The birds of the Chicago area

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ERRATA.

Page 9, 20th line, for Hamnig read Hannig.

Page 9, 22d line, for Widman read Widmann.

Page 19, 8rd line from bottom, for Fregato read Fregata.

Page 28, 18th line, for Pomaine read Pomarine.

Page 34, 19th line, for Phalacrocorocidz read Phalacrocoracide.

Page 38, 16th line, for McKay read MacKay.

Page 38, 34th line, for ameriacana read americana,

Page 38, 8rd foot-note, for XIII, 1896, read XII, 1895.

Page 63, 28th line, for Steganoyus read Steganopus.

Page 72, 4th line from bottom, for Viellot read Vieillot.

Page 109, 32d line, for abundantly read sparingly.

Page 180, 21st line, for Acantsis read Acanthis.

Page 138, 10th line, take out the word breeding.

Page 147, 8th line, for Viellot read Vieillot.

Page 147, 4th line from bottom should read, The Summer
Tanager breeds throughout its United States.

Page 152, 3rd line, for Vieilot read Vieillot.

Page 155, 30th line, for Vells read Bell’s.

Page 171, 26th line, for Sciurus read Seiurus.

Page 172, take out two bottom lines.

Page 202, under HouGH, E., “Chicago and the West” should
be credited as a department in ‘Forest and Stream.”

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Tue Cuicaco ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Birds of the Chicago Area

BY

FRANK MORLEY WOODRUFF

BULLETIN No. VI

OF

Tue Naturat History SuRvVEY

ISSUED APRIL 15, 1907

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Cuicaco, ILL., October 1, 1906.
Dear Sir:

By direction of the Board of Managers of The Natural His-
tory Survey of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, I herewith
submit to you for publication a report, to be issued, under the
rules of the Academy governing such matters, as Bulletin No.
VI, on The Birds of the Chicago Area, prepared by Frank Morley
Woodruff of the Academy staff.

Respectfully,
WitiiaM K. HIctey,
Chairman.
To THomas C. CHAMBERLIN,
President of The Chicago Academy of Sciences.

The Board of Managers of The Natural History Survey of
The Chicago Academy of Sciences:

WILLIAM K. HIGLEY, Chairman.
CHARLES S. RADDIN, Secretary.
THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN.
GAYTON A. DOUGLASS.
STUART WELLER.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY.

The Board of Managers of The Natural History Survey takes
pleasure in presenting the sixth of its publications. It is the
second relating to the fauna of the area and is devoted to the
Birds of Chicago and vicinity.

The Chicago Area includes all of Cook and Du Page Counties,
the nine north townships of Will County and a portion of Lake
County, Indiana. This territory is about fifty miles square and
is very varied in character, consisting of numerous swamps,
lakes, creeks and rivers, besides a considerable forest-covered
area.

It is a notable avifaunal locality, since it lies on the border
between the eastern and western ranges of many species, where
much intergradation occurs. It is also notable as being in the
path of the Mississippi Valley migration, which accounts in a
large measure for the number of species recorded and also for
their individual abundance.

This report has been prepared by Mr. Frank Morley Woodruff,
Assistant to the Curator of the Academy, who has devoted many
years to the study of the avian life of the vicinity of Chicago.
Mr. Woodruff has enlisted the aid of all local ornithologists,
besides some residing at a greater distance, and the Board wishes
to express its appreciation of their valuable assistance, acknowl-
‘edgement of which has been made by Mr. Woodruff in the text.

Finally, it is again a pleasure to make mention of the patrons
of The Natural History Survey, whose generosity has tended so
much to its success and enables the Survey to make another
contribution to the advancement of Science.

CONTENTS.

PacE

Introd nction e.diseinsie3 sorduetetiee sec Sa icabbaniad se yeeaseseuene uses ea 9
TPerritoryisss's 2 coxsainsarsxccinweuetinn at wes aee 20.25e4ebs led atone wane 10
Climatic Influences so. oo.3 aici athe id oeaweaew ce es che enecsea es 0s II
Localities of Interest 5 .....0i nice sess sisdiewiien gens ov ds even ees vies seis 5
Some Existing Conditions Opposed to the Birds ................... 17
Pxtralimital Birds: .-.2 ods) wowsteusinns wees cetemeus eees aeessese se 19
Migration Of the: Birdsi:<..c6.054ssmosdieagaasuaimie yer ynense se s oases 23
Classification << sca eign suuia peewee Satoh eee ees Pease Beslan s 24
Catalogue of Species. ose siswaistesedieecweis s dass tes eee ce eels ote y 25
Order Pygopodes; Diving Birds........... sree Mat tei ones aa ieh ISG 25
Order Longipennes; Long-winged Swimmers.............0+2+ee005 28
Order Steganopodes; Totipalmate Swimmers................--004- 34
Order Anseres; Lamellirostral Swimmers ................0e00eeee- 35
Order Herodiones; Herons, Storks, etc...........eseeeeeceeeeeeeee 53
Order Paludicole; Cranes, Rails, etc. ......... 2... cece eee eter eeee 56
Order Limicole; Shore Birds .......... 22.0 cece ccc s eee ceesseeene 62
Order Gallinz; Gallinaceous Birds..........c0.cceeeeeececeseeeees 82
Order Columba; Pigeons, Doves.............0e cece eee eee eeceees 86
Order Raptores; Birds of Prey............ sees eee cece eee e eens eee go
Order Psittaci; Parrots and Paroquets ...........0.eseeee vec ee cues 108
Order Coccyges; Cuckoos, Kingfishers.............00 eee eeeeeee eee 108
Ordé# Pici; Woodpéckers.. ...... ccc. c cone caw nsdeeaiesaageund eee tenes 109
Order Macrochires; Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. ............00eeceeee 113
Order Passeres; Perching Birds............0. cece cence cece sec eeee 115
BiblOSta phy aissauccasaunaratsyss sale macneeerea sahsAameeae eNO 196
Index to ‘Scientific Names: 3oeio: oi6es a eae ealviediviactanccu pews aise 207

Index to Popular Names ....... 0... cece cece eee eee e ence cee en eee 214

INTRODUCTION.

In accordance with the request of the Board of Managers
of The Natural History Survey of The Chicago Academy of,
Sciences, I have prepared the following annotated catalogue
of the birds which have been taken or are positively known to
occur within the limits of our region. I am especially under
obligation for assistance to Mr. J. Grafton Parker, of Chicago,
who has been my almost constant companion in the work of
the field. Mr. Parker has the most exhaustive notes and the
most extensive collection of birds from our area that I know of.
I am also indebted to the following persons, who have furnished
many valuable notes and suggestions: Mr. B. T. Gault, of
Glen Ellyn, a very careful observer who furnished many valu-
able notes from the northern section of Illinois; Mr. Robert
Ridgway, Curator of Birds at the Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington; Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York; Mr. Eliot Blackwelder, of the State Uni-
versity, Madison, Wisconsin; Dr. Claude Tollman, Mr. Ruthven
Deane, Mrs. Agnes Chase, Mr. John F. Ferry, Mr. O. M.
Schantz, Mr. F. S. Dayton, Mr. Herbert E. Walter, Miss Amalie
Hamnig and Mr. Edward B. Clark, of Chicago; Professor S. A.
Forbes, State University, Champaign, Illinois; Mr. A. W. Butler,
Indianapolis, Indiana; Mr. Otto Widman, Old Orchard, Mis-
souri, and Mr. Frank C. Baker, Curator of The Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences. My thanks are due to Mr. Alexander C.
Patterson for the use of a number of photographs of the Chicago
Area.

‘I am especially indebted to Professor William K. Higley,
Secretary of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, who has very
kindly edited the manuscript, and has also rendered very valuable
assistance in compiling the bibliography. Through the kindness
of Mr. George H. Laflin my own collection of birds, made dur-
ing several years of work in the fields of our area, is now in
the Museum of the Academy.

The popular synonyms, which are of considerable importance,
while obtained from many sources, have been largely taken from
Dr. Ridgway’s valuable report on the birds of Illinois, published
by the State under the title “The Ornithology of Illinois.”

Io THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In 1876 Mr. E. W. Nelson published his observations of the
birds of our area. These notes appeared in the Bulletin of the
Essex Institute, Volume VIII, 1876, under the title “Birds of
Northeastern Illinois.” Unless otherwise stated all references to
the observations of Mr. Nelson are quoted from this report.

Another valuable work, which covers a part of our area, is
“The Birds of Indiana,” by Mr. Amos W. Butler, and published
by the state of Indiana as the Twenty-second Annual Report of
“The Department of Geology and Natural Resources.”

TERRITORY.

The territory covered by the Survey includes all of Cook and
Du Page Counties, the nine north townships of Will County and
the northern portion of Lake County, Indiana. In the south-
eastern portion of this area there are numerous lakes and streams
which drain into Lake Michigan and form what is known as the
Calumet Region. In this region lying between the Little Calumet
River and Lake Michigan, chiefly in Indiana, are the sand-hills
or dunes, some of which, northeast of Millers, Lake County,
Indiana, reach a height of nearly 150 feet above the Lake. Some
of these dunes and sand ridges are bare, but others, especially
those further back from the Lake, are more or less covered
with a scanty growth of black oak, northern scrub pine (Pinus
banksiana), white pine of a stunted growth, and various shrubs
and herbs which can live in a sandy soil. Interspersed among
these sand hills are quite a number of small marshes which in
years past formed the favorite breeding places of such water-
fowl as the Blue-winged Teal (Querquedula discors), the Wood
Duck (Aix sponsa), and the Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes
cucullatus). On the hills above several species of hawks and
the Bald Eagles are known to nest. During the year 1897 two
pairs of Bald Eagles raised their young near Millers, Indiana,
almost in sight of the city of Chicago. Owing to the draining
of the Calumet Region nearly all of the smaller lakes have dis-
appeared. Towns have sprung up around all of the larger lakes
of the region, such as Calumet, George and Wolf lakes, and the
study of such birds as the American Egret, Canvas-back Duck,
and birds of similar habits in this region is already a thing of the
past. The drainage in the western portion of the area, which
this report covers, is toward the Mississippi River, which the
water finally reaches by passage through the Desplaines and

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. II

Illinois rivers. This region of our area is much higher and its
influence is shown very plainly among certain varieties of bird
life. The Great Blue Heron nests in great numbers in the tall
timber along the more secluded portions of the Desplaines River,
while only a very few are to be found in the Calumet Region.
Most of our records of Short-billed Marsh Wrens, Cerulean
Warblers, Yellow-throated Vireos, Lark Sparrows, hawks, owls
and other birds show that a very large number of species prefer
the former region, along the Desplaines River. In this region the
land is more heavily timbered and there are also tracts of rich
prairies and pastures. The altitude of Du Page County is much
higher, as a whole, than that of the Calumet Region and a large
portion is quite heavily timbered. This is just such an area as
is enjoyed by many birds. Directly east of this region, along
Lake Michigan, we find deep ravines which afford shelter to
many of our birds during migration. The city of Chicago, and
Calumet, Hyde, Wolf and George lakes lie in the center of this
great basin formed by the areas just described. This tract is but
slightly above the level of Lake Michigan.

CLIMATIC INFLUENCES.

The fact that Chicago has a greater per centum of lake winds
than any other station on the Great Lakes, as may be seen by
consulting the charts of the United States Signal Service, may
account for the large number of northern and maritime species
of birds in which, during the migration periods, this region is
particularly rich. I will quote from Mr. E. W. Nelson’s excel-
lent report on the climate of this area. He says: “Not only is
the influence of the Lake upon the fauna shown by the occurrence
of numerous species of birds, attracted by the presence of a large
body of water with its congenial surroundings, but the influence
of the Lake upon the climate and the vegetation in its immediate
vicinity, has a marked influence upon the list of summer residents.

“As is well known, the country bordering upon the Great
Lakes-has an average lower temperature during the summer,
and a higher temperature during the winter, than the surrounding
districts. This has a decided effect upon the movements and
distribution of the birds in the vicinity of these large bodies’
of water. This influence is shown in a retardation, often of a

week or more, in the spring migration, and in the scarcity of
%

12 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

small woodland species during the breeding season. Although
birds are exceedingly numerous here during the migrations, and
the number of species found during summer compares favorably
with the number found at the same season in other localities hav-
ing the same latitude, they are represented by decidedly few
individuals. This fact is especially noticeable after one has
passed a day in the marshes of the vicinity, where the abundance
of numerous marsh and water birds, both in species and indi-
viduals, would lead one to suppose the woods were equally
favored.”

In connection with the study of the birds of this area, the
statement of Professor Henry J. Cox, Weather Forecaster of
this district is very interesting and useful. He says: “The
climate of Chicago is quite variable, as is characteristic of places
situated in the temperate zone, especially in the interior of the
United States. The extreme range of temperature during the
past thirty-three years has been 129 degrees, from a maximum
of 103 degrees to a minimum of 26 degrees below zero. This
variation, however, is not as great as what usually takes place
in other sections of the Northern States. Located as it is at the
southern end of Lake Michigan, the extreme heat of summer and
cold of winter are tempered by the waters bordering the city. * * *
In winter the influence of the Lake on the temperature is also
very great in producing equable conditions. The extreme rec-
ords in the interior are not approached along its shores.”

Professor Cox also says that this “area is not in the course of
any regular storm track, generally merely being on the edges
of the storms that pass to the north over Lake Superior or to
the storms that pass to the south over the Ohio valley. The
prevailing direction of the wind is southwest, for the year as a
whole. During the spring and early summer the wind is mostly
northeast.” There are, however, at times brisk and sometimes
strong winds which are more beneficial than objectionable.
These conditions of weather are far from objectionable to the
birds, at least during their migrations, The area is also one that
is seldom visited by droughts or by protracted rain periods.
Especially pleasant weather in the autumn is one of the strong
points of this region, and is especially favorable to the fall migra-
tion of the birds. “It is the time of the year when rain is least
needed and when but little falls. It is the time of protracted
sunshine and delightful weather.” It is not at all strange that so

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 13

many species of birds select this area as a route for their migra-
tions, when every condition is so favorable to their needs.

Occasionally, however, our area has had changes of tempera-
ture or other weather conditions which have been very severe for
bird life at times. The destruction of the more delicate of our
smaller birds during the spring migration period by a sudden
dropping of the temperature, high northeasterly winds and cold
rain storms, sometimes occurs. This may account for the scar-
city of certain species some years when during the previous year
they may have been common. This destruction from natural
causes is well explained by the observations of Dr. Joseph L.
Hancock.* He says: “Usually at this time of year (May 20)
the small land birds have passed us on their northward migration,
but this spring (1888) the weather has been so unfavorable that
they have been much delayed, the Warblers, especially, and have
suffered great loss of life.

“While it is usual to see many of these birds passing from
tree to tree in the city, this spring on May 12 they were observed
in great numbers scattered over the ground in open lots, and on
the larger prairies within the city. Many were likewise noticed
in the thronged thoroughfares in the business part of the town
where some were run down by passing vehicles, and others met
their death under the feet of pedestrians. They would permit
a close approach, but when almost stepped upon would make a
spasmodic effort to mount into the air, only to find themselves
dropping back to the ground again, helpless, weak, and benumbed.
by the cold. This strange effect of the weather on the birds

_ extended over many miles of country and across Lake Michigan

to the east. The shores between Lake Forest, Evanston, and Chi-
cago were bestrewn with lifeless birds which had been washed
up by the waves.” Dr. Hancock found that many species of
birds were profoundly affected by the weather, allowing approach
which would be next to impossible under ordinary conditions.
He says the warblers could easily have been taken in a small
hand net.

The destruction of bird life through the changes of tempera-
ture is very great, and often accounts for the scarcity of certain
birds or the change of their route of migration during some years.
The effect of severe weather which destroyed countless hundreds
of bluebirds in 1895 is splendidly described by Mr. Otto Widman,

*Auk. Vol. V, 1888, 432-433.

I4 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY (Qr SCIENCES.

of Old Orchard, Missouri, in.a letter to me, dated July 4, 1895.
He says: “The greatest enemy of bird life in winter is neither
cold nor snow, but rain. That is, rain which falls at a momentary
rise of temperature preceded and followed by low temperature.
Such a misty, drizzling rain coming in contact with a cold surface
congeals immediately and incases every object from the smallest
blades of grass to the top of the highest trees.

“Fortunately these rains do not occur every winter, and when
they do, they are usually soon followed by warm or moderately
cold weather. I suppose that every bird can fast a few days,
if in good condition, and if the temperature is not unusually low.
Such a rain occured on Friday, January 25, 1895. The tempera-
ture on the twenty-fourth was as low as six degrees with a raw
northeast wind. During the night the temperature rose to twen-
ty-six degrees when it began to rain. In the afternoon the rain
turned into snow and at five o’clock a high wind of forty-eight
miles an hour set in with rapidly falling temperature. This storm
inaugurated an era of three weeks of unrelenting severity. For
eight days everything remained buried under ice and snow, and
the air was so cold that the sun’s strongest rays could not melt
the ice from the most exposed surfaces. It might be supposed
that birds like bluebirds and robins would start and go south at
the very outset of such a glaciation. This is not the case. They
brave the adversity; they know they have successfully gone
through severe trials of a similar nature. They wait. Not hav-
ing visited their haunts during the cold spell, I have not seen
any bluebirds after the twenty-third of January, but robins visit-
ing the orchards in my neighborhood were seen nearly every
day, even on the very coldest, the eighth of February, when the
temperature at our place was as low as twenty degrees below
zero. But even if they had gone further south a similar state
of affairs would have confronted them everywhere. The whole
of the southern states were one vast sheet of ice and snow for
many days, and even when provided with food birds may suc-
cumb to the effect of low temperature at times of rain or deep
snow. I am feeding the birds around my house every winter
with broken hickory and walnut meats, grain and pork, still
nearly every winter some of my boarders lose their lives through
freezing. Even the imported sparrows freeze in their warm
nests. A Carolina Chickadee was picked up early one morning as
it fell from a tree, dead. A Tufted Titmouse and a nuthatch were

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 15

also found after a cold spell. The only sapsucker which stayed
with me last-winter and tapped the sugar maples successfully as
early as New Year’s day, succumbed to the cold on the tenth
of February. Of the vast number of birds that perished in the
woods and fields we shall never hear, because in such hard times
the hungry eyes of beasts and birds of prey, of crows and shrikes,
jays and others have found them long before man would get a
chance. Still in the southern states, where bluebirds had already
taken up their holes, the instances where dead bluebirds have been
found by man are on record. Mrs. Stephenson of Helena, Ar-
kansas, wrote me of several cases which came to her knowledge.

“Besides the Bluebirds and Robins several species seemed to
have suffered great losses. In the first place the Myrtle Warbler.
The yield of favorite berries, wild grapes and poison ivy being
great, numbers of the birds remained in our woods. Hundreds
were seen in our tract as late as the twentieth of January. When
spring migrants came very few passed through here.”

I quote from Mr. Widman’s letter fully for it well illustrates
the reason why in the spring of some years the migration of cer-
tain species seems far too small in the more northern states.

LOCALITIES OF INTEREST.

An unusually rich field for the study of maritime species and
occasional visitors from the far north is in the vicinity of Millers,
Indiana, about thirty miles southeast of Chicago, and within the
limits of our area. (See plate 1 and frontispiece). This locality
is near the southern end of Lake Michigan. Here may be seen,
particularly during the fall migration, such species as the Glau-
cous Gull (Larus glaucts), the Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), the
Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia), the Dowitcher (Macrorhampus
griseus), the Knot (Tringa canutus), the Purple Sandpiper (Ar-
quatella maritima), the Baird’s Sandpiper (Actodromas bairdit),
the Sanderling (Calidris arenaria), the Willet (Symphemia semi-
palmata), the Black-bellied Plover (Squatarola squatarola), the
Semipalmated Plover (4 gialitis semipalmata), and the Turn-
stone (Arenaria interpres).

On the rich meadows in the western portion of Cook County,
in the vicinity of Worth Township, may be found resident such
species as Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), Grass-
hoppcr Sparrow (Coturniculus savannarum passerinus), Lark
Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), and during migrations Le-

16 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

conte’s Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii), Smith’s Longspur
(Calcarius pictus), Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus),
and others.

An especially good field for studying the warblers during their
migrations is in the higher timbered region of DuPage County, in
the northern portion of our area. Here we also have as summer
residents the Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus), the Yellow-throated
Vireo (Vireo flavifrons), and the Black-throated Blue Warbler
(Dendroica cerulescens). While about the region of Chicago
with its chains of lakes divided by long ridges of timber may be
found all of our more common forms of bird life in abundance.

The fine city parks of Chicago are the most favorable localities
in which the birds may be studied with a field glass. The wooded
island in Jackson Park is an excellent place for the study of the
water loving passeres, such as the Prothonotary Warbler, Water
Thrushes and Swamp Sparrows. Lincoln Park (see plate IT)
one and one-half miles long, bordering on.Lake Michigan, with
its lagoons and lakes, numerous wooded knolls and hills, is a
wonderfully attractive locality for the study of birds. On Septem-
ber 18, 1894, in one small patch of bushes near the greenhouse,
I found twelve specimens of the Connecticut Warbler.

To show what an excellent locality Lincoln Park is for the
study of birds I desire to call attention to the work of Professor
Herbert Eugene Walter, of the Robert A. Waller High School,
in Chicago, who published a little book, “Wild Birds in City
Parks.” This valuable little work consists of hints on the identi-
fying of 145 birds, which he has observed and studied during the
spring migrations in Lincoln Park. The object of this book is
to furnish those who may be interested in making the acquain-
tance of wild birds with a simple letter of introduction to these
birds, the majority of which are commonly seen during the spring
migration.

It would be a difficult matter to find a more interesting and
fertile field for the study of birds than our area. The great wooded
region north of us; Lake Michigan on the east; the desolate
sandy southern portion, somewhat resembling the western plains
and upon which there are found growing quite a number of
western plants and the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia, rafinesquii),
the whole area forming an attraction for birds which favor such
localities. What greater inducements could be offered birds to
visit our area during their migrations, for south and west of us

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 17

there are rich broad fields with ridges of timber, and several large
rivers, the Illinois, the Ohio, and the Mississippi, which tend to
lead the birds to us. Combining as we do, to a greater or less
extent, the characteristics of the western plains, the southern
- swamps, and the eastern characteristics as well as boreal effects,
many Arctic and maritime species are found at times within our
limits.

Then again a large portion of our area, lying in a great basin
formed by the old lake beaches and the wooded hills of Lake
and DuPage Counties, the temperature influenced by that of Lake
Michigan, forms what might be called a wind harbor causing
at times a perfect deluge of migrating birds. Several times in
the past twelve or more years such birds as the Painted Long-
spurs and Snowflakes, birds which only casually visit us, have
appeared in countless numbers and have stayed with us often
as late as the seventh of May. I obtained specimens of Smith’s
Longspur (Calcarius pictus) in almost full breeding plumage
on the fifth of May, 1896.

During especially severe winters a number of northern spe-
cies, such as Crossbills, Bohemian Waxwings, and Evening Gros-
beaks, arrive in large numbers to spend several weeks in our cli-
mate, which seems to be an attraction for them. Much more
time is spent by these birds with us, apparently, than in the
regions lying outside of our area. I believe that the reason for
this is the temperate basin, which I have spoken of as a wind
harbor, and the influences of Lake Michigan.

SOME EXISTING CONDITIONS OPPOSED TO THE
BIRDS.

As our territory becomes more thickly populated each year,
the struggle for existence among our wild birds to remain and
breed in their old haunts is really pitiful. The most secluded spots
on our smaller streams and marshes are often fairly crowded
with the nests of the poor birds which in years past were
spread over a large territory. If the unscrupulous collectors are
not restrained the species which I mention below will disappear
entirely from our area. In 1891, hundreds of Black Terns (Hy-
drochelidon nigra surinamensis) nested along the shores of Calu-
met Lake, Hyde Lake, and the feeders of the Desplaines River.
Today it would be difficult to find one of these birds nesting

18 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

within our area. The Wilson’s Phalarope (Steganopus tricolor),
the most interesting and curious of our Limicolez, have been
shot and practically driven from our area through the persecution
of Chicago sportsmen and egg-hunters. The same condition ex-
ists with the Woodcock (Philohela minor), the birds being driven
into several small areas and the nests robbed. In 1890, I hunted
in vain for the Pied-billed Grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) which I
expected to find nesting on the borders of the lakes of our area,
and finally I was surprised, while roving along the shore of a
small creek which flows into the Desplaines River, to find a
large colony of these grebes nesting in a small, reedy patch of
meadow. This was a-very unusual occutrence in the nesting hab-
its of these birds within our area, but was easily explained, for
they had been driven from all other suitable localities. I counted
seven nests within a space fifty feet square. I found the same
condition of affairs existing in the habits of the Florida Galli-
nules and the King Rails. I mention these facts hoping that
these conditions will influence every student of bird life to use
his efforts to stop all unnecessary destruction of our native
birds. On August 1, 1897, I found two pairs of Belted Piping
Plover (4 gialitis meloda circumcincta) nesting on the lake
shore. One family of five was destroyed by collectors, as this
species had not been reported for years and was supposed to
have been of accidental occurrence until the young of this pair
were found. By asking the assistance of the fishermen on the
beach in an attempt to protect the balance of the birds, the re-
maining pair successfully raised their young. At the present
date, there are probably twenty pairs or so nesting, during the
breeding season, within our area, but as their eggs command a
high price and the majority of the collectors are indifferent, we
may soon expect to have this fine bird disappear from our region.

Our bird fauna has differed surprisingly little during the
past twenty years. The most marked variation, perhaps, has
been among the Arctic species of gulls and ducks. In 1876 the
Eider Ducks, the Scoters, the Glaucous Gulls, the Franklin’s
Gulls and other birds of a similar nature, were of common occur-
rence. They are, however, much less common at the present
time. I can only account for this condition by the fact of the
largely increased number of hunters. Many of the sportsmen of
our city, who seemingly cannot wait for the regular hunting
season, shoot great numbers of the Old Squaw Ducks, Scoters,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 19

and Red-breasted Mergansers or Sheldrakes, all of which are
totally unfit for food. As this is probably done along the shores
of the entire group of lakes in the northern United States, it is
evident that most of our rare winter visitants are shot before
they can reach us, or are possibly forced to seek other localities
which seem safer to them. I know of one gentleman, an enthu-
siastic sportsman, who shot sixty-four Old Squaw Ducks from
the government pier in Chicago, thinking they were Pintails or
some other edible ducks. He cheerfully presented some of them
to friends, who of course had to throw them away. As these
ducks are useful scavengers, and of as great value to us as the
Turkey Vulture and the sea gulls, they should not be shot in
this manner. It is because of this needless slaughter of birds
that the Ivory-billed Woodpecker, the Carolina Paroquet, the
Eskimo Curlew, the Passenger Pigeon, and the Wild Turkey
have disappeared forever from the localities which they formerly
frequented.

EXTRALIMITAL BIRDS.

In a locality situated as our area is on the shore of a large
body of water, it is very important that we should always have
in mind the possibility of birds appearing within our limits which
are truly extralimital. Mr. E. W. Nelson has well expressed
the peculiar situation of this area, and his words so well show
its nature that I will quote them: “The region about the south-
ern end of Lake Michigan, in Illinois, presents an unusually fer-
tile field for the ornithologist. Situated, as it is, midway between
the wooded region of the East and the treeless plains of the West,
with the warm river bottoms of the South, rich in southern species,
extending within a comparatively short distance, and the Great
Lakes upon the north, Northeastern Illinois forms a kind of
‘four corners’ where the avian-faune of four regions intergrade.
To the proximity of Lake Michigan we are indebted for a number
of more or less strictly maritime species.’ From the action of
fierce storms raging inland from the sea coast, and the occurrence
of many maritime species, which have been seen and taken just
out of the boundaries of our area, such as Brunnich’s Murre
(Uria lomvia), Burgomaster Gull (Larus glaucus), Man-o’-War
Bird (Fregato aquila), we are liable i ntime to find a number of
our sea coast birds, along the chain of Great Lakes. As a
special illustration of this fact, I will speak of the occurrence of

20 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the Man-o’-War Bird not far from our area. I quote from Mr.
A. W. Butler’s “Birds of Indiana” where he says: “In the fall
of 1896 I saw, in the office of Mr. J. E. Beasley, the well known
taxidermist, at Lebanon, Indiana, a nicely mounted specimen of
a young male of this species. I learned it was killed near Shel-
-byville, Indiana, July 14, 1896, by Mr. W. S. Patterson, and came
into Mr. Beasley’s hands for preservation the next day.” A rec-
ord of the finding of this species north of us is that of a specimen
in the Milwaukee Public Museum, which was killed in the vicinity
. of Humbolt, Wisconsin, a few miles north of Milwaukee, in Au-
gust, 1880. I believe that especial interest should be taken in our
extralimital species, as I find that the efforts of nearly all of our
careful observers along this line have been successful, and have
added during late years such birds as the Kittiwake Gull (Rissa
tridactyla), Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus), and the Caspian
Tern (Sterna caspia), to our list of accidental visitants.

Mr. E. W. Nelson in his “Birds of Northeastern Illinois,”
names the following birds, which are extralimital to the region
covered by this report, but have been observed or captured not
far from our limits. A single specimen of Townsend’s Soli-
taire (Myadestes townsendii) was obtained December 16, 1875,
by Mr. Charles Douglas, at Waukegan. This bird was found in
a sheltered ravine near the lake shore. Dr. Hoy observed a
small flock of the Hudsonian Chickadee (Parus hiudsonicus) near
Racine, Wisconsin, in January, 1852. The Worm-eating War-
bler (Helmitherus vermivorus) Mr. Nelson speaks of as a very
rare visitant and says a single specimen was observed May 21,
1876, at Waukegan. The Sycamore Warbler (Dendroica domin-
ica albilora) Mr. Nelson gives as a very rare summer visitant
from the south. The species was then known to be a common
summer resident in the vicinity of Indianapolis, Indiana. The
Intermediate Sparrow, a variety of the White-crowned Sparrow,
(Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia) was found by Dr. Hoy
near Racine. This far western bird was taken by him in April,
1871. The Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia coronata), is
another western bird taken by Dr. Hoy in his garden at Racine
in April, 1858. The Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) was
taken by Dr. Hoy near Racine in the winter of 1859, and Mr.
Nelson thinks this species may have been a regular winter visi-
tant in the northern portion of Illinois before the pine forests
along the lake shore were destroyed. The Wood Ibis (Tantalus

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 21

loculator) Mr. Nelson speaks of as “an exceedingly rare summer
visitant from southern Illinois.” He also says that Dr. Hoy has
a specimen obtained at Racine, September 10, 1869. The Glossy
This (Plegadis autwmnalis) Mr. Nelson speaks of as “a very rare
visitant” and says that he knows of two or three instances of its
occurrence in our vicinity. The Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccina-
tor) Mr. Nelson thought occurred during its migration periods,
and there is really no reason why it may not. The Greater Scaup
Duck (Aythya marila) Mr. Nelson considered “a rare migrant.”
The Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) Mr. Nelson re-
ports as a “rather rare winter resident upon Lake Michigan,” and
says that Dr. Hoy secured several specimens at Racine. The King
Eider (Somateria spectabilis) Mr. Nelson speaks of as a “rare
winter visitant—perhaps winter resident—to Lake Michigan and
other parts of the State.” It is known that its range includes
Illinois. The Florida Cormorant (Phalacrocorax dilophus flori-
danus), which is known to be a summer resident in the southern
portion of Illinois, Mr. Nelson states was observed at Waukegan
in May, 1876. The White-winged or Iceland Gull (Larus leu-
copterus), and the Great Black-backed or Saddle-back Gull
(Larus marinus) Mr. Nelson states are not uncommon winter
residents on Lake Michigan. He also records Franklin’s Gull
(Larus franklinii) as a.rare visitant to Lake Michigan, and that
a specimen was obtained at Milwaukee in 1850. The Gull-billed
Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) Mr. Nelson records as “an exceed-
ingly rare visitant during summer,” and he also speaks of the
Royal Tern (Sterna maxima) as being an exceedingly rare sum-
mer visitant to Lake Michigan. The Black-throated Loon (Uri-
nator arcticus) Mr. Nelson records as “a very rare winter visitant
upon Lake Michigan,” and speaks of specimens as taken at Ra-
cine and Milwaukee. As this species is known to casually occur
both in autumn and winter in the northern United States it is
liable to be found within our region.

While Mr. Nelson’s report covers a somewhat larger area than
is included in this report, the limits of his area are only a very
few miles bevond those of ours. The city of Racine, which he
so frequently mentions, is about sixty-two miles north of Chica-
go, in Wisconsin very near the southern boundary of that
state and on the shore of Lake Michigan. Waukegan, also fre-
quently mentioned by Mr. Nelson, is located in Illinois and is
thirty-six miles north of Chicago.

22 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

All persons who are interested in the study of birds within
the limits of our region, should be watching for the following
species which are liable to visit the area:

The Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus) which is
known to visit the Great Lakes in the winter.

The Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus) which is
known to have visited Lake Michigan in our vicinity during the
winter. ?

The Cackling Goose (Branta canadensis minima), a small
western species, has been observed in Wisconsin, Illinois and
Michigan. These geese are Pacific coast birds, breeding in the
far north and migrating southward in winter to California and
sometimes eastward at least to the Mississippi Valley. I have
taken five of these birds at Meredosia, Illinois.

The following species may also very rarely visit our area, as
specimens have been taken near us or have been known to visit
the Great Lakes:

Hudsonian Chickadee (Parus hudsonicus).

Water-thrush (Seiurus noveboracensis). This species was re-
ported by Mr. Robert Kennicott, in his “Catalogue of Animals
Observed in Cook County, Illinois.” This was published
during the year 1855, and since that time some of the birds
then included under this specific name have been placed
in a variety known as Grinnell’s Water-thrush under the
varietal name notabilis. As the variety has been known to
frequent our area, I am inclined to think that the birds ob-
served by Mr. Kennicott and others belong to this variety
which was given its name in 1880, several years after the time
of his investigations. i

Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis), specimens of which were
observed by Dr. Hoy in southern Wisconsin. -

Iceland Gull (Larus leucopterus). This species is known to
frequent the Great Lakes during the winter, and is also known
to pass even further south:

King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) is known to occasionally
visit the Great Lakes. It has also been reported from Iowa
and northern Ohio.

The Ruff (Pavoncella pugnar) has been recorded from English
Lake, Indiana, by Mr. Ruthven Deane (Auk, XXII, October,
1905, p. 410) and should be looked for among the shore
birds which visit our lakes.

a

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 23

MIGRATION OF THE BIRDS.

Of the migration of the birds of our region, depending as
it does almost entirely upon the weather conditions, little more
can be said beyond the individual reports of arrival and de-
parture. This is especially true of the insect-feeding birds
which are very sensitive and deeply feel all sudden changes of
temperature. They are “perfect barometers in that respect.”
Some years the migration of the birds is greatly impeded by
severe or variable weather, and in these years quite large numbers
of migrant birds have been destroyed by sudden changes to cold
and stormy weather from a fair and warmer atmosphere, which
has attracted the birds. The interesting Bluebirds appear usually
about the middle of March, but it was my pleasure to observe
one as early as February 22, and Mr. Benjamin T. Gault heard
one calling at Glen Ellyn, not far west of Chicago, on February
28, 1896.

The height of migration of the Passeres in our area seems
to be from the first to the tenth of May in the spring, and about
the middle of September in the fall. It will be of interest to
note the height of migration during eight years, from 1893 to
1900, as recorded by Mr. Gault at Glen Ellyn, Illinois. His
record is as follows, and is the result of his observations of the
vireos, the warblers, and the smaller thrushes used as an index
or basis to mark the height of the spring migration season:

SOR eraaese eden eee ’....May 12 to 14 inclusive
1804: 8 cksiemaw wees cies May 14 to 16 inclusive
LOG sssiaavs Cncitere aaeiercsevecannices May 19 to 23 inclusive
T8060: coisa eines May 6 to 12 inclusive
1807s cs cemmuees Geese at May 8 to 15 inclusive
1808 cvcsle ees bes ae May 13 to 20 inclusive
T8Q0s 6s sie sists suede ce ae May II to Ig inclusive
TQOO 2-2 sapS au ae ae re we 2k May 15 to 19 inclusive

The maritime birds straggle through our area in the spring
from April to June. It is a rather strange fact that late in May
and in June there may sometimes be seen large flocks of Red-
backed Sandpipers (Pelidna alpina sakhalina), Black-bellied
Plovers (Squatarola squatarola), the Knot or Robin Snipe
(Tringa canutus), the Least Sandpiper (Actodromas minutilla),
and the Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus) along the
shores of our smaller lakes. Whether these birds are simply

24 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

_late migrants, or those which do not intend to nest in the north
it seems difficult to state.

CLASSIFICATION.

The classification adopted for this catalogue is that of the
American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list, with such additions
and corrections as have been published from time to time in the
“Auk.” My thanks are due to Mr. J. A. Allen, Curator of the
Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City, for BaSistaniee in
correcting the classification of certain species.

Mr. Robert Ridgway’s magnificent work on the Birds of
North and Middle America has not been available as a basis for
classification as its publication is unfinished; and also for the
reason that the sweeping changes in nomenclature in that monu-
mental work might lessen the value of a purely local catalogue.
A number of changes in specific and generic names, however,
have been adopted from Mr. Ridgway’s work.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 25

CATALOGUE OF SPECIES.

ORDER PYGOPODES: DIVING BIRDS.

FAMILY PODICIPIDZ: GREBES.
Genus COLYMBUS Linneus, 1758.

Colymbus holbellii (Reinh.). Holbeell’s Grebe.

Podiceps rubricollis NurtaLt, Manual, II, 1834, 253.

Podiceps holbeilii REINu., Vid. Meddel, 1853, 76.

Podiceps griseigena var. holbolli NELSON, Bull. Essex Institute, Vol.
VIII, 1876, 150.

Podiceps griseigena var. holbéllii Cours, Key, 1872, 337.

Colymbus holbellii Ripgway, Water B. N. Amer., II, 1884, 428.

Popular synonyms: AMERICAN RED-NECKED GREBE. CoopPER’s GREBE.

The only record that I have found of the occurrence of Hol-
beell’s Grebe within our limits is that of Mr. E. W. Nelson, who
says*: “Rather uncommon winter resident upon Lake Michi-
gan.” Mr. Ridgway sayst that it is a winter visitant to Illinois.
This being the case it would naturally appear upon the lake
border of our district.

The range of this grebe is North America in general, in-
cluding Greenland. It breeds from Minnesota and Maine north-
ward and migrates, in winter, southward quite through the
United States. It is also a native of eastern Siberia, southward
to Japan.

Colymbus auritus Linneus. Horned Grebe.

Colymbus auritus Linnzus, 8. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 135.
Podiceps cornutus LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 783.

Popular synonyms: Dusky GREBE. HELL-DIVER.

Mr. E. W. Nelson in his report on the Birds of Northeastern
Illinois, states that in 1876 this species occurred casually from the
first of October to the tenth of November and during April.
He also states that it bred sparingly on the small lakes of this
region. Mr. George L. Toppan has a specimen in the downy
plumage, taken May 24, 1878, at Sheffield, Indiana. Mr. J. G.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. cof the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 150.
Birds of Illinois, Vol. II, 1895, 260

26 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Parker, Jr., obtained one specimen on April 1, 1890, from a flock
of six at Grand Crossing. My own observations are as follows:
Took one specimen of two, observed on Lake Calumet May 28,
1889, and one at Worth, Illinois, on September 18, 1889.

The above observations would appear to indicate that the
Horned Grebe, which is exceedingly tame during its migrations,
is very shy and retiring during the nesting period, as no breeding
notes have been obtained since 1878 for this area. I also find
that this species has been reported a great many times. Its range
covers the northern hemisphere, and in North America it breeds
in the northern United States and northward.

Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heerm.). American Eared Grebe.

Podiceps auritus NUTTALL, Manual, II. 1834, 256.

Podiceps californicus HEERM., Proc., Acad.- Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,1854,
179.

Podiceps auritus var. californicus NELSON, Bull. Essex Institute, Vol.
VIII, 1876, 151.

Colymbus nigricollis californicus Ripgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
VIII, 1885, 356.

Popular synonym: CALIFORNIA GREBE.

While the American Eared Grebe has been reported several
times as occurring within our limits, I have not been able to
find a single record of an authentic specimen of this species
having been taken. The only published record is that of Mr.
E. W. Nelson, who says*: “Not uncommon in winter upon
Lake Michigan. Several species of grebes and a number of
ducks are occasionally taken during the winter upon the hooks,
set several miles off shore by the fishermen.”

The range of this grebe includes northern and western North
America from the Mississippi Valley westward.

Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson, 1831.

Podilymbus podiceps (Linneus). Pied-billed Grebe.
Colymbus podiceps LINNz&XUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136.
Podilymbus podiceps Lawk., io Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 898.

Popular synonyms: MWELL-DIVER. DI-DAPPER. WATER WITCH. DAB-
CHICK. CAROLINA GREBE.

A common summer resident, arriving the last of March and

leaving in November. It nests abundantly with us on most of

our small lakes. It is a bird of wide distribution, its range ex-

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 151.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 27

tending from the British Provinces southward to Brazil, the
Argentine Republic and Chili, and is also found in the West
Indies and Bermuda. It breeds nearly throughout its range.

FAMILY GAVID4: LOONS.
Genus GAVIA Forster, 1788.

Gavia imber (Gunnerus). Loon.
Colymbus imber GUNNERUS, Trondh. Selsk. Skr., I, 1761, pl. iii.
Columbus toquatus BRunn., Orn. Bor., 1764, 41.
Urinator imber STEIJNEGER, Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., 1885, 313.
Gavia imber ALLEN, Auk, XIV, July, 1897, 312.
Popular synonyms: GrRreatT NorRTHERN DIVER. WALLOON. GUINEA
Duck. Hetty Diver.

This species is resident and not uncommon. It is the largest
and most active of our diving birds, and may be looked for at
all times of the year. Mr. Robert Ridgway says, in his Birds
of Illinois, that the Loon winters in the southern portion of the
state. At times, this bird is caught in the gill nets of the lake
fishermen. In diving, the Loon becomes entangled in the
meshes of the net and is killed.

The Loon’s range covers the northern part of the northern
hemisphere, and in North America it breeds from the northern
portion of the United States northward, and winters as far
south as the Gulf of Mexico and Lower California.

It may be of interest to mention a set of eggs which I collected
at Deer Lake, three miles from Hickory, Illinois, in May, 1892.
The nest was on the end of a long piece of bog land which ex-
tended about seventy-five yards into the lake. The nest was a
circular mass of decayed rushes, scraped together so as to pre-
vent the eggs from rolling into the water.

Gavia lumme (Gunnerus). Red-throated Loon.
Colymbus lumme GUNNERUS, Trondh. Selsk. Skr., I. 1761, pl. ii, fig. 2.
Colymbus septentrionalis LiInnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1766, 220 (adult).
Urinator lumme STEIJNEGER, Pr. U. S. National Museum, V, 1882, 43.

Popular synonym: RED-THROATED DIVER.

The Red-throated Loon seemingly can be admitted to the
bird fauna of the Chicago Area only as a rare winter visitant.
The only records that I can find of the taking of this species
within our limits are those of three specimens, the dead bodies
of which were found on the lake shore at Evanston, February 15,
1870. These specimens are now in the museum of the North-

28 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

western University at Evanston. Mr. H. K. Coale also reports
the taking of a specimen at Chicago, February 23, 1885.

Mr. E. W. Nelson has reported the Red-throated Loon a
common winter resident upon Lake Michigan in 1876. It has
an extensive range which includes the northern part of the north-
ern hemisphere. It migrates southward in winter nearly across
the United States.

ORDER LONGIPENNES: LONG-WINGED

SWIMMERS.

FAMILY STERCORARIIDA: THE SKUAS
AND JAEGERS.

Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson, 1760.

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.). Pomaine Jaeger.

Larus pomarinus TemM., Man. d’Orn., 1815, 514.
Stercorarius pomarinus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict., XXXII, 1819, 158.

Popular synonyms: GULL-CHASER. GULL-HUNTER.

Mr. E. W. Nelson, who records the only occurences of this
bird within our limits, says (Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornitholog-
ical Club, July, 1876, p. 41): “From the description of a bird
‘ seen with a flock of gulls near Evanston, Illinois, by F. L. Rice
of that place, and the account of a: strange gull occasionally seen
by a sportsman who does considerable shooting on Lake Michi-
gan, I am certain this species is a rare visitant during severe
winters.” Mr. Nelson also reports seeing one of these birds on
October 9, 1876, at Chicago. It was “a fine adult specimen
flying along the Lake shore, and so near that there could be no
possibility of mistake.”*

It does not seem strange that this Jaeger might appear as
a rare winter visitant on the waters of Lake Michigan, for its
range includes the seas and inland waters of the northern por-
tion of the northern hemisphere. In the winter, it migrates
southward to Africa, Australia and from North America to South
America.

Genus RISSA Stephens, 1825.

Rissa tridactyla (Linneus). Kittiwake.

Larus tridactylus LINNxwus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 186.
Rissa tridactyla BONAPARTE, Comp. List, 1838, 62.

Popular synonyms: WINTER GULL. KITTIWAKE GULL.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 145.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 29

The Kittiwake is a very rare winter visitant. Mr. E. W.
Nelson observed it at Chicago, and he with Dr. P. R. Hoy report
seeing it at Waukegan, Illinois. However, I can find no record
of its capture prior to that of the specimen now in the museum
of The Chicago Academy of Sciences. This specimen is a young
bird which has the black patch on the lower part of the neck
and the band on the tail well defined. The tail has a slightly
forked appearance. It was shot by Mr. Chris. Wagner, and pur-
chased for the Academy.

A gull supposed to be the Kittiwake has been observed on the
lagoons of Jackson Park, Chicago, in the month of April, 1904.

While the visits of the Kittiwake are rare, it is quite apt to
appear in our vicinity during especially severe winters. Its
range includes the Arctic regions but in winter it passes south-
ward to the Great Lakes.

Genus LARUS Linneus, 1758.

Larus glaucus Briinn. Glaucus Gull.
Larus glaucus BRunn., Orn. Bor., 1764, 44.
. Popular synonyms: BurcoOMASTER. WHITE GULL. HUTCHIN’S GULL.

Mr. Robert Ridgway says that the Glaucous Gull is an Arctic
bird which occasionally visits Lake Michigan in the winter.
In the writer’s collection there is a specimen in the pure white
plumage of the second year which was captured at Millers, In-
diana, August 8, 1897. When shot, the bird was alone and
flying along the beach of Lake Michigan. Three specimens
were also taken by Dr. P. R. Hoy several years ago at Racine,
Wisconsin.

The Glaucous Gull is a bird of the Arctic regions which passes
southward in winter to the Great Lakes and Long Island.

Larus argentatus Briinn. Herring Gull.

Larus argentatus BRUNN., Orn. Bor., 1764, 44.

Larus smithsonianus Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862,
296.

Larus argentatus var. smithsonianus Cours, Check List, 1873, no.
547a.

Larus argentatus argentatus Cours, B. of N. W., 1874, 625.

Popular synonyms: SEA GuLL. GRAy GULL.

A common winter resident, arriving in November and remain-
ing until May. They may be seen in company with the Ring-
billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) when the lake is quite frozen

30 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

over, searching for airholes where they may find a few dead
fish upon which to feed.

Mr. E. W. Nelson in his “Birds of Northeastern Illinois”
gives the following note under the name Larus argentatus, or the
European Herring Gull: “A single specimen, an adult female,
was obtained in the Chicago harbor March 27, 1876.” ‘This note
is of considerable interest, for at that time the American Herring
Gull was considered a variety (Larus argentatus smithsonianus)
of the European species which was known in this country only as
a very casual visitor to the Atlantic seacoast. Mr. Nelson also
states that this specimen was examined by Dr. Coues and Mr.
Ridgway, who pronounced it identical with the European bird.
He says of the specimen: “The most striking peculiarity is its
small size and the white terminal space over two inches long,
upon the outer primary. Iris hazel.” In the “Birds of Illinois”
Mr. Ridgway says: “According to Mr. Nelson, the iris of this
specimen was ‘hazel.’ If this was really the case (which there
is no reason for doubting), the specimen can hardly have been L.
argentatus in either of its forms, which, when adult (the bird
in question was an adult female), always has the iris yellow. L.
californicus has a dark brown or hazel iris, and it may possibly
be that species ; at any rate the case is one of considerable impor-
tance and the specimen should, if it can be traced, be carefully re-
examined.” .

It is interesting to watch the flocks of gulls hovering near
the outlets of the sewers along the lake-front in the city of
Chicago. As the birds are never molested they are fearless and
one can approach within a few yards of them, thus obtaining a
splendid opportunity for determining the various species which
form the flocks. In these flocks, I have only succeeded in find-
ing three species. These were the Herring Gull, the Ring-billed
Gull and the Bonaparte’s Gull. In the spring, the Herring Gulls
may bé seen on many of our rivers and quite a distance inland,
where they frequent the overflowed meadows, looking for fish
which may have frozen during the winter and which lie dead
upon the surface.

The geographical range of the Herring Gull quite covers the
northern portion of the northern hemisphere. In North America,
its breeding range extends from the northern portion of the
United States northward, and it winters as far south as Cuba
and Lower California.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 31

Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull.
Larus delawarensis ORD, Guthrie’s Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 319.

A common winter resident, staying in our vicinity from about
the last of September until about April 29. This species is often
confounded with the Herring Gull unless the two are seen to-
gether, when it will be noticed that the Ring-billed Gull is much
the smaller of the two, and that the light greenish bill is crossed
by a dark band near the tip.

This is a characteristic gull of North America; and in winter
it may be seen as far south as Cuba and Mexico.

Larus philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte’s Gull.
Sterna philadelphia OnvD, Guthrie’s Geog., 2d Amer. ed., II, 1815, 319.
Larus Bonapartii NUTTALL, Manual, II, 1834, 294.
Larus philadelphia Gray, List Brit. B., 1863, 235. *

Popular synonyms: Mo.Lity GULL. Sera PIcKoN.

A transient visitor in Cook County, arriving in April, when
it stays but a short time. It returns again in September and
remains with us until the middle of November. This beautiful
and friendly little gull may be found on all of our large lakes,
and at times the lagoons in Jackson and Lincoln parks will
seem to be covered with them. The water at this time will be
alive with immense schools of minnows, and the gulls while feed-
ing dive after them, tern-like.

The range of Bonaparte’s Gull extends over the whole of
North America, though it seldom breeds south of the British
Possessions.

Genus XEMA Leach, 1819.

Xema sabinii (Sabine). Sabine’s Gull.
Larus sabinii J. Sas., Trans. Linn. Soc., XII, 1818, 520, pl. 29.
Xema sabini Leacu, App. Ross’s Voy. Baffin’s Bay 4to. ed., 1819, lvii.
Xema sabinii Lawrk. in Barrn, B. N. Amer., 1858, 857.
Xema sabinei Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, 311.

Popular synonym: FORK-TAILED GULL.

The only record that I can find regarding the taking of this
bird within the limits of our area is that of Mr. E. W. Nelson,
who says: “While collecting on the Lake shore near Chicago, the
first of April, 1873, I saw a specimen of this bird in a small pool
of water on the beach. At first I supposed it was a Bonaparte’s
Gull, and was about passing it, when it arose, and as it passed
toward the lake I saw it was something new to me, and fired. It

32 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

flew a few rods and fell into the Lake about thirty rods from
shore. It was in perfect breeding dress, as was shown by the
black markings on the head, each time it was raised while strug-
gling in the water. A gale from off shore soon drifted it from
sight.’’*

While this gull is an Arctic species, it is known to visit
the regions of the Great Lakes and may again be observed in
our vicinity.

Genus STERNA Linneus, 1758.

Sterna caspia Pallas. Caspian Tern.
Sterna tschegrava LEPECHIN, Nov. Comm. Petrop., XIV, 1770, 500, ol.
18, fig. 2.
Sterna caspia PALLAS, Nov. Comm. Petrop., XIV, 1770, 582, pl. XXII,
fig. 2.

Popular synonym: Big MACKEREL GULL.

A not uncommon fall visitant in this vicinity. A few are
seen and captured each fall at Millers, Indiana. Mr. E. W.
Nelson reports seeing a “fine specimen fishing along the Lake
shore at Waukegan,” on the ninth of June, 1876.

The Caspian Tern is a nearly cosmopolitan species, and in
North America it breeds southward to “Virginia, Lake Michigan,
Texas, Nevada and California.”

Sterna forsteri Nuttall. Forster’s Tern.

Sterna forsteri NUTTALL, Manual, II, 1834, 274 (Footnote).

Sterna havelli AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 122, pl. 409, fig. 1 (young
in winter).

Popular synonyms: HAVELL’s TERN. STRIKER.

Of late years this bird is a rather uncommon spring and fall
visitant. It is said to have bred in Illinois many years ago,
when it occurred in numbers with the Wilson’s or Common Tern
(Sterna hirundo). It arrives early in April but remains only a
short time. It returns from the last of July to the middle of
August, when it remains for a variable period. A few dates on
which specimens of this species have been taken may be of in-
terest. I obtained one at South Chicago, May 6, 1893, and Mr.
J. Grafton Parker, Jr., captured one at Millers, Indiana, on Au-
gust 13, 1896.

Forster’s Tern is quite generally distributed over North
America, and in winter it is found as far south as Brazil.

*Bulletin Essex Anshitnbe, Vol. VIII, 1876, 147. Bulletin Nuttall ith i
one Yael iste eat ‘uttall Ornithological

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 33

Sterna hirundo Linnzus. Common Tern.
Sterna hirundo Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 187.

Popular synonyms: WILSON’s TERN. MacKEREL GULL. STRIKER.
Sza Swantow. Sea Picton. SumMMER GULL. MoLiy GULL.

A spring and fall visitant, arriving in May, and at times re-
maining as late as ‘the tenth of June. While migrating, thousands
of individuals may be seen flying along the shore of Lake Mich-
igan. The fall migration begins about the last of August, the
birds remaining in our vicinity until October.

The range of the Common Tern extends over the greater
part of the northern hemisphere, but in North America these
birds are much more common east of the Plains. Its breeding
range is quite wide but irregular and extends from the Arctic
coast southward to Florida, Texas and Arizona.

Sterna antillarum (Less.). Least Tern.

Sternula antillarum Lress., Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 256.

Sterna antillaruum Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862,
552.

Sterna superciliaris NELSON, Bull. Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 149.
Popular synonyms: LITTLE STRIKER. SANDPETER.

The only record we have of the occurrence of this rare and
beautiful little tern within our limits, is that of Mr. E. W. Nel-
son, who says: “A fine male specimen is in the collection of
The Chicago Academy of Sciences, obtained June 11, 1876, upon
the Calumet Marshes.’”*

While the Least Tern is not known to nest within the borders
of the state of Illinois, Mr. Robert Ridgway says that it doubtless
does do so, for it is a summer resident nearly throughout the
Mississippi Valley. Its geographical and breeding ranges are
nearly coincident and extend from northern South America north-
ward to California, Minnesota and New England.

Genus HYDROCHELIDON Boie, 1822.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). Black Tern.

Sterna surinamensis GMELIN, S. N., I, pt. ii, 1788, 604.

Sterna plumbea Witson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 83, pl. 83 (young).

Sterna nigra NutTTaLt, Manual, II, 1834, 282.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. V, 1882, 40.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 149.

34 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hydrochelidon lariformis (part) Cours, B. N. W.. 1874, 704 (neo
Rallus lariformis LINNAUS).

Popular synomyms: SwHor?T-TAILED TERN. Biack SwaLiow.

A common summer resident in Cook County, breeding in
colonies on all of our marshy lakes, and at times on the wet
meadows near a body of water. Mr. B. T. Gault writes me that
this species is rare in Du Page County, he having but one record
of its occurrence. It arrives about the middle of May and
departs the last of August.

The nest of this tern is a small cup of dead vegetation and
is placed upon an old muskrat house or a dry spot on the boggy
ground. It is quite difficult to locate the nest except by watching
the birds, for the eggs closely resemble the ground in color.

The Black Tern is a bird of temperate and trcpical America,
ranging from Alaska to Brazil, and breeding f om the’ middle
United States northward.

ORDER STEGANOPODES: TOTIPAL-
MATE SWIMMERS.

FAMILY PHALACROCOROCIDH: CORMORANTS.

Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson, 1760.

Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swains.). Double-crested Cormorant.

Pelecanus (Carbo) dilophus Swatns., in Sw. & Rich. F. B. A., II,
1831, 473.

Phalacrocorac dilophus NUTTALL, Manual, II, 1834, 483.

Graculus dilophus Gray, Gen. B., IIT, 1849. :

Graculus dilophus a. dilophus Cours, B. N. W., 1874, 587.

Popular synonyms: Crow Duck. Buiack Loon. NIGGER Goose.

A rather rare fall visitant in our district. I have seen them
frequently on Lake Calumet. One was shot'on the Little Calu-
met River at Liverpool, Indiana, on October 16, 1896. A young
bird was shot from the government pier at Chicago, September
28, 1897, by Mr. George H. Sheridan and presented to the
museum of The Chicago Academy of Sciences. Mr. E. W. Nel-
son says: “A regular but rather uncommon migrant and some-
times a winter resident.”

Its breeding range extends from the Bay of Fundy, the Great
Lakes, Minnesota and Dakota northward, and the birds winter
in the southern states. :

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 35

FAMILY PELECANIDA: PELICANS.
Genus PELECANUS Linnzus, 1758.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. American White Pelican.

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos GMELIN, 8. N. I., pt. ii, 1788, 571.
Pelecanus trachyrhynchus LATHAM, Ind. Orn., IT, 1790, 884.
Pelecanus onocrotalus NurTaLL, Manual, II, 1834, 471.

Popular synonym: RovuGH-BILLED PELICAN.

This bird may be looked for during the period between the
first of April and November. It is included in our list, because
of a specimen which was shot from the government pier at
Chicago in April, 1903.. In September, 1892, I obtained several
specimens from a flock of between 700 and 1,000 of these birds
at Meredosia, Illinois. Mr. Bowers, of the United States Fish
Commission, ‘and myself approached within 150 yards of the
flock and it was comparatively easy to count them. In June,
1895, Mr. Blackwelder and myself obtained a fine pair from a
flock of fourteen at Meredosia. Mr. Nelson says: “At present
(1876) an exceedingly rare visitant during the migrations. For-
merly they were regular and rather common migrants.”

The White Pelican frequents temperate North America, being
quite abundant in the interior and along the Gulf coast. While
its known nesting localities are at least as far north as the state
of Minnesota, there are indications ‘that it also breeds along the
Gulf coast from Florida to Texas.

ORDER ANSERES: LAMELLIROSTRAL
SWIMMERS.

FAMILY ANATIDZ: DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS.
Genus MERGANSER Brisson, 1760.

Merganser americanus (Cassin). American Merganser.
Mergus merganser WiLson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 68, pl. 68 (nec.

LINN&US). :

Mergus americanus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI,<
1853, 187.

Mergus merganser americanus RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III,
1880, 205.

Merganser americanus STEIJNEGER, Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., 1885, 177.

Popular synonyms: MERGANSER. SHELDRAKE. SAw-BILL. TFisu
Duck. BUFIF-BREASTED MERGANSER OR SHELDRAKE.

The American Merganser is a migrant and winter’ resident
within our limits, and may be seen flying near the shore of Lake

ry :
36 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Michigan from October to April, or until the lake is covered with
ice, when its food of fish cannot be obtained.

Its range covers the whole of North America and it breeds
from the northern United States northward.

Merganser serrator (Linneus). Red-breasted Merganser.

Mergus serrator LINNZ&US, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 129.
Merganser serrator SCHAFFER, Mus. Orn., 1789, 66.

Popular synonyms: RED-BREASTED GOOSANDER OR SHELDRAKE.
GaR-BILL.

A quite common winter resident on-Lake Michigan, sometimes
staying in our vicinity as late as the twentieth of May. Its name
Red-breasted is far from appropriate, for its breast is not at all
red in color. ;

It breeds in the northern portion of North America, migrating
southward in winter through ‘the United States. Mr. Robert
Ridgway states that it breeds in northern Illinois.*

Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach, 1852.

Lophodytes cucullatus (Linneus). Hooded Merganser.

Mergus cucullatus LInNz&uS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 129.
Lophodytes cucullatus REICHENBACH, Syst. Av., 1852, p. UX.

Popular synonyms: Hoopep SHELDRAKE. Woop SHELDRAKE. Woop
Duck. Snowi. Moss-yeap. Saw-sitt. Crow Duck. Harry-
HEAD. PoND SHELDRAKE. CocK RoBIN Duck. FAN-cREST. PICK-
AXE. SHELDRAKE.

A rare summer resident, although common during its migra-
tions. It is at times a winter resident. It breeds abundantly
along the Kankakee River, a few miles south of our limits. A
female of this species flew into the lagoon in Lincoln Park the.
last of July, 1896, and remained in the company of the tame
ducks until December 7, 1896.

The range of the Hooded Merganser includes the whole of
North America, and it breeds nearly throughout its range, nesting
in knot-holes and other cavities in the trees of dense forests
along streams.

Genus ANAS Linneus, 1758.

Anas boschas Linneus. Mallard.
Anas boschas LINNxUs, S. N., ed. 10 I, 1758, 127.
Popular synonyms: GREEN-HEAD. GRAY DucK. Gray MALLARD.

Rare as a resident though common during the periods of
migration. Occasionally during severe winters, the Mallards will

*Birds of Illinois, Vol. II, p. 190.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 37

all go south. I have found it nesting at a point about thirty-five
miles south of Chicago. Some years ago the Mallard was said
to be a common summer resident.

The range of this, the best known of all our ducks, not only
includes the whole of North America but also the whole of the
northern hemisphere. In North America, it breeds nearly
throughout its range.

Anas obscura Gmelin. Black Duck.
Anas obscura GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 541.
Popular synonyms: BuLack Mauitarp. DusKy DvucK.

A rather common migrant, arriving in the fall with the first
of the Mallards, and remaining in our vicinity for a short time.
Dr. Robert Ridgway says this region is nearly the western limit
of its range. In the spring, the Black Duck arrives about the
first of April and in the fall its first appearance is about the last
of September.

The range of this duck covers eastern North America, and
it breeds from the northern portion of the United States north-

ward.
Genus CHAULELASMUS Bonaparte, 1838.

Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnzus). Gadwall.

Anas strepera LINN&US, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125.
Chaulelasmus streperus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 56.

Popular synonyms: Gray Duck. WIDGEON. SPECKLE-BELLY. CREEK
Duck.

I can find very few records of the Gadwall having been seen
within our limits, although a number are shot each year on the
Kankakee and Illinois rivers. Mr. E. W. Nelson, in his report
on the “Birds of Northeastern Illinois,” says: “This beautiful
species is very common during the migration, from the middle
of October to the last of November, and from the first to the
last of April. A very rare summer resident. I have seen but
two or three pairs here in the breeding season.”” A specimen in
the museum of The Chicago Academy of Sciences was taken at
Liverpool, Indiana, October 18, 1896.

A nearly cosmopolitan species, in North America breeding
chiefly within the United States.

Genus MARECA Stephens, 1824.

Mareca penelope (Linnzus). Widgeon.
Anas penelope LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126.
Mareca penelope SELBY, Br. Orn., II, 1833, 324.

38 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The Widgeon is an occasional visitor within our limits. Mr.
E. W. Nelson in his “Birds of Northeastern Illinois” says that
Mr. C. N. Holden, Jr., of Chicago, informed him that a fine
adult male was shot on the Calumet Marsh, April 13, 1876, and
that it was preserved in a collection in Chicago. Other records
are of interest, though most of the birds were taken on English
Lake, Indiana, a short distance south of our area. These records
were furnished by Mr. Ruthven Deane, of Chicago, and pub-
lished in the “Auk.” The last specimen recorded from Indiana is
in the collection of Dr. Nicholas Rowe, of the “American Field”
and was taken in 1881 or 1882 at English Lake.* Mr. Landon
Hoyt took a specimen at the same place on April 13, 1893.
A young male taken by Mr. J. F. Barrell at English Lake is in
Mr. Deane’s private collection.t An adult male was killed by
Mr. John E. Earle, of Hinsdale, Illinois, March 23, 1896, at
English Lake.§ On March 27, 1903, Mr. James M. McKay
obtained a specimen at English Lake. March 28, 1898, Mr.
Harry Ehlers obtained a female at Thayer, Indiana. Mr. Peter
Willem captured a male at English Lake on March 31, 1902. In
a recent report,|| Mr. Deane says, “I have recently examined a
fine adult male of this species, which was shot on an overflowed
meadow near Nippersink Lake, Lake County, Illinois, on April
1, 1904, by Mr. Charles Muehrcke, and is now in his possession.
The bird was in company with six of his American cousins, all
of whom were shot. The specimen is mounted to represent dead
game. This record makes the eighteenth for the interior.”

The range of the Widgeon covers the northern portions of
the Old World. While it has been quite frequent in the eastern
United States, it is only known to breed in the Aleutian Islands
in North America. It has been reported as having been taken
in California.

Mareca americana (Gmelin). Baldpate.
Anas americana GMELIN, S. N., I, pt. 2, 1788, 526.
Mareca ameriacana STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii, 1824, 135.
Popular synonyms: AMERICAN WIDGEON. GREEN-HEAD. WHITE-
BELLIED PoacHER. WHEAT DucK. BALD-HEAD. BALD-CROWN.

A common species during the migrations, arriving in the
spring with last of the Mallards and the Pintails. They return

*Auk, XII, 1895, 292.
tAuk, XII, 1895, 179.
ftAuk, XIIi, 1896, 292.
§Auk, XII, 1896, 255.
Auk, Xxii, 1905, 76.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 39

in the fall about the last days of September. Mr. E. W. Nelson
says, in his “Birds of Northeastern Illinois’ (1876): “Not a
very rare summer resident.” His report would also indicate
that these ducks nested in this region at that time, for he says:
“It nests about the borders of marshes and prairie sloughs.”
The range of this species includes North America from the
Arctic Ocean south to Guatemala, and it breeds nearly throughout
its range.
Genus NETTION Kaup, 1829.
Nettion carolinensis (Gmelin). Green-winged Teal.
Anas crecca WIiLson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 101, pl. 60, fig. 1 (not of
Linnzus).
Querquedula carolinensis STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii,
1824, 128.

Nettion carolinensis Batrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 777.
Anas carolinensis GMELIN, S. N., I, pt. ii, 1788, 533.

Popular synonyms: GBEEN-WING. RED-HEADED TEAL. WINTER TEAL.
Mop TEAL.

A common migrant, and is said to winter in the southern part
of the state. Our records show the earliest spring arrival to
be early in March and the first fall arrival to be September 26.
Mr. E. W. Nelson says that it “breeds sparingly. I have known
of a few instances of its nest being found, and have myself ob-
served several pairs of the birds in this vicinity during the breed-
ing season.” Mr. Robert Ridgway says:* ‘Although stated by
Kennicott to breed in the northern part, (of Illinois) there appears
to be no recent record of its doing so.” As Mr. Kennicott died
May 13, 1866, his notes regarding this species must have been
made previous to that time. Mr. Ridgway also records in his
“Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in IIlinois,”’} the
following note: “Resident, but most abundant during migra-
tions: breeds only in the prairie districts, and winters chiefly in
the lagoons of the heavily timbered bottoms.”

The Green-winged Teal breeds chiefly north of the United
States, but its geographical range includes the whole of North
America.

Genus QUERQUEDULA Stephens, 1824.
Querquedula discors (Linneus). Blue-winged Teal.
Anas discors LINNzus, S. N., ed. XII, I, 1766, 205.
Querquedula discors STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii, 1824,
149.
Popular synonyms: BLUE-WING. WHITE-FACE. SUMMER TEAL.

*Birds of Illinois, Vcl. II, 1895, 136.
tAnnals of the Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, Vol. X, 1874, 389.

40 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A common summer resident and the last of our ducks to
arrive in the spring. It nests the last of May on or near most of
the small lakes of our area. On one occasion, I found a pair
nesting on the prairies a long distancé from’water. Mr. E. W.
Nelson says: “The middle of May, 1875, I obtained a nest of
this species containing fourteen freshly laid eggs. It was situated
near a branch of the Calumet Marsh and close to the railroad
track, being about midway between the track and fence in a
dense bunch of grass.”

While the range of the Blue-winged Teal covers North
America in general, it departs from our region early in October.

Genus SPATULA Boie, 1822.

Spatula clypeata (Linneus). Shoveller.
Anas clypeata Linnazus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.
Spatula clypeata Bon, Isis, 1822, 564.

Popular synonyms: SPOON-BILL. SHOVEL-BILL. MUD-SHOVELLEB.
Butter Duck. Broapy.

A common migrant, and is said to have been a common sum-
mer resident in earlier days (Mr. E. W. Nelson, 1876). At this
time, however, it is only on rare occasions that one of these ducks
is seen within our limits in the summer. The earliest spring ar-
rival in my records is March 30, and the first fall arrival Sep-
tember 12. It departs late in October.

The range of the Shoveller covers the northern hemisphere
and in North America it breeds from Alaska to Texas.

Genus DAFILA Stephens, 1824.

Dafila acuta (Linneus). Pintail.
Anas acuta Linnaus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126.
‘Dafila acuta Bonaparte, Comp. List, 1838, 56.

Popular synonyms: SprKe-Tam. LONG-NECK. SPRIG-TAIL. PICKET-
TAIL, PurasaANT DucK. WATER PHEASANT.

This species is by far the most common of our ducks during

the spring migration, the earliest record of arrival being February
-6. The only record of its nesting within our limits is that of
Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says:* “Each year a few pairs breed upon
the marshes in this vicinity, but whether they breed in the state
away from the Lake region I have no means of knowing. In
the spring of 1875 several pairs of these birds nested in the
prairie sloughs near the Calumet River, and on the twenty-ninth

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 139.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 41

of May I found a nest containing three freshly laid eggs. The
female was flushed from the nest when scarcely more than a rod
away, and was at once joined by the male from a small slough
a few rods distant. The nest was in the center of a tall, thick
bunch of grass on a small ridge between two sloughs, and was
a slight hollow thickly lined with grass stems; no down had been
added. The parent birds circled about overhead, often coming
within gunshot, during the whole time I was in the vicinity.”
The earliest date of its appearance on its fall migration is Sep-
tember 18. In the museum of The Chicago Academy of Sciences
there is a specimen of the male hybrid pintail and mallard.

Its geographical range covers the northern hemisphere and
includes the whole of North America, where it breeds from the
northern parts of the United States northward.

Genus AIX Boie, 1828.

Aix sponsa (Linnzus). Wood Duck.

Anas sponsa Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 128.

Aig sponsa BonapaRts, Comp. List, 1838, 57.

Popular synonyms: SumMMEBR Duck. Woop WIDGEON. BRIDAL

Duck

The Wood Duck is common during its migrations. Mr. E.
W. Nelson says (1876) that it was a rather common summer
resident in secluded localities. A pair is occasionally found breed-
ing at Calumet Heights, Indiana, and at Long Lake near Millers,
Indiana. It may also be found breeding abundantly at Kouts,
Indiana, about forty-eight miles south of Chicago. A young
female of this species alighted in the duck pond in Lincoln Park,
Chicago, in September, 1896, and associating with the domestic
ducks in the pond, became so tame that it could almost be taken
in the hand. It arrives in April and departs about the last of
October.

The Wood Duck breeds throughout its range which covers
the whole of temperate North America.

Genus AYTHYA Boie, 1822.

Aythya americana (Eyton). Redhead.
Fuligula americana Eyton, Monogr. Anat., 1838, 155.
Fuligula fering Bonaparte, Synop., 1828, 392. :
Fuligula ferina var. americana Cours, Key, 1872, 289.
Aythya americana Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 793.
Popular synonyms: RED-HEAD. CANVAS-BACK (erroneously). AMER-
ICAN PocHARD. RED-HEADED BROAD-BILL.

42 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“A common migrant. In years past this was one of our most
common ducks but as they decoy very readily, they are becoming
rather scarce. Formerly Wolf and George lakes in Indiana were
the favorite feeding grounds of this and the following species.
However, because of the draining of this region, the beds of
water-celery and wild rice have been destroyed, thus removing
the food supply of these ducks and causing them to seek new
feeding grounds. They arrive from the south early in March,
and return from the north during the latter part of October.

The Redhead breeds from the northern part of the United
States northward, and winters as far south as Central America.

Aythya vallisneria (Wilson). Canvas-back.

Anas vallisneria W1Lson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 103.

Fuligula vallisneria STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii, 1824, 196.

Aythya vallisneria Bork, Isis, 1826, 980.

Popular synonyms: WHITE-BACK. RED-HEADED BULI-NECK. BULL-

NECE.

A rather uncommon migrant, but abundant in former years.
In the spring the Canvas-back arrives usually during March and
stays in this vicinity for a short time. During the migration
periods of the seventies, the water-celery beds in Calumet and
Wolf lakes fairly swarmed with the ducks of this species, sports-
men journeying from the east and even from Europe to bag them.
The earliest recorded arrival in the spring is that of Mr. J.
Grafton Parker, Jr., who observed a Canvas-back on February
second. It returns rather late in the fall and remains until the
ponds and smaller lakes are frozen over.

The range of the Canvas-back includes nearly the whole of
North America, and it breeds from the northwestern states north-
ward to Alaska.

Aythya affinis (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck.

Fuligula marila AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 226.

Fuligula affinis Eyton, Mongr. Anat., 1838, 157.

Fuligula marila var. afinis Forster, in Cat. of the Birds ascertained

to occur in Ill., Ann. Lyc. of Nat. Hist. N. Y., Vol. X, 389, 1874.
Aythya affinigs STEJNEGER, Or. Exp]. Kamtsch., 1885, 161.

Popular synonyms: LitTLe BLACK-HEAD. LITTLE BLUE-BILL. RIVEB
Duck. BROAD-BILL. RIveER Scaup. CANNON Batt. Mup
BLUE-BILL. Marcu BLUE-BILL. RIvER SHUFFLER.

This is an abundant migrant and the most common of our
lake ducks. It is a very hardy bird, arriving early in March on
its northward journey and returning late in the fall to remain
with us until the lakes are frozen over. Mr. J. Grafton Parker,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 43

Jr., informs me that he observed a flock of thirteen of these ducks
in the Chicago harbor on May 25, 1895. Mr. E. W. Nelson
says:* “This is not an uncommon species upon the larger
marshes and inland lakes during the breeding season. * * * About
the time they leave for more northern breeding grounds they
congregate in very large flocks on rivers or small lakes, and soon
all have disappeared from these haunts and none,-except the com-
paratively few which remain to breed, are found there again until
they return in the autumn.” This is the only record that I can
find of the breeding of the Lesser Scaup within our limits.

The Lesser Scaup Duck breeds chiefly north of the United
States, but its geographical range includes the whole of North
America.

Aythya collaris (Donovan). Ring-necked Duck.

Anas collaris Donovan, Br. Birds, VI, 1£09, pl. 147.
Fuligula collaris BONAPARTE, List B. Europe, 1842, 73.
Aythya collaris Ripcway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 356.

Popular synonyms: MRING-BILL. BLACK-HEAD. Faty Duck. BLack
JACK. MOON-BILL. BLUE-BILL. RING-BILLED SHUFFLER.

An abundant migrant, arriving from the south in March, and
returning from the north in September. This Duck frequents
the marshes of our area in large numbers, during its migrations,
and is often mistaken for the Lesser Scaup Duck. The only record
which I have found of its breeding within our borders, is that
of Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says:* “This species also breeds
about the marshes in northeastern Illinois, but in smaller num-
bers than the preceding.”

The range of the Ring-necked Duck includes the whole of
North America, and it breeds from Iowa, southern Wisconsin
and Maine northward.

Genus CLANGULA Leach, 1819.

Clangula clangula americana (Bonaparte). American Golden-eye.

Anas clangula WILson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 62, pl. 67, fig. 5 (neo
Linneus).

Fuligula clangula Bonaparte. Synopsis, 1838, 393.

Clangula americana BONAPARTE, Comp. List, 1838, 58.

Bucephala clangula Cours, Key, 1872. 290.

Bucephala clangula var. americana Ripcway. Orn. 40th Par., 1877, 626.

Glaucionetta clangula americana STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. National Mus.,
VIII, 1885, 409.

Clangula clangula americana Faxon, Auk, XIII, 1896, 215.

Popular synonyms: WHISTLER. WHISTLE-WING. GREAT-HEAD. BRASS-
EYE. MeERRY-wiINnG. Coot. IRON-HEAD. COB-HEAD.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 141.

44 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

When the surface of Lake Michigan is quite frozen over,
large flocks of these ducks may be seen about the airholes, or
they may be seen among the ice floes, in company with Old-squaw
Ducks (Harelda hyemalis), and White-winged Scoters (Oidenta
deglandi). A common winter resident.

The range of the Golden-eye covers nearly the whole of North
America and it breeds from the northern border of the United
States northward.

Clangula islandica (Gmelin). Barrow’s Golden-eye.

Anas islandica GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 541.

Bucephala islandica Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 796. |

Clangula islandica BONAPARTE, Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 74.

Glaucionetta islandica STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. National Mus., VIII,
1885, 409. :

Popular synonym: Rocky MOUNTAIN GOLDEN-EYE.

A rare winter visitant. J have a specimen of this duck which
I shot on Lake Michigan, near the Daily News Sanitarium,
December 11, 1896. The bird was flying in company with an-
other, probably of the same species.

This Golden-eye is a bird of the far north passing southward
in winter only as far as New York, Illinois and Utah. It breeds
north of the United States and also in the Rocky Morntains as
far south as Colorado.

Genus CHARITONETTA Stejneger, 1885.

Charitonetta albeola (Linnzus). Buffle-head.

Anas albeola LINN2US, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.

Fuligula albeola BonaPaRTE, Synopsis, 1828, 394.

Clangula albeola STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, ii, 1824, 184.
Bucephala albeola Batrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 797.

Charitonetta albeola STEJNEGER, Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., 1885, 166.

Popular synonyms: BUTTER-BALL. Spirir Duck. Diprer. ScoTcH
TEAL. CANNON Batt. Dummy Duck, ete.

Formerly the Buffle-heads were common, but now they are
rather uncommon. At the time of their fall migration, they
arrive in October and remain until the last of April. While they
are often seen on Lake Michigan, they are much more common
on the smaller inland lakes. Very often they will exhibit a
peculiar habit of flying directly toward the gunner after being
shot at, thus affording a second chance for a shot.

The Buffle-heads breed north of the United States, and in
winter pass as far southward as Cuba and Mexico.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 45
Genus HARELDA Stephens, 1824.

Harelda hyemalis (Linnzus). Old-squaw.
Anas hyemalis Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 126.
Anas glacialis LInNa&us, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 202.
Harelda glacialis ‘““Leacu,” STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii,
1824, 175, pl. 58.
Clangula hiemalis BreuM, Handb. Vig. Deutschl., 1831, 933.
Harelda hiemalis BreuM, Vogelsang, 1855, 386.

Popular synonyms: O xp Wire. LONG-TAILED Duck. OLD MOLLy.
ScotpErk. Op INJUN, etc.

A very common winter resident. Large numbers of these
ducks are shot each season from the breakwater and piers along
the lake front at Chicago. This is wanton destruction, as they
are not fit for food. They arrive about the middle of November
and remain with us until the last of March. I have found a

‘few as late as May, but I am inclined to think that they were
crippled birds. Just before they migrate in the spring, they
gather in flocks of considerable size and are quite noisy.

The Old-squaw Ducks breed in the far north but their fall
migrations take them almost to the southern border of the
United States.

Genus SOMATERIA Leach, 1819.

Somateria dresseri (Sharpe). American Eider.

Anas mollissima WILson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 122, pl. 71 (neo
Linnzus).

Somateria mollissima BONAPARTE, Comp. List, 1838, 57 (part).

Somateria dresseri SHARPE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1871, 51, figs.
1, 2.

Popular synonyms: Squaw Duck. Bie Sea Duck.

A very rare winter resident. Mr. E. W. Nelson reported
in 1876 that in his collection he had an immature specimen ob-
tained near Chicago in December, 1874, and also stated that they
had been noted several times by Dr. H. B. Bannister at Evanston.
I am inclined to think that some of the birds seen in this vicinity
and reported as individuals of this species are in reality immature
scoters.

The range of the American Eider is a very limited one during
the breeding season, reaching only from Maine to Labrador. In
winter it passes as far south as the Delaware River and westward
to the Great Lakes, where it has been reported on the Ohio,
Illinois and Wisconsin shores.

46 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genus OIDEMIA Fleming, 1822.

Oidemia americana (Swains). American Scoter.

Anas nigra WILSON, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 185, pl. 72 (not of
Linnzus).

Oidemia americana Sw. & Ricu., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 450.

Gdemia americana Cours, Key, 1872, 293.

Gidemia nigra var. americana RipGway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
Vol. X, 1874, 390.

Popular synonyms: AMERICAN Brack ScoTer. BUTTER-BILL. Burt-
TER-BILLED Coot. HOLLOW-BILLED Coot. ScoTER Duck. YELLOW-
BILL. SMUTTY, etc.

I have no records of the occurence of this species within our
limits except the following two: Mr. E. W. Nelson says:
“Rather common upon the Lake. Winter resident. Arrives the
first of November and departs by the first of April.” Mr. Robert
Ridgway gives the following record:* ‘Winter visitant to Lake
Michigan, Dr. J. W. Velie.”

While the American Scoter breeds in Labrador and the north-
ern interior and is a sea bird, its occurrence within our limits
is not strange, for it winters on the Great Lakes to some extent
and has been noted as far south as the Ohio River.

Oidemia deglandi (Bonaparte). White-winged Scoter.
Anas fusca WILson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 137, pl. 72 (not of

Linneus).

Melanetta velvetina Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., Vol. X,
1874, 390.

Gidemia fusca NELSON, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876,
143.

Gidemia fusca Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, No. 738.
Oidemia deglandi BONAPARTE, Rev. Crit. de Orn. Europe de Dr.
Degl., 1850, 108.

Popular synonyms: AMERICAN VELVET ScoTer. VELVET DUCK.
WHITE-WINGED Coot. Buti Coor.

A not uncommon winter resident, though I have the record
of only one in the adult plumage that has been taken within
our limits. This specimen, a very fine male bird, is in my
collection. I have observed quite a number of this species which
have been found dead on the shore of Lake Michigan. They
were in immature plumage, and their death was probably caused
by the birds failing to obtain their accustomed food, or by the
elements. Mr. E. W. Nelson in 1876 made the following state-
ment regarding this species: “Like the preceding (Oidemia

gee of a Birds Ascertained to Occur in Ill. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., Vol.
1874,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 47

americana) a rather common winter resident upon the Lake, and
occurs throughout the state, specimens being sent to the Chicago
market from the Illinois River and various other streams in
Central Illinois.” Dr. J. W. Velie also records this Scoter as
a winter visitant to Lake Michigan.*

The White-winged Scoter breeds north of the United States,
and winters as far south as the Great Lakes, southern Illinois
and Lower California. On the Atlantic coast it winters as far
south as Chesapeake Bay.

Oidemia perspicillata (Linneus). Surf Scoter.

Anas perspicillata LiInNNz&us, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 125. *
Oidemia perspicillata STEPHENS, Gen. Zool., XII, pt. ii, 1824, 219.
Gidemia perspicillata Cours, Key, 1872, 294.

Popular synonyms: Surr Duck. SeA Duck. Horsk-HEAD Coot.
Surr Coot. GooGLE-NOSE. Gray Coot, etc.

Mr. E. W. Nelson says in his “Birds of Northeastern IIli-
nois’: “A common winter resident upon Lake Michigan and
occurs throughout the state at this season. Quite a number of
specimens were taken upon the Calumet Marshes during the fall
of 1875, and many others were seen. Arrives the last of October
and departs the last of March.” I can find no records of its
occurrence within our limits since the date in. Mr. Nelson’s note.
Two specimens in immature plumage were taken by Mr. J. Graf-
ton Parker at Meredosia, Illinois, on November 9, 1806.

The range of this species would indicate a probability of its
occurrence in our region. “Coasts and larger inland waters of
northern North America; in winter south to Florida,-the Ohio
River, and San Quentin Bay, Lower California.”

Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte, 1832.

Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin). Ruddy Duck.

Anas jamaicensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., I, ii, 1788, 519.

Anas rubida Witson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 128, 131, pl. 71, figs. 5, 6.

Erismatura rubida BoNAPARTE, Comp. List, 1838, 59.

Erismatura jamaicensis Satvap., Cat. Bds. Br. Mus., XXVII, 1896, 445.

Popular synonyms: Dummy Duck. SpiIne-Tattep Duck. MHeEavy-
TAILED Coot. STIFF-TAIL. BRISTLE-TAIL. Rook. SLeepy Duck.
SLEEPY Coot. Foot Duck. Dear Duck. Boosy Coor, ete.

A not uncommon migrant. It may be found on most of the
lakes of our region in April and in October in company with
the Redhead (Aythya americana) and the Lesser Scaup (Aythya

' *Cat. of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
Vol. X, 1874, 390.

48 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

affinis). Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., informs me that he has
seen and taken the Ruddy Duck on Wolf Lake, Indiana, as late
as the thirthieth of May. It may breed at the present time within
our limits. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “The middle of Septem-
ber, 1875, my friend Mr. T. H. Douglas, of Waukegan, found
a pair with eight or ten full grown young in a small lake
near that place, and obtained several specimens. As the fall
migration of this species does not commence until some weeks
later than this, I think it very probable these birds were hatched
in the vicinity. This supposition is rendered still more reason-
able by the following observations. The 12th of June, 1875,
while* walking through the dense grass close to the shore of
Calumet Lake, looking for sharp-tailed finches, a female ruddy
duck started from the grass a few yards in advance and flew
heavily away and alighted in the reeds a short distance out from
shore. Being well acquainted with the species, I at once recog-
nized the bird by unmistakable peculiarities of form and flight,
as well as coloration, so I did not shoot it as I could easily have
done, but instead, made a thorough search for the nest, which
I was certain must be near. The dense grass, about three feet
high, proved an effectual shield, however, and I was compelled
to depart without the coveted eggs.”

The breeding range of the Ruddy Duck is nearly coincident.
with its geographical range, which includes the whole of North
America south to Guatemala, and it is also found in Cuba and
other West India islands.

Genus CHEN Boie, 1822.

Chen hyperborea (Pall.). Lesser Snow Goose.

Anas hyperborea Patu., Spicil. Zool., VI, 1769, 25.
Chen hyperborea Bote, Isis, 1822, 563.
Anser hyperboreus var. albatus CAss., of some authors.

Popular synonyms: WHITE Brant. Snow Goose,

A common migrant. Though rarely taken within our limits,
many are seen passing over. They usually arrive on their north-
ward passage from the last of January to April, and return from
the north in October.

The Lesser Snow Goose breeds in Alaska and during its fall
migrations passes as far south as southern Illinois and southern
California.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 143.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 49

Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forster). Greater Snow Goose.

Anas nivalis Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, 413.

Chen hyperborea nivalis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, II,
1884, 107.

Anser hyperboreus var. hyperboreus PALL., of some authors.

Popular synonyms: Mexican Goosk. RED GooszE. WHITE BRANT.
TEXAS GoosE. COMMON WAVEY.

While I have obtained no record of the capture of this bird
within our limits, Mr. E. W. Nelson, says, in his report* on the
birds of this region, that he thinks it occurs in equal numbers
with the preceding species. I have seen specimens of both forms
of this species which were taken at Liverpool, Indiana.

While the Lesser Snow Goose is a Pacific coast form, the
Greater Snow Goose may be considered its Atlantic coast repre-
sentative. Its breeding grounds are probably confined to the
eastern portion of British America, and in its fall migrations it
passes southward through the eastern United States, including
the Mississippi Valley, to the Gulf coast.

Chen czrulescens (Linnezus). Blue Goose.
Anas cerulescens Linnzus, S. N.. ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.
Anser cerulescens VIEILL., Enc. Meth., I, 1828, 115.
Chen cerulescens GUNDL., in Poey’s Report, Fis.-nat. Isla Cuba, I,
1865-1866, 387.

Popular synonyms: BLur-wincrp GooszE. BLur Brant. WHITE-
HEADED BRANT or GOOSE. WHITE-HEAD, BALD BRANT.

A common migrant. In former years large numbers of this
species were taken on the Calumet marshes, but now few are
seen nearer than the Kankakee River region. I have observed

‘them at Hyde Lake, Indiana, and at Grand Crossing.

The range of the Blue Goose includes the interior of North
America. It breeds on the eastern shores of Hudson Bay and
in Labrador. In the winter it migrates southward through the
Mississippi Valley to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Genus ANSER, Brisson, 1760.

Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartlaub). American White-fronted Goose.
Anser albifrons BONAPARTE, Synop., 1828, 376.
Anser gambeli HARTLAUB, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1852, 7.
Anser albifrons var. gambeli Cours, Key, 1872, 282.
Popular synonyms: Brant. SPECKLE-BELLy. LaucHine Goose.
Prep Brant. Gray BRANT. PRAIRIE BRANT or GOOSE. YELLOW-
LEGGED BRANT or GOOSE. HARLEQUIN BRANT,

*Birds of Northeastern Tllinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 137.

50 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

A common migrant. It arrives from the north in October
and returns again in March, when small flocks may be observed
on the prairies or in stubble fields. Mr. Nelson says:* “The
individual variation in this species is very great. A large major-
ity have the ordinary white frontal band and the under parts
plentifully mottled with black. In others the black gradually
decreases until some specimens do not show the least trace of
dark on the abdomen; in such instances the frontal white band
is usually present. The young exhibit a dark brown frontal
band in place of white, but with more or less dark spots on the
abdomen. In very high plumage the abdomen becomes almost
entirely black, only a few rusty colored feathers being inter-
spersed through the black. The white nail on the bill is gen- -
erally crossed by one or more longitudinal stripes of dark horn-
color. In spring, as the breeding season approaches, the bill
becomes a clear waxy yellow. There is also much variation in
size among adults of this species. I have examined a number
of specimens which by correct comparison were at least one-
fourth smaller than the average.”

This goose breeds in the far north, and its range includes
the whole of North America.

Genus BRANTA Scopoli, 1769.

Branta canadensis (Linneus). Canada Goose.
Anas canadensis Linnazus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 123.
Anser canadensis VIEILLOT, Enc. Meth., 1825, 114.
Bernicla canadensis Bork, Isis, 1826, 921.
Branta canadensis BANNISTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1870, 131.

Branta canadensis var. canadensis “LINNEUS,” in NELSON’s Birds of
Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII,
1876, 138.

Popular synonyms: Common Witp Goosr. Bay Goose. CBAVAT
Goosr. HonxKER. Bia WILD GOOSE.

The Canada Goose is the largest and best known of our
wild geese. At one time it was a resident within our limits, but
now it probably appears here only as a migrant which is quite
common. The Calumet marshes formed the old breeding site
of these birds in this region. Mr. B. T. Gault, of Glen Ellyn,
Illinois, says that on June 23, 1877, he observed a pair of these
birds with young on Calumet Lake. There were from four to

*Birds of Northeastern Tlinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 136.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 51

seven of these goslings which appeared to be at least two or
three weeks old. The majority of these birds arrive early in
March, and on their southward journey, in the fall, appear in
October. Mr. E. W. Nelson says that the Canada Goose “for-
merly bred commonly in the marshes throughout the state, and
still breeds sparingly in the more secluded situations.”*

The Canada Goose breeds in the northern United States and
the British Possessions. It winters as far south as Mexico.

Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Rich.). Hutchins’s Goose.

Anser hutchinsii Sw. & Ricu., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 470.

Bernicla hutchinsii Woopnu., Sitgr. Exp., 1853, 102.

Branta hutchinsii BANNISTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1870, 131.

Branta canadensis var. hutchinsiti Couns, Key, 1872, 284.

Popular synonyms: LrsserR CANADA Goosr. Gray Goose. LITTLE
WItp Goose. Eskimo Goose. Prarrige GoosE. Bay Goose.

Both Mr. E. W. Nelson* and Mr. Robert Ridgway} record
this little goose as of frequent occurrence in Illinois. Mr.
Ridgway says that it is abundant, while Mr. Nelson speaks of it
as common. Within our limits it seems to be far from common.
Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., informs me that he has observed one
individual near Calumet Lake. I have noticed a small form of
this genus passing overhead which must belong either to
hutchinsit or to minima. While I have no record of the taking
of this species in our territory, there can be no doubt that these
geese at least pass over the Calumet region during their journeys.

Though the range of this species includes North America in
general, it breeds only in the Arctic regions and passes south in
winter chiefly through the western United States and the Missis-
sippi Valley.

Branta bernicla (Linneus). Brant.

Anas bernicla Linnzvus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 124.
Anger bernicla ILLIG., Prodr., 1811, 277.
Branta bernicla Scopout, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 67.

Popular synonyms: BRANT GooSE. BRENT GoosE. CoMMON BRANT.

The only record that I have found regarding the occurrence
of the Brant within our limits is that of Mr. Robert Kennicott,
who gives it in his list of Cook County Birdst without comment.
In his introduction to this list, he says, “Nearly all, the species

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the g eser Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 138.

+Birds of Illinois, Vol. II, pt. 1, 1895,
}Trans. of the Illinois State Agri. Soc., Vol T, 1853-1854, 588.

52 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

named I have observed myself.” He also states that “for several
of the birds I am indebted to Dr. Hoy, of Racine.” Mr. E. W.
Nelson says:f “The only instance known to me of its capture in
this portion of the country is a specimen taken by Dr. Hoy, from
a flock of three, upon the Lake shore near Racine,” a few miles
north of our limits.

While the range of this species includes the northern parts
of the whole northern hemisphere, in North America it is found
chiefly on the Atlantic coast, and is rarely seen away from salt
water. Professor Cooke says: “During *the winter of 1883-
1884 this species was represented from Illinois southward by a
few rare visitants. In the spring it was rare south of Minnesota,
but by the time it reached that State its numbers had been in-
creased by recruits from the southeast, and it became almost
common.” Professor Cooke also calls attention to the “uncer-
tainty in using the records concerning this species because it is
commonly confounded with the Snow Goose, which is locally
known as Brant all through the West.”

Genus OLOR Wagler, 1832.

Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan.
Cygnus bewickt Sw. & RicH., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 465 (neo

Yarr.).
Cygnus americanus SHARPLESS, Doughty’s Cab. N. H., I, 1830, 185,

pl. 16.
Anas columbianus Op, in Guthrie’s Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 319.
Olor columbianus STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. National Mus., V, 1882, 210.
Popular synonym: AMERICAN SWAN.

Formerly a very common migrant, arriving in the spring
about the middle of March and returning sometime in September.
At the present time it is much rarer, only a few being seen each
year. I have seen several specimens of this species which were
taken by club members at Liverpool, Indiana. Recently, I saw
and shot at one near Hyde Lake, Indiana. Mr. E. W. Nelson
says:* “In the spring of 1876 they were more numerous than
usual; quite a large number of specimens were in market and
many were seen on the small lakes and large prairie sloughs
in this vicinity.”

The Whistling Swan breeds in the far north, but its geo-
graphical range covers the whole of North America.
~"FBirds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 138.

tBird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, p. 78
*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Tuceex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 186.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 53

ORDER HERODIONES: HERONS,
-‘STORKS, IBISES.

FAMILY ARDEIDZ: HERONS, BITTERNS, ETC.
Genus BOTAURUS Hermann, 1783.

Botaurus lentiginosus (Montague). American Bittern.

Ardea lentiginosa MontacugE, Orn. Dict. Suppl., 1813.

Botaurus lentiginosus STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, ii, 1819, 592.

Botaurus minor Borg, Isis, 1826, 979. «

Popular synonyms: STAKE-DRIVER. THUNDER-PUMP. BoG-BULL. Post-
DRIVER. MIRE-DRUM. LooK-up. INDIAN HEN, etc.

A common summer resident, arriving early in April and nest-
ing where the growth of rushes is very heavy, or in small reedy
ponds in the timber. It departs for its winter home further
south about the latter part of October or early in November.

Its geographical range covers temperate North America and
it winters as far south as Cuba and Guatemala.

Genus ARDETTA Gray, 1842.

Ardetta exilis (Gmelin). Least Bittern.
Ardea exilis Gmetin, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 645, No. 83.
Ardetta exilis GUNDL., J. f. O., 1856, 345.
Botaurus exilis REICHEN., J. f. O., 1877, 244.
Popular synoryms: TOoRTOISE-SHELL BITTERN. AMERICAN LEAST
Birrern. LirrLe YELLOW BITTERN. Little BITrerN. MINUTE
BITrERN.

A common summer resident and may be found nesting in the
heavy cane of the marshes and sloughs in the vicinity of Hyde,
Wolf and Calumet lakes, Indiana. Its nest is a frail platform
placed in the upright canes at a height of about three feet above
the water. The Least Bitterns arrive early in April and depart
for their winter home about the last of September.

The range of this species includes the whole of North America
from the British Possessions southward, and in South America
into Brazil.

Genus ARDEA Linnzus, 1758.

Ardea herodias Linneus. Great Blue Heron.
Ardea herodias LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148.
Popular synonyms: BLUE CRANE. Bic FLY-Up-THE-CREEK. SANDHILL
CRANE.
A not uncommon summer resident. Large colonies nest in
the Kankakee region, just south of our limits, the birds pre-

54 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

ferring deep woods and the tallest trees. They often place as
many as ten nests in one tree. A few pairs nest between Long
Lake and Lake Michigan in Indiana. Mr. B. T. Gault found a
colony of these birds nesting at Wheeling on the Desplaines
River, April 29, 1889. (See plate VI.) The herons arrive in
March and are quite shy until after the breeding season, when a
few pairs, or a single bird, may be seen about the small lakes
and rivers of our area. The majority of the herons depart on
their southward journey about the last of September.

The range of the Great Blue Heron covers the whole of
North America from Hudson Bay and the Fur Countries south
through Central America into northern South America.

Genus HERODIAS Boie, 1822.

Herodias egretta (Gmelin). American Egret.
Ardea egretta GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 620.
Herodias egretta Gray, Gen. B., ITI, 1849.
Herodias alba var. egretta Ripgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1874, 386.
Popular synonyms: GREAT WHITE HERON. WHITE CRANE. SNOWY
HERON. GuHost Birp. GREAT EGRET.

The American Egret is either a visitant or a summer resident
in nearly every portion of Illinois. Within our limits it is a
casual fall visitant. It may have bred here years ago before
the region became so largely settled. Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr.,
informs me that he shot a pair of this species July 27, 1885, in
Woodlawn, Chicago, on the site of the newer portion of Jackson
Park. In 1889 I saw some of these birds at Grand Crossing,
Chicago, and I have taken them at Liverpool, Indiana. In May,
1895, Mr. Charles Eldredge collected the American Egret and
its eggs in the heronies at Kouts, Indiana. He found the birds
nesting in the same trees with the Great Blue Heron (Ardea
herodias). It is said to be abundant all through the summer on
the Illinois River below Peoria.

The range of the American Egret is extensive, covering the
whole of temperate and tropical America from Nova Scotia,
Ontario, Minnesota and Oregon to Patagonia. It is also found in
the West Indies.

Genus EGRETTA Forster, 1817.

Egretta candidissima (Gmelin). Snowy Heron.
Ardea candidissima GMELIN, S. N., I, pt. ii, 1788, 638, No. 45.
Egretta candidissima Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 336.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 55

Garzetta candidissima Bonaparte, Consp. II, 1855, 119.
Popular synonyms: LirrLeE WHITE Beret. Littte SNowy HERON.
LitTLe EGRet.

I include this species simply on the authority of the following
reports of Mr. Robert Kennicott and Mr. E. W. Nelson. Mr.
Kennicott includes it in his “Catalogue of the Animals Observed
in Cook County, I[llinois,”’* with the comment “common.” He
also marks it with an asterisk which, as I understand his use of
the mark, indicates that it is “known to nest in Cook County.”
His note is under the name “Egretta candidissima, Gmel. White
Heron.” Mr. E. W. Nelson says that the Little White Egret
is “much less common than the preceding (Hcrodias egretta).
Occurs at the same time.” Mr. Robert Ridgway says: “This
beautiful Egret occurs during summer in various parts of the
State, but probably not abundantly except in the more southern
portions.”

Its range includes the whole of temperate and tropical America
from the British Possessions on the north to Chili and the
Argentine Republic on the south.

Genus BUTORIDES Blyth, 1849.

Butorides virescens (Linneus). Green Heron.

Ardea virescens LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 144.

Butorides virescens BONAPARTE, Consp., II, 1855, 128.

Popular synonyms: ScHYTEPOKE. SQUAWK. Boosy. FLy-UP-THE-
CREEK. CRAB-CATCHER.

Formerly a common but now a rare summer resident, arriv-
ing early in April. A favorite nesting site of this species is in
the heavy bushes bordering the rivers. It departs for the winter
early in September.

Its range includes the whole of temperate North America
from Ontario and Oregon on the north to Central America and
the - West Indies on the south.

Genus NYCTICORAX Stephens, 1819.

Nycticorax nycticorax nevius (Bodd.). Black-crowned Night Heron.
Ardea nevia Bopp., Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 56.
Nyctiardea grisea var. nevia ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III,
1872, 182. .
Nycticoraz nycticorary nevius ZELEDON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII,
1885, 113.

*Trans. of the Illinois State Agri. Soc., Vol. 1, 1853-1854, 587.
+Birds of Illinois, Vol. II, pt. i, 1895, 126.

56 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Popular synonyms: AMERICAN BLACK-CROWNED NicHT HERON. QUAK.
QUA-BIRD. QUAWE.

Although abundant throughout the summer and fall, I have
never found it breeding within our limits. It may usually be
seen, during the day time, roosting in the tops of the trees of the
woods bordering our numerous small lakes and swamps. Mr.
E, W. Nelson says:* “The first of July, 1874, I saw a few young
of the year in the Calumet marshes.” He also found it nesting,
and counted fifty nests within an area of two acres, at Grass
Lake, Lake County, Illinois, a few miles north of our limits.
These nests were built in dense bunches of rice, and were placed
upon the stiff stalks of rice and cane of the year before. These
birds leave our neighborhood early in October.

The range of this Heron includes the whole of temperate
and tropical America from the British Possessions south to Chili.

ORDER PALUDICOL: CRANES, RAILS,
ETC,

FAMILY GRUIDA. CRANES.

Genus GRUS Pallas, 1766.

Grus americana (Linnzus). Whooping Crane.

Ardea americana LInNa&UuS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 142.

Grus americana VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XIII, 1817, 557.

Grus hoyanus DupLEy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 1854,

; 64 (Young).

Popular synonyms: GREAT WHITE CRANE. Waite SANDHILL CRANE.

A few are heard, while passing overhead during their migra-
tions, uttering their discordant cries. Mr. B. T. Gault informs
me that his observations show that they arrive early in the
spring and that the latest record of their return in the fall is
August 6. Mr. E. W. Nelson says that it was “once an abundant
migrant, but is now of rare occurrence in this vicinity.” Mr.
Robert Kennicott states that, “Though at present exceedingly
rare, this bird was once not uncommon in this region.”|| The
only record I have found of the actual taking of a specimen
within our limits is that of Spencer F. Baird who mentionst
a specimen of this species which was collected by Mr. Thomas E.
Blackney who took it at Chicago in June, 1858. This specimen
is now in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
“*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 131.

Trans. of the Illinois State Agri. Soc., Vol. I, 1853-1854, 587.
tPacific R. R. Reports Vol. IX, 1858, 655. ’

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 57

The Whooping Crane has a rather narrow range in the in-
terior of North America. It lies between Colorado and Ohio,
and extends from the Fur Countries southward to Florida, Texas
and Mexico.

Grus mexicana (Miill.). Sandhill Crane.

Ardea (grus) mexicana MUtu., S. N., Suppl., 1776, 110.

Grus mewvicana Viewtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XIII, 1817, 561.

Grus canadensis NUTTALL Man., II, 1884, 38 (nec Ardea canadensis

Linnzus).

Popular synonym: BRowN CRANE.

A rare migrant. According to Mr. E. W. Nelson, they
formerly nested abundantly in the larger marshes of our regic..
Mr. B. T. Gault informs me that in the seventies he saw single
birds and occasionally two or three together, flying high above
the city in a northerly direction. However, he never saw them
in the fall. In the museum of Northwestern University there is
a fine specimen of this species, taken in the seventies by Mr.
Charles S. Raddin, who shot the bird at Evanston while walking
along the beach of Lake Michigan.

The range of the Sandhill Crane covers the southern half
of North America, though it is said to be rare on the Atlantic
coast north of Georgia. It breeds in Florida and Cuba and in the
states west of the Mississippi River to the Pacific coast.

FAMILY RALLIDA: RAILS, GALLINULES AND COOTS.
Genus RALLUS Linnezus, 1758.

Rallus elegans Audubon. King Rail.
Rallus elegans AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 27, pl. 203.
Popular synonyms: RED-BREASTED Rain. MarsH Hen. Mun Hen.
SepcE HEN.

A common summer resident, nesting in the thick rushes bor-
dering our lakes and in clumps of grass in meadow marshes. It
is the largest of our rails, and is very shy, rarely taking wing
and depending upon its long legs as means of escaping an in-
truder. The King Rails arrive within our limits when the grass
is quite short and affords but poor shelter for them. In conse-
quence large numbers are annually shot. They begin to depart
for their winter home the latter part of September.

The range of the King Rail is almost confined to the Middle
States and it is a bird of the fresh-water marshes. In the salt
marshes of the Atlantic coast and that of the Gulf of Mexico,
it is replaced by the Clapper Rail (Rallus crepitans).

58 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Rallus virginianus Linneus. Virginia Rail.
Railus virginianus Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 263.
Popular synonyms: MREEpD-BIRD. RED RalL.

A common summer resident, nesting about the last of May
in the long grass on the borders of our prairie sloughs and lakes.
This Rail arrives within our limits about the last of April and
departs early in September. Regarding its habits, Mr. E. W.
Nelson says:* “I have obtained nests with eggs from the sixth
of May until the middle of June. This species is found in almost
any place where it can find suitable food. I have often flushed
it in thickets when looking for woodcock, as well as from the
midst of farge marshes. The nest can rarely be distinguished
from that of the Carolina rail in form or structure, and is gener-
ally placed in a similar location, with the exception that the
present species shows a greater preference for dense tufts of
grass. I have never seen more than nine eggs in a nest of this
species.” :

The range of this species includes the whole of temperate
North America from the British Possessions south to Guatemala
and Cuba. It winters quite throughout its range.

Genus PORZANA Vieillot, 1816.

Porzana carolina (Linneus). Sora.

Railus carolinus Linnzvus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 153.

Rallus (Crez) carolinus BONAPARTE; Obs. Wils., 1825, No. 230.

Ortygometra carolina BONAPARTE, List, 1838, 53.

Porzana carolina Bargp, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn. Coll.,

Oct. 1845, 255.
Popular synonyms: CAROLINA Ratt. ComMoN Rar. Orroran. Sopra
Rat.

A common summer resident, breeding abundantly in all of
our marshes, and on the borders of prairie sloughs, especially in
the southern portion of our area. Their nests are usually built
in soft dense grass which grows near the borders of the sloughs.
Occasionally the nests are built on clumps of grass which grow
where they are entirely surrounded by water. The Sora, as well
as the other smaller rails, after being flushed once from the nest
is very loth to take wing again and may often be picked up alive
by the collector." A great many of these rails are killed during
their migrations by flying against the screens which protect the
lights of the light-houses on the coasts of the larger bodies of

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 133.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 59

water. They also frequently kill themselves by flying against
chimneys and the lighted windows of houses. The Sora arrives
within our limits about the middle of April and the larger num-
ber leave early in October.

Mr. E. W. Nelson gives an interesting account* of the habits
of the Sora in our vicinity: “In the spring of 1875, the sudden
rise of the water ‘in the sloughs in this vicinity flooded a great
many water birds’ nests, and among them Carolina Rail’s nests.

‘Visiting the marshes soon after, I found that in every rail’s nest
that had been flooded the eggs had been broken by the rail
piercing the side with her beak. In one instance the bird
was found beside the nest, and when I looked at the eggs
I found a portion of them broken and the contents still
oozing out. I found that the coots (Fulica americana) and the
gallinules had the same habit when their nests were destroyed
by the water, although it was less common with them than with
the rail. In autumn great numbers of these birds frequent the
floating weeds along the borders of rivers where they are some-
times found in such numbers that several may be killed at a
single discharge.”

The range of the Sora covers the whole of temperate North
America, breeding chiefly in the northern portion of its range.

Porzana noveboracensis (Gmelin). Yellow Rail.
Fulica noveboracensis GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 701.
Rallus noveboracensis BONAPARTE, 1827.
Porzana noveboracensis Batrp, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn.
Coll., Oct. 1845, 255.
Popular synonyms: Lirtie Ram. Litre YELLow Rar.

A quite common summer resident although rarely seen on
account of its skulking habits. It may be readily recognized by
its white wing patches, the white barring of its back, and its
extremely small size. In April, 1889, while collecting with Mr.
Charles Robey at South Chicago, two perfect specimens of this
species were caught by his dog and brought to us alive and un-
hurt. It arrives within our limits early in April and departs in
September.

The range of the Yellow Rail includes eastern North America,
and it is found, though less commonly, west to Utah and Nevada.

Porzana jamaicensis (Gmelin). Black Rail.
Rallus jamaicensis GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 718.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 134.

60 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Porzana jamaicensis Bargp, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn.
Coll., 1845, 257.
Popular synonym: Litrne Brack Rat.

A very rare summer resident. Mr. E. W. Nelson says re-
garding the occurrence of this species in our region:* “During
the spring of 1875 I saw three specimens in the Calumet Marshes.
The first was observed early in May. On the nmeteenth of June,
the same season, while collecting with me near the Calumet
River, Mr. Frank DeWitt, of Chicago, was fortunate enough to
discover a nest of this species containing ten freshly laid eggs.
The nest was placed in a deep cup-shaped depression in a per-
fectly open situation on the border of a marshy spot, and its
only concealment was such as a few straggling carices afforded.
It is composed of soft grass blades loosely interwoven in a cir-
cular manner. The nest, in shape and construction, looks much
like that of the meadow lark. The eggs are a creamy-white
instead of clear white, as I stated in a recent article (Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, Vol. I, p. 43), and average 1.00 by .81 inches. They
are nearly perfectly oval, and are thinly sprinkled with fine red-
dish-brown dots, which become larger and more numerous at
one end. Minute shell markings in the form of dots are also
visible. Owing to the small diameter of the nest the eggs were
in two layers.”

The range of the Black Rail covers North America from
Massachusetts, northern Illinois, Nevada and California, south-
ward through Central America and western South America to
Chili. It is also found in the West Indies.

Genus IONORNIS Reichenbach, 1852.

Ionornis martinica (Linneus). Purple Gallinule.
Fulica martinica Linnazvus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 259.
Gallinula martinica Lat. 1790.
Porphyrio martinica GOSSE, Birds Jam., 1874, 377.
Ionornis martinica REICHENBACH, Ay. Syst., 1852, p. XXI.
Popular synonyms: Buivue Coot. BiLue PETER. BLUE MUuD-HEN,

The Purple Gallinule is essentially a southern species, and the
only record I have found of its occurrence within our limits is
that of a male specimen taken by Mr. C. N. Holden, at Lake View,
Chicago, in May, 1886. Mr. E. W. Nelson says that Dr. Hoy
informed him of its capture at Racine, Wisconsin.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 134.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. O61

The range of this species includes the whole of tropical and
warm-temperate America as far south as Brazil. It is occa-
sionally reported as far north as Maine, New York and Wis-
consin.

Genus GALLINULA Brisson, 1760.

Gallinula galeata (Licht.). Florida Gallinule.
Crear galeata ‘itcHt., Verz. Doubl., 1823, 80, No. 826.
Gallinula galeata BONAPARTE, Amer. Orn., IV, 1832, 128.
Gallinula chloropus (LINN&US), var. galeata LiIcHT., of some authors.
Popular synonyms: AMERICAN GALLINULE. MUD-HEN. RED-BILLED

MUD-HEN.

A common summer resident in all of our marshes, arriving in
April and nesting the middle of May. It builds a cup-shaped
nest similar to that of the King Rail, generally placing it among
the heavy growth of rushes. The Gallinules usually depart in
the fall early in September. Mr. E. W. Nelson gives the follow-
ing interesting account of their habits within our district :*

“Generally has a full set of eggs, numbering from seven to
twelve, the first week in June. Its nests are placed wherever
fancy dictates; on low ridges a rod or more from the water; in
perfectly bare situations on the borders of marshes, or in the
midst of the bulrushes or wild rice growing in several feet of
water. The material used varies with the situation, from fine
grasses to the coarsest rushes and fragments of wild rice stalks.
In the latter case the nest often floats in the water and is held
in place by the surrounding reeds. The young possess the usual
black down and disproportionate feet of members of this family
at an early age, but the basal two-thirds of the bill is bright red,
the tip only being yellow. I have placed eggs under a hen,
but the young, unless removed as soon as hatched, would scram-
ble out and manage to get away. At this age they have a clear
metallic peep, quite unlike that of a chicken.”

The range of the Florida Gallinule includes the whole of
tropical and temperate America, extending from Canada to
Brazil and Chili.

Genus FULICA Linneus, 1758.

Fulica americana Gmelin. American Coot.

Fulica americana GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 704.
Fulica wilsoni STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII, 1824, 236.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 135.

62 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Fulica atra Witson, Amer. Orn., IX, 1825, pl. 73, fig. 1, (nec Linneus).
Popular synonyms: Mup Hen. WHirk-BILLED Mup Hen. Crow
Duck. ‘

The American Coots are common summer residents, arriving
early in April. They build their nests in reed patches in May.
The nests are usually placed in quite exposed situations unlike
those of the other species of this family. They are often placed
in reeds that stand in two to four feet of water, and are built
at about the same time as are those of the Florida gallinule.
Where the Coots are plentiful, they gather in quite large numbers
as cold weather approaches, and, frequenting the rivers and lakes,
remain with us until these waters are frozen over. Mr. E. W.
Nelson says regarding the appearance of the Coot within our
limits,* “This bird has a curious habit when approached by a
boat in a stream, rising often before the boat is within gunshot,
and flying directly by the boatman, generally so near that it
may be easily brought down. The abundance of ducks and other
game birds has caused the birds of this family to be but little
molested, until within a few years, when the amateur sportsmen
from Chicago, finding the ducks difficult to obtain, and ‘mud-
hens,’ as coots and gallinules are called, conveniently tame, have
turned their batteries upon them and have caused a diminution
in their numbers about the Calumet Marshes. But in more re-
tired marshes they still breed in undiminished numbers.”

The range of the American Coot covers the whole of North
America, including the West Indies,

ORDER LIMICOLA:: SHORE BIRDS.
FAMILY PHALAROPODIDZ: PHALAROPES.

Genus CRYMOPHILUS Vieillot, 1816.

Crymophilus fulicarius (Linneus). Red Phalarope.

Tringa fulicaria Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148.

Phalaropus fulicarius Sw. & Ricu., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 407.

Crymophilus fulicorius SteaNeceR, Auk, II, 1885, 183.

I have found no record of the occurrence of this species
within our limits or in the immediate vicinity except that of
Mr. E. W. Nelson who says:* “Exceedingly rare. Occurs
only during the migrations at about the same time as the pre-
ceeding (Northern Phalarope).”

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 186.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 63

This Phalarope breeds in very high latitudes, and its range
covers the northern portions of the northern hemisphere. It is
chiefly maritime and has been reported from as far south as
Ohio, Illinois and Cape St. Lucas.

Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson, 1760.

Phalaropus lobatus (Linneus). Northern Phalarope.

Tringa lobata LInn2vs, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148; ed. 12, I, 1766, 249.

Lobipes lobatus B. B. & R., Water Birds N. Amer., I, 1884, 330.

Phalaropus lobatus Satvap., Uce. d’Italia, II, 1872, 210 (nec Latham

qui Crymophilus fulicarius, nec Wilson qui Phalaropus tricolor).

Lobipes hyperboreus Cuvier, Rég. Anim., I, ed. 1829, 532.

A rare spring and fall visitant. In 1901, a male in perfect
fall plumage was shot on the grounds of the Calumet Heights
Gun Club, by Mr. R. Turtle. I identified this specimen shortly
after it was taken. Specimens of immature males were also
taken by Mr. Gerard A. Abbott at Calumet Lake, September
27, 1903. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Rather rare migrant
the first of May, and the last of September and first of October.
Frequents slow streams or marshy pools, where, swimming grace-
fully from one patch of floating weeds to another, it obtains
its food. It is quite gentle and unsuspicious, and I have ap-
proached in a boat within five yards of one without its showing
the least concern.”

The range of the Northern Phalarope includes the northern
portions of the northern hemisphere, breeding only in the far
north. It winters in the tropics. It is chiefly a maritime species.

Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot, 1819.

Steganoyus tricolor Vieillot. ‘Wilson’s Phalarope.

Phalaropus lobatus Witson, Amer. Orn., IX, 1825, 72, pl. 73, fig. 3
(nee Tringa lobata Linneus).

Phalaropus wilsonti SABINE, App. Frankl. Journ., 1823, 691.

Lobipes wilsoni AUDUBON, Synop., 1839, 341.

Steganopus wilsoni Cours, Ibis, April 1865, 158.

Steganopus tricolor VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat, XXXII, 1819,
1386. s

Phalaropus tricolor StreyNecrerR, Auk, ITI, 1885, 183.

A very common summer resident in the Calumet region,
appearing about the twelfth of May and nesting almost immedi-
ately after arriving. The sites usually selected for the nests are
the prairies surrounding the small lakes. The birds depart for

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. VIII, 1876, 125.

64 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

their winter home further south early in August. The female of
this species possesses the finest and most brilliant breeding plu-
mage of the two sexes. The male performs nearly or quite all
of the work of building the nest and of incubation. It is also
smaller than the female. The nest is a very simple affair, and is
built with grass in a shallow depression in the ground in open
situations where it is but slightly protected by the grass.

The range of this species is chiefly confined to the interior
of temperate North America. They breed from Illinois and Utah
northward to the Saskatchewan region, and migrate southward
in winter as far as Brazil and Patagonia.

FAMILY RECURVIROSTRIDH: AVOCETS AND STILTS.
Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnaus, 1758.

Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. American Avocet.
Recurvirostra americana GMELIN, S. N., ed. 13, I, 1788, 693. .

The only record that I have found concerning the occurrence
of this species within our limits or the immediate vicinity, is that
of Mr. E. W. Nelson who says:* “A rare migrant. Generally
occurs in small parties the last of April and the first of May, and
during September and the first of October. Frequents the bor-
ders of marshy pools.”

The range of this species includes temperate North America
and it is much less common in the eastern than in the western
United States.

Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson, 1760.

Himantopus mexicanus (Miller). Black-necked Stilt.

Charadrius mexicanus MULLER, S. N., Suppl., 1776, 117.

Himantopus mezicanus Orv, Wilson’s Orn., VII, 1824, 52.

Himantopus nigricollis VIEILLOT, 1817.

Popular synonyms: LONG-SHANKS. PINK-STOCKINGS. Lawyer. STILT.

Mr. Nelson speaks of this species as being “An exceedingly
rare visitant.”” Mr. Robert Ridgway says:+ “While on record
only as a summer visitant to Illinois, the Stilt undoubtedly breeds
in some portions of the State.”

There is really no reason why this species might not be, at
least occasionally, found within our limits, for its range in-
cludes the whole of temperate North America from the northern

+The Ornithology of Illinois, Vol. II, 1895, 76.
*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. VIII, 1876, 124.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 65

portion of the United States southward to the West Indies and
the northern portion of South America.

FAMILY SCOLOPACIDA: SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.
Genus PHILOHELA Gray, 1841.

Philohela minor (Gmelin). American Woodcock.
Scolopaz minor GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 661.

Philohela minor Gray, Genera of Birds, 1841, 90.

Popular synonyms: Boa-sucKeR. MUD-SNIPE. BLIND SNIPE.

Formerly a common summer resident. It is chiefly nocturnal,
spending the daytime in the low, damp thickets or heavy growths
of willows. In the spring it arrives from about the last of
March to the middle of April, and departs in September. It
nests the last of April, and its eggs are remarkably large for the
size of the bird. Though nests and eggs of the Woodcock are
still- occasionally found within our limits, the settling of the
country with homes and factories, and above all the selfish zeal
of collectors and hunters are rapidly driving this interesting bird
from our vicinity.

Its range covers eastern North America as far west as
Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas, and north to the British Posses-
sions. Its breeding range is coincident with its geographical
range.

Genus GALLINAGO Leach, 1816.

Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson’s Snipe.

Scolopaz gallinago WILson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 18, pl. 47, fig. 1
(mec Linneus).

Scolopagr wilsoni TemmM., Pl. Col., V, 1824, livr. LXVIII (in text).

Gallinago wilsont Bonaparte, 1838.

Scolopaz delicata Onp, Wilson’s Orn., IX, 1825, p. ecxviii.

Gallinago delicata Ripeway, in A. O. U. Check List, 1886, 148, No.
230.

Gallinago gallinaria (Gmelin) var. wilsoni TEMM., of some authors.

Popular synonyms: AMERICAN SNIPE. CoMMON SNIPE. ENGLISH
Snipe. GutTtTer Snirc. JACK SNIPE.

A common spring and fall migrant. There are no recent
records of this species having nested within our limits. It is
known to have nested not far from our area, and according to
both Mr. E. W. Nelson* and Mr. Robert Kennicott+ it was
formerly a summer resident within our borders. Mr. M.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol.
¢Trans. Illinois State Agri. Soc., Vol. I, 1853-1854, 587. Veh Vat 1878 128

66 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Savage found a nest at Grass Lake, Illinois, in May, 1901, which
contained four eggs of this species. Mr. Nelson says:* “Mr.
T. H. Douglas has obtained its eggs near Waukegan, and while
there in the spring of 1876, I found several pairs during the
breeding season, in various portions of the marsh near that
place.” The Snipes arrive within our limits about the last of
March, the larger number leaving early in May. In the fall
they arrive in September and remain until the ground is frozen
over.

The range of Wilson’s Snipe includes the whole of North
America, the West Indies and the northern part of South Amer-
ica. It breeds north of the United States.

Genus MACRORHAMPHUS Leach, 1816.

Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmelin). Dowitcher.
Scolopar griseus GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 658.
Macrorhamphus griseus LEacuH, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & Birds, 1816, 31.
Popular synonyms: Gray SNire. GRgaAyY-BACK. DowitcH. RoBIN
Snree. RED-BREASTED JACK. RED-BREASTED SNIPE.

A very rare migrant. May the sixth is the earliest recorded
spring arrival and September is the latest fall record. A few
stragglers may be seen during July and August, principally on
the sandy shores.of our lakes and small ponds. Mr. E. W.
Nelson says:* “Rather common migrant. Passes north, often
in large flocks, in May and returns the first of August, and
lingers in small numbers about muddy pools until well into
October. Quite unsuspicious. while feeding and will allow a
near approach.” Mr. Robert Ridgway says:} “It is apparently
more abundant along the Atlantic coast than in the interior, but
its presence in Illinois is attested by specimens in the National
Museum collection, received from Mr. H. K. Coale, and collected
by him near Chicago.” I have the following records of the
capture of this rare bird:

Frank M. Woodruff, at Liverpool, Indiana, September 2,
1892.

Frank M. Woodruff, at South Chicage, May 6, 1893.

J. Grafton Parker, Jr., at Grand Crossing, July 19, 1893.

The range of the Dowitcher covers eastern North America,
breeding in the far north. South in winter to the West Indies
and Brazil.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 126.
+Birds of Illinois, Vol. II, pt. i, 1895, 39.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 07

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher.

Limosa scolopacea Say, Long’s Exp., II, 1823, 170.
Macrorhamphus scolopaceus Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y., V, 1852, 4, pl. 1.
Popular synonyms: GREATER LONG-BEAK. Rosin SNIPE.

A very rare migrant. The only record which I have of the
occurrence of this species within our limits, is that of two
females in full breeding plumage. These I took ,at South
Chicago, May 6, 1893, and they are in the museum of The
Chicago Academy of Sciences.

While the range of the species includes North America in
general, it is chiefly confined to that portion of the continent
west of the Mississippi River. It breeds in the far north and
migrates south in the winter to South America and the West
Indies.

Genus MICROPALAMA Baird, 1858.

Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper.
Tringa himantopus BoNApaRTE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., II, 1826, 157.
Micropalama himantopus Batrp, Birds N. Amer., 1858, 726.
Tringa douglasiti Sw. & Ricu., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 379, pl. 66.
Popular synonyms: LONG-LEGGED SANDPIPER. F Rost SNIPE.

A rare spring migrant and often a common fall visitant. Not
infrequently this species is not detected, as the young in fall plum-
age closely resemble the young of the yellow-legs (Totanus
flavipes). Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., has in his collection an
adult female taken from a flock of four at Grand Crossing, Chi-
cago, on July 25, 1893. I also have the following records for the
capture of this bird within our limits:

Frank M. Woodruff at South Chicago on June 6, 1890.

J. Grafton Parker, Jz., at Grand Crossing on August 7, 1893.

Frank M. Woodruff at Grand Crossing on September 23, 1893.

Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Of rare occurrence. The eighth
of August, 1873, I saw a single specimen near the Lake shore in
Chicago, and the tenth of September the same year, Mr. R. P.
Clarke obtained a specimen at the same place.” ,

The range of the Stilt Sandpiper includes the eastern portion
of North America, breeding north of the United States, and mi-
grating in winter south through Central America and quite far
south in South America.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. VIII, 1876, 126.

68 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genus TRINGA Linnezus, 1758.

Tringa canutus Linneus. Knot.

Tringa canutus Linnzvus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 149.

Tringa cinerea BRUNN., Orn. Bor., 1764, 53.

Popular synonyms: RosBIN Snipe. RED-BREAST. GRAY-BACK. KNoT
SANDPIPER.

A raré fall visitant. The only records I have of the taking of
this species within our limits, are as follows: One specimen
taken August 24, 1896 and four taken August 21, 1897, at Mil-
lers, Indiana; and eight taken by Mr. Charles Brandler at Wolf
Lake, Indiana, in August, 1897. For some time, I have seen
them each year throughout the month of August at Millers,
Indiana. Mr.’ E. W. Nelson says:* “It is not a common but a
regular migrant, passing north during May. It returns early in
September and remains until October. I have never observed it
away from the vicinity of the Lake shore, where it is generally
found in company with one or two others of the same family.”

The range of the Knot covers the northern hemispheres,
though it occasionally visits the southern hemisphere during its
migrations.

Genus ARQUATELLA Baird, 1858.
Arquatella maritima (Briinn.). Purple Sandpiper.

Tringa maritima Briinn., Orn. Bor., 1764, 54.

Arquatella maritima Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,
183.

Popular synonym: Rock SNIPE.

A very rare migrant. In its migrations, it probably will ap-
pear in our vicinity at about the same time as the Knot. The only
record J have of the appearance of this bird within our limits, is
that of Mr. E. W. Nelson ,who says:} “A fine adult male ob-
tained on the Lake shore, near Chicago, November 7th, 1871, is
in the collection of Dr. J. W. Velie. When first seen it was in
company with a flock of sanderlings. This is the only instance
of the occurrence of this species of which I have learned.”

Its range includes the northeastern portions of North Amer-
ica, breeding very far north and migrating in winter to the mid-
dle states, the Great Lakes and the larger rivers of the Mississippi
Valley.

Genus ACTODROMAS Kaup, 1829.

Actodromas maculata (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper.
Tringa maculata VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.. XXXIV, 1819,
465.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 126.
+Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 128.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 69

Actodromas maculata Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,

197, 230.

Tringa pectoralis Say, Long’s Exp. I, 1823, 171.

Popular synonyms: JAck Snipr. Grass Snipe. Marsh PLover.
Meapow Snipz. May Piover. Sanp SNIPE. CREAKER.

An abundant migrant. During its season with us, it may be
found on all of our lakes and sloughs and on plowed fields. * Its
season in our vicinity is from the first of April to the middle of
May, and from the last of July until late in October.

This Sandpiper has an extensive range covering the whole
of North America and the greater part of South America. It
breeds in the Arctic regions.

Actodromas fuscicollis (Vieillot). White-rumped Sandpiper.
Tringa fuscicollis VirtLLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXXIV, 1819,
461.
Tringa schinziti BONAPARTE, Synop., 1828, 249.
Tringa bonapartei ScHLEG., Rev. Crit. Ois. Europe, 1844, 89.
Actodromas fuscicollis BONAPARTE, Comptes Rendus, XLIII, 1856, 596.
Popular synonyms: WHITE-TAILED STILT. BONAPARTE’S SANDPIPER.

A very rare migrant. There seem to be no records of the oc-
currence of this species within our limits excepting that of Mr.
E. W. Nelson, who says:* “Dr. Hoy writes ‘that it was formerly
abundant during the migrations but is now rare’ (at Racine).
June oth, 1876, I obtained one specimen and saw quite a number
of others upon the Lake shore near Waukegan. Mr. R. P. Clarke
informs me that he has taken it late in autumn upon the Lake-
shore near Chicago.” These records and the fact that I have
taken it at Meredosia, Illinois, would indicate beyond a doubt the
possibility of its passing through our area during its migrations.

This species breeds in the far north, and its geographical
range includes eastern North America, south in winter to the
West Indies, Central and South America.

Actodromas bairdii Coues. Baird’s Sandpiper.

Actodromas bairdit Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,
194.
Tringa bairdit Son, P. Z. 8. 1867, 332.

A rare migrant, visiting us in August or September in com-
pany with other maritime species. In 1876, Mr. E. W. Nelson
published the following report:* “A rather uncommon migrant
during the middle of May, and the last of August and first of
September. It is generally found in small parties or singly, with

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 127.

70 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

other species of sandpipers, but it sometimes occurs in large
flocks.” I have the following records for the taking of this spe-
cies within our limits: :

Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., at Grand Crossing, on August 22,
1893.

Frank M. Woodruff, at Millers, Indiana, on August 24, 1896.

The range of this species includes nearly the whole of both
North and South America, but chiefly the interior of North and
the western portion of South America as far south as Chili
and Patagonia. It breeds in the far north.

Actodromas minutilla (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper.
Tringa minutilla VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat, XXXIV, 1819,

466.

Actodromas minutilla Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,
191,

Tringa pusilla Witson, Amer. Orn., V, 1818, 32, pl. 37, f. 4 (nee
Linnzeus).

Tringa wilsonit NUTTALL, Man., II, 1834, 121.
Popular synonyms: SAND SNIPE. Prep. WILSON’S SANDPIPER.
BUMBLEBEE.

An abundant migrant, arriving early in April and returning
again in the fall in August or September. I have no records of
the Least Sandpipers having nests within our limits excepting
that of Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says:* “The fifth of June, 1875,
I found one of these birds building its nest near the Calumet
River. When first observed it was busily at work in the midst of
a small bunch of grass, but upon my approach it ran a few feet
to one side and watched my movements. The nest was nearly
finished, and was a shallow depression in the center of a tuft of
grass, formed by the bird, which had just commenced lining it
with small straws. Unfortunately work was not resumed upon
the nest after my visit, but the birds were noticed several times in
the vicinity, and they probably had a nest in some safer spot.
Several Least Sandpipers were observed near Waukegan the first
of July, 1875, by Mr. Rice, who is certain they had nested in the
vicinity.”

The range of the Least Sandpiper includes the whole of North
and South America, and it breeds chiefly north of the United
States.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 127.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 71

Genus PELIDNA Cuvier, 1817.

Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). Red-backed Sandpiper.

Tringa alpina Witson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 25, pl. 56, fig. 2 (nec
Linneus). ;

Scolopar sakhalina ViE1LLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., III, 1816, 859,
(ef. Buturlin, Auk, XXI, 1904, 53).

Tringa alpina var. americana Cass., in Baird’s Birds N, Amer., 1858,
719.

Pelidna alpina americana Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 200.

Pelidna pacifica Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, 189.

Pelidna alpina pacifica SteJNEGER, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885,
120.

Pelidna alpina pacifica Ripeway, in A. O. U. Check List, 1886, No. 143a.

Popular synonyms: ReED-BACKED Snipz. DUNLIN.

A common spring and fall migrant. It is usually seen along
the sandy shores of the small lakes and pools of our area. The
earliest spring arrival, in my records, is the seventeenth of May,
and the latest fall record the twentieth of October.

Its range covers North America in general, breeding far
north. :

Genus EREUNETES Illiger, 1811.

Ereunetes pusillus (Linneus). Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Tringa pusilla Linnzus, 8S. N., ed. 12, I; 1766, 252.

Tringa semipalmata Witson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 131, pl. 63, fig. 3.

Ereunetes pusillus Cass., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, XIII,
1860, 195.

Popular synonyms: Prep. Sanp SNIPE. OX-EYE.

A common migrant, occurring in about equal numbers with
Actodromas minutilla. Its spring and fall occurrence within our
limits is at about the same time as that of the Red-backed Sand-
piper. Mr. E. W. Nelson gives the following note:* “Very
abundant migrant and may remain through the summer. From
repeated dissections I am confident these are barren birds and,
as Mr. Maynard suggests, probably young of the preceding year.”

This species breeds in the far north and its range covers at
least the whole of eastern North America, migrating southward
in winter to the West Indies, Central America and South America.

Genus CALIDRIS Cuvier, 1799-1800.

Calidris arenaria (Linneus). Sanderling.
Tringa arenaria LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 251.
Calidris arenaria Leacu, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & Birds, 1816, 28.
Popular synonym: WHITE SNIPE. :

*Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. VIII, p. 126, 1876.

72 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

This is a rather common species with us through the months
of August, September and October, when it may be seen along
the shore of Lake Michigan. About one-third of the specimens
which I have taken at Millers, Indiana, were in their breeding
plumage. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Arrives in full breeding
plumage—which varies greatly with individuals—about the twen-
tieth of May, and is found in flocks, numbering from five to
seventy-five, along the shore, until June tenth. Returns the first
of August, still wearing its breeding dress, which is changed the
last of the month for the duller garb of winter.”

This species is nearly cosmopolitan in its range, breeding
only in the Arctic and Subarctic districts. In America, it mi-
grates southward to Chili and Patagonia.

Genus LIMOSA Brisson, 1760.

Limosa hemastica (Linneus). Hudsonian Godwit.
Scolopar hemastica Linnavs, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 147.
Limosa hemastica Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 760.
Scolopax hudsonica LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 720.
Limosa hudsonica Sw. & Ricu., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 396.

A rare migrant. I have observed this bird but once in Cook
County. I took a fine pair in June, 1892, at Grass Lake,
Illinois. This species, as well as others of our large waders,
has become very scarce within our limits. On September 15,
1898, a fine male adult was taken at Wolf Lake, Indiana, by
Mr. Charles Brandler. Mr. E. W. Nelson says, regarding the
frequency of the occurrence of this species in our vicinity during
earlier years: “Not very rare during migrations. April fifteenth
to May tenth, and September to the first of October. More
common along the water courses in the western part of the
state.”

This Godwit breeds in the far north, and its range covers
eastern North America and the whole of Central and South
America.

Genus TOTANUS Bechstein, 1803.

Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs.
Scolopar melanoleuca GMELIN, 8. N., I, ii, 1788, 659.
Totanus melanoleucus VIELLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., VI, 1816, 398.
Popular synonyms. Stone SNIPE. TELL-TALE, YELPER. Bic YELLOw-
LEGS. ENeLIsH SNIPE.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 128.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 73

A common migrant. I have observed stragglers early in May,
and some years as late as the last of July but I have never
seen them throughout the months of May and June, neither have
I. been able to find any observer who has done so within recent
years. I should consider the nesting of this species in our re-
gion of equally rare occurrence with’ that of Wilson’s Snipe
(Gallinago delicata). Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Arrives about
the middle of April, the larger portion passing north early in
May. Returns September first and remains until the last of
October. In June, 1875, I found several pairs of these birds
about the Calumet Marshes, where, from their actions, I was
certain they were breeding, but was not fortunate enough to find
their nests. The tenth of June, 1876, Mr. Rice observed a pair
about a prairie slough near Evanston. A few days later a set
of four eggs were brought him from a similar situation a few
miles northwest of that place, and from the description of the
parent bird—driven from the nest—he decided they must belong
to this species. I perfectly agree with Mr. Rice’s decision, for
the prominent characteristics noticed by the collector are ob-
viously applicable to this bird.”

The range of this species covers America in general, breeding
only in the cold-temperate and subarctic regions of the northern
continent. It is known to have nested as far south as northern
Towa and Illinois. It winters as far south as Chili and the
Argentine Republic.

Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). Yellow-legs.

Scolopar flavipes Gettin, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 659.

Totanus flavipes VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., VI, 1816, 410.

Popular synonyms: Lesser or LITTLE YELLOw-LEGS. LESsER TELL-

TALE.

A common migrant. This species is essentially a miniature
of the Greater Yellow-legs, but it occurs in greater numbers
within our limits, and it is also more gregarious, frequently being
found in quite large flocks. This species passes through our
region on the way to its breeding grounds about the first of
April, and returning in July it remains with us until the latter
part of September. I have no records of its breeding within
our limits. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:+ “A few breed. I ob-
tained the young, barely able to fly, near a prairie slough the
first of July, 1874, a few miles from Chicago, and have since

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 128.
+Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 129.

74 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

observed several pairs during the breeding season about the
Calumet Marshes.”

While the range of this species includes the whole of
America, it is much more common in eastern than in western
North America. It breeds in the cold temperate and subarctic
regions of the northern continent, and winters as far south as
the southern portion of South America.

Genus HELODROMAS Kaup, 1829.

Helodromas solitarius (Wilson). Solitary Sandpiper.

Tringa solitaria Witson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 53, pl. lviii, fig. 3.

Totanus solitarius BONAPARTE, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, V,
1825, 86.

Totanus chloropygius VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., VI, 1816, 40.

Rhyacophilus solitarius Cass., in Baird’s Birds N. Amer., 1858, 733.

Helodromas solitarius Suarpre, Cat. Bds. B. M., XXIV, 1896, 444.

Popular synonyms: PEET-weET. Woop Sniegz. ‘Trp-up. TATTLER.
Ponp Tittup. TEETER. SOLITARY TATTLER.

A common migrant. I feel quite certain that a number may
nest within our limits for I have observed adults in Cook County
throughout the summer. I can find no records which show
that the eggs of this species have ever been taken within our
area. The Solitary Sandpipers arrive early in April, the ma-
jority soon passing farther north. In the fall, they leave our
vicinity in September. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “I have
several times taken young of this species just able to fly, and
have observed the adults throughout the breeding season. I do.
not think there is the slightest doubt of its breeding in this
vicinity.”

The range of the Solitary Sandpiper covers the whole of
North and Central America and a large portion of South Amer-
ica; it at least migrates as far south as the Argentine Republic.
It breeds chiefly north of the United States.

Senus SYMPHEMIA Rafinesque, 1819.

Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster. Western Willet.
Symphemia semipalmata inornata BREWSTER, Auk, IV, April, 1887, 145.
Totanus semipalmatus TEMM. (in part) of some authors.

Symphemia semipalmata GMELIN (in part) of some authors.

A quite common migrant along the lake shore from the first
of August to the fifteenth of September. | Occasionally this

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 129.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 75

species is also seen late in April or early in May, but at that time
they are very shy. The fall birds being the young of the year
are usually quite tame. Nearly all the records of the occurrence
of this species in our vicinity have been published under the
specific name semipalmata. It is probable that all of these
records referred to the subspecies inornata.

The range of this species includes western North America,
eastward to the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf, States. It
winters in the southern states and Mexico.

Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson, 1831.

Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). Bartramian Sandpiper.
Tringa longicauda BECHSTEIN, Uebers. Lath. Ind. Orn., II, 1812, 453.
Tringa bartramia WiLson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 63, pl. 59, fig. 2.
Totanus bartramius Tem. 1820.
Actiturus bartramius BONAPARTE, 1831.
Bartramius longicaudus BONAPARTE, Rev. et. Mag. Zool., XX, 1857, 59.
Bartramia longicauda Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, April, 1880, 100.
Popular synonyms: FI£~p oR PRAIRIE PLOVER. BARTRAMIAN TAT-

TLER. UPLAND PLOVER.

A common summer resident, arriving early in April and
nesting- from the last of April to the middle of May. It leaves
our vicinity about the last of October. It frequents the borders
of sloughs, marshes and prairies. Mr. E. W. Nelson has pub-
lished the following note:* “Quite difficult to approach when it
first arrives, but during the breeding season becomes perfectly
reckless, and hovers over head or follows through the grass
within a few yards until it has escorted the intruder well off its
domain. The presence of a dog in the vicinity of its nesting
place is the signal for a general onslaught by all the birds of the
vicinity, which hover over the dog, and with loud cries endeavor
to drive it away. Being but little appreciated as game it is
seldom hunted in this vicinity.”

The range of this species includes North America but chiefly
east of the Rocky Mountains. It breeds nearly throughout its
North American range and wintets as far southward as Brazil
and Peru.

Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis, 1856.

Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

Tringa subruficollis ViEmLLor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.. XXXIV, 1819,
465.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 129

76 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Tringa rufescens ViEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXXIV, 1819, 470.
Tryngites rufescens CaBANIS, J. f. O., 1856, 418.
Tryngites subruficollis Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 356.

A very rare migrant. I have been able to find but three
records of its occurrence within our limits. Mr. Henry K. Coale
captured a specimen in September, 1873, at Chicago. “In April,
1890, I obtained an adult in breeding plumage which was flying
with a large flock of Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus) at
Worth, Illinois. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Very rare migrant.
A specimen is in the collection of Mr. R. P. Clarke, obtained
upon the Lake shore, at Chicago, September 4th, 1873.” There
is an interesting notation regarding the frequency of this species
in Dr. P. R. Hoy’s “Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin.”+
With a few exceptions, these notes were based on personal ob-
servations made by Dr. Hoy within fifteen miles of Racine, Wis-
consin. Racine is but a few miles north of the northern bound-
ary of our limits. He speaks of the Buff-breasted Sandpiper as
“Quite common from September 15th to October 10th. Never
met in the spring.” I am sure that there must be some mistake
in Dr. Hoy’s record. Even in 1876, not many years after Dr.
Hoy’s observations were made, Mr. Nelson was unable to con-
firm the report and stated that he thought an error had been
made in the record.

The range of this Sandpiper covers North America though
it is more common in the interior. It breeds chiefly in the in-
terior of British America and in the Yukon district. In winter
it passes through South America as far as Uruguay and Peru.

Genus ACTITIS Illiger, 1811.

Actitis macularia (Linneus). Spotted Sandpiper.
Tringa macularia Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 249.
Totanus macularius TemM. 1815.
Actitis macularia NAUMANN, Vég. Deutschl., VIII, 1836, 34.
Tringoides macularius Gray, 1849.
Popular synonyms: SAND SNIPE. RIVER SNIPE. PEET-WEET. TiP-
up. Sanp LARK.

A very common summer resident and most abundant along
the lake shore, where it nests on the drift or under stnall bushes -

growing on the sand dunes. This species also nests in thin
tufts of grass, and not infrequently the eggs are so exposed that

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. vin, 1876, 130.
¢Trans. Wisc. State Agri. Soc., Vol. II, 1852, 360.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 77

they may be seen at a distance of several feet.. These Sand-
pipers arrive late in April and after nesting depart for their
winter home about the last of September.

The range of the Spotted Sandpiper is extensive, covering
the whole of North America and South America as far as the
northern portion of Brazil. It breeds throughout temperate
North America.

Genus NUMENIUS Brisson, 1760.

Numenius longirostris Wilson. Long-billed Curlew.
Numenius longirostris Witson, Amer. Orn., VIII, 1814, 24, pl. 64,
fig. 4. .
Popular synonyms: SICKLE-BILL. Big CURLEW. SICKLE-BILL SNIPE
or CURLEW.

A very rare migrant. Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., informs
me that he once observed a pair of these Curlews on the beach of
Lake Michigan near Woodlawn Park, Chicago. Mr. E. W.
Nelson says:* “Formerly very abundant during the migra-
tions, and a common summer resident. Now (1876) rather un-
common in the migrations and a very rare summer resident.
A pair nested on the Calumet Marshes the spring of 1873. More
numerous on the large marshes in Central Illinois. Arrives the
last of April and departs in October.” Mr. Robert Ridgway
says:} “Transient in most localities. Formerly bred through-
out the state, in suitable localities, and still does so in the central
and northern districts. Occasionally winters in the extreme
southern counties.”

The range of the Long-billed Curlew includes temperate
North America in winter south to Guatemala and Cuba. It
breeds quite throughout its North America range, but chiefly
in the south Atlantic states.

Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew.

Numenius hudsonicus LatTuH., Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 712.
Numenius intermedius NUTTALL, Man., II, 1834, 100.
Popular synonyms: SHORT-BILLED CURLEW. JACK CURLEW.

A very rare or occasional migrant. A fine specimen of this
species was sent to me for identification by Mr. R. A. Turtle,
who shot the bird at Calumet Heights, Indiana, on August 3,
‘1902. I have seen this species in great numbers on Galveston
Island in the spring and fall. In 1876, Mr. E. W. Nelson re-

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the’ Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 130.
Revised Cat. of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Tllinois, 1881, 196.

78 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ported the Hudsonian Curlew to be a “very rare migrant,” and
appearing with the Long-billed Curlew.* Mr. Robert Ridgway
reports this species as much rarer in Illinois than the long-billed
species, and says, it “never remains within the State during the
breeding season.” +

Its range includes the whole of both North and South
America and the West Indies. It breeds very far north and
winters chiefly south of the United States...

Numenius borealis Forster. Eskimo Curlew.

Scolopax borealis Forster, Phil. Trans., LXII, 1772, 411, 431.

Numenius borealis LATH., Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 712.

Popular synonyms: LITTLE CugLeEw. DovuGH-BIRD.

As shown by records, this species was formerly a common
migrant, but at the present time it is certainly a very rare migrant.
Mr. Robert Kennicott, in his “Catalogue of Animals observed in
Cook County, Illinois,”|| reports the Eskimo Curlew simply with
the notation “common.” This note, however, becomes of little
value, for Mr. Kennicott lists the bird under the common name
“Esquimaux Curlew” and gives the scientific name “Numenius
Hudsonicus.’ I am not aware that hudsonicus has ever been
called Eskimo (or Esquimaux) Curlew, though the two species
have been somewhat mixed by earlier writers.

Its range extends over the whole of eastern North America,
breeding in the Arctic regions and in its migrations reaching
the southern extremity of South America.

FAMILY CHARADRIIDA:: PLOVERS.
Genus SQUATAROLA Cuvier, 1817.

Squatarola squatarola (Linneus). Black-bellied Plover.
Tringa squatarola LINNZ&US, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 149.
Tringa helvetica LinNzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 250.
Squatarola squatarola Cuvier, Régne Anim., I, 1817, 467.
Charadrius squatarola NauM., Vég. Deutschl., VII, 1834, 250.
Charadrius helveticus LicHT.—NUTTALL, Man., TI, 1834, 26.
Squatarola helvetica ‘“‘CUVIER,” of several authors.
Popular synonyms: BE&EETLE-HEAD. BULL-HEAD. OxX-EYE. BOoTTLs-

HEAD. BLACK-BREAST, etc.

This fine bird is now a quite rare migrant. I have always

found it in company with other maritime species. I have
taken an adult specimen in full breeding plumage in August,
*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of ee Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 130.

7Birds of Illinois, Vol. II, pt. 1, 1895,
|Trans. Illinois State Agri. Soc., Vol. I, 1853-1854, 588.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 79

which is a rather unusual occurrence. Mr. E. W. Nelson says :*
“Not uncommon during the migrations. Arrives in full breeding
plumage the last of May and after lingering a few days the
majority pass north. A few remain during the summer and un-
doubtedly breed. Returning early in September in fall plumage,
they remain until well into October. While with us in the mi-
grations this species is generally solitary, sometimes a half dozen
individuals joining company, or a single specimen will be found
leading a miscellaneous company of sandpipers and small
plovers.”

While the Black-bellied Plover is nearly cosmopolitan in its
distribution, it is chiefly confined to the northern hemisphere
and breeds in the far north. In winter, in America, it migrates
as far southward as the West Indies, Brazil and Colombia.

Genus CHARADRIUS Linnzus, 1758.

Charadrius dominicus Miiller. American Golden Plover.

Charadrius dominicus MULLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 116.

Charadrius pluvialis WmLson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1813, 71 (nec Linneus).

Charadrius marmoratus WaGu., Syst. Av., 1827, No. 42.

Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus Cours, Key, 1872, 243.

Popular synonyms: GREEN PLOVER. BULL-HEAD. PRaIRIg PIGEON.

A common migrant. The Golden Plovers are rarely seen
in their full breeding plumage unless taken in May. They arrive
within our limits about the middle of April and remain, frequent-
ing the wet prairies, during the remainder of the month, when the
majority pass on to their northern breeding grounds, a few stay-
ing with us during the first week in May. They return to us the
last of August and remain until some time in October.

‘The range of this species includes both North and South
America; breeding in. Arctic regions it migrates southward to
Patagonia.

Genus OXYECHUS Reichenbach, 1853.

Oxyechus vociferus (Linneus). Killdeer.

Charadrius vociferus LiInNz=us, 8S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 150.
4igialitis vociferus BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45,
Oxyechus vociferus REICHENBACH, Syst. Av., 1853, XVIII.
Aigialitis vocifera Amer. Orn. Union Check List, 1895, No. 278.
Popular synonyms: KILL-DEE. KILLDEER PLover. TELL-TALE.

A common summer resident, arriving from the last of March
to the last of April and remaining with us until the cold weather

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 187 6, 122,

80 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

sets in. Occasional stragglers may be seen during a period of
warm days in the winter.

Its range includes the whole of temperate North America,
south in winter to Central America and northern South America.

Genus AGGIALITIS Boie, 1822.

Egialitis semipalmata (Bonaparte). Semipalmated Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus BoNApaRTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-

delphia, V, 1825, 98.
Ajgialites semipalmatus BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45.
Popular synonyms: AMERICAN RING PLOVER. RING-NECK. BEACH
Brrp.”

A common migrant. On their northward migration, these
Plovers pass our vicinity early in May, though a few may straggle
along until the end of the month. They return to us again the
latter part of July and remain until the latter part of October.
Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “The second of July, 1873, I obtained
several specimens of this species near Chicago. From the condi-
tion of the abdomen and ovaries of one specimen, and the pres-
ence of several recently fledged young, J came to the conclusion
that they had nested in the vicinity. It is barely possible, how-
ever, that these birds were unusually early arrivals from more
northern breeding grounds, although the arrivals from the north
generally begin about the last of the month. My suspicions that
the species either breeds in this state, or at no far distant point,
were strengthened the following season when several females ex-
amined the last day of May contained eggs which would have
been deposited within a short time.” The following record is of
some value as indicative of the possibility of this species nesting
not very far from our area. Mr. Frank C. Baker, Curator of the
Academy, and myself observed a flock of eight adults at Worth,
Illinois, June 20, 1894.

The range of this species may be given as North America
in general, breeding in Arctic and subarctic regions and migra-
ting in winter through the tropical countries to Brazil and Peru.

igialitis meloda (Ord). Piping Plover.
Charadrius melodus Orv, ed. Wils., VII, 1824, p. 71.
Aigialites melodus BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, p. 45.
Algialitis melodus var. circumcinctus Ripgway, Amer. Nat., VIII, Feb.

1874, 109.
Popular synonyms: Rincep Prernc Proven. Wuire RING-NECK.
WESTERN PIPING PLOVER. BELTED PIPING PLOVER.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 123.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 81

This species was formerly a common but is now a rare sum-
mer. resident. On the first of August, 1897, while collecting
along the shore of Lake Michigan at Millers, Indiana, I was so
fortunate as to obtain adults and young in down of this bird.
On the thirteenth of June, 1902, I obtained a set of four eggs
and the parent birds at Millers, Indiana. (See plate VII.)
These are now on exhibition as a group in the Museum of The
Chicago Academy of Sciences. At the time of writing, June
10, 1904, I know of two pairs of these Plovers which are breed-
ing within our limits, having located their nests and eggs. I do
not doubt that there are other pairs nesting in the same vicinity,
and I sincerely hope that the nests and eggs of these rare resi-
dents of our area may never be found by unscrupulous collec-
tors. That this Plover was much more common some years
ago is well shown by the following statement of Mr. E. W.
Nelson.* “Very common summer residents along the Lake Shore,
breeding on the flat, pebbly beach between the sand dunes and
shore. Arrives the middle of April and proceeds at once to
breeding.” - At Waukegan, a few miles north of our limits, he
found evidences of their breeding as early as the twenty-fourth
of April. He also adds: “Some thirty pairs were breeding
along the beach at this place, within a space of two miles, and I
afterwards found the birds as numerous at several points along
the shore. Every effort was made to discover their nests with-
out success, although the birds were continually circling about
or standing at a short distance uttering an occasional note of
alarm. The first of July, the year previous, Dr. Velie obtained
young but a very few days old, at this same locality, showing
that there is considerable variation in the time of breeding. This
was also shown by specimens obtained the last of May,—and
which I think were later arrivals than those found breeding in
April,—having the ova just approaching maturity.”

This species ranges over eastern North America west to the
Mississippi Valley and the adjacent portions of the interior of
North America. It breeds from Illinois and Virginia north-
ward to Lake Winnipeg and Newfoundland. It winters in the
West Indies. According to Mr. Allen, the race circumcincta
(Belted Piping Plover) is not now recognized.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 123,

82 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

FAMILY APHRIZID4: SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES.
Genus ARENARIA Brisson, 1760.

Arenaria interpres (Linneus). Turnstone.

Tringa interpres LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 148.

Strepsilas interpres ILLiIcER, Prodr., 1811, 263.

Arenaria interpres VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1819, 345.

Popular synonyms: CALICO-BACcK. BRANT BIgp.

A rare migrant which may be looked for from June to about
the middle of September. It is almost invariably found in com-
pany with other maritime species along the sandy shores of
Lake Michigan and of our smaller lakes. I have on several
occasions seen adult birds in full breeding plumage. One taken
at Millers, Indiana, on the eighth of August, 1897, was in ex-
ceptionably rich plumage. Regarding this species, Mr. E. W.
Nelson wrote* in 1876 that it was a “common migrant along
Lake Michigan. Arrives May 15th in full breeding plumage
and is found until the first week in June. Returns early in
August, still in breeding plumage, which is exchanged for that
of winter during the last of the month. Departs about the
twentieth of September.”

ORDER GALLINZ: GALLINACEOUS
BIRDS.

FAMILY TETRAONIDA:: GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, ETC.
Genus COLINUS Goldfuss, 1820.

Colinus virginianus (Linneus). Bob-white.

Tetrao virginianus LINNz=US, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 161.

Perdig virginiana Latu., Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 650.

Ortyx virginianus JARD., Nat. Lib. Birds, IV, 101, pl. 10.

Colinus viginianus StTeEJNEGER, Auk, II, Jan. 1885, 45.

Popular synonyms: QUAIL. PARTRIDGE. AMERICAN QUAIL. Vir-

GINIA QUAIL.

Formerly the Bob-white was an abundant resident within
our limits, but it is now rare in this vicinity excepting possibly
the northern portion of Lake County, Illinois. It is to be re-
gretted that this valuable bird, which devours innumerable insect
pests and is so easily fostered, should have been driven from
this locality, chiefly by unscrupulous hunters but also by severe
winters in earlier years.

The range of the Bob-white covers eastern North America
from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico and westward to the Great

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 123,

a NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 83

Plains. Of late years the range has been gradually extended
westward along the lines of railroads, and it has been introduced
into many of the western states, including California, Oregon
and Washington.

Genus BONASA Stephens, 1819.

Bonasa umbellus (Linneus). Ruffed Grouse.
Tetrao umbellus Linnzus, 8S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 275.
Bonasa umbellus STEPHENS, Gen. Zool., XI, 1819, 300.
Popular synonyms: PARTRIDGE. RUFFLED GROUSE. PHEASANT.
DRUMMING GROUSE.

In 1876, when Mr. E. W. Nelson prepared his report* on
the Birds of Northeastern Illinois, and for many years thereafter,
this species was a common resident, frequenting the timbered
sections of our area. They are still occasionally met with in
Lake County, Indiana. Major Bendire quotes the following
observations of Mr. Manly Hardy, of Brewer, Maine, as a
reliable description of the method of drumming of the Ruffed
Grouse: “The cock Grouse usually selects a mossy log, near
some open hedge, clearing or wood-road, and, partly screened
‘by bushes, where he can see and not be seen. When about to
drum, he erects his neck feathers, spreads his tail, and, with
drooping wings, steps with a jerking motion along the log some
distance each way from his drumming place, walking back and
forth several times, and looking sharply in every direction; then,
standing crosswise, he stretches himself to his fullest height,
and delivers the blows with his wings fully upon his sides, his
wings being several inches clear from the log. After drumming,
he settles quietly down into a sitting posture and remains, silently
listening for five or ten minutes, when, if no cause of alarm is
discovered, he repeats the process.”

In 1886, while collecting on the summit of the Alleghanies
near Eagle rock, five miles from Deer Park, Maryland, I flushed
a whip-poor-will at the base of a large fallen log which was
almost entirely hidden from sight among the rhododendron
bushes. As I was examining the nest of the whip-poor-will, i
was my good fortune to hear the soft call of a hen Ruffed
Grouse and then a note which I did not recognize as the drum-
ming of the male, as it was softer and seemed quite unlike the
sound of the drumming when heard at a distance. I remained

*Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 121.

84 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

perfectly quiet and the bird soon appeared with a slow measured
step, with its tail spread, and with its wings lowered to within
two or three inches of the log but never allowéd to touch it.
Its head was not depressed nor was its tail held as far forward
as is the case in the strutting of the turkey cock. As he turned
he slightly lowered his feathers and tail, and retraced his steps
to the other end of the log strutting as before. The drumming
seemed to be produced by one long beat and two short spasmodic
ones,

The range of the Ruffed Grouse includes the eastern United
States from Georgia and Arkansas northward into southern
Canada, and westward to the Great Plains.

Genus LAGOPUS Brisson, 1760.

Lagopus lagopus (Linneus). Willow Ptarmigan.

Tetrao lagopus Linna&us, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 159.

Tetrao saliceti TeEmMM., Man., II, 1820, 474.

Lagopus albus AUDUBON, Synop., 1839, 207.

Lagopus lagopus STEIJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 20.

Popular synonyms: WHITE PTARMIGAN. WILLOW GROUSE.

It is very doubtful if this species should be included in the
fauna of our area. It is done because of the following published
notes. In his “Catalogue of Animals observed in Cook County,
Illinois,”"** Mr. Robert Kennicott records this species with the
comment “Sometimes found in the timber along Lake Michigan.”
Regarding Mr. Kennicott’s note, Mr. E. W. Nelson says:¢ ‘This
note was based I think, upon the capture of two specimens,
December, 1846, near Racine (Wisconsin), as noted by Dr.
Hoy (Wis. Agr. Rep., 1852).”

The A. O. U. Check-list gives the following as the geograph-
ical range of this Ptarmigan: “Arctic regions; in America
south to Sitka and the British Provinces. Accidental in New
England (Bangor, Maine, and Essex County, Massachusetts).”

Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger, 1842.

Tympanuchus americanus (Reichenbach). Prairie Hen.
Tetrao cupido Witson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 104, pl. 27 (neo
Linneus).
Cupidonia cupido Batrp, Birds N. Amer., 1838, 628.
Cupidonia americanus REICHENBACH, Syst. Av., 1852, p. xxix.
Tympanuchus americanus Ripcway, Auk, Jan., III, 1886, 133.
Popular synonyms: PRAIRIE CHICKEN. PINNATED GROUSE.

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 586.
+Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 122.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 85

Formerly an abundant resident, but now fast disappearing.
They are still occasionally found in the western portion of Cook
County, Illinois, and in Lake County, Indiana. Mr. E. W. Nel-
son wrote in 1876:+ ‘“Once excessively abundant; now rather
scarce within thirty miles of Chicago. Still exists in large num-
bers on the larger prairies, but is becoming much léss numerous
in all the more settled districts. In many places the farmers
are in the habit of collecting their eggs by the pailful-to use for
culinary purposes. Such a drain as this, with the annual
slaughter by sportsmen, and the restriction of their breeding
grounds by cultivation, is rapidly lessening their numbers except
in the remote prairie districts.”

The range of the Prairie Hen may. be said to include the
“prairies and open cultivated districts of the Mississippi Valley.”
Also, while its range is being gradually contracted eastward it
is being extended westward.

Genus PEDICECETES Baird, 1858.

Pedicecetes phasianellus campestris (Ridgway). Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Tetrao phasianellus (nec Linneus) AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838,
569, pl. 382.

‘Pediocetes phasianellus Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 626 (part).

Pediocetes phasianellus var. columbianus NELSON, Bull. Essex Insti-
tute, Vol. VIII, 121.

Pediocetes columbianus ELtiot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1862, 403.

Pediocetes phasianellus campestris RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, II, April 10, 1884, 93.

Popular synonyms: SPIKE-TAIL. SPBIG-TAIL. PRAIRIE CHICKEN.
PIN-TAIL.

This species is included in the bird fauna of our area on the
strength of the note given by Mr. Robert Kennicott in his ‘““Cata-
logue of Animals Observed in Cook County, Illinois.”* He says:
“Not uncommon, formerly.” Mr. E. W. Nelson says:+ “If
this species now occurs it is extremely rare. At present it is
restricted to the northwestern portion of the state. The last
record of its occurrence in this vicinity is furnished by my friend
Mr. T. H. Douglas, who informs me that in the fall of 1863 or
1864, while two gentlemen were shooting prairie chickens near
Waukegan, they found and secured a covey of these birds,
numbering fourteen individuals. These had, in all probability,
been raised in the immediate vicinity.”

+Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876,
*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 586. Rerer

86 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The range of this Grouse includes the plains and prairies
east of the Rocky Mountains eastward to Wisconsin and Illinois,
and from Manitoba southward to New Mexico.

FAMILY PHASIANIDA:: PHEASANTS AND WILD TURKEYS.
Genus MELEAGRIS Linneus, 1758.

Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris (Vieillot). Wild Turkey.

Meleagris silvestris Vrem.ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., IX, 1817, 447.

Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris ALLEN, Auk, XIX, 1902, 420.

Meleagris gallopavo LINN&US, of previous writers on the birds of this

region.

iieuecs gallopavo var. americana (Bart.) Cours, of some authors.

Mr. E. W. Nelson states* that this species was formerly plen-
tiful within our limits. As early as 1853-1854,+ Mr. Robert Ken-
nicott made a similar statement. It is now fairly common in the
densely wooded districts of the southern portion of Illinois.

Once this species was found in the northeastern United States
but now in those regions it is rare. Otherwise its range may be
given as the eastern United States.

ORDER COLUMB: PIGEONS.
FAMILY COLUMBID: PIGEONS.
Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson, 1827.

Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.). Passenger Pigeon.

Columba migratoria LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 285.
Ectopistes migratoria Swainson, Zool. Journ., III, 1827, 362.
Popular synonyms: WILD PicronN. Woop PicEon.

This species was many years ago an abundant resident within
our limits, but now it is exceedingly rare if it occurs at all. I
have a fine male of this species which was shot by Mr. Charles
S. Raddin at Rogers Park in July, 1882. December 10, 1890, I
received four of these pigeons, in the flesh, from Waukegan, Illi-
nois, at which locality it was claimed they were shot. Three of
these specimens were males and one a female. A pair of these is
now in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. In
the fall of 1891 I shot a pair at Lake Forest, Illinois. These birds
were mounted and are now in the collection of the Chicago Nor-
mal School.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 121.
}7Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1858-1854, 586.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 87

The following notes regarding the presence of the Passenger
Pigeon within our limits, or in the immediate vicinity, are of con-
siderable interest. In 1853 Mr. Robert Kennicott listed* this
bird as a resident of Cook County with the comment “Very abun-
dant.” In 1876, Mr. E. W. Nelson wrote,f “Very abundant
migrant; 15th of March to middle of April, and in October and
November. Sometimes arrives in February. A few isolated
pairs still breed in unfrequented woods.” In the Auk, July, 1895,
Vol. XII, 298, Mr. Ruthven Deane, of Chicago, published notes
which he had collated from authentic sources. These notes have
a distinct bearing on the Chicago Area and its vicinity. Mr.
Deane writes: “The occurrence of the Wild Pigeon in this sec-
tion of the country, and in fact throughout the west generally, is
becoming rarer every year and such observations and data as
come to our notice should be of sufficient interest to record.

“T have, in the past few months, made inquiry of a great many
sportsmen who are constantly in the field and in widely distributed
localities, regarding any observations on the Wild Pigeon, and
but few of them have seen a specimen in the past eight or ten
years.

“T have made frequent inquiry among the principal game deal- -
ers in Chicago and cannot learn of a single specimen that has been
received in our markets in several years. * * *

“A fine male Pigeon was killed by my brother, Mr. Charles
E. Deane, April 18, 1877, while shooting snipe on the meadows
near English Lake, Indiana. The bird was alone and flew di-
rectly over him. I have the specimen now in my collection.

“In September, 1888, while Teal shooting on Yellow River,
Stark County, Indiana, I saw a Pigeon fly up the river and alight
a short distance off. I secured the bird which proved to be a
young female. ‘

“On September 17, 1887, Mr. John F. Hazen and his daugh-
ter Grace, of Cincinnati, Ohio, while boating on the Kankakee
River, near English Lake, Indiana, observed a small flock of
Pigeons feeding in a little oak grove bordering the river. They
reported the birds as quite tame and succeeded in shooting eight
specimens.

“In the spring of 1893, Mr. C. B. Brown, of Chicago, Illi-
nois, collected a nest of the Wild Pigeon containing two eggs at
English Lake, Indiana, and secured both parent birds. * * *

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1858-1854, 586.
tBirds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 120.

8&8 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“Mr. John Ferry informs me that three Pigeons were seen
near the Desplaines River in Lake County, Illinois, in September,
1893. One of these was shot by Mr. F. C. Farwell.

“In an article which appeared in the Chicago Tribune, No-
vember 25, 1894, entitled ‘Last of his Race,’ Mr. E. B. Clark gives
his experience in observing a fine male Wild Pigeon in Lincoln
Park, Chicago, Illinois, in April, 1893. I quote from the article:
‘He was perched on the limb of a soft maple and was facing the
rising sun. I have never seen in any cabinet a more perfect
specimen. The tree upon which he was resting was at the south-
east corner of the park. There were no trees between him and
the lake to break from his breast the fullness of the glory of the
rising sun. The Pigeon allowed me to approach within twenty
yards of his resting place and I watched him through a powerful
glass that permitted as minute an examination as if he were in
my hand. I was more than astonished to find here close to the
pavements of a great city the representative of a race which al-
ways loved the wild woods and which I thought had passed from
Illinois forever!’ ,

“Mr. R. W. Stafford of Chicago, Illinois, who has shot hun-
dreds of Pigeons in former years within the present city limits
of Chicago, informs me that in the latter part of September, 1894,
while shooting at Marengo, Illinois, he saw a flock of six flying
swiftly over and apparently alight in a small grove some distance
off.”

Mr. Deane adds: “The above records will show that while
in this section of country large flocks of Passenger Pigeons are
a thing of the past, yet they are still occasionally observed in
small detachments of single birds.”

In the Auk, January, 1895, Vol. XII, 80, Mr. Benjamin T.
Gault published the following record: “During late years the
Passenger Pigeon has become extremely rare in northeastern
Illinois, at least so far as the neighborhood of Chicago is con-
cerned. My latest record was made at Glen Ellyn on Sunday,
September 4, 1892. It was a young of the year, very tame and
unsuspicious. It was discovered in the company of some jays
and feeding about the piles of dirt recently made in excavating
for the foundation of a house, well within the limits of the town,
and was also observed to be picking the grain from some horse-
droppings, in which occupation it was harassed somewhat by the

jays.”

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 89

In the Auk, October, 1895, Vol. XII, 380, Mr. James O. Dunn,
of Chicago, published the following records: “While collecting
with Mr. Wallace Craig, September 3, 1891, I shot a male Wild
Pigeon in an oak grove in Chicago, near 75th Street, between
Stony Island Avenue and Lake Michigan. It was feeding and
flew up at our approach, alighting perhaps ten feet from the
ground, where I shot it. It was not at all wild, and was a bird of
the year. We saw two others in the same grove, but did not
secure them.

“April 8, 1894, Mr. Edward J. Gekler saw a flock of about
fifteen Wild Pigeons flying while in a woods near Liverpool,
Indiana.

“Mr. Kaempfer, a taxidermist of this city, had a fine male
Passenger Pigeon mounted on one of his shelves which was
brought in on March 14, 1894. The gentleman who brought it
said he shot it near Liverpool, Indiana, and saw quite a number
of them at the time.”

In the Auk, January, 1896, Vol. XITI, 81, Mr. Ruthven Deane
published the following record: “Mr. John F. Ferry of Lake
Forest, Illinois, has kindly notified me of the capture of a young
female which was killed in that town on August 7, 1895. The
bird was brought to him by a boy who had shot it with a rifle
ball, and although in a mutilated condition he preserved it for his
collection.”

Mr. Henry K. Coaie reports the following records for our
vicinity: “In June, 1879, I found Wild Pigeons breeding in
the woods along the Desplaines River west of Lake Forest; ex-
amined two nests, one with two and the other with one egg.
On September 13, 1879, I saw a flock of these birds in the same
woods and took several specimens. On May 2, 1887, I saw Wild
Pigeons at Grand Crossing, Chicago.”

Mr. George Clingman took a male Passenger Pigeon at Bryn
Mawr on September 30, 1891. This locality is a suburb of the
city of Chicago.

In the second edition of the A. O. U. Check-list of North
American Birds, published in 1895, the following is given as
the range of the Passenger Pigeon: “Eastern North America,
from Hudson Bay southward, and west to the Great Plains,
straggling thence to Nevada and Washington. Breeding range
now mainly restricted to portions of the Canadas and the north-

go THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ern border of the United States, as far west as Manitoba and
the Dakotas.”

Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte, 1854.

Zenaidura macroura (Linneus). Mourning Dove.

Columba macroura LINNZUS, 8. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 164 (par).

Columba carolinensis LINNzUS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 286.

Zenaidura carolinensis BONAPARTE, Consp. II, 1854, 84.

Zenaidura macroura Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 355.

Popular synonyms: TuRTLE Dove. AMERICAN TURTLE Dove. Cako-

Lina Dove. Common Dove.

A common summer resident. The favorite nesting sites of
this species are in the hedges of osage orange (Maclura auran-
tiaca), or on the ground. Of late years, I have found it nesting
quite frequently on the ground in the higher fields of our area.
It arrives early in March and departs the last of October. Mr.
E. W. Nelson says:* “Straggling parties are occasionally ob-
served during the winter. In many places this species becomes
semi-domesticated, breeding in the trees in the yard and showing
but little fear when approached.”

The range. of the Mourning Dove covers the whole of tem-
perate North America, from the southern part of the British Pos-
sessions southward to the Isthmus of Panama and the West
Indies. Its breeding range is coincident with its North American
Range.

ORDER RAPTORES: BIRDS OF PREY.
FAMILY CATHARTIDA: AMERICAN VULTURES.

Genus CATHARTES Illiger, 1811.

Cathartes aura (Linneus). Turkey Vulture.
Vultur aura Linnzvus, §. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 86.
Cathartes aura ILLicER, Prodromus, 1811, 236.
Rhinogryphus aura Ripeway, in Hist. N. Amer. B., III, 1874, 344.
- Popular synonyms: Buzzarp. TuRKEY Buzzarp. CARION Crow.

While the Turkey Vulture is a common summer resident in
the southern portion of Illinois, it is but a rare visitant within
our area. Some years ago, Mr. Harry Phillips shot one of these
birds on his farm at Worth, Illinois, about fourteen miles from
Chicago. This individual was sitting on the top of a tree in a
pasture, and Mr. Phillips, observing that it was a species un-
known to him, shot it and presented the skin to The Chicago

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 121.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. oI

Academy of Sciences. Mr. B. T. Gault informs me that on April
I, 1896, he saw three Turkey Vultures flying near the tracks of
the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad near Sacramento Ave-
nue, Chicago. The birds were so near that the naked red of
their heads was plainly discernible. Even at the time that Mr.
E. W. Nelson wrote his “Birds of Northeastern Illinois,” in
1876, these Vultures were fully as rare within our limits as they
are now. Mr. Nelson states that they were then a common sum-
mer resident sixty miles south of Chicago.

The range of the Turkey Vulture is an extensive one, covering
the whole of temperate and tropical America from the southern
portion of the British Possessions southward to Patagonia and
the Falkland Islands.

FAMILY FALCONID: KITES, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC.

Genus ELANOIDES Vieillot, 1818.

Elanoides forficatus (Linneus). Swallow-tailed Kite.

Falco forficatus Linnaxus, S. N., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 89.

Falco furcatus Linnzxus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 129.

Nauclerus furcatus Vic., Zool. Journ., II, 1825, 387.

Elanoides forficatus Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1875,

345. :

Popular synonyms: ‘SwALLOW-TAILED HAwK. WHITE-HEADED SwAL-

tow Kirt. Fisu-Trarr Hawk. SNake Hawk.

While this species may have been quite common many years
ago, it is certainly a very rare visitant to our area at the present
time. I have but one record of the taking of this species within
our vicinity: Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., shot one at Lake Villa,
a few miles north of Chicago, on June 5, 1895. Mr. Henry K.
Coale reports the taking of three adult specimens at Highland
Park in April, 1905. In his “Catalogue of Animals observed in
Cook County, Ilinois,’* Mr. Rcebert Kennicott lists the Swallow- .
tailed Kite with the following comment: ‘Though once com-
mon, this fine bird is now rare. It is still found in the middle
of the state.” Mr. Kennicott also states that it was known to
nest in Cook County. Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “I can testify
to its scarcity at present (1876), only two or three instances of
its occurrence in this vicinity within the last twenty years having
been ascertained.”

The range of this species includes the United States east of
the Great Plains and from Canada southward into South Amer-

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 581.
{Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VITI, 1876, 118.

‘

h

Q2 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ica. It is much more common in the interior of the United States
and is only a casual visitant east of the Alleghanies. Its breed-

‘ing range is quite coincident with its geographical distributions

in the United States.

Genus CIRCUS Lacépéde,~1801.

Circus hudsonius (Linneus). Marsh Hawk.

Falco hudsonius Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 128.

Circus hudsonius V1EILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept., I, 1807, pl. 9.

Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius CouES, Key, 1872, 210.

Circus cyaneus of some authors.

Popular synonyms: Harrier. Marsa Harrier. Ric-TAILED Har-
RIER. AMERICAN HARRIER.

The Marsh Hawk is a resident species but is much more
common during its migrations than in other seasons. About two-
thirds of the birds observed within our limits are in the young
or reddish phase of plumage. As its name would indicate, it is
usually seen on marshes and on prairies. Its migrations usually
take place during the latter half of March and first half of April,
and in October and November.

The range of this species includes the whole of North Amer-
ica, south in winter to Panama and Cuba. Its breeding range is
practically coincident with its geographical distribution, though
it nests quite sparingly in the eastern United States south of the
parallel of 40°.

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson, 1760.

Accipiter velox (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Falco fuscus GMELIN, 8S. N., I, 1788, 280 (nec Fabricius, 1780).
Accipiter fuscus BONAPARTE, Comp. List, 1838, 5.
Astur fuscus AUDUBON, Syn. 1839, 18.
Nisus fuscus Kaup., Mon. Fale. Cont. Orn., 1850, 64.
Falco velor WILSON, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 116, pl. 45, fig. 1.
Accipiter velox Vicors, Zool. Journ., I, 1824, 338.
Popular synonyms: LittLte Swirt Hawk. PickEoN Hawk. BULLET
Hawk. SLATE-COLORED Hawk.

7

This species is a variable and at times an abundant migrant.
Although these hawks are occasionally seen within our limits
throughout the summer, I have no records of their having nested
here. They arrive early in March and depart late in October.
Mr. B. T. Gault informs me that on two occasions a Sharp-shinned

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. , 93

Hawk has darted viciously at his head as he was walking through
‘woods at Glen Ellyn. This would seem to indicate that the bird
was nesting near the locality. Mr. Robert Kennicott records* the
nesting of this Hawk within our area. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:
“Abundant during migrations; September 15th to October 3oth,
and April 15th to May roth. A few remain to breed.”

The range of the Sharp-shinned Hawk includes the whole of
North America from Panama northward. It breeds quite
throughout the United States and northward.

Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte). Cooper’s Hawk.
Falco cooperiti BoNAPaRtTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., II, 1826, 433.
Astur cooperi BONAPARTE, Comp. List, 1838, 5.
Accipiter cooperi Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Accipitres, 1844, 38.
Nisus cooperi SCHLEG., Rev. Acc., 1873, 73.
Popular synonyms: CHICKEN HAWK. BLUE CHICKEN Hawk. SwWIrt
or BLUE Hawk oR DaARTER. QUAIL OB BLUE QUAIL HAwE.

A quite common summer resident, arriving early in March
and departing late in October. This species is very destructive
to young poultry, although, like other species of the Raptores,
it repays the farmer to some extent by destroying large numbers
of mice and other vermin.

Cooper’s Hawk breeds throughout its range which extends
from the southern portion of the British Possessions south to
Central America.

Accipiter atricapillus (Wilson), American Goshawk.
Falco atricapillus Witson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 80, pl. 52, fig. 3.
Astur atricapillus JARD. & SELBy, Illust., 1825, pl. 121.
Astur palumbarius var. atricapillus Ripeway, Proc. Bost. Soc, XVI,
1874, 57.
Accipiter atricapillus SrEBoHM, Brit. Birds, I, 1883, iv.
Popular synonym: CHICKEN HAwk.

This Hawk may be considered an exceedingly rare winter
resident. March 30, 1889, I captured an adult male at Beverly
Hills. This is the only recent record I know of regarding the
appearance of this species within our limits. Mr. E. W. Nelson
says:t “Formerly a common winter resident; now very rare.
Dr. A. L. Marcy of Evanston, found them quite plentiful during
the winter of 1870-1871, and obtained specimens. The only time
I ever saw the birds alive, was the 3rd of May, 1876, at Wauke-
gan, when a fine adult specimen passed slowly overhead and dis-

*Trans, Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 581.
{Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 118.

‘

94 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

appeared toward the north.” This species is one of the most
beautiful and daring of our hawks.

Breeding chiefly north of the United States, passing south-
ward in winter through the larger portion of the United States.

Genus BUTEO Cuvier, 1800.

Buteo borealis (Gmelin). Red-tailed Hawk.

Falco borealis GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 266,

Buteo borealis’ VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., IV, 1816, 478.

Buteo borealis var. borealis B. B. & R., Hist. N. Amer. Birds, III,
1874, 282.

Popular synonyms: CHICKEN Hawk. HEN Hawk. RED-TAILED
BUZZARD. WHITE-BREASTED CHICKEN OR HEN HAWK. WBASTEEN
RED-TAILED Hawk.

This species is a common resident, and is the most common
of the larger hawks. It is, however, much more abundant dur-
ing its migrations than at other times. In our vicinity it nests
as early as the last of February. Mr. B. T. Gault informs me
that the striped gopher (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) seems
to constitute a favorite article of the diet of this Hawk, and that
he found a freshly killed specimen of that rodent on the edge of
a nest which he examined May Io, 1895.

The range of this species includes the eastern portion of
North America from the fur countries south to Guatemala and
westward to the Great Plains.

Buteo borealis kriderii Hoopes. Krider’s Hawk.
Buteo borealis Hoopes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1873, 238,

pl. dD.
Popular synonyms: WHITE RED-TAILED HAWK. WHITE HEN HAWKE.

CHICKEN HAwE.

This species is included in the fauna of our area on the
strength of a specimen presented to the United States National
Museum by Mr. H. K. Coale. It was captured in the vicinity
of our area July 25, 1876. Regarding this specimen, Mr. Coale
says (Auk, Vol. II, January 1885): “Referring to my notes, I
find that this was one of the large hawks brought into camp by
one of our party while on a collecting trip along the Des Plaines
River thirty miles from Chicago northwest. It is an adult female
and was captured while perched on a stake in a field not far from
the big woods at Half Day, Illinois.”

The A. O. U. Check-list gives the following as the range of
Krider’s Hawk: “Plains of the United States, from Wyoming

>

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 95

and the Dakotas to Minnesota, and south to Texas ; casual in Iowa
and Illinois.”

Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.). Western Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo calurus Cass., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 1855,
281.

Buteo borealis var. calurus RipG@way, Bull. Essex Inst., V, 1873, 186.

Popular synonym: BLack RED-TAIL.

The Western Red-tail is included in the fauna of our area
because of the following record, published by Mr. E. W. Nelson :*
“In my collection is a fine adult specimen of this variety obtained
near Chicago in April, 1873, by my friend Mr. C. H. Smith.”

The A. O. U. Check-list gives the following range for the
Western Red-tailed Hawk: “Western North America, from the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, south into Mexico; casual east
to Illinois.”

Buteo borealis harlani (Audubon). Harlan’s Hawk.
Falco harlani AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., I, 1830, 441, pl. 86.
Buteo borealis harlanit Ripeway, Auk. VII, April, 1890, 205.
Popular synonym: HARLAN’s BUZZARD.

The only record I have of the occurrence of Harlan’s Hawk
within our limits is that of a specimen which I purchased from
a hunter who had just shot it near Calumet Lake. This specimen
was captured October 1, 1895. It was a female and was ex-
amined by Mr. George K. Cherrie, who pronounced it a juvenile
bird in the dark phase of plumage. ,

The range of this Hawk, as given in the A. O. U. Check-list,

_includes the “Gulf states and lower Mississippi Valley, north
casually to Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Kansas; south to Central
America.”

Buteo lineatus (Gmelin). Red-shouldered Hawk.
Falco lineatus GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 268.
Buteo lineatus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., IV, 1816, 478.
Falco buteoides NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 100.
Popular synonyms: HEN Hawk. CHICKEN HAWK. WINTER BuUz-
ZARD.

This species is one of our resident hawks, and is quite com-
mon during its migrations. It arrives about March 2oth and
nests in April. It frequents the heavily timbered woods, prin-
cipally in the northern portion of both Cook and Dupage coun-
ties. It is the most common of the larger hawks, especially in

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 119.

96 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

our timbered regions. Mr. Robert Kennicott includes this species
‘in his list of Cook County birds,* with the following interesting
note: “In October, 1854, a flight of apparently several thousand
of this Hawk passed over Chicago from the Lakes, moving to-
wards the southwest.” Mr. E. W. Nelson says:} “The main
fall migration of hawks in this vicinity takes place the last of
September or the first of October and a statement of the num-
bers which pass in a single day, to one who has not observed them,
would be received with incredulity. Choosing a day when there
is a strong south or southwest wind, the hawks commence moving
south early in the morning and continue flying the entire day,
and so numerously that, taking a stand at a good point, one
would have from one to fifty hawks in view, with but very few
intermissions, throughout the day. Among these occur all the
migrants, but by far the greater number consist of the smaller
species.” At the present time the Red-shouldered Hawk is not
as abundant as it was in the days of Mr. Kennicott, nor are the
large flocks of hawks, of which Mr. Nelson speaks, to be seen
during their migrations, excepting on rare occasions.

The range of this species includes eastern North America from
the southern portions of the British Possessions southward to the
Gulf States and eastern Mexico; westward to the Great Plains.

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. Swainson’s Hawk.

Buteo swainsoni BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 3.
Popular synonyms: Brown Hawk. Buiack HAwk. CHICKEN Hawk.

Swainson’s Hawk is included in the fauna of our region be-
cause of a record published by Mr. E. W. Nelson,t who says.
“Of rather rare occurrence in this vicinity. Have only noted it
during the migrations. I obtained an immature specimen May
30, 1875, at Riverdale, Illinois, and have seen others since. As
this species breeds in southern Illinois it probably also breeds in
the northern portions of the state.”

The range of this species includes western North America
from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas and Texas to the Pacific
coast, and from the Arctic regions on the north, south through
Central America and South America to the Argentine Republic.

Buteo platypterus (Vieillot). Broad-winged Hawk.
Falco latissimus Witson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 92, pl. 54, fig. 1.
Buteo latissimus SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., I, 1874, 193.

*Trans. Ill. State Agri. Soc., 581, 1855.
+Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 119.

.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 97

Sparvius platypterus Virtttor, Encyl. Method., Orn., III, 1823, 127.
Buteo platypterus Faxon, Auk. XVIII, April, 1901, 218.

This Hawk is a not uncommon summer resident, and during
some seasons it is quite common during its migrations. Mr. B.
T. Gault reports taking a set of fresh eggs of this species on
April 15, 1889, at Jefferson, in Cook County. These birds arrive
early in March and depart late in October.

The range of the Broad-winged Hawk extends through east-
ern North America, from Hudson Bay southward to the latitude
of the upper Amazon River in South America. It breeds through-
out its range within the United States.

Genus ARCHIBUTEO Brehm, 1828.

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmelin). American Rough-

legged Hawk.

Falco sancti-johannis GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 273.

Buteo sancti-johannis NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 98.
Archibuteo lagopus var. sancti-johannis CoUES, Key, 1872, 218.
Popular synonym: Biack Hawk.

A not uncommon winter resident. Mr. B. T. Gault has at
times found them plentiful during October and November. In
Du Page County he has also observed them late in February. Mr.
E. W. Nelson says* that this hawk “arrives in large numbers
the first of October, and after remaining for a few weeks the
majority pass further south for the winter. The last of Feb-
ruary and the first of March they depart for the north.” Mr.
J. G. Parker has observed them between January first and April
seventh.

The range of this species includes the whole of North America
north of Mexico, breeding in Arctic and subarctic regions, ex-
cepting in Alaska.

Genus AQUILA Brisson, 1760.

Aquila chrysaétos (Sprungli). Golden Eagle.
Falco chrysaétos Linnzavus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 88.
Aquila chrysaétos SpRuNGLI, in Andrae’s Briefe aus der Schweiz,
1776, 196.
Aquila chrysaétos DUMONT, Dict. Sci. Nat., I, 1816, 339.
Aquila fulva NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 62.
Aquila chrysaétos var. canadensis Rip@way, 1873.
Popular synonyms: BLAcK EAGLE. RING-TAILED EAGLE,

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 119.

98 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

/

The Golden Eagle is a very rare winter visitant within our
limits. At Liverpool, Indiana, I saw a bird which I thought was
Aquila chrysaétos though it may have been a bald eagle in im-
mature plumage. Mr. Robert Kennicott records it as rare
in his list of Cook County birds.* Mr. E. W. Nelson gives an
interesting note regarding the Golden Eagle:t “Not very un-
common during winter. Arrives in November and departs early
in spring. Formerly nested throughout the state. In December,
1874, while hunting Prairie Chickens in a field a few miles south
of Chicago, my friend, Mr. T. Morris, was suddenly attacked
with great fury by a pair of these birds, they darting so close
that had he been prepared he could easily have touched the first
one with his gun. As it arose to renew the attack he fired a small
charge of number six shot, and brought it down, dead. The
second then darted at him, and so rapidly that he did not fire
until it had turned and was soaring up, but so near that the
charge passed through the primaries in a body, disabling but not
injuring the bird, which was then captured alive. The cause of
the attack was explained by the proximity of a carcass upon
which these birds had been feeding. The craw of the dead
eagle contained a large quantity of carrion, as I learned upon
skinning it.”

The Golden Eagle frequents the whole of North America,
north of Mexico. It breeds chiefly in the unfrequented moun-
tainous regions of its range. It also frequents the northern por-
tions of the Old World. -

Genus HALIZZEETUS Savigny, 1809.

Halizetus leucocephalus (Linneus). Bald Eagle.

Falco leucocephalus Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 124.

Haliwetus leucocephalus Botr, Isis, 1822, 548.

Falco washingtonianus NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 67.

Popular synonyms: OLD ABE. WHITE-HEADED EAGLE. GEAY BAGLE.
AMERICAN SEA EAcLe. BIRD OF WASHINGTON,

The Bald Eagle may be considered a rare resident. It is,
however, rather frequent along the eastern shore of Lake Michi-
gan during the fall and winter. In the spring of 1897 a pair
nested near Millers, Indiana and Mr. Edward Carr obtained the
young birds. On August 8, 1897, I saw five individuals of this
species at Millers and obtained one of them. While Mr. J.

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. pelels Vol. I, 1853-1854, 580,
+Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 119.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 99

Grafton Parker and myself have been hunting together at Liver-
pool, Indiana, we have, on a number of occasions, seen Bald
Eagles, both in the spring and in the fall. On the Kankakee
marshes near Kouts, Indiana, there were two nests of this species,
both of which were occupied during the spring of 1896. One
of the nests was in a dead oak tree and not over fifty feet above
the ground and within twenty feet of a haystack. The female
would allow us to approach within seventy-five yards of the
nest before she would leave it.

The range of this species includes the whole of North Amer-
ica, north of Mexico; northwest through the Aleutian Islands to
Bering Island, Kamchatka. It breeds locally throughout its

range.

Genus FALCO Linneus, 1758.

Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonaparte). Duck Hawk.

Falco peregrinus Witson, Amer. Orn., IX, 1814, 120, pl. 76.

Falco anatum Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 4.

Falco peregrinus B. anatum Buastus, List. B. Eur., 1862, 3.

Falco communis var. anatum Ripeway, in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Amer.
B., III, 1874, 128, 132.

Popular synonyms: AMERICAN PEREGRINE, BULLET HAWKE. GREAT-
FOOTED FALCON.

The Duck Hawk is a very rare visitant within our limits.
Mr. George Clingman has a male specimen which was shot at
Bryn Mawr on September 29, 1899. There are two specimens
of this noble Hawk in the museum of the Northwestern Uni-
versity in Evanston, which were captured in the spring of 1881
by Mr. W. H. Ballou near the University. In the collection of
Mr. Ruthven Deane there is a large adult specimen of this
species which was taken in October, 1895, on Calumet Lake,
while it was attempting to seize a duck which had just been
shot by a local hunter and was lying among the decoys. Mr.
E. W. Nelson says the Duck Hawk was “not uncommon during
the migrations,” at the time he wrote in ee He also says
that it was “formerly a rare summer resident.”

The range of the Duck Hawk includes the whole of North
America and the larger portion of South America. It breeds
locally throughout most of its United States range.

Falco columbarius Linneus. Pigeon Hawk.
Falco columbarius Linnzwus, 8. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 90.

100 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Falco (Afsalon) lithofalco var columbarius B. B. & R. Hist. N. Amer.
B., III, 1874, 148, 144.

Popular synonyms: AMERICAN MERLIN. BULLET HAWK.

This little Hawk is a rare resident but not uncommon during
its migrations. Mr. E. W. Nelson records* it as an “abundant
migrant, from March 2oth to May ist, and from September 15th
to October 5th.” He also considered it a rare summer resident.
I have found this species very bold and unsuspicious, and have
an adult bird in my collection, which I captured at South Chicago,
March 18, 1890, while it was attempting to catch an English
sparrow among the cars in the freight yard of the Illinois Central
Railroad. :

Its range includes the northern portion of South America,
the West Indies, and the whole of North America. It breeds
chiefly north of the United States.

Falco sparverius Linneus. American Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverius Linnaxus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 90.
Popular synonyms: AMERICAN KESTRIL. Mouse Hawk. LITTLE
BLuE Hawk.

A common summer resident in a portion of our area, arriv-
ing early in the spring and departing when severely cold weather
sets in. Mr. B. T. Gault informs me that the Sparrow Hawks
are not common in DuPage County, and that they are not known
to breed there. Mr. E. W. Nelson says* that this species is an
“abundant migrant and rather common summer resident.”

The range of this species includes North America east of the
Rocky Mountains, from the Great Slave Lake south to the north-
ern portion of South America.

Genus PANDION Savieny, 1809.

Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin). American Osprey.

Faleo carolinensis GMELIN, S. N., I, i, 1788, 263.

Pandion carolinensis AUDUBON, B. Amer., 1831, pl. 81.

Pandion haliaétus carolinensis Ripeway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-

delphia, 1870, 143. ;

Popular synonyms: FisH Hacite. FisH Hawk.

A rare migrant, seen principally along the shore of Lake
Michigan, or on our larger inland lakes. I have observed them
on both Berry and Calumet lakes. An adult specimen now in
the collection of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, was taken
on the Fox River, near Lake County, Illinois, September 28,

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 118.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. IOI

1896. Mr. B. T. Gault reports seeing a specimen of this species
in DuPage County on May 15, 1894. Mr. E. W. Nelson gives
the following record:* “Not uncommon during March and
April in spring, and during September and October in fall. Some
seasons this species is quite numerous, especially along the Lake
shore.”

The range of the Osprey includes the whole of North America,
from Alaska and Hudson Bay south to northern South America
and the West Indies.

FAMILY STRIGIDA: BARN OWLS.

Genus STRIX Linnzus, 1758.

Strix pratincola Bonaparte. American Barn Owl

Striz fammea “LINNZUS.” WIiLson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 57, pl.
50, fig. 2. .

Stric pratincola BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7.

Strix flammea var. americana CouES, Key, 1872, 201.

Strix flammea var. pratincola B. B. & R., Hist. N. Amer. B., III,
1874, 13.

Popular synonym: MONKEY OWL.

A very rare visitant. An adult male of this species is in the
collection of the Field Columbian Museum, which was shot just
outside the main entrance of the museum building in Jackson
Park, Chicago, on August 15, 1896. Mr. C. A. Tallman shot
a female near the “sag” at Worth, Illinois, on August 31, 1895.
Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., reports the taking of a specimen at
Calumet Heights, Illinois, on November 30, 1899, by Mr. Gold.
It is quite possible that the Barn Owls may breed within our
limits, though very rarely. Mr. Fred Hilgard while collecting
at Kouts, Indiana, May 30, 1896, in company with Mr. Parker
and myself, shot an adult female. From the condition of its
abdomen, it was evident that the bird had nested in or very near
that locality. Mr. E. W. Nelson gives the following record :}
“Very rare visitant. A pair were caught in a trap near Chicago
some years since by Mr. C. H. Smith.”

Its range covers the United States, though much less common
in the northern portion and only occasionally seen in Canada,
and Mexico. It is wanting in unwooded districts. It breeds
northward to about latitude 41°.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 118.
+Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 116.

102 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

FAMILY BUBONIDZ. HORNED OWLS, SCREECH OWLS, ETC.
Genus ASIO Brisson, 1760.

Asio wilsonianus (Less.). American Long-eared Owl.
Strix otus Witson, Amer. Orn., VII, 1812, 73, pl. 51, fig. 3 (nee
Linnzus).

Otus wilsonianus Less., Traité Orn., I, 1831, 110.

Otus vulgaris var. wilsonianus ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z., III, 1872, 180,

Otus vulgaris of some authors,

Asio wilsonianus Cours, Check List, ed. 2, 1882, 81, No. 472,

Popular synonym: L&EssER Horgnep OWL.

Quite abundant in past years, the Long-eared Owl is now a
rather uncommon resident. It is principally found in the timber
which skirts some of the swamp lands of our area. Mr. B. T
Gault informs me that this species occurs regularly in DuPage
County during the early spring and late fall. Removing the
timber from our vicinity for the purpose of settlement will prob-
ably eventually drive this Owl entirely from our limits. Its
strictly nocturnal habits and its attachment for certain localities
have made it less well known than are some of the other species.
“Its favorite haunts are dense willow thickets, where it may be
surprised taking its daytime nap, standing bolt upright, with
feathers closely pressed to its body, and long ear-tufts erect, thus
presenting a very comical figure.’ Mr. Robert Kennicott in-
cludes this species in his list of Cook County birds* with the
notation “common,” and also states that it is “known to nest in
Cook County.”

The range of this species covers North America in general,
from the limit of forests on the north, south to the Mexican
tablelands. Its breeding range is coincident with its geographical
distribution.

Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl.

Striv accipitrina PALL., Reise Russ. Reichs., I, 1771, 455.

Strive brachyotus Forst., Phil. Trans., LXII, 1772, 284.

Otus brachyotus Bote, Isis, 1822, 549.

Brachyotus palustris BONAPARTE, 1838.

Asio accipitrinus Newt., Yarrell’s Brit. B., Ed. 4, I, 1872, 163.

Popular synonyms: MaArsit OWL. Prairziz OWL. Swamp OWL.

The Short-eared Owl is a summer resident within our limits.
It probably nests with us also, for I have found them nesting a
few miles south of Chicago, at Lowell, Indiana, and have observed
them throughout the summer in Cook County. Mr. Robert Ken-
nicott records it as having nested in Cook County,* and says:

*Trans, Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 581.

Ir'HE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 103

“Abundant on the prairies. It flies much by day. It has been
said to nest in bushes; but I have always found it nesting on
the ground.” Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “The most abundant
species of the family. Arrives from the north in large numbers
the first of November and disperses through the state. They are
common everywhere, on prairies and marshes, during the winter.
Remain concealed in a bunch of grass or reeds until about two
o’clock, P. M., when they commence flying low over the ground
in search of their prey.”

Its range covers the whole of North America, anid it is nearly
cosmopolitan. It breeds from about latitude 39° norchward.

Genus SYRNIUM Savigny, 1809.,

Syrnium varium (Barton). Barred Owl.

Strix nebulosa ForstEr,* of authors, not of Forster.

Striz varius BARTON, Fragm. N. H. Penn., 1799, 11.
Syrnium varium PREBLE, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 22, 1902, 109.
Popular synonym: Hoor Owt.

The Barred Owl has become an uncommon resident. From
the year 1887 to the year 1892 this species was fairly common
on the timbered ridge at Beverly Hills, and also in the woods
west of Evanston and Lake Forest. In the latter woods Mr.
Ned Pratt obtained several sets of eggs. Since the building of
the small suburban towns in the vicinity of Chicago, the Barred
Owls have gone to the heavier wooded portions of the state,
very few having been seen within our limits since the year 1892.
Mr. E. W. Nelson found this Owl rare in this vicinity, “owing to
the lack of heavy timber.” He only knew of two instances of
its capture.

Its range covers North America, east of the Great Plains
from Hudson Bay southward to Georgia and Texas. It breeds
throughout its range.

Genus SCOTIAPTEX Swainson, 1837.

Scotiaptex nebulosa (Forster). Great Gray Owl.
Striz nebulosa Forster, Philos, Trans., LXII, 1772, 424.
Striz cinerca GMELIN, S. N.. I, i, 1788, 291.
Scotiaptex cinerea SwAINSON, Classification B., II, 1837, 217.
Syrnium cinereum Bonaranrte, List, 1838, 6.
Scotiapter nebulosum Presie, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 22, 1902, 109.
Popular synonyms: GREAT CINEREOUS OWL. SPECTRAL OWL.

*“‘Strix nebulosa Forster plainly having been based on the great gray owl, the
name Strix varius Barton seems to be the next name available for the Barred Owl.’’
Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 22, 1902, 109.

104. THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I have been unable to find more than two records of this Owl
having been taken or observed within our limits. Mr. Robert
Kennicott includes it in his list* of Cook County birds, with the
comment “rare.” Mr, E. W. Nelson says: “A very rare winter
visitant.”

Its range covers Arctic America, southward in winter to the
northern United States. Breeds entirely north of the United
States.

Genus CRYPTOGLAUX|| Richmond, 191.

Cryptoglaux tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonaparte). Richardson's Owl.

Stria tengmalmi Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 94, pl. 82

(nec Gmelin).
Nyctale richardsoni BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7.
Nyctale tengmalmi var. richardsoni Ripaway, Amer. Nat., VI, May
1872, 285.

Popular synonym: SPaRRow OWL.

The only records I have of the occurrence of this rare Arctic
Owl within our limits are the following notes of Mr. Ruthven
Deane, published in the Auk. The first note also includes the
first recorded capture of Richardson’s Owl in the state of Illinois.
Mr. Deane says:¢ “The only previous capture of this Owl in
the State was recorded in the ‘Ornithologist and Oologist’ (Vol.
X, March, 1885), one having been taken October 15, 1884, at
Rockford. I am indebted to Mr. Robert H. Van Schaack for
the following information: ‘The Richardson’s Owl was shot by
my son, Louis F. Van Schaack, December 26, 1902, in Kenil-
worth, Illinois. He found the bird along a small ditch that
drains from the Skokie Swamp; he shot the Owl with a toy
air gun! I examined the specimen while in the possession of thé
taxidermist who mounted it, who informed me that he had
mounted another specimen of this species about the same time,
which was said to have been shot not far from Chicago, but I
have been unable to get any definite locality or date.” In Oc-
tober of the same year, Mr. Deane published.the following note :t
“In recording the second capture of this Owl for the State, I
mentioned that another specimen had been reported, but that
I was unable to get any definite information as to locality and
date. Through the kindness of Mr. Frederick C. Pierce of
Chicago I am now enabled to record a third specimen which was

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 581.

\|Auk, Vol. XVIII, April, 1901, 193, Nyctala Brehm 1828 preoccupied by Nycta-
lus Bowdish, 1825, for a genus of Mammals.

tAuk, Vol. XX, July 19038, 305.

tAuk, Vol. XX, October 1903, 433.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 105

taken in Cicero, in December, 1902, and is now in his possession.”
The following range of this Owl is given in the A. O. U.
Check-list: “Arctic America, south in winter into the northern
United States. Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
Manitoba northward.”

Cryptoglaux acadica (Gmelin). Saw-whet Owl.
Strive acadica GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 296.
Nyctale acadica Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7.
Popular synonyms: WHUJITE-FRONTED OwL. ACADIAN OWL.

Although this species has not been found nesting within our
limits, adult specimens have been taken throughout the year. Mr.
B. T. Gault and myself have observed this species during May
and June in the pine region of Lake County, Indiana. Mr. Gault
saw one individual perched upon the iron rafters of the Illinois
Central Railway station at the foot of Lake Street, Chicago, in
September. A specimen in my collection was taken at Colhour,
Indiana, on March 13, 1890. Nearly all the records I have,
however, are of specimens captured during the winter months.
Mr. E. W. Nelson gives a very interesting note.* He says:
“Not an uncommon species. Is of frequent occurrence in Chi-
cago, where, upon some of the most frequented streets in the
resident portion of the town, over a dozen specimens have been
taken within two years. Whether resident or not I have been
unable to determine.”

The range of the Saw-whet Ow! practically includes the whole
of North America. It breeds from the middle States northward;
also throughout the western mountain regions as far south as
the northern portion of Mexico.

Genus MEGASCOPS Kaup, 1848.

Megascors asio (Linneus). Screech Owl,

Striv asio Linnavs, 8S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 92.

Scops asio BONAPARTE, Comp. List, 1838, 6.

Megascops asio STEJNEGER, Auk, II, April, 1885, 184.

Popular synonyms: MotTritep Own. LITTLE MoTTLeED OwL. LITTLE
Rep Ow. LITTLE Gray OwL.

In past years the Screech Owl was an abundant but now it
is a rather uncommon resident. A few still nest in the timber
along Wolf and Hyde lakes, Indiana. Mr. Robert Kennicott
includes it in his list of Cook County birdst with the comment
“Abundant.” Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “Rather common.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 117.
+Trans, Ill. State Agri. Soc., Vol. I, 1853-1854, 581.

S

106 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Resident. Often strays into Chicago and becomes confused,
when they may be captured alive.”

The range of this species covers temperate North America
east of the Great Plains.

Genus BUBO Duméril, 1806.

Bubo virginianus (Gmelin). Great Horned Owl.
Strig virginiana GMELIN, S. N., I, pt. i, 1788, 287.
Bubo virginianus BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 6.
Popular synonyms: Hoor Own. Cat Ow. Boosy Own.

The Great Horned Owl was a common resident many years
ago, but it is now very rdre. Even as early as 1876, Mr. Nelson
records it as formerly common but at that time a not common
resident. In 1890, Mr. Ned Pratt collected several sets of the
eggs of this Owl near Lake Forest, a short distance north of
Chicago.

The range of this species extends from Labrador ‘south
through eastern Mexico to Costa Rica and east of the Great
Plains. ‘

Bubo virginianus arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Horned Owl.

Strive (Bubo) arctica Swains., in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Amer., II,
1831, 86, pl. 30.
Bubo virginianus var. arcticus Cass., Illust. B. Cat., etc., 1854, 178.

This variety of the Great Horned Ow! is included in this list
on the strength of the foilowing published record of Mr. E. W.
Nelson:* “A rare winter visitant. Have a fine specimen in my
collection, taken the last of December, 1874.”

This variety of virginianus winters as far south as Idaho,
Wyoming and South Dakota.

Genus NYCTEA Stephens, 1826.

Nyctea nyctea (Linneus). Snowy Owl.

Strix nyctea Linnzzus, 8S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 93.

Surnia nyctea SELBY, Ill. Br. Orn., I, 1833, 95, pl. 23.

Nyctea nyctea Licut., Nomen. Mus. Berol., 1854, 7.

Nyctea scandiaca NEwT., 4th ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. B., iii, 1872, 187.

Nyctea scandiaca var. arctica Ripeway, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Amer. B.,
III, 1874, 61, 70.

Popular synonyms: GREAT WHITE OwL. SNow OwL. ERMINE OWL.
WHITE OWL.

An irregular winter visitant. Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr.,
informs me that on November 3, 1885, he observed two Snowy

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 117.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 107

Owls perched on the chimney tops of a residence on Grand
Boulevard, near Thirty-fifth Street in Chicago. I saw three of
these birds in a small grove near Park Manor, on March 16,
1890. Two days later a large female, probably one of the birds
which I had observed, was brought to me having been shot while
it was perched on the roof of a house in Park Manor. Records
of years ago show that the Snowy Owl was then much more com-
mon within our limits. Mr. Robert Kennicott, in his list of Cook
County birds,* says: “Common in winter. Last winter, during
the very cold and stormy weather, I frequently saw them capture
prairie hens.” Mr. E. W. Nelson says:} ‘Regular winter resi-
dent. More numerous in the vicinity of the Lake. Arrives in
November and a few remain as late as the first of May.”

The range of the Snowy Owl includes the northern portion
of the northern hemisphere. In North America it breeds only
north of the United States, and in winter migrates southward
to the middle United States, or even further south in very cold
and stormy seasons.

Genus SURNIA Duméril, 1806.

Surnia ulula caparoch (Miiller). American Hawk Owl.
Striz caparoch Mitirr, S. N., suppl., 1776, 69.
Strive hudsonia GMEtin, S. N., I, pt. i, 1788, 295.
Surnia funerea BONAPARTE, List. 1838, 6.
Surnia ulula var. hudsonia Cours, Key, 1872, 305.
Surnia ulula caparoch STEINEGER, Auk, I, October, 1884, 363.
Popular synonyms: Hupsonian Hawk Owt or Day OwlL.

This Owl is included in our list on the strength of the follow-
ing records. Mr. Robert Kennicott includes it in his list of Cook
County birds* without comment. Mr. E. W. Nelson says :}
“Rare winter resident. Dr. J. W. Velie tells me that he obtained
a specimen in Kane County, Illinois, the first of September, 1869.”

The American Hawk Owl is a bird of the Arctic regions of
America, breeding from Newfoundland northward. In winter,
it migrates to the northern border of the United States. Its
occurrence elsewhere would be as a casual visitant.

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 581.
{Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 117.

108 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ORDER PSITTACI: PARROTS AND
PAROQUETS.

FAMILY PSITTACIDH: PARROTS AND PAROQUETS.

Genus CONURUS Kuhl, 1820.

Conurus carolinensis (Linneus). Carolina Paroquet. ,

Psittacus carolinensis LINNZUS, S. N. ed. 10, I, 1758, 97.
Conurus carolinensis Lrss., Traité, 1831, 211.
Popular synonyms: ILLINOIS PAROQUET. CAROLINA PABRAKEET.

Mr. Robert Ridgway says:* “The avian-fauna of Illinois
has lost no finer or more interesting member than the present
species, which is probably now everywhere extinct within our
borders, though fifty years ago it was of more or less common
occurrence throughout the state.” The only record that I have
of the occurrence of this Paroquet within our limits, is that of
Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says:+ “Formerly occurred. Specimens
were taken in this vicinity by R. Kennicott many years ago, and
Dr. H. M. Bannister informs me that he has seen it in this vicin-
ity.”

While this species formerly had quite an extended range, it
is now found only in limited portions of Florida and the states
bordering the Gulf of Mexico, and portions of the lower Missis-
sippi Valley as far north as Arkansas and the Indian Territory.

ORDER COCCYGES: CUCKOOS, AND
KINGFISHERS.

FAMILY CUCULID&: CUCKOOS, ETC.
Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot, 1816.

Coccyzus americanus (Linneus). Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Cuculus americanus LINNm=vuS, 8S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 111.
Coccyzus americanus BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia,
III, ii, 1824, 367.
Popular synonyms: RAIN Crow. Woop PIGEON. Cow-cow.

This species is a common summer resident, arriving early
in May and departing in October.

The range of this Cuckoo includes North America east of
the Great Plains, and it breeds from Florida north to New Bruns-
wick. It winters south through Mexico and Central America as
far as Costa Rica.

Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo.

Cuculus erythropthalmus WiLson, Amer. Orn., IV, 1811, 16 pl. 28.

*The Ornithology of Illinois, Vol. I, 1889, 397.
{Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 115

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 10Q

Coccyzus erythrophthalmus BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, III, ii, 1824, 367.

Popular synonym: Rain Crow.

This Cuckoo is a summer resident, but it is not as plentiful
as the yellow-billed species and is often confounded with it. It
also arrives and departs at about the same time as the latter
species.

Its range includes eastern North America, west to the Rocky
mountains and it breeds northward as far as Labrador and Mani-
toba. In winter it migrates southward as far as the valley of
the Amazon River.

FAMILY ALCEDINIDA: KINGFISHERS.
Genus CERYLE Boie, 1828.

Ceryle alcyon (Linnezus). Belted Kingfisher.

Alcedo alcyon Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 115.

Ceryle alcyon Bots, Isis, 1828, 316.

The Belted Kingfisher, commonly called Kingfisher, is a
common summer resident, arriving early in April and departing
in October.

Its range includes the whole of North America from the
Arctic Ocean south to Panama and the West Indies. It breeds
throughout the United States and northward.

ORDER PICI: WOODPECKERS.
FAMILY PICIDH: WOODPECKERS.
Genus DRYOBATES Boie, 1826.

Dryobates villosus (Linnzus). Hairy Woodpecker.

Picus villosus Linnaeus, 8S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 175.

Dryobates villosus CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., IV, ii, June 15, 1868, 66.

Popular synonym: Big SAPSUCKER.

This species is a common resident in the northern portion of
our area, but is rather rare in the southern portion. It nests
abundantly in the vicinity of Glen Ellyn, Illinois.

The range of this species includes the northern and middle
portions of the United States and the more southern portions of
the British Possessions from the Atlantic coast to the Great
Plains,

Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson), Downy Woodpecker.
Picus pubescens LINNa&uS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 175 (in part).

110 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Picus (Dendrocopus) medianus Swaison, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor.
Amer., II, 1831, 308.

Picus medianus NUTTALL, Man., II, 1834, 601.

Dryobates pubescens CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., IV, ii, June 15, 1863, 62
(in part).

Dryobates pubescens medianus BREwsTER, Auk, Jan., 1897, 82.

Popular synonym: LITTLE SAPSUCKER.

A rare resident, although common during its migrations.
Mr. Robert Kennicott reported it to be “common’ within our
limits as well as throughout the state, and states that it nests in
Cook County. Mr. E. W. Nelson says: ‘Resident. Much more
numerous at all seasons than the hairy woodpecker.”

The range of the Downy Woodpecker includes eastern and
northern North America, west to British Columbia and to the
Great Plains and south to the Gulf of Mexico. Dr. Ridgway
states that its range also includes nearly the whole of Alaska.

Genus PICOIDES Lacépéde, 1801.

Picoides arcticus (Swainson). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picus (Apternus) arcticus SwAINSON, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor.

Amer., II, 1831, 318.

Picoides arcticus GRAY, Gen. B., I, 1845, 434.

Popular synonym: BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

This Woodpecker is included in our list on the strength of
the following records. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Rare winter
resident. A specimen was shot from a telegraph pole, in Chi-
cago, a few year since, by Dr. J. W. Velie. It is a common
species in Northern Wisconsin, and before the pines along the
Lake were destroyed was probably a regular winter visitant to
this state.” Mr. Eliot Blackwelder reports the occurrence of an
individual of this species at Morgan Park, Illinois, December 29,
1894.

The range of this species covers northern North America,
from the Arctic regions south to the northern United States.

Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird, 1858.

Sphyrapicus varius (Linnzus). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.

Picus varius Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 176.
Sphyrapicus varius Batgp, Birds N. Amer., 1858, 103.
Popular synonym: MRED-THROATED SAPSUCKER.

This is the most common of our migratory woodpeckers.
They seem to enjoy the scantily wooded portions of our city

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull., Vol. VIII, 1876, 115.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. IIt

parks, the noise of the cable lines and traffic teams apparently not
disturbing them in the least. They arrive early in April from
the south and remain with us until the middle of May. During
their fall migration they appear in September and depart in
October. Mr. E. W. Nelson says that “the males in spring
often have the white nuchal band tipped with red much as in var.
nuchalis. Inthe collection of Mr. C. N. Holden is a fine specimen
obtained at Chicago, which has the red extending over the head
and neck much like the distribution of color in Sphyrapicus ruber,
but of a much lighter shade.”

The breeding range of this species is from the northera
United States northward and in winter they migrate southward
to the West Indies and through Mexico to Costa Rica.

Genus CHOPHLCEUS Cabanis, 1862.

Ceophleeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. Northern Pileated Woodpecker.

Picus pileatus LInNa=us, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113 (in part).

Hylatomus pileatus Batrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 107 (in part).

Ceophleus pileatus CABANIS, Jour. fur Orn., 1862, 176 (in part).

Ceophleus pileatus abieticola Banes, Auk, XV, April, 1898, 176.

Popular synonyms: Woopcock. Locgcock. BLACK Woopcock OB
LoGcock.

The only records I have of the occurrence of this species with-
in our limits are the following. Mr. Robert Kennicott places it
in his list of Cook County birds with the following notation:
“Rare. Not uncommon formerly. Numerous in southern Illinois.”
Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “A rare winter visitant. Two speci-
mens were taken near Chicago during the winter of 1873.” Mr.
George Clingman reports the taking of a specimen at Half Day,
Illinois, on December 30, 1893. Mr. J. Grafton Parker and my-
self observed this species at Kouts, Indiana, during the months
of June and December, 1806.

The range of this Woodpecker includes the heavily wooded
districts from the southern Alleghanies northward.

Genus MELANERPES Swainson, 1831.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnexus). Red-headed Woodpecker.
Picus erythrocephalus LINN&uws, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swainson, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor.
Amer., II, 1831, 316.

112 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

A common summer resident, a few remaining within our
limits during the winter. The majority of these Woodpeckers
arrive the last of April, and remain with us until about the first
of October, when they move southward.

The range of this species includes the eastern United States
and British Possessions, east of the Rocky Mountains. Strag-
glers are occasionally seen as far west as Utah and Arizona, and
they are rare in the New England states. Its breeding range is
coincident with its distribution.

Genus CENTURUS Swainson, 1837.

Centurus carolinus (Linneus). Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Picus carolinus Linnzus, 8. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 113.
Centurus carolinus BONAPARTE Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 40.
Melanerpes carolinus Ringway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., X, January, 1874,
378.
Popular synonyms: CAROLINA WOODPECKER. ZEBRA WOODPECKER.

The Red-bellied Woodpecker was formerly a common but
now it isa rare migrant. Mr. H. K. Coale reports the taking of
a male specimen in Chicago on October 29, 1876. A specimen
in my collection was taken by Mr. Graham Davis in Hyde Park,
Chicago, May 3, 1887. This species breeds abundantly at Kouts,
Indiana. In his report, Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “A rare sum-
mer resident. Not very uncommon during the migrations. De-
parts the last of October.” In the Ornithology of Illinois, Mr.
Robert Ridgway says: “Mr. H. K. Coale informs me that he
saw a pair in Lincoln Park, Chicago, in July, and that they were
evidently breeding there, as he saw one of them come out of a
hole in the dead top of an oak tree.”

The range of this species covers the eastern and southern
United States. It is rare in the northern portions, but it does
occur casually as far north as Massachusetts and Michigan.

Genus COLAPTES Swainson, 1827.

Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Northern Flicker.

Cuculus auratus Linnzxws, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 112 (in part).

Picus auratus Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 174 (in part).

Colaptes auratus Vicors, Zool. Journ., III, 1827, 444 (in part).

Colaptes auratus luteus Banes, Auk, XV, April, 1898, 177.

Popular synonyms: YELLOW-HAMMER. HIGH-HOLDER. HIGH-HOLE.
GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER. YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER. WAKE-
UP. 2

‘THE NATURAL HISTORY. SURVEY. 113

A very common resident, though a large number are some-
what migratory, arriving early in April and departing in October,

Its range covers eastern and northern North America, south
to North Carolina, west to the base of the Rocky Mountains. Oc-
casional on the Pacific slope, from California northward.

ORDER MACROCHIRES: GOATSUCKERS,
SWIFTS.

FAMILY CAPRIMULGID4: GOATSUCKERS, ETC.
Genus ANTROSTOMUS Gould, 1838.

Antrostomus vociferus (Wilson). Whip-poor-will.

Caprimulgus vociferus Wi~son, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 71, pl. 41, figs.

1-3.

ase vociferus BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 8.

Formerly this species was a common summer resident, but now
it is quite rare. It arrives the last of April and departs in
September. Mr. Robert Kennicott includes this species in his
list* of Cook County birds with the annotation “Abundant.
Found throughout the state.’ He also states that it nests in
Cook County. In 1876, Mr. E. W. Nelson reported} that it was
a “common summer resident.”

Its range includes that portion of North America east of the
Great Plains, and from about latitude 50° in the interior south
through eastern Mexico to Guatemala.

Genus CHORDEILES Swainson, 1831.

Chordeiles virginianus (Gmelin). Nighthawk.
Caprimulgus virginianus GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 1028.
Chordeiles virginianus SWAINSON, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Amer.,
II, 1831, 496.

Chordeiles popetue Bairp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 151.

Popular synonyms: BULL BAT. WHIP-POOR-WILL.

The Nighthawk is a summer resident but it is more common
during its migrations, especially that of the fall. Mr. E. W.
Nelson makes the following statement:f “A common summer
resident. Arrives the 1oth of May and departs in immense
flights, often lasting several hours, the first of September.” Mr.
Nelson also records the finding of variety henryi at Waukegan,
a few miles north of our limits, by Mr. Rice in July, 1875. He
says that this specimen was the first one taken in this vicinity,

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 581.
Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 114.

II4 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and adds: “The spring of 1876, I found these birds breeding,
with var. popetue in considerable numbers among the sand hills
on the Lake shore, near Waukegan. I should judge that the two
forms existed in about equal numbers at that place. They are,
however, less common in other localities I have visited. Among
the specimens examined were individuals that exhibited a perfect
intergradation of the two forms. Some specimens would have
the white patch on the wings like those in typical henryi, while
the tail was marked as in popetue, and vice versa. Other speci-
mens showed a varying degree of white, on the wings and tail,
between the two varieties. In none is the lightness of the back
quite so prominent as in specimens from the western plains.”

The range of the Nighthawk includes eastern North America,
west to the Great Plains and central British Columbia, and from
Labrador south through tropical America to the Argentine Re-
public.

FAMILY MICROPODID2: SWIFTS.
Genus CHZETURA Stephens, 1825.

Chetura pelagica (Linnzus). Chimney Swift.
Hirundo pelagica Linnzus, 8. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 192. °
Cypselus pelasgius BONAPARTE, Syn. 1828, 63.
Chetura pelasgia StEPH., Gen. Zool., XIII, pt. ii, 1825, 76.
Popular synonyms: CHIMNEY SwWALLow. CHIMNEY SWEEP.

A common summer resident, arriving late in April and depart-
ing about the middle of September.
Its range covers eastern North America east of the Plains, and
from Labrador and the Fur Countries southward. It winters
south of the United States so far as known.

FAMILY TROCHILIDZ: HUMMINGBIRDS.
Genus TROCHILUS Linneus, 1758,

Trochilus colubris Linnzeus. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Trochilus colubris LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 120.

A common summer resident, arriving the last of April and
departing in September. Mr. A. W. Carter found two nests of
this species in May, 1905. One of these, which he found near
Wolf Lake, Indiana, about the first of the month, contained fresh
eggs. The other, which he saw about May 10, contained young

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. , 115

birds. Both of the nests were over thirty feet from the ground,
and were situated near the end of the branches of a large tree.

The range of this species covers North America, east of the
Plains and from the Fur countries south, in winter, to Cuba and
the adjacent islands, and through Mexico to Central America. It
breeds from Florida to Labrador.

ORDER PASSERES: PERCHING BIRDS.
FAMILY TYRANNIDH: TYRANT FLYCATCHERS.

Genus TYRANNUS Cuvier, 1799.

Tyrannus tyrannus (Linneus). Kingbird.
Lanius tyrannus, LINNzvs, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 94.
Muscicapa ‘tyrannus Witson, Amer. Orn., I, 1808, 66, pl. 18, fig. 1.
Tyrannus intrepidus VIEILLOT, Gal. Ois., I, 1&24, 214, pl. 133.
Tyrannus carolinensis TEMM., Tab]. Meth., 1836, 24.
Tyrannus tyrannus JORDAN, Man. Vert., ed. 4, 1884, 96.
Popular synonyms: BEE Birp. BEE MarrTIN.

The Kingbird is a common summer resident, arriving late in
April, and departing late in September. Mr. E. W. Nelson says :*
“In the summer of 1875, Mr. Rice saw one of these birds plunge
repeatedly into a stream in the manner of a Kingfisher. Shoot-
ing the specimen he found its stomach contained aquatic insects.”

The range of the Kingbird is extensive, including North
America from the British Provinces southward, though it is less
common west of the Rocky Mountains. In winter, it passes
southward through Mexico and Central America to Peru and
Bolivia.

Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis, 1844.

Myiarchus crinitus (Linneus). Crested Flycatcher.

Musicapa crinita Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 325.

Tyrannus crinitus Sw., Quart. Journ., XX, 1826, 271.

Myiarchus crinitus Licut., Nomencl. Mus. Berol., 1854, 16.

Popular synonyms: GREAT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER. GREAT YELLOW-

BELLIED FLYCATCHER,

This species is a rare summer resident but is more common
during its migrations. It arrives early in May and departs about
the middle of September. Mr. Robert Kennicott lists it as a
common summer resident.t Mr. E. W. Nelson reports it as a
“rather common summer resident.”

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of tl Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876,
+Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 582. a

116 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The range of this species covers the eastern United States
and British Possessions, west to Manitoba and the Great Plains.
In winter, south to Panama and Colombia. It breeds from
Florida northward.

Genus SAYORNIS Bonaparte, 1854.

Sayornis phoebe (Latham). Phebe.
Muscicapa fusca GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 93 (nec Bodd., 1783).
Muscicapa phoebe Latuam, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 489.
Tyrannus fuscus NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 312.
Sayornis fuscus Batrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 184.
Sayornis phebe StesnecER, Auk, II, Jan. 1885, 51.
Popular synonyms: PEWEE. BARN PHa@BE. PEWIT FLYCATCHER.

The Phcebe is a common summer resident, arriving late in
March and departing from the last of September to the middle
of October. The Phebe is noted for the persistency with which
it will nest in a spot particularly suitable to its desires. It has
been known to nest for several years in the same spot, though
the nest has been repeatedly destroyed.

Its range includes the eastern United States and British Pos-
sessions, west to the eastern edge of the Great Plains, and from
New Brunswick and the Mackenzie River southward. It winters
from the south Atlantic and Gulf states southward, and breeds
from South Carolina, Louisiana and western Texas northward.

Genus NUTTALLORNIS Ridgway, 1887.

Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Tyrannus borealis Swainson, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Amer., II,
1831, 141, pl. 35.
Muscicapa cooperi NUTTALL, Man., ed. I, 1832, 282.
Tyrannus cooperi BONAPARTE, 1838, in Nuttall’s Man., ed. 2, I, 1840,

298.
Nuttallornis borealis OBERHOLZER, Auk, XVI, Oct., 1899, 331.
Contopus borealis Batrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 188.

This flycatcher is a very rare migrant. I have a specimen
taken by Mr. Graham Davis at Forty-seventh Street and Grand
Boulevard, Chicago, May 26, 1887. A pair were seen near the
north pond in Lincoln Park, Chicago, on May 20, 1904, by Mr.
Ruthven Deane and Mr. Herbert E. Walter. Mr. E. W. Nelson
says:* “Not an uncommon migrant, from May 15th to 25th, and
the last of September and first of October. I have taken one’
specimen as late as June 2nd. It may breed.” ‘

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 113.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 117

The range of this species includes the whole of temperate
North America, breeding from the northern border of the United
States northward to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan
River. :

Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis, 1855.

Contopus virens (Linnezus). Wood Pewee.

Muscicapa virens LINN&US, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 327.

Tyrannus virens NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 316.

Contopus virens CABANIS, J. f. O., III, 1855, 479.

The Wood Pewee is a common summer resident, arriving
early in May, and departing from the first to the last of October.

The range of this species covers eastern North America, west
to the Great Plains, and from southern Canada southward. It
breeds nearly throughout its range in the United States and
Canada. In winter, it migrates southward through eastern
Mexico to Guatemala.

Genus EMPIDONAX Cabanis, 1855.

Empidonax flaviventris Baird. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Tyrannula flaviventris Bairp (W. M. & S. F.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, I, 1843, 283. ‘

Empidonaz flaviventris Batrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 198.

A rather common migrant, arriving early in April and return-
ing in September. There are some indications that it may have
nested within our limits. Dr. Hoy found it to be a summer
resident in the vicinity of Racine, Wisconsin, a few miles north
of our area. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “A common migrant.
The first of July, 1873, I found them quite common in a dense
swampy thicket in Northern Indiana, where they had probably
nested.”

Its range covers eastern North America, and it breeds from
the northern United States northward. In winter it migrates
southward through eastern Mexico to Colombia.

Empidonax virescens (Vieillot). Green-crested Flycatcher.
Muscicapa acadica GMELIN, 8S. N., I, 1788, 947.
Platyrhynchos virescens VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXVII,

1818, 22. ;

Empidonaz acadicus Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 197.
Empidonagz virescens Brewster, Auk, XII, April, 1895, 157.
Tyrannula acadica Sw., in Bonaparte’s Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 24.
Popular synonym: ACADIAN FLYCATCHER.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 114.

118 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A not uncommon summer resident, breeding locally in the
rather heavy timber in the northwestern portion of our area. It
arrives early in May and departs about the twenty-fifth of Sep-
tember. Mr. Robert Kennicott includes this species in his list
of Cook County birds* with the annotation, “Abundant,” and
says that it is known to nest in Cook County. Mr. E. W. Nelson
says :} that it is “A rare summer resident.”” Mr. Robert Ridgway
says: “This is probably the most numerous and generally dis-
tributed species of the genus in the State.”

The range of this species covers the eastern United States,
excepting that it is rare or casual in the New England states.
It breeds nearly throughout its range, and migrates southward to
Cuba and Yucatan.

Empidonax traillii (Audubon). Traill’s Flycatcher.
Muscicapa traillii AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., I, 1832, 236.
Tyrannus trailliti NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 323.
Empidonaz traillii Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 193.
Empidonagz pusillus var. traillii B. B. & R., Hist. N. Amer. B., II,
1874, 369, pl. 44, fig. 8.

A not uncommon summer resident, arriving early in May and
departing in September. It is more common during its migra-
tions. Mr. B. T. Gault and the writer observed a brood of young
birds, of this species, near Calumet Lake, July 10, 1896.

The range of this species includes the Mississippi Valley, from
Ohio, Illinois and Michigan westward to the Pacific coast, and
from the Fur Countries southward into Mexico.

Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher.
Musicapa acadica “GMELIN,’ NuTTatL, Man., I, 1832, 288 (nec
Gmelin).
Tyrannula minima Batrp (W. M. & S. F.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, July, 18438, 284.
Empidonar minimus Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 195.

A rather uncommon summer resident, arriving early in May
and departing early in September.

The range of this species includes North America east of the
Great Plains. It breeds from the northern United States north-
ward, and winters southward at least into Central America.
Westward it is a casual visitor to the base of the Rocky Moun-
tains.

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 582.

{Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VITI, 1876, 114.
fOrnithology of Illinois, Vol. I, 1889, 357.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. I1gQ

FAMILY ALAUDID@: LARKS.
Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte, 1838.

Otocoris alpestris (Linneus). Horned Lark.
Alauda alpestris Linnzxus, S. N., ed. 10, 1758, 166.
Eremophila alpestris Bots, Isis, 1828, 322.
Otocoris alpestris BONAPARTE, Nouvi Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, II, 1838,

407.
Popular synonyms: SHorE Lark. Snow Lark. SKYLARK. AMERI-

CAN SKYLARK. PRAIRIE LARK. SNOWBIRD.

The Horned Lark is a rare winter resident within our limits.
No doubt its presence has been overlooked by many of our IIli-
nois observers, for it differs from Otocoris alpestris praticola only
in size, being larger and a trifle darker in color.*

The range of this species covers northeastern North America,
Greenland and the northern parts of the Old World. In winter
it passes south in the eastern United States to the Carolinas.
Illinois, etc.

Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw. Prairie Horned Lark.
Otocoris alpestris praticola HENSHAW, Auk, I, July, 1884, 264.
Popular synonyms: The same as Otocoris alpestris.

A common resident, breeding within our limits from the last
of February to June.

*In his ‘‘Birds of Northeastern Illinois’’ (Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol.
VIII, 1876, 110), Mr. E. W. Nelson says: ‘‘Two current and readily distinguish-
able varieties (of alpestris) are found during the winter, one of which is also
found in summer, Aware of their identity, yet wishing confirmation, I sent Mr.
Ridgway specimens of the two. The winter resident he pronounced typical var.
alpestris, and the permanently resident form var. leucolema Cs.”

On the strength of this knowledge, Mr. Nelson includes the variety leucolema
Coues, which is a species inhabiting the ‘‘interior of British America, and Alaska,
south in winter into western United States,’’ in his list. He gives the following
note: ‘‘It is a permanent resident, found in equal numbers throughout the year.
Sometimes the last of February and regularly during March and April the first
set of eggs are deposited, and early in May the fully fledged young commence to
appear. After a short rest the female hands the guidance of the young over to
the male and resumes her work on a second set of eggs. When the second brood
are able to follow, the party wander wherever inclination leads through the fall
and winter, until the breeding season again approaches, when they disband.

‘‘A remarkable characteristic of the young of leucolema from Illinois is that
they are exactly like the young of alpestris, although the young of the two varie-
ties are, usually, even more distinct than the adults. So closely like the young
of alpestris are they, that Mr. Ridgway had labelled young specimens from this
vicinity, and from southern Illinois, ‘alpestris,? and supposed this to be the resi-
dent variety until he received the adults above mentioned.’

Regarding the identification of the specimens sent to him by Mr. Nelson, Mr.
Ridgway says in his ‘‘Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Illincis,’’ 1881, p. 183,
‘‘Mr. Nelson includes the pale form distinguished by the name of leucolema
Coues, in his list. This, however, is an error, so far as the specimens upon
which the statement was based are concerned, but one for which I sm chiefly re-
sponsible. A series of specimens was submitted to me for examination, and cer-
tain examples, in very pale plumage, I pronounced to be the ‘var. leucolema.’
In this I was mistaken, the individuals in question proving to be the true alpes-
tris, in much faded summer plumage. Although it is frequently not easy to dis-
tinguish the adults of the two forms, there is never any difficulty with the young,
that of leucolema being many shades lighter in color, the difference being, more-
over, absolutely constant. I was only made aware of my mistake by the subse-
quent inspection of young birds said to be the same form which I had previously
identified as leucolema; and, neglecting to explain the case in time, am thus
responsible in great measure for the statement made by Mr. Nelson in regard
to these birds, as cited above.’’

120 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The range of this species includes the upper Mississippi Valley
and from the region of the Great Lakes eastward to New Eng-
land, breeding practically throughout this range. It winters
south to South Carolina and Texas.

FAMILY CORVIDZ: CROWS, JAYS AND MAGPIES.
Genus PICA Brisson, 1760.

Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine). American Magpie.
Corvus pica Witson, Amer. Orn., IV, 2811, 75, pl. 35, fig. 2 (neo
Linneus). :
Corvus hudsonicus SABINE, App. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 25, 671.
Pica melanoleuca AUDUBON, Synop., 1839, 157.
Picus caudata var. hudsonica ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., III,
. 1872, 178.
Pica pica hudsonica JORDAN, Man. Vert., ed. 4, 1884, 94.
Popular synonym: BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE.

This species is included in this list on the strength of Mr.
Robert Kennicott’s statement that is was “not uncommon in
winter” at the time his list of Cook County birds was published.*

This is a species which ranges from the Plains westward to
the Cascade Mountains and north to Alaska. It is casual visitor
east and south to Michigan.

Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland, 1845.

Cyanocitta cristata (Linneus). Blue Jay.
Corvus cristatus LINN&{US, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 106.
Cyanurus cristatus Sw. & Rict., Fauna Bor. Amer., TI, 1831, 495.
Cyanocoraz cristatus BONAPARTE, List, 1838, 27.
Cyanocitta cristata STRICKLAND, Ann. Nat. Hist., XV, 1845, 261.
Cyanura cristata “Sw.” in Nelson’s List, Bull. Essex Inst. Vol. VIII,
1876, 112.

The Blue Jay is an abundant resident.

Its range is extensive, covering the whole of North America,
east of the Great Plains and from the Fur Countries on the north
southward to the Gulf of Mexico. It breeds throughout its
range.

Genus CORVUS Linneus, 1758.

Corvus corax principalis Ridgway. Northern Raven.

Corvus coraz WILSON, Amer. Orn., IX, 1825, 136, pl. 75, fig. 3 (nec
Linneus).

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 585.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. I2I1,

Corvus coraw var. carnivorus BAIRD, BRewER & Ripeway, Hist. N.
Amer. Birds, II, 1874, 233 (in part). NeELson, Birds N. E.
Tlinois, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, 1876, 112.

Corvus coraz sinuatus RipGway, Orn. Illinois, I, 1889, 831 (in part).

Corvus coraz principalis Ripcway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, 1187, 361.

The raven may be considered an occasional winter and early
spring visitant to our area. I have known of but two specimens
being taken within our limits during the past ten years.. Both
of these were shot at Calumet Heights, Illinois; one by Mr.
George Knowles, and the other by Mr. Richard Turtle. At dif-
ferent times, observers have reported the presence of the Raven
within our limits. Many years ago, this species seems to have
been much more common. Mr. Robert Kennicott records* it as
“common. throughout the state,” and says that the Raven was
known to nest in Cook County. Mr. E. W. Nelson says (1876):
“Formerly a not uncommon resident ; now occurs only in winter
and is rare. Frequents the sand hills along the Lake shore from
‘the last of October until spring.” Mr. Nelson places this note
under the name “C. corax var. carnivorus,’ which, in part at
least, is a synonym of Corvus corax principalis.

Though nearly all the observers who have published reports
on the birds of northern Illinois, have considered the Ravens of
our region to be the subspecies sinwatus, I am convinced from the
study of specimens which have come into my hands that all are
the Northern Raven, or the larger form principalis. This opinion
is also supported by the general range of the two forms, as given
in the Check-list of the American Ornithologists’ Union and by
Dr. Ridgway in the “Birds of North and Middle America.”+
Sinuaius is a smaller form whose range barely reaches as far
north, in the Mississippi Valley, as southern Illinois and southern
Indiana. A specimen which I took at Meredosia, Illinois, some
years ago was pronounced by Dr. Ridgway to be principalis, and
in a recent letter, he says: “It would seem likely that the Raven
of northern Illinois, at least, should be principalis.”

This question needs further investigation and all specimens
of the Raven which are taken within our limits should be care-
fully examined, measured and studied.

Corvus brachyrhynchos C. L. Brehm. American Crow.
Corvus corone WILSON, Amer. Orn., IV, 1814, 79, pl. 25, fig. 3 (nec
Linnevws).

*Trans. ee State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 585.
+Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, No. 50, Part Til, 259, 262.

122 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Corrus brachyrhynchos C. L. BReHM, Beitriige zur Voégelkunde, II,
1822, p. 56.

Corvus americanus AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 317.

Corrus brachyrhynchos RICHARDSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI,
1908, 125.

Popular synonym: Common Crow.

The American Crow is an abundant resident. In his list of
Cook County birds, Mr. Robert Kennicott says that the Crow
was at that time (1853-1854) “Common throughout the state.”
Mr. E. W. Nelson, on the other hand, while listing the Crow as
resident, says: “This is far from an abundant species in North-
ern Illinois, at any season or locality. A small number breed
in the low pines on the sand hills along the Lake shore, and in
winter unite in small flocks and move from place to place.”

The range of the Crow includes the whole of North America
from the Fur Countries on the north southward to the southern
border of the United States. It is rare or local in the interior
western districts.

FAMILY ICTERIDZ: BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC.
Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson, 1827.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnzus). Bobolink.
Fringilla oryzivora LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 179.
Icterus agripennis BONAPARTE, Obs. Wilson, 1824, No. 87.
Dolichonyzr oryzivorus SwAINSON, Zool. Journ., III, 1827, 351.
Popular synonyms: Bos LIncoLN. REED Birap. Rick Brrap. SKUNK
BLACKBIRD.

The Bobolink is a common summer resident, arriving the last
of April and departing about the middle of October.

The range of this species covers eastern North America, west-
ward to Nevada, Utah and Idaho, and from Ontario and Mani-
toba southward in winter to the southern portions of South
America. It breeds from the middle states northward.

Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson, 1831.

Molothrus ater (Boddaert). Cowbird.

Oriolus ater BopparErt, Tabl. Pl. Enlum., 1783, 37.

Icterus pecoris BONAPARTE, Obs. Wilson, 1824, No. 8S.

Fringilla ambigua NutTaLL, Man., I, 1832, 484 (= young).

Molothrus pecoris SwAINSON, Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 277.

Molothrus ater Gray, Hand-List, II, 1870, 36, No. 6507 (after Bodd.,
Pl. Enlum. 606, fig. 1).

Popular synonyms: Cow BLAcKBIRD. Cow BUNTING. COWPEN
BUNTING. CLODHOPPER.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 123

An abundant summer resident, arriving early in April and de-
parting in October.

The range of the Cowbird covers North America from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the southern portion of the
British Possessions southward, in winter, into Mexico.

Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte, 1850.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.) Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Icterus canthocephalus BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
V, 1826, 223.

Agelaius canthocephalus Sw. & RicH., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831,
281.

Icterus icterocephalus BONAPARTE, Amer. Orn., I, 1835, 27, pl. 3.

Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Batrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 531.

Xanthocephalus vanthocephalus JoRDAN, Man. Vert., ed. 4, 1884, 92.

A common summer resident, arriving the last of April and
departing in September. This Blackbird once nested in vast
numbers in the Calumet region but is becoming scarcer each
year, for the stualler marshes and lakes are being rapidly drained
for commercial and agricultural purposes. Unlike the Red-
winged Blackbird, the male of this species is very shy during the
breeding season.

The range of this species covers western North America from
Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas and Texas to the Pacific coast, and
from the Sakatchewan River southward into Mexico. It is also
a casual visitor to some of the eastern states, Florida and Cuba.

Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot, 1816.

Agelaius pheniceus (Linnezus.) Red-winged Blackbird.

Oriolus pheniceus LInNzxvus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 161.

Agelaius pheniceus Virmuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXIV,
1819, 539.

Icterus pheniceus Daup., Licht., Verz., 1823, No. 128.

Popular synonyms: RED-WINGED STARLING. SwAMP BLACKBIRD. RED-
SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.

The Red-winged Blackbird is an abundant summer resident,
arriving early in March and departing when the severely cold
weather sets in.

The range of this species includes temperate North America,
from the Fur Countries southward, in winter, as far as Costa
Rica. It breeds in suitable places from Texas northward nearly
throughout its range.

124 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Genus STURNELLA Vieillot, 1816.

Sturnella magna (Linneus). Meadowlark.
Alauda magna Linnzxus, 8. N., ed. 10,'I, 1758, 167.
Sturnus ludovicianus LINN2&UvS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 290.
Sturnella magna Swainson. Phil. Mag., I, 1827, 436.
Popular synonym: FIELDLARK.

The Meadowlark is a common summer resident, arriving in
March and departing when severely cold weather sets in. In
1876 Mr. E. W. Nelson recorded it as ‘‘an abundant summer resi-
dent,” and also states that “in mild winters a few are resident.”

The range of the Meadowlark covers the eastern United
States and British Possessions west to the Great Plains. It breeds
from the Gulf of Mexico northward.

Sturnella neglecta Audubon. Western Meadowlark.

Sturnella neglecta AUDUBON, B. Amer., VII, 18438, 339, pl. 487.

Sturnella magna var. neglecta ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z., III, No. 2, July,
1872, 178.

Popular synonym: WESTERN FIELDLARK.

The only record that I have found of the taking of the
‘Western Meadowlark within the limits of our area, is that of
Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says:* “A regular but rather rare sum-
mer resident upon prairies. A more frequent visitant during
migrations. A fine specimen is in the collection of my friend
Mr. A. W. Brayton, taken near Chicago the last of May, 1876.
This form is probably a common summer resident upon the prai-
ries in the western portion of the state.”

The range of this Meadowlark covers the western United
States, east to the prairie districts of the Mississippi Valley, IIli-
nois, Wisconsin, and from British Columbia and Manitoba, south
through central and western Mexico.

Genus ICTERUS Brisson, 1760.

Icterus spurius (Linneus). Orchard Oriole.
Oriolus spurius LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 12. I, 1766, 162.
Icterus spurius BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,
1823, 363.
Popular synonyms: BRoOwN ORIOLE. CHESTNUT-COLORED ORIOLE.

While the Orchard Oriole was formerly common, it is now
a rather uncommon summer resident, arriving early in May and
departing in August. I am informed by Mr. J. Grafton Parker,

ee ey
*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 111.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 125

Jr., that in June, 1880, he found the Orchard Oriole breeding
abundantly in apple orchards near Evanston, Illinois.

The range of this Oriole includes the United States east of
the Plains, and from near the northern border south, in winter,
as far as Colombia. It breeds throughout its United States
range.

Icterus galbula (Linneus). Baltimore Oriole.
Coracias galbula LINNzUS, S. N., ed. 10, 1758, 108.
Oriolus baltimore Linnzmus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 162.
Icterus baltimore Daup., Tr. Orn., II, 348.
Icterus galbula Cours, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V, April, 1880, 98.
Popular synonyms: GOLDEN ORIOLE. GOLDEN ROBIN. HANGING
Birp. FIRE Birp. Pea BIR.

The Baltimore Oriole is a common summer resident, arriving
the last of April and departing in September.

Its range extends throughout eastern temperate North Amer-
ica, west quite to the base of the Rocky Mountains, and south,
in winter, through Mexico to Colombia. It breeds chiefly north
of latitude 35°.

Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin, 1866.

Euphagus carolinus (Miller). Rusty Blackbird.

Turdus carolinus MULLER, Syst. Nat., Suppl., 1776, 140.

Quiscalus ferrugineus BONAPARTE, Obs. Wils., 1824, No. 46.

Scolecophagus ferrugineus SwaInson, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor.
Amer., II, 1831, 286.

Scolecophagus carolinus R1pGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885,
356.

Euphagus carolinus RICHMOND, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVI,
1903, 128.

Popular synonym: Rusty GRACKLE.

This species is an abundant migrant, arriving early in March
and remaining until the last of April. In the fall it returns about
the first of October and departs for its winter home when the
severely cold weather sets in.

Its range includes eastern North America, west to Alaska
and the Great Plains. It breeds from northern New England
and Michigan northward and in Alaska.

Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). Brewer’s Blackbird,
Psarocolius cyanocephalus WacLER, Isis, 1829, 758.
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, 1851, 193.
Euphagus cyanocephalus RicHMOND, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
XVI, 1908, 128. ‘
Popular synonyms: VIOLET-HEADED BLACKBIRD. BLUE-HEADED BLACK-
BIRD.

126 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This species is included in this list on the strength of the
following statement of Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says: “A very
rare visitant in company with the preceding (Rusty Blackbird).”
It is also very rarely seen in other portions of Illinois. Mr.
Robert Ridgway says* that he had observed but a single speci-
men, ‘‘a female shot at Mount Carmel in December, 1866, and
now in the collection of the National Museum at Washington.”

The range of Brewer’s Blackbird extends from Minnesota,
Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas westward to the
Pacific coast, and from the Saskatchewan region southward to
Mexico. During its migrations it has been observed in Wiscon-
sin, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and Louisiana.

Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot, 1816.

Quiscalus quiscula eneus (Ridgway). Bronzed Grackle.
Quiscalus eneus RipGway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, June,
1869, 134.
Quiscalus quiscula eneus STEJNEGER, Auk, II, Jan., 1885, 48, Foot-note.
Quiscalus purpureus eneus Ripaway, Nom. N. Amer. B., 1881, No.
278b.
Popular synonyms: WESTERN Crow BLACKBIRD. CROW BLACKBIRD.

The Bronzed Grackle is a common summer resident, arriving
early in March, and departing when the cold weather sets in.

The range of this species extends from the Alleghanies and
southern New England north to Newfoundland and the Great
Slave Lake, west to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains,
and south to Louisiana and Texas.

FAMILY FRINGILLID/: GROSBEAKS, FINCHES,
SPARROWS, ETC.

Genus HESPERIPHONA.- Bonaparte, 1850.

Hesperiphona vespertina (W. Cooper). Evening Grosbeak.
Fringilla vespertina CoorErR, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. I., ii, 1825, 220.
Coccothraustes vespertina Sw. & RicH., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831,
269, pl. 68. :
Hesperiphona vespertina BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, I, 1850, 505.

The Evening Grosbeak is a very irregular winter visitant to
our area. I took a specimen at River Forest on January 13,
1887, and another, at Englewood in March, 1888. Mr. B. T.
Gault informs me that on December 25, 1886, he observed five

*Ornithology of Illinois, Vol. I, 1889, 324.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 127

in Garfield Park, Chicago, where they were feeding upon the
keys of the box elder. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “The winter
of 1871 they were quite common throughout the northern por-
tion of the state. The following winter they were much rarer,
and since then but very few have been seen. I am told that for-
merly, it was of much more regular occurrence.”’ The following
records of the occurrence of this species within our limits I take
form Mr. Amos W. Butlér’s report on “The Birds of Indiana” :f
“Five specimens were shot by Mr. H. K. Coale at Whiting, In-
diana, on December 20, 1883. Two females were taken near
Lake George, Indiana, December 5, 1886, which are now in the
collection of Mr. G. Fream Morcom, San Diego, California. In
Mr. Morcom’s collection I (Mr. Butler) saw six males and two
females, marked Berry Lake, Indiana, April 3, 1887; also four
females from the same locality, April 18, 1887, and a male and
female, dated May 10, 1887. Mr. R. Turtle, a taxidermist of
Chicago, showed me (Mr. Butler) a number of these birds, of
which he said he killed ten, May 8, 1887, at Berry Lake, Indiana,
and thirteen May 10, at Whiting. The latest record I have of
its occurrence in spring is May 13, 1887, when it was found in
Lake County, Indiana. Mr. L. T. Meyer reported them from
Whiting, Lake County, Indiana, in January and February, 1890.”
Mr. H. K. Coale has furnished me with the following interesting
record: “On February 11, 1887, Mr. E. A. Colby shot twelve
Evening Grosbeaks in Chicago which he presented to me in the
flesh. He also saw several flocks during the winter feeding on
the buds of trees.”

The above records indicate that during the years 1886 and
1887 there was a rather phenomenal appearance of the Gros-
beaks within the limits of our area. During recent years while
this species has been a constant it could hardly be considered a
common winter visitant, though the number of individuals ob-
served has been quite large during some seasons.

The home of the Evening Grosbeaks is in the coniferous for-
ests of the northwest. Their range includes the western British
Provinces, east to Lake Superior; in the Rocky Mountains south
into the United States and eastward irregularly in winter to
Michigan and Indiana and, casually, to the Atlantic coast.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 104. '
+Twenty-second Annual Report Dept. of Geol. and Nat. Resources, Indiana,
1897, 912, 913.

128 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genus PINICOLA Vieillot, 1807.

Pinicola enucleator canadensis (Cabanis). Canadian Pine Grosbeak.

Lowxia enucleator LINNmuS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 299, part (nec
1858).

Pyrrhula enucleator BONAPARTE, Syn. 1828, 119.

Pinicola canadensis CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, Aug., 1851, 167.

Pinicola enucleator Cours, Key N. Amer. Birds, 1872, 127, (part).

Pinicola enucleator B. canadensis RipGway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
April, 1878, 66.

The Canadian Pine Grosbeak is a very rare and irregular
winter visitant. The only records that I have for its occurrence
during recent years within our limits are the following. In Jan-
uary, 1887, I took a specimen at River Forest. In December,
1885, Mr. John F. Ferry took a number of specimens from a
flock at Lake Forest. It seems to have been more common
many years ago. Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “Formerly common;
now a rare winter visitant.” In his “Birds of Indiana” Mr.
Amos W. Butler states that Mr. George L. Toppan “once noted
it in Lake County, Indiana, and thinks it was in the winter of
1884-1885.”

Its range includes the coniferous forests of the northern por-
tions of North America and the breeding range extends from
northern New England and Minnesota, and in the Rocky Moun-
tains in Colorado northward nearly to the limit of trees. In the
winter it migrates southward into the United States especially
in the northeastern portion.

Genus CARPODACUS Kaup, 1829.

Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin). Purple Finch.
Fringilla purpurea GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 923.
Carpodacus purpureus GRAY, Gen. B., II, 1844, 384.
Popular synonyms: PurRPLeE LINNET. PURPLE GROSBEAK. ROSY
LINNET. ROSEATE GROSBEAK OR FINCH. STRAWBERRY BIRD.

The Purple Finch is an irregular migrant and a not uncom-
mon winter resident. It arrives in the fall in September and
remains until May. I have no records of its breeding within
our limits. That it has nested in northern Illinois, however, is
shown by the following records. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:*
“Common winter resident; a few breed.’ Professor W. W.
Cooke states} that its eggs have been taken at Polo, Ogle County,

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 105.
¢Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, p. 179.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 129

Illinois. And according to Mr. Nehrlingt this Finch has been
taken at Waukegan, Illinois, during the breeding season.

The range of the Purple Finch covers the whole of eastern
North America, from the Gulf of Mexico northward to Labrador
and the Saskatchewan River, and from the Atlantic coast west- |
ward to the Plains. It breeds from Illinois and Pennsylvania
northward though chiefly north of the United States.

Genus LOXTA Linnzus, 1758.

Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). American Crossbill.
Lowia curvirostra Forster, Phil. Trans., LXII, 1772, 402 (nec Lin-
neus).
Crucirostra minor BREHM, Naumannia, 1853, 193.
Loxia curvirostra var. americana Cougs, Key, 1872, 351.
Lowia curvirostra minor Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885,
354.

Popular synonyms: RED CROSSBILL. AMERICAN RED CROSSBILL.

This Crossbill is an irregular and very erratic winter visitant.
In May, 1899, I obtained three specimens from a large flock in
the woods bordering Wolf Lake, Indiana. Nearly every winter
it may be seen in the woods near Lake Forest, Illinois, about
twenty-four miles north of Chicago. According to Mr. Amos
W. Butler,* Mr. C. E. Aiken observed them in Lake County,
Indiana, and in Cook County, Illinois, during the years 1869 and
1870. They were again observed in Lake County, Indiana, in
May, 1887. Mr. Aiken also informed Mr. Butler that “they
became very abundant in the vicinity of Chicago, including Lake
County, Indiana, in July and August, 1869, and remained until
late in the fall. They fed greedily on sunflower seeds, and were
so sluggish that one could approach within a few feet of them,
so that they fell an easy prey to boys with catapults.” Mr. E. W.
Nelson says:| “Formerly a common winter resident ; now rare.”

The range of the American Crossbill covers temperate North
America, and it breeds from the northern portions of the United
States northward to certain portions of Alaska. It also breeds
sparingly in the higher portions of the eastern United States,
and in the Alleghanies. In many localities of the more southern
portion of its range it is irregularly abundant in winter.

Loxia leucoptera Gmelin. White-winged Crossbill.
Lozia leucoptera GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 540.

*Birds of Indiana. Twenty-second Annual Report, Dept. Geol.
Sources, Pastas, 807 gee eeiiag at P ao Bt NB: Be
irds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIIL
tNorth American Birds, Pt. IX, 81. , eae

130 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. .

Curvirostra leucoptera WiLson, Amer. Orn., ‘IV, 1811, 48, pl. 31,
fig. 3.

The White-winged Crossbill is a very rare winter visitant.
The first record I have of the capture of this species is that of a
specimen in the collection of Mr. B. T. Gault which was taken
near Chicago in the seventies. In the year 1894, from the ninth
to the twentieth of November, enormous flocks of these Crossbills
passed along the lake shore and many were shot with sling-
shots by boys. I have several fine specimens which were taken
by Mr. Claude Tallman at Morgan Park, Illinois, on November 9,
1894. Mr. Amos W. Butler states,t that during the summer of
1869, Mr. C. E. Aiken found this species in the vicinity of Chi-
cago, and in Lake County, Indiana, in company with the American
Crossbill, and that they remained throughout the winter succeed-
ing. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* ‘A winter resident of rare oc-
currence at present.”

The range of this species covers northern North America,
breeding from northern New England and the northern Rocky
Mountain districts in the United States northward.

Genus ACANTHIS Bechstein, 1803.

Acantsis hornemannii exilipes (Coues), Hoary Redpoll.

Aigiothus exilipes Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, 385.

Acanthis hornemannii exilipes StEJNEGER, Auk, I, April, 1884, 152.

Algiothus canescens CABANIS, of some authors.

Popular synonyms: MEALY REDPOLL. Hoary LINNET. WHITE-
RUMPED REDPOLL.

Regarding the occurrence of this species within our limits,
Mr. Robert Ridgway says:| “I have seen specimens in the col-
lection of Mr. E. W. Nelson, that were collected in the vicinity
of Chicago, but I am unable to give dates of their capture.”
Mr. Nelson himself says: “Rare winter visitant with the pre-
ceding (Acanthis linaria).”

This species ranges through Arctic America and northeastern
Asia, migrating southward at times to the northern United
States.

Acanthis linaria (Linneus). Redpoll.
Fringilla linaria Linnaus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 182.
Acanthis linaria Bonaparte, & ScHLEG., Mon. Lox., 1850, 48.
Linaria minor Sw. & Ricu., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 267.

+Birds of Indiana. Twenty-second Annual Report, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Re-
sources, Indiana, 1897, 921. _

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 105.

Ornithology of Illinois, Vol. I, 1889, 233.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 131

4igiothus linarius CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., 1851, 161.
Popular synonyms: Lesser REDPOLL. COMMON REDPOLL. DUSKY
REDPOLL. SNOWBIRD. REDPOLL LINNET.

The Redpoll is a common winter resident, arriving in flocks
about the last of October and remaining until the first of April.

The range of this species covers the northern portion of the
northern hemisphere, breeding north of the United States and
passing southward in winter at times as far as Virginia and
Kansas and quite regularly to the middle United States.

Acanthis linaria holbellii (Brehm). Holboil’s Redpoll,

Linaria holbellii Bream, Handb. Vig. Deutschl., 1831, 280.
Acanthis linaria B. Holbellii DuBois, Consp. Av. Europe, 1871, 18.

The only record of the occurrence of this species within our
limits that I have been able to find is that of a female taken
in Chicago by Mr. George F. Clingman on November 2, 1878,
and recorded by Mr. H. K. Coale in the Bulletin of the Nuttall
Ornithological Club, Volume VIII, page 239.

This Redpoll ranges through the northern portions of the
northern hemisphere and near the seacoast. In North America
it passes southward in winter to northern New York and Mas-
sachusetts.

Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). Greater Redpoll.

4igiothus rostratus Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,

ee eee Sresnecer, Auk, I, April, 1884, 153.

The Greater Redpoll is a rare winter visitant. There is a
specimen in the collection of The Chicago Academy of Sciences
taken in the seventies by Mr. C. N. Holden, which is in the
plumage of the young male. Mr. H. K. Coale also reports this
species as being found in the vicinity of Chicago. It probably
occurs with Acanthis linaria.

Its range includes northeastern North America and Green-
land. It is a somewhat irregular winter visitant to New England,
New York and Mlinois.

Genus ASTRAGALINUS Cabanis, 1851.

Astragalinus tristis (Linneus). American Goldfinch.
Fringilla tristis LINNz&UuS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 181.
Chrysomitris tristis BONAPARTE, List, 1838, 33.

Astragalinus tristis CaABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, July, 1851, 159.
Spinus tristis STEJNEGER, Auk, I, October, 1884, 362.

132 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Popular synonyms: SUMMER YELLOW-BIRD. LETTUCE-BIRD. THISTLE:
BIRD. BLACK-WINGED AND BLACK-CAPPED YELLOW-BIRD.

The American, Goldfinch is a very common resident of our
area. In the winter the plumage of the male is changed to more
somber colors, resembling those of the female. “The yellow is
replaced by a yellowish brown; the black of the crown wanting,
that of the wings and tail browner. The throat is generally
yellowish ; the under parts ashy brown passing behind into white.”

The range of this species covers the whole of temperate North
America, and it breeds nearly throughout its geographical range.

Genus SPINUS Koch, 1816.

Spinus pinus (Wilson). Pine Siskin.

Fringilla pinus Witson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 133, pl. 17, fig. 1.

Chrysomitris pinus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33.

Spinus pinus STeEJNEGER, Auk, I, 1884, 362.

Popular synonyms: PINE FincH. PINE LINNET. PINE GOLDFINCH.

The Pine Siskin is a winter migrant and an irregular winter
resident within our limits. It often associates with Astragalinus
tristis. It arrives early in October and departs, late in May.
It may rarely frequent this region during the summer, for Dr.
Jordan has taken a specimen near Indianapolis, Indiana, in mid-
summer, and, according to Mr. Amos W. Butler, “one was ob-
served at Wabash, Indiana, with goldfinches, several times be-
tween June 10 and 20, 1892.” Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “A
common winter resident associating with the preceding.”

The range of the Pine Siskin covers North America in gen-
eral, breeding in British America, in the high mountain regions
of the western United States and Mexico and also, though spar-
ingly, in the higher regions of the northeastern United States.
It winters irregularly throughout the greater portion of the
United States.

Genus PASSERINA Vieillot, 1816.

Passerina nivalis (Linneus). Snowflake.

Emberiza nivalis LInNzvs, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 176.

Passerina nivalis Virr.LoT, Fauna Franc., 1820, 86.

Plectrophenar nivalis STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 33.
Popular synonyms: Waite SNowspigp. Snow BunrTina.

The Snowflake is an irregular winter visitant, and may be
looked for from early in November until the middle of the fol-

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 105.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 133

lowing March. In November, 1891, Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr.
and myself observed the shores of Wolf and Hyde lakes, In-
diana, almost covered with these birds and they were so tame that
we tried to catch them with our hands. Mr. Parker also found
them very abundant on the beach at Miller’s, Indiana, on Decem-
ber 17, 1895. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “An abundant winter
resident. The fifth of March, 1875, I saw a flock of these birds
in a tree in Chicago. The males were chanting a very low and
somewhat broken, but very pleasant song, bearing considerable
resemblance to that of Spizella monticola.”

The range of the Snowflake is quite extensive, covering the
northern portion of the northern hemisphere, southward in win-
ter into the northern United States, occasionally being observed
as far south as Georgia, Kentucky and Kansas.

Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein, 1803.

Calcarius lapponicus (Linneus). Lapland Longspur.

Fringilla lapponica Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 180.

Plectrophanes lapponica Srpy, Trans. Linn. Soc., XV, 1827, 156,
pl. 1.

Calcarius lapponicus STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, June 5,
1882, 33.

Popular synonym: Brown SNOwBIRD.

This Longspur is a common winter resident, and is abundant
during the fall and spring migrations. It may often be seen in
very large flocks on the prairies of our area. It arrives in Sep-
tember and remains with us until spring, nearly all departing
by the last of April and after they have obtained their spring
plumage. A few tarry and I have taken them as late as the third
of May. Mr. B. T. Gault took an adult female in full summer
piumage at Sheffield, Indiana, on June 14, 1889. He says:}
“The bird was alone and seemed to be thoroughly at home with
her surroundings, being shot near the sand hills close to the lake
shore. She was quite fat and appeared to be in excellent condi-
tion, but the ovaries showed no approach of the breeding season.”
Mr. E. W. Nelson speaks of an unusually large flight of Long-
spurs which took place on the twentieth of March, 1873. He
says:{ “A continuous series of large flocks occupied over two
hours in passing.”
~*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 105.

tAuk, Vol. VI, July, 1889, 278. :
tBirds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 106.

134 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The range of this species covers the northern part of the
northern hemisphere, and in winter it migrates southward to
Kansas, Colorado and Kentucky, in fact during the winter it is
abundant in the interior of the United States. It has also been
observed in South Carolina and as far south as Texas.

Calcarius pictus (Swains.). Smith’s Longspur.

Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta Swainson, in Sw. & Rich, Fauna
Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 250, pl. 49.

Plectrophancs pictus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 37.

Calcarius pictus STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V, June 5,
1882, 33.

Popular synonyms: PAINTED LONGSPUR OR BUNTING. SMITH’s BuNt-
Inc. PaInteED Lark BUNTING.

Smith’s Longspur is an irregular migrant in our vicinity.
Mr. E. W. Nelson records this species as a common migrant,
and says:* “March 30, 1875, near Lake Calumet, I found a flock
containing about seventy-five individuals.” I have been un-
able to find any records of its appearance, within our limits, since
the date of Mr. Nelson’s observation until May 5, 1893, when
this species appeared in greater numbers than Calcarius lap-
ponicus, and seemed to prefer the elevated portions of the ground
in the vicinity of Worth Township. In their spring migrations,
these Longspurs arrive the last of March and remain until May;
in the fall, they return about the first of October. In the collec-
tion of the Field Columbian Museum there are four specimens
which were taken at Worth, May 3, 1894. In the year 1896
Smith’s Longspurs seemed to be quite abundant. As recorded
by Mr. Amos W. Butler, in his Birds of Indiana,f in the spring
of 1896, “They were first seen near Chicago, April 16, where
Mr. Eliot Blackwelder saw about a hundred, two days later.
Mr. C. A. Tallman reported seeing a hundred and fifty. Each
of these gentlemen saw them repeatedly that spring, as did also
Mr. Parker.” In the fall of the same year Mr. Butler says that
a flock of fifty were seen in Cook County by Mr. C. A. Tallman
on the third of October and that others were seen on the eleventh
of the same month.

The range of this species extends from the Arctic coast south-
ward through the interior of North America to Texas. It
breeds in the far north. F

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 106.
oh Twenty-second Annual Report, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources, Indiana, 1897,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 135

Genus POCECETES Baird, 1858.

Pocecetes gramineus (Gmelin). Vesper Sparrow.
Fringilla graminea GMELIN, 8. N., I, ii, 1788, 992. ‘
Emberiza graminea Witson, Amer. Orn., IV, 1811, 51, pl. 31, fig. 5.
Poocetes gramineus Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 447.
Popular synonyms: GBRass FINCH. BAY-wINGED BUNTING.

A common summer resident, arriving in April and departing
the last of September.

Its range covers North America east of the Plains, and from
Nova Scotia and Ontario southward. It breeds chiefly north of
Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri, and winters chiefly south of
that latitude.

Genus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte, 1838.

Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). Savanna Sparrow.
Fringilla savanna WIiLson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 55, pl. 22, fig. 2.
Emberiza savanna AupbusoN, Syn., 1839, 103.

Passerculus savanna BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 18388, 33.

Passerculus sandwichensis savanna Ripcway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,
III, 1880, 178.

Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna RipGway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
VIII, 1885, 354.

Popular synonyms: Grass Bigp. GROUND Birp. GRASSHOPPEB
SPARROW. :

The Savanna Sparrow is a common summer resident, arriving
the last of March and departing in October.

The range of this species covers eastern North America,
breeding chiefly north of the United States and wintering chiefly
south of latitude 40°.

Genus COTURNICULUS Bonaparte, 1838.

Coturniculus savannarum passerinus (Wilson). Grasshopper Sparrow.
Fringilla passerina WiLson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 76, pl. 26, fig. 5.
Fringilla savannarum NoutTraLy’s Man., I, 1832, 494.

Coturniculus passerinus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32.

Ammodromus passerinus GRAY, Gen. of B., II, 1844, 373.

Ammodramus savannarum passerinus RipGway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.
VIII, September 2, 1885, 355.

Coturniculus savannarum passerinus Ringway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
VIII, October, 1885, 568.

Popular synonyms: YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW. GRASSHOPPER BIRD.
GRASSBIRD. GROUND Birp.

The Grasshopper Sparrow is a common summer resident, ar-
riving early in April and departing about the middle of Sep-
tember.

136 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The range of this species covers the eastern United States
from southern Canada southward, in .winter to the southern
states, eastern Mexico, and south to Costa Rica. It breeds
throughout its range excepting in the more southern portions.

Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson. 1827.

Ammodramus henslowii (Audubon). Henslow’s Sparrow.

Emberiza henslowii AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., I, 1831, 360, pl. 77.
Coturniculus henslowi BoNaPaRTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32.
Ammodromus henslowi Gray, Gen. B., II, June, 1849, 374.

Popular synonym: HENSLOW’s BUNTING.

Henslow’s Sparrow is a not uncommon summer resident,
arriving about the middle of April and departing by the last of
September.

The range of this species covers the eastern United States,
west to the Plains, breeding as far north as Massachusetts and
northern Illinois and wintering in the southern states.

Ammodramus leconteii (Audubon). Leconte’s Sparrow.

Emberiza leconteii AUDUBON, B. Amer., VII, 1848, 338, pl. 488.
Coturniculus lecontii BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., I, 1850, 481.
Ammodromus leconteii Gray, Gen. B., II, June, 1849, 374.
Popular synonym: LE&Econtr’s BUNTING.

Leconte’s Sparrow is a rare migrant within our limits. It
arrives about the middle of April, and returns in the fall in
September. Regarding this species, Mr. E. W. Nelson says:*
“T obtained a fine specimen May 13, 1875, at Riverdale, Illinois,
and by my notes I see that a second specimen was observed the
2ist of the same month near where the first was obtained. The
specimen in my possession was flushed from a small depression
in the prairie near the Calumet River, where the moisture had
caused an early growth of coarse grass, about three inches in
height. After darting off in an erratic course a few rods, it
suddenly turned, and alighting ran rapidly through the grass,
from which it was with difficulty started again and secured.”
In a similar habitat and on the Desplaines River at Worth, Mr.
Eliot Blackwelder and myself have observed a number of these
Sparrows each spring. Mr. Blackwelder also saw them at the
same place on September 16, 1896. Mr. B. T. Gault saw this
Sparrow in Du Page County on September 11, 1894. A male

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 107.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 137

was taken by Mr. Harry Swarth at Worth in our area, on Oc-
tober 12, 1905. .

The range of Leconte’s Sparrow extends from Manitoba
southward (in winter) to Texas, and from the eastern portion
of the Plains eastward through the prairie districts of the Mis-
sissippi Valley, wintering in South Carolina, Alabama and
Florida.

Ammodramus nelsoni Allen: Nelson’s Sparrow.
Ammodramus caudacutus var. nelsoni ALLEN, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., XVII, March, 1875, 293.
Ammodramus nelsoni Norron, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., IT,
March 15, 1897, 102.

Popular synonym: NELSON’s SHARP-TAILED FINCH.

Nelson’s Sparrow is of peculiar interest to the ornithologists
of our vicinity, for the type specimens upon which Mr. Allen
based his opinion that it should be made a variety of the sharp-
tailed sparrow Ammodramus caudacutus, of the salt marshes
of the Atlantic, came from within our limits. Mr. E. W. Nel-
son, writing to Mr. Allen regarding the finding of this species,
says* “While collecting birds on the Calumet Marshes at Ains-
worth, Illinois, September 17, 1874, I noticed a number of small
sparrows in the tall grass along the Calumet River. At first I
thought they were Swamp Sparrows; observing a difference I
shot one and at once recognizing it, I went in search of more.
Within an hour I had killed eight fine specimens. They were very
abundant, as I must have seen over one hundred in walking
about a mile and a half. They were very difficult to kill, owing
to their habit of rising suddenly, darting off in an irregular
manner for a few rods, and then dropping into the grass and
lying so close that it was almost impossible to put them up
again * * * Dr. Velie, while collecting near Ainsworth, October
7, also shot several specimens of the Sharp-tailed Finch, about
the sloughs which are found abundantly in this locality.” Mr.
Nelson also says:f “The 12th of June, 1875, I saw several of
these birds in the dense grass bordering Lake Calumet, where
they were undoubtedly breeding. The first of October, 1875,
I again found them abundant on the Calumet Marsh, and also
found them numerous in the wild rice bordering Grass Lake,
Lake County, Illinois, the 1oth of November the same year.”

*Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XVII, March, 1875,
+Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex ieetitute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 107.

138 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

.

I have taken the nest and eggs of this species from near
Calumet Lake, and have also observed the birds at Liverpool,
Indiana. I do not know at what date they arrive in the spring,
but the fall records would seem to show that they pass through
our vicinity during September and October. Nelson’s Sparrow
has also been taken by Mr. S. F. Dayton, who found it at Hyde
Lake on October 6, 1898; by Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., who
found it on the wet prairies along the east shore of Lake Calumet
on September 19, 1893; and by Mr. Eliot Blackwelder, who found
it breeding, though uncommon, in the vicinity of Morgan Park,
on September 28, 1895. A male specimen was taken by Mr.
Harry Swarth at Worth, situated within our limits, on October
12, 1905. Mr. Amos W. Butler states that he has a specimen
from Hyde Park, Illinois, taken September 21, 1878, and says,
in his Birds of Indiana:* “Mr. H. K. Coale informs me that he
saw about a dozen Sharp-tailed Finches in the grass along Berry
Lake, Lake County, Indiana, September 25, 1875. Dr. A. W.
Brayton informed me he had taken this species in Lake County,
Indiana.”

This Sparrow frequents the fresh water marshes of the in-
terior of the United States and southern Canada, breeding from
northern Illinois north to Dakota and Manitoba. It winters as
‘far south as Texas, and visits the Atlantic coast in its migrations,

Genus CHONDESTES Swainson, 1827.

Chondestes grammacus (Say). Lark Sparrow.
Fringilla grammaca Say, Long’s Exp., II, 1823, 139.
Chondestes grammaca BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1888, 82.
Popular synonyms: Lark Fincu. Porato BIgp.

When Mr. E. W. Nelson wrote his Birds of Northeastern
Illinois in 1876 he reported the Lark Sparrow as a common sum-
mer resident. It is now, however, a rare summer resident, arriv-
ing about the middle of April, and departing in September. Mr.
J. Grafton Parker, Jr., informs me that he obtained a nest of
this species which contained four eggs, in a pasture near Evans-
ton, in June, 1880.

The range of the Lark Sparrow includes the Mississippi Val-
ley region north to Manitoba, and from Michigan, Ohio and On-
tario westward to the Plains. It breeds nearly throughout its
range and winters as far south as eastern Texas.

ie Annual Report, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources, Indiana, 1897,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 139

Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson. 1831.

Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall). Harris’ Sparrow.
Fringilla querula NUTTALL, Man., I, ed. 2, 1840, 555.
Zonotrichia querula GAMBEL, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser.
2, I, 1847, 51.

Popular synonyms: MHABgRIs’s FINCH. MourRNING FINCH.

Mr. E. W. Nelson reported (1876) Harris’s Sparrow to be
a very rare visitant to our vicinity. Mr. James O. Dunn says*
that he took a specimen east of Riverdale, Illinois, which he ob-
served in a growth of small willows. Mr. Ruthven Deane in-
forms me that on May 11, 1904, he observed a male of this species
feeding with a flock of sparrows in the south end of Lincoln
Park, :

The range of this Sparrow extends from the eastern border
of the Great Plains eastward to Wisconsin, Illinois and Missouri,
and from Manitoba southward to Texas in the winter. It is
quite irregular in its appearance on the eastern border of its
range.

Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow.

Emberiza leucophrys Forster, Philos. Trans., LXII, 1772, 426.

Fringilla leucophrys BONAPARTE, List, 1828, 32.

Zonotrichia leucophrys SwAINsON, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Amer.,
II, 1831, 493.

The White-crowned Sparrow is a common migrant, the larger
number passing northward in April and returning, on their fall
migration, the latter part of September and the early part of
October.

The range of this Sparrow includes nearly all of North Amer-
ica, and it breeds in the mountain ranges of the west and from
Wisconsin and Vermont northward.

Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). White-throated Sparrow.

Fringilla albicollis Gmetin, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 926.

Zonotrichia albicollis SwaInson, Classif. B., II, 1837, 288.

Popular synonyms: PEABopy BIRD. YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW.

The White-throated Sparrow is an abundant migrant, and
“a rare summer resident” (Nelson), passing northward in April
and returning, on the fall migration, the latter part of September
and in October.

The range of this species is chiefly east of the Great Plains.
It breeds from the northern portion of the United States north-

*Auk, Vol. XII, 1895, 395.

140 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ward, and it winters from Massachusetts southward on the At-
lantic coast and in the Mississippi Valley from Missouri and
Illinois southward.

Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte, 1832.

Spizella monticola (Gmelin). Tree Sparrow.
Fringilla monticola Gmetin, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 912.
Fringilla canadensis LatTu., Ind. Orn., I, 1790, 434.
Spizella monticola Bartrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 472.
Zonotrichia canadensis “LaTH.” of some authors.
Popular synonyms: WINTER CHIPPY. CANADIAN SPARROW. WINTER
SPARROW.

The Tree Sparrow is a common winter resident, arriving
about the middle of October and departing near the middle of
April.

The range of the Tree Sparrow includes North America
east of the Plains, and from South Carolina, Kentucky and the
Indian Territory north to the Arctic Ocean. It breeds north of
the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and winters from
the northern border of the United States southward.

Spizella socialis (Wilson). Chipping Sparrow.

Fringilla socialis WiLson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 127, pl. 16, fig. 5.

Spizella socialis BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33.

Zonotrichia socialis GRAY, Hand-list, II, 1870, 94, 7397.

Popular synonyms: CHIPPY. CHIP-BIRD. HAIR-BIRD.

A common summer resident, arriving toward the middle of
April and departing from the last of September to the middle
of October.

The range of the Chipping Sparrow covers North America
east of the Rocky Mountains and from Newfoundland and the
Great Slave Lake southward to eastern Mexico. It breeds in
Mexico and the Gulf States northward, and it winters in the
southern portion of its range.

Spizella pallida (Swainson). Clay-colored Sparrow.
Emberiza pallida Swainson, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Amer., II,
1831, 251.

Spizella pallida BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33.

The only record that I have found of the occurrence of this
species within our limits is that of Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says :*
“A rare summer resident about the borders of prairies. Speci-
mens are in Mr. Holden’s collection taken near Chicago.”

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 108.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 141

The A. O. U. Check-list gives its range as follows: “Interior
of North America, from Illinois and Iowa west to the Rocky
Mountains, Arizona, and Cape St. Lucas, and from Guanajuato
and Oaxaca north to the Saskatchewan Plains. Breeds from
Iowa and Nebraska northward.”

Spizella pusilla (Wilson). Field Sparrow.

Fringilla pusilla WiLson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 121, pl. 16, fig. 2.

Fringilla juncorum NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 499.

Spizella pusilla BoNAPAaRTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33.

Popular synonyms: Fietp CuHippy. FIELD CHIP-BIED, RED-BILLED
CHIPPyY.

The Field Sparrow is a common summer resident, arriving
early in April, and departing early in October.

Its range includes southern Canada and the United States
east of the Plains and south to the Gulf of Mexico and Texas.
It breeds from South Carolina, Kentucky and Kansas northward.

Genus JUNCO Wagler, 1831.

Junco hyemalis (Linneus). Slate-colored Junco.

Fringilla hyemalis LiInnzvus, 8. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 183.

Fringilla nivalis WiLson, Amer. Orn., III, 1810, 129, pl. 16, fig. 6.

Junco hyemalis Sct., P. Z. S., 1857, 7.

Popular synonyms: SNOWBIRD. COMMON SNOWBIRD. SLATE-COLOBED
SNOWBIRD. BLACK OR GRAY SNOWBIRD.

The Slate-colored Junco is an abundant migrant. It arrives
the last of February and remains in our vicinity until May. In
its fall migrations it arrives about the middle of September and
departs on the appearance of severely cold weather. It is also
claimed that a few of these Juncos remain within our limits
during the more open winters.

The range of this species covers North America, chiefly east
of the Rocky Mountains, and it breeds in the mountain regions
of the northeastern portions of the United States northward and
to Alaska. It winters in the more temperate portion of the
eastern United States as far south as the Gulf of Mexico.

Junco montanus Ridgway. Montana Junco.
Junco oregonus CoALE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club., ii, p. 82, 1877.
Junco montanus Ripgway, Auk, XV, p. 321, Oct., 1898.
A. O. U. Committee, Auk, XVI, p. 119, 1899 (No. 567.1).
A well-defined specimen of this species is in the collection of
The Chicago Academy of Sciences, which was taken by Mr. F.
S. Dayton, of Chicago. On October 21st, 1898, he saw, in the

142 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

woods west of North Evanston, a large flock of Juncos, in which
there was an Arctic Towhee. He shot five of the birds, one of
which proved to be Junco montanus, an identification which was
later confirmed by Mr. Ridgway. Mr. Dayton says:

“The birds were feeding on the seeds of ragweed and I would
have passed them by but for the fact that the darkest one flew
to the dead limb of a sapling and was so strikingly different from
our common Juncos that I shot the bird and also four others
which showed a very dark plumage.”

This species was recorded some thirty years ago by Mr. H.
K. Coale (as Junco oregonus), who says:* “October 14, 1875, I
saw a flock of some dozen birds in a willow tree and killed one
of them with a sling; the rest flew off and were not seen again.
The specimen was sent to Mr. Nelson, who identified it as Junco
oreganus, the first one of this species captured in the state (Illi-
nois), its extreme eastern range heretofore known being Kan-
sas.” Mr. Coale informs me that this specimen was taken in a
yard in Chicago. Junco montanus would seem to be a rare win-
ter visitant.

The range of this species is as follows: Breeding from north-
western Montana and northern Idaho north to Northwest Terri-
tory and Alberta; in winter south to Arizona, northern Chihua-
hua, western and middle Texas, etc. East more or less casually
to eastern Kansas, Illinois, Michigan, northern Indiana, Massa-

chusetts, Maryland, etc.

Junco oreganus shufeldti (Coale). Shufeldt’s Junco.
Junco hyemalis shufeldti CoaLE, Auk, IV, p. 330, Oct., 1887.

Junco hyemalis shufeldti Coatr, A. O. U. Check List, p. 285, 1895.

There is a specimen of this bird in the Field Museum of
Natural History, which was taken at Waukegan, Illinois, Feb-
ruary 26th, 1897. It is an adult male and very typical of shufeldtt.
The skin was purchased from Mr. Henry K. Coale, who de-
scribed the variety.

The range of shufeldti is as follows: Breeding from the in-
terior of northern British Columbia, east to the Rocky Mountains
in Alberta, south to Vancouver Island, Washington and northern
Oregon, probably to northwestern Montana and western Idaho;
south in winter over entire Rocky Mountain plateau of the United
States to Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas and even to
northern Mexico ; occasional in winter in northern (and eastern?)

*Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, Vol. 22, July, 1877.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 143

California, straggling eastward to Illinois. This is the most
eastern authentic range yet recorded. It is quite probable that
both this variety and also Junco montanus may be found in some
collections labeled hyemalis or oreganus. A lookout should be
kept by local ornithologists for eastern stragglers of these two
Juncos.

Genus MELOSPIZA Baird, 1858.

Melospiza cinerea melodia (Wilson). Song Sparrow.
Fringilla fasciata GMELIN, S. N., I, pt. ii, 1788, 922.
Fringilla melodia Witson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 125, pl. 16, fig. 4.
Melospiza melodia Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., [X, 1858, 477, part.
Melospiza fasciata Scott, Amer. Nat. X, 1876, 18.
Melospiza cinerea melodia Ripaway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50,
pt. 1, 1901, 354.

The Song Sparrow is a common summer resident, arriving
early in March, and departing in October.

The range of the Song Sparrow includes the eastern United
States from the Atlantic coast westward quite through the Great
Plains, breeding along the Atlantic sea-board and the northern
United States northward to the Fur Countries and wintering
from the latitude of about 50° south to the Gulf of Mexico.

Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon). Lincoln’s Sparrow.

Fringilla lincolniti AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 539, pl. 193.
Melospiza lincolnii Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.. IX, 1858, 482.
Popular synonyms: LINcoLtn’s FincH. LINcOLN’s Sone SPaRRow.

A rare summer resident and a not uncommon spring and fall
migrant. Mr. George K. Cherrie obtained a young bird, just out
of the nest, at Worth, Illinois, on June 30, 1896, and on July 16,
1896, Mr. Cherrie and Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., obtained an
adult and a nestling near Lake Calumet. These Sparrows arrive
in May and depart from the last of September to the middle of
October.

While the range of this species covers practically the whole
of North America it breeds chiefly north of the United States and
winters in the southern states, Mexico and south to Panama.

Melospiza georgiana (Latham). Swamp Sparrow.
Fringilla georgiana LATHAM, Ind. Orn., I, 1790, 460.
Fringilla palustris Witson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 49, pl. 22, fig. 1.
Melospiza palustris Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX. 1858, 483.
Melospiza georgiana Ripeway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 355.
Popularssynonym: Swamp Sone SPaRRow.

144 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A common summer resident, arriving late in March, and de-
parting late in October.

The range of this Sparrow covers the eastern, United States
and British Possessions, west to the Great Plains, casually to
Utah, and breeds from the United States northward. It winters
southward chiefly below latitude 38°.

Genus PASSERELLA Swainson, 1837.

Passerella iliaca (Merrem). Fox Sparrow.
Fringilla iliaca MERREM, Beitr. Gesch. Vég., II, 1786-1787, 49, pl. 10.
Passerella iliaca Swainson, Classif. B., II, 1837, 288.
Popular synonyms: TFox-coLorep Spagrow. Rurous Sparrow.

The Fox Sparrow is a common migrant, passing through
“our area in spring migrations chiefly in March and April; re-
turning in the fall it may remain with us until about the middle
of November.

The range of the Fox Sparrow covers eastern North America
from the Gulf of Mexico northward to Alaska and the Arctic
coast, and it breeds north of the United States and winters chiefly
south of latitude 40°.

Genus PIPILO Vieillot, 1816.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnzus). Towhee.
Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnzws, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 180.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus VIEILLoT, Gal. Ois., I, 1824, 109, pl. 80.
Popular synonyms: JAREE. CHEWINK. TOWINK. GROUND Rosin.

The Towhee is a common summer resident, arriving from the
middle of March to the middle of April, and departing about the
last of October.

The range of this species covers the eastern United States
and the southern portion of the British Possessions, west to the
Plains. It breeds from Georgia and the lower Mississippi Valley
northward ; winters from Pennsylvania and Indiana southward.

Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swainson). Arctic Towhee.
Pyrgita (Piptlo) arctica SWAINSON, in Sw. & Rich., Fauna Bor. Amer.,

II, 1831, 260, pls. 51, 52.
Pipilo maculatus var. arcticus Cours, Key, 1872, 152.

The only record that I have found of the taking of the Arctic
Towhee within our limits is that of Mr. F. S. Dayton who shot
one of these birds in the woods west of North Evanston, Illinois,
on October 24, 1898, near the same locality where he obtained

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 145

specimens of Junco montanus three days before. The specimen
is in the collection of The Chicago Academy of Sciences having
been donated by Mr. Dayton. It is the skin of a typical adult
male.

Its range is given as follows in the A. O. U. Check-list:
“Plains of the Platte, upper Missouri, Yellowstone and Sas-
katchewan Rivers, west to the eastern slope of the Rocky Moun-
tains, south in winter to Kansas, Colorado and Texas.”

Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte, 1837.

Cardinalis cardinalis (Linneus). Cardinal.

Lozia cardinalis Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, 1758, 172.

Cardinalis virginianus BONAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, III,
part.

Pitylus cardinalis AUDUBON, Synop., 1839, 181.

Cardinalis cardinalis LICHTENSTEIN, Nomencl. Mus. Berol., 1854, 44.

Popular synonyms: CARDINAL GROSBEAK. REDBIRD. CARDINAL RED-
BIRD. VIRGINIAN REDBIRD. VIRGINIA NIGHTINGALE. CRESTED
REDBIRD. CORN-CRAKER.

In 1876, Mr. E. W. Nelson* reported the Cardinal to be “a
rare and irregular summer resident,” and says that “occasionally
specimens remain until late in Autumn.” I have heard of the
Cardinal being taken in our public parks, and have myself secured
one specimen which showed, however, unmistakable signs of
having been an escaped cage bird. Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr.,
has a specimen of this species which was taken at Kouts, In-
diana, on December 11, 1893. Some years ago I found a nest
of the Cardinal at River Forest, Illinois. Mr. O. M. Schantz
informs me that in the year 1904 there were two pairs nesting
at Riverside, Illinois, and that they arrived in that locality on
the seventeenth of April.

The range of the Cardinal covers the United States east of
the Great Plains, and from Iowa, the Great Lakes and southern
New York southward. Casually it is found further north in
Ontario and the New England states.

Genus ZAMELODIA Coues, 1880.

Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linneus). Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Lovia ludoviciana LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 306.
Fringilla ludoviciana Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., II, 1828, 79, pl. 15,
fig, 2,
Coccoborus ludovicianus AUDUBON, Syn., 1839, 133.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 110

146 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hedymeles ludoviciana CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, June, 1851, 152.

Goniaphea ludoviciana GUNDLACH, Report Fisco-Nat. Cuba, I, 1866,
286.

Zamelodia ludoviciana CouES, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V, 1880, 98.

Habia ludoviciana StesNecER, Auk, 1, Oct. 1884, 367.

Popular synonyms: RED-BREASTED GROSBEAK. POTATO-BUG BIRp.

The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is a common summer resident,
arriving the last of April, and departing early in October.

The range of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak extends east of
Manitoba and the Great Plains, southward in winter to Cuba
and the northern portion of South America. It breeds from
about the latitude of Kansas and South Carolina northward.

Genus CYANOSPIZA Baird, 1858.

Cyanospiza cyanea (Linneus). Indigo Bunting .

Tanagra cyanea LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 315.

Fringilla cyanea Witson, Amer. Orn., I, 1810, 100, pl. 6, fig. 5.

Passerina cyanea VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXV, 1817, 7.

Spiza cyanea JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Amer. Orn., III, 1832, 446.

Cyanospiza cyanea Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 505.

Popular synonyms: INDIGo Birp. BLUE LINNET. GREEN BIRD OB
LINNET.

The Indigo Bunting is a common summer resident, arriving
the last of April, and departing the last of September.

The range of this species covers the eastern United States,
from Canada southward, in winter to Central America and Cuba,
westward to the eastern edge of the Great Plains.

Genus SPIZA Bonaparte, 1824.

Spiza americana (Gmelin). Dickcissel.
Emberiza americana GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 872.
Euspiza americana BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32.
Spiza americana Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, March 27,
1880, 3.
Popular synonyms: BLACK-THROATED BUNTING. LITTLE MEADOW-
LARK.

A common summer resident, arriving early in May and de-
parting ‘about the latter part of August.

The range of the Dickcissel includes the United States east
of the Rocky Mountains, from Massachusetts, Ontario and North
Dakota south to Texas. It winters in Central America and
northern South America and is rare east of the Alleghanies.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 147

FAMILY TANAGRIDA: THE TANAGERS.
Genus PIRANGA Vieillot, 1807.

Piranga erythromelas Vieillot. Scarlet Tanager.

Tanagra rubra (not Fringilla rubra Linnezus, 1758) Linnaus, S. N.,

_ ed. 12, I, 1766, 314.

Pyranga rubra SwWAINSON AND RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor. Amer., II,
1831, 273.

Pyranga erythromelas VIELLoT, Nouv, Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXVIII,
1819, 293.

Popular synonym: BLACK-wWINGED REDBIRD.

The Scarlet Tanager is a common summer resident, arriving
the last of April and departing the last of September.

The range of this species lies east of the Great Plains, and
from Manitoba and southern Ontario southward, in winter to
the eastern portion of Mexico, Central America, northern South
America and the West Indies. It breeds chiefly in the more
northern portion of its range.

Piranga rubra (Linneus). Summer Tanager.

Fringilla rubra Linnzvs, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 181.

Tanagra aestiva. GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 889.

Pyranga aestiva Vre1LLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ed. 2, XXVIII,
1819, 291.

Piranga rubra VIEILLOT, Ois. Amer. Sept., I, 1807, p. iv.

Popular synonyms: SUMMER REDBIRD. VERMILION TANAGER. RED
TANAGER. RED BEE-BIRD.

The summer Tanager is, at the present time at least, a very
rare summer visitant. Mr. Robert Kennicott says that it was
not rare at the time he wrote his list of Cook County birds.*
He also states that the species was known to nest in Cook County.
Mr. E. W. Nelson says:+ “A rare summer visitant. I know
of but few instances of its occurrence.” Mr. O. M. Schantz of
Morton Park, Illinois, informs me that a Summer Tanager has
made an extended visit to his grounds, and that it has been seen
by a number of persons who were familiar with the bird, so that
there seems to be no question of its occurrence occasionally with-
in our limits. Mr. Schantz saw this Tanager in April, 1904.

The Summer Tanager is, at the present time at least, a very
range which extends throughout the eastern United States west
to the Plains, and from southern New Jersey and southern Illi-
nois southward, wintering in eastern Mexico and southward to

*Trans. Illinois State Agri, Society. Vol. I, 1853-1854. 585.
TBirds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 104.

148 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Peru. It is casually found northward to southern Canada and
Nova Scotia.

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDZ: SWALLOWS.
Genus PROGNE Boie, 1826.

Progne subis (Linnezus). Purple Martin.
Hirundo subis Linnzvs, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 192.
Hirundo purpurea Linnzzus, 8. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 344.
Progne purpurea Bore, Isis, 1826, 971.
Progne subis Batrp, Rev. Amer. B., I, May, 1865, 274.
Popular synonyms: Martin. House MARTIN. PURPLE SWALLOW.
AMERICAN MARTIN. VIOLET SWALLOW.

The Purple Martin is a common summer resident, arriving
from the last of March to the middle of April and departing in
September.

The range of the Purple Martin extends over the whole of
temperate North America and it winters in South America.

Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis, 1850.

Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow.

Hirundo lunifrons Say, Long’s Exp., II, 1823, 47.

Hirundo fulva BONAPARTE, Amer. Orn., I, 1825, 63, pl. 7, fig. 1.

Petrochelidon lunifrons Cassin, Cat. Hirun. Mus. Philadelphia Acad.
Nat. Sci., 1853, 4.

Popular synonyms: EAaveE SwALLow. REPUBLICAN SWALLOW. SQUARE-
TAILED SWALLOW. WHITE-FRONTED SWALLOW. CRESCENT SWAL-
Low.

The Cliff Swallow is a common summer resident, arriving
early in April and departing in September.

The range of this Swallow covers the whole of temperate
North America from Nova Scotia and Alaska southward, breed-
ing south as far as southern California, southern Texas and the
Gulf of Mexico, though it is seemingly not found in Florida. It
winters in Central and South America.

Genus HIRUNDO Linneus, 1758.

Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert. American Barn Swallow.

Hirundo erythrogastra BoppaErt, Tabl. P. E., 1783, 45.

Hirundo horreorum BaARTon, Frag. Nat. Hist. Penn., 1799, 17.

Hirundo americana Witson, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 34, pl. 38. figs. 1, 2.

Chelidon erythrogastra STEIJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VY, June 5,
1882, 31.

Popular synonyms: RUFOUS-BELLIED SWALLOW. FORKED-TAILED BARN
SwALLow.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 149

The American Barn Swallow is a common summer resident,
arriving the last of April and the first of May and departing
early in September.

The range of the American Barn Swallow covers North
America in general, and it breeds from the Fur Countries south-
ward to Mexico. It winters in the southern states and tropical
America as far south as southern Brazil.

Genus IRIDOPROCNE Coues, 1878.

Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. \

Hirundo bicolor VIEILLot, Ois. Amer. Sept., I, 1807, 61, pl. 31.

Tachycineta bicolor CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, 1850, 48.

Iridoprocne bicolor Cours, Birds Colorado Valley, 1878, 412.

Popular synonyms: WHITE-BELLIED SwaLLow. BLAcK AND WHITE
SWALLOW. GREEN-BLUE SWALLOW.

Many years ago the Tree Swallow was reported to be an
abundant resident, but now it is certainly a rather rare resident
but a common migrant, arriving from the last of March to the
middle of April and departing in September.

The range of the Tree Swallow covers the whole of temperate
North America and it breeds from the table-lands of Mexico
northward to the Fur Countries. It winters,in the West Indies,
the southern United States and southward through Mexico and
Guatemala.

Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis, 1850.

Tachycineta thalassina lepida (Mearns). Violet-green Swallow.
Hirundo thalassinus of authors, not of SwaAIns., Phil. Mag., I, 1827,
366.

Tachycincta thalassina CourEs, Birds, N. W., 1874, p. 86 (part).

Tachycineta lepida Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XV, March 5,
1892, p. 31.

Tachycineté thalassina lepida, A. O. U. Com., Auk. XIX, July, 1902,
p. 325.

This bird is a distinctly western species, ranging from the
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains westward to*the Pacific
Ocean, and from British Columbia southward, wintering as far
south as Costa Rica. A fine male specimen of this Swallow was
taken, by Mr. George Clingman, within our limits at South Ken-
wood, on May 4, 1897.

Genus RIPARIA Forster, 1817.

Riparia riparia (Linneus). Bank Swallow.
Hirundo riparia Linnavs, 8. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 192.

I50 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Cotyle riparia Bors, Isis, 1826, 971.

_ Clivicola riparia StEJNEGER Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 32.
Riparia riparia SuHarpe & Wyatt, Monogr. Hirundinide, 1894, XLIV,
Popular synonyms: SAND Martin. Sanp SWALLow.

A common summer resident, arriving early in May and de-
parting in September. This Swallow nests in the sand hills and
clay bluffs along the lake shore.

The range of this Swallow includes the northern hemisphere
in general and in the Americas south to the northern portion of
South America. It winters chiefly south of the United States
and breeds from the middle districts of the United States north-
ward.

Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird, 1858.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon). Rough-winged Swallow.
Hirundo serripennis AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 593.
Stelgidopteryg serripennis Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858,

312.
Popular synonyms: RoucH-wINGED BANK SwaLow of SAND MAR-
TIN. Bripcre SwALLow.

A rare spring migrant. On the twenty-ninth of April, 1879,
Mr. H. K. Coale shot four specimens at Dolton, Illinois. On the
fifteenth of May, 1895, I obtained three adults of this species at
Worth, Illinois, They were flying in company with Barn and
Bank Swallows over the marshes. Mr. E. W. Nelson says :*
“A rare summer visitant, perhaps breeds.”

The range of this species covers the whole of the United
States, excepting possibly the extreme northern portion. It is
also found in southern Ontario but not in the eastern portion
of New England. It breeds throughout its range in the United
States and into Mexico. It winters in the southern United
States, Mexico and southward through Central America.

FAMILY AMPELID4: WAXWINGS, ETC.
Genus AMPELIS Linnzus, 1766.

Ampelis garrulus Linneus. Bohemian Waxwing.
Lanius gorrulus LInNzvs, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 95.
Ampelis garrulus LINNZUS, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 297.
Bombycilla garrula BONAPARTE, Zool. Journ., III, 1828, pl. 16, fig. 2,
VimILLor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XVI. 1817, 523, pl. 10, fig. 3.
Popular synonyms: NORTHERN WAXWING. BLACK-THROATED WAx-
WING. WAXEN CHATTERER.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 102.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. I5i

The Bohemian Waxwing is an irregular winter visitant. I
have not taken this species within our area. On January 1,
1896, I obtained a fine pair at Lake Forest, Illinois, and saw
about twenty more. A few days later, Mr. John F. Ferry ob-
tained a fine male at the same place. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:*
“An irregular but occasionally abundant winter resident, espe-
cially along the lake. In a letter dated March 16, 1876, Mr.
Charles Douglas, of Waukegan, describes an ‘immense’ flock of
these birds which he observed the day previous, upon the lake
shore near that town.” In his Birds of Indiana,t Mr. Amos W.
Butler says: “Dr. J. L. Hancock informs me that March 1,
1880, he shot two from a flock of eight that were feeding on
mountain ash berries in Chicago. March 30, 1880, over one
hundred of these birds were killed at Whiting, Lake County,
Indiana, and taken to a Chicago taxidermist. They were seen
by Mr. H. K. Coale. Specimens from that lot are in the collec-
tion of Mr. Coale, Mr. George L. Toppan and my own.” Mr.
H. K. Coale informs me that on December 4, 1880, Mr. R.A.
Turtle shot thirty of forty specimens, out of a large flock, at
Whiting, Indiana.

The range of this species includes the northern parts of the
northern hemisphere; in America, south in winter irregularly to
Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Colorado, Arizona and
California. It breeds north of the United States.

Ampelis cedrorum (Vieillot). Cedar Waxwing.
Bombycilla cedrorum VYEILLoT, Ois. Amer. Sept., I, 1807, 88, pl. 57.
Ampelis cedrorum GRay, Gen. B., I, 1846, 278.
Popular synonyms: CEDAR BIRD. CEDAR-LARK. CHERRY Bigp. CaRo-
LINA WAXWING.

The Cedar Waxwing is a common summer resident which oc-
casionally stays within our limits during the winter. The ma-
jority of them arrive the last of March and depart the last of
September.

The range of the Cedar Waxwing includes the whole of tem-
perate North America southward, breeding as far south as the
southern states. It winters from the northern border of the
United States southward as far as the West Indies and Costa
Rica.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the. Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 103.
{Twenty-second Annual Report, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources, Indiana, 1897,
1002.

152 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

FAMILY LANIIDZ: SHRIKES.
Genus LANIUS Linneus. 1758.

Lanius borealis Vieilot. Northern Shrike.
Lanius borealis ViEILLot, Ois. Amer. Sept., I, 1807, 80, pl. 50.
Collurio borealis Barrp, Review Amer. Birds, June, 1866, 440.
Popular synonyms: GREAT AMERICAN SHRIKE. GREAT NORTHEEN
SHRIKE. GREAT NoRTHERN BUTCHER BIRD.

The Northern Shrike is a common winter resident, arriving
the last of October and departing late in March. Mr. E. W.
Nelson suggests that “sometimes they remain late in the season
and may breed.”* Probably the most advantageous places to
observe these birds are in the city parks, where they fare
sumptuously on the English sparrows. I have repeatedly seen
them drive the sparrows from under the eaves of the buffalo
pens in Lincoln Park, Chicago, in order to capture them.

The range of this species includes northern North America,
in winter south to about latitude 35’, and on the Pacific coast
to northern California. It breeds north of the United. States.

Lanius Iudovicianus Linnzus. Loggerhead Shrike.

Lanius ludovicianus Linnzus, 8S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 134.

Lanius ludovicianus var. ludovicianus LINN&US, of some authors.

Popular synonyms: COMMON AMERICAN SHRIKE. LOUISIANA SHRIKE,
SOUTHERN BUTCHER BIRD.

The Loggerhead Shrike is a common summer resident, arriv-
ing early in March and departing the first of November.

‘The range of the Loggerhead Shrike covers the United
States east of the Great Plains, and it breeds from the Gulf of
Mexico northward excepting on the Atlantic coast where it breeds
north to Virginia and casually to the southern portion of New
Jersey. It also breeds through western Pennsylvania and New
York to the New England states.

FAMILY VIRIONIDA: THE VIREOS.

Genus VIREOSYLVA Bonaparte, 1838.

Vireosylva olivacea (Linneus). Red-eyed Vireo.
Muscicapa olwacea LINN&ZUS, 8. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 327.
Vireo olivaceus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., II, 1826, 71.
Popular synonym: RED-EYED. GREENLET.

The Red-eyed Vireo is a common summer resident, arriving
early in May and departing early in October.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 104.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 153

The range of the Red-eyed Vireo lies chiefly east of Colorado
and British Columbia, and from the Arctic regions southward
It breeds nearly throughout its North American range and win-
ters south to Florida.

Vireosylva philadelphica Cassin. Philadelphia Vireo.
VireosyWia philadelphica Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
V, Feb. 1851, 153, pl. 10, fig. 2.
Vireo philadelphicus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., [X, 1858, 335.
Popular synonyms: PHILADELPHIA GBEENLET. BROTHERLY-LOVE
VIREO.

This Vireo is a rare migrant, arriving in the spring about the
middle of May, and returning in the fall from the last of August
to the last of September. In 1876, Mr. E. W. Nelson* con-
sidered it to be a common migrant, and says: “They were so
numerous near Waukegan about the twentieth of May, 1876,
that a dozen specimens might have been obtained in an hour.”

The range of this species lies in the eastern United States,
chiefly west of the Alleghanies, and from the Fur Countries
southward to Costa Rica and Panama though it has not been
recorded from Mexico or the West Indies. It breeds chiefly
north of the United States. There are indications that is may
breed in the vicinity of Chicago. Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “The
first of July, 1874, I found two pairs of these birds in a dense
willow thicket bordering Mazon Creek, about sixty miles south
of Chicago. Upon my approach the birds showed great anxiety,
uttering a short complaining cry, and coming within a few feet
of me. That they had young in the vicinity I was sure, but owing
to the character of the covert they were not found.” There is
evidence that it also breeds in Indiana, for it is known to be a
rare summer resident in that state, specimens having been taken
during the months of June and July. Professor B. W. Evermann
says that it is a rare summer resident in both Carroll and Mon-

roe Counties, Indiana.

Vireosylva gilva (Vieillot.). Warbling Vireo.
Muscicapa gilva VIEILLoT, Ois. Amer. Sept., I, 1807, 65, pl. 34.
Vireo gilvus BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV,

1824, 176.
Popular synonym: WARBLING GREENLET.

The Warbling Vireo was formerly a common, but it is now
a rare summer resident, and is more common during its migra-
tions. It arrives early in May and departs about the middle of

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 102.

154 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

September. On June 9, 1885, Mr. B. T. Gault found a nest
of this species, which contained four eggs, in Lake County, IIli-
nois, a few miles north of our area.

The range of the Warbling Vireo covers North America in
general, from the Fur Countries southward into Mexico and it
breeds quite throughout its range.

Genus LANIVIREO Baird, 1858.

Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot). Yellow-throated Vireo.

Vireo flavifrons VIEILLOT, Ois. Amer. Sept., I, 1807, 85, pl. 54.

Popular synonym: YELLOW-THROATED GREENLET.

This Vireo is a not uncommon migrant, and is probably a
rare summer resident. In the spring it arrives about the last
of April, and in the fall it arrives in September and departs from
the last of that month to the middle of October. On the eighth
of June, 1885, Mr. B. T. Gault obtained a nest and the eggs of
this species in Lake County, Illinois, a few miles north of our
area.

The range of this Vireo covers the United States east of the
Great Plains, and from Canada southward. It breeds from the
Gulf of Mexico northward, and it winters in Florida and south-
ward through Mexico to Colombia.

Lanivireo soltarius (Wilson). Blue-headed Vireo.

Muscicapa solitaria Witson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 43, pl. 17, fig. 6.
Vireo solitarius VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXXVI, 1819,

103.
Popular synonyms: SoLITtaky GREENLET OB VIREO. BLUE-HEADED

GREENLET.

The Blue-headed Vireo was formerly a common but now it
is a rather rare migrant. -In the spring it arrives from the first to
the last of May, and it returns in the fall from the middle of Sep-
tember to the first week in October. Mr. B. T. Gault informs me
that it is silent while passing through our area during its migra-
tions, and that it occurs more plentifully during its fall migra-
tions.

Its range covers North America east of the Plains and from
the Fur Countries southward. It breeds from the northern bor-
der of the United States northward, and it winters in the West
Indies and eastern Mexico south to Guatemala.

Genus VIREO Vieillot, 1807.

Vireo noveboracensis (Gmelin). White-eyed Vireo.
Muscicapa noveboracensis GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 947.

’

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 155

Vireo noveboracensis BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
IV, 1824, 176.

Popular synonyms: WHITE-EYED GREENLET. LITTLE GREEN HANG-
ING-BIRD. CHICKTY-BEAVER.

The White-eyed Vireo is a rare visitant from other portions
of Illinois. Mr. B. T. Gault informs me of a specimen which was
taken at Glen Ellyn on May 24, 1898. This species is an abun-
dant summer resident in the southern portions of Illinois, and is
also not uncommon in other suitable localities within the state.
Mr. E. W. Nelson recorded it* as a ‘summer resident. Rather
rare. Arrives the middle of May and departs the first of Oc-
tober.”

The range of the White-eyed Vireo covers the United States,
east of the Rocky Mountains and from Minnesota and the south-
ern portion of New England. It breeds from the Gulf states
northward, and winters in the Gulf states and south to Guatemala
and Honduras.

Vireo bellii Audubon. Bell’s Vireo.

Vireo belli AuDUBON, B. Amer., VII, 1844, 333, pl. 485.

Popular synonym: MBELL’s GREENLET.

The only records I have been able to find of the occurrence
of Bell’s Vireo within our limits are the following: Mr. E. W.
Nelson says:* “A single specimen, obtained near Chicago, June
23, 1875, is the only instance I have recorded of its occurrence in
this vicinity. It is a common summer resident on the more
southern prairies of the state.” Mr. H. K. Coale informs me
that a specimen was brought to him which had been shot by a
boy in Chicago in the spring of 1875. The identification was af-
terwards confirmed by Dr. Ridgway. Mr. Harry Swarth re-
ports the finding of Vell’s Vireo, nesting in a thick patch of
shrubbery at Joliet, Illinois. Subsequently several more nests
were found. These are the first authentic nesting records for

this region.
FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ: WOOD WARBLERS.

Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot, 1816.

Mniotilta varia (Linneus). Black and White Warbler.
Motacilla varia LINN&US, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 333.
Mniotilta varia VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., X XI, 1818, 230.
Popular synonyms: BLAcK AND WHITE CREEPER. BLACK AND WHITE
CREEPING WARBLER. STRIPED CREEPER.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 103.

156 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This Warbler is a common migrant, arriving from early in
April to the middle of May, and returning in the fall from about
the middle of August to the first of October. In 1876, Mr. E. W.
Nelson reported this creeping Warbler to be a not uncommon
summer resident, but I can find no other records of its occur-
rence within our limits during the summer months.

_ The range of this species extends over eastern North Amer-
ica, east of the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains and from
the Fur Countries southward, in winter, through the West Indies
and Central America to Colombia. It breeds from the southern
states northward.

Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird, 1858.

Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert). Prothonotary Warbler.

Motacilla citrea Bopparrt, Tabl. P. E., 1783, 44.

Motacilla protonotarius GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 972.

Sylvia protonotaria VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XI, 1817, 211.
Motacilla auricollis GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 984.

Sylvicola auricollis NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 431.

Protonotaria citrea Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 1858, 239.
Popular synonyms: WILLOW WARBLER. GOLDEN SwAMP WARBLER.

The Prothonotary Warbler is a rare summer visitant. It
breeds abundantly along the Kankakee River which seems to be
the northern limit of its breeding range in Illinois. Occasionally
these Warblers are seen within our limits. Mr. E. W. Nelson
says: “Two specimens were taken during the summer of 1875,
and I have heard of several other instances of its occurrence.
All specimens taken in this vicinity have remarkably dull colored
plumage.” Mr. H. K. Coale reports it as having been seen or
taken in Cook County in May, 1883. Miss Amalie Hamnig, who
is familiar with this species, writes me that she observed a
brightly colored male at Riverside, Illinois, on June 2, 1897. Mr.
B. T. Gault noticed one at Glen Ellyn, Illinois, on May 13, 1893.
Mr. O. M. Schantz informs me that he saw a pair of these War-
blers at Morton Park on May 15, 1904. During the year 1904
the Prothonotary Warbler was also seen in Lincoln Park, Chi-
cago. It is my belief that this beautiful bird if encouraged and
protected may eventually become more common within our limits
and may possibly nest here

While this species is more abundant in the Mississippi Val-
ley, where it breeds abundantly, its range extends from Cuba and
South America, in winter, northward to Pennsylvania, Michigan,
Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska. Casually it is found further north
in New England, Ontario and Minnesota.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 157
Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Ridgway, 1882.

Helminthophila pinus (Linnzus). Blue-winged Warbler.

Certhia pinus Linna&us, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 187.

Helminthophaga pinus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 254.

Helminthophila. pinus Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII 1882, 53.

Popular synonyms: BLUE-WINGED YELLOW WARBLER. BLUE-WINGED
Swamp WARBLER.

The Blue-winged Warbler is a rare migrant. There are but
few known instances of its occurrence within our limits. These
are all recent and are as follows: Mr. B. T. Gault observed it
in DuPage County, Illinois, on August 18, 1894; on September
I, 1894, and on June 6, 1895. The last observation was that of a
male in song and the bird seemed to have settled for the season
in the Addison woods. However, Mr. Gault again visited the
Addison woods on June 22, but it was evidently too late for he
did not find the bird. On May 30, 1900, while at Palos Park,
on the Wabash railway, he heard the notes of this Warbler in a
bushy field, in a somewhat elevated situation, but did not see the
bird. Mr. Eliot Blackwelder observed it in Morgan Park on
May 24, 1895. This species was observed in June, 1906, by Mr.
John F. Ferry, but the nest could not be located. As this species
is known to breed in the southern part of Illinois, and as a juve-
nile bird has been taken by Mr. Gault in DuPage County, it does
not seem impossible that a very few individuals may remain and
breed within our limits.

The range of this Warbler covers the United States, east of
the Great Plains and from Massachusetts, southern Michigan
and southern Minnesota southward. It breeds quite throughout
its United States range and winters from Mexico southward to
Guatemala and Nicaragua.

Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linnzus). Golden-winged Warbler.

Motacilla chrysoptera LINN&US, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 333.

Sylvia chrysoptera LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 541.

Helminthophaga chrysoptera CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, 1850, 20.

Helminthophila chrysoptera Ringway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII,
January, 1882, 53.

Popular synonyms: BLUE GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. GOLDEN-WINGED
Swamp WARBLER.

This Warbler is not an uncommon migrant which may be
looked for from the first to the last of May, and from the last
of August to the last of September. Regarding the occurrence

158 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of this species within our limits, Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Com-
paratively rare. It breeds rarely.”

The range of the Golden-winged Warbler lies chiefly in the
eastern United States during the summer months, breeding
from northern New Jersey and northern Indiana to southern
Ontario, and also in the Alleghanies southward to South Caro-
lina. It winters southward through Central America to the
northern portion of South America.

Helminthophila rubricapilla (Wilson). Nashville Warbler.
Sylvia ruficapilla (not of Latham, 1790) Wrison, Amer. Orn., III,
1811, 120, pl. 27, fig. 3.
Sylvia rubricapilla Witson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 15.
Helminthophaga rauficapilla Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX,
1858, 256. |
Helminthophila rubricapilla Faxon, Auk, XIII, July, 1896, 264.

The Nashville Warbler is a rare migrant at the present time.
Mr. E. W. Nelson reported it in 1876 to be a rare summer
resident and very common during its migrations.+ In its spring
migrations it arrives within our limits from the first to the fif-
teenth of May, and it returns in the fall during the: month of
September. Mr. Robert Kennicott states in his list of Cook
County birds= that the Nashville Warbler is “common during
the latter part of April and throughout the month of May.” In
his Ornithology of Illinois, Mr. Robert Ridgway says that it
“breeds in the extreme northern counties of the state.”

The range of the Nashville Warbler covers North America
east of the Great Plains and from the Fur Countries southward,
in winter, to Mexico and Central America. It breeds from north-
ern Illinois and Connecticut northward.

Helminthophila celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler.
Sylvia celata Say, Long’s Exp., I, 1823, 169.
Vermivora celata NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, 1840, 463.
Helminthophaga celata BAtrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858,
257, part.
Helminthophila celata Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, Jan.
1882, 54.

Formerly the Orange-crowned Warbler was a common, but
at the present time it is a rare migrant within our limits. In the
spring it arrives from the last of April to the last of May; in the
fall it returns during the month of September. In 1876 Mr. E.

TBirds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 98.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 98.
}Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 583.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 159

W. Nelson recorded it as a common migrant.* I have the fol-
lowing recent records of the taking of this species: On May 29,
1885, I obtained a specimen in Hyde Park, Chicago; September
10, 1888, and August 28, 1895, Mr. B. T. Gault obtained speci-
mens in Chicago; May 1, 1896, and on October 1, 1896, Mr.
Gault also obtained specimens in Du Page County, Illinois; on
April 29, 1893, Mr. F. S. Dayton obtained a specimen at Bow-
manville, Illinois. In his Birds of Indiana,t Mr. Amos W. But-
ler has published the following records for our area: “In 1871,
Mr. C. E. Aiken informs me, it was not rare in Lake County,
Indiana. In that county, also, Mr. H. K. Coale obtained a speci-
men, May 16, 1877, and two days later one in Cook County, Illi-
nois, not far away. The next record I have from Cook County
is of a specimen taken by Mr. C. A. Tallman, May 15, 1897.”

The range of this species extends through eastern North
America from Mexico northward. It breeds as far north as the
Yukon and Mackenzie River districts and southward through
the Rocky Mountains. It is rare north of Virginia and east of
the Alleghany Mountains. It migrates southward, in winter,
chiefly through the Mississippi Valley and westward to the Great
Basin, and winters in the southern states and Mexico.

Helminthophila peregrina (Wilson). Tennessee Warbler.
Sylvia peregrina Witson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 83, pl. 25, fig. 2.
Vermivora peregrina NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 469.
Helminthophaga peregrina CaBANIS, Mus. Hein., I, 1850, 20.
Helminthophila peregrina RipGway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII; Jan.
1882, 54.

The Tennessee Warbler is a common migrant, the majority
arriving within our limits in the month of May, and returning in
the fall from the middle of August to the middle of October.

The range of this Warbler extends through the United
States, east of the Rocky Mountains and it breeds from the north-
ern border of the United States northward to the Arctic regions.
It winters southward through eastern Mexico to the northern
part of South America.

Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis. 1850.

Compsothlypis americana ramaline (Ridg.). Western Parula Warbler.
Sylvia americana AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1882, 78, part.
Parula americana Cours, Key N. Amer. Birds, 1872, 93, part.
Parula americana NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, 1876, 98.

*Birds of Northeastern Tllinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 98.
+Twenty-second Annual Report, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources, 1897, 1035.

‘160 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Compsothlypis americana RIpGway, Orn. Ill., I, 1889, 181.

Compsothlypis americana ramaline Ripeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 50, part ii, 1902, 486.

Popular synonym: BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER.

The Western Parula Warbler is a common migrant, arriving
within our limits in the spring from about the fifth to the last of
May, and returning in the fall.from the last of August to the
last of September.

The range of the Western Parula Warbler covers the Mis-
sissippi Valley and district of the Upper Great Lakes; breeding
from Louisiana and Texas to Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne-
sota; occasional west to eastern Colorado; in winter southward
through eastern Mexico and Central America to Nicaragua.

Genus DENDROICA Gray. 1842.

Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin). Cape May Warbler.

Motacilla tigrina Gmuin, 8. N., I, ii, 1788, 985.

Sylvia maritima Witson, Amer. Orn., VI, 1812, 99, pl. 54, fig. 3.
Sylicola maritima JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Amer. Orn., II, 1832, 291.
Dendroica tigrina Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., [X, 1858. 286.
Perissoglossa tigrina Batrp, Review, Amer. Birds, April, 1865,°181.

The Cape May Warbler is a rather common migrant, but it
so closely resembles Dendroica maculosa that it is frequently mis-
taken for that warbler. It arrives in the spring from the first
to the twenty-fifth of May, and returns in the fall from the last
of August to the last of September.

The range of this species covers North America east of the
Great Plains and from the Hudson Bay region and Lake Winni-
peg southward. It breeds chiefly north of the United States,
and winters in the West Indies.

Dendroica estiva (Gemlin). Yellow Warbler.
Sylvia estiva Latuam, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 551.
Motacilla estiva GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 996.
Sylvicola estiva Sw. & RicH., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 211.
Dendroica estiva BairD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., [X, 1858, 282.
* Popular synonyms: SUMMER YELLOW-BIRD. WILD CANARY.

The Yellow Warbler is a very common summer resident, ar-
riving the last of April, and departing about the first week in
September.

The range of this species covers nearly the whole of North
‘America. It breeds quite throughout its range in North America,
and winters southward to Central and South America.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 161

Dendroica cerulescens (Gmelin). Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Motacilla cerulescens GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 960.

Sylvia canadensis WiLson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 115, pl. 15, fig. 7.
Sylvicola canadensis RICHARDSON, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836, 172.
Dendroica cerulescens Batrp, Review Amer. Birds, April, 1865, 186.
Popular synonyms: CANADIAN WABLER. PINE SwAMP .WABBLEB.

This Warbler is a common migrant, arriving in the spring
during the month of May, and returning in the fall from the
last of August to the earlier days of October.

The range of this species covers North America, east of the
Great Plains. It breeds chiefly north of the United States, but
also in the Alleghany Mountains south to northern Georgia. It
winters southward to the West Indies and Guatemala.

Dendroica coronata (Linneus). Myrtle Warbler.

Motacilla coronata Linnz=vs, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 333.

Sylvia coronata LatHaM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 538.

Sylvicola coronata Sw. & RicH., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 216.

Dendroica coronata Gray, List Gen. B., App., 1842, 8.

Popular synonyms: MyRTLeE Brrp. YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER. YEL-
LOW-CROWNED WooD WARBLER.

The Myrtle Warbler is an abundant migrant, arriving in the
spring from the first of April to the last of May, and returning
in the fall from early in September to the last of October.

The range of the Myrtle Warbler lies chiefly east of the
Rocky Mountains though it straggles more or less commonly
westward to the Pacific coast. It breeds from the northern
United States northward and winters from southern New Eng-
land and southern Illinois southward to the West Indies and
through Mexico to Panama.

Dendroica :naculosa (Gmelin). Magnolia Warbler.

Motacilla maculosa Gmetin, S. N., I., ii, 1788, 984.

Sylvia maculosa LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 536.

Sylvicola maculosa Sw. & RicH., Fauna Bor. Amer., II, 1831, 213,
pl. 40.

Dendroica maculosa BatRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 284.

Popular synonym: BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER.

The Magnolia Warbler is an abundant migrant, arriving in
the spring during the month of May, and returning in the fall
from the last of August to the last of September.

The range of the Magnolia Warbler extends through North
America, east of the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, from
Hudson Bay southward to Panama and the West Indies. It

162 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

breeds from the northern United States northward and south-
ward in the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania, and it winters from
the Bahamas and Mexico south to the West Indies and Panama.

Dendroica rara (Wilson). Cerulean Warbler.

Sylvia cerulea WILSon, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 141, pl. 17, fig. 5.

Sylvia rara Witson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 119, pl. 27, fig. 2.

Dendroica cerulea Baigp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 280.

Dendroica rara Ripaway, Auk, XIV, 1897, 97.

Popular synonyms: BLUE WARBLER. AZURE WARBLER, WHITE-
THROATED WABBLE3.

The Cerulean Warbler is a rare summer resident in the heavy
timber of DuPage County, Illinois, and a few probably breed
in the woods bordering the Desplaines River at’ River Forest.
Mr. B. T. Gault has observed this species during the summer
months in DuPage County and at Lake Forest, Illinois, It ar-
rives from about the tenth to the twentieth of May, and departs
early in Sepember. Mr. H. K. Coale informs me that he shot
a male Cerulean Warbler at Winnetka, Illinois, on May 12, 1879,
and that he also found them breeding in woods seven miles west
of Lake Forest, Tlinois, in 1876.

The range of the Cerulean Warbler covers the eastern United
States, east of the Rocky Mountains and chiefly west of the
Alleghanies, and from southern Canada southward, in winter,
to Central America and northern South America. It breeds from
about the latitude of 35” northward, especially in the heavily
wooded districts of the Mississippi Valley.

Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnzus). Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Motacilla pensyWwanica Linnz=vs, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 333.

Sylvia icterocephala LatHam, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 538.

Sylvicola icterocephala JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Amer. Orn., I, 1832, 248.

Dendroica pensylwanica Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., TX, 1858,

279.

At the present time thé Chestnut-sided Warbler is an abun-
dant migrant, arriving in the spring during the month of May,
and returning in the fall from about the ninth of September to
the third of October. In his list of the birds of Cook County, IIli-
nois,* Mr. Robert Kennicott includes this species with the no-
tation “Abundant,” and also states that, at that time, it was
known to breed in the county. In his Birds of Northeastern Illi-

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 583.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 163

nois,} Mr. E. W. Nelson speaks of it as an “Abundant migrant.
Breeds sparingly away from the Lake.”

The range of the Chestnut-sided Warbler covers the United
States, east of the Plains. It breeds from about the latitude of
central Illinois northward to the southern portion of the British
Possessions and as far west as Manitoba, and in the Alleghanies
as far south as Georgia. It winters from the Bahamas and
eastern Mexico southward at least to Panama.

Dendroica castanea (Wilson). Bay-breasted Warbler:
Sylvia castanea Witson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 97, pl. 14, fig. 4.
Sylvia autumnalis Witson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 65, pl. 23, fig. 3.
Dendroica castanea Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., [X. 1858, 276.
Popular synonym: AUTUMNAL WARBLER.

As a rule, the Bay-breasted Warbler is a common migrant,
although some seasons it is rather uncommon in its passage
through our area. In the spring it arrives from the last of April
to the last of May, and returns in the fall from the last of August
to the last of September.

The range of this Warbler covers the United States east of
the Great Plains, breeding from northern New England and
northern Michigan northward. It winters southward through
eastern Mexico and Central America to northern South America.

Dendroica striata (Forster). Black-poll Warbler.

Muscicapa striata Forster, Philos. Trans,UXII, 1772, 406, 428.

Sylvia striata LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 527.

Sylvicola striata Sw. & RicH., Fauna Bor. Amer., IJ, 1831, 218.

Dendroica striata Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 280.

Popular synonyms: Biack CaP WARBLER. BLACK AND WHITE
WARBLER.

The Black-poll Warbler is a common migrant, arriving in the
spring during the month of May, and returning in the fall from
about the tenth of September to the fourth of October.

The range of this Warbler extends over North America east
of the Rocky Mountains, and it breeds from the Catskill Moun-
tains and northern New England northward to Alaska and Green-
land. In the winter it migrates southward through the West
Indies to South America where it is found as far south as Brazil
and Chili. It has not been recorded from either Mexico or Cen-
tral America, though during its migrations it has been observed
in New Mexico.

7Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 99.

164 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Dendroica blackburnie (Gmelin). Blackburnian Warbler.
Motacilla blackburnie Gmetin, 8S. N., I., ii, 1788, 977.
Sylvia blackburnie LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 527.
Sylicola blackburnie Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., I, 1827, 434.
Dendroica blackburnie Barb, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., UX, 1858, 274.
Popular synonyms: ORANGE-THROATED WARBLER. HEMLOCK WAB-
BLER.

\

The Blackburnian Warbler is a common migrant, which in
the spring may appear within our limits from the last of April
to the first of May, and again in the fall from the middle of
August to the last of September.

The range of this Warbler covers North America chiefly east
of Manitoba and the Plains, casually west to Utah, New Mexico
and western Texas. It breeds from the northern United States
northward to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, the Alleghany
mountains south to western North Carolina, and in the higher
altitudes of South Carolina (Pickens County) and eastern Ten-
nessee (Roan Mountains). It winters southward through eastern
Mexico and Central America to Peru in South America, and to
the Bahama Islands.

Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway. Sycamore Warbler.

Dendroica dominica var. albilora Bairp, MS., Ripaway, Amer. Nat.,

VII, Oct. 1873, 606.
Dendroica dominica var. albilora NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII,
1876, 99.

Dendroica dominica albilora Ripaway, A. O. U. Check List, 1895, 278.

In 1876, Mr. Nelson reported this species as follows:* “A
very rare summer visitant from the south.” Mr. T. H. Douglas
recently showed me a fine adult male taken at Waukegan in
the spring of 1876. Mr. A. W. Butler} reports it as a common
summer resident in southern Indiana, and as a rare visitant in
the vicinity of Brookville and Fort Wayne, Indiana. The Syca-
more Warbler has been reported from Monroe County and from
Detroit, Michigan. There is no apparent reason why this
Warbler should not be found in our area, particularly in the
swampy portions of Cook County and Lake County. Indiana.

The range is given as follows in the A. O. U. Check-list:
“Mississippi Valley, west to the Plains, north to Lake Erie and
southern Michigan, and east to western North Carolina; in
winter south to southern Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala and
Nicaragua.”

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, p. 99.
+Birds of Indiana, p. 1065.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 165

Dendroica virens (Gmelin). Black-throated Green Warbler.

Motacilla virens Gmeuin, S. N., I., ii, 1788, 985.

Sylvia virens LatHam, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 537.

Sylvicola virens JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Amer. Orn., I, 1832, 279.
Dendroica virens Batgp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 267.

The Black-throated Green Warbler is a common migrant, ar-
riving in the spring from the last of April to the last of May, .
and returning in the fall from the fourth of September to the
middle of October. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “A few remain
to breed.”

The range of this Warbler covers North America east of the
Plains, and from the Hudson Bay region southward. It breeds
from the northern United States northward and southward along
the higher Alleghanies to eastern Tennessee, western North Caro-
lina and northwestern South Carolina. It winters southward to
the West Indies and through eastern Mexico and Central Amer-
ica to Panama.

Dendroica kirtlandii Baird. Kirtland’s Warbler.
Dendrioca kirtlandii Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 286.

pl. 6.
Dendroica kirtlandij Batgp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 286.

There are but two records of the taking of the very rare
Kirtland’s Warbler within our limits. A fine specimen was cap-
tured in DuPage County, Illinois, on the seventh of May, 1894,
by Mr. B. T. Gault, and a fine male was taken at Morgan Park,
Illinois, on May 22, 1899, by Mr® Eliot Blackwelder. It was not
unitl the year 1903 that anything was known regarding either the
breeding range or the nesting habits of this shy Warbler. Early
in June of that year Mr. E. H. Frothingham, of the museum staff
of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and Mr. T. G. Gale
were in Oscoda County, Michigan, fishing in the Au Sable River.
Mr. Frothingham, who is an experienced field ornithologist, heard’
the song of a strange bird, which was shot, and on their return
to Ann Arbor was found to be the skin of a Kirtland’s Warbler.
Mr. Charles C. Adams, Curator of the Museum, appreciating the
value of the discovery of this species in that locality during the
summer months, and believing that it nested in that vicinity com-
missioned Mr. Norman. A. Wood to make a thorough survey in
the vicinity of Oscoda County, hoping that nests might be located.
Reaching his field of labor in Oscoda County, Mr. Wood was

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 100.

166 : THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

eminently successful. I quote from his report:* “On July 2d,
at six A. M., I started out; crossing the river bottom (near Butler
bridge, Oscoda County, thirty-five miles northeast of Roscommon,
Michigan) I came to a steep terrace which forms the edge of the
Norway plains. This is very wet, and in places fine springs
seep out. Here also is a dense growth of cedar with tamarack
near the foot of the terrace. Fir, balm of Gilead and birch make
up the timber. Climbing this slope I found a rather level plain
with scattering Norway and jack pines. In places these have
been cut off, and in their stead there has sprung up a more or
less thick growth of small jack pines, yellow oak and ‘poplar.
The ground is covered with a mat of wintergreen, sweetfern and
trailing arbutus. I was walking slowly through this, watching
the junco, song sparrow, chipping sparrow and the vesper spar-
row—the most common bird of these plains—when suddenly I
heard a new song, loud, clear, joyous and full of sweet melody. -
This song may be described as follows: weche chee-chee-chee-
y-r-r. The r sound is quite prolonged and loud. The first two
notes are low, then the notes gradually increase in volume to the
end. I thought it a Kirtland, although I had never before heard
‘its song. I heard this song repeated at intervals of about thirty
seconds, and from different directions. I tried to catch a glimpse
of the singer, but for a long time failed to do so, as he kept among
the thick jack pines and scrub oaks. I repeatedly tried to go
where he sang last, and finally saw him flit from a bush to a yellow
oak scrub and light about thret feet above the ground. As I
watched him he sat quite erect, threw forward his head and the
wonderful song rang out. This song was remarkable because of
its volume and rich melody. I was sure this was the bird for
which I was in search; but in order to make certain the identity
I shot it. A moment later I held in my hand a fine adult male
of Kirtland’s Warbler.” Though Mr. Wood saw other specimens
of this Warbler, both male and female, it was not until the eighth
of July that he was successful in his hunt for a nest. He says:
“We had nearly reached the line of Crawford County when I
heard a song and on stopping, soon saw a male Kirtlandii singing
from his favorite tree. I slipped from the wagon and secured
this male. Driving on one half mile I saw a male fly to a dead
tree near the road. This bird had a worm in its mouth, so I
concluded that its nest was near by, and that it would go to it

*Bull. Michigan Orn. Club, Vol. V, March, 1904, 5.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 167

with the worm. I went to the side of a large stub, and while I
was watching, saw this male assume the erect singing position,
throw forward his head and try to sing, still holding the worm
in his mouth. This song may be written thus: ch-ch-che-che-che-a
(the a long drawn out). He sang a number of times at intervals
of about sixty seconds—but still held the worm. He soon spied
me and seemed rather uneasy, wagging his tail after the fashion
of Dendroica palmarum. Now the song seemed to take an anxious
or scolding tone and sounded like cha, che-chee wicha-a-a.
After watching me a few minutes he dropped from the tree (on
a long glide) to the east about three rods. I suspected he was
going to the nest, so I hurried to the spot, but when I reached
it he was not there; so I stood still and waited. In a few min-
utes he was at his place on the old tree with another worm.
Again he sang and wagged his tail and then dove down, but this
time two rods to the west of the tree. I started to go there,
when just south of the tree I flushed the female from the ground
and after a close look, saw the nest. It may be imagined with
what delight I beheld the first nest of this rare bird ever seen,
and with what eagerness I dropped to my knees beside it to make
a closer examination of its contents. There were two young
birds, perhaps ten days old, and a perfect egg; this proved to be
the only egg found.

“This ege was a delicate pinkish-white (since the contents
were removed it has faded to a dull white) thinly sprinkled with
several shades of brown spots forming a sort of wreath at the
larger end. This egg is .72x.56 inches or 18 by 14 mm., and
contained no embryo. The nest was built in a depression in the
ground, at the foot of a jack pine about five feet tall, and was
only five feet from the road. It was partly covered with low
blueberries and sweetfern plants. The nest is two inches inside
diameter and the same in depth, very neat and compact, and is
composed of strips of soft bark and some vegetable fiber, thickly
lined with fine dead grass and pine needles. A few hairs from
horses’ mane or tail complete the lining.

“As I sat near the nest the female came and alighted on the
branch of the jack pine just back of the nest. She was not at
all shy. Once she came with a worm in her mouth, but would
not feed the young while I was near. The male also came, but
not so close. Both birds were very restless and uneasy—only
a few seconds in a place—which made it very difficult to take
photographs of them.”

en Sn SS

168 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

During his stay in this summer home of the Kirtland Warblers
in Crawford and Oscoda Counties, Mr. Wood saw and heard
sixteen birds, and in ten days he secured two pairs of Warblers
with their nests, seven young and one egg; also four adult males,
making fifteen birds in all, Mr. Wood also says that he is in-
clined to think “the Au Sable River is the southern boundary of

their breeding area and that this area extends over the greater

part of the Canadian zone of Michigan, Wisconsin and perhaps
Minnesota. They will probably be found breeding in favorable
localities in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, but I should not
expect them north of Lake Superior.” In spite of Mr. Wood’s
success Kirtland’s Warbler must still be considered a very rare
bird, and it probably breeds only in small colonies, and then only
among the jack pines in favorable localities.

Mr. Robert Ridgway gives the following as the geographical
range of Kirtland’s Warbler: “Eastern United States and more
southern British Provinces, chiefly west of the Alleghanies;
very irregularly distributed and breeding range unknown; has
been found in the following states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mis-
souri, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Virginia, South Carolina;
also in Ontario. Winters in the Bahamas.”

Dendroica vigorsii (Audubon). Pine Warbler.

Sylvia pinus Witson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 25, pl. 19, fig. 4.

Sylvia vigorsii AupuBON, Orn. Biog., I, 1832, 153, pl. 30.

Sylvicola pinus JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Amer. Orn., I, 1832, 316, pl.

19, fig. 4.
Re ae Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 277.
Dendroica vigorsii Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII, September
2. 1885, 356,

Popular synonym: PINE CREEPING WARBLER.

The Pine Warbler is a rather rare migrant, arriving in the
spring from the middle of April te the last of May, and returning
in the fall from the twentieth of September to the twelfth of
October. Mr. E. W. Nelson considers it a common migrant
and says: “The first of July, 1874, I found a large number of
these birds with young just old enough to follow their parents,
in the ‘Pinery,’ and presume they nest there regularly.” Dr.
A. W. Brayton says:* “Nelson found both young and old in
the pine barrens, Lake County, where they undoubtedly breed
regularly.”

The range of the Pine Warbler covers North America east
of the Great Plains; and from New Brunswick, Ontario and

*Proc. Indiana Hort. Society, 1879, 108.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 169

Manitoba southward to the Bahamas and the Gulf of Mexico.
It breeds nearly throughout its range and winters chiefly south
of latitude 40°.

Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin). Palm Warbler.

Motacilla palmarum GMELIN, S. N., I., ii, 1788, 951.

Dendroica palmarum Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 1858, 288.

Popular synonyms: YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER. WAGTAIL WARBLER.
TITLARK WARBLER, TIP-UP WARBLER. RED-POLL WARBLER.

The Palm Warbler is an abundant migrant, arriving in the
spring from the twenty-first of April to the twenty-fourth of
May, and returning in the fall from the tenth of September to
the middle of October. It is more common in the spring than
in the fall.

The range of this Warbler extends over the interior of North
America, from the Great Slave Lake southward, in winter, to
the south Atlantic and Gulf states, the West Indies and Mexico.
It breeds chiefly north of the United States.

Dendroica discolor (Vieillot). Prairie Warbler.

Sylvia discolor VIEILLOT, Ois. Amer. Sept., I, 1807, 37, pl. 98.

Dendroica discolor BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 290.

Popular synonym: CHESTNUT-BACKED YELLOW WABBLER.

The following are the only records that I have found regard-
ing the occurrence of the Prairie Warbler within our limits.
Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “A very rare spring and summer
visitant, perhaps breeding. But very few specimens have been
taken in the vicinity of Chicago. Dr. Hoy writes that he knows
of but one instance of its capture in Wisconsin.” Mr. George
Clingman informs me that he took a pair at Bryn Mawr, Chicago,
during the second week of June, 1878. He also took a nest and
eggs of this species at Forty-eighth Street and Vincennes Avenue,
Chicago, on May 22, 1892.

The range of the Prairie Warbler covers the United States
east of the Great Plains, and from southern Wisconsin, Michigan
and southern New England southward. It breeds nearly through-
out its range in suitable localities, and winters in southern
Florida and the West Indies.

Genus SEIURUS Swainson, 1827.

Seiurus aurocapillus (Linneus). Oven-bird.
Motacilla aurocapilla Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 334.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 100.

170 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Seiurus aurocapillus Swanson, Zool. Journ., III, 1827, 171.

Turdus aurocapillus LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 328.

Popular synonyms: GoLDEN-CROWNED WacGTAlL oR THRUSH. Woop
WAGTAIL.

The Ovenbird is a common migrant and a rare summer resi-
dent. It arrives in April, and departs late in October.

The range of this species covers eastern North America, from
Alaska and the region of Hudson Bay southward, in winter, to
Florida, the West Indies, and from Mexico south to Panama.
It breeds from Kansas, the Ohio Valley and the mountain regions
of South Carolina northward.

Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmelin). Water-thrush.

Motacilla noveboracensis GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 958.

Turdus (Seiurus) noveboracensis NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 353.

Seiurus noveboracensis BONAPARTE, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 21.

Popular synonyms: Water Wactait. New YorRK WATER-THRUSH.
Wares Kick-up. SMALL-BILLED WATER-THRUSH.

In his “Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County,
Illinois,”* Mr. Robert Kennicott lists the Water-thrush and states
that it was known to nest within the County. Mr. E. W. Nelson,
in his “Birds of Northeastern Illinois” records this species and
says: “An abundant migrant; April Ist to May 1oth, and Au-
gust 25th to October 25th. Found everywhere in damp woods
or along the banks of streams during the migrations. A very
few remain to breed in secluded woods.”

Previous to the year 1880 varietal forms of this species had
been given no subspecific names. In that year, Mr. Robert Ridg-
way recognizedt Mr. G. B. Grinnell’s separation of the western
form of this Water-thrush under the name Seiurus nevius nota-
bilis which later became Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridg-
way. It will be noticed that all the forms of this species were
included under the name noveboracensis at the time Mr. Kenni-
cott and Mr. Nelson made their observations. Since the time of
Mr. Nelson’s list (1876), I have been unable to find more than
one authentic record of the taking, within our limits, of a typical
specimen of noveboracensis. In the bird collection of the Field
Museum of Natural History, Jackson Park, Chicago, there is a
specimen of the noveboracensis, which is a typical male of the
species, collected by Mr. Henry K. Coale at Grand Crossing,
Chicago, on May 21, 1887. This would indicate the possibility
of an occasional finding of birds of this species within our limits.

*Trans: Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 582.
4#Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, March 27, 1880, 12.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 171

It would seem, therefore, that it is highly probable that nearly
all, if not all of the birds of this species observed before the
year 1880 would now be classed under the subspecies notabilis.

It is not impossible that more typical specimens of this more
eastern form of the Water-thrush may yet be taken within our
limits. I have examined a series of specimens, taken in this
vicinity, which showed characteristics varying from typical nota-
bilis to very nearly typical noveboracensis. It is well understood
that there are intermediate forms between the variety and the
type of the species. It is important, therefore, that all Water-
thrushes, belonging to this species, which are taken in north-
eastern Illinois, should be carefully studied.

Mr. Ridgway gives the following as the range of this species :*
“Eastern North America; north to Davis Inlet, Newfoundland,
and shores of Hudson Bay; breeding southward to northern New
England, mountains of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, southern
Michigan (?), northeastern Illinois (?), etc.; in winter south-
ward throughout West Indies and along eastern coast districts
of Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana,
Brazil (?), Trinidad, and Tobago, and to Swan Island and Old
Providence Island, Caribbean Sea.”

Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (Ridg.). Grinnell’s Water-thrush.

Seiurus noveboracensis Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., [X, 1858, 261.
part; and of many other early writers on Illinois and western

birds.
Sciurus nevius notabilis Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, March
27, 1880, 12.

Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
VIII, Sept. 2, 1885, 354; 564.

Popular synonym: WYOMING WATER-THRUSH.

The Grinnell’s Water-thrush is an abundant migrant, arriving
in the spring about the first of May, and returning in the fall
near the last of September. This Water-thrush, which without
question is the most abundant of the water-thrushes frequenting
our area, so closely resembles Seiurus noveboracensis that it
seems best for me to include a description of this variety. This
I' quote from Mr. Robert Ridgway’s Birds of North and Middle
America.t “Similar to S. n. noveboracensis, but larger, espe-
cially the bill; coloration of the upper parts less olive (more
grayish sooty), that of under parts less yellowish, usually white,
with little if any yellow tinge. Young much darker above than

*Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 50, Pt. ii, 1902, 642.
+Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt ii, 1902, 645.

172 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

that of S. n. noveboracensis, the feathers entirely dusky (except
the buffy tip), instead of olive with a subterminal bar of dusky.”
He also says that he is not sure that the differences between the
young of the two forms, as stated above, are constant as he had
but one specimen of each form to examine. Mr. Ridgway also
states that the “Mississippi Valley specimens average smaller than
those from the Rocky Mountains and westward, and are really
intermediate in size between S. 1. notabilis and S. n. novebora-
censis.”

The range of this Water-thrush may be given as western
North America, and passing more or less commonly during its
migrations through the Mississippi Valley as far eastward as In-
diana, and much more rarely through the states of the Atlantic
coast to the Bahamas, Cuba, and through Mexico and Central
America to northern South America.

Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot). Louisiana Water-thrush.

Turdus motacilla VIEILLOT, Ois. Amer. Sept., II, 1807, 9, pl. 65.

Seiurus ludovicianus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 21.

Seiurus motacilla BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., I, 1850, 306.

Siurus motacilla CovsEs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 33.

Popular synonyms: LARGE-BILLED WATER-THRUSH. WATER WAGTAIL.
WAGTAIL.

The Louisiana Water-thrush is a rare summer resident, arriv-
ing about the last of April, and departing about the first of Sep-
tember. . In 1876 Mr. E. W. Nelson recorded it as a “not uncom-
mon summer resident.”

The range of this species includes the United States, east of
the Great Plains and from southern New England and southern
Michigan southward in winter to the West Indies and through
Mexico and Central America to Panama. It is a casual visitor
further north than the above range. It breeds quite throughout
its range within the United States.

Genus OPORORNIS Baird, 1858.

Oporornis formosa (Wilson). Kentucky Warbler.

Sylvia formosa Witson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 85, pl. 25, fig. 3.
Oporornis formosus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 247.
Geothlypis formosa Ripgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, 354.

At the present time the Kentucky Warbler is certainly
a very rare summer visitant from southern Illinois.” In
his report published in 1876, Mr. E. W. Nelson says*: “A very
rare summer visitant from southern Illinois.” The only other
records of its appearance in our vicinity are the following. Dr.
flocks along the Lake shore and on bare prairies during the migra-

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 101.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 173

records of its appearance in our vicinity are the following. Dr.
Joseph L. Hancock says:} “I secured a female of Oporornis
(Geothlypis) formosa one-half mile southeast of Grand Crossing,
among the undergrowth in a small isolated patch of woods. The
finding of this species in that locality is an event of unusual in-
terest. A specimen has been reported to me by my friend Mr.
H. K. Coale, of Chicago, as found by Mr. R. B. Trouslot at
Plano, Illinois, a few years ago.” Mr. George Clingman took a
specimen at Bryn Mawr, Chicago, during the first week in May,
1892.

As the Kentucky Warbler is an abundant species in southern
Illinois, it is quite possible that it may appear at times as a strag-
gling summer visitant within our limits and the field students of
ornithology should watch for it in the woodlands of our area.

The range of the Kentucky Warbler extends through the
United States, east of the Great Plains and from southern New
England, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Iowa and east-
ern Nebraska southward to the Gulf of Mexico and, in winter,
through Mexico arid Central America to Colombia. It is also
a casual winter visitor to Cuba and other islands of the West In-
dies. It breeds nearly throughout its United States range

Oporornis agilis (Wilson). Connecticut Warbler.
Sylvia agilis Witson, Amer. Orn., V, 1812, 64, pl. 39, fig. 4.
Trichas agilis NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 463.
Trichas tephrocotis NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 462.
Oporornis agilis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 246.
Geothlypis agilis Grece, Proc. Elmira Acad. Sci., 1870, (reprint, p. 7).
Popular synonym: GRAY-HEADED WARBLER.

The Connecticut Warbler is a not uncommon migrant, arriv-
ing in the spring from the middle of May to the first week in
June, and returning in the fall from about the middle of August
to the last of September. This species, like the Mourning War-
bler, is not generally thought to be even a frequent visitor to our
vicinity, for it is a shy bird and is seldom found away from bushy
swamps and heavy underbrush and is, therefore, easily over-
looked.

The range of the Connecticut Warbler extends through east-
ern North America, breeding chiefly north of the United States
and west of Ontario. In the spring, it migrates chiefly through
the Mississippi Valley, but in the fall probably the larger number

+Auk, Vol. V, April, 1888, 210.

174. THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

return southward through the states of the Atlantic coast. It
winters, so far as is known, in the Bahamas and in northern
South America.

Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson). Mourning Warbler.
Sylvia philadelphia Witson, Amer. Orn., II, 1810, 101, pl. 14, fig. 6.
Trichas philadelphia JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Amer. Orn., I, 1832, 249.
Geothlypis philadelphia Barrv, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858, 243.
Oporornis philadelphia Ripcway, B. of N. & Mid. Amer., Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. ii, 1902, 628.
Popular synonym: BLAcK-THROATED GROUND WARBLER.

The Mourning Warbler is a rather rare migrant, arriving
about the same time, and may be found in about the same local-
ities as the Connecticut Warbler. At the present time this species
is becoming more abundant than it has been, particularly in the
city parks of Chicago.

The range of the Mourning Warbler covers North America,
east of the Great Plains. It breeds from the northern portion
of.the United States, especially in the higher altitudes, northward.
It winters in southern Mexico, Central America and northern
South America.

Oporornis tolmiei (J. K. Townsend). Macgillivray’s Warbler.
Sylvia tolmiei JI. K. Townsenp, Narrative, April, 1839, 343.
Geothlypis macgillivrayi Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., IX, 1858,
244,

Geothlypis tolmiet Stong, Auk, XVI, Jan., 1899, 82.

Oporornis tolmiet Ripcway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, ii, 1902.
631.

In the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Professor
R. Boulder Sharpe records a specimen of the Macgillivray’s
Warbler from our region, collected by Mr. H. K. Coale.

Mr. Coale informs me that the specimen was taken by himself
at Wolf Lake, Indiana, on June 1, 1879.

In his “Birds of North and Middle America,”’* Mr. Ridgway
gives the following as the range of this Warbler: “Western
United States and British Columbia; breeding in mountains from
Pacific coast ranges to Rocky Mountains, north to British Colum-
bia (including Vancouver Island), south at least to Arizona, New
Mexico, and western Texas; during migrations east to western
Nebraska, central Texas, etc.; south in winter to Cape St. Lucas
and over whole of Mexico and Central America to Colombia.”

*Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 50, pt. ii, 1902, 632.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 175
Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis, 1827.

Geothlypis trichas' brachidactyla (Swains.). Northern Yellow-throat.

Sylvia trichas NurTatL, Man., I, 1832, 401, part.

Geothlypis trichas CABANIS, in Nelson’s Birds N. E. Illinois, Bull.
Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 101.

Geothlypis trichas A. O. U. Check-list, 1895, No. 681, part.

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis A. O. U. Check-list, 1895, No. 681 a,
part.

Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla PALMER (W), Auk, XVII, July, 1900,
221 (crit.). ‘

Trichas brachidactyla SwAINsoN, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 295 (‘“North-
ern Provinces of United States’).

This Yellow-throat is a common summer resident, arriving
the last of April, and departing early in October.

The form of this perplexing species which occurs within our
limits has been placed by writers under both trichas and trichas
occidentalis. While typical trichas is a distinctly eastern form
not being found west of southern Pennsylvania, excepting a single
accidental specimen taken in Knox County, Indiana, on May 5,
1885 (Ridgway*), typical trichas occidentalis, on the other hand,
is a distinctly western form and not found east of the western
portion of the Great Plains. I have examined quite a series of
specimens taken by various collectors within our limits. These
show considerable variation, some approaching the eastern
trichas, and others the western trichas occidentalis. However,
the measurements and colors of all the specimens are such as to
place them under trichas brachidactyla, a varietal name recog-
nized by both Palmer} and Ridgwayt for the northern form of
the Yellow-throat.

Mr. Ridgway gives the following as the range of the North-
ern Yellow-throat:t ‘Northeastern United States and south-
eastern British Provinces, from Newfoundland, southern Labra-
dor, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the New England
States, Long Island, New York, and northern New Jersey, west-
ward to northern Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and
eastern North Dakota, and southward through Mississippi Valley
to upland districts of the Gulf States (?), and east-central Texas ;
in winter, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico (?), Swan
Island, and through eastern Mexico, and Yucatan, to Guatemala,
Nicaragua, and Costa Rica; whole United States east of the
Great Plains during migration.”

*Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. ti, 1902, 662.

tAuk, Vol. XVII, July, 1900, 221.
{Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. ii, 1902, 665.

176 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Genus ICTERIA Vieillot,. 1807.

Icteria virens (Linnezus). Yellow-breasted Chat.
Turdus virens LINNZUS, S.N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 171.
Icteria viridis BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV,
1825, 252.
Icteria virens Batrp, Review Amer. Birds, April, 1865, 228.
Popular synonym. YELLOW MOCKINGBIRD.

The Yellow-breasted Chat is a not uncommon summer resi-
dent, breeding in the heavy shrubbery in parts of our area. It
arrives early in May, and departs about the last of August. In
certain portions of Cook County, Mr. J. Grafton Parker and my-
self have found this species breeding quite plentifully.

The range of this Warbler is the United States east of the
Great Plains. It breeds from the Gulf of Mexico northward to
Ontario and southern New England, and it winters through east-
ern Mexico, and Central America to Costa Rica.

Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte, 1838.

Wilsonia mitrata (Gmelin). Hooded Warbler.

Motacilla mitrata GMELIN, S. N., I., pt. ii, 1788, 977.

Sylvia mitrata LATHAM, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 528.

Myiodioctes mitrata AUDUBON, Birds Amer., Oct., ed. ii, 1841, 12,
.pl. 71.

Muscicapa selbyii AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., I, 1831, 46, pl. 9.

Sylvania mitrata NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 333.

_Wilsonia mitrata BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.

Popular synonyms: HoopEp FLYCATCHING WARBLER. SELBY’s WAB-
BLER. BLACK-HEADED WARBLER. MITRED WARBLER. BLACK-CAP
WARBLER.

The Hooded Warbler is a rare migrant at the present time,
and the only records of its occurrence within our limits are the
following: Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “A rare summer resident;
arriving May ioth to 2oth, and leaving early in autumn.” On
May 11, 1881, Mr. B. T. Gault took a specimen at River Forest,
Illinois. Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., has the skin of a fine male
bird which was taken in Hyde Park, Chicago, on April 28, 1884,
by a boy who shot it with a sling-shot. In an article on the migra-
tions of the Hooded Warbler,* Mr. W. W. Cooke reports this
species as having been taken at Chicago on March 28, 1884, and
on May 3, 1895.

The range of the Hooded Warbler covers the United States
from Massachusetts, southern Ontario, southern Michigan and

*Bird Lore, Vol. VI, No. 1, January-February, 1904.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 177

southern Wisconsin southward. It breeds from Texas and the
Gulf of Mexico northward, and winters in the West Indies, east-
ern Mexico and through Central America to Panama.

Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson). Wilson’s Warbler.

Muscicapa pusilla WILson, Amer. Orn., III, 1811, 103, pl. 26, fig. 4.

Sylvia wilsonit Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV,
1824, 179.

Wilsonia pusilla BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 23.

Sylvania pusilla NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 335, part.

Myiodioctes pusillus Barrp, Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. Penn.
Coll., I, Oct., 1845, 252.

Popular synonyms: WILSON’s BLAcK-caP. GREEN BLACK-CAPPED
WARBLER. BLACK-CAPPED YELLOW WARBLER.

Wilson’s Warbler is a not uncommon migrant, arriving in the
spring during the month of May, and returning in the fall from
about the middle of August to the latter part of September.

The range of the Wilson’s Warbler extends over the eastern
portion of North America, east of the Great Plains and from
Newfoundland, Labrador, the shores of Hudson Bay and Mani-
toba southward. It breeds north of the United States and mi-
grates in winter through eastern Mexico into Central America.

Wilsonia canadensis (Linneus). Canadian Warbler.

Muscicapa canadensis Linnaus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 327.

Sylvia pardalina BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IV,
1824, 179.

Myjiodioctes canadensis AUDUBON, Synop., 1839, 49.

Sylvania bonapartii NuTTaLyL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 332.

Wilsonia canadensis Cours,. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V, April 1880, 95.

Sylvania canadensis Ripaway, Proce. U. S. Mus., VIII, 1885, 354.

Popular synonyms: CANADA FLYCATCHER or WARBLER. BONAPARTE’S
WARBLER. CANADIAN FLYCATCHING WARBLER. NECKLACED
WABBLER.

The Canadian Warbler is a not uncommon migrant, arriving
from the first to the last of May, and returning in the fall from
the middle of August to the middle of September. Mr. E. W.
Nelson records* it as a “rare summer resident.”

The range of this species covers North America, east of the
Great Plains and from Newfoundland and southern Labrador and
Manitoba southward. It breeds from Massachusetts, central
New York, northern Michigan and Minnesota northward, and
southward in the Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina. It
winters southward through eastern Mexico and Central America
to northern South America.

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 101.

178 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson, 1827.

Setophaga ruticilla (Linneus). American Redstart.
Motacilla ruticilla Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 186.
Muscicapa ruticilla Linnaus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 326.
Setophaga ruticilla SwWAINSON, Phil. Mag., I, May, 1827, 368.
Popular synonyms: BLACK-AND-RED WARBLER. YELLOW-TAILED WAR-
BLER or FLYCATCHER. F'AN-TAILED WARBLER or FLYCATCHER.

The American Redstart is a common summer resident, arriv-
ing early in May, departing about the last of September.

The range of this species covers temperate North America
in general, though it is rare west of the Rocky Mountains within
the borders of the United States. It breeds through its United
States range and northward to Nova Scotia, Mackenzie, and on
the Pacific coast to southern Alaska. It winters in the West
Indies, Mexico, and southward through Central America to the
northern portions of South America.

FAMILY MOTACILLIDA: WAGTAILS AND PIPITS.
Genus ANTHUS Bechstein, 1807.

Anthus pensilvanicus (Latham). American Pipit.
Alauda pensilvanica LatHam, Synop. Birds, Suppl., I, 1787, 287.
Anthus ludovicianus LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 37.
Anthus pensilvanicus THIENEMANN, Rhea, II, 1849, 171.
Popular synonyms: TITLARK. AMERICAN TITLARK. PENNSYLVANIA
Pipir. LOUISIANA PIPIT. ‘

The American Pipit is a not uncommon migrant. The ma-
jority of these birds arrive early in April and stay in our vicinity
until about the middle of May. In the fall they return about
the tenth of September and remain until late in October. The
earliest of their arrival in the spring, of which I have any account,
is that of Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., who took one at Grand
Crossing, Chicago, on March 14, 1885. The latest fall record
for this vicinity is a specimen which I took at Liverpool, Indiana,
on October 27, 1896. Mr. E. W. Nelson says:* “Common in
tlocks along the Lake shore and on prairies during the migra-
tions. Arrives about the fifteenth of May. It is then just as-
suming the breeding dress, and remains until about the thirtieth,
when, its moult being completed, it moves north.”

The range of the American Pipit covers the whole of North
America, but it breeds only in subarctic regions and in the higher

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 97.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 179

altitudes of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward
where it is said to nest on the ground above timber line. It
winters in the southern portion of the United States and south-
ward through Mexico and Central America to Guatemala.

FAMILY MIMIDA:: THRASHERS, ETC.
Genus MIMUS Boie, 1826.

Mimus polyglottos (Linneus). Mockingbird.
Turdus polyglottes Linnzxus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 169.
Turdus polyglottus GMELIN, S. N., I, 1788, 812.
Mimus polyglottus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 17.
Popular synonym: SOUTHERN MOCKINGBIRD.

The Mockingbird is certainly a very rare visitant to our
area. The history of its occurrence within our limits is shown,
so far as I have been able to obtain the information, by the follow-
ing records: Mr. Robert Kennicott reports it as rare, and states
that it is known to nest in Cook County.* Mr. E. W. Nelson
says:f “A very rare summer resident. I know of but few in-
stances of its occurrence in the vicinity of Chicago. Dr. Hoy has
recorded six nests obtained in the vicinity of Racine, Wisconsin.”
In his report on the birds of Illinois,£ Mr. Robert Ridgway gives
the following information: “Mr. H. K. Coale informs me that
he saw a Mockingbird in Starke County, Indiana, sixty miles
southeast of Chicago, January 1, 1884; that Mr. Green Smith had
met with it at Kensington Station, Illinois, and that several
have been observed in the parks and dooryards of Chicago.” Mr.
H. K. Coale has sent me the following note: “On August 30,
1876, I found a dead full grown Mockingbird under a tree in
Chicago, a heavy rain during the night before having probably
killed it. It was evidently not a cage bird.” A valuable record
which I have is that of Dr. Joseph L. Hancock, of Chicago, who
has kindly sent me the following interesting notes: “On April
29, 1902, in the south end of South Park, Chicago, I noticed a
Mockingbird on the ground in the mowed grass. When ap-
proaching near the spot where the bird was foraging, it became
frightened and flew across the driveway finally alighting in a tree.
The bird was in beautiful fresh plumage, it probably being a male,
because of the bright coloring and the large white patches on
“"*Trans. Ilinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1954, 59%.

{Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institut 1
fOrnithology of Illinois, Vol. I, 1889, 105. I

180 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the wings which were conspicuously displayed during flight
especially just before alighting.

“The warm wind coming from the south, accompanied with
a high velocity and elevated temperature, doubtless accounted
for the presence of this bird here, along with the great number
of the migrants which came at the same time. The temperature
of that day, which is herewith appended, offers confirmation of
the fact that this rare southern visitor into our northern latitude
was not a cage bird.

“The hourly temperature readings from midnight to three
o’clock in the afternoon is as follows:

Midnight, ............... 64 Eight A. M., ............ 64
One: Ae Mi, simak weak oan 63 Nine A. M., ............ 69
Two-As Mi... ocgaces wie 62: (Ten Av Monsees scm ee 72
Three A. M., ....... sebas 61 Eleven A. M., ........... 74
Four A. M., .......6000- 60 Twelve A. M.,........... 75
Brive :A. My estes ee eae 60 One P.M.,............4.- 77
Six ALM.) ow. wswee nes oes 6: Two Pi Ms seissaaiccces 78
Seven A. M., ............ 62 Three P. M.,............ 78

“JT saw the Mockingbird first at eleven o’clock in the morning,
when the temperature was 74 degrees Fahrenheit. The next day
the temperature dropped rapidly so that at one o’clock in the
afternoon it fell to 36 degrees, causing, as might be expected,
considerable suffering among the more delicately constituted
migrants.” At Millers, Indiana, on the eighth of May, 1905,
Mr. Frank C. Baker and myself observed a pair of Mocking-
birds in the long line of thickets just east of the first ridge of
dunes. We did not disturb the birds, hoping that they might
nest and breed in that locality.

The range of the Mockingbird includes the southern United
States from Mexico north to southern Maryland, southern Ohio,
southern Indiana, southern Illinois, Colorado, and southern Cali-
fornia. North of this area it is rare or of very irregular appear-
ance as far north as Maine, Ontario, northern Illinois, and
Wyoming.

Genus GALEOSCOPTES Cabanis, 1850.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linneus). Catbird.

Muscicapa carolinensis LinNzus, 8S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 828,
Galeoscoptes carolinensis CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I. 1850, 82.
Mimus carolinensis “Gray,” Scu., P. Z. S., 1856, 294.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 181

Mimus felivor BONAPARTE, of some early writers.
Popular synonym: ENGLisH MOCKINGBIRD.

The Catbird is an abundant summer resident, arriving the last
of April and departing early in October.

The Catbird has an extended range covering the United States
east of and including the Rocky Mountains, and from the Sas-
katchewan Valley southward. It is rare on the Pacific coast
from central California north to British Columbia. It breeds
nearly throughout its range north of the Gulf of Mexico, and
winters in the southern portion of the United States and south-
ward to Panama.

Genus TOXOSTOMA Wagler, 1831.

Toxostoma rufum (Linneus). Brown Thrasher.

Turdus rufus Linnzus, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 169.

Tozostoma rufum CABANIS, Archf. Naturg., 1847, I, 207.

Harporhynchus rufus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, 1850, 82.

Mimus rufus LINNZUS, of some early writers.

Popular synonyms: THRASHER. FOx-COLORED or SANDY MOCKINGBIRD.
FERRUGINOUS MOCKINGBIRD. FRENCH MOCKINGBIRD. MOOKING-
BIRD.

The Brown Thrasher is a common summer resident, arriving
about the middle of April, and departing early in October.

The range of the Brown Thrasher covers the United States
east of the Rocky Mountains, and from Maine, Ontario and Mani-
toba southward to the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico. It breeds
throughout its range, and winters from Illinois and Virginia
southward.

FAMILY TROGLODYTIDA: WRENS.
Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot, 1816.

Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham). Carolina Wren.

Sylvia ludoviciana LaTHam, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 548.

Troglodytes ludovicianus Licut., Verz. Doubl., 1823, 35.

Thryothorus ludovicianus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11.

Popular synonyms: GREAT CAROLINA WREN. MocKING WREN. LARGE
Woop WREN.

This interesting songster is gradually adapting itself to our
northern Illinois climate, and if protected from indiscriminate
collectors may become one of our familiar summer residents.
In his list of the birds of Cook County,* Mr. Robert Kennicott
reports it as rare, and says “I have seen but two specimens of

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 583.

182 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

this pretty songster.” Mr. E. W. Nelson reported it,f “A rare
summer visitant.” Thanks to the protection afforded this bird
by Mr. John V. Farwell, Jr., at Lake Forest, Illinois, the species
has succeeded in raising several broods in that vicinity. Mr.
Spencer F. Dayton writes as follows: “As I was hunting
through the Bowmanville woods, I heard the loud ringing song
of this Wren coming from a distance. As it struck my ear as
unfamiliar, I traced it to the northern edge of the woods and
found that it came from a Carolina Wren concealed in a brush
pile. Every few minutes the bird would mount to the top of
a stick and, with head up and tail down would utter its clear ring-
ing notes which sounded like the syllables che-ho-vy; rich and
mellow were the notes and they were repeated every half minute
or so for a time and then he would drop down into the bush
only to reappear after a time to sing again. It did not scold or
chatter as do other wrens, and its notes, heard at a distance, had
the quality of those of the robin.”

Mrs. John V. Farwell, Jr., informs me that she had studied
the Carolina Wren in Virginia but hardly expected to ever see
or hear it in the vicinity of Lake Forest, Illinois. She writes as
follows: “On the morning of August 13, 1900, I was awakened
by its loud clear whistle just outside of my window. It is a
curious fact that the songs of our familiar birds do not awaken
me, but when I hear an unusual song I am easily aroused. I have
since had a good look at him. His song is a loud, clear, rapid
whistle that could be heard a quarter of a mile. The syllables
can be rendered cher-o-kee; the notes musically speaking are in
A flat or D. Besides this song the only sound I heard him utter
was a scolding warning; out of note, like a policeman’s rattle.
The whistling note was usually repeated three times. This bird
has been identified by Mr. John F. Ferry and several others.”

The range of the Carolina Wren extends over the United
States, east of the Great Plains and from southern New England,
southernNew York, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan’
southward. It is resident nearly throughout its range.

Genus THRYOMANES Selater, 1861.

Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon). Bewick’s Wren.

Troglodytes bewickii AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., I, 1831, 96, pl. 18.
Thryothorus bewickii BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11.

7Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 96.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 183

Thryomanes bewickii Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, July, 1877,
60.

Popular synonyms: Lone-rarLep HousE WREN. LONG-TAILED WREN.

Bewick’s Wren must be included in the avifauna of our
region because of the record of Mr. E. W. Nelson, who says:
“Rare summer resident. A pair of these birds appeared in a
vacant lot in Chicago the first of June, 1876, and taking posses-
sion of a convenient corner in the roof of an arbor proceeded to
raise their young. At intervals through the day, the male would
mount to the top of some house, or to the topmost twig of a tree
in the vicinity, and sing for an hour or more. The family sud-
denly left about the middle of July.”

While I have no other records of the appearance of this
Wren within our limits, I can see no reason why it should not,
at least occasionally, frequent the vicinity of Chicago. Mr. Ridg-
way says:* “In most parts of southern Illinois, this is the
House Wren, par excellence; and even in localities where the
true House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) occurs Bewick’s Wren
is far the more numerous of the two.” Because of the above
records, it is very important that all observers should constantly
have Bewick’s Wren in mind as a possible visitor to our vicinity.
It is quite erratic in its habits and is unknown in many localities
within its general range.

The range of this Wren includes the United States, east of
the Great Plains and eastern Texas, and chiefly west of the
Alleghany Mountains and south of southern Pennsylvania. In
the Mississippi Valley it is found as far north as central Minne-
sota. It is a migrant only in the more northern part of its range.
It has been observed in southern Michigan, northern Indiana and
northern Illinois.

Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot, 1807.

Troglodytes aédon Vieillot. House Wren.

Troglodytes aédon ViEILLoT, Ois. Amer. Sept., II, 1807, 52, pl. 107.

Popular synonyms: Woop WREN. SHORT-TAILED House WREN.

At the present time the House Wren is certainly a very rare
visitant to our area. The only specimen ‘of this species that I
have seen from our vicinity is one taken by Mr. Graham Davis
in Hyde Park, Chicago, on May 16, 1886. This specimen is in
the collection of The Chicago Academy of Sciences. Mr. Amos

*Ornithology of Illinois, Vol. I, 1889, 92.

184 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

W. Butler, in his Birds of Indiana, reports it as having been found
at Chicago on April 27, 1896. In 1853-1854, Mr. Robert Kenni-
cott recorded this species in his list of Cook County birds,* as
“abundant” and also states that it was known to nest in the county
at that time. Mr. E. W. Nelson, in his Birds of Northeastern
Illinois} says: “Rather common summer resident away from
the immediate vicinity of the Lake. Arrives the first of May and
departs the last of September.”

I am inclined to think that the birds found during the time of
Mr. Kennicott and Mr. Nelson would now be referred to Trog-
lodytes aédon parkmanit.

The range of the House Wren covers the eastern United
States, west to Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Texas, and from
Maine and southern Ontario southward to the Gulf of Mexico.
It breeds in the northern half of its range and winters in the
southern half. It is also said to breed in Florida.

Troglodytes aédon parkmanii (Audubon). Western House Wren.
Troglodytes aédon NELSON, Bull. Essex. Inst., VIII, 1876, 97, 152.
Troglodytes edon KENNIcoTT, Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc., I, 1855, 603.
Troglodytes parkmaniti AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., V, 1839, 310.
Troglodytes edon var. aztecus BaIrD, Review, Sept., 1864, 139.

The Western House Wren is a not uncommon summer resi-
dent, arriving about the last of April, and departing in October.
This is unquestionably the common form of aédon found in north-
eastern Illinois. Some years ago a number of specimens of the
house wren from our area were sent to Dr. J. A. Allen for ex-
amination. He reported that they agreed with the variety
aztecus, even when compared with typical specimens from Ari-
zona and other parts of the West. Mr. Robert Ridgway has also
noted this form in the vicinity of Chicago.

The range of this House Wren extends through the western
United States, from Mexico northward to Manitoba and the
Great Slave Lake. The eastern limit of its range seems to be
Wisconsin and Indiana, and it winters from Texas south.

Genus OLBIORCHILUS Oberholser, 1902.

Olbiorchilus hiemalis (Vieillot). Winter Wren.

Troglodytes hiemalis VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXXIV,
1819, 514. ‘
Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis Cours, Key, 1872, 351.

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 583.
Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 97.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 185

Troglodytes parvulus var. hyemalis B. B. & R., Hist. N. Amer. B., I,
1874, 155, pl. 9, fig. 9.

Olbiorchilus hiemalig OBERHOLSER, Auk, XIX, April, 1902, 178.

Popular synonyms: BUNTY WREN. LITTLE LoG WREN.

The Winter Wren is a common migrant, arriving, in the
spring, from the twenty-fifth of March to the tenth of May, and
returning, in the fall, from early in September to the last of
October.

The range of this species extends quite generally over North
America, east of the Rocky Mountains. It breeds from the
northern portions of the United States northward and in the
Alleghany Mountains southward to North Carolina. It winters
from Ohio, Indiana and Illinois southward at least to the Gulf
of Mexico.

Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis, 1850.

Cistothorus stellaris (Lichtenstein). Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Troglodytes stellaris LICHTENSTEIN, in Naumann’s Vég. Deutschl., IIT,
1823, 724.
Troglodytes brevirostris NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 426.
Cistothorus stellaris CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, 1850, 77.

The Short-billed Marsh Wren is a not uncommon summer
resident in suitable localities within our limits. It is, however,
rarely seen on account of its shyness. On June 3, 1889, Mr. B.
T. Gault found this species breeding near Sheffield, Indiana, and
collected two males. At the same place, on June 28, he obtained
a young bird which was about two days old. I have found the
long grass of the region around Lake Calumet, Illinois, and some
distance from the water, to be an excellent place for the study of
this Wren.

The range of this species covers the United States, east of
the Great Plains, and from southern New Hampshire, southern
Ontario, and southern Manitoba southward. It breeds locally
throughout its range, and winters in the Southern States.

Genus TELMATODYTES Cabanis, 1850.

Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ridgway. Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Troglodytes palustris SWAINSON and RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor. Amer.,
II, 1831, 319.
Cistothorus palustris Barrp, Cat. N. Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 268, part;
American Ornithologists’ Union. Check List, 1895, No. 725, part;
NELson, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, 1876, 97.

186 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Telmatodytes palustris Cours, Key N. Amer. Birds, 1872, 87, part;
Ripeway, Amer. Nat., VII, 1873, 200.

Telmatodytes palustris iliacus R1paway, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington,
XVI, Sept. 30, 1903, 110.

Popular synonyms: GRASS WREN. PRAIRIE MARSH WREN. STINK-

BIED. ’

The Long-billed Marsh Wren is an abundant summer resident
in all of the marshes of our area, arriving near the last of April
and departing about the last of October.

I have had the privilege of studying an excellent series of
specimens of this Wren, taken within our borders, and of com-
paring them with as good series of both the eastern and the
western forms. The characteristics of the specimens from the
Chicago Area were very constant and the differences between
them and both the eastern and western forms was so marked that
I believe Mr. Ridgway’s diagnosis of the species (see Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. no. 50, pt. III, 489-499) is more satisfactory than any
other arrangements of the various forms. I have, therefcre,
used his subspecific name iliacus.

Mr. Ridgway recognizes seven distinct forms of this species,
of which the eastern form (Telmatodytes palustris palustris)
ranges westward to western New York and Pennsylvania and
south, in winter, to North and South Carolina. The western
form (Telmatodytes palustris plesius) frequents the Rocky Moun-
tain plateau district of the United States and British Columbia
west to the middle of Washington and Oregon; south during its
migration into Lower California and central Texas. Three other
forms frequent only the coast districts of the southern United
States, and one only the Pacific coast districts.

Mr. Ridgway gives the following range for the form which
frequents our region: “Great Plains and prairie districts of Cen-
tral United States and south-central British Provinces; north
to Alberta and, probably, to Manitoba; east to Illinois and western
Indiana; southward in winter over the greater part of Mexico
(except northwestern portion) as far as Vera Cruz, Zacatecas,
and eastern Jalisco, and along Gulf coast of United States to
western Florida, casually to South Carolina, North Carolina and
Virginia.

FAMILY CERTHIIDA: CREEPERS.
Genus CERTHIA Linneus, 1758.

Certhia familiaris americana (Bonaparte). Brown Creeper.
Certhia familiaris Witson, Amer. Orn., I, 1808, 122, pl. 7, fig. 1.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 187

Certhia americana BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 11.
Certhia familiaris var. americana RipGway, Bull. Essex Inst., V, 1873,
180.

Popular synonym: AMERICAN TREE CREEPER.

The Brown Creeper is a common migrant, and an occasional
winter resident within our limits at Millers, Indiana, where it
finds shelter in the heavy growth of pines among the sand hills.
The majority of these birds arrive, in the spring, early in April
and remain until about the middle of May. They return, in the
fall, the latter part of September and the first half of October.
Regarding the Brown Creeper, Mr. E. W. Nelson said (1876):
“Common winter resident, arriving October ist and remaining
until May roth. Particularly abundant the first two weeks of
October and of April, when they frequent the streets of Chicago
in large numbers, industriously searching the rough brick walls
for the small spiders which they find in abundance in the numer-
ous crevices.”

The range of the Brown Creeper covers eastern North Amer-
ica, from the Gulf of Mexico northward. It breeds from the
northern and more elevated portions of the United States north-
ward, and casually further south. It winters in the southern
portion of its range.

FAMILY SITTIDH: NUTHATCHES.
Genus SITTA Linneus, 1758.

Sitta carolinensis Latham. White-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta carolinensis LatHamM, Ind. Orn., I, 1790, 262.
Popular synonyms: WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH. TOMTIT. BLUE SAP-
SUCKER.

The White-breasted Nuthatch is a not uncommon resident in
the northern portion of our area. It is, however, more abundant
during its migrations. The majority of these Nuthatches arrive,
in the spring, early in April, and depart, in the fall, during the
month of October.

The range of this species covers the United States, east of
the Rocky Mountains, and from the British Possessions (New
Brunswick and Ontario) southward to the Gulf States and Texas.
It is a resident species nearly throughout its range.

Sitta canadensis Linneus. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta canadensis LINNZ=US, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 177.
Popular synonyms: RED-BELLIED NuTHATCH. CANADA NUTHATCH.
SAPSUCKER.

188 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

At the present time we only know this Nuthatch as a common
migrant, arriving in the spring, from early in April to the mid-
dle of May, and returning, in the fall, from the latter part of
August to early in September; it may remain in our vicinity
until the latter part of October. It is probable that this species
is also an occasional winter resident, for Mr. J. Grafton Parker,
Jr., took a specimen at Lake Forest, Illinois, on December 15,
1894; and Mr. Amos W. Butler says in his “Birds of Indiana”
that Mr. Aiken reported these birds to be very abundant in Cook
County, Illinois, during the winter of 1866-1867. The only
record of its nesting within our limits is that of Mr. E. W. Nel-
son, who says:* “A rare summer resident. I found a pair
near Chicago with full grown young the first of July, and Mr.
Rice observed a pair feeding unfledged young the last of April,
1874, at Evanston, Illinois. The excavation containing this nest
was in a tree, standing on one of the principal streets of the town.
It was about twenty feet from the ground. The young were
thrusting their heads out of the hole and clamoring for food,
thus attracting his attention when they would otherwise have been
unnoticed.”

The range of the Red-breasted Nuthatch covers North Amer-
ica in general, northward to the limit of timber and southward, in
winter, to the southern border of the United States. It breeds
from the northern portions of the United States northward, and
southward in the Alleghany, Rocky, and Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains.

FAMILY PARIDA: TITMICE AND CHICKADEES.
Genus BAOLOPHUS Cabanis, 1850.

Beolophus bicolor (Linnezus). Tufted Titmouse.

Parus bicolor Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 340.
Baeolophus bicolor CABANIS, Mus. Hein., I, 1850, 91.
Lophophanes bicolor BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., I, 1850, 228.
Popular synonym: BLACK-FRONTED TITMOUSE.

While the Tufted Titmouse is common in the southern part
of Illinois, it is certainly no more than a very casual visitant to
our area. Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., observed one of these birds
at South Chicago on October 15, 1897, and it is not uncommon
during the fall and winter months at Kouts, Indiana, sixty miles
southeast of Chicago. Mr. O. M. Schantz informs me that early

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 96,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 189

in the spring of 1900, before the trees were in leaf, he saw a
large flock of Tufted Titmice in the woods west of Riverside,
Illinois. Mr. E. W. Nelson says* that it “occurs only during
fall and winter, when straggling parties occasionally visit us from
southern Illinois, where it is one of the characteristic species.”

The range of this species covers the United States east of
the Great Plains, and from the Connecticut Valley and southern
Michigan southward. It is usually resident and breeds through-
out its range.

Genus PENTHESTES Reichenbach, 1850.

Penthestes atricapillus (Linneus). Chickadee.

Parus atrivapillus Linnzxus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 341.
Popular synonyms: BLACK-CAPPED TITMOUSE or CHICKADEE. HAST-
ERN or NORTHERN CHICKADEE.

The Chickadee is'a common resident, but is more common
during its migrations and in winter.

The range of this species extends over Northeastern North
America, east of the Great Plains, and from the mountains of
North Carolina, the Ohio Valley and Missouri northward. It
breeds quite throughout its range.

Penthestes carolinensis (Audubon). Carolina Chickadee.

Parus carolinensis AupuBON, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 341, pl. 160.

Popular synonyms: CaRoLinaA TITMOoUSE. SOUTHERN CHICKADEE.

The only records I have of the occurrence of this pretty and
active bird within our limits are the following: Mr. E. W.
Nelson says* that it is “a rare summer visitant to the ‘Pinery,’
at the southern end of Lake Michigan.” Mr. J. Grafton Parker,
Jr., obtained a specimen of this diminutive Chickadee at Lake
Forest, Illinois, in December, 1890.

The range of this species includes the Southeastern United
States, north to New Jersey and Illinois, and west to eastern
Texas, the Indian Territory, and Missouri.

Penthestes hudsonicus (Forster). Hudsonian Chickadee.

Parus hudsonicus Forster, Phil. Trans., LXII, 1772, 388, 480.
Parus hudsonicus NELSON, Bull, Essex Inst, VIII, 1876, 95.
Parus hudsonicus Ripcway, Birds of Illinois, I, 1889, 82.

The Hudsonian Chickadee may be regarded as a very rare
winter visitant. There are but four records of its occurrence in

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 95.

190 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Illinois, two of these being based on specimens actually secured.
Mr. Nelson says: “A very rare winter visitant. Dr. Hoy ob-
served a small flock near Racine in January, 1852; and Dr. Velie
has since observed them at Rock Island, Illinois.” Mr. Ridg-
way writes as follows: “This species can only be considered
the merest straggler to the extreme northern portion of the
State.” On November 5, 1906, Mr. John F. Ferry obtained
a specimen at Waukegan, Illinois, and on the eighth of the same
month I secured two females at the same locality. These birds
are the only specimens actually secured in the state.

The Hudsonian Chickadee ranges in North America from
northern New England, New York and northern Illinois north-
ward.

FAMILY SYLVIIDZ: WARBLERS, KINGLETS. AND
GNATCATCHERS.

Genus REGULUS Cuvier, 1799-1800.

Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein. Golden-crowned Kinzglet.

Regulus satrapa LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 35.

Regulus crisatus NuTTALL, Man., I, 18382, 420.

Popular synonyms: GOLDEN-CRESTED KINGLET or WEEN. AMERICAN
GOLDEN-CREST. GOLDEN-CROWNED WREN.

The Golden-crowned Kinglet is a common migrant, arriving,
in the spring, from the last of March to the tenth of May, and
returning, in the fall, from the first of October to the middle of
November. Mr. Eliot ‘Blackwelder reports having seen one of
these birds on the first of December, which is an unusually late
record.

The range of this species covers the whole of North America.
It breeds in the northern and elevated portions of the United
States and northward, and winters southward in the United States
and through Mexico and Central America to Guatemala.

Regulus calendula (Linneus). Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Motacilla calendula Linnzus, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 337.
Regulus calendula LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 35.
Popular synonym: MRUBY-CROWNED WREN. .

The Ruby-crowned Kinglet is an abundant migrant, arriving,
in the spring, from the fifth of April to the middle of May, and
returning, in the fall, from the last of September to the last of
October.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. IgI

The range of this Kinglet includes the whole of North Amer-
ica, from the Arctic coast southward through the United States,
and in winter south to Guatemala. It breeds chiefly north of the
United States and also in the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra
Nevada, and the mountains of Arizona.

Genus POLIOPTILA Selater, 1855.

Polioptila cerulea (Linneus). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

Motacilla cerulea Linnz&vs, S. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 337.

Sylvania cerulea NUTTALL, Man., ed. 2, I, 1840, 337.

Polioptila cerulea ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1855, 11.

Popular synonyms: EASTERN GNATCATCHER. BLUE WREN. LONG
TAILED WREN.

The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher is a not uncommon migrant, ar-
riving, in the spring, from the last of April to the last of May,
and returning, in the fall, from the twentieth of August to the
middle of September. It is also a rare resident. Mr. B. T. Gault
informs me that it has been found breeding in the Addison
Woods, DuPage County, Illinois. Mr. Amos W. Butler, in his
Birds of Indiana, states on the authority of Mr. C. A. Tallman
and Mr. Eliot Blackwelder, that it breeds in Cook County, Illi-
nois. The lack of heavy timber within our limits is probably the
reason that this species does not breed more extensively in our
vicinity.

The range of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher covers the United
States east of Nebraska and western Texas and chiefly south of
Latitude 43°. It breeds in suitable localities quite throughout its
range, and migrates southward, in winter, as far as the West
Indies and Guatemala. It has also been reported as far north
as Ontario.

FAMILY TURDIDZ: THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC.
Genus HYLOCICHLA Baird, 1864.

Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin). Wood Thrush.
Turdus mustelinus GMELIN, S. N., I, ii, 1788, 817.
Hylocichla mustelina Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, August
27, 1880, 166.
Popular synonyms: Woop Rosin. BrEL_t THRrusH. BELL Bir.

This beautiful bird and sweet songster is a common summer
resident, arriving, in the spring, the last of April and departing,
in the fall, early in September. Because of its favorite haunts

192 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

which are in damp woodlands and shaded dells, the Wood
Thrush, while common, is not, perhaps, a well known bird. Its
rich and melodious song, however, once heard can never be for-
gotten, and it is by its song that the bird is best known, at least
in rural districts. It is said that the mockingbird has never been
able to imitate the beautiful harmony and liquid melody of the
Wood Thrush’s song.

The range of this Thrush covers the United States, east of
the Great Plains, and the eastern and southern portions of the
British Possessions. It breeds from Georgia and southern Mis-
souri northward and winters from Florida and Texas southward.

Hylocichla fuscescens (Steph.). Wilson’s Thrush.
Turdus fuscescens STEPH., Gen. Zool., X, i, 1817, 182.
Turdus wilsonit BONAPARTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, IV,
1824, 34.
Hylocichla fuscescens RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, August
27, 1880, 166.

Popular synonyms: VEERY. TAwNy THRUSH.

Wilson’s Thrush is a not uncommon migrant, arriving, in the
spring, from the last of April to the last of May and returning
in the fall from the middle to the last of August. Mr. Robert
Kennicott records* this species as “common throughout the
state,’ and also states that it is known to nest in Cook County,
Illinois. Mr. E. W. Nelson says: “Rather rare summer resi-
dent. Arrives in small numbers the second week of May and
departs the first of September.” I have no authentic records of
the eggs of this species having been taken within our area during
recent years. Mr. J. Grafton Parker thinks that it may be a
rare summer resident here.

The range of Wilson’s Thrush extends through the United
States east of the Great Plains and from Manitoba, Ontario and
Newfoundland southward. It breeds from New Jersey and
northern Indiana northward and in the Allgehany Mountains
south to North Carolina. It winters to some extent in the south-
ern states, but chiefly through Central America to Brazil.

Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola (Ridgway). Willow Thrush.
Turdus fuscescens Barrp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 922, 927 (Ft. Bridger,
Wyoming).
Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV,
April 6, 1882, 374. :
Turdus fuscescens salicicola Cours, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 246.
Popular synonym: Rocky MOUNTAIN VEERY.

*Trans. Illinois State Agri. Society, Vol. I, 1853-1854, 582.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 193

The Willow Thrush is a not uncommon migrant in suitable
localities of our area. In the spring, it arrives from the last
of April to the last of May, and returns, in the fall, from the last
of August to the middle of September. The following are the
records of the taking of this species within our limits, which are
known to me, and they also indicate the localities where these
birds may be found more frequently at the proper seasons:

On September 16, 1877, Mr. Henry K. Coale captured a
specimen near Chicago. This is the first record of its occurrence
in Illinois.

Mr. J. Grafton Parker, Jr., took a specimen at Grand Cross-
ing, Illinois, on April 29, 1886.. This was a male bird. He also
captured two birds at Liverpool, Indiana, on May 5, 1894.

Mr. B. T. Gault captured a male of this species on the sixth.
and a female on the twenty-first of May, 1894, at Glen Ellyn,
Illinois. rg

Mr. Frank M. Woodruff took this species at Evanston, Illi-
nois, on April 27, 1896.

Mr. B. T. Gault also obtained a specimen in DuPage County,
Illinois, on September 17, 1896.

Mr. Henry K. Coale obtained a specimen at Ravinia, Illinois,
on May 17, 1890. oie

While the records mentioned show the actual taking of speci-..
mens, others have been seen in the same localities. It is well
to bear in mind that this variety closely resembles pale specimens
of Hylocichla fuscescens.

The range of the Willow Thrush as given in the A. C. U.
Check-list of North American Birds (1895) is as follows:
“Rocky Mountain region, north to British Columbia, east to
Dakota, occasionally to Illinois, casually to South Carolina; in
winter south to southern Brazil.”

Hylocichla alicie (Baird). Gray-cheeked Thrush.

Turdus alicie Bairp, B. N. Amer., 1858, 217.

Turdus swainsoni var. alicie Cours, Key, 1872, 73. ;

Hylocichla alicia Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, August 27,
1880, 166.

Popular synonym: ALICE’s THRUSH,

The Gray-cheeked Thrush is an abundant migrant, arriving,
in the spring, from the first to the last of May, and returning, in
the fall, from the last of August to about the second week in
October.

[94 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In its migrations, this Thrush passes through the United
States, east of the Great Plains, northward to the Arctic coast,
Alask: .-d eastern Siberia ; in winter it passes southward through
Cer: America to Colombia. It breeds north of the United

Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Cabanis). Olive-backed Thrush.

Turdus swainsoni CABANIS, Fauna Per., 1845-1846, 187.

Turdus ustulatus B swainsoni Ripaway, Field and Forest, II, May,
1877, 195. :

Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ITI,
August 27, 1880, 166.

Popular synonym: SWwAINSON’s THRUSH.

The Olive-backed Thrush is an abundant migrant, arriving,
in the spring, from the last of April to the last of May, and re-
turning, in the fall, from the first of September to the middle
of October. Mr. E. W. Nelson thought it possible that this
species might be a rare summer resident. He says:* “I ob-
tained a specimen near Chicago, June 7, 1873, and July 9, the
same year, Mr. Rice obtained a second specimen.”

The range of the Olive-backed Thursh covers America from
Brazil and Peru through North America, east of the Great Basin,
to Labrador and Alaska; it is also found as a straggler on the
Pacific coast. It breeds in the mountainous portions of the north-
eastern United States, northward from Pennsylvania, in the
southern Sierra Nevadas and northward through the Rocky
Mountains and in British America.

Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cabanis). Hermit Thrush.
Turdus pallasii CaBanis, Archiv. f. Naturg., 1847, I, 205.
Turdus aonalaschke pallasi Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. III,

March 27, 1880, 1. ;

Hylocichla unalaske pallasii Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III,
August 27, 1880, 166.

Hylocichla guttata pallasii FAxXON and ALLEN, Birds Berkshire Co.,
Massachusetts, 1900, 9.

Popular synonyms: RUFUS-TAILED THRUSH. SWAMP ROBIN. SOLITARY
TurRusH. Eastern Hermit THRUSH.

The Hermit Thrush is an abundant migrant, arriving, in the
spring, from the first of April to the twentieth of May, and re-
turning, in the fall, from the middle of September to the last
of October.

The range of this species covers eastern North America from
the Gulf of Mexico northward. It breeds from northern Michi-

*Birds of Northeastern Illinois, Bull. of the Essex Institute, Vol. VIII, 1876, 93.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 195

gan, southern New York, the northern portion of the Alleghany
Mountains and the mountainous regions of New England north-
ward. It winters chiefly south of latitude 40°.

Genus MERULA Leach, 1816.

Merula migratoria (Linneus). American Robin.
Turdus migratorius LiInNzvs, 8. N., ed. 12, I, 1766, 292.
Merula migratoria SwAINson, Phil. 'Mag., I, 1827, 368.
Popular synonyms: Ro#IN. RosBIN RED-BREAST. ROBIN THRUSH.
MicRATORY THRUSH. RED-BREASTED THRUSH. AMERICAN FIELD-
FARE. REDBREAST.

The American Robin is an abundant summer resident, arriv-
ing early in April, and departing in October.

The range of the Robin covers North America, east of the
Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay and Alaska southward
to eastern Mexico. It breeds from Virginia and Kansas north-
ward to the Arctic coast, and winters from southern Canada and
the Northern States (irregularly) southward.

Genus SIALIA Swainson, 1827.

Sialia sialis (Linneus). Bluebird.
Motacilla sialis LINN&ZUS, S. N., ed. 10, I, 1758, 187.
Ampelis sialis NUTTALL, Man., I, 1832, 444.
Sialia sialis HatpeM., Trego’s Geog. Penn., 1843, 77.
Popular synonym: EASTERN BLUEBIRD.

The Bluebird is a common summer resident, arriving from
the last of February to the first of May, and departing usually
during the latter half of September and the first half of October.

The range of the Bluebird extends east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, from Manitoba, Ontario, and Nova Scotia southward. It
breeds from the Middle States northward, and winters southward
to the Gulf of Mexico and Cuba. It is also resident in Bermuda.

196

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

While I believe the following bibliography of books and
articles relating to the birds of our area to be quite complete, I
realize that there may be a number of articles which have been
published in magazines and in the newspapers of Chicago that
have escaped my attention. Those which are mentioned have
been consulted by the author.

ABBOT, GIRARD ALAN.

703. Habits of the American Crow. Birds and Nature, Vol. XIII,
No. 5, p. 216. May, 1903.

7034. Nesting of the Florida Gallinule. Birds and Nature, Vol. XIV,
No. 1, p. 26. June, 1903.

’03B. Nesting of the Least Bittern. Birds and Nature, Vol. XIV,
No. 2, p. 71. September, 1903.

*03c. Habits of the Kildeer Plover. Birds and Nature, Vol. XIV,
p. 170. November, 1903.

703p. Our Old Acquaintance, the Crow. The Truth-Seeker. Novem-

: ber 14, 1903. Page 132.

°04. The Lesser Scaup. Birds and Nature, Vol. XV, No. 2, p. 59.
February, 1904.

°04a4. Wilson’s: Snipe. Birds and Nature, Vol. XV, No. 2, p. 62.
February, 1904.

705. “Nesting of the Woodcock.” Bulletin Mich. Ornithological
Club, p. 10. March-June, 1905.

ALLEN, J. A.
"75. Notes on the Sharp-Tailed Finch. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XVII, p. 292. March, 1875.

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

95, Check-List of North American Birds.
ANONYMOUS.

795. Winter Ducks and Gulls in Lincoln Park, Chicago. The Chicago
Daily Inter Ocean, February 18, 1895.

°96. Ina Bird Store. Chicago Tribune, March 28.

96a. Protecting the Birds. Chicago Record, October 5.

968. Tragedy in the Home of the Owls. Chicago Tribune, November,
10.

97. Our Ocean Visitors. Chicago Evening Post, February 27.

°97A. Chicago as a Winter Resort for Birds. Chicago Tribune,
March 7.

°97B. Pearls in Stomach of a King Rail. Chicago Tribune, April 2.

*97c. Hatched a Brood of Ducks on Wooded Island. Chicago Record,
May 2.

°97D. Sparrows choose queer Homes. Chicago Daily News, May 14.

’97E. Robins make nest on Tombstone in Graceland Cemetery. Chi-
cago Daily News, June 6.

*97F. Adds a Flock of Connecting Links. Lincoln Park Palm House

has a decidedly novel attraction, consisting of fifteen Rails.
Chicago Daily News,’ June 20.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 197

Heron and Blue Jays Fight. Lincoln Park the scene of lively
battle among Birds. Chicago Daily News, September 10.

To Plant More Quail. Chicago Daily News, February 16.

Queer Nest made by two Sparrows, in stirrup of Grant Monu-
ment in Lincoln Park. Chicago Tribune, June 19.

Juliet leaves Romeo. Sad falling out of two Sandhill Cranes
in Lincoln Park. Chicago Tribune, September 11.

Bald Eagle shot, then lassoed in Chicago. Chicago Tribune,
October 11.

Great Day for Ducks—vast flocks in Lincoln Park. Chicago
Tribune, October 15.

Duck Hunters Find Good Sport about Lakes Calumet and George.
Chicago Tribune, October 29.

Birds Pass Across Moon. Chicago Tribune, November 13.

Wild Ducks in Garfield Park. Chicago Daily News, January 17.

Study of Bird Migration. Chicago Tribune, April 10.

Cook County Birds. Chicago Evening Post, May 13. Mentions
collection of Mr. George Clingman.

Birds to Sing for Prizes. Chicago Tribune, August 9.

Bird Congress in Jackson Park. Chicago Daily News, August 20.

Southward Migration of Warblers, Swallow’s early flight. ‘Chi-
cago Tribune, October 9.

Our Ocean Visitors. Chicago Evening Post, December 8.

Kill for Love of Slaughter. Many White-winged Crossbills and
Old Squaws wantonly killed. Chicago Tribune, February 3.

City Birds in Winter Time. Chicago Tribune, February 4.

See Wild Geese Fly North. Chicago Tribune, March 14.

Bird Braves Switch Engine. Chicago Tribune, May 5.

Useful English Sparrows. Chicago Daily News, July 7.

To Protect the Wild Birds. Chicago Tribune, October 17.

Lincoln Park is visited by fifty Canada Greese which mingle
with the captive birds until 8 A. M., when they depart.
Chicago’ Daily News, October 17.

Rhode Island Audubon Society car placard to be tried in Chi-
eago. Chicago Tribune, December 1. ;

Chicago abounds in Birds. Chicago Tribune, March 24.

A flock of Pigeons have rendezvous on one of the windows in
Judge Carter’s Court Room, in County Building. Chicago
Daily News, April 16.

Pelican amuses Park crowd. Chicago Daily News, August 8.

Lincoln Park Officers to resist game warden. Atty. Frank Ham-
lin advises the Board is authorized by Law to keep all
kinds of Birds in Zoo. Chicago Tribune, August 24.

Records of Fast Flying Pigeons. There are some birds in
Chicago that can beat ordinary wind. Chicago Daily News,
September 5.

No Lack of Game within City Limits. Chicago Tribune, Sep-
tember 15.

Reason clad in Feathers. Chicago Tribune, October 20.

Robins sing Spring is Here. Chicago Tribune, April 6.

Chicago one of the best places in the country for Bird Study.
Chicago Daily News, May 9.

Return of the Birds to Chicago. Chicago Tribune, May 12.

Southside haunts of birds favorite spots on the Wooded Island.
Chicago Tribune, June 11.

198 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Baker, FRANK COLLINS.
97. Collecting about Chicago. Sports Afield, Vol. XIX, No. 2, p. 112.
97a. Same Title. The Museum, Vol. III, No. 10, August.

BALLovu, WILLIAM HOosEa.
*80. Nesting English Sparrows. Amer. Nat., Vol. XIV, p. 524.
80a. Bird Arrivals at Evanston, Illinois. Amer. Nat., Vol. XIV,
July, p. 525. :
’80B. Theory of Bird Migration. Amer. Nat., Vol. XIV, July, p. 527.

Brat, F. E. L.
°86. Some Notes on Bird Migration. Amer. Nat., Vol. XX, Sep-
tember, p. 817; Ibis, Vol. V, January, 1887, p. 121.

BLACKWELDER, ELIOT.
97. Notes on Occurrence of Smith’s Longspur. Osprey, January,
p. 67.

“W. B.”—BREWSTER, WILLIAM.
°77. Nelson’s Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
Vol. II, July, 1877, pp. 68, 69. (Synopsis of E. W. Nel-
son’s article in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol.
VIII, 1876.)

Butter, AMos W.

790. Report on the Birds of Indiana. Ind. Hort. Soc., pp. 1-135.

791. Notes on Indiana Birds. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., pp. 164-166.

92... The Range of the Crossbill in the Ohio Valley, with Notes on
Their Unusual Occurrence in Summer. Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci., pp. 63-72.

°93. Bibliography of Indiana Ornithology and Notes on Indiana

Birds. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., pp. 108-120.

°95. Additional Notes on Indiana Birds. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.,
p. 162.

°97. Birds of Indiana. Ind. Dep’t. Geol. and Nat. Resources, 22nd
Ann. Rep’t., 1897, pp. 515-1188.

‘97a. The Unusual Occurrence of Brunnich’s Murre (Uria lomvia)
far Inland with Notes on other Rare Birds. Auk, Vol.
XIV, 1897, pp. 197-200.

CHaAsE, Mrs. AGNES.
A Chicago Park Horizon. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 26, N. S., Vol.
VI, No. 3, p. 40.
The Herring Gull (Larus argentatus). The Wilson Bulletin, No. 42,
N. S., Vol. X, No. 1, pp. 38-39.

CLARK, EDWARD BRAYTON.

94, “City Birds in Winter Time.” Chicago Tribune, January 20,
1894.

944. “Mr. Shrike is Here.” “A Chapter on the Great Northern
Shrike. A Chicago Winter Visitor.” Chicago Tribune, Novem-
ber 4, 1894.

94m. “The Last of his Race.” Passenger Pigeon takes refuge in
Lincoln Park. Chicago Tribune, November 25, 1894.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 199

“Is a Royal Fisher.’ Story of a Lincoln Park Kingfisher.
Chicago Tribune, December 16, 1894.

“Storm Blown Birds.” Afield in Lincoln Park, Ravenia, High-
land Park. Chicago Tribune, March 24.

“Old Aleyon is Dead.” Lincoln Park’s favorite Kingfisher com-
mits suicide. Chicago Tribune, September 15.

“Linger in Winter’s Lap.” An account of birds which that
year delayed their migration. Chicago Tribune, January 10,
1897.

“Illinois? Rally to Save Her Birds.” Chicago Inter Ocean,
April (?), 1897.

“Our Bird Visitors in City Parks.” Chicago Inter Ocean
April (?), 1897.

“Snap Shots at Birds.” A study of the birds at Worth, Illinois.
Chicago Tribune, May (?), 1896.

“Linger in Winter’s Lap.” Chicago Tribune, December 5.
“Odd Deaths of Birds.” Local stories of bird tragedies. Chi-
cago Tribune, April 24, 1898.

“Birds as Harbingers of Spring.” A chapter on spring birds
at Highland Park, Illinois. Chicago Chronicle, April 16, 1899.
Some Wise Birds and Foolish.” Local studies in nest building.
Chicago Tribune, May 28, 1890. ¥

“Man’s Life is Saved by a Bird.” A study of the insect eating
of birds. Chicago Tribune, July 30, 1899.

“Midsummer in the Parks.” Nature sketches in Chicago parks.
Chicago Tribune, August 20, 1899.

“Birds in the Cemetery.” Notes on the birds in Graceland
Cemetery. Chicago Chronicle, August (?), 1899.

Evening Grosbeaks in Graceland. Chicago Record, April 28,
1900.

“Birds Deck Fall Hats.” A millinery study. Chicago Tribune,
October (?), 1900. ‘

“Bird Preparations for Winter.” Chicago Tribune, November
11, 1900.

“The Unspeakable Sparrow.” Outing, January, 1901.

“Birds That Use Chicago as a Winter Resort.” Chicago Trib-
une, February 17, 1901.

“Birds Sing Spring In.” Chicago Post, March 23, 1901. Spring
bird notes.

“Song Bird Has Arrived.” Spring arrivals along Des Plaines
River. Chicago Post, April 20, 1901.

“Return of the Birds to Chicago.” Chicago Tribune, May 5,
1901.

“Plumed Friends of Man.” A plea for the birds. Chicago
Chonicle, May (?), 1901.

“Billy the Kingfisher.” A Lincoln Park bird. Chicago Record,
June 15, 1901.

“A Bit of Bird Life.” Local bird sketch. Chicago Post,
October 19, 1901.

“Feathered Winter Visitors in Chicago.” Chicago Tribune,
January 12, 1902.

“Birds of Mystery at Lake Forest.” Notes on Bvening Gros-
beak visitors. Chicago Tribune, April, 1902.

Hawks serve farmer, few chicken eaters. Chicago Record-
Herald, August 12, 1903.

200 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“English Oppressors of the Bird World.” Date lost. A study of the
persecution of native birds by the English Sparrow. Chicago
Times-Herald.

CLaRK, H. Watton.
04. The Screech Owl. Birds and Nature, Vol. XVI, p. 225, Decem-
ber, 1904.

Coatz, Henry K.

77. Junco oregonus in Illinois. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. II,
July, 1877, p. 82.

783. The Willow Thrush and Holboll’s Linnet in Illinois, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VIII, October, 1883, p. 239.

85. Krider’s Hawk in Northeastern Illinois. The Auk, Vol. II,
1885, p. 110.

94. Willow Thrush in Northeastern Illinois. The Auk, Vol. XI,
July, 1894, p. 222.

CooxE, WELLS W.

*88. Bird Migration of the Mississippi Valley in the Years 1884-
1885. Bull. No. 2, U. S. Dep’t. of Agri. Div. of Econom. Orn.,
1888, p. 314.

704. On Migration of the Hooded Warbler. Bird Lore, Vol. VI, No.
1, January-February, 1904, p. 22.

704a. Migration of Warblers. Bird Lore, Vol. VI, No. 2, April,
1904, pp. 57-60.

7048. Distribution and Migration of North American Warblers. Bull.
No. 18, U. S. Dep’t. of Agri. Div. Biol. Surv., 1904, p. 142.

CRAIGMILLE, ESTHER A.
704. The New Year Bird Census. Wilson Bull., No. 46, N. S., Vol.
XI, No. 1, March, 1904, pp. 19-20.
04a. A Summer Porch List at Hinsdale, Lllinois. Wilson Bull.,
No. 49, N. S., Vol. XI, No. 4, December, 1904, p. 105.

DEANE, RUTHVEN.
. °88. Destruction in Migration. Forest and Stream, Vol. XXI, p. 385,

December, 1888.

795. Additional Notes on the Passenger Pigeon in Illinois and In-
diana. The Auk, Vol. XII, January, 1895, p. 98.

95a. Additional Records of Passenger Pigeon in Illinois and Indiana.
The Auk, Vol. XII, July, 1895, p. 298.

°95p. Additional Notes on the Passenger Pigeon in Illinois and In-
diana. The Auk, Vol. XII, July, 1895, p. 300.

°99. Report of Illinois Audubon Society. Bird Lore, Vol. I, No. 2,
p. 66, April, 1899.

708. Richardson’s Owl in Illinois. The Auk, Vol. XX, July, 1903,
p. 305.

70834. Richardson’s Owl in Illinois. The Auk, Vol. XX, October, 1903,
p. 433.

05. Additional Record of the European Widgeon. Auk, Vol. XXII,
p. 76, January, 1905.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 201

DkUMMOND, Mary. ZF
700. Report of Illinois Audubon Society. Bird Lore, Vol. II, No.
2, p. 65, April, 1900.
702. Report of Illinois Audubon Society. Bird Lore, Vol. IV, No.
4, p. 186, July-August, 1902.

DuNN, James O.
°95. Notes on some Birds of Northeastern Illinois. The Auk, Vol.

XII, October, 1895, pp. 393-395.

EVERMANN, B. W.
787. Some Rare Indiana Birds. Amer. Nat., Vol. XXI, p. 290,

March, 1887.

GAULT, BENJAMIN TRUE. A :

*89. Lapland Longspur at Chicago in June. The Auk, Vol. V, 1889,
p. 278. .

94. Kirtland’s Warbler in Northeastern [llinois. The Auk, Vol.
XI, 1894, p. 258.

795. The Passenger Pigeon in Northeastern Illinois. The Auk, Vol.
XII, 1895, p. 80.

7954. The Willow Thrush. The Auk, Vol. XII, 1895, p. 85.

96. Recent Occurrence of the Turkey. Vulture and Bald Eagle in
Cook County, Illinois. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 9, July
80, 1896, p. 3-4.

96a. The Pine Siskin. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 11, p. 8, Nov. 30,
1896.

97. Unusual Winter Visitors in DuPage County, Illinois. The
Wilson Bulletin, No. 12, p. 10 (Meadowlarks in January),
January 30, 1897.

97s. Short Notes: The Red Crossbill. The Wilson Bulletin, No.

: 13, N. S., Vol. IV, No. 2, March 30, 1897, p. 20.

°98. Some Bird Ways. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 23, N. S., Vol.
V, No. 6, November 30, 1898, p. 73-75.

99. December Horizons at Glen Ellyn, Illinois. The Wilson Bul-
letin, No. 24, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 30, 1899, p. 5-6.

99a. Summer Horizons. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 28, N. S., Vol.
VI, No. 5, September 30, 1899, p. 65.

00. A Correction. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 3, Vol. VII, N. S.,
July 30, 1900, p. 9.

00a. The American Redstart. Birds and Nature, Vol. VIII, No. 3,
October, 1900.

7008. Bird Life at Glen Ellyn (near Chicago) Illinois. Bird Lore,
Vol. II, No. 6, p. 187, December, 1900.

701. Ibid. Bird Lore, Vol. III, No. 1, p. 26, February-March, 1901;
No. 2, p. 65, April-May; No. 3, p. 102, June-July; No. 4,
p. 166, August-September, 1901. ;

01a. The Christmas Bird Census at Glen Ellyn, Illinois. Bird Lore,
Vol. III, p. 32, 1901.

702. Food Habits of the Wilson’s Snipe. The Wilson Bulletin, No.
38, Vol. IX, No. 1, March, 1902, p. 7.

7024. Song Sparrow. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 38, Vol. IX, No. 1,
March, 1902, p. 15.

202 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

GoopricH, JuLiet T.
705. Fifth Christmas Census. Bird Lore, Vol. VII, No. 1, p. 30,
January-February, 1905.

Hancock, JosepH L.
°83. Albino Cowbird. Ornith. & Odlog., March, p. 24.
°83a Parkman’s Wren in Illinois. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VIII,
July, 1883, p. 79.
°88. Impeded Migration and Destruction of Birds at Chicago. The
Auk, Vol. V, 1888, pp. 482-434.

Ho.uister, N. and KuMLIEN, L.
03. The Birds of Wisconsin. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., N. S.,
III, Nos. 1, 2, 3, January to July, 1903.

Hovueu, E.
In “Chicago and the West,” as follows:

°88. Wild Geese. Vol. XXXI, p. 325, November 15.

°88a. Ducks and Blackbirds, |. ¢, p. 365, November 29. :

°88B. Ducks, 1. c., p. 408, December 13.

°89. Arrival of Ducks, Vol. XXXII, p. 44, February 7.

°89a. Bluebills and Redheads, 1. c, p. 218, April 4.

°89B. Woodcock and Plover, I. c, p. 491, July 4.

’89c. Prairie Chickens in Morgan Park, Vol. XXXIII, p. 86, August
22.

°89p. Bluebills and Redheads in Chicago, 1. ¢., p. 366, August.

"90. Yellowlegs at Lake Calumet, Vol. XX XV, p. 69, August 14.

90a. Wild Geese at Chicago, I. c., p. 482 December 18.

°90n. Redheads at Calumet Heights, 1. c, p. 456, December 25.

791. + Pintails and Sawbills on Lake Michigan, Vol. XXXVI, p. 45,
February 5. :

91a. Bluebills and Canvasbacks in Calumet Lake, 1. c, p. 150,
March 12.

92. Ruffed Grouse at Hinsdale, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 53, January 21.

92a. Bluebills at Harrison Street Bridge, 1. c., p. 322, April 7.

928. Snow Buntings sold as Reed Birds, 1. c., p. 349, April 14.

"92c. Jacksnipe at Hammond, Indiana, Vol. XXXIX, p. 138, August
18.

°92p. Bald Eagle killed at Calumet Heights, 1. c., p. 469, December 1.

In “Forest and Stream,” as follows:

°98. Canvasback Ducks in Calumet Lake, Vol. XL, p. 253, March 23.

94, Jacksnipe at Calumet Lake, Vol. XLIII, p. 292, October 6.

°95. Jacksnipe on Desplaines River, Vol. XLV, p. 317, October 12.

°96. Jacksnipe at Blue Island, Vol. XLVI, p. 316, April 18.

96a. Duck Shooting at Calumet Heights, Vol. XLVII, p. 368, No-
vember 7.

968. Flight of Ducks at Calumet Heights, 1. ¢, p. 409, November 21.

96c. Acclimating Quail at Calumet Heights, Vol. XLVII, p. 467,
December 12.

°97. Cook County Birds at Academy of Sciences, Vol. XLVIII, p.

' 148, February 20.

97a. Jacksnipe at Arlington Heights, 1. c., p. 367, Mary 8.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 203

978s. Raven and Snowy Owl at Calumet Heights, Vol. XLIX, p. 401,
November 20.

’98. Deep Water Ducks at Calumet Heights, Vol. L, p. 185, March 5.

98a. Jacksnipe at Chicago, |. c., p. 246, March 26.

"988. Golden Plover at Summit, ]. c, p. 887, May 14. \

799. Jacks at Hyde Lake and Lake Station, Indiana, Vol. LIII, p.
247, September 23.

700. Canvasbacks in Lake Michigan, Chicago, Vol. LIV, p. 167,

700A. Canada Goose at Calumet Heights, L. C., p. 249, March 31.

700B. Great Year for Ducks. Chicago Tribune, April 1.

700c. Jacksnipe at the Sag, Forest and Stream, Vol. LIV, p. 328,
April 28.

700p. Art of Goose Shooting. Chicago Tribune, October 1.

?00E. Marshes full of Snipe, 1. c., October 1.

00r. Start of Quail Season, 1. e., November 1.

00c. Habits of Ruffed Grouse.’ Chicago Tribune, November 1.

00H. Quail and Ruffed Grouse at Calumet Heights, Forest and
Stream, Vol. LV, p. 405, November 24.

701. Harly Shooting Season. Chicago Tribune, April 2.

Ola. Defect in the Quail Law; no Protection in Illinois for Quail
or Woodcock. Chicago Tribune, July 10.

701s. Teal at Tolleston, Forest and Stream, Vol. LVII, p. 285, Octo-
ber 12.

702. Wild Geese at Skokie Marsh, 1. c., Vol. LVIII, p. 229, March 22.

02a. Mallards at Tolleston, I. ¢., p. 250, March 29.

’02s. Jacksnipe at Tolleston, J. c., Vol. LIX, p. 268, October 4.

703. Jacksnipe at Calumet Heights, 1. c., LX, p. 269, April 4.

03a. Jacksnipe at Calumet Heights, I. c, p. 307, April 18.

Howey, Joun M.
83. Bobolinks in Northern Illinois. Ornith? and Odlog., February,

p. 15.

Hunter, Harry. ;
82. Wild Pigeons at Highland Park. Forest and Stream, Vol. XVIII,

p. 71, February.

Jones, LYNDs.
700. Horizons. Wilson Bulletin, N. S., Vol. VII, No. 33, p. 36,

October.

KENNICOTT, ROBERT.
’h5. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County, Illinois. Trans.
Ill. State Agri. Soc., Vol. I, 1853-1854, pp. 580-589.

“Korax.”
90. Yellow Rail in Chicago. Forest and Stream, Vol. XXXV, p.

431, December.

KumMLIEN, L. and Houuister, N.
703. See Hollister, N.

MARBLE, C. C.
‘97. The Loggerhead Shrike. Birds and Nature, Vol. II, p. 202, June.

204 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

700. The Yellow Headed Blackbird. Birds and Nature, Vol. VII,
p. 12, January.

NELSON, E. W.
°76. Additions to the Avifauna of Illinois with Notes on other Spe-
cies of Illinois Birds. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. I, No.
2, July, 1876, pp. 39-44.
"76a. Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. of the Essex. Institute,
Vol. VIII, December, 1876, pp. 90-155.

Ripeway, ROBERT. e

°74. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ann.
Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. X, January, pp. 364-394.

°81. Revised Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois.
Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bull. No. 4, pp. 163-208.

789-95 The Ornithology of Illinois. Nat. Hist. Surv. Ill., State Lab.
Nat. Hist., Vol. I, 1889, pp. 120+VIII, pls. XXXII; Vol.
II, pp. 282, pls. XXNIII.

701.04. The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 51, part I, 1901; part IT, 1902; part III, 1904.

Ridgway Ornithological Club, Chicago. Notices of Meetings as fol-
lows in the Ibis: Vol. II, July, p. . 1884; Vol. III,
January, p. 120, 1885; Vol. III, April, p. 237, 1885; Vol.
Ill, July, p. 330, 1885; Vol. V, January, p. 122, 1887; Vol.
V, October, p. 466, 1887.

ScHANTz, ORPHEUS M.
704. A Dooryard List from Morton Park, Illinois. Wilson Bulletin,
No. 47, N. S., Vol. XI, No. 2, June, p. 57.

Scuantz, O. M. and Mrs.
705. July Horizons at Morton Park, Illinois. Wilson Bulletin, No.
52, N. S., Vol. XII, No. 1, September.

Sarre, R. BowpDier.
85. Catalogue of the Passeriformes or Perching Birds in the Col-
lection of the British Museum, etc. Vol. X, London, 1885,
p. 305. (Lists a skin of Geothlypis macgillivrayi from Chi-
cago, collected by Henry K. Coale—an adult female bird.)

Toppan, GEORGE. ‘ :
’ 87. ‘Spring Migration Notes for Cook and Lake Counties, Illinois
, and Lake County, Indiana. Ibis, Vol. V, p. 122, January.
Mentions meeting of Ridgway Ornithological C!ub of Chicago.

THURBER, COLLINS.
705. ‘The Hermit Thrush. Birds and Nature, Vol. XVIII, No. 2,
p. 50, September.
054. The Yellow Bellied Sapsucker. Birds and Nature, Vol. XVIII,
No. 3, p. 119, October.

TURTLE, RICHARD.
02. Capture of Hudsonian Curlew, American Field, p. 221, Sep-
tember 1. :

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 205

Wa ter, HeRBerT EUGENE and ALIczE Hatt (WALTER).
05 Wild Birds in City Parks. A. W. Mumford, Chicago, 1905.
(Hints on identifying 145 birds based on spring migration
in Lincoln Park, Chicago.)

WHEELOCK, IRENE G.
702. Rare Birds seen at Lake Forest. Inter Ocean, March.
705. Regurgitative Feeding of Nestlings. Auk, Vol. XXII, p. 54,
5 January.
Wooprvurr, FRANK MORLEY.
96. On Birds Reported as Rare in Cook County, Illinois. The Auk,
Vol. XIII, 1896, pp. 179-181.
°96a. The Raven in Illinois. The Auk, Vol. XIII, 1896, pp. 83-84.
°97. Lake Michigan Notes. The Auk, Vol. XIV, 1897, pp. 227-228.
"97a. The Home of the Loggerhead Shrike. The Osprey, Vol. I, No. 8,
98. Lake Michigan Notes. The Auk, Vol. XV, 1898, pp. 61-62.
p. 109.
700. The Western Willet. Birds and Nature, Vol. VIII, p. 146, No-
vember.
°04. The Loon. Birds and Nature, Vol. XVI, November, pp. 191-192.
04a. The Sora Rail. L. c., Vol. XVI, December, pp. 201-202.
705. The American Robin. L. ¢., Vol. XVII, No. 2, p. 62, February.
05a. The Black Tern. L. «., No. 3, p. 184, March.
705B. The American Red Crossbill. L. c., No. 4, p. 191, April.
705c. The Prothonotary Warbler. L. ¢., No. 5, p. 194, May.
705p. The Black-crowned Night Heron. L. c., Vol. XVIII, No. 1, p.
11, June.
705E. The Mourning Dove. L. c., No. 2, p. 95, September.
05r. The Snowflake. L.c., No. 3, p. 184, October.
07. Rare Northern Birds near Chicago. The Auk, Vol. XXIV,
1907, p. 107.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY.

207

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Acanthis, 130.
Acanthis hornemannii exilipes, 130.
linaria, 130.
linaria holbellii, 131.
linaria rostrata, 131.
Accipiter, 92. :
Accipiter atricapillus, 93.
cooperii, 93.
velox, 92.
Actitis, 76. :
Actitis macularia, 76.
Actodromas, 68.
bairdii, 15, 69.
fuscicollis, 69.
maculata, 68.
minutilla, 23, 70, 71.
AUgialitis, 80.
AHgialitis meloda, 80. ‘
melodus var. circumcinctus, 18,

semipalmata, 15, 80.
Aigiothus canescens, 130.
exilipes, 130
rostratus, 181.
Agelaius, 123
Agelaius pheeniceus, 123.
Aix, 41.
Aix sponsa, 10, 41.
Alaudide, 119.
Alcedinide, 109.
Ammodramus, 136.
Ammodramus caudacutus, 137.
henslowii, 15, 136.
leconteii, 16, 186.
nelsoni, 137. ei
sandwichensis savanna, 135.
savannarum passerinus, 135.
Ampelide, 150.
Ampelis, 150.
Ampelis cedrorum, 151.
garrulus, 150.
Anas, 36.
Anas acuta, 40.
albeola, 44.
americana, 38.
bernicla, 51.
boschas, 36.
cerulescens, 49.
canadensis, 50.
carolinensis, 39.
clangula, 43.
columbianus, 52
clypeata, 40.
collaris, 43.
erecca, 39.
discors, 39.
fusca, 46.
glacialis, 45.
hyemalis, 45.
hyperborea, 48.
islandica, 44.
jamaicensis, 47.
mollissima, 45.
nigra, 46.
nivalis, 49.
obscura, 37.

penelope, 37.
perspicillata, 47.
rubida, 47.
sponsa, 41.
strepera, 37.
vallisneria, 42.
Anatids, 35.
paerinee troglodytes var. hyemalis,

Anser, 49.

Anser albifrons, 49.
bernicla, 51.
cerulescens, 49.
canadensis, 50.
gambeli, 49.
hutchinsii, 51.
hyperboreus var. albatus, 48.
hyperboreus var. hyperboreus, 49.

Anseres, 35.

Antrostomus, 113.

Antrostomus vociferus, 113.

Anthus, 178.

Anthus ludovicianus, 178.
pensilvanicus, 178.

Aphrizide, 82.

Aquila, 97.

Aquila chrysaétos, 97, 98.
chrysaétos var. canadensis, 97.
fulva, 97.

Archibuteo, 97.

ie pate lagopus sancti-johannis,

Ardea, 53.

Ardea herodias, 53.
Ardeide, 53.

Ardetta, 53.

Ardetta exilis, 53.
Arenaria, 82.

Arenaria interpres, 15, 82.

. Arquatella, 68

Arquatella maritima, 15, 68.
Asio, 102
Asio accipitrinus, 102.

wilsonianus, 102.
Astragalinus, 131.
Astragalinus tristis, 131, 132.
oe palumbarius var. atricapillus,

Aythya, 41.

Aythya affinis, 42, 48.
americana, 41, 47.
collaris, 43.
marila, 21.
vallisneria, 42,

Beolophus, 188.
Beolophus bicolor, 188.
Bartramia, 75
Bartramia longicauda, 75.
Bernicla canadensis, 50.
hutchinsii, 51.
Bonasa, 83.
Bonasa umbellus, 83.
Botaurus, 53.
Botaurus exilis, 53.
- lentiginosus, 53
minor, 53.

208 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Brachyotus palustris, 102.

Branta, 50.”

Branta bernicla, 51.
canadensis, 50.
canadensis minima, 22.
hutchinsii, 51.
minima, 51.

Bucephala albeola, 44.
clangula, 43
islandica, 44.

Bubo, 106.

Bubo virginianus, 106.
virginianus arcticus, 106.

Bubonide, 102.

Buteo, 94.

Buteo borealis, 94.
borealis calurus, 95.
borealis harlani, 95.
borealis kriderii, 94.
latissimus, 96.
lineatus, 95.
platypterus, 96.
swainsoni, 96.

Butorides, 55.

Butorides virescens, 55.

Calcarius, 133.

Calearius SCR LRC me 133, 134.

pictus, 16, 17, 1

Calidris, 71.

Calidris arenaria, 15, 71.

Cardinalis, 145.

Cardinalis cardinalis, 145.
virginianus, 145.

Carpodacus, 128.

Carpodacus purpureus, 128.

Caprimulgide, 113.

Cathartes, 90,

Cathartes aura, 90.

Cathartide, 90.

Certhia, 186.

Certhia familiaris americana, 186.

Certhiide, 186.

Centurus, 112.

Centurus carolinus, 112.

Ceophleeus, 111.

Ceophlceus pileatus abieticola, 111.

Ceryle, 109.

Ceryle aleyon, 109.

Chetura, 114.

Chetura’ pelagica, 114.

Charadriide, 78.

Charadrius, 79.

Charadrius dominicus, 76, 79.
fulvus var. virginicus, 79.
marmoratus, 79.
pluvialis, 79.

Charitonetta, 44.

_Charitonetta albeola, 44.

Chaulelasmus, 37.

Chaulelasmus streperus, 37.

Chen,

Chen’ cerulescens, 49.
hyperborea, 48,
hyperborea nivalis, 49.

Chondestes, 138.

Chondestes’ grammacus, 15, 138.

Chordeiles, 113.

Chordeiles popetue, 113, 114.
virginianus, 113.
virginianus henryi, 113, 114.

Circus, 92.

Circus cyaneus, 92.
hudsonius, 92.

Cistothorus, 185.

Cistothorus stellaris, 185.

Clangula, 43.

Clangula albeola, 44.
clangula americana, 43.
hyemalis, 45.
islandica, 44.

Coccyges, 108.

Coccyzus, 108.

Coccyzus americanus, 108.
erythrophthalmus, 108.

Colaptes, 112.

Colaptes auratus luteus, 112.

Colinus, 82

Colinus virginianus, 82.

Columbe, 86.

Columbide, 86.

Colymbus, 25.

Colymbus auritus, 25.
nigricollis californicus, 26.
holbeellii, 25.
septentrionalis, 27.
toquatus, 27

Compsothlypis, 159. :

Compsothlypis americana ramaline,

Contopus, 117.

Contopus virens, 117.

Conurus, 108.

Conurus carolinensis, 108.

Corvide, 120.

Crovus, 120.

Corvus americanus, 122.
brachyrhynchos, 121.
corax, 120
corax var. carnivorus, 121.
corax principalis, 120.
corax sinuatus, 121.
corone, 121.
pica, 120.

Coturniculus, 135.

Coturniculus savannarum passerinus,

15, 135.

Crucirostra minor, 129.

Crymophilus, 62.

Crymophilus fulicarius, 62.

Cryptoglaux, 104

Cryptoglaux acadica, 105.
tengmalmi richardsoni, 104.

Cuculide, 108.

Cupidonia americana, 84.

Cyanocitta, 120.

Cyanocitta’ cristata, 120.

Cygnus americanus, 52.
bewicki, 52.

Cyanospiza, 146.

Cyanospiza cyanea, 146.

Dafila, 40.

Dafila acuta, 40.

Dendroica, 160.

Dendroica sstiva, 160.
blackburnie, 164.
cerulka, 162.
cerulescens, 16, 161.
castanea, 163.
coronata, 161.
discolor, 169.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 209

dominica albilora, 2 164.

kirtlandii, 165, 166

maculosa, 160, 161.

palmarum, 167, 169.

pensylvanica, 162.

pinus, 168.

rara, 162.

striata, 163.

tigrina, 160.

vigorsii, 168.

virens, 165.
Dolichonyx, 122.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 122.
Dryobates, 1

Dryobates pubescens medianus, 109.

villosus, 1

Ectopistes, 86.

Ectopistes migratoria, 86.

Elanoides, 91

Blanoides forficatus, 91.

Egretta, 54.

Egretta candidissima, 54, 55.

Empidonax, 117.

Empidonax acadicus, 117, 118.
flaviventris, 117
minimus, 118.
pusillus var. trailii, 118.
trailii, 118.
virescens, 117.

Ereunetes, 71.

Ereunetes pusillus, 23, 71.

Erismatura, 47.

Erismatura jamaicensis, 47.
rubida, 47

Euphagus, 125.

Euphagus carolinus, 125.
cyanocephalus, 125.

Falco, 99.

Falco anatum, 99.
atricapillus, 93.
buteoides, 95.
columbarius, 99.
communis var. anatum, 99.
forficatus, 91.
furcatus, 91.
fuscus, 92.
peregrinus, 99:
peregrinus anatum, 99.

. Sparverius, 100:
washingtonianus, 98.
wilsoni, 61.

Falconide, 91.

Fregata aquila, 19.
Fringilla ambigua, 122.
juncorum, 141.
nivalis, 141.
savanna, 135.

Fringillide, 126.

Fulica, 61.

Fulica americana, 59, 61.
atra, 62.

Fuligula americana, 41.
albeola, 44.
affinis, 42.
elangula, 43.
collaris, 43.
ferina, 41.
marila, 42.
vallisneria, 42.

Galeoscoptes, 180.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 180.
Gallinez, 82

Gallinago, 65.

Gallinago delicata, 65, 73.
gallinaria var. wilsoni, 65.
wilsoni, 65

Gallinula, 61.

Gallinula galeata, 61.
chloropus var. galleata, 61.

Garzetta candidissima, 55.

Gavia, 27.

Gavia’ imber, 27.

Gavide, 27.

Gelochelidon nilotica, 21.

Geothlypis, 175.

Geothlypis macgillivrayi, 174.
trichas, 175.
trichas brachidactyla, 175.
trichas occidentalis, 175.

Glaucionetta clangula americana, 43.
islandica, 44.

Graculus dilophus, 34.

Grus, 56

Grus americana, 56.
canadensis, 57.
hoyanus, 56.
mexicana, 57.

Gruide, 56.

Halixetus, 98.

Halisetus leucocephalus, 98.

Harelda, 45.

Harelda glacialis, 45.
hyemalis, 45.

Harporhynchus rufus, 181.

Helminthophila, 157.

Helminthophila celata, 158.
chrysoptera, 157.
peregrina, 159.
pinus, 157.
rubicapilla, 158.

Helodromas, 74.

Helodromas solitarius, 74.

Herodias, 54

Herodias alba var. egretta, 54.
egretta, 54, 55.

Herodiones, 53.

Hesperiphona, 126.

Hesperiphona vespertina, 126.

Himantopus mexicanus, 64.
nigricollis, 64.

Hirundinide, 148.

Hirundo, 148.

Hirundo americana, 148,
erythrogastra, 148.
fulva, 148
horreorum, 148.

Histrionicus histrionicus, 21.

Hydrochelidon, 33.

Hydrochelidon lariformis, 34.
nigra surinamensis, 17, 33.

Hylocichla, 191.

Hylocichla aliciz, 198.
fuscescens, 192, 193.
fuscescens salicicola, 192.
guttata pallasii, 194.
mustelina, 191.
unalashke pallasii, 194.
ustulata swainsoni, 194.

210 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Icteria, 176.

Icteria virens, 176.
viridis, 176.

Icteride, 122.

Icterus, 124.

Icterus agripennis, 122.
baltimore, 125.
galbula, 125.
pecoris, 122.
spurius, 124.

Ionornis, 60.

Ionornis martinica 60.

Iridoprocne, 149.

Iridoprocne bicolor, 149.

Junco, 141.

Juneo hyemalis, 141, 143.
hyemalis shufeldti, 142.

montanus, 141, 142, 143, 145.

oreganus, 142, 143.
oreganus shufeldti, 142.
oregonus, 141, 142.

Lagopus, 84.

Lagopus albus, 84.
lagopus,

Laniide, 152.

Lanius, 152.

Lanius borealis, 152.
ludovicianus, 152.

Lanivireo, 154.

Lanivireo flavifrons, ‘1B,
solitarius, 154.

Larus, 29.

Larus argentatus, 29, 30.
bonapartii, 31
californicus, 30.
delawarensis, 29, 31.
franklinii, 21.
glaucus, 15, 19, 20, 29.
leucopterus, 21, 22.
marinus, 21.
philadelphia, 31.
pomarinus, 28.
smithsonianus, 29, 30.
sabinii, 31.
tridactylus, 28.

Limicole, 62.

Limosa, 72.

Limosa hemastica, 72.
scolopacea, 67.

Linaria holbeellii, 131.
minor, 130.

Lobipes hyperboreus, 63.

Longipennes, 28.

Lophodytes, 36.

Lophodytes cucullatus, 10, 36.

Loxia, 129.

Loxia curvirostra, 129.

curvirostra var. americana, 129.

curvirostra minor, 129.
leucoptera, 129.

Macrorhamphus, 66.

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus, 67.
griseus, 13, 6

Macrochires, 113.

Mareca, 37.

Mareca americana, 38.
penelope, 37.

Megascops, 105.

Megascops asio, 105.

Melanerpes, 111.

Melanerpes carolinus, 112.
erythrocephalus, 111.

Melanetta velvetina, 46.

Meleagris, 86.

Meleagris gallopavo, 86.
gallopavo sylvestris, 86.
sylvestris, 86.

Melospiza, 143.

Melospiza cinerea melodia, 143.
fasciata, 143.
lincolnii, 143.
melodia, 148.
palustris, 143.

Merganser, 35.

Merganser americanus, 35.
serrator, 36.

Merula, 195.

Merula migratoria, 195.

Micropalama, 67.

Micropalama himantopus, 67.

Micropodide, 114

Mimide, 179.

Mimus, 179.

Mimus felivox, 181.
polyglottos, 179.

Mniotilta, 155.

Mniotilta varia, 155.

Muiotiltide, 155.

Molothrus, 122.

Molothrus ater, 122.

Motacilla auricollis, 156.
protonotarius, 156.

Motacillide, 178.

Myadestes townsendii, 20.

Myiarchus, 115.

Myiarchus crinitus, 115.

Muscicapa selbyii, 176.

Nauclerus fureatus, 91.

Nettion, 39

Nettion carolinensis, 39.

Numenius, 77.

Numenius borealis, 78.
hudsonicus, 77, 78.
intermedius, 77.
longirostris, 77.

Nuttallornis, 116.

Nuttallornis borealis, 116.

Nyctale richardsoni, 104.

Nyctea, 106.

Nyctea nyctea, 106.
scandiaca, 106.
scandiaca var. arctica, 106.

Nycticorax, 55.

Nycticorax nycticorax nevius, 55.

Oidemia, 46.

Oidemia americana, 46, 47.
deglandi, 46.
perspicillata, 47.

Olbiorchilus, 184.

Olbiorchilus hiemalis, 184, 185.

Olor, 52.

Olor buccinator, 21.
columbianus, 52.

Oporornis, 172.

Oporornis, agilis, 173.
formosa, 172, 173.
philadelphia, 174.
tolmiei, 174.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY.

Opuntia rafinesquii, 16.

Otocoris, 119.

Otocoris alpestris, 119.
alpestris leucolema, 119.
alpestris praticola, 119.

Otus vulgaris, 102.

Oxyechps, 79.

Oxyechus vociferus, 79.

Paludicole, 56.

Pandion, 100.

Pandion carolinensis, 100.
haliaétus carolinensis, 100.

Paride, 188.

Parula americana, 159.

Parus atricapillus, 189.
carolinensis, 189.
hudsonicus, 22, 189.

Passerculus, 135.

Passerculus sandwichensis savanna,

135.

Passerella, 144.

Passerella iliaca, 144.

Passeres, 115.

Passerina, 132.

Passerina nivalis, 182.

Pavoncella pugnax, 22.

Pedicecetes, 85.

Pediocetes columbianus, 85.
phasianellus, 85.
phasianellus campestris, 85.
phasianellus var. columbianus, 85.

Pelecanide, 35.

Pelecanus, 35.

Pelecanus dilophus, 34.
erythrorhynchos, 35.
onocrotalus, 35.
trachyrhynchus, 35.

Pelidna, 71.

Pelidna alpina americana, 71.
alpina pacifica, 71.
alpina sakhalina, 23, 71.
pacifica, 71.

Penthestes, 187.

Penthestes atricapillus, 189.
carolinensis, 189
hudsonicus, 189.

Perisoreus canadensis, 20, 22.

Petrochelidon, 148.

Petrochelidon lunifrons, 148.

Phalacrocoracide, 34.

Phalacrocorax, 34.

Phalacrocorax dilophus, 34.
dilophus floridanus, 21.

Phalaropodide, 62

Phalaropus, 63.

Phalaropus lobatus, 68.
tricolor, 63.
wilsoni, 63.

Phasianide, 86.

Philohela, 65.

Philohela minor, 18, 65.

Pica, 120.

Pica pica hudsonia, 120.

Pica melanoleuca, 120.

Pici, 109.

Picide, 109.

Picoides, 110.

Picoides arcticus, 110.

Picus caudata var. hudsonica, 120.

2iI

Picus medianus, 110.
pileatus, 111.
pubescens, 109.

Pinicola, 128.

Pinicola canadensis, 128.
enucleator, 128.
enucleator canadensis, 128.

Pipilo, 144.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 144.
maculatus arcticus, 144.

Piranga, 147.

Piranga erythromelas, 147.
rubra,

Plegadis autumnalis, 21.

Podiceps californicus, 26.
cornutus, 25.
griseigena var. holbolli, 25.
holbeellii, 25
rubricollis, 25.

Podicipide, 25.

Podilymbus, 26.

Podilymbus, podiceps, 18, 26.

Polioptila, 191.

Polioptila cxrulea, 191.

Pocecetes, 135.

Poecetes gramineus, 135.

Porzana, 58.

Porzana carolina, 58.
jamaicensis, 59, 60.
noveboracensis, 59.

Progne, 148

Progne purpurea, 148.
subis, 148

Protonotaria, 156.

Protonotaria citrea, 156.

Psittaci, 108.

Psittacide, 108.

Pygopodes, 25.

Pyranga xstiva, 147.

Querquedula, 39.

Querquedula carolinensis, 39.
discors, 10, 39

Quiscalus, 126.

Quiscalus eneus, 126.
ferrugineus, 125.
purpureus eneus, 126.
quiscula seneus, 126.

Rallide, 57.
Rallus, 57.
Rallus crepitans, 57.
elegans, 57.
lariformis, 34.
virginianus, 58.
Raptores, 90.
Recurvirostra, 64.
Recurvirostra americana, 64.
Recurvirostride,
Regulus, 190.
Regulus calendula, 190.
cristatus, 190.
satrapa, 190.
Riparia, 149.
Riparia riparia, 149.
Rissa, 28.
Rissa tridactyla, 15, 20, 28.

Sayornis, 116.
Sayornis phebe, 116.

212 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Scolopacide, 65.

Scolopax delicata, 65.
flavipes, 73.
hudsonica, 72.
sakhalina, 71.

Scotiaptex, 103.

Scotiaptex nebulosa, 103.

Setophaga, 178.

Setophaga ruticilla, 178.

Seiurus, 169.

Seiurus aurocapillus, 169.
ludovicianus, 172.
motacilla, 172.
nevius notabilis, 170, 171.

noveboracensis, 22, 170, 171, 472.

noveboracensis notabilis,

171, 172.
Sialia, 195.
Sialia sialis, 195.
Sitta, 187.

Sitta canadensis, 187.
carolinensis, 187.

Sittide, 187.

Somateria, 45.

Somateria dresseri, 45.
mollissima, 45.
spectabilis, 21, 22.

Sparvius platypterus, 97.

Spatula, 40.

Spatula clypeata, 40.

Sphyrapicus, 110.

Spyhrapicus ruber, 111.
varius, 110
varius nuchalis, 111.

Spinus, 1382.

Spinus pinus, 132.

Spiza, 146.

Spiza americana, 146.

Spizella, 140.

Spizella monticola, 133, 140.
pallida, 140.
pusilla, 141.
socialis, 140.

Squatarola, 78.

Squatarola squatarola, 15, 78.

Steganopodes, 34.

Steganopus, 63.

Steganopus tricolor, 18, 63.

Stelgidopteryx, 150.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 150.

Stercorariide, 28.
Stercorarius, 28.
Stercorarius parasiticus, 22.
pomarinus, 22,
Sterna, 32.
antillarum, 33.
easpia, 15, 20, 32.
forsteri, 32.
havelli, 82.
hirundo, 32, 33.
maxima, 21.
nigra, 33.
philadelphia, 31.
plumbea, 33.
superciliaris, 33.
surinamensis, 33.
tschegrava, 32.
Sternula antillarum, 33.
Strigide, 101
Strix, 101.

Strix arctica, 106.
brachyotus, 102.
caparoch,
cinerea, 103.
flammea, 101.

flammea var. americana, 101.
flammea yar. pratincola, 101.

hudsonica, 107.
otus, 102.

pratincola, 101.
tengmalmi, 104.

Sturnella, 124.

Sturnella magna, 124.
neglecta, 124

Sturnus ludovicianus, 124.

Surnia, 107.

Surnia funeria, 107.
ulula caparoch, 107.
ulula var. hudsonica, 107.

Sylvia autumnalis, 163.
canadensis, 161.
icterocephala, 162.
maritima, 160.
pardalina, 177.
protonotaria, 156.
Tuficapilla, 158.
wilsonii, 177.

Sylvania bonapartii, 177.

Sylvide, 190.

Symphemia, 74.

Symphemia ‘semipalmata, 15, 74, 75.

semipalmata inornata, 7A, 15.
Syrnium, 103.
Syrnium varium, 103.

Tachycineta, 149.

Tachycineta lepida, 149.
thalassina, 149.
thalassina lepida, 149.

Tanagride, 147.

Tantalus loculator, 21.

Telmatodytes, 185.

Telmatodytes palustris iliacus, 185.

palustris plesius, 186.

Tetrao phasianellus, 85.
saliceti,

Tetraonide, 82.

Thryomanes, 182.

Thryomanes bewickii, 182.

Thryothorus, 181.

Thryothorus ludovicianus, 181.

Totanus, 72.

Totanus chloropygius, 74.
flavipes, 67, 73.
melanoleucus, 72.

Toxostoma, 181.

Toxostoma rufum, 181.

Trichas brachydactyla, 175.
-tephrocotis, 173.

Tringa, 68.

Tringa alpina, 71.
bartramia, 75.
bonapartei, 69.
canutus, 15, 23, 68.
cinerea, 68.
douglasii, 67.
helvetica, 78.
pectoralis, 69.
pusilla, 70.
rufescens, 76.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 213

Tringa schinzii, 69. Uria lomvia, 19.
semipalmata, 71. Urinator arcticus, 21.
wilsonii, 70. imber, 2'

Trochilide, 114. lumme, 27.

Trochilus, 114. °

Trochilus colubris, 114. Vireo, 154,

Troglodytes, 183. Vireo bellii, 155.

Troglodytes dedon, 183, 184. flavifrons, 16, 154.
fedon var. aztecus, 184. gilvus, 16. |
fedon parkmanii, 184. noveboracensis, 154, 155.
bewickii, 182. _ , Solitarius, 154
brevirostris, 185. Virionide, 152.
hiemalis, 184. Vireosylva, 152.
ludovicianus, 181. : Vireosylva gilva, 153.
palustris, 185. olivacea, 152,
parkmanii, 184. philadelphica, 153.

parvulus var. hyemalis, 185.

stellaris, 185. Wilsonia, 176.

Troglodytide, 181. Wilsonia canadensis, 177.
Tryngites, 75. mitrata, 176.
Tryngites subruficollis, 75. pusilla, 177.
Turdide, 191. Xanthocephalus, 123.
Turdus alicie, 193. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, 123,
aonalaschke pallasii, 194. xanthocephalus, 123.
fuscescens, 192. Xema, 31.
fuscescens salicicola, 192. Xema sabina, 31.

mustelinus, 191.

pallasii, 194. Zamelodia, 145.

swainsoni, 194. Zamelodia ludoviciana, 145.
swainsoni var. alicie, 193. Zenaidura, 90. — .
ustulatus swainsoni, 194. ~ Zenaidura carolinensis, 90.
wilsonii, 192. macroura,
Tympanuchus, 84. Zonotrichia, 139.
Tympanuchus americanus, 84. Zonotrichia albicollis, 139.
Tyrannide, 115. canadensis, 140.
Tyrannus, 115. coronata, 20.
Tyrannus carolinensis, 115. leucophrys, 139.
cooperi, 116. leucophrys intermedia, 20.
fuscus, 116. querula, 139.

intrepidus, 115.
minima, 118.
tyrannus, 115.

214 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

Avocet, American, 64.

Bee Bird, Red, 147.
Bee Martin, 115.
Beetle-head, 78.
Bird, Beach, 80.
Bee, 115.
Bell, 191.
Cedar, 151.
Cherry, 151.
Fire, 125.
Grass, 135.
Grasshopper, 135.
Green,
Ground, 135.
Hanging, 125.
Indigo, 146.
Myrtle, 161.

Potato-bug, 146.
Rice,

Strawberry, 128.
Of Washington, 98.

Birds of Prey, 90.

Birds, Surf, 82.

Bittern, American, 53.

American Least, 58.
Least,
Little, 58.
Little Yellow, 58.
Minute, 53.
Tortoise-shell, 53.

Black-breast, 78.

Blackbird, blue-headed, 125.

Brewers, 125.
Cow, 122.
Crow, 125.
Red-shouldered, 123.
Red-winged, 123. )
Rusty, 125, 126.
Skunk, 122.
Swamp, 123.
Violet-headed, 125.
Western Crow, 125.
Yellow-headed, i
Black-cap, Wilson’s.

Bluebird, 13, 14, 15, a3 191, 195.

Eastern, 195.
Blue Peter, 60.
Bob Lincoln, 122.
Bob-white, 82.
Bobolink, 122.
Bog-bull, 58.
Bog-sucker, 65.
Booby, 55.
Bottle-head, 78.
Brant 49, 51.

Harlequin, 49.

Gray, 49.
Pied, 49.

Brant Prairie, 49.
White, 48, 49.
White-headed, 49.
Yellow-legged, 49.

Bull Bat, 113.

Bull- head, 78, 79.

Bumblebee, 70.

Bunting, Bay-winged, 135.
Black-throated, 146.
Cow, 122.
Cowpen, 122.
Henslow’s, 136.
Indigo, 146.
Leconte’s, 136.
Painted, 134.
Painted Lark, 134.
Smith’s, 134.
Snow, 132.

Butcher Bird, Great Northern, 152.

Southern, 1
Buzzard, 90.
Turkey, 90.

Calico-back, 82.
Canary, Wild, 160.
Cardinal, 145.
Catbird, "180, 181.
Cedar- lark, 151.

Chat, Yellow-breasted, 176.

Chatterer, Waxen, 150.

Chewink,

Chickadee, 189.
Black- capped, 189.
Carolina, 14, 189.
Eastern, 189.

Hudsonian, 20, 21, 189, 190.

Northern, 189
Southern, 189.
Chicken, Prairie, 84, 85.
Chickty-beaver, 155.

Chip-bird, 140.

Red- billed, “141,
Winter, 140.
Clodhopper, 122.
Coot, American, 61, 62.

46.

Butter- billed, 46.
Gray, 47.
Heavy-tailed, 47.
Hollow-billed, 46.
Horse-head, 47,
Sleepy, 47.

Surf, 47.
White-winged, 46.

Cormorant, Florida, 21.
Double- crested, 34.

Corn-cracker, 145.

Cowbird, 122.

Cow-cow, 108.

Crane, Brown, 57.
Great White, 56.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY.

Crane, Sandhill, 57.
White Sandhill, 56.
Whooping, 56, 57.

Creaker, 69.

Crab-catcher, 55.

Creeper, American Tree, 187.

Black and White, 155.
Brown, 186, 187.
Striped, 155.

Crossbill, 17.

American, 129.
ee Red, 129.
Red,

Wiite-winged, 129, 130.

Crow, 15, 120.

American, 121.

109.
Cuckoo, Black- billed, 108.
Yellow-billed, 108.
Curlew, Big, 77.
Eskimo, 78.
Hudsonian, 77, 78.
Jack, 77.
Little, 78.
Long-billed, 77.
Short-billed, 77.
Sickle-billed, 77.

Dab-chick, 26.

Darter, 93.

Dickcissel, 146.

Di-dapper, 26. .

Diver, Great Northern, 27.
Red-throated, 27, 28.

Dough-bird, 78.

Dowitcher, 15, 66.

Dowitcher, Long-billed, 67.

Dove, American Turtle, 90.
Carolina, 90.
Common, 90.
Mourning, 90.

Turtle, 90.

Duck, American Hider, 45.
American Pochard, 41.
Bald-crown, 38.

Bald- headed, 38.
Baldpate, 38.
Big Sea, 45.
Black, 37.
Black-head, 43.
Black Jack, 438.
Blue-bill, 43.
Blue-wing, 39.
Brass-eye, 43.
Bridal, 41.
Bristle-tail, 47.
Broady, 40.
Broad-bill, 42.
Buffle-head, 44.
Bull-neck, 42.
Butter, 40.
Butter-ball, 44.
Butter-bill, 46.
Cannon Ball, 42, 44.
Canvas-back, 10, 41, 42.
Cob-head, 43.
Cock Robin, 36.
Coot, 43.

Duck, Creek, 37.

Grow, 34,

Fan-crest, 36.

Fish, 35.

Fool, 47.

Gadwall, 37.

Gar-bill, 36.

Golden-eye, American, 43.
Golden-eye, Barrows, 44.

Golden-eye, Rocky Mountain, 44.

Goosander,

Gray, 36, 87.

Great- head, 43.
Greater Scaup, 21.
Green-head, 38.
Green-wing, 39.
Hairy-head, 36.
Harlequin, 21
Iron-head, 43.

King Hider, 21, 22.
Lesser Scaup, 42, 43, 47.
Little Black- head, 42,
Little Blue-bill, 42.
Long-neck, 40.
Long-tailed, 45.
Mallard, 41.

March Blue-bill, 42.
Merry-wing, 43.
Moon-bill, 43.
Moss-head, 36.

Mud Blue-bill, 42.
Mud-shoveller, 40.
Old Injun, AD.

Old Molly, 45.

Old Squaw, 18, 19, 44, 45.
Old Wife, 45.
Pheasant, 40.
Pheasant, Water, 40.
Pick-axe,. 36.
Picket-tail, 40.
Pintail, 19, 40, 41.
Poacher, White- bellied, 38.
Red-head, 41, 47.
Red-headed Broad- aoe
Red-headed Bull-neck,
Ring-bill, 43.
Ring-billed Shuffler, 43.
Ring-necked, 4:

River, 42.

River Scaup, 42.
River Shuffler, 42.
Rook, .

Ruddy, 47, 48.
Saw-bill, 35, 46.
Scolder, 45.

Scoter, 46.

Scoter, White-winged, 44.
Sea, 47.

Shovel-bill, 40.
Shoveller, 40.

Sleepy, 47.

Smutty, 46.

Snowl, 36.

Spike-tail, 40.
Spine-tailed, 47.

216 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Duck, Spirit, 44.
Spoon-bill, 40.
Squaw, 45.
Stiff-tail, 47.
Summer, 41.
Surf, 47.
Velvet, 46.

White-face, 39.

White-wing, 46.

Whistler, 43.

Whistle-wing, 43.

Wood, 10, 36, 41.

Yellow-bill, 46.
Dunlin, 71.

Eagle, American Sea, 98.
Bald, 10, 98.

Ne
Ring-tailed, 97.
White-headed, 98.
Egret, American, 10, 54.
Little, 55.
Little White, 55.

Falcon, Great-footed, 99.
Field-fare, American, 195.
Fieldlark, 124.
Western, 124.
Finch, Grass, 135.
Harris’, 139.
Lark, 138.
Lincoln’ s, 143.
Mourning, 139.
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, 137.
Pine, 1382.
Roseate, 128.
Sharp-tailed, 48. ;
Flicker. Northern, 112.
Yellow-shafted, 112.
Flycatcher, Acadian, 117.
Canada, 177.
‘Crested, 115.
Fan-tailed, 178.
Great-crested, 115.
Green-crested, 117.
Least, 118.
Olive- ‘sided, 116.
Pewit, 116.
Traill’s, 118.
Tyrant, 115.
Yellow-bellied, 115, 117.
Yellow-tailed, 178
Fly-up-the-Creek, 55.

Gallinaceous Birds, 82.
Gallinule, American, 61.
Florida, 18, 61, 62.
Purple, 60.
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 191.
Hastern, 191.
Goatsucker, 113.
Godwit, Hudsonian, 72.
Golden- ‘crest, American, 190.
Goldfinch, ‘American, 131.
Pine, 132

Goose, American White-fronted, 49.

Goose, Bay, 50, 51.
Big Wild, 50.
Blue, 49.
Blue-winged, 49.
Brent, 51.
Cackling, 22.
Canada, 50.
Common Wavy, 49.
Comnion Wild,
Cravat, 50.
Eskimo, 51.
Gray, 51.
Greater Snow, 49.
Honker,
Hutchins’s, 51.
Laughing, 49.
Lesser Canada, 51.
Lesser Snow, 48, 49.
Little Wild, 51.
Mexican, 49.
Nigger, 34. -
Prairie, 49, 51.
Red, 49.
Snow, 48.
Roecktebolly: 49.
Texas, 49.
White-head, 49.
Yellow-legged, 49.
Goshawk, American, 93.
Grackle, Bronzed, 125.
Rusty, 125.
Gray-back, 66.
Grebe, American Eared, 26.
American Red-necked, 25.
California, 36.

Horned, 25,. 26.
Pied- billed, 18.

Greenlets. See Vireos, 153, oe 155.

Grosbeak, Canadian Pine, 1
Cardinal, 145.
Evening, 17, 126, 127.
Purple, 128
Red-breasted, 146.
Roseate, 128)
Rose-breasted, 145.

Grouse, Drumming, 83.
Pinnated, 84.

Ruffed, 83, 84,
Ruffled, 83.
Sharp- tailed, 85.
Willow, 84.

Guinea Duck, 27.

Gull, American He cutes 30.
Big Mackerel, 32.
Boneparte’s, ’30. al
Burgomaster, 19, 21.
Huropean Herring, 30.
Fork-tailed, 31.
Franklin’s, 18, 21.
Glaucous, 15, 18, 20.
Gray, 29.

Great Black-backed, 21.
Herring, 29, 30.
Hutchin’s, 29.

Iceland, 21, 22.
Kittiwake, 45, 20, 28.
Mackerel,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 217

Gul, Molly, 31, 33.
Ring-billed, 30, 31.
Sabine’s 31.
Saddle-back, 21.

White, 29.

White-winged, 21.

Winter, 28. j
Gull-chaser, 28.
Gull-hunter, 28.

Hair-bird, 140.
Hanging-bird, Little Green, 155.
Harrier. See Hawks, 92.

Hawk, American Rough-legged, 97.

American Sparrow, 100.
Black, 97.

Black Red- tail, 95.

Blue, 93.

Blue Chicken, 93.

Blue Quail, 93.
Broad-winged, 96.
Bullet, 92, 93.

Chicken, 93, 94, 95.
Cooper’s, 93.

k, 99.
Eastern Red-tail, 94.
Fish, 100.
Fish-tail, 91.
Harlan’s, 95.
Hen, 94, 95.
Krider’s, 94.
Little Blue, 100.
Little Swift, 92.
Marsh, 92.
Mouse, 100.
Pigeon, 92, 99.
Quail, 93.
Red-shouldered, 95, 96.
Sharp-shinned, 92, 93.
Slate-colored, 92.
Snake, 91.
Swainson’s, 96.
Swallow-tailed, 91.
Swift, 93.
White-breasted Chicken, 94.
White Hen, 94.
White Red- ‘tailed, 94, 95.
Hell-diver, 25, 26, 27.
Hen, Indian, 53.
Marsh, 57.
Mud, 57.
Prairie, 84, 85.
Sedge, 57.
Heron, American Black-crowned
Night, 56.
Black-crowned Night, 55.
Great Blue, 11, 53, 54.
Green, 55.
Little Snow, 55.
Snowy, 54.
High-hole, 112.
High-holder, 112.
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 114.

Ibis, Glossy, 21.
Wood, 20.
Jack, Red-breasted, 66.
Jaeger, Parasitic, 22.
Pomarine, 22, 2

Jaree, 144.

Shufeldt’s, 142.-
Slate-colored, 141.

Kestril, American, 100.
Kildee, 79

Killdeer, 79.

Kingbird, 115.

Kingfisher, Belted, 108, 109.
Kinglet, Golden-crested, 190.
Golden-crowned, 1280
Ruby-crowned, 190.
Kite, White- headed Swallow, 91.

Swallow-tailed, 91.
Kittiwake, 28, 29.
Knot, 15, 23, 68.

Lark, Horned, 119.
Prairie, 119.
Prairie Horned, 119.
Sand, 76.

Shore, 119.
Snow, 119.
La

wyer, 64.
Lettuce-bird, 1382.
Linnet, 146.

Linnet, Hoary, 130.
Pine, 132.
Purple, 128.
Redpoll, 131.
Rosy, 128.
Logcock, 11.
Long-beak, Greater, 67.
Long-shanks, 64.
Longspur, eee Pl 1338.
Painted, 17,
Smith's. 16, in "184,
Look-up, 53.
Loon, 27.
Loon, Black, 34.
Black-throated, 21.
Red-throaced, 27.

Magpie, American, 120.
Black-billed, 120.

Mallard, 36, 37.
Gray, 36.

Man-o’-war Bird, 19, 20.

Martin, 148.

Martin, American, 148.
House, 148.
Purple, 148.
Rough-winged Sand, 150.
Sand, 150.

Meadowlark, Little, 146.
Western, 124.

Merganser, 35.

Merganect, American, 35.
uff-breasted, 35.
Hooded, 10, 36.
Red-breasted, 19, 36.

Merlin, American, 100.

Mire-drum, 53.

Mockingbird, 178, 180, 181, 192.

Mockingbird, English, 181.
Ferruginous, 181.
Fox-colored, 181.
French, 181.

218 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,.

Mockingbird, Sandy, 181.
Southern, 179.
Yellow, 176.

Mud-hen, 61, 62.

Mud-hen, Blue, 60.
Red-billed, 61.
White-billed, 62.

Mud-snipe, 65

Murre, Brunnich’s, 19.

Nighthawk, 113, 114.

Nightingale, Virginia, 145.

Night Heron, 55.

Nuthatch, 14.

Nuthatch, Canada, 187.
Red-breasted, 187.
White-breasted, 187.

Old Abe, 98.

Oriole, Baltimore, 125.
Brown, 124.
Chestuut-colored, 124.
Golden, 5.
Orchard, 124,

Orioles, 122.

Orlotan, 58.

Osprey, American, 100.

Oven-bird, 169, 170.

Owl, Acadian, 105.

” American Barn, 101.
American Hawk, 107.

American Long-eared, 102.

Arctic Horned, 106.
Barred, 103.

Booby, 106.

Cat, 106.

Day, 107.

Ermine, 106.

Great Ginersons) 103.
Great Gray, 103.
Great Horned, 106.
Great White, 106.
Hoot, 103, 106.

‘ Hudsonian Hawk, 107.
Lesser Horned, 102.
Little Gray, 105.
Little Mottled, 105.
Little Red, 105.
Marsh,

Monkey, 101.
Mottled, 105.
Prairie, 102.
Richardson’s, 104.
Saw-whet, 105.
Screech, 105.
Short-eared, 102.
Snow, 106.
Snowy, 106, 107.
Sparrow, 104.
Spectral, 103.
Swamp, 102.
White, 106.
White-fronted, 105.
Ox-eye, 71, 78

Parrots, 108.

Paroquet, Carolina, 19, 108.
Illinois, 108.

Partridge, 82, 83.

Peep, 70, 71.

Berrien 76, 74.

Pelican, American White, 35.
Rough-billed, 35.

Perching Birds, ‘145.

Peregrine, American, 99.

Pewee, 116.

Pewee, Wood, 117.

Phalerope, Northern, 62, 63.

ed, 62.
Wilson’s, 18, 63.

Pheasant, 83, 86.

Phebe, 116.

Pheebe, Barn, 116.

Pigeon, Passenger, 86, 87, 88, 89.

Sea, 31, 33.
Wild, 86, 88, 89.
Wood, 86, 108.

Pink-stockings, 64.

Pin-tail, 85.

Pipit, American, 178.
Louisiana, 178.
Pennsylvania, 178.

Plover, American Golden, 79.
American Ring, 80.
Black-bellied, 55, 23, 78, 79.
Belted Piping, 18, 80, gi.
Field, 75

Upland, 75.
Western Piping, 80.
Post-driver, 53.
Prairie Pigeon, 79.
Ptarmigan, White, 84.
Willow, 84.

Qua-bird, 56.

Quail, 82.

Quail, American, 82.
Virginia, 82.

Quak, 56.

Rail, Black, 59, 60.
Carolina,
Clapper, 57.
Common, 58.
King, 18, 57, 61.
Little, 59.

Little Black, 60.
Little Yellow, 59.
Red, 58.

Red- breasted, 57.
Sora, 58.
Virginia, 58.
Yellow, 59.

Raven, Northern, 120.

Redbreast, 195.

Redbird, 145.

Redbird, Black-winged, 147.
Cardinal, 145.
Crested, 145.
Summer, 147.
Virginian, 145.

Redpoll, 130.

Redpoll, Common, 131.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY.

Redpoll, Dusky, 131.
Greater, 131
Hoary, 1380.
Holboll’s, 131.
Lesser, 131.
Mealy, 1380.
White-rumped, 130.

Redstart, American, 178.

Reed-bird, 58,

Ring-neck, 80.

Robin, 14, 15, 195.
Robin, American, 195.
Golden, 125.
Ground, 144.
Swamp, 194.

Wood, 191.

Ruff, 22.

Sanderling, 15, 71.
Sandpeter, 33.
Sandpiper, Baird’s, 15, 69.

Bartramian, 75

Bonaparte’s, 69.

Buff-breasted, 75, 76,

Knot, 68.

Least, 23, 70.

Long-legged, 67.

Pectoral, 68.

Red-backed, 23, 71.

Purple, 15, 68.

Semipalmated, 23, 71.

Solitary, 74.

Spotted, 76, 77.

Stilt, :

White-rumped, 69. \

Wilson’s, 70.
Sapsucker, 15, 187.

‘ Sapsucker, Blue, 187.

‘Big, 109.

Little, 110.

Red-throated, 110.

Yellow-bellied, 110.
Schytepoke, 55.

Scoter, 18.

Scoter, American, 46.
American Black, 46.
ace Velvet, 46.
Surf,

White- ‘Winged, 46, 47.
Sheldrake, 19, 36.
Sheldrake, Hbciea. 36.

Pond, le

Wood, 36.

Shrike, 15.

Shrike, Common American, 152.

Great American, 152.
Loggerhead, 152.
Louisiana, 152.
Northern, 152.
Sickle-bill, 77.
Siskin, Pine, 132.
Skylark, 119.
Skylark, American, 119.
Skuas, 28
Snipe, 65.
Snipe, American, 65.
Blind, 65
Common, 65.
English, 65, 72.
Trost, -
Grass, 69.

Snipe, Gray, 66.
Gutter, 65.
Jack, 65, 69.
Meadow, 69.
Red-backed,’ 71.
Red-breasted, 66.
River, 76.
Robin, 23, 66, 67, 68.
Rock,
Sand, 69, “70, 71, 76.
Sickle-bill, 77.

d, 74.
Snowbird, 119, 131, 141.
Snowbird, Black, {41

Slate-colored, 141.

White, 132.
Snowflake, Tis 132, 133.
Solitaire, Townsend’s, 20.

Sora, 58, 59.

Sparrow, Canadian, 140.
Chipping, 140.
Clay-colored, 140.
Field, 141.

Fox, 144.
Fox-colored, 144.
Golden-crowned, 20.
Grasshopper, 15, 135.
Harris’, 139.
Henslow’s, 15, 136.
Intermediate, 20.
Lark, 11, 15, 138.
Leconte’s, 16, 136, 137.
Lincoln’ s, 143.
Lincoln’s Song, 1438.
Nelson’s, 187, 18
Rufous, 144
Savanna,’ 135.

Song, 143.

Swamp, 16, 137, 143.
Swamp Song, 143,
Tree, 140.

Vesper, 135.

White-crowned, 20, 135.

White- -throated, 139.
Winter, 140.
Yellow-browed, 139.
Yellow- winged, 135.
Squawk, 55.
Speckle-belly, 37.
Spike-tail, 85.
Sprig-tail, 85.
Stake-driver, 53.
Starling, Red-winged, 123.
Stilt, 64.
Stilt, Black-necked, 64.
White-tailed, 69.
Stink-bird, 186.
Striker, 32, 33.
Striker, Little, 33.

219

Swallow, American Barn, 148, 149.

Bank, 149.

Black, 34.

Black and White, 149.
Bridge, 150.

Chimney, 114.

220 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF Ee

Swallow, Cliff, 148.
Crescent, 148.
Have, 148.
Forked-tailed Barn, 148.
Green-blue, 149.
Purple, 148.
Republican, 148.
Rough-winged, 150.
Rough-winged Bank, 150.
Rufous-bellied, 148.
pend, 150.

33.
Square- tailed, 148.
Tree, 149.
Violet, 148.
Violet-green, 149.
White-bellied, 149.
White- fronted, 148.
Swan, American, 52.
Trumpeter, 21.
Swans, 35.
Sweep, Chimney, 114.
Swimmers, Lamellirostral, 35.
Swimmers, Totipalmate, 34.
Swift, Chimney, 114.

Tanager, Red, 147.
Scarlet, 147.
Summer, 147.
Vermilion, 147.

Tattler, 74.

Tattler, Bartramian, 75.
Solitary, 74.

Teal, Blue Winged, a 39, 40.
‘Green-winged,

Mud, 39.
Red-headed, 39.
Scotch, 44.
Summer, 39.
Winter, 39.

Tell-tale, 72, 79.

Tell-tale, Lesser, 73.

Teeter, 74.

Tern, Black, 17, 33, 34.
Caspian, 15, 20, 32.
Common, 382, 33.
Foster’s, 32.
Gull-billed, 21.
Havell’s, 32.
Least, 33.

Royal, 21.
Short-tailed,. 34.
Wilson’s, 32, 33.

Thistle-bird, 132.

Thrasher, Brown, 181.

Thrush, Alice’s, 193.
Bell, 191,

Eastern Hermit, 194.
Golden-crowned, 170.
Gray-cheeked, 193.
Hermit, 194.
Migratory, 195.
Olive-backed, 194.
Red-breasted, 195.
Robin, 195.
Rufus-tailed, 194.
Solitary, 194.
Swainson’s, 194.
Tawny, 192.

‘ Willow, 192, 193.

' Wilson’s, 192.

Thrush, Wood, 191, 192.

Thunder- -pump, 53.

Tip-up, 74, 76.

Tip-up, Pond, 74.

Titmouse, Black- -capped, 189.
Black-fronted, 188.
Carolina, 189.

Tufted, 14, 188, 189.

Titlark, 178.

Titlark, American, 178.

Tomtit, 187,

Towhee, 144,

Towhee, Arctic, 142, 144.

Towink, 144.

Turkey, Wild, Me 86.

Turnstone, 15,

Veery, Rocky Mcanbat 192,

Vireo, Bell’s, 155.

Brotherly Love, 153.
Blue-headed, 154.
Philadelphia, 153.
Red-eyed, 152, 153.
Solitary, 154.

Warbling, 16, 153, 154.
White-eyed, 154, 155.
Yellow-throated, 11, 16, 154.

Vulture, Turkey, 19, 90, 91.

Wake-up, 112.

Wagtail, 172.

Wagtail, Sie ihe ae 170.

Walloon, 57.

Warbler, Autumnal, 163.
Azure, 162.
Bay-breasted, 163.
Black and Red, 178.
Black and White, 168, 155.
Black and White Creeping, 155.
Black and Yellow, 161.
Blackburnian, 164.
Black Cap, 163, 176.
Black-capped Yellow, 177.
Black-headed, 6.
Black-throated Blue, 16, 161.
Black-throated Green, 165.
Black-throated Ground, 174.
Black-poll, 163.
Blue, 162.
Blue Golden-winged, 157.
Blue-winged, 157.
Blue-winged Swamp, 157.
Blue-winged Yellow, 157.
Blue Yellow-backed, 160.
Bonaparte’s, 177.
Canadian, 161, 177.
Canadian Flycatcher, 177.
Cape May, 160.
Cerulean, 11, 162.
Chestnut- backed Yellow, 169.
Chestnut-sided, 162.
Connecticut, 16, 178, 174.
Fan-tailed, ‘178.
Golden Swamp, 156.
Golden-winged, 157, 158.
Golden-winged Swamp, 157.
Gray-headed, 173.

Hooded Flycatcher, 176.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 22

Warbler, Kentucky, 172, 173.
Kirtland’s, 165, 166, 168.
Macgillivray’s, 174.
Magnolia, 161.

Mitred, 176.
Mourning, 174.
Myrtle, 15, 161.
Nashville, 158.
Necklaced, 177.
Orange-crowned, 158.
Orange-throated, 164.
Palm, 169.

Pine, 168.

Pine Creeping, 168.
Pine Swamp, 161
Prairie, 169.
Prothonotary, 16, 156.
Red-poll, 169.
Selby’s, 176.
Sycamore, 20, 164.
Tennessee,

Tie-up, 169.
Titlark, 169.
Wagtail, 169.
Western Parula, 159, 160.
White-throated, 162.
Willow, 156
Wilson’s, 177.
Worm-eating, 20.
Yellow, 160.

Yellow-crowned Wood, 161.

Yellow Red-poll, 169.
Yellow-rumped, 161.
Yellow-tailed, 178.

Warblers, 13, 16, 23, 190.

Warblers, Wood, 155.

Water Kick-up, 170.

Water-thrush, 16, 22.

Water-thrush, Grinnell’s, 171.
Large-billed, 172.
Louisiana, 172.

New York, 170.

Small-billed, 170.

Wyoming, 171.
Water-witch, 26.

Waxwing, Black- throated, 150.
Bohemian, 17, 150, i151.
Carolina, 151.

Cedar, 151.

Northern, 150.
Waxwings, 150.
Whip-poor-will, 113.
Widgeon, 37, 38.

»

Widgeon, American, 38.

Willet, 15.

Willet, Western, 74.

Wren, Bewick’s, 182, 183.

lue,
Bunty, 185.
Carolina, 181, 182.
Golden-crested, 190.
Golden-crowned, 190.
’ Grass, 186.

Great Carolina, 181.
House, 183.
Large Wood, 181.
Little Log, 185.
Long-billed Marsh, 185, 186.
Long-tailed, 183, 191.
Long-tailed House, 183.
Mocking, 181.
Prairie Marsh, 186.
Ruby-crowned, 190.
Short-billed Marsh, 11, 185.
Short-tailed House, 183.
Winter, 184, 1
Western House, 184.
Wood,

Wrens, 181.

Woodcock, 18, 111.

Woodcock, American, 65.
Black, 111

Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 110.
Black-backed Three-toed, 110.
Carolina, 112.
Downy, 109, 110.
Golden-winged, 112.
Hairy, 109, 110.
Ivory-billed, 19.
Red-bellied, 112.
Red-headed, 111.
Northern Pileated, 111.
Zebra, 1

Yellow-bird, Black-capped, 132.

Black-winged,

Summer, 132, 16 0.
Yellow-hammer, 112.
Yellow-legs, 73.

Big, 72.

Greater, 72, 73.

Yellow-throat, ‘Northern, 175.
Yelper, 72.

‘HLOOS ONIMOOT {‘VNVIGNI ‘SSUATITA] LV NOIDGU ANOG GNVS

“TI NAGOOM ‘A ‘A ‘AW AM CAHAVASOLOHD

‘TaLvid

PLATE II.

A FAVORITE HAUNT OF MIGRATORY BIRDS IN LINCOLN PARK. PHOTOGRAPHED BY MR. F. M. WOODRUFF.

PLATE III.

BONAPARTE'S GULL AT MILLERS, INDIANA PHOTOGRAPHED FROM LIFE BY MR. F. M. WOODRUFF.

PLATE IV.

BLACK TERN, TWO WEEKS OLD. PHOTOGRAPHED FROM LIFE BY MR. F. M. WOODRUFF.

PLATE V.

LAKE MICHIGAN IN WINTER. SHOWING METHOD OF HUNTING THE NORTHERN VARIETIES OF DUCKS IN THE ICE FLOES. PHOTOGRAPHED BY
Mr. A. C. PATTERSON.

PLATE Vi.

—

COLONY OF GREAT BLUE HERONS ON THE DESPLAINES RIVER, TWENTY MILES NORTH OF
CHICAGO. PHOTOGRAPHED BY MR. F. M. WOODRUFF.

PLATE VII.

BELTED PIPING PLOVER, AT MILLERS, INDIANA. PHOTOGRAPHED FROM LIFE BY Mr. F. M. WOODRUFF.

PLATE VIII.

PET Ss

a es

A TYPICAL FALL SCENE IN THE WOODED REGION OF THE CHICAGO AREA. PHOTOGRAPHED
BY MR. FRANK M. WOODRUFF.

PLATE IX.

A TYPICAL SUMMER SCENE IN THE WOODED REGION OF THE CHICAGO AREA. PHOTOGRAPHED
BY MR. T. H. PURPLE.

PLATE X.

SCENE ALONG THE DESPLAINES RIVER. PHOTOGRAPHED BY MR. F. M. WOODRUFF.

PLATE XI,

THE GRAND CALUMET RIVER, AT CALUMET HEIGHTS, INDIANA. PHOTOGRAPHED BY MR. A. C. PATTERSON.

Tue Cuicaco ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Birds of the Chicago Area

it eee
Sega ey BY

FRANK MORLEY WOODRUFF

BULLETIN No. VI

OF

Tue Naturat History Survey

ISSUED APRIL 15. 1907

PRINTED BY
JENNINGS & GRAHAM
~ CHICAGO

Publications Issued by The Chicago Academy of Sciences.

I, By rue Acapemy:

Early Proceedings, Vol. I. Out of print. Pages 1-48.

Transactions, Vol. I. Out of print. Contains:

Azt. I. Description of Fossils from the Paleozoic Rocks of the Western
States, with illustrations. By Professor J. H. McChesney.

Agr. II. On the Climate of the Country Bordering Upon the Great
North American Lakes. By Dr. I. A. Lapham.

ArT. III, Remarks on the Geology of the Valley of the Mackenzie
River, with figures and descriptions of Fossils from that region, in the
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, chiefly collected by the late Robert

..Kennicott, Esq. By F. B. Meek.

Art. IV. Descriptions of New Subcarboniferous and Coal Measure
Fossils, collected upon the Geological Survey of Towa, together with a notice
.of new generic characters observed in two species of Brachipods. By Dr..
©. A. White and O. H. St. John.

Art. V. Illustrations of North American Birds in the Museum of The
-Chicago Academy ‘of Sciences. By Dr. William Stimpson. -

Art. VI. Biography of Robert Kennicott. By a Committee of The
' Academy, appointed at the meeting of Nov. 13, 1866.

Axr. VIT. On the Antiquity of Man in North America. By J. W.
Foster, LL.D.

ArT. VIII. - Descriptions of Certain Stone and Copper Implements
Used by the Mound Builders. By J. W. Foster, LL.D.

ArT, IX. List of Birds of Alaska, with Biographical Notes. By
William H. Dall and H. M. Bannister.

Art. X. On additions to the Bird-Fauna of North America, made
by the Scientific Corps of the Russo-American Telegraph Expedition. By
8. F. Baird.

. _ Art. XI. A Preliminary List of the Butterflies of Iowa. By Samuel
H. Scudder.

Transactions, Vol. II. Out of print. Contains:

Akt. I. The North American Lakes Considered as Chronometers of
Post-Glacial Time. By Edmund Andrews, A.M., M.D.

Bulletins, Volume I.

“No. I. Glacial Markings of Unusual Forms in the Laurentian Hills.
By Edmund Andrews, M.D., LL.D. Price, 25 cents.

No. II. Observations of Fluviatile Deposits in Peoria Lake, Alii
By Rev. Joseph D. Wilson. Price, 25 cents.

No. III. List of Batrachia and Reptilia of Illinois. By N. S. Davis,
Jr, and F, L. Rice. Price, 25 cents.

No. IV. Report of the Committee on the Microscopic Organisms in the
Bowlder Clays of Chicago and Vicinity. By H. A. Johnson, M.D., and
B. W. Thomas, F.R.M.S., Committee. Price, 25 cents.

No. V. The Northern Pitcher-Plant, or the Side-Saddle Flower.
Sarracenia purpurea, L. By William K. Higley. Price, 25 cents.

No. Vi. Bowlder Clays. On ‘the Microscopic Structure of Certain
Bowlder Clays and the Organisms Contained in Them. By Dr. George
M. Dawson, D.S., F.G.S., ete. Price, 25 cents. 8

No. VII. Some Points on the Micro-Chemistry of Fats. By John H.
Long, Sc.D. | Price, 25 cents.

No. VIII. Chicago Artesian Wells. On their Structure and Sources
of Supply. By Leander Stone, A.M. Price, 25 cents.

No. IX. On Rhizocarps in the Erian (Devonian) Period in America.
By Sir William Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S. Price, 25 cents.

No. X. A Paper on Hlephas Primigenius. By William K. Higley.
Price, 25 cents. :

Bulletins, Volume II.

No. I. The Flora of Cook County, Illinois, and a part of Lake County,
Indiana. By William K. Higley and Charles S. Raddin. Out of print.

No. II. Preliminary Outline of a New Classification of the Family
Muricide. ‘By Frank Collins Baker, Curator. Price, 25 cents.

No. III. The Gross Anatomy of Limnea Emarginata Say, Var. Migh-
elsi, Binney. By Frank Collins Baker, Curator. Price, 25 cents.

No. IV. (1) The Digitations of the Mantle in Physa. (2) Descrip-
tion of a New Species of Limnea. By Frank Collins Baker, Curator.
Price, 25 cents.

Special Publications :

No. I. Historical Sketch of The Chicago Academy of Sciences (1856-
1902). By William Kerr Higley, Secretary of the Academy. Limited dis-
tribution.

II. By THe NatusaL History Survey:

Bulletin No. I. The Lichen-Flora of Chicago and Vicinity. By William
Wirt Calkins. Price, 25 cents.

Bulletin No. II. The Pleistocene Features and Deposits of the Chicago
Area. By Frank Leverett, U. S. Geol. Survey. Price, 25 cents.

Bulletin No. III. The Mollusca of the Chicago Area. Part 1, The
Pelecypoda. Part II, The Gastropoda. By Frank Collins Baker, Curator
of The Chicago Academy of Sciences. Price, Part I, 50 cents; Part Il,
$1.00.

Bulletin No. IV. The Paleontology of the Niagaran Limestone in the
Chicago Area. Part I, The Crinoidea. By Stuart Weller of the University
of Chicago. Price, 50 cents.

Bulletin No. V. The Mineralogy of the Chicago Area. By Alja Rob-
Inson Crook of the Northwestern University. Price, 35 cents.

Bulletin No. VI.. The Birds of the Chicago Area. By Frank Morley
Woodruff. Price, 75 cents.

In Preparation:

Boring Records of Chicago ‘and Vicinity. By Thomas T. Johnston.
Paleontology. (Subsequent parts.) By Professor Stuart Weller.
Lepidoptera. By William L. Tower.

d. Reptilia and Batrachia. By Dr. Seth E. Meek.

e. Algew. By Professor C. B. Atwell.

f. Pteridophyta and Bryophyta. By Professor HB. J. Hill.

Flora of Cook County and Vicinity (Phenogamia). By Professor
William K. Higley and Charles S. Raddin.

h. Ethnology and Archeology. By Dr. William A. Phillips.

j. Fishes. By Dr. Seth BE. Meek.

j. Noxious Insects.

k. Composition of the Waters of the Deep Wells of the Chicago Area.
By Dr. John H. Long.

1, Fleshy Fungi. By Dr. W. S. Moffatt. wat

m. The Niagara Formation. In charge of Dr. Thomas C. Chamberlin.

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