glossy green, bordered
black. 8S. and E. Africa and Madagascar.
N. brasiliense. 17”. Legs and bill red. Head and nape black. Back brown. Sides of
head and neck grey. Neck and breast reddish. Upper wing-coverts velvety black. Axillaries
white. S. America.
N. torquatum. 14”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Back grey-olive. Breast rosy, spotted
black. Axillaries black. Speculum bronze-green. S. America.
Genus MARECA.
Maréca, the native name, according to Marcgrave, of the Brazilian Teal (Nettiwm brasiliense).
Bill raised at base, narrowing towards the tip, nail black. Lamelle scarcely
prominent. Short tail cuneate of fourteen feathers. Tarsus scutellate in front.
Hind toe small, with narrow lobe. Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions.
MARECA. 273
310. Mareca penelope. THs Wicron or WHEW.
Pénktlope ; wyvédoy=a kind of Duck with purple stripes, in classical Greek, which was said
to have fed Penelope (subsequently the wife of Ulysses) after her parents had thrown her into
the sea,
Pea-san, Patari, V. W.P.; Cheyun, Nepal; Parow, Sind ; Ade, Ratnagiri.
Munchur Lake.
3 19” to 193”; 1} to 14 Ibs. 9 18” to 19”; 14 to 13 Ibs. Legs leaden.
Bill blue, black tip. Crown yellow. Neck chestnut. Back, scapulars, rump,
sides of breast, and flanks vermiculated black and white. Speculum green,
bounded above and below with black. Upper tail-coverts grey, outer feathers
black.— Female fulvous. Head chestnut, speckled black. Green speculum
wanting. Iceland to Kamschatka, wintering in Africa, Persia, N. India (not
recorded in Ceylon), Burma, China, Japan, and E.N. America. Seven to twelve
eggs (2-0 x 1-45), buff. (J. 963. 3B, 1599.)
Also M. americana, 18” to 21”, The American Wigeon. Legs light blue. Bill blue, tip
black. Forehead and crown whitish. Sides of head and upper neck whitish, with black spots.
Speculum black and green. Axillaries white. N. America and occasionally the W. Indies.
M. sibilatrix. 20’. Legs and bill black. Head and neck black. Forehead and cheeks white.
Lower neck barred black and white. Upper tail-coverts, breast, and abdomen white. Specu-
lum black. South of 8, America.
274 DAFILA.—QUERQUEDULA.
Genus DAFILA.
Tail long, of sixteen or eighteen feathers, with central tail elongated. Lamelle
not projecting. Bill a little broader at tip than at base.
311. Dafila acuta. THe Pintartep Duck.
Acita=sharp, pointed ; from aciio=I sharpen.
Sinkpar, V.W.P.; Dighons, Bengal; Laitunga, Manipur; Taw-boy, Burma ;
Digoonch, Nepal ; Kokarali, Drighush, Sind ; Sinkdum, Cabul ; Chasugshu-aurdah,
Yarkand.
3 22” to 29”; 12 to 22 lbs. 9 20” to 22”; 1 to 2 lbs. Legs grey-black.
Bill black, sides blue. Head umber. White neck-streaks. Back and sides
finely vermiculated black and white. Speculum green, glossed purple, bordered
above by a pale bar and below by a white one. Long central tail black.—Female
largely marked dark brown, edged white. Speculum dull, unglossed. Northern
Hemisphere, and wintering in N. Africa, India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Japan,
and N. and C. America. Five to nine eggs (2-1 x 1-5), greenish buff. (J. 962.
B. 1600.) See illustration, p. 275.
Also D. modesta, Probably to be identified with D. acuta. C. Pacific.
D. eatoni, 17”, Legs dark slate. Bill plumbeous. Head and upper neck dark brown,
with darker shaft stripes. Back brown, with narrow white wave lines. Throat divided from
neck by a white band. Below dully grey, thickly dotted on breast with small black spots.
Speculum hazel, black, bronze-green, black and white. Kerguelen Island.
D. spinicauda, 20”. Legs plumbeous, Bill yellow, culmen black. Crown rufous. Upper
neck with black shaft streaks. Throat whitish. Below dark brown, edged white. Wings
grey-brown. Speculum black, glossed green, margined white above and below. Tail grey-
brown, margined rufous. Central tail dark brown. S. America.
Also the genus Pecilonetta, with narrow speculum. Tail rufous or brown. Three species,
viz.—
P. bahamensis, 19”. Legs brown. Bill bluish, with two red spots at base of upper
mandible. Crown, nape, lower neck, upper back, breast, and abdomen reddish, with black
spots. Cheeks, sides of head, and throat white. Speculum fawn, glossy green, black and
fawn. Bahamas, Antilles, and S, America.
P. galapagensis, 14”, Similar to P. bahamensis, but the cheeks are white, thickly speckled
brown. Galapagos Islands.
P. erythrorhyncha. 17”. Legs dark ashy. Bill purple. Upper half of head dark brown.
Sides of head and throat white. Neck grey, mottled black. Back brown, edged buff. Below
whitish, with grey-brown spots, Speculum fawn, black and fawn, Tail and upper tail-coverts
brown, edged grey. Africa and Madagascar.
Also the genus Elasmonetta. With edges of upper mandible fringed in front with a narrow
soft membrane. Lamelle extremely developed. One species from New Zealand, viz. Z. chlorotis,
18”, legs slate-grey, bill bluish black, head and neck brown, collar white. Breast and abdomen
chestnut, spotted black. Speculum cinnamon, black and rufescent white. Tail brown, edged
lighter.
Also the genus Nesonetta. With wings very small, useless for flight. Lamelle moderate.
One species, viz. NV. aucklandica, 14”, coloured similar to Z. chlorotis. Aucklands.
Genus QUERQUEDULA. Gareanzy Tzat.
Querquediila, a kind of Duck mentioned by Varro and Columella; perhaps from xépxoupos
=a light vessel used by the Cyprians, or from xépxatpw=I ring. Professor Skeat says the
name is from an onomatopeic base, guerg or kark, significative of any loud noise. According
to O. Miiller’s conjecture, from the Greek xépxovpos. Hence the French ¢er¢elle.
Differs considerably from Mettiwm in structure, plumage, and habits. A soft
membrane fringes the end of the upper mandible, and the upper wing-coverts are
blue or bluish grey. Northern Hemisphere and Neotropical region.
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276 ‘QUERQUEDULA.
312. Querquedula circia. Tur Garcanrey or BLUE-WINGED TEAL.
Circia, the ancient name, though not used by any classical author ; probably from the root.
of xipkos=the Hawk.
Chaitwa, WV. W.P.; Ghangroib, Bengal; Sitch-dum, Cadui ; Karak-aurdak, Yarkand,
6 16”; 10 oz tol lb. 9 15"; 9 to 15 oz. Legs dusky. Bill blackish.
Crown and nape brownish black. White streak over eye. Neck and throat.
tufous, streaked white. Chin black. Scapulars lanceolate, with broad white
shaft stripes. Speculum greyish green, with white bar above and below.—Female
dusky, edged whitish. Wing-coverts ash-grey. Palearctic region, wintering in
N. Africa, Palestine, India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Japan, Philippines, Borneo,
Java, and Celebes. Four to thirteen eggs (1-87 x 1-37), creamy white. (J. 965.
B. 1601.)
312, Querquedula circia.
Also @Q. discors. 16”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Upper wing-coverts bright smalt-blue.
A large crescentic white band extending from the forehead to sides of throat. Back dusky,
with U-shaped bars of buff. N. and C. America.
Q. cyanoptera. 18”. Legs yellow. Bill black. Similar to Q. discors, but no crescentic
band between the eyes and bill. Head, neck, and breast bright chestnut. W. America.
Q. versicolor. 164”. Legs green. Bill black, with orange patch on each side at base of”
upper mandible. Upper wing-coverts lead colour. Rump and upper tail-coverts with narrow
white bars. Mantle black, edged yellow. Breast buff. Abdomen white, with black spots and
bars. S. America.
Q. puna, 19%”. Legs lead colour. Bill light blue, ridge black. Like Q. versicolor, but.
rump uniform brown, with no white bars. Peru, Bolivia, and N. Chili.
NETTOPUS.—MARMARONETTA. 277
Genus NETTOPUS.
viirra =a Duck ; from véw=I swim, and rovs=a foot.
Bill Goose-like, narrowing in front. Lamelle concealed. Tail short, rounded,
of twelve feathers. Hind toe with narrow lobe. Placed in British Museum
Catalogue under Plectropterine.
313. Nettopus coromandelianus. Tx Corton Tzat or WHITE-BODIED
Goose TEAL.
Girri, India ; Gur-gurrah, Etawah; Bullia-hans, Dacca; Ade adla, Ratnagiri; Chik-
sarle-haki, Mysore ; Neer-akee, Coimbatore ; Karagat, Aracan ; Kalaghat, Burma.
3 124” to 14”; 8 to 11 oz. 9 124” to 122”; 64 to 9 oz. Legs greenish.
Bill black. Face, neck, and below white. Black neck-collar. Above black,
glossed brown.—Female: Brown. Neck mottled, with numerous black bands.
No white patch on primaries. India, Ceylon, Andamans, Burma, China, Philip-
pines, and Celebes. Eggs 1-70x 1-29. (J. 951. B. 1591.)
qs
313, NV. coromandelianus.
Also MW. albipennis. 184”. Similar to NV. coromandelianus. E. Australia,
N. pulchelius. 184”. Legs and bill black. Forehead, sides of head, throat, breast, and
abdomen white, Crown brown, banded dark green and pale brown. Neck, back, scapulars,
and upper wing-coverts dark glossy green. Lower neck and sides banded white and dark green.
White band across wing. S. New Guinea, Australia, Moluccas, and Celebes.
NV. auritus, 11%”. Legs black. Bill yellow. Sides and lower part of neck rufous. Large
sea-green patch on hind head.—Female: Without the green patch, and with sides of head
white, speckled black. Madagascar and Africa.
Also the genus 4x. With head crested. Two species, viz.—
43, sponsa. 19”. The Summer Duck. Legs chrome-yellow. Bill purplish tip, and nail
black, milk-white from nostril to nail, lower edge yellow. Head and crest dark green. Cheeks
purple. Chin, throat, and upper foreneck white. A broad black patch on sides of neck,
Mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bronze-green. Lower breast and abdomen white.
Axillaries white, spotted black. Nearctic region, from 50th parallel to the Gulf of Mexico.
4, galericulata, 17’, Legs orange. Bill reddish brown, nail bluish. Crest coppery red.
Chin and throat cinnamon. Sides of neck with long pointed feathers, chestnut, with white
shaft streaks, Avxillaries brown-grey. C. and 8. China, Formosa, and Japan.
Genus MARMARONETTA.
Bill as in Nettium, Head with a short but full occipital crest. Plumage dull
grey, without any coloured speculum. Tail of fourteen feathers.
8
278 FULIGULIN~.
314. Marmaronetta angustirostris. Taz Marsiep TEAL.
3 184” to 19”; L Ib. 5 oz, «9 17” to 174”; 1 lb. 3 oz. Legs brown. Bill
with blue spot above nail. Dark brown eye-patch. Back grey-brown. Scapulars
with yellowish spots.—emale: Eye-patch less conspicuous. From the basin of
the Mediterranean to India, Eggs (1-85x 1.4) creamy. (B. 1603. H.& M.
iii. 237.)
Also the genus Stictonetfa. With bill broader towards the tip, and with the nail bent back-
wards as in Erismatura, One species—S, nevosa, 174”, legs bluish green, bill greenish grey,
plumage dark brown, minutely freckled white, S. and W. Australia and Tasmania,
Also the genus Heteronetta. With nail almost perpendicular, and plumage like that of the
species of the genus Hrismatura.
HT, atricapilia. 144. Legs horny brown. Bill blackish, with basal spot on each side flesh
colour. Head and upper neck black. Chin white. Above dark brown, finely vermiculated pale
rufous. Below dirty white. S. America.
Subfamily FULIGULINZ. SOFT-TAILED Divine Ducks.
Stout, heavy body. Coloured in masses. Speculum less plain or wanting.
Hind toe short and broadly lobed (315-322). Feet large and webbed to the
toes. Tail-feathers normal, not stiff. Thick plumage and rather short wings.
Obtain their food principally by diving. Post-nuptial plumage, when the males
become more or less like the females during the time that they moult their quills.
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315. NM. rufina.
NETTA. 279
Primaries partly whitish.
Genus NETTA.
Bill long; tip depressed, with rather large nail. Lamell distant, large, and
prominent. Tail short, cuneate, of sixteen feathers.
315. Netta rufina. THe Rep-crestep PocHarp.
Rufina, apparently an adjectival form, from rafus=red,
Doomer, Nepal; Rattoba, Sind; Nool-gool, Cabul; Kizil-bash aurdak, Yarkand ;
Lalsir, N.W.P.
¢ 22", Legs waxy. Bill red, tip white. Crown-feathers chestnut, elongated.
Neck, breast, and abdomen black. Flanks and shoulder marks white. Speculum
white-—Female on water appears grey-brown of a uniform colour (in contra-
distinction to the Pintail), with dark eye-stripe and crest. End of bill red.
From the basin of the Mediterranean to Turkistan, N. and C. India, Assam, and
Burma. Eggs (2-3 x 1-6), brownish green. (J. 967. B. 1604.) See illustration,
p. 278.
ig
Sh sess
316. Nyroca ferina,
280 NYROCA.
Genus NYROCA.
Differs from Netta in having serrations on upper mandible less prominent.
The bill is narrower and longer than in Fuligula. ‘Tail cuneate, of fourteen
feathers. Hind toe broadly lobed.
316. Nyroca ferina. THE Rep-HEADED PocHarD or Dun-Birp.
Férina=of or belonging to wild animals, fer; perhaps in reference to its ‘‘ game” flavour.
Cf. German Tafel-Ente, ‘‘ Table-Duck.”
Lalsir, V.W.P.; Lalmuriya, Bengal; Cheoon, Bengal; Thadingnam, Manipur ;
Rutubah, Sind; Surkh-sir, Cabul.
3 18” to 182”; 2 to 24. Ibs. 9 17” to 18”; 13 to 24 lbs. Legs bluish. Bill
blue, tip and base black. Head and neck chestnut, without purple gloss. Back,
breast, scapulars, and sides white, with black lines, Upper and under tail-coverts
black.— Female: The same, with breast red-brown, mottled white. No white on
forehead or lores. No white speculum. From Iceland to Japan, wintering in
8. Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, India, Burma, China, and Japan.
Eggs (2-3 x 1-7) greenish buff. (J. 968. 3B. 1605.) See illustration, p. 279.
Also WV. americana. Similar to NV. ferina, but the head and neck are glossed purple,
abdomen is white, not vermiculated, and the bill is pale blue with only the tip black. N. America.
N. vallisneria. 20” to 22”. The Canvas-back. Similar to M. ferina, but bill is entirely
greenish black and lower breast and abdomen white, N. America. The Canvas-back derives
its delicious flavour from the fresh-water plant, a species of vallisneria, commonly called ‘‘wild
celery,” which grows in great profusion at the head of Chesapeake Bay. ‘‘It is not generally
known that the breeding places of the Canvas-back are in Canada, Greenland, and Iceland,
whither they repair in April or May, when the weather becomes too hot for a thickly feathered
bird to be able to bear it. The forests in Canada which surround the lakes, pools, and bayous,
on the fringes of which the birds lay their eggs, are being rapidly levelled by the axe of the
lumberman, and the eggs are picked up and either sold or used by the human intruders upon
what was once a vast solitude. Writing upon this subject an American expert says:
‘Thousands upon thousands of ducks’ eggs are marketed every year in the Dominion, and by
these exhausting methods, rather than by the numbers actually shot, the Ducks have been
greatly diminished. This condition of affairs seems to be beyond remedy, since a state of the
American Union cannot make a treaty with a foreign power, and the Washington Government
is not likely to interfere on behalf of a Maryland industry, or to provide such compensation
as Canada might ask if it was proposed to her to protect the Ducks in their native habitat.
So the prospect is that fifty years will see the extermination of the finest wild-fowl in the world
and one of the most prized delicacies of the table.’”—Daily Telegraph, 11.4.99.
317. Nyroca baeri. Toe Eastern WHITE-EYED PocHaRD.
6 18”. Legs lead-grey. Bill bluish, base and nail black. Head and upper
neck black, glossed green. Primaries, basal part light grey. Otherwise as in
NV. ferruginea.—Female: Chestnut patch on lores, E. Siberia, China, and Japan.
Common in Bengal. (B. 1607.)
318. Nyroca ferruginea. THE Frrrucinous or WHITE-EYED PocHARD.
Nyréca, Latinised from the Russian name, Ootna nyrok.
Karchiya, V. W.P.; Lalbigri, Bengal; Burnu, Sind; Malac, Nepal; Chiki, Yarkand.
3 16” to 17"; 14 to ldlbs. 9 15” to 164”; 1f Ibs. Legs grey. Bill bluish.
Head and breast red. A white spot on chin. Collar black. Abdomen white.—
Female: Brown, edged paler. Mediterranean basin, C. and E. Europe, and
S.W. Asia as far east as Kashmir, visiting India and Burma in winter. Not
recorded from 8. India or Ceylon. Nine to fourteen eggs (2-1 x 1-49), pale
brown. (J. 969. B. 1606.) See illustration, p, 281.
FULIGULA. 281
eZ
EU
AAA
————
318. WN. ferruginea.
Also NV, innotata. 154”. Similar to NV. ferruginea, but head and neck are darker chestnut,
and more glossy, and there is no white spot on the chin. Madagascar.
XM. australis, 20”, Legs grey. Bill and nail black, with slate band at tip. Head and
neck dark brown-chestnut. No white spot on the chin. Irides white. Speculum white,
tipped brown. Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.
N. brunnea, 194". Legs black. Bill grey, nail black, Crown black. Sides of head and
upper neck chestnut-brown. Sides reddish brown. Breast brown. Speculum white, with
black band. Abdomen dusky. S8, Africa.
N. nationt. Similar to NV. brunnea, but more red below. Peru.
N. erythrophthalma, Allied to N. brunnea. America.
Genus FULIGULA.,
Piiligtila, for fulicula, diminutive of fiilix or Fulica, q.v. Faligo=soot.
Bill broad throughout; tip broadest. Nostrils advanced. Head in adults glossy
black. Northern Hemisphere and New Zealand subregion.
319. Fuligula marila. THe Scaup Pocuarp.
Marita, from wapthy=the embers of charcoal ; from its pitch-black fore parts.
3 18" to 20”. 9 19” to 20”. Legs ashy. Bill blue, black tip. Head, neck,
and breast deep black. No distinct crest. Speculum, abdomen, and sides white.
Back and scapulars grey, irregularly waved black.—Female: Head, neck, back,
and upper breast brown. Forehead, lores, and chin white, encircling the base of
the bill. Breeds in the Arctic region as far north as lat. 70°, and visits in winter
the basin of the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, N. India (rarely), China,
Formosa, Japan, and corresponding latitudes in N. America, Eggs (2-7 x 1-5)
pale buff. Corresponds with F. nearctica of N. America, and F. marilloides of
E. Asia. (J. 970. B. 1608.)
Also F. afinis. 16’. Similar to F. marila, but head and neck are glossed with purple
instead of green. N. America.
282 FULIGULA.
320. Puligula fuligula. Tue Turtep PocHarp.
Dubaru, V.W.P.; Malac, Nepal ; Turando, Sind ; Ablak, Cabui.
3 164” to 17”; 14 to 2 lbs. @ 15” to 162”; 14 to 1$ lbs. Legs leaden. Bill
grey, black tip. Black silky crest. Irides golden yellow. Head, neck, and breast
a
————
a ZZ =
—————— —= — =
EEA
black. Speculum white, with greenish'edge. Back black, speckled whitish.
Abdomen and sides white.—Female: Brown, where the male is black. Throughout
the Palzarctic region, breeding far north, and migrating in winter to N. Africa,
China, Japan, N. India, and Burma. Not recorded from Pegu, Tenasserim, Ceylon,
or 8. India. Eggs (2-3 x 1-6) pale buff. (J. 971. B. 1609.)
Also F. nove hollandiw. 17”. Legs black. Bill blue, tip black. No pendent occipital
crest, Chin white. Abdomen brown, with irregular lines of black and white. New Zealand,
with Auckland and Chatham Islands.
F. collaris. 17”. Legs pale slaty. Bill leaden, with bands of bluish white, tip black.
Head, neck, and chest black, glossed purple. Chestnut collar, Speculum bluish grey.
N. America and W. Indies.
Also the genus Metopiana. With indentations of upper mandible not prominent. Bill
rough at base. One species—M. peposaca, 12”, legs yellow. Rillrosy red, tip black. Head, breast,
and neck black. Abdomen and fianks minutely vermiculated grey and grey-brown. Wings
black, with green gloss, speculum white, 8S, America.
CLANGULA, 283
Primaries uniform dark brown.
Genus CLANGULA.
Clangtila, from clango=resound, clank; diminutive of clanga; «hayyyn=clangor, ‘any sharp
sound, especially the scream of Cranes.
Head crested full and puffy. Differ from other Sea-Ducks in preferring fresh
water. Bill short and tapering slightly. Lamelle short, stout, and not close
together. Tail much rounded, of sixteen feathers, Tarsus scutellate in front.
Hind toe broadly lobed. Northern Hemisphere.
321. Clangula glaucion. THe Garrot or GoLDEN-EYED PocHaRD.
Glaucton =yhavxov, a grey-eyed water-bird in Atheneus, 395 B.c.; from -yAavxés=bluish-
grey. Generally Latinised into glauctwm by pre-Linnean writers, and always by botanists,
including Linneus,
3 16” to 19”; 2to 24 lbs. 9 153” to 164”; 14 to 2 lbs. Legs yellow. Bill
bluish. Head black-green, with white mouth-patch. Neck, breast, and below white.
Back and tail black. Remiges twenty-six.—Female: Head and upper neck brown.
Imperfect collar white. Breeds in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, and migrates in
winter to S. Europe, N. Africa, Persia, N. India (rare), China, and the United
States of America. Ten to nineteen eggs (2-3x 1-6), pale green. (B. 1610.
H. & M. iii. 285.)
Also C. islandica, 20’. The Iceland Duck. Legs yellow. Bill plumbeous. Head and
neck glossy blue-black. Triangular white patch across lores, Back, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and wing black. Long white patch on wing. Taildark grey. Iceland, migrating to N. America
and occasionally to Europe.
C. albeola, 12%”. The Buffel-headed Duck. Legs pink. Bill bluish black. Head and
upper neck metallic green, bronze, and violet. Patch of white from eye to occiput. Neck all
round, breast, and below white.—Female: Head, neck, and above grey-brown. Ear-coverts
white. N. America.
Also the genus Harelda, With crest and central tail long and pointed. Edges of upper
mandible partly bent inwardly. One species, viz.—
HI. glacialis. 22”, The Long-tailed Duck. Legs blue. Bill pinkish, with base and tip
dark grey. Head and neck white. Forehead and sides of head grey. Dark oval patch on
each side of neck, above black. Remiges twenty-six. Beneath white. Central tail black,
laterals white.—Female: 16”, Forehead, crown, and nape brown. White neck-ring. Arctic
regions, visiting in winter the Caspian, Asia, N. Japan, China, N. America. Eggs (2:1 x 1-5)
pale olive.
Also the genus Cosmonetta. With no distinct crest. Bill conical, almost tapering to a
point. One species, viz.—
C. histrionica, 17%”. The Harlequin Duck. Legs brown. Bill blue. A black band from
base of bill over the crown to occiput margined white in front and chestnut behind. Broad
patch of white at base of bill. Spot on ear-coverts and a band on side of neck white. Lower
neck with white collar and a white crescentic band on side of breast. Speculum blue. General
plumage slate colour.—Female: Above brown, White patch in front and below eye and on
ear-coverts, Iceland, N. America, and N.E. Asia, south in winter to Europe, California, and
Japan. Said to breed in the Ural. Eggs (2-2 x 1-6) buff.
Also the genus @demia. General plumage of males black, and of the females grey-brown,
but not barred. Six species, viz.—
@. nigra. 20". The Common Scoter. Legs black. Bill black, with yellow patch round
nostrils, and a bulb at base. All black. Remiges twenty-six.. Tail of sixteen feathers.
N. Palearctic region, winters in the Baltic and on coasts of W. Europe, and occasionally the
Azores and the Mediterranean, Six to nine eggs (2-6 x 1-7), sandy buff.
G@. americana, 17” to 214”. Similar to @. nigra, but basal half of upper mandible,
including knob, yellow. N. America and N.E. Asia, migrating south to California and Japan.
G. fusca, 22", The Velvet Scoter. Legs crimson. Bill orange. All black, except a small
284 CLANGULA.—ERISMATURA.
white patch under eye and white wing-band.— Female: Sooty, no white on head. N. Palearctic
region, south in winter to Europe, Black Sea and Caspian. Occasional in Greenland.
G. deglandi. 20” to 23”. Similar to @. fusca, but flanks are olive-brown. N. America,
in winter south to the Great Lakes.
G. carbo. Similar to @. deglandi, but black more intense. N.E. Asia, south in winter to
Japan and China.
G. perspicillata, 21". The Surf Scoter. All black, except patches of white on forehead
and nape.
Also the genus Tachyeres. With central tail narrow, short, and curled up. One species,
viz.—
T. cinereus. 30’. The Loggerhead. Legs orange. Bill orange, nail black. Alar tubercles
orange. Head and neck grey. Red patch on throat. Above grey, banded darker. Abdomen
white. Straits of Magellan and Falkland Isles.
Also the genus Camptolemus. With some patches of stiff feathers on the cheeks. One
species, viz.—
C. labradorius, 22". The Labrador Duck. Legs yellow. Bill blue, sides of base and
edges orange, rest black. Lower mandible spatulate. Head, neck, throat, scapulars, and
wings (except primaries) white. Neck-collar, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and below
black. Now supposed to be extinct, Formerly N. Atlantic coast of N. America.
Also the genus Heniconetta. With edges of upper mandible bent inwardly, end of lower
mandible spatulate, and metallic speculum in both sexes. One species, viz.—
H, stellert. 18”. The Rufous-breasted Eider Duck. Legs dark grey. Bill lead colour,
tip white. Head and neck white. Lores and short tuft olive. Eye-space, spot on tuft, and
neck-collar black. Chin and throat black, followed by two white rings. Above black. Below
tawny. Black spot on each side of breast. Tertials more or less faleate. Arctic and sub-Arctic
coast, occasionally found in temperate Europe.
Also the genus Arctonetta. With a pad of feathers encircling the eyes. One species, viz.—
A. fischeri, 21%’. The Blue-eyed Duck. Legs olive. Bill orange. Crown and occiput
with hood of stiffened hair-like green feathers. White pad on orbits bordered black in front
and behind. Dark green stripe below the eye. Throat, neck, back, and falcated tertials, and
a patch on each side of rump white. Rump, upper tail-coverts, and below smoky grey. Alaska.
Also the genus Somateria. With lores separated from forehead by a bare space. Bill rather
narrow and pointed. Inner secondaries sickle-shaped. Four species, viz.—
S. mollissima, 22”, The Common Eider Duck. Legs light olive. Bill olive, nail brownish
white. . Crown black, with white central line. Nape with stiff pale green feathers, Cheeks,
neck, back, and scapulars white. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black. Throat white.
Below black.—-Female: Dark brown, with white tips to some of the secondaries and the greater
wing-coverts, From Iceland to the Kara Sea, migrating to the Baltic, North Sea, English
Channel, and occasionally S. Europe. Eggs (3-1x2-0) greenish buff. Corresponds with
S. borealis, the Nearctic form from E. Arctic America,
S. dresseri. Similar to S. mollissima, but throat with « V-shaped dusky mark. Atlantic
coast of N. America, south in winter to the Great Lakes.
S. v. nigrum, Similar to 8. dresseri, but throat mark is black. N.W. America and
N.E. Asia.
S. spectabilis, 24”. The King Eider. Legs orange. Bill with basal tubercles orange. Crown
grey. Black line of feathers round base of bill. Black spot under eye. Cheeks, throat, upper
neck and upper back white. Narrow black chevron under the chin. Breast buff. Upper tail-
coverts, tail, and under parts black-brown. Arctic regions, migrating south in winter to
California, and’rarely to British Isles, France, and Scandinavia. Eggs (2-5x1-8) greenish
yellow.
Subfamily ERISMATURINA. STIFF-TAILED Divina Ducks.
Bill more or less depressed. Hind toe broadly lobed. Tail-feathers narrow,
and very stiff.
Genus ERISMATURA.
Bill with upper mandible swollen at base, upper mandible overlapping the lower,
nail very small, bent inwards. Lamelle coarse. Stiff and pointed tail of eighteen
feathers, Hind toe broadly lobed. Feet large.
MERGUS. 285
322. Erismatura leucocephala. THe Wuiti-raceD Duck.
3 164” to 18”, Legs plumbeous. Bill ultramarine. Crown black. Sides of
head white. Blackish neck-ring. Above hair-brown, minutely speckled fulvous.
Below bright orange-fulvous.—Female: Head black, with chin, lower cheeks, and
a stripe from upper mandible to gape white. Mediterranean to C. Asia, occasionally
visiting N. India. Seven to nine eggs, dull white. (B. 1611. H. & M. iii. 289.)
Also E. jamaicensis, 16’. Legs grey-blue. Bill grey-blue. Upper part of head black,
cheeks and chin white. Back, scapulars, sides, and flanks chestnut. Below silver-white.
Temperate N. America.
E. maccoa. 18”. Legs dark blue. Bill blue-black. Head and neck black. Upper breast,
sides, and flanks chestnut. Beneath silver-grey. S. Africa.
£. vittata, 174”. Legs black. Bill blue-grey. Head and nape black. Throat, breast,
sides, flanks, and above bright chestnut. Axillaries grey, edged white. S. America.
£. australis, 16’. Legs grey. Billlight blue. Head, throat, and neck black. Breast, back,
and flanks chestnut. Rump black, freckled red. Below rufous-white. S. and W. Australia
and Tasmania,
E. ferruginea. 17”. Similar to Z, vittata, but chin is white, and under tail-coverts rusty-
ted. Bolivia and Peru.
E. equatorialis, Similar to Z. ferruginea, but under tail-coverts are white. Ecuador.
Also the genus Thalassiornis, With nail of bill perpendicular :—
T. leuconota, 16”to 17”. Legs dark brown. Bill blue. Upper part of head, nape, and
throat black. Spot near base of bill buff. Sides of head yellow, spotted black. Back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts banded black and red. Rump white. Abdomen dusky. 8. Africa.
Also the genus Nomonyx. With nail of bill perpendicular :—
NV. dominicus, 15”. Legs brown. Bill blue, nail and tip black. Head black. Chin with
naked skin black. Neck and breast cinnamon. Wings brown, with white speculum. Tropical
America, including the West Indies.
Also the genus Biziura. With pendent lobe on chin. Tail of twenty-four feathers. One
species, viz.—
B. lobata, 26”. Legs grey. Bill and lobe green-black. Upper part of head and nape dark
brown, sprinkled lighter. Chest and flanks blackish brown, narrowly barred white. Below
buff. Australia (except northern part) and Tasmania.
Subfamily Mrercinaz. MERGANSERS.
Lower mandible without lamellew, but with tooth-like serrations on both
mandibles. Tail moderate, not particularly stiff. Hind toe broadly lobed (323-
325). Feet large.
Genus MERGUS.
Mergus, 7, m. [mergo], a diver ; a diving-bird, in classical Latin.
Bill narrow and toothed. An occipital crest, small in females. Do not acquire
full plumage till second autumnal moult. Tail wedge-shaped, of sixteen or eighteen
feathers. Palearctic region.
323. Mergus albellus. THe Smew or Nun or WHITE-HEADED MERGANSER.
Albellus=the little white (albus) bird.
Nihenne, Ztawah ; Chota Khoruk, Cabul ; Boz aurdak, Yarkand.
3 17” to 18”; 14 to 12 lbs. 9 15%” to 162”; 1 to 14 lbs. Legs lavender.
Bill bluish. Greater part of plumage white. A black patch, including eye and
gape. Beneath white, with two black bands. Rump grey.—Female: Head
red-brown. Below clouded ashy. N. Europe and Asia, In winter visits
C. and 8. Europe, C. Asia, China, and N. India. Eggs (2-0 1-51) creamy buff.
(J. 973. B. 1612.)
286 MERGANSER.
Genus MERGANSER.
Bill longer than in Mergus, narrow, and strongly hooked at end. Serrations
of both mandibles tooth-like, with points directed backwards. Head crested.
Tail cuneate, of eighteen feathers.
324. Merganser castor. THE GOosaNDER.
Merganser =a diving Goose; from mergus+anser. Coined by Gesner, on account of the
bird’s size.
Ala ghaz aurdak, Yarkand.
$ 25” to 28”; 22 to 3h Ibs. 9 23” to 25”; 2 to 22 lbs. Legs orange. BBill
blood-red, with black ridge. Crest, head, and neck glossy green. Above black
324, Merganser castor. Bishop, Charbar, Mekran coast, 29.1.75.
and ashy. Breast and abdomen white. Wing-coverts orange.—Female: Ashy
red head. W. Europe to Kamschatka, and in winter extends from S. Europe to
China and Japan. Found in Himalayas in summer at 10,000 feet and upwards.
Seven to twelve eggs (2-7 x 1-85), white. (J. 972. B, 1613.)
Also Jf. comatus. 25” to 27”. Similar to Jf castor. Distinguished by Salvadori as the
Indian bird.
M. americanus, Similar to M. castor, but male has a conspicuous black band across wing.
N. America, occasional in Bermudas.
M. squamatus. 23”. Long occipital crest. Head above rufous, sides of head and throat
paler. Sides of breast and flanks with two or three narrow crescentic bands on each feather.
China.
325. Merganser serrator. THE RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
Serrdtor=one using a saw, serra.
g 22” to 26”; 2 Ibs. ¢ 21” to 233”. Legs deep red. Bill deep red. Light
brown band, streaked black round base of neck. Narrow black band down back
of neck. Flanks white, vermiculated grey and black. Rump white.—Female’:
Crown and nape dull brown. Chin and throat white. Northern Hemisphere,
and wintering in Mediterranean area, C. Asia, United States, etc. Six to twelve
eggs (2-6 x 1-7), pale buff. (B. 1614. H. & M. iii. 305.)
Also M, australis. 19”. Legs red-brown. Bill red-brown, tip black. Head and neck
brown in both sexes. Flanks dark grey. Under tail-coverts grey, edged white. Aucklands.
M. brasilianus, 19”. Legs and bill greenish black, Head and upper neck glossy black.
Lower parts barred, white and black. S.E. Brazil.
Also the genus Lophodytes. With serrations of both mandibles short, blunt, and not inclinedi
backwards at tips. One species, viz.—
L. cucullatus, 174”. The Hooded Merganser. Legs yellow. Bill black. Head and upper
neck black. Semicircular crest white, edged black. Above brown-black. Rump and below
white, N. America, casual in British Isles. Eggs (2x 1-7) white.
PYGOPODES. 287
Also the subfamily Mercanztrinz. Torrent Ducks.
Tail rather long and stiff. No tooth-like serrations on edge of mandible. Three genera, viz.—
The genus Salvadorina, With prominent lamelle. Wing with a distinct speculum. One
species, viz.—
S. waiginensis, 174". Legs yellow. Bill brown, nail yellow. Head and neck dark brown,
edged paler. Chin white. Above black, barred white, Below buff, spotted brown. Speculum
white, black and white. Waigiou.
The genus Hymenolemus. Similar to Salvadorina, but no wing-speculum, One species, viz.—
H. malacorhynchus, 19”, Legs dark brown. Bill white, tip and edge black. General
plumage lead-blue. Breast thickly spotted chestnut. New Zealand.
Also the genus Merganetta, With no prominent lamelle. Tail-feathers very stiff, and with
very narrow webs. Six species. Confined to the Andes :—
M. armata. 17”, Legs red. Bill yellow. Head and neck white. Cheeks, throat, and
breast black. Two white bands across the wings, .
M. frenata. 18”, Similar to M. armata, but has a black band over and before the eyes,
with triangular white patch on lores separated from the white superciliary stripe.
M, turneri. 17”. Neck and sides of head white, Breast and flanks black. Feathers of
back edged rufous,
JM. garleppi. 17”. Similar to M. armata, but no black band across breast, and feathers of
back edged grey.
M. columbiana, 15”. Legs red. Bill yellow, culmen black. Breast and abdomen white.
Feathers of back edged olive,
M. leucogenys, Similar to M. columbiana, but breast and abdomen tinged rusty. (B.M. Cat.,
xxvii. 327-485.)
Order PYGOPODES.
Bill straight and pointed. Hind toe. Anterior toes lobed or webbed. Plumage
very short and dense. After-shaft. Feathers of neck continuous. Fifth secondary
wanting. Oil-gland tufted. Skull schizognathous. Posterior border of breast-
bone with one notch on each side. Legs placed far back; unable to sit upright
on land. Live afloat. Cosmopolitan. Nest among rushes, on or near water.
Three to six eggs.
Hind toe raised : . PopIciPEs . GREBES.
Hind toe on same level . Coztympus* . Divers or Loons.
Order PYGOPODES. Greses and Loons or Divers.
Bill straight and pointed. Hind toe. Anterior toes lobed or webbed. Plumage
very short and dense. After-shaft. Feathers of neck continuous. Fifth secondary
wanting. Oil-gland tufted. Skull schizognathous. Posterior border of breast-
bone with one notch on each side. Legs placed far back ; unable to sit upright
on land. Live afloat. Cosmopolitan. Nest among rushes on or near water, with
three to six eggs.
Family PODICIPEDID.
Hind toe raised and lobed. Anterior toes with lateral lobes webbed at base.
Tail rudimentary or wanting. Under plumage silky. Feathers of forehead normal.
Head often tufted. Twelve primaries.— Young striped black and white, hatched
covered with down and able to swim. Cosmopolitan. Grebes have a habit of
eating their own feathers. Floating nest, three to six eggs, pale green.
* Not represented in India.
288 PODICIPES.
Genus PODICIPES.
From pédex, gen. podicis=the fundament, and pes=a foot.
Bill straight, compressed. Nostrils long. Tarsus compressed, with large
scutelle in front, serrated behind. Hind toe bordered by web,
(i.) With humeral feathers nearly pure white.
326. Podicipes cristatus. THe Griat CRESTED GREBE.
3 21” to 24”; 24 to 34 lbs. 9 20"; 24 lbs. Legs leaden. Bill, from gape
2-6", brown, tip white. Double black crest. Red and black collar. White eye-
stripe. Lesser wing-coverts form a wide white band along edge of wing.—Jn
winter the crest is smaller.— Young: No crest, and collar rusty. Temperate parts
of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Nest usually afloat. Three
to four eggs (2-2 x 1-4), green. (J.974. B. 1615.)
Also with humeral feathers dark brown :—
P. micropterus. 16”. Breast and belly rufous, tipped silvery. Foreneck white. From 8S. Peru.
P. griscigena. 18”. The Red-necked Grebe. Breast and belly silvery white. No white
eye-stripe. Foreneck chestnut. From Europe and W. Asia, ranging to N. Africa.
P. holboeli, 19”. Similar to P. griseigena. From north of N. America, ranging to Greenland,
E. Siberia, N. United States, and Japan.
Manora, 30.11.76.
PODICIPES, 289
(ii.) With breast and belly silvery white.
327. Podicipes nigricollis. Tue Earzp GREBE.
With black neck ; from niger + collum.
3 18”; 1]b. 912”. Legs greenish. Bill, from gape 1-2”, curved upwards,
black.—In summer: Broad streak of long, silky, orange-brown feathers behind
eye. Foreneck black. Sides and flanks streaked orange. Above brownish black,
Four inner primaries all white.—Jn winter: Eye-tuft wanting, and no rufous on
flanks, C. and S. Europe, Africa, through C. Asia to China and Japan. Eggs
(1-9x 1-1) green. (B. 1616. S.F. i, 266.)
Also with foreneck black :—
P. californicus. 114”. Similar to P. nigricollis, but with inner primaries ash-brown. From
N. and C. America.
Also with foreneck and chest chestnut :—
P. auritus. 18%”. The Sclavonian Horned Grebe. With wide rufous band on each side of
the crown. Circumpolar, ranging to Mediterranean and Caspian Seas, Japan, and N. United
States.
Also with foreneck white :—
P. calipareus, 104”. With forehead and crown pale brown. From 8. America.
P. juninensis, 11%’. With forehead and crown ashy. From Peru.
P. taczanowskit, 114.’ With ear-coverts ashy, tinged golden. From C, Peru.
Also with breast and belly chestnut :—
P, rollandi. 14”. With ear-coverts white, and long feathers on side of head white, with
black tips. From Falkland Isles.
(iii.) With no long hair-like feathers on sides of head or ear-coverts.
328. Podicipes albipennis, Tus Dascuicx or InpIAN LitTLE GREBE,
Panturri, Churaka, India ; Dubari, Bengal; Manu-gudi-kodi (Telugu); Mukelepan,
Ceylon.
& 8’ to 9”. Legs greenish. Bill from gape 1”, decurved, black, with white
tip. Chin black. Cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck bright chestnut. Above
Sukhail, 5.2.88.
290 PODICIPES.
black, tinged green.—In winter: Crown and hind neck brown, chin white.
Distinguished from P. fluviatilis by having the secondaries white throughout in
adults, and the black on chin and sides of face less extended. India, Ceylon,
and Burma. Nest usually floating. Four or five eggs (1-39 x0-99), white
discoloured, (J. 975. B. 1617.)
329. Podicipes albescens.
3 74". Legs greenish. Bill black. Forehead and fore part of crown black.
Hind part of crown, nape, and foreneck chestnut (the collar is unlike that of any
known species). Above white, with dark shaft stripes. Secondaries white, with
dark shaft stripes. A single specimen obtained by the late Mr. Mandelli in Sikkim.
Considered by many to be a partial albino of P. albipennis. (B. iv. 476.)
330. Podicipes philippensis.
3 94”. Legs blackish grey. Bill black, whitish at tip. Differs from P. fluvia-
tilis in having the rufous of face continued right up to the eye and over greater
part of the throat. Chin and upper throat blackish. Breast and abdomen silvery
white, slightly mottled blackish. Inner secondaries with inner webs and tips
white, rest of outer webs brown. S. China, ranging to Burma, Philippines, and
Borneo. (B. M. Cat., xxvi. 511.)
331. Podicipes capensis.
3 94". Legs black. Bill black above, orange below. Differs from P. flwvia-
tilis in having basal portion of primaries and almost entire webs of secondaries
white with white shafts. Madagascar and Africa, across 8.W. Asia to India,
Burma, and Ceylon. (B.M. Cat., xxvi. 513.)
Also P. fluviatilis. 94”. The Little Grebe or Dabchick. Chestnut on sides of head separated
from hinder margin of eye by a wide blackish tract. Under parts mostly black. C. and 8,
Europe, ranging into C, Asia and Japan.
P. tricolor. 94’. With chin blackish, throat and feathers below eye chestnut, below mostly
black, From Borneo and Celebes to New Guinea.
P. nove hollandie, 9%". Chin and throat black. Foreneck sooty. Band from eye down
side of neck chestnut. Java, Australia, and New Guinea.
P. pelzelni. 9%". Chin, throat, and foreneck white. Chestnut patch on each side of nape.
From Madagascar.
P. dominicus. 8%". Chin and throat black. Sides of head and neck uniform grey. From
C. and S. America and W. Indies.
Also with long hair-like feathers on each side of head :—
P. poliocephalus. 9%”. Breast and below silvery white. From Australia and Tasmania.
P. rufipectus. 11”, Chest chestnut. Inner primaries and secondaries tipped dark brown.
From New Zealand.
P. americanus. 114”. Ear-coverts white, breast and below rufous. From S. America.
Also the genus Podilymbus, or Thick-billed Grebes. With feathers of forehead bristly.
Males much larger than females. One species, viz.—
P. podicipes. 6 14”. 912”. The Pied-billed Grebe. From N. and S. America.
Also the genus Achmophorus. With culmen slightly upturned. Nuptial and winter
plumage alike. Two species, viz.—
4, major, 26”. Chin and throat dark grey. From 8, America.
4. occidentalis, § 26%’. 918%”. From N. America, (B. M. Cat., xxvi. 5 7-558.)
Also the family COLYMBIDA. Divers or Loons.
Hind toe on a level with others. Anterior toes united by a web. Short tail of eighteen or
twenty stiff feathers. Primaries eleven.
ALC. 291
One genus, Colymbus. Peculiar to Northern Hemisphere, frequenting seas in preference to
fresh water. Nest of water plants near water, with two or three eggs, olive, with dark spots.
Five species, viz.—
C. septentrionalis, 24”, The Red-throated Diver. Above ash-brown, spotted white. Bill
black. Head and neck streaked black and white, and patched grey. Circumpolar, ranging
south in winter to the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas, S. China, California, and Florida.
C. arcticus. 28”, The Black-throated Diver. Above uniform brown. Wing-coverts spotted
white, Bill black. Head and neck streaked black and white, and patched grey. Iceland,
N. Europe, and Asia, ranging south in winter to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas,
C. pacificus, 24”. A subspecies resembling C. arcticus, but with neck smoky white.
N. America, also recorded from Japan.
C. glacialis, 33”. The Great Northern Diver. Above ash-brown, margined grey. Throat
with two black rings, and two black and white rings streaked vertically. Bill black. N. America,
Greenland, Iceland, Europe, Asia to Behring Straits, south in winter to Gulf of Mexico and
Mediterranean Sea.
C. adamsi, 36”. The White-billed Diver. Similar to C. glacialis, but bill is pale yellow
or whitish. North of N. America and Asia, ranging south in winter to Japan, and occasionally
to Norway and the British Isles. (B.M. Cat., xxvi. 485-501.)
Order ALCAS.* Avxs, RazorsiLts, GUILLEMOTS,
and PUFFINS.
Bill high and sharp on culmen. No hind toe. Anterior toes fully webbed. Third toe
longest. Tail twelve to eighteen feathers. Schizognathous. Differ from Gulls in their squat
appearance, extraordinary diving powers, close-set plumage, manner of nidification, and shape
of egg. Two moultsina year. Breed in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, never found south of
equator. No nest, one egg (the Black Guillemot excepted).
Subfamily Atcin2z. AUKS, RAZORBILLS, and GUILLEMOTS.
Feathers on lores extend at least to posterior border of nasal opening. Nostril rather exposed,
or overhung, or partially concealed by dense velvety feathers. Seven genera,
Bill greatly compressed and tranversely grooved.
One genus, Plautus, With inter-ramal feathers extending beyond anterior border of nasal
opening. Tail of fourteen feathers. One species, viz.—
P. impennis. 80”. The Great Auk or Garefowl, now extinct. Head, throat, back, and
tail black. Breast and abdomen white. A large white oval patch in front of the eye. No
nest, one egg (43x23), white, clouded brown. Formerly inhabiting coasts and islands of
N. Atlantic, south of the Arctic Circle. Wing from 6” to 64”, and incapable of flight.
“Mr, Stevens, the auctioneer of King Street, Covent Garden, sold on 12.38.88 a Great Auk’s
egg for £225. There are only sixty-seven recorded specimens of this egg. So plentiful was this
bird some 250 years ago, that vessels fishing on the Newfoundland coast were victualled with
Garefowls, and as the crews could secure them when found on land by the simple process of
placing a plank from shore to the boat up which the birds could be driven, they were not slow
to avail themselves of the supply. This wholesale slaughter naturally resulted in the extinction
of a bird which had no power of flight. It survived in Europe but a few years after its
extinction in America, and the last two specimens of which we have trustworthy evidence were
killed in Iceland in 1844” (Illustrated London News, 17.3.88).
One genus, Alca, With inter-ramal feathers extending to anterior border of nasal opening.
Tail of twelve feathers. One species, viz.—
A. torda, 15” to 174”. The Razorbill. Wings 7%”, fully developed, reaching nearly to
end of tail. Flies well. Head and above black, below white. Bill black, with transverse
white band across both mandibles. Coasts of N. Atlantic, ranging south in winter to New
England in America, the Mediterranean, and occasionally to the Canary Islands. No nest, one
egg (2-8 x 1-8), buff, marbled and spotted brown. Both male and female take part in duties of
incubation, and when the young bird is ready for the sea, it is taken by one of the parents by
the neck (like a cat would her kitten), and carried to the water.
* Not represented in India.
292 FRATERCULIN 2.
Bill small and swollen, without ridges.
One genus, Alice. With inter-ramal feathers extending far beyond nasal opening. Tail of
twelve feathers. One species, viz.—
A. alle, 7’ to 84’. The Rotch or Sea-Dove or Little Auk, Wing 48”, well developed.
Flight rapid. Above black, edged white. Wings and tail black. Below white. Noisy birds,
Almost exclusively oceanic, and seldom approach land except in the breeding season. Sleeps
on the water. No nest. One egg (2x 1-38), greenish white. Arctic Ocean, ranging in winter
as far south as Azores and Canary Islands,
Bill elongate and moderately compressed.
One genus, Uria, With inter-ramal feathers extending to or slightly beyond anterior border
of nasal opening. Light species, viz.—
With tail of twelve feathers. Wing-lining white.
U. troile. 17” to 18”, The Guillemot. Wing 74” to 8”. General colour above smoky
brown, below white. An expert diver. A remarkably silent bird. Remiges twenty-six.
Coasts and islands of N. Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, ranging south to Japan, California, New
England, Portugal, and occasionally in Mediterranean and in Atlantic to about 30° N. lat.
No nest. One egg (3-2 x 2-0), green or buff, plain or blotched with brown.
U. ringvia. The Bridled Guillemot. Similar to U. trotle, but has feathers round eye and
along the crease behind it white.
U. lomvia. 18” to 19”. Briinnich’s Guillemot. Similar to U. trotle. Colour of upper
parts is grey-black. Remiges twenty-six. Arctic Ocean, visiting Norway in winter and more
rarely the British Isles.
U. grylle. 114%” to 13”. The Black Guillemot. Black above and below. Greater and
median wing-coverts white. Legs and feet vermilion. In winter, white below and flanks
barred black. The change is performed by a direct moult. Remiges thirty. No nest. Two
eggs (23x 1-6), greenish, clouded and spotted brown. Dives as quickly as it flies. North
Atlantic, and in winter as far south as north of France.
U. mandti. 12”, Similar to U. grylle. Primary coverts white almost to base, Circum-
polar, south to Labrador, Alaska, E. Siberia, and Kamschatka.
With tail of fourteen feathers. Wing-lining grey.
U. columba. 14%”. Similar to U. grylle. Plumage above slaty black with grey gloss.
N. America. From California across Behring Sea, probably to E, Siberia.
U. snowi. Similar to U. columba, but wings entirely black or with three narrow white
bands. Orbital region black. Kurile Islands, ranging south to Kamschatka and Japan.
U. carbo. 14%”. Like U. snowi, but orbital region white. Coasts of N. Asia,
Also the genus Brachyrhampus. With tail of fourteen feathers, and inter-ramal feathers
extending slightly beyond nasal opening. Three species, vizi—
B. marmoratus. 9%’. Outer tail brownish black, upper parts barred chestnut. Pacific
coast of N. America,
B. perdix, 10”. Outer tail brownish black, and upper parts barred buff. Coast of N.E. Asia.
B. brevirostris, 94”. With outer tail-feathers white. Coasts of N. Pacific and Behring Sea.
Also the genus Micruria. With tail of twelve feathers. From the coast of Labrador. Two
species, viz.—
M. hypoleuca, 8". Lining of wing pure white.
M. cuvierit. 8%". Lining of wing smoky grey.
Also the genus Synthliborhampus, With tail of fourteen feathers. Two species, viz.—
S. antiquus. 10%”, With forehead without crest, and black on throat continued down fore-
neck. Coast of N. Pacific. °
S. wumizusume. 10%”. With crest of narrow black feathers on forehead ; grey on throat
not continued down middle of foreneck. Coasts of Japan.
Subfamily FRATERCULINZ, PUFFINS.
Feathers on lores not extending to posterior border of nasal opening. Nostril overhung by
a horny scale. Puffins are distinguished from the rest of the Auks by their peculiar bill, deeply
grooved, while in summer there are some wattles on the face. They have ornamental plumage
in the shape of brightly coloured crests and tufts of feathers on the sides of the head, as well
as an ornamental colour on the bills, which is shed after the breeding season, just as other
birds moult their feathers. Six genera,
IMPENNES. 293
Inner claw like the others. Terminal portion of upper mandible not transversely grooved.
Tail of fourteen feathers.
One genus, Ptychorhampus. With breadth of upper mandible at base greater than the
depth. Head and neck devoid of ornamental plumes. One species, viz.—
P. aleuticus, 9", Above smoky black. Breast and below white. Small patch of white
feathers above eye. Pacific coasts of N. America.
One genus, Simorhynchus. With breadth of upper mandible about equal to depth. Head
and neck with ornamental plumes. Three species, viz.—
S. cristatellus. 10%”. The Crested Auk. With long frontal crest, dark brown, curving
forwards, Lores uniform brown. Belly grey. Coasts of N. Pacific and Behring Sea, from
Japan to Alaska,
S. pygmeus. 7k’. The Pigmy Auk. With long frontal crest. White patch on lores,
Belly white. From N. Japan.
S. pusilius, 6%’. The Minute Auk. Nocrest. Forehead and lores with short, narrow,
white plumes behind the eye. From Japan and Alaska.
One genus, Phaleris, With breadth of upper mandible at base less than the depth. Culmen
forming a blunt razor edge. Sides of head with ornamental plumes, One species, viz.—
P. psittaculus. 104”. The Parroquet Auk, Bill salmon-red. Coasts of N. Pacific from
Kurile Islands to Alaska.
One genus, Cerorhyncha. With rather long bill. Head and neck plumes, and in breeding
season an elevated horn at base of culmen. Tail of sixteen or eighteen feathers, One species,
viz.—
C. monocerata, 14”. Billorange. Coast and islands of N. Pacific from Japan to Alaska
and California,
Inner claw much more strongly curved than others. Terminal part of upper mandible
transversely grooved. Tail of sixteen feathers.
One genus, Lunda. Lower mandible without grooves, Lengthened crest of silky feathers.
‘One species, viz.—
L. cirrhata, 16”. The Tufted Auk. Bill vermilion. Tuft of yellow hairy feathers from
behind eye. Coasts and islands of N. Pacific, from N. Japan to California, Also off Greenland.
One genus, Fratercula. Lower mandible grooved. In summer a deciduous nasal shield,
and eyelids with deciduous horny appendages. No ornamental nuptial crests. Two species,
viz,—
F. arctica. 13”. The Puffin or Sea-Parrot. Sides of head and chin grey. Collar black,
and not extending beyond throat. Basal half of mandibles slate, terminal half carmine, with
an intermediate band of pale yellow. Legs orange. Coasts and islands of N, Atlantic and
Arctic Oceans, from north of N. America to Nova Zembla, and south to Great Britain,
France, Portugal, and Canary Islands.
F, corniculata. 16”. Sides of head white. Collar black, extending to chin. Basal half
of mandibles yellow, Coasts and islands of N. Pacific from Sea of Ochotsk to British
Columbia,
Order IMPENNES.* Pencurns.
Beak never hooked. Schizognathous. Breast-bone half as broad as it is long, with a pair
of notches posteriorly. First and second digits of the hand fused together in adults. Three
metatarsals very short and separated by deep grooves their whole length. No quill-feathers in
the wing. No power of flight. Young born helpless and covered with down. Peculiar to
Southern Hemisphere,
Penguins are distinct structurally from all birds. In habits and appearance they resemble
Divers, Grebes, and Auks. Externally the small scale-like feathers uniformly covering the
whole body (without any bare spaces) are very characteristic. The fore-limbs, having no
definitely arranged quill- feathers, more resemble fins than wings. The wing serves as a
swimming organ. It shows but little external differentiation, being covered at its interior
margin by overlapping scales, which gradually merge into scale-like feathers towards the
posterior edge. There is nothing comparable to the remiges of other birds, and this wing
probably represents one of the most primitive forms, The skeleton of this extremity is modi-
* Not represented in India.
294 IMPENNES.
fied much as that of the flippers of the Whales and Porpoises, the bones being flattened and
so jointed as to allow very little motion at the elbow and wrist. The pollex or first digit is
fused into the others. The legs are very short, and the feet have three principal toes turned
forwards and webbed and a small pendent hind toe.
The Penguins, though totally unable to fly, are expert swimmers and divers, They feed
entirely on fish and other marine animals. In breeding time they congregate in vast numbers
upon the desolate shores near which they habitually dwell, forming a rude nest of grass upon
the ground in which they lay two white or greenish-white eggs (4-85 x 3-25). Though closely
resembling each other anatomically, they present considerable external differences in the form
of the bill and the decorative tufts on the head. By these characters they have been divided
into five genera containing eighteen species, (N.H.M.) :
The genus Aptenodytes. With both mandibles long and curved downwards towards the tip.
Tail of twenty feathers. Two species, viz.—
A, fostert. 48”. Weight 60 to 90 Ibs. The Emperor Penguin. Basal part of lower
mandible (flesh colour) partially concealed by feathers, Crown, cheeks, chin, and throat black.
Above bluish green, each feather with dark base and a bluish-white subterminal spot. Fore-
neck and below white, black of throat meeting white of foreneck in a concave semicircle-
Yellow semicircular patch on each side of head, shading into white on side of the neck, which
is partially divided by a black shoulder-patch. Feet black. Immature and young birds want
the yellow patch on side of the head; the back is darker and more regularly spotted ; the
shoulder-patches are wanting. Antarctic shores,
A. patagonicus. 86”. The King Penguin. With basal part of lower mandible (flesh
colour) bare. Black of throat ending in a point on foreneck and margined on each side by
orange-yellow bands which connect the orange-yellow patches on sides of the head with that
of the lower foreneck. General colour as in 4. fostert. Feet black. Nestling covered with
brown down. From Straits of Magellan to New Zealand isles, 40° to 60° S. lat.
“King Penguins, like the Royals, have only one egg. They have no nest whatever, and
manage the hatching in a most wonderful manner. The egg (4-0 x 2-84) is placed on the two
feet, and then the bird, taking up a stooping position, loosens the skin on the breast. This
looseness is utilised to form a sort of pouch, completely covering the egg. By this means
the egg never touches the cold stones, and is warmly covered up all round” (Pall Mall
Magazine, November, 1897).
Also the genus Pygoscelis. With lower mandible never curved down towards the tip. No
superciliary band of golden feathers. Tail twelve to sixteen feathers, Three species, viz.—
P. teniata, 30”. The Gentoo Penguin. Above slate-grey, each feather with dark base
and blue-grey tip. Breast and below white. Chin and throat grey or brownish. Wide white
band above eye curving back towards crown. Flipper margined white on both sides. Feet
yellow. Tail sixteen feathers in adults, eighteen in young. The Falkland, Kerguelen, and
Macquarie Islands.
P. adelie. 30”. General colour as in P. teniata, but no band across crown, and inner
margin only of flipper margined white. Feet black. Tail fourteen feathers. Egg 2.75 x 2-25.
Antarctic continent.
P. antarctica. 30’. General colour as in P. adelie, but chin and throat white, and a narrow
black line crossing the throat in a semicircle from ear to ear. Feet black, Bill black. Tail
twelve feathers in adults, fourteen in young. Falkland Islands and vicinity.
Also the genus Catarrhactes, Royal Penguins. With a superciliary band of golden feathers.
Tail twelve to sixteen feathers. Seven species :—
Superciliary band not uniting on forehead.
C. chrysocome, 25”. The Rock Hopper Penguin. Superciliary band of golden feathers
greatly elongate posteriorly. Above dark slate, each pointed feather black, edged externally
dark slate. Topof head black. Straggling crest. Head, chin, and throat smoky black. Below
white. Billorange. Tail sixteen feathers. From Tierra del Fuego to the New Zealand group.
C. pachyrhynchus, 28", The Thick-billed Penguin. Superciliary band not greatly elongate
posteriorly. Inner margin of flipper with one row of narrow white-edged feathers. Bill red.
Feet pink. Tail sixteen feathers. New Zealand islands.
C. sclatert. 28”. Similar to C. pachyrhynchus, but inner margin of flipper has two rows
of narrow white-edged feathers. Tail sixteen feathers. New Zealand islands,
C. vittatus. 26”. Allied to C. pachyrhynchus, but flipper is uniform dark brown, and not
margined posteriorly white. Dunedin, N.Z.
IMPENNES. 295
Superciliary band uniting on forehead.
C. chrysolophus. 30’. The Macaroni Penguin. Plumage above as in C. chrysocome. Frontal
plumes passing back over crown gold and black. Lores, chin, throat, and sides of head and
neck blackish, Bill dark red. Feet pink. Tail fourteen feathers. Falkland Isles to Kerguelen
Land.
C. schlegeli, 80”. Allied to C. chrysolophus, but lores, chin, throat, sides of head and neck
pure white. Tail fourteen feathers. New Zealand islands.
Superciliary band united at back of crown.
C. antipodum. 30", The Yellow-crowned Penguin. General colour above slate-grey, tipped
blue. Forehead and crown pale golden, Chin and throat white. Bill dullred. Feet grey.
Tail of twenty feathers. Female similarly marked, but lighter in colour, and crown less
developed. New Zealand Archipelago.
Also the genus Eudyptula, Basal part of mandible entire. Tail very short, of sixteen
feathers. Two species, viz.—
E, minor. 16”. Above slate-blue, each feather with brownish base and black shaft. Only
the inner margin of flipper bordered white. Tail sixteen feathers, Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand, and Chatham Isles.
E. albosignata. 16%”. Similar to Z. minor, but both outer and inner margins of flipper
bordered white. Tail sixteen feathers. Coasts of New Zealand.
Also the genus Spheniscus. With basal part of mandibles furrowed by numerous longitudinal
ridges. Tail very short, of eighteen to twenty feathers. Four species,
Foreneck pure white (between black bands on throat and chest).
S. demersus, 27”. The South African Penguin. Eyebrow-stripe white, and extending to
lores, and encircling the face-patch. Forehead, mid-crown, and nape black, shading into grey
on upper parts. Chin, throat, and sides of head black. Curved black band across chest
continued down each side of body to the tail. Breast and belly white, irregularly spotted
black. Bill black, with red spot. Tail twenty feathers. Coasts of S. Africa.
S. humboldti. 27”. Allied to S. demersus, White eyebrow-stripe narrow, commencing
behind the eye. Tail of twenty feathers. W. coast of S. America.
Foreneck with wide black band (between black bands of throat and chest).
S. magellicanus. 28”. The Jackass Penguin. Similar to S. demersus, but under surface of
flipper white, dotted black. Tail twenty feathers. South coast of S. America.
S. mendiculus. 20’. Allied to 8. magellicanus, but under surface of flipper black, with
wide white band down the middle. Bill long and slender, basal two-thirds of upper mandible
yellow. Tail of eighteen feathers. Galapagos Islands. (B.M. Cat., xxvi. 623-653.)
A
abbericeps, Balearica
abboti, Ibis i .
Abdimia
8 ‘ 7
»» erythrophthalmus
>» imornatus .
is vulturinum
acuminata, Tringa
acuta, Dafila
adamsi, Colymbus
adansoni, Excalfactoria
Adaptation of colour
adeliz, Pygoscelis
adspersus, Francolinus
Aichinorhynchus
3 cancellatus
#chmophorus . -
A major :
occidentalis
ss semipalmatus
Agialitis 7
- alexandrina
a5 asiatica
a bicinctus
collaris
cucullata
59 dubia .
‘7 falklandica
<5 geoffroyi
if hiaticula
es marginata
melanops
meloda
- mongolica
a nivosa a
obscurus
occidentalis
is pallida
pecuaria
peroni
35 placida
pyrrhothorax
- ruficapilla
a sancte helene .
thoraciz
*9 venusta
vereda
wilsoni
a”?
”?
296
INDEX.
——-
PAGE
137 | Agithognathe . .
188 3 Coracomorphe
192 en Cypselomorphz
OSs = Geranomorphe
111 59 Trochilomorphe
87 Turnicomorphe
a
3,» | Aipyornithide (subfossil) .
», | &pyornithis maximus
3» | “pypodius
65 | Atomorphe
‘9 fix . %
. 177 »» galericulata
~ 274 »» sponsa s .
291 | After-shafts
96 | afer, Pternistes .
33 | affinis, Larus.
294 >, Cédicnemus
105 » Otis
175 >» _ Porzana .
»» | afra, Compsotis .
290 | africanus, Francolinus
35 Phalacrocorax .
19 55 Phyllopezius
158 | agami, Agamia .
- 9» | Age of birds .
. 155 | Agelastes : .
157 vi meleagrides
156 | ahantensis, Francolinus
158 | Ajaja. ;
” oo ajaja . .
>, | Alaskan province é
157 | alai, Fulica
158 | alba, Chinensis .
156 », Ciconia
157 >, Herodias .
158 », Notornis .
rF >, Platalea
albatrus, Diomedea
156 | albescens, Podicipes
158 | albellus, Mergus
+, | albeola, Clangula .
albiceps, Xiphiodopterus .
albicollis, Porzana 5
” Rhynchops .
albicristatus, Gennezus
»» | albigena, Sterna
so ee phar
>, | albigularis, odroma
39 ag Prancalinus
», | Albinism ‘
5, | albinucha, Phyllopezius
156 | albipennis, Nettopus
158 ” Podicipes
albistriata, Sterna ‘
albiventer, Phalacrocorax
albiventris, Turnix é
albofasciatus, Rhinoptilus
albosignata, Eudyptula
albus, Eudocimus .
Alca impennis (subfossil) .
Alea . . .
», torda
alchatus, Pteroclurus &
Alcine é ‘
Alce . .
aldebranus, Dryolimnas -
Alectromorphe 7
Alectropodes . .
Aletornis é
aleutica, Sterna.
aleuticus, Ptychorhampus .
Alle . - .
1, alle 4 .
Alleghanian province
alpina, Tringa . ‘
altaicus, Tetraogallus .
Amaurolimnas . ‘
55 concolor
Amaurornis Fi ‘
“is akool a
a bicolor .
ee fuscus -
53 insularis .
a moluccana
i olivaceus 3
phenicurus
Amazonian subregion 3
American (Central) subregion
americana, Fulica
9 Meleagris a
pe Mycteria
fe Nyroca Fi
- Cdemia 7
3 Penelope
3 Phaéton ‘
1 Recurvirostra .
Rhea 7
americanus, Cygnus i
- Limnogeranus
3 Merganser .
si Podicipes.
Tympanuchus
amherstie, Ghrylophua .
Ammoperdix .
33 bonhami .
is cholmleyi .
heyi .
Amphimorphe ; .
amurensis, Butorides .
Anarhynchus . .
Pe frontalis .
Anas labradora .
Anas . fs A
oy aberti ‘ .
1, boscas é ‘
» cristata . ,
3, diazi . ‘i
»» fuligula . .
»» laysanensis A
», luzonica .
o> Mmaculosa . é
>, Melleri . F
4, obscura. .
+, oustaleti .
INDEX.
PAGE
. 227 | Anas sparsa a
. 287 3» Specularis . e
. 116 », superciliosa .
. 148 », undulata . a
. 295 yy Wwyvilliana. :
. 189 » zonorhyncha :
. 5,6 Anastomus 3
. 291 3 lamelligerus .
es . oscitans .
. 58 | Anatide j ‘
. 291 | Anatine < ‘
eo Sy Andean subregion .
127 | andersoni, Gennzus ‘
7 | andina, Gallinago ‘
53, 60 +» Recurvirostra .
. 187 | andinus, Pheenicoparrus .
. 228 | andium, Nettium
. 293 | andouini, Larus.
. 292 | anglica, Sterna .
+ 4, | anglorum, Puffinus .
. 16 | angulata, Gallinula .
. 178 | angustirostris, Marmaronetta
- 109 | anhinga, Plotus. -
. 124 | anestheta, Sterna
af as Anomalophrys .
- 127 ” superciliosus
. 128 | Anoiis .
ay <3 hawaiiensis e
ee +» leucocapillus 2
ey 5, stolidus . :
as oes 3, tenuirostris 5
am bee Anser i 3
Hoy », albifrons . 3
- 15 »» brachyrhynchus’ .
ey) » erythropus A
. 134 >» ferus i .
. 64 >» gambeli . ‘
. 191 x» indicus . ‘
. 280 13 middendorfii :
. 288 1» Tubirostris °
. 273 »» segetum . <
+ 282 serrirostris :
. 164 Anseranas : 7
‘i 3 a semipalmata .
. 252 | Anseranatine .
. 135 | Anseres .
. 286 | Anserine ;
. 290 | antarctica, Megalestris 7
- 63 ” Pygoscelis .
. 7 Thallaseca .
- 102 antarcticus, Rallus ‘
+ 4, | anthonyi, Butorides 5
+ 5, | Anthropoides . i
ess virgo .
5 antigone, Grus . .
. 200 | antillarum, Sterna ‘
. 158 | Antillean subregion .
ey antipodum, Catarrhactes .
. 6 | antiquus, Syathlibonhampus
. 265 | Anurolimnas.
. 268 a3 castaneiceps
. 265 hauxwelli .
- 268 Aphanapteryx ei
err 3 broeckii
. 265 5 hawkinsi .
. 266 99 leguati 2
. 268 | Aphanolimnas . ;
« 266 ‘3 monasa .
+ 5) | Aphriza ‘ .
ei ae » _ virgata A
. 268 Aptenodytes . :
298
Aptenodytes fosteri
re patagonicus .
Apteryges
Apterygide
Apteryx A
si australis
>» haasti.
95 lawryi .
» mantelli
‘3 occidentalis
55 oweni .
Aptornis .
5 defossor
sa otidiformis
aquaticus, Rallus
aquila, Fregata .
arabs, Eupodotis
Aramides ‘
Aramide :
Aramidopsis
shies plateni
Aramus
» pictus .
»» Scolopaceus
arborea, Dendrocygna
Arboricola :
73 ardens
0 atrigularis
3 brunneipectus
95 crudigularis
_ erythrophrys
» gingica
‘5 hyperythra
53 intermedius
ee javanica
3 mandelli
5 orientalis
9 rubirostris
ae rufigularis
‘5 sumatrana
torqueolus
Archeopteryx aLhoerap hie
arctica, Fratercula
arcticus, Colymbus
Arctonetta :
5 ey fischeri
arcuata, Dendrocygna
Ardea. é
>» cinerea .
5» cocoi F
» goliath .
>» herodias .
», humbloti .
» insignis .
>» manillensis
s» melanocephala
» occidentalis
»» purpurea .
>> sumatrana
>> wardi
wurdemanni
Ardeidee
Ardeirellus
33 sturmi
Arde si
Ardeola ‘
>, bacchus
o» gray
>» ide.
», Talloides
3. Speciosa
.
ca
ee ee a ee a ee ee ae es ee ee}
ee
INDEX.
PAGE
294 | ardeola, Dromas
ardesiaca, Fulica
Ardetta .
», cinnamomea
», erythromelas
» exilis .
»» involucris
>» Minuta
y> Reoxena
1» podicipes
» pusilla .
sinensis
ardeviaca, Melanophoyx
arenaria, Calidris
arenarius, Pterocles
Argala (fossil) .
argentatus, Larus
argoondah, Perdicula
Argusianus .
” argus
me bipunctatus
» — grayi
ariel, Fregata .
», Prion s
armata, Mergonetta
armillata, Fulica
Arquatella 9
5 couesi
55 maritima
5 ptilocnemis
arquatus, Numenius
aruensis, Notophoyx
Asarcia F
», variabilis
Asarcornis F
+5 scutulata
asha, Lepterodius
asiatica, Perdicula
asiaticus, Xenorhynchus
assimilis, Puffinus
Attagis
», chimborazensis
no grayl .
ater, Dromeus .
»» Hematopus
atra, Fulica ‘
atratus, Chenopis
atricapilla, Butorides
; Heteronetta
atriceps, Phalacrocorax
atricilla, Larus .
atrinuchalis, Sarciogrammus
aucklandica, Gallinago
Auk, Great (subfossil)
auricularis, Puffinus
auritum, Crossoptilum
auritus, Nettopus
»» Phalacrocorax
», Podicipes
»» _ Sypheotis
australasiana, Grus
Australian region
3 Australian
3 New Zealand
3 Papuan
Polynesian
australis, Apteryx
» Casuarius
» Erismatura
3, Hupodotis
x» Fulica
ee ew ee
.
australis, Gallinago
»» Merganser
»» Nyroca
Ocydromus
»» Peltohyus
» Rostratula
a5 Struthio
Syncecus ‘
‘sataemalie: Dendrocygna.
avocetta, Recurvirostra .
axillaris, Gstrelata
ayresi, Ortygops
bacchus, Ardeola
baeri, Nyroca . -
bahamensis, Pecilonetta .
bahie, Tigrisoma
bairdi, Tringa
Balearica . :
>» albericeps :
»» chrysopelargus .
»» pavonina F
balenarum, Sterna
Baleniceps
rex .
Balenicipitide ‘
Bambusicola
% fytchii
#3 sonorivox
thoracica
banksi, Prion .
barrovii, Trachelotis
Bartramia
. longicauda
bassana, Sula
becarii, "Casuarius
Belanopterus *
5 cayannensis .
33 chilensis
belcheri, Larus .
belgica, Limosa .
bellus, Porphyrio
bemmeleni $5
benetti, Casuarius
bengalensis, Sypheotis
bergii, Sterna .
Bermuda province
bernieri, Ibis.
>» Nettium
bernsteini, Rissa
bewicki, Cygnus
bicalcaratus, Francolinus ,
a5 Galloperdix .
bicalcaratum, Polyplectrum
bicarunculatus, Casuarius.
bicinctus, Agialitis
55 Pterocles
5 Rhinoptilus
bicolor, Amaurornis .
bicristatus, Phalacrocorax
bidactylus, Struthio
biddulphi, Pucrasia
bifrontalis, Oxyechus
Bill of birds
bipunctatus, Argusianus | :
Birds partially exterminated .
Bustard
Capercailzie
Crane :
Spoonbill .
” a ”
INDEX.
PAGE
182 | Birds recently extirpated .
286 ee
281 ” 2
127 ” ” ”
158 ” ” ”
184 ”» ” a”
2 ee 29) 2? ”
96 | bisignatus, Rhinoptilus .
261 | bistriatus, @idicnemus .
164 | bitorquatus, Rhinoptilus .
245 | Biziura : .
126 », lobata 5
blanfordi, Turnix .
blewitti, Microperdix .
201 | blythi, Tragopan .
280 | boehmi, Pternistes
274 | Bonasa é .
201 >», sabinii .
177 »» umbelloides
137 »» umbellus
», | bonasia, Tetrastes
,, | bonhami, Ammoperdix
», | borealis, Numenius
227 | borniensis, Caloperdix
204 | boscas, Anas
1» | Bostrychia .
5 $3 carunculata .
90 | Botaurus : ‘
33 33 capensis ‘
5 “3 lentiginosus .
- pinnatus
246 3 peciloptilus
189 ee stellaris
175 | bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax
», | boyciana, Ciconia
239 | brachypterus, Ocydromus .
3 | brachypus, Hypotenidia .
160 | Brachyrhampus
55 . brevirostris
a 53 marmoratus
220 perdix .
168 brachyrhyncha, Sresophoye
132 ieee Anser .
a Larus
4 | Branta .
140 a5 bernicla . ‘
224 >, canadensis
16 », hbutchinsi
188 », leucopsis
272 »» minima.
224 >, nigricans é
252 + occidentalis "
105 ruficollis :
90 brasilianus, Merganser
71 | brasiliense, Nettium
3 | Brazilian subregion
158 | brevipes, Heteractitis
57 >» Cstrelata
148 | brevirostris, Phalacrocorax
128 - Rissa .
237 9 Cstrelata ,
2 | brewsteri, Sula . si
82 | broeckii, Aphanapteryx
158 | brunnea, Nyroca :
21 | brunneacephalus, Larus .
72 | brunneipectus, Arboricola
Bubulcus
‘ 48 coromandus
a i lucidus
”
”?
buccinator, Cygnus
Bugeronus .
Anas labradora :
», Aphanapteryx
Dodo
.
ae productus
Solitaire, Réunion
Rodrigues ,,
. Pee |
300
Bugeronus, carunculatus .
bulleri, Diomedea
»» Larus
», Puffinus.
bulweri, Lobiophasis
Bulweria 3
‘5 bulweri
* macgillivrayi
burchelli, Neotis
Burhinus .
5 grallarius ;
burmannicus, Calophasis .
Butorides
is amurensis
ae anthonyi :
a atricapilla :
»» brevipes
a irrescens
3 javanica si
9 robinsoni .
stagnatilis
5 striata é
5 sundevalli 7
Cc
Cabalus ‘
», dieffenbachi
>> modestus
s, _ sylvestris
cabanisi, Heterocnus
caboti, Tragopan
Caccabis 3
»» chucar. ‘
» Magna. ‘
+, Melanocephalus .
vet petrosa
39 rufa .
3, saxatilis
spatzi .
cachinans, Larus
celestis, Gallinago
cerulea, Florida
>», Halobena
», Procelsterna
cerulescens, Molydophanes
9 Porphyrio .
35 Rallus .
5 Trachelotis
ceruleus, Porphyrio
caffra, Neotis .
Caffrarian subregion
Cairina . *
», moschata
caledonicus, Nycticorax
calidris, Totanus .
Calidris ‘ -
+, arenaria :
Californian province
californicus, Larus
‘ Pelecanus
a Podicipes
calipareus $3
Callipepla :
Caloperdix . :
35 borniensis .
55 oculeus
5 sumatrana F
Calopezus ‘ .
Calophasis : ‘
5a burmannicus
INDEX.
PAGE
187 | Calophasis ellioti .
247 os humie :
216 | calvus, Geronticus é
243 1» Porphyrio :
72 |} camelus, Struthio :
245 | campbelli, Phalacrocorax .
Camptolemus .
Pe labradoria .
Canachites :
95 canadensis e
is franklini .
canadensis, Branta :
Grus
Canadian province
canagica, Philacte fe
Cancroma > A
53 cochlearia ;
+5 zeledonii A
candidissima, Leucophoyx
candidus, Himantopus .
canicollis, Trachelotis
Canirallus 5
ss kioloides
ne oculeus
canningi, Rallina
canus, Larus.
canutus, Tringa .
cantiaca, Sterna
capense, Nettium a
capensis, Botaurus
»» Daption 2
»» Francolinus :
3 Microparra ‘
»5 Gidicnemus
»5 Phalacrocorax .
», Podicipes
38 Rostratula
+8 Spatula i
Sula . .
Capercailzie subfossil :
carbo, Cidemia .
», Phalacrocorax
», Uria s :
caribea, Fulica . ‘i
Carinate e
», igithognathe .
»» Desmognathe .
»» Dromeognathe .
93 Saurognathe .
ay Schizognathe .
carneipes, Puffinus 7
carolina, Porzana :
carolinense, Nettium :
Carphibis 3 ‘
>» _ Spinicollis
carunculata, Bostryschia .
carunculatus, Bugeronus .
55 Phalacrocorax
Sarciodornis
earyophyllacea, 2 Asarcornis
Casarca :
» cana ,
» Tutila .
1; tadornoides
variegata .
caspia, Hydropro;
caspius, Tetraoga he
Cassowaries E 2
castanea, Pucrasia
castaneiceps, Anurolimnas
castaneicollis, Francolinus
ee eee
re ee
castaneiventris, Eulabeornis
castaneum, Nettium ‘
castanonota, Turnix ‘i
castor, Merganser
Casuarii ° .
Casuariids ‘ -
Casuarius F
- australis
55 beccarii P
4 bennetti ‘
a bicarunculatus
5 galeatus
a occipitalis
a papuanus
an picticollis .
es salvadorii s
+3 tricarunculatus .
rf uniappendiculatus
catarrhactes, Megalestris .
Catarrhactes . .
3 antipodum .
53 chrysocome .
53 chrysolophus
53 pachyrhynchus
yi schlegeli
55 slateri
55 vittatus
Catheturus lathami
Catreus
x» wallichi i
caucasius, Tetraogallus
caudatus, Theristicus
cautus, Thallassogeron .
cayanus, Hoploxypterus .
cayannensis, Belanopterus
3 Harpiprion .
Cecomorphe . ‘
celebensis, Hypotenidia .
Celeomorphe ., .
Centrocercus . 2
5 urophasianus
Cercibis . .
»» oxycerca *
Cereopsine ‘ F
Cereopsis F 3
>» nove hollandie .
Cerorhynchus
% monocerata .
cervicalis, Cistrelata i
chalconotus, Phalacrocorax
chalcopterus, Rhinoptilus
Chalcurus é
a chalcurus
chambanus, Lophophorus
Charadriide .
Charadriinz
Charadriomorphe
Charadrius ‘ .
oF fulvus 4
53 pluvialis
charltoni, Tropicoperdix .
chathamensis, Porphyrio .
Chaulelasmus . j
3 couesi
” streperus
Chen
3) caerulescens
1» hyperboreus
>» Divalis
»» Tossi ‘
Chenalopex 7
INDEX.
PAGE
124 | Chenalopex jubatus
272 7 egyptiacus
116 | Chenomorphe
286 | Chenonetta
3 jubata
s» | Chenonettinz
»» | Chenopis :
si ” atratus
», | Chettusia
4 vs regaria
3 - eucura
1, | chilensis, Belanopterus
4 iy Megalestris
“3 33 Pheenicopterus .
», | chimborazensis, Attagis
3 | chinensis, Excalfactoria
Pe 5 Francolinus
4 | chinoptera, Diomedea
231 | chinquis, Polyplectrum
294 | Chionarchus
295 ‘5 crozettensis
294 ” minor
295 | Chionidide 7
294 | Chionis
295 » alba.
294 | chloropus, Gallinula
4 _ Tropicoperdix .
112 | chlororhynchus, Puffinus
72 ”
», | chlorotis, Elasmonetta
109 | cholmleyi, Ammoperdix
189 | Chrysolophus .
248 éy amherstiz
160 - obscurus
‘ re pictus
189 | chrysomelas, Phasianus
7 | chrysopelargus, Balearica .
124 | Ciconia . :
8 » alba,
63 5 boyciana
» Digra
189 Geli .
», | Ciconiz ‘i .
257 | cincinnatus, Plalacrocorax
5, | cinctus, Rhinoptilus
a », Erithrogonys
293 | cinerea, Ardea .
6 1» Gallicrex
245 » Glareola
236 » Procelsterna
148 », Terekia
71 | cinereus, Microsarcops
es Vs Poliolimnas
87 5 Priofinus
152 a Pseudotantalus .
ei a8 Tachyeres
cinnamomea, Ardetta
155 | cinnamomeus, Totanus
» | Circia, Querquedula
a cirrhata, Lunda
99 | cirrocephalus, Larus
132 | Cladorhynchus .
270 oe leucocephi
», | Clangula 3
3% », albeola
255 s, glaucion
_ 1, islandica
», | clappertoni, Francolinus
257 | classification, Morphological
, | Claws of wing .
263 | Cloéphaga
Thallassogeron
.
.
7
,
alus
302
Cloéphaga hybrida .
55 inornata A
55 magellicana .
oe melanoptera .
a poliocephala
rubidiceps :
clypeata, Spatula .
Caemishiin, subfossil :
55 calcitrans .
Coccygomorphz 5
cocol, Ardea. .
colchicus, Phasianus
colensoi, Phalacrocorax .
collaris, Agialitis 3
» Fuligula A
Colour, Adaptation of .
columba, Uria . .
columbiana, Merganetta .
columbianus, Pedicecetes .
Colymbidz, fossil
Colymbus :
comatus, Merganser
communis, Grus
comori, Porphyriornis
ie adamsi F
5 arcticus
a5 glacialis .
3 pacificus :
as septentrionalis .
Comatibis < :
” comata .
Compsotis ‘ 7
5 afra . é
- leucoptera
concolor, Amaurolimnas .
conspicillatus, Pelecanus .
Contour feathers 3
cooki, strelata 5
coqui, Francolinus :
Coracomorphe .
Corethrura ‘ i
corniculata, Fratercula .
cornuta, Fulica . ‘
» Numida
coromandelianus, Nettopus
coromandus, Bubulcus .
coronata, Numida 5
coronatus, Pterocles é
5 Stephanibyx .
Coscoroba 5 P
9 coscoroba ‘i
Cosmonetta : .
55 histrionica
Coturnix 7 3
55 capensis ‘
Sy communis F
33 coromandelicus .
<5 delegorguei
>> japonica 2
<3 ae hollandiz .
pectoralis é
couesi, Arquatella
Cracidee . .
Cracinz
eranchi, Pternistes
Crane, Common. ‘
crassirostris, Defillipia .
3s Larus :
59 Nycticorax .
- Tringa
INDEX.
PAGE
256 | crawshayi, Francolinus
”
Crax .
creatopus, Puffinus
crecca, Nettium
Creciscus :
Crecopsis 7
” egregia
crepidatus, Stercorarius
crepitans, Psophia
Crex . . E
», pratensis . -
cristata, Anas . .
» Fulica. :
‘i Guttera a
», Lophotibis ‘
cristatellus, a aaa
cristatus, Pavo .
45 Podicipes
Crossoptilum 5
% auritum
sy harmani.
13 leucurum .
An manchurium
tibetanum .
crudigularis, Arboricola .
cruentus, Ithagenes .
crumeniferus, Leptoptilus
eryptoleucura, Oceanodroma
Crypturi .
Crypturus
Cubitals, Modification of .
cucullata, Agialitis .
cucullatus, Lophodytes .
5 Xiphiodopterus
culminatus, Thalassogeron
cuneatus, Puffinus a
cupido, Tympanuchus.
Cursoriine : .
Cursorius ‘ .
>» coromandelicus .
93 gallicus .
- rufus . c
oi somalensis i
>» temmincki ‘
cuvieri, Dryolimnas :
»» Genneus
» Micruria
cyanocephalus, Nyctioorex
cyanops, Sula .
cyanoptera, Querquedula « .
Cygninz 5
Cygnus : -
> americanus .
3, bewicki
», buccinator
», davidi .
>, immutabilis
», Mmelancoryphus .
>» Musicus :
olor.
C nodroma A
vm 95 albigularis
3 grallaria
a melanogaster
Cyanochen ‘
» . cyanopterus
$5 cygnoides
Cypselomorphe
Cyrtonyx é 7
Dactylortyx .
Dafila. . .
» acuta .
» eatoni . ‘
>» modesta . ‘
»» Spinicauda :
damascena, Perdix
Daption 7
+ capensis
darwini, Pucrasia
ts Rhea .
Dasornis (fossil) .
daurica, Perdix .
davidi, Cygnus .
davisoni, Inocotis
decoratus, Pterocles
decollatus, Phasianus
Defillipia a
us crassirostris ‘:
+ leucoptera
defillipiana, CEstrelata
defossor, Notornis :
deglandi, Gidemia 5
delecongel, Coturnix
delawarensis, Larus
delicata, Gallinago ‘
demarsus, Spheniscus
Demiegretta .
x9 sacra
Dendragapus_.
RS fuliginosus
8 obscurus 7
ie richardsoni .
Dendrocygna . .
3 arborea .
“ arcuata
35 autumnalis .
4 discolor
iy eytoni
5 fulva i.
a guttata *
3 javanica
$5 viduata
Dendrortyx F "
denhami, Neotis 3
desjardini, Fulica :
desmaresti, Phalacrocorax
Desmognathe . Fi
ae Amphimorphe
e Atomorphe
‘5 Chenomorphe
55) Coccygomorphe
+. Dysporomorphe
49 Pelargomorphe
3 Psittacomorphe
desolatus, Prion .
diardi, Lophura
diazi, Anas :
Dichromanassa .
x5 rufa
Didusineptus .
dieffenbachi, Cabalus
Dinornithide :
Diomedea F ‘
‘5 albatrus
Ks bulleri
Sy chinoptera
59 exulans
+5 immutabilis
~- irrorata
- melanophrys :
INDEX.
PAGE
110 | Diomedea nigripes ,
274 Pe regia . .
3, | Diomedeide
»» | discors, Querquedula ,
», | Distribution, Geographical
a Dissura ‘ .
107 » e@piscopus
246 | dominicanus, Larus
Se dominicensis, @dicnemus
84 | dominicus, Podicipes
3 5 Nomonyx .
5 | dougalli, Sterna ‘
107 | Down feathers
252 | dresseri, Somateria
188 | Dromadide
56 | Dromas :
74 »» ardeola .
154 | Dromeide ‘
»» | Dromeognathe.
3, | Dromeeornis (subfossil)
245 | Dromeus -
132 @ ater
284 <5 irroratus é
96 » nove hollandie .
218 | Dryolimnas
181 3 aldabranus
295 33 cuvieri ‘
199 | dnbia, Agialitis .
. dubius, Leptoptilus :
63 | dulitensis, Rhizothera .
>, | Dupetor E :
5 ss flavicollus .
35 ae gouldi .
259 - melas .
261 99 nesophilus
», | durnfordi, Hematopus
5, | Qussumieri, Turnix ;
»» | dybrowski, Francolinus
a » Otis .
”
‘3 E.
259 | eagli, Ocydromus
261 | eatoni, Dafila . .
110 | eburnea, Pagophila
189 | ecaudata, Pennula
184 | edouardi, Guttera
286 | edwardsi, Porphyrio
8 | effluxus, Tribonyx
vy | Eggs . : .
>» | egregia, Crecopsis :
>» | egretta, Herodias
», | Hlaphrocnemus .
», | Elasmonetta
3 = chlorotis
», | elegans, Phasianus
246 ie uffinus
87 » Rallus
268 » Sterna. :
198 | elgonensis, Francolinus .
», | ellioti, Calophasis
6 >, Meleagris
124 », Porphyrio
5 | Emeus F
247 | emini, Glareola .
»» | Ephippiorhynchus
senegalensis
episcopus, Dissura
epoasticus, Struthio
equinoctialis, Majaqueus .
erckeli, Francolinus -
Erismatura
304
Erismatura australis
sis ferruginea
3 jamaicensis
95 leucocephala .
‘3 maccoa
55 equatorialis
vittata
Erismaturine .
Erythrocnus
Tufiventris
Erythrogonys
cinctus
erythromelas, Ardetta
Erythrophoyx :
a pretermissa
95 woodfordi .
erythrophrys, Arboricola .
erythrophthalma, Nyroca.
erythrophthalmus, Acomus
erythrops, Neocrex :
erythropus, Anser
erythrorhyncha, Peeilonetta
erythrorhynchus, Microperdix
9 Pelecanus
Esacus ‘ .
>,» magnirostris Pi
sy _YTecurvirostris
Ethiopian region
», Caffrarian subregion
a9 Guinean ss
- Libyan 33
3 Madagascarian ,,
49 Mosambican ,,
Eudocimus 5 i
+ albus
ay ruber
Eudromius
a morinellus
Eudyptula . :
- albosignata
minor .
Eulabeornis .
ie castaneiventris
55 pecilopterus .
- woodfordi .
Eulipoa < -
Eunetta ‘
>», falcata .
Eupodotis
5 arabs
9 australis
<5 edwardsi
kori .
Eupschyortyx
Eurenetes
i pusillus
Eurinorhynchus 5
pygmeus.
European subregion
eurygnatha, Sterna
Eurypyge
5 helias
5 major
ygide .
po mus, Nannocnus
euryzonoides, Rallina
Euxenura
Maguari
Excalfactoria
a adansoni
53 chinensis
INDEX.
PAGE
285 | Excalfactoria lepida
lineata
oxilis, ’Ardetta .
eximius, Thalassogeron
exquisita, Ortygops
exsul, Pelecanoides
externa, Cstrelata
exulens, Diomedea
exustus, Pteroclurus
eytirhynchus, Limnopardalus
eytoni, Dendrocygna .
falcata, Eunetta
Falcipennis .
3 falcipennis
fasciata, Rallina
>» TLurnix
fasciatum, Tigrisoma
fasciatus, Pterocles
Feathers ‘i
- After-shaft
+3 Contour
a Down.
5 Filoplume
55 Peculiarities of .
es Powder-down
Semiplume ‘
featherstoni, Phalasrdsbtex
fedoa, Limosa F
Feet, Covering of ‘a
»» Modification of
ferina, Nyroca .
ferruginea, Eristmatura
yroca
ferrugineus, Gallus
ferus, Anser.
filamentosus, Phalacrocorax
fischeri, Arctonetta
fisheri, Gstrelata
flavicollis, Dupetor
flavipes, Platibis
>» Totanus
flavirostre, Nettium
flavirostris, Notophoyx
PA Phaéton
A Rhynchops
flaviventris, Porzana
Flight, Velocity in
Flightless birds .
Florida .
», cerulea.
fluminea, Porzana
fluviatilis, Podicipes
9 Sterna
forbesi, Oxyechus
formosanus, Phasianus
formosum, Nettium
Fossil birds
ey Archeopteryx
+5 Argala 5
is Colymbide
‘5 Dasornis
a Gastornis
9 Limicole
a Lithornis
FA Odontopteryx
ys Odontornithes
59 Phaéton
o Rallide
Fossil birds, Steganopodes
fosteri, Aptenodytes
»
Francolinus
franklini, Canachites
”
”
”»
>
”»
Fratercula
”
Fraterculinz
frazeri, Hematopus ;
Fregata ‘
”
»
Struthio
Sterna .
adspersus
africanus
ahantensis
albigularis
bicalcaratus
capensis
castaneicollis
chinensis
clappertoni
coqui
crawshayi
dybrowski
elgonensis
erckeli
finschi
fischeri
gariepennis
gedgii
granti
griseostratus
gutturalis
hartlaubi
hildebrandti
hubbardi
icterorhynchu:
jacksoni
johnstoni
jugularis
kirki
lJathami
levaillanti
natalensis
pictus
schlegeli
schuetti
sephena
sharpii
shelleyi
spilogaster
spilolemus
squamatus
streptophorus
uluensis
vulgaris
Ce 7;
Larus
arctica
corniculata
aquila .
ariel
Fregatide i .
frenata, Gallinago :
frenata, Merganetta
frontalis, Sterna
frontata, Gallinula
Fulica
alai
americana
ardesiaca
armillata
atra .
australis .
se we we we
ts eae He SR RS ee ew! ww
INDEX.
PAGE
4 | Fulica caribea .
2,5 », cornuta .
294 » cristata .
227 », desjardini
103 » gigantea .
105 »» leucoptera
a », leucopyga
106 », Minor .
105 », newtoni .
35 », nove hollandie
106 >» prior .
105 | fulica, Heliornis
103 | Fulicaric .
105 | fulicarius, Phalaropus
104 | fuliginosa, Oceanodroma
105 9 Phebetria
106 39 Sterna
105 | fuliginosus, Dendragapus
106 Pr Larus
105 | Fuligula :
106 »» affinis .
105 e collaris
106 » fuligula
105 >» marila.
na 3» _ nove hollandize
as Fuliguline J
106 | Fulmarine :
», | Fulmarus a
104 os glacialis
106 ns glupischa
95 ” rodgersi
>, | fulva, Dendrocygna
105 | fulvigula, Anas .
as fulvus, Charadrius
104 »» Phaéton
105 | furcata, Oceanodroma
106 >» ‘Nema ,
103 | fusca, Gidemia .
104 | fuscicollis, Phalacrocorax
106 is Tringa
105 | fuscus, Amaurornis
106 »> Larus
105 3» Pelecanus
5 », Ptilopachys
<5 >» Totanus.
106 | fytchii, Bambusicola
105
LaZ
108 G
62 | Gabianus 5
212 *5 pacificus
293 | gaimardi, Phalacrocorax
»» | galapagensis, Hematopus
35 3 Peacilonetta
292 | galapagoensis, Porzana
162 | galeatus, Casuarius
240 | galericulata, Aix
»y | Gallicrex — ‘
a *9 cinerea
> | gallicus, Cursorius
181 | gallinaceus, Hydrolector .
287 | Gallinago
224 7 andina
130 - aucklandica
132 a australis
1384 $5 celestis
A 4 delicata
132 va frenata
1 35 gallinula
3 ” gigantea
imperialis
306
Gallinago jamesoni
ov macrodactyla
“5 major
9 megala
‘4 nemoricola
és nigripennis
43 nobilis
33 paraguay
55 solitaria
35) stenura
54 stricklandi
37 undulata
Galline
Gallinula
53 angulata
a5 chloropus
33 frontata
35 galeata
si Tepida
s tenebrosa
Gallinuline
gallopavo, Meleagris
Galloperdix .
a bicalcaratus
od lunulatus
om spadiceus
Gallus
», ferrugineus
», lafayetti .
» geneus
>, sonnerati
3, stramineicollis
3, temmincki
>» varius
violaceus
gambensis, Plectropterus :
gambeli, Anser .
Garefowl
gariepennis, Francolinus .
garleppa, Merganetta
garnoti, Pelecanoides
Garrodia
Fr nereis .
garzetta, Herodias
Gastornis (fossil)
gavia, Puffinus .
Gavie ‘
gedgii, Francolinus
gelastes, Larus .
General index
Gennzus i
si albicristatus
es andersoni
ss cuvieri
4 horsfieldi
ae leucomelanus
” lineatus
a melanonotus
94 nycthemerus
ae oatesi
oA rufipes
Ws sharpii
5 swinhoii
5 wickhami
williamsi
geoffroyi, Agialitis
5 Ithagenes
Geographical distribution
” ”
”» ”
Australian
Ethiopian
Indian .
INDEX.
PAGE
182
” ” ”
181 ” ”
180 oE ”
182 | georgicum, Nettium
181 | Geranomorphe .
182 | Geranopsis :
» | germaini, Polyplectrum
i Geronticus
180 53 caloris
182 | gibberifrons, Nettium
>, | gigantea, Fulica
60 33 Ossifraga
129 a Thaumatibis
5, | gindiana, Lophotis
,, | gingica, Arboricola
3» | glacialis, Colymbus
is 9 Fulmarus
os - Harelda
», | glacialoides, Priocella
“5 Glareola
64 >, cinerea .
89 >> emini
90 >» _ lactea
‘is >, liberie .
89 1, melanoptera
81 »» nuchalis
95 s ocularis
5 >, orientalis
82 5» _ pratincola
81 | glareola, Totanus
82 | Glareolide :
3 Glareoline
» | glaucescens, Larus
», | glaucion, Clangula
258 | glaucodes, Larus
255 | glaucus a
6 | glottis, Totanus
105 | glupischa, Fulmarus
287 | goliath, Ardea .
247 | Gorsachius
242 3 goisachi :
PA i melanolophus .
198 | gouldi, Dupetor
5 », Phalacrocorax
244 | gracilis, Oceanites
209 | graculus, Phalacrocorax
106 | grallaria, Cymodroma
216 | grallarius, Burhinus
45-48 | Grallatores ;
77 +| Gralle 3
», | granti, Francolinus
79 | gravis, Puffinus .
», | grayi, Ardeola .
78 », Argusianus
77 », _Attagis
79 | Greenland province
78 | gregaria, Chettusia
80 | griseigena, Podicipes
5, | griseiventris, Tetrastes
3, | griseotriatus, Francolinus.
», | griseus, Macrorhampus
9 1, Nycticorax
79 », Puffinus
3, | Grues. -
156 | Gruide
89 | Grus .
13 », antigone
‘0 », australiana
17 3, canadensis
18 », communis .
Geographical distribution, Nearctic . 15
Neotropical . 14
Palearctic . 16
Wallace’s line 13
. we
Grus Ne sae :
+, leucogeranus
s, lilfordi
>» Mexicana .
», monachus .
», nigricollis .
sharpii
grylle, Uria
Guinean subregion
gularis, Lepterodius
» CGstrelata
3, Ortygornis
guerauna, Plegadis
guttata, seine
Guttera
cristata .
a edouardi
> plumifera
3, pucherani
guttifer, Totanus
gutturalis, Francolinus
gett Pterocles
s.
i” candida
», microrhyncha
Gymnocrex :
33 plumbeiventris
3 rosenbergi
Gypsornis
H
haasti, Apteryx .
Habroptila
5 wallacei
Hematopodine .
Hematopus
“ ater
3 durnfordi
ee frazari 7
ae galapagensis .
33 leucopus
% longirostris .
<3 moquini
7 niger
a osculans
of ostralegus
‘5 palliatus
unicolor
‘Hematortyx :
Pp sanguiniceps .
-Hagedashia
6 hagedash
Halobena
35 cerulea
Halocypteria .
99. microsoma
‘Harelda
» _ gilacialis
harmani, Crossoptilum
Harpagornis (subfossil)
-Harpiprion
cayennensis
hartingi, Rhinoptilus
hartlaubi, Francolinus
oF Larus
- Lissotis
55 Pteronetta
hauxwelli, Anurolimnas
hawaiiensis, Anous -
-hawkinsi, Aphanapteryx .
INDEX.
PAGE
185 | heermanni, Larus
137
135
”?
8
ty
137
292
18
198
245
105
189
261
65
helias, Eurypyga
Heliopais
a8 personata
Heliornis 3
5 fulica .
Heliornithide
heliosylus, Zonerodius
helvetica, Squatarola 3
Hemipodes 3 .
Hemipodii :
hemprichi, Larus
Heniconetta
stelleri
henglini, Neotis
henrici, Tetraogallus
heraldica, Gistrelata
Herodias
» alba
» egretta
+» garzetta
», nigripes
timoriensis
herodias, Ardea.
Herodiones F
hesitata, Qstrelata
Heteractitis
33 brevipes
a5 incanus
Heterocnus
3 cabanisi
Heteromorphe .
Heteronetta
4s atricapilla
Heterotetrax
$5 humilis A
- ruppelli “
a vigorsi 7
heyi, Ammoperdix
hiaticula, Mgialitis
hildebrandti, Francolinus .
himalayensis, Tetraogallus
Himalo-Chinese subregion
himantopus, Micropalma .
Himantopus
35 candidus
a: knudseni..
3 leucocephalus
a melanurus
9 melas
i mexicanus
3 picatus
Himatornis
+ hematopus
hirundinacea, Sterna
histrionica, Gosmonetta
Hoatzin :
hoazin, Opisthocomus
hodgsoniz, Perdix
holboeli, Podicipes
homochroa, Oceanodroma .
Hoplopterus
35 speciosus
3 spinosus
‘7 ventralis
Hoploxypterus cayanus
hemibe IOecaacdicaie
horsfieldi, Genneeus
hottentotta, Turnix
Houbara
on macqueeni
308 INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
Houbara undulata : : - 140 | imperialis, Gallinago : . » 182
hubbardi, Francolinus . ‘ - 104 | impeyanus, Lophophorus . A . 87
hudsonica, Limosa . : - 170 | inca, Nenia §, : , » 228
hudsonicus, Numenius 168 | incanus, Heteractitis ‘ F . 174
humbloti, Ardea 196 | incerta, Cistrelata . $ » 245
humboldti, Pternistes 106 | Incubation ‘ 3 ‘ . 43
39 Spheniscus ‘ . 295 | Index, General . ‘ . 45-48
humie, Calophasis 4 k . 75 »» Grallatores (Waders) . 117-120
hutchinsi, Branta ‘ . . 257 >» Natatores (Swimmers) » 205-208
hybrida, Chloéphaga ‘i : . 259 »» Rasores (Game Birds) A 49-52
Hydralector : ‘ . 152 | Indian region : 3 - 18
5 gallinaceus . 55 »» Himalo-Chinese subregion. 1 Dab.
55 nove guiner . oy », Indian subregion . : » 19
Hydranassa é 198 »» Malayan ,, 3 : . 20
55 ruficollis » | indicus, Anser . ‘ . . 255
es tricolor ? 35 », CGdicnemus : . 144
Hydrochelidon . : 221 9» Phaéton : % . 282
Se hybrida . * ms » Rallus. 3 r - 123
sg leucoptera . ‘ 5 », Sarcogrammus . . . 159
i nigra : . 1» | inepta, Megacrex P ‘ » 124
ss surinamensis ? <0 ineptus, Didus . ‘ ‘ a 6
Hydrophasianus ; : 149 | infuscatus, Phimosus . : . 189
ey chirurgus 3 a - Pternistes s : » 106
Hydroprogne . : . 221 | innotata, Nyroca 7 7 + 281
a3 caspia 2 . 93 Tnocotis f . ° » 188
Hymenolemus . 7 , 287 »» davisoni ‘ : olay
35 malacorhynchus , 55 »» papillosus . i oy
hyperboreus, Chen . 255 | inornata, Chloéphaga : . » 259
n Lagopus. 61 | inornatus, Acomus - ; - 87
cs Phalaropus . 178 Stephanibyx . : » 155
hyperythea, Arboricola 98 | insignis, Ardea . ‘ 7 . 194
hypoleuca, Micruria 292 » Hypotenidia . . . 124
5 Cstrelata 245 s, | Ocydromus . 7 . 127
hypoleucos, Totanus 172 | insularis, Amaurornis : 3 + 128
hypoleucus, Phalacrocorax 236 | Integument s . . . 24
Hypotenidia . ; 123 | intercedens, Rhynchops . : . 230
os brachypus 124 | intermedia, Mesophoyx . : - 196
55 celebensis e ; Porzana 7 . . 126
as insignis >» | intermedius, Arboricola . ‘i . 99
5 jentinki x », | interpres, Strepsilas 3 » 153
ss muelleri »» | involucris, Ardetta : * - 203
sy obscurus >, | irrorata, Diomedea : 7 . 247
" pacifica 3 1» | irroratus, Dromeus : é 3
33 philippinensis . » | isabella, Stiltia . A . 148
- saturata F ‘ »» | isabellina, inolimnas . » 124
ig striata 123 | islandica, Clangula ‘ . 283
mm sulcirostris . 124 | Ithagenes , . 89
” torquata as 3 cruentus . é) hay
ay geoffroyi . a) 55
I 39 sinensis . > ye
Ibidide ‘ 186 |
Ibidorhynchus . ‘ 164 J
struthersi . >, | Jagana . ‘ j . 152
Ibis. . 186 >» jacana é ‘. Sass
+3 abboti 188 »» melanopygia 3 . f! yy
>, ‘ethiopica . i »» nigra . ‘ ; é ny)
>> bernieri . », | jacksoni, Francolinus : . . 106
», melanocephala 186 | jamaicensis, Erismatura . c . 285.
1» molucca . R 188 7 Cstrelata . ‘ » 245
ibis, Pseudotantalus : . 193 | jamesi, Phenicoparrus . . . 251
ichthyaétus, Larus : 212 | jamesoni, Gallinago . ‘ . 182.
icterorhynchus, Francolinus 106 | japonensis, Grus ‘ . . 135
ide, Ardeola . ‘ 201 | japonica, Coturnix 5 ‘ » 95
igneus, Plegadis 189 | javanica, Arboricola ‘ A - 98
ignita, Lophura . 87 »» Butorides : és . 200
immutabilis, Cygnus 252 », Dendrocygna . ‘i . 259
53 Diomedea 247 | javanicus, Leptoptilus . , . 193
Impennes . 293 5 Phalacrocorax . . . 237°
impennis, Alca . 5,6 | jentinki, Hypotenidia . ‘ . 124
55 Plautus 291 ' johnstoni, Francolinus . . - 106
jubata, Chenonetta
», Rhinochetus
jubatus, Chenalopex
jugularis, Francolinus
juninensis, Podicipes
K
kamschaticus, Tetrao
kioloides, Canirallus
kirki, Francolinus
Kiwis .
knudseni, Himantopus
kori, Eupodotis S
kuhli, Pufinus - :
kumlieni, Larus
L
labradoria, Anas
labradorius, Camptolamus
lactea, Glareola .
lafayetti, Gallus
Lagopus .
>» hyperboreus
», lagopus
>, leucurus
4 mutus .
»» Tupestris
scoticus
lamelligerus, Anastomus .
Lampribis
> olivacea
Laride
Larine
Larus .
», affinis
», andouini .
», atricilla
», argentatus
», belcheri
», brachyrhynchus
3, brunneicephalus
», bulleri
», cachinnans
» californicus
5) canus
»» cirrocephalus
+, crassirostris
>, Gelawarensis
;, dominicanus
», franklini .
»» fuliginosus
>» fuscus
+, gelastes
» glaucescens
»» glaucodes.
>, glaucus .
>» hartlaubi.
>, heermanni
», hemprichi
» ichthyaétus
>» kumlieni .
»» leucopterus
», leucopthalmus
», maculipennis
», Marinus
s, melanocephalus
>, Minutus
>» modestus .
», nelsoni
U
INDEX
PAGE
259 | Larus, nove: hollandie
188 » occidentalis
263 », philadelphia
105 », vidibundus
289 >, saundersi
»» schistisacus
», scopulinus
1, serranus .
62 » vege :
127 | lathami, Catheturus
105 53 Francolinus
4 | latifrons, Sarciophorus
163 | lawryi, Apteryx
139 | layardi, Thalassogeron
244 | laysanensis, Anas
218 Le resuayenne Tricolimnas
e|
Garaiing of feet
», Digits, Supernumerary
6 », Foot, Modifications of
284 », Phalanges, Variation in
148 », Spurs i: :
81 >, Loes, Number of 3
61 3» 9» Position of
4 », Reduction of
5 leguati, Aphanapteryx
3» | Leguatra
si ” gigantea
», | lentiginosus, Botaurus
3» | lepida, Excalfactoria
191 », Gallinula
189 | Lepterodius
a 73 asha
210 3 gularis
» | Leptoptilus :
3 53 crumeniferus .
216 3 dubius
218 33 javanicus
212 | lepurana, Turnix
218 | Lerwa j
220 1» Nivicola .
218 | lessoni, Cistrelata
214 | leucocapillus, Anous
216 | leucauchen, Pseudogeranus
218 | leucocephala, Erismatura .
», | leucocephalus, Cladorhynchus
ae 5 Himantopus
214 es Pseudotantalus
220 | lencogaster, Sula
218 | leucogenys, Merganetta
», | leucogeranus, Grus
212 | leucolopha, Tigrornis
214 | leucomelanus, Genneus
217 | leucomelas, Puffinus
216 | leuconota, Thalassiornis
218 | leuconotus, Nycticorax
214 | Leucopheus
218 a5 scoresbii
216 | Leucophoyx . 3
220 - candidissima .
214 | leucopsis, Branta
212 | leucoptera, Compsotis
218 is Defillipia
220 95 Fulica ‘
214 as Hydrochelidon
3 5 Cstrelata
217 ss Prosobonia
212 Psophia
i leucopterus, Larus
220 | leucopthalmus, Larus 2
218 " leucopus, Hematopus.
310
leucopyga, Fulica 5
leucorhoa, Oceanodroma .
leucorodia, Platalea
leucoscopus, Pternistes
leucura, Chettusia
leucurum, Crossoptilum
levaillanti, Francolinus
liberi, Glareola
Libyan subregion
lichtensteini, Pterocles
lilfordi, Grus_.
Limicole (fossil)
Limosa ‘
3, belgica .
», fedoa
3, hudsonica
», lapponica
>, _ nove hollandie
Limnobenus .
55 marginalis
45 paykulli
” pheeopygus
Limnocorax z
55 niger
Limnogeranus
americanus |
Limnopardalus .
3 etirhynchus
33 maculatus .
nigricans .
lineata, "Excalfactoria
>» Pealea .
lineatum, Tigrisoma
lineatus, Gennzeus
Lipoa .
Lissotis 3
»» hartlaubi
», maculipennis
» lmelanogaster
ys, nuba
Lithornis
Lizard-tailed birds
lobata, Biziura .
Lobiophasis 4 :
55 bulweri
Lobivanellus
5 lateralis
- lobatus
3 miles
senegallus
loculator, Tantalus
lomvia, Uria
longicauda, Bartramea
longipennis, Sterna
longirostris, Hematopus .
ms Cstrelata
3 Rallus
- Rhizotera
Lophodytes
cucullatus
Lophophorus -
a chambanus .
3 impeyanus .
5 Phuysii
om mantoni
re obscurus
35 refulgens
sclateri
Lophortyx :
Lophotibis
INDEX.
PAGE
182 | Lophotibis, cristata
242 | Lophotis .
190 re gindiana : ‘
106 Me ruficristata . .
154 | Lophura
72 - diardi 2
105 a ignita :
149 an rufa . -
17 | lorata, Sterna . . i
57 | lucidus, Bubulcus
135 >» Phalacrocorax
4 | ludwigi, Neotis .
165 | Lunda ‘
168 >, cirrhata .
i lunata, Sterna .
170 | lunulatus, Galloperdix
$5 luzonica, Anas . ‘
168 | Lyrurus is : 3
170 », mlokosiewiczi
128 > tetrix .
3
: u
126 | maccoa, Erismatura
», | macgillivrayi, Bulweria
135 | mackintoshi, Porphyrio
$3 macqueeni, Houbara
123 | macrodactyla, Gallinago
55 Pr Oceanodroma
a3 macrolopha, Pucrasia
99 macroptera, Cistrelata .
96 | Macrorhampus .
242 a griseus
201 % semipalmatus
79 | macrura, Sterna, 3
112 | macalarius, Totanus
189 | maculata, Tringa
$3 maculatus, Limnopardalus
33 maculipennis, Larus ,
‘5 Lissotis
5 maculosa, Anas. ‘
5 35 Turnix -
1 | Madagascarian subregion .
285 | madagascariensis, Rallus .
72 | magellanica, Closphaga
35 magellanicus, Phalacrocorax
160 Spheniscus . .
33 magentz, Cstrelata ‘
35 magna, Caccabis :
»» | magnirostris, Esacus :
95 3 Phaéthusia .
193 | maguari, Euxenura
292 | Majaqueus .
175 55 equinoctialis
224 ‘5 parkinsoni
162 | major, Achmophorus
245 > Eurypyga
123 », Gallinago
107 | malabaricus, Sarciophorus
286 | Malacorhynchus
iy membranaceus ‘
87 malacorhynchus, Hymenolemus .
>» | Malayan subregion ‘
>, | manchurium, Crossoptilum
>» | mandelli, Arboricola F
>» | mandibularis, Nycticorax .
», | mandti, Uria
»» | manillensis, Ardea 2
89 Nycticorax . .
110 mantelli, Apteryx
189 » Notornis .
mantoni, Lophophorus
Mareca
53 americana
»» penelope
»» Sibilatrix
Margaroperdix .
marginalis, Limnobenus .
marginata, Aigialitis
marila, Fuligula
marina, Pelagodroma
marinus, Larus . .
maritima, Arquatella .
markhami, Oceanodroma .
marmorata, Brachyrhampus
marmoratum, Tigrisoma .
Marmaronetta
angustirostris
maruetta, Porzana ‘
marugensis, Numida .
maxima, Sterna
maximus, Apyornis
media, Sterna ‘
Mediterranean subregion .
Megacephalon
Megacrex .
%5 inepta
megala, Gallinago
Megalestris :
53 antarctica
- catarrhactes
9 chilensis
maccormicki .
Megapodiidee
Megapodine .
Megapodius , é
3 nicobariensis .
melanauchen, Sterna
melania, Oceanodroma .
Melanism
melancoryphus, Cygnus
melanocephala, Ardea
Sy This :
Strepsilas ,
melanocephalus, Caccabis .
5 Larus
a5 Tragopan
5 Tylibyx .
melanogaster, Cymodroma
‘5 Plotus
3 Lissotis
55 Phaéthusia .
Turnix .
melanoleucus, Phalacrocorax
Totanus
melanolophus, Gorsachius.
melanonotus, Gennzus
53 Porphyrio
55 Sarcidiornis
Melanoperdix
sis nigra
Melanophoyx
+5 ardeviaca
vinaceigula
melanophrys, Diomedea
melanopis, Theristicus
melanops, Aigialitis
35 Porphyriops
melanoptera, Cloéphaga
Glareola
melanopterus, Seephaniliye
madagascari iensis .
INDEX.
87 | melanopygia, Jacana
272 | melanura, Rhynchops
273 | melanurus, Himantopus .
33 melas, Dupetor . A
35 », Himantopus ‘
107 | mendiculus, Spheniscus .
+, | meleagrides, Agelastes
128 | Meleagrine
158 | Meleagris
281 sf americana
242 ats ellioti
217 5 gallopavo
177 39 ocellata
243 osceola
292 meleagris, Numida
201 | melleri, Anas
277 | meloda, Agialitis
278 | Merganetta
126 ss armata
65 ne columbiana
224 ip frenata
5 is garleppa
223 35 leucogenys
7 turneri
112 Merganettine
124 Merganser
55 + americanus
180 35 australis
231 35 brasilianus
ay ag castor
‘a 5 comatus
ee si serrator
+" “6 squamatus
111 | Mergine
112 | Mergus ‘
s », albellus.
“9 Mesites :
228 », _ Vvariegata
243 | Mesitide
35 | Mesophoyx
252 i brachyrhyncha
196 ais intermedia
186 49 pluniifera
153 | Mesoscolopax
101 is minutus
212 | Metopiana 2
85 » peposaca
158 | Metopidius
242 55 indicus
238 | mexicana, Grus .
139 | mexicanus, Himantopus
226 $9 Phalacrocorax
116 | meyeri, Pucrasia
237 | Micropalma
174 55 himantopus
200 | Microparra
78 5 capensis
132 | Microperdix .
258 6 blewitti
100 a erythrorhynchus
ia manipurensis
”
198 | micropterus, Podicipes
», | microrhyncha, Rhea
5% Microsarcops
247 95 cinereus
189 | microsoma, Halocypteria .
158 | Microtribonyx
1380 re ventralis
259 | Micruria 5
148 r cuvieri.
155 >» hypoleuca
312
middendorffi, Anser
Migration , ,
45 almost universal
53 Causes of >
4 Chief facts of .
8 instinct
5 Partial
routes
ay
miles, Lobivanellus
minahasa, Rallina
minima, Branta.
minor, Chionarchus
>, Hudyptula
», Fulica .
»» Philohela
»» Pheeniconaias
», Platalea .
minuta, Ardetta
>» Sterna.
» _ Tringa .
minutilla, Tinga
minutus, Larus .
mitchelli, Phegornis
mitrata, Numida
Mitua
mlokosiewiczi, Lyrurus
modesta, Dafila .
5 Zonobyx
modestus, Cabalus
ais Larus °
monorhis, Oceanodroma
Modification of Feet
» Remiges .
mollis, Cstrelata
mollissima, Somateria
molucca, Ibis
moluccana, Amaurornis
molybdophanes, Struthio .
Molybdophanes .
Re 99 cerulescens
monachus, Grus
monasa, Aphanolimnas
Mongolian subregion
mongolica, Aigialitis:
mongolicus, Phasianus
monocerata, Cerorhyncha .
montana, Perdix
montanus, Podasocys
moquini, Hematopus <
morinellus, Eudromias
Morphological classification
mortieri, Tribonyx
Mosambican subregion
moschata, Cairina
Moult
muelleri, Hypotenidia
musicus, Cygnus
muticus, Pavo
mutus, Lagopus.
Mycteria
», americana
N
Nenia .
» inca
namaquus, Pteroclurus
nana, Turnix
Nannocnus Fi
3 eurythmus
napensis, Psophia
INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
255 | napoleonis, Polyplectrum . 71
36 | natalensis, Francolinus 3 . 106
», | Natatores, Index . . 205-208
39 ” * ad 209
55 nationi, Nyroca . : 2 » 281
37 | nativitatis, Puffinus 244
386 | Nearctic region . 16
38 5 Alaskan subregion 2 55
160 i Alleghanian ,, i el <a
127 5 Bermuda ,, : el ey
257 53 Californian ,, . eo 3%
184 38 Canadian ,, : a) xy
295 - Greenland ,, ‘ 95
134 Middle a : -
179 nebouxi, Sula . ‘ . 239
251 | neglecta, strelata ; 245
190 | neglectus, Phalacrocorax . 236
202 | nelsoni, Larus 218
227 | nemoricola, Gallinago 182
176 | Neocrex 128
177 », erythrops 95
212 | Neotis , 139
184 », burchelli , ere
65 » caffra. 3 é * oo”
111 >, denhami , . ”
62 >, henglini. +5
274 » ludwigi . a9
155 | Neoscolopax 179
124 i rochusseni ‘ “8
220 Neotropical region » 14
242 og Amazonian subregion . 15
25 a3 Antillean a5 : <9
24 9 Brazilian 95 F eRe
245 + Central 9 iy
284 oi Patagonian is ‘ eg
188 Sub-Andean ,, A i ae
128 neoxena, Ardetta : ‘ . 208
2 | nereis, Garrodia. 242
189 », Sterna 227
9 Nesochen sandwichensis 257
185 | nesiotis, Porphyriornis 130
126 | nesophilus, Dupetor 203
17 | Nesonetta ‘ 274
156 55 aucklandica 55
75 | Nestor productus 6
293 | Netta. . 278
107 >» rufina 279
158 | Nettium 5 270
162 53 albigulare 272
158 a9 andium x5
9-12 5 bernieri sf
129 35 brasiliense 33
18 53 capense 55
258 - carolinense 55
43 48 castaneum sy
124 5 crecca . 5 270
252 39 flavirostre 3 272
69 53 formosum 270
61 5 georgicum 272
191 > gibberifrons 5
ty 59 oxypterum a5
9 punctatum "5
53 torquatum »
Nettopus 5 . : . 277
228 35 albipennis é : aig
3 ry auritus i af
58 35 coromandelianus 3
114 +5 pulchellus 93
204 | newtoni, Fulica . 134
a New Zealand subregion 14
188 © Nidification 40
niger, Hematopus
», Limnocorax
» Plectropterus
nigra, Ciconia . A 5
», Hydrochelidon : .
» Jacana ; 3
>» Melanoperdix
>», Cdemia .
», Phasidus.
Rhynchops
nigricans, Branta
x5 Limnopardalus .
nigricollis, Grus . .
es Podicipes
nigripennis, Gallinago
5 CGistrelata
ws Pavo
nigripes, Diomedea
»» Herodias
nigrum, Somateria
nipalensis, Pucrasia
Nipponia
nippon
nivea, Pagodroma
nivicola, Lerwa .
nivosa, ‘Rgialitis
nobilis, Gallinago
Nomonyx
dominicus
Northocrax
notata, Ortygops
Nothocereus
Nothoprocta
Nothura
Notophoyx :
- arnensis
‘5 flavirostris
3 pacifica
i nove hollandix
Notornis
?
- alba .
3 mantelli
novaboracensis, Ortygops .
nove-guinee, Hydralector
», hollandiz, Cereopsis
Coturnix
Dromezus
Fulica .
Fuligula.
” 5 Larus
Limosa .
53 35 Plotus
Podicipes
; Recurvirostra
55 zealandia, Thinornis
nuba, Lissotis
nuchalis, Glareola
nudicollis, Pternistes
» ”?
a ”
Numenius
i arquatus
+5 borealis
35 cyanopus
s hudsonicus
ai9 longirostris
a pheopus ;
5 tahitiensis
is tenuirostris
»» Variegatus d
Numidine : ij a
Numida
INDEX.
PAGE
162 | Numida cornuta r
126 »» coronata .
258 >, marugensis . 3
191 », Meleagris é .
221 » mitrata . F
152 », ptilorhyncha
100 », Yichenowi : is
283 zechi_. 5 :
64 nycthimerus, Geaneus . ,
230 | Nycticorax
257 oD caledonicus
123 “ crassirostris
135 5 cyanocephalus.
287 33 griseus ; .
181 5 Teuconotus
245 35 mandibularis . é
69 ‘5 manillensis
247 3 tayazuguira .
198 | Nyctinassa ‘i a .
284 ” pauper
84 35 violacea a
188 | Nyroca ‘
35 > americana
245 »» australis
109 >» baeri
158 > brunnea
182 >» erythropthalma
285 >» ferina
so » ferruginea
111 >, innotata
126 >» nationi .
54 »» vallisneria
55
2”
198 0
3, | oatesi, Gennzus :
3, | obscura, Anas
», | obscurior, Hypotenidia
», | obscurus, Aigialitis 3
6 oe Amaurornis 7 :
132 3% Chrysolophus
5 35 Dendragapus
iy is Lophophorus
126 5 Puffinus
152 Tetraophasis
257 occidentalis, Aichmophorus
96 oe Agialitis .
Bi oy Apteryx
134 S5 Ardea
282 ai Branta
216 FP Larus
170 | occipitalis, Casuarius
238 | Oceanites
290 ss gracilis F é
164 53 oceanicus . :
158 | Oceanitine
139 | Oceanodroma .
149 sy eryptoleucura
106 ae fuliginosa
165 55 furcata
167 55 homochroa .
168 ¥4 hornbyi
167 35 leucorrhoa .
168 5 macrodactyla
167 iy markhami .
5 sy melania
168 ma monorhis
167 9 socorroensis .
168 tristrami ‘
64 ocellata, Meleagris 5 :
65 » Lurnix F ‘
314
ocellatus, Rheinardtius
ochroptera, Psophia
ochropus, Totanus
ocularis, Glareola
oculeus, Caloperdix
>» Canirallus
Ocydromus c
33 australis
- brachypterus :
is eagli
insignis
Odontophorinz .
Odontophorus
Odontopteryx (fossil)
Odontornithes (fossil)
Cdemia
55 americana
> carbo
», deglandi
>, fusca
» Digra .
+, perspicillata
Cidicnemide
Cidicnemus
5 affinis
33 bistriatus
3 capensis
i dominicensis .
‘ss indicus
4 senegalensis
5s superciliaris
vermiculatus .
cegyptiacus, Chenalopex
ceneus, Gallus
Cnolimnas
6 isabellina
cequatorialis, Erismatura .
re Rallus
Gstrelata
Pe arminjoniana
sy axillaris
3 brevipes
a brevirostris
~ cervicalis
e cooki
a defillippiana
is externa
55 fisheri
oe gularis
53 heraldica
53 hesitata
a hypoleuca
a incerta
5 amaicensis
os essoni
6 leucoptera
6 longirostris
ay macroptera
3 magenta
a5 mollis
a neglecta —
5 nigripennis
9 parvirostris
»» Pheopygia
ay rostrata
i scalaris
3 solandri
- sterrima
trinitatis
cethereus, Phaéton
cethiopica, Ibis .
INDEX.
PAGE
72 | olivacea, Lampribis
188 | olor, Cygnus
172 | Onortyx
149 | onslowi, Phalacrocorax
100 Ophrysia .
127 33 superciliosa
»» | Opisthocomide .
Pa Opisthocomus . %
33 hoazin
$3 opisthomelos, Puffinus
35 orbignianus, Thinocorus .
110 | Oreophasine .
3» | Oreophilus
5 an ruficollis
4 | orientalis, Arboricola
283 os Glareola
55 Ortalis
284 | Orthocnemus
» | Ortygops F
283 sa ayresi .
si 93 exquisita
284 ai notata
143 “ novaboracensis .
1» | Ortygornis
a 5 gularis ‘
aA a pondicerianus .
59 Ortyx
s osceola, Meleagris
ss oscitans, Anastomus
54 osculans, Hematopus
», | Ossifraga
0 » gigantea
263 | ostralegus, Hematopus
82 | Ostriches, S. American .
124 9 True. :
re Otides
285 | Otidide
125 | otidiformis, Notornis
244 | Otis . .
245 » affinis .
<3 », dybrowski .
54 »» Thaad
” ” tarda
4g tetrax
95 oustaleti, Anas .
» | oweni, Apteryx
», | oxycerea, Cerceibis
9 Oxyechus ‘
i ef bifrontatus
+5 is forbesi
ts 33 tricollaris
$3 a vociferus
‘3; oxypterum, Nettium
”
os P
‘5 pachyrhynchus, Catarrhactes
244 | pacifica, Hypotenidia
245 », Notophoyx
»» | pacificus, Colymbus
By, », Gabianus :
1, | Pagodroma — :
35 a nivea
»,» | Pagophila
op eburnea
= Palamedeide .
», | Palamedex .
244 | palliatus, Hematopus
245 | pallida, Aigialitis
232 | pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus
188 ' Palearctic region ‘i
Palearctic European subregion
si Mediterranean ,,
a Mongolian -
ais Siberian -
pie Inocotis
apuan subregion
papuanus, Casuarius
paradisea, Tetrapteryx
paradoxus, Syrrhaptes
paraguaye, Gallinago
sei a Stercorarius
arendiastes . .
55 pacificus
parkinsoni, Majaqueus
Parrida . ‘
parvirostris, Gstrelata .
a Tetrao
Patagonian subregion ‘
patagonicus, Aptenodytes .
pes Nyctinassa
‘avo . ‘
»» cristatus .
»» Mmuticus . .
», nigripennis
Barong,
a pugnax :
pavonina, Balearica ‘i
paykulli, Limnobenus
pectoralis, Coturnix
pecuaria, Aigialitis ‘
Pedizcetes :
3 columbianus
33 phasivanellus .
Pedionomus
55 torquatus
petrosa, Caccabis
Pelagodroma
35 marina
Pelargomorphe .
Pelea J
», lineata
Pelecanide
Pelecanoides
3 exsul
a9 garnoti
oe urinatrix
Pelecanoidide
Pelecanus
is californicus
35 conspicillatus
se crispus ;:
is erythrorhynchu
55 fuscus ‘
5 onocrotalus
i philippensis
ae roseus
33 rufescens
55 thagus
Peltohyus
55 australis
pelzelni, Podicipes
Penelope
Penelopinz
penelope, Mareca
Pennula r .
39 ecaudata 7
93 sandwichiensis
peposaca, Metopiana
pees, Rallus
erdicinz
Perdicula
INDEX.
PAGE
17 | Perdicula argoondah
§ i asiatica
>» | Perdix F
ie >» damascena
188 », daurica .
13 x» hodgsonie
4 >», montana,
137 > perdix .
59 Bone Brachyrhampus
182 eristeromorphe
231 | Peristeropodes
129 | peroni, Agialitis
»» | perspicillata, idemia
244 | personata, Heliopais
149 | Phebetria
245 a fuliginosa
62 | Phaéthusia A
15 5 magnirostris .
294 | Phaéton c
197 3 wthereus
67 >, americanus
55 », flavirostris
69 » fulvus.
3 », indicus
174 3» rubricauda
“9 » fossil
187 | Phaétonide
128 | Phalacrocoracide
96 | Phalacrocoracine
158 | Phalacrocorax
63 ay africanus
i 3 albiventer .
<3 - atriceps
116 ‘9 auritus
35 35 bicristatus .
101 a bougainvillii
242 ia brevirostris.
55 35 campbelli
8 a capensis
242 33 carbo A
Bie 5 carunculatus
232 55 chalconotus
246 a cincinnatus
247 3 colensoi
5 “5 desmaresti .
246 9 featherstoni
3 _ filamentosus
232 9 fuscicollis .
234 sy gaimardi
a3 i gouldi
233 ” graculus
234 7 hypolencus.
a <5 lucidus
238 is magellanicus
o 33 melanoleucus
a ae mexicanus .
934 x neglectus
3 Af onslowi
158 9 pelagicus
oe 5 pencillatus .
290 ” perspicillatus
111 ” punctatus .
” ” Py gmeus
273 33 stewarti
126 9 sulcirostris .
a in varius
s5 ee verrucosus .
282 an vigua
123 | Phalanges, Variation in
91 | Phalaropus
92 % fulicarius
316 ?
Phalaropus hyperboreus
Phaleris
sittaculus
Phocians:
Phasianine :
Phasianus ri
5 chrysomelas
. colchicus
53 decollatus
35 elegans
<5 formosanus
x3 mongolicus
Mt persicus
‘3 principalis
$3 reevesii ‘
a satscheunensis .
55 scintillaus
a semitorquatus .
25 shawi
5 semmeringi
59 strauchi
ia talischensis
Ks tarimensis
‘ torquatus
» versicolor
2s viangalii
95 zarafshanicus
Phasidus
» Nigra .
Phegornis e 3
ss mitchelli
Philacte
canagica
philadelphia, Larus
philippensis, Hypotenidia
Podicipes
Philohela
Philortyx
Phimosus i
»» infuscatus
Pheenicoptera
Phenicopteride
Pheenicopterus .
“3 chilensis
sa roseus
<5 ruber
Pheeniconaias
minor
Pheenicoparrus A
5 andinus
jamesi
phenicurus, Amaurornis .
pheopus, Numenius
pheopygia, Cstrelata
pheopygus, Limnobenus .
Phyllopezus .
9 africanus
Ae albinucha
picatus, Himantopus
picticollis, Casuarius
pictus, Aramis . .
> Chrysolophus is
:, Francolinus
Pilerodius
33 pileatus
pinnatus, Botaurus
Pipile . c
piscator, Sula
placida, Aigialitis
Platalea : ‘4
INDEX.
PAGE
178 | Platalea alba
293 »» leucorodia
ay »» Minor.
64 » regia .
68 | platalea, Spatula
73 | Plataleide ‘
75 | Platalese .
74 | plateni, Aramidopsis
Platibis .
», flavipes.
plutgelignaha, ae
Plautus
<5 impennis
Plectropterine .
Plectropterus .
35 gambensis .
9 niger
- riippelli
55 scioanus
Plegadis 7
> guerauna
5 igneus
- ridgwayi
Plotine 3
Plotus
>» anhinga .
>» TMmelanogaster
>, nove hollandie
» Tufus
plumbeiventris, Gymnocrex
plumbeus, Synzcus
plumbipes, Turnix
plumifera, Guttura
‘5 Mesophoyx
pluvialis, Charadrius
Pluvianellus
Fe sociabilis
Podasocys .
ny montanus
Podica
»» petersi
», senegalensis
Podicipedide
podicipes, Ardetta
Podicipes ;
i> americanus
is albescens
Ps albipennis
> auritus
ee californicus
55 calipareus
5 capensis
ws cristatus
io dominicus
55 fluviatilis
is griseigena
5 holboeli
‘9 juninensis
5 micropterus
6 nigricollis
55 nove hollandie
- pelzelni
3 philippensis
3 poliocephalus
46 rollandi
5 rubipectus
7 taczanowskii
tricolor
Podilymbus .
x podicipes
Peecilonetta ‘i 7
INDEX.
PAGE
Pecilonetta bahamensis . ; . 274
aA erythrorhyncha : Be
galapagensis . z ”
peecilopterus, Eulabeornis : . 124
peciloptilus, Botaurus. . . 204
peecilorhyncha, Anas ‘i : . 268
_poliocephala, Chloéphaga . : . 259
- poliocephalus, Podicipes . . . 290
; Palvolieenas a . F . 126
35 cinereus 5 4 ON
Polynesian subregion ‘ , . 14
Polyplectrum . P ‘ . 70
5 bicalcaratum ; . 71
> chinquis. : . 40
* germaini . . ‘ -
5 napoleonis . : . 71
schleiermacheri ‘ we
pomatorhinus, Stercorarius : . 230
pondicerianus, Ortygornis . . 104
Porphyrio . . . . 180
95 bellus é . 182
+ bemmeleni és A oo
43 cerulescens . s a gs
*% calvus it
a chathamensis . . —
»» edwardsi ; ; son
si ellioti A : eas
< melanonotus . F S35
33 palliatus ‘ E ate 25
53 pelewensis 5
5 poliocephalus . : is
35 porphyrio : ¥. 93
53 pulverulentus . : : =
3 samoensis i ‘ co . Be
smaragdimus . F ihe Sys
Porphyriola : , ; . 129
Porphyriops. : . 180
melanops. P oe
Porphyriornis 35
3 comori os
3 nesiotis . : cer)
Porzana : 5 ‘ . 125
», albicollis 2 ‘ . 126
» affinis 3
», carolina an
», flaviventris A
» fluminea _ : ay,
» galapagoensis . , i es
>, intermedia : . ey)
s» Mmaruetta fi ‘ e aR
3» palustris 2 . Ps
” parva. G a ”
> pusilla . : 2 = ys
>» spiloptera F F e358
tabuensis 4 ‘ gs? 54
Porzanula : i a. ‘cistg
+‘ palmeri . ; oe isy
Powder-down . 7 F . 83
powelli, Turnix . i . 114
pretermissa, Erythrophoys . . 204
pratensis, Crex . : . 124
pratincola, Glareola . ‘ . 148
Priocella : ‘ : . 244
59 glacialoides : aa Ss
Priofinus -
5 cinereus 5s
Prion 246
» ariel 55
>, banksi 35
», desolatus . 35
x vittatus $5
prior, Fulica
Procellaria
35 pelagica
55 tethys
Procellariide
Procellariine
Procelsterna
sly cerulea
cinerea
productus, Nestor
Prosobonia
es leucoptera
Psammocrex
%5 petiti
Pseudogeranus .
leucauchen |
Pseudotantalus .
5 cinereus
5 ibis
leucocephalus
Psittacomorphie ‘
Psophia ‘
»» crepitans
», _ leucoptera
>> apensis
3» ochroptera
viridis .
Psophiidee
Pternistes
re afer .
a5 boehmi
#% cranchi
a humboldti
5 infuscatus
ss leucoscepus
= nudicollis
13 rufopictus
swansoni
Pteroclomorphee
Pterocles
re arenarius
4 bicinctus
ey coronatus
‘a decoratus
», fasciatus
» gutturalis
3 lichtensteini
i personatus
‘i quadricinctus
variegatus
Pterocletes
Pteroclide
Pteroclurus
3 alchatus
a exustus
‘0 namaquus
53 pyrenaicus
i. senegallus
Pteronetta :
- hartlaubi
ptilocnemus, Arquatella
Ptilopachys
fuscus
ptilorhyncha, Numida
Ptiloscelis
5 resplendens
Ptycorhampus .
aleuticus
pucherani, Guttera
Pucrasia
23 biddulphi
318
Pucrasia castanea
x» darwini
- macrolopha
ss meyeri
» Dipalensis
ease sa
Puflinidee
Puffinine
Puffinus ‘
», anglorum
», assimilis
», auricularis
>» bulleri
»» carneipes
1, chlororhynchus
» creatopus
ay cuneatus
» elegans
» gavia
» gravis .
» griseus.
» kuhli
», leucomelas
», nativitatis
», obscurus
» opisthomelas
s persicus
», tenuirostris
yelkouanus
pugnax, Turnix .
pulchellus, Nettopus
pumilus, Zebrilus
puna, Querquedula
punctatum, Nettium
purpurea, Ardea
pusilla, Ardetta .
pusillus, Eurenetes
yy Simorhynchus
pygmeus, Eurinorhynchus
55 Simorhynchus .
Pygopodes
Pygoscelis
ie adeliz
a9 antarctica
‘3 teniata
pyronotus, Acomus
pyrrothorax, Aigialitis
” Turnix
Q
uadricinctus, Pterocles
Guecauanle
i circia ‘
55 cyanoptera .
33 discors 7
a” puna
35 versicolor
R
raalteni, Synecus
radjah, Tadorna
Rallicula
Rallide (fossil) «
Rallide
Rallina
5, canningi
»» euryzonoides
x» fasciata
>» Winahasa
INDEX.
PAGE
: 84 | Rallina superciliaris
2 ot », tricolor.
‘ 82 | Ralline
_ 84 | ralloides, Ardeola
: vn Rallus
‘ ” 79 sequatorialis
5 243 », antarcticus
: ar » aquaticus
. ” » cerulescens
5 244 », elegans
i i », indicus .
: i », longirostris
5 243 », madagascariensis
244 +, +peruvianus
243 5, semiplumbeus
244 virgianus
243 | Rasores (Game Birds) Index
244 | Rasores ,
Pe Ratite
»> | Recurvirostra
5 4 americana
is - andina
243 a5 avocetta .
244 nove hollandiz
243 recurvitostris, Esacus
244 | reevesii, Phasianus 7
243 | refulgens, Lophophorus .
. 244 | regia, Diomedea :
An », Platalea
113 | reichenowi, Numida
277 | Remiges or flight feathers .
203 | resplendens, Ptiloscelis
276 | rex, Baleniceps . S
272 | rhaad, Otis
196 | Rhea . ‘ 4
203 »» americana. .
3 . 175 3, darwini
i . 298 », macrorhyncha ‘
176 | Rheas. : ‘
293 | Rheide es 2
287 | Rheinardtius .
294 5 ocellatus
5 Rhee . :
59 Rhinochetide .
” Rhinochetus_.
87 + jubata
158 | Rhinoptilus . :
116 35 albofasciatus .
35 bicinctus .
a5 bisignatus
3 bitorquatus
57 i calcopterus
274 3 cinctus
276 35 hartingi
53 5 seebohmi
a4 Rhizothera 3
o> 55 33 dulitensis
$5 os longirostris
Rhodonessa oa
caryo acea
Rhodostethia
96 sa rosea
261 | Rhynchopine .
126 | Rhynchops .
4 53 albicollis
122 se flavirostris
126 6 intercedens
127 35 melanura
= nigra
‘3 Rhynchortyx
rhynchotis, Spatula
Rhynchotus_.
richardsoni, Dendragapus .
ridgwayi, Plegadis
ridibundus, Larus
ringvia, Uria
Rissa . é
3, brevirostris
3, tridactyla .
robinsoni, Butorides
rodgersi, Fulmarus
rollandi, Podicipes
Rollulus
>, roulroul
rosenbergi, Gymnocrex
roseus, Pheenicopterus
rossi, Chen ‘
, Thinornis .
rostrata, Estrelata
Rostratula
33 australis
45 capensis
semicollaris
Rougetius
93 rougeti
ruber, Eudocimus
», Pheenicopterus
rubidiceps, Chloéphaga
rubricauda, Phaéton
rubrirostris, Anser
rn Arboricola
rufa, Caccabis
», Dichromanassa
», Lophura
rufescens, Pelecanus
Turnix
ruficapilla, Aigialitis
ruficollis, Branta
i Hydranassa
5 Oreophilus
» Tringa
ruficristata, Lophotes
rufigularis, Arboricola
rufilatus, Turnix
rufina, Netta
rufipectus, Podicipes
rufipes, Genneus
rufiventris, Erythrocnus :
rufopictus, Pternistes
rufus, Cursorius
» Plotus
rumicivorus, Thinocorus .
rupestris, Lagopus
riippelli, Heterotetrax
i Plectropterus
rusticola, Scolopax
rutila, Casarca .
sabinii, Bonasa .
>» Sema .
sacra, Demiegretta
semmerringi, Phasianus
salmoni, Tigrisoma
Salvadorina
9 waiginensis
salvadorii, Casuarius
salvini, Thalassogeron
samoensis, Porphyrio
sancte helene, Aigialitis .
sandwichensis, Nesochen .
INDEX.
PAGE
55 | sandwichensis, Pennula .
63 | sanguiniceps, Hematortyx
189 | Sarcidiornis é
212 59 carunculatus .
292 a melanonotus .
220 | Sarciophorus .
3 ‘3 latifrons
o 5 malabaricus .
200 59 tectus
246 | Sarcogrammus :
289 5 atrinuchalis
100 sis indicus
a satscheunensis, Phasianus
124 | saturata, Hypotenidia
249 »> _ Turnix
257 | satyra, Tragopan
158 | saundersi, Larus
245 | Saurognathe .
183 a Celeomorphe
184 | Saurure °
183 | saxatilis, Caccabis
184 | scalaris, Gstrelata
128 | schistisagus, Larus
4 Schizognathe
189 95 Alectoromorphee
249 ue Cecomorphe
259 i Charadriomorphe
232 $5 Coceygomorphe
253 5 Geranomorphe
98 3 Heteromorphee
101 3 Peristeromorphe
198 4 Pteroclomorphe
85 Spheniscomorphe
234 schlegeli, Ciitat hasten
115 as Francolinus
158 | schleiermacheri, Polyplectrum
257 | schuetti, Francolinus
198 | scintillans, Phasianus
154 | scioanus, Plectropterus
176 | sclateri, Catarrhactes
139 », | Lophophorus
99 | scolopaceus, Aramus
114 | Scolopacine
279 | Scolopax ;
290 », Tusticola
80 x, saturata
201 | Scopide
106 | scopolinus, Larus
147 | Scopus
238 59 umbretta.
185 | scoresbii, Leucopheeus
61 | scoticus, Lagopus
139 | scutulata, Asarcornis
258 | seebohmi, Rhinoptilus
179 | segetum, Anser .
263 | semicollaris, Rostratula
semipalmata, Anseranas
semipalmatus, Aigialeus
Marcrorhampus
63 semiplumbeus, Rallus
220 | Semiplumes
199 | semitorquatus, Phasianus ,
75 | senegalensis, Ephippiorhynchus
201 - Cdicnemus .
287 33 Podica
a 94. Trachelotis .
3 | senegallus, Pteroclurus
248 | senegalus, Lobivanellus
132 | sephena, Francolinus
158 | septentrionalis, Colymbus
257 © serranus, Larus .
320
serrator, Merganser
serrirostris, Anser
severtzovi, Tetrastes
sharpii, Francolinus
>,» Genneus
» Grus..
Shawi, Phasianus
shelleyi, Francolinus
Siberian subregion
sibilatrix, Penelope
Simorhynchus
9 cristatellus
9 pusillus
pygmeus
sinensis, Ardetta
», _ Ithagenes
smaragdimus, Porphyrio ;
snowi, Uria .
sociabilis, Pluvianellus
socorroensis, Oceanodroma
solandri, Cstrelata
Solitaire, Réunion
y Rodrigues
solitaria, Gallinago
solitarius, Totanus
somalensis, Cursorius
Somateria .
35 dresseri
53 mollissima
Pe nigrum
spectabilis
ong . :
sonnerati, Gallus
sonorivox, Bambusicola .
spadiceus, Galloperdix .
sparsa, Anas.
Spatula ‘ 3
+» capensis 3
» clypeata é
» Pplatalea <
», Thynchotis
spatzi, Caccabis .
speciosa, Ardeola .
speciosus, Hoplopterus
specularis, Anas
Spheniscus
9 demersus
‘3 humboldti
3 magellanicus .
Bs mendiculus
spilogaster, Francolinus
spilolemus 3
spiloptera, Porzana
spinicauda, Dafila
spinicollis, Carphibis
spinosus, Hoplopterus
sponsa, Alx :
Spurs, Leg .
» Wing.
squamatus, Merganser
33 Turnix
Squatarola .
helvetica
stagnatilis, Butorides
Totanus
Steganopodes eel)
Steganopus
59 tricolor
stellaris, Botaurus
stelleri, Heniconetta
INDEX.
PAGE
286 | stenura, Gallinago
255 | Stephanibyx
64 Ps coronatus
106 - inornatus
80 “5 melanopterus
137 | Stercorariide 5
75 | Stercorarius F
105 55 crepidatus
17 5 parasiticus .
273 - pomatorhinus
293 | Sternine :
$3 Sterna :
5 » albigena 3
‘3 » albicristata .
202 » aleutica :
89 s, anzestheta 3
132 » anglica . .
292 » antillarum a
158 » balenarum
242 o> _ bergii
245 >» bernsteini .
6 >» cantiaca .
Pr >» dougalli :
182 » elegans. .
174 » eurygnatha .
147 >, fluviatilis .
284 » fosteri . ;
5 », frontalis ‘
55 » fuliginosa 3
9 » hirundinacea ;
33 »» longipennis e
40 » lorata , .
81 > Iunata.
90 >» macrura 6
89 >» Maxima :
268 3» media . :
265 »» melanauchen .
5 »» Melanogaster
we >» inuta.
33 »» nereis F
5 >» saundersi ‘
101 > seena
201 >» Sinensis :
160 x» Superciliaris r
268 >» trudeau
295 »» -Virgata :
35 vittata . .
af sterrima, Gstrelata .
>» | Stewarti, Phalacrocorax
+ Stictolimnas . :
105 ” sharpii
>» | Stictonetta
126 5s noevosa
274 | Stiltia .
188 », isabella .
160 | stolidus, Anoiis .
277 | stramineicollis, Gallus
27 | strauchi, Phasianus
26 | streperus, Chaulelasmus
286 | Strepsilas
106 ie interpres
154 53 melanocephala .
»» | Streptophorus, Francolinus
200 | striata, Butorides
171 Hypotenidia
4 stricklandi, Gallinago
231 | Stringops
179 | struthersi, Tbidorhynehus.
3, | Struthio (fossil)
204 | Struthio
284 » australis
Struthio bidactylus
<5 camelus
Si epoasticus é
»,.. molybdophanes .
Struthionide :
Struthiones
subarquata, Tringa
Subfossil birds . 3
aA », A. impennis
3 1» Apyornithide
35 », T. urogallus
2 », Cnemiornis
ae », Dinornithide
55 », Dromeornis
Harpagornis
subminuta, Tringa
subruficollis, ae
Sula .
», bassana
», brewsteri .
+ capensis
>» cyanops
»5 leucogaster
», nebouxi
+, piscator
>» serrator
» vVariegata .
websteri
sulcirostris, Hypotenidia .
5 Phalacrocorax
Sulide 7
sumatrana, Arboricola
- Ardea
Caloperdix
sundevalli, Butorides
superciliaris, Rallina
53 Cdicnemus .
superciliosa, Anas
7 Ophrysia
superciliosus, Anomalophrys
surinamensis, Hydrochelidon
swainsoni, Pternistes
swynhoii, Genneus
Symphenia .
9 semipalmata .
Syneecus ,
», australis
1, plumbeus
>, Taalteni
Synthliborhampus 2
i antiquus
”
Sypheotis
3 auritus
sy bengalensis
Syrigma Z
» Ssibilatrix
Syrrhaptes
35 paradoxus
se tibetanus
sylvatica, Turnix
sylvestris, Cabalus
szechenyii, Tetraophasis
,
T
tabuensis, Porzana
Tachyeres .
a cinereus :
taczanowski, Podiaipes ‘i
‘Tadorna 7
wumizusume .
INDEX.
PAGE
2 | Tadorna cornuta
95 radjah
tadornoides, Nettium
tahitiensis, Numenius
Tails of birds .
Talegalline
Tallegallus
talischensis, Phasianus
Tantalus .
eH loculator
Taoniscus
Tapinopus (fossil)
tarda, Otis 5
tarimensis, Phasianus
tayazuguira, Nycticorax
Tectrices, Arrangement of
tectus, Sarciophorus
Teeth .
Telmatornis (fossil)
temmincki, Cursorius
Gallus
tenebrosa, Gallinula
tenuirostris, Anoiis
+3 Puffinus
Terekia ‘
»» cinerea.
tethys, Procellaria
Tetrao urogallus (subfosil
Tetrao
Ls kamschaticus
>» parvirostris
>, uralensis
»» urogallus
Tetraogallus .
53 altaicus
“i caspius
$3 caucasicus
33 henrici
35 himalayensis
5 tibetanus
Tetraonide
Tetraophasis
= obscurus
95 szechenyli
Tetrapteryx
59 paradisea
Tetrastes F
93 bonasia
5 griseiventris
rs severtzovi
tetrax, Otis
tetrix, Lyrurus .
thagus, Pelecanus
Thalassiornis
5 leuconota
Thalasseeca 3
5 antarctica
Thalassogeron
5 cautus a
" chlororhynchus
53 culminatus
53 eximius
5 layardi
5 salvini
Thaumatibis
” gigantea
Theristicus
is caudatus
$s melanopis
Thinocorus
+5 orbignianus
322 INDEX.
PAGE
Thinocorus rumicivorus . . . 185
Thinocorythide. P : . 184
Thinornis . z - - 158
es nove zealandic is
- rossi . a . cry)
thoracica, Bambusicola . : . 90
thoracie, Agialitis 3 ; . 158
Thread feathers . . : . 29
Thyrorhina - 3 : . 126
tibetanum, Crossoptilum . ‘ 3 “42
tibetanus, Syrrhaptes : F . 59
Tigrisoma F < .- 201
33 bahiee 5 See
iy fasciatum U a
se lineatum 33
9 marmoratum . ”
ae salmoni 59
Tigrornis : 7
i leucolopha ‘i ys
timorensis, Herodias ‘ é . 198
Tinamide . ‘ ‘ . 54
Tinamine . ‘ is
Tinamus P r x oe
Tinamotidine . * ‘ . 55
Tinamotis ‘ P P ey
Toes . . 5 5 . 29
>, Number of F 3 gy
3, Position of ; r . 80
>, Reduction of F ‘ . 29
», Supernumerary ‘3
>, Variation in ‘ oe
torda, Alca i Q r 6, 291
torquata, Hypotenidia . ‘i . 124
torquatum, Nettium ‘ 4 - 272
torquatus, Pedionomus . ‘ . 116
53 Phasianus 3 ‘ . 74
torqueolus, Arboricola . ‘ . 97
Totanine : : ‘ . 165
Totanus . é , . 17
» calidris 3 . . 172
>» cimnamomeus . ‘ « 174
»» flavipes - , se
>», fuscus. 3 : . 173
», glareola ‘ . . 174
» glottis. . P . 171
», guttifer . : on By
» hypoleucos . 2 . 172
»» %macularius 5 ‘ . 174
13 melanoleucus . é » 8
», ochropus ‘ r . 172
», solitarius ‘ 5 . 74
» Stagnatilis . 2 . 7
Tragopan é . = . 84
33 blythi ‘ : . 85
5 caboti ‘ 9
3 melanocephalus gy
- satyra 5 : . 84
5 temmincki 3 4 . 85
Trachelotis a : i . 139
5 barrovii : ee)
a6 cerulescens 35
- canicollis 3
55 senegalensis : 3 ys
Tribonyx : : : . 129
35 effluxus : aD
$3 mortieri 33
tricarunculatus, Casuarius z .
Tricholimnas . 3 . . 124
a lafresnayanus és = 55
tricollaris, Oxyechus : . . 158
tricolor, Hydranassa ‘ F . 198
tricolor, Podicipes
3» Rallina
nA Zonifer
tridactyla, Rissa
Tringa <
5, acuminata
» alpina .
», bairdi .
», canutus .
», erassirostris
»» fuscicollis
+, maculata
>» Minuta .
> minutilla
>» platyrhyncha
»> Tuficollis
»» subarquata
>, subminuta
>, temmincki
Tringites .
si subruficollis
tristrami, Oceanodroma
Trochilomorphe
teniata, Pygoscelis
troile, Uria
Tropicoperdix .
re charltoni .
4 chloropus .
trudeau, Sterna .
Tubinares
turneri, Merganetta
Turnicide F
Turnicomorphe ,
Turnix as
>, albiventris
>, blanfordi
», castanonota
>» dussumieri
» fasciata .
> hottentotta
>» lepurana
>, maculosa
»» melanogaster
>» mana .
»» nigricollis
>, ocellata.
>, plumbipes
», powelli ,
- ugnax .
fr Tt clniax
»» Tufescens
» Tufilatus
»» saturata
5, sylvatica
s, taigoor .
»» tanki .
sy» varia
» velox .
», Wwhitcheadi
Tylobix . ,
“ melanocephalus .
Tympanuchus . Fi
i americanus
¥5 cupido
5 pallidicinctus
U
uluensis, Francolinus
umbelloides, Bonasa
umbellus x
umbretta, Scopus
undulata, Anas .
is Gallinago
iy Houbara ;
uniappendiculatus, Casuarius
unicolor, Hematopus
Uria
», carbo
»> columba
»» grylle
» lomvia
>> mandti
», Yingvia
»> snowi
troile
”
urinatrix, Pelecanoides
urogallus, Tetrao (subfossil)
” ” *
uralensis 35 -
urophasianus, Centrocercus
Vv
vallisneria, Nyroca
Vanellus 3
35 vulgaris
variabilis, Asarcia
varia, Turnix
Variation, Seasonal
variegata, Casarca
ne Sula .
variegatus, Mesites
Ss Numenius
5 Pterocles
varius, Gallus
3, Phalacrocorax
vege, Larus .
Velocity in flight
velox, Turnix .
ventralis, Hoplopterus
a5 Microtribonyx .
venusta, Aigialitis
vereda, 53
vermiculatus, @idicnemus
verrucosus, Phalacrocorax
versicolor, Phasianus
35 Querquedula
viduata, Dendrocygna
vigorsi, Heterotetrax
vigua, Phalacrocorax .
vinaceigula, Melanophoyx
violacea, Nyctinassa
violaceus, Gallus
virescens, Butorides
virgata, Aphriza
», Sterna .
virgianus, Rallus
virgo, Anthropoides
INDEX.
PAGE
204
268
182
140
4
162
292
viridis, Psophia .
vittata, Erismatura
», Sterna .
vittatus, Catarrhactes
5 Prion .
WwW
waiginensis, Salvadorina .
wallacei, Habroptila
Wallace’s line
wallichi, Catreus
wardi, Ardea
websteri, Sula
whiteheadi, Turnix
wickhami, Genneus
williamsi i
wilsoni, Aigialitis
Wing of birds
35 Claws
5 Coverts
a Cubitals
- Integument
a5 Primaries .
5 Remiges .
33 Spurs
woodfordi, Eulabeornis
wumizusume, Synthliborhampus :
wurdemanni, Ardea
wyvilliana, Anas
x
xanthosphila, Pucrasia
Xema. .
»» furcata
3, sabinii
Xenorhynchus .
5 asiaticus
Xiphiodopterus . ‘
33 albiceps .
55 cucullatus
yelkouanus, Puffinus
Z
zarafshanicus, Phasianus .
Zebrilus
»» pumilus
zechi, Numida .
zeledoni, Cancroma
Zonerodius ‘
35 heliosylus
», ‘tricolor .
zonorhyncha, Anas
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THIRD EDITION.
GAME, SHORE, AND WATER BIRDS OF INDIA.
By Cotone. A. LE MEssuRIER, RE.
(London: W. Thacker and Co. 1888.)
“Colonel Le Messurier writes as a field naturalist for field naturalists and sportsmen without
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*,* The Second Volume contains a full History of China and her connection
with European Nations, and detailed accounts of all events, including the
Chino-Japan War, and its Diplomatic consequences.
Saturday Review.—‘‘ One cannot read this admirable history without feeling how much
Mr. Boulger’s sympathies have been enlisted by the wonderful record of Chinese achievement
and Chinese character which he has collected with so much charm and ability.”
Demy 8vo, cloth. 400 pages. 16s.
THE CONGO STATE;
Or, The Growth of Civilisation in Central Africa.
By DEMETRIUS C. BOULGER.
With 60 Illustrations and Map (27x25).
Times.—‘“‘ On the whole an accurate and useful summary of the interesting enterprise of the
King of the Belgians.”
Bookman.—‘‘A very full and detailed history of the growth, development, and administration
of the Congo.”
Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 510 pp. 75. 6d.
HINDU MYTHOLOGY:
Vedic and Puranic.
; e By Rev. W. J. WILKINS,
uli Of the London Missionary Society, Calcutta.
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IlMustrated by One Hundred Engravings chiefly from
Drawings by Native Artists.
REVIEWS. é
Home News.—‘‘ The author has attempted a work
of no little ambition, and has succeeded in his
attempt, the volume being one of great interest and
usefulness; and not the less so because he has strictly
refrained from diluting his facts with comments of
his own.”
Indian Daily News.—‘‘In Mr. Wilkins’ book we
have an illustrated manual, the study of which will
lay a solid foundation for more advanced knowledge,
while it will furnish those who may have the desire
without having the time or opportunity to go further
into the subject, with a really extensive stock of
accurate information.”
Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 430 pp. 75. 6a.
MODERN HINDUISM.
The Religion and Life of the Hindus in Northern India.
By Rev. W. J. WILKINS.
Saturday Review.—‘‘ He writes with a liberal and comprehensive spirit.”
Ornamental Cloth, 10x 7. 285 pages. 185. net.
SIMLA: PAST AND PRESENT.
By E. J. BUCK.
DEDICATED TO His ExcELLENcy LORD CURZON, G.M.S.I., G.M.LE.
Twenty-eight full-page Illustrations and Map.
Being a complete account of the Origin, Early History, and Development of
Simla, the Summer Residence of the Government of India, with descriptions of
interesting Personages and their Residences, and an account of the Social
Functions and Amusements of the Station.
Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth. 6s. 2
Uniform with ‘A Naturalist on the Prowl,” and ‘‘Behind the Bungalow.
THE TRIBES ON MY FRONTIER.
An Indian Naturalist’s Foreign Policy.
By EHA.
With Fifty Illustrations by F. C. MACRAE.
In this remarkably clever work there are most graphically and humorously
described the surroundings of a Mofussil bungalow. The twenty chapters
embrace a year’s experiences, and provide endless sources of amusement and
suggestion. The numerous able illustrations add very greatly to the interest
of the volume, which should find a place on every table.
—~ rar
Knowledge.—‘‘ This is a delightful book, irresistibly funny in description and illustration,
but full of genuine science too. . . . There is not a dull or uninstructive page in the whole
book.
Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. 6s.
BEHIND THE BUNGALOW.
By EHA.
With Fifty-three Clever Sketches by the Illustrator of “The Tribes.”
As The Tribes on My Frontier graphically and humorously described the Animal
Surroundings of an Indian Bungalow, the present work describes with much
pleasantry the Human Officials thereof, with their peculiarities, idiosyncrasies,
and, to the European, strange methods of duty. Each chapter contains
Character Sketches by the Illustrator of “The Tribes,” and the work is a
“ Natural History” of the Native Tribes who in India render us service.
The World.—“‘ There is plenty of fun in Behind
the Bungalow, and more than fun for those with
eyes to see. These sketches may have an edu-
cational purpose beyond that of mere amusement ;
they show through all their fun a keen observa-
tion of native character and a just appreciation
of it.”
The Graphie.—7he Tribes on My Frontier
was very good: Behind the Bungalow is even
better. Anglo-Indians will see how truthful are
these sketches. People who know nothing about
India will delight in the clever drawings and the
truly humorous descriptions.”
‘©, LITTLE ISLOPE.”
The Queen.—‘‘ The native members of an Anglo-Indian household are hit off with great
fidelity and humour.”
Second Edition. Crown Bra cloth. 6s.
A NATURALIST ON THE PROWL.
By EHA,
Author oy “The Tribes of my Frontier” and “‘ Behind the Bungalow.”
Illustrated by Eighty Drawings by
R. A, STERNDALE, F.R.G.S,, F.Z.S.
In this volume the Author conducts his readers
to the Jungles and Country round the Home,
and with genial humour and practised science
teaches the interesting art of “How to observe”
the structure and habits of Birds, Beasts, and
Insects.
Daily Chronicle.—‘‘It is one of the most interesting
books upon Natural History that we have read for a long
time. It is never dull, and yet solid information is conveyed
‘by nearly every page.”
MAGPIE ROBIN,
Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. Cloth gilt. 65.
TWENTY-ONE DAYS
IN INDIA.
Being the Tour of Sir Ali Baba, K.C.B.
By GEORGE ABERIGH MACKAY.
With Thirteen full-page Ilfustrations.
Land and Water.—‘‘The scores of letters to Vanity
fair, which created such a sensation in India some years
ago, have maintained their popularity ina fashion which
their cleverness thoroughly deserves.” ;
Tenth Edition. Crown 8vo. Cloth gilt. 65.
LAYS OF IND. By ALIPH CHEEM.
COMIC, SATIRICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE.
Poems Illustrative of Anglo-Indian Life.
ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR, LIONEL INGLIS,
R. A. STERNDALE, AND OTHERS,
The World.—‘“ This is a remarkably bright little book.
‘Aliph Cheem,’ supposed to be the xom-de-plume of an
officer in the 18th Hussars, is, after his fashion, an Indian
Bon Gaultier. In a few of the poems the jokes, turning on
local names and customs, are somewhat esoteric; but taken
throughout, the verses are characterised by high animal
spirits, great cleverness, and most excellent fooling.”
Liverpool Mercury.—‘‘One can readily imagine the
merriment created round the camp fire by the recitation of
the ‘Two Thumpers,’ which is irresistibly droll.”
Scotsman.—‘The Zays are not only Anglo-Indian in
origin, but out-and-out Anglo-Indian in subject and colour.”
Bound in Art Cloth, 17x11. One Guinea net.
a THE PHIL MAY
FOLIO
CARICA TURE : DRAWINGS
AND SKETCHES,
‘be 2 In Line Block, Half-tone, and
( Photogravure.
HE Folio includes about 250
Drawings by the late Artist,
largely selected by himself from
Phil May’s Annual as repre-
U 4 senting his best efforts in various
V7, styles. A number of Sketches are
fe also given which have never before
been published. The Drawings are arranged in fourteen groups, as follows,
each group being preceded by a brief comment :—
1. Personages and Celebrities. 2, Costers and Cockneys, 3. Brother Brushes.
4. The Bars and the Street. 5. Character Studies, 6, Within and Without
the Ghetto. 7. Types I Have Mets and Things we See when we come out
without our Gun, 8. Among the Thespians. 9. Studies and Sketches Abroad.
1o. With the Children. 11, By the Sea, 12. On the Country side. 13, Irish
and Scottish. 14. Sporting Sketches.
A Biography by a personal friend and a full-page Portrait of the Artist in Photogravure
are important features of the book.
PHIL MAY’S WINTER ANNUAL, 1904-5.
Containing thirty Sketches by the late Pui May, and eleven Short Stories
by Popular Writers. Price 1s.
Complete in Twenty-four Vols. Demy 8vo, cloth, gilt. £12 12s. net.
THE WORKS OF
Major G. J. WHYTE-MELVILLE.
AN EDITION DE LUXE.
Edited by the RIGHT HON. SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, Bart., M.P.
THE Volumes are printed from new type
on hand-made paper, specially manufac-
tured for this edition, and handsomely
bound in buckram, with gilt tops. Demy
8vo, Coloured Frontispiece on Japanese
vellum, and Full-page Illustrations by
well-known Artists. Limited to 1,050 Sets.
Hugh Thomson, H. M. Brock,
G. H. Jalland, Harrington Bird,
Cecil Alden, C. E. Brock,
Bernard Partridge, Edmund Caldwell.
The Times.—‘‘ The edition has everything to
am
wee lM,
5 ” tls cae a
recommend it externally. . es 0 Gem TAs: WS
The Field.—‘‘ Altogether a pleasure to read. -eatelys:' a oly G
Pall Mall Gazette.—‘‘ The tasteful buckram Un i BAF
volumes are worthy of the man and the matter % iy if if | On \ p>.
in them.” N Ny, 1 NAMA Wed,
Saturday Review.—‘‘ Fulfils every requirement , sabes
of the book-lover, in paper, type, illustrations, and binding.”
~~ Second Edition, Imperial 16mo.
Handsomely bound, Ready shortly.
lg. RIDING For LADIES.
“7 With Hints on the Stable.
By Mrs. POWER O’DONOGHUE,
Author of “Ladies on Horseback,”
“A Beggar on Horseback,” etc.
A. With: 90 Illustrations drawn expressly for the
Work by A. Chantry Corbould.
“a THIS able and beautiful volume will form a
fis Standard on the subject, and is one which no
f i) _lady can dispense with.
New York Sportsman,—‘‘ When there may arise
differences of opinion as to some of the suggestions con-
Yon “pgéks.%\, tained in this volume, the reader, especiaily if a woman,
9° Es pale, - Vege 7. May feel assured she will not go far astray in accepting
i Me * @ what is said by one of her own sex, who has the distinc-
¥, 4 EP Sethe pave fon of thes times beating the Em mGés of Aas to the
Sot pice ES Mifftee, Wey, > unting field, from whom she ‘took the brush. iding
ce ee ee Jor Ladies is certain to become a classic.”
The Naval Pocket Book,—(Published Annually). Edited by
Sir W. Lairp CLowes. Containing a full List of Battleships, Ironclads, Gunboats,
Cruisers, Torpedo Boats, a List of Dry Docks, and other valuable information concerning
ALL THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD. Cloth, 16mo. 7s. 6d. net.
Lord Charles Beresford.—‘‘It is one of the most useful and handy works of reference on naval matters
that I know of, and invaluable to all who take an interest in naval matters.”
Naval and Military Record.— A handy volume for use anywhere and everywhere. . . . Surprisingly
accurate. .. . A marvel of cheapness.”
The Imperial Japanese Navy.—Bby Frep T. Janse. Author of
“ All the World’s Fighting Ships.” Its History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.
Plans, Photographs, and full descriptions of all Ships in the Navy, Japanese Dockyards, and
Arsenals. The China-Japanese War, with official reports and hitherto unpublished details,
furnished in each case by officers who actually participated in the events described. Royal
8vo, cloth. 425 pages. 215. net.
The Imperial Russian Navy.—By FRrep T. Jane. With over
150 Illustrations from Sketches and Drawings by the Author and from Photographs. The
First Edition appeared five years ago. Since then the Russian Navy has been revolu-
tionised. The book has now been almost entirely rewritten, and stands as the only work
dealing with the Russian Navy as it is in these early days of 1904. Royal 8vo, cloth.
255. net, 730 pages.
Daily News.—‘‘ Mr. Jane's volume of more than seven hundred pages may be described as an up-to-date,
well-arranged, and concise encyclopaedia of its subject.”
The Torpedo in Peace and War.—By FrepT. Janz. With
30 full-page and numerous smaller Illustrations, the greater part of which are reproductions
of actual Sketches by the Author made at Sea on board Torpedo Craft. The book deals,
as its title implies, with Torpedoes and Torpedo Craft generally, and should be in the hands
—especially at the present time—of all who interest themselves in naval affairs. Oblong
Folio, cloth. 55. net.
Marine Engineer.—‘‘ As a description of naval life as it is at this time we can cordially recommend it.”
Blake of the ‘‘ Rattlesnake ’’; or, The Man who Saved
England. By Frep T. Janz. With 16 Tllustrations by the Author. A most
thrilling Tale of Life on board a Torpedo Destroyer in time of war. Large crown 8vo,
cloth, gilt. 35. 6a.
Astronomy without a Telescope.—bBy E. Watter
MAUNDER, F.R.A.S., Author of Zhe Royal Observatory, Greenwich: its History and Work,
etc. etc. An Introduction to the Knowledge of the Constellations, and to the Study of
the Heavens with the unassisted Sight. Fully Illustrated with full-page Plates, and with
Maps and Charts for identifying the Constellations and principal Stars, and twelve Star
Maps, forming a COMPLETE CELESTIAL ATLAS, together with a full Index of
Stars, Planets, and Constellations. Demy 8vo, cloth. 300 pages. 55. net.
Times.—‘“ A popular book, fully illustrated, by a competent astronomer, first explaining the Constellations,
then fully guiding the student how to become an astronomer without a telescope, and lastly, how and what to
observe with the naked eye.”
W. THACKER & CO., 2, CREED LANE, LONDON, E.C.
CALCUTTA AND SIMLA: THACKER, SPINK AND CO.
A \ \ ‘
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