The truth about Korea

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

WILLIAM EDMUND AUGHINBAUGH

M.D., LL.B., LL.M.

1871, October 12, Washington, D. C. ■ New York, N. Y., December 17, 1940

President of The Adventdkers' Club

1919-1925

"/ Swear by Apollo"

Cornell University Library
DS 916.K33 1919

B Cornell University

'g Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

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MAP OF KOREA.

THE
TRUTH ABOUT KOREA

By

CARLTON WALDO KENDALL

(Delegate to the International Peace Conference, 1915)

' <=?c>o •..,

SECOND EDITION

* * * * V * * (r , * * • ',

Published by . i <"< ' t « i r ,

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THE KOEEAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION /Vv} '<<,

San Francisco, California i^'f \ '(

July, 1919 l%\^^ir, h4

Copyright, 1919,

by

The Korean N%ti(Vi^ Association

This volume is dedicated

to the men and toomen of Korea

who have so heroically given their lives

that Freedom and Liberty may be

the inherent birth-right

of their posterity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE.

Foreword 7

General Information About Korea 9

The Seizure of Korea 11

Japanese Autocratic Rule , 15

Administration and 'Reforms' 16

Economic Oppression 17

Religious Oppression 19

The Double Standard 20

The Independence Movement 24

The Preparations 25

The Opening Demonstration 27

The Japanese Police 30

Atrocities and Massacres 31

The New Republic 34

Statements and Press Reports 37

Official Documents and Proclamations 47

Declaration of Independence 49

Aims and Aspirations 53

Provisional Constitution 55

Official Proclamation 57

Petition to the Peace Conference 59

Memorandum to the Peace Conference 71

Appendices 95

Bibliography 103

ILLUSTRATIONS

Map of Korea Frontispiece

The Dai Dong River 7 /-> •, 10

. . ••««■• } Opposite page 18

An American Mine j

Soldiers Guarding Pagoda Park 1 „ „

The Opening Demonstration - I

Japanese Atrocities " " 59

FOREWORD

In presenting this volume, it is not my purpose to create a
feeling of hostility against the Japanese people. I cannot be-
lieve that the kindly men and women of Japan approve the
unnamable cruelties taking place today in Korea. Where I
have used the term Japan or Japanese in connection with the
Korean situation, I refer not to the Japanese people — the
wives and daughters, husbands and sons of the Flowery
Kingdom — -but to that spirit of Military Autocracy which knows
no conscience, no human regard nor tolerance, and crushes
all who oppose it beneath the insatiable wrath of its iron heel.

It is that spirit which, while serving as a soldier in the
United States Army, I took an oath to crush and to which
end the remainder of my life is dedicated.

You who read this volume may feel that the people of
Korea and the Orient have no common tie with the people of
America and Europe, and that therefore we should not con-
cern ourselves with their affairs. It is true that they are of a
different nationality and a different race. But today, above
all nationalities and all races, is a common tie — Justice and
Humanity. And it is in the name of Justice and Humanity
that I present this volume for your consideration, as a plea
for the right of twenty million human beings to enjoy their

personal freedom and liberty.

C. W. Kendall.

Oakland, California, June IJ, 1919.

The world can he at peace only if its life is stable, and
there can he no stability where the will is in rebellion, where
there is not tranquility of spirit and a sense of justice, of
freedom, and of right. — Woodrow Wilson.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT
KOREA

Korea is a "buffer" state. In the Orient she occupies a
position analogous to Belgium in Europe. She is one of the
oldest countries in existence. The exact date of her birth as a
nation is unknown, probably about 2,000 B. C. Like Belgium,
she is a country with a separate and distinct language, liter-
ature and customs.

In her early history, she was instrumental in spreading the
Chinese culture from China to Japan. Amongst her most
notable achievements was the early use of movable set type
and the invention of the first iron-clad war vessel.

The country is somewhat the shape of Italy. It is a rich
peninsula, extending out from the mainland of Asia, bounded
on three sides by the sea and on the north by Manchuria
and the Russian Maritime Province. Its 1,700-mile sea coast
is rugged and dotted with many mountainous islands and good
harbors. The largest port is Fusan, one hundred and sixty-
three miles by water from Nagasaki, Japan, and a thriving
commercial city with over a hundred thousand population.
Korea is about twice the size of New York State.

In climate and density of population it is closely akin to
the eastern United States. The principal industries are min-
ing, agriculture and the catching of sea foods. Much of the
mining is in the hands of foreigners. Formerly large con-
cessions were granted to Americans, but of late years, as
the leases expire, they have gradually been taken over by
Japanese. The country is rich in undeveloped natural re-
sources.

Rich, fertile river valleys, together with an abundance
of salt-water fish, make Korea amply able to support its
population of twenty million people. The number of foreign-
ers in the country is constantly on the increase. At the
present time there are over three hundred and fifty thousand
Japanese. The other nationalities represented are, according

10 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

to the census of 1914: 16,882 Chinese, 687 Americans, 230
English, 97 French, S3 Germans and 14 Russians. Prac-
tically all the Americans in the country are either mission-
aries or engaged in mining.

The capital city is Seoul, with a population of close to
three hundred thousand people. For centuries Korea was a
free nation and ruled itself. But in the last few decades, as
the Orient awakened from its slumbering lethargy, the little
nation became the pawn in the struggle for Asiatic su-
premacy.

Like Belgium, Korea is situated between three great
powers, each one ambitious to be the greatest — the Mistress of
the Orientr— so that in recent years the country and its people
have been subject to a long succession of invasions. China,
Russia and Japan have each had their turn at claiming a
suzerainty over the country. But the latter, Japan, becoming
more powerful in the Orient than the other two, could not
resist the temptation to prey upon the little, helpless nation
at her mercy, in order to be forever sure of the balance of
power.

THE SEIZURE OF KOREA

At the opening of the Russo-Japanece war, Japan made a
treaty with Korea in which she solemnly vowed to guarantee
the independence of the "Hermit Kingdom," as it was then
called. In return, Korea opened the country to Japan as a
basis for her military operations against Russia and gave
her material aid in the way of raw supplies. In doing this she
ran the risk of devastation and seizure in case her ally was
defeated.

But no sooner were Japanese arms proclaimed victorious
than Japan began her first insidious operations to deliber-
ately violate the terms of the treaty. To do it openly would
have robbed her of the moral prestige as a coming great
power. She therefore determined to make Korea ask to
give up her independence and come under the suzerainty of
Japan. So as soon as the treaty of peace was signed at
Portsmouth, she forwarded to the Emperor of Korea a note
to that effect. But the Emperor of Korea, foreseeing what
would happen to his country and its people, determined to do
all in his power to prevent such a catastrophe. His only
hope was America.

In 1882 Korea and the United States had concluded a
treaty in which they had mutually agreed to help each other
in case of oppressive treatment by an outside power. So, in
view of this treaty, he sent a personal note to the President
of the United States asking his assistance. But before the
note was fairly on its way, a Japanese spy on board the vessel
discovered it and notified the government in Tokio the exact
hour it would arrive in Washington.

Immediately Marquis Ito was dispatched to Seoul, with
instructions to make Korea agree to a Japanese suzerainty.
He arrived and after numerous conferences realized that
Korea was determined to stand firm on the treaty of 1904, in
which Japan had guaranteed her independence.

12 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

In the meantime, the date set for the arrival of the Em-
peror's note in Washington was rapidly approaching. It was
now or never. On November 17, 1905 — a little over two
months and a half after the close of the war — the Marquis
called a conference of the Korean Cabinet in the audience
chamber of the Emperor.

During the week preceding this conference, the Japanese
troops stationed at the capital had been making a great dis-
play of military force around the palace. They were equipped
with field guns and the men were fully armed. They did
everything short of actual violence to demonstrate to the
Koreans the military prowess of Japan.

To the Cabinet Ministers and to the Emperor, all this
display had a sinister and terrible meaning, for in 1895, under
very similar circumstances, the Queen of Korea, who was
opposed to Japanese rule, was barbarously murdered and
her body burned in kerosene.

F. A. McKenzie, the British journalist, who was in Korea
at the time, gives the following vivid account of what took
place :

"That evening Japanese soldiers, with fixed bayonets, en-
tered the courtyard of the palace and stood near the apart-
ment of the Emperor. Marquis Ito now arrived, accompanied
by General Hasegawa, commander of the Japanese Army in
Korea.

"The Marquis demanded an audience of the Emperor.
The Emperor refused to grant it, saying that his throat was
very bad and he was in great pain. The Marquis then made
his way into the Emperor's presence and personally requested
an audience. The Emperor still refused. 'Please go away
and discuss the matter with the Cabinet Ministers,' he said.

"Thereupon, Marquis Ito went outside to the Ministers.
'Your Emperor has commanded you to confer with me and
settle this matter,' he declared.

"The acting Prime Minister, Han Kew Sul, jumped to
his feet and said he would go and tell the Emperor of the

THE SEIZURE OF KOREA. 13

talk of traitors. Han Kew Sul was allowed to leave the
room and then was gripped by the Japanese Secretary of the
Legation, thrown into a sideroom, and threatened with death.
Even Marquis Ito went out to him to persuade him. 'Would
you not yield,' the Marquis said, 'if your Emperor com-
manded you?' 'No,' said Han Kew Sul, 'not even then!'

"This was enough. The Marquis at once went to the Em-
peror. 'Han Kew Sul is a traitor,' he said. 'He defies you,
and declares that he will not obey your commands.'

"Meanwhile the remaining Cabinet Ministers waited in
the Cabinet chamber. Where was their leader, the man who
had urged them all to resist to the death? Minute after min-
ute passed, and still he did not return. Then a whisper went
around that the Japanese had killed him. The harsh voices of
the Japanese grew still more strident. Courtesy and restraint
were thrown off. 'Agree with us and be rich; or oppose us
and perish.'

"In the early hours of the morning commands were issued
that the seal of State should be brought from the Foreign
Minister's apartment, and a treaty should be signed. Here
another difficulty arose. The custodian of the seal had re-
ceived orders in advance that, even if his master commanded,
the seal was not to be surrendered for any such purpose.
When telephonic orders were sent to him he refused to bring
the seal along, and special messengers had to be dispatched to
take it from him by force."

In this way Japan negotiated the treaty with Korea. Be-
fore the Emperor's note reached the President of the United
States, she announced to the world that Korea had "volun-
tarily" become a protectorate of the Japanese Government
and that all future diplomatic business would be conducted
through the Japanese Embassy.

Five years later, in 1910, she concluded another treaty with
the new Emperor of Korea, who was known to be mentally
incapacitated from birth, and induced him to sign the country
over completely. It then became a part of the Japanese na-
tion — comprising about one-third of the whole empire.

14 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Whether or not a single feeble-minded individual possessed
the right to sign over a nation and the lives and future lives
of twenty million people is for the reader to decide. At any
rate, from that time on Korea came under the autocratic ad-
ministration of the Japanese Empire.

JAPANESE AUTOCRATIC RULE

The nine years following the egregious annexation has
been one of the most shameful pages in the history of the
Japanese Empire. The heinous crimes committed by Japanese
Military Autocracy have been carefully hidden from the world
until the last few months.

The casual traveler visiting Korea has been shown only
the more beautiful aspects of the country: the Japanese
achievements, the material progress, the beautiful government
museum in Seoul. The legalized robbery, the browbeating,
the introduction of licensed public prostitution, the tortures
in the prisons, the unnamable oppression and injustice — all
these have been hidden from his gaze. He is told in his
Japanese Railway Guidebook and traveler's pocket volumes
how Japan — ^Japan the Magnificent Mistress of the Orient —
has extended to Korea her brotherly love and assistance and
is dragging from the depths of poverty, crime and immorality,
the ignorant, worthless Koreans and striving to raise them to
the level of her own glorious culture.

American correspondents, coming to the country, have been
royally entertained, and — I am ashamed to say — bought up
by the Japanese Governor-General, with the result that they
have returned and written on the glories of Japanese reforms
in Korea. For the consumption of Americans and Europeans
there, the Governor-General has a subsidized organ, the Seoul
Press, which is a daily English newspaper published to satisfy
the Occidental desire for news and to disseminate the kind
of news Japan wishes to make public.

For scholars, she prepared a well-illustrated volume and
sent it gratis to all great men and important libraries in
America and Great Britain. It is entitled the "Annual Re-
port of Reforms and Progress in Chosen". In it she pictures
vividly the "contentment and prosperity" that Japanese rule is
bringing to the Koreans. Germany, at her cleverest, could not
hold a candle to Japan when it came to "pulling the wool"

16 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

over the eyes of the Occident in regard to actual conditions
under her autocratic rule.

Administration and "Reforms"

In the administration of Korea, Japan has done some
things, in a material way, for the good of the country, such
as constructing public buildings, introducing improvements in
agriculture and extending the means of communication. But,
as with Germany's administration of Belgium, over and above
these material accomplishments she has introduced all the
heinousness of Militarism.

As soon as Korea was annexed Japan began Japanizing
the country. She put the government under military juris-
diction and appointed a Military Governor-General, who was
given virtually all the powers of a Czar. Then, through him,
she began to instigate a series of so-called "reforms".

One of the first of these "reforms" was to go through all
the public archives and private libraries and systematically
collect and burn Korean works of literature and history.
Then she passed laws which completely stamped out all
Korean periodical literature — from local newspapers to scien-
tific journals. The only non- Japanese publications in Korea
today are certain newspapers, published secretly and dis-
tributed from hand to hand like the famous Belgian news-
papers. The type and hand presses are carried from place to
place and the lives of the editors are as thrilling as the
Japanese police can make them.

In addition to destroying the literature of Korea, priceless
art treasures and historical objects have been lost to the
world through needless vandalism.

Another of these "reforms" was an attempt to destroy
the Korean language by making Japanese the official tongue,
not only in public documents, but also in the schools. All text-
books were printed in Japanese under official Japanese super-
vision. The teachers were and are Japanese or Japanese-
speaking Koreans.

Not only have the Japanese forbidden the Koreans to be

JAPANESE AUTOCRATIC RULE. 17

instructed in their own language, but they have instigated a
series of educational regulations — under the pretext of uni-
fying the educational system and bringing it up to a higher
standard — which limit the amount of education a Korean can
pursue. Religious services and the teaching of geography
are forbidden in all the schools. Japanese history alone is
permitted. All Korean and Western world histories are
forbidden.

Korean scholars are not permitted to leave the country
and go abroad for study, save to Japan. Here the students,
under government supervision, are not allowed to specialize
in such subjects as law, history or economics in the Imperial
University of Tokyo. They are strongly advised to attend
commercial or trade schools and are insidiously discriminated
against in the higher institutions.

Under the guise of "educational reforms", a systematic
attempt has been made to keep the Korean students in
ignorance of the advantages of democracy and to hold them
down mentally under the heel of Japanese Military Autocracy,
so that the coming generation would be ignorant of the funda-
mentals of a just government and robbed of any possible
leaders.

Economic Oppression

The oppression of Korea has not been confined to lan-
guage and education alone. An economic oppression was in-
augurated which has already brought ruin to thousands of
Korean merchants and landholders. Although, statistically,
the total wealth of the country has increased since Japanese
occupation, the figures are due to the decrease in the buying
value of mpney, Today the economic status of the Koreans
is worse than it was under the old administration. Since
the seizure of the country, over one million five hundred thou-
sand Koreans have emigrated to China and Siberia, primarily
because they could not stand the economic pressure brought
to bear upon them by their conquerors.

18 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Under the old Korean Government before annexation,
the land was divided into four classes:

1. Private lands, owned by private individuals.

2. Royal lands, belonging to the king, but leased in
perpetuity to private individuals, with the right of selling to
another individual without changing the ownership and the
privilege of inheritance.

3. Municipal lands, the titles of which belonged to the
various municipalities, but the practical ownership of which
was in the hands of private individuals.

4. Lands belonging to Buddhist Temples.

Owners of private lands paid taxes to the government;
holders of royal lands paid tribute to the royal household;
the owners of municipal lands paid fees to the respective
municipalities which held the title of the lands, and the lands
belonging to Buddhist Temples were free from taxation. These
temple lands were held in communistic plan amongst the
Buddhists.

One of the first deeds of the Japanese was to survey the
country and confiscate all lands belonging to the royal house-
hold, to the municipalities and to the Buddhist Temples. They
explained this act on the technical ground that since these
lands did not belong to private individuals, they must be
the property of the government. The Korean owners were
dispossessed and driven out without remuneration and the
land was leased or sold to Japanese farmers. In some cases
where Koreans protested against the seizure, they were fast-
ened to crude wooden crosses and shot.

Under the direction of the Japanese Government, the Ori-
ental Colonization Company was organized to promote Japa-
nese colonization of Korea and thus further Japanize the
country. To induce emigrants to invade the peninsula, this
company offered every Japanese settler free transportation
to Korea and provided him with a home and a piece of land,
to be paid for in three or four years. The plan in theory is
identical with Bismarck's idea for Prussianizing Poland.

Another method by which the Japanese gained possession

(upper) the DAI DONG RIVER NEAR PYENG YANG, WITH BUDDHIST TEMPLES IN

THE FOREGROUND.

(lower) a LARGE AMERICAN MINE IN SOUTHERN KOREA.

JAPANESE AUTOCRATIC RULE. 19

of land was to force the Korean owners to sell at a ridicu-
lously low figure. Rice is the chief agricultural product in
Korea and the water, irrigating the rice fields, runs from one
field to another in succession. The agents for the Oriental
Colonization Company buy the rice patch through which the
water runs to the desired piece of land. Then Japanese agents
or "farmers" cut off the water supply, and the Korean owner,
after vain protests, is finally forced to sell his now worthless
land to the Oriental Colonization Company at their own figure
or remain on it and starve.

Already one-third of the best land in Korea is in the
hands of the Japanese.

Religious Oppression

In regard to religious matters : From the very first they
have played a most important part. In 1912 — two years after
the annexation — Count Terauchi, the Governor-General, in-
stituted what is known as the "persecution of the Korean
Church".

Prominent churchmen, leaders in Korean thought
and education, were charged with conspiracy and put
in prison. American missionaries were dragged into
the trial, accused of being connected with a plot to
assassinate the Governor-General. The case attracted
world-wide attention and protest. The Japanese pre-
pared ready-made confessions and after secret tortures,
the prisoners signed these confessions. In open court,
however, under the protection of foreign opinion, the
prisoners denied their confessions and upon investiga-
tion the confessions were found to be absolutely false.
The case was known as the famous "Conspiracy Trial"
and was the first time the civilized world penetrated
beneath the veil of Japanese censorship and propaganda,
and saw with horrified eyes the true conditions in Korea.

The absurdity of some of the charges against Korean
Christians is well illustrated by the case of Pastor Kil
of Ping Yang. He w^s charged with treason for

20 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

preaching against the evil of cigarette-smoking amongst
boys. The analysis of the charge is a masterpiece for
Jevons' Logic. It is as follows:

Pastor Kil preached against the use of cigarettes.

Cigarette manufacture is a government monopoly.

To speak against their use is to injure a government
institution.

To injure a government institution is to work against
the government.

To work against the government is treason.

Therefore Pastor Kil is guilty of treason.

This is but an example of the working of the Jap-
anese courts in Korea.

Religious gatherings of more than five persons are
required to obtain a permit from the government, and
Christians are compelled to secure a special certificate
permitting them to practice their religion. Such hymns
as "Onward, Christian Soldiers,'' are not permitted to be
sung on the presumption that they stimulate nationalism
amongst the Koreans. Spies and detectives attend every
large church gathering as well as the ordinary Sunday
services.

At the present time, the foreign missionary force
in Korea numbers about three hundred, with the Ameri-
can Presbyterian, Methodist and Catholic churches es-
pecially influential. The missionaries are practical, hard-
working men and women and include all creeds — both
Catholic and Protestant. They have opened hospitals
and schools as well as churches and missions.

The Double Standard

The social, intellectual, moral and economic life of
Korea is divided into two classes: one for Japanese
and one for Koreans.

From the first, political favoritism and discrimination
were installed. Socially, the Korean is the butt of
Japanese scorn and ridicule and is lorded over and

JAPANESE AUTOCRATIC RULE. 21

humiliated whenever the opportunity presents itself.
Never for a moment is he allowed to feel that he be-
longs to anything but an inferior race — a scum on the
dregs of Oriental civilization.

From the princes of the Korean Royal Household
to the lowest coolie every man, woman and child, in
whose veins runs the proud blood of old Korea, is
treated with a condescension which is an insult to
humanity. They are man-handled for innocently trans-
gressing the slightest government regulation. They are
elbowed off the sidewalks, spat upon, and taken as the
lawful prey of Japanese loan sharks and speculators.
If a Korean has to mortgage his property or borrow
money, the Japanese speculators charge him as high as
70 per cent per annum.

Everywhere the Double Standard is in vogue. The
Koreans and Japanese are punished by two entirely
different sets of laws. If a Japanese is arrested and
convicted of a minor offense, he is fined. If a Korean
is arrested and convicted of the same offense, he is
given twenty or thirty lashes on his naked body until
he is often beaten into insensibility. In the Japanese
prisons today this barbaric custom of the Middle Ages —
beating and flogging — is still used when dealing with
Korean prisoners, even, according to reports, applied
to old men and delicate girls and women. Not only
beating and flogging, but torture and mistreatment in
order to force confessions have been proven from time
to time. The methods of torture used by the Japanese
are said to be similar to the "rack" of the Middle Ages,
putting the victim in the greatest misery and still leav-
ing no visible marks upon his body — stretching the
nerves and sinews and often causing total or partial
paralysis.

Since the Japanese seizure of Korea, crime has been
steadily on the increase. In 1911, there were 7,342
Korean convicts. And in 1915, according to the Jap-

22 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

anese statistics there were 14,411 — almost double the num-
ber. One of the reasons for this doubling of convicts is
to be found in the system of Japanese justice under the
Double Standard.

A Korean is tried before a Japanese court, whose
officials and judge are minions of the military autocracy.
The justice he receives is the justice of the conqueror
to the conquered. In 191S, the records of the summary
courts — which correspond to our police courts — show
only seven persons acquitted out of a total of 59,483
cases and only forty proven innocent. These courts
handle minor offenses and the violation of administrative
ordinances.

The Double Standard extends to government posi-
tions as well as to justice. The so-called Korean
Mayors are only figureheads in the Japanese policy of
"pulling the wool" over the eyes of the world. They
are all required to employ a Japanese "advisor" or
secretary, who tells them what to do and where to
sign their names. These advisors are the de facto
Mayors. They are paid, on an average, about twice the
salary of the Mayor. For instance, the "advisor" of a
certain Korean Mayor receiving 70 yen* a month is
paid ISO yen for his services.

In a similar way every wealthy Korean is required
to employ a Japanese steward. The Japanese steward
keeps account of the Korean's income and expenditures
and the capitalist cannot spend a single cent without
his knowledge and sanction. This steward is backed by
government authority. If a wealthy Korean spends any
significant sum of money without the sanction of his
Japanese steward, his property is liable to confiscation
on the charge that he may be working against the
government. For the same reason, no Korean is per-
mitted to draw from a bank in Korea more than $500

*A yen is equal to fifty cents.

Koreans.

ay 1.02 yen

per day

.96 "

1.00 "

1.00 "

.60 "

.45 "

no. 7.00 ■•

" mo.

JAPANESE AUTOCRATIC RULE. 23

at a time. This works a severe hardship on the Korean
merchant and gives the Japanese competitor a decided
advantage in all cash transactions.

Another example of the Double Standard is the scale
of wages paid laborers and skilled workmen. A Japanese
common laborer receives over half again as much as a
Korean laborer. The other wages are as follows:

Japanese,

Stone Mason 1.96 yen per day

Plasterer 1.54 "

Carpenter 1.44 "

Bricklayer 1.40 "

Blacksmith 1.20 "

Compositor 80 "

Brewer (incl. board) . 16.00 "

The full extent to which the Double Standard has
been practised will probably never be known. As far as
possible, Japan has endeavored to keep it hidden from
the eyes of the world. Like Germany repressed the
truth about her rule in Belgium, Japanese Autocracy
has issued misleading statements and repeated denials.
The unutterable things they have done; the trickery and
cunning, the secret discrimination, the mockery and
double-dealing — all these have been carefully concealed
from the world and especially from the justice-loving
Americans and Europeans.

Probably no one can ever realize the untold suffering
and heartaches caused by the nine years of Japanese
rule and oppression. The misery and degradation, the
sorrow and death, inflicted by Japanese Military Autoc-
racy in Korea is too terrible and shameful a thing to
dwell upon. The true awfulness of it will never be
known — like the horrors in Armenia, Serbia and the
conquered districts of Belgium and France.

THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

The Independence Movement in Korea is not a
new thing. It began fourteen years ago, just after
Japan had forced the Korean Cabinet to grant her a
suzerainty and had stepped in to rule the people a centre
coeur.

Many of the Korean leaders, seeing the futility of
doing anything at that time to free their people from
the powerful Military Autocracy whose yoke was already
upon their necks, fled to foreign countries. Others who
had tried, in the last desperate moments, to save their
country and had failed were forced to seek safety in
America and China. Gradually these refugees and
patriots came together and organized associations, each
member of which dedicated the remainder of his life
to free the people at home from the hand of Japanese
oppression. These associations were, for the most part,
composed of Korean scholars and graduates from Amer-
ican universities and preparatory schools. They were
not, as charged by the Japanese Government, composed
of rabid radicals, disgruntled politicians, or Bolsheviki.

At the same time, societies with a similar purpose
were organized in Korea in spite of the rigid Japanese
spy system. The largest of these, the Chun Do Kyo,
or "Heaven Worshipers," was encouraged by the Jap-
anese authorities themselves. It was organized as a
religious cult — supposedly opposed to Christianity —
whose teachings were a combination of Buddhism, Tail-
ism, ancestral worship and Korean superstition. In
reality, it was a great political club whose members
numbered over three million patriotic Koreans.

Quietly and with careful deliberation they prepared
for the day when they could strike.

Then along came the European War and President
Wilson's famous statement in his address to the Senate

THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. 25

in 1917 that "... henceforth inviolable security of
life, of worship, and of industrial and social develop-
ment should be guaranteed to all peoples who have
lived hitherto under the power of governments devoted
to a faith and purpose hostile to their own . . ."

The time to strike had come. When the Peace Con-
ference, with its ideals of "self-determination," met in
Paris, it gave to the oppressed Koreans the longed-for
chance to place their problem before the world. So, at
the opening of 1919, these exiled patriots went secretly
to Korea and, in conjunction with the secret societies
there, organized committees to begin the movement for
re-establishing their independence.

Their work was quiet and effective. Their plan was
to begin a "Passive Revolution". No one, not even the
Japanese, was to be harmed. No property was to be
destroyed or injured. No radicalism, no I. W. W.-ism,
no Bolshevism was to be tolerated or associated in any
way with the movement. But a persistent passive agita-
tion was to be instituted and continued until success
attended their object — freedom from Japanese Military
Autocracy.

The Preparations

In the latter part of January, an event occurred
which brought things to a head. The old ex-Emperor Yi
passed away in his palace at Seoul. The circumstances
of his death were very peculiar, which led to a report
getting out among the people that he had committed
suicide in order to prevent the consummation of the
marriage of his son. Prince Kon, to the Japanese Prin-
cess Nashinoto. This wedding had been fixed for about
January 29th — one week after the death of the ex-
Emperor.

The Prince had formerly been engaged to a Korean
girl, but this engagement was forcibly broken off when
the Prince was taken to Japan some years ago. The

26 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

father of this girl is said to have died at almost the
same time and under the very same peculiar conditions
attending the ex-Emperor's death — so-called apoplexy —
and again it was reported that suicide had been the
real cause of death. These circumstances povFcrfully
affected the people throughout the whole country, and
the old ex-Emperor was greatly glorified and worshiped.

Therefore, it was determined to begin the demonstration
on the date of his funeral, March 4th — for other reasons as
well. A rigid spy system had been put in operation by the
Japanese authorities. Under this system every Korean was
registered like a criminal and given a number which was
known to the police. Whenever a Korean left his home
village or town, he was required to register at the police
station, stating his reason for traveling and where he in-
tended to go. The general plan was to make Seoul the
center of activities, inasmuch as the foreign legations were
there and the whole purpose of the movement was designed
to gain recognition and publicity. A sudden influx of
Koreans into Seoul, with no apparent cause, would imme-
diately create suspicion on the part of the Japanese police.
If, however, the country people came into the capitol to
attend the ex-Emperor's funeral, no suspicion would be
aroused. For this reason, as well as the other, March 4th
was decided upon by the leaders.

In some way the news leaked out to the police author-
ities. But the Japanese police force and spy system were
made up of a large number of native Koreans who the
Japanese thought they had won over as their own tools. In
reality these Koreans had slowly been creeping into the posi-
tions of policemen, stool-pigeons and gendarmes in order to
be ready for the day their people were to strike against the
hated Japanese. No sooner had the Japanese authorities
been notified of the proposed demonstrations than they
issued orders to these "supposed" Japanized detectives to
get busy. These loyal Koreans immediately notified the
leaders, who, with but a few days before them, suddenly

THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. 27

changed the date to Saturday, March lst~the day for the
rehearsal of the funeral.

The rehearsal for a Korean funeral is almost as mag-
nificent as the event itself; so the sudden influx of Koreans
into Seoul at the rate of five thousand a day to witness
the rehearsal was nothing extraordinary. In the meantime,
the most prominent representatives of all classes, religions
and sects had drawn up a Declaration of Independence and
signed it. Copies of this, as well as instructions as to what
was expected of the people, were sent to the local leaders
all over Korea through the aid of loyal little schoolgirls
who hid them in their capacious sleeves and trudged from
town to town, bringing the messages of freedom.

It was arranged for passive demonstrations to break out
simultaneously in all the large cities and towns in the pen-
insula; also in Tokio, Shanghai and various other cities in
Japan, China, Manchuria, Russia, the United States and
other countries.

In Seoul itself the people were to divide into groups of
three thousand each — each group under a leader — and to
march to different consulates and government offices, singing
Korean national airs and shouting "Mansai," which is the
Korean for "Hurrah." They were not to resist the Japanese
Police. If they were beaten, imprisoned or even killed they
were to take their punishment without complaint, and to do
nothing which would bring reproach upon the name of
Korea or their movement.

The Opening Demonstration

The night before the demonstration was to begin, twenty-
nine of the thirty-three signers of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence gathered in Seoul. After a meeting in which
final arrangements were checked up and the proclamation
read aloud for the first time, they all adjourned to a promi-
nent restaurant for a last dinner together. It was one of the
most singular banquets ever held in the history of any

28 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

nation. Each man present realized that as soon as the
proclamation, bearing his signature, was in the hands of the
Japanese authorities he would be hunted down and executed
or thrown into prison. All of them were acquainted with
the efficiency and methods of the Japanese spy system.
They knew that to attempt to escape would be useless.
So when the banquet was completed and the last toast
spoken they went to the telephone, called up the Japanese
police, told them what they had done and that they were
ready to go to prison. Then consecrating their lives to the
freedom of Korea, they calmly awaited the arrival of the
government authorities. No resistance was offered when
the police arrived. They were bundled into automobiles and
taken away to prison. One of the signers, having arrived
too late to participate in the meeting and dinner, went di-
rectly to the prison and asked to be treated the same as
the others.

The next day, March 1st, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon,
the Independence Movement began simultaxieously in every
large city in Korea. At the appointed hour the people gath-
ered at a previously designated place to attend the meetings
preceding the demonstrations. What happened at these
meetings is best told by an American missionary who wit-
nessed the one at Pyeng Yang, the old capitol of Korea.

It is as follows :

"March 1 : There has been considered suppressed excite-
ment for some days among the Koreans, and we had various
rumors that something important was going to take place.
Dr. Moffett, Mr. Holkcrott and myself decided to attend the
local meeting and see for ourselves what was going on.
We found the courtyard full of people. The pupils of all
our church schools were there and also many from the gov-
ernment schools.

"In front of the entrance to the building was erected a
speakers' stand and around and back of this were seated
several of the (Korean) pastors and officers of the Presby-
terian churches of the city. Rev. Kim Sundu, pastor of

THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. 29

the Fifth Church and moderator of the general assembly,
was speaking when I entered. Pastor Kang Kyu-Chan of
the Fourth Church had already spoken, reviewing the life
history of the late Emperor. After Kin Sundu had finished
speaking he requested the people to remain seated, as there
were other things to be done.

"After the benediction had been pronounced Kim Sundu
proceeded to read what was virtually a Declaration of Inde-
pendence of the Korean people. After he had finished an-
other man took the floor and explained what the people were
expected to do, saying that nothing of an unlawful nature
was to be permitted, but that the people were to follow the
instructions given and make no resistance to the authorities
or attack the Japanese people or officials.

"Kang Kyu-Chan then addressed the people relative to
independence. When he had finished some men came out
of the building bearing armloads of small Korean flags,
which were passed out to the people. A large Korean flag
was then fastened to the wall back of the speakers' stands
and then the crowd went wild, shouting 'Mansai' and waving
flags. It was then explained to them that they were to all
form in procession and parade the streets waving flags and
saying nothing but 'Mansai, Mansai.' "

After these preliminary meetings the people formed in
parades, headed by their local leaders, and, waving flags and
shouting, marched through the streets. In the new capitol,
Seoul, students of the colleges, high schools and primary
schools, numbering several thousand, and all clad in the
spotless white of the Korean costume, gathered at Pagoda
Park. From here, after their meeting, they marched through
the main streets to the public square, where they divided
into the groups of three thousand each, as prearranged, and
went to the foreign consulate buildings. The various consuls
appeared and greeted them.

From its incipiency, the demonstration, taken as a whole,
followed the instructions of the leaders to the letter. It was
"passive" in all its aspects. The people were unarmed and

30 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

the parades were composed of old men and women, as well
as young men and students. They simply jammed through
the streets singing the Korean National Anthem, which is
set to the tune of "Auld Lang Syne," waving flags and
shouting. Foreigners who witnessed the demonstrations say
they were one of the most singular sights they have ever
seen. The great white-clad crowds, surging and pulsating
with the reawakaned freedom, surrounded on all sides by the
very Japanese who had inflicted upon them unnameable tor-
tures and depredations — ^and yet, when at last they had the
chance to wreak vengeance for their wrongs, refraining
from so doing because they felt it would bring reproach
upon the honor of their native land.

When we realize that for every 1000 Koreans there are
only 17 Japanese we can understand what would have hap-
pened if the demonstrations had not been passive.

The Japanese Police

At first the police did not know what to do with the
people. Many of the Korean policemen and supposed spies
took off their uniforms and joined the crowds.

In Seoul hundreds of gendarmes — armed with swords and
rifles — followed the demonstrators and tried to scatter them.
But as soon as they had been scattered in one place they
gathered elsewhere with more participants than ever. One
party of demonstrators marched to the Japanese quarter,
where the police charged them with fixed bayonets and ar-
rested fifteen students, including six girls. Those arrested
went unresisting to jail. Soon the jails were filled to
overflowing.

At nightfall the crowd disappeared, but an hour later two
hundred students, from the Shinsung Academy, assembled
before the school and gave three cheers for the independence
of Korea. Then they began to march the streets and some
of the people distributed copies of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence at the police court and county jail. Some ad-
dressed the crowd while others distributed literature. Imme-

(upper) JAPANESE SOLDIERS GUARDING PAGODA PARK TO PREVENT FURTHER

DEMONSTRATIONS.
(lower) scene in SEOUL ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE PASSIVE DEMONSTRATION.

THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. 31

diately the police called out the military, who,- without hesi-
tation, charged the demonstrators with fixed bayonets, ter-
ribly wounding many — women and old people being among
the victims.

Women and children were knocked down with the butts of
rifles. Innocent spectators were beaten and kicked by Japan-
ese civilians and firemen, as well as by policemen and gen-
darmes. Throughout the smaller cities, where there were no
foreigners, the conditions were much worse. In some in-
stances, it is reported, the gendarmes fired upon the mobs
until their ammunition was exhausted.

The Japanese Government promptly began a denial and
suppression of the facts, issuing to the outside world only
what it wished the outside world to know and scrupulously
avoiding any mention of slaughter and massacres. The
trouble was minimized in the official reports into a few
local disturbances, said to have been egged on by misled
leaders.

An attempt was made to force prominent Koreans to sign
a statement, to be forwarded to the Peace Conference in
Paris, stating that the Declaration of Independence and the
movement in general was promulgated by a low class of
people and did not- represent the sentiment of Korea.

Japanese officials in America issued statements denying the
atrocities. Some foreigners, who had received favoritism at
the hands of the military autocracy and were pro-Japanese,
bitterly denounced the movement. But beneath the veil of
censorship and denial the passive demonstration continued
and the Japanese police and gendarmes committed acts which
were as far against the laws of humanity and civiUzation as
the Turkish deeds in Armenia.

Atrocities and Massacres

At the town of Cheam-ni, forty-five miles from Seoul,
the Japanese soldiers arrived and ordered all the male
Christians to gather at the church. When they had as-

32 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

sembled, the soldiers deliberately opened fire on them with
their rifles, massacring thirty-five. This was confirmed by
investigation of the British and American consular agents,
and is admitted by the Japanese authorities, including Gov-
ernor-General Hasegawa.

Soochung, another village near Cheam-ni, was burned and
the fleeing fugitives shot at and bayoneted by the Japanese
soldiers as they ran from their burning homes. Reports
have been received of the burning of nine other villages and
many Christian churches. The Rev. Stacy L. Roberts, an
American missionary stationed at Pyeng Yang, reports that
more than a hundred Koreans were shot or beaten to death
in Tyung-Ju. Throughout the whole peninsula similar
atrocities have been committed.

Little girls of only 10 years of age, women and school
girls, have been shamefully treated and are subjected to
physical punishment and torture for no other crime than
shouting enthusiasm for their own country and crying out
for independence. Small boys have been knocked down and
cruelly beaten. Already it is said that over three hundred
Korean children, under the age of 7 years, have been put to
death. The case of a baby, one year old, being shot
through the back, was witnessed by the Rev. Edward W.
Twing of Boston, Massachusetts, who is Oriental Secretary of
the International Reform Bureau. He also saw a crowd of
about twenty Korean schoolgirls who were quietly walking
along the road — not even shouting — suddenly pounced upon
by a body of Japanese soldiers, who savagely beat them
with their guns, knocked them down and then treated them
shamefully.

Old men have been seized by Japanese soldiers and made
sport of — being pounded, kicked and beaten until they could
not walk. Men who were dying have been dispatched with
a shot through the back. Others have been chased and cut
down with sabers. Deputized firemen, with long iron hooks,
have been seen chasing boys and girls, trying to catch them.
One case of an old man who was killed with these hooks,

THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. 33

and his body thrust through and dragged off in triumph,
comes in a report from an American missionary in Pyeng
Yang. Americans have been arrested and thrown in jail.
An American Presbyterian missionary, Rev. Eli Mowry of
Mansfield, Ohio, has been sentenced to six months in prison
for sheltering five Koreans for two days.

Christians — both men and women — ^have been taken to
Japanese churches, stripped of their clothing and tied to
crosses and beaten twenty-nine times upon their naked
bodies, according to information in the hands of Dr. David
Lee of San Francisco. Christian churches have been looted
and Bibles destroyed. Little girls have been dragged from
their homes by their hair and tied to telegraph poles by the
same means and publicly flogged. Women have been vio-
lated and beaten with inhuman viciousness. It has been
Belgium over again, save that difference in religion, as well
as nationality, has been seized upon as an excuse for
bestiality.

In the first three months over fifty thousand Koreans have
been killed or wounded. The horror and brutality of some
of the deeds committed are beyond belief. In the name of
crushing the Independence Movement, the military author-
ities have transgressed the laws of all civilization and proved
beyond the shadow of a doubt that Japanese Military Autoc-
racy is no longer fit to be respected by any civilized people.
That the Japanese people should allow such a stain upon their
nation is incredible.

THE NEW REPUBLIC

Before the outbreak of the Independence Movement in
Korea, proper, the Korean students in Tokio, Japan, number-
ing about eight hundred, drew up a petition to present to the
Japanese Emperor and Diet, as well as to the foreign Am-
bassadors and Ministers in Japan, asking for the freedom
and independence of Korea. When they attempted to hand
in the petition they came into conflict with the Japanese
police and an open fight ensued. Over sixty students were
arrested and some given prison terms.

In the United States demonstrations were held by the
Koreans in New York, Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Honolulu,
Akron, Ohio; Pueblo, Colorado; Yakima, Washington; Su-
perior, Wyoming, and in San Francisco, Sacramento, Stock-
ton, Riverside and Los Angeles, California.

In Philadelphia— the Cradle of American Liberty — a con-
gress of Koreans and sympathetic Americans convened.
Just before it broke up, the delegates adjourned to the
Declaration Room in Independence Hall. Here, after read-
ing the Korean Proclamation of Independence, they ap-
proached the old, cracked Liberty Bell. Amid profound
silence they placed their hands upon it, and, closing their
eyes, prayed for the freedom of Korea and the success of
the new movement. Those who saw them say it was the
most impressive ceremony the City of Philadelphia has ever
witnessed.

Meanwhile, other demonstrations were held in Mexico,
Manila, Shanghai, Pekin, Siberia and Manchuria. In many
of these places proclamations were issued, declaring the inde-
pendence of Korea, and given into the hands of the foreign
embassies. A National Council was called at Nikolskoe, on
the Ussuri River in Siberia, and a provisional government
established, with a temporary capitol in Manchuria.

A cabinet of eight members was formed and a committee
consisting of eighteen members was put in charge of the

THE NEW REPUBLIC. 35

new government. The office of Provisional President was
left vacant for the time being, the committee as a whole
serving in the executive capacity. Dr. Syngman Rhee, a
graduate of Harvard and PhD. of Princeton — receiving his
degree while Woodrow Wilson was President of the col-
lege — ^was named Secretary of State. The portfolio of
Secretary of War was given to General Lee Dong Whui,
who immediately began the organization of an army. C. H.
Ahn, prominent Christian educator and organizer of the
Korean National Association in America, was appointed
Secretarj' of the Interior; Yun Hyuh Jin as Secretary of the
Treasury; Ham Nyung Wee as Secretary of Justice and
Young Man Park, a graduate of the University of Nebraska,
as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Three delegates were appointed to put the plea of the
Korean people before the League of Nations. Two of them.
Dr. Henry Chung and Dr. Syngman Rhee, were in the
United States, having fled from Korea just before its an-
nexation by the Japanese. They held old Korean passports,
which the State Department at Washington could not recog-
nize as valid without straining diplomatic relationship be-
tween the United States and Japan. Naturally the Japan-
ese Government refused to issue new ones. Therefore, the
third delegate, John Kiusic Kimm, was the only one to
reach Paris. He presented the claims before the Peace Con-
ference, where they are now under consideration.

Following the first demonstrations, the Japanese War De-
partment dispatched two additional divisions of troops to
Korea and began preparations for extended military and
diplomatic maneuvers. In order to uphold her position at
the Peace Conference, Japan issued a statement which
"promised" complete reforms in the administration of Korea
just as soon as the Independence Movement was crushed.
She spoke of her "Monroe Doctrine in the Orient" and com-
pared her administration of Korea to the American admin-
istration of the Philippines and Cuba. In reality, the cases
are not similar. In the Philippines franchise is enjoyed, a

36 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Philippine Senate and House of Representatives is elected
by the people, with the right to overrule the Governor-
General's veto. In Korea franchise is not enjoyed by the
people. They have no legislative representation and the
Governor-General is supreme, invested with the power of
control over all Korea, commander of the army and navy
and virtually a Czar in his own domains.

As the new republic took form charges were made that
the Korean people were not sufficiently competent to govern
themselves and that the Independence Movement was pro-
mulgated by the spread of Bolshevism from Russia. In
reality, the new government is a very business-like proposi-
tion, modeled after the government of the United States as
far as is possible, consistent with the education of the
masses. In absolutely no respect does it aim at a redis-
tribution of wealth, government ownership of industries,
land nationalization, communism or other Utopian, anarch-
istic or Bolshevistic dreams.

The leaders are able, conservative college graduates, and
realize the limits of their people. Their aim is to establish
a sound republic with each citizen enjoying freedom of
speech, religion and personal liberty, and to have their little
nation no longer the pawn of Asia.

All they ask is to be free forever from the Prussian
trickery, brutality and oppression of Japanese Imperalistic,
Autocratic Militarism.

STATEMENTS
AND PRESS REPORTS

FRAGMENTS SELECTED FROM

NEWS ITEMS, PERSONAL LETTERS,

ARTICLES AND PRESS REPORTS

JAPAN'S POLICY IN KOREA

"Since Japan has annexed Korea the spirit of her rule,
at any rate since the death of Prince Ito, has not been one
to develop and benefit the Korean people, but to make them
a subject people and, so far as possible, to stamp out any
Korean individuality. In the Philippine Islands, in Egypt,
in India, in spite of complaints that are often made, natives
still concede that they are given a large part in the govern-
ment of the country. Not so in Korea. The Koreans are
treated as an inferior race (by that people that is so in-
sistent upon racial equality), are forbidden to teach their
own language, are not allowed to go abroad for study, but
can be trained only in Korea or in Japan. Now that the
revolt of the oppressed people has come, it is known on
unimpeachable testimony that the revolutionists, though
offering no resistance, are treated with barbarity so severe
and uncalled-for that it has brought forth the protests of
foreign residents, English and American business men and
officials, as well as missionaries."

JEREMIAH W. JENKS, PhD., LL. D.
(Research Professor of Government and Public Administra-
tion, New York University ; Chairman, Alexander Ham-
ilton Institute, and Director The Par Eastern Bureau.)

GERMAN MILITARY SYSTEM INTRODUCED

"Thirty missionaries gathered in Seoul, March 16, that I
might hear the situation discust. They agreed in desig-
nating the Japanese military and police and gendarme sys-
tem in the Korean peninsula the German machine ! Foreign-
ers — consuls, business men, missionaries— are unanimous in

40 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

their condemnation of the system which has ruled Korea
since 1910. This system was learned from the Germans.
While it may have been crushed in Belgium and Europe, it
still exists in Korea and Asia.

"The tortures which the Koreans suffer at the hands of
the police and gendarmes are identical with those employed
in the famous conspiracy trials. I read affidavits, now on
their way to the United States and British Governments,
which made one's blood boil, so frightful were the means
used in trying to extort confessions from prisoners. And
many of these had no part in the demonstrations, but were
simply onlookers.

"In Tokio, on March 21, by arrangement of Galen M.
Fisher, National Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. for Japan, I
met a few Japanese and foreigners and discust the Korean
situation. One of the Japanese (a member of the Parlia-
ment, who will be in America in May), told me that the
more the world knows about Japanese misrule in Korea, the
better it will be for Japan, for thus the sooner will the
nation get rid of the militarism which now dominates the
empire."

A. E. ARMSTRONG, of Toronto, Canada,
(Assistant Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of
the Presbyterian Church of Canada.)

TO REDUCE KOREANS TO SERFDOM

"It was my opinion when I was in Korea and is n;^ opin-
ion still, that it is Japan's intention that all t];»i Koreans
shall be practically serfs, ptwifL^ ' ily the^/ifi-ades of farm-
ers and artisans, leaving to the"T%panes? immigrants the
administration of government, the meaaiaitile and banking
trades, and other more profitable cafflngs. In other words,
Korea is being exploited altogether, for the benefit of the
Japanese, with little thought of any obligation to the natives.

"The attitude of the Japanese Government toward Ameri-
can missions, as shown by the unsuccessful attempt to dis-

STATEMENTS AND PRESS REPORTS. 41

credit them in the course of the conspiracy in 1912 and the
limitations put upon the mission schools since, is caused by
a desire to eliminate anything which may interfere with the
complete Japanization of Korea and the confining of the
natives to the status of contented farmers and artisans."
PROFESSOR T. A. CRANE

(Pittsburg University.)

STATEMENT OF THE JAPANESE CONSTITU-
TIONAL PARTY

Representative Konosuke Moriya, who was dispatched by
the Constitutional or opposition party, to Korea to investi-
gate the disturbances, has reported the insurrection to be
due to the following causes :

Discriminatory treatment given to the Korean subjects,
who are refused equal treatment with Japanese in matters
relating to appointments in government offices and stipends
allowed.

Complicated and impracticable administrative measures,
particularly strict measures for the tax collection, which are
against the old customs and manners of Korea.

Extreme oppression on public speeches. Koreans have no
organs to give utterance to their complaints which do not
reach the ears of the Governor-General.

Forcible adoption of the assimiliation system. It is a great
error and failure of colonial policy to attempt to enforce
upon the Koreans, with a 2,000-year history, the same spirit-
ual and mental training as on the Japanese people.

Spread of the principle of the self-determination of na-
tions, which he describes as the rising tide of the thoughts
of the world's nations and which has deeply implanted itself
in the minds of the Korean people.

(Associated Press Correspondence from Tokio, May 2nd,
1919.)

42 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

A SAMPLE OF JAPANESE PROPAGANDA

Despite all rumors to the contrary, there is no tendency
in the Japanese official quarters to suggest that American
missionaries have been instigating the uprisings in Korea.
That a few of them have been subjected to search and
arrest is, while unfortunate, not to be taken too seriously.
It needs no effort of the imagination to assume that some
malcontent Koreans, professing to be Christians, should seek
to abuse the sanctum of their unsuspecting teachers for their
misguided endeavors. It is not to be imagined that clergy-
men who have lived long in Korea and who, with all just
and right-thinking men, should know the conditions of the
Koreans and recognize the good the Japanese regime is
doing them, should ill-advisedly lend themselves to a fatal
movement, which must end in failure and unnecessary
bloodshed.

Reports current in this country of alleged cruelties on
the part of the Japanese authorities in dealing with the
situation are utterly unfounded.

(Extract from a press statement printed in Washington,
D. C, April 17, 1919, and marked "Exclusive Dispatch.")

AN ANSWER TO THE ABOVE, PRINTED TWO
WEEKS EARLIER

"In a remarkable manner the Korean Independence Move-
ment has manifested skill, courage and organization that has
been a great surprise to many. It has shown, more than
ever before, how unreasonable, without justice, cruel and
brutal the military rule of Japan is in this land. I could
hardly believe these things if I had not seen them with my
own eyes.

"The police and soldiers have arrested old men and little
children and cruelly beaten them. . . . These things
have been witnessed, not by one or two, but by scores of
missionaries and others in many parts of Korea during
March. If the world could only know these things, they

STATEMENTS AND PRESS REPORTS. 43

would certainly heed this cry of distress from an oppressed
people. But the Japanese are doing all they can to keep the
world from knowing the truth. A report has just come that
in one city, from which letters have been sent, they are mak-
ing it very hard for the missionaries, even hinting at de-
portation, unless they stop telling the truth.

"The following are some of the things that I have actu-
ally seen with my own eyes:

"Small school boys knocked down and cruelly beaten by
Japanese soldiers. This was not a question of arresting
them, but savage, unjustifiable barbarism.

"Soldiers stop and deliberately fire into a crowd com-
posed only of girls and women, who were simply shouting
'Mansai.'

"A small boy of 1 year shot through the back.

"An unresisting old man of 65 years pounded, kicked
and beaten by several Japanese soldiers until he could not
walk.

"A crowd of about twenty school girls, who were quietly
walking along the public road, not even shouting, chased
by soldiers, beaten with guns, knocked down and so
shamefully treated that it made one's blood boil.

"Japanese firemen chasing boys and girls with long iron
hooks, trying to catch them with them.

"A Korean in a hospital, paralyzed, with his head
crushed in with one of these hooks.

"A man dying, shot through the back.

"One hundred men with torn and bloody clothes, tied
together with ropes, taken to jail.

"An American missionary roughly arrested while stand-
ing in his own yard and looking on, but doing nothing else.

"Women knocked down with guns and kicked into the
ditch.

"These and many other things I have seen with my own

eyes; other foreigners have seen the same and worse. One

can little imagine the reign of terror in all parts of this land.

. And the punishments and tortures at the police sta-

44 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

tions and jails make a still more awful story. I have seen
men who were beaten on wooden crosses by the Japanese.''

EDWARD W. THWING, of Boston, Mass.
(Oriental Secretary of the International' Reform Bureau.)

THE MASSACRE AT CHEAM-NI

Details of the massacre at Cheam-ni were obtained by the
Associated Press correspondent who visited that place in
company with Raymond S. Curtice, the American Vice-Con-
sul at Seoul, and Mr. Underwood, an American missionary.
Subsequently, the correspondent again visited the place with
Mr. Royds, the British Consul, and several missionaries, in-
cluding the Rev. Herron Smith, who is in charge of the
work of the Methodist church in Korea. Describing his
visit to Cheam-ni, the Seoul correspondent writes that when
they asked residents of nearby villages why that hamlet had
been burned, they were told that it was because there was a
Christian church and many native Christians in the village.

"When we got to the place, which had been a village of
about forty houses, we found only four or five standing, all
the rest were smoking ruins," he continued. "We found a
body, frightfully burned and twisted, lying in a compound,
and another, either of a young man or woman, just outside
the church compound. Several groups of people were
huddled under little straw shelters on the hillside with a
few of their pitiful belongings about them. They were
mostly women, some old, others young mothers with babies,
but all sunk in the dull apathy of abject misery and despair.
Mr. Underwood, an American missionary, who talked to
them in their own language, brought the story of what hap-
pened.

"The day before we arrived soldiers came to the village
and ordered all the male Christians to gather at the church.
When about thirty were in the church the soldiers opened
fire on them with rifles and then entered the church and
finished them off with swords and bayonets. After this they

STATEMENTS AND PRESS REPORTS. 4S

set fire to the church and to houses which otherwise would
not have been burned."

One Korean told the correspondent he was alive because
he was not a Christian and was not in the church. Later
when the correspondent made a second trip to Cheam-ni
with Mr. Royds, the British Consul, and a party of seven,
including several missionaries, he said: "We photographed
freely without interference, but when we started to talk to
the natives a policeman would saunter up and the Korean
would 'freeze up.' They were in fear of what might hap-
pen later if they were seen talking to us.''

The party, however, divided up and obtained many inter-
views concerning the story, as the correspondent learned it
on his first visit. They were told that two of those killed
in or near the church were women who went to that build-
ing to learn what was happening to their husbands.

(Associated Press Dispatch from Tokio May 1st, 1919.)

THE AFFAIR AT DUNGCHOO

Reports from Korea state that during a demonstration in
Dungchoo on the 29th of March some persons were
killed and over two hundred wounded. Forty persons were
hooked and dragged by Japanese soldiers and firemen and
half-buried, upright, in front of the railway station, and
relatives who came to identify the killed and wounded were
beaten so that nobody dared to fetch away the bodies.

A local doctor, named Shen, to whom the wounded went
for treatment, was whipped and beaten with rifle butts and
finally arrested. Osan Academy was destroyed and the
church of Heaven Worshipers burned down by the Jap-
anese.

(Renter's Dispatch from Pekin, April 4th, 1919.)

A JAPANESE DIATRIBE AGAINST AMERICAN
MISSIONARIES

"They (the American missionaries) are propagating Chris-
tianity in Korea, but pay no attention to the interests of

46 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Japan, the sovereign of Korea. While engaged in Christian
propaganda work, the American Missionaries run schools,
and diffuse foreign political and social ideas among the half-
civilized people. The principle of liberty is recklessly advo-
cated among them, this having an evil influence upon their
undeveloped minds, which are consequently tainted with
excessively radical ideas.

"The American missionaries include in their number some
some who have no sound judgment and discretion. Such
people confuse the ideas of the Koreans, who are in a
similar mental condition as those Japanese students who are
now making an outcry for democracy, without understand-
ing what this stands for. As a result, some Korean con-
verts to Christianity are so senseless as to have recourse to
radical action."

:); H: :)c :): :):

"In order to wreak their discontent and bitter feelings,
these Koreans, under the mask of Christianity, I think, have
created the present disturbances. It may safely be de-
clared that missionaries are responsible for the fact that the
advanced ideas of foreign countries have been diffused with-
out modification among the Koreans, whose state of civiliza-
tion is not yet very high, and for the fact that among those
taking part in the disturbances were girl students."
(Quotation from Mr. Midoru Komatsu, late Director of
Foreign Affairs in the Government-General of Korea,
Published in The Japan Advertiser of March 9th, 1919.)

OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

AND

PROCLAMATIONS

OF THE

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

FOR THE
••■■•'.

NEW •^kfeuBLfe up' kOREA

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

"We herewith proclaim the independence of Korea and
the liberty of the Korean people. We tell it to the world in
witness of the equality of all nations and we pass it on to
our posterity as their inherent right.

"We rriake this proclamation, having back of us 5,000 years
of history, and 20,000,000 of a united loyal people. We take
this step to insure to our children for all time to come, per-
sonal liberty in accord with the awakening consciousness of
this new era. This is the clear leading of God, the moving
principle of the present age, the whole human race's just
claim. It is something that cannot be stamped out, or stifled,
or gagged, or suppressed by any means.

"Victims of an older age, when brute force and the spirit
of plunder ruled, we have come after these long thousands
of years to experience the agony of ten years of foreign
oppression, with every loss to the right to live, every restric-
tion of the freedom of thought, every damage done to the
dignity of life, every opportunity lost for a share in the in-
telligent advance of the age in which we live.

"Assuredly, if the defects of the past are to be rectified,
if the agony of the present is to be unloosed, if the future
oppression is to be avoided, if thought is to be set free, if
right of action is to be given a place, if we are to attain to
any way of progress, if we are to deliver our children from
the painful, shameful heritage, if we are to leave blessing
and happiness intact for those who succeed us, the first of all
necessary things is the clear-cut independence of our people.
What cannot our twenty millions do, every man with sword
in heart, in this day when human nature and conscience are
making a stand for truth and right? What barrier can we
not break, what purpose can we not accomplish?

"We have no desire to accuse Japan of breaking many
solemn treaties since 1636, nor to single out specially the
teachers in the schools or government officials who treat the

so THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

heritage of our ancestors as a colony of their own, and our
people and their civilization as a nation of savages, finding
delight only in beating us down and bringing us under their
heel.

"We have no wish to find special fault with Japan's lack
of fairness or her contempt of our civilization and the prin-
ciples on which her state rests; we, who have greater cause
to reprimand ourselves, need not spend precious time in find-
ing fault with others; neither need we, who require so
urgently to build for the future, spend useless hours over
what is past and gone. Our urgent need today is the settling
up of this house of ours and not a discussion of who has
broken it down, or what has caused its ruin. Our work is
to clear the future of defects in accord with the earnest
dictates of conscience. Let us not be filled with bitterness or
resentment over past agonies or past occasions for anger.

"Our part is to influence the Japanese Government, domi-
nated as it is by the old idea of brute force which thinks to
run counter to reason and universal law, so that it will
change, act honestly and in accord with the principles of
right and truth.

"The result of annexation, brought about without any con-
ference with the Korean people, is that the Japanese, indif-
ferent to us, use every kind of partiality for their own, and
by a false set of figures show a profit and loss account be-
tween us two peoples most untrue, digging a trench of ever-
lasting resentment deeper and deeper the farther they go.

"Ought not the way of enlightened courage to be to correct
the evils of the past by ways that are sincere, and by true
sympathy and friendly feeling make a new world in which
the two peoples will be equally blessed?

"To bind by force twenty millions of resentful Koreans
will mean not only loss of peace forever for this part of the
Far East, but also will increase the every-growing suspicion
of four hundred millions of Chinese — upon whom depends
the danger or safety of the Far East — besides strengthening
the hatred of Japan. From this all the rest of the East will

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 51

suffer. Today Korean independence will mean not only daily
life and happiness for us, but also it would mean Japan's
departure from an evil way and exaltation to the place of
true protector of the East, so that China, too, even in her
dreams, would put all fear of Japan aside. This thought
comes from no minor resentment, but from a large hope for
the future welfare and blessing of mankind.

"A new era wakes before our eyes, the old world of force
is gone, and the new world of righteousness and truth is
here. Out of the experience and travail of the old world
arises this light on life's affairs. The insects stifled by the
foe and snow of winter awake at this same time with the
breezes of spring and the soft light of the sun upon them.

"It is the day of the restoration of all things on the full
tide of which we set forth, without delay or fear. We desire
a full measure of satisfaction in the way of liberty and the
pursuit of happiness, and an opportunity to develop what is
in us for the glory of our people.

"We awake now from the old world with its darkened
conditions in full determination and one heart and one mind,
with right on our side, along with the forces of nature, to a
new life. May all the ancestors to the thousands and ten
thousand generations aid us from within and all the force of
the world aid us from without, and let the day we take hold
be the day of our attainment. In this hope we go forward.

THREE ITEMS OF AGREEMENT

"1. This work of ours is in behalf of truth, religion and
life, undertaken at the request of our people, in order to
make known their desire for liberty. Let no violence be
done to anyone.

"2. Let those who follow us, every man, all the time,
every hour, show forth with gladness this same mind.

"3. Let all things be done decently and in order, so that
our behaviour to the very end may be honorable and up-
right."

52 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

The 4252nd Year of the Kingdom of Korea, 3d Month

Representatives of the People.
The signatures attached to the document are:
Son Byung Hi, Kil Sun Chu, Yi Pil Chu, Paik Long Sung,
Kim Won Kyu, Kim Pyung Cho, Kim Chang Choon, Kwon
Dong Chin, Kwon Byung Duk, Na Long Whan, Na In Hup,
Yang Chun Paik, Yang Han Mook, Lew Yer Dai, Yi Kop
Sung, Yi Mung Yong, Yi Seung Hoon, Yi Chong Hoon,
Yi Chong II, Lim Yei Whan, Pak Choon Seung, Pak Hi Do,
Pak Tong Wan, Sin Hong Sik, Sin Suk Ku, Oh Sei Chang,
Oh Wha Young, Chung Choon Su, Choi Sung Mo, Choi In,
Han Yong Woon, Hong Byung Ki, Hong Ki Cho.

AIMS AND ASPIRATIONS OF THE NEW
KOREAN REPUBLIC

(1) We believe in government which derives its just
power from the governed. Therefore, the government must
be conducted for the interest of the people it governs.

(2) We propose to have a government modeled after that
of America, as far as possible, consistent with the education
of the masses. For the next decade it may be necessary to
have more centralized power in the government; but as edu-
cation of the people improves, and as they have more experi-
ence in the art of self-governing, they will be allowed to
participate more universally in the governmental affairs.

(3) However, we propose to give universal franchise to
elect local and provincial legislators, and the provincial legis-
lators elect the representatives to the National Legislature.
The National Legislators will have co-ordinate power with
the Executive branch of the Government, and they have sole
power to make laws of the nation, and are solely responsible
to the people whom they represent.

(4) The Executive branch consists of President, Vice-
President and Cabinet OfiScers, who carry out all the laws
made by the National Legislature. The President shall be
elected by the members of the National Legislature; and the
President has the power to appoint the Cabinet Ministers,
Governors of Provinces and other such important executive
officials of the Government, including envoys to foreign coun-
tries. He has the power to make treaties with foreign
powers, subject to the approval of the upper house of the
National Legislature. The President and his Cabinet are
responsible to the National Legislature.

(5) We believe in freedom of religion. Any religion or
doctrine shall be freely taught and preached within the coun-
try, provided such teaching does not conflict with the laws
or the interest of the nation.

(6) We believe in free commerce with all nations of the
world, affording the citizens and subjects of all treaty powers

S4 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

equal opportunity and protection for promoting commerce
and industry between them and the Korean people.

(7) We believe in education of the people, which is more
important than any other governmental activity.

(8) We believe in modern sanitary improvements under
scientific supervision, as the health of the people is one of
the primary considerations of those who govern.

(9) We believe in free speech and free press. In fact,
we are in thorough accord with the principle of democracy,
equal opportunity, sound economic policies, free intercourse
with the nations of the world, making conditions of life of
the entire people most favorable for unlimited development.

(10) We believe in liberty of action in all matters, pro-
vided such actions or utterances do not interfere with the
rights of other people or conflict with the laws and interests
of the nation.

Let us all pledge our solemn word to carry out these
cardinal points to the best of our ability, as long as there is
life remaining within us.

PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION

By the will of God, the people of Korea, both within and
without the country, have united in a peaceful declaration of
their independence, and for over one month have carried on
their demonstrations in over 300 districts, and because of
their faith in the movement they have by their representa-
tives chosen a Provisional Government to carry on to com-
pletion this independence and so to preserve blessings for our
children and grandchildren.

The Provisional Government, in its Council of State, has
decided on a Provisional Constitution, which it now pro-
claims.

1. The Korean Republic shall follow republican prin-
ciples.

2. All powers of State shall rest with the Provisional
Council of State of the Provisional Government.

3. There shall be no class distinction among the citizens
of the Korean Republic, but men and women, noble and com-
mon, rich and poor, shall have equality.

4. The citizens of the Korean Republic shall have re-
ligious liberty, freedom of speech, freedom of writing and
publication, the right to hold public meetings and form social
organizations and the full right to choose their dwellings or
change their abode.

5. The citizens of the Korean Republic shall have the
right to vote for all public officials or to be elected to public
office.

6. Citizens will be subject to compulsory education and
military service and payment of taxes.

7. Since by the will of God the Korean Republic has
arisen in the world and has come forward as a tribute to
the world peace and civilization, for this reason we wish to
become a member of the League of Nations.

8. The Korean Republic will extend benevolent treatment
to the former Imperial Family.

56 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

9. The death penalty, corporal punishment and public
prostitution will be abolished.

10. Within one year of the recovery of our land the
National Congress will be convened.

Signed by:

The Provisional Secretary of State,
And the Ministers of Foreign Affairs,
Home Affairs,
Justice.
Finance,
War,
Communications.

In the 1st Year of the Korean Republic, 4th Month.
The following are six principles of government:

1. We proclaim the equality of the people and the State.

2. The lives and property of foreigners shall be re-
spected.

3. All political offenders shall be specially pardoned.

4. We will observe all treaties that shall be made with
foreign powers.

5. We swear to stand by the independence of Korea.

6. Those who disregard the orders of the Provisional
Government will be regarded as enemies of the State.

OFFICIAL PROCLAMATION

Korea proclaims to the nations of the world that the
people of this land, with a history of 4,000 years, have now,
in this age of world progress, asserted the independence and
liberty of their nation.

Although the Japanese troops have overrun our country,
as the Germans did Belgium, yet we will not recognize their
control, and as a people, in this manner, we repudiate their
government and send out these notifications.

We, the liberty-loving people of Korea, having declared
our independence and having chosen our representatives for
a Provisional Government, through them make this an-
nouncement.

We extend our most cordial sentiments to the friendly
nations that have already had treaty relations with our land
and also to the new states which have been recently formed
upon principles of humanity and justice.

Provisional Government for the
New Korean Republic.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE

THE CLAIM OF THE KOREAN PEOPLE
AND NATION

FOR LIBERATION FROM JAPAN AND FOR THE

RECONSTITUTION OF KOREA AS AN

INDEPENDENT STATE TO BE EFFECTED BY

AND THROUGH THE PEACE CONFERENCE

DECLARING AS NULL AND VOID

OR OTHERWISE ABROGATING THE TREATY

CONCLUDED AT SEOUL ON AUGUST 22, 1910,

WHEREBY JAPAN PURPORTED

TO ANNEX THE EMPIRE OF KOREA

Petition

.^ARIS: APRIL, IQlSi;

60 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

KOREAN DELEGATION

TO THE PEACE CONFERENCE
IN SESSION AT PARIS:

THE PETITION of the KOREAN
PEOPLE AND NATION for libe-
ration from Japan and for the recon-
stitution of Korea as an independ-
ent state

RESPECTFULLY SHEWETH:

The Korean People have been a nation for more than
4,200 years, with a settled life and culture and with their
country forming one of the historic states of Asia. During
most of these Forty-two Centuries, Korea enjoyed national
independence.

Korean Independence B-ec6gfti±ed.,

• * t *

2. — The continued "existertcc of ■KjoBea 'as a separate and

sovereign state was'.r^qognized by'JSpan^'Jhe United States,
Great Britain "and.qther foreign Power^'jnr.tlieir respective
treaties of peager^d commerce concludexi .tvith the Korean
Government* *.•".,•' •*. ..' *

In the Treaty With" ^116 Uuitf 8; StJtSs, Signed at Seoul on
May 22, 18S2, it was* exi>rpssry.agi'efji;thjct "if o^ier Powers
deal unjustly or .oppressively with either . Qovernment the
other will cjfert-t.heir good offices, on being, jp^ormed of the
case, to bring' .a5QbtC«an amicable arrangement, thus showing
their friendly feelih^s'.^-; . .-*.•'•

In the Treaty 'of- Sh^onasfla,* 's%fwd\o^ April 17, 1895,
Japan insisted on CWt^'s defiijite-TeccJgnition of the "full

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 61

and complete independence and autonomy of Korea." And
in the first Anglo- Japanese agreement of alliance, concluded
on January 30, 1902, Japan and Great Britain affirmed and
substantially guaranteed the independence of Korea. Lastly,
in the Treaty of Defensive and Offensive Alliance made
between the Japanese Government and the Korean Govern-
ment in 1904, Japan specifically guaranteed the independence
and integrity of Korea.

Korean Independence as an International Doctrine.

3. — ^These treaties not only affirmed and confirmed the
separate existence of Korea as a sovereign state, but they
established, it is submitted, Korean independence on the
basis of an international authority and .sanction which no
single Power could violate without subjecting its action to
eventual revision by other Powers.

Japan's Violation of Korean Independence.

4. — Such a violation of Korean independence was com-
mitted by Japan when the Japanese Government — ^by acts of
fraud and force — compelled the conclusion of the Treaty of
August 22, 1910, whereby the then Emperor of Korea pur-
ported to cede "completely and permanently to His Majesty
the Emperor of Japan all rights of sovereignty over the
whole of Korea," with her then population of more than
Fifteen Million Koreans.

The Korean Protest.

S. — Against this extinction of Korean sovereignty and the
incorporation of their country as a province of Japan, the
Korean people and nation have strenuously protested and
dn still protest.

6. — ^This protest is renewed and is strengthened daily,
owing to the methods applied by Japan in the administra-
tion of Korea. In ruthlessness and efficiency these methods

62 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

exceed those practised by Prussia in her eastern provinces,
in Schleswig-Holstein, in Alsace-Lorraine*.

Not only in name but in reality, Japan is determined to
turn Korea into a Japanese province. And she is trying to
do this by a pitiless attempt to extirpate the great roots of
patriotism — love of the soil, language of the people and the
history of the nation — and also to "control" the two means
which might render futile this organized attempt to de-
stroy Korean patriotism, i. e., education and wealth.

Japanese "Control" of Korean Education and Wealth.

7. — Any and every department of modern education cal-
culated, if pursued beyond a certain point, to encourage what
Count Terauchi — the Japanese proconsul who "annexed"
Korea— calls "dangerous thoughts" is either forbidden or
taught in an emasculated sense in the schools of Korea un-
der Government control. And the Korean student is abso-
lutely prohibited from going to Europe or the United States
to seek a modern education, even at his or her expense.

8. — Nearly every wealthy Korean is obliged to have a Jap-
anese overseer at his house, controlling his properties and

*"A rigid spy system is inaugurated (in. Korea). Everyone must be
registered and is given a number, which is known to the police.
Every time he leaves his village or town he must register at the
police station and state fully the business he intends to transact and
his destination. The policeman phones to this place_ and if his actions
are in any way at variance with his report he is liable to arrest and
mistreatment. A strict classification is kept on the basis of a man's
education, influence, position, etc. As soon as a man begins to show
ability or qualities of leadership he is put in class V, detectives are
set on his trail, and from thenceforth he becomes a marked man,
hounded wherever he goes. Even children are watched or bribed for
information. If a man escapes the country his number is traced, his
family or relatives arrested and perchance tortured until they reveal
his whereabouts. A man is likely to disappear any day and perhaps
not be heard of again. It is a very efficient Prussianism which thus
aims to crush the spirit of a people.

"This policy is earned out in the educational system by forbidding
the teaching of Koiean history or geography ... by excluding
all European history or literature, ... by forbidding any Ko-
rean student to go abroad for an education; in fact, by forbidding
them to leave the country; ... by forbidding them to entertain
or express Korean ideas or aspirations. One student was put in jail
for three months and fined three hundred dollars because he was
caught singing the Korean national anthem." — From a paper recently
published in the United States by J. E. Moore, an American born in
Korea.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 63

finances. And Koreans with deposits in the banks — which
are all Japanese institutions — cannot withdraw large amounts
at one time without disclosing to the banks the purpose or
purposes for which the money is to be used.

Japan and Chrutianiiy.

9. — Every effort is made by the Japanese authorities — par-
ticularly through their police agents — to discourage and ob-
struct Christian missionary work in Korea which is envisaged
as opposed to vital Japanese interests in the peninsula.

Is not the gravest indictment of Japan's work in Korea to
be read in the fact that Christianity is seriously regarded as
a force hostile to the success of the Japanese system of gov-
ernment in the country?

Korea for the Japanese.

10. — The Japanese authorities claim that "reforms'' have
been introduced into Korea. But it is well to remember that
most of these reforms, valuable as they are, may be found
in a well-regulated penal colony ("The Korean Conspiracy
Case," New York), and all of them have been effected or
introduced at the expense of the Korean taxpayer in the
interest and for the benefit of the Japanese settler for whom
the Japanese authorties are bent on making Korea an at-
tractive field of colonization.

II.— The Japanese rules and administers Korea in the spirit
and by the methods of a Master-Nation or, more accurately,
a Profiteer-Nation.

Except in the sense that cattle or slaves must be taken
care of if they are to be of any value to their owners, the
welfare of the Korean people is not an aim of government
with Japan.

Japan Againti the World.

12.— In addition to these reasons connected directly with
the fate of the Korean people, the vital interests of the
world— especially the Asiatic interests of France and the

64 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Asiatic and Pacific interests of Great Britain and the United
States — demand the dis-annexation of Korea and the libera-
tion of her people from Japan.

13. — In trade and commerce, Japan is gradually eliminat-
ing the Western trader and merchant in Korea and trans-
ferring to the exclusive hands of her own people tradal inter-
ests which have had their origin in the series of treaties of
peace and commerce concluded between Korea and the
foreign powers.

In this elimination of Western competition, Japan con-
tinues true to that instinct for exclusion which, in the past,
found expression in her rigidly guarded isolation and which,
today, expresses itself in the menacing attempt to Exclude
Western Influence in Far Asia through the application of a
debased Monroe Doctrine for the Far East.

Japan's Continental Policy.

14.— It is, however, in the far-reaching political aims of
Japan — realizable eventually through her continued annexa-
tion of Korea — that France, as well as Great Britain and
America, must be vitally interested.

The danger to the non-Japanese world, including especially
the three Latin and Anglo-Saxon powers, lies in Japan's un-
fettered prosecution of her Continental Policy.

This policy aims, first, at the seizure of the hegemony of
Asia through the domination and control of the man-power
and natural resources of China — possible by the Japanese
possession of the continental point d'appui of Korea — and,
next, at the mastery of the Pacific as the sole means of
securing unrestricted entrance for the Japanese immigrant
into Australasia and the United States.

The Policy in Operation.

IS. — Japan's Continental Policy has already found expres-
sion —

(a) In two successful wars which have made her the great-
est military power in Asia in much the same way that Prus-

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 65

sia's two wars made her the greatest military power in
Europe ;

(6) In the annexation of Korea;

(c) In the gradual substitution of Japanese for Chinese
authority in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia;

(d) In the attempt now being made to secure from the
Peace Conference the succession of Japan to German hold-
ings and privileges in the Chinese province of Shantung,
including Kiaochow;

(e) In the growing subjection of China, with her incal-
culable man-power and resources, to Japanese domination by
and through the same set of methods which made the an-
nexation of Korea a "political necessity"; and

(/) In the Japanese possession of the "South Sea Islands
north of the Equator," which bring Japan nearly two thou-
sand miles closer to Australia and gives the Japanese Navy
a base which dominates, practically, the entire land-areas of
the Pacific.

Th^ Korean Revolution.

16. — The protest and opposition of the Korean people to
Japanese annexation of their country and to the process of
political extermination applied to them by the Mikado's
agents has now expressed itself in the Korean Revolution.

On the 1st of March, at 1 p. m., the Korean People and
Nation declared their independence. This act of independ-
ence was formally done by the National Independence Union,
composed of three million Koreans representing and express-
ing the desire and will of 18,700,000 Koreans in Korea prop-
er, in China, Siberia, in Hawaii and in the United States.

The declaration states : "It is our solemn duty to secure
the right of free and perpetual development of our own na-
tional character, adapting ourselves to the principles of the
reconstruction of the world — to secure our independence, to
wipe out injuries, get rid of our present sufferings, and leave
our children eternal freedom instead of a bitter and shame-
ful inheritance."

66 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Progress of the Revolution.

17. — The Korean Delegation — appointed by the New Ko-
rean Young Men's Society to which are affiliated the Korean
National Independence Union and other bodies organized in
the cause of Korean independence — is in receipt of several
cable dispatches reporting the progress of the revolution and
the national movement for independence.

A dispatch from the Korean National Independence Union
received in Paris, via Shanghai, on April 7th, instant, reads
in part as follows : "On March 26 we held grand demonstra-
tions at Seoul. Our national flags were flown on the city
hills. The Japanese arrested two hundred of those who par-
ticipated in the demonstrations. There were casualties on
both sides. Samnam (i. e. all provinces south of Seoul)
are uprising every day. Korean demonstrations are taking
place in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria."

The Korean Republic.

18. — ^The same dispatch reports the organization of a Pro-
visional Government of Korea, consisting of a President,
Vice-President, Secretary of State, Minister for Home
Affairs, Minister of Finance, Minister of Justice and Min-
ister of War.

Among those included in the Provisional Government are
Prince Pak Yung-hio and Messrs. Rhee Syngman, Ahn
Chang Ho and Li Tong Whi. Prince Pak Yung-hio is one
of the five great leaders who inaugurated what is known in
Korean history as the movement of the Progressive Party in
1884. He was the chief figure among the Progressives who,
in 1894, compelled the introduction of modern reforms into
Korea. He was at one time Minister for Home Affairs be-
fore the annexation. Rhee Syngman is an M.A. of Har-
vard, U. S. A., and Ph. D. of Princeton, U. S. A. Since
1894 he has been one of the leaders of the old Korean Inde-
pendence Club. As a political worker he has suffered im-
prisonment and he has also been tortured. Ahn Chang Ho

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 67

is the founder of the Sin Min Hueh or People's Society and,
since 1905, has been a leader of young Korean nationalists.
He is the President of the Korean National Association. Li
Tong Whi is a former major in the old Korean Army and a
recognized leader of Korean nationalists in Siberia and Man-
churia. He has been imprisoned and tortured by the Jap-
anese authorities.

Japanese Repression.

19. — Another dispatch received by the Korean delegation
on April 10th inst., states that "from the 1st of March up to
date, active demonstrations of the Independence movement
have been very well conducted all over Korea. Representa-
■ fives prefer passive revolution, including lecturing and dis-
tribution of manifestoes. Girls more active. Strikes have
occurred in enemy (Japanese) factories, stores, etc. Our
churches, schools and stores closed everywhere. Thirty-
two thousand men and women are in prison. About 100,000
have been injured, including old people, girls and children.
Interior traffic communications severed. Terrible outrages
committed by enemy (Japanese). Missionaries are sending
truth to world."

In a further dispatch which reached the Korean delega-
tion on April 11th inst., Japanese atrocities are reported:
"Japan has begun massacring in Korea. On March 28 over
1,000 unarmed people were killed during a three-hour demon-
stration held in Seoul. The shooting, beating and hooking
( Pbayoneting) of people are in merciless progress through-
out Korea. Churches, schools and homes of leaders have
been destroyed. Women are being stripped naked and beaten
before crowds, especially female members of leaders' fam-
ilies. The imprisoned are being tortured. Doctors are for-
bidden to attend to the wounded. We ask urgently aid from
Foreign Red Cross. We have decided to fight for freedom
until last Korean falls. We solicit help in the name of
God."

Of the many news dispatches on the subject appearing in

68 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

the American and the European press, it must suffice here to
quote the latest from the Tokio correspondent of the London
"Times." It appeared in the issue of the London paper on
April 17th inst., under the caption "Korea's Rights" : "While
it is recognized that there can be only one outcome of the
disturbances in Korea, the Government's decision to rein-
force the military establishment in the peninsula evokes uni-
versal press comment, the feature of which is the recognition
that it will be inevitable, when opportunity occurs, to replace
the Military Governor by a Civilian Governor. The 'Nichi-
Nichi' attributes the disturbances chiefly to a mistaken con-
ception of the principle of self-determination, also to the
inimical influence of missionaries. The 'Jiji' says it is evi-
dent that many reforms are necessary in Korea. Another
journal dwells on the fact that the Koreans are not an in-
ferior people. * * *"

Abrogation of the Treaty of Annexation.

20. — The Korean people submit that the Treaty of Annexa-
tion of August 22, 1910, should be declared Null and Void or
otherwise abrogated by the Peace Conference for the reasons
set forth in this petition and further elaborated in the memo-
randum hereto attached and more especially for the reasons
following :

I. — The said Treaty of annexation was conluded in cir-
cumstances of Fraud and Force which vitiated its validity as
a legal and international document, even assuming that the
then Emperor of Korea had the right to hand over to "His
Majesty the Emperor of Japan" Fifteen Million Koreans and
a country that had existed as a separate and sovereign state
for more than 4,200 years.

n.- — The Korean people and nation have consistently de-
nied the right of the then "puppet" Emperor of Korea to deal
with them in terms of the said Treaty of Annexation. Being
men and not cattle, they hold that their consent is and has
been an essential condition to the validity of the said treaty.
This consent has never been given.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 69

ni. — That said Treaty of Annexation was and is a direct
violation by Japan of the International guarantees entered
into by the Japanese Government with Korea and other
Powers regarding Korean independence and integrity*.

IV. — In the several Treaties concluded between Korea and
Japan and other Powers, and by Japan with China, with
Russia and with Great Britain, regarding Korea, the exist-
ence of the latter as a separate and sovereign state is — as to
all these treaties — explicitly recognized and its political inde-
pendence and territorial integrity is — as to some of them —
also explicitly guaranteed in terms establishing the same on
the basis of a public law of nations which no single Power —
especially Japan — could violate without subjecting its action
to eventual revision by the Powers assembled in an inter-
national congress like the present Peace Conference.

V. — ^The Peace Conference meets in order to secure a set-
tlement of the affairs of the member-nations according to the
principles expressed in President Wilson's Fourteen Points.
The principles underlying this statement of views is defined
by the President in his message to Congress on January 8,
1918, as "the principle of justice to all peoples and nation-
alities and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and
safety with one another, whether they he strong or weak."

As one of the allied and associated states in the war,
Japan has expressly accepted the Fourteen Points with their
underlying principle of justice. Inasmuch as this principle
of justice is clearly violated by the Mikado's continued exer-
cise of "all rights of sovereignty over the whole of Korea"
without the consent and against the wishes of the Korean
People and Nation, it becomes the right and the duty of the

•The Japan-Korean treaty of February 26 or 27, 1876, states in the
first article "Chosen being an independent state enjoys the same sov-
ereign rights as does Japan." •, „,. ,oao ■-. • ..• i » i ■

In the Japan-Russian protocol of April 25, 1898, it is stipulated in
article I that the "Imperial Governments of Japan and Russia defin-
tively recognize the sovereignty and entire independence of Korea, and
tiiutually engage to refrain from all direct interference in the internal

^ The Japan^Korean protocol of February 23, 1904, provides (art. 3)
that the "Imperial Government of Japan definitively guarantees the
independence and territorial integrity cf the Korean Empire.

70 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Peace Conference to declare the nuUificatioa or otherwise
decree the abrogation of the aforesaid Treaty of Annexation.

VI. — In virtue of rights founded in International Law and
of the New Justice which is to redress the wrongs of nations,
the Korean People have a just claim for the Reconstruction
of Korea as an Independent State unless, indeed, they are to
be excluded from the scope of the principles which have
already found expression in the reconstitution of Poland
after almost one and a half centuries of partitions and an-
nexations and in the dis-annexation of Alsace-Lorraine after
nearly half a century of Prussian rule.

It is less than ten years since Japan effected the annexa-
tion of Korea. And the fact that the outbreak of the war
did not find Japan an ally of the Central Powers — a political
combination that had always been envisaged by the German-
trained advisers of the Mikado — is no reason why the
Korean People should be suffered by the Peace Conference
to continue to live under a system of military government
which is a denial of every principle for which men have
lately died on the soil of France.

This petition is presented in the name and on behalf of the
Provisional Republican Government of Korea and of the
eighteen million seven hundred thousand Koreans living in
Korea proper, in China, Siberia, Hawaii, the United States
and elsewhere as well as of the five thousand and more
Koreans who fought for the Allied cause on the Eastern
Front before the treaty of Brest-Litovsk — in the aggregate
forming and constituting the Korean People and Nation —
by the undersigned John Kiusic Soho Kimm, the duly ac-
credited member of the Korean Delegation appointed by the
New Korean Young Men's Society, etc., etc.

J. KIUSIC S. KIMM,
Delegate of New Korean Young Men's Society,
Delegate of the Korean National Association,
Delegate of the Provisional Government of the
Korean Republic, Etc., Etc., Etc.

KOREAN DELEGATION

THE PEACE CONFERENCE

THE CLAIM OF THE KOREAN PEOPLE
AND NATION

FOR LIBERATION FROM JAPAN

AND FOR THE RECONSTITUTION

OF KOREA AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE

Memorandum

PARIS: APRIL, 1919.

72 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

THE CLAIM OF THE KOREAN PEOPLE

AND NATION FOR LIBERATION FROM JAPAN

AND FOR THE RECONSTITUTION OF KOREA

AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE

I.
The Claim of Korea.

The Korean People and Nation hereby petition the Peace
Conference to declare as null and void the Treaty of August
22, 1910 (a), whereby one Korean — the then Emperor of
Korea — purported, vinder Japanese coercion, to cede "com-
pletely and permanently to His Majesty the Emperor of
Japan all rights of sovereignty over the whole of Korea"
with her then population of over Fifteen Million Koreans.

It is submitted that the present claim deals with a matter
in respect of which the Peace Conference has the right and
authority to take action.

The Conference meets in order to secure a settlement of
the affairs of the member-nations in tei-ms of the principles
set forth in President Wilson's Fourteen Points. The "evi-
dent principle'' running through the "whole program'' is
defined by the President in his message to Congress on
January 8, 1918, as "the principle of justice to all peoples
and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of
liberty and safety with one another, whether they be strong
or weak."

As one of the Allied and Associated States, Japan has ex-
pressly accepted the Fourteen Points, with their underlying
principle of justice, as the "foundation" of the "structure
of international justice'' to be established by the Peace Con-
ference.

Inasmuch as this principle of justice is obviously violated
by the Mikado's continued exercise of "all rights of sover-
eignty over the whole of Korea'' without the consent and

(a) See Appendix No. 1.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 73

against the wishes of the Korean People and Nation, it is at
once the right and the duty of the Peace Conference to
declare the nullification of the aforesaid Treaty of August
22, 1910.

II.
4,200 Years of National Life.

The Korean people were a nation, with a language and a
culture of their own, before Japan ceased to be a land of
warring tribes and unlettered people. Indeed, it is as much
to Korea as to China— the other historic state now under
deadly assault by Japan— that the Japanese owe not a little
of their cultural development and the thoughts and ideals
which have nourished their mind and enabled them to cap-
ture greatness.

The nationhood of the Korean People had lasted for more
than 4,200 years when Japan consummated her work in
Korea by the Treaty of August 22, 1910. And save for an
intervening period when their liberties were assailed the
Koreans lived through these forty-two centuries as an in-
dependent nation, their country forming one of the separate
states of Asia.

III.
The Independence of Korea.

The continued existence of Korea as a separate and
sovereign state was affirmed and recognized by Japan in
the Treaty of Peace and Amity concluded between the
Korean Government and the Japanese Government at Seoul
on February 27, 1876.

The independence of Korea as the "Kingdom of Chosen"
was recognized by the United States of America in the
Treaty of "Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation" con-
cluded with the Korean Government on May 22, 1882, which
contained the important clause that "if other Powers deal
unjustly or oppressively with either Government the other

74 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

will exert their good offices, on being informed of the case,
to bring about an amicable arrangement, thus showing their
friendly feelings."

Korean sovereignty was also recognized and admitted by
Great Britain and other Powers in their respective Treaties
of peace and commerce concluded with the Korean Govern-
ment.

In the Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed on April 17, 1895,
Japan compelled China definitely to recognize the "full and
complete independence and autonomy of Korea.''

The independence of Korea was also affirmed and sub-
stantially guaranteed by Japan and Great Britain in the first
Anglo-Japanese agreement of alliance concluded on Janu-
ary 30, 1902.

And, lastly, in a Treaty of Defensive and Offensive Alli-
ance concluded between the Japanese Government and the
Korean Government in 1904, Japan guaranteed the independ-
ence of Korea and the latter guaranteed material aid to
Japan in the later prosecution of the war against Russia.

IV.
"Transaction* in Freedom."

It was to protect and maintain the independence and terri-
torial integrity of Korea that Japan professed to have fought
her first continental wars against China in 1894-S.

And a similar purpose was alleged when Japan challenged
and defeated the Tsardom in 1904-5.

That Japan emerged out of these two wars with an inter-
national prestige which no mere military victories could
have won her is mainly to be assigned to the knightly
gesture expressed in what seemed in the eyes of men as
high transactions in freedom.

V.
Prussia and Japan.

The falseness of it all is now plain. And what must be
termed the bad faith and duplicity of Japan cannot fail to

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 75

arrest the attention of a world already outraged by the un-
moral acts of a race whose home is the "spiritual home" of
the leaders of Japan.

Like Prussia in her two wars against Austria and against
France, Japan "prepared" for her two wars against China
and against Russia; and as Prussia became the leading mili-
tary Power in Europe, so Japan has become the leading
military Power in Asia as a result of her "defensive" wars
against the two countries that stood in the path of her con-
tinental ambitions. And in quite a true sense, it may be
said that Prussia and Japan are the two modern Powers
which have profited greatly from the business of war.

If there be any difference between these two predatory
Powers, the same lies in the deeper immorality of Japan.
Prussia conceived, prepared and won her two wars in order
to forge an Imperial Germany as an instrument of European
hegemony. She did not load her crime with the death of a
nation whose independence and integrity had been guaran-
teed by her in solemn treaties. Nor did she vulgarize her
great sin by meanly lying to the world and representing her
policy of plunder and aggrandizement in the sense of
knightly action undertaken for the protection of an en-
dangered people.

All this and more Japan has done.

VI.

The Protectorate of Korea.

Within a few months of the last of the Treaties in which
Japan guaranteed the perpetual independence and integrity
of Korea, the Treaty of Portsmouth was concluded in which
Japan compelled Russia to acknowledge that "Japan possesses
in Korea paramount political, miUtary and economical in-
terests" and to "engage neither to obstruct nor interfere with
the measures of guidance, protection and control which the
Imperial Government of Japan may find it necessary to
take in Korea."

76 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Three weeks later — ^i. e., on September 27, 1905 — the
second Treaty of Alliance between Japan and Great Britain
was published. The independence of Korea, which was
expressly recognized in the first Anglo-Japanese agreement,
was significantly omitted in this renewal of the alliance.

This sinister omission was quickly followed, twenty days
later, by the conclusion of the Treaty subjecting Korea to
the protectorate of Japan. It is safe to say that this trans-
action is without parallel in civilized history. An account
of the crime can be read in the pages of McKenzie's
"Tragedy of Korea" and in the "Passing of Korea," by
Homer B. Hulbert.

The Treaty of Portsmouth was hardly signed when the
Marquis Ito arrived at Seoul and instantly set about to
impose on Korea "measures of guidance, protection and
control." The story reads like some devilish episode in the
days when Europe lay in darkness.

Ito — "the Bismarck of Japan" — packed the streets of Seoul
with Japanese soldiers, surrounded the Palace with a cordon
of troops and forced the distraught Emperor and his Min-
isters, literally at the point of the bayonet, to sign the in-
famous Treaty of Seoul. But despite all this coercion, the
Treaty was signed by neither the Emperor's Prime Minister
nor his Minister for Foreign Affairs. And the Treaty was
vitiated by the non-affixion of the great seal of the State
Council and of that of the Foreign Office. Even under force,
the great seal was not produced; and like a gesture of
despair, the seal of the Foreign Office was flung into a lotus .
pond just as the Ministers were being driven into the Coun-
cil Chamber by armed Japanese.

The history of Korea during the five years of the Pro-
tectorate is a record of deeds of fraud and terrorism pos-
sible only in the case of a Power like Japan whose soul is
mediaeval but whose methods are Prussian in their ruth-
lessness and efficiency. It is the record of a scientific bar-
barism applied to the work of stabbing a nation to death.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 77

VII.
The Annexation of Korea.

And death soon came to Korea. In the words of a
French writer "le Japon couronnait son oeuvre en Coree" in
the Treaty done at Seoul on August 22, 1910, which pur-
ported to hand over to "His Majesty the Emperor of Japan"
an ancient Kingdom with its population of over fifteen mil-
lion, as if cattle — not men — were under traffic.

Against this extinction of Korean sovereignty and the
incorporation of their country as a province of Japan, the
Korean People and Nation have strenuously protested and
do still protest.

VIII.
Japanization and Prussianization,

This protest is founded not only on the forcible destruc-
tion of Korean liberties but on the fiercer application, by
Japan in Korea, of the principles and methods practiced b}'
the Tsardom in Finland and in Russian Poland and by the
German teachers of Japan in the Eastern Provinces, in
Schleswig-Holstein and in Alsace-Lorraine as well as by
the unspeakable Turk in Armenia.

The political cruelties involved in the Prussianization of
the Poles in the Eastern Provinces, of the Danes in Schles-
wig and of the French in Alsace-Lorraine are surpassed by
the political enormities accompanying the Japanization of
Korea.

Although fundamental human instincts and the barrier of
geography oppose her work in Korea, Japan is determined
to make the country, not only in name but in reality, a
Japanese province. She is trying to do this by a pitiless at-
tempt to extirpate the great roots of patriotism; love of the
soil, language of the people and the history of the country.
And she is also "controlling" the two means which might
render futile this organized attempt to extinguish the light
of patriotism in Korea — education and wealth.

78 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

IX.
Expropriation of Korean Landowners.

Korean ownership of land binds Korean hearts to the
ancient soil of Korea and is therefore a vigorous "root" of
Korean patriotism. This ownership of land by the Korean
farmer and peasant prevents also the success of Japanese
colonization in Korea, the best arable lands of the country
being naturally in the hands of the Korean agriculturists.
For this double reason, the expropriation of the Korean
landowner is a cardinal aim of Japanese policy in Korea.

Accordingly, a company has been organized by direction
of the Japanese Government and is supported by an annual
subsidy of $250,000 from the Imperial Treasury. According
to an article in the "New York Times" of January 26, 1919,
the purpose of the company "is to colonize Korea with
Japanese who are unable to make a living in Japan proper.
A Japanese emigrant receives free transportation to Korea
and is provided with a home and a piece of land, together
with implements and provisions . . . the colonization
company sought to buy the lands of the Korean farmers.
There are eighty thousand square miles of land in Korea,
supporting a population of fifteen millions, mostly agri-
culturists, and these natives declined to part with their
heritage."

"Here was where the aid of the Japanese Government,"
the article continues, "was besought and secured, and the
manner in which the solution of the problem was obtained
was peculiarly Oriental in its subtlety. In Korea all the
financial machinery centers in the Bank of Chosen, controlled
by the Government and located at Seoul, the capital. Through
its branches the powerful financial institution, corresponding
to the Bank of England or the Treasury of the United States
or the Bank of France, perhaps, called in all the specie in
the country, thus making, as far as a circulating medium
was concerned, the land practically valueless. In order to
pay taxes and to obtain necessaries of life the Korean must

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 79

have cash, and in order to get it he must sell his land.
Land values fell rapidly, and in some instances land was
purchased by the agents of the Bank of Chosen for one-fifth
of its former valuation.'"

"More than one-fifth of the richest lands in Korea," the
article adds, "are in the hands of the Japanese immigrants
who have been sent over through the operation of this
scheme."

Banning the Korean Language and Hittory.

A systematic attempt is being made to replace the Korean
by the Japanese language. In the schools Korean children
are compelled to salute and greet their own Korean teachers
in the Japanese language; and in the law courts, the judges
are Japanese and the entire proceedings are conducted in
the Japanese language with the result that the Korean liti-
gant generally fails to understand what transpires, the official
interpretation of the trial being always imperfect.

The teaching of Korean history is prohibited. And im-
prisonment, torture, banishment or worse might be the
penalty if some Korean should be tempted to recite to
children of the soil a traditional story or song or some
folklore telling how men fought and died for Korea in
other days.

XI.
"Controlling" Korean Education.

It is Japan's "control" of the education of the Korean
people which strikingly reveals the "egoism" of her policy
in the Peninsula.

Korea has been known as a land of scholars. And just as
some countries may be said, broadly, to specialize in some
particular sphere of learning and culture, so Korea in the
past "specialized" in scholarship. The Italian, for instance,
loves not song and music more than doth the cultured

80 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Korean love the things of the scholar. He is an artist in
scholarship.

But to be a scholar, one must be educated. An educated
Korean, however, is a unit of protest and resistance against
Japanese tyranny in Korea, since education — ^particularly
modern education — breeds thoughts and ideals that deny
the right of one nation holding another nation in political
serfage.

Therefore, not only is the teaching of Korean history pro-
hibited in Korean schools, but any and every department of
Western learning calculated, if pursued beyond a certain
point, to encourage what Count Terauchi — the Japanese pro-
consul who "annexed" Korea — calls "dangerous thoughts,''
is either forbidden or taught in an emasculated sense.

This policy of a "limited education" explains why the
Korean student is denied free access to the road to higher
learning in arts, sciences, laws, politics, economics and in-
dustries and is also absolutely prohibited from going to
Europe or the United States to seek a Western or modern
education, even at his or her own expense.

This same policy also explains the forcible suppression of
360 Christian schools and hundreds of other private insti-
tutions in Korea. It further explains the following statistics
published in the report of the Government-General in Korea
for the year ending 1917.

For a population of 16,648,129 Koreans, the Japanese au-
thorities established schools at which only 86,410 Korean
pupils were being taught as follows:

441 Common or Primary Schools 81,845 pupils

7 Higher Common Schools , 1,791 "

74 Elementary Schools of Agriculture,

Commerce and Industry 2,029 "

1 Law School 138 "

1 Medical School 2S3 "

1 Industrial School 282 "

1 School of Agriculture and Forestry 12 "
totaling S26 schools of all grades, attended by 86,410 pupils.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 81

Whereas for a Japanese immigrant population of 320,938,
the authorities established 367 special Japanese schools of all
grades, which were attended by 42,467 Japanese pupils as
follows :

342 Primary Schools 37,911 pupils

3 Middle Schools 1,478 "'

10 Girls' High Schools (public) 1,648 "

7 Commercial Colleges 899 "

1 Colonial School of the Oriental De-
velopment Company 18 "

4 Private Schools, Commercial and

Technical 513

The foregoing facts justify the following statement of
Japan's educational policy in Korea, which has appeared in
the American press and stands uncontradicted: "Under
Japanese rule all national aspirations [in Korea] are opposed
and measures are taken to prevent the development of
patriotism. This is done systematically, in many different
ways. One of the greatest and most effective agencies used
by Japan to this end is the stifling of higher education and
the limitations placed upon the schools. Korean history
cannot be taught and after the student has advanced a little
way he must stop school altogether . . ."

XII.
"Controlling" Korean Wealth.

Nearly every wealthy Korean is obliged to have a Japanese
overseer at his house, controlling his properties and finances.

Koreans with deposits in the banks — which are all Japanese
institutions — cannot withdraw large amounts at one time
without disclosing to the banks the purpose or purposes for
which the money is to be used.

82 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

xni.

The Korean Kitchen Knife.

Koreans are generally prohibited the use of firearms^ or
having the same in any shape or form in their possession.

And it is not a little interesting to note that an American
investigator, in the course of his inquiries into the state of
Korea under the Japanese, found that no family in some
places was permitted to own the Korean kitchen knife which
has been in common use from time immemorial. One such
knife had to be shared by five or six families and, when not
in use, it had to be hung at a spot in full view of the beat
of a Japanese gendarme. The report of this American in-
vestigator has not been published owing to the official view
regarding the inexpediency of its publication.

XIV.
Japan's Hostility to Christianity.

In the belief that Christianity breeds a spirit of self-
respect inconsistent with the state of submission demanded
by Japanese policy in Korea, the Mikado's government has
been envisaging the work of the Christian Missions in the
country as opposed to vital Japanese interests. For this
reason every effort is made by the Japanese authorities —
particularly through their police agents^to discourage and
obstruct Christian missionary work in Korea.

A signal instance of this official Japanese hostility to
Christianity in Korea is afforded by the cruel persecution
of Korean Christians involved in what is known as "The
Korean Conspiracy Case" (b).

Is not the gravest indictment of Japan's work in Korea to
he read in the fact that Christianity is seriously regarded as
a force hostile to the success of the Japanese system of
government in the country?

(b) See Appendix No. 2.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 83

XV.
Korea as "One Big Fortreaa."

With a gesture of achievement Japan points to the mate-
rial improvements effected by her in Korea. She has built
railroads that extend beyond the frontier and penetrate into
South Manchuria, which is already within the grip of the
Korean railway system. She has constructed highways and
streets and set up imposing modern buildings for the housing
of the Japanese army of officials "running" the country. And
no doubt the sanitary condition of certain urban centers has
been improved.

About all this work of "improvement and progress" in the
material life of Korea, you can read — every twelvemonth —
in the splendidly illustrated pages of the "Annual Report"
issued by the "Government-General of Chosen (Korea)."
No expense seems to be spared in the preparation and pro-
duction of this annual publication. It is reckoned among the
chief weapons of Japanese propaganda abroad.

But in spite of the "reforms" yearly listed in the "Annual
Report," the following arraignment of Japan's policy in
Korea continues true and imanswerable. It is from a lead-
ing article in the "Shin Nippon," a Japanese newspaper,
which had the courage to criticize the Japanese authorities
in connection with the "Korean Conspiracy Case":

"Count Terauchi is trying by every means to crush the
rising of the native Koreans against his administration,
even at the expense of his countrymen's interest in the
peninsula. His press censorship, espionage policy, and
factory legislation were all due to his fear of a rising of
the Koreans. . . The Governor-General's desire is
to make the peninsula one big fortress, and he seems to
regard all those engaged in industrial or commercial
work in Korea as mere camp followers within the walls
of the barracks."
It is also well to remember that "most of these reforms,

84 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

valuable as they are, may be found in a well-regulated penal
colony" (c) and that all of them have been effected or intro-
duced at the expense of the Korean taxpayer in the interett
and for the benefit of the Japanese Settler for whom the
Japanese authorities desire to make Korea an attractive field
of colonization.

XVI.
Anglo-Saxon Work in Asia.

These are only .a few of the ruthless facts featuring the
work of Japan in Korea. In aim and spirit, as well as in
methods, this work differs greatly from the labors of Anglo-
Saxon workers in Asia.

In India and Further India, the Englishman today rules in
the interest of the native. He has committed mistakes, and,
maybe, he still blunders. But he administers these great
regions of Asia as a trust and in the spirit of a trustee.

It is, however, in the Philippines that the work of the
Anglo-Saxon as a trustee-nation is seen in terms unobscured
by what may be called the ambiguities of imperialism. Here,
the American has not been satisfied to work as a trustee for
an indefinite period. He has educated the Filipino not only
to assist but eventually to replace him in the government of
the country.

And late advices from Washington, D. C, indicate that the
American is already viewing the independence of the Philip-
pines as a necessary term of the international settlement
which is to make the world safe for democracy.

XVII.
The Policy of the Prize-Pig.

But in Korea, the Japanese rules and administers the
country in the spirit and by the methods of a Master-Nation
or, more accurate, a Profiteer-Nation.

Except in the sense that cattle or slaves must be taken

(c) "The Korean Conspiracy Case,'' by Arthur Judson Brown, New
York.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 85

care if of they are to be of value to their owner, the wel-
fare of the Korean people is not an aim of government with
Japan.

The "improvements" loudly advertised in the annual re-
ports of the Korean Government-General are made either
for the encouragement of Japanese settlers or in the interests
of what may be truly described as the policy of the prize-
pig, i. e., for much the same reason that a breeder fattens
his pig for a show.

XVIII.
Japan Contra Mundum.

In addition to these reasons connected directly with the
fate of the Korean people, the vital interests of the world —
particularly the Asiatic interests of France as well as the
Asiatic and Pacific interests of Great Britain and the United
States — demand the dis-annexation of Korea and the libera-
tion of her people from Japan.

Reference has already been made to Japan's envisagement
of Christianity in Korea as an inimical force. And it is
possible that the Mikado's advisers bethink themselves of
the anti-Christian policy of Caesarian Rome. But the Caesars
opposed Christianity as a religion and not— as in the case
of. Japan today— in the belief that it was a moral and in-
tellectual force that challenged the subjection of an entire
nation and its exploitation by the methods of a political
slavery.

In trade and commerce, Japan is gradually eliminating the
Western trader and merchant in Korea and transferring to
the exclusive hands of her own people a business which has
had its origin in the series of treaties of peace and com-
merce concluded between Korea and the Foreign Powers.

In this elimination of Western competition Japan con-
tinues true to that instinct for exclusion which, in the past,
found expression in her rigidly guarded isolation and which
today expresses itself, for instance, in the prohibition of

86 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

foreign ownership of land in Japan and in the attempt to
exclude foreign influence in Far Asia through the application
of a false Monroe Doctrine for the Far East.

XIX.
Japan's Continental Policy.

It is, however, in the far-reaching political aims of Japan
— realizable eventually through her continued annexation
of Korea — that France as well as England and America
must be vitally interested.

The danger to the non-Japanese world, including espe-
cially the three Latin and Anglo-Saxon powers, lies in
Japan's unfettered prosecution of her continental policy.

This policy aims, first, at the seizure of the hegemony of
Asia through the domination and control of the man-power
and the ''natural resources" of China — possible only by the
Japanese possession of the continental point d'appui of
Korea — and, next, at the mastery of the Pacific Ocean as the
sole means of forcing an entrance for Japanese Emigrants,
into the rich lands of the Australias and the Pacific seaboard
of the United States.

XX.
The Policy in Operation.

The continental policy of Japan has already found its par-
tial expression in the two successful wars waged by Japan
against China in 1894-S and against Russia in 1904-S and in
the annexation of Korea on August 22, 1910.

The Japanese possession of Korea renders Chinese sov-
ereignty in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia
impossible. And with the eventual inclusion of these stra-
tegic regions within the territorial framework of Japan's con-
tinental policy, the military or the "pacific" conquest of the
fat lands of China and 400,000,000 Chinese is inevitable.

This is not the language of hypothesis or prophecy. It is
a simple statement of the deliberately expressed intention

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 87

and plan of the Japanese Government as set forth in the
famous set of twenty-one demands which Tokio presented
to Peking on January 18, 1915, and secured in certain treaties
and notes signed by the Chinese Government in compliance
with an ultimatum threatening war (d).

XXI.
The Menace to France.

The eventual domination of China — which the continued
subjugation of Korea will enable Japan to secure — is a spe-
cific menace to France as an Asiatic power.

The subjugation of China to the military will of a war-
organized state like Japan and the necessary entrenchment
of the latter in the Chinese province of Yunnan, which
abounds in tin and dominates the rear of I'lndo-Chine, must
constitute an obviously political and "strategic" menace to the
Asiatic dominions of France. And as the continued pos-
session of these dominions by France is a vital element in
the prestige and glory of the Third Republic as a world-
power, the Quai d'Orsay must, of course, realize the signifi-
cance of a Japanese hegemony in Asia which is based on
the control and direction of Chinese man-power and re-
sources by Japan.

But the menace to France is not a mere "strategic deduc-
tion." It is a political reality. Indeed, it is one of the three
unavowed aims of Japan; and because it is rooted in re-
vanche, the Japanese menace to France will continue an
actual danger to the Third Republic.

The Treaty of Shimonoieki.

France's war-debt to Japan dates from the revision of the
Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, when the Tokio Government
was forced to agree to the retrocession to China of the
Liaotung peninsula, including the great fortress of Port

(d) The Chinese delegation to the Peace Conference are reported
to be claiming the abrogation of these treaties and notes on the
ground, inter alia, that they subject China to Japanese domination.

88 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Arthur, whose cession "in perpetuity and full sovereignty"
had been secured by Japan as one of the fruits of her vic-
tory over China.

Russia, Germany and France viewed the cession of the
Liaotung peninsula as an act demanding their joint inter-
vention and insisted on its cancellation and the withdrawal
of Japan from the Asiatic mainland.

Japan obeyed. But she instantly began to work for the
reversal of the decree of the Triple Powers, since the pos-
session of the Liaotung peninsula was a vital factor in the
successful prosecution of her continental policy. It meant
the possession of the threshold of Far Asia, with direct
entrance into Manchuria and Korea.

Not only the "necessities" of high policy, but the spirit
of revenge spurred on Japan to the vast preparations which
culminated in her victorious war with Russia in 1904-5 and
regained her the coveted piece of Chinese territory.

The outbreak of the war in 1914 gave her another oppor-
tunity to work out her continental policy with its edge of
revenge against Germany. Just as she had defeated Russia
and supplanted her in South Manchuria so she next defeated
Germany in Kiaochow and supplanted her in the Chinese
province of Shantung.

The "Ignominious Triple Interference."

It is significant that, while this triple intervention used to
be ascribed — before the Russo-Japanese war — to the action
of "Russia, Germany and France" and since that war, but
before the ejection of Germany from Kiaochow — to the
action of "Germany, France and Russia," the Japanese are
now referring it to the action of "France, Germany and
Russia." For instance, in a recent statement of "The Case
for Japan," Baron Makino deemed it necessary to empha-
size the fact that the retrocession of the IJaotung peninsula
was due to the "force majeure" of a "protest from France,
Germany and Russia." And Viscount Chinda, another of
the Japanese Peace Delegates, has also considered it expe-

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 89

dient to explain that his people regard the said intervention
as an "ignominious triple interference" (e). These references
may seem a little meticulous to the French mind; but they
are big with meaning and menace when you know the Jap-
anese mind with its strange, subtle mode of working.

And not the least important consideration in this connec-
tion is the fact that a successful Japanese war with France
might mean the extension of the territorial system of Japan
to I'lndo-Chine which would bring Japan within swifter
striking power of Middle Asia and those islands of the South
Seas, regarded by responsible Japanese publicists as the
■'necessary tropical complement" of a Greater Japan, puis-
sant and self-sufficing.

XXII.
The Mattery of the Pacific.

Japan's continental policy menaces the Anglo-Saxon pow-
ers just as much as it does France, if not more so.

Japanese imperialists claim that Japan's yearly surplus
population justifies the demand for territorial extension in-
volved in her continental policy. And it is said that the
"exportable margin" of her population must be sent to
Korea, to South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia
and the historic provinces of China.

While the emigration of this "exportable margin" may
become a serious question in about five more decades if the
"Sexual Law" of the Jungle continues in operation in Japan,
it appears that Japanese propaganda is deliberately exagger-
ating the facts of the case in order to create a belief abroad
that Japanese emigration is at once an economic and politi-
cal necessity that demands immediate relief.

According to Japanese political thought, this "immediate
relief" must be secured through Japanese colonization in
Korea and China and, if possible, through Japanese emi-
gration to Australasia and America.

(e) "Washington Star," February 20, 1919.

90 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

But the Japanese know that they suffer from disabilities of
physique and character which must prevent them from suc-
cessfully colonizing either Korea or China in the sense of
finding a new home in either of these countries.

Their insular and physiographical environment has de-
veloped the Japanese into a physical type that cannot thrive
on continental Asia and is unfitted, for instance, to with-
stand the rigours of life on the wind-swept plains of Man-
churia and Eastern Inner Mongolia. And the conditions of
their island-existence have rendered it impossoble for the
Japanese to live in tracts of country without that element of
the picturesque which the sea and the volcanic origin of the
islands of Japan have introduced into every Japanese land-
scape.

There are historic areas in China where, no doubt, the
Japanese could live. But these "places in the sun" — as the
Prussian teachers of Japan would call them — are and have
been for centuries over-populated by the Chinese them-
selves.

It is, therefore, elsewhere than on the continent of Asia
that Japan must send her "exportable margin" of population.
And responsible Japanese publicists make no secret of the
national desire for an outlet in the lands of promise lying in
Australia and the United States. Thither, however, the
Japanese may not go. But thither he is "determined" to go.

And just as Japan "prepared" for the war against China
and for the war against the Tsardom and was ready when
fortune placed Germany within her power and is today
"waiting" for the hour when France shall make amends for
her participation in the "ignominious triple interference,'' so
Japan is now engaged at the work of "preparation" which is
to give complete expression to her continental policy, i. e.,
A colossal struggle with the Anglo-Saxon powers to end in
the conversion of the Pacific into a "Japanese Lake" and
the unrestricted entrance of the Japanese immigrant into
Australasia and the United States.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 91

A Policy of World-Conqueat.

A bold conception ... a thing of audacity; and, per-
haps, the Anglo-Saxon may envisage it as a dream beyond
man's attempt. But similar schemes of world conquest are
not unknown in history; and the great war has revealed the
harboring of a like scheme by the German mind. And let it
be remembered that the rulers of Japan have organized her
as a war-state after the Prussian type and that her conti-
nental policy, that is, her POLICY OF WORLD-CON-
QUEST, has already found expression :

(a) in two successful wars which have made her the
greatest military power in Asia in much the same way
as Prussia's two wars made her the greatest military
power in Europe;

(6) in the annexation of Korea;

(c) in the gradual substitution of Japanese for Chi-
nese authority in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner
Mongolia ;

(d) in the attempt now being made to secure at the
Peace Conference the succession of Japan to German
holdings and privileges in the sacred Chinese province
of Shantung, including Kiaochow;

(e) in the growing subjection of China, with her in-
calculable man-power and resources, to Japanese domi-
nation by and through the same set of methods which
made the annexation of Korea a "political necessity" ; and

(/) in the Japanese possession of the "South Sea
Islands north of the Equator,'' which brings JAPAN
NEARLY TWO THOUSAND MILES CLOSER TO
AUSTRALIA and gives the Japanese Navy a base which
dominates the most strategic and important region of the
Pacific.

XXIII.
The Japanese as the "Eternal Priestess."

The Korean people and nation finally submit that the

92 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

imposition of Japanese civilization on Korea (/) and its
spread, through Japan's continental policy, in Asia and the
regions of the Pacific are opposed to the interests of the
world and to the moral progress of the human race.

Japanese life is disfigured by its dangerous looseness of
views regarding the relations of the sexes. Impartial foreign
investigators report that, while prostitution infests cities in
the West, the vice infests cities and VILLAGES in Japan.
It is not only the Government official and narikin (nouveau
riche) who are clients of the geisha, but even the village
schoolmaster.

It has been estimated that Japan made, at one time, more
out of her women engaged in prostitution abroad than out
of her export of coal. This estimate was based on the fact
that, when a Japanese sells his daughter for service, he re-
ceives Yen 250 per annum for three years. This sum is the
equivalent of interest at S% p.a. on a capital sum of 5,000
Yen. And in pre-war days, there were in Irkutsk 110 Jap-
anese houses of ill fame; and the Japanese as an "ETER-
NAL PRIESTESS" was to be found in large numbers in
every city in Eastern Siberia — in Habarovsk, Blagovest-
chensk, Vladivostok.

Today, a moderate estimate fixes the number of Japanese
prostitutes in Manchuria at 10,000. It is calculated that the
consular fees paid by these women cover the entire cost of
the Japanese civil administration in the province, each having
to pay a monthly sum of (Mexican) $3 to her consul.

The Japanese prostitute is also to be found in every treaty

(f) "Shortly after annexation the Japanese Government permitted
Japanese agents to travel through the country selling morphia and
developing the morphine habit among the Koreans. Then came pros-
titutes. Today there are thousands of prostitutes brought over from
Japan, who are inoculating Korean society with those terrible evils of
social vice for which Japan as a lace is almost proverbial. There arc
the public baths which the Japanese have instituted, where bathing is
promiscuous. To Korean modesty and Korean standards of virtue this
IS a serious menace and will have on the growing generation far-
reaching consequences. Between prostitution, public baths and
gambling old Korean ideals stand in great peril." — From a recent
pamphlet on the Korean Question by J. E. Moore, an American born
in Korea.

THE PEACE CONFERENCE. 93

port in China, in Saigon and other places in I'lndo-Chine,
in Bangkok and elsewhere in Siam, in Singapore— where one
report states "there are streets of them"— in Penang and
then on to India. Here the note of a British observer may
be textually quoted: "Streets of Japanese prostitutes in
Bombay and Kurrachee. Industry is thriving. They are
only waiting the opportunity to push their way into Meso-
potamia and challenge competition with the Armenians."

She also flourishes in Borneo, Madagascar, Zanzibar, South
Africa; and at one time the "monopoly of recognized prosti-
tution round the coast of Australia was in the hands of the
Japanese."

"From Yunnan City to Urga."

A concluding note must be added. It is a quotation from
a striking article which appeared in a recent issue of the
"North China Daily News," the leading British paper in the
Far East. The facts disclosed in the article have com-
pelled the Japanese Government through the Japanese Em-
bassy in London to promise remedial action:

"Everywhere Japanese prostitution, the systematic exten-
sion of which from Yunnan City to Urga is such an inspir-
ing evidence of our Asiatic allies, goes hand in hand with
the sale of morphia.

"Morphia, no longer purchasable in Europe, is manu-
factured now in well-equipped laboratories in Japan and
in Formosa. During recent years the bulk of the Persian
opium coming into the market has been purchased by
Japan for conversion into morphia, for Persian opium
yields a larger percentage of morphia than Indian opium.
Opium grown in Korea, the cultivation of which it is
interesting to note followed immediately upon the closing
of the opium shops in Shantung (by the Chinese authori-
ties) — Japanese officials providing the seeds — is an ever-
expanding source of the supply of morphia, and, it may
be added, of opium required by the (Japanese) adminis-
tration of Formosa."

APPENDICES

"THE KOREAN CONSPIRACY CASE." 97

No. 1.

THE ANNEXATION OF KOREA

The following treaty was signed at Seoul on August 22,
1910:

S.M. I'Empereur du Japon et S.M. I'Empereur de Coree,
en vue des relations speciales et etroites entre leurs pays
respectifs, desirant augmenter le bien-etre commun des deux
nations et assurer la paix permanente en Extreme-Orient, et
etant convaincues que ces buts pourront etre le mieux at-
teints par I'annexion de la Coree a I'empire du Japon ont
resolu de conclure un traite de cette annexion et ont nomme
a cet effet pour leurs plenipotentiaries, savoir:

S.M. I'Empereur du Japon,

Le Vicomte Masakata Terauchi, son Resident general, et

S.M. I'Empereur de Coree,

Yen Wan Yong, son Ministre-president d'fitat,

Lesquels, par suite des conferences et deliberations mutu-
elles, sont convenus des articles suivants:

Article premier. — S.M. I'Empereur de Coree fait la ces-
sion complete et permanente a S.M. I'Empereur du Japon de
tours les droits de la souverainete sur la totalite de la Coree.

Art. 2. — S.M. I'Empereur du Japon accepte la cession men-
tionnee dans I'article precedent et consent a I'annexion com-
plete de la Coree a I'empire du Japon.

Art. 3.— S.M. I'Empereur du Japon accordera a LL. MM.
I'Empereur et I'ex-Empereur et a S.A. le prince heritier de
Coree et a leurs epouses et heritiers, des titres dignites et
honneurs qui sont appropries a leurs rangs respectifs, et des
dons annuels seront faits pour maintenir ces titres, dignites
et honneurs.

Art. 4. — S.M. I'Empereur du Japon accordera aussi des
honneurs et traitements appropries aux membres de la
maison imperiale de Coree et a leurs heritiers autres que
ceux mentionnes dans I'article precedent; et des fonds neces-
saires, pour maintenir ces honneurs et traitements leurs
seront octroyes.

98 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Art. S.— S.M. I'Empereur du Japon conferera la prairie et
des dons pecuniaires a ceux des Coreens qui, a cause de
services meritoires, sont consideres dignes de ces recon-
naissances speciales.

Art. 6. — Par suite de I'annexion ci-dessus mentionnee, le
gouvernement du Japon prend le gouvernement et I'adminis-
tration de la Coree et s'engage a accorder I'entiere protec-
tion aux personnes et proprietes des Coreens qui obeissent
aux lois en vigueur en Coree et a accroitre le bien-etre de
tous ces Coreens.

Art. 7. — ^Le gouvernement du Japon, en tant que les
circonstances le premettent, emploiera dans les services pub-
lics du Japon en Coree, ceux des Coreens qui acceptent le
nouveau regime loyalement et de bonne foi et y sont dument
qualifies.

Art. 8. — Le present traite ayant ete approuve par S.M.
I'Empereur du Japon; et par S.M. I'Empereur de Coree,
produira son effet a partir du jour de sa promulgation.

En foi de quoi, etc.

No. 2.
"THE KOREAN CONSPIRACY CASE"

The following extracts are from a pamphlet entitled "The
Korean Conspiracy Case," issued in New York on Novem-
ber 20, 1912, as the "outcome of a conference of representa-
tives of all the missionary organizations of the United States
. . . conducting work in Korea with several eminent
laymen . . . connected with these organizations and
whose counsel was sought because their international repu-
tation and their detachment from the missionary interests
immediately involved fitted them to. give dispassionate ad-
vice."

* * * *

The interest of the civilized world has been aroused by
the difficulties that have developed in Korea and which

"THE KOREAN CONSPIRACY CASE." 99

have culminated in the arrest, trial and conviction of a large
number of Korean Christians on a charge of conspiring to
assassinate Count Terauchi, the Governor General. The cir-
cumstances raise some grave questions in which Western
peoples are deeply concerned. It is true that from the view-
point of international law and diplomatic intercourse these
questions primarily relate to Japan's treatment of her own
subjects; but it is also true that it may be said of nations, as
of individuals, that "none of us liveth to himself." Man-
kind has passed the stage where it is indifferent to what any
government does to a subject race.

* * * *

Evidences have been multiplying for more than a year that
(the Japanese) military party is now in the saddle. Uni-
formed gendarmes swarm in Korea, particularly in the north.
Secret police are ubiquitous. Spies attend every meeting of
Koreans. All organizations are suspected of revolutionary
designs. We do not know that they had, but every country
in Asia is honeycombed with guilds and societies of various
kind, many of them more or less political. The Koreans
would be lacking in the commonest elements of human
nature if some of them might not have thought of doing
what every subject people has done since the world began—
take secret counsel as to how the yoke of the alien con-
queror might be thrown off.

* * * *

From all political movements, however, the missionaries
and the leading Korean Christians resolutely sought to keep
the churches aloof. Obedience to the "powers that be" was
preached from evfery pulpit. The church must have nothing
to do with politics, the Christians were told. ... So
strong was this determination of the Missionaries and
Korean church leaders that it was not uncommon for
Koreans outside the churches to taunt Christians with being
on the side of the enemies of their country and for the

100 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

missionaries to be told that if it were not for them, a revo-
lution would have been started long ago.

* * * *

The missionaries are the great men of Korea. While they
cannot control the political activities of the hundreds of
thousands of Korean Christians, they have used their great
influence to induce the Koreans to acquiesce in the Japan-
ese rule. Indeed, it has often been said that if it had not
been for the missionaries, a revolution would have broken
out when Korea was annexed to Japan. The Japanese fully
appreciate this; but they are restive under a situation in
which foreigners apparently have power to make or unmake
a revolution among their own subjects. Japanese national
pride demands Japanese supremacy within Japanese territory.
A Japanese official who sees himself overshadowed by an
American Missionary is more or less unconsciously jealous
and is apt to feel that such pre-eminence is prejudicial to
the interests of Japan and that it must be broken.

* * * *

In the fall of 1911 the Japanese suspicion of the churches
began to find more open expression in the arrest of leading
Korean Christians . . . many of the men and boys
were kept in jail for months without food or clothing for
the cold weather, without knowing the charges against them,
and without being permitted to have legal counsel. Other
arrests were made in other places until a considerable num-
ber of Christians were in jail. . . . The number of ar-
rested men that were sent from the provincial towns of
Seoul . . . were said by the "Seoul Press" of April
19, 1912, to have been ISO.

* * * *

. the Japanese authorities announced that they had
discovered a conspiracy, that the specific charge against the
men and youths whom they had arrested was a participation
in a plot to murder Governor General Terauchi, and that
under preliminary police examination the accused men had
■'confessed" their guilt. The public trial began June 28,

"THE KOREAN CONSPIRACY CASE." 101

1912, before the District Court of Seoul. . . . It is
deeply to be regretted that the trial proved to be of such a
character as to strengthen the grave fears regarding the
methods of the Japanese. The methods of procedure impress
a Western mind as peculiar. The lawyers for the defense
were not permitted to confer with their clients until shortly
before the public trial, months after the prosecution had
prepared its case with freest secret access to the prisoners.
When their lawyers were given permission to see them, the
conversations were in the presence of a scowling police so
that the sorely beset men could imagine what their jailers
would do to them afterwards if anything was said that did
not please them. The enormous voluminous records of the
case were not made accessible to the counsel for the defense
until it was too late to give them proper study or to verify
the allegations of facts. In court, all questions were asked
and witnesses examined through and at the option of the
presiding Judge. The jury system has not reached Japan,
and the whole course of trial showed that the judges had
made up their minds before the trial and that they were in
effect judges, jury and prosecuting attorneys combined.
. . . As the trial proceeded the hostile and unprejudicial
attitude of the court became more and more apparent. In-
numerable questions by the judges were clearly intended to
be traps for the men whom they were trying. When one
of the pastors was tripped in a slight verbal inaccuracy, the
presiding judge loudly called him "a lying Jesus doctrine
pastor" and peremptorily dismissed him. At this the whole
court laughed heartily. . . .

Finally, the perversion of justice became so gross that on
July 17th, the counsel for the defense boldly refused to pro-
ceed and announced that they "felt it proper to state their
opinion that the trial was not being conducted in a regular
manner and in accordance with Art. 41 in the Code of Crim-
inal Procedure, for the honour of the Imperial Judiciary
and with a view to the full defense of the accused," and
they therefore applied for the unseating of the Chief Judge

102 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

Tsukahara and his colleagues and for a new trial under
diflferent judges. The court announced a suspension of the
trial, pending appeal to a higher court for the assignment
of other judges. The appeal was overruled, and after some
delay, the trial was resumed August 23rd, but was brought
to a close in the unexpectedly short period of four days.
The judges reserved their decision till September 28th when
they sentenced 105 of the defendants to terms of imprison-
ment — 6 for ten years, 18 for seven years, 39 for six years,
42 for five years. . . . Among those who received the
ten-year sentence was Baron Yun Chi Ho, President of the
Southern Methodist College at Songdo and Vice-President
of the Korean Y. M. C. A.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE PASSING OF KOREA— An excellently illustrated
work, giving a thorough understanding of the Korean peo-
ple, their life, literature, customs and oppression under the
Japanese rule. By Homer B. Hulhert.

THE FAR EAST— Has a portion devoted to Korea, giv-
ing many interesting facts about the country and people.
By Archibald Little.

*THE STORY OF KOREA— An illustrated volume on
the life, customs and Japanese achievements in the pen-
insula. By Joseph Henry Longford.

KOREA AND HER NEIGHBORS— A work depicting
the life and customs in Korea during the latter part of the
last century. By Isabella Lucy Bishop.

*IN KOREA WITH MARQUIS ITO— A tale of Korea
during the rule of Marquis Ito, with an appreciation for the
Japanese administration. By George Trumbull Ladd.

*KOREA — ^A comprehensive review of the history,
people and commerce written through the courtesy of Jap-
anese officials. By Augustus Hamilton.

A CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF HISTORICAL
EVENTS — A chronological index of some of the chief
events in the foreign intercourse of Korea from the begin-
ning of the Christian era to the twentieth century. By
Horace N. Allen.

COREA, THE HERMIT NATION— A volume of
merit dealing with the people and customs. By William
Elliot Griffis.

*THE JAPANESE EMPIRE— Contains a number of
chapters giving a condensed review of Korea as a province
of the Japanese Empire. By Joseph Dautremier.

TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS— A volume gotten
out under the auspices of the United States Government,
reviewing the treaties and conventions between the United

104 THE TRUTH ABOUT KOREA.

States and China and Korea. By William Woodville Rock-
hill.

KOREAN TREATIES— The most important documents
negotiated between Korea and the great powers. By Henry
Chung.

THE KOREAN CONSPIRACY CASE— A review of
the famous Conspiracy Case of 1912. By Arthur Judson
Brown.

KOREAN COMMERCE — A United States Government
publication published by the Department of Commerce and
Labor.

*THE JAPANESE YEAR BOOK FOR 1916— Has a
number of pages devoted to statistical information about
Korea or "Chosen."

♦OFFICIAL GUIDE TO EASTERN ASIA, voL 1— A
traveler's guide giving much general information, maps, etc.,
and prepared by the Imperial Japanese Government Rail-
ways.

♦RESULTS OF THREE YEARS' ADMINISTRA-
TION OF CHOSEN— A Japanese Government publica-
tion, showing the progress in Korea during the first three
years after Japanese annexation.

♦ANNUAL REPORTS AND REFORMS AND
PROGRESS IN CHOSEN— A well-illustrated Japanese
Government publication enumerating the achievements of
Japanese rule in Korea.

PAMPHLETS: Japanese Diplomacy and Force in
Korea, by Arthur MacLennon; Korea's Appeal for Self-
Determination, by /. E. Moore; Independence for Korea.

*Books marked with an asterisk are either a part of Japanese Gov-
ernment propaganda or show pro-Japanese influence.