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MEMOIES 

OF 

BAEOi^ LEJEUNE 



VOL. II. 



MEMOIES 



OF 



BAEON LEJEUNB 

AIDE-DE-CAMP TO MARSHALS BERTHIEB, 
DAVOUT, AND OUDINOT 



TRANSLATED AND EDITED PROM THE ORIGINAL FRENCH 

BY 

MES AETHUE BELL (N. D'ANVEES) 

AUTHOK OF 'the ELEMEKTARY HISTOHY OK ABT ' 
THE 'SCIENCE LADDEES SERIES' ETC. 



WITH AN INTRODUCTION 

BY 

MAJOE-GENERAL MAURICE, C.B. 



IN TWO VOLUMES— VOL. IL 



LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO. 

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON 
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY 

1897 

All rights reserved 



CONTENTS 

Oi- 

THE SECOND VOLUME 



..-HAPTEK PAQB 

I. Retukn to Vienna — Ckacow — The Eeview — Retuhn to Paris 

— The Divoece — December 31, 1809 . . . ... 1 

II. Mission confided to 5ie by the Empehok Napoleon — General 

DORSENNE at BuRGOS KiNG JoSEPH AT MADRID — GRENADA 

Cordova — Seville — The Battle op Chiclana, opposite 
Cadiz — Marshal Victor at Santa Maria — Marshal Soult 
at Seville ........... 37 

III. I A3I TAKEN PRISONER AND ALL BUT HaNGED . . . .77 

IV. My Stay at Forton — I le.we Ashby — I arrive at Boulogne — 

Prince Berthiek 124 

V. Passage of the Niemen — Witebsk — Polotsk — Smolensk 

WlASMA . 146 

VI. Battle of the Moskwa — Moscow— Beginning of our Eetreat 

— B.ITTLE OF MALO-.I.iEOSL.AVITZ 174 

VII. ViASMA — Krasnoe — The Beresina Disaster — The Emperor 

LEAVES THE ARJIY WiLNA 208 

VIII. The Arrival of the Emperor at Paris — The Campaign op 
1813 — LuTZEN — Badtzen — The Armistice, Dresden — Kulm, 
Leipzig — Hanau— My Eetuhn to Paris 260 

INDEX 299 



MEMOIRS 

OF 

BABON LEJEUNE 



CHAPTBE I 

EETTJRN TO VIENNA — CRACOW — THE REVIEW — RETURN TO 
PARIS THE DIVORCE — DECEMBER 31, 1809 

I LEFT General Eusca at Klagenfurt, and set out once 
more for Vienna. The journey back was one long delight 
to me, for I was now able to examine at comparative leisure 
the interesting places I had had to hasten past all too 
rapidly on my way to the Tyrol. I had scarcely passed 
the quaint little town of Friesach, picturesquely situated 
at the foot of the lofty chain of mountains separating 
Carinthia from Styria, when I was overtaken by another 
of the storms of such frequent occurrence in these lofty 
districts. On August 1-5, the Emperor's birthday, which 
is generally oppressively hot, I was in such a deluge of 
rain that I thought I should be washed away. This was 
succeeded by a heavy fall of snow, which lasted several 
hours, but I at last reached and passed through the ugly 
little town of Leoben, where the preliminaries of peace 
were signed, which saved the town of Vienna from the 

VOL. II. B 

I'- 



2 ME.M01i;S OF BAKOX LEJEUNE 

entry of the troops of General Bonaparte in 1797. Leoben 
is situated on the Mur, which winds backwards and 
forwards in a remarkable way, as if loth to leave the 
lovely valley it waters. At Burg, the Mur, the waters of 
which are as clear as crystal, widens out at the base of a 
huge rock, whose foundations it is graduallj' eating away. 
This isolated mass of stone, rising up like some defiant 
giant, is covered with venerable trees, the mighty, sombre- 
hued, drooping branches of which are reflected in the 
placid mirror of the waters beneath, as they gently lave 
the marble they are powerless to overturn. 

At the Sommering pass a wall of rocks rising up into 
the clouds seems so completely to shut in the valley, here 
extremely narrow, as to leave absolutely no means of pass- 
ing out of Styria into Austria. But for all that the 
traveller is able to reach the summit of the pass crowned 
by an ancient manor house, the walls and towers of which 
have been partly destroyed by the storms which have 
swept over them. The view from this point is magnifi- 
cent, embracing as it does the rich plains of Austria and 
the banks of the Danube, with the towers and belfries of 
Vienna rising up against the horizon. 

When I got back to the Emperor at Schonbrunn, I 
found him engaged in distributing rewards to those who 
had served him in the arduous campaigns just over. He 
could not without disorganising the whole army give pro- 
motion to all who deserved it ; and, moreover, many of 
his bravest soldiers were illiterate men, whom it would not 
do to make officers. Anxious, however, to confer some 
real distinction on those brave fellows who had taken part 
in the actual defence of the flag, the eagle of their regi- 
ment, he conceived the idea of giving them a costume 
and equipment which should mark them out as specially 



THE ORDEIl OF THE THREE ELEECl'.S 3 

honoured, and at the same time be suitable to the duties 
they had to perform. 

The Emperor, therefore, sent for me, and asked me to 
make a sketch of a costume such as he wished to give to 
what he called his Eagle Guard, or those non-commissioned 
officers whose office it "was to surround and defend the 
actual standard bearer. The chief weapons of each one 
were to be a pistol, a sword, and a lance, so that in the 
heat of the battle they would never have to trouble them- 
selves about loading a gun. There was to be gold on their 
epaulettes, sword belts, and helmets. I made a drawing 
and took it to the Emperor, and he sent it with his own 
instructions on the subject. 

Napoleon then asked me to draw, under his own eye, a 
design for the new Order he intended to institute. ' The 
Order of the Golden Fleece,' he said, ' was typical of 
victory ; my eagles have triumphed over the Golden 
Eleeces of the Kings of Spain and the Emperors of 
Germany, so I mean to create for the French Empire an 
Imperial Order of the Three Golden Fleeces. The sign of 
this Order shall be my own eagle with outspread wings, 
holding in each of its talons one of the ancient Golden 
Fleeces it has carried off, whilst hanging from its beak it 
will proudly display the Fleece I now institute.' He then 
took a pen and roughly marked out the size I v/as to make 
my drawing. He also said he wished the chain on which 
the Order would be hung round the neck to be of very 
rich workmanship, with martial designs. ' The chain 
of the ancient Orders,' he explained to me, ' consists of bits 
of flint which emit fire when they rub against each other ; 
the new chain must be made of gleaming splinters of burn- 
ing grenades.' I made the drawings as desired, and he 
issued his orders accordingly. The institution of the new 



4 MEMOIliS OF BAKON LEJEUNE 

Order was duly announced in the 'Moniteur,' but the terms 
of the treaty of peace compelled him to suppress a distinc- 
tion the chief aim of which had been to humiliate the 
conquered countries of Spain and Austria. 

Peace had already been' signed on the 14th, and the 
Emperor now returned to France. 

Major-General Prince Berthier remained in Vienna at 
the head of the army. The important arrangements for 
the withdrawal of our troops, and the various precautions 
taken in case of any infringement of the conditions of the 
treaty, did not prevent us from devoting a good deal of 
time to amusement. The wives of several generals came 
to rejoin their husbands. The Countesses of Daru and 
Bertrand had also lately arrived in Vienna, charming 
every one about them with their grace and courtesy. 
Fetes and balls succeeded each other rapidly, leaving us 
little time for repose. The young Viceroy, Prince Eugene, 
who was just at the age when pleasure is so fascinating, 
was not the least active in promoting the festivities. 

Eight days had passed happily away in amusements 
when Prince Berthier sent me to Prince Poniatowski, 
at Cracow, to inform him of the additional clauses of the 
treaty of peace, to tell him where his future cantonments 
were to be, and to ascertain from him the condition of his 
troops, the state of his fortresses, and what his require- 
ments were. 

When the first news of the armistice of Znaim reached 
Prince Poniatowski, his army had already ascended the 
Vistula beyond Cracow, and he was master of the strong- 
holds of Modlin, Sierosk, and ZaixLoski, which he had placed 
in a good state of defence. I went to Galicia by way of 
Briinn and Olmiitz, the latter a strong fortress, where the 
Austrians put considerable difficulties in my way, detaining 



PRINCE P0XIAT0W8KI 5 

me for five hours, and passed thence by way of Teschen 
into Austrian Silesia, finally arriving at Cracow, where I 
found the Prince. 

I had already frequently met him at Warsaw during 
our campaigns, and he now receiyed me with all courtesy 
and honour. Prince Poniatowski was much beloved by 
the Poles, who all hoped the Emperor would place him 
on the throne of Poland. His handsome person was set 
off by his easy, graceful manners, the outcome of the truly 
chivalrous nature which made him the hero he was in war 
and in gallantry. No soldier was ever braver than he, and 
though perchance others may have been more faithful, 
no lover was ever more respectful. Very often was he 
to be seen sleeping on straw at night, as did the rest 
of us. He was always most careful for the welfare of 
his soldiers, and I used to see him sometimes in the midst 
of his cares toying with a very small gold ring, which 
he tried to get on to his little finger. No doubt when he 
took this ring from the willing hand which had bestowed 
it on him, he had promised never to part with it ; and as he 
could not wear it, he was in constant dread of losing it. 

I dismounted at the Prince's quarters at Cracow, and 
found him surrounded by many of the chief nobles of 
Poland, who had flocked to his banner. Amongst them 
were Princes Lubomirski, Eadzivil and Czartoriski, Counts 
Potocki, Kaminski, Sarekowski, &c., who all loaded me 
with attentions. The Eussian General, Prince Suvaroff, 
son of the General who had fought against us in Italy, was 
at Cracow with his division, supposed to be there to co- 
operate with the Polish army in the interests of France ; 
but the probability is that these troops were really waitnig 
to profit by our defeat rather than to aid in our success, 
and everything Ruvaroff did pointed to this conclusion. 



(i MEMOJKS OF J'.AliOX LE.TEINE 

For all that, the Poles and Eussians lived together in 
Cracow on very good terms, and Prince Suvaroff, to whom 
I went to pay my respects, received me as a friend. Near 
him, stretched out upon a big rug of sable fur, was a very 
beautiful ^^'()man, to whom he presented me. Her long 
black hair, into wliich were twisted strings of large pearls, 
hung about her shoulders in studied negligence, and her 
snow-white neck and arms were also decked with chains 
of magnificent pearls. The expression of her face was 
pleasing and gentle. I thought she was the Princess, wife 
of the General, and I began to address her, when the 
Prince said : ' She does not understand you ; she is a Cir- 
cassian, whom I bought not long ago.' He then acted as 
interpreter, and I had quite a long chat with her, feeling 
as if I were transported for the moment to an Eastern 
seraglio. 

On Kovember 3, Prince Joseph Poniatowski held a 
review of 20,000 of his Poles on a fine plain six leagues 
from Cracow. We went to see it, escorted by more than 
a hundred of&cers. The Prince had sent me a magnificent 
and richly caparisoned horse, the only white one in the 
army ; and when we arrived opposite the troops I noticed 
that the donor of my steed drew back a little, so as to give 
me the place of honour. I manoeuvred in the same way 
to give place to him, and not succeeding, I begged him to 
excuse me from going first. Then with perfect grace and 
dignity he said, as he reined in his horse to allow me to 
pass, ' You are here as the envoy of the Emperor.' ' Prince,' 
I replied, ' your orders must of course be obeyed ; ' and 
giving the reins to my horse, I let him show off his gxace 
and docility before the eyes of the whole army, as I rode 
between Prince Poniatowski and Prince Suvaroff, but 
■ slightly in advance of them. 



I REPRESENT THE J-L\IPEROR AT A ^.E^-IE^^' 7 

Before the march past the Prince had several man- 
oeuvres executed, and I congratulated him on his skill in 
achieving evolutions so much more rapid than those of 
our infantry, which always loses an incredible amount of 
time in deploying. This slowness of movement may add 
to the precision of a manoeuvre, but it is dangerous under 
the fire of the enemy. I fought against it whenever I 
had anything to do with manoeuvring troops, and I re- 
joiced greatly when, as long afterwards as 1840, the corps 
known as the Chasseurs d'Orleans was formed, and the 
so-called ' pas gymnastique ' with greater rapidity of for- 
mation was introduced into the French army. 

The 20,000 Poles, whether infantry, artillery, or cavalry, 
all wore uniforms similar to those of the French, and they 
seemed delighted at being reviewed by their Prince in 
sight of a French officer sent to them by the Emperor. 
I had been charged by him to congratulate them on the 
courage they had shown in the campaign, and to distribute 
rewards, such as increase of pay and crosses of the Legion 
of Honour, all of which were received with loud cheers. 

Our return to Cracow after this fine review was like a 
cavalry charge, for we dashed at full gallop through the 
deep raud of Poland, which just now was at its worst ; 
and when we arrived we were so completely coated with 
mire from head to foot, that we could only recognise each 
other by our voices. We had started all gleaming with 
gold — we came back reduced, men and horses alike, to one 
uniformly hideous state of chocolate colour. We all had 
baths and changed everything, so that when we appeared at 
dinner no traces were left of om: mad ride ; and our cos- 
tumes at the ball after it were by no means the least 
brilliant there. 

On the 4th I took leave of our allies and of their fair 



8 ^iIEMOIES or BAEON LEJEUXE 

companions. A little later I met the Archduke Ferdinand 
at the Poaoritz posting station, and he did me the honour 
of chatting with me for a few minutes. He asked me 
how I liked the country' and if I knew it well, and I an- 
swered, smiling, that I had bivouacked in the garden of 
this very house on the eve of the battle of Austerhtz. 
The Prince frowned as he looked round on the memorable 
scene, but for all that he asked me to explain certain 
points, and as I did so I vividly recalled the glorious 
and interesting memories of four years before, over which, 
however, I could not very well gloat in the Archduke's 
presence. The damage to his carriage, which had delayed 
him, having been repaired, he resumed his journey, and I 
went on to Briinn, where I found Austrian troops. I got 
back to Vienna on the 7th, having traversed 300 leagues 
going and returning. 

The few days I had at Vienna were spent in fetes given 
by Prince Eckmiihl, the Countesses Daru and Bertrand, 
the Princess Czartoriska, and others, and when I left the 
city I had but just come from a ball. A little incident of 
my departure will give an idea of the Viennese mode of 
speeding" their parting Prench guests. A coach-builder had 
made for me, and duly delivered, a handsome barouche, for 
which I paid him two hundred florins before I started in 
it for Cracow. The paper money I had given him had 
lost a twentieth part of its value during my absence, and 
on my return, hearing that I meant soon to be off again, 
the man demanded a hundred francs to make up for his 
loss. I refused, and the matter seemed at an end ; but as 
the carriage — which was to be drawn by four horses — was 
to start before daybreak, my postillion went to look at the 
wheels, to see whether they were well greased, so that we 
might go at a good pace. Great was his surprise at dis- 



MY RECEPTION AT THE BAVAPJAN COUPtT 9 

covering that the coach-builder had removed the screws of 
the wheels, evidently intending me to break my neck the 
first time the horses felt the whip. How these good 
Germans did love us, to be sure ! And we fully returned 
their feelings. I sent some guards to the coach-builder 
to take all the screws he had, and having picked out those 
which fitted my wheels, I started. 

I had the pleasure of meeting my brother with his 
regiment en route, and I reached Munich on November 14, 
where I joined Major-General Prince Berthier,- now the 
Prince of AVagram. 

The Prince of Wagram presented me to the Queen of 
Bavaria, and the King assigned me apartments in his 
palace next door to those of the sister of the Prince of 
Linange, whom I had met, as related above, in the Tyrol. 
The King, who was always good to me, showed me his 
fine pictures, and invited me to dinners and fetes at Court, 
where I heard the celebrated Mademoiselle Longiu play 
the harp, and Mademoiselle Blangini, the well-known 
amateur, perform on the violin. The King congratulated 
me on having got back my nose, which he had heard had 
been shot off at Saragossa, and I took leave in very good 
spirits of my amiable host, to follow the Major-General, 
who was returning to France. 

I was scarcely back in Paris before I found myself in 
a perfect whirl of fetes, balls, and festivities of all kinds. 

On the 4th the Municipality of Paris gave a grand ball 
at the Hotel de Ville in honour of the Emperor. More 
than 6,000 persons were invited to this fete, and it was 
kept up until long after daybreak. 

On the 6th the Prince of AVagram invited to his hunt- 
ing seat, known as the Chateau de Gros Bois, all the kings 
and foreign princes who were in Paris, and during the few 



10 MEilOIlJS OF BAEOX LEJEUXE 

hours devoted to the chase the neighbouring forests re- 
sounded with the blowing of horns and the firing of guns. 
A splendid repast, a theatrical entertainment, and a ball 
concluded the day's festivities. 

Many of the attendants of the guests had on this occa- 
sion partaken too freely of the good things provided for 
their masters, and we soon discovered that our drivers 
were dead drunk. In fact, my men fell off the box of my 
carriage. It would have been inhiiman to leave them 
lying helpless on the road, so, with the aid of a friend who 
was with me, I picked them up and put them inside, 
whilst he and I took their places outside, and drove them 
back to Paris. Many of the royalties would have been wise 
to follow our example, but of course they did not dare to 
do so, and they ran great risk of losing life and throne by 
being turned over or smashed up through the overpowering 
of their coachmen by the fumes of champagne. 

On the 7th there was a grand theatrical entertainment 
at the Tuileries, and, as the Emperor expressed it a little 
later at Erfurt, ' There was a regular 'parterre of kings.' 
Talma, Crescentini, and Grassini were the chief stars of the 
evening, and surpassed themselves. I have some cause 
to remember that night, for I seem to have been so much 
absorbed in contemplation of a particiilar box that the 
Emperor asked the Prince of Wagram, ' Which of your 
aides-de-camp is it who turns so persistently towards that 
one box ? ' 

It was not till the entertainment was over that the 
Prince could see my face, tell the Emperor my name, and 
ruake fun of me. 

Pour days later, on the 15th, the divorce took place. 
It was a regular day of m.ourning to all who loved the 
Emperor and the Empress Josephine, whose very name 



RETIREMENT OF THE EMPRESS 11 

was synonymous with grace and benevolence. Public 
opinion agreed in looking upon the union between that 
Princess and the Emperor as a talisman indispensable to 
the fulfilment of his lofty destiny. When the Empress, 
with her gentle grace and her ever ready sympathy for the 
unfortunate, descended from the throne, the star of the 
Emperor lost soiiiething of its lustre, and his prosperity 
perhaps received something like a check. That was, at 
least, the opinion of all the good-hearted men of the time, 
who looked upon Prince Eugene, the son of the Empress, 
and the adopted child of the Emperor, as the possessor of the 
right qualities for carrying out, after the Emperor's death, 
all the grand schemes which that great man might leave 
unfinished. Politicians, on the other hand, considered a 
grand marriage and a union with some one of royal blood 
and long descent indispensable to the consolidation of the 
Empire and future fortunes of France. The Emperor, 
too ambitious from his very childhood, was greatly flat- 
tered at the idea of the Emperor of Russia being willing 
to give him his sister, and the Emperor of Austria his 
daughter. The latter was of the same religion as 
Napoleon, she was descended from the old Hapsburg 
famil}', and it was to her that French politicians wished 
the Emperor to pay court. The winning of such an ally 
as the Emperor of Austria could but increase his power, 
and there seemed no longer any doubt as to his choice. 

On the 17th the Empress left the Palace of the 
Tuileries, and retired to the Chateau Malmaison, whilst the 
Emperor went to Trianon near Versailles, whither he was 
accompanied by his three sisters and their ladies-in-wait- 
ing. The Prince of Wagram followed him thither with 
a few officers, including myself. During the ten days 
Napoleon spent at Trianon he gave up his mornings to 



12 MEMOIKS OF BAl;OX LEJEUNE 

visiting the late Empress Josephine at Mahnaison, and 
■we witnessed a renewal of the heartrending partings, ac- 
companied bv protestations of an eternal affection sacri- 
ficed in the interests of the Empire alone. The men were 
full of admiration for the courage and strength of Xapoleon 
the politician, the women were astonished at the incon- 
stancy of Xapoleon the ambitious conqueror, but for all 
that they did their best to please him. 

During my stay "ndth the Com-t at Trianon, a little 
episode occurred in which I did not figure exactly as a 
hero. A lady to whom I took all the greater fancy 
because she had reason to complain of her husband's in- 
constanc}', but who had hitherto repelled my advances, 
had at last consented to grant me an interview. 

I was very much afraid of being prevented from keep- 
ing my appointment with her, and did my utmost not 
to fail her. On the day named I mounted my fleetest 
steed, got to Paris in capital time, took up my post 
in a half-open carriage, drew back out of sight, and 
aw^aited events. Some twenty paces off, in the same 
avenue of the Champs-Elysees, a second hired caiTiage 
drew up, evidently also waiting for some one. Our two 
coachmen were on the watch, and the first person to 
appear was my fair one, who, trembhng and so closely 
veiled that I did not recognise her, sprang furtively into the 
carriage she thought was mine, and was driven off at a 
brisk trot. I waited for two hours, but no lady came. I 
learnt afterwards that she had flung herself into the arms 
of her husband, who was waiting for another lady, and 
that each had explained the rencontre by expressing 
jealousy of the other. The peace thus restored remains 
still unbroken, so that I had my journey and lost my time 
for nothing. Anyhow I have the pleasure of knowing 



A ^<TEAXGE GAME OF CHESS 13 

that I aided in re-establishing harmony in a somewhat mi- 
settled home. I got back to Trianon before I was missed, 
but, as may be imagined, I felt somewhat crestfallen. 

On the 28th the Emperor returned to Paris, and until 
December 31 our time was spent in Court festivities, 
parades, brilliant reviews of the corps returning from the 
army, or in balls given by the Queens, sisters of the 
Emperor, and others, at which the display of costly mate- 
rials, embroideries, jewels, &c., gave an immense impulse 
to the trade of Paris. 

Amongst these balls a very remarkable one was 
given by jNIarescalchi, the Italian Minister, at which a 
grand quadrille was danced, representing a game of 
chess, the thirty-two dancers being dressed in exceedingly 
rich costumes, as the kings and princes of Egypt and 
Persia with certain of their subjects. On account of my 
height I was told off to be Sesostris or the great Ptolemy, 
the lovely Madame de Barral was my queen, and om' 
purple and gold garments sparkled with the rubies with 
which they were lavishly sprinkled. The beautiful Duchess 
of Bassano, her costurue one blaze of lapis lazuli and 
sapphires, and M. de Legrange, who was called Apollo, sat 
side by side opposite to us on the throne of Persia, which 
was assaulted, taken, and checkmated by the soldiers of 
Pharaoh. These soldiers were the most beautiful of the 
princesses and duchesses of the day. My pawn was the 
Princess of Aremberg. These charming battaUons, who 
had no offensive weapons but the bewitcliing glances from 
their eyes, were attacked, supported, and defended by men 
dressed up as fools, bells and all, who gambolled about 
in true fool's style ; and by horsemen mounted on docile 
yet fiery steeds, caparisoned in silk and gold, whose card- 
board feet were not likely to trample any one down, whilst 



J 4 MEMOIRS OF BAliOX LEJEUNE 

behind them rose frowning but gilded towers with battle- 
ments unmanned b.v archers, representing the ramparts 
of the Empire. The brilliant actors of the scene man- 
oeuvred on a floor marked out to represent an ivory and 
ebony chess-board. The Queen advanced in a cold, im- 
perious, and threatening manner ; and the good King, 
coinpelled to submit to the laws of the game, greatly 
regretted not to be able to advance more than one step at 
a time in the direction of her pretty soldiers. 

The news of the divorce and of the approaching 
marriage of the Emperor was received with considerable 
grief by the army, and great was the dismay when it was 
found that his choice had fallen on a foreign princess. 
But no notice was taken of this feeling of regret ; diplo- 
matic notes were exchanged between the French and 
Austrian Courts, and the marriage of the Emperor with 
an Archduchess was definitely arranged. 

The Emperor now named the ladies who were to form 
the household of the new Empress ; and the Duchess of 
Montebello, widow of Marshal Lannes, who had been 
created Duke of Montebello before his death, was made 
one of her maids of honour. On the same day the 
Emperor addressed a message to the Senate to announce 
that he was sending the Prince of Neuchatel (Marshal 
Berthier) to Vienna as ambassador extraordinary to 
represent him at the ceremonies of betrothal and marriage. 
The Prince did me the honour of taking me with him, 
and I started for Vienna once more on February 24. 
This time I arrived in a carriage drawn by six horses, 
and not, as before, on horseback with drawn sword. The 
cannon greeted us yet again, but only to do us honour. 
I took my friend M. le Paillot with me, for I wanted him 
to share in the festivities ; and as it was carnival time, 



AWKWARD RESULTS OF MV CURIOSITY 15 

we had a good deal of amusement of one kind and 
another. 

I ahghted at the Imperial Palace, where apartments 
had been prepared for the ambassador ; and when I took 
possession of my quarters in the evening of the same day, 
a little accident occvirred to me which gave me a strange 
insight into the real nature of the apparently rich appoint- 
ments of the Emperor's grand residence. 

Mj' rooms were adorned with a profusion of gilded 
bronzes, and the chandelier of the salon was of specially 
elegant design. I noticed the rich gleam from it and its 
delicacj' of finish, and an unlucky impulse made me think 
I should like to try and lift it to see how much the twenty- 
four branches of which it consisted weighed, for the 
golden chain from which it hung looked very thin. I 
climbed a chair, and what was my surprise at finding, 
when I lifted the chandelier, that it weighed no more 
than pasteboard or the lightest wood ! I was so taken 
aback that I was perhaps not quite careful enough in 
removing my hands, and the four chains all gave way at 
once ; the magnificent chandelier, falling with a crash, 
broke into a thousand pieces on the floor, revealing that 
the material of the whole thing — ornaments and all — was 
nothing more than larchwood. There was a fire burning 
in a magnificent grate, so I hastened to fling all the 
rubbish which had thus fallen a victim to my curiosity 
into the flames, and I never heard another word about 
the matter. But my thoughts iuA-oluntarily tm-ned to 
the illusions of one kind and another which had led our 
Emperor to fix his choice on a foreign princess, and I 
feared that some day worse deceptions would be practised 
on him by the Court of Austria than that which on this 



16 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

occasion at Vienna made me realise so sadly the truth of 
the old proverb, ' All is not gold that glitters.' 

I afterwards learnt that the Tyrolese have made quite 
an industry of copying French bronzes in wood, which 
the Germans buy at a small cost as decorations for their 
residences, the brilhant imitations passing muster except 
when tampered with by clumsy visitors. 

Soon after I got to Vienna I had to go and officially 
inform M. Otto, the French Ambassador, and all the 
principal personages at the Court, of the arrival of the 
Ambassador Extraordinary. A few hours later the Prince 
of Neuchatel, who had to make a public and ceremonious 
entry, went with his suite to the palace of the Prince 
von Schwarzenberg in the suburb of Carinthia, whence 
he was escorted with a pomp worthy of the heirs of 
Charlemagne — his party, all in gala costumes, driving in 
some twenty or thirty gilded chariots, each drawn by six 
horses and surrounded by valets and footmen running 
before and beside them. Hungarian squadrons formed 
the escort, and the procession traversed the most densely 
populated quarters of the town, between two lines of 
regiments, who presented arms. 

Arrived at the castle, where the staircases were lined 
by the halberdiers, the Imperial Guard, the lifeguardsmen, 
the arquebusiers, and the Hungarian ' Noble Guard ' in 
their antique costumes, the Ambassador was ushered into 
the anteroom ; the wide folding doors between it and the 
Great Hall, which had been prepared for the audience, 
were flung open ; and with equal ceremony he was 
announced to the Emperor, awaiting him surrounded by 
his entire Court. 

After the three salutes prescribed by etiquette, the 
Ambassador made a short speech to the Emperor, to which 



A 81':ries of solemn interviews 17 

that monarch rephed ; Prince Berthier then presented 
each of us in turn as the gentlemen of his suite. From 
this audience the Ambassador went to the apartments of 
the Empress, where the same ceremonial was observed. 
That Princess, one of the most remarkable women of the 
day, distinguished for the highest qualities alike of head 
and heart, though suffering greatly just then, did not 
refuse to receive us. Her Majesty replied to Prince Ber- 
thier' s speech with such purity of language and in terms 
so flattering and touching that we were deeply moved. 
We were all presented to her, and she addressed a few 
most gracious words to each one of us. 

The Ambassador Extraordinary then passed to the 
apartments of the five young Archdukes, four of whom 
had commanded the armies with which we had been at 
war. These four wore the white field marshal's uniform, 
but the fifth and j^oungest was dressed as a cardinal. 
Their Imperial Highnesses were ranged in a row according 
to their age and rank on a dais covered with green cloth 
and raised some two feet above the body of the hall. 
They looked not unlike motionless wax figures. The 
Prince of Keuchatel addressed a few complimentary 
remarks to them, and the eldest replied but could find 
little to say to us. They had provoked the war in the 
hope of conquering France, and had not yet forgiven us 
for their defeat. 

After all these solemn interviews the Ambassador 
went to the palace of Prince Charles, where I had the 
good fortune to see that illustrious warrior, who during 
the last fifteen years had caused us to pass so many 
anxious nights by the Ehine and the Danube. There 
was nothing in his quiet face with its grave and gentle 
expression, or in his simple, modest, unassuming manner, to 

VOL. II. c 



18 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUXE 

denote the mighty man of war ; but no one who met his 
eyes could doubt him to be a genius. 

The Ambassador asked his Imperial Highness if he 
would represent the Emperor Napoleon at the marriage 
ceremony, and in a voice the genuine tone of which went 
straight to our hearts, he replied, ' I accept with pleasure 
the proposal made to me by the Emperor of the French. 
I am flattered by his choice of me, and feel convinced 
that the projected alhance will result in a happy future 
for the two nations so worthy of each other's esteem. I 
shall count amongst the happiest moments of my life that 
in which in token of a frank and loyal union I shall offer 
my hand to the Archduchess Maria Louisa in the name 
of the great monarch whose delegate j'ou are. I beg of 
you to convey to the whole French nation my desire that 
this union may cement for ever the friendship of our 
sovereigns and assure the happiness of their people.' 

In the evening there was a public ball in the Apollo 
Hall, to which 6,000 persons were admitted. This Apollo 
Hall is a good-sized building used for public gather- 
ings, and the Emperor is often there with his family, 
mixing as a friend or rather as a good father amongst his 
subjects. Every one dresses just as he likes on these oc- 
casions, some going masked or otherwise disguised, others 
with faces uncovered, but the members of the higher 
nobility keep their hats on and wear a false nose ; they 
also sport a little black cloak on their shoulders — these 
three peculiarities signifying that they are incognito. The 
conversation is as free as if they were completely masked. 
The people are all so full of respect and affection for the 
upper classes, that the Emperor, his ministers, and indeed 
his whole Court, mix familiarly with the lower orders 
without ever meeting with anything to annoy them. A 



GRAXl) liALL IN THE APOLLO HALL 19 

band played the minuets, waltzes, and quadrilles, and 
nothing amused us more than the exceeding gravity with 
which the good Germans danced the melancholy minuet 
they are so fond of. Several rooms were decked out to 
represent groves full of flowers and shrubs, caves with 
fountains playing, or Chinese summer houses. Eivers of 
beer were poured out on every side, and the roast chicken 
and ham, without which no fete can be held in Vienna, 
were washed down with tokay. 

There were plenty of seats everywhere, but neverthe- 
less many young ladies sat on the knees of gentlemen 
(probably of very low degree) , and no one seemed to think 
it at all bad manners to behave in this way in public. It 
all appeared to amuse the Emperor very much, and like 
any good citizen he received the congratulations of his 
subjects on his daughter's approaching marriage without 
showing the least annoyance at the indiscreet zeal dis- 
played by some few. 

On March 6, after having paid a great many visits and 
admiring the extraordinary collections of curios belonging 
to the Count of Fries, which included ancient and modern 
violins, valuable on account of the great performers who 
had played on them, fine statues by Canova, &c., we re- 
turned to the Palace, where the Emperor received us at a 
grand gala banquet. 

Hitherto only those who could prove thirty-two quar- 
terings of nobility, which involved a genealogy to be traced 
back for seven or eight centuries, had been admitted to 
the Imperial table, but victory had broken through this 
superannuated etiquette, and here were we, twenty children 
of the people, raised up by the fortunes of war, courted and 
petted by the descendants of Charlemagne and Charles V. 
After the meal the salons were thrown open, in which 

c 2 



20 ME:\roiES or baeon lejeuni': 

were assembled man)- noble dames in disguise, whilst the 
beauty and grace of others who remained unmasked made 
us feel how much we lost in not being allowed to look 
upon the charms of those who had disguised themselves. 
The salons presented a most dazzhng appearance. 
Several rows of gleaming white stucco columns upheld 
the ceiling, from which hung a great number of chande- 
liers formed of oblong-shaped pendants of Bohemian 
crystal, in which the light of countless candles was re- 
flected in rainbow hues. I had never seen any illumina- 
tion in France to compare in brilliancy with this. Equally 
unrivalled were the variety and richness of the costumes 
worn by the ladies, whose necks, waists, and arms were 
encircled with strings of the finest pearls I ever set eyes 
on, and who together made up most bewitching groups. 
The Hungarian ladies especially excelled all others, and 
amongst them I may name the beautiful young Countess 
Zicky, the Princess Kraschalkovitz, and Princess Ester- 
hazy, whose hair was golden and whose shoulders were as 
white as alabaster. Her husband wore the rich Hun- 
garian costume which is handed down in his family from 
father to son. Prince Ludwig von Liechtenstein, who was 
good enough to tell me the names of the chief people at 
the ball, called his friend Esterhazy to his side and said to 
him, ' Turn round so that the Colonel can see your clothes.' 
We had met before in Paris, and the Hungarian Prince 
was very polite to me, allowing me to examine in detail 
the huge pearls and diamonds forming the buttons of his 
pelisse, dolman, and even of his boots, and he assured me 
that the harness and trappings of his horse were even 
more valuable. The complete get-up was said to be worth 
more than six million francs, for which sum it had been 
several times pledged. I asked him to meet me at the next 



Till', FORMAL PROPOSAL OF MARRL\GE ,21 

battle, and he promised laughing to do so in that very 
costume. 

The Emperor, Empress, and the Archduchess Maria 
Louisa spent several hours at this fete, the young Princess 
attracting all eyes. 

On the morning of the 7th the French Ambassador held 
a grand reception, and at tvi^o o'clock he went to dine with 
Prince Charles. At this dinner I saw many of the illus- 
trious men whom I had learnt to know and honour in our 
wars. All these princes and veteran field marshals, whom 
I might well have dreaded meeting in the camp, now re- 
ceived us as friends. I sat near the old Marshal, the Prince 
von Eigne, who was in his eighty-seventh year. He was 
still very handsome ; his white hair was brushed up and 
curled as if he were still but thirty years old ; he was 
full of life and spirits, and his memory was excellent. 
The conversation turned on his extraordinary journey in 
the Crimea with Potemkin in the suite of Catherine, Em- 
press of Russia ; and on the bombardment of Lille, when 
his only son was killed beside him. I reminded him of 
that son, as I was about the same age as he had been at 
his death, and the old man's eyes filled with tears. He 
also spoke a good deal of his friend the Duchesse de 
Coigiiy, a very witty woman, whom I also had the honour 
of knowing. 

On March 8 there was a great gathering at the 
Palace for the ceremony of asking the hand of the Arch- 
duchess in marriage. The Emperor, surrounded by all 
the chief dignitaries of the Court, received the Ambassador 
Extraordinary, who made the formal proposal of marriage, 
which concluded in the following words : ' The Princess 
called to a great throne will make the happiness of a great 
people and of a great man.' The Emperor made a gracious 



22 MEMOIRS OF BAKOX LEJEUNE 

reply, ending with the words, ' I grant the hand of my 
daughter to the Emperor of the French.' 

The Empress then appeared leading the yomig Arch- 
duchess, to whom the Ambassador addressed a few 
courteous words, concluding by saying, 'Pohtical con- 
siderations may have influenced the decision of the two 
monarchs, but the Emperor Napoleon cares more to win 
your heart, Madame, than anything else.' To which the 
Archduchess replied, ' I have always made my father's 
will my own. I consent with my father's permission to 
my union with the Emperor Napoleon.' 

The Prince of Neuchatel then took the portrait of 
Napoleon, set in big diamonds, from the hands of the 
Comte de Laborde, and handing it to the Emperor begged 
him to give it to our future Empress, who seemed pleased 
to receive it. After this interview there was a grand 
matinee in the fine hall known as that of the Columns. 

The next day the Court went in state to the Grand 
Theatre, the Emperor having the Empress on his left and 
the Archduchess on his right. The Ambassador and his 
suite were admitted to the Imperial box, where the light 
was as strong as sunshine. I was very near the Arch- 
duchess, and without being seen by her, for I was hidden 
by the feathers of the ladies, I made a drawing of her 
profile. My neighbours made signs to me that they 
thought it a capital likeness, whilst we listened to the 
music of Gluck in the opera of ' Iphigenia in Aulis,' and 
admired the easy grace of the Viennese dancers. 

On the 10th, part of the day was occupied in witness- 
ing a far more interesting scene, recalling the days of 
chivalry, for there was a solemn distribution of the orders 
of chivalry of the Empire. The Emperor, wearing the 
robes, mantle, and big antique cap of the Grand Masters 



GRAND CHAPTER OF THE ORDERS 2o 

of the Teutonic Order, went attended by a huge retinue 
to the palace of the Grand Master, there to hold a chapter 
of the orders. When I entered the great hall enriched 
with the beautiful armour, banners, portraits, and em- 
blazoned escutcheons of the great barons of the Empire, 
with the quaint antique arm-chairs, now occupied by some 
fifty knights, each wearing a robe and mantle of purple 
velvet similar to those of the Emperor, I felt for a moment 
as if I were transported back ten centuries to a feudal 
gathering of the Middle Ages. The speeches were made 
in Latin. The diplomas, written on parchment, to each 
of which were appended the huge sigillum of the Order 
and the seals of the Empire, were given to the recipients 
as they knelt before the Emperor, who then placed the 
chain of the Order round their necks. 

Then came the knights who were to receive the Order 
of the Golden Fleece, succeeded by the Grand Cross 
Knights or cordons bleus ' of the Order of St. Stephen, 
originally instituted as the National Order of Hungary, 
now adopted by the Imperial Family and the grand 
dignitaries of the Eoyal Order of Leopold of Hungary 
for personal merit, of which I was made a Knight. 

More interesting than anything else in this grand 
spectacle was, however, the distribution of the decorations 
of the Maria Theresa Order, founded by the Empress of 
that name for officers distinguished in war only, which 
could be given to none but those who had performed some 
brilhant feat of courage in the service of their country, 
duly recorded in the official army reports and attested by 
incontrovertible witnesses. The account of the historic 

' The expression cordons bleus as applied to^ese knights, even if 
intended as symbolic only, is somewhat inappropriate, as their ribbon was 
crimson with green stripes.— Teans. 



24 MEMOmS OF BARON I.EJEUXE 

deed which has merited the decoration is read aloud in 
German in the presence of the whole chapter of the Order, 
and no one ever becomes a Maria Theresa knight without 
the whole nation being informed of what has won him 
that great honour. 

On the 11th we all went in a grand procession to the 
Imperial Palace, and thence to the Cathedral of St. 
Stephen, where the marriage ceremony was performed with 
the greatest solemnity beneath a canopy in the presence 
of the Imperial Family, the Prince Archbishop, his 
numerous clergy, and the whole Court. A drawing room 
was then held in a vast gallery, at which from eight to 
ten thousand persons were present, the greatest silence 
and decorum being preserved. The Imperial Family sat 
on a raised platform, the newly made Empress of the 
French occupying the seat of honour in the centre of the 
group, and wearing the brilliantly set portrait of Napoleon. 
We were presented, and the ceremony of kissing hands 
began, the young Princess taking off her glove. The 
Ambassador was the first, and I was the fourth or fifth, to 
have the honour of doing reverence to our Empress. 

In the evening a drawing room was held at Court in 
the big Throne Eoom, after which there was a grand 
supper at the Imperial table, the good burghers circulating 
about the room meanwhile in the most respectful silence. 
Thus ended the marriage ceremonies at Vienna, and 
the departure for Paris of those of us who were to precede 
the Empress was fixed for the next day. 

Just as I was getting into my carriage, a dealer in 
precious stones came up to me, and asked me to take to a 
fellow merchant in Paris a little green round box about 
the size of an apricot. I consented with great readiness, 
but thought I would just ask him what was in it. ' There 



GKAND FiETES AT STUTTGAET 25 

are two diamonds,' he replied as he opened the box ; ' this 
one is worth 30,000 francs, and that one, though not so 
large, is worth 100,000 francs.' 'Oh, indeed!' I ex- 
claimed. ' Well, take your box back ; I should not like 
you to risk losing all that, and I might be robbed on the 
way.' He insisted, however, on my doing as he asked, 
adding that I should be rendering him a very great service. 
Much against my will, I consented at last, and fortunately 
the only inconvenience I experienced was that of being 
afraid of thieves for the first time in my life. 

I arrived at Stuttgart before the Empress on the 20th. 
I find that my notes made when in that town express my 
astonishment at the luxury and magnificence displayed 
at " the Court of Wiirtemberg, which resembled that of 
Louis XIV. at Versailles, though on a very much smaller 
scale. The richness of the uniforms and accoutrements 
of the bodyguards, the splendour of the furniture, table 
services, illuminations, &c., the extraordinary eclat with 
which the grand opera of ' Solomon ' with Winter's music 
was put upon the boards, all alike appeared most remark- 
able at a German Court of secondary rank. We were all 
received, lodged, and feasted at the palace as if we had 
om:selves been grand princes. 

In the midst of the pleasures of the Court, when I was 
thinking of anything but my duties, I was suddenly sum- 
moned to the presence of Caroline Murat, then Queen of 
Naples, and the Prince of Neuchatel, who had arrived at 
Stuttgart with the Empress. They entrusted me with a 
message for the Emperor, and before daybreak the next 
morning I was rolling along in the midst of clouds of dust 
in a carriage drawn by six posthorses, taking with me a 
note from the Queen and many regrets of my own. It 
was March 20, a day I never forgot. 



26 MEJIOIKS OF BAROX LEJEUNE 

The Prince of Bauveau, one of the old nohlesse of the 
former Court of France who had raUied round the 
Emperor, and was now his Grand Chamberlain, was also 
on his way to Paris with a letter from the Empress. I 
joined him at Strasburg, and we travelled together, finding 
the Emperor at Compiegne, where he was awaiting his 
new bride. The Emperor received the Prince with great 
honour in the salon, and then took me into his private 
apartments, where, altogether laying aside his regal manner, 
he began chatting away with the most delightful abandon, 
making me tell him all about the festivities at Vienna, 
Munich, and Stuttgart. He had the portrait of the 
Empress brought to him, and asked me if was really like 
her. I showed him also the profile sketch I had made, 
and he exclaimed at once, ' Yes, she has the regular 
Austrian lip of the Hapsburgs ! ' Then he pointed out 
the same peculiarity in some medals, and making me 
stand close to him, he leant over the table so as to get the 
light of the lamp on the portrait, with which he seemed 
quite in love. He asked me yet again if I thought it like 
her — if it were flattered. ' And are her eyes really like that ? 
as blue as that ? Is not her nose smaller ? ... It really 
is the Austrian lip, isn't it ? ' he went on, as he pouted his 
own lips a little. ' Is she taking at first sight ? Has she 
a bright smile ? Is she as tall as that ? (indicating his 
own height). Is she this, that, and the other ? Tell me ! 
tell me ! tell me everything about her ! ' 

' Yes, sire ! Yes, sire ! ' I kept on repeating ; and 
then, rubbing his hands together like a thoroughly happy 
man, he began again. ' "Well, how did the Vienna fetes 
go off? I hope those we are going to give will please 
every one still more. We mean to astonish them. 
France is the only place for real good taste. So the King 



CIVIL MARRIAGE OF THE IMPERIAL COUPLE 27 

of Wiirtemberg had a fine display too ? Yes, he has the 
grand manner, he is a regular Louis XIV. in miniature ; 
he'll ruin himself. The people of Germany seem very 
pleased about the marriage, then ? ' In a word, his Majesty 
was in a most charming mood, and would have liked to 
ask me a great many more questions, showing how eager 
he was to see the Empress, only some one interrupted us 
to tell him that a wing of the Palace had caught fire, and 
he dismissed me. 

A few days later the Emperor's longing was fulfilled 
by the arrival of the Empress. He rode out unattended 
for several miles to meet her, and as soon as he caught 
sight of the procession he galloped up to her carriage, 
sprang off his horse, made the attendants open the door, 
and flinging his arms round his bride embraced her 
tenderly, much to the surprise of the Princess, who was 
in the singular position of finding herself being kissed by 
a stranger who had given no one time to introduce him. 

When I got to Paris, I really had had enough of 
festivities, and I enjoyed being able to take up my brushes 
again. In the ceremonies which now rapidly succeeded 
each other, I only took the share forced on me by my 
position. The civil marriage of the Imperial couple took 
place with great pomp at Saint-Cloud on April 1, and I 
remember that some of those who had opposed it from the 
first whispered to me that they looked upon the perjury 
of that day as a very ominous augury for the future. 

The Emperor wore his imperial robes, and the Empress 
had on her head the crown set with diamonds. 

After the ceremony of the civil marriage there was a 
grand banquet, and in the evening Paris was brilliantly 
illuminated. 

On April 2, a day of bright sunshine succeeding a night 



28 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

of storm, the religious marriage was celebrated in the 
grand salon of the Louvre, which had been converted into 
a chapel consecrated and decorated for the occasion. On 
their way to it the august pair walked through the great 
gallery of the Louvre, lined on either side from end to end 
by platforms on which were seated several rows of ladies 
in full dress. It would be impossible to imagine a more 
brilliant scene, and I for one never saw anything equal to 
it. Temporary staircases were erected along the quays 
and on the Place du Carrousel to facilitate the exit of the 
crowds invited to the fete. 

A calm and very dark night added to the lustre of the 
millions of cressets,' variegated lamps, Bengal fires, and 
other illuminations, which outlined ahke the form and the 
ornamentation of every building, the arches of the bridges, 
&c. At a great height above the towers of Notre-Dame 
rose a brilliant Temple of Hymen, and the whole of Paris 
resembled a sea of fire which was reflected in the waters 
of the Seine. The Place de la Concorde, especially sur- 
rounded as it was by richly decorated and illuminated 
buildings, presented a most extraordinary appearance. 
The Champs-Elysees were crowded with bands of music, 
dancers, and various shows. But when daylight came 
every one had dispersed, and nothing was left of the 
magnificent display but the memory of it. 

This great 2nd of April was marked by a happy inno- 
vation. It had been the custom in Paris for centuries on 
all occasions of public rejoicing to have the fountains run 
with wine, and for all manner of good things to eat to be 
flung from platforms and balconies to the crowd below. 
Horrible scenes used to take place amongst the people 

' The.se are old-fashioned illuminations, consisting of open iron baskets 
filled with combustibles. — Tkaxs. 



DAVID GIVES ME GOOD ADVICE 29 

jostling each other round the fountains and beneath 
the platforms, the strongest of course getting the best of 
everything, whilst the weak were often trodden under foot 
and rolled over in the dust amongst the men who had 
fallen down dead drunk. For many a long day the ignoble 
spectacle of broken glasses and tipsy men stained with 
wine had been an inseparable adjunct to every outdoor 
fete ; but the Emperor, who was most anxious to raise 
the tone of public manners and morality, determined that 
there should be no coarse vulgarity about the largesse he 
bestowed, although it was in fact on a more liberal scale 
than had ever before been known. He ordered good food 
to be taken to the homes of the indigent, and organised a 
distribution of lottery tickets, the thousands of prizes 
including such things as pies, hams, loaves of bread, 
&c. The distribution took place in perfect order, very 
little liquid was spilled, and I only saw a few men stag- 
gering about tipsy who had brought nothing to receive 
their wine in, and had drunk their share off at a single 
draught. 

The panorama of the battle of Wagram from my 
sketches was making rapid progress, and I received orders 
to put in the movements of the troops. I was already 
looked upon in Paris as the chief historical painter of our 
campaigns, and I received the kindest advice from the 
celebrities of our day, especially from David. Not depend- 
ing as so many did on my art work for my daily bread, I 
was never afraid of giving too much time to details. One 
day, when I was making an excuse to David for having 
been so long over a painting, he reassured me by saying, 
' What is quickly done is quickly seen, and would not bear 
the test of careful examination.' 

The Imperial Guard was anxious in its turn to give a 



30 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUNE 

fete in honour of the Empress. The vast plain of the 
Champ de Mars, the buildings of the Military College, 
and the great courts connected with it, were crowded 
with those invited to witness the display. The grand 
balcony and all the apartments of the College, which was 
a regular palace, were richly decorated for the reception 
of the Imperial pair and their Court, who were to witness 
during the day numerous chariot and horse races, great 
numbers competing at a time, the winners amongst the 
drivers and riders, got up in gala array, coming up to 
receive their prizes from the hands of the Empress. All 
manner of equestrian games and tournaments were 
organised to amuse the crowds, and one excitement 
succeeded another for several hours. At last as the sun 
began to set a number of balloons, launched at a consider- 
able height, were seen to traverse space, catching and 
reflecting the dying beams as the twilight gathered about 
us. The atmosphere was perfectly clear and calm, and we 
could distinctly follow the course of the balloons through 
the air. Then, as a climax to the whole fete. Mademoi- 
selle Blanchard, the celebrated aeronaut, having received 
the signal to start, had the cords cut which held down her 
huge balloon, richly decorated with mottoes and various 
devices, and as it rose majestically into the air she flung 
down amongst the spectators baskets of flowers and 
thousands of light silk scarves, handkerchiefs, fichus, &c., 
which as they fell assumed the appearance of many- 
coloured flames. The deHght of the people below at 
receiving these dainty ornaments of the toilette knew no 
bounds. Night soon fell, and from the balloons, which 
still slowly floated above us, were flung fireworks repre- 
senting luminous meteors, which lit up the whole sky 
for a great distance and fell in golden showers. The 



THE EMPKESS SETS FREE THE FIERY DRAGON 31 

beautiful face and figure with the courage of the fair young 
aeronaut excited the greatest interest among us, and we 
trembled for her when we realised the danger she ran of 
setting herself on fire as she lit the many fireworks 
launched by her. Fortunately, however, she escaped this 
time, though she met a terrible fate later, for having 
ascended above the clouds she was flung upon a roof in 
Paris and killed on the spot. 

After the grand display of fireworks, Marshal Bessieres, 
as president of the fete, went to beg the Empress, as he 
presented to her the golden wand of Medea, to act as the 
enchantress and by a touch from it set free the dragon 
who was to light up all the palaces of fairyland. 

At this every one around the bride began to laugh, and 
the Emperor with the warriors of his suite shouted with 
merriment as they saw the terrified hesitation with which 
the young Princess received the alarming request that she 
would set fire to a dragon, for she evidently thought that 
was what was meant, and that the animal would go off 
with a roar like that of a cannon. The Emperor, how- 
ever, insisted on her complying, and guided her trembling 
little hand. She shut her eyes, and when she opened 
them again there was a magnificent dragon just flinging 
itself like a thunderbolt from the balcony, to go to the 
Champ de Mars and with the flames issuing from it 
light up one after another the grandest illuminations 
ever seen, including representations of palaces and temples, 
allegorical scenes, inscriptions, all manner of devices in 
coloured fire, sheafs of flames, showers of stars and sparks, 
and one huge volcano, by the light of which we could see 
as in broad day the crowds, numbering some 600,000 
persons, drawn to the slopes of the Champ de Mars 
by the magnificent spectacle. It was eleven o'clock 



32 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

before we could tear ourselves away, and retire to the 
rooms prepared for dancing. 

The courts of the College were transformed for the 
nonce into grand halls, in one of which supper was 
served, whilst a ball was held in the others. The decora- 
tions, all of a martial character, were very effective and 
tasty. Every one of note in Paris was present, and the 
most perfect order was maintained. 

My evenings were now all happily spent at balls, now 
at the house of Count Daru, now at that of one or another 
of the Ministers, and I spent the days working at my 
pictures, which many distinguished visitors came to look 
at, encouraging me very much. Amongst those I should 
like to name with gratitude on account of the interest they 
took in me were Prince Eugene, the Prince and Princess 
of Wagram (Marshal Berthier and his wife), the Princesses 
Jablonowska and Sapieha, &c. 

At last came the fete given by the Prince von 
Schwarzenberg,' then Austrian Ambassador at the Im- 
perial Court, in honour of the august marriage he had 
done so much to bring about. The Prince's mansion, 
situated in the Hue de Montblanc (now the Eue de la 
Chaussee d'Antin), was surrounded by a beautiful garden, 
in which were represented many of the places where the 
young Empress had passed her childhood, in each of 
which some of the dancers connected with the Opera, 
wearing Austrian costumes, acted scenes from the early 
life of her Imperial Highness. This delicate attention 
made the first part of the fete very charming to the 
Empress, who was evidently greatly touched. 

' He fought against the French at Wagram, negotiated the marriage 
between the Emperor and Maria Louisa, commanded the Austrian contin- 
gent on the French side in the war with Russia, defeated the French at 
Leipzig and Dresden, and finally took Paris in 1814.— Tkans. 



TEKliLBLE CATASTliOPIIE AT A BALL 3:> 

For the reception of the twelve or fifteen hundred 
invited guests the Prince had had a big room run up of 
boards, which was richly decorated with mirrors, flowers, 
pictures, and draperies, and lit up by an immense 
number of candles. The ball had been going on for 
about an hour, and in spite of the stifling heat a Scotch 
reel was being vigorously danced. The Empress, the 
Princess Borghese, the Princess von Schwarzenberg, 
sister-in-law of the Ambassador, and a hundred other 
ladies, were eagerly engaged in treading the energetic 
measure of that dance, when a candle in one of the lustres 
near the door fell and set fire to some drapery. Colonel 
de Tropbriant rushed with one bound to the curtain to 
try and drag it doviTQ, but his sudden clutch at the drapery 
only spread the flames, and in less than three seconds 
they had reached the ceiling, which had been smeared 
with spirit to make it dry quickly, and was moreover 
baked with the heat of the July sun, and further heated 
by the immense number of lighted candles. The flames 
rushed from end to end of the ceiling with the rapidity of 
lightning, and with a roar like that of thunder. In a 
moment all present found themselves beneath a vault 
of fire. 

When the Emperor saw that there was no hope of 
extinguishing the conflagration, he calmly took the 
Empress by the hand and led her into the garden. The 
rest of the guests imitated the example of his coolness — 
there was not a single cry of alarm, and many of the 
dancers were still ignorant of the cause of the great 
increase in the light and heat. There seemed at first to 
be plenty of time to escape, and the company went 
towards the entrance to the garden without any hurry 
or crowding. Presently, however, the heat became in- 

VOL. IT. I> 



34 ^[EMOmS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

supportable, and those behind began to press on those in 
front, which led to several persons being thrown down 
on the steps leading to the garden. Fragments of 
the ceiling now began to fall, burning the hair and 
shoulders of the ladies, and setting fire to their clothes. 
In the terrible struggle which ensued the thicker garments 
of the men also caught fire, and many even of the 
strongest were flung down and trampled on. The sight 
of all these people in flames was truly awful. I had been 
able to get out easily amongst the first, escorting the 
Countess Sandizelle and Madame de Mathis, who were 
not hurt in the least, and having placed them in safety I 
made my way back to the entrance to the dancing room 
to try to help others. One of the first I was able to drag 
out of the fiery furnace was Prince Kourakin, the Bussian 
Ambassador, who was in a horrible condition. One of his 
hands, all burnt away and bleeding, rested on my breast, 
and left its impress on my uniform. Beneath his body 
lay several half -burnt ladies, whom it was very difficult to 
extricate from the flames, as the swords of the men had 
got entangled in their clothes, and greatly hampered our 
efforts. On every side rose cries of agony and terror — 
mothers calling to their daughters, husbands to their 
wives. The garden, which was as light as at midday, was 
now full of distracted men and women seeking those they 
loved with heart-rending shrieks of despair, or flying with 
burning garments from the fiery furnace, struggling to 
extinguish the flames consuming them. Two mothers, the 
Princess von Schwarzenberg and the Princess de Layen, 
who had escaped to the garden and could not find their 
daughters there, impelled by their maternal love, heroically 
flung themselves back into the burning room to seek 
their children. The roof fell upon them, and only one, 



FATE OF PRINCESS VOX SCIIWAKZENBERG 35 

the Princess de Layen, got out alive. She died an hour 
afterwards, and the Princess von Schwarzenberg was 
never seen again until at the close of the awful scene her 
body, so terribly disfigured that it was only recognised by 
her diamonds and other jewels, was found amongst the 
debris left by the conflagration. Her diadem had been 
melted by the heat, and the silver setting had left its 
mark in a deep groove on her skull. Several ladies died 
the same night from their injuries, and others a long time 
afterwards, all in dreadful suffering. The men, whose 
clothes had protected them more, escaped better. Prince 
Kourakin, one of those who were the most hurt, did not 
fully recover for six months, and it was not till a year 
after the fire that the Countess Durosnel was able to 
leave her bed. 

As soon as the Emperor had seen the Empress into 
her carriage he hastened back to the scene of the disaster 
to aid the sufferers, and remained until the morning, 
eagerly superintending all that was done on their behalf. 

Amongst the victims was a lady, whom my friend 
Colonel Bontemps and I succeeded in dragging out of the 
flames on to the steps going down to the garden. She 
was so terribly burnt that her body was one wound, pre- 
senting a shocking spectacle. She bore the pain with 
marvellous courage, but we could not carry her or place 
her in a carriage, so we supported her one on each side 
by placing our arms under her armpits, the only part of 
her whole frame which was not burnt, and succeeded in 
getting her to her house in the Eue Eoyale after a most 
arduous and painful walk. One of her people ran off to 
fetch a doctor, and waiting for his arrival, which might 
be long delayed at this time of night, the happy idea 
occurred to my friend of sending for some olive oil, some 

D 2 



36 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

fresh water, and the white of an egg. These he had all 
beaten up together, and then, soaking some rags in the 
liniment, he ordered them to be laid over the wounds. 
When the doctor came, long after we had left, he said we 
could not have done better. Our treatment was continued, 
and at the end of six weeks our patient had completely 
recovered. She turned out to be the wife of one of our 
best friends, M. Prevost, then holding a post in the War 
Department. 

Ten people died from their injuries in the fire, and 
some hundred others were very badly hurt. The dismay 
in Paris was extreme when the news of the catastrophe 
was received ; and all the veteran officers of the army, who 
had so regretted the union of the Emperor with the 
daughter of the hereditary enemy of France, did not fail 
to look upon the tragedy as an evil augury for the future, 
and to compare it with the catastrophe on the evening of 
the marriage of Louis XVI. with Marie Antoinette, when 
3,000 persons were crushed to death or wounded in the 
Place Louis XV.' 

' This accident really happened a fortnight after the marriage, and was 
the result of a panic during a display of fu'eworks in its honour. — Tkans. 



0( 



CHAPTEE II 

MISSION CONFIDED TO ME BY THE EMPEEOE NAPOLEON 
— GENERAL DORSENNE AT BURGOS — KING JOSEPH AT 
MADRID — GRENADA — CORDOVA — SEVILLE — THE BAT- 
TLE OF CHICLANA, OPPOSITE CADIZ — MARSHAL VICTOR 
AT SANTA MARIA — MARSHAL SOULT AT SEVILLE 

On the evening of February 14, I was at a grand masked 
ball at the house of Prince Cambaceres, Lord High Chan- 
cellor of the Empire, when a black domino of medium 
height and in a very simple toilette, who was standing 
near me, fixed his eyes on mine in a meaning manner, put 
one hand on my shoulder, and with the other raade me a 
sign to keep silence. He then said, in a low voice, ' Hush ! 
you are to go to the Tuileries at ten o'clock to-morrow — 
the Emperor wishes to speak to you.' I bowed respect- 
fully, but gave no answer beyond an affirmative sign. 
The black domino, who was Prince Berthier, returned to 
the crowd of pleasure-seekers, and I purposely avoided 
watching him. I was extremely anxious to know what 
the Emperor could want with me, but I passed the rest of 
the night in amusing myself at the ball, and the next 
morning, February 15, 1 went to the Tuileries to keep my 
appointment. 

The aide-de-camp on duty at once ushered me into 
the Emperor's room, where Napoleon, in uniform and 
evidently just going out, said to me without preamble, ' It 



38 MEMOIIJS Ol' B-^lEOX LEJiaXE 

is a loDg time since I left Spain, and news comes slowly 
and with difficulty ; go and see ni}' brother. Remind him 
that with the forces I have placed at his disposal he ought 
to second me energetically. I insist on that point. In- 
form yourself as to the feeling in the country and the 
needs of the army. Examine the state of the troops, see 
Marshal Soult, with the other marshals and generals. Tell 

Dorsenne at Burgos to beware of K. X . He is to 

give an account to the Duke of Istria of what he hears 
about him. You will go to Granada and see Sebastiani's 
army. You will tell that General to take as much quick- 
silver as he can get from the mines of Almaden to the 
magazines at Malaga. I'll send a man-of-war at once to 
Malaga to fetch the quicksilver, of which we are beginning 
to run short in France. The business must be conducted 
with all secrecy, lest the English cruisers should get wind 
of it and intercept the retiurn of the vessel. Visit the 
arsenal at Seville, press on the siege of Cadiz. Examine 
everything in detail, men and stores ; take note of every- 
thing, come back without loss of time, and give me such 
an account that I shall feel as if I had seen everything 
mj'self. Go to the Luxembourg and ask my sister-in-law 
if she has any messages for her husband, and then start 
at once. Berthier will give you his despatches.' Then, 
as he dismissed me, the Emperor added graciously, ' Go 
and win your promotion ! ' 

As requested by the Emperor, I went to take leave of 
the Queen of Spain, who was a perfect angel of beauty 
and kindliness. She sent for her pretty children, so that 
I might tell the King about them. I then went to receive 
my instructions from Major-General Prince Berthier. I 
filled the belt of my valet de chambre Williams with gold 
pieces, and took with me the son of a friend of mine, for 



I ENTEll SP Alls' ON A PERILOUS MISSION 39 

whom I promised to find a good appointment at Bm-gos. I 
felt well, for I had had a good rest since the war and was 
really almost tired of peace and festivities. My prepara- 
tions were quickly made, and I started the same evening. 

At Bayonne I left my carriage, to continue my journey 
on the good posting nags which can be had everywhere 
in Spain. The Baron de Soulages and M. Clouet, two 
engineer officers, friends of mine, who were going to join 
Marshal Ney, went with me, and our little cavalcade took 
the road to Madrid. As far as Tolosa the country was 
quiet and the road pretty safe, but beyond that we were 
warned by the postilions, wherever we changed horses, of 
the dangers by which we were threatened. We soon dis- 
covered that they were right, for the band under Mina ' 
fired at us, and when we reached Pancorbo, where the 
road winds between huge perpendicular rocks, at the foot 
of which a stream has hewn out a narrow channel so wild 
and forbidding that it resembles the entrance to a dungeon 
or to hell, some twenty brigands belonging to the guerrilla 
band under the chiefs nicknamed the Bourbon Brothers, 
who lay in ambush amongst the rocks, fired upon us, but, 
taken by surprise through the rapidity of our march, not 
one of them succeeded in hitting us. Several other bands 
made the approach to Vittoria very dangerous, and no one 
attempted to reach it without a strong escort. The road 
was no longer the beautiful camino real which but two 
years before had been strewn with flowers and shaded by 
thousands of triumphal arches made of laurel branches 
and set up in honour of the Liberator by the people of the 
country, who lined the route in eager enthusiastic crowds 
to see the Emperor go by. Now the road looked melan- 

' There were several able guerrilla leaders named Mina, of whom an in- 
teresting account is given in the Marbot Memoirs, vol. ii. pp. 69, 70.— Teans. 



40 MEMOIRS OF LAKOX LEJEUNE 

clioly and deserted, and was encumbered with fragments of 
broken carriages, shreds of clothing, the bleaching bones of 
the miburied dead, the bodies of horses which the vultures 
were tearing to pieces, the effluvia from which poisoned 
the air, whilst here and there the corpses of brigands or 
peasants who had been taken with arms in their hands 
hung from the trees, and swayed to and fro in the wind. 

We got to Vittoria in very low spirits, for the state of 
things made us anxious and depressed. General Joseph 
Caffarelli, one of the Emperor's aides-de-camp, gave us a 
hearty welcome in that town, where he was much loved 
and respected. I left my travelling companions here, and 
the General gave me a strong escort for the next stage of 
my journey. 

It was always very annoying to me to have to wait for 
these escorts, or to give the men I had secured time to 
rest at every posting station. I was impatient to arrive 
at Madrid, and when I did at last get them to start they 
would creep along at a foot pace. When I heard a favour- 
able account of the state of the country, I always galloped 
on without waiting for my escort, so that the enemy's 
spies should not have time to give notice of my coming, 
and this boldness was nearly always successful. I got to 
Burgos without accident, and dismounted at the residence 
of General Count Dorsenne, commanding a brigade of the 
Imperial Guard. Wlren I arrived, the Count, who was 
preparing to give a fete to the people of the town, which 
was to include a ball, a lottery, &c., was in the hands of 
his hairdresser, who had so far only curled half of his 
beautiful long black hair, but he received me with open 
arms and begged me to allow him to finish his toilette. 
He asked me a great many questions about friends in 
Paris, and then inquired if the Emperor had sent him any 
special message. 'Yes,' I replied, ' I will tell you about 



AN I^mSClJEET GENEUAL 41 

it later.' ' Oli, tell me — tell me now ! ' ' No,' I said, 
pointing to the valet, who was watching and listening with 
eager eyes and ears to our conversation, evidently deter- 
mined not to lose a word ; ' no, no. I'll wait till you have 
finished.' ' Well,' replied the General, ' you might just 
as well speak before him ; he is a trusty fellow.' I knew, 
however, that it was thanks to just such trusty fellows, 
who abused the blind confidence of the French, that the 
enemy was informed so promptly of all our movements, so 
I repeated, ' No, it is a serious matter.' ' Oh, never mind ; 
speak out.' ' I have no right to let any one but you hear 
the message, but you can tell your valet what it is after- 
wards if you think fit to do so.' This remark, made with 
great gravity, seemed to surprise him, and he regretfully 
dismissed his man. I then informed the General of the 
Emperor's intentions, and dwelt upon the way in which 
the army had suffered from the indiscretion of those by 
whom the generals in Spain were sm-rounded, and of 
whom they apparently had themselves no suspicion. 

I spent the night at the ball given by General Dor- 
senne, but I met none of the people I had known at 
Burgos two years before, for they had all emigrated. I was 
pressed to remain, but instead of doing so, I started early 
the next morning, when every one thought I was asleep. 

The further I went in this unhappy country, the more 
cause I had for anxiety, and I was everywhere told, ' Yes- 
terday or the other day such and such a courier or escort 
was assassinated . . . let us get on as quickly as we can.' 
The men would say, ' Beware of that wood, look out on 
that plain,' and so on. I got to Valladolid after many 
such alarms, where General Kellermann was then in com- 
mand. It was even more dangerous to leave this town 
than it had been to enter it, so well organised was the 
system of espionage of the numerous guerrilla bands in the 



42 MEMOIRS OF BAi;(JN LEJEUNE 

surrounding districts. I had great difficulty in finding a 
postilion who would brave the chance of meeting the 
brigands, and it was not until I had secured an escort of 
200 Swiss soldiers that I managed to persuade a boy to 
go with me to bring back the posthorses. 

When we got to Valsequillas we found the whole 
place in an uproar after a struggle which had just taken 
place between a French battalion, escorting a number of 
prisoners, and a guerrilla band which had endeavoured to 
rescue them. The French, who had been terribly ha- 
rassed on their march, had had to fall back on Olmedo, or 
they would certainly have lost their prisoners ; and though 
my Swiss were very tired, I found they were willing to 
join in the fray, so I gave them plenty of bread and wine, 
which I was able quickly to secure on the spot, and led 
them in pursuit. The guerrillas, who were still fighting as 
we advanced, were thus between two fires, but as they 
had been strong enough to repulse a whole battalion they 
might easily have turned back and annihilated our little 
party. God did not, however, give them the courage to 
attempt it, and at sight of our 200 bayonets gleaming 
in the sunshine as our men advanced at the double, they 
separated like a flock of frightened birds, and ran away in 
every direction, leaving many wounded on the ground. 
AVhen we entered Olmedo, every one rushed out to embrace 
us as so many liberators, and we were congratulated on 
having escaped the imminent danger we had braved. The 
next da}' the Swiss went back to rejoin the rest of the 
garrison of Valladolid, reinforcing on the way the bat- 
talion escorting the prisoners ; and as I thought that 
the brigands of the daj^ before were not likely to venture 
out of their retreat again directly, I started with one 
postilion and my faithful Williams, who was in a great 



PEKILS OP THE RO.VD IN SPAIN 43 

fright for his own safety and for that of the contents of 
his belt. A^'e siDed hke the wind across the wide plains 
leading to Coca, near to which I noticed the grand ruins 
of a great Moorish palace, which had belonged to some 
wealthy sultan. I wanted to go and examine the ruins 
more closely, but my guide stopped me with the Spanish 
proverb so applicable to the ways of his country just then, 
' The spider hides in ruins to dart out on flies.' He urged 
me rather to pass them as quickly as possible, and he was 
evidently more than ever on the alert as long as we were 
near them. I, too, felt uneasy, but my real reason for 
crossing the plains in broad daylight was that I had been 
told the brigands themselves generally retired to a dis- 
tance for their siesta, lest they should themselves be in 
their turn surprised. I reached Segovia without mishap 
before night. 

There I found the old Count de T. acting as French 
commander of the province of the same name, who was 
powdered and frizzled in the style of the generals of the 
army of Louis XVI. He had served in the American 
war. His great delight now was to give fetes in honour 
of the French who happened to visit Segovia. He over- 
whelmed me with courtesies and offers of service. I knew 
that the old gentleman was unfortunately like a child in 
the hands of a lovely woman of Piedmont, who had him 
so completely in her power that she was able to betray 
him with the greatest ease to her handsome young lover, 
Don P., chief of the bands surrounding the town. Thanks 
to the information she gave him, this Don P. carried off 
nearlj- every courier or convoy which left Segovia, in spite 
of their escorts. I therefore pretended that I should like 
to remain some days in such pleasant company and to 
examine the various objects of interest in the town, such 



44 MEMOIES OF BARON LEJEUXE 

as the well-preserved Koman aqueduct, which is still in 
use. I passed the evening with the happy couple and 
sonae officers, and started, without a word to any one, before 
daybreak, with no escort, to cross the dangerous Fonda San 
Raphael passes and the Guadarrama mountains, which are 
almost always infested by brigands. I was again fortu- 
nate enough to escape all dangers, and arrived at Madrid on 
March 5, having met no living thing except the numerous 
vultures quietly waiting by the roadside for the booty 
which the war— waged apparently in their interests — was 
sure to bring them every day. In spite of all the haste I 
could make, it had taken me eleven days to get from 
Bayonne to Madrid, whereas three years before I had done 
the same distance in forty hours. 

I alighted at the residence of General Beliiard, chief of 
the Staff to King Joseph, and went thence to the Boyal 
Palace, where I was at once taken to his Majesty. That 
monarch, whose fine face reflected all his amiable qualities, 
had always loaded me with benefits, and he now did me 
the honour of receiving me as a friend. I little thought 
then that I should become his nephew a few months 
later ! 

After his Majesty had heard the news I brought him 
from Paris, he took me aside, and walking up and down 
alone with me in a spacious gallery, he gave me a most 
piteous account of his position. ' It is simply untenable,' 
he said ; ' gladly would I consult the happiness of the 
people of Spain, over whom my brother chooses me to 
reign ; I try to induce them to do as the Emperor wishes, 
but everything is against me. The exchequer is exhausted ; 
the national debt is immense. The distress here is ex- 
treme, and discontent is on the increase. To try and win 
friends I have granted largesses, and the ungrateful reci- 



KING JOSEPH'S TROUBLES 45 

pients have simplj- gone over to the enemy with their 
hands full. My protection is absolutely powerless to save 
the Spanish from extortion, and as a result no one is in 
the least disposed to back me up. These disorders are the 
cause of the dilatoriness of which the Emperor complains.' 
The King then, with very great reluctance, gave me the 
names of those he complained of, with an account of the 
acts of insubordination which troubled him the most. 
' My good Spanish subjects are irritated,' he added, ' and the 
number of guerrilla bands desolating the country to the 
very gates of Madrid is daily increasing. The beautiful 
provinces of Andalusia submitted voluntarily, and now they 
are oppressed. I suffer from this state of things more than 
I can express. Misery and famine will reduce my good 
Spanish subjects to despair. Unable to govern them as I 
wish, I am compelled to let them suffer. Still, I do not 
mean to abdicate. No ; I will never abdicate. I will do all 
I can to ameliorate the lot of the Spanish, and I will remain 
faithful and devoted to the Emperor, to whom I owe every- 
thing. But make haste, I entreat you, to report to him all 
the sad details I have told you, and to describe to him the 
melancholy position in which you found me. Assure my 
brother that his presence here would put everything right, 
and that I beg him to return.' I explained to the King that 
all France was at that moment awaiting the accouchement 
of the Empress, and that the Emperor was not likely to 
be able to leave her immediately, so that he must not hope 
to see him yet awhile ; that I too must also continue my 
journey, and complete the mission entrusted to me, so 
that I could not take his Majesty's messages to France 
till I had had the honour of seeing him again at Madrid 
on my way back. The King expressed his very great 
regret that he could not write all the details he had given 



46 MEMOIRS OF B.^Jiox lejeu>:e 

me to his brother, explaining that if he did so and his 
letter were intercepted, it would only make his position 
worse than ever. He therefore made me promise to get 
back as soon as possible. 

A good many of those I had to visit, amongst them 
some even of the Josephinos, as the friends of King Joseph 
were called, added to what he had told me other details 
which left me in no doubt whatever as to the cause of the 
misfortunes of the country. 

'Your generals,' they said to me, 'are young, hand- 
some, and already covered with glory ; they win the 
hearts of our women, and under their rule all the laxity 
of morals is reproduced which led to the revolt against 
Don Godoy and Charles IV. No one fails to recognise the 
amiable qualities and good intentions of the King ; every 
one appreciates the benefits which ought to accrue to the 
country from the introduction by him of the French Con- 
stitution. In speaking of the King the people say in their 
naive way, " This foreign prince is a good fellow and governs 
us as if he meant to stop here all his life ; we like his 
pleasant manners, he is good-looking and well set up ; we 
are already fond of him, but we dare not attach ourselves 
to him too much, for he has a certain look about him which 
makes us think that he really wants to be off and will soon 
abandon us." The dread of the terrible reprisals we are 
threatened with by the Junta of Cadiz damps the ardour 
of those Spaniards who would otherwise loyally adhere to 
the cause of Don Joseph : some fight with the courage of 
despair, others fling down their arms at the first encounter 
with their opponents. The brave fellows would serve the 
Emperor better anywhere else than in their own country, 
torn asunder as it is by the various parties.' 

From yet further confidences I learnt all about the 



CAUSES OF THE MISERY IN SPAIN 47 

opinion in Madrid of the army serving in Spain. The 
courage of the French troops, I was told, is incontestable, 
and they are now well inured to guerrilla warfare. The 
foreign soldiers, too, serving with them are as brave and 
skilled in war as the French. Amongst others, the Nassau 
infantry regiment has specially distinguished itself. The 
Poles are simply terrible in their gallant intrepidity. The 
men from Baden are also very brave, and they are humane 
and well disciplined ; but unfortunately they all hate 
being sent away from their own land to fight in the service 
of France in a cause about which they care nothing, and 
the authorities, instead of sending regular conscripts, make 
up the numbers of the regiments by buying men from the 
very dregs of the people. These substitutes bring their 
vices and their habits of insubordination with them, and 
many desert to the enemy. Those that are left are indig- 
nant at the way they are treated if they fall into the hands 
of the guerrilla bands devastating the country, and when 
their turn comes they are guilty of the cruellest reprisals 
on the banditti. ' The war,' my informants added, 'has 
in fact assumed an atrocious character, which can, however, 
easily be removed if, instead of punishing with death in- 
surgents taken vnth arms in their hands, the Government 
were to send them all to France, or, still better, if there 
were an exchange of prisoners after each battle. Many 
of our soldiers die of misery in the hulks of Cadiz. Ex- 
changes of prisoners would save their lives, and they would 
return to our ranks more eager than ever to defend them- 
selves bravely.' I also learnt that the guerrilla bands are 
chiefly made up of escaped convicts, who, assuming the 
name of insurgents, join the smugglers and choose the 
boldest amongst them as their chief. Deserters from both 
armies flock to these lawless bands, iKeferring their wan- 



48 :\rE:\[()Ti!?^ of baijox lejeuxI': 

dering, bloodstained life, with the many opportunities for 
pillage it offers, to the regular discipline of the camp. 

After collecting all this very far from satisfactory in- 
formation, I left Madrid on March 7 to make my way 
into Airdalusia. I went without escort again, and was 
fired at in several passes. Twice my guide pointed out to 
me the clouds of dust behind me raised by a party of some 
dozen horsemen riding in my pursuit, and each time I 
only escaped them by making a detour round the next 
posting station, so as to double on them and let them pass 
me. Harassed in this way, I was only able to get a 
passing glimpse of the battle field of Almonacilde, between 
Ocana and Mora, which was still covered with debris. At 
Man9anares, where I paid a flying visit to General Lorge, 
and Santa Cnaz, where I also halted for a moment, I had 
scarcely time to taste a glass of the celebrated wine of the 
beautiful Penas Valley, the rocky picturesque districts of 
which I was traversing. 

I had a strong escort assigned to me for crossing the 
narrow richlj' wooded passes of the Sierra Morena. Whilst 
my troops were examining the ground and cautiously ad- 
vancing, so as to guard against surprise in the narrow 
defiles, where the road was dotted with the dead bodies of 
brigands hanging from trees, I was free to enjoy the wild 
beauty of nature in these mountain solitudes, which re- 
semble the Pyrenees in their geological structure, but are 
even more beautiful, as thej^ have not yet been deprived 
of their prima' val forests. I was told that I was very lucky 
to reach the top of the pass without being attacked. 

At Andujar I took the Granada road, which passes 
through Jaen, where I found Colonel Tinseau, who had 
just beaten General Black's corps. I pressed on now 
across deserted districts, where we rode sometimes for ten 



A INAREOW ESCAPE FEOM DROWNIXC^ 49 

leagues at a time "\\'ithout passing a single cottage, though 
the soil evidently only needed culture to be very fertile. 
I should have made much of the annoyance caused me by 
the tremendous downpour of rain which drenched me to 
the skin on the 12th, if it had not been for a still greater 
trouble which befell me on the same day. The Guadalbolo 
torrent was so swollen that we had to choose between 
going back some eight leagues to avoid it, and trying to 
cross it as it was. We were already wet through, and I 
did not therefore hesitate to plunge into the muddy waters ; 
but my guide's horse and mine both stumbled over a rock 
and fell. The torrent swept us down with it, and my 
clothes, being heavy with the rain they had absorbed, 
weighed me down and greatly embarrassed me. I was 
already half choked with water, and should certainly have 
been drowned had not Williams, who had kept his feet, 
managed to save both me and himself. I am, however, 
so passionately fond of nature that, though I was as satu- 
rated with water as a sponge, I could not think of any- 
thing but the marvellous beauty of the cloud effects and 
of the colours of the rainbow spanning the mountains, 
amongst which the storm was still raging. The wind 
soon dried us, and in the evening we arrived at an isolated 
stronghold on the road commanded by a young Alsatian 
officer named Kat, who spent all his time shut up in it 
with his garrison, except when he had to lead his men out 
to the pursuit of brigands — a perilous task enough. He 
assured me that but for the rain, which had dispersed the 
robbers, I should have fallen into the midst of a band who 
would have killed me, or at least have stripped me of 
everything. Kat also told me that hardly a day passed 
without his having to give chase to brigands, and practice 
had made him quite an adept at this kind of warfare. 

VOL. II. B 



50 .^lEMOIRS OF BAROX l.EJEUXl^ 

The next morning at daybreak I arrived at the point 
from which I ought to have a grand view of the beautiful 
amphitheatre of Granada, at the base of the Alpuxarras 
range, the summits of which are crowned with snow and 
ice, whilst its strata are rich in veins of silver and of mer- 
cury. How ardently I longed for the wind to tear aside 
the veil of mist which hid everything from me ! and pre- 
sently Heaven did deal kindly with me, for a scene of 
absolutely divine loveliness was spread out beneath me. 
The atmosphere became warmed by the sunbeams, and 
the mist rose like steam from a boiling lake, breaking into 
a thousand light and airy columns, which in their turn 
changed into floating wreaths and garlands of fleecy clouds, 
soon dispersed by the wind, till there was nothing left 
between me and Granada but a luminous atmosphere, 
through which I could make out the ancient ramparts 
once owned by the Abencerrages, and the minarets of the 
Alhambra, where they met their fate. As soon as ever I 
got to Granada I went over the Alhambra with several 
ofiicers, and I really do not know which I admired more, 
the beauty of the site or the wealth of delicate ornament 
in this ancient monument, which has been preserved for 
six hundred years, and much of which still looks as if it 
had been built but yesterday. My companions gave me 
some plans and views of the finest aspects of the Alhambra, 
and deplored with me the barbarism of the Spanish, who, 
to destroy the verses from the Koran, which they could 
not understand, engraved in Arabic on the walls, smeared 
whitewash over all the mural decorations.' 



' This remark from a Frenchman is amusing, considering that a great 
portion of the Alhambra was blown up by the French in the fourteenth 
century, and that it was no fault of theirs that it was not entirely destroyed, 
as they had undermined the whole — Teaxs. 



A BROKEX-HEARTED A\'ID(JA\^ 51 

It was not without deep emotion that I strolled through 
the rooms where my friend General Franceschi had been 
shut up after being taken prisoner by the Spanish. That 
young sculptor, who had joined the Compagnie des Arts 
at the same time as I did, and later risen to the rank of 
General of Division, married the daughter of General 
Matthieu Dumas. A short time afterwards, in a cavalry 
charge, he fell into the hands of the Spanish, who im- 
prisoned him in the Alhambra. Franceschi, separated from 
his country and his bride, wrote some touching verses on 
the walls of his prison, and the air of the now deserted 
room seemed to be vibrating still with the heartrending 
lament he had addressed to the wife he was never to see 
again. He had made no fewer than twenty sketches repre- 
senting the different phases of his captivity. The officers 
with me were as interested as I was in these drawings 
and verses, and were eager to help me make copies of 
them. The elegies in which he bade farewell to her and 
to his friends were seen some time later by Madame 
Franceschi herself, who directly she heard of the death of 
her young husband shut herself up in her own room, 
which she had draped with black cloth like a mortuary 
chapel, and lit only by a funereal lamp. There, refusing 
all nourishment, she spent her time in prayer awaiting 
the death which should reunite her to her beloved. She 
was inexorable to the pleadings of her father and sister, 
repelling their caressing attempts to console her ; and until 
she needed its aid to look at my drawings, she never 
admitted the dayhght to her sanctuary. She had no tears 
left to shed, or she would doubtless have wept afresh over 
these toirching words of love from the grave, and she died 
almost immediately after she had read them. 

I also visited the arsenal, the army stores, and many 



52 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

fine Moorish buildings in Granada, some of them still re- 
taining in their gardens groves of laurels said to have been 
planted by the Abencerrages. I greatly admired these 
■well-preserved and graceful Oriental residences, vs'hich 
seemed to me to need but a few curtains and carpets to 
make them most comfortable ; and I v^as struck by the 
beauty of the white marble fountains, from which silvery 
mercury had once gushed forth, now replaced by water 
pure as crystal. My obliging guides then took me to the 
points of the town commanding the best views, and I 
made a few hasty sketches before returning with them to 
head-quarters, where, as I had expected, I received a very 
hearty welcome. 

Before I left Granada, I climbed on to the ramparts to 
take a farewell look at the beautiful view, which quite 
fascinated me, and which I stiU recall with delight. 
There, picturesquely perched on the slope of an isolated 
mountain rising from the plain, was the little village of 
Atarfe ; there was the river Jenil, fed by some twenty little 
streams flowing amidst an almost African vegetation, 
including regular forests of oleander trees laden with 
masses of bloom, pomegranates and fig trees weighed down 
with fruit, all alike draped with tropical creepers and vines 
bearing the famous Corinthian and Malaga currants, &c. 
&c. All this charmed me so much that it was with diffi- 
culty I tore myself away from a scene so fraught with 
pleasure of the purest kind, when I was told that my 
horses were ready. The direct road for Cordova via 
Alcala was so infested with brigands that I was advised 
to avoid it, and I went back to Benalva by way of Jaen 
and Andujar. Being overtaken by the darkness, I took 
refuge at the castle already mentioned, occupied by Com- 
mander Kat, who was waited on by three old women in 



A ROMANTIC MEAL 53 

the ruins of what had once been the home of their ances- 
tors, with a gateway emblazoned with thirty-two quarter- 
ings. As the three old creatures, who reminded me of the 
Parcte, moved about preparing our supper of podrida 
flavoured with pimento by the light of a lamp hung from 
the wall and of a small fire, I imagined myself to be 
transported back for several centuries, and the illusion 
was heightened by the accounts given me by my host of 
his various pursuits of the brigands and of the danger he 
ran of being surprised and strangled by them some night. 
The precautions taken to make all secure before I was 
allowed to retire to the rush mat which was the only bed 
Kat could give me, lent quite a touch of romance to the 
situation. 

'After you left me the other day,' said my host, 'I 
went and placed myself in ambush with thirty of my 
men in a deserted ventana de cahillas, where I knew 
the brigands often go to rest. After waiting some thirty 
hours, I saw about fifty of them arrive. I let them un- 
harness their horses before I stirred, and then opened fire 
on them before they had discovered our presence. Seven 
fell dead, and the others, all more or less wounded, got off, 
but I took thirteen horses, and you shall have one of them 
when you leave.' 

I left Kat the next morning, and the only living things 
I saw in the mountains I had to cross were numerous 
vultures quietly resting on the trees near the road. At 
Jaen, Colonel Tinseau, of the 55th Eegiment, received me 
as kindly as before, passed his troops in review for my 
benefit, and gave me a plan of the town, with some views 
taken from it. At Andujar, the Marquis de Contadero 
had his horses saddled and accompanied me for some 
distance along the road to Cordova, where I arrived on 



Oi ME.MOIIiS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

March 19, to find the inhabitants celebrating the birthda}' 
of King Joseph. 

General Godinho was anxious that I should have my 
share in the festivities going on, and took me to the fine 
mosque which is now the Cathedral of Cordova, a perfect 
specimen of Moorish architecture. The first building in 
which the characteristic horseshoe arch was largely em- 
ployed, the Cathedral owes much of its beauty to the 
massive pillars, which originally numbered twelve hundred, 
and are now reduced to about a thousand. Most of these 
pillars came from Rome, from Greece, and Carthage, and 
were the spoils of old heathen temples ; others were sent 
from Constantinople by the Emperor Leo, and yet others 
from France, whilst a smaller number are of Spanish 
origin. These pillars form more than fifty naves, and 
their arcades uphold a number of cupolas and domes 
which may perhaps be described as resembling an onion 
in form with the point upwards. The onion has long 
been largely cultivated as an article of food in the East, 
and it is not unlikely that it may have suggested the form 
of the Moorish cupola, which harmonises well with the 
other details of the same architectural type. 

I also went to have a look a^t the antique marble bas- 
reliefs on the old Roman bridge still spanning the Guadal- 
quivir, which represent the tragic death of the two sons 
of Pompey, and are appropriately placed at the entrance 
to the town as a warning to conquerors. 

I brought good news from the Emperor and the King, 
and a place of honour was assigned to me at the banquet 
and the ball succeeding it. The General proposed the 
toast of the King of Spain and the Indies ; the Prefect 
that of the Emperor of the French, King of Italy ; and as 
for myself, I drank to the happy deliverance of the Em- 



MY PARTNER AT A BAL[. FAINTS AAV AY 



0-J 



press Maria Louisa and the birth of a prince. I httle 
thought that only fifteen hours after I expressed this 
wish the most ardent desires of the Emperor and of all 
France would be realised, and that volleys from hundreds 
of cannon would be announcing and celebrating the 
happy event throughout the length and breadth of the 
Empire. 

As a special favour I was introduced at the ball to 
Dona Luisa Plateres, the most beautiful young woman in 
all Andalusia, that district in which the beauty of the 
women is proverbial. My partner, whose height suited 
mine admirably, had, however, never M'altzed before, and 
she seemed greatly distressed when she found herself 
being carried along by a stranger to the music of the 
orchestra. One of her little hands trembled in mine, and 
she scarcely dared to rest the other on the shoulder of the 
man who seemed to be saying, ' Have no fear ! I will 
support you.' After we had taken a few turns in vie^v 
of a large concourse of spectators, I saw a kind of mist 
gather over her eyes ; her cheeks, which had before been 
flushed with pleasure, grew pale ; her steps faltered, her 
beautiful head fell upon my breast, and I felt that she had 
fainted. I supported her to the door leading to the garden, 
so that she might breathe the fresh air. Several ladies 
hurried after us, and as there was no seat near I knelt on 
one knee and supported my fair burden on the other. 
Salts were brought and placed to her nostrils, and after 
a few moments of the greatest anxiety she began to shov/ 
signs of returning animation. Her father, who haa 
brought her to the ball, ran off to fetch a chair, and I 
was obhged to place her on it. We waited thus till her 
carriage could be fetched. Then, escorted by lacqueys 
bearing torches, the flickering hght of which made her 



o6 MEMOIRS OF BARON LE.TEUNK 

sweet and languid features look more beautiful than ever, 
her father and I supported her trembling steps till the 
door was reached. It was opened, and I had to leave her. 
Her father shook hands with me, and the carriage drove 
off. I was too much agitated to return to the ball, which 
seemed dull enough after the thrilling emotions I had 
experienced ; I was too much preoccupied to hope for 
.sleep, so I went and asked for an escort and horses, and 
long before daybreak I was on the way to Ecija. 

The beautiful Andalusian sky, as blue and clear as that 
of Naples, was spread out above a smiling landscape look- 
ing so peaceful that I felt secure from attack. Whether 
from eagerness to get back to Cordova as soon as I could, 
or from any desire to reach Seville quickly, I found my 
escort went far too slowly to please me, so I soon dismissed 
it, and thinking of something very different from any 
danger to myself, I set off at a gallop, arriving at Seville 
before daybreak, having seen nothing of brigands except 
between Ecija and Carlotta, where I was pursued by a few 
rogues. I met Colonel Chateau at the gates of Seville, 
just starting for Paris, so I told him to take news of me 
there, pointed out to him the dangerous spots on the 
road where he would have to be careful, and went to fulfil 
my own mission. 

Marshal Soult received me with all honour. After 
talking to me for a long time about the position in which 
he found himself and offering me the most lavish hospi- 
tality, he told some of his aides to go with me on the 
round of visits I had to pay to the various French army 
departments. I stopped three days at Seville, reviewing 
the troops, and examining the arsenals, foundries, hospi- 
tals, and in fact all the establishments, whether civil or 
military, connected with our service. Everywhere I found 



THE CATHEDRAL OF SEVILLE 57 

the greatest activity and the most complete order prevail- 
ing. I then went to see the old Alcazar and the celebrated 
royal tobacco factory, which is really a model of a big 
public manufactory. I never sneezed so much in my life, 
and I shall not forget in a hurry the huge piles of tobacco 
powder, which rather resembled red pepper, or the hun- 
dreds of workmen engaged in the making of cigars. 

I also visited the fine mosque, now the Cathedral of 
Seville, which is surrounded by a garden still retaining 
the white marble fountains at which the Arabs performed 
their ablutions before entering the sacred building, the 
waters now moistening the roots of the venerable 
orange trees always laden with flowers and fruit, and of 
the stately palms which now give shade to Christian 
worshippers in the court of what was once a Moorish 
temple.' 

The principal entrance of the cathedral is surmounted 
by one of the finest Moorish rose windows in existence. 
The interior, like that of the Mosque of Cordova, is a 
perfect forest of columns of various antique orders, sym- 
metrically arranged beneath the Oriental arcades.^ The 
precincts are enclosed within an enceinte flanked by 
crenelated towers, one huge square minaret ' rising to a 

' This description is no longer accurate, for the cathedral buildings are 
now surrounded on all sides by wide streets. On one side only, the north, 
there is an inner court called the Court of Oranges, which formed part of 
the original mosque and still retains the fountain used by the Moors for the 
purpose alluded to in the text. — Teans. 

'■* The author appears to have confused the Cathedrals of Seville and 
Cordova together. Much of this description applies rather to Cordova than 
to Seville. As a matter of fact, only a small part of the original mosque 
remains at the north-eastern end of the cathedral, which is a typical Late 
Gothic structure. The patio or court at Cordova answers exactly to the 
description of the surroundings given in the text as those of the Cathedral 
of Seville Tbans. 

' This is the Giralda formerly connected with the mosque — Trans. 



•38 ^[EjroiRS or barox lejeune 

great height with a terraced platform at the top command- 
ing a grand view of the beautiful country round Seville. 
Within this tower is a gently sloping passage, up which 
the sultans used to ride on horseback to enjoy the view, 
and it can still be used for the same purpose. 

Generals Senarmont and Euty, of the artillery. General 
Lhery, of the engineers, with some twenty of my fellow 
officers, made a great fuss over my visit, and complained 
greatly of being left in this remote isolated spot away 
from all chance of reward or promotion. They all begged 
me to get back to Paris as quickly as possible, so as to 
give the Emperor a true account of the state of things, 
which they believed had been misrepresented to him. 

Marshal Soult was especially bitter at having to 
command men of equal rank with himself, -and said he 
was often very much worried by being obliged to show so 
much consideration for them. ' Of course,' he said, ' I feel 
greatly flattered at having Marshals de Treviso and de 
Belluno under my orders, but I should much prefer 
generals on whose passive obedience I could rely.' 

This remark led me to suggest to Marshal Soult that 
he should grant to the Duke of Treviso the leave I knew 
he had been trying to get for some time, and he consented. 
I now left Seville to go to Cadiz, then besieged by our 
troops. The road from Seville to San Lucar not being 
very safe, I had to embark on the Guadalquivir, and I 
went down that river without any disagreeable encounters. 

At San Lucar, I was warned against the great danger 
of crossing the w"ide plains between it and Santa Maria, 
for I was told three men belonging to an escort were 
killed yesterday. This, however, led me to suppose that 
as the brigands had had a tussle so recently as the day 
before, there was less chance of meeting them on the 



I VISET THE FORTS OUTSIDE CADIZ 59 

road to-day, so as I was able to secure some good horses 
I again started without escort. About halfway across 
Williams suddenly shouted, ' Oh, sir ! sir, do stop ! I 
entreat you to stop ! ' but I pushed on. He galloped 
after me, crying, ' Oh, sir ! my belt has come undone, and all 
the money has run out.' ' Come on, come on,' was my 
only reply. ' But, sir, we shall lose everything.' ' Never 
mind, never mind, let's save our lives ; we can get some 
more money later.' ' Oh, sir ! everything is gone now ; 
do stop ! ' 'So much the worse, but come on.' At last, 
two leagues further on, when I had got to the other side 
of a brook and felt pretty safe, I stopped. Williams, now 
in a regular temper with me, said, ' And high time you 
did, for I have lost simply everything.' We dismounted, 
and I said, ' Look in your boots, man ; perhaps a few 
pieces have slipped into them. I helped him to pull them 
off, and sure enough there was all the money except 
two napoleons. We congratulated ourselves en having 
lost so little, and on escaping what raight have been 
an awkward fix. 

Marshal Victor gave me a very hearty welcome at 
Santa Maria, told me all about the operations at the 
siege of Cadiz, and gave me a detailed account of the 
battle which had first taken place opposite Chiclana and 
Barossa. General Garbe, of the engineers, General Nourri, 
of the artillery, and Generals Leval, Barrels, and Beau- 
mont, of the infantry and cavalry, shewed me all their 
troops and the important works they had constructed, of 
which they also gave me plans. I visited at their request 
the whole line of forts, including those of St. Catherine, 
Porto Eeal, Santi Petri, &c., opposite Cadiz, occupied by 
our forces. The enemy cannonaded us hotly from the 
island of Leon whilst we were visiting the Matagorda and 



60 MEMOIKS OF BAEON J.EJEUXE 

Trocadero forts, where the French had placed the cannon 
and Villantroi mortars, with which they were bombarding 
Cadiz, and which were capable of sending hollow pro- 
jectiles to the very end of the port, that is to say for some 
6,500 to 7,500 yards.' 

As we went along the beach, my guides pointed out to 
me the shells, more than half burned, of three decked 
vessels stranded at about two hundred paces frorn the 
shore. 

Many of om- soldiers were still engaged in diving into 
the submerged remains of these vessels, and often brought 
up objects of considerable value. M. d'Herize, one of 
the officers who were with me, said to me, ' I owe my 
deliverance from captivity to those vessels having been 
wrecked.' This roused my curiosity, and I begged him 
to tell me what he had to do with English ships. As 
we walked on he showed me the wrecks of two other 
vessels stranded at a short distance from each other, some 
few hundred paces from the shore, and gave me the 
following account of what had happened. 

' Those old hulks,' he said, ' are all that is left of the 
Argonaut and the Castile, from which two thousand 
French prisoners managed to escape some five weeks ago, 
after braving the most terrible dangers. 

' For two years we had languished in those floating 
prisons, deprived of money, of clothes, and almost of 
provisions. Nothing could have been more miserable 
than our condition. Officers and men were mixed up 
together, and we had not even the melancholy consolation, 
which has so often cheered those in captivity, of inter- 
course with others as well educated as ourselves. A 

' This must be an exaggeration, a it would be a a ery long range now. — 
Tkans. 



SUFFEEINGS OF PRISONERS IN THE HULKS 61 

number of women and children, who had been arrested 
during the Eevolution, were shut up with us, and their 
wealiness made them less able to endure their sufferings, 
whilst the sight of those sufferings added to ours. Every 
day death carried off several victims ; mothers lost their 
children, children their parents, friends were torn from each 
other. The chance of any amelioration of our lot was so 
remote that it could do nothing to sustain our courage. 

' We were, in fact, in a position so xerrible as to baffle 
description, when one day one of the three vessels over 
there was torn from its anchorage by the force of the 
wind and carried by the current to the beach, where it was 
stranded, as you see, in spite of every effort on the part of 
the crew to turn it in another direction. This incident 
was as a flash of light to us, and what was dreaded as 
certain destruction by others became the most earnest 
desire of our hearts. As we watched the rising of the 
tide we began to feel a hope of our own salvation ; we 
flung bits of straw or anything which would float into the 
sea, and eagerly watched them drift away to the shore, on 
which they would be flung. When, however, we examined 
the cables and chains with which our vessels were fastened 
to their moorings, our hearts sank again, for it seemed 
simply impossible to detach them. Moreover, a Spanish 
guard kept watch as border police, and we had no weapons. 
' On board the Castile, however, where I was, the 
desire for liberty was so strong, that some new idea 
occurred to us every day, and we managed by hook or by 
crook to collect a lot of hatchets, which we stole from the 
carpenters who came to patch up our old hulks. 

' The possession of these hatchets did not seem much 
towards silencing the two hundred cannon which might 
open fire on us at once, but it was enough to set our brains 



62 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

to work and oncourage us to further efforts. Six officers 
and I tlierefore concocted a plan of escape together. 
We took Captain Derolles, of the navy, a man of high 
courage, into our confidence, and he fell in with our views, 
suggesting a yet more audacious plan than our own, which 
we carried out. 

' We kept our secret religiously, for we knew that it 
was not given to many to await calmly a moment fraught 
vdth such consequences, and the fears of the more timid 
of the prisoners might have undone us. We decided that 
the time to get off would be at four oclock in the morning 
six days later, when the highest tide of the month just 
beginning would occur. We sent news of our intention to 
the bravest officer on the Argonaut, wrapping our message 
up in a ball of bread, which we flung on to the deck of his 
vessel. He accepted our proposal eagerly on behalf of 
himself and those with him, and we spent the intervening 
days in trying to make every one desire and believe in the 
success of our venture, even threatening with death any 
of those to whom we communicated our intentions at the 
last moment if they either opposed or betrayed us. 

' The day agreed upon arrived at last, and while await- 
ing the decisive moment we all pretended to rest. It was 
a fine night, and everything was perfectly calm except 
our own hearts. When we saw how eagerly every one 
had joined in our plot, our only regret was that we had 
doubted the courage of some few. Our eyes were now 
all fixed upon Derolles, who was armed with the best of 
the hatchets. When he saw that the tide was at its 
height, and the current strong enough, he made us a sign 
to follow him in silence. 

' He was the first to climb on deck, and the sentinel on 
guard tried to push him back, but he felled him with a 



A SUCCESSFUL TLAX OF l-:sCAPE 63 

blow from the hatchet, and flung him upon the great 
cable, which he ciit with two strokes of his weapon. The 
guards shouted, ' To arms ! ' but they were strangled or 
flung into the sea, and whilst several shots gave the alarm 
to the town and its batteries, all the moorings were cut, 
and our two vessels, without masts or rigging, slowly 
drifted with the tide. Several cannon shots were at once 
fired from the ramparts, and one of our women was struck 
down by a ball. Two or three others, terrified at this 
sight, screamed to us to take them into port, and we 
should all have been glad to do so, but it was quite im- 
possible. All our men shouted at the tops of their voices, 
in the hope of attracting the attention of the French on 
shore, and our courage and resolution seemed to increase 
with our danger. 

' The two hulks were a little distance from each other, 
and the strong current had already taken us for about 
half the distance we wished to traverse. The absence of 
wind was a help to us, as it retarded the progress of the 
gunboats, which were firing at us, though a good many 
were killed by the shots from them. At last day began 
to break, and we could see our fellow countrymen hurry- 
ing down to the beach to hel]3 us. 

' As soon as they had heard our cries, and recognised 
that we were French, they had flown to our aid, some 
bringing planks and ropes, and running far into the 
water, so as to make out our signals better, they waved 
their hats to us, as we did to them. Others dragged 
cannon into the water to bridge over the space be- 
tween us and safety, and we soon found ourselves slowly 
advancing between two fires, one aiming at our defence, 
the other at our destruction. When we got near the 
shore, all who could swim, and many who could not, flung 



(i4 MEMOIKS 01' ]!A1!(»X LEJEUNE 

themselves into the water. At last, after an hour and a 
half of terrible suspense, we saw the Argonaut stop near 
enough to the land for ever}' one on her to jump out and 
land in safety. 

' AVe, on the Castile, were a little hehind, and from this 
moment the enemy concentrated all their fire upon us. Still 
we felt our vessel touch ground a few minutes later, and the 
shock made us all shout for joy, though we were still in 
eight feet of water, and more than two hundred paces from 
land. In spite of that, every one who was not wounded 
jumped into the sea, not hesitating a moment between the 
risk of being drowned and the certainty of being taken or 
killed. Many tied their children on their shoulders, others 
dragged their wives along by the hands, determined to 
save them or to perish with thein, while many intrepid 
swimmers quietly gained the shore in spite of the hail of 
grapeshot poured into us by the enemy. Some brave 
fellows saved as many as twenty others besides themselves. 

' The shells now set fire to our hulk, and Derolles with 
a few others, hatchets in hand, rushed to extinguish the 
flames wherever they broke out, and their noble courage 
saved the lives of many of the wounded, whom they 
dragged out of danger. "SYhen we at last got to shore we 
had the grief of finding that but half of our numbers 
had escaped, but the delight of finding ourselves safe 
and the generous ^^■armth of our reception by the 
French forces soon made us forget our regrets. We 
■were literally overwhelmed with the clothes, the money, 
and the eager attentions lavished upon us by our fellow 
countrymen.' 

As M. d'Herize concluded his narrative his eyes were 
wet with tears, and he pressed the hand of an officer near 
whose share in this noble treatment he was about to re- 



THE FEEXCrr ARE ATTACKED IN THE REAR 65 

late ; but his friend, who was as modest as he was gene- 
rous, would not allow him to go on. 

As we strolled along the lines of our army whilst M. 
d'Herize was talking, all the Spanish batteries continued 
to fire at us, hoping to destroy our little group, and the 
warlike sound fell pleasantly on my ears, for it was now 
more than a year since I had heard it It was with con- 
siderable anxiety that I recognised the difficulty our forces 
would have in traversing the deep mud of the beach on 
our side of the canal of Santi Petri ; but for this obstacle 
the canal could have been crossed as easily as a river, for 
we had boats and everything necessary for the transit. 
Thousands of wading birds, such as cranes, spoonbills, and 
flamingoes with scarlet plumage, circulated in security on 
these swampy tracts, a sure proof that they were inacces- 
sible to man. In addition to all the usual contrivances 
for crossing a difficult river, a number of rafts were pre- 
pared made of square pieces of leather joined together and 
inflated with air, which were connected by light wood- 
work and were broad enough, though drawing little water, 
to carry troops across the mud. Cork belts were also 
made to help the swimmers, who were to form an advanced 
guard. The copper pontoons of the artillery were to 
serve as bridges over the Santi Petri canal itself, and a 
French fleet was to come from Toulon or Brest so as 
to engage the English cruisers during our passage and 
attack, which there would be no hope of achieving without 
some such diversion. Our batteries had been ready for 
action for some time. The aiTival of the French fleet had 
long been anxiously expected, when, on March 5, an unex- 
pected attack called the attention of Marshal Victor to 
the rear of his army. 

The English, to the number of some five or six thou- 

VOL. II. F 



66 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUXE 

sand, commanded by General Gi'aliam, came from the 
camp of Saint Eoch near Gibraltar with 15,000 Spanish 
under General Lapina from Algesiras, who, leaving Cape 
Trafalgar on their left, attacked the French army, which 
was scattered on the heights of Santi Petri, Chiclana, and 
Porto Eeal, hoping by falling upon our centre to force us 
to abandon our redoubts, and by destroying our batteries, 
which were bombarding Cadiz, to make us raise the siege 
of that town. 

In the first moment of surprise our rearguard was 
compelled to fall back upon the main body composed of 
the Eufin and Leval divisions, which were able to keep 
the enemy in check. Marshal Victor, promptly informed 
of this attack, hurried to the scene of the struggle, with 
all his available forces, and the battle which had begun so 
suddenly at once becarae a very serious affair. The head 
of the Spanish force, thrust back at the outset, as our 
rearguard had been, and the rest of the column giving 
way also, the English general immediately pressed into 
the front line. 

The Eufin division met the shock of the English attack, 
and both sides fought vidth extraordinary valour amongst 
the trees of the wood above Chiclana. Twice in succession 
the Eufin and English regiments met face to face and 
charged each other with the bayonet, a melee ensuing 
such as is very rare in modern warfare, for as a rule one 
of the corps engaged is demoralised, to begin with, by the 
firing, and draws back before the enemy is near enough to 
cross muzzles. 

The lines occupied in this glorious struggle remained 
marked out by the corpses of numerous heroes, which 
looked as if, having dispensed with burial, they were 
awaiting the erection of monuments to their honour to 



SAD PATE OF GENERAL KUFIX 67 

transmit their names to posterity. There was one pecu- 
liarity about this sanguinary struggle, and that was, that 
when the English had broken their weapons by striking 
with butt or with bayonet, they never seemed to think of 
using the swords they wore at their sides, but went on 
fighting with their fists. Their officers, too, kept up the 
old custom of angrily striking with their canes any of 
their men who fell out of the ranks, whilst our non-com- 
missioned officers, placed as a supernumerary rank, crossed 
their muskets behind their squads, thus forming but- 
tresses which kept the ranks from giving way. On 
this occasion the French officers picked up the muskets 
of the wounded and flung themselves into the gaps made 
in the ranks of the common soldiers. 

It was in one of these terrible melees, in which the 
95th Regiment was engaged, that Colonel Mengarnaud was 
killed, and General Eufin, one of the handsomest men in 
France, was mortally wounded. His horse had received 
several wounds, and the furious animal carried his master 
into the English ranks, where he was thrown on to the 
points of the bayonets. He fainted away and was taken 
prisoner. The General's handsome features, set off by 
his long curling hair, and his fine figure aroused the 
admiration of the English, who did all they could to 
restore him and took the greatest care of him on the 
way to England, but he died Just as he was about to 
disembark. 

The English cavalry furiously charged ours, and were 
received with equal valour. At last their squadrons were 
driven back, and they were obliged to withdraw to the 
beach by the same narrow gully which the Spanish had 
taken in their retreat on Cadiz. During the struggle the 
Spanish threw a bridge of boats from the island of Leon 



68 MEMOIES OF EAROX LE.TEUNE 

across the narrowest portion of the Santi Petri Canal in 
spite of the cannonade from that fort. The Spanish column 
m^der General Lapina flmig itself upon this bridge in its 
retreat, and some of our detachments pursued it to the 
other side and beyond. Meanwhile General Graham, who 
was very badly supported by the Spanish, having recog- 
nised the impossibility of penetrating further into our lines 
and making us raise the siege, took up his position on the 
height crowned by the Barossa tower, and there success- 
fully repulsed several attacks from the Leval division, thus 
covering until nightfall the retreat of the English army. 
Our advanced guard, therefore, having the English in their 
rear, retired from the further side of the bridge and con- 
tented itself with cannonading the passage. The English 
finally retired to the island of Leon and boasted as of 
a victory, which they call the battle of Barossa, of the 
advantage they had gained in sending to the relief of Cadiz 
the ten or twelve thousand men who were all that were 
left of the combined forces. 

On their side the French, weakened by the vast extent 
of the coastline they had to defend, taken by surprise by 
this attack on the scattered outposts of their rear, and 
arriving as they did in small detachments on the battle 
field, might with equal justice look upon the issue of the 
struggle as a brilliant victory, in which, their courage 
making up for the absence of any settled plan, they 
baffled the schemes of their enemies, and compelled them 
to retreat. They gave the name of the battle of Chiclana 
to the affair. 

Amongst the many remarkable incidents of this day, 
the following were related to me. During the preceding 
days some five or six hundred Spanish had been taken 
prisoners by the French, and were crossing the battle field 



A BRAVE 7<lND generous VIVANDIERE 69 

when the EngHsh attack was made. The prisoners 
thought this gave them a good opportunity for escape, and 
they all refused to go on, but the officer in command made 
them lie flat on their faces, left a few of his men to 
guard them with orders to shoot the first who raised his 
head, and marched against the enemy with the rest of his 
troops. At the end of the battle he had not lost a single 
prisoner. 

Some other officers told me how a vivandiere of the 
95th Regiment, Catherine Baland by name, ran about 
through the French ranks during the battle giving the 
soldiers brandy to raise their spirits, as she gaily said to 
them in a bright encouraging tone, ' Drink, drink, my 
brave fellow ; you can pay me to-morrow.' She must have 
known full well, however, when she saw so many men 
falling around her, that most of her debtors would not 
ansAver the roll-call the next day. The fair Catherine, 
who became quite a celebrated character in the army, 
and whose praises were sung by Beranger, was never 
wounded. She received the Cross in 1813 for many 
such acts of disinterestedness and courage as that above 
described. 

From the heights of Barossa and Chiclana I could see 
the towers of Tangier rising up from the coast of Africa, 
beyond the Straits of Gibraltar, the whole of the island of 
Leon, the monuments, forts, and roadstead of Cadiz, with 
the far-stretching salt marshes, where thousands of heaps 
of salt at regular intervals looked like long lines of troops. 
The picturesque beauty of the site, and the extraordinary 
character of the struggle in which I had lost my dear 
friend the brave and handsome General Eufin, with whom 
I had made my first campaigns in Germany, decided me 
to try and paint a picture of the battle at some future 



70 MEMOIltS 01' r.AliOX LEJICUXE 

day, and I made a number of sketches on the spot so as 
to give to my work the stamp of truth. 

The claims of all the different corps were entrusted to 
me, to be put before the Emperor, and I took care to make 
myself thoroughly informed in every case so as to secure 
the rewards deserved. Before leaving, I mrged on the 
operations of the siege, which ought not to have been 
delayed by the brilliant affair related above, although of 
course the troops had been a good deal fatigued. I got 
back on March 27 to Santa Maria, where Marshal Victor 
gave me a long account of the necessities of his army, and 
told me how important it was that the Emperor should 
come in person to settle the affairs of Spain. I left with 
regret the delightful residence assigned to me by the Duke 
of Belluno at Santa Maria, the windows of which, always 
open in the mild climate, looked down upon the roadstead 
and Cadiz, which I could see in the distance through the 
orange trees laden with flowers and fruit. The branches 
of these trees came into my very room, so that I could 
enjoy the fragrance and eat the fruit on the spot. This 
fascinating residence appealed alike to every sense, and I 
shall never forget that, in addition to the beauties of natural 
scenery, the fortunate inhabitants of Santa Maria enjoy 
the presence of some of the loveliest women in the world. 
Of course my visit was too brief for me to make their 
acquaintance, but what I did see of them fully con- 
firmed all that I had heard of the charms of the ladies 
of Andalusia. 

After our interview Marshal Victor gave me his des- 
patches for France, and I started for Seville with an 
escort, arriving the same evening at San Lucar. There 
I hired a decked boat in which to ascend the Guadalquivir, 
y,nd whilst waiting for the escort assigned to me, and 



ASCEKT OF THE GUADALQUIVIl; 71 

for the tide to float our boat, which was still high and 
dry, I strolled about on the sandy banks of the beautiful 
river. It was a dark night, and I was much interested in 
noting two phosphorescent phenomena of which I had 
previously been told. As I was hesitating which road to 
choose amongst the many on the beach, the sand dis- 
turbed by our footsteps emitted a brilliant light of the 
colour of flames, and for a moment I fancied I was walk- 
ing over still glowing cinders. At the same moment I 
saw some hundreds of tiny gleaming lights circulating 
round the boats, and I thought they too were on fire. 
But my boatmen caught several of the lights to let me 
look at them closely, and I then saw that they were fire- 
flies, which, when they move their wings, give out a much 
stronger light than do the glowworms of France. Fire- 
flies also abound in Italy, where they are called lucciole. 
All these details of natural history were of great interest 
to me, and I made a collection of insects and plants, and 
of specimens of minerals, sulphur, &c., from various dis- 
tricts, which I kept with my sketches of the places where 
they had been found, as aids to my memory, intending to 
study them closely when I reached home. 

Our progress up the river, easy enough at first, became 
difficult as the tide rose, for the wind, being against the 
current, lashed the water into great waves, which seemed 
bent on driving us back. With all sails set, however, our 
bark ploughed its way on, but we were all too sea-sick to 
care to look at the sun rising over the beautiful landscapes 
on either side. We had already got about a third of the 
way, and had not once raised our heads from our pillows 
to look about us, when our crew warned us of approaching 
danger. They had caught sight of a sentinel, who at our 
approach had hidden himself in a little grove of orange 



72 MEMOIRS OF BAKON LEJEUXK 

trees on the left bank. We were already close upon him, 
and it was necessary to guard against a surprise, a fact 
which roused us all to action. When we were about half 
musket range from the grove, two armed men came out, 
and seeing no one but a boatman at the helm, shouted to 
him to come ashore. He took no notice, but calmly pur- 
sued his course. Then the two men were joined by 
several others, also armed, who threatened to fire if our 
boat did not stop. I then called up my little guard of 
fifteen men, and as soon as they showed themselves on 
deck, the brigands, whose numbers had still further 
increased, fired a volley at them. They did not, however, 
wait for their reply, but, turning tail, took refuge amongst 
the trees. We were threatened with several similar 
attacks, but none of them realty came off, and our worst 
danger was from the wind, which now amounted to a 
regular gale, the waves dashing over the deck and threat- 
ening to swamp our little boat. We were so much 
knocked about that we made our boatmen land us at a 
village some two leagues from Seville, where M. Blagnac, 
an officer in the service of King Joseph, supplied me with 
horses. I got to Seville that same evening, but the boat 
did not arrive until the next daj'. 

I wound up this stormy and fatiguing day by supping 
with Marshal Soult, and going to the theatre with him. 
AVe had a good deal of talk together, and he grumbled at 
being hampered in everything he undertook. He was, he 
said, perfectly hemmed in by enemies, having to contend 
not only with the English, the Portuguese, and the 
Spanish, who were in front, on the right and on the left, 
but by the guerrilla bands, which harassed him in the rear, 
and circumvented him at every turn. He added that the 
sinews of war were wanting, that the country was drained 



-MAliSIlAL SOULT'S DIFFICULTIES 73 

of its supplies, provisions being very scarce and very dear.' 
' The reinforcements promised me never arrive,' said the 
Marshal, ' for Belliard keeps them at Madrid. The siege 
operations at Cadiz drain my feeble resources. There are 
no medicines at the hospitals. The army of the Junta 
has appropriated all the horses suitable for cavalry, and I 
can get none for my men.' Then, his excitement increas- 
ing, Soult added in a voice full of emotion, ' AVould you 
believe it? I am surrounded by jealous men, eager for 
my recall, I am badly seconded by officers of too high 
rank to obey me without criticism, and I have not a single 
friend in whom I can confide, for I have long been sepa- 
rated from my family, who are all in Paris.' 

The Marshal did not, as so many others had done, 
express a wish to see the Emperor come in person to take 
the command of his army, but from all I saw and heard 
I felt sure that it was absolutely necessary that some very 
decided step should be taken to reconcile all these jarring 
elements. Until something was done there could be no 
hope of the campaign being brought to a successful issue. 
I determined, therefore, to hasten back to France to tell 
the Emperor how things stood, and I obtained a strong 
escort. Five or six couriers with despatches, and several 
travellers, availed themselves of this opportunity of travel- 
ling safely, and started with me. 

I got to Ecija the same evening, and put up at General 
Dijon's quarters. The next day my friend Colonel 
Lallemande, of the 27th Dragoons, escorted me with his 
regiment as far as Cordova. There General Godinho 
entrusted some jewels to me to be taken to his wife, and 
I packed them with many other tokens of affection which 

' It was throughout this war the ijolicy of the English and Portuguese 
to make the inhabitants desert their homes and destroy all the provisions 
and stores they could not carry with them. — Trans. 



74 MEMOIKS OF BAl;OX LEJEUNE 

were confided to my care. Many were the hearts I was 
to rejoice with good tidings of those they loved when I got 
to Paris, and everything combined to make me eager to 
reach the end of my journey. General Godinho told me 
that a few days before my fair partner Dona Lnisa had 
left Cordova with her father, who had been appointed to 
a position of great trust in another province. The terrible 
news of the massacre of the whole family by brigands, 
which I heard on my way to Madrid, had not j^et reached 
Cordova. They had fallen into an ambush by the way, 
the father was shot as a Josephino, and the poor daughter 
perished after the most infa:xL0us treatment. It was at 
Consuegra that I learnt with horror all the revolting details 
of this hideous crime. 

When he took leave of me and sent his loving greetings 
to his wife, General Godinho probably knew that he would 
never see either her or me again. Soon after I left Cor- 
dova I heard that, having received a severe and very unjust 
reprimand from Marshal Soult, the General, unable either 
to avenge or to endure the insult put upon him, went 
straight down to the sentinel at the door, and said to him, 
' Is your gun loaded '? ' Then, on the man replying in 
the affirmative, he added, ' Give it to me.' And resting 
the butt-end on the ground, he put his foot on the trigger 
and blew out his own brains before any one had time to 
stop him. 

The melancholy accounts I everywhere received as to 
the state of the unhappy country of Spain were not calcu- 
lated to reassure me as to what I might expect on my 
return journey. I left Cordova on April 1, at a time when 
the fine weather and the warmer nights encouraged the 
brigands to leave their mountain hatmts and lie in wait on 
the roads for parties of travellers with escorts smaller than 



A TIRESOME DELAY 75 

their own bands, when they would spring out upon them 
with the cruelty and treachery of wild beasts. At Andujar, 
at Baylen, and at Caroline, where I changed my escort, I 
was warned of the presence of these guerrilla bands and of 
the necessity of constant vigilance on the march. At 
Santa Cruz the officers of the 13th Dragoon Eegiment told 
me about a battle they had had that very day with a pretty 
large part}' of brigands, whom they had beaten ; and 
agreeing with me that the enemy would be likely to keep 
quiet for a bit after this defeat, they approved of my wish 
to push on during the night. This we did, arriving 
safely at three o'clock in the morning at Val de Peiias, 
at six o'clock at Mancanares, where we called on General 
Lorges, and at noon at Villa Eubia. There we learnt that 
the escorts were all out, and as the state of the countrj' 
was too threatening for us to risk travelling bj^ day with- 
out a strong body of troops, we were obliged, much to our 
regret, to wait till they had come back and had a rest. 
I availed mj^self of this delay to send a message to General 
Neuenstein, of Baden, then at Consuegra, by a Spaniard 
in his service, telling him to have an escort ready for me 
when I should arrive. The day seemed very long to me, 
for there was absolutely nothing of interest in the town 
but a number of donkeys of a peculiar breed, which were, 
vdthout exception, the biggest, the ugliest, and the worst- 
tempered brutes I ever saw. I could not have believed 
that a donkey could attain a stature of more than four 
feet ! Looking at these animals was not a very cheerful 
recreation for us, preoccupied as we were in thinking of 
how best to get out of a very awkward position. 

All the talk of the couriers and merchants who had 
Joined my party was about the dangers they had run owing 
to the atrocious guerrilla warfare which had been going on 



76 MEMOIES OF B-iHON LEJEUNE 

for the last two years, and though they were all brave 
enough and ready to defend themselves, they could not 
help grumbling at the injustice of being subjected to all 
this worry and suffering in a bad cause. Williams sadly 
counted the louis d'or still in his belt, and found he had 
now only 150 left. The men and horses I was waiting 
for did not come back till sunset, but I did all I could to 
hurry them o\er their supper, begging them to be quite 
ready to start as soon as my messenger came back ; and 
then, very much worried at the delay and worn out with 
fatigue, I stretched myself on a bench with my cloak for 
a pillow, to try and get a little sleep. 

My repose was not long, for I had scarcely sunk into 
oblivion of my woes before a horrible nightmare came on, 
making me start up, tumble off my bench, and run in the 
dark into the next room, where Williams was sleeping. 
I called him several times before he answered, for he was 
in a profound sleep, but at last he replied, ' Here I am ! ' 
That was all I wanted, and, reassured as to his being still 
alive, I felt sorry I had disturbed him ; but in my horrid 
nightmare I had fancied I heard him crying out to me for 
help, and had seen him fall dead at my feet in the midst 
of a terrible struggle. I was still feeling melancholy after 
this horrid dream, when my express messenger returned 
from Consuegxa to tell me that the road seemed clear, and 
that troops were awaiting me there. My escort of dra- 
goons was ready soon afterwards, and we started again 
at two o'clock in the morning. 



CHAPTEE III 

I AM TAKEN PRISONER AND ALL BUT HANGED 

A¥hen I got to Consuegra, General Count Neuenstein, of 
Baden, dissuaded me from taking the Aranjuez route, in- 
fested by guerrillas, with whom he had to fight every day, 
and the escort of cavalry he gave me took me to Mora, 
where I arrived the same evening. Here I was again 
delayed; and was not able to start until one o'clock in the 
morning ; and though the road was anything but safe, 
forty dragoons were all the escort I could secure. I ar- 
rived at Toledo with them a little before daybreak. The 
old general in command there could only spare me twentj^- 
five dragoons, who had returned during the night after 
marching all day, and I was obliged to let them rest for 
a few hours before resuming my route. 

AVhilst waiting for my little escort to be ready to 
start I had a look round Toledo, most picturesquely 
situated at the summit of a number of lofty rocks, with 
the Tagus, by which the site is surrounded on three sides, 
flowing at their base. The number of fine old buildings 
gives the city a dignified appearance, and I was specially 
struck by the cathedral, which I entered at six o'clock, 
just as day was beginning to break. It was the 6th of 
April, and Easter time. A grand service was going on, 
in which a regular orchestra with a number of singers in 
"galleries were taking part, and the angelic voices of the 



78 MEMOIRS OF ]iAR()X LEJEUXE 

children in the choir seemed to those in the nave to be 
coming straight from heaven. 

The body of the church, but for a few flickering torches, 
was still wrapped in the twilight of the dawn, and the 
solemn service, with its exquisite music and clouds of 
incense, through which the figures of the numerous clergy 
loomed dimly, combined with the utter stillness of the 
nave, where but a few scattered women, completely hidden 
in black woollen mantles, giving them the appearance 
of spectres, knelt on the stones, made a deep impression 
on me. But one solitary man in military uniform 
appeared suddenly amongst the prostrate worshippers 
waiting at the foot of the altar for the benediction, for I 
also felt impelled to say a prayer and bless God for having 
brought me safe and sound so far. 

In those few moments of meditation, when I thus 
performed a religious duty, the petitions I put up seemed 
to calm my spirit, still vibrating with the agitation result- 
ing from the many struggles in which I had been engaged. 
I thought to myself then that it is at moments such as 
these, snatched in the midst of war, that the heart of a 
soldier is more sensitive to the influences of religion than 
at any other time. I, too, in the very depth of my soul 
tasted that indefinable and soothing sense of peace and 
serenity which comes from prayer. Nor was there a 
man in our army who would not have felt as I did, for in 
all our wars I never saw one of our brave fellows, whether 
amon-gst the common soldiers or the elite of the army, be- 
have like an atheist or an infidel or commit sacrilege, for 
they were all ever ready to do homage to God, who alone 
gives courage, victory, and honour. I put up a prayer for a 
happy issue of my journey, and then I went to join my 
feeble escort, leaving Toledo at eight o'clock. The officer in 



BRIGAXDS SCOUR THE PLAIN IX SEARCH OF ME 79 

coniraand of my twenty-five dragoons, Duhamel de Bellen- 
glise by name, warned me that the district we were about to 
cross had for the last eight or ten days been infested with 
an immense number of brigands, all the different bands 
having joined forces, and said that it was therefore very im- 
prudent to travel with so few troops. I quite agreed with 
him, but I knew how important it was that I should 
get to Paris quickly, and how dangerous it would be to 
lose time by any further delay at Toledo. So we started, 
keeping, however, well on the alert, and neglecting no 
precaution as we went along. It was a splendid day, and 
we got to Cavanas before noon without any adventures or 
hearing anything of the brigands, except in the stories 
about their daily fights with them with which M. Duhamel 
and his dragoons enlivened our march. 

Cavanas is a big village surrounded by a weak wall, 
and standing quite alone in the centre of a plain. The 
commandant had had this wall loopholed to aid in the 
defence of the place against the guerrilla bands occupying 
the surrounding districts, who had made several attempts 
to take the village. The commandant blamed me very 
much for my imprudence in attempting to reach him with 
such a small escort, and as he could not spare me any 
mounted men just then, he tried to persuade me to remain 
with him. 

I was, however, so near Madrid, where I hoped to 
arrive that evening, and so anxious to push on, that I 
could not bring myself to lose any time. Moreover, the 
commandant told me that six or eight hundred men of the 
band under one Dr. Padalea, surnamed El Medico, feeling 
sure that I must return soon, had been scouring about on 
the plain looking for me for the last eight days and nights, 
and had only moved off the evening before, weary of the 



80 MEMOIRS OF JJAIiOX LEJEUXE 

long waiting. The commandant insisted on sending an ex- 
press messenger to ascertain the whereabouts of this band, 
and make inquiries about the state of the district to be 
traversed, before I left, and I employed the time whilst wait- 
ing for the man's return in resting and feeding the horses of 
my twenty-five dragoons, so that they might be able to go 
as far as the next halting-place with me. The peasant 
sent out returned to say that he had gone a considerable 
distance across the plain, and seen no sign of any one, and I 
set out with my same party of dragoons, who were all well- 
seasoned troopers, and who were supplemented by sixty 
good infantry soldiers with their officers, belonging to a 
Baden regiment. I arranged my little party in the order of 
an army corps, sending nine dragoons on in front to recon- 
noitre as an advanced guard, placing the couriers and 
travellers, all of whom were armed, in the centre of the 
rest of the dragoons, and making the infantry bring up 
the rear as a reserve. 

It was a beautiful day, and we were marching peaceably 
on in this order, without our advanced guard having noticed 
anything alarming of which to warn us, when I noticed the 
dead bodies of several men and horses on the road. The 
Baden officer with me then told me that a very short time 
ago eighty French grenadiers, who were escorting a courier, 
were attacked by the band under El Medico, and, compelled 
to yield to superior numbers, they took refuge in a square 
chapel some three-quarters of a mile from Illiescas, where 
they were besieged for two days, refusing to surrender. 
Every effort they made to get out was frustrated, and all 
who ventured to leave the chapel were at once struck 
down dead. The brigands then fetched ladders, and great 
quantities of straw and faggots, from the village. With 
the aid of the ladders, they put the straw and wood on the 



MYSTERIOUS SIGNALS 81 

toj) of the chapel, and set fire to them. The burning roof 
fell on the grenadiers, who flung themselves in a body on 
the enemy, but, like the cowards that they were, the 
brigands opened their ranks to them, and then shot them 
all down, not a single one escaping. During this melan- 
choly recital we had reached a little wood consisting of 
about a hundred olive trees, some eight or nine paces 
from the chapel. The quiet bearing of our advanced guard, 
and the utter stillness of the plain before us, added to our 
sense of security as we passed the scene of this tragedy, 
and I was turning over in my mind what would have 
been the best thing for the luckless grenadiers to do 
under the circumstances, when I suddenly saw two 
priests in cassocks and broad-brimmed hats spring out 
from behind the walls of the chapel and wave their hand- 
kerchiefs vyildly. There was nothing to be seen on the 
plain, and it seemed as if these signals must be meant for 
us. We were too far from the priests to hear what they 
said, so I told one of my dragoons to gallop up to them, 
and ask them what they meant. He obeyed, but his 
horse was very tired, and he did not go half quickly 
enough for our impatience to find out what it all meant. 

As the man approached them the priests gesticulated 
all the more wildly, and, eager to understand what they 
were aiming at, I sent a second better mounted dragoon 
after the first. But he was as slow as his comrade, and, 
unable any longer to control my eagerness, I set spurs to 
the fresh horse which I had secured at the fort, and in a 
very few seconds I had traversed the space dividing me 
from the priests. Their gestures now expressed the 
greatest horror, and I began to suspect mischief, especially 
when I came up with a young peasant who was cutting 
the harness of his oxen in his terror, so as to get them 

VOL. II. G 



82 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

out of the plough more quickly. I asked him why he was 
unharnessing in the middle of a furrow, but he did not 
answer, and the wild, fierce expression of his eyes as he 
looked at me made me think it would be wiser to return 
to my people, so I wheeled round after another good look 
at the priests and the peasant. As I rode back to my 
escort, I remembered the dream which had made such a 
vivid impression on me a few hours before. I may have 
been wrong, I said to myself, in ignoring the presentiment 
of coming evil I had had then, because silly cowards are 
disposed to attach too much importance to dreams. I 
had, however, no time to make up my mind on the point, for 
I had scarcely ridden a few paces before I heard again the 
cry of distress which had roused me from my sleep. It 
was no nightmare delusion this time, but the most terrible 
reality. 

' Master, master, we are lost ! ' screamed Williams as 
he rushed up to me. I looked at him, and as I did so I 
saw advancing upon us in a circle from every quarter of 
the plaiA some six or eight hundred horsemen, who, 
though still at a distance, completely surrounded my 
escort. "Williams went on screaming, ' Oh, master, master, 
what shall I do ? ' 'Go behind me,' I replied, ' draw your 
sword, and do as I do.' But, alas! neither getting behind 
me nor drawing his sword saved him, for he was struck 
by a bullet the next minute and fell dead without uttering 
another word. The fatal omen of the dream was fulfilled ! 
The brigands had let our advanced guard pass without 
showing themselves, and then closed in upon us, firing 
as they came. 

Our infantry were able to reach the olive grove, aiid 
placed themselves in battle order amongst the trees which 
afforded them some little shelter ; they fired in their otvn 



TEKRIBLE STRUGGLE "WITH BRIGANDS 83 

defence, but they could do nothing to protect us, for if 
they had aimed in our direction they might have killed 
some of us. The enemy saw this, and getting between 
our foot soldiers and us they rained bullets upon us, not 
venturingto approach nearer than the length of the weapons 
with which they were armed. I tiu^ned aside the spears 
with my sword, but I could not get at any of the assailants. 
Only three or four dragoons remained near me, and those 
few fought like lions. We managed at last to pierce 
the ranks of the enemy, and we should have got off and 
joined our infantry if the brigands had not prevented it by 
concentrating their fire on our horses, shouting, 'Bntrega, 
entrega Usted ! ' (Surrender, surrender !) My horse, 
which was very strong, was the last to fall. He had 
already been hit some thirty times, and at last, covered 
with wounds, and no longer able to feel the spur, he rolled 
over dead amongst his comrades. I managed to struggle 
out of the crowd of fallen horses and men, and had de- 
fended myself for a short time with my sword, when I 
received a blow from a spear which was quite enough 
to kill me, but it only cut open my right hand, causing 
me such terrible pain as to paralyse my sword arm. My 
weapon fell, I was disarmed, and my assailants, athirst 
for blood and plunder, flung themselves upon me and 
began to tear off my clothes. In four seconds I was 
stripped naked from head to foot, but I was fortunately un- 
wounded except for a few cuts from spears. Those of the 
brigands who were not too much encumbered with the spoil 
they had taken from me, now raised their muskets above the 
shoulders of their comrades and pointed them at my breast. 
I made no effort to shield it, but rather exposed myself as 
much as possible, my only hope being that I might die at 
the first discharge, and not have to endure a lingering 

6 2 



84 MEMOIRS OF BAEON LEJEUiXE 

anguish. But, strange to say, though seven or eight 
primings flashed, the charges did not go off ! In their rage 
at having missed me, four of the brigands, threatening to 
have done with me in a moment, took fresh cartridges from 
their belts, and having loaded again they pointed their 
weapons at my breast, which I once more presented to them 
without flinching. But the primings hung fire again ! 
Recognising the divine protection in this extraordinary 
incident, I seized with both hands one of the muskets 
which were being banged about my head, and with it 
parried the blows which would otherwise have killed me, 
for they bent out of shape the weapon which protected 
me. The terrible struggle sent a rush of blood to my 
heart, my strength failed me, and I was on the point of 
succumbing, when a man on horseback, wearing some of 
the insignia of an officer, dashed into the fray, shouting 
down to me from above the heads of my assailants, 
' Quien es Usted ? Quien es Usted ? ' (Who are you, 
who are you ?) I was too much occupied in parrying the 
blows from the butt-ends of muskets which were raining 
on me from every side, and from which I was all but 
stunned, to answer him, and it was not until he had com- 
pelled his rearing horse to come close up to me, and re- 
peated again and again, ' Quien es Usted ? ' that I 
answered, ' A colonel.' ' Ah ! es un coronel,' he cried ; ' no 
matad le ! ' (Ah, it is a colonel ; do not kill him). The 
men were, however, so furious at my long resistance, that 
it was all he could do to make them listen to him, and 
spare my life. The officer was Don Juan Padalea or El 
Medico, the chief of the band, who got his name from 
the fact that he practised medicine before he became a 
leader of brigands. Seeing how done up I was and that 
I was about to faint, he shouted out to me, ' No tenga 



I AM IffiSCUED BY EL .MEDICO 85 

Ustedmiedo!' (Don't be afraid). At the word 'afraid,' 
which wounded my self-respect, I raised my head proudly, 
and whilst he kept on saying, ' No ten miedo,' I kept on 
replying, ' No tengo miedo ' (I am not afraid) . Again and 
again he set spurs to his horse, making it rear against the 
men, who still wished to kill me, and finally told two 
mounted men to carry me off the field of battle. My 
little band of infantry saw the whole struggle without 
being able to interfere, and continued to fire in their own 
defence. The two brigands told to take me away each 
seized one of my hands, and as they galloped off I had 
to run between them They cared nothing for the suffer- 
ing this inflicted on me, compelled to rush along with bare 
feet and legs over the rough ground and through hedges 
and ditches. What pained me still more, however, was 
passing the dead bodies of my dragoons stripped as I was 
of all clothing, whom the miscreants had literally hacked 
to pieces. They had evidently not dared to face them 
even when they were dying, but had stabbed them from 
behind with the long swords they had robbed them of. 
The poor fellows had died in my defence, and I was filled 
with despair at their fate. 

After dashing along for a league or two we approached 
the mountains, and my two brigands halted for a moment 
to allow the rest of the band to come up. The Medico, 
who seemed in very good spirits, told his men as he 
joined them, with a view to enhancing the value of their 
capture, that I was the sohrino del Bey Pepe (nephew of 
King Joseph). He ordered them to show me every 
attention, and assured me that he was too generous to ill- 
treat his prisoners when they no longer had arms in their 
hands. My two horsemen now vied with each other in 
their generosity to me, and offered to give me back some 



86 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

of the booty they had just taken from my party. As the 
band, now reassembled, galloped off again, one of my 
guards gave me a big pair of boots, and the second threw 
me a shirt, soaked and dripping with blood, shouting, 
'You can wash it in the next stream.' Never did I 
receive a more horrible gift, and I shuddered with 
disgust. Still, I kept it in my hand, and as I was 
hurried along again I felt the blood from it mingling with 
that from my own wounds. I did not, hoA\'ever, have to 
carry the revolting burden long, for the guard, whose 
name was Dorringo, soon snatched it away again, not 
liking, after all, to part with it, and the only advantage I 
derived from the gift was a fresh access of horror. I had 
to run on like this between the two horses till we got 
to the village of Casarrabis, where the band passed the 
night. There I saw four others who had been taken 
prisoners, namely. Lieutenant Duhamel de Bellenglise, of 
Lille, who had commanded the dragoons, M. Massart, a 
merchant, a French dragoon, and a soldier from Baden. 
The rest of the mounted men had apparently all perished. 
I learnt afterwards, however, that the Sieur de Laval, a 
courier in Government employ, who had been left for dead 
on the scene of the combat, had survived his many wounds 
and managed to drag himself to the road, where he was 
succoured by some passers-by. He recovered and returned 
to Paris a year later. 

The terrible emotions we had all gone through, and 
the long run under such horrible circumstances, had made 
us dreadfully thirsty, and a charitable peasant woman, 
who was rather like and quite as beautiful as her 
celebrated fellow countrywoman Madame Tallien,' was 

• The wife of the Eevolutiouist, Tallien, the Countess Ther^se de 
Fontenay, daughter of a Spanish banker, who was famed for her beauty, 



WE ARE SHUT UP IN A STABLE 87 

generous enough to bring me a big earthenware pitcher 
containing a couple of quarts of water, with a dash of 
vinegar. I should quickly have drunk it all if my com- 
panions' sufferings had not been as great as my own. I 
tore the pitcher from my lips and offered a share of the 
refreshing beverage, which reminded me of that offered to 
Christ on the cross, to my fellow captives. The kind 
woman filled the pitcher for us again, and showed no 
embarrassment at waiting on perfectly naked men. 

Don Juan Padalea and his band passed the night in 
the village, and we were shut up in a stable with a 
sentinel to guard us. Massart, Duhamel, and the soldier 
from Baden yielded to their despair, and it grieved me to 
see them give way before such contemptible enemies as 
oturs, so I urged them to follow my example and that of 
the dragoon, who still held his head up proudly, though 
he was much weakened by his wounds. The sentinels 
were relieved every hour, and some of the men told me 
that but for the fact that the humiditj' of the last eight or 
nine nights had damped the powder of their cartridges, 
not a single one of us would have escaped the massacre of 
the preceding day. They spoke of this as a contretemps, 
but we thanked God for it. 

Just before daybreak Don Juan sent us a little bread 
to eat, and a mule for me to ride, with the order to start 
at once, for he wished to get to a village some dis- 
tance off, where he would be more secure from being 
surprised by the flying column, under the commandant 
Soubiran, which had been in pursuit of his band for 
several months. 

As we went along I had the mortification of seeing 

and was surnamed Our Lady of Pity because she saved so many of those 
condemned to death by her husband. — Tkans. 



88 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

various brigands sporting my uniform, my decorations, 
my cap and my epaulettes, and they added insult to injury 
by riding up to tell me how much they regretted not 
having been able to kill me. Presently their anger 
against us became greater than ever at hearing that the 
French general in command at Avila had just had two 
guerrilleros, as they called their comrades, whom he had 
taken prisoners, hanged a couple of leagues off. Don Juan 
had the greatest difficulty in preventing them froixi killing 
us on the spot, and the march was resumed. A little 
further, however, fresh accounts reached them of the 
tragedy, and Don Juan was compelled to yield to their 
eager desire for our blood. They made us enter an 
orchard, where the low trees afforded plenty of branches 
on which they could easily hang us, and, abusing us all 
the time for the cruelty of the French to their comrades, 
they took off the thongs for tethering their horses ready to 
hang us with them. Approaching death and the touch of 
the running noose already flung round my neck gave me 
an eloquence in speaking the Spanish language which I 
had never had before. I told them what a shame and a 
dishonour I thought it was to add to the inevitable horrors 
of war those of needless cruelty, that I agreed with thera 
in thinking the French general very wrong to set them 
such a horrible example and provoke them to such terrible 
reprisals, and I tried to induce them to think it their duty 
to put an end to such deeds on both sides. ' You know,' 
I went on, ' from my insignia with which I see you decked 
out now, that I hold high rank in the army ; make haste 
to exchange me for some Spanish prisoner, and I give you 
my word of honour that I will use all my influence with 
the King and with the Emperor himself to stop such 
extreme measures on our side, so that there may be no 



IIAmBEEADTII I-.SCAPE PEOM HANGING 89 

further justification for the reprisals which those measures 
lead you to make. Then if the war must continue, it will 
at least lose the ferocious character which is a disgrace 
to men who ought only to bear arms in defence of their 
country and of liberty. None but public executioners 
should ever hang their fellow men.' 

This harangue, which strangulation nearly cut short, 
did but make the human tigers hesitate a little, and our 
horrible position only provoked a ferocious laugh from 
them. Several of them had already climbed into the plum 
trees to begin operations, and though Don Juan seemed 
to think there was something in what I urged, the fatal 
moment was evidently close at hand, and there seemed no 
hope of escape from a violent death. The rest of the 
men formed a circle round us, all eager to see us die. 
I held the running noose round my neck tightly with 
both hands to prevent it from strangling me, and went 
on talking. The other end of the thong was actually in 
the hands of one of the men in the tree above me, and 
"l could get no hearing. In fact, a good many of the 
spectators were shouting angrily, ' Horcad los ! Horcad los ! 
al cornielo, al cornielo ! ' (Hang them ! Hang them ! To 
the plum tree ! to the plum tree !) Then in my rage I in 
turn shouted with a mocking laugh, ' Que malos ciruelos 
haran ustedes ! ' (What bad plums you are going to 
make !) This cry of mine in extremis made them all 
laugh in a ridiculous way, and stopped the terrible 
preparations for a moment, but whether they would have 
resumed them or not I cannot say, for just then five or six 
shots were heard in the distance. 

All the men shouted together, ' Soubiran ! Soubiran ! ' 
Those in the trees jumped down, the band remounted, and 
Don Juan told off twelve men to guard us, saying in our 



90 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

hearing, ' You will kill them if we have to run away ; they 
would only hinder our escape.' He then rode off at the 
head of his hand in the direction of the firing, the sound 
of which alternately approached and receded for more than 
an hour of horrible suspense for us, during which our 
hearts were torn by cruel anxiety, and I mentally bade 
farewell to my old father, to all who were dear to me, and 
to France, which my safe return to Paris would have done 
so much to serve. It was indeed hard to be cut off from 
friends and country in the very springtide of my life. No 
night immortalised by Young in his celebrated ' Xight 
Thoughts ' was as long as that one hour of alternations of 
hope and fear during the night of April 6, 1811, to us poor 
prisoners condemned to death, and with nothing to serve 
as our shrouds but the splashes of dried blood on our naked 
bodies. 

We now learnt that a courier and his escort on the 
way from Escalona to Madrid had been surprised by the 
scouts of El Medico, whom they had imagined to be far 
away from the district at the time, as they were quietly 
winding along by the Alberge, intending to turn off for the 
capital at Valmojedo. El Medico's men seeing that the 
escort was but a small one threw themselves upon it, and 
we now found ourselves in the cruel position of not know- 
ing what to wish. If the escort were beaten it would 
mean death to Frenchmen, and we dared not hope for 
that ; if, on the other hand, the French were victorious, our 
guards wotild have to take flight and our doom would be 
sealed. At the end of an hour, which seemed two to us in 
our terrible suspense, we had to look upon a scene more 
horrible if possible than anything which had yet met our 
eyes, for the escort was beaten and driven back to Escalona, 
leaving many dead and five or six wounded on the ground. 



A HORRIBLE MASSACRE 91 

Three of the poor \\'retches, who were stripped naked, were 
dragged to where we were waiting, but the dread with 
which Soubiran had inspired the brigands was such that 
they dared not hnger, and therefore decided to kill those 
too much hurt to go with them. The next moment in 
spite of my entreaties the poor fellows were massacred, and 
as they fell I caught them in my arms. The points of the 
swords which were driven through their shoulders actually 
pricked my breast, and the unfortunate creatures were lite- 
rally hacked to pieces in my hands, all powerless to help 
them. 

It is thirty-five years ago now, but the sound of the 
blows rained upon the unhappy victims, with the cracking 
of their bones, still rings in my ears, and the remembrance 
of the scene makes me shudder with horror. 

The blood they had just shed seemed to have satiated 
the brigands' lust for slaughter, as they said no more about 
hanging us. The mule I had ridden before was led up, 
and Don Juan, whose features wore an angry frown, gave 
the order to start, riding on again in silence. 

During the further journey three or four of the brigands 
kept close to me to protect me from their comrades, who 
with many insulting gestures kept expressing their regret 
at not being allowed to kill me. On the other hand, our 
guards began to talk to us in quite a friendly way, and we 
began to indulge in hope once more. I was now able to 
observe the men about me a little more closely. They 
were all dressed in a fantastic manner, in a most hete- 
rogeneous collection of garments, and presented a very 
wild and ferocious appearance. Their complexions were 
swarthy and sunburnt ; their black eyes, of the Arab type, 
were shaded by heavy eyelids ; their hair, shaved away on 
the forehead, was allowed to grow long elsewhere, and was 



1)2 MEMOIRS OF 15AK0X LEJEUNE 

_gathered at the back into a mass called a catogan, which 
hung down on the nape of the neck. All of them, chiefs 
and men alike, wore a coloured handkerchief knotted about 
"the head, and hanging down the back in a neglige 
manner. Above the handkerchief was worn a round felt 
hat, with a high pointed crown, varying in colour from 
black and russet-brown to grey, according to its state of 
decay, and decorated with a few cock feathers and a twist of 
red cord. The chest and one shoulder, black or red from 
constant exposure to the weather, were left bare. Some 
of the men wore jackets like those of our hussars of 
different colours, and others brown, black, or blue vests ; 
but all had broad red silk or woollen sashes, whilst many 
had belts over the sashes which could hold several dozen 
cartridges, as I had good cause to remember. The short 
black velvet or leather breeches were open at the knee, 
and the calves of the legs were protected by leather gaiters 
coming down over Spanish sandals or big shoes with spm-s 
on the heels. The men all shouted at the top of their 
voices, showing their pointed white teeth, which looked 
like those of angry wolves. 

The clumsy saddles had wooden stirrups, the bit was 
fastened on to the reins with bits of twine, and the steeds 
wdth these primitive trappings resembled the quaint and 
shaggy nag of Don Quixote. The men who had rather 
better horses were very proud of them, and kept saying to 
me : ' Mira que buen caballo por una retirada ! ' (Look 
what a fine horse to run away on !) These words were a 
very good revelation of the character of the speakers, and 
whilst I had the honour of being dragged along amongst 
them, I always heard them say when they approached an 
enemy, ' Son muchos, salvemos ' (There are a lot of them, 
let's escape), or, ' Son poca gente, acometamos ' (There are 



THE BRIGAIS'DS DIVIDE THEIR BOOTY 93 

only a few, let's attack them !) On the present occasion 
they trotted along in good spirits, rejoicing at their success. 
After crossing a forest and climbing up a steep rocky 
ascent, we came down to the hanks of the Alberge. The 
ferry boat was broken, and the river was deep and difficult 
to ford ; but the fear with which Soubiran inspired him 
made Don Juan wish to put the water between him and 
the French. He noticed a herd of oxen grazing in a 
meadow some distance off, and sent some men on horse- 
back to fetch them. He then had the oxen driven to the 
edge of the water, and his men forced them to enter it by 
pricking them with their lances. The poor beasts tried to 
escape by swimming, and when they were all about twenty 
paces from the bank and had broken the force of the 
current, the guerrilla band forded the stream, their horses 
having to swim part of the way, whilst the prisoners were 
dragged along by the hands to save them from being 
drowned. The torrential mountain streams are very cold 
at the beginning of April, but that was the very least of 
our woes. The bath was really a good thing for us, and 
we came out looking a little less hideous than when we 
went in. We pushed on through forests and amongst 
rocks, and arrived, as darkness was beginning to gather, at 
the village of Prado, where the robbers thought they would 
be safe. We were again put into a stable, and the division 
of the booty took place almost under our eyes. I recog- 
nised with grief the clothes of my poor Williams, the 
faithful servant from Auvergne, whose real name was 
Guillaume Bariol, but whom I had christened Williams so 
as to be in the fashion. The savage fellows who had killed 
him were puzzled by the collections of small stones, 
minerals, bits of sulphur, and other geological specimens 
which I had made Williams pack in his valise, and asked 



94 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNK 

me what in the world they were for. Nothing which 
would not bring in money seemed of any value to them. 
Don Juan understood a little French, hut he pretended 
not to know a word, as it would have roused suspicion if 
he had talked to his prisoners in a language unknown to 
his men. In looking over the despatches seized with my 
other effects he recognised their importance, and sent them 
in all haste to the head-quarters of the Spanish army. 
He then ordered me to be brought before him, and still 
retaining his severity of manner, he gave me leave to 
write to France to arrange for my exchange. I wrote 
immediately on the subject to General Belliard, who had 
already received and passed on the false report of my 
death. I was also extremely anxious to inform the 
Emperor of the melancholy condition of his armies in 
Spain ; but I did not dare to say anything which Avould 
be understood by our enemies, and lead to my letter being 
intercepted, so I merely wrote these few lines to my friend 
Baron Leduc, secretary to Prince Berthier : ' Tell the 
owner of the " Pavilion de Flore " that I have seen the 
person of whom he asked me to obtain news, and that I 
found his numerous children in a condition demanding 
the presence of their father at once.' Don Juan sent these 
letters open to Madrid, and that to Baron Leduc reached 
Paris safely and was understood at the Tuileries. Don 
Juan now gave me the remains of an old cloak, such as 
shepherds wear, to cover my nudity, and was actually good 
enough to say to me, ' I have no doubt they will consent 
to your exchange at Madrid, so I shall send you to the 
head quarters of Don Julian, where you will await the 
reply to your letters.' The next day, in fact, he ordered a 
dozen men to take me to Don Julian, chief of the largest 
band then infesting Old Castille, and he instructed my 



AV]-: BEGIN TO HOPE A LITTLE 05 

escort to treat me with respect. The savage fellows 
henceforth softened their tone a little, and always addressed 
me as Excellency or Signor, and so on. One of them, who 
was wearing my handsome cap with black plmnes, even 
gave me an old pointed soynhrero made of some grey linen 
stuff, which had been dangling by a torn fragment from his 
saddle bow. It was clothed in these mean rags that I had 
to make my entry into the towns on our route, and now 
began a series of vicissitudes, the recital of which I will 
spare my readers, for after having described the experiences 
of a fortunate officer on many a glorious battle field, I 
think it is only natural that I should vdsh to draw a veil 
over my humihating sufferings as a prisoner. 

At one o'clock in the morning of April 7, we started 
on our way to the head-quarters of Don Julian under the 
escort of Sobrechero, who was chosen from the band to 
lead om- part5^ For three days we climbed laboriously 
along the steep banks of the Alberge till we came to its 
source. The ascent was very difficult but most pic- 
turesque, and at the sight of the wild beauties of nature 
around me I awoke to fresh enjoyment of the life which 
had been so nearly ended. The exertion of climbing up 
and down the rocks, hunting about for the paths through 
the woods, or scrambling and sometimes tumbling over 
into the numerous torrents which flow into the Alberge, 
was really good for us, and our bodily fatigue relieved the 
tension of our minds. Our escort, too, cheered us by 
showing their anxiety to bring about our exchange as 
soon as possible, so as to put an end to the terrible re- 
prisals on either side. The hope of being once more of 
some use to humanity revived our courage and aided us 
to bear up, all but naked though we were, against the 
'bitter cold of ihe mountains, and to rally from the many 



96 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

accidents which befell us in spite of the fact that we never 
got enough to eat. 

We passed the first night at the house of a Spaniard, 
who heaped reproaches on our escort for not having 
killed us and so saved themselves the trouble of bringing 
us so far, and him that of having to receive us. The 
next night we spent with a more hospitable host, a priest 
named Don Pablo, who killed for us, he said, the last 
fowl left to him by the French, but, as you see, he bore us 
no malice. The third night we were received by another 
priest, one Don Mauricio, who, poor fellow, was very well 
educated, and enjoyed a chat for once with civilised 
people. He insisted on my accepting two or three of his 
shirts before I left. I appreciated this gift greatly, for to a 
naked man on the crest of a mountain covered with snow 
a shirt is worth more than a lot of gold on a plain ! 

At last, in a heavy downfall of snow, we reached the all 
but inaccessible village of Piedra Lavez, the head-quarters, 
I had almost said the den, of our brigands, perched at the 
top of lofty rocks. At the sight of this spot, which resem- 
bled the eyrie of an eagle or the stronghold of some feudal 
noble of the middle ages, in the keep of which he hoarded 
his treasures or the booty he had seized in his raids, we 
expected to be received in a manner as coarse and rude 
as the appearance of the place, and as cold as the flakes 
which were falhng on our shoulders. Imagine, then, the 
effect produced on us when the leader in command at this 
wi'etched robber haunt came forward, and, addressing us 
in a friendly way in French, said, ' Welcome, gentlemen. 
I was a prisoner of war for three years in France, and 
during that time I was so kindly and generously treated 
that I consider myself fortunate in getting a chance to do 
something in my turn to help Frenchmen whose evil 



A COURTEOUS EOBBER CHIEF 97 

fate has brought them to me. I am sorry that my 
position in these poverty-stricken mountains prevents my 
giving you the reception I should have hked, but I vs^ill 
do my best to alleviate your sufferings.' 

The robber chief, vifhose name was Joseph Eibero, was 
captain of a band he had levied in the hope of replacing 
Ferdinand VII. on the throne of Spain, and though he 
was of course our political enemy he treated us as if we 
were his brothers. He gave us a hat, some neckties, 
pocket handkerchiefs, and even a few piastres, but he had 
such a very poor opinion of his own men that he advised 
us not to let them see the money, as they would be quite 
sure to take it away from us. 

Eibero treated me especially with very great respect, 
for I had been brought to him as the nephew of King 
Joseph. He said I was sure to be exchanged soon, and 
added, ' The chances of war may turn in your favour, and 
I may be your prisoner some day ; be good enough to 
remember, if that day ever comes, that we are enemies only 
on the battle field.' At the frugal repast which was all he 
was able to put before us, the monk Ursulo, who was one 
of the chief instigators of the insurrection, did full justice 
to the wine provided, of which a large quantity had been 
brought with us on a mule in goatskin bottles. The 
manners of this monk justified the contempt which the 
brigands with us seemed to have for all the Mendicant 
Friars. 

Before we left, Eibero again expressed his great regret 
at not being able to supply us with clothes or to enter- 
tain us better, and he also earnestly recommended our 
escort to treat us well. 

On the 8th we reached Naval-Donda, near the source 
of the Tormes, where we put up at the house of an old 

VOL. II. ^ 



98 ]MEMOIES OF JiAliOX LEJEUXE 

woman who was more bitter against us than any one else 
had yet been. Furious with rage at having to provide 
for Frenchmen and for our escort of brigands, she would 
have murdered us if we had not been protected by our 
guards. We dared not touch the food she offered us for 
fear of being poisoned ; and not content with urging our 
escort to complete the work of destruction which divine 
intervention had arrested on the field of battle, the old 
fury hurled curses after us as we rode away. Needless to 
add that there was nothing in our calm and resigned 
demeanour to provoke such treatment. 

After a long weary journey, with many a detom' to 
avoid the French outposts, and many an adventure, the 
recital of which would only weary the reader, we reached 
Placenzia on the 17th. Our arrival in that beautiful city 
was expected, and all the inhabitants were at the windows 
or in the streets to witness the entry of the sobrino del 
Bey (the King's nephew). The women were far more 
incensed against us than the men, but fortunately our 
guards had orders to protect us from the fury of the 
populace. Well-dressed women filled the balconies, and 
angrily brandishing their fans they shouted to our brigands, 
' Ahorcadle, degollad le ' (Hang him ! Cut his throat !) . 
The women of the lower classes yelled at us in an even 
more furious manner. When the execrations were at their 
worst I looked up at the ladies in the balconies, and said 
with a smile, ' Muchas gracias, senoritas, sois deliciosas, 
hechizas ' (Many thanks, fair demoiselles, you are charming, 
fascinating). This unexpected reply, which I gave with 
an imitation of Castillian grace and animation, this gay 
demeanour instead of the shrinking tremor they had 
expected, astonished them all so much that the balconies 
now literally shook with the thunders of amused applause, 



THREATS OF OUli GUARDS 99 

and every one cried, ' No, no, no ahorcad ; tratad le muy 
bien ' (Don't hang him, don't hang him. Treat him very 
well !) . Fans and handkerchiefs, held in pretty little Spanish 
hands, were now waved so vigorously in token of the 
favour of their owners, that they would have created quite 
a breeze if the soft April wind had not already been blow- 
ing pretty strongly, making the simple linen shirt, which 
I owed to the good priest Mauricio, and which was the 
only thing that saved me from appearing before all these 
ladies in the garb of Paradise, cling closely to my hmbs. 
This very light apparel scarcely reached to my knees, and 
floated behind me on the back of my steed, who, proud of 
figuring in such a triumphal procession, halted to bray 
with joy at every street corner. 

Don Julian had already received an answer from 
General Belliard, who proposed sending to him in exchange 
for the French Colonel Baron Lejeune, Colonel MacMahon 
and General Obledo, both prisoners at Madrid. This pro- 
XJOsal, which was as honourable as it was generous, made 
Don Julian think the French attached great importance 
to getting me back, and to gain time he ordered my escort 
to take me across the Tagus to the head-quarters of 
the Marquis de Castanos, Commander-in-Chief of the 
Spanish army, where a fresh series of woes awaited us. 

Our guards told us every day that if one of us should 
escape, the other three would be put to death. We knew 
only too well that it was no good hoping for any mercy 
from the brigands, and this cruel announcement took away 
the last consolation of our miserable condition, for as long 
as we could occupy ourselves in making plans for each 
other's escape, our situation did not seem altogether 
desperate. Twice certain generous, kind-hearted eccle- 
siastics had seemed wilhng to co-operate with us in evad- 

h2 



100 MEMOIKS OF BAliOX I.EJEUXK 

ing our keepers. The priests at Coria and at Minofol on 
the Tagus very nearly compromised themselves on our 
behalf, but the vigilance of our guards had frustrated their 
efforts. Then again at Caceres our hostess, whose name 
was Mariquita, was much distressed at seeing four young 
men, in the flower of their life, going about with scarcely 
more clothing than they had had at the hour of their 
birth ; and when our guards boasted of having charge of 
the nephew of the King, she secretly determined to restore 
me to my uncle, the good Eey Pepe, whose generosity and 
kindness she extolled to me. ' This very night,' she said 
to me, ' my husband will take you to Truxillo, and you 
will be with your fellow countrymen the French before 
daybreak. I've planned the whole thing. I mean to hide 
you in my daughter's mattress ; she will lie down on it 
with you beneath her, and even if any one went into her 
room no one would guess you were there. I will come 
and fetch you at the right moment. My daughter will 
then get into the bed I shall pretend I have given to you ; 
she will be taken for you, the guerrilleros will not have the 
slightest suspicion of your escape, and you will be in safety 
before they are ready to start again. There are no troops 
in the town, and you will find it quite easy to get away.' 
' But can I take my three companions ? ' I asked. ' That 
would never do,' was the reply ; ' the brigands watch you 
all very closely, and it would be impossible for four to 
disappear at once.' ' But, dear lady,' I answered, ' if I go 
alone my flight will be their death-warrant ; I could not 
make such an odious sacrifice as that, my remorse for it 
would haunt me all the rest of my life.' ' Come, come,' she 
said, ' no more of that ; I can save 3'ou, but it is quite 
impossible to save four.' This short talk was several 
times interrupted by our very vigilant guards. I passed 



WE TRY TO EAT SNAKES 101 

a night of cruel agitation, and when we left the next 
morning I could only express my gratitude to Mariquita 
by pressing her hands, for our brigands watched us, 
jealously. She understood this mute language, however, 
for her eyes filled with tears. 

A few leagues further on we passed through a burnt 
village, the inhabitants of which wished to strangle us, 
our guards having the greatest difficulty in preventing it. 
Be3^ond this village the country was deserted, and we 
often suffered from hunger, having nothing to eat but a 
few lettuces and a little chicory, which we found in the 
fields. One day our guards, worn out with fatigue and 
also suffering a little from hunger, though, thanks to the 
habitual abstinence of the Spanish, not quite so much as 
we did, halted in a little hovel beneath the shade of one 
of the very biggest chestnut trees I ever saw. The fruit 
had all disappeared, but the ground was completely covered 
with little snakes, which tried to escape at our approach. 
Though the idea of eating them made us shudder, famine 
drove us to attempt it, and we caught a number, which 
we proceeded to grill. They were, however, so emaciated 
that when they were skinned there was nothing left but 
their backbones and a few eggs, so we threw them away. 
We heard that the Spanish and Portuguese armies in the 
border districts were suffering as much as we were from 
dearth of provisions. 

Although very much weakened for want of proper 
nourishment, our spirits rose as we approached the end 
of our journey, and I enjoyed the beauties of the country 
we were traversing perhaps more than I should have done 
in a state of repletion. 

We arrived the same evening at Albuquerque, where 
we were lodged in a palace occupied by the descendants 



102 MEMOIliS OF ]!Al;(iX LEJEUNE 

of Pizarro, who rivalled Hernando Cortes in cruelty to the 
peaceable inhabitants of the New World. The stern cha- 
racter of the chief of the race had been transmitted to his 
descendants. AVhen we got to a palace we hoped we should 
be better received than we had been by peasants ruined 
by the passage of our armies. But it was not so. The 
great-great-granddaughters of the conqueror of Mexico 
were laughing with some Spaniards, who, as they looked 
at us in a menacing way, said to our escort, ' You had 
Isetter have killed tlieiu instead of bringing them to us.' 
And these young ladies, in spite of the rich coat of arms 
carved above the entrance to their home, approved of the 
bloodthirsty suggestions of their companions, and behaved 
in such a manner that our very guards were indignant. 
But so great was our misery that we rejoiced indeed when a 
few hours after our arrival some food was brought to us in a 
big tureen. It was only a little coarse army bread, over 
which a few drops of oil with a lot of red pepper were 
sprinkled in our presence, whilst a quantity of boiling 
water was poured over the whole, but to us it seemed a 
delicious meal after our eight days of abstinence. 

The only notes I made on the three days it took us to 
get from Albuquerque to Merida were : ' Scarcely anything 
to eat,' ' Nothing to eat,' for the district was an entirely 
uncultivated desert, in which we met only a band of 
ragged peasants who wanted to kill us. We followed for 
several leagues the ruins of three Eoman aqueducts 
covered with the nests of storks which lived on the 
numerous snakes frequenting these wastes. The largest 
of these aqueducts still retains three rows of arches one 
above the other, so that it rises to a great height. They 
served to conduct the water from the mountains to the 
circuses and naumachiae, of which many ruins still re- 



COURTESY OF ENGLISH OFFICEKS 103 

main, about three-quarters of a mile from the town of 
Merida, built by Titus, and given by him as a reward to 
the legions he left behind him in Spain. It was long the 
capital of the Roman Lusitania. 

Near the ruins of the Temple of Mars, opposite the 
triumphal arch begun by the soldiers of Titus in his 
honour, but not completed, some twenty English othcers 
were awaiting the arrival of the French Colonel and his 
companions, of whose capture they had heard. They 
came forward and received us in quite an affectionate 
manner, and offered to do me any service in their power. 
It would be impossible to describe the delight I felt in 
finding myself once more amongst civilised men, but it 
may be imagined when it is remembered that I had for 
the last twenty days been with some of the roughest 
characters in the world, about whose very care for and 
protection of us there was something wild and ferocious. 
To give but one example of their ways, I will quote a 
solitary but very significant custom of theirs. Their 
abstinence makes them often a prey to low spirits, and to 
relieve their depression thej' would plunge one of their 
hands in very hot water ; it, of course, at once became 
swollen, and then with a sharp razor they would open the 
most prominent vein. When enough blood had been lost, 
they cauterised the wound with a bit of burning tinder, and 
feeling better, they remounted and rode on. This re- 
minded me of the wild horses of Hungary, which I had 
often seen bite a vein in their own necks near the 
shoulder. The copious bleeding which ensued seemed to 
do them good. 

The English officers, with the considerate courtesy of 
true gentlemen, brought me underlinen and clothes enough 
to cover me from head to foot. They were also generous 



]04 MEMOIES OF EAROX LEJEUNE 

to my companions in misfortune, and took me to their 
orticer in command, who received me most cordially. 
Major-General Sir William Lumley, who still limped in 
consequence of a severe wound, made much of me, kept 
me to dinner, asked me to stop at his house, and, in fact, 
loaded me with kindness. Having learnt from the papers 
and despatches which had been taken from me that I was 
an engineer, and interested in the fine arts, he instructed 
his officers to take me to see the numerous antiquities, 
such as the Roman bridge over the Guadiana, the porticos, 
monuments, Eoman fortifications, &c., which render the 
town of Merida so interesting. 

In the evening the 3'oung officers asked me to go and 
have some punch with them. They had nearly all been 
to Paris, and asked me a great many questions about it. 

The evening was spent in telling each other amusing 
stories, and I contributed my share, forgetting all about 
the misery of the preceding days. Far more abstemious 
than I expected to find them, not one of the officers took 
too much wine. The witty chief of the staff and the 
worthy commissary officer. Hook and Wilkinson by name, 
with the rest of the officers escorted me back to my 
quarters. We parted very good friends, and they all 
promised to come and see me in Paris after the war. 
Several kept their word, including Hook, whom I intro- 
duced to a friend of mine, whose daughter he married. 
She was perhaps the prettiest girl in Prance at the 
time. 

Good heavens ! what a contrast there was between the 
manners of these Englishmen and those of my keeper 
Sobrechero, to whom I had now to return to resume my 
journey with the barbarous brigands under him ! The 
English officers lent us their horses, and we soon reached 



OUR IJECEPTION BY THE MAKQUIS BE CASTANOS 10-3 

Almendralejo, where we were received by Lieutenant- 
General Lord Beresf ord, commanding the Anglo-Portuguese 
army, who treated me with the same kindness and cour- 
tesy as his fellow countrymen had done at Merida. His 
staff of officers were equally eager to make up to me for 
my misfortunes. The Marquises of Mello, Lima, and 
Alva, all scions of noble Portuguese families, with Colonels 
Walker, Wilson, and other Englishmen, seconded their 
General in his efforts on my behalf ; but noticing that all 
these delicate attentions to me aroused the jealous sus- 
picion of Sobrechero, who visited his spleen on my three 
•companions in captivity, they appeased him by giving 
large bribes to his brigands. 

At last, on the •27th, we reached the head-quarters of 
the Marquis de Castahos at Santa Maria, where our guards 
left us. I gave them some of the things I had received 
when I was at Sir William Lumley's, and thanked them 
for having preserved our lives. Their departure took an 
immense weight off' my heart, and when they were gone 
I felt able once more to breathe like a free man. 

The Marquis de Castahos, who was a very intelligent 
man, with prepossessing and dignified manners, had three 
generals with him, namely, G-eneral Curera, Don Martino, 
chief of the staff, and Don Carlos, now a marquis of Spain, 
who was, however, really a French emigre, descended, as 
he told me himself, from the Comtes de Comminges, and 
connected with the Montesquieus. Don Carlos made me 
stop with him for several days, treating me like a brother ; 
and he provided clothes for my fellow prisoners at his own 
expense. During this quiet resting time, the Marquis 
de Castahos sent for me again and again, less to. talk about 
my exchange — for which he was arranging — than to im- 
press on me how anxious the inhabitants of the Peninsula 



106 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

were to put an end to the war, which was ruining Spain 
for the benefit of England. At the same time Lord 
Welhngton was writing, ' What folly it would be to risk 
anything further for the deliverance of Spain whilst the 
inhabitants, for whom we have done ten times as much as 
the}' ever deserved, hold themselves aloof in tlie midst of 
the storm ! ' Don Carlos also sounded me to find out 
whether I would be discreet enough to take a message to 
the Emperor from the Junta of Cadiz unknown to the 
Enghsh. ' It will be possible for us,' he said, ' to let you 
embark for Erance under the pretext of an exchange, 
and you shall propose to the Emperor the restoration of 
Ferdinand VIL, to whom he should give in marriage one 
of the princesses of his family. Spain wo aid then become 
his most devoted ally, and will aid him against all his 
enemies, even against England, whose behaviour wounds 
the self-respect, and is really against the true interests, of 
the Spanish.' I was certain that the Emperor would 
never consent to withdraw his brother from the throne of 
Spain and replace Ferdinand. I was bound by the com- 
mission I held to work against any such arrangement 
between the contending parties, but I disguised my real 
sentiments in the presence of the enemies of Erance, and 
gladly hailed the chance of being the bearer of messages 
tending to conciliation and peace. Whether in bona fide 
belief in my consent, or as a stratagem to catch me, I 
never knew, but Don Carlos told nae with an air of great 
frankness on the third day of these conferences that 
the Marquis de Castahos had despatched a courier to the 
Junta of Madrid to assure them of my willingness to 
undertake this pacific mission. 

' The Marquis de Castanos,' said Don Carlos, ' in so 
doing has met the desire several times expressed by the 



DON CARLOS Lii^m US HORSES 107 

Junta of making advances to the Emperor in an indirect 
manner, but by means of a trusty messenger, before treat- 
ing with England.' Whilst waiting for the reply of the 
Junta, I must be kept away from the operations of the 
army, and should be sent to Elvas. So I had to resign 
myself to fresh delays. We all went together to take 
leave of the Marquis de Castaiios, who had copies given 
to me of the letters he had written to Marshal Berthier 
and General Belliard, urging my exchange. In this inter- 
view the Marquis spoke of Generals Dupont, Marescot, and 
Vedel, expressing his regret and making excuses for the 
melancholy results which had ensued, as he said, quite 
against his will.' He also alluded to Marshal Soult, and 
expressed his great veneration for Marshal Mortier. In 
taking leave of me he said cordially, ' We shall meet 
again soon.' Don Carlos begged me to take with me an 
impression of his seal, on which was his coat of arms, and 
to recall him to the memory of his family in Erance. As 
an escort to Elvas he gave us his aide-de-camp, Captain 
Don Jose Cabrera, vdth four non-commissioned officers of 
dragoons of the Sagantum Regiment, who treated us with 
the greatest courtesy, and we started all mounted on horses 
lent by Don Carlos. 

The English Governor of 01iven9a, commanding the 
PortugTiese forces there, received us and gave us rooms in 
his own residence. It was now May 1, and the sun was 
very hot. It amused me to see the English officers riding 
about in uniform holding parasols above their heads. The 
fact that they use parasols and umbrellas, though it is not 

' For a very interesting account of the disaster at Baylen see the Marhot 
Memoirs, vol. i. pp. 322-S28. When Lejeune was at Santa Maria the sur- 
vivors among the French prisoners were still languishing on the desert 
island of Cabrera, off Cadiz, where all who did not fall victims to disease or 
hunger remained until the peace of 1814 — Teans. 



108 MEMOIRS OF BAR(^X LEJEUNE 

the fashion to do so in the French army, does not prevent 
them from being very brave soldiers in battle ; but for all 
that, I must say that I wa-s surprised and amused when T 
looked out of my windov^r to see several groups of officers, 
on their way back to their quarters, followed by a very 
picturesque though unusual suite. First came the captain 
in his scarlet uniform, mounted on a very fine horse, and 
carrying a big open parasol ; then came his wife, in a 
pretty costume, with a very small straw hat, seated on a 
mule, holding up an umbrella and caressing a little black 
and tan King Charles spaniel on her knee, whilst she led 
by a blue ribbon a tame goat, which was to supply her 
night and morning vdth cream for her cup of tea. Beside 
Madame walked an Irish nurse, carrying slung across her 
shoulders a bassinet made of green silk, in which reposed 
an infant, the hope of the family. Behind Madame's mule 
stalked a huge grenadier, the faithful servant of the captain, 
with his musket over his shoulder, urging on with a stick 
the long-eared steed of his mistress. Behind him again 
came a donkey laden with the voluminous baggage of the 
family, surmounted by a tea-kettle and a cage full of cana- 
ries, whilst a jockey or groom in livery brought up the 
rear, mounted on a sturdy Enghsh horse, with its hide 
gleaming like polished steel. This groom held a huge 
posting whip in one hand, the cracking of the lash of 
which made the donkey mend its pace, and at the same 
time kept order amongst the four or five spaniels and 
greyhounds which served as scouts to the captain during 
the march of his small cavalcade. 

The sketch from nature I made of this party was 
later the subject of one of the best of the little com- 
positions which I inscribed with the two words, ' Utile 
dulci.' 



MY LAST HOPE DESTROYED 109 

The fiction which made me the nephew of the King 
and of the Emperor had preceded us at Elvas, and when 
we arrived on May 1 many curious spectators hned our 
route. General Leyte, governor of the town, gave me the 
best room in the Dominican Convent, and the mayor and 
the municipal officers spread a repast for us, to which the 
chief members of the garrison were invited. 

The next morning the officers of the Portuguese army 
came one after the other to greet the captive French 
Colonel. A grand meal was again served us on this occa- 
sion, and I noticed several persons in black who circulated 
to and fro behind the guests. I took them at first for the 
stewards, but their aristocratic bearing puzzled me, and 
presently I inquired who they were. ' The mayor and 
municipality, who are doing the honours of their sump- 
tuous hospitality,' was the reply ; and I at once got up to 
beg them to excuse my mistake, nor would I sit down 
again until they took places at the table with us. 

In spite of the courtesy of all these people and of the 
interesting books which were lent to me to read, the time 
passed sadly, for from my window I could see in the dis- 
tance the smoke rising up from the besieged town of 
Badajoz, and I could hear the roar of the cannon which 
was probably killing some of the French defending that 
fortress. 

Lord Beresford had probably been informed of the 
scheme the execution of which the Junta of Cadiz had 
wished to entrust to me, and he hastened to foil the con- 
spirators b,v ordering me to be taken to Setubal, beyond 
reach of the Spanish. This unfortunate contretemps sent 
me off once more on my travels, and destro^'ed my last 
hope of liberty. 

General Leyte now ordered Captain Sassarmento, of the 



110 MEMOIRS OF BARON LE.TEUNE 

Portuguese dragoons, and four non-commissioned of&cers 
to take me to Setubal. 

At Estremos we received a grand welcome in a fine 
convent, where there were only three monks left, who had, 
however, kept four first-rate cooks, and we were served 
with an abundance and variety of well-dressed dishes. 

A little further on, as we were passing Arrayolos, we 
noticed a telegraph station of three square compartments, 
having four divisions giving twelve combinations and their 
multiples ad infinitum} Beyond Montemoro we came to 
Vendas Novas, where we passed a great underground 
room, or rather cellar, crowded with French prisoners, 
who were absolutely naked and who cried out to us to 
help them. I was of course powerless to protect them — 
all I could do was to put into the hands stretched out 
to me through the bars the few things which had been 
given to me by the English. The thought of their ter- 
rible fate, which might soon be our own, saddened our 
march across the far-stretching desert plains between 
Vendas Novas and Aiias de Mora, a miserable hamlet, 
but the only place where we could halt after a pretty 
long tramp. 

In the three or four huts which composed the hamlet 
of Afias de Mora, we found no one but a young and slightly 
deformed girl, with rather a pretty face, who was preparing 
food against the return of her absent brothers, and it was 
with a very bad grace that she set to work to add 
enough for nine extra people. Whilst waiting for our 
meal we went and sat down at the edge of the lake which 

' The use of the electric telegraph did not really begin until 1837 ; but 
many contrivances, to one of which the author evidently refers, were re- 
sorted to in the early part of the present century, shadowing forth the future 
system. — Trans. 



A PLOT TO MUltDER US 111 

gives its name to the hamlet, and as we were admiring 
the beauties of the smiset reflected in the quiet waters, 
the brothers of our hostess and some workmen passed us 
on their way home, carrying with them their guns, hatchets, 
and agricultural implements. When they caught sight 
of us, they glared at us with the fury of tigers. They did 
not speak a word, but the silent scowl of hatred on their 
faces, blackened with exposure to the sun, was more elo- 
quent than any speech could have been. Our reception 
when we got back to the hut showed us that the young 
girl had aroused against us the bloodthirsty passions of 
her brothers. Our very frugal repast passed over, how- 
ever, without a quarrel, though the eyes watching our 
every movement were full of bitter if taciturn rage. When 
the meal was over Sassarmento, foreseeing an outbreak, 
told me it would be prudent to withdraw, and we all 
went to the next room with the non-commissioned officers, 
who had been looking after the horses. They now flung 
themselves on the ground as we did, and were soon asleep ; 
but Sassarmento and I, who were equally anxious, dared 
not close our eyes. We listened to the whispered conver- 
sation of the eight or nine peasants with the young de- 
formed girl, and we both heard her say to her brothers, 
' Stanitza is reckoned as good as a man since she helped 
her husband to cut the throats of three Frenchmen. Well, 
I'll do even more than she did, for I will dig my ufladas 
(nails) into the eyes of the big one ' (that meant me !) 
' whilst you cut his throat with your cuchillo ' (knife) . 
Then, just like the general of an army, she assigned to 
each of those present the part he was to take in our mur- 
der when we should be asleep, and it would be easy to 
overpower us, whilst her hearers encouraged each other 
by sajdng, ' The dragoons won't interfere,' &c. 



112 MEMOIES OF BARON LEJEUNE 

Sassarniento was very indignant at what he overheard, 
and made a sign to me that one of the non-commissioned 
officers had left his rifle in the room with the peasants. 
Without hesitating a moment, I got up and boldly fetched 
the weapon, cocking it as I withdrew in sight of the peasants, 
who were simply trembling with rage. We then loaded 
the pistols belonging to the captain and the dragoons, and 
shut the door. Sassarmento lay down across it, and we 
awaited events. Sleep, however, soon overpowered our 
enemies as it did ourselves, and they forgot their lust for 
bloodshed, so that we were able to rest in peace. We left 
before sunrise the next day, giving the deformed girl a few 
piastres to make up to her for having deprived her of the 
glory of excelling Stanitza. 

Beyond Afias de Mora the wide plain was deserted 
and uncultivated, but covered with regular forests of 
marshmallows in flower, beneath which were millions of 
green lizards and little yellowish snakes, the sand being 
quite ploughed up by their numerous trails. They retreated 
slowly and with difficulty at our approach. 

At noon on May 8 we reached Setubal, a pretty little 
town on the river Sadao, which flows into the wide and 
deep Bay of Setubal, an admirable harbour, then full of 
vessels which had come to take in cargoes of wine and oil 
for Eussia and America. The contrast between the dreary 
tracts we had just crossed and the bright picturesque scene 
now before us was very great. The town with its many 
belfries and ancient fortifications stood out against the 
sea horizon, which is bounded on the right and left by 
lofty heights covered with gardens, vineyards, and woods, 
dotted here and there with pretty summer houses and 
mills each with eight triangular sails. The port is crowded 
with a forest of masts, whilst in the roadstead hundreds 



A POLITE GOVERNOR 113 

of sailing vessels of various tonnage are constantly arriving 
from their ocean voyage. 

Captain Sassarmento took its to an inn called the 
' Etalaga Nova,' belonging to a Frenchman, now detained a 
prisoner in Lisbon, as he was suspected of being in com- 
munication with our army. His daughters, however, glad 
to see fellow countrymen once more, were eager to wait 
upon us, and the English Commissary, Eobert Boyer by 
name, who had been at once informed of our arrival, 
hastened to offer us his services and to bring us all we 
needed. We were then taken to the Governor, and Captain 
Sassarmento took leave of us. The Governor, with a 
politeness which we took as an earnest of the liberal 
hospitality we might expect, ordered a boat to be prepared, 
and we were rowed out to the lighthouse, about an hour's 
distance from the shore. The Governor showed us the 
tower of this lighthouse, and with a friendly smile assured 
us that the air was so pure there that his prisoners had 
lived in it for fifteen years without ever having so much 
as a headache. ' Fifteen years ! ' I cried in horror. ' Yes, 
fifteen years at least,' was the reply. The boat now 
touched at the fortress known as the Torre d'Othon, which 
was to be our abode, and the Governor always with the 
most exquisite courtesy installed us in two little casemates 
of hewn stone, which he honoured with the name of rooms, 
containing one table, one bench, and three old mattresses, 
the last-named peopled with crowds of the most disgust- 
ing and voracious vermin Spain or Portugal could produce. 
When he took leave the friendly Governor promised often 
to give himself the pleasure of paying us a visit, and 
expressed a hope that we should enjoy the beautiful air. 
He also gave us leave to walk about on the topmost 
terrace of the fortress. 

VOL. II. I 



114 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUNE 

We were immediately assailed by swarms of jumping 
and crawling brown insects, who were famished for want 
of food ; but without losing courage in spite of the vigour 
of the bloodthirsty assault, we at once began in our turn 
to make war on them, and treating them much as we 
should a conflagration, we poured quantities of cold water 
on to them, hoping to sweep our enemies into the sea, their 
battalions being too numerous for us to be able to crush 
them all on land. Then having to some extent remained 
masters on the battle field, we went out on the terrace to 
rest a little after the struggle. For the last thirty-five 
days we had been the playthings of hopes continually 
disappointed, and of circumstances generally, to say the 
least of it, rather depressing than reassuring. AVe had no 
longer any hope of regaining our liberty, and there was 
nothing left for us to do but to make the best of the position 
in which we found ourselves. One thing, however, which 
made us almost happy was that we no longer had the 
prying and menacing eyes of our gaolers constantly upon 
us, and were free at least to gaze unmolested on the 
beautiful view spread out before us, which, leading us as 
it did to raise our eyes to heaven, did something to console 
us. We could still think of our lost country, and dream 
of some day finding means of returning to her. 

The next day Robert Boyer came to see us, bringing 
with him an American merchant, named David Meyer. 
They were both laden with baskets full of oranges, wine, 
and dainty loaves of bread. Meyer wanted to bring us a 
lot of under-clothing, but we would not accept it. AVhen 
we refused he spoke with gratitude of the kind and generous 
reception he had several times met with at Bordeaux, and 
repeated that he was glad of the chance of serving French- 
men wherever he met them. Boyer also renewed his 



A VALUABLE PRESENT 115 

offers of service, and promised to get me the paper with 
the brushes and colours for which I asked him. 

At the same time the following day he brought me a 
complete set of colours carefully labelled, and all I wanted 
for writing or painting. This present was indeed a valu- 
able one, and I hastened to show my gratitude by making 
him then and there a sketch of the scene when I was taken 
prisoner, with likenesses of the brigands who had attacked 
me, for their faces were indelibly graven on my memory. 
In working at my painting once more I regained some- 
thing of resignation, for, attractive at all times, it is im- 
possible to describe what an immense resource wielding 
the brushes became in my dreary captivity. 

Talking with my fellow prisoner Duhamel also made 
a break in the days, which no longer seemed so endless. 
We drew a chess-board on our table, and made white and 
yellow pieces with the outer and inner rind of our oranges, 
and Duhamel often had the pleasure of beating me at the 
game. Massart, who, though an excellent fellow, cared 
more for the pleasures of the table than for intellectual 
pursuits, looked after the kitchen department ; we lived 
on dainty cooked dishes made of the so-called giltheads, 
which are very delicate eating, and other fishes from the 
bay, quantities of which were daily brought to us by the 
fishermen. 

Our days passed quietly away in work, and in the 
contemplation of the grand view of the mountains which 
protected us from the cold north winds, and of the far- 
stretching bay, with its many vessels going to and fro 
under the guns of our fort. The height of our terrace and 
its pecuhar construction enabled me to make a plan of the 
fortress and its surroundings. I had not the proper 
instruments for the work, but I made a quadrant and a 

I 2 



116 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

compass in wood, and by means of the intersections of 
my principal lines I succeeded in drawing a very exact 
plan, which surprised the Governor and made him rather 
uneasy. 

The Governor, who was an original character if ever 
there was one, just the eccentric fellow to figure to 
perfection on the boards of a theatre, came to see us 
nearly every day, to ask how we were getting on. He 
would chat with us quite confidentially, but stop suddenly 
every now and again with an access of reticence. How- 
ever, he let out that the Marquis de Villeneuve, a French- 
man, and his wife were shut up in one of the rooms 
of our fort. The Marquis was an emigre, who was 
serving in the Portuguese army when Junot entered 
Lisbon with the French forces, and the Marquise de Ville- 
neuve, who had not been able to get away in time, re- 
mained in that city. Her husband, becoming uneasy on 
hearing that she was in a house full of young aides-de- 
camp, ran the risk of leaving the Portuguese army and 
got into Lisbon, where he concealed himself. He was 
discovered, and Junot, taking him for a spy, ordered his 
arrest. The Marquis could not have evaded capture by 
the police had not a young officer whom he specially 
suspected, and had accused of being his rival, come to the 
rescue and aided him to escape. The French soon after- 
wards abandoned Lisbon, and the Marquis de Villeneuve 
decided to remain, thinking he could now rejoin the 
Portuguese army, but he was arrested by the Anglo- 
Portuguese and shut up in the fort of Setubal with the 
young wife who had been the innocent cause of his mis- 
fortunes. 

On Sundays we used to go down to hear mass, and 
we could see the other prisoners in the chapel, though we 



A TEEEIBLE DISAPPOINTMENT 117 

were not allowed to speak to them. We thought the 
young lady very beautiful, and we in our turn took to 
sighing for her notice. We used to go every evening to 
the very end of our terrace, from which we could see the 
windows of her apartment, and we all three sang together 
nocturnes, barcarolles, and love ditties, such as Eichards' 
' Burning Fever,' &c., and everything else we could 
remember. Our only recompense was to see the tips 
of a white-gloved hand waving through the tars, as if in 
applause of our clumsy and discordant efforts. 

David Meyer, the American, not only brought us 
provisions, but seconded our efforts to obtain our ex- 
change. He even tried to help us to escape, and one 
day brought a long rope wound round his body under his 
clothes, for us to let ourselves down with from the fort. 
He had arranged a plan for our escape. A boat was 
waiting for us at a point he described to us, where it 
would be easy for us to embark, and we were to be taken 
in this boat to his vessel, of which the cargo was novi^ 
complete. He would hide us on board till he started, and 
the American flag would protect us. At last everything 
was arranged for that very evening, and our escape seemed 
sure, when by order of Lord Beresford an officer and eight 
men came to escort us to Lisbon. There was no help for 
it — we had to follow our new guides. We were allowed 
to go, en passant, to bid farewell to Robert Boyer and 
David Meyer. The latter, much put out by the presence 
of the witnesses to our interview, could only say in an 
expressive manner, ' I shall be there with my boat this 
evening. We shall start before daybreak — do you see, 
do you see ? ' and an expressive pantomime made us 
understand that he advised us to evade our guards and 
keep our appointment with him, for he would wait for us. 



Ii8 MEMOmS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

We answered him with our eyes to the effect that we 
should do our very utmost to get away, and after shaking 
hands with him we started with our officer on good mules 
and surrounded by the eight soldiers. After we had been 
marching some time, we pretended to admire the country 
greatly, and begged our guides to let iis stop to look 
round. Duhamel, Massart, and I then turned the pause to 
account to make out our bearings. We noted the rock at 
the foot of which the boat was waiting for us, and the 
stretch of ground between us and it, and we could see 
David Meyer's ship, on which he had purposely hoisted 
the American flag. We decided how to act, and continued 
our route, awaiting the moment to carry out our plan. 

We had scarcely marched an hour, before, as we were 
going down from Palmela in the direction of Lisbon, we 
met a Portuguese escort taking some twenty men to 
Setubal, all fastened by the neck to one long chain. It 
was no surprise to us to see amongst them two of the 
men who had wanted to cut our throats in the house of 
the deformed girl at Arias de Mora ; but what did 
astonish us was to hear that these twenty young fellows 
chained together were merely recruits being taken to join 
their regiment. Their escort, which was on foot, stopped 
to chat for a few minutes with ours. Our officer, how- 
ever, continued to press on, and we were presently some 
eight paces in advance of our soldiers. The officer 
noticed this, and begged us to wait. We dismounted at 
once without hesitation, and thinking that the favourable 
moment had come for us to get off into the wood, we had 
already stooped to fill our hands with dust to throw in the 
officer's eyes so as to escape whilst he was blinded by 
it, when, alas ! a courier from Lisbon dashed up at a 
gallop, and drew rein to exchange greetings with our 



AVE ARE TREATED AS CONVICTS 119 

leader. This gave our escort time to come up. Our 
chance was gone, and with infinite regret we dropped the 
sand which might have purchased our liberty. 

Arrived at Moita, we embarked on the Tagus, and a few 
hours after we landed at the royal town of Lisbon, and 
our officer took us to a fine building which I thought was 
a palace. After crossing two beautiful rooms I was 
pushed towards a low narrow opening, rather like a 
chimney, and told to stoop down and go through it. This 
curious-looking aperture aroused my suspicions, and 
I inquired where it led to. ' Oh, to the convict prison, 
the galleys, where the prisoners are kept.' I knew well 
enough the shameful way in which prisoners sent to the 
galleys were treated, and at the words ' convict prison ' and 
' galleys ' I turned upon my guides and swore that they 
would never get me to enter the infamous place alive. 
' You are all,' I added, ' soldiers like myself, and it 
concerns the honour of every one of you not to allow 
soldiers to be confounded with criminals.' ' Es verdad ! 
Es verdad ! ' (It is true ! It is true !) cried all the men 
together, but the officer continued to insist. ' Very well, 
then,' I said, ' kill me if you like, for I don't go in alive ! ' 
'I have no orders to kill you — only to leave you here.' 
' You can have received no such orders, sir,' I replied, 
' for your superiors have promised that I should be treated 
with every honour.' Then, seeing that he hesitated, I 
went on, ' Go and find the Governor, and tell him of my 
resistance.' The officer, seeing that he would not be 
supported by his soldiers, whom my appeal had aroused to 
indignation, went to see the Governor, leaving us where 
we were to await his return. He had scarcely left us 
when we heard the noise of chains, and in came some 
hundred convicts with horribly ruffian-like faces, who were 



120 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

being brought back from work, yoked, so to speak, two 
and two to a long heavy chain dragging behind them on 
the ground. When they reached the narrow opening the 
convicts went down on all fours, and creeping through 
the infernal aperture they disappeared. The soldiers, 
whom I continued to ply with arguments in my favour, 
were altogether indisposed to take part against me. When 
the officer returned he made many apologies to me, telling 
me that Lord Beresford ordered us to be taken on board 
the English frigate stationed in the port. We were 
escorted thither in a boat, and the officer took his leave. 

The English captain and his officers left me in the state 
cabin whilst a meal was prepared for us. The evening 
was spent in very pleasant company, and the next day we 
were taken on to a three-masted vessel called the Thetis, 
which was about to start with a convoy for England. 
Here again a state cabin was given to me, and we shared 
a first-rate table throughout the voyage. Captain Bobert 
Stolf, who had all the reserve of manner characteristic of 
the English, always addressed me with a politeness which 
would have been remarkable even in a Paris salon, and 
not a day passed without his assuring me that I should be 
far better treated in England than it was possible for me 
to be in his ship. I believed all he said to me, and my 
only regret was that my companions in captivity could 
not share in the good things I received, but orders had 
been given that they were only to have the rations of 
ordinary prisoners. 

The voj'age took nine days, and the wind being high 
the sea was so rough that I constantly fancied there was 
a storm going on. This was the first time I had ever 
made a voyage, and the creaking of the timbers of the 
ship alarmed me greatly, for I thought again and again 



AllRIVAL AT PORTSMOUTH 121 

that she was breaking to pieces and would be swallowed 
up by the waves. Once I said to the captain in my 
anxiety, ' Is this a storm ? ' and he replied coldly with a 
smile, 'I do not think so.' We passed the coast of 
Normandy in the distance, and I thought of my father 
mourning for my death, which had been falsely reported 
to him. Perhaps, I said to myself, he is at this moment 
walking up and down on the beach indulging in the grief 
he disguises at home so as not to distress my mother, and 
I was thinking what a joy it would be to go and comfort 
him, when " we entered the Solent, dividing the Isle of 
Wight from the mainland. That very day the last 
honours were being paid by the English, in the form of 
volleys of artillery, to my friend General Eufin, who had 
been wounded at Chiclana, was taken prisoner by the 
English, and died just as the vessel he was on reached 
Portsmouth. The Thetis entered Portsmouth harbour, 
and I witnessed a singular scene. A few minutes after 
the vessels of the convoy had cast anchor, and the 
bells of the various ships had announced their arrival, 
some hundreds of row-boats full of women appeared, 
making in our direction, the various crews all shouting 
and whistling together. I was told that these ladies were 
the wives and sisters of the sailors, with whom were also 
some members of the demi-monde of Portsmouth, who 
were allowed to come on board to welcome their relations 
or their friends. 

Captain Stolf, who was so sure that I should be 
honourably received in England, hastened to go ashore 
and ascertain what was to be done with me, and it was 
indeed with a sinking heart that I looked into his face 
when he returned, for he appeared very sad and was 
evidently much upset. 'Let us go down into the boat,' 



122 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUNE 

was all he said, and I dared not question him, dreading to 
hear too soon the bad news he had to tell. We were all 
as silent as he was in the boat, and our uneasiness 
increased when we passed some twenty old vessels full of 
French prisoners, most of them wearing only yellow vests, 
whilst others were perfectly naked. At this distressing 
sight I asked our captain if he was taking us to the hulks. 
To which he replied with a frown, ' Yes, just as a matter 
of form.' At the same moment our boat drew up along- 
side of the San Antonio, an old eighty-gun man-of- 
war. We climbed on to it, and there, to our horror, we 
saw some five or six hundred French prisoners, who were 
but the third of those on board, climbing on to each 
other's shoulders in the narrow space in which they were 
penned, to have a look at the newcomers, of whose arrival 
they seem to have been told. Their silence, their attitude, 
and the looks of compassion they bestowed on me as I 
greeted them en passant, seemed to me omens of a terrible 
future for me. 

The captain of the old hulk entered our names on 
his register, and then apologised for having no better 
quarters to offer us than those assigned to the other 
prisoners, for, as he said, he had such an immense number 
on board. I could scarcely believe my ears, and made 
hira repeat what he said. Then, my rage getting the 
better of me, I seized Captain Stolf by the arm, exclaim- 
ing,' You have betrayed me ! You promised I should 
be well treated. I would rather have been killed than 
have allowed myself to be brought hither, and now you 
shall die with me.' My violence alarmed the captain and 
the two or three soldiers with him. I then drew back a 
step, so as to have my back against the cabin and face all 
my enemies. I snatched a sword from an Irishman 



I ESCAPE FROM THE HULKS 123 

standing near, and threatened to kill Captain Stolf or any 
one else who tried to detain me on the vessel. Stolf 
assiired me he had nothing to do with it, and the other 
captain endeavoured to calm me, but in the twinkling of 
an eye all the prisoners on board catching my excitement 
began shouting, ' Bravo, bravo ! ' They climbed on each 
other's shoulders till they towered above the little group of 
disputants, crying out, ' If every one behaved as you do, 
the English would not dare to ill treat us so.' The noise 
emboldened me still further, and the captain of the vessel, 
who being close to me was in more danger than any one 
else, became alarmed at the rage of the twelve or fifteen 
hundred prisoners, who seemed likely to break down the 
barriers dividing them from us, and to overpower the very 
small guard. So he hastened to say to Captain Stolf, 
' Eid me of this furious fellow ; take the French devil to 
Forton ! ' Captain Stolf, whom I still held by the 
arm, needed no second bidding, and quickly making for 
his boat insisted on my getting in first. The soldier 
whose sword I had seized called out to me to give it 
back to him, and I flung it on deck as I went down to 
the boat. I was thus separated from the two com- 
panions who had shared my captivity so long, and I did 
not see them again till after peace was concluded. 



124 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 



CHAPTEE IV 

MY STAY AT TOETON — I LEAVE ASHBY — I AEEIVB 
AT BOULOGNE — PEINCE EBRTHIER 

FoRTON, which is close to Gosport, was then a depot 
for prisoners in connection with that at Portsmouth. 
Before taking me thither Captain Stolf, thinking we 
both needed something to soothe us after the painful 
emotions we had just gone through, took me into a public- 
house and ordered a glass of what he called grog for each 
of us. This very simple beverage, consisting of rum 
mixed with warm water with a lump of sugar in it, cer- 
tainly had a beneficial effect upon us, and as soon as we 
had drunk it we started for the depot for prisoners at 
Forton.' Arrived there, Captain Stolf told the Com- 
mandant that he had orders for me to be treated with 
every respect during my stay, and at his recommendation 
a decent lodging was assigned to me for the few days I 
should be at Forton. Here Robert Stolf left me. A 
few minutes after my arrival a French captain named 
Garat, who had been taken prisoner in India, and was 
confined to his bed in a hospital at Forton, sent by 
the hand of one of the attendants a bag containing 1,200 
francs, which he begged me to accept, though he did not 

' At the time referred to by Lejeune, there was a prison at 
Forton. — Teans. 



I LEAVE FORTON EOR ASIIBY 125 

yet know me. I sent it back to him at once, and hastened 
to go and thank him for this very kind thought for me. 
IJe assured me that he would really be grateful if I would 
take the money, and even larger sums which he pressed 
on me, for he was himself in danger of losing them. I 
remained three days at Forton, during which I drew 
up an account of my journey for Major-General Prince 
Berthier, sending it to him by the hand of a wounded 
French officer who had obtained his exchange. 

I had also had time to have some clothes made to fit 
me, when orders came for me to be sent to Ashby in 
Leicestershire. Without any previous warning a public 
coach was brought up to my door at Forton, and I 
was made to get into it after having been told to sign a 
paper in English, which I was not allowed time to read, 
with my full name and rank. I was not even permitted 
to go and bid farewell to Captain Garat, but I had to get 
into the coach in all haste. In fact, every one was in such 
a hurry that my not having signed the paper after all was 
never noticed. As it was probably a form giving my 
word of honour to remain in England till I was exchanged, 
I thought this oversight very lucky, and I determined to 
turn it to account the very first time I got a chance. 

I found myself now quite alone in the coach with a 
very pretty young girl, and like a true French cavalier I 
of course began to talk to her. She answered me brightly 
and gaily. It was a very long time since I had enjoyed 
any feminine society, and this meeting dehghted me. I 
could not make out, however, why the girl remained 
so motionless, but I concluded that Enghsh . etiquette 
demanded a rigid demeanour, and I was thinking that I 
would make a note of the fact in my account of my 
journey, when about a dozen miles from Forton the 



126 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

coach stopped, and four men got in who laid the girl down 
on a mattress and carried her to her relations, who were 
awaiting her arrival near by. Before they left, the good 
people thanked me in a manner I certainly did not deserve 
for the attention I had shown the j'oung lady during the 
drive. 

Near Andover I saw the residence of the exiled 
Bourbon priiices. I little thought I should so soon see 
them again in Paris, and during my stay in England I 
collected many details about them which were very inter- 
esting to me, who as a child had known them at Versailles. 
I went to Blenheim, near Woodstock, and saw the resi- 
dence of the Duke of Marlborough, erected by the people 
of England as a reward for the victorious general. The 
vast park in which the fine castle is situated is laid out on 
the plan of the battle field of Malplaquet, the clumps of 
trees representing the battalions and squadrons which 
took part in that terrible conflict, whilst statues of the 
various commanders are placed here and there. The 
trees which once stood for soldiers have now grown to 
such a height, and the swaying green foliage which once 
represented the plumes worn by the combatants, and the 
flags they carried, has spread out so widely, that it is 
difficult to make out the original purpose of the grouping 
or to read the lesson it was intended to teach to posterity. 
Nevertheless, I could not help admiring the national 
spirit of gratitude which had led to the working out of 
this singular and ingenious idea. 

After a very pleasant journey, occupying a good many 
days, during which I visited various manufactories, picture 
galleries, collections of curiosities, and even several theatres 
in different towns, I arrived at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, where 
I was to reside. There were already about a hundred 



COURTESY OF GENERAL HASTINGS 127 

French prisoners in the town, some of whom had been 
there for fifteen years. I went to report myself to the 
agent in charge of the prisoners, who was a wholesale 
grocer of the name of Farnell, certainly the tallest, thin- 
nest, most cadaverous looking seller of dry goods in the 
world. This worthy man, who seemed to move by clock- 
work, bowed politely, and proceeded to explain to me the 
routine to be followed by the prisoners. He gave me 
leave to lodge where I hked, and I was free to walk out 
of the town for one mile in any direction, but no further. 
Amongst the prisoners I found several distinguished naval 
officers, including Captain Hulliac, brother of a friend of 
mine. Captain Kergrise, with M. Boulan and Colonel 
Stoffel, who had been his brother's second in the duel at 
Astorga related above, with many others. I determined 
to lose no time in mastering English, and I was working- 
very hard at it when I received an invitation to form one 
of a party of guests at the residence of General Hastings, 
about a mile from Ashby. General Hastings was the 
brother of Lord Moira, the intimate friend of the Prince of 
Wales. General and Lady Hastings had given a home 
to Miss Moore, daughter of the celebrated General Sir John 
Moore, who was killed in Spain at the battle of Corunna. 
The young orphan, who was a very bright, interesting, and 
charming girl, was quite the life of the circle which her 
host and hostess gathered about them. The courtesy and 
kindness with which I was received did much to cheer 
my spirits, prisoner though I still was. Lord Moira was 
even good enough to say he would try and get me permis- 
sion to live in London, and I was about to profit by this 
generous concession, when an unexpected circuinstance 
changed all my plans. 

A man came to me one morning and said to me 



128 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

privately, ' The Duke of Eovigo, Minister of Police in 
France, authorised by the Emperor, has sent me to pro- 
pose to you that you should let me arrange for you to get 
out of England and back to Prance.' The proposal he pro- 
ceeded to make sounded most tempting, but it would mean 
a very great risk, and I mistrusted the fellov^'. Without 
actually refusing to do as he suggested, I replied that I 
expected to be exchanged, and begged him to see Colonel 
Stoffel first, and come back to me in a few days. I told 
Colonel Stoffel about it, and he made the inquiries necessary 
to assure us that the man vv^as not a spy trying to find out 
my plans. After a few days' delay, the Colonel came to 
me and said, ' It is a bona fide offer, but the emissary has 
brought no money with him, and it will probably cost a 
couple of hundred guineas.' We had between us only a 
very small portion of that sum, and we must manage to 
get it somehow. So I went to a merchant named Baudins, 
who had been very civil to me, and whose frank ingenuous 
countenance had inspired me with confidence. I said to 
him straight out, ' I have come to show you how I trust 
you.' ' And what might that mean ? ' was his reply. 
'There is a plan afoot for taking me back to France.' 
' But that would be a great risk ; there are a thousand 
dangers in the way.' ' Yes, I know, but I have decided 
to brave them, only I have not enough money. Can you 
lend me some ? ' ' How much do you want ? ' ' Five 
thousand francs ! ' With a frown he replied, ' I have not 
the whole of that sum by me, but come to me to-morrow 
morning, and perhaps I shall be able to let you have it.' 
I took my leave, and after saying good-bye, I added, ' You 
have my secret, but I feel quite easy in my mind.' 

There was a ball that same evening, at which my 
friend Mr. Baudins and his daughter were present. When 



I BOPtKOW TWO HUNDRED GUINEAS 129 

he caught sight of me, he nodded his head twice as if to 
say, ' Yes, yes,' and I answered him by signs only, for fear 
of compromising him. For the same reason I did not 
go and speak to him all the evening. But I danced with 
his daughter. Mr. Farnell the grocer was there too, and 
never did I see anything more comic than the appearance 
this provincial dancer presented, with the air of proud 
reserve suitable to a man who had charge of the French 
prisoners. It was really quite worth a journey to England 
only to watch him. 

I was very punctual at the rendezvous the next morn- 
ing, and Mr. Baudins gave me two hundred guineas, saying 
as he handed them to me, •' I have given them to you in gold 
to avoid the delay of changing paper.' I begged him to 
name the rate of interest I was to pay him, but he would 
not do do so, assuring me that he lent me the money to 
oblige me, not with any idea of profit. The day and hour 
were now arranged with the emissary of the Due de 
Eovigno, and Colonel Stoffel saw to everything without 
my appearing at all. I was invited to a grand dinner by 
General Hastings the very evening we were to start, and 
I duly appeared at it. The evening passed by very 
brightly, and at dessert, after the ladies had retired, the 
men remained behind to drink wine together, beginning 
with a toast to the ladies. As a matter of taste as well 
as by design, I kept my head clear, and when my com- 
panions were sufficiently exhilarated by the fumes of the 
claret they had drunk, they returned with somewhat un- 
steady steps to the drawing-room, where tea had been 
prepared by the ladies. The light-hearted way in which 
I answered the thousand questions put to me about the 
customs of Paris, and the entertainments given there, 
would never have led any one to guess the serious under- 

VOL. II. K 



130 MEilOIRS OF BAROX LEJEIXE 

current of my thoughts at a moment when I was about to 
risk my hfe on the faith of an unknown emissary. Every 
one, in fact, was so pleased with the French Colonel, that 
when I took my leave at the time required by the regula- 
tions the prisoners had to comply with, every one begged 
me to come again the next day. 

It was eleven o'clock at night and very dark, so that I 
found it difficult to make my way through the park to the 
place where I was to find Colonel Stoffel and the emissary. 
There was no one there, and I was afraid I had mistaken 
the way. I dared not make the least noise to betray my 
presence to them if they were in hiding. An hour passed 
in terrible suspense, and my heart was beating very 
quickly, when I at last heard a rustling amongst the 
leaves near me. I hid myself behind a bush, and waited 
till I recognised Stoffel and the guide. The latter led us 
to the first posting stage, and two minutes later we were 
in a good carriage, rapidly dashing along over the first of 
the hundred miles between us and the sea. We passed 
through Northamptonshire, the north of Middlesex, Lon- 
don, and Eeigate, arriving at Hythe in Kent, five miles 
from Folkestone, at night. The coast was guarded here 
by troops and custora-house officers, and our guide told 
us we must pretend we were invalids come to take sea 
baths. Whilst the horses were being changed, he carried 
first one and then the other of us in his arms to place us 
in the fresh carriage, calling to the custom-house officers to 
come and help him. Just imagine the dangerous position 
of two French officers in perfect health imitating fretful 
invalids in the arms of English custom-house officers, who, 
fortunately for us, never dreamt of asking for the pass- 
ports of such sufferers. A little further on our guide dis- 
missed the posting carriage, and had tea served for us in a 



A SINISTER-LOOKING COUPLE 131 

public-house, whilst he went to make inquiries about how 
to get to Folkestone. He came back a few minutes after- 
wards with a terror-stricken look in his face, and unable 
to get out a word, he wrote on the slate belonging to the 
inn, ' Pay at once, and let us be off ! ' His gestures were so 
alarming that I gave the girl in attendance a guinea, saying, 
' You can keep the change.' This generosity astonished 
her so much that she thought we must be criminals run- 
ning away from justice, and looked ready to denounce us. 
There was no time to be lost, for we had to get through 
the village, which was full of troops. The guide made me 
a sign to lay aside the erect bearing of a French soldier, 
and stoop as much as I could. Thanks to our energy and 
to our round backs, we escaped without attracting notice ; 
but as the country outside Hythe was very open, we should 
have been clearly seen from a long distance, and I thought 
it safer for us to hide amongst the wheat for the rest of 
the day. The guide went on alone to Folkestone, after 
noting our bearings, so that he could find us again in the 
evening. 

He did not return for seventeen hours, and the night 
was over when he at last appeared and gave the signal agreed 
on, to which we replied. He then took us to Folkestone, 
and introduced us to a man named Brick, a surly, ferocious- 
looking smuggler, who was to take us over to France. 
The door of the room in which Brick awaited us was 
hidden by tapestry, and when we entered a woman was 
pouring out a glass of porter for him. The sinister ap- 
pearance of the couple made our hearts sink, and we 
dreaded placing ourselves at the mercy of such people. 
Brick vdth a villanous smile accosted us with the words, 
' Let's see the money you have brought ! ' I had paid for 
the post carriage, and still had the two hundred guineas. 

k2 



132 MEMOIRS or BARON LEJEUA'E 

He insisted on taking the whole, though the price agreed 
on was rather less. It was of no use trying to beat him 
down, so I let him have it all. He then searched us to 
make sure that we were hiding nothing, looked if we had 
any rings on our fingers, and when he had quite made up 
his mind that we had neither money nor anything of value 
left, he said to us, ' The wind is contrary this evening ; I 
will lodge you in a safe place, and to-morrow night I will 
fetch you to take you to Boulogne.' The delay was 
dreadfully trying, but we were in the man's hands, and 
had to submit. Our emissary now took us to the house 
of a woman who gave us a decent room and fed us well. 
She showed us a trapdoor under our beds, through which 
we could escape at the least alarm. For thirteen days in 
succession Brick came to say, ' The wind is contrary, and I 
cannot take you.' But the wind had been blowing our 
curtains about in every direction. My patience was at 
an end, and unable to endure waiting longer, I begged 
Brick so earnestly to take us that very night, that he at 
last said with a forbidding and treacherous smile, ' Well, 
follow me,' and as he left the room he added with an air 
of ferocity to the sailor with him, ' Like the others ! ' At 
these terrible words the woman who had looked after us 
for the last thirteen days began to tremble, and seeing me 
about to follow Brick, she flung herself before me and 
whispered with a timid glance after him, ' Don't go with 
him ! ' Colonel Stoffel and I, however, insisted, and the 
poor woman then, catching hold of our clothes to detain 
us, repeated in accents of the greatest terror, ' Do not go 
with him ! ' Surprised at her behaviour, I guessed there 
was some danger in our embarking that night, and 
Colonel Stoffel said to me, ' This is very extraordinary ; let 
us wait.' We therefore allowed Brick to go on with the 



A TIMELY WARNING 133 

sailor, who was evidently his accomplice, and remained 
with the woman. 

The men had hardly disappeared when the poor crea- 
ture, almost insensible with fright, exclaimed as she drew 
us towards her, ' my God ! what are you going to do ? ' 
We pressed her with questions, but terror prevented her 
from answering, though we guessed there was some 
terrible mystery behind. We learnt later that Brick had 
already taken prisoners on board his boat some twenty 
times, promising to land them in France. He hid them 
under nets to evade the vigilance of the coastguards, and 
as soon as they were in the offing he murdered them and 
flung their bodies into the sea with stones tied round their 
necks. If he had been caught aiding in the escape of 
prisoners, he would have been himself condemned to the 
galleys. He never had any intention of saving the poor 
fellows who bribed him to help them, and many French 
officers, whose love of their country made them foolhardy 
and who were less fortunate than we were in finding a 
friend to warn them, fell victims to his atrocious mode of 
evading a great responsibility. 

When our hostess had recovered a little from her 
emotion, we begged her to try and find some other means 
for us to get to France. We had no more money, but for 
all that she did find a sailor willing to take us without 
even naming a price. Seeing what a good fellow he was, 
I said to him, ' I will give you fifty louis at Boulogne.' On 
the evening of the fourteenth day of our detention at 
Folkestone the man brought us some sailors' clothes, which 
he made us put on, and took us some distance along the 
beach, replying to every challenge from the sentinels of 
' Who goes there ? ' with the one word, ' Fishermen ! ' 
We came at last to a little boat drawn up on the sand. It 



134 MEiUOIKS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

was shoved off, and we jmnped in, but three times the 
waves flung it and us back on the shore, wetting us to the 
skin. It was really impossible to get to the fishing smack 
which was awaiting us a few yards from the beach, so that 
we were compelled reluctantly to return to our hostess. 
She was very much put out, too, for she was running a 
great risk in harbouring us, especially now that our escape 
was known, and a reward of thirty pounds had been 
offered by the Government for our recovery. She was, 
however, loyal to us to the end, and the next night she 
brought the good sailor to us again. The sea was no 
longer so rough, and we were able to get off in the little 
boat which quickly brought us to the smack, a bark some 
four feet long, in which two fishermen with their nets were 
waiting for us. We passed under the very bowsprit of the 
police boat, those on board her taking us all for fishermen. 
To avoid exciting suspicion, however, for those on the brig 
might have watched us through their glasses, we man- 
oeuvred with the nets as if we were about to fling them 
overboard. In this way we managed to get out into the 
of&ng, and when there we unfurled a little sail, for the sea 
was now quite calm. Five or six hours later we were in 
sight of Boulogne with nothing more to fear than being- 
sunk by balls from the cannon of the advanced battery of 
the fort, which, we were warned through a speaking 
trumpet, would open fire on us if we came any nearer. 
Colonel Stoffel and I therefore hastened to wave our hand- 
kerchiefs as we advanced straight upon the mouths of th§ 
cannon. So near the French shore, we would rather have 
been killed than go back. The battery did not, however, 
fire on us, and we happily ran our little bark ashore on 
the beloved soil of our native land, where we were soon 
actors in a charming little episode. 



I GET BACK TO FRANCE AT LAST 135 

At tliis time the English sent many smugglers over to 
France, and the comitry was simply inundated with incen- 
diary pamphlets brought over by them, which the coast- 
guards had orders to seize. We no sooner touched land, 
therefore, than we were surrounded by some sixty men 
of various ranks, including custom-house officers, gen- 
darmes, soldiers of the line, &c., who, crossing bayonets,, 
made a perfect circle around us, in the centre of which we 
had to walk as if we were plague-stricken, and it would be 
dangerous to touch us. We were marched in this way 
before the various authorities, coming at last to General 
Vandamme and the Chief Commissioner of Police, M. de 
Villier du Terrage, now a peer of France, who was a 
friend of mine and had fought side by side with me in our 
first campaigns. These two gentlemen welcomed me 
most heartily and placed their purses at my disposal, so 
I bade farewell to my sailor, giving him the fifty louis 
I had promised. 

I then booked for Paris, arriving there at much the 
same time as the telegraphic despatch which had an- 
nounced my return. It was only just five months since 
I left Paris, but the many vicissitudes which had been 
crowded into the time made it appear twice or three times 
as long, though I had been far more fortunate than thou- 
sands of my fellow countrymen, for I had soon cut short 
my time as a prisoner, whilst many of them had been 
exiled for fifteen years. 

I alighted at the residence of the Prince of Neuchatel 
(Prince Berthier), and he at once took me in his carriage 
to the Emperor, who was just then engaged with the 
Duke of Bassano, but he left him and took me out in the 
park. After he had asked me how I had managed to get 
back to France, the Emperor inquired if I had seen anj^ 



136 ME-^[o^;s of baron lejeune 

of the Bourbon family when I was in England, in what 
style they lived, in what kind of consideration they were 
held, &c. He seemed very much interested in everything 
connected with them, and they were evidently a good deal 
in his thoughts. It really seemed as if their being so 
near to France made him distrustful, but he spoke of them 
all with the greatest respect. He was also very much 
exercised in his mind about the bitter feeling against him 
in England, and asked me if I could explain the insulting 
invectives in the press, which seemed to him to be the 
outcome of the personal rather than the political hatred 
of John Bull. He seemed both flattered and surprised 
when I told him that John Bull was very far from hating 
or despising him, as asserted in the newspapers. I added, 
' I did not enter a single cottage or mansion in England 
without finding at least one portrait of "Bony" as they 
call you, Bony being short for Bonaparte. These portraits 
of your Majesty, moreover, are not caricatures, for every 
one wants to know the very features of the extraordinary 
man who is changing the face of Europe. At Lord 
Moira's, for instance, I saw a life-size likeness of your 
^Majesty on foot, copied from Gerard's picture. Lord 
Moira gave two hundred pounds for that copy three months 
ago.' ' But,' was the reply, ' if that is how the English 
feel, whj' does the press inveigh against me so implacably ?' 
' Sire,' I said, ' the English find it difficult to get troops 
to fight against you, and this kind of thing seems to them 
quite fair in war.' 'Did you see my brother Lucien'?' 
' No, sire, he is in Wales, many miles from where I was. 
I was promised permission to go and see him, but the 
chance of escape, which I owe to your goodness, prevented 
me from having time to do so. I know, however, that he 
is allowed considerable hberty. He has a whole county 



TNTEEVIEW WITH THE EMPEROR 137 

as a prison, and he is eagerly working at his poem on 
Charlemagne, the first cantos of which are finished.' 
' How could he be so stupid as to risk being taken prisoner 
for the sake of romancing about Charlemagne, when he 
might have been a Charles XII.' himself, and have re- 
mained with me to second my efforts '? ' The Emperor 
was very fond of his brother Lucien, and wished him to 
employ his brilliant talents in the service of France. ' And 
did you see Lefebvre-Desnouettes ? ' ' No, sire, but I 
wrote to him. He is intensely anxious to get back to 
you, and is beginning to lose hope of being exchanged. 
He would do as I have done if he were not afraid of your 
Majesty's displeasure.' ' Oh, let him come, let him come ! 
I shall be very glad to see him.' ' Does your Majesty 
give me leave to tell hiixi so in your name ? ' ' Yes, yes ; 
don't lose any time.' 

I may as well add here that I told Mme. Lefebvre- 
Desnouettes of what had passed. The young wife at once 
went to get her passport, and left Paris to rejoin her 
husband. Her presence did much to distract the attention 
of the officer in charge of the prisoners, and made the 
escape comparatively easy. She shared all the dangers 
of the journey with heroic courage, and three months after 
my return she and her husband were both back in Paris. 

The Emperor asked me a great many questions about 
the condition of the French prisoners in England, and a 
little later the appearance of Colonel Pelet's book con- 
firmed the terrible description I gave. I made several 
efforts in this same interview to turn the conversation on 
to the necessities of Spain, and was told that King Joseph 
himself had been in Paris, but had returned to Madrid a 

' Lucien's first name was Charles, ancT be refused to be made a king^ 
though he accepted the nominal title of Prince of Canino and Musignano.— 
Teass. 



138 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

few days before I got back. I noticed with regret that 
the Emperor no longer took much interest in the affairs 
of the Peninsula, and that he left them entirely in the 
hands of subordinates. I concluded that the state of 
things had improved since I left Spain, or else that the 
country was to be evacuated ; but neither of these sup- 
positions was correct, for far greater schemes than the 
amelioration of the condition of that unhappy country 
were now absorbing the thoughts of the Emperor. The 
woes of Spain, the neglect of which was to have such 
tragic results for the whole of Europe, were made no 
more of than some slight ailment which can easily be cured. 
My urgent report on the state of the French army in Spain 
had been duly handed to Prince Berthier. He thought 
my strictures on the generals in command, who were 
most of them friends of his, too severe. He knew that 
the Emperor's mind was full of other schemes, and he 
sent my report back to me without making any use of the 
information it contained. I could not help regretting 
having lost so much to gain absolutely nothing. 

When after my talk with the Emperor in the gardens 
we returned to the palace, I offered him my congratula- 
tions on the birth of the King of Eome. He looked 
pleased, and took me to see the infant prince in his cradle. 
He was a very fine little fellow, and was already surrounded 
by a court of ladies of honour, governesses, chamberlains, 
&c., and had a grand equerry of his own in the person of 
the Count of Canisy. 

Major-General Prince Berthier was good enough to 
drive me back to Paris, and the next day I went with 
him to join a hunting party at Grosbois, where he and 
his family were just then staying. This journey of six or 
seven leagues with the Prince was of deep interest to me. 



DRIVE A\'iTH PRINCE BERTIIIER 139 

for in it I really got to know something about the 
General's kind heart, which I should perhaps never other- 
wise have done, for he made a point of always appearing 
grave and severe with his young officers. He looked at 
me now again and again with a happy, almost eager 
expression of affection, such as a father would wear who 
had regained a beloved son whose loss he had mourned. 
He maintained, however, the dignified silence of a com- 
mander, only breaking it now and then with an eager 
question, showing how great was his interest in what I 
was saying, and how much he felt for the sufferings I had 
gone through. Prince Berthier was very different in this 
respect from the Emperor, who was always very free and 
easy when he wanted to get information, and only put on 
a solemn manner when dismissing those he received. 
The Prince maintained, on the other hand, a dignified 
reserve with those under him, concealing with difficulty 
the promptings of his generous nature, and never yielding 
to the gaiety which really was part of his character, 
except with those over whom he had no authority. 
Prince Berthier' s career had really been more brilliant 
than that of any of the officers immediately surrounding 
our Csesar, but he never assumed any special distinction, 
for he was always simple, modest, polite, and natural in 
his manner. He was never known to utter a word 
which could wound the self-respect of his subalterns, but, 
on the contrary, he tried to the utmost of his power to 
increase the dignity of their position. Only once did I 
see him out of temper, and that was with his young 
brother, whom he overheard asking me very politely to 
hold his horse for him for a minute. ' For whom do you 
take my aides-de-camp ? ' he cried with an angry gesture. 
His ordinary expression was one of benevolence ; he was 



140 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEPNE 

very generous, and he often secretly gave me from twenty- 
five to fifty louis d'or for emigrants who had returned 
home in poverty. Later, after the Restoration, I often 
heard the very people he had helped speak of him as M. 
Berthier without any title. He really was also the most 
indefatigable person I knew, and when I one day con- 
gratulated Count Daru on his wonderful power of sustain- 
ing fatigue and doing without sleep, he said to me, ' The 
Prince of Neuchatel is even stronger than I am ; I never 
spent more than nine days and nights without going to 
bed, but Berthier has been in the saddle for thirteen days 
and nights at a stretch.' The Prince had never given 
much time to the study of literature, as his way of 
expressing himself sometimes betrayed, but he was a very 
good geometrician, and had worked hard at mathematics 
when a boy, and his orders, whether verbal or written, 
were always couched in terms so lucid and simple that a 
very few words sufficed to describe the most complicated 
manoeuvres of an army. If circumstances had not made 
General Berthier a great warrior and a model chief of the 
staff, he would certainly have distinguished himself as an 
engineer. He was also a very good draughtsman, and 
several things he showed me proved that he had consider- 
able talent for the graphic arts. 

Few men had been more fortunate throughout their 
military careers than Prince Berthier. I often heard him 
congratulate himself on having served France in all four 
quarters of the globe. He made his debut in the War of 
Independence in America, and returned home with very 
pleasant memories, for he became the personal friend of 
Eochambeau and Lafayette, under whom he served with 
the French contingent. He told me that of all the 
decorations he had received during his successful career, 



CHARACTERISTICS OF MARSHAL BERTHIER 141 

he had been most flattered at getting the little Cross ' of 
the Order of the Cincinnati. It was given to him by 
Washington and the American Senate when he was but 
thirty years old, a short time before he received from the 
King of France the Cross of St. Louis for the same 
services. As I have already related, I was with the Army 
of the North during Napoleon's brilliant campaign in 
Italy, which went far to echpse our successes on the 
Ehine, and I often heard the marvellous feats of arms 
of Bonaparte attributed to the initiative of the young 
General Berthier. Whether it were jealousy or genuine 
conviction which led to the spreading of this report I do 
not know, but I fully shared in the opinion expressed 
when in 1800 Berthier, then Minister of War, took me 
as his aide-de-camp. I soon changed my mind on the 
subject after seeing the two men together, both so richly 
but so differently gifted, aiding each other with their 
counsel. It was the First Consul who inaugurated every 
plan, improvised the means for carrying it out, and by 
imbuing all with his own zeal made everything possible. 
It was General Berthier who, the plan of the chief once 
conceived, identified himself thoroughly with it, divided 
and subdivided the work to be done, assigning to each 
one the particular task by fulfilling which he was to co- 
operate with every other member of the army, smoothing 
down difficulties, providing for every contingency. His 
anxious soHcitude, which kept him ever on the alert, his 
undaunted co-operation, were never relaxed until success 

' The author says petite Croix, but the badge of this order was a bald 
eagle suspended to a blue and white ribbon, symbolising the union between 
France and America. The order was founded by the officers of the Eevolu- 
tionary army in 1783, and named after the Eoman hero because, like him, 
many of the American patriots were called from the plough to serve their 
country. The order was abolished in 1804 — Teaks. 



14-2 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

was achieved. The glory which accrued to Berthier, 

though secondary, was yet considerable, but he was so 

modest that his aim was always rather to detract from 

his own merits, and to get the Commander-in-Chief to 

bestow his rewards on his comrades in arms. Of course, 

however, his fellow officers were too often jealous of him, 

and tried as hard to bring themselves into notice as he 

did to avoid calling attention to himself. Many of them 

were indeed ungrateful enough to accuse him of incapacity, 

because in 1809 he was not imprudent enough, as were so 

many of his fellow officers, to risk the loss of everything 

and to act in opposition to the wishes of Napoleon. But 

he was nobly avenged, for, in spite of all that his detractors 

could say, he was fully appreciated by the Emperor, and 

on the fatal field of Waterloo, when waiting in vain for 

Grouchy's corps to come up. Napoleon exclaimed, ' If 

Berthier were here, my orders would have been carried 

out, and I should have escaped this misfortune.' But I 

am anticipating dates, and must return to my subject. 

No one served the Emperor with more loyal devotion 

from 1795 to 1814 than the Prince of Wagram, and 

whilst I was with him not a day passed without my 

noting some fresh proof of his devotion to his master, 

which was indeed a perfect religion with him.' He was 

entirely without self-seeking, and yielded to his chief an 

affectionate and unfailing obedience often most touching 

in its patience and resignation. Though of medium 

height only, Berthier had a well-formed athletic figure, 

and his hair was thick and curly. He was an ardent 

lover of the chase, as eager in it as in war, and the 

' Nevertheless, on the fall of Napoleon, Berthier submitted to Louis 
XVIII. and did not join his former chief on his return from Elba. The 
inaction and probably also remorse, however, broke his heart, and he com- 
mitted suicide by tiinging himself from a window in 1815. 



r a:m overlooked bv tiiI': EMrEROii 143 

Emperor, who knew how to appreciate all his good 
qualities, made him his Master of the Hounds. Such 
was the warrior under whom I was fortunate enough to 
serve for twelve years, going to him as a captain and 
leaving him as a general with many a decoration, a well- 
filled purse, a heart full of gratitude to him, and, what 
I valued far more than all my honours, many happy 
memories of the time I had been with him. These 
memories are still a delight to me in my old age, and give 
me strength to look forward to the future. May they 
also enable me to finish the story of my military career 
by telling of my experiences between 1811 and 1814, 
those most deeply interesting years of a century in which 
took place such extraordinary revolutions and wars, when 
empires were founded and overturned, when dynasties 
were changed, when so many men of eloquence and of 
genius rose into fame, and when such great discoveries 
were made, and the human race made such strides in 
progress. 

I have now to relate my experiences in the two terrible 
campaigns of 1812 and 1813 in Eussia, Saxony, and 
Prussia, from which I returned wounded in 1814. 

As I have already related, I had gone through some 
very painful experiences in Spain and England, without 
any good results either for Erance or for myself. I was 
now back in Paris, and had the disappointment of finding 
that I had been again forgotten ; for when on the occasion 
of the birth of the King of Eome the Emperor had 
showered rewards on the army and given promotion to 
many officers, my earher services, which had given me a 
right to expect special recognition, had been quite over- 
looked. The favourable moment had gone by, but 
fortvmately for me I was less sensible to the claims of 



144 MEMOIRS OF BAEOX LEJEUNE 

ambition than to those of family and friends, and I soon 
consoled myself with the affection of my father, my rela- 
tions, and others dear to me. I hastened also to remit 
to Captain Garat and my good friend Mr. Baudins the 
sums of money they had so kindly let me have. 

When I got back to Paris, I resumed my duties on the 
staff of Major-General Prince Berthier. I had to mark 
on his maps the position of the different corps of the 
armies massed together in Germany, and the extraordinary 
gathering of troops seemed to me to justify the vague 
rumours of approaching war which were circulating in 
the capital. Neither the Russian Ambassador nor the 
representatives of the other Powers had, however, yet left 
Paris, and there was no sign of any ostensible cause of 
disagreement, nor anything to indicate which country 
would be the scene of hostilities, when on February 1 
I received orders to go and collect as many horses as 
possible at Frankfort on the Oder, and to have a grand 
travelling carriage got ready. 

All, manner of guesses as to the meaning of these 
orders were hazarded, but no one was in the secret, and 
feeling very uncertain about the future we made most 
luxurious preparations for the campaign. I gave ten 
thousand francs to Martin, a very intelligent valet de 
chambre, who had replaced my poor Williams, and told 
him to go to Frankfort and Strasburg to buy horses 
for me. I ordered some brilliant uniforms for myself and 
comfortable suits of livery for my servants, and on March 5 
I received orders to go and examine every detail of that 
part of the army which was assembled on the Oder and 
the Vistula and at Danzig, so as to be able to inform 
the Emperor of all that was still wanting to complete the 
equipment and organisation of the troops. 



THE EMPEROR'S REPLY TO GENERAL DEJEAN 145 

In the report I drew up on this occasion I included 
the complaint made to me by several officers in command, 
of the recruits sent to them being too weak for service. I 
also spoke of the serious inconvenience which resulted 
from this weakness to General Dejean, who had just 
organised a corps of cavalry 40,000 strong, and he 
transmitted to me the verbal reply the Emperor had 
made to a protest from him on the same subject : ' When 
I came back from Alsace after organising the cavalry,' 
said the General to me, ' I complained to the Emperor 
that one-third of the horses bought were not strong 
enough to carry their riders, and that half the men newly 
levied were too weak to wield a sword. "But for your 
Majesty's precise orders to the contrary," I added, "I 
should have sent them back to the depots." "You would 
have done very wrong if you had," replied the Emperor. 
" When I mount 40,000 men, I know well enough that 
I cannot expect to have that number of good horse- 
men, but I affect the morale of the enemy, whose spies 
hear it said and read in the newspapers that my cavalry 
is 40,000 strong. As the numbers pass from mouth 
to mouth they grow rather than decrease, and the 
40,000 cavalry are supposed to be all of the same 
seasoned valour as the rest of my regiments have the 
character of being ; so that when the campaign opens my 
army will be preceded by a rumour which will give a 
moral strength making up for the absence of the real 
forces I have been unable to procure." ' Dejean was 
struck with fresh admiration for the man of genius who 
could thus turn everything to account, and who was quite 
unmoved by considerations which would have completely 
upset any plans but his own. 

VOL. II. L 



146 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 



CHAPTEE V 

PASSAGE OF THE NIEMEN — WITEBSK— POLOTSK — 
SMOLENSK — WIASMA 

I RETURNED to Paris on May 13, gave a report of 
my mission, and on the 14th started again to join the 
Grand Army without knowing where it was. The gloomy 
forebodings of others affected me but httle, and when my 
carriage was overturned and broken just outside Meaux, 
instead of being put out I rejoiced at the chance the 
accident gave me of spending the time necessary for 
repair with my sister and some of my friends. 

On May 26 I found myself at Posen, where I gave 
news to many noble Polish parents of their sons, 
whom I had seen at Sedan a few days before. The 
Boyars, as the Polish nobles were still erroneously called,' 
some of whom had long hair, whilst others were bald- 
headed, wore the Oriental costume and had grave dignified 
manners. They received us with the greatest enthusiasm, 
for they thought our arrival meant the restoration of 
Poland as an independent kingdom. Many fetes were 
given in our honour, and the only rest we got after our 
long journey was in dancing ! 

On May 30 I reached Thorn on the Vistula, where 

' Peter the Great abolished the order of the Boyars, which was originally 
an aristocratic body of Russia, not of Poland, ranking next to the Emperor. — 
Tbans. 



A FATAL MISTAKE 147 

I found my servants and horses. I had three days 
left to buy all that was still needed to complete my 
travelling equipment before the arrival of the Emperor on 
June 2. 

Now began much hard work and hurrying to and fro 
for me ; but I will spare the reader an account of my 
goings and comings, only adding that I was ordered to 
push on all the preparations for the advance of the army, 
and specially to report on the condition of the corps of 
Marshal Macdonald, who had under him two Prussian 
divisions, which, very much to my regret, we found placed 
in line with us as amongst our allies. The Commander- 
in-chief of this Prussian contingent was General York, 
who had with him Generals Von Kleist, Massenbach, and 
Grauwerth, and the forces under them were splendidly 
equipped and in first-rate condition. Both wings of our 
army were, in fact, composed of troops of the two nations 
who were most interested in the failure of our schemes, 
whether pacific or warlike. With Prussia on our left and 
Austria on our right, we were hampered by the fact that 
if we did restore the kingdom of Poland, Prussia would 
lose the province of Posen, and Austria that of Galicia. 
Moreover, Austria and Prussia were both unwilling to 
fight Eussia, who was their natural ally against us, and 
vpith whom they had concurred in the dismemberment of 
Poland. To compel Prussians and Austrians to march 
with us against their will and against their own interests, 
was to provoke the result which we ought to have had 
sense enough to fear and to avoid. The sequel proved 
how terrible had been our mistake.' 

' Generals York and Von Kleist both went over to the enemy with their 
troops in the course of the campaign, and the former had begun to make 
terms with the Russians before he left Prussia. — Tbans. 

L 2 



148 ME-MOIR.S OF BARON LEJEUNE 

In my various journeyings to and fro I several times 
returned to the same town, and I vi^as at Warsaw on 
June 14 and 15, working with the Emperor's youngest 
brother, King Jerome of Westphaha, then at the head 
of a well-armed and well-equipped body of his sub- 
jects. I passed two days in examining the condition of 
his troops, and on the 16th I reached Pultusk, then occu- 
pied by Prince Poniatowski and his army of Poles, whom 
I had also instructions to see. On the 18th I was at 
Friedland, and on the 19th at Gumbinnen, worn out with 
fatigue after travelling day and night for so long, hampered 
by the difficulty of getting fresh horses in a poverty-stricken 
country full of troops, and with thousands of couriers 
hastening about on their various errands. The Emperor 
halted at Gumbinnen, and I made my reports to him there. 
It was only then that I learnt the true object of the cam- 
paign just opening, which was to compel the King of 
Prussia to join us in maintaining the continental blockade 
which was to ruin England. 

So many historians have already given more or less 
truthful accounts of this memorable and tragic campaign 
in Russia, that I shall content myself with enlarging on 
the daily record of my own experiences in the notebook, 
not as big as my hand, which I carried with me next my 
heart wherever I went. This little book is not only much 
torn, but soaked with rain and with my own perspiration, 
for I suffered greatly from the intense heat in Eussia in 
the earlier portion of the campaign, that country being as 
much too hot in the summer as it is too cold in the winter. 
The great variations of temperature were terribly trying 
to us all, and many who had everywhere vanquished 
their human enemies fell victims to the rigours of a 
climate which sapped their strength and frustrated all 



A MAGNIFICENT SPECTACLE 149 

their hopes. The leaves of my Httle notebook, though 
the writing on them is much bkirred, are still intact, and 
I will just jot down here succinctly what happened to me 
from day to day in the course of the alternating glorious 
and terrible drama. Some day, perhaps, a writer younger 
and more skilled in wielding the pen than I, will use 
what I have written, with the accounts of the other 
few survivors of the awful experiences of our disastrous 
campaign, to piece together a consecutive and faithful 
narrative. 

To resume, then. The Emperor had sent a great 
many officers to the different corps of the Grand Army to 
perform duties similar to mine, and although, as already 
related, he made most formidable preparations for war, it 
was very evident that he still hoped to achieve his object 
by diplomacy. It was, I think, with deep regret that he 
found himself reduced to the necessity of endeavouring to 
obtain by fighting what he could not get by persuasion. 
It was during the short halt at Gumbinnen that Napoleon 
received the final refusal of the Czar to meet the wishes 
he had urged by every pacific means in his power. His 
mind was therefore very soon made up. The allied forces 
were already close to the Niemen, and the Emperor him- 
self was but forty leagues from it. It was decided that 
the river should be crossed. We did the distance between 
Gumbinnen and it on horseback in two days, and after 
bivouacking for a few hours' rest we arrived at noon on 
June 23 on the heights overlooking the Niemen. 

Here the most extraordinary and magnificent spectacle 
awaited us, and one which coiild not but have an intoxi- 
cating effect on a conqueror by giving to him an exagge- 
rated idea of the extent of his moral and material power. 
It is said that our army was 500,000 strong, and 



160 ME^rOIES OF BAKOX LEJEUNE 

it was made up of nearly every nation of Europe. Many 
reigning princes, including the Kings of Naples and 
Westphalia, were at the head of their troops. King 
Murat in full-dress uniform rode with his cavalry. All the 
handsomest men of the day, in their most gorgeous 
martial costumes, mounted on the finest horses to he 
obtained in Europe, all alike richly caparisoned, were 
gathered about the central group of which we formed part. 
The sunbeams gleamed upon the bronze cannon ready 
to belch forth an all-destroying fire, and glinted back from 
the brass breastplates and scarlet-crested helmets of the 
gallant carabineers, and from the gilded, silvered, and bur- 
nished steel helmets, breastplates, weapons, and decoratioias 
of the soldiers and officers. The glittering bayonets of the 
masses of battalions covering the plain resembled from a 
distance the quivering scintillations in the sunshine of the 
waters of some lake or river when ruffled by a passing 
breeze. The crash of thousands of trumpets and drums 
mingled with the enthusiastic shouts of the vast multitude 
as the Emperor came in sight, and the spectacle of all 
this devotion on the part of the vast assembly of disci- 
plined troops, which extended as far as the eye could reach 
on either side, the weapons shining like stars, impressed 
us all with a sense of the invincibility of a force of elements 
so mixed, united in obedience to a single chief. Our con- 
fidence in that chief became yet more assured than ever ; 
not one amongst us had the slightest doubt of his suc- 
cess in this fresh enterprise, and when we looked round 
upon all the forces his mighty will had gathered together 
our hearts beat high with joy and with exultant pride. 
We already saw ourselves sharing in his approaching 
triumph, and no foreboding crossed our minds of the awful 
scene which was to be enacted on this very spot but a few 



CROSSING OF THE NIEMEN 151 

short months later, when all the pomp and glory of our 
army marching to victory should be exchanged for the 
horrors of the retreat of men wasted by famine, fatigue, 
and misery, fleeing not only from their implacable ene- 
mies, but from the fire and ice, which claimed almost as 
many victims as the sword. Alas ! how many young 
warriors lost their lives or all that made those lives worth 
having in this terrible campaign, how quickly were all 
these legions, now thirsting for fresh glory, to be dispersed ! 
But a truce to these melancholy, these tragic memories. 
Let us rather rejoice in the last laurels God permitted us 
to gather, and with them let us crown the banners of the 
Empire before we finally succumb beneath the cruel reverse 
of fortune awaiting us. 

June 23 was a lovely day ; the sky was clear, the heat 
not too great, and hostilities had not yet commenced. 
The Emperor and General Haxo, both disguised in the 
caps and cloaks of Polish guards, turned the quiet pause 
to account by going down to the river bank to decide on 
the best points for the making of the bridges necessary for 
the crossing of the army. The night was, of course, very 
short in this latitude, and it was really scarcely dark at all. 
Two hours, however, sufficed to throw over several bridges, 
and a few companies of skirmishers were sent over in 
advance in light boats, to drive off the Cossacks on watch 
on the further bank ; these, contenting themselves with 
firing a few shots, rode off without offering any serious 
resistance to us. 

The Sim rose at two o'clock in the morning, and the 
army at once began the crossing of the river by the three 
bridges, advancing upon the road to Wilna opposite to 
them, and bearing on the left towards the little town of 
Kovno, built at the confluence of the Wilia and Niemen. 



152 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

The enemy's squadrons, which were pretty numerous, 
withdrew at our approach almost without fighting, as if to 
mark the fact that we were the aggressors. The heat 
was stifling and almost insupportable when our advanced 
guard entered Kovno a little after noon. A tremendous 
storm now came up, and with a rapidity to which we were 
totally unaccustomed the air became completely charged 
with electricity. The thunder and lightning were terrific, 
and at about three o'clock two men and three horses were ■ 
killed by lightning. The rain poured down in torrents for 
two hours, and we were soon drenched to the skin. The 
people of the town and the monks of the numerous con- 
vents, seeing the dilapidated and exhausted condition to 
which we were reduced, brought out a plentiful supply of 
refreshments. Their favourite beverages were mead and 
beer, which they were very successful in making and drank 
iced. But heated and dripping as all the men were, the 
cold drinks made many of them ill, and this with the 
deaths from lightning seemed an ominous beginning of our 
march through an enemy's country. 

The storm had swollen the waters of the Wilia, and 
the Russians had burnt the bridge over it before they 
retired. A Polish regiment of light cavalry managed, 
however, to cross it, the horses swimming all the way. 
They were followed by the 26th French light cavalry 
regiment, commanded by young Gueheneuc, who was 
nearly drowned ; and the right bank of the Wilia was 
Foon connected with the town by a bridge of boats which 
the Emperor had flung across the stream so that our 
troops might pursue the Eussians. The Emperor, who 
was as wet as we were, aided in the work, pushing on the 
construction of the bridge and imbuing every one with 
something of his own extraordinary energy. In the 



THE FREXCH ENTER WILNA 153 

terrible storm which was still raging, some two hundred 
men of the engineer corps, finding themselves much ham- 
pered by their saturated clothes, took them all off and 
worked in a perfectly nude condition. As an artist I felt a 
real delight in watching their supple figures as they bent 
at their toil, and I was reminded of the fine compositions 
of Michael Angelo, Raphael, and Poussin, such as the 
' Bathers ' and the ' Deluge,' in which those great artists 
represented the human figure in every variety of attitude. 

The Emperor still hesitated to begin actual hostilities, 
and we halted for three days in the little town of Kovno 
to allow the rest of the army to come up and deploy. 
During the delay we fortified ourselves by drinking a good 
deal of tea, the astringent qualities of which braced us up 
after our ducking. We learnt from the country people 
that the Eussian army was also very numerous, mustering 
250,000 infantry and 90,000 cavalry, under General Prince 
Bagration and General Barclay de Tolly. 

During the nights of the 27th-28th, I went with the 
Desaix and Bourdesoulle divisions to Novitroki, which 
after a feeble defence by the Russians was taken by us. 
We pursued the enemy and entered Wilna in the evening. 
Marshal the Duke of Beggio came in by another gate at 
about the same time, and the Emperor arrived there on 
the 29th. Deputations of Polish noblemen arrived in 
rapid succession, eager to persuade him to decree the 
restoration of the Kingdom of Poland, and promising him 
if he would the loyal co-operation of the whole Polish 
nation, with a plentiful supply of money, men, and horses. 
In fact, they made many engagements which they were 
soon quite unable to carry out. 

There is little doubt that Napoleon would gladly have 
met their wishes immediately, for an independent Poland 



154 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

would have been a steadfast ally to France, and have pro- 
tected us from an invasion from the North. There were 
two princes ready to hand, to either of whom the crown 
might fitly have been given, and public opinion wavered 
between the two. Prince Poniatowski, nephew of the 
last King of Poland, was, by virtue of his birth, his cha- 
racter, and his proved courage, the man the Poles and our 
army would have chosen as the King, whilst failing him 
the votes would have been given for Marshal Davout,. 
Prince of Eckmiihl, one of Napoleon's most loyally devoted 
followers, who had administered the affairs of the districts 
of Poland occupied by our troops with consummate tact 
and ability, and who was quite accustomed to hearing him- 
self spoken of as the future king. It must, however, be 
remembered that the Emperor was terribly hampered in 
any decision as to Poland by the fact that he would not 
only have to dispose of that portion of the dismembered 
kingdom still in the grasp of Russia, but also of the 
provinces of Posen and Galicia, assigned by treaty tO' 
Prussia and Austria respectively. Now Prussian and 
Austrian battalions were marching in line with ours, and 
were nominally our allies, but there was no doubt that at 
the slightest hint of the Emperor's intentions to take from 
their princes their portion of the spoils of the old kingdom 
of Poland, every Austrian and Prussian would have left 
our ranks to join those of the Russians. Napoleon had no 
intention, therefore, of accepting the Polish proposal of co- 
operation with him, and he needed all his diplomatic 
skill when at Wilna to evade destroying the hopes of the 
Poles or making any definite promise to them. Such was 
the strained state of affairs when on July 1 an aide-de- 
camp arrived from the Emperor of Russia, bringing with 
him that monarch's final refusal to consent to any pacific 



SCARCITY OF FOOD AND FODDER 155 

arrangement of the points at issue, which he proposed 
submitting to the arbitrament of war.^ 

Whilst the difficulties of our position were thus in- 
creasing, we began to experience something of the rigours 
of the Russian climate, the changes in which are far more 
rapid and extreme than in France. The army, which was 
thoroughly well organised, had brought with it provisions 
for thirty or forty days, but one storm after another, 
notably those of June 24 and 30, with that of July 2, 
which was the worst of all, had made all the draught 
horses ill, one-third at least had died, and we had to over- 
load the wagons of those still remaining alive, for it 
would not have done to leave any of our provisions behind. 
Of course, thus terribly weighted the wagons made but very 
slow progress, and were often far behind the army, which 
began to suffer from scarcity of food for the men and 
fodder for the horses. We had to feed the latter on hay 
and on rye cut whilst still green, which were in their turn 
soon exhaiisted. The men, whose courage and habitual 
abstinence kept them from giving way, managed to fend 
for themselves somehow, and suffered less than the poor 
beasts. The long downpour of bitter cold rain which 
lasted the whole of the day and night of July 2 was a 
veritable disaster to our troops, but they marched steadily 
on through it all after having stopped for several days on 
the rising ground beyond Wilna. 

At this time we French officers were really in the posi- 
tion of protectors to the many petty princes from Germany 
who had brought their contingents to swell our ranks . Little 
accustomed to the vicissitudes and privations of war, the 
yoimg scions of royalty from Sigmaringen, Darilistadt, 

' For a very able statement of Napoleon's position at this juncture, see 
the Marbot Memoirs, vol. ii. chap. xxii. — Tkans. 



156 MEMOIRS OF BAEOX LEJEUXE 

Hesse Homburg;, Bartenstein, Salm, and elsewhere, assidu- 
ously cultivated our friendship so as to share the luxuries 
enjoyed by the members of the staff. At Wilna I was 
quartered in the residence of one of the richest Polish 
nobles of the place, and I often had quite a number of 
youthful Serene Highnesses about me. Martin, my head 
valet, served us with ices as delicate and punch as well 
mixed as we could have got at Naples or at the Cafe Tortoni. 
One of my princely guests told me he hoped to receive me 
at home on our return from the campaign, and I replied, 
' Yes, Prince, on our way back we will come and ask you to 
give us a breakfast.' This put him into a regular fright, 
and he said in a trembling voice, ' Yes, but don't bring the 
army ; my principality could not afford a quarter of a 
breakfast for all your men ! ' 

At this time I was the happy owner of a cow, which 
was attached to my provision wagon, and I was able to 
give my guests iced cream flavoured in different ways, for 
in Eussia the humblest hut always contained a refrigerator 
for keeping provisions good in the great heat. As time 
went on, however, the enemy adopted the tactics of de- 
stroying everything they could not use, and our advanced 
guard cleared off any small remnants of food, so that 
we found nothing left but a little ice in the cellars and a 
few wisps of thatch on the roofs. 

The army pressed on slowly. Marshal Davout was 
now at Minsk, and Macdonald was entering Courland. 
The Emperor left Wilna at eight o'clock in the evening 
on July 9, and bivouacked in the midst of his Guard at 
Nemenchin, whence he intended to push on towards 
Witebsk, so as to separate as much as possible the two great 
Russian armies, and fight each in turn with all his own 
forces collected between them. Our wings and advanced 



I FIND A DESERTED CHILD 157 

guard had already had a good raany tussles with the enemy, 
in which they lost a good many men, but these struggles had 
hitherto always ended in the retreat of the Eussians. Few 
days passed without our being able to bivouac several 
leagues in advance of the point reached the night before. 
We found all the villages deserted, and most of them 
burnt to ashes. Here and there, however, the larger 
buildings had escaped destruction, and on the 10th, when 
we were camping amongst the still smouldering remains 
of the village of Zorokpoly, I noticed a big chateau some 
distance off well away from the road. Thinking I should 
find good accommodation there, I had a horse saddled 
and galloped off alone to reconnoitre. It had been a fine 
place, but it now presented a most desolate appearance 
with all the doors and windows broken and the very out- 
buildings empty. Despairing of finding any living thing 
there or any provisions, I was leaving the deserted spot 
to return to our camp, when, as I turned into an avenue 
of the park, I saw lying almost under the feet of my horse 
a pretty little boy of three or four years old, with nothing 
on but a shirt, who smiled happily up into my face. I 
sprang to the ground, took the child in my arms, and as I 
caressed him asked him a number of questions he did not 
understand. In the hope of being heard by the parents 
of the child, whom I imagined to be hiding near, I kept 
caressing the little creature so as to inspire any one within 
sight of us with confidence, and asked questions in a loud 
voice in Polish and in German, but the only answer 
was the echo of my own words. Compelled, therefore, to 
give up hope of finding any one belonging to the child, 
I remounted, placed him before me on the saddle, and rode 
back to camp, where my comrades were very much sur- 
prised at the sight of the little companion I had brought 



lo8 MEMOIES OP J5AR0N LEJEUNE 

to them. During my absence a pope, as a Greek priest 
is called, had come to the camp to beg for hospitality, 
telling our people that his house and the whole village 
had been burnt. He added that he had had no food for 
ten days but roots, which he had had hard work to dig up 
and which were very bitter. He asked for nothing to 
take away vdth him but a little salt, which we gladly gave 
him. He questioned in the Russian patois the child I had 
found, and we discovered that the little fellow had been 
deserted five or six days before, and had lived on wild 
strawberries and the small black fruits the Germans are 
so fond of, which they call Waldbeeren. We made a 
little collection amongst us of twelve louis d'or, which we 
gave to the unfortunate priest ; and, in spite of his own 
misery, he promised to take care of the child till he could 
restore it to its parents. 

As we were pushing on the next day, we came upon 
two poor creatures at a turn in the road whose condition 
tore our hearts. They were a handsome well-built man 
of about forty and a woman of about thirty, also with a 
fine figure, both stark naked. They approached us and 
said to us in very good French, ' Our home has been 
sacked by Cossacks, who stripped us of everything and left 
us as you see us. For pity's sake help us.' "We could do 
nothing for them but give them a little food, and we felt very 
wretched as we turned away. The next day at a bivouac 
some distance off a fresh irresistible demand was made 
upon our pity, and our stock of provisions was so much 
reduced that I don't know what we should have done but 
that some German peasants brought us a few sheep, with 
which we replenished our larder. 

The Emperor halted at Vizoy on July 14, and on the 
_15th T was sent to the King of Naples to tell him that the 



A STRAKGE AND FEROCIOUS SEXTINEL 159 

cavalry under him were to co-operate with the slower 
movements of the infantry. King Murat had been for 
some days at the Castle of Belmont belonging to Count 
Mamerchi, then Ambassador for Russia at the Bavarian 
Court. There was something very attractive about this 
castle, and it presented a considerable contrast to an or- 
dinary Muscovite residence. It overlooked a fine lake 
dotted with islands, on the highest point of one of which 
was a rotunda consisting of a hundred Corinthian columns, 
which were evidently adorned with draperies on fete 
days. 

On the 21st I left the King of Naples to return to the 
Emperor, who was now advancing with the whole of his 
Guard, which formed a very strong picked corps of in- 
fantry and cavalry. After travelling for ten leagues in 
the direction of Beschenkovitz, I halted at Ostrovno at 
the residence of Count Zaboulon, a Polish lieutenant- 
general and senator. His house had been left uninjured, 
and he still retained a inenagerie of living animals, 
including a remarkable camel and several gigantic bears, 
which were chained up at the entrance of a huge circular 
court. One of the bears acted as sentinel, standing erect, 
and armed with a formidable club, with which he nearly 
killed a young Polish officer of lancers who approached 
too near in spite of warnings, and did not make allowance 
enough for the length of the chain or the strength of the 
brute. He received a tremendous blow on the chest which 
felled him to the ground, and but for us he might have 
been killed. The Count specially called my attention to 
a courtyard covered in with a net, where some hundred 
birds were kept. I don't know exactly what they were, 
but they were rather like snipes with long legs and a kind 
of deep ruff of plumage round their necks. The Count 



IGO MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUNE 

called them batailleurs, or fighters, and to prove the Justice 
of the name he flung them a handful of oats. A fearful 
fight at once began amongst the birds, which went on till 
every grain was gone. The Count seemed to be very fond 
of watching fighting, and was always making his bears, 
dogs, and wolves struggle together for his amusement. 
He was now, however, going to see men fighting rather 
nearer him than he cared for, and he begged me earnestly 
to leave him a few soldiers as a guard. 

I pushed on and reached the isolated farm occupied 
by the Emperor at nightfall. I joined the bivouac of the 
staff and the Guard. The next day, the 24th, we reached 
Beschenkovitz, where we were in sight of the enemy. 

On the 26th the Viceroy's corps, marching in advance 
of the main body, came upon the rearguard of the army a 
little beyond Ostrovno. This rearguard consisted of some 
30,000 men, and a fierce struggle ensued, in which the 
Russians at first got the best of it. The enemy's left was 
coming up to the support of the rearguard, when King 
Murat, noticing how things were going, ordered his cavalry 
to charge the approaching auxiliaries, throwing them into 
disorder. Fresh bodies of the enemy, however, continued 
to hurry up, and we had been fighting without success for 
some hours, when the Emperor, impatient at the delay, 
and thinking the right moment had come, ordered the 
Viceroy to make a vigorous attack upon a wood occupied 
by the enemy. It was successful. The Russians were 
driven out and retreated all along the line. The Emperor 
took up his head-quarters that same evening (the 26th) 
about three leagues beyond the field of battle, which was 
covered with dead and wounded horses left by the enemy 
At daybreak on the 27th the two armies approached 
each other near Witebsk. Swarms of Cossacks flung 



GALLANT CONDUCT OF KING MUEAT 161 

themselves upon our cavalry, and for a moment threw our 
movements into disorder, even carrying away several of our 
guns. In the melee one of our comrades named Emmanuel 
le Couteulx cut his way through the Cossacks with his 
sword, and succeeded in recovering one of the pieces of 
artillery which the enemy were dragging away. In pur- 
suing this body of Cossacks after the struggle with it 
beyond a deep and wide ravine, we came upon the main 
body of the Eussian army drawn up in order of battle. 

On our left the light infantry of the 9th Regiment of 
the Line, all Parisians, advanced too fearlessly, and were 
soon surrounded by masses of cavalry. We were still too 
far off to support them, but we loudly applauded their 
resistance, which lasted more than an hour, giving us time 
to come up to their rescue. The infantry under the Viceroy, 
formed in squares in divisions, suffered greatly as they 
marched, for they were exposed to a hail of grape shot and 
bullets from a numerous body of Eussian artillery posted 
in a most favourable position flanked by a wood. Here 
again the gallant King Murat came up in the nick of time, 
and flinging himself like a mere trooper into the midst of 
the Cossacks he was followed by his cavalry. The Eussian 
lines were broken, some of their artillery was taken, and 
thej' were compelled to retire beyond the deep ravine of 
a little stream, a tributary of the Dwina, which served as 
a protection to Witebsk. Night put a stop to the struggle, 
but we already occupied the outskirts of a group of burnt 
houses which we concluded to have formed part of a 
suburb of Witebsk. I passed the night there to look after 
Colonel Liedot, of the engineers, who had been mortally 
wounded towards the close of the day. The Eussians 
remained on the other side of the stream, which was very 
deep and would be diflicult to cross. We were not thirty 

VOL. II. M 



162 MEMOIRS OF BAIJOX LEJEUXE 

paces from each other, but the night passed over quietly, 
for we were preparing and expecting to renew the struggle 
at daybreak. 

General Barclay de Tolly now received a message 
that Prince Bagration could not join him at Witebsk, but 
would try and do so at Smolensk, where he hoped to arrive 
in time. On hearing this Barclay de Tolly broke up his 
camp during the night with an order and promptitude 
which were as extraordinarj' as the silence with which 
everything was done ; and when in the twilight before day- 
break I went to reconnoitre the enemy, there was no one 
to prevent my crossing the stream by any of the little 
bridges, not one of which had been destroyed. When the 
Emperor was told of this very unexpected event, he sent 
scouts in every direction beyond Witebsk to ascertain 
which way the Eussian army had gone. That army was, 
however, marching straight across the plain, and its lines 
were so extended and the order maintained so complete 
that it was impossible to make out which direction it 
would take or to secure any prisoners to question. The 
Emperor was, therefore, obliged to resort to guessing, and 
he ordered our army to pass through Witebsk and advance 
six leagues along the road to Moscow by way of Smolensk, 
bivouacking himself at Agaponovitzy on the 28th. No 
definite hews having yet been obtained of the Eussian 
army, we were allowed to rest here for a few days.' 

When I got back to Witebsk on the 29th, I was struck 
with the picturesque situation of that town, rising as it 
does from the banks of the pretty river Dwina. I had 
seen it before through flame and smoke, which gave it a 

' Lejeune was evidently not aware that the real reason for all these 
delays was not any doubt in Napoleon's mind as to the position of the Eus- 
sian forces, but a hope he still entertained that the Czar would come to a 
pacific understanding. — Tkans. 



I AM SENT TO MAllSHAL OUDIXUT 163 

certain gloomy grandeur ; but now the beauty of the day 
added to the charms of* Hne and colour, which became of 
rarer and rarer occurrence the further we advanced in these 
remote districts of the North. I wend every day to look 
after my poor friend Liedot, but my duties soon called me 
elsewhere. 

On August 4 the Emperor learnt the results of the 
brilhant actions on July 30 and 31 and August 1, 
in which the corps under the Duke of Eeggio had 
been engaged with the enemy's extreme left under the 
Count of Wittgenstein. Unable to understand why the 
Duke should have decided to retreat after beating the 
enemy three times, taking fourteen guns and 8,000 
prisoners. Napoleon told me to go and ascertain the exact 
state of affairs and to order Marshal Oudinot to pursue 
the Russians. I left Witebsk at nightfall on the 5th, and 
on the 6th reached a ford of the Dwina, which I was able 
to cross, thus avoiding a long detour. I entered Polotsk 
the same evening, after a tiring ride of forty-two leagues 
over difficult country. I was most courteously received in 
a Jesuit monastery, where I found the Duke, who explained 
to me the reasons for his retreat. He had been vigorously 
attacked by the Eussians, and had not been able to obtain 
any provisions for three days. He told me that the 
Eussians had purposely allowed themselves to be repulsed, 
hoping to entice the French in pursuit of theta into desert 
districts, where they would perish of famine. The Marshal, 
however, decHned to fall into the trap, and not having 
wagons enough to take the provisions he had left at 
Polotsk with him, he thought it best to collect all his forces 
there so as to distribute rations to them. They would 
thus be ready to recommence hostilities without delay. 
As a matter of fact, all preparations were now com- 

M 2 



164 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

pleted, and on the 7th the troops, well rested and carrying 
with them provisions for several days, marched again in 
good spirits. The Duke himself, with the Legrand and 
Verdier divisions, the Bavarian corps under Von Wrede 
and Deroy, returned to Bieloe, and the next day bivouacked 
at Grolositzy, having driven the Russians before them in 
the direction of Valentzy, Osveya, and Sebedzy, and ac- 
companied the Marshal for four days, during which nothing 
remarkable occurred, the only difficulty being that of pro- 
visioning the army in the sandy plains diversified only by 
a few forests and lakes. The Duke of Eeggio was joined 
before I left him by Marshal Gouvion Saint-Cyr at the 
head of the 6th Army Corps, and, leaving the Uyo com- 
manders together, I started on the 11th to take to the 
Emperor the information he required. 

After crossing the Dwina at the ford we lost our way 
in the darkness in the Oulla forest, where we had to wait 
for daylight at the foot of a tree to which we had fastened 
our horses. Fortunately when crossing these all but 
desert districts our cavalry had left a few outposts 
echeloned at short distances from each other, so as to 
maintain communications between the various corps. 
Some of these troops let us change horses with them, so 
that I was able to get to Witebsk late in the evening of 
the.l2th. I was at once admitted to see the Emperor, 
and had a long interview with him. He disapproved 
altogether of the retreat of the Duke of Eeggio, and said 
he ought to have pursued the Count of Wittgenstein much 
more hotly, for he was quite sure that if the French had 
pushed on to Opotscka and Novorjev the Marshal would 
have been able to find means of provisioning his army. 
Having explained to me his own plan of marching on 
Smolensk, the Emperor sent me back on the 13th to the 



MARSHAL OUUIXOT IS WOUNDED 165 

Duke of Eeggio to insist on his advancing into the 
enemy's country, and keeping his forces at the same level 
as those he v^^as himself about to lead forward. He also 
wished me to tell the Marshal of the advantages gained 
over the enemy under General Lewis by Marshal Mac- 
donald,Duke of Taranto, at the head of the Prussians, who 
occupied Mittau, Jacobstadt, and Dunabourg, and were 
about to besiege Eiga. On the 14th I supped yet again 
with the Jesuits at Polotsk, and on the 15th I was with 
the Duke of Eeggio when he was attacked by the Count 
of Wittgenstein, who had received reinforcements. The 
unfortunate Marshal, still always hampered by the want 
of provisions, had again approached Polotsk. The troops 
were most devoted to him, and in spite of all they endured 
from famine, they fought with the greatest courage. The 
Bavarians seemed to have suffered more from scarcity of 
food than any of the troops with the Duke. Some of 
them made me look at their tongues and mouths, all in- 
flamed vdth what they had to endure, and told me the 
heat was as trying to bear as their hunger. Yet they too 
fought well, and took some prisoners. On the 16th there 
was hot fighting all along the line. On the 17th the 
Eussians brought up and deployed a vast number of troops 
and were driven back, but unfortunately Marshal Oudinot, 
who had gone forward in the midst of his skirmishers to 
prevent them from retiring, was seriously wounded in the 
shoulder, and General Gouvion Saint-Cyr took the com- 
mand in his place. I now had a rare chance of seeing how 
a man of genius can turn everything to account, even under 
the most adverse and unexpected circumstances. 

Our line had already begun to waver and we were 
losing ground, for the hail of grapeshot seemed likely 
completely to crush us, when General Saint-Cyr with the 



166 MEMOIKS OF BAKON LEJEUNE 

greatest sang-froid ordered all the troops to advance. The 
enemy, fearing the loss of their artillery, with which they 
had ventured rather too far, withdrew at once, and re- 
sumed their former positions. Night put an end to the 
struggle, but before it became quite dark Saint-Cyr had 
admirably disposed all his forces, availing himself of every 
accident of the ground, placing his men on the hills and 
between the lakes, &c. When day returned, the enemy, 
seeing how strong was our position, did not venture to 
attack us. General Saint-Cyr, however, who was deter- 
mined to mark his assumption of the command and to 
withdraw with eclat from the very disagreeable position 
in which he had been left, decided to simulate a retreat, 
and ordered preparations for it to be made wherever we 
were overlooked by the enemy. The morning of the 18th 
was therefore spent in taking all the wagons and other 
impedimenta collected at Polotsk across the Dwina 
by the bridge. Several regiments of cavalry were also 
ordered to go over slowly. The Russians were completely 
taken in ; they believed us to be in full retreat, and relaxed 
their vigilance, thinking they were not likely to be attacked 
that day. At five o'clock in the evening, however, at a 
signal agreed on, all our batteries opened a tremendous 
fire on the Bussian lines. The four divisions of infantry, 
under Generals Legrand, Verdier, Von Wrede, and Deroy, 
advanced at the double, whilst the fifth under General 
Merle came up as a reserve. Before night the Russian 
General, driven back at every point, abandoned his 
positions and withdrew beyond the Dwina, leaving Saint- 
Cyr in peace at Polotsk for some time. This three days' 
struggle cost the Russians twenty pieces of cannon, two 
generals killed, three or four thousand men killed and 
wounded, and 1,000 taken prisoners. Our loss, though 



FUNERAL OV GENERAL GUDIN 167 

much less, was still considerable. Amongst our generals 
put hors de combat were the Duke of Beggio, General 
Verdier, General Von Wrede, and General Eaglovich, 
whilst we had also to mourn the loss of Generals Deroy 
and Sierbein, who were killed. A young Colonel, 
Alexander Lebrun by name, second son of the Chief 
Treasurer of the Empire, was also killed by a bullet, and 
was deeply regretted by us all. I left Polotsk on the 
evening of the battle to take the sad news of these deaths 
to the Emperor, and I had a good deal of difficulty in 
making my way through the forests extending for more 
than a hundred leagues between my starting-point and 
Smolensk. The life of an officer travelling alone is 
exposed to many more dangers, and is much more tiring, 
than when he is at the head of a corps of troops. 

In spite of my utmost diligence in this arduous 
journey, I was not able to reach Smolensk until the even- 
ing of the 20th. I found the Emperor on the battle field 
of Valutina-Gora distributing rewards to those who had 
distinguished themselves in the battle of the three pre- 
ceding days. I heard Napoleon congratulating the men on 
the fact that in the struggle three Russians to one French- 
man had fallen. General Gudin, from whose admirable 
character as a commander so much might have been hoped, 
was killed in this battle. He was buried on the 21st, and I 
received orders to superintend his obsequies. The suburb 
on the right bank of the Dnieper was completely destroyed 
by fire ; two-thirds of the town of Smolensk itself were still 
in flames, and whilst efforts were being made to save the 
great quantities of provisions left behind by the Eussians, 
and my fellow engineers were at work restoring the big 
bridge which had been burnt, I led the funeral procession 
to the large bastion on the south-east of the town, think- 



168 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

ing that it would form a fitting mausoleum for the illus- 
trious warrior. I ordered a tomh to be dug out in the 
bastion, and above the corpse, arranged in the form of 
stars, were laid a number of muskets which had been broken 
in the struggle, for I thought to myself that some day per- 
haps Time, the all-destroyer, might expose the remains of 
the hero, and this trophy of arms might win for him the 
same attention and respect as we ourselves pay to the 
bones of brave Gauls when the ancient tumuli concealing 
them are opened. 

The success at Valutina-Gora, dearly bought by the loss 
of from 10,000 to 12,000 French killed and wounded, left 
the Emperor full of regret for the fact that the army under 
General Barclay de Tolly had again escaped him. The fact 
was. Napoleon had counted on the arrival of the corps of the 
Duke d'Abrantes (Marshal Junot), which was to have fought 
in line with the rest of the army. The malady from which 
the Duke was suffering was not yet suspected,' and whilst 
waiting for the belated arrival of the expected corps 
Napoleon lost the advantages he had hoped to gain by 
the co-operation of all his forces, for which co-operation 
he had sent reiterated orders.^ 

During the few days' rest at Smolensk which Napoleon 
allowed to his troops, the news was brought to him that 
our right wing under the Prince von Schwarzenberg,^ 

' Marshal Junot was one of the greatest of Napoleon's generals, and for 
some time achieved extraordinary success in Portugal, though he was forced 
by Wellington to retire. Throughout the Russian campaign Napoleon 
blamed him for every disaster, and after it he was practically exiled by being 
made Governor of lUyria. It was this which deranged his reason, and there 
was not, as Lejeune seems to imply, any sign of mental aberration in his 
conduct in Russia, although he several times failed, as at Smolensk, to co- 
operate with the rest of the French army. — Tkans. 

- See the Marbot Memoirs, vol. ii. ch. xxxii.— Teaks. 

^ The future winner of the battles of Dresden and Leipzig, and the 
conqueror of Paris. — Tkans. 



0]\nNOUS REMAEKS OF RUSSIAN PRISONERS 169 

and especially the Saxon corps under General Eeynier, had 
obtained more successes over Prince Bagration, but at the 
same time he also heard that the Austrians were co- 
operating in a lukewarm manner only, and in fact behav- 
ing in a very suspicious manner. The Emperor, however, 
relying far too much on the promises of his father-in-law, 
did not share, or did not choose to show that he shared, 
in our forebodings. 

The one pleasure we were able to enjoy in our short 
stay at Smolensk, nearly destroyed by fire though it was, 
was an occasional plunge in the waters of the Dnieper. 
These baths refreshed us greatly, after our arduous and 
fatiguing march, and did much to strengthen us for the 
■exhausting work still before us as an invading army. 

Many amongst us thought it would have been wise 
not to go beyond Smolensk in this preliminary campaign, 
and hoped that the Emperor would make it his head- 
quarters. He could then have organised a kingdom of 
Poland friendly to him in the rear of his army, and all 
the resources of that country would have been at his 
command during the struggle. 

Amongst our numerous Russian prisoners were many 
officers, all of whom often said, ' We fully expect you to 
get as far as Moscow, but you will most certainly return 
by way of Pultowa.' None of our Poles who acted as 
interpreters ventured to repeat these prophetic words to 
the Emperor, so that the ominous hint they contained did 
nothing to change his resolution. 

On the 24th Napoleon ordered the whole line to 
advance, the Viceroy Prince Eugene on the left, the first 
corps, the cavalry, and the Guard in the centre, and the 
Poles flanking the right at a considerable distance. 
Thus far the Polish army had traversed districts which 



170 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

had been not nearly so completely laid waste as those 
which had fallen to our share, and as they had of course 
not suffered at all from famine they were still in splendid 
condition. The further we advanced, the more desolate 
became the coantry. Every village had been burnt, and 
there was no longer even the thatch from the cottages for 
the horses to eat ; everything that could be destroyed was 
reduced to ashes. The men suffered no less than the 
animals ; the heat was intense, and the sand rose in 
masses of white dust as our columns advanced, choking us 
and completing our exhaustion. Our misery was intensi- 
fied by the want of water in these never-ending plains. 
The excessive heat was presently changed for a cold 
downpour of rain, which lasted several days. The army 
was beginning to show signs of discouragement, and 
Major-General Prince Berthier, though always very chary 
of expressing his opinion, ventured to advise the Emperor 
to retreat. But Napoleon, whose mind was full of his 
idea of dictating terms of -pe&ce at Moscow, received the 
suggestion very unfavom-ably, and told the Prince that if 
he were tired he could go back himself. The Prince, who 
was deeply hurt and offended, replied with dignity in these 
noble words, ' Before the enemy the Vice-Constable does 
not leave the army, but takes a musket and becomes a 
mere soldier himself.' Athough they continued to work 
together, there was a coldness between the Emperor and 
the Prince for some days after this. The Emperor, how- 
ever, did promise to retire if the rain continued, but it 
became fine again, and I was sent to King Murat to urge 
him to ]press on the advance of his troops. 

The forces of the enemy were now united, Prince 
Bagration and General Barclay de Tolly having at last 
succeeded in meeting. They were now both under the 



A PICTUEESQUE BIVOUAC 171 

orders of Field-Marshal Kutusoff, Commander-in-Chief, 
and the whole army retired before us in admirable order, 
making a feint, however, of defending every position which 
appeared at all tenable. Our advanced cavalry was, there- 
fore, compelled to be always in attacking order supported 
by the artillery, and gained no ground without many an 
exchange of grapeshot and many a charge with drawn 
swords. It took us a very long time to advance a 
short distance, and we were still a hundred leagues from 
Moscow. We passed the whole day on horseback under 
fire and bivouacked at nightfall, but there was no appetis- 
ing odour of roast meat from our camp fires to cheer our 
drooping spirits with the prospect of a hearty meal to fill 
our empty stomachs. Life with the advanced guard was 
not, however, altogether without charm, and I remember 
especially the night of August 28-29. We had noted in 
the distance a fine chateau, which looked as if it would be 
quite a royal resting-place for King Murat to sleep in, 
but when we got near we found only smoking ruins, and 
decided to camp at the foot of the chateau in the prettiest 
birch wood I ever saw. The birches, with their gleaming 
trunks here and there as white as alabaster, and their 
drooping foliage, were mixed with stately upright pines 
and firs, the various trees forming charming groves. The 
Polish lancers camped round the staff on the undulating 
ground, and stuck all their spears upright beneath the 
birches, so that the effect was very pretty when the 
vsdnd played amongst the thousands of tricoloured 
streamers with which the weapons were decorated. The 
floating pennons, the ascending flames from the bivouac 
fires, the smoke from the impromptu kitchens, the huge 
braziers — containing, alas ! all too little for our needs — and 
the merry groups of young officers tightening their belts 



172 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

with a laugh after an insufficient meal, combined to pro- 
duce a picture alike charming and pathetic. I was not 
the only one to appreciate its beauty. 

On August 29 we entered the pretty town of Wiasma, 
which was completely wrapt in flames, the very churches 
being on fire. Although the quarters assigned to me were 
in the courtyard of one of the finest hotels in the town, 
I had to pass the night in my carriage. On the 30th the 
Emperor arrived at Wiasma, leaving again on the 31st, 
and on September 1 we entered Giatz, forty leagues from 
Moscow. The town, which was of wood, was burnt to the 
ground, but some cellars were still undestroyed, and in 
them we found a few stores of cucumbers, cabbages, and 
beetroots, which are used by the Eussians in making a 
fermented beverage. My horses and carriages occupied 
the courtyard of a fine house which had been burnt. I 
wanted my people to do something for me, and called them 
several times without obtaining an answer. I had begun to 
get impatient and was shouting out their names angrily, 
when I suddenly heard several voices crying in a stifled 
sepulchral kind of way, ' Monsieur ! Monsieur ! ' The 
sound seemed to come from the centre of the courtyard, 
but I could see no one there. In my surprise and anxiety 
I called to thera again, receiving only the same muffled 
answers. I rushed to the spot and found myself at the 
edge of a deep well, in which the skilful foragers, having 
let themselves down by a knotted rope, had discovered a 
number of valuable objects placed for security at the 
bottom of the water. The plucky fellows now climbed up 
one by one, each carrying under his arm some treasures, 
such as rolls of gold or silver brocade, headdresses and 
bodices adorned with pearls and gold ornaments, which 
had belonged to the Jewish women of the community, all 



PEEPARATIONS FOR A SERIOUS STRUGGLE 173 

of whom had fled. I scolded the men for pillaging, and 
forbade them to take anything more. 

Early in the morning of the 5th our advanced guard 
came up with the Russian army, drawn up in a strong 
position. King Murat had, therefore, to deploy his cavalry 
so as to cover the advance of our army, and the Emperor, 
foreseeing that a serious engagement would soon take place, 
made his Guard come up and posted them on the high 
ground near the Kolotskoy Convent. 



174 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 



CHAPTEE VI 

BATTLE OF THE MOSKWA ' — MOSCOW — BEGINNING OF 
OUR RETREAT — BATTLE OF MALO-JAROSLAVITZ 

The Emperor, having arrived about noon on the heights 
in front of the Monastery of Kolotskoy, saw the numerous 
columns of the enemy apparently taking up their posi- 
tions in order of battle, and he ordered the cavalry to push 
forward a close reconnaissance. Whilst this operation was 
going on, our left wing, commanded by the Viceroy, was 
advancing by way of the Mojaisk road towards Borodino,^ 
whilst our centre, consisting of the corps under the Prince 
of Eckmiihl (Mairshal Davout), Marshal Ney, and the King 
of Naples, was marching towards Golowino, and the right, 
under Prince Poniatowski, was following the old road 
leading from Smolensk to Moscow. The smoke of the 
villages set fire to by the enemy as we approached, pre- 
vented us from being able to make out clearly the position 
of the Russian forces. We were able, however, to see that 
the Eussian lines in front of Borodino were defended by 
a great redoubt, armed with from twelve to twenty pieces 
of artillery. The Emperor ordered the Compans division 
to attack this redoubt at once. 

The enemy perceiving this movement sent considerable 

' Generally called by English historians the battle of Borodino. — 
Teams. 

^ A village seventy miles from Moscow, on the Kaluga, a tributary of the 
Moskwa, after -which river the French name the battle. — Teans. 



A PATHETIC REPLY 175 

forces to defend the approaches to the redoubt. General 
Compans began his attack by ordering all his artillery to 
bombard the redoubt with a view to breaking down as far 
as possible the earthworks and palisades of the entrench- 
ment; and when he thought them sufficiently injured 
for an assault to be practicable, he ordered that assault to 
be made by the 57th Begiment,' led by Colonel Charriere, 
and sent two other regiments to its support. The first 
attack was repulsed, and General Compans was himself 
wounded in the left arm. He had, however, scarcely had 
his wound dressed, before he ordered a second assault. 
This too was repulsed, and Compans, irritated at his second 
failure and determined to succeed, now ordered a vigorous 
onslaught to be made on the rear of the redoubt, whilst he 
and Colonel Charriere at the head of the 57th Regiment 
scaled the breach side by side. This time the redoubt was 
won, and at nine o'clock the enemy's firing ceased, leaving 
the French in possession of the outwork. It had already 
been dark for two hours, and we had all been very anxious 
as to the result of the attack, the fury of the combatants 
seeming to increase with the difficulties to be surmounted, 
but at last we knew that all was well for our side. That 
same night Colonel Charriere was made a General. He 
had taken seven guns, but his fine regiment had lost many 
men, whilst the 61st lost an entire battalion. The next 
day the Emperor, who wished to reward all the brave 
fellows who had taken part in the assault, asked the Colonel 
of the 61st, ' But where is your third battalion ? ' ' Sire,' 
was the melancholy reply, ' it is in the redoubt.' 

The tents of the Emperor and Major-General Prince 
Berthier had been pitched on the plateau from which we 

■ ' This regiment was surnamed ' The Terrible ' in the Italian campaign. — 
Tbans. 



176 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUXE 

had looked down on the struggle, and we passed the night 
there in the centre of the square formed by the encamp- 
ment of the Imperial Guard. 

At the first gleam of dawn on the 6th the Emperor 
started on horseback with Prince Berthier, Prince Eugene, 
and myself, but without further escort, to reconnoitre the 
enemy's position, and we rode all along the front lines, 
drawn up on high ground at right angles with the Moscow 
road and separated from us only by the winding stream of 
the Kaluga, with its muddy banks, which flows into the 
Moskwa at Borodino. Everywhere our vedettes were 
barely a pistol-shot distance from those of the enemy, but 
neither fired on the other, both sides being probably too 
exhausted by the struggle of the evening before to feel 
any further irritation against each other. The Emperor 
availed himself of this fact to examine in detail the best 
way of getting at the Russians, and I was not without 
anxiety on account of his exposing himself as he did, for he 
might easily have been carried off by a few men hiding at 
the entrance to a ravine at the base of some fortified height, 
or even by some of the pickets of the centre of the enemy's 
line. Once, indeed. Napoleon, who was ma.rching in front, 
came suddenly upon a patrol of twenty Cossacks some four 
paces only from our party. Thinking themselves sur- 
prised, they were already turning their horses to escape, 
when seeing our small numbers galloping away from them 
they pursued us for some hundred yards. Fortunately 
the fleetness of our horses and the protection of some 
fences saved us from the embarrassing predicament. 
Before returning to camp after this reconnaissance, the 
Emperor ordered me to ride carefully along the enemy's 
lines once more, to make a sketch of them, and to bring 
him also a few views of the ground occupied. I passed the 



ON THE EVE OF THE BATTLE OP BOEODINO 177 

rest of the day in performing this honourable task, which 
led to my making a very exact study of the locality. The 
Emperor duly received my sketches, examined them, and 
seemed satisfied vdth them. When he got back to head- 
quarters he had told Bacler d'Albe, chief of the topo- 
graphical engineers, to do the same thing as I had done, 
and his survey of the Russian positions was made before 
the evening. 

The enemy's line was protected by well-chosen and 
formidable positions, supplemented by redoubts and 
redans, the firing from which would cross each other. 
The village of Gorka above the mill of Borodino was en- 
trenched throughout, and immense abattis of forest trees, 
presenting their sharp points to the cavalry, stretched 
far beyond Gorka along the Moscow road. This strongly 
fortified position must have greatly encouraged the Eus- 
sians ; but what added yet more to their confidence, and 
gave them an immense moral advantage over us, was 
the fact that they had plenty of provisions and fodder, 
and neither men nor horses had suffered from famine. 
Moreover, as they were always falling back upon their 
reserves, their numbers daily increased. Only twenty-six 
leagues from Moscow, they were sure of reinforcements 
and help of every kind, and their General, knowing the 
superstitious piety of his soldiers, took care to rouse their 
fanaticism by making the war appear to be one in 
defence of their religion. He had the image of a certain 
canonised bishop, which it was said had been miracu- 
lously rescued from the impious hands of the French, 
carried, through the ranks with all the pomp due to 
some sacred relic. It excited the greatest enthusiasm 
wherever it appeared, and we coiild hear the shouts of 

VOL. II. N 



178 BIEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

joy with which its passage was greeted by the 160,000 
Russians making up the army. 

Very different were the sentiments of the French. 
Not nearly so numerous as the Eussians,' they were yet 
full of confidence in the genius of the great man 
commanding them, and thought of nothing but the 
joy of entering as conquerors the ancient city of the 
Czars, where their labours were to end and they were 
to reap the reward of all their toil. Imbued with this 
idea, they one and all donned their best uniforms to take 
part in the battle which was to be the crown of their 
glory. 

About seven o'clock on the morning of the 7th the 
signal for the attack was at last given, and immediately 
300 pieces of cannon on our side opened fire on an 
equal number of Russian "howitzers and guns, the pro- 
jectiles from which ploughed through our ranks with 
a hissing noise such as it is impossible to describe. As 
ill luck would have it, our reserves at the beginning of 
the struggle, even those of the cavalry, were rather too 
near the fighting, and, either from vainglory or more 
likely from fear of giving a false impression to the enemy, 
they would not retire the few hundred paces needed to 
place them in a position less exposed to useless danger, so 
that we had the grief of seeing thousands of gallant 
cavaliers and fine horses struck down, though it was of 
the utmost importance to us to preserve them. 

The Emperor had announced that he would establish 
his head-quarters on the redoubt taken the evening before, 
and as a matter of fact he passed a great part of the day 
on that elevated position, sitting on the steep bank of the 

1 The Eussians numbered altogether 102,000, and the French 140,000, 
at Borodino. — Teans. 



BATTLE OF BOKODINO 179 

exterior slope, and following all the movements of the 
troops with the glass he kept in his hand. His Guard was 
posted behind him on the amphitheatre formed by the 
redoubt and its surroundings, and all these picked men, 
curbing with difficulty their eager desire to take part in 
the fighting and help to secure the victory, presented a 
most imposing appearance. 

General Compans had the honour of being the first to 
lead his infantry to exchange fire with the Eussians. He 
was ordered to attack the enemy's centre on the left of 
the Passavero wood, and to reach it he had to scale the 
heights and take the redoubts which larred his passage. 
The 57th Eegiment led the way with a dash, carrying all 
before it, the battalions charging the first redoubt at the 
double, where a hand-to-hand conflict lasted for nearly an 
hour. The rest of the division supported the movement, 
and the enemy returning with considerable reinforcements 
to try to retake the redoubt, the ditches were in a few 
minutes choked up with thousands of killed or wounded 
Eussians. The Gerard and Friant divisions, meanwhile, 
supported by the cavalry, had attacked other redoubts on 
the right of that assailed by General Compans. 

All this time the formidable artillery of the redoubts 
in the centre of the enemy's line was working such fear- 
ful havoc in our ranks, that it became of the utmost 
importance to take the largest of these redoubts and spike 
its guns. The sappers of the engineers, therefore, beneath 
a hail of grapeshot, flung several little trestle bridges 
across the Kaluga stream protecting the base of the ridge, 
and the Morand division crossed the ravine with their aid 
and managed to get at the enemy. The first brigade of 
this division, led by General Bonamy, scaled the height 
and the entrenchments, deployed successfully in the 

N 2 



180 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

redoubt, and killed the artillerymen at their guns. But 
the Russians came to the rescue in great force, and 
General Bonamy, after receiving seventeen bayonet 
wounds, fell disabled, and as he was taken prisoner he 
had the grief of seeing all his men either killed or driven 
back. The remainder of the Morand division was only 
able to protect the retreat of the few who escaped in 
disorder. 

The Delzons division, belonging to the Viceroy's corps, 
which was on our left, meanwhile vigorously attacked 
and took possession of the fortified village of Borodino. 
Prince Eugene, who had, of course, not foreseen that this 
attack would succeed beyond his hopes, had ordered 
nothing miore than the taking of Borodino ; but the 106th 
Regiment, carried away by success, was able to cross 
the Kaluga by the mill bridge as the Russians had done 
before it, and pursued the enemy to the heights beyond, 
scaling them as rapidly as did the retreating forces. 

General Plauzonne, however, seeing that the intrepid 
soldiers of the 106th Regiment were allowing themselves 
to be separated and were not waiting for the rear of their 
column to come up, ordered them to halt so as to offer a 
combined resistance to a Russian column which was 
coming down to crush them. At that very moment, 
however. General Plauzonne was killed, and in the 
momentary confusion into which his death threw his 
men, the Russians swept down on them and very few of 
the brave fellows escaped. The 92nd Regiment hastened 
up to their aid, and in spite of our great loss and of every 
effort made by the Russians to retake Borodino, it remained 
in our hands. 

Marshal Ney, meanwhile, was gaining ground on the 
heights above the village, bristling though they were with 



DEATH OF GEXEKAL MONTBRUN 181 

redoubts and batteries, the artillery fire from which 
mowed down our ranks. It was grand to see Marshal 
Ney standing quietly on the parapet of one of these 
redoubts directing the combatants who were hurrying up 
below him, and never losing sight of them except when he 
was enveloped in clouds of smoke. A few paces from where 
Marshal Ney was standing, the gallant General Montbrun, 
of the cavalry, was carried off by a ball. 

Marshal Davout, Prince of Eckmiihl, continued to 
defend the redoubts which he had taken, and which the 
enemy never ceased to try to regain. I was ordered to take 
the distressing news to him that Prince Poniatowski, who 
was manoeuvring on the right, had met with such terrible 
obstacles in the form of dense woods and swampy marshes 
that he could not, as arranged, fall upon the rear of the 
Russian left, and so harass it as to aid the first French 
corps by a powerful diversion. At this moment, in fact, 
the Marshal's position was most critical ; for although the 
cavalry under King Murat occupied the whole of the plain 
before him, and made a series of charges on that of the 
enemy with the happiest results, the fire from the Russian 
artillery was making Davout's post all but untenable. 
He had just been wounded in the arm, but he remained 
in command of his division. His chief of the stafi^. 
General Eomoeuf, was pierced by a ball as he was speak- 
ing to us. The Marshal, greatly put out at having to 
make an isolated assault in front on a position which he 
thought ought to be attacked simultaneously on three 
sides, said to me angrily, ' It's a confounded shame to 
make me take the bull by the horns.' I hastened to go 
and tell King Murat of the critical position of Davout, and 
he at once ordered several masses of cavalry to unite for 
the support of General Friant, to whom I carried the order 



182 5IEM0IRS OF BAROX LEJEUXE 

to take Seminskoe. All of a sudden I now saw the plain 
covered with masses of cavalry, Russian, Cossack, French, 
and that of our allies, engaged in a desperate melee, and 
after half an hour's struggle our side remained masters of 
the ground. 

It was about three o'clock in the afternoon when I 
took this good news to the Emperor. 

The Russian artillery from the big central redoubt' 
continued, however, to work terrible havoc in our ranks, 
which had advanced so boldly within range of it, and the 
Emperor saw the great importance of getting possession 
of it. Orders were therefore sent to General Gerard, 
whose infantry was at the base of the height on which 
was the redoubt, to take it by assault, whilst King Murat 
was instructed to support Gerard's attack with a numerous 
body of cavalry. The manoeuvre was admirably executed, 
and our infantry, supported by Caulaincourt's cuirassiers 
and pontonniers, penetrated into the entrenchments. 

General Kutusoff, however, who looked upon this re- 
doubt as the key of his position, immediately pointed 100 
pieces of cannon upon us, hoping by that means to drive 
us back, whilst a considerable column of picked Russian 
grenadiers, who had been hidden at. the bottom of a ravine 
behind the redoubt, advanced to attack us. In the strug- 
gle the wind, which was blowing strongly, raised clouds 
of dust, which mingled with the smoke from the guns was 
whirled up in dense masses, enveloping and almost suffo- 
cating men and horses. When at last the thick clouds, 
augmented every moment by the fury of the combat 
raging on every side, rolled away, we found that the 
column of Russian grenadiers had been driven back into 

' What Lejeune calls the grand redoubt was a loopholed fort, armed 
with eighty guns, and its capture by a cavalry column was a feat such as 
had never before been achieved. — Trans. 



GENEKAJ. CAULAINCOUKT KILLED 183 

the ravine, and that we were masters of the redoubt, 
where the artillerymen had been cut down at their guns. 
Thirty pieces of cannon also remained in our hands, the 
violence and rapidity of our cavalry charge having been 
such that the enemy had not had time to drag them away. 
Our victory had, however, been dearly bought, for Caulain- 
court had been killed at the gorge of the redoubt, as he led 
the charge.' 

The Emperor, satisfied with all that had already been 
accomplished by General Friant and the other divisions 
under Davout, now thought the right moment had come 
to send his whole Guard to complete the victory, as yet 
only begun, when a timid counsellor remarked to him, 
' Allow me to point out that your Majesty is at the present 
moment 700 leagues from Paris, and at the gates of 
Moscow.' ^ The reflection that he was so near Moscow 
seems to have greatly cheered the Emperor by calling up 
a picture in his mind of his entry into that town with all 
the pomp of a conqueror,' and, turning to me, he said, 
' Go and find Sorbier, and tell him to take all the artil- 
lery of my Guard to the position occupied by General 
Eriant, to which you will guide him. He is to extend 
sixty guns at right angles with the enemy's line, so as to 
crush him by a flank fire ; Murat will support him.' 

I galloped off to General Sorbier, who was a very hasty 

' Caulaincourt had taken the place of General Montbrun, who was killed 
just as the assault was about to eommenoe.— Teans. 

- This remark is said by Marbot and others to have been made by 
Marshal Bessi^res, but without the words and at the gates of Moscoio. — 
Teans. 

" The Emperor's change of purpose with regard to his Guard is quite 
differently explained by other eye-witnesses of the battle, who attribute his 
unwillingness to send them into action to the fact that he would need them 
all to make good his retreat from Russia, should that retreat become neces- 
sary.— Teans. 



184 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

man, and he, incredulous of my message, did not give 
me time to explain it, but broke in on wliat I was saying 
impatiently with the words, ' We ought to have done that 
an hour ago ! ' He then ordered the artillery to follow 
him at a trot. The imposing mass of the artillery at 
once rolled away with a resounding clank of chains into 
the valley, crossed it, and ascended the gentle slope 
covered with the entrenchments we had taken from the 
enemy, where they broke into a gallop to gain the space 
necessary for extension by the left flank. In the distance 
I could see King Murat caracoling about in the midst of 
the mounted skirmishers well in advance of his own 
cavalry, and paying far less attention to them than to the 
numerous Cossacks who, recognising him by his bravado, 
as well as by his plumed helmet, and a short Cossack 
mantle made of a goat's skin with long hair resembling 
their own, surrounded him in the hope of taking him 
prisoner, shouting, ' Houra ! houra ! Murat ! ' But none 
of them dared even venture within lance's length of him, 
for they all knew that the King's sword would skilfully 
turn aside every weapon, and with the speed of lightning 
pierce to the heart the boldest amongst his enemies. I 
galloped up to Murat to give him the Emperor's instruc- 
tions, and he left the skirmishers to make his dispositions 
for supporting General Sorbier. The Cossacks took his 
withdrawal for retreat or flight, and followed us. My horse, 
which was not so fleet as that of the King, for he was 
mounted on a beautiful fawn-coloured Arab, caught its feet 
in the drag-rope of a gun which was making its wheel of 
a quarter circle at a gallop. The animal, though hurt 
and shaken by the shock and fall, struggled up again 
at once without throwing me, and galloped furiously to 
where General Sorbier was standing in the centre of the 



A TACTLESS PRISONER 185 

terrible batterj^, now beginning to pour out volleys of 
grapeshot, shells, and balls on the enemy's lines, which 
it enfiladed, every discharge telling. 

The enemy's cavalry made many useless efforts to 
destroy our line of guns. We remained masters of the 
fortified position, which the Russians had looked upon as 
impregnable, and I went to the Emperor to report on 
what had taken place. 

The day was already far advanced. We had dearly 
bought the advantages we had gained, nor was there as 
yet anything to indicate that the struggle would not be 
renewed on the morrow. When I got back to the Em- 
peror he had already been able to judge of the good results 
achieved by the artillery of his Guard, and he was still 
hesitating whether, as many amongst us wished, he should 
follow up this success with a grand charge from the whole 
of the brilliant cavalry of the Guard. Just at this moment 
a Russian lieutenant-general who had been taken prisoner 
was brought to the Emperor. After having talked to him 
very politely for a few minutes, the Emperor said to some 
one standing by, ' Give me his sword.' A Russian sword 
was at once brought, and the Emperor, taking it, graciously 
offered it to the Russian general with the words, ' I return 
your sword.' It so happened, however, that it was not 
the prisoner's own sword, and, not understanding the 
honour the Emperor meant to do him, the Russian general 
refused to receive the weapon. Napoleon, astonished at 
this want of tact in a general, shrugged his shoulders, and 
turning to us said, loud enough for the General to hear 
him, ' Take the fool away ! ' 

The battle now seemed to be approaching its close. 
The noise of the firing was diminishing, and the sun was 
setting. The Viceroy had posted a large body of his 



186 MEMOIES OF BARON LEJEUNE 

troops on our left beyond the Kaluga stream, at the foot 
of the height on which was the big redoubt taken by our 
cavalry. The Prince was going about amongst his bat- 
talions, when the enemy, who had probably recognised 
him, ordered a considerable body of Cossacks to charge 
and try to carry him off. Fortunately the Prince noticed 
the masses of cavalry threatening our left, and in anti- 
cipation of their attack he at once formed his divisions 
in squares by regiments. The Viceroy had only just time 
to fling himself into the 84th Kegiment, beside Colonel 
Pegot, and to order the Italian regiment to repulse the 
thousands of Cossacks advancing upon us with lowered 
spears, before the shock came. But the point-blank dis- 
charge from our infantry drove the mass of riders, always 
so clever at turning tail, back upon themselves. Our 
cavalry pursued them for a short distance, and then re- 
turned to the ranks. The night fell, and put an end to 
the exhausting struggle all along the lines of the rival 
hosts. 

The tents of the Emperor and of Major-General Prince 
Berthier were pitched on the verge of the battle field, which 
in itself was doubtless a token of victory, but the enemy's 
army was still within gunshot of us ; the Russians, too, 
were rejoicing over a victory, and on our side the leaders 
were all inaking preparations for the resumption of the 
struggle the next day. The night was very dark, and 
gradually the fires on both sides, all too numerous, warned 
us what we might expect on the morrow. 

AVhilst waiting for the frugal repast which was to re- 
store our exhausted forces, I jotted down notes of what I 
had seen during the day, and compared this battle with 
those of Wagram, Essling, Eylau, and Friedland. I was 
surprised that the Emperor had shown so little of the 



WE CRITICISE THE EMPEKOR SEVERELY 187 

eager activity which had before so often ensured success. 
On the present occasion he had not mounted except to 
reach the battle field, and had remained seated below his 
Guard on a sloping mound, from which he could see every- 
thing. Several balls had passed over his head. "Whenever 
I returned from the numerous errands on which I was 
sent, I found him still seated in the same attitude, follow- 
ing every movement with the aid of his pocket field-glass, 
and giving his orders with imperturbable composure. But 
we did not see him now, as so often before, galloping from 
point to point, and with his presence inspiring our troops 
wherever the struggle was prolonged and the issue seemed 
doubtful. We all agreed in wondering what had become 
of the eager, active commander of Marengo, Austerlitz, and 
elsewhere. We none of us knew that Napoleon was ill 
and suffering, quite unable to take a personal part in the 
great drama unfolded before his eyes, the sole aim of 
which was to add to his glory. In this terrible drama 
had been engaged Tartars from the confines of Asia, with 
the Uite of the troops of some hundred European nations, 
for from the east and from the west, from the north and 
from the south, men had flocked to fight with desperate 
courage for or against Napoleon. The blood of some 
80,000 Bussians and Frenchmen had been shed to con- 
solidate or to overturn his power, and he looked on with an 
appearance of absolute sang-froid at the awful vicissi- 
tudes of the terrible tragedy. AVe were all anything but 
satisfied with the way in which our leader had behaved, 
and passed very severe strictures on his conduct. Supper 
interrupted our discussion, and after it we were soon all 
wrapped in heavy slumber, whilst the chief, whom we had 
been accusing so severely, was watching and studying how 



188 MEMOIUS OF BAEON LEJEUNE 

best to resume the conflict the next morning. • Three 
hours before daybreak he sent for me and said, ' Go and 
find the Viceroy, and make a reconnaissance with him 
of the Russian Hne opposite to him ; then come and tell 
me what is going on.' It was now September 8. 

A few minutes later I was riding stealthily along side 
by side with Prince Eugene at the base of the heights of 
Borodino, trying to find out something about the enemy's 
intentions. The darkness of the night protected us, and 
we reached the entrenchments of Borodino, still occupied 
by the Eussians. Seen from below, the fortifications stood 
out black against a sky of a less sombre hue, and we were 
able to ascertain that the weapons of the sentinels pacing 
to and fro were lances, not muskets with fixed bayonets. 
Having made quite sure on this point, we concluded that 
the enemy was in retreat, for otherwise the defence of the 
fortifications would not have been left to Cossacks, and I 
hastened back with this news to the Emperor, The re- 
ports brought in from other reconnaissances tallied with 
mine, and he ordered that the enemy should be pursued 
without loss of time. It was only now that we were able 
to feel quite sure that the victory was ours.^ 

The terrible struggle, so hotly contested, had won no 
results at all commensurate with the great losses sustained 
on both sides. The French had to mourn two generals of 
division, Montbrun and Caulaincourt, and eight other 

' Many historians accuse Napoleon of inactivity at Borodino, and there 
is no doubt that he was suffering severely ; but by remaining as he did in 
one spot, he was able to receive reports from every part of the widely ex- 
tended battle field. — Thans. 

^ The Eussians claim to have won the battle of Borodino, and Kutusoff, 
as commander-in-chief, reported it to the Emperor Alexander as a great 
victory, and was promoted in consequence. There is no doubt, however, 
that the French were the victors, though the Russians retreated in excellent 
order. — TitAxs. 



INTEEiJENT OF THE DEAD 189 

generals killed, thirty-eight generals wounded, ten colonels 
killed, and some 40,000 men killed or wounded. The 
Eussians had lost sixty pieces of cannon, and had had 
thirty-five generals killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, 
with 45,000 men killed or disabled, and 5,000 taken 
prisoners. 

After all our fatigues the pursuit was slack, and the 
Bussians retired in perhaps even more admirable order 
than on the day preceding the battle. For several leagues 
their route was dotted with the wooden crosses they had 
hastily set up over the graves of the wounded officers who 
had died by the way. The numerous graves and crosses 
amongst their lines of abattis, in the rear of Gorka, made 
thera look like a regular cemetery. We too spent a short 
time over the sacred duty of interring our dead, and when 
I climbed up into the big redoubt to examine the condition 
of the fortification which had given us so much trouble 
the day before, I found our troops digging graves for 
their many comrades and officers who had fallen. Cau- 
laincourt was placed in the centre of the entrenchment, 
and I had the gallant Vasserot laid beside him. One side 
of that officer's face had been carried away, but without 
altering the expression of what remained, and he seemed 
to be still saying in accents of command, ' Follow me, my 
friends ; we shall conquer ! ' As in the case of General 
Gudin, I made the men cover over these two bodies with 
quantities of broken armour and weapons. 

Nothing could have been more melancholy than the 
appearance of the battle field covered with groups occupied 
in carrying away the thousands of wounded, and in taking 
from the dead the few provisions remaining in their haver- 
sacks. Some of the wounded dragged themselves towards 
Kolotskoy, where Baron Larrey had set up an ambulance, 



190 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

whilst others were carried thither bj' their comrades in one 
way or another. Very soon an immense number were 
waiting attention^ but, alas ! everything needed for them 
was wanting, and hundreds perished of hunger, envy, 
ing the happier lot of those who had been killed on the 
spot. 

Our cavalry under Murat pursued the Eussians with 
sufficient vigour to compel them to take up a position at 
Mojaisk, and I was sent to urge the Viceroy to second the 
efforts of the King of Naples. We came up with the 
Russians at Mojaisk, and had to give them battle to drive 
them out of it. They withdrew, leaving the place encum- 
bered with dead and wounded. All the Eussian horses 
which had been hurt in the battle of Borodino seemed 
to have come to Mojaisk to die. The action was well 
sustained, and General Belliard was seriously wounded. 

It was on September 9 at Mojaisk that I first saw our 
troops use horseflesh as food. The court of a house I 
occupied, and the street it was in, were alike piled up 
with unfortunate horses, many still breathing, though too 
severely wounded to be able to rise. A report I had to 
draw up occupied me an hour, and when I came out with 
it, what was my surprise to find all the horses cut to pieces 
and the best part of the flesh carried away by our men ! 
I was not yet reduced to eating the tough, yellow, taste- 
less meat, but ere long it was to be all we were to have to 
save us from the torments of famine ! 

It was here that the Prince of Wagram (Marshal 
Berthier) told me that the Prince of Eckmiihl (Marshal 
Davout) wished to make me chief of his staff. This news, 
which would have flattered and delighted every one else, 
afflicted me greatly, and I begged Marshal Berthier not to 
take any notice of the request. That same evening, how- 



I AM COMPELLED TO LEAVE MAESHAL BEETHIER 191 

ever, the Emperor sent me the appointment, signed by 
himself, and there was nothing for it but to submit. 

This change to the position lately held by General 
Compans, which had contributed so greatly to his- 
advancement and added so much to his wealth, filled me 
with the most lively regret. I had served so long under 
Prince Berthier, and my greatest desire was to remain 
with him. I went at once to the Prince of Eckmiihl and 
begged him to make another choice, but he insisted on 
having me, and it was with tears in my eyes that I 
returned to bid farewell to the Prince of Wagram before 
I went to receive my instructions from my new chief, who 
was in his tent on the road to Moscow. 

On the 12th and 13th we followed the Eussians, and 
a little before nightfall on the 14th we came in sight of 
Moscow. King Murat's cavalry was in advance of us, 
and had not only already entered the town, but had 
penetrated at the same time as the infantry under 
Marshal Key as far as the Kremlin. 

The troops of the first corps, to which I now belonged, 
were posted to cover the occupation of the heights over- 
looking the town, and we spent the night with them. It 
was here that we discovered that the Eussians had just 
set fire to the town to prevent us from deriving any benefit 
from the resources it contained. 

Many amongst us thought our advance on Moscow 
most imprudent, and General Haxo said to me, ' This will 
lead to our having to defend Paris before long.' 

When King Murat entered the town on the 14th at 
the head of his cavalry, he advanced with considerable 
caution, fearing that the ease with which he was allowed 
to advance meant that some trap had been laid for us. It 
was not until he reached the foot of the Kremhn that he 



192 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEU.XE 

met with any resistance at all. This resistance was 
easily overcome, and he entered the Kremlin or citadel 
itself, that lofty fortress within which are the palaces of 
the Czars. 

The Emperor entered Moscow on the 15th, and took 
up his quarters in the Kremlin. On the 16th the spread 
of the fire drove him to take refuge in the Chateau of 
Peterskoe, but he returned to the citadel on the 18th, 
when the conflagration was beginning to subside. 

The first corps from its post of observation outside 
the town was able to watch the immediate results of the 
fire, which appeared to us to have begun near the 
Kremlin. The reports of our foragers who went to look 
for provisions in the houses of Moscow all confirmed our 
idea that the fire was the prearranged work of incen- 
diaries, for the breaking open of a door often fired a train 
of gunpowder, which set light to piles of tow shavings or 
faggots, so that the house was soon in flames. Many 
doors were also found armed with gunlocks, the triggers of 
which fell at the first shock, setting fire to the inside of the 
house, so that our men had hard work to snatch from the 
flames the few sacks of flour, sugar, loaves, and other pro- 
visions which the owners had stored up against the 
approaching winter. The wind fanned the conflagration, 
and it soon embraced the whole city, which resembled the 
crater of some huge volcano, over which hung dense 
masses of smoke, dashed here and there at times by 
silvery light from the moon. The Emperor's first care 
was to prevent pillage, but presently he ordered it to be 
encouraged, so as to save as much as possible from de- 
struction and snatch from the flames the provisions which 
were being reduced to ashes. 

The first corps did not leave its position outside the 



I FIND MY SISTER AT MOSCOW 193 

town till the 19th, when it went to take up its quarters 
in a suburb which had escaped the fire. To reach it we 
had to pass through the burning streets, and march 
beneath a perfect vault of flames, which made the passage 
of the artillery very dangerous. We reached the suburb, 
however, without accident, and found there some twenty 
palatial residences. One of these was set apart for 
Marshal Davout and another for me, but we had scarcely 
installed ourselves in them when they were found to be 
on fire, though how it came about we could not tell. We 
had to go elsewhere, and I entered a very handsome 
building, which appeared to have belonged to a merchant, 
for the rooms were all encumbered vnth quantities of 
bottles of scent labelled in French, medicines, rolls of 
opodeldoc, &c., probably sold for the amelioration of the 
chronic rheumatism of the Russians. I had scarcely 
written a page of the orders I had to give, when I was 
nearly suffocated by smoke, and had once more to beat 
a retreat. Three times in that one morning did a similar 
accident happen, and it was not until I had told my men 
to fire on every one who looked at all like a Eussian that 
I succeeded in getting a house I could stop in. Marshals 
Davout and Mortier had experienced similar difficulties. 
My sister, who had been living in Russia for twenty 
years, and now joined me, told me all about what hap- 
pened to Marshal Mortier. I must, however, explain 
my sister's presence in Moscow. She had suffered much 
from an affection of the eyes, and had come to that city 
to consult a great oculist, under whose treatment her 
sight was restored. She had been about to return to 
St. Petersburg when the French army arrived at the gates 
of Moscow. Hearing from some French officers who had 
been taken prisoners that I was with the army, she was 
VOL. II. o 



194 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LE.TEUNE 

most anxious to find me, more especially as the evacua- 
tion of Moscow by the Russians left her in a very terrible 
position. Marshal Mortier was the first person to vi^hom 
she applied for news of me ; he received her kindly, and 
she remained with him till she found me. She was, 
therefore, amongst those who had to flee with the 
Marshal from the houses in which he endeavoured to 
establish himself. Five times they were driven out by 
the flames before they finally settled down in a building 
from which the incendiaries had been ousted without being 
able to complete their work. Many of these wretches 
passed themselves off as patients from the hospitals, 
who had come to beg us to aid them.' The sentinels in 
the quarter we now occupied having, as already stated, 
received orders to fire on all the Russians loitering about 
in the streets, the conflagration gradually burnt itself out. 
At the end of nine days it was practically extinct, though 
the incendiaries, anxious to prevent us from being able to 
build barracks in which to spend the winter at Moscow, 
had begun to set fire to a huge timber yard containing 
some thirty million beams for building. I sent the guard 
to put out the beginnings of what would have been 
another great conflagration, and a few well-aimed shots 
brought down the Russians at their evil work. By this 
apparently cruel order to our sentinels I was fortunate 
enough to save for the unlucky people of Moscow the 
materials for erecting, when they returned, shelters above 
the ashes of their homes in which to take refuge from the 
rigours of the winter so fatal to ourselves. But for this 
charitable precaution, which I rejoice at having taken, 
they would have had to withdraw to distant forests, and 

' The greater number of the incendiaries were released prisoners, to each 
of whom a special post was assigned by the police. —Teans. 



M\' DIFFICULTIES AS CHIEF OF THE STAFF 195 

would have suffered far more than they did, whilst I 
should not have had the consolation of knovsang that I 
had done at least a little to mitigate the horrors of war. 

Like every one else who had stopped in Moscow with 
a view to separating himself from the Russians, my 
sister had heen robbed of everything belonging to her, and 
she remained some days at Marshal Mortier's before she 
was able to join me. Even when we did at last find our- 
selves under the same roof, and one which was not on fire, 
I had little time to spare for her, or to talk over family 
affairs, for I was very much occupied. To keep her com- 
pany, however, she had two young Eussian prisoners, 
Colonel Sokoreff and Colonel Desapour by name, who both 
spoke French like Parisians, the latter an Indian prince, 
both of whom had been brought to me some days before, 
and shared my meals. The exchange of courtesies between 
my guests under circumstances so extraordinary, and in 
the midst of the barbarous surroundings of such a war as 
this, was certainly most interesting. 

As chief of the staff, I had from twenty to twenty-five 
people to provide for and superintend every daj'. These 
included five or six secretaries, several aides-de-camp on 
various missions, and ten or twelve assistant officers. The 
men told off to supply our needs had no means of doing so 
but by pillage. Every day their task became more dif- 
ficult and dangerous, as they had to go further and further 
afield. Often they did not return, for they had been taken 
prisoners or killed. Our position was, indeed, all but un- 
bearable, and we could not maintain it many days longer 
Our one hope was that the enemy would sue for peace 
The Russians took pains to encourage this hope, and the 
leaders of the advanced guard, ready to believe what thej' 
so ardently wished, were far too easily deceived. The 

o2 



196 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

reports they sent to the Emperor confirmed him in his 
error, and he shared with them the hope of extricating his 
army from its critical position by a favourable treaty of 
peace. Hoping to smooth away difficulties, he even wrote 
to the Emperor Alexander to the effect that he was willing 
to grant generous terms in such a treaty. Of course this 
was a positive proof to the Russians of the great difficulty 
of our position, and an additional reason for prolonging 
our uncertainty until the time of year when the climate 
would become their most powerful ally against the French. 

Our outposts extended scarcely two days' journey 
beyond Moscow, and the Emperor found it extremely 
difficult to get any certain information as to the position 
of the Russian army. The Russians, on the other hand, 
were fully au courant of all our movements, and few days 
passed without our receiving the melancholy news that 
this or that battalion or squadron, sent to protect our 
foragers in their search for food, had fallen into the hands 
of the enemy.' 

At one time the bold project was even discussed of 

getting out of our painful situation by making a dash for 

St. Petersburg, but to do this we should have to abandon 

our wounded and our lines of communication, to go and 

make war as mere isolated bodies of adventurers, cut off 

from their supporting points. This new invasion might 

lead to the rising en masse of the whole population of Russia, 

' Marbot, who in his Memoirs gives an admirable account of the Eussian 
campaign, says of this critical juncture : ' Napoleon, misconceiving Alexan- 
der's position, was always in hope of his coming to terms. . . . Meanwhile 
the Eussian army was being reorganised, and its commander sent officers to 
bring back stragglers, who were estimated at 13,000. These men . . . went 
about freely among our bivouacs, sitting at our soldiers' fires, and eating 
with them, without its occurring to any one to make them prisoners. This 
was a mistake, for they gradually rejoined their army, whilst ours was 
growing daily weaker.' — Memoirs of Barmi de Marbot, vol. ii. p. 278. — 
Trans. 



I PAKT FROM MY SISTER 197 

whom the proclamations of the Emperor Alexander were 
already calling to arms. Hitherto the peasants had shown 
great patience with us ; but now they too were begmning 
to be hostile, and simple as the march on St. Petersburg 
might appear, it would probably launch us on an enter- 
prise far beyond our strength in the cold and rainy season 
about to commence. For all that we were eager for 
it, and we had already begmi to withdraw our prisoners, 
such of the wounded as could be moved, and much of the 
impedimenta of the army towards Smolensk. I took 
advantage of this chance of starting my sister for France, 
installing her in one of my carriages drawn by three good 
horses under a first-rate driver. I took care to pack the 
carriage with plenty of provisions and furs, commending 
her to the care of several of our wounded generals, and, 
better still, to the protection of Providence. 

The army, thus to a certain extent relieved of the non- 
combatants, who left Moscow on the 13th and 14th, was 
now far more manageable and awaited with impatience 
the decision of Napoleon. These last few days were very 
trying. Our purveyors were no longer able to bring back 
anything either for the men or for the horses. The 
accounts they gave of the dangers they had incurred were 
appalling, and, according to them, we were hemmed in by 
a perfect network of Cossacks and armed peasants, who 
would kill any isolated parties of French, and from whom 
we ourselves might find it difficult to escape. 

All this, of course, added greatly to our perplexities, and 
the generals in command and their chief staff officers found 
the task of the reorganisation of the army most arduous. 
The days and nights were all too short to overcome the 
many obstacles in our way, and I had scarcely time to see 
anything of Moscow except the long street leading from our 



198 MEMOIRS OF Bi^IlON LE.TEUNE 

suburb to the Ivremlin, which passed the tower for which a 
bell had been cast some two centuries before, so big that 
as yet no means had been found for hoisting it to its 
place.' In our dreams of glory — for in dreams all things 
seem possible — we fancied ourselves carrying oS this 
huge bell as a trophy to Paris. Other treasures, including 
the big cross from Ivan's Tower, were already packed on 
carriages for removal, and in placing them there a vision 
rose up before us of Paris as the capital of the whole 
world, with her museums, other public buildings aud 
squares already so full of objects of value, yet further 
enriched with the spoils of foreign countries. 

The weather was still fairly fine, and there was yet no 
hint of the bitter winter approaching, so that, in spite of 
the evident change for the worse in the health of the 
Emperor, and the consequent decrease in his activity, in 
spite of our uncertainty as to the future, and the many 
privations we had to endure, we cherished the most 
delightful illusions, and all sorts of grand things seemed 
possible, when on October 18 we were roughly awakened 
from our di'eams by the noise of a brisk cannonade in 
the distance. The news soon reached us that our out- 
posts had been suddenly attacked at Vinkowo, and, being 
taken by surprise, had been routed. General Kutusoff 
had turned the delays skilfully to account to repair the 
losses he had sustained, to receive new levies of troops, 
and in a word to get his army into first-rate condition.^ 

' The reason why it was never hung was that it was broken by the fall of 
some timber in 1737, having, it is said, been weakened in the first instance 
by tlie quantity of jewels flung into the molten metal by Eussian ladies. — 
Trans. 

■-' General Kutusott' misled Napoleon by sending him letters to read 
addressed to the Emperor Alexander. The contents of these letters were 
contradicted in private despatches, which fell into the hands of the French 
too late to be of use Tkans. 



OUR TERRIBLE RETREAT BEGINS 199 

On October 18 he ordered considerable forces to make 
sudden simultaneous attacks all along our lines of outposts. 
General Sebastian! lost in this attack, which took him 
completely by surprise, no fewer than thirty pieces of 
cannon and all his baggage, whilst 5,000 of his men were 
killed and many others taken prisoners. King Murat 
himseK was all but carried off, only escaping by charging 
and overturning at the head of his carabineers a whole 
Russian corps which attempted to bar his passage. 

From this day our position was completely changed. 
Our flag had been torn down from the proud position won 
by our many victories, and Napoleon, disappointed in his 
hopes of peace, had to hasten his retreat, lest the enemy 
should render escape impossible. Eortunately the Rus- 
sians still stood to some extent in awe of the well-known 
energy of the French, and their fear that we might resume 
the offensive if we were rendered desperate made theixL 
cautious, preventing them from securing the full success 
which their position and the superiority of their numbers 
could not have failed to win. 

On October 18 we received orders to leave Moscow, and 
to march by way of the Kalouga road on the 19th. Thus, 
after a month's delay at Moscow, which had been of no 
special advantage to us, during which our army had re- 
ceived few reinforcements and our troops had been worn 
out hunting for provisions, we left that city and sadly 
began our retreat towards France. We were fortunate 
in having beautiful autumn weather, and the first few days' 
march was peaceful enough, for we only had to drive off a 
few Cossacks who hovered on the flank of our columns. 
But, as on our advance, we were everywhere harassed by 
the Eussian plan of burning everything on our approach, 
and we could do nothing to prevent it. About ten leagues 



200 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

from Moscow the first corps halted at the base of a fine 
castle, the foundations and first floor of which were of 
hewn stone. I had several orders to write, and I went up 
a grand staircase into a suite of rooms which seemed to 
have been but recently deserted, for they still contained a 
piano, a harp, and a good many chairs, on which lay a 
guitar, several violins, some music, drawings, embroideries, 
and la.dy's unfinished needlework. I had scarcely been 
writing ten minutes, when we all noticed a smell of smoke. 
This smoke quickly filled the place, becoming so dense 
that we were obliged to give up work to try and find out 
whence it came. It seemed to issue chiefly from the 
wooden framework of one door. I had it broken in, and 
thick smoke at once poured through the aperture. I then 
went down into the cellars to see if the fire originated 
there, but I could discover nothing. I tried having a few 
buckets of water flung into the opening we had made, but 
■even as my orders were obeyed such masses of flames 
rushed out upon us that we had only just time to collect 
our papers and escape. We had scarcely got downstairs 
when we heard the windows breaking with a crash, and 
as we looked back on our way to join the bivouac of our 
corps we saw volumes of flames issuing from all the win- 
dows of the castle, which fell at last, bearing witness by 
its destruction to the patriotic fury with which the Rus- 
sians, torch in hand, were determined to pursue us. 

Of course other fires occurred accidentally, with which 
the Russians had nothing to do. The little grain or flour 
found by our soldiers was made into cakes and put in the 
ovens with which all the peasants' huts were provided. 
Scarcely was one batch of cakes done before other troops 
came up, and the oven was heated again till the chimney 
would suddenly catch fire. This was how most of the fires 



THE POLICY OF GENERAL KUTUSOFF 201 

which were to Hght up our passage from Moscow to the 
Niemen came about. 

My courage ahnost fails me when I try to relate the 
horrors of those awful days and nights of suffering. But 
in spite of that, I shall put down here all that I find in my 
notes, for I think that the lessons taught by the past 
should be brought forcibly before the eyes of those whose 
genius leads to their being called to command armies. 

Kutusoff justly felt that the best way to make war on 
us was to cut off our communications, so as to isolate us 
in the midst of a hostile population to whom our loss would 
be gain. He therefore took up a position at Vinkowo 
commanding the Kalouga road, by which he thought it 
probable that we should retire. The success he had 
achieved on the 18th confirmed his belief that the course 
he had adopted was the best, and the aim of his later 
manoeuvres was to bar our passage. 

Under these circumstances it was important that we 
should push on as rapidly as possible during the first days 
of our retreat, so as to gain a couple of days' march on 
the enemy and get possession, without fighting, of the 
principal passes. But, alas ! this was just what we did 
not do. Although much of the impedimenta of the 
French army had been sent on some days before, we were 
still encumbered with a great number of wagons and 
carriages laden with provisions for the prisoners, and with 
the booty we had taken, which included warm garments 
to protect us from the cold we should have to encounter. 
The amount of baggage was really enormous, and to give 
some idea of it I will just mention what I, an officer, who 
reahsed as much as any one the importance of getting rid 
of encumbrances, was trying to take with me. I still had : 
1. Five saddle horses ; 2. a barouche, drawn by three 



202 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

horses, containing my personal effects and the furs in which 
I meant to wrap myself when bivouacking in the open ; 3. 
the wagon, drawn by four horses, in which were all the 
papers of the staff, the maps, and the cooking utensils for 
the officers and their servants ; 4. three smaller wagons, 
each drawn by three little Eussian horses, in which rode 
our servants and the cook, under whose care were the 
stores of oats, a few precious trusses of hay, with the 
sugar, coffee, and flour belonging to the staff; 5. my 
secretary's horse ; 6. the three horses 1 had lent to my 
sister, which had gone on in front, making altogether six 
carriages and twenty-five horses, to take along little more 
than bare necessaries. The traces of the carriages were 
constantly breaking, the march was retarded whilst they 
were mended, there were perpetrial blocks in the sand, the 
marshes, or in the passes, and it often took our troops 
twelve hours to do a distance which a single carriage 
could have accomplished in two.' 

The Emperor, who was very much concerned at 
these delays, ordered that all the carriages not absolutely 
necessary for the transport of the few provisions we had 
with us were to be burnt and the horses used to help drag 
the artillery. So many were, however, interested in 
eluding this stern but wise sentence, that it was very 
insufficiently carried out. To set an example the Emperor 
had one of his own carriages burnt, but no one felt 
drawn towards imitating him, and the army, which still 
numbered between 105,000 and 106,000 combatants, and 
had 500 pieces of cannon, took six days to cover 
some thirty leagues. Further precious time was lost in 
getting across country by difficult roads, from the main 

' Marbot says that the army in retreat was followed by 40,000 vehicles.— 
Trans. 



NAPOLEON IS NEARLY TAKEN PRISONER 203 

Kalouga route, which was very bad, to a better one, and 
the Emperor leaving only Murat's cavalry and Marshal 
Ney's infantry on the old road to cover us from the attacks 
of the army under Kutusoff. 

The Viceroy's corps marched at the head of the column 
on the new road, whilst the Delzons division, as advanced 
guard, occupied Malo-Jaroslavitz, the passage through 
which was extremely difficult. 

Malo-Jaroslavitz was a little town of wooden houses, 
with tortuous streets, built on the steep sides of a lofty 
hill, at the base of which wound the little river Luya in 
a deep valley it had hollowed out for itself. A narrow 
bridge spanned the river below the only road by which 
the town could be reached from Moscow, and this road 
was here bounded on either side by impassable ravines, 
down which flowed the rapid torrents of such freqxient 
occmrrence in Russia during the rainy season. On the 
evening of the 23rd the town was occupied without 
resistance by the first of our battalions to arrive, the 
inhabitants having all fled at their approach. 

That same evening the Emperor halted at the post- 
house of Malo-Jaroslavitz, a mere peasant's hut, where he 
passed the night after having sent out officers bearing his 
orders to the corps echeloned on the road from Moscow 
to Smolensk, telling them to meet him at the latter town. 

On October 24 the Emperor was riding with the first 
corps and his Guard, as he thought, in perfect security, 
when a considerable body of cavalry appeared on the right, 
which we all took at first to be Murat's troops. We were 
not long left in our error. It appeared that a certain 
Platoff, a celebrated Cossack hetman or general, had 
promised Kutusoff to carry off Napoleon, and now with 
several thousands of his men he suddenly flung himself 



204 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

upon that part of the French army which he fancied 
included the Imperial staff. He had guessed rightly, and 
in the twinkling of an eye Napoleon was surrounded by 
Cossacks and compelled to draw his sword in his own 
defence. Fortunately, however, his escort was made up 
of men devoted to his person, and they pressed round him, 
breaking the shock of the barbarian charge. General Eapp, 
as he was engaged in trying to get the Emperor away, 
was overthrown in the melee, whilst his horse was pierced 
by a lance. Several officers near the Emperor were 
wounded. The mounted grenadiers and chasseurs of the 
Guard, however, recovering from the momentary surprise 
caused by the bold attack and wild cries of the hordes of 
Cossacks, dashed into their midst and put them to rout. 
In this struggle Emmanuel Lecouteulx, one of Prince 
Berthier's aides-de-camp, having broken his sword in the 
body of a Cossack, seized his lance and brandishing it above 
his head pursued his other enemies with it. A green furred 
pelisse, rather like those often worn by Russian officers, 
hid his uniform, and a French grenadier, taking him for a 
Cossack, plunged his long sabre into his shoulder, the 
point coming out through his breast. We all thought 
this terrible wound would lose us a favourite comrade, but 
God preserved him, and he is still alive.' After being thus 
quickly dispersed, the Cossacks, leaving many of their 
numbers behind, dashed away, but they were stopped in 
their flight by a Dutch battalion, which flung itself upon 
them and greeted them with volleys of musketry. 

Soon after this skirmish news was brought to the 
Emperor that our advanced guard had been vigorously 
attacked at Malo-Jaroslavitz, and the army quickened its 
march to go to the rescue. General Kutusoff, informed 

' The Emperor took him back to France in his own carriage. — Teans. 



TEERIBLE STRUGGLE AT MALO-JAROSLAVITZ 205 

of our change of route, had at once sent a body of infantry 
and artillery more than 60,000 strong, under command of 
General Doctoroff, with orders to take possession of Malo- 
Jaroslavitz. These troops easily turned out the few 
French battalions under General Delzons, and occupied 
the town in their place. General Delzons, it is true, 
drove the Eussians back to the centre of the town, but 
a ball fractured his skull, killing him and his brother, who 
was beside him, on the spot. The French began to give 
way, and the Eussians recovered the ground they had lost. 
General Guilleminot was sent to replace Delzons, and 
Prince Eugene supported him Avith the Broussier division. 
Again and again Guilleminot drove the Eussians beyond 
the principal square, but fresh efforts on the part of the 
enemy forced him in his turn to retreat. The formidable 
Eussian artillery placed on the heights overlooking the 
town and in its gardens poured a murderous fire down 
upon the road on which the French were coming up, 
whilst we were unable to reply with an effective fire from 
below, as we could only get our guns into position in the 
meadows by the Luya. Everything had therefore to be 
done by us with the bayonet in a space so limited that any 
flank manoeuvres were impossible. The enemy had all 
the advantages alike of the ground and of superiority of 
numbers. During the thick of the struggle, Prince Eugene 
had a second bridge flung across the river beside the first, 
so as to facilitate the passage of his troops. 

Ten times at least we drove the Eussians back, only 
in our turn to lose the ground we had gained ; but at last 
the united efforts of Guilleminot and Broussier, sup- 
plemented later by the gallant charge of the Italian 
grenadiers under Pino, compelled the enemy to retire, 
leaving us masters of the town, which was now in flames. 



206 MEMOIRS OF BARON LE.IEUNE 

Our artillery was at last able to scale the hill so as to 
debouch in the plain, and dashing through the burning 
streets, crushing the wounded, the burnt, and the dead as 
they went, they succeeded in getting through the town 
and taking up their position on the hills, to pour down in 
their turn a hot cannonade upon the Eussian troops 
posted within range across and behind the road to Kalouga. 
The first corps seconded this operation, and spent the 
evening actually amongst the bodies of the dead all 
kneaded up by the wheels of the guns. A dark night 
fortunately shrouded the horrors from our sight, and we 
were able in the end to take up our position on the 
plain beyond the mangled remains of our comrades. 

In this battle, in which our niimbers were but one to 
four of our adversaries, we lost many men, and we were 
threatened with a similar struggle at every pass. 

The Emperor went over the scene of the awful combat, 
overwhelmed Prince Eugene and his generals with praise, 
and then withdrew to a distant hut, where he passed the 
night. I was told afterwards that he held a council of 
war with several of the Marshals and King Murat, and 
that, after having the maps spread out and discussing 
them, he seemed to be for some time plunged in the 
greatest uncertainty. He finally dismissed every one at 
midnight without having come to any decision. This 
ixLust have been indeed a cruel night for the great man, 
who now saw his star beginning to set, his power crum- 
bling away, and who must already have begun to wonder 
if he could ever re-establish it, or even if he would get 
back to France. 

On the morning of the 25th, Marshal Davout, Colonel 
Kobilinski, and I went the round of our outposts and saw 
with regret that the Russian army was drawn up in good 



A TIEART-RENDING DISAPPOINTMENT 207 

order not far off, completely blocking the road to Kalouga, 
which we hoped to take. We made our dispositions for 
forcing a passage, and as we stood in a close group, bend- 
ing over our maps, we offered an excellent mark for a 
Eussian artilleryman. A ball from a twelve-pounder 
passed between the Marshal and me, and carried away 
one of Colonel Kobilinski's legs. The unfortunate officer 
fell against me, and we thought he was killed, but he 
recovered miraculously, and I shall speak of him again later. 

The Marshal and I, with hearts torn by this catastrophe, 
impatiently awaited the signal to advance, when a very 
different order filled us with surprise and dismay. 

I must explain that Kalouga, whither we thought we 
were bound, was a town of great importance to the 
Eussians, as it was their emporium of provisions and 
weapons. Built as it was beside a river divided into 
several branches, it could easily be fortified, and afforded an 
admirably defended position for the Eussian army, which 
had arrived before us. The Emperor doubted whether we 
were strong enough to force a passage through it, and he 
had lost so much time hesitating that he was now 
reduced to the necessity of ordering the army to abandon 
the Kalouga road for the one leading to Mojaisk, by which 
we had come. This was to fling us back upon the desert 
vdthout provisions, to make us tramp once more over the 
ashes we had left behind us on our way to Moscow ; in a 
word, it was to deprive us of all hope of finding a scrap 
of food. Needless to say that this decision afflicted us all 
most cruelly. The Emperor with his Guard went first, 
followed by the various corps of the army with all their 
terrible encumbrances, whilst henceforth Marshal Davout's 
corps, which of course was also my own, formed the rear- 
guard* 



^08 MEMOIES OF B.-VEON LEJEUNE 



CHAPTEE VII 

VIASMA — KEASNOE — THE BEEESINA DISASTER — THE 
EMPEROE LEAVES THE ARMY — WILNA 

It became momentarily more difficult to reassm^e our 
soldiers on the subject of this loss of time and retrograde 
movement. On the second daj' of our retreat for the 
Mojaisk road, that is to say on October 26, a fine cold rain 
set in, which damped every one's spirits yet more, and 
greatly increased the difficulties of the march. Once 
more we saw a fine castle, which looked as if it would pro- 
vide us with a comfortable shelter, but we had no sooner 
entered it than fire broke out, and that before our people had 
lit a raatch. We found the incendiary apparatus, which 
had been left in position by the owner, but too late to extin- 
guish the flames. Our troops were already beginning to 
suffer from dysentery through insufficient and badly cooked 
food, a few cakes and a little poor soup being all they 
had even now. The sick who were unable to march with 
the rest were abandoned on the road. Meanwhile Marshal 
Mortier rejoined us at Verea with the two divisions of the 
Young Guard ; he had accomplished the melancholy task 
assigned to him of blowing up the Kxemlin, against which 
his noble soul had revolted. Before leaving Moscow some 
of Mortier's troops took prisoner one of our bitterest ene- 
mies, the Russian Lieutenant-General Vintzingerode, and 



I AM ALL BUT SURROUNDED BY COSSACKS 209 

he was being taken to the Emperor, when he had the good 
fortune to make his escape. 

On the 27th the advanced guard of the army re-entered 
Mojaisk, still encumbered with the wounded left behind 
after the battle of Borodino, and on the 28th the rearguard 
arrived. How painful and touching was the meeting with 
our unfortunate wounded, to whom we now returned with 
none of the comforts or the cheering news which they ex- 
pected us to bring them ! All we could offer them was an 
exhortation to resignation ; we dared not tell them that 
we were about to abandon them once more, this time 
finally, and we were ourselves slowly beginning to face 
the fact that their terrible lot would . most probably soon 
be our own. AVherever we passed, every refuge still left 
standing was crowded with wounded, and at Kolinskoy 
alone there were more than 2,000. Hitherto we had only 
been pursued by a few Cossacks, but every day their 
numbers increased, and they became more aggressive. 
Just before we left Kolinskoy on the 30th, wishing to re- 
connoitre the enemy on the plain, I was walking along 
the terrace of a convent, when I suddenly found myself in 
the presence of about a hundred Cossacks, who were like 
myself approaching to reconnoitre. When they caught 
sight of me they at first took to flight ; but seeing that I 
was alone, they returned, and I had only just time to mount 
and gallop off to rejoin our troops, who had started and 
were already some distance off. Here and there we passed 
carriages left on the road because the starved horses, ex- 
hausted with fatigue, had fallen down. The few which 
could be made to get up again were at once harnessed to 
the wagons containing some of the wounded, but they 
all died after dragging their new burdens for a few steps 
only. Then the wounded were in their turn abandoned, 

VOL. 11. P 



210 MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUXE 

and as we rode away we turned aside our heads that we 
might not see their despairing gestures, whilst our hearts 
were torn by their terrible cries, to which we tried in vain 
to shut our ears. If our own condition was pitiable, how 
much more so was theirs with nothing before them but 
death from starvation, from cold, or from the weapons of 
the Eussians ! The 30th was a sad and terribly long day, 
for we had to march nearly all night in intense cold, 
the severest we had yet had to encounter, it being impor- 
tant that we should arrive at Giatz before the enemy, 
who were pushing on rapidly by cross roads in the hope 
of getting there first. 

The first corps arrived at Giatz on the 31st, and a few 
hours afterwards the Eussians appeared in great force. 
The next day, Noveinber 1, they tried to force a passage 
through our troops, and having failed they had to be con- 
tent with hotly cannonading one of our big convoys which 
had been considerably delayed, and was defiling near the 
entrance to the town just in front of the enemy's guns. 
The balls wrought terrible havoc in this convoy of ours, 
and amongst the carriages was that in which I had sent 
my sister on in advance. I was fortunate enough to be 
able to save her. The coachman assured me that the 
three horses were still fresh and in first-rate condition, so 
I said to my sister, ' Dare you face the guns ? ' She replied 
trembling, ' I will do what you tell me.' I at once turned 
to the coachman with the words, ' Cross that meadow at a 
gallop ; the balls will go over your head, and you will suc- 
ceed in getting in front of the rest of the convoy. You will 
then be able to push on without stopping. ' He followed my 
advice and with the best results, for my sister got off unhurt. 
The convoy consisted of some hundreds of badly harnessed 
carriages, containing many wounded, with the wives 



EFFECTS OF THE ITsITENSE COLD 211 

and children of several French merchants of Moscow, who 
were flying the country after having been robbed of their 
all by the Bussians. The company of the Theatre Fran- 
^ais of Moscow had also joined this party, the unlucky 
actors little dreaming of the terrible tragedy in which 
they were to play their part through placing themselves 
under our protection, so soon, alas ! to avail them 
nothing. 

On November 2 snow began to fall, and there were 
already eight or nine degrees of frost. The various 
divisions of the first corps took it in turns to act as rear- 
guard, and on that day it was the turn of the Gerard 
division, with Avhich we had passed the night in a wood 
beneath the snowflakes. The effects of the great cold 
were already disastrous ; many men were so benumbed at 
the moment for departure as to be unable to rise, and we 
were obliged to abandon them. 

We reached Viasma on November 3 at the same 
time as the Russians, whose advanced guard was checked 
by Marshal Ney's troops drawn up in front of them. It 
was evident that a battle must take place here, and every 
preparation was made on both sides. The French troops 
in a position to take part in it numbered about 30,000 
or 40,000, whilst the Eussians had two corps con- 
sisting together of raore than 60,000 men. Marshal 
Davou-t's and the Viceroy's corps, with the Poles under 
Prince Poniatowski, were successively engaged, and for a 
long time exposed to an overwhelming fire from a strong 
body of artillery with horses better harnessed and in far 
better condition than ours, which were too worn out for 
manoeuvring. The first corps and that under Prince 
Eugene became separated from each other twice, and 
were both for a time in very critical positions. Fortu- 

p2 



212 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

nately Marshal Ney was able to send a regiment to the 
rear of the Russian army, which threw it into confusion, 
and Generals Kutusoff, Miloradowich, Platoff, and Suvoroff, 
who had hoped to make us lay down our arms, stopped 
the pursuit, though fifty pieces of cannon still poured out 
their fire upon our luckless convoys, which were defihng 
past during the battle. Many men were lost on both 
sides here as elsewhere, for our soldiers were still un- 
daunted, and nearly every shot from us told in the Eussian 
ranks, which were more numerous and more closely serried 
than ours. 

Marshal Ney, whose turn it was to act as rearguard, 
now protected the Viasma pass, and the French army 
marched towards Dorogobouj. After having passed the 
night of the 3rd and the day of the 4th on the road, we 
halted in the evening in a pine forest on the borders of a 
frozen lake not far from the Castle of Czarkovo, where the 
Emperor had been for two days. On the 5th the first 
corps took up its position at Semlevo, so as to let that of 
Marshal Ney pass on, it being our turn now to be rear- 
guard. The Cossacks harassed us greatly, and many 
of our stragglers, whose numbers increased every day, fell 
into their hands. We now also made out on our flanks 
numerous columns of Eussian cavalry and artillery, which 
were trying to pass us so as to await us at the entrance 
to the pass on this side of Dorogobouj. Marshal Ney 
foresaw this danger, and instead of going through the pass 
he halted near it for us to come up. Thanks to his 
forethought and support, we only suffered from a slack 
cannonade and reached Dorogobouj safely. 

Leaving that place on the 6th we made a long march, 
and at nightfall we camped in a large wood, where General 
Jouffroy had been obliged to halt with the badly harnessed 



A KEMAEKABLE SUPPER 213 

and damaged artillery under his care. We spent the 
night in packing the wagons which were still in a fit 
state to proceed, blowing up those we had to abandon, and 
burning the gun-carriages we could not take with us. 
These explosions, which were now of very frequent occur- 
rence, were signals of our misfortunes, and affected us 
much as the tolling of the bell at her child's funeral would 
some bereaved mother. 

General Jouffroy had had a tent pitched, and invited me 
to share its shelter and his supper. A supper ! Good 
heavens ! what a luxurious treat in the midst of our 
misery ! 

I had a new experience at that supper. Hitherto a 
few cows had still remained to the staff, and I had not 
been reduced to eating horseflesh. But now the General 
had nothing to offer me but a repast of horseflesh so highly 
spiced that in spite of its toughness and the coarse veins, 
which resisted the efforts of the sharpest teeth to masti- 
cate them, it really tasted not unlike what the French 
call hauf a la mode. Generally horseflesh is so black, 
and its gravy is so yellow and insipid, so very like liquid 
sulphur, that it looks most repulsive, but we quite enjoyed 
our meal, washed down as it was by a flask of good wine 
which had belonged to some great man of Moscow. 

For a long time the only meat our soldiers ever tasted 
had been horseflesh, and the poor fellows were so brutalised 
by misery and famine that they often did not wait till an 
animal was dead to cut it up and carry off the fleshy 
portions. When a horse stumbled and fell, no one tried 
to help it up, but numbers of soldiers at once flung them- 
selves upon it, and cut open its side to get at the liver, 
which is the least repulsive part. They would not even 
put it out of its misery first, and I have actually seen them 
angry at the poor beast's last struggles to escape its 



214 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNK 

butchers, and heard them cry, ' Keep quiet, will you, you 
rogue ? ' 

The numbers of the stragglers increased in a perfectly 
appalling way ; they stopped in crowds to roast a few 
shreds of horseflesh, and the French, who must always 
have their joke whatever their misery, called the tattered 
%vretches the fricoteurs or revellers. 

During the night of the 6th and the day of the 7tli, 
a heavy fall of snow drifting before a strong wind rendered 
our march extremely arduous. We were often unable to 
see two paces before us, but all the time the balls from the 
enemy were ploughing up the ground, and every now and 
then a few victims fell. No one had the heart to stop to 
help those who were struck, for the most selfish egotism 
crushed all kindly feeling in almost every breast. It was 
in a state of bodily and mental torpor that we reached 
Pnevo on one of the tributaries of the Dnieper, a very 
difficult river to cross. To protect its passage during our 
occupation of the country, we had had a big log hut built 
surrounded by a weak earthwork. This little redoubt was 
the only shelter which had not been burnt on the long 
road we were traversing, and the first corps halted there 
to pass the night. It was built in the same way as the 
huts of the peasants, with big squared trunks of trees laid 
horizontally on each other, forming walls almost im- 
pervious to balls, but not more than fifty people could get 
inside, so that the rest of the troops had to camp around it. 
The heavy snow and the bitter wind prevented us from 
going to get fuel, for there were no trees near, and every 
one suffered terribly from cold during the night. 

In our halts we always faced the north. The Viceroy, 
who was marching on our left, met with the greatest 
difficulties, for he had counted on finding a bridge over the 



I SHAKE MARSHAL DAVOUT'S AMBULAXCE WAGOX 215 

Wop, but this bridge was broken, so that he had to cross 
by the ford, and the water was all frozen over. His 
artillery and baggage stuck fast in the mud on the banks, 
and he was compelled to abandon them. 

General Kapp and several other officers came to share 
oux small quarters, where we were all very closely packed 
together. At nine o'clock the next morning when we left 
our shelter we found the ground near the wretched little 
redoubt encumbered with poor fellows, who, after having 
with infinite trouble managed to light fires, had been 
overcome with the cold, and burnt by flying sparks 
though covered with snow. Many of them were never 
to rise again from the spot on which they had fallen. 
Before we left we had the log hut burnt down. 

The coating of ice on the roads made them so slippery 
•that men and horses could scarcely keep their feet. My 
hoirse fell with me, and I was so much hurt that I could 
not remount, and I went to share Marshal Davout's 
loursi ^ or ambulance wagon, drawn by a very strong pair 
of cobs, which galloped along on the ice as easily as others 
would on turf. 

Having burnt the bridge behind us, we imagined our- 
selves to be in security for the rest of the day. But when 
we halted for the first time about noon, we heard a brisk 
firing a short distance off, which evidently came from the 
twelve-pounders of our own park of artillery. This made 
the Marshal both uneasy and angry, and he sent for the 
officer in command of the artillery. He came hurrying 
up with a smile on his face, as if he were the bearer of 
good news. Davout, however, frowning at him from his 
wurst, accosted him roughly with the words, ' So it's you, 

• The wurst was an open ambulance waggon, now no longer in use.— 
Trans. 



216 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

you scoundrel, who have dared to fire my reserve guns 
without orders from me ! ' Greatly surprised at this 
address, the officer had the presence of mind to pretend 
not to know to whom Davout was speaking, and after 
looking about him, he said as he set spurs to his horse 
to return to his post, ' Surely that language cannot 
be addressed to me ! ' A few minutes later we learnt 
that some 1,200 Cossacks had flung themselves upon the 
big park of artillery, but when the commanding officer 
halted he had prudently prepared his guns for action and 
formed squares to guard against a cavalry charge, so 
that when that charge was made a volley of grapeshot 
from thirty guns overthrew one half of the assailants and 
put the other half to flight. I now once more entreated 
the Marshal, as I had so often done before, to choose 
another chief of the staff, pointing out to him that half 
our aides-de-camp and commissaries were already killed 
or taken prisoners, and that I really could not do all the 
work he required alone. He, however, begged me to 
remain, with a politeness which was so truly remarkable 
from him, that General Haxo maliciously asked me, 
' Whatever have you done to the Marshal ? He must be 
very fond of you, for I never saw him pet any one as he 
does you.' 

On this same eventful 9th of November we re-entered 
Smolensk, where the Emperor received news of the Malet 
and Lahorie conspiracy at Paris,' and of the check received 
by the corps which he had ordered to debouch on his flanks. 

' This conspiracy all but succeeded in overthrowing the Imperial 
Government ; Malet, who had escaped from prison, where he was confined 
for participation in the plot of 1801, having circulated the news of Napoleon's 
death, and forged a decree of the Senate. He was, however, taken prisoner 
by Laborde, and shot, with Lahorie and other traitors to the Emperor, on 
October 29, 1812.— Thans. 



TEREIBLE SUFFERINGS OF OUR STRAGGLERS 217 

The tidings from Spain were not of a kind to afford him any- 
consolation, for there was no unity of purpose or of action 
amongst the French Generals there, a fact by which the 
enemy was not slow to profit. The Emperor, fearing 
lest discouragement should spread through the ranks of 
our retreating army, pretended to be quite unmoved by 
all this distressing news. He wanted to appear superior 
to every adversity and ready to face calmly every event, 
however untoward, but his assumed indifference was 
misinterpreted and had a bad effect. 

We no longer had a smithy for rough-shoeing our 
horses, so that they nearly all fell and were too weak 
to get up again. Our cavalry was thus completely de- 
stroyed, and the dismounted men even flung away their 
weapons, which their fingers were too frozen to hold. 
Some 300 officers, who had lost all their men, then pro- 
posed forming themselves into a kind of picked corps, 
ready to fight together on every emergency ; but with 
them, as with the common soldiers, strength and discipline 
soon gave way, and what might have been a noble band, 
bound together by misfortune, fell to pieces in a few days 
without having rendered the slightest service to any one. 

We camped for the night of the 10th on the banks of 
the Dnieper, beside the bridge where General Gudin had 
been killed. Our bivouac fires were soon surrounded by 
those of the numerous stragglers who had met here. 
Their appearance would have torn our hearts if we had 
not already been reduced to the level of the brutes, with- 
out the power of feeling compassion. Many of the poor 
wretches, who were all without weapons, were wearing 
silk pelisses trimmed with fur, or women's clothes of all 
manner of colours, which they had snatched from the 
flames of Moscow or taken from carriages abandoned by 



2] 8 ME-MOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUiS'E 

the way. These garments, which were fuller and looser 
than those of men, were a better protection from the cold. 
Some also wore the clothes of their comrades who had died 
on the road. 

Numbed with cold and famishing with hunger, those 
who had been unable to make a fire would creep up to 
their more fortunate comrades and plead for a little share 
in the warmth, but no one dreamt of sacrificing any of 
the hardly won heat for the sake of another. The new 
arrivals would renrain standing behind those seated for a 
little while, and then, too weak to support themselves 
longer, they would stagger and fall. Some would sink on 
to their knees, others into a sitting posture, and this was 
always the beginning of the end. The next moment they 
would stretch out their weary limbs, raise their dim and 
faded eyes to heaven, and as froth issued from their 
mouths their lips would quiver with a happy smile, as if 
some divine consolation had soothed their dying agony. 
Often before the last breath was drawn, and even as the 
failing limbs stretched themselves out with an appearance 
of heavenly calm, some other poor wretch, who had been 
standing by, would seat himself upon the still heaving 
breast of his dying comrade, to remain resting upon the 
corpse with his living weight until, generally very little 
later, his own turn should come, and he also, finding himself 
too weak to rise, should yield up his breath. The horror of 
it all was but slightly shroirded by the falling snow, and 
we had to witness this kind of thing for yet another thirty 
days ! 

The first corps entered Smolensk on the 11th, and 
remained there till the 16th. The interval was employed 
in distributing to the troops the few provisions and clothes 
which had been collected in the storehouses by order of 



KAPOLEON'S AFFECTION FOR THE OLD GUAED 219 

the Emperor/ and in seeing off for Wilna all the convoys 
which could still be supplied with horses. 

The Imperial Guard, which was always held in reserve, 
had fought very little and lost fewer men than any of the 
other corps. The Emperor still owned in that Guard 
a force of from 3,000 to 4,000 men in good fighting 
condition, but these troops, though the discipline to which 
they had to submit was much less severe than that en- 
forced in the rest of the army, really suffered quite as 
much as we did. The Emperor had their affection for 
him verj' much at heart, and in the friendly familar way 
which he knew would please them he used sometimes to go 
amongst them, and pulling the long moustaches, all stiff 
with ice, of one or another, he would say, ' Ah, old 
Grognards,- you may count on me as I count on my Guard 
to fulfil the high destiny to which they are called.' These 
few words would at once restore the confidence of the 
brave fellows in their chief, and to the end of the journey 
the Emperor Was always surrounded by them. 

AVe had still more than 120 leagues to cross between 
Smolensk and the Kiemen. There were already from 12 
to 15 degrees of frost, and the cold was still increasing. 
The roads grew worse every day, and there was too little 
of everything at Smolensk for the four days' halt to have 
done much to recruit the exhausted strength of the troops, 
or to restore anything like order in the disorganised army. 
My chief, the Prince of Eckmiihl (Marshal Davout), who, 
as the Emperor justly remarked, was a man of iron con- 
stitution, was very exacting, and expected the Staff accounts 

' Large quantities of food and clothing had been brought together at 
Smolensk, but there was some mistake about their distribution, and many 
men got too much, whilst others received nothing. — Teans. 

^ The Grognards was the popular name given to the Old Guard of 
Napoleon I. — Trans. 



220 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNB 

to be written up every day just as in times of peace. Now 
all my assistants but one had disappeared, and I therefore 
again tendered my resignation. Just as we were leaving 
Smolensk, the Emperor consented to my leaving Davout, 
and named Charpentier, a general of division just removed 
from the Government of Smolensk, to take my place. 
That general, however, being not at all anxious to take up 
a task of which he knew the difficulties, evaded appearing 
at his post for ten or twelve days, so that I had to go 
on doing the work of the chief of the Staff without the 
title or pay. 

Before he left Smolensk the Emperor ordered Marshal 
Ney to remain there until the 17th, when he was to blow 
up the fortifications. He also told him that his corps was 
to act as rearguard after the departure of the 1st corps, 
which was to precede him by one day and await him 
at the Krasnoe ravine. This ravine, which was a very 
difficult pass, had been encumbered for nine days with 
carriages, many of which were being burnt to clear the 
way. 

The Viceroy's corps, now reduced to 1,200 or 1,500 men, 
which was marching in advance of ours, had been greatly 
harassed ever since leaving Smolensk by some 12,000 or 
14,000 Russians, with a strong force of artillery mounted on 
sledges. The Emperor and his Guard had waited at the 
entrance to the terrible defile for the Viceroy to come up 
with his corps and protect his passage through it, and he 
now determined not to enter it until the arrival of the first 
corps also, which had not been able to leave Smolensk until 
two o'clock in the morning of Monday, the 16th. During 
this halt Napoleon learnt that the enemy was advancing in 
force upon Orcha to intercept the passage of the Dnieper, 
and had massed a large number of troops in the village of 



OUR POSITION AT KRASNOE 221 

Kourkovo, not far from us. The Young Guard, com- 
manded by General Eoguet, whose gallant audacity was 
well known to the Emperor, had joined him during the 
day, and Napoleon now sent him to create a diversion 
in the night by attacking the enemy's corps which was 
causing us so much uneasiness. 

The 1st corps, which had been the 4th under the 
Viceroy, was terribly harassed all through the march on 
the 16th by numerous Cossacks with artillery. When 
darkness fell the attacks lessened, and we availed ourselves 
of the reprieve by marching all night towards the Krasnoe 
pass. With the first gleams of light on the 17th, how- 
ever, we found ourselves threatened by great masses of 
Russian infantry and cavalry struggling to surround us and 
make us lay down our arms ; and though they did not 
venture actually to attack us, the fire from their guns 
wrought great havoc amongst us. Again and again our 
little army, reduced to 4,000 men bearing arms, but 
hampered by numerous stragglers, halted to face the 
enemy and await Marshal Ney, who was to cover our 
retreat. On this occasion I had a fresh opportunity of 
admiring the courage and sang-froid of General Compans. 
Severely wounded in the shoulder, and suffering greatly, 
he was compelled, like most of us, to march on foot. 
This, however, did not prevent him from facing the enemy 
with a smiling face and as unruffled a calm as if he were 
walking about in his own garden at home. The sight 
of his happy face and composed demeanour had the best 
results on his soldiers, giving them a sense of security, and 
leading them to imitate their general's stoicism. 

Our position at Krasnoe was, however, anything but 
pleasant. Surrounded by enemies ten times as numerous 
as ourselves, we could not imagine how it was that 



ooo 



MEMOiriS OF BARON LEJEUXE 



INIarshal Ney, whom we supposed to be just behind us, 
had not managed to beat off at least some of them. We 
fought steadily, hoping every moment to see him appear. 
But the enemy's cannonade became hotter and hotter, 
making terrible gaps in our ranks, and the snow, which 
had been falling heavily ever since the evening before, 
added to our difficulties, rendering our situation all 
but desperate. The Emperor, who was becoming very 
anxious about our fate, generously turned back and came 
to meet us, cutting a passage through our assailants at 
the head of the Old Guard, and meeting Marshal Davout's 
advanced guard beyond Krasnoe. 

Meanwhile nothing had been heard of Ney and 
the rearguard with him, but it turned out afterwards 
that on leaving Smolensk the Marshal, with the few 
troops still remaining to him, had been immediately 
pursued by thousands of the enemy, who poured such a 
hot fire into his already diminished ranks from every 
side, that after three days' continuous struggle he was 
compelled to abandon the attempt to cut through the 
enemy's forces, and to deviate from the naain road to 
Krasnoe, where we were so anxiously awaiting, him. 
When darkness was beginning he found himself far away 
from us, with the Dnieper between him and safety. He 
took up a position parallel with the river, and allowed his 
troops to light their bivouac fares. Kutusoff, who had 
followed Ney, now looked upon him as his certain prey, 
for he could see no way of escape for him, and sent an 
officer with a flag of truce to summon him to surrender. 

The envoy, who performed his mission with the 
greatest politeness, was received with assumed courtesy, 
and detained on various pretexts whilst the Marshal was 
having the depth of the river sounded, and the strength 



MARSHAL KEY CROSSES THE DND3PER 223 

of the ice on it tested. He was told that several men had 
gone over to the other bank and returned safely. He then 
ordered the throwing of fresh fuel on the fires, as if he had 
decided to remain where he was, and telling the envoy 
that he would have to accompany him, he gave the signal 
for crossing the river, instructing his subordinates to 
make the men go over in single file, and to keep well 
away from each other. Everything — artillery, baggage, 
even wounded — which would have hindered the safe 
crossing or broken the ice, was abandoned on the banks.' 
The transit was accomplished without accident, and at 
daybreak on the 18th the Marshal was several leagues 
from the further bank, but he was now attacked by a 
considerable body of Cossacks under Platoff, but he 
managed to fight his way through them,^ though he had 
none but infantry with him, and after three days' march 
along the winding banks of the river, his rear harassed 
perpetually by Bashkirs and Tartars, who picked off and 
ill treated all stragglers, Ney at last rejoined the Emperor 
at Orcha. 

In the struggle at Krasnoe, which lasted the whole day 
and in which we were exposed to a terrible artillery fire, 
my servant was wounded by grapeshot, and the two 
saddle horses he was leading were killed, whilst that on 
which he was mounted was very badly hurt. I thought 
the poor animal would certainly die of his awful wound, 

' This crossing of the Dnieper was one of the most brilliant feats achieved 
by the French in this or any campaign. The story of its accomplishment is 
variously told by eye-witnesses, but all agree that but for its successful per- 
formance the whole of the rearguard would have been cut to pieces or taken 
prisoners by the Russians. — Teaks. 

2 Marbot says that PlatoS was in a drunken sleep when the French came 
up, and that, discipline in the Eussian army being very strict, no one 
ventured to wake him or to stand to arms without his orders, and that it was 
to this circumstance that the Marshal owed the final escape of his little body 
of men. — Teans. 



224 MEMOIRS OF BARON LE.IEUNE 

but, strange to say, he was the only one of all my horses 
to live to reach the Vistula. He was, in fact, quite well 
again when he was taken by the enemy at the gates of 
Thorn, and my poor servant was killed. With the horses 
I lost the furs they were carrying for my use, and nothing 
was left to me to protect me from the cold but a silk 
waterproof cloak, which turned out much more useful than 
I could have imagined, for it kept out the cold, and pre- 
vented my own animal heat, little as it was, from 
escaping. 

As the day wore on at Krasnoe, and Ney did not 
appear, the anxiety of the Emperor and the army became 
more and more intense. Napoleon, fearing that his own 
retreat to Orcha would be cut off, dared not linger longer 
at Ivrasnoe, and he and his Guard left ufe an hour before 
nightfall, ordering us to wait for Marshal Ney. When 
the Emperor abandoned Krasnoe, the little town was full 
of those who had been wounded during the day. Nothing 
could have been more heart-rending than the sight of all 
the rooms in every house crowded with fine young fellows, 
their ages ranging from twenty to twenty-five years, who 
had but recently joined the army and had been under fire 
for the first time that day, but who within one short 
hour were to be left to their fate. Some few, who were 
able to march after their wounds had been dressed, were 
eager to be off again, but all the rest to the number of 
about 3,000 were left without surgeons or any neces- 
saries. 

The whole of the Guard was already gone, our much 
reduced first corps could no longer defend the heights 
beyond Krasnoe, and General Compans, who had remained 
till the very last, went down towards the town and crossed 
the ravine as night fell. He had scarcely done so, when, 



GKIEF AT SUPPOSED LOSS OF MARSHAL XEY 22-3 

anxious to find out what the enemy were doing, I managed 
to creep along behind a hedge at the borders of the pass. 
The ravine was not more than thirty paces wide, and I 
very soon found myself almost face to face with a body of 
Eussian artillery, which was being hastily put in position 
so as to riddle us with grapeshot. Beyond the ten or 
twelve guns of this battery I could see several considerable 
infantry corps advancing in line in our direction, leaving 
me no longer in any doubt of our being completely cut off 
from Marshal Ney. I hurried back with this distressing 
news to Marshal Davout, and recognising the hopeless- 
ness of waiting for Ney any longer, he did at once all that 
was left to us under the circumstances, by having a few 
guns placed in position to prevent the enemy from cross- 
ing the ravine, whilst the infantry was ordered to with- 
draw towards Lidoni, where we arrived a little before 
daybreak, our retreat having been facilitated by a very 
dark night. The Russians, thinking that we were still in 
force at Krasnoe, did not enter it till the next morning. 

The army was still deeply grieved at the supposed 
loss of Marshal Ney, for we were all certain that if he 
were ahve he had been taken prisoner. The thought of 
his fate caused general discouragement, and all we hoped 
was to escape captivity ourselves. The numbers of 
the stragglers, ever on the increase, had now become 
immense ; at every pass or difficult bit of road there was a 
block of wagons and carriages, and many vehicles broke 
through the ice on the marshes and remained embedded 
in the mud beneath. This was how I myself in our 
march from Lidoni to Koziani lost my baggage wagon 
and a barouche, which were still properly harnessed, for 
both of them with their drivers and horses were swallowed 
up by the mud. Hundreds of others met with similar 
VOL. II. Q 



226 irEMOIER OF BAROX LE.TEUXE 

misfortunes, and as I was going through Dombrowa the 
day after my loss, I came upon a carriage belonging to a 
M. de Servan, in which sat my sister. She had lost her 
carriage in the same marshes as I had mine, and De 
Servan, who had been more fortunate than either of us, 
had been good enough to take her on with him. A few 
hours later, just at the entrance to Orcha, De Servan's 
carriage was smashed by a cannon-ball. M. Levasseur, 
however, whose carriage got through safely, was good 
enough to allow me to transfer my sister to it, and showed 
her every possible attention. 

On the evening of the 20th, when the moon was 
shining brightly, our advanced posts on the right bank of 
the Dnieper saw an officer approaching, whom they at first 
mistook for a Russian. They soon saw, however, that 
he was French, and on questioning him they learnt to 
their great joy that Marshal Ney, who had miraculously 
escaped from the clutches of Kutusoff, was but a league 
away from us. It would be difficult to describe our 
delight at receiving this news, which did much to restore 
the tone of the army, so lowered by discouragement. The 
Viceroy and Marshal Mortier hurried off to meet Ney, and 
the next day he was welcomed by the Emperor, who re- 
ceived him with the greatest enthusiasm, greeting him 
with the words, ' I would have given everything rather 
than lose you.' 

The first corps continued to cover the retreat, and we 
were aroused before daybreak after our arrival at Orcha 
by the coming up of the Russians in great force, who hoped 
to shut us into that town. Like every other place we 
passed through in our retreat, Orcha was encumbered with 
carriages crowded, as were the houses, with sick and 
wounded. A young cousin of mine, Alexander Lejeune, 



D[FFICULT[ES IN CROSSING THE DNIEPER 227 

had been left at Orcha as manager of a hospital. I saw 
him as I went through, and he stuffed my pockets full of 
sugar and coffee ready roasted and ground. I urged him 
to fly whilst he could, and advised him to start in advance 
of us. He said he woiild just go and fetch a cloak and 
his money, but I never saw him again. He was probably 
delayed, and perished in the crowd after we left. If blood 
shed in the service of one's country is a patent of nobility, 
our family escutcheon ought to receive ten or twelve 
new chevrons of honour ! for many of my nearest re- 
lations were wounded or killed in the Emperor's service, 
including five first cousins, namely, one Gerard, killed in 
Egypt ; one Vignaux, killed in Spain ; one Lejeune, killed 
in "Russia ; my brother, wounded at Friedland ; the 
husband of my eldest sister. Baron Plique (General), 
wounded several times, who died whilst on active service ; 
the brave and witty General Clary, brother of my wife, 
also wounded several times ; and her other brother, who 
died at the age of twenty-two, as colonel of a regiment he 
had himself got together in Spain, and who was mourned 
as a son by his uncle, King Joseph. 

I feel very proud at leaving such memories as these 
behind for my son, and have already too long delayed re- 
cording them in my Memoirs. 

At Orcha the Dnieper is very wide, and so rapid that 
the ice was not firm enough to allow of our crossing it 
easily, although there were twenty-five degrees of frost. 
The two bridges, which were all we had been able to con- 
struct, were very narrow and far from strong, whilst the ap- 
proaches to them were so slippery as to be very dangerous. 
We had had a great many carriages burnt in the streets 
of Orcha, but we were still terribly encumbered with 
them ; the enemy harassed our rear perpetually, and had 

q2 



2:^8 MEMOIliS OL' JBAROX LEJEUNE 

already gained a position from which they could cannonade 
our bridges. As soon as our troops were across we were 
compelled to set fire to these bridges, leaving behind us 
all who were without arms, or were for any reason unable 
to follow our rapid march. It was a terrible moment for us 
when we had thus to abandon so many of our wounded. 

We passed the night of Sunday the 22nd with the 
rearguard in a little wood on the road, and arrived in the 
evening of the 23rd at Kokonow, where we learnt, alas ! 
that General Tchichakoff had taken possession with a 
large force of Borisow, so that we were cut off from that 
way of retreat. This news was distressing enough, but at 
three o'clock the next morning an event occurred which 
in its horror surpassed almost anything which had yet 
befallen us. 

Opposite the house occupied by Marshal Davout and 
his officers, and not more than a couple of paces off, was 
a huge barn with four large doors, in which some five or 
six hundred persons, including officers, soldiers, stragglers, 
&c., had taken refuge as affording some shelter from the 
cold. Thirty or forty fires had been lighted, and the 
inmates of the barn, broken up into various groups, were all 
sleeping heavily in the warm air, which afforded such a 
contrast to the bitter cold of their usual bivouac, when 
the thatched roof caught fire, and in an instant the whole 
place was in flames. Suddenly, with a dull crash, the 
burning roof fell upon the sleepers, setting fire to the straw 
in which they lay, and to their clothes. Some few, who 
were near the doors, were able to escape ; and with their 
clothes all singed they rushed to us screaming for help for 
their comrades. We were at the doors in a very few 
seconds ; but what a terrible sight met our eyes ! Masses 
of flames many yards thick rushed out from the doors to 



FIVE IIUXDEED FRENCH BUltXT TX A BARN 



•)-K 



a distance of several yards, leaving only the narrow pas- 
sage of exit some six feet high beneath a vault of fire 
which, fanned by the wind, spread with immense rapidity. 

We could not, any of us, get near the poor creatures, 
whom we could see struggling wildly or flinging them- 
selves face downwards on the ground so as to suffer a 
little less. We hastily tied ropes, our handkerchiefs, any- 
thing we could get hold of, together, to fling to them, 
so as to be able to drag some of them out ; but fresh 
shrieks soon stopped our efforts, for as we pulled they fell 
upon and were stabbed by each other's bayonets. Captain 
d'Houdetot got nearer to them than any of the rest of us 
were able to, but his clothes caught fire and he had to 
draw back. The 600 or 600 victims made several last 
despairing efforts to rise, but their strength was soon all 
gone, and presently the building fell in upon them, their 
muskets became heated, the charges in them exploded, and 
their reports were the only funeral salute fired over the 
corpses of all the brave fellows. Very few escaped from 
the terrible conflagration, and those few had to tear off 
all their clothes. I saw one poor child of twelve or four- 
teen years old going about stark naked, but none of us 
could give him anything to put on, for we had lost our 
carriages, our horses, everything. There were now 13 
degrees of frost, but we had to harden our hearts against 
the sufferers, for to help them was beyond our power. 

On November '24 we passed the night at Tokotschin. 
The evening before Marshal Victor, pursued by Count von 
Wittgenstein, had joined the Emperor here, and would 
now protect his retreat. The Marshal had only just 
arrived from Germany, and had still 5,000 fresh troops in 
good order, whilst ours were thoroughly disorganised. 

A singular episode occurred on the afternoon of 



230 ME.MOIRS OF BAEON LEJEUNE 

the 24th, which had opened so tragically. I will just 
mention it here to give an idea of the vicissitudes we went 
through in our terrible retreat. Like the rest of us, 
I suffered very much from hunger, and for several days I 
had had nothing to eat but a little biscuit, whilst my only 
beverage was an occasional draught of cold coffee, which, 
however, kept me going somehow. I was marching sadly 
along, pondering on our woes, when an officer whom I 
scarcely knew by sight ran up to me, and with a pleasant 
smile asked me to do him a favour. ' My position,' I 
answered laughing, ' is not such as to enable me to serve 
any one. But what do you want ? ' His reply was to 
hand me a parcel carefully done up in paper, and about the 
size of my two fists, which he begged me to accept. ' But 
tell me what is in it,' I said. ' I entreat you not to refuse 
it.' ' But at least say what it is,' I urged, trying to push 
it away with my right hand ; but he closed my fingers 
over it and ran off. A good deal puzzled by suddenly 
receiving a present from a stranger, and quite at a loss to 
imagine his motive, I smelt the packet to begin with, and 
the result encouraged me to open it, when lo ! and behold ! 
a delicious odour of truffles greeted my nostrils, and I 
found myself the happy possessor of a quarter of a pate de 
foie gras from Toulouse or Strasburg. I never saw the 
officer again, but I think my fervent expressions of grati- 
tude must have found an echo in his heart. May he have 
escaped the fate which overtook so many of us, and from 
which his timely gift preserved me for a few days ! 

Another bit of good fortune marked this same day. 
As I have already said, I had lost all my furs and winter 
clothes, and in these deserted districts money was of no 
avail to buy new ones. I was feeling the want of them 
dreadfully, when I came across Colonel L. shut up in his 



I BUY A BEAltSKIN 231 

carriage, and quite ill from the excessive precautions he 
was taking against the cold. ' What do you want with 
all those furs ? ' I asked him. ' You will be suffocated in 
them. Give me one.' To which he rephed, ' Not for all 
the gold in the world ! ' ' Bah ! ' I cried, ' you will give 
me that bearskin, which really is in your way, and here 
are fifty gold napoleons for it.' ' Go to the devil! go 
to the devil with your napoleons ! you bother me ! — but 
there, General, I can't refuse you anything.' He took the 
napoleons, and I hastily seized the bearskin, for fear he 
should think better of it. I went off with my treasure 
with indescribable joy, but the unlucky owner of so many 
sables and other furs was frozen to death a few days later. 

The first corps passed the night of the 24th at Toloczin, 
and at daybreak the next morning the Russian firing re- 
commenced, and we were pursued during the whole day 
by them, their balls mowing down our ranks. It was 
throughout our disastrous retreat the custom of the enemy 
to harass us all day, and when night fell to withdraw to 
distant villages, where they had a good rest and, plenty of 
food, neither of which we were able to obtain, returning 
the next morning stronger than ever to attack us again 
with fresh vigour, whilst we were ever growing fewer and 
weaker. 

On the 25th we passed the night in a wood close to a 
burnt village. The snow was very deep, adding greatly 
to our discomfort, and we made great piles of faggots on 
which to rest, all of us turning our feet towards one big 
fire. My bearskin was nearly fourteen feet square, and 1 
let general Haxo roll himself into it with me. We were 
very warm and comfortable inside, and as we fell asleep 
we mentally blessed the man who had sold it to me. The 
next morning, the 26th, we started again before day- 



JojI MEMOIUS of ]!A1;0X LE.TEUXE 

break as usual, not daring to count those we had to leave 
behind. 

On the same day we went through Borv, and the first 
corps halted for the night at Kroupski. A newly formed 
brigade of light Pohsh cavalry had just arrived in this 
village, and were heating the ovens in the cottages. An 
inn with stabling for twenty horses was assigned to 
Marshal Davout. In putting the horses which had 
followed — for, as I have said, we all went on foot now — 
in the stable, we found three children in a manger, one 
about a year old, the other two apparently only just born. 
They were very poorly dressed, and were so numbed vfith 
the cold that they were not even crying. I made my 
men seek their parents for an hour, but they could not be 
found ; all the inhabitants had fled, and the three poor 
little things were left to our tender mercies. I begged the 
Marshal's cook to give them a little broth if he succeeded 
in making any, and thought no more about them. 
Presently, however, the warmth of the horses' breath 
woke the little creatures up, and their plaintive cries 
resounded for a long time in the rooms in which we were 
all crowded together. Our desire to do something to help 
them kept us awake for a long time, but at last we were 
overcome with sleep. At two o'clock in the morning we 
were roused by the news that the village was on fire ; the 
overheating of the ovens had led to flames breaking out 
nearly everywhere. Our house, standing somewhat apart, 
was the only one to escape, and our three children were still 
crying. At daybreak, however, when we were starting, I 
could hear them no longer, and I asked the cook what he 
had done for them. He had, of course, suffered as much 
as we had, and he answered, with the satisfied air of a 
man who has done a good action, ' Their crying so tore 



I AID AT AN AMPUTATION 233 

my heart that I could not close an eye. I had no food to 
give them, so I took a hatchet, broke the ice in the horse 
trough, and drowned them, to put them out of their 
misery ! ' Thus does misfortmie harden the heart of 
man ! 

During the retreat many of the French were drowned. 
The wells in the village were all open and level with the 
ground, so that when troops arrived in the dark several 
men often fell into them, and rarely did any of their 
comrades try to save them. I saw more than ten wells, 
none of them very deep, on the surface of which the dead 
bodies of such victims were floating. Overcome with 
misery, other poor fellows committed suicide, and we 
often heard the discharge of a musket close by, telling of 
the end of some unfortunate wretch. On the other hand, 
some of the men who were simply covered with wounds 
kept up their courage and marched steadily on. One 
day, weary of walking, I sat down to rest on the trunk of 
a tree beside a fine young artilleryman who had just 
been wounded. Two doctors happened to pass us, and I 
called out to them to come and look at the wound. They 
did so, and at the first glance exclaimed, ' The arm must 
be amputated ! ' I asked the soldier if he felt he could 
bear it. 'Anything you like,' he answered stoutly. 
' But,' said the doctors, ' there are only two of us to do 
it ; so you, General, will be good enough to help us 
perform the operation.' Seeing that I was anything but 
pleased at the idea, they hastened to add that it would be 
enough if I just let the artilleryman lean against me. 
' Sit back to back with him, and you will see nothing of 
the operation.' I agreed, and placed myself in the required 
position. I think the operation seemed longer to me than 
it did to the patient. The doctors opened their cases of 



:^34 MEMOIliS OF BAltON LEJEUXE 

instruments ; the artilleryman did not even heave a single 
sigh. I heard the slight noise made by the saw as it cut 
through the bone, and in a few seconds, or rather minutes, 
they said to me, ' It is over ! it is a pity we have not a 
little wine to give him, to help him to rally.' I happened 
still to have half a bottle of Malaga with nie, which I was 
hoarding up, only taking a drop at a time, but I gave it to 
the poor man, who was very pale, though he said nothing. 
His eyes brightened up, and he swallowed all my wine at a 
single gulp. Then, on returning the empty bottle with the 
words, ' It is still a long way to Carcassonne,' he walked off 
with a firm step at a pace I found it difficult to emulate. 

Marshal Oudinot, who had recovered from his wound, 
was now sent forward to Borisoff to try and take pos- 
session of the bridge over the Beresina, which had 
already been for several days in the hands of the Kussian 
forces under Tchichakoff. This general had only just 
come from Moldavia, and on seeing the boldness with 
which Oudinot's troops advanced he took it for granted 
that the whole of the French army was approaching, and 
thmking his own position with the river behind him a 
very disadvantageous one, he wished to avoid a regular 
battle. He therefore only made sufficient defence to 
cover the retreat of his army, and retired beyond the 
Beresina. Marshal Oudinot attacked Borisoff with his 
usual vigour, and entering it took 500 or 600 prisoners 
and all the baggage belonging to the Russian array, 
Tchichakoff had, however, burnt the bridge over the 
Beresina after crossing it, so that this victory gained us 
nothing.' 

The Emperor, who had no means of forcing the 

' Large quantities of provisions and furs, however, fell into the hands of 
the French. — Traks. 



riiEPARAHON.S FOil CROSSING THE BERESINA 235 

pasbage of the Beresina with an army of some 40,000 
Russians opposing him, endeavoured to find a favour- 
able point for tlirowing bridges across, and at the 
same time evading Wittgenstein, whom Marshal Victor 
was with infinite difficulty holding at bay, and Kutusoff, 
who was pursuing us. He was told that there was 
a ford at the village of Studzianka, which he could 
reach by ascending the left bank of the river, but though 
the water was at the most four or five feet deep the 
approaches were very marshy and would be difficult for 
our carriages and artillery. The river, which was very 
muddy, was covered with ice, but it broke beneath those 
who tried to walk across it. 

The difficulties on the other side, if we succeeded in 
reaching it, would be even greater, for heights command- 
ing the banks were occupied by a Russian division, and 
the approach to these heights was a marshy tract without 
any firm road whatever. The road from Borisoff to 
Molodetschno by way of Zembino, the only one we could 
hope to reach, was a very narrow causeway, with many 
bridges raised to a good height above the marsh, much of 
which was quite under water. If any one of these little 
bridges should break, the march of the whole army would 
be arrested ; but the Emperor had really no choice, and 
was compelled to resign himself to attempting the passage 
at Studzianka.' 

The engineers, pontonniers, and artillerymen therefore 
set to work at once, all the wood found in the village, 
even that of which the houses were built, being quickly 

' The Emperor had a choice, for there were two other fords below 
Borisoff, and he deceived the Russians into believing that he would use that 
near the village of Ukoloda. But for gross mismanagement on the part of 
many of the French generals, the whole army could have got over at 
Studzianka with very little loss.— Tbans. 



236 MEMOmS OF bakon lejeine 

converted into trestles, beams, planks. Sec, and on the 
evening of the '26th, all appearing ready for the throvi^ing 
across of the bridge, an attempt was made to place it in 
position. But the bed of the river was so muddy that 
the supports sank too deeply in it. It was, moreover, 
wider than had been supposed, and all the work had to be 
done over again. Two bridges instead of one were now 
made, and the army began its march for Studzianka. On 
the 27th the first corps, now forming the rear guard, passed 
through Borisoff, and arrived at night at the ford chosen, 
where there was already a terrible block of carriages, those 
belonging to the corps of Marshal Oudinot and Marshal 
Victor, who had but recently rejoined us, being added to 
the others which had escaped from previous accidents, and 
whose owners had evaded the orders for burning them. 

When we arrived at Studzianka about nine o'clock in 
the evening, the Emperor had already sent over in small 
rafts several hundred skirmishers to protect the bridges 
and those making them, whilst the corps of Marshals Ney 
and Oudinot with 500 or 600 cuirassiers of the Guard 
had crossed the river and taken up a position on 
the right in a wood beyond Studzianka. We passed the 
night in trying to bring something like order into our 
arrangements for crossing, sending the ammunition 
wagons first, and repairing the bridges where they had 
given way under the weight of the artillery. It was a 
very dark night, and many French, Dutch, Spanish, and 
Saxon soldiers fell into the wells of the village and were 
drowned. Their cries of distress reached us, but we had 
no ropes or ladders with which to rescue them, and they 
were left to their fate. 

At daybreak the crossing of the river by the bridges 
went on without too much confusion, and I was able to 



THE BEC4IXNTNa OF THE BEUESINA DISASTER 237 

go backwards and forwards several times, seeing to the 
safety of all that was of the greatest importance for the 
army ; but at about eight o'clock in the morning, when 
the light revealed the immense crowds which had still to 
be got over, every one began to hasten to the bridges at 
once, and everything was soon thrown into the greatest 
disorder. Things became even worse when an hour later 
a combined attack was made on us by all the Russian 
forces, and we found ourselves between two fires. Truly 
our misfortmies had now reached their height. 

Marshal Victor, who had taken up a position on the 
heights above Studzianka, was trying to beat off Wittgen- 
stein, who had attacked him about ten o'clock with a large 
force of artillery, and although he had but very few troops 
with him, he managed to keep the Russians at a distance, 
but their balls, falling amongst the masses of carriages 
blocking the approaches to the bridges, flung their 
occupants and drivers into the most indescribable disorder, 
killing many and smashing up the vehicles. Some balls 
even rolled on to the bridges.' 

On the right bank meanwhile Tchichakoff was attack- 
ing the French all along the line with some 25,000 
or 30,000 Russians, whilst Marshals Ney and Oudinot 
had to oppose them only 9,000 or 10,000 men, with 
what was left of the Imperial Guard behind them as 
a reserve. Their front was but half a league in length, 
and the ground was very much broken up by woods. The 
Russians came to the fight well fed and warmed up by 
plenty of brandy ; the French were debilitated by priva- 
tions, and had moreover a cutting wind driving the snow 

' Marbot relates that Marshal Victor's rearguard took the wrong road 
on its way to Studzianka, ' and walked straight into the middle of Wittgen- 
stein's army. The division was quickly surrounded and compelled to lay 
down its arms.' — Teans. 



238 ME_AroiRS OF baron lejeune 

in their faces. But with the enemy before them, they 
seemed to regain all their old energy, and Tchichakoff 
tried in vain to break their ranks, though he flung upon 
them in succession all the forces under his command. 
Marshal Oudinot, always in the front amongst the 
skirmishers, was wounded at the beginning of the action, 
and Marshal Ney took the command. Seizing a favour- 
able moment he ordered General Doumerc, who had just 
brought up some 600 cuirassiers, to make a charge. 
This threw a Eussian column into disorder, and won 
the French 1,500 prisoners. It was during this bril- 
liant charge that a young officer, whom I loved for his 
many engaging qualities, met his death. Alfred de 
Noailles, only son of the Due de Noailles, was struck in 
the heart by a ball,' and his face and body were so dis- 
figured by being trampled beneath the feet of the horses, 
that he was only recognised by his height and by the 
mark on his fine white linen. 

It was a melanchoh' consolation to his mourning widow 
and family to find his portrait in my album, in which I 
had collected likenesses of many young officers whom I 
numbered amongst my friends, and all of whom had been 
cut off in the flower of their age, before they had had 
time to fulfil the lofty destiny to which their noble names 
and exalted courage would have called them. 

Towards three o'clock in the afternoon, when it was 
already beginning to get dark, for night falls very early in 
the winter in these latitudes, Tchichakoff drew back, and 
we soon saw the fires of his bivouac, marking the position 
he had taken up about a league away from us. 

' Marbot says that De Noailles escaped in the actual charge, but was 
killed by Cossacks after the engagement, he having ventured too far ' to see 
what the enemy were doing.' — Traxs. 



I RESCUE MY SISTER ()X('E MORE 239 

"Whilst all this was going on, the most awful scenes 
were being enacted at the entrance to the bridges on the 
right bank of the Beresina, and we could do absolutely 
nothing to prevent them.' Wittgenstein's artillery poured 
shells upon the struggling crowds, beneath whose weight 
the bridges were bending till they were under water. 
Those who could swim flung themselves into the river, 
trusting to their skill to save them, but they were overcome 
by the cold, and hardly any reached the further bank. On 
either side the hapless fugitives pressed on, driving others 
into the water, many clutching at the ropes of the bridges 
in the hope of being able to climb on to them. In the 
awful struggle none who fell ever rose again, for every one 
was immediately crushed to death by those behind, whilst 
all the while shells and balls rained upon the helpless 
masses. I was blessing God that my sister had escaped 
this terrible catastrophe, and had crossed some time before, 
when, to my horror, I saw M. Levasseur carrying her in 
his arms and endeavouring to make his way up to me. 
He had managed to extricate her from the crowd, and 
now brought her to me. ' In what an awful moment do 
we meet again ! ' I exclaimed ; ' and what in the world can 
I do with you in your exhausted condition, now that you 
have found me ? But courage,' I added. ' I got General 
Vasserot safely over in his carriage ; I will find him, and 
put you under his care.' This I managed to do, and two 
hours later my sister was kindly received by the General, 
to whom she said, ' Oh, General, you have saved me ; now 
I will take care of you.' 

' Many eye-witnesses of this awful disaster lelate that the bridges were 
left almost empty on the night of the 27th, before the Russians came up, 
when all the non-uombatants on the French side might quite easily have 
crossed. — Trans. 



24:0 MEMOFRS OF BAEOX LEJEUXE 

The Beresina disaster was the Pultava with which 
the Eussians had threatened us ; it was not our only 
defeat or the last, hut it was b)^ far the most bloody of any 
which befell us. It involved the loss of the greater part 
of Marshal Victor's corps, which perished in defending 
our passage; and the loss of the whole of the Partou- 
neaux ' division, which had to surrender. In a word, it 
cost the French and their allies some 20,000 or 30,000 
men, killed, wounded, drowned, or taken prisoners. 
General Eble, charged with the painful duty of burning 
the bridges after Marshal Victor's corps had passed over, 
had the greatest difficulty in cutting his wa}' to them, and 
many of our own people were piteously struck down by 
the hatchets of his men before they were able to perform 
the task assigned to them. When at last the flames arose 
and the last hope of safety was cut off from those left on 
the other side, terrible were the cries of anguish which 
rent the air as thousands of poor wretches flung them- 
selves into the water in a last despairing eifort to escape. 
The ice broke beneath them ; all was over, and the Cos- 
sacks swept down on the quarry, finding an immense 
amount of booty abandoned on the banks. ^ 

On the evening of this terrible November '2H we 
halted at Zembino, a little town which had already been 
pillaged by our predecessors.'' Marshal Davout and I 

' This was Marshal Victor's rearguard, which mistook the road to the 
river. — Trans. 

- General Ebl6 delayed the burning of the bridges till the last possible 
moment, but the Eussians were advancing to fall upon the rear of the 
fugitives, and, had they been able to use the bridges, the French loss would 
have been even greater than it was.— Teans. 

' Lejeune passes very lightly over the march from the Beresina to 
Zembino, but it was a terribly arduous one, owing to the fact that the 
marshes, generally frozen over at this time of year, were still quite soft, and 
had the enemy pursued vigorously scarcely a man would have escaped to 
tell the tale.— Tkans. 



1 RESCUE A L.U)Y AND HER CHILD 241 

took up our quarters in a little house crowded with others, 
which was heated by a stove. By dint of very close 
packing we managed to be able to lie down on the 
ground, and most of us slept profoundly till the time came 
to start again, which was before daybreak. I had been 
roused a few minutes before the clock struck the hour for 
departure by hearing stifled sobs, and by the dying light of 
a lamp I now made out the form of a tall and beautiful 
woman leaning against the stove, her face hidden by her 
hands, whilst the tears trickled through her fingers. It was 
a long time since I had seen any human creatures who had 
not lost all pretensions to good looks through their priva- 
tions, and I was struck by the graceful attitude of this 
weeping figure, with the masses of light hair shading her 
ideal features. She reminded me of Canova's ' Muse 
leaning on a Sepulchral Urn, and lost in Meditation.' 
Whilst every one, wrapped in selfish egotism, left the room 
without taking any notice of the lady in distress, I ap- 
proached her and asked her in a gentle voice what she was 
weeping about. She turned to me, revealing her beautiful 
face, wet with tears, and pointing to a pretty child asleep 
at her feet, she said, ' I am the wife of M. Lavaux, a 
Frenchman, w-ho had a library at Moscow. The Governor 
Eostopschin has sent him to Siberia, and I took refuge 
with my boy in the French army. The Due de Plaisance 
and two other generals let us share their carriages till 
they were destroyed, and I have carried my child from the 
Beresina here, but my strength is exhausted. I can go 
no further, and I am in despair.' ' Could you keep your 
seat on horseback? ' I asked at once. ' I could try,' she 
replied. ' Well, do not lose courage ; let us make haste. 
I will take your boy and place him on my sister's knee ; 
she is in General Vasserot's carriage, and I will put you 
VOL. II. K 



242 MEMOIRS OF BARON LE.TEUNE 

on a horse which a faithful servant shall lead. You will thus 
be able to follow your boy.' A smile of hope lit up her ex- 
pressive features. I fetched a wolf's skin, which was on 
the horse I meant to give her, and wrapped it about her 
to protect her from the intense cold which had now set in, 
took off several silk handkerchiefs I had about me, and tied 
them together to make sashes to fasten her on to her steed. 
I then placed her on her horse, put her under the care of 
one of my mounted servants, and they started together. I 
never saw lady, servant, or horses again ; but Vasserot and 
my sister took care of the child, and gave him back to his 
mother, who came to claim him in the evening. I shall 
refer again to what I was able to learn of the adventurous 
career of this lady, who two years later was found by the 
Emperor Alexander I. teaching the Demoiselles of the 
Legion d'Honneur at St. Denis. 

Beyond Zembino we had to cross a number of little 
bridges which the enemy had neglected to burn, and we 
felt that God had not entirely deserted us when He left 
us this means of getting over the marshes. We had not 
a scrap of food to give the 2,000 or 3,000 prisoners we 
were taking with us, and I purposely shut my eyes 
when they availed themselves of every chance of escape in 
the woods through which we passed. I could not bring 
myself to enforce their remaining with us by the cruel 
measures which alone could have availed, and I knew well 
enough that at any moment our fate might be worse than 
theirs. 

Sunday, the 29th, was occupied by a dreary march to 
Kamen, which we reached about midnight. Our men, as 
tired out as ourselves, and longing for sleep, took a few 
bits of meat from the one wagon we still retained, in which 
tobacco and everything else were mixed together helter 



I AM NEARLY POISONED 243 

skelter. They did not notice iji the darkness that some 
tobacco was sticking to the meat, and put it all into the 
pot on the fire together. At four o'clock in the morning, 
just before we started, the soup was given out, but it tasted 
most horribly of tobacco, and nobody but myself would 
take any of it. I was so hungry that I was not so prudent 
as the others, and I swallowed the whole of my portion. 
I had not marched far before a terrible headache came on ; 
I felt sick, and soon began to vomit. I fainted away, and 
it was easy to see that I was poisoned. The news spread ; 
even the Emperor heard of it, and in his despatches for 
Paris of that day he mentioned the matter, so that every 
one there thought I was dead. When we halted during 
the day. General Haxo and others, who had still a little 
humanity left, made me some tea, and drinking it saved 
my life. I remained with Marshal Davout in his wurst, 
and we arrived at Kotovitchi in the evening, where we put 
up at the house of the priest, a good old man, who spoke 
French very well, and who had declined to leave with the 
rest of the inhabitants because, though he had nothing 
with which to supply our bodily needs, he hoped to be 
able to minister to our spiritual necessities. Under his 
affectionate care I completely recovered, and when we set 
off again at four o'clock the next morning we were full 
of real gratitude to him. 

During the whole of December 1 we were marching 
through dense forests, in which at every turn we came to 
difficult passes. We lost nearly all our prisoners here. 

On December 2 we crossed the Ilia before daybreak, 
and entered yet other vast forests with no well-defined 
roads, and the snow added to the difficulties of our march, 
so that it was late before we got to Molodetschno. 
Whilst arranging for the camping of our troops in the 



244 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

dark, I fell into a swamp, and was only with great diffi- 
culty extricated. The cold was so intense that the mud 
froze about me immediately, so that it was hard work to 
get me out. On the very same day and at the same hour 
seven years before I had been seated on the snow beneath 
a tree, but it was after the battle of Austerlitz, and I was 
in a very happy frame of mind. The Enrperor arrived at 
Molodetschno the same day, but instead of celebrating 
the anniversary of the greatest victory of his life, he had 
to dictate that terrible twenty-ninth bulletin describing 
succinctly the disasters his army had met with, though he 
disguised their true extent. 

At four o'clock on the morning of the 3rd we started 
once more, without daring to count those who were un- 
able to rise. Our route was strewn with the dead, and 
the wheels of the carriages, which were scarcely able to 
turn, went over the ice-covered corpses, often dragging 
them along for a little distance. 

Haxo and I walked arm in arm, so as to save each other 
from slipping, and a soldier and an officer were walking 
one on either side of us. Presently the soldier drew a 
hunk of black Russian bread about the size of a fist out 
of his pocket, and began to gnaw at it greedily. The 
officer, surprised to see such a thing as bread, offered the 
grenadier a five-franc piece for it. 'No, no ! ' said the 
man, tearing at his bread like a lion jealous of his prey. 
' Oh, do sell it to me,' pleaded the officer; 'here are ten 
francs.' ' No, no, no, no ! ' and the bread rapidly dis- 
appeared, till quite half was gone. ' I am dying ! I 
entreat you to save my life ! Here are twenty francs ! ' 
Then with a savage look the grenadier bit off one more 
big mouthful, and, handing what was left to the officer, 



MY CHEEKS AND NOSE ARE FKOZEN 245 

took the twenty francs, evidently feeling that he had 
made anything but a good bargain. 

We were all covered with ice. Our breath, looking 
like thick smoke, froze as it left our mouths, and hung 
in icicles from our hair, eyebrows, moustaches, and 
beards, sometimes quite blinding us. Once Haxo, in 
breaking off the icicles which were bothering me, noticed 
that my cheeks and nose were discoloured. They looked 
like wax, and he informed me that they were frozen. He 
was right, for all sensation was gone from them. He at 
once began to rub them hard with snow, and a couple of 
minutes' friction restored circulation, but the pain was 
terrible, and it needed all my resolution not to resist having 
the rubbing continued. Colonel Emi, of the engineers, was 
frozen in exactly the same way a few minutes later, and in 
his despair he flung himself down and rolled about on the 
grormd. We did not want to abandon him to his fate, 
but we had to strike him again and again before we could 
make him get up. Dysentery also worked terrible ravages 
amongst us, and its victims, with their dry and livid skin 
and emaciated limbs, looked like living skeletons. The 
poor creatures had had nothing to eat but a little crushed 
corn made into a kind of mash, for they had no means of 
grinding or of cooking it properly, and this indigestible 
food passed through the intestines without nourishing the 
body. Truly the unhappy wretches, many of them stark 
naked, presented, as they fell out by the way, a picture of 
death in its most revolting aspect. 

Providence, however, had still a few moments in 
reserve for some of us, in which we found consolation for 
our woes, and gathered up fresh strength for the further 
trials awaiting us. 



246 MEMOIllS OF BARON LE.IEUNE 

This was the case on December 4, as I will now 
relate. AVe had started before daybreak to escape a 
cannonade from some Cossacks, and we were already 
some distance from our bivouac when a second troop 
oE Cossacks, bolder and more numerous than the first, 
flung itself across our path, and carried off two carriages 
belonging to the Commissary-General. Fortunately he 
was on foot, and managed to escape. A few miles beyond 
our party the same horde of Tartars drew up at the 
entrance to a ravine through which a body of some 300 
or 400 Polish cavalry was endeavouring to pass so 
as to rejoin us. The Cossacks seemed likely to com- 
pletely crush the Poles, when the noise of the firing 
attracted our attention, and we realised the danger of the 
brave fellows. General Gerard, with his usual chivalry, 
at once offered his services to Marshal Davout, and asked 
for volunteers to go to the aid of our allies. Though his 
men were worn out with fatigue, they were still full of 
confidence in him, and they one and all shouted, ' I am 
ready ! I am ready ! ' General Gerard dashed across the 
plain at their head, and when the Cossacks saw the little 
body of infantry approaching, they feared they were about 
to be caught between two fires and galloped off. The 
Poles thus rescued soon joined us, and a bit of really good 
fortune rewarded us all for our mutual help. 

Some carriages belonging to a convoy from Germany 
had succeeded in reaching Markovo, a little village we 
were just about to enter. These carriages were packed 
full of fresh provisions of many different kinds, and the 
delight of our brave soldiers may be imagined when they 
found awaiting them a good meal of bread and cheese and 
butter, with plenty of wine to wash them down. What 
a feast it seemed after forty days of such scanty and 



A DELIGHTFUL SUEPEISE 247 

miserable diet as theirs had been ! We of the first, corps 
shared in this rare good fortune. 

General Guilleminot with his division had been the 
first to arrive at Markovo, and he had taken care that the 
precious carriages should not be pillaged. He was at the 
window of a little chslteau when we were passing, and he 
called to us to join him. After having taken the necessary 
precaution of rubbing our faces with snow, but for which 
we should certainly have lost some of our features, we 
went into a warm room, where a very unexpected sight 
awaited us. Tea services of beautiful china were set out 
on handsome mahogany tables, whilst here and there 
were great piles of white bread and hampers of Brittany 
butter. At the sight of this wonderful spread, after our 
many weeks of privations, our eyes brightened and our 
nostrils became expanded like those of some Arab steed at 
the sound of the trumpet. Needless to say how eagerly 
and gladly we accepted the invitation to share in this 
delightful breakfast. We each did the part not of four, 
but of ten — our appetites were simply insatiable. Never 
did any breakfast party do greater justice to the fare pro- 
vided than we did to the great bowls of tea poured out, 
and the thick slices of bread and butter cut for us by our 
host. It was hard work to tear ourselves away from this 
warm room with all its comforts to go and camp beneath 
the cold light of the stars near Smorgoni, where there 
were twenty-five degrees of frost. 

The name of Smorgoni roused our curiosity, for we 
knew that the inhabitants of that village, situated as it 
was in the heart of a vast forest, devoted themselves to 
the chase of bears, selling the furs of the older animals,, 
and training the young ones as gymnastic performers, 
often taking them the round of Europe to show off their 



248 , MEMOIRS OF BAIION LEJEUNE 

tricks. The people of Smorgoni had not expected us, and 
took flight at our approach, carrying their furs and young 
bears with them, but for all that we expected to find the 
village interesting. 

It was at Smorgoni on December 5 that the Emperor, 
yielding to the earnest entreaties of his most faithful 
servants, decided to leave the army and return to France, 
where his presence was most urgently needed. Before 
leaving, he signed the order for the promotion and reward 
of many officers and generals, which had been drawn up 
by Major- General Prince Berthier. He called his marshals 
together, frankly expressed to them his great regret at 
having lingered too long at Moscow, and announced to 
them his approaching departure, appointing King Murat 
of Naples to the command of the army. 

It was eleven o'clock at night, and there were twenty- 
five degrees of frost when the Emperor left Smorgoni, 
accompanied by the Dukes of Vicenza and Friuli (Marshal 
Duroc) and the Count of Lobau (Marshal Mouton), and 
made his way to Osmiana, miraculously escaping from 
the 1,200 Cossacks whom he had to pass, and who would 
certainly have taken him prisoner if they had known he 
was so near them with an escort of scarcely 100 men. 
A little before dark these same Cossacks had been 
beaten by General Loison, and driven out of Osmiana, 
where they had hoped to arrest our retreat. Whilst 
waiting for daylight the enemy were sleeping a little 
distance from the road, and the Emperor passed them 
unnoticed. Napoleon's departure threw the whole army 
into the greatest discouragement. 

General Charpentier still declined to take my place, 
and I was compelled as before to perform the duties of 
Chief of the Staff. Fortunately, Marshal Davout now 



A DESPERATE DEFENCE 249 

seemed to understand my position better, and was no 
longer so exacting. This made me willing to remain 
with him a few days longer. 

On December 6 we passed through the little village 
of Pletchinzy just as a very interesting scene was taking 
place in it. Marshal Oudinot and General Pino, both 
wounded, had passed the night there with twenty-five or 
thirty officers and men belonging to their suite. A 
Cossack officer had heard of their presence, and thinking 
to take a great prize, he with some 200 men had sur- 
rounded the house in which they were. Speaking in good 
French, he politely summoned them to surrender. ' We 
never surrender,' was the reply, and a few well-aimed 
shots struck down some of the Cossacks. The hovel, for 
it was little more, was now regularly besieged, the French 
firing at close quarters into the ranks of the assailants, 
which they thinned considerably. Marshal Oudinot 
himself, though suffering greatly from a ball in the loins 
and unable to rise from the pallet on which he lay, made 
some holes in the walls between the planks, and firing 
through them picked off a good many Cossacks, for he 
never once missed his aim. Meanwhile, however, the 
enemy received reinforcements, and a gun was brought 
up to their aid. Four balls had already made a breach in 
the hut, but no one had been hurt. The French, after 
the manner of the Spanish, at once turned the opening to 
account by firing through it at their besiegers. A fifth 
ball broke the pallet on which the Marshal lay, and at the 
same time brought down the side of an oven in which five 
or six little children belonging to the peasant who had 
owned the hut, were discovered huddled together. The 
poor little things rushed out into the smoke and confusion 
in a great state of terror, much to the surprise of our 



'2o() JNIEMOIKS OF BARON LEJEUKE 

men. There was something very touching in the way the 
httle creatures clung to each other in the midst of the 
struggle. Fortunately our party came up just when 
things were going hardly with the besieged, for we had 
quickened our pace when we heard the firing, and the 
Cossacks, who had lost some fifty men killed and wounded, 
took to flight at our approach. We escorted the Marshal 
to Osmiana, where we halted for the night. 

Here we found a division, consisting of some 12,000 
fine young recruits, who had just arrived from France as 
reserves, under General Loison. Alas ! twenty-four hours 
of our temperature was enough to kill off half of them, 
for they were in summer clothing, and not yet acclimatised ; 
and three days later, when we reached Wilna, not one 
survived of the poor fellows whose weeping mothers had 
watched them start so short a time ago. I have been 
told since by several Russians that if the wind had blown 
from the north with the temperature at from 25 to 30 
degrees, not one of us would have escaped alive. When 
the murderous north wind is blowing, the Russians 
generally remain in doors all day and night in rooms 
heated by stoves, and if they ever do venture forth 
it is only after a good meal, cased in woollen garments 
and thick furs, with which in our inexperience few of us 
had provided ourselves. The French died off, but the 
Cossacks fared splendidly. 

The nearer we got to Wilna the more intense was the 
cold, especially at night, and every morning those still 
capable of bearing arms became fewer and fewer. The 
first corps now numbered scarcely 300 men, and the 
colonels and generals had to carry the colours of their 
regiments themselves. The enemy continued to can- 
nonade us without venturing to come to close quarters. At 



AN UNEXPECTED MEETING 251 

last on December 8 we arrived on the heights of Wilna, 
where the httle remnant of General Loison's corps 
perished of cold whilst a brisk cannonade from the Russians 
was going on. The ajaproach to Wilna by the Minsk gate 
was so blocked with carriages piled up on each other and 
inextricably locked together, that I gave up trying to get 
in that way, but made my entrance through a garden by 
means of two ladders conveniently placed one on each side 
of a wall. 

The first object I noticed in the street I entered, which 
was also much encumbered by broken vehicles, was the 
overturned carriage of the paymaster of the army ; the 
cash boxes had been broken open, and most of the 
contents stolen, but some 200,000 to 300,000 francs 
were scattered about on the ground for the first comer to 
pick up. The frozen metal, however, blistered the fingers of 
those who tried to carry it ofif, and the emaciated passers-by, 
scarcely able to drag themselves along, had not the cou- 
rage to stoop or to burden themselves with heavy money. 

What was my surprise at meeting in this street 
Colonel Kobilinski, who, as related above, had had his thigh 
smashed at Malo-Jaroslavitz and had fallen against me ! 
He had been found by some soldiers, who carried him on 
their shoulders to a hospital. He slipped from their hold 
some twenty times in his insensibility, but when his 
wound had been dressed for the first time, four Jews car- 
ried him to the house of a nobleman of Wilna, where he 
was kindly received. He had suffered greatly for no less 
than fifty days from cold, hunger, and dysentery, yet his 
iron constitution brought him safely through all, and he 
is now in the service of Russia as governor of a fortress. 

As I hurried about the town trying to make arrange- 
ments for my return to France, I came upon General 



■^■■yl .MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

Vasserot's carriage, which had safely arrived the evening 
before with its owner and my sister in it. They had 
escaped all the dangers of the road, and were just about 
to start for Danzig, where they were to wait for me. They 
had still perhaps the most difficult and dangerous part 
of the journey to perform, for between Wilna and 
Kovno were two very steep hills, now completely covered 
with ice. Always almost impassable, the presence of the 
enemy now added greatly to the difficulties of this part of 
the route, and here was left behind the last remnant of 
our war material. General Vasserot, however, who was 
a soldier to the backbone, managed to get safely over 
every obstacle, and was amongst the very few who did so. 
I went back by way of my two ladders to tell Marshal 
Davout, Generals Haxo and Gerard, of this way of getting 
into the town, as they would probably not have discovered 
it for themselves. On my way to them I found a young 
artillery officer, who had had his arm amputated, exactly 
where I had left him some hours before. I had told him 
then that he had better follow me, as I could lend him a 
hand in climbing over impediments. He had thanked 
me, but said he had promised to wait at the entrance to 
the suburb for his servant. I said no more then, but 
when I came upon him again I represented to him the 
risk of remaining stationary in such murderous cold. ' I 
know all about that,' was his reply ; ' but my faithful 
soldier George is my foster brother, and he has given me 
a thousand proofs of his devotion ever since I joined the 
army. My own mother could not have taken better care 
of me since I was wounded. He is ill and suffering, and 
I would rather die than break my word to him.' Touched 
by this devotion at a time when hardly any one had a 
thought but for his own preservation, I did not dare to 



SAD WASTE OF PROVISIONS 253 

suggest to him that his beloved foster brother might be 
dead of cold, or a prisoner in the hands of the Eussians. 
I merely asked him his name, his age, and his comitry. 
' My name is Arthur de Birassaye, I am twenty-two years 
old, and I come from Bayonne,' was the reply. I never 
saw the officer again, but when I was in Bayonne some 
years later, I made inquiries about him, and learnt that 
he had never returned thither. 

The people of Wilna, who during our absence had 
received immense convoys of stores and provisions, which 
were collected in magazines, received us kindly, and were 
full of hospitality and pity for our sufferings ; but gradually, 
as fresh crowds of starving, debilitated wretches arrived, 
and it became impossible to maintain order in the distribu- 
tion of food, pillage set in, all discipline was at an end, 
and scarcely anybody profited by the supplies. Fortu- 
nately, however, when the town itself was about to be 
pillaged, a strong force of police was organised, and the 
destruction was arrested. Meanwhile Major-General 
Prince Berthier, the Duke of Bassano, and Count Daru, 
Commissary-General, did their best to restore order in the 
ranks of the army, but they could achieve little. King 
Murat recognised that the task the Emperor had left him 
was beyond his powers, and his efforts were restricted to 
escaping being taken alive by the Cossacks, whom he had 
so often defied and so many of whom he had cut down, or 
from falling into the hands of the dreaded Tchichakoff, 
of whom we all stood in great awe, though so far he had 
not done us very much harm. 

The Emperor had left orders for us to hold AVilna, and 
General von Wrede, with the few troops remaining to 
him, had joined us there with a view to supporting us. 
He fought valiantly all day long under a ceaseless 



254 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

cannonade from the enemy, but it was hopeless to attempt 
to stop the movement of retreat now, and all idea of making 
a stand at Wilna was soon abandoned. King Murat was 
himself the first to leave for Kovno vdth the remainder of 
the Guard, for he was eager to place the Niemen between 
himself and the enemy, but that river was frozen hard, 
and could no longer be said to divide the districts on 
either side of its course. 

I now held no post in the army, and had taken leave 
of Marshal Davout, so that I was free to get back to 
Prance as best I could. I bought a sledge, and as the 
Polish General Kovitzki offered to act as my guide and 
interpreter, we left Wilna together at three o'clock on the 
morning of December 10. We crossed the ice covering 
the Wilia, and took the least frequented route on the right 
bank of that river for Kovno. The next morning at 
Assanovo we met Prince Eadzivil, said to be the richest 
nobleman in Poland. Several of his ancestors had been 
chosen to wear the crown, so long hereditary in the 
Jagellon family. The Prince joined us and was good 
enough to let us have some of the horses he had ordered 
for himself at every posting house, so that we reached 
Kovno at the same time as Marshal Davout, who had 
taken the shorter route. 

The weather was very bad, and snow was falling so 
heavily on the day of our arrival that we could hardly see 
ten paces before us. Half of Kovno was on fire, whilst 
the other half had been given up to pillage, and the 
wagons containing the Imperial treasure had only with 
great difficulty been saved. 

The King of Naples was preparing to leave, having 
heard that the Prince von Schwarzenberg, who had already 
withdrawn to Bialistock, was continuing his retreat 



1 LEAVE THE ARMY 255 

towards Warsaw. Marshal Macdonald meanwhile, aban- 
doned by the Prussian corps under General York, was 
retiring on Memel.' Nothing could have exceeded the 
melancholy appearance presented by Kovno, with snow 
falling so thickly as to darken the air, and scarcely any 
light but that from the flames consuming the town. It 
was indeed a gloomj;- augury for the future. The little 
remnant which had returned to Kovno represented to me 
the army whose fortunes I had shared so long ; and when 
I turned my back on it, it was with feelings such as 
those of some brother abandoning the dead bodies of 
those belonging to him in a home smitten by the plague. 
As I cautiously made my way across the bridge in my 
sledge, I could not keep back the tears at the thought 
of the contrast between the scene I gazed on now, on 
this melancholy 12th of December, and that I had so 
proudly looked dovTii upon on June 24. True, the storm 
which had broken upon us then might have warned us of 
what was in store for us. It had really been, though we 
did not realise it, premonitory of the disasters awaiting 
us, from which none but the strongest escaped, and I 
thanked God for having brought me safely through them 
all. I now took the shortest route to Konigsberg, and 
was soon out of hearing of the cannonade from the 
Cossacks, and the yet more melancholy reports, so long of 
daily occurrence, of the blowing up of our ammunition 
wagons to save them from falhng into the hands of the 
enemy. I did not stop at Konigsberg, but pushed on for 
Danzig, where I arrived on December 10. My sister and 
General Vasserot joined me there the next day. The 

' General York's treachery to Napoleon ought to have been foreseen by 
him from the first, and it was the height of imprudence to employ the 
Prussian corps under him as the left wing of the Grand Army — Teans. 



256 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

General still needed rest for his complete recovery from 
his wound, and we too were worn out, so we stopped 
quietly at Danzig for ten days, which we spent in pro- 
viding ourselves with new clothes. As soon as I arrived 
I burnt the clothes I had travelled in, for they hterally 
swarmed with vermin, and for the first time for two 
months and a half I enjoyed the luxury of a bath and a 
shave, for during our retreat I had never been able to give 
the slightest attention to my toilette, and my face was 
literally blackened with smoke and exposure. I now 
resumed my usual habits, and my spirits rose greatlj'. 

On December 30 my sister and I took leave of our 
good friend General Vasserot, and we left Danzig together 
in my sledge. A tremendous storm overtook us by the 
way, and our vehicle was several times overturned. Each 
time we fell, we left the impression of our faces in the 
snow. If only that snow had been clay or some other 
enduring material, those impressions would have been 
preserved as curiosities by the people of the district, which 
is rich in fossils, many being embedded in the stones of 
which the houses are built. These small accidents, which 
were rather comic than tragic, only made us laugh, and 
restored to us the gaiety to which we had so long been 
strangers. The storm had melted the snow, and the sledge 
was no longer of any use, so we had to stop at Neustadt 
to buy a carriage. I got one of the little chars a bancs in 
Germany which are as light as they are pretty, and on the 
third day, the snow having disappeared, we were able to 
resume our route. 

Nothing happened during the journey of 400 
leagues between Danzig and Prussia of much importance 
to be related here ; but one rather amusing episode is, 
perhaps, worth recording. I was sent at Labehn to the 



A CLEVER DECEPTION 257 

house of the Countess of Koestoritz, who with her 
numerous family received us very kindly, and asked us to 
join them at the dinner just about to be served. During 
the meal she remarked that she was surprised to see us 
eat so little, adding that a General had been stopping in 
her house for three days who, though very ill, consumed 
such a quantity of food she could hardly keep pace with 
his needs. He was, moreover, particular in his choice of 
diet. ' What is his name ? ' I inquired. ' His people told 
ine, but I have forgotten it,' was the reply. ' He is so ill 
that he was carried from his carriage to his room.' 

After dinner was over, I went to ask the General's 
servants what his name was, and they replied haughtily, 
' He is Count Baraguey d'Hilliers, General of Division.' ' I 
know him well ; I should like to see him.' ' He is very 
ill ; he receives no one.' I made a few further inquiries, 
but the replies were evasive, and suspecting mischief, I 
said I must see him. It was no good, the servants per- 
sisted in their refusal to let me in ; so, feeling more sure 
than ever that something was wrong, I broke open the 
door, and passing through an antechamber found myself 
in a big, well-lighted room, in which was a table, where 
five or six people had evidently just dined. On four chairs 
behind the table lay what looked like a corpse wrapped 
up in its shroud. I asked angrily for the General, and 
was at once surrounded by a number of servants in his 
livery, who whispered an eager request that I would not 
denounce them. 'What do you mean?' I cried; and 
they answered in low voices, ' We were ordered to take 
the General's body back to France, and we have suffered 
so dreadfully from hunger all through the campaign, we 
thought we would pretend that the General was still alive, 
so as to get a good meal every day as if for him, and thus 

VOL. II. s 



2-38 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

regain a little strength ourselves. Have pity on us, and do 
not betray us.' At first I did not like to promise, but 
tliey persuaded me, and I was so sorry for them that I said 
I VFOuld say nothing if they promised to leave before day- 
break the next morning, I did not examine the corpse to 
identify it, but the carriage and liveries were certainly 
those of General Baraguey d'Hilliers. When I went back 
to the drawing room, I was rather embarrassed as to what 
I should say, but the Countess said with a smile, ' I sup- 
X^ose it really is his servants who eat all the food they ask 
for the General, if he himself is so ill ? ' I told her she 
was right, adding that they would leave very early the 
next day. This news evidently gave her the greatest 
pleasure. My sister and I took leave the same evening, 
as we, too, meant to start before daybreak. My light 
carriage amused' the postilions very much wherever we 
stopped to change horses, and they all said as we started, 
' You will never get to the next post ; ' to which I replied, 
' We'll hold on as long as the carriage lasts.' The mischiev- 
ous fellows would then try to keep the horses at a gallop 
so as to break my vehicle if they could ; but all their efforts 
only cost me a little string to strengthen my wheels, and, 
thanks to their malice, I got to Paris two days sooner 
than I had hoped. 

At St. Denis, near the gates of Paris, my sister left me 
to go to some old friends, and I gave my carriage to their 
children, whilst I took a cab for myself, and drove home, 
glad enough to have got back safe and sound. I tried to 
sleep, but was haunted by a long nightmare, in which one 
confused scene of the campaign succeeded another, whilst 
the noise of the cannonade still sounded in my ears, 
and the face of Tchichakoff as I imagined it — anything 
but a flattering likeness probably — continually stood out 



HOME AGAIN AT J.A.ST ! l!59 

vividly from all others, even as the memory of the tor- 
ments of hunger exceeded that of the various sufferings 
which disturbed my rest. 

But after all I was in Paris at last ! I hastened to let 
my friends know of my return, and was everywhere eagerly 
welcomed. I should soon have forgotten my woes, petted 
and made much of as I was in their society, but that 
they, of course, made me tell them all my adventures. 



260 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 



CHAPTEE VIII 

THE AREIVAL OF THE EMPEEOE AT PAEIS — THE CAMPAIGN 
OF 1813 — LUTZEN — BAUTZEN — THE ARMISTICE, DRESDEN 
— KULM, LEIPZIG — HANAU — MY RETURN TO PARIS 

The Emperor had arrived at Paris on December 18, 1812, 
whilst I did not get there till February 5, 1813. The 
Emperor had every reason to dread the arrival in Paris of 
the witnesses of our disasters in Eussia, for he knew that 
the relation of the sad details of our retreat would damp 
the ardour of those whom he relied on to aid him in 
raising fresh levies to be led against the enemy. I under- 
stood well enough the false position in which my return 
without leave had placed me, and I modestly kept aloof from 
court society, in spite of the many invitations I received, 
seeing no one but my father and my most intimate 
friends, whilst I tried to regain my health, and get my 
affairs into order. Still I felt that my case was an ex- 
ceptional one, for I did not know another Frenchman who 
had in so short a time gone through such an immense 
number of perilous vicissitudes. When, therefore, I felt 
that the state of my finances would permit me to take the 
field once more, I wrote to the Duke of Feltre, Minister 
of War, in the following terms : 

' Paris : February 17, 1813. 

' My Lord, — The Emperor's goodness conferred on me, 
against my own desire, the honour of being chief of the 
stail to Marshal Davout, Prince of Eckmiihl. I begged 



I PLEAD MY OWX CAUSE IN VAIN 261 

again and again to be replaced, and at Smolensk the 
Emperor gave his consent, naming General Charpentier 
as my successor, but he would not take up his post, and I 
continued to perform the duties without the pay of Chief 
of the Staff. 

' His Majesty is not ignorant of the dangers to which 
I have been exposed during the last eighteen months. In 
Spain my horse was killed under me, having been struck 
by more than thirty balls, whilst I was taken prisoner 
stripped naked, and, without exaggeration, all but shot, all 
but hanged, and finally taken to England, whence I escaped 
miraculously from the hands of smugglers, who had 
intended to murder me, so that I was able to join the 
Russian campaign, in which I endured the torments of 
famine, was poisoned and frozen, and, for the second time 
in less than twenty months, completely ruined by the loss 
of- all my baggage and horses. 

' Finding myself without employment in the Grand 
Army, I left the Prince of Eckmiihl at Kovno, and returned 
to Paris to collect the means for rejoining the army. I 
have achieved what I came for, and now have the honour 
of placing myself at the disposal of your Excellency, ready 
to continue to serve the Emperor and France with the 
same zeal as I have already done for twenty-five years. 
I have the honour to be, &c.' 

The Duke of Feltre submitted my letter to the 
Emperor, but his Majesty was not in the least touched 
by the exceptional position in which I was placed. He 
merely observed, ' He owns his fault ; he shall pay for the 
others ; ' and when on February 19 I presented myself 
to pay my respects to the Duke, I was told he could not 
receive me. Returning home, I found the letter he had 



262 MEM01i;S OF B.AJRON LE.TEUXE 

just written to me, which contained the very unexpected 
words : ' General, the Emperor orders you to give your- 
self up as a prisoner at the Abbaye.' There could be no 
reply to so gracious an order ! and the same day my good 
friend Colonel Bontemps went to see me placed under lock 
and key in a room where many men of much higher 
military rank than myself had been confined. My faith- 
ful friend even remained with me for the sixteen days my 
captivity lasted. Many ladies also called to see me, but I 
was very much mortified at the position in which I had 
been placed, and declined to allow any of them to stoop 
to enter my prison. In denying myself the pleasure of 
seeing them, I hoped to deprive the Emperor of some of 
the eclat he evidently hoped to gain by shutting me up, for 
if I had admitted them behind my bars, I should have been 
much talked of, many carriages would have driven up to 
the entrance to the Abbaye, and my name would have been 
in all the papers, which was just what I wanted to avoid. 

On the sixteenth day I received orders to join the 
army in Germany. I at once bought a good travelling 
carriage, and on March 11 I quitted Paris, once more. 
By the evening of the 19th I was at a little place called 
Hombourg, beyond Metz, where my cramped quarters 
contrasted greatly with those I was in on the same day 
the year before in a Moorish palace of Cordova, Andalusia, 
which was decorated in a fairylike nranner in honour of 
the birthday of King Joseph. 

I arrived at Mayence on March 21, and there I found 
General Compans, whom I had not seen since we 
parted at Krasnoe. He was just the same as ever, as 
calm and smiHng as he had been on the battle field. His 
costume alone was different. The thick furs needed as a 
protection against the bitter cold of the Russian winter 



DEFEAT OF VO>f WEEDE 263 

were discarded, he no longer carried his arm in a sHng, 
and his happy expression was not now the result of self- 
control in the midst of dangers, but the outcome of 
genuine contentment, for his pretty young wife had come 
to join him with her parents M. and Mme. Lecoq, who 
were old friends of mine. They all pressed me to stay as 
long as I could with them, and when I left them it was 
only to go to Frankfort, where I was received by Marshal 
Mortier with equally touching proofs of his faithful friend- 
ship for me, which dated from the beginning of the cam- 
paign en the Rhine. 

Napoleon had but quite recently raised Von Wrede to 
the rank of a Marshal of the Empire, and made him a 
Prince of Bavaria, his native land, which had just been 
converted into an independent kingdom.' The defection 
of that General with his troops had made a great gap in 
our ranks, and Von Wrede hoped by turning against us 
his 20,000 Bavarians to cut off our retreat to France. 
Providence, however, did not permit him to succeed. 

But we must not anticipate by referring in advance to 
the events which were now rapidly to succeed each other. 
It will not do to speak too soon of the brilliant battle of 
Hanau, when the united Bavarian and Austrian troops 
under Von Wrede were defeated by our brave fellows, who, 
few though they were, surpassed themselves, and not only 
kept open the way back to their country, which Von 
Wrede endeavoured to close to them, but put to the blush 
their old comrades in arms, who must indeed have felt 

' Lejeune seems to have got wrong about Von Wrede. He was made a 
Count of the Empire by Napoleon after the battle of Wagram, but his de- 
fection at the close of the Eussian campaign prevented his gaining the 
rank of Marshal. It was not until he had won several victories over the 
French, that he was made a Bavarian Field Marshal and Prince by the 
enemies of Napoleon. — Teans. 



264 MEMOIRS OF BAKOX LEJEUNE 

ashamed of having deserted the ranks of the noble aUies 
with whom they had been for so long on such cordial 
terms. 

My one desire now was to find out where I could get 
the horses and harness I needed for a new campaign, and 
I was hunting about, when I saw some one I thought I 
knew advancing towards me on a very fine steed. It was 
Captain de Vaux, and, roused to envy at seeing him so 
well mounted, I accosted him with the words, ' You are 
lucky to have been able to get such a good horse.' He 
drew rein for me to see its points. It was a young iron- 
grey animal, with a long white waving silky mane, falling 
over a swanlike neck, as glossy as satin. The thick 
hair partly hid the brilliant dark eyes and the wide-open 
nostrils, the edges of which were of a deep red colour. 
Whilst De Vaux was chatting to me about his travels, 
and showing off his horse, the beautiful creature was 
champing the bit, flecking us with foam, and raising 
clouds of dust as it fretted against the delay. The 
Captain told me, to my relief, that he had just bought his 
steed from the Prince of Sondershausen, whose palace was 
about four leagues off, adding, ' In his stables you will 
find 200 horses reared on his estates, and he will sell 
you as many as you like.' This news, of course, delighted 
me, and I ordered my postilion to take me to Sonders- 
hausen as quickly as possible. We soon reached it, and 
found it to be a pretty little town almost surrounded by 
woods. 

I knew that I must go first to the Grand Equerry, a 
certain wealthy Jew, named Von Schleidnitz, whose house 
and office were on the chief square opposite the Palace. 
Having first inquired who I was, he received me with the 
most courtly politeness, and as soon as he knew the 



THE COUltT STABLES OF SONDEKSIIAUSEN 265- 

object of my visit, he said, ' I will go and ascertain the 
wishes of his Highness, who is now hunting about two 
miles off.' He had his horse saddled at once, and an 
hour later he came to the hotel at which I had put up,, 
with a favourable reply. The Prince had given orders 
that the court stables should be shown to me by the 
equerries in gala attire, and the contents of those stables 
placed at my disposal. He added a gracious invitation to 
me to come to the Palace that evening to see the grand 
opera of ' Tamerlane,' with music by Winter. A palace ! 
Court stables ! Equerries in gala attire ! The grand opera 
of ' Tamerlane ' in the midst of the forest ! This must 
be a Versailles in miniature. I felt as if I had fallen 
from the clouds, and arranged to go to the stables to see 
the wonderful horses at the time named by the Grand 
Equerry, who was good enough to come and fetch me. 
We soon arrived at the Palace, where the little garrison 
was under arms. The Prince, I found, had to furnish 
thirty men to the Confederation of the Ehine. A drum 
was beaten as a salute on our arrival, and this was also 
the signal of our approach to the equerries in charge of 
the court stables. 

A vast sanded court surrounded by fine buildings still 
separated us from the manorial residence of the Prince. 
We entered on the right the principal corridor of the 
stables, which presented a most charming and striking 
coup d'ceil. More than 100 young fellows of about 
eighteen or twenty were standing motionless, drawn 
up in long lines on the right and left at the entrance tO' 
the stalls, whip in hand, and wearing green jackets re- 
lieved, in English fashion, with a few silver ornaments,, 
tight-fitting white leather breeches, riding boots, and 
jockey caps. Here and there stood a man in more richly 



2C,i] IIEMOIRS OF BAP.OX LE.TEUXE 

decorated garments, who was apparently in command of 
the others. The silence was only interrupted by the noise 
made by the horses as they munched the hay which they 
pulled from the racks made of oak or polished walnut, the 
dark colour of which contrasted well with the white 
marble of the mangers. The corridor was full of the 
delicious scent of the hay. The horses, which were 
almost at liberty in their big stalls, appeared very happy, 
and quite indifferent to our praises of their graceful beauty, 
their colour, &c. They all seemed very gentle, and to 
expect us to caress them. I found that each horse had 
its own saddle, bridle, and harness, and that if I liked the 
Prince would sell them with the horse chosen. I was 
very glad to hear this, which would save me a lot of 
trouble, so I asked to have twenty horses, the age of which 
had been told me, led out for me to look at more closely. 
Twenty of the young equerries then left their ranks, and 
either leading the horses, or vaulting lightly on their 
backs, put them through their paces for my benefit. I 
chose twelve out of the twenty, six of a good and six of a 
moderate height. Then, my voice almost trembling with 
eagerness, I asked the Grand Equerry to speak to the 
Prince about the price. The thought of owning all these 
beautiful creatures filled me with delight, but I was 
dreadfully afraid that a sum beyond my means would be 
asked, for I well remembered the experience of one of my 
friends, who bought some horses from the Prince of Plesse, 
who had a very fine stud in Holstein, and was celebrated 
for his skill in breeding the finest races of horses. He 
did not want to make money, but he did want to cover 
the expenses involved in the keeping up of such an 
establishment as his. He never, therefore, allowed a 
horse bearing his brand to pass out of his hands under a 



I BUY SIX BEAUTIFUL IIOKSES 267 

sum considerably over 100 louis, and every animal 
bred by him was certainly v^^ell worth that on account 
of its beauty and noble qualities. At every sale, 
therefore, the word ' hundred ' was understood, and when a 
stranger asked the price of some steed to which he had 
a fancy, and the reply was twenty, fifty, or eighty louis as 
the case might be, he was often overjoyed ai the idea of 
getting a fine animal for such a moderate sum ; but when 
he offered his eighty louis he was asked for the other 
hundred for the brand on the horse chosen, and, surprised 
at the demand, he would often break off the bargain. In 
my case, however, the Prince of Sondershausen, fearing 
probably the chances of war, asked no more than fifty louis 
for each big horse, and forty for each small one. He was 
very moderate too in the prices he put on the saddles 
and harness, and T soon found myself the happy owner 
of twelve fine horses, which seemed to me more beautiful 
than ever now they belonged to me. Good strong horses 
mean everything to a general officer — courage, speed, life 
itself — and I was full of thankfulness. I gladly emptied 
my purse into the hands of Von Scheidnitz, who lent me 
some trusty fellows to take the horses to Magdeburg. I 
excused myself from waiting to pay my respects to the 
Prince, or to listen to the opera of ' Tamerlane,' and set 
off again in my carriage in the evening. 

I had scarcely gone a league through the pretty 
avenues of trees leading from the Prince's residence, when 
I heard a carriage drawn by eight horses gaining rapidly 
on us. My postilion had only just time to say to me, as 
he respectfully uncovered, ' The Princess Eegent ! ' before 
the vehicle dashed past us. I followed his example, and 
saluted. A few minutes later two carriages, each with six 
horses, followed the first. ' The ladies of the Coiu't ! ' cried 



268 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

the postilion, and we both saluted again with the same 
respect as for the Princess herself. 

Whilst I was halting for a moment at Halberstadt, I 
saw my charming little troop of horses pass in good con- 
dition, and felt' a fresh glow of pleasure in their possession. 
I reached Magdeburg on March 29, and alighted at the 
residence of my friend General Haxo, who with General 
Eogniat had orders to put that stronghold into a good state 
of defence, as a base of operations in the approaching 
campaign. Prince Eugene, Viceroy of Italy, was also 
there, having collected the remnants of his army on the 
banks of the Elbe. Every day fresh reinforcements 
arrived from France, and all the troops of the new army, 
already of considerable strength, were eager to avenge the 
disasters of the Russian campaign. Marshal Davout, who 
was still pursued by Wittgenstein, had passed from the 
right to the left bank of the Elbe at Dresden. On March 
29 he had blown up two piers of the big bridge and retired 
on Leipzig. It was, however, important to bar the 
approach of the enemy along the many open roads on the 
frontiers of Germany, so the Prince of Eckmiihl with the 
reinforcements he had received went down the left bank 
of the Elbe, and took up a position beyond Magdeburg on 
the lower river on the left of the Viceroy's corps. 

The Emperor joined the army again on April 17, just 
at the time of the arrival of the reinforcements from Italy, 
and on May 1 our army took up its position at CEtch on 
the road to Llitzen, a little to the south of the battle field 
where the great struggle of November 6, 1632, took place, 
in which Gustavus Adolphus lost his life. The French 
now came into collision with the enemy for the first time 
in the new campaign,' and in the shock of a brisk cannonade 

' Lejeune scarcely makes it clear that Napoleon had now to deal with 



(GENERAL CUMPANS GOES OUT TO RECONNOITRE 269 

Marshal Bessieres was killed by a ball. The Emperor and 
his Guard slept that night at Weissenfels. 

On May 2 took place the second great battle of 
Liitzen. The Russian and Prussian forces advancing on 
to the plain were vigorously attacked by the Emperor, 
who won a great victory over them, and drove them back 
upon the Elbe.^ 

On the evening of this great battle occurred one of 
those exciting episodes so frequent in war, in which 
General Compans behaved with a noble devotion, recalling 
that of the Chevalier d'Assas. 

The General had achieved great successes during the 
day with the sturdy marines of the Guard forming the 
greater part of his fine division, and when night fell our 
men, finding themselves isolated in the midst of a vast 
plain, closed up in squares to guard against sudden attacks 
from the enemy's cavalry. 

By ten o'clock all was quiet but for an occasional 
cannon-shot fired just to keep us anxious and to show us 
that the enemy had not yet completely withdrawn. 

We felt that this silence might mean the preparation 
of some surprise, and General Compans left the square of 
his division to creep along the plain and listen to what 
was going on in the distance. After an hour of silence, 
he fancied he detected the tramp of cavalry. He listened 
still more intently, and clearly made out the peculiar 
rumbling sound produced by horses approaching in num- 
bers wdth mufHed tread. The sound came nearer and 
nearer, leaving the General in no doubt as to the fact that 
a sudden cavalry charge was about to be made, and he 

the united Prussian and Eussian army, a very considerable portion of the 

former of which had been on his own side during the last campaign. — Thans. 

' Owing to the fact that the French had very few cavalry, they were 

not able to follow up this victory by pursuing and taking prisoners. — Teans. 



1^(0 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

set off in all haste to regain his division. But the sound 
of trotting was soon changed to that of galloping, and long 
before he could regain the ranks of his own men, Compans 
could hear the orders given by the enemy's officers. 
Eunning as fast as he could, though he had no longer 
any hope of escape for himself, the French General 
shouted at the top of his voice, ' Compans' division ! 
Compans' division ! To arms ! to arms ! Prepare to 
meet a cavalry charge ! ' ' Then, commending himself to 
God, he flung himself down on his face in a rut beside a 
number of dead, whose fate he expected soon to share. 

His troops, recognising the voice of their chief, stood 
to arms, and with crossed bayonets awaited the shock. 
The General heard the clash of the steel, and awaited 
the event in agonised suspense. With the speed of light- 
ning, but with no other sound than that of the tramp 
of the horses, which shook the ground on which Compans 
lay, the whole charge swept over him, to dash upon the 
compact body of the marines, who received it with a mur- 
derous fire at close quarters. The horses, terrified at 
finding themselves suddenly in the midst of the flashing 
and crashing of the fire from thousands of muskets, reared 
and whirled round. The whole body of cavalry was thrown 
into disorder, and instead of carrying all before it, as the 
leader of the charge had expected, it galloped off as rapidly 
as it had come. 

Truly terrible was the position of General Compans 
during the few moments occupied by this attack and 
defence. He might have been hit by our balls, he might 
have been trampled under foot by the enemy's cavalry ; 
but Providence, recognising, perhaps, that his devotion de- 
served a reward, turned aside our fire, and intensified for 
the nonce that instinct natural to horses to avoid stepping 



I 8TAirr TO JOIN MAKSIIAL OUDINOT 271 

on to anything likely to give way under their feet. 
General Compans was not even wounded, but trembling 
with emotion, and covered with earth and dust, he rejoined 
his division, who received him with shouts of joy at seeing 
him come back safe and sound after an experience so 
terrible and extraordinary. The rest of the night passed 
over quietly ; the enemy had discovered that we were on 
our guard, and we were all able to get a little rest. 

The Emperor passed the night after the battle of 
Liitzen at Eisfeld. A brisk, well-sustained cannonade 
went on for the whole of the next two days, during which 
we pursued the enemy, and on May 4 Napoleon slept in 
the chateau which had been occupied the night before by 
the Emperor Alexander and the King of Prussia. It was 
here that he appointed me General-in-Chief of the Staff of 
the 12th corps commanded by Marshal Oudinot. 

I started that same evening (May 4), marching all 
night by way of Weissenfels and Naumburg, to join the 
Marshal. Having come up with him, I now followed the 
12th corps on its way to pass the night at Zeist. On the 
6th and 7th we halted at Altenbourg ; on the 8th, having 
passed through Kennitz, a pretty town of Saxony, we 
halted at Sederau, and marched thence by way of Zens- 
perg, Freiburg, and Hetzeldorf, to the camp two leagues 
from Dresden, where we halted on the evening of the 10th, 
and remained for five days. 

On May 16 my new corps left Dresden, and on the 
20th General Belin, of the engineers, and I went to throw 
some bridges over the Spree by which to reach the enemy 
on the next day. Whilst we were at work on the 21st, the 
Russians and Prussians were advancing in the direction 
of Bautzen to cross the Spree and cut off our retreat. It 
was of the utmost importance to us to check this offensive 



2.r2 MEMOIES OF BAliOX LEJEUXE 

movement, and our bridges over the Spree being fortu- 
nately finished, the l'2th corps crossed the river on them 
at once, a brigade of 3,000 or 4,000 Neapolitans leading 
the way, deploying immediately in , picturesque fashion 
■on the heights beyond the right bank. 

Just as the Italians had gained the heights, a gun vs^as 
fired by the enemy, and I distinctly savi^ one ball M'hiz 
through the air more than 100 feet above their heads. 
Not a man wsis touched, but the vs^hole brigade, taken 
by surprise, fell on their knees. We were marching be- 
hind them, and the sight of all these plumed grenadiers 
overcome with fear of a single ball made us laugh so 
loudly that they got up in a great hurry, and marching 
upon the enemy flung themselves furiously upon the 
advanced guard, doing it a good deal of mischief. 

My corps was ordered to take up a position with the 
left wing resting on Bautzen, and the right on a very lofty 
plateau which was covered with entrenchments not visible 
from below, and surmounting the wooded hills sloping 
•down from it towards the Spree. 

The Pactod division was ordered to scale these heights, 
take the entrenchments, and establish themselves amongst 
them so as to check the enemy should they attempt to go 
down to the Spree by way of the hills to destroy our 
bridges and cut off our retreat. 

The Lorencez division supporting the Pactod was 
posted in the plain behind a little wood and the plateau 
just mentioned. 

The Emperor with his staff and Guard were at 
Bautzen. 

Marshal Macdonald, commanding the 11th corps, 
supported our left, whilst the rest of the army stretched 
away on the left of Macdonald's corps, the corps under 



BATTI.E or BAUTZEN 273 

INIarshal Ney, which formed the extreme left of the French 
army, taking up a position at right angles with om: line of 
battle. 

Such was the position occupied by the French and the 
disposition of their forces in the great battle of Bautzen 
between them and the combined Eussian, Austrian, and 
Prussian forces. 

I shall content myself with mentioning what fell 
under my own observation as attached to the 12th corps, 
the operations of which I was instructed to press on and 
to report. 

Fire was opened on our right by the Pactod division, 
which drove back a considerable column of Prussians 
upon their entrenchments, erected on an elevated point to 
harass our march to the Spree. 

The Pactod division maintained the struggle on the 
plateau with admirable courage and perseverance for no 
less than thirty-two hours under a continuous hail of 
cannon-balls, grapeshot, and bullets, whilst all along the 
line for several leagues an equally terrible conflict was 
going on. 

The Bussians, however, succeeded in gaining ground 
a little ; their artillery dashed up at a gallop to take a 
position on a height dominating the plain occupied by us, 
and looking down upon us at their feet they potured forth 
such volleys of balls and grapeshot that the ranks of the 
Lorencez division were mown down by them. For an 
hour we were all in a very painful position, and Marshal 
Oudinot was compelled to send a message to Marshal 
Macdonald on his left asking for reinforcements. The 
Marshal at once sent the Gerard division, which came up 
to the support of General Lorencez just as that officer 
had his thigh shattered by a ball, whilst his troops were 

VOL. II. T 



21 -i MEMOIRS OF 15AE0N LEJEUXE 

suffering cruelly. Almost at the same moment my horse 
was struck in the belly and horribly wounded. The poor 
creature in its agony flung me several feet in the air, and 
I fell heavily into a deep rut in the ground. 

As soon as I recovered from the giddiness caused by 
this fall, I dragged myself to a stream to bathe my face, 
which had been a good deal bruised and cut. The cold 
fresh water fully revived my senses and strength, and I 
returned to seek my people, who gave me another horse. 
I then went to Marshal Oudinot, who did not at first 
recognise me, I was so much disfigured. 

I soon left the Marshal again to go with his aide-de- 
camp, the brave Colonel de Cramayel, to rally the rem- 
nant of the Lorencez division and join it to that under 
Eaglovitch, the united forces being ordered to go to the 
right to the support of Pictod, who had lost his position 
and nearly all his men. 

After a few terrible moments of suspense, which 
seemed like hours, we suddenly had the joy of hearing a 
brisk cannonade in the distance behind the enemy, which 
led us to hope that we were about to be extricated from 
our critical position. 

We were right ; the firing came from Marshal Ney, 
who had flung himself with his usual vigour upon the 
Eussian reserves. The Emperor, I heard later, had looked 
at his watch a hundred times before he gave the signal 
for this onslaught, so anxious was he that it should be 
delivered at exactly the right moment to ensure success. 

We began to breathe once more, for the enemy drew 
back before us, gave up the attempt to drive us beyond 
the Spree, and the battle of Bautzen was won.^ 

■ As with that of Liitzen, the battle of Bautzen had no good results for 
the French, as they were unable to follow it up by pursuit of the enemy. — 

TllANS. 



STRUGGLE OUTSIDE I-IOJERS\'ERDA 275 

We .remained two days in the position we had so 
dearly bought, and then the 12th corps received orders to 
march on Velau. 

"We arrived at Hojersverda on May 26, and drove the 
Prussians out of it. 

Marching through the Httle town of Hojersverda, sur- 
mounted as it was by lofty walls, was rather a difficult 
matter, but Marshal Oudinot knew that there was a wide 
meadow beyond in which he could deploy his troops, 
and he therefore pushed through and drew up in battle 
order face to face with the Prussians, by whom we had 
been pursued, and who had already taken up a position 
on the heights beyond. 

The Marshal, who thought his position better than it 
really was, did not trouble to protect the narrow entrance 
to the town behind him, and, thinking that he had a good 
opportunity for successfully attacking Tauenzin's corps, 
he did not hesitate to advance. 

The enemy, however, advantageously posted on slopes 
from which they could watch every movement of ours, 
placed a considerable force of artillery in position, and 
poured a murderous fire upon us, which mowed down our 
ranks, and soon compelled Marshal Oudinot himself to take 
refuge in one of the many squares into which he hastily 
formed his troops, and in which the grapeshot was 
working terrible havoc. 

Most fortunately the Marshal had left behind at the 
entrance to the town, with two battalions, a brigade of 
Hessian cavalry, commanded by General Wolff (a French- 
man), and the whole of our artillery. 

My officers kept on bringing me more and more 
disastrous news from the Marshal, and I asked General 
Wolff if he was disposed to support me vigorously with 

T 2 



276 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

his cavalry. On his replying in the affirmative I ordered 
the commander of the artillery to follow me with eight 
twelve-pounders, the two battalions of infantry in their 
turn to follow and protect the artillery, whilst General 
Wolff was to cover our movement, and advance as far as 
the outlying forces of the Prussians. I urged the greatest 
care in pointing the artillery, and almost before the 
enemy had noticed our arrival eight or ten of their guns 
were put hors de combat, whilst their lines were greatly 
broken. This vigorous and unexpected attack from us 
only lasted a few moments before Bulow's columns were 
put to rout, and Marshal Oudinot was rescued, though he 
had already had many men killed and no fewer than 400 
wounded. We spent the day after this disagreeable 
affair at Hojersverda. 

The 12th corps left Hojersverda on May 31, to 
continue its march on Velau, and it was a few leagues 
from that town that I had an opportunity of giving the 
Marshal the chance of taking a grand revenge for his suf- 
ferings outside Hojersverda. 

He had halted at the village of Protha, and his three 
divisions were marching in advance of him. I was going 
round the outposts of the advanced guard when I discovered 
that General Bulow, in his turn, was marching in columns 
half a league in advance of our divisions, also on the way 
to Velau, and that his flank was exposed to us in a very 
unfortunate manner for him. 

Our three generals noted this fact at the same moment 
that I did, and were impatient to profit by it, so I galloped 
back to ask Marshal Oudinot to give the order for the 
attack to be made. 

The Marshal, always brave enough where he himself 
was concerned, hesitated now to give the word, and. 



AN AltMISTICE IS PROCLAIMED ^77 

anxious to be sure things were as we represented them, 
he climbed into a belfry to see for himself. He soon 
shouted down to me) ' Yes, you are right ; go and order the 
three divisions to attack ! ' 

I galloped back, but everything had changed in the 
short interval of my absence. The enemy had got out of 
the awkward position they were in, our three generals 
were convinced that the moment had gone by, and that to 
act now would be as useless as dividing water with a 
sword. 

We therefore continued our march on Velau, where 
the enemy had taken up their position, and from which 
we only dislodged them with difficulty. During the strug- 
gle the extensive suburb at the base of the hill caught fire, 
and we fought for a long time in the thickest and blackest 
smoke I ever saw. 

Towards the end of this affair the infantry were 
obliged to form in squares against constant charges from 
the Eussian cavalry, many of whom were brought down 
by us, but we lost several guns, and in the end both sides 
drew back without any very definite result. 

On June 9, General Guilleminot with a French division 
joined us at Herzberg, bringing us the news of the armi- 
stice just concluded. 

On the 10th this fine division took up its quarters in 
the chateau of Annaburg, which had been converted into a 
military college. 

We made our troops camp, and did all we could to pro- 
vide them with healthy amusements during the pause in 
hostilities. We organised sack races and merry-go-rounds 
beneath a carefully balanced tun full of water, the contents 
of which would deluge clumsy competitors. 

Our cares were not, however, all for the men ; we looked 



278 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

after ourselves too, and had many a pleasant water picnic 
or fishing expedition on the picturesque Elster, in which 
some of the people of the country, including various 
charming ladies, took part. 

Thus slipped hy the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th 
of June. The Staff were all quartered in the fine manor 
house of Luhbenau, belonging to the Countess of Schoen- 
herg, who did the honours of her house most gracefully, 
and we had some delightful open-air fetes, dancing on 
lawns or in arbours bright with flowers, with noble and 
bourgeois dames. 

During the spring of 1813 public feeling in Germany 
was so bitter against the domination of the Prench, that a 
secret association was formed, to which nearly all the young 
fellows in the universities belonged. 

The name given to this association by its members was 
Tugendbund, or the League of Virtue. The handsome 
young husband of the Countess of Schoenberg who enter- 
tained us so kindly was one of the most ardent partisans 
of the Tugendbund, and whilst we were enjoying the 
society of his family in his beautiful home of Luhbenau, 
he was making every preparation to wage war to the knife 
with us as soon as the armistice ended. Owning a large 
fortune, he had just levied a regiment of hussars numbering 
1,500 men and horses. 

To leave no doubt as to the spirit animating his troop, 
he made his men wear black uniforms, whilst their shakos 
were surmounted by black plumes and decorated with a 
badge representing a death's head with its long teeth 
resting on two crossed bones. Every member of the 
regiment had to swear never to surrender and to make no 
prisoners. 

We danced on gaily enough, however, at the residence 



ARRIVAL OF REINFORCEMENTS 279 

of the Countess whilst the Count, inspired, Hke all the rest 
of his countrymen, by the terrible ballad just written 
by Goethe,' the young poet whose verses were then rousing 
up all the patriotic ardour of the Germans, was preparing 
a dance of death for us on the resumption of hostilities. 

On June 19 we went to visit the battle field of Lukau, 
where so much blood had been shed on the 4th, and almost 
every day we made some excursion up or down the Spree 
duck shooting, or we went in large parties for long rides, 
held reviews of our troops, &c. 

In the review of June 29, Pactod's division, in spite of 
its terrible suffering at Bautzen, figured in brilliant force ; 
the Guilleminot division, still undecimated, presented a 
most imposing appearance ; whilst General Eaglovitch's 
Bavarian division came on to the ground in the very 
finest condition, evidently well prepared to take the field 
again. 

On August 12 all was ready for the resumption of 
hostilities, and on the 16th we were all awaiting the re- 
opening of the war. 

On August 17 the enemy everywhere anticipated us 
by attacking our outposts and driving them back. 

On the 18th our position was changed by the un- 
expected arrival of a considerable reinforcement, for the 
Emperor placed under .Marshal Oudinot's orders the 
Eeynier corps, consisting of two French divisions and the 
King of Saxony's corps, collectively called the 7th corps. 
To these troops Napoleon also added the 4th corps, com- 
manded by General Bertrand, consisting of two French 
divisions and the King of Wlirtemberg's contingent. 

' It would seem that Goethe is a misprint here for Korner, as it was the 
latter's SchwertUed and other fiery patriotic songs which so roused the 
Germans. Goethe, on the other hand, was too cosmopolitan to be patriotic, 
and his ode to Napoleon was quite the reverse. — Teans. 



280 MEMOmS OF BARON LEJEUXE 

To these two corps, the 4th and the 7th, were attached 
two cavah-y corps under the orders of some French 
generals and the Duke of Padua, the whole, with my 
corps, the 12th, forming, as stated in a letter from Major- 
General Prince Berthier, an army of no less than 80,000 
men with Marshal Oudinot as commander-in-chief. 

After verifying the numbers of the troops as they 
arrived, however, it was found that there were really not 
more than 60,000 combatants bearing arms. 

The Emperor now ordered Marshal Oudinot to march 
on Berlin and take possession of it, the same letter 
mentioning the various dispositions of the movement 
Napoleon himself would make. 

On August 17, then, the first day of the resimiption of 
hostilities, our army began its march, and we soon came 
in contact with the Russian corps under Biilow and 
Tauenzien, who offered a stubborn resistance to our 
advance, but were driven back on the third day beyond 
the Spree, across which we at once flung some bridges, so 
as to pursue them in the direction of Potsdam and 
Berlin. Our army continued its march ignorant of what 
was before it, and it was only from the prisoners brought 
in by om scouts that we learnt that the enemy had taken 
up a position between Spandau and Berlin, so as to bar 
our approach to the capital. 

The 12th and 7th corps crossed the Spree in the 
X^resence of the enemy, who at first defended the passage 
but feebly. The 12th corps had crossed easily enough 
about two o'clock in the afternoon, and driven the 
Prussians defending the heights beyond to a considerable 
distance from the river ; but Marshal Oudinot, before 
venturing to pursue Biilow, wanted to wait for news of 
the two corps manoeuvring on his right. 



UNITY OF OVU MOVEMENT DESTKOYEL) 281 

A little before nightfall an officer came from General 
lleynier, bringing verj' bad tidings. The General, who 
had been advancing, as arranged, in the direction of 
Klistov and Grossbeeren with the Saxons as advanced 
guard and the French divisions in reserve, had come upon 
a corps of the enemy. The Saxons had been easily 
beaten and driven back in disorder upon the reserves, 
which fortunately had remained unbroken. 

This repulse, of course, destroyed the unity of the 
concerted movement which had been so successfully 
begun by our left, and an idea occurred to me which I 
hoped might put things right again all along the line. It 
was not j^et night, and I proposed that the 12th corps 
should halt and prepare their soup for supper, whilst I 
should go and ascertain the exact condition of General 
Eeynier's corps. That done, I would at once find General 
Bertrand and see if his troops were in good heart after 
their achievements of the day. If they were ready to take 
the offensive, I would tell him to give them the order 
to prepare for an attack at daybreak on the front and 
flanks of the enemy, who would probably be rather off 
guard after the success of the evening before. 

I felt pretty sure that such a surprise would put the 
enemy to rout, especially as it might catch them asleep, 
resting on the laurels they had won. 

Marshal Oudinot was very unwilling to listen to my 
advice, and retarded my departure on one pretext or 
another, so that it was not until quite late that I started, 
bearing his orders for the attack to the 7th and 4th 
corps. 

I was accompanied only by a very few horsemen, whom 
I had obtained with difficulty from the Duke of Padua, 
commanding our cavalry, and for whom he made me wait 



282 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

a very long time. I arrived about midnight at Gross- 
beeren, near to v^hich General Eeynier vpas hard at work 
restoring order amongst the Saxons, who had been 
repulsed that evening. I told him of my scheme for the 
attack by the three corps, and of the dispositions that the 
Duke of Eeggio (Marshal Oudinot) had instructed me to 
arrange in concert with him and the General in command 
of our right, with a view to the making of this attack at 
daybreak. General Eeynier fell in most cordially with 
the project, hazardous though it doubtless appeared to 
him when I first broached it. He assured me that his 
Saxons, though they had been repulsed, had lost very few 
men, and that they were in good heart now they had 
recovered breath. He had placed them behind the two 
French divisions, which were sure to fling themselves 
upon the enemy with extraordinary vigour. He therefore 
placed no obstacles in the way of the Marshal's project, 
and said he felt sure of success if only the 12th and 
4th corps on his right and left marched simultaneously 
-and co-operated cordially with him. 

Delighted with the good spirits in which I found 
•General Eeynier, and with the fresh proofs he gave me of 
his continued devotion to the cause of the Emperor, I 
hurried on to Suthen to take the good news to General 
Bertrand, whose co-operation it was absolutely essential 
to secure. 

As soon as I reached General Bertrand, I told him of 
the plan of attack for the morning, and also said that the 
Emperor's dispositions for our march on Berlin were more 
skilfully combined than any operation he had ever con- 
ceived. His orders were that General Gerard from 
Magdeburg and Marshal Davout from Hamburg were to 
march with the corps under them upon Berlin, so as to 



A GREAT DISAPPOINTMENT 28o 

arrive on the west of that city at the same time as the 
three corps of the Duke of Eeggio appeared on the east. 
The orders, which I had myself written down in cipher, 
had been received, I knew, for the fact had aheady been 
notified to me. The moment of departure was mentioned 
to each general, with the approximative time required for 
marching the dozen leagues between us and Berlin, and 
overcoming the obstacles which were sure to be thrown 
in our way. Barely indeed had a great enterprise been 
more carefully and skilfully organised, and the only things 
which seemed in the least likely to jeopardise our success 
were the courage of the enemy and the difficult nature of 
the ground to be traversed.' I felt how great would be 
the disgrace to our army if a slight check and the loss of a 
couple of hundred of our allied troops should lead to a 
retreat all along our line. That this would come about 
was, however, inevitable if our right wing failed to co- 
operate with our centre, or our centre with our left, and 
so on. But nothing I could urge could convince General 
Bertrand, though I advanced at least a thousand good 
reasons for his taking the course I wished. 

It was with immense regret that I returned to General 
Eeynier to tell him of this refusal. He was so full of 
fearless devotion to the Emperor's interests that he was 
terribly disappointed when I said, as I took my leave of 
him, ' As our right wing will not take part in the suggested 
attack, I think the risk would be too great with only the 
12th and 7th corps ; so if you agree with me, I will tell 
Marshal Oudinot that I think it will be better to abandon 

' In his account of the abortive inarch on Berlin, Lejeune ignores many 
very important facts, notably that a vast number of the French troops had 
never been in action before, that the memory of the disasters of the Bussian 
campaign were still fresh, and above all that the various allies were only 
watching for an opportunity of deserting. — Teans. 



284 MEMOIRS OF BARON LEJEUNE 

the idea of our enterprise.' General Eej^nier realised 
sadly enough what a brilliant chance we were losing, but 
he made no effort to detain me, and let me go back to 
Marshal Oudinot with the bad news. Whilst waiting for 
my return, the Duke had been consumed with anxiety for 
the result of the operation which he supposed would take 
place. It was late when I got back from my fruitless 
efforts to arrange for the simultaneous advance of the 
three corps, for it was a very dark night, and not easy to 
find the way through the woods. 

AYe passed the rest of the night in a state of painful 
agitation, and at daybreak the next morning the Marshal 
realised with infinite regret that there was nothing for it 
but to order a retreat all along his line. An hour later 
we sadly recrossed the Spree, and the enemy lost no time 
in following us. The fine French army, which ought 
and so easily might have marched triumphantly into Berlin, 
was now compelled to retreat without having been beaten 
on Damm and Wittenberg. 

Marshal Oudinot left Suthen on August 24, and reached 
Gakow the same day, where he halted for the night. On 
the 25th, the 12th, 7th, and 4th corps came into line in 
good order at Eiersdorff and Speremberg, though they 
were pursued and fusilladed all day long by the enemy. 

On the 27th, whilst forty leagues behind us Napoleon 
was winning the great battle of Dresden, our three corps 
reunited at Eiersdorff. Perno and Verben once more 
assumed the offensive, and marched on Insterburg, a 
town of considerable size, easily driving oat the enemy and 
taking possession of it. 

The 28th was passed near Insterburg in renewing 
our stock of provisions and trying to find out something 
about the movements of the enemy. Unfortunately we 



DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING INFORMATION 285 

were quite ignorant of the very names of the generals 
opposed to us, of the number of their troops, or the posi- 
tions they occupied. There is no doubt that the Emperor 
provided ample means for organising an efficient system 
of espionage and paying for secret service of various kinds, 
but the avarice of many of those in command of the 
French forces led them to appropriate the money to their 
own use, when they ought to have expended it lavishly in 
obtaining information about the enemy. We really did 
not know whether we were about to fight Eussians, Prus- 
sians, or Austrians. In spite of my patriotism, in spite of 
my keen sense of what loyalty to the Emperor demanded 
of me, I found it extremely difficult to secure at any price 
an intelligent peasant or two to risk venturing into the 
enemy's lines to collect information for us. We therefore 
had to manoeuvre altogether in the dark during the follow- 
ing days, though we did manage to gather that a general 
engagement was approaching, and the Duke of Eeggio 
gave orders for all the non-combatants, carriages, and 
other impedimenta of our three corps to be withdrawn to 
Wittenberg, and there shut up out of the way of the 
fighting. 

On the evening of the same day, the 28th, the 4th 
corps was ordered to march towards the left of the enemy's 
forces, which at once prepared to attack us. 

On the 29th Marshal Oudinot placed his forces as fol- 
lows : the 12th corps at Eckmandorff, the 4th in the rear 
of that village, and the 7th with Wittenberg as a support. 
He had scarcely made these dispositions when he was 
vigorously attacked. Our three fine cavalry divisions, 
finding themselves within range of the firing, dashed upon 
the enemy, driving them back as far as Mazanne, and 
protecting the reconnaissance. A Polish officer had orders 



2S6 MEMOIES OF BARON LEJEUNE 

to push from that point to Warbeck, where he found a 
body of Eussian troops encamped. 

On August 30 our three corps were reunited at 
Mazanne, and a very strong force was sent out to recon- 
noitre the enemy's position. Our troops were surrounded 
throughout the march by Cossacks, who gradually with- 
drew before them. They were, however, compelled to 
return without ascertaining anything, and were hotly 
pursued by such a strong body of artillery and cavalry that 
we concluded considerable forces were coming up to attack 
us. Our artillery was hastily placed in line, and we opened 
a brisk cannonade, which compelled the enemy to retire. 

On the evening of the 30th, the 12th corps slept at 
Mazanne, the 7th at Feldheim, and the 4th at Tiessintz. 
September 1 and 2 were quietly passed by the three corps 
at Kropstadt in making reconnaissances and preparing for 
the coming struggle. 

On September 3 our united forces estabhshed them- 
selves at Teutchel, near Wittenberg, and whilst the troops 
were taking up their position the 4th corps was vigorously 
attacked by the enemy, who were, however, repulsed all 
along their line. 

It was during the manoeuvres of September 3 that 
Marshal Ney, whose approach had been notified to us the 
evening before, arrived with two or three officers. Finding 
the troops under arms when he came up. Marshal Ney at 
once rode along the front, took over the command, and 
ordered the advance to begin. "^ 

Ney had received at the same time as Oudinot the 

' Lejeune does not make it clear that Ney hastened to Oudinot, not to 
supersede him, for his command of the three corps was only temporary, but 
because the treachery of .Jomini, chief of Ney's staff, had revealed the whole 
of the Emperor's plan of campaign to the Eussians, and immediate action 
was the only chance of success. — Thans. 



TREACHERY OF JOMINI 287 

plan of campaign the Emperor intended to follow,, 
and the exact part in it his corps was to take. General 
Jomini, chief of the staff to Ney, and a distinguished writer, 
not caring for the active share which would fall to him in 
the bloody struggle about to ensue, sought safety in taking 
the plan of campaign, which had been placed in his hands 
as in mine, to the Emperor of Russia. Jomini disappeared 
suddenly, and the details the traitor ' supplied to the 
Russians enabled them to circumvent all the skilful con- 
binations arranged by Napoleon, whose difficulties now 
became immense, though he was still as undaunted as 
ever. 

But to return to Marshal Ney. In his haste to 
execute the orders of the Emperor, he ordered the 4th 
and 7th corps to advance and attack, but did not give the 
same order to the 12th, which was marching in line with 
the other two. Marshal Oudinot was left in command of 
this 12th corps, and I remained with him as chief of his 
staff. The other two corps came up with the enemy, and 
a hot struggle at once began. The 12th corps meanwhile, 
restless and indignant at not having received the same 
orders as the others, listened attentively to try and find 
out if the right of the army were engaged. The wind 
blowing strongly from the west carried away the noise of 
the cannonade, and we could hear nothing. The appear- 
ance of a few Cossacks opposite our front, however, led us 
to suppose that the army to which they belonged was not 
far off, and we at once marched in the direction of 
Dennewitz. 

We had scarcely issued from the wood which covered 
our front, before we found ourselves face to face with the 
combined Eussian, Prussian, and Swedish forces, which 

' Alexander made Jomini his own aide-de-camp. — Trans. 



288 MEMOIES OF BARON LEJEUNE 

were deploying a formidable body of artillery as they 
advanced upon us. A strong wind blew clouds of blinding 
dust in our faces, and balls and grapeshot mowed down 
our ranks, throwing us into such great disorder that it 
was only with considerable difficulty that we managed to 
form our infantry divisions into squares so as to retire 
before the numerous cavalry galloping up to surround us. 

Meanwhile General Reynier with the 7th corps had 
flung himself into the village of Dennewitz, which the 
enemy was endeavouring to retake. The Guilleminot 
division performed prodigies of valour, but was unable to 
hold the village. On the right and at the same level the 
Wiirtembergers, commanded by General Bertrand, were 
fighting on the plain under great disadvantages and losing 
many men, and Marshal Ney, finding himself in a very 
critical position with no forces in reserve, was compelled, 
as we had been, to retire after displaying the most heroic 
courage. 

In our retreat. Marshal Oudinot and his staff had to 
take refuge in the infantry squares, upon which the enemy 
was pouring a murderous fire. 

Thus hotly pursued, we reached the edge of a vast 
morass or sheet of water called the Schwartz Bister, of 
the depth of which we were totally ignorant. A few 
minutes before, the horse I was riding had received seven 
balls in the neck and one in the leg, which made him limp. 
Nevertheless, I did not hesitate to make him go into the 
black mud of the marsh to test the depth of the water and 
see if it would be possible for our infantry to ford it and 
get by a short cut to Torgau, before which they were to take 
up a position. 

On this occasion I had a striking proof of the fact that 
a man who shows the courage of a hero one day may be a 



I LEAVE TORGAU FOl! DKESDI'IX :^89 

coward ever after. General Fournier-Sarloveze, com- 
manding one of our divisions of cavalry, was a noted 
duellist and bully, the terror of all peaceable men, but to- 
day lie was in a state of trembling nervousness, and to the 
disgust alike of his subordinate officers and of our infantry, 
who depended on his support, he led the 6,000 cavalry 
under him so badly that on September 6 they did no good 
service whatever. 

Though pursued by the Russians, the army retired in 
fairly good order on Damm, Wittenberg, and Torgau. 

On September 8 the news of the disaster which had 
befallen the left wing of his army in Saxony, every position 
it had held having been lost, reached the Emperor, and 
he sent for me to give him an account of how it had 
come about. I left Torgau in haste, and travelled all 
night through a terrible storm, arriving at Dresden wet 
through at five o'clock in the morning on September 9. 
Without halting I pushed on thence to Dona, where I 
was assured I should find the Emperor, and I came up to 
him just as he was receiving the news of the defeat of 
Vandamme's corps.' Evidently very much put out at 
hearing that his right and left wings had both been 
repulsed, the Emperor merely sent to tell me that the 
details I had to give were no longer needed by him, and 
that I was to go back to my post at once. 

I therefore returned to Damm by way of Meissen, 
Wurschen, and Eulemburg, arriving at two o'clock in the 
morning at Miirzen, where I learnt that my corps had 
been ceaselessly pursued by the enemy during my absence. 

' This defeat of Vandamme's corps at Teplitz, after great successes, was 
the result of the fact that Mortier and Saint-Cyr did not support him as 
arranged, and that the enemy, instructed by Jomini, were aware of all his 
movements. For a good account of the whole of this campaign see the 
Marbot Memoirs, vol. ii. chap. xxxv. &c. — Teans. 

VOL. II. ^ 



290 ME.MOIIiS OF BAKON LEJEUXE 

Every day attacks had been made by the French on tlu; 
Prussian corps under Biilow and Tauenzin, but without 
effecting any change in our position. 

Several days more were occupied in a continued 
struggle, many men being lost on both sides without any 
definite results for either army. 

Marshal Ney had meanwhile been recalled by the 
Emperor, who ordered him to break up the united corps 
he had recently been commanding, and to resume the 
direction of the 3rd corps, with which he was to co-operate 
on the same line as Marshal Oudinot had done. 

On the breaking up of the 4th, 7th, and 12th corps, 
the Duke of Eeggio (Marshal Oudinot) was reinstated in 
the command of the grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, 
and the 12th corps was incorporated with the 7th and' 4th 
under Generals Reynier and Bertrand. 

I now became attached to the 7th corps, and com- 
manded a brigade of 6,000 men belonging to the Guille- 
minot division. This brigade was made up of five 
regiments of infantry, namely the 52nd and 64th French, 
the 111th Piedmontese, the 7th Croatian, and the 3rd 
Illyrian. Each regiment had a good French Colonel, and 
the one at the head of the Illyrians was a very witty 
Breton named De Trommelin, a French emigre, who had 
formerly been aide-de-camp to Sir Wilham Sidney Smith 
when that admiral was aiding Sir Ealph Abercrombie in 
the war with the French in Egypt. 

After the breaking up and rearranging of the various 
corps, we left the banks of the Elbe to march towards 
Dessau and Leipzig, leaving our baggage at Torgau 
and Wittenberg. A Piedmontese adjutant of the 111th 
Eegiment came and begged me to let him use my carriage 



A SKILFULLY MAIv\V(>E]) REVENGE 291 

because he was ill, and he promised to look after it and 
my horses as if they were his own. 

I saw no reason not to trust him, and gave my con- 
sent. Unfortunately he kept his word much better than 
I expected. We had scarcely left Torgau and Wittenberg 
when those towns were blockaded by the enemy. The 
people in the invested cities soon began to suffer from 
famine ; two of my horses were killed and eaten, whilst my 
Piedmontese friend sold the rest, hired some posthorses 
and with them made his way in my carriage, and of 
course at ray expense, to Turin, whence he had the 
impudence to write and tell me that he had had to sell 
all my belongings so as to be able to live in comfort 
himself. I answered him in a very polite letter, in which I 
hid a skilfully laid trap for him. 

I told him in this letter that I was the more concerned 
for the loss of my carriage because I had hidden a sum of 
20,000 francs in gold in certain secret recesses of it. As 
I expected, and heard afterwards, the thief at once had 
the carriage smashed up, finding nothing, but completing 
my revenge. 

For more than a month after we left the Elbe, the 
days and often also the nights were passed in marching 
and countermarching, and in bloody skirmishes with the 
Prussians and Eussians, an account of which would alone 
makeup a deeply interesting volume, but it would weary the 
reader if I were to attempt to add a description of them to 
these brief Memoirs. I was no longer an aide-de-camp in 
a position to judge of the manoeuvres we were going 
through as a whole, for I saw nothing but what took place 
close to my own brigade, and all I could do was to make 
notes day by day on the number of men each day's fight- 
ing cost me. All my regiments, though of such mixed 



L;92 MEMOIltS OF BAi;<»X LE.IEUNE 

nationalities, behaved admirably, and the 4th and 7th 
corps specially distinguished themselves on October 3, 
when they drove the Eussians back in the greatest dis- 
order on the Elbe near Dessau. On that one day alone 
I lost 360 of my brave fellows. 

Well seasoned by all om- hard experiences, we came 
up at last vifith the rest of the French army, concentrating 
near Leipzig, on the eve of the awful days of October 18 
and 19, during which raged the terrible battle named 
after that town. Although on the 18th my regiments 
were engaged, and I lost many men in the suburbs 
of Leipzig, I do not feel equal to describing the grand 
tragedy in which Napoleon's courage and genius were 
alike displayed in the very highest degree, and in which 
he put forth all his strength, turning every resource at 
his command to account. 

The battle, which lasted two days, ended between 
two and three o'clock on October 19, when quiet was 
restored upon the blood-stained field. The enemy endea- 
voured, however, to intercept the troops under Lefebvre- 
Desnouettes, whom the Emperor had ordered to march on 
Weimar to cover our retreat, and on Brfurth to get a 
fresh supply of ammunition, ours being exhausted. 

The division to which I belonged was sent to the 
Saale to prevent the Austrians from taking possession 
of the Koesen bridge, where they hoped to cut off our 
retreat on Frankfort and Mainz. The banks of the Saale 
are very steep, but I managed to place my brigade in 
ambush behind some inequalities of the ground, and I 
kept the Austrians at bay opposite the bridge for twenty- 
four hours. I had such a well-established and protected 
position on the plateau above the river, that there was no 
fear of the enemy's balls reaching me, so I was able to give 



4 PENNILESS OFFICER 293 

my officers a good meal, of which we all stood sorely in 
need. The Austrians, massed in great numbers on the 
opposite bank, did not gain an inch of ground, but fired 
over our heads from below, the balls only falling amongst 
us after describing a regular parabola. Our light repast 
was therefore eaten beneath a hail of steel and lead which 
did us but Httle harm, though it worked great havoc 
amongst our plates and glasses. The ground all about 
us was riddled with little holes like a stable sieve, but this 
did not damp our spirits in the least, 

Just as it began to get dark, I received orders to march 
towards Hanau and take up a position between it and the 
banks of the Saale. I afterwards left this position to 
cover the pass of Guelhausen and the Hanau woods.' 
One battalion on October 30 I stationed in the village 
of Saalmiinster on my left, and bivouacked with the rest 
of my troops on a dry healthy spot a few paces off. 

During the night the Austrians crossed the Saale, and 
at daybreak our camp was roused by the approach of their 
skirmishers. 

I must explain here that I had as aide-de-camp a 

young officer in whom Marshal Oudinot was deeply 

interested. He had begged me to receive him, and do all 

I could for him. He came to me absolutely penniless, but 

with all the pretensions of a scion of a noble family. I 

welcomed him kindly, filled his purse, bought two good 

horses for him with saddles, harness, &c., and sent them 

to him as a gift. 

' There is something very pathetic in the way Lejeune evades speaking 
of the battle of Leipzig as a defeat, and his subsequent movements as part 
of a disastrous retreat, Similar reticence on the part of all the officers en- 
gaged on the French side, and the fact that immense numbers of com- 
manders and staff officers fell, make it almost impossible to get at the truth 
respecting this ' Battle of the Nations ' which broke the power of Napoleon 
and delivered Europe from his yoke. — Traxs. 



-:94 MEMOIES OF BAliON LEJEUNK 

I expected, of course, to get a little active help in 
return, and to find him zealous in niy service. Not a bit 
of it. I suppose he found his sense of gratitude oppressed 
him, for he disappeared without taking leave of me. I 
heard afterwards that he was aide-de-camp to the Duke of 
Valmy. 

There was no officer at hand to fill his place when 
we were thus surprised by the Austrians, so I went myself 
to reconnoitre the position the Austrians had just taken 
up round our bivouac. 

Separated from my troops, I galloped about amongst 
the enemy's skirmishers, and soon saw that I ran great 
danger of being shot down or taken, so I hastened back to 
camp to order the brigade to take up arms and join the 
principal corps of our division. 

What was my astonishment when I got to where we 
had bivouacked to find it wholly deserted, and to be 
compelled to ride a long way in the track of my own men 
before I came up with them ! 

It turned out that whilst I was amongst the skir- 
mishers General Guilleminot had received orders to march 
towards Hanau, and had sent a message to my brigade 
instructing it to follow his movement. This order had not 
reached the battalion I had stationed in Saalmunster, 
which had for the moment been forgotten, and I had the 
greatest difficulty in saving it, for the village was already 
surrounded. I was intensely annoyed at this incident, and 
bitterly reproached General Guilleminot, who had been a 
great friend of mine for many years. 

On October 31 we reached the Hanau woods, twenty- 
four hours after the great battle which had taken place 
there, in which Napoleon defeated the allied Austrians 



TERRIBLE STRUGGLE XKAi; THE KIXZIG 29-3 

and Kussians under Von Wrede, and the brilliant details 
of which are related by many French historians. 

The Bavarian corps had not yet abandoned the hope 
of cutting off our retreat on Frankfort and Mainz, and 
Marshal Marmont was left in the Hanau woods to protect 
us and circumvent the efforts of the enemy. Havino- 
heard that a strong force of Bavarians occupied the 
streets of the suburbs of Frankfort, he flung a number of 
shells amongst them, setting fire to the houses. 

On the same day, October 31, the Guilleminot division 
took the place of that under Marshal Marmont, which was 
ordered to retire on Mainz, whilst my brigade took up its 
position in the woods on the banks of the Kinzig to 
defend its passage. I had scarcely reached the river, when 
a brisk cannonade from the Bavarian camp broke many 
of the trees above our heads. The branches and pieces 
of shells rained down upon us, revealing that the enemy 
was about to make a fresh attempt to cross, and very soon 
a considerable body of Bavarians on rafts and in small 
boats came in sight on the little stream. 

My troops were well in ambush, and their courage 
was heightened by their eager desire for vengeance on 
the treacherous Bohemians, so lately our allies. Two 
thousand of them managed with infinite difficulty to gain 
our bank, where the dead silence which reigned evidently 
intimidated them. All of a sudden, as they hesitated to 
advance, our regiments flung themselves upon them, over- 
threw them, and drove them, covered with wounds, back 
into the river, where they were nearly all drowned, though 
some few got off on the rafts and in canoes. 

I thought the struggle was over, and had a canteen 
opened, inviting several colonels to come and share its 
contents with me ; but just as we were emptying our first 



*J9fi -MEMOJKS OF BAKON LEJEUNE 

flask a burning shell fell at the feet of Colonel Limousin, 
of the 52nd Regiment. I called out to him to draw off his 
grenadiers, for I should have been deeply grieved if one of 
them had been wounded. All the brave fellows, however, 
absolutely refused to move out of danger, and though I 
was some fifty paces away I was struck by a fragment of 
the shell, which cut through the double felt of my hat 
like a razor, and tore open my forehead. I fell like an 
inert mass amongst my comrades, who hastened to help 
me up. The wound was severe, but with their aid I 
managed to walk to the ambulance, some hundred paces 
in the rear, and have it dressed. 

As we went along an officer in the French uniform 
approached me, tore up a white handkerchief he held in 
his hand, and made a bandage of it for me. Deeply 
touched at this kind thought, I begged him to tell me his 
name, and he replied, ' I am Louis of Lichtenstein.' 

The doctors made a very deep crucial incision about 
my wound, an operation in which I lost a great deal of 
blood, and I was so much weakened that I was unable to 
return to my post. I therefore sent a message to Colonel 
Eobillard, of the 111th Regiment, asking him to take 
■command of my brigade during my absence. I then went 
to Mainz, where I arrived the same evening, and remained 
several days. Colonel Limousin, who had been severely 
wounded by the same shell as I had been, was presently 
brought to my lodgings. His injuries were more 
dangerous than mine, but I am glad to say that I had 
the pleasure of meeting him several years later in good 
health, though he limped a little, in his native town of 
Angouleme, where he was held in high esteem by all his 
fellow-citizens. 

Very soon after the arrival of Colonel Limousin, 



1 KETUEN TO PAIIIS INVALIDED 297 

Oeneral Montelegier and several of his brave colonels of 
■cavalry were brought in, so that we soon formed quite a 
staff of crippled ojE&cers. 

I had scarcely left for Mainz when our brigade, joined 
to the Guilleminot division, went to garrison the fort and 
■defend the entrance to the Cassel Bridge at the mouth of 
the Main opposite Mainz. 

Typhoid fever raged severely in the hospitals and the 
town, making terrible ravages amongst the many sick and 
wounded brought from Leipzig, Hanau, and Frankfort. 

Some of my young servants took the fever, and some- 
times I had the grief of seeing them come into my room 
in their delirium wearing nothing but their night shirts, 
and looking like mere ghosts of their former selves as they 
seemed to appeal to me to deliver them from the malady 
tormenting them. 

Such was my condition and such were my surround- 
ings during the closing scenes of the overthrow of the 
great French Empire, when the power of Napoleon 
beyond the Ehine was destroyed. 

Once more I lost my horses and carriages, and after 
all my terrible experiences I returned to Paris much 
poorer than I left it and very weary of war. 

It was long since I had got any satisfaction out of the 
glory of war, or received any reward for my zealous 
service, or for the many sacrifices I had made in the 
cause of the Emperor. My chiefs had again and again 
applied to him for recognition of what I had done, but 
nothing came of their efforts on my behalf, and I felt the 
neglect keenly. 

But I was still young, my energies were by no means 
exhausted, and I was glad to have a chance at last of 
freely indulging my passion for painting everything I 



298 ilEMOIKS OF ]i.UU)N LEJEUXJ'; 

admired. Love of natm-e and of reproducing nature now 
became a religion with me. I gave myself up entirely to 
painting as soon as I got back to Paris, and my one 
ambition was to distinguish myself in that deeply interest- 
ing and most fascinating branch of art. Thanks to this 
occupation, I was happily enjoying the tranquil time which 
succeeded my adventurous career, when the events of 1814 
took us all by surprise in the very heart of France, for 
Paris itself was besieged. All was changed, and an 
altogether new state of affairs inaugurated. 



Here end the Memoirs of General Lejeune, and but 
little is known of the remainder of his life beyond the fact 
that he lived in great retirement for another fifteen years, 
and just before his death confided the publication of the 
present volumes to his son. He made various notes also 
on the events of the First and Second Restorations, but 
death cut short his career before he was able to weave 
these notes into a consecutive nai'rative, though there 
is little doubt that a book from his pen on that deeply 
interesting period would have been as remarkable for 
faithfulness of detail and delicacy of insight as are the 
Memoirs now reprinted after the lapse of so many years. 



INDEX 



Abensbeeg, battle of, i. 220, 221 

Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, ii. 290 

Abrantes, Duchess of, i. 208 

— Duke of. See Junot 

Adel, i. 333 

Aderklaa, i. 318-322 

Agaponovitzy, ii. 162 

Alagon, i. 126, 129, 189 

Albe, Bacler d', ii. 177 

Albuquerque, ii. 101, 102 

Alcanitz, i. 126 

Alexander I. (Eussia), i. 33, 68-70, 

84, 85 ; ii. 154, 196-198 n., 242, 

271, 287 n. 
Alhambra, The, ii. 50, 51 
Almendralejo, ii. 105 
Almonacilde, ii. 48 
Alquier, i. 12 
Altdorf, i. 47 
Alva, Marquis of, ii. 105 
Amberg, i. 215 
Amstetten, i. 252 
Anas de Mora, ii. 110, 112, 118 
Andrassy, General, i. 258 
Andujar, ii. 48, 53 
Annaburg, Chateau of, ii. 277 
Aranda, i. 86 
Aranjuez, i. 74, 77 
Arco,' i. 333 
Arcos, George, i. 195 
Aremberg, Princess of, ii. 13 
Arrayolos, ii. 110 
Arrezi, General, i. 335 
Art Corps, i. 3-8 
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, ii. 125-130 
Aspem, battle of, i. 259, 266-271, 273, 

274, 276, 277, 280, 282, 285-287, 

296 
Assas, Chevalier d', ii. 269 



Astorga, i. Ill, 114, 116 ; ii. 127 
Asturias, Prince of. Siv Ferdinand 

VII. 
Auerstadt, i. 37 
Augereau, Marshal, i. 47 
Augsburg, i. 250 
Austerlitz, battle of, i. 29-84 
Austria, Emperor of. See Francis II. 
— Empress of, ii. 17, 21-24 



B.^GEAiioN, Prince (General), i. 62 ; 

ii., 153, 162, 169, 170 
Baird, Sir David (General), i. 100, 

116 125 
Baland, Catherine, ii. 69 
Barbastro, i. 135 
Barcelona, i. 73 
Bard, Fort, i. 18 

Bariol, Guillaume. See Williams 
Barossa, battle of, ii. 59, 68, 69 
Barral, Countess of, i. 208 ; ii. 13 
Barrois, General, ii. 59 
Bartenstein, Prince of, ii. 156 
Basel, Treaty of, i. 73 n. 
Bashkirs, i. 65 ; ii. 223 
Bassano, Duchess of, i. 208 ; ii. 13 

— Duke of. See Maret 
Baste, Captain, i. 314 
Bathiany, Princess, i. 301 
Baudins, Mr., ii. 128, 129, 144 
Baumersdorff, i. 317, 318 
Bautzen, battle of, ii. 272-274, 279 
Bauvean, Prince of (Grand Chamber- 
lain), ii. 26 

Bavaria, King of, i. 34, 214, 333 

— Prince Royal of, i. 220 

— Queen of, ii. 9 
Baylen, i. 83, 93 



300 



JtEMOlUS OF BAKUN LEJEUNE 



Bayonne, i. 74, 75, 79, 85 

Bazile, Father (chief of the Junta), 

i. 160, 195, 199 
Beauharnais, Marie Hortense de 
(wife of Louis Bonaparte), i. 204, 
207, 208 

Beaulieu, Captain, i. 236 

Beaumont, General, ii. 59 

Belchite, i. 310 

Belin, General, ii. 271 

Bellegarde, General, i. 270, 271, 
319, 320 

Bellenglise, Lieutenant Duhamel de, 
ii. 79. 86, 87, 11.5-120 

Belliard, General, i. 94 ; ii. 44, 73, 
94, 99, 190 

Belluno, Duke of (Marshal), ii. 58, 
70 

Benavente, i. 108, 110 

Bennigsen, General, i. 112, 64 

Beresford, Lord (Lieutenant- 
General), ii. 105, 109, 117, 120 

Beresina, The, ii. 234-240 

Berg, Grand Duke of, i. 77, 78 

Berlin, ii. 280 

Bernadotte, Marshal, i. 26, 79, 80, 
212, 315, 317 

Berthier, Alexander (Prince of Neu- 
chatel and Wagram), (General) 
i. 17, (Marshal) 22, 27, 28, 33, 
66, 68, (Vice-Constable of the 
Empire) 72, 78-80, 92, 93, 
(Major-General) 94, 117, 210, 
(Provisional Commander-in- 

Chief) 212-216, 218, 221, 232, 
247, 251, 260, 261, 289-291, 293, 
294, 318; ii. 4, 9, (Ambassador 
Extraordinary to Vienna) 14-25, 
32, 37, 38, 125, 135, 138-144, 170, 
176, 190, 191, 248, 253, 280 

Berthollet, i. 211 

Bertier, Lieutenant, i. 4 

Bertrand, Countess, ii. 4, 8 

Bertrand, General, i. 87, 259, 263, 
285, 301 ; ii. 281-283, 288, 290 

Beschenkovitz, ii. 160 

Bessi^res, Marshal, i. 91, 223, 244, 
266, 271-273, 276, 278, 286, 294, 
297, 320 ; ii. 31, 183 n., 269 

Bigi, Captain, i. 19 

Birassaye, Arthur de, ii. 253 

Bisamberg, i. 280 

Blagnac, M., ii. 72 

Blanchard, Mile., ii. 30 

Blangini, MUe., ii. 9 

Bonamy, General, ii. 179-80 



Bonaparte, Caroline. See Mural, 
Mme. 

— J6r6me (King of Westphalia), ii. 
148, 150 

— Joseph (King of Naples), i. 79 ; 
(King of Spain), 83, 84, 192 ; ii. 
44-46, 137, 227 

— Louis (King of Holland), i. 204 

— Lucien, (Prince of Canino and 
Musignano), ii. 136, 137 n. 

— Napoleon. See Napoleon I. 
Bontemps, Colonel, i. 70 ; ii. 35 
Borghese, Princess, ii. 33 
Borisoff, ii. 234, 236 

Borodino, ii. 174 n., 178-190. See 

Moskwa 
Bossut, AbbiS, i. 17 
Boudet, General, i. 272, 277, 287 
Boulan, M., ii. 127 
Bourrienne, M. de, i. 13, 80, 81, 83 
Boyer, Robert, ii. 113, 114, 117 
Braganza, Princes of, i. 73 
BreiteulSe, i. 278 
Brenne, Lieutenant, i. 153 
Breuille, Major, i. 135, 137 156, 196 
Brick (smuggler), ii. 131, 132 
Broc, General de, i. 208 

— Mme. la Baronne de, i. 208 
Broglie, General de, i. 305 
Broussier, General, i. 310, 311 ; ii. 

205 
Brun, General, i. 136 
Brune, Marshal, i. 52-55 
Brunswick, Duke of, i. 37 

— Grand Duchess of, i. 38 
BOlow, General, ii. 276, 280, 290 
Buol, General, i. 333, 335, 336 
Burgos, i. 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 86 ; ii. 

41,41 
Burida, Countess, i. 120, 141, 160, 

190 
BusterSche, Mile., i. 205 
Butron,i. 160 

Cabeeea, Captain Don Jos^, ii. 107 

Cadiz, ii. 59-70 

Cafferelli, General Joseph, i. 29 ; ii. 

40 
Cambac&^s, Prince (Lord High 

Chancellor), ii. 37 
Camp de la Lune, i. 5, 6 
Canino, and Musignano, Prince of. 

See Bonaparte, Lucien 
Canisy, Count of, ii. 138 
Carlos, General Don (a French 

6migr^), ii. 105-107 



IXDEX 



oOl 



Casanova (artist), i. 300 

Castanos, Marquis de (Spanish Com- 
mander-in-Chief), ii. 99, 105-107 

Castelar, Marquis of, i. 91 

Caulainoourt, General, ii. 183, 189 

Cavaiias, ii. 79 

Celendini, General, i. 11 

Cervoni, General, i. 230 

Chambarlhae, General, i. 20 

Chambarlier, General, i. 58, 61 

Charles, Archduke (Austria), i. 209, 
214, 218, 226, 230, 239, 250, 255, 
259, 267, 271, 272, 277, 278, 280, 
282, 286, 289, 299, 310, 316, 321, 
325, 327, 328 ; ii. 17, 21 

Charles IV. (Spain), i. 73, 76-79 ; 
ii. 46 

Charpentier, General, ii. 220, 248 

Charri^re, Colonel, ii. 175 

Chasseloup, General, i. 57 

Chateau, Colonel, ii. 56 

Chatelar, Marquis de, i. 333, 338 

Chatter, Marquis von, i. 250 

Chiclana (battle), ii. 59, 66, 68, 69 

Chlopiski, Colonel, i. 136, 137 

Ciudad Real, i. 209 

Clapar^de, i. 239, 240, 242 

Clarget, Captain, i. 184 

Clary, General, ii. 227 

Clouet, M., ii. 39 

Cobenzel, von (Austrian envoy), i. 
207 

Gohorn, General, i. 240-243, 246 

Coigny, Duchess de, ii. 21 

Colberg, i. 49, 58-61, 66 

Colbert, General, i. 115 

— Mme. de, i. 115 

Comorn, i. 308, 309 

Compans, General, ii. 175, 179, 191, 
221, 224, 262, 263, 269-271 

Consolation, Father, i. 160 

Constantine, Grand Duke (son of 
Paul I.), i. 70,71 

Consuegra, ii. 74, 75, 77 

Contadero, Marquis de, ii. 53 

Contades, Marshal de, i. 213 

Cordova, i. 73 ; ii. 53-55, 73, 74 

Coria, ii. 100 

Coruila, i. 84, 108, 115, 116 

Corvisart (Emperor's physician), i. 
211 

Cossacks, i. 41, 51, 52, 65 ; ii. 158, 
161, 176, 184, 186, 197, 199, 203, 
204, 209, 212, 221, 223, 246, 248, 
250, 253, 255, 286, 287 

Coutard, Colpnel, i. 231 



Couteulx, Emmanuel le, ii. 161, 204 
Cracow, ii. 4-7 
Cramayel, Colonel de, ii. 274 
Crawford, Lord, i. 116 
Crescentine (singer) ,.i. 206; ii. 10 
Curera, General, ii. 105 
Curial, General, i. 288 
Cuvier, Baron, i. 211 
Czartoriska, Princess, i. 301 ; ii. 8 
Czartoriski, Prince, ii. 5 



Daguenet, Captain, i. 124 

Damm, ii. 289 

Danube, The, i. 249-316 

Danzig, i. 49, .55-57, 72; ii. 255, 
256 

Darmagnao, General, i. 76 

Darmstadt, Prince of, ii. 155 

Daru, Count (Commissary General), 
i. 84, 246, 325 ; ii. 32, 140, 246, 
253 

— Countess, ii. 4, 8 

David (artist), i. 211 

Davout, Marshal (Prince of Eck- 
miihl), i. 31, 32, 36, 41, 47, 62, 212, 
215, 218, 220, 221, 226, 227, 239, 
276, 278, 302, 310, 315, 317, 319, 
821, 322 ; ii. 8, 154, 156, 174, 181, 
190, 191, 193, 206, 215, 216, 219, 
220, 225-229, 232, 240, 243, 248, 
252, 254, 268, 282 

Dedon, General, i. 134 

Dejean, General, i. 16 ; ii. 145 

Delzons, General, ii. 205 

DeroUes, Captain, ii. 62, 64 

Deroy, General, ii. 164, 166, 167 

Desaix, General, i. 21 

Desapour, Colonel (an Indian prince), 
ii. 195 

Dnieper, The, ii. 167, 217, 222, 223, 
227 

Doctoroff, General, ii. 205 

Dode, Colonel, i. 162, 164, 165 

DoUingen, i. 214 

Dombrowski, General, i. 40 

Donauwerth, i. 213, 215, 216 

Dorogobouj, ii. 212 

Dorsenne, Count (General), i. 288 ; 
ii. 38, 40, 41 

Doumerc, General, ii. 238 

Doyle, Colonel, i. 127 

Dresden, i. 46 ; ii. 271, 284 

Duchatel, Countess of, i. 208 

Ducos, i. 12 

Dumouriez, General, i. 6 



'6{)-l 



MKMOIR&i OF BAEO^T LEJEUXK 



Dunaboui'f;, ii. lli'i 

Dunzling, i. 2'27 

Dupas, General, i. 212 

Duperoux, Colonel, i. 167 

Duroc, Marshal (Duke of Friuli), 

ii. 24S 
Durosnel, General, 1. 244. 24.3. 2/8 
Diisseldorf, i. 14 
Duval, Alexander, i. 3 
Dwina, The, ii. 161-164 



Ebersberg, i. 2o'.l-246. 249, 250 
Ebersdorff, i. 2.511, 260, 263, 267, 

299, 303^305, 310, 329 
Ebl^, General, ii. 240 
Ebro, The, i. 119, 121-123, 127, 133, 

134, 144, 163, 165, 201 
Eeija, ii. 73 

Eokmiilil, Prince. St't' Davout 
Egolfsheim, i. 232 
Eisfeld, ii. 271 
Elbe, The, i. 81.82 ; ii. 268, 269, 290- 

292 
Elchingen, Duchess of, i. 20>i 
Elvas, ii. 107, 109 
Emi, Colonel, ii. 245 
England, i. 303 ; ii. 121-134 
Enns, i. 251, 252 
Enzersdorii (castle), i. 314-316 
Eperney, i. 212 
Erfurt, i. 84 

Espagne, General, i. 272 
Essling (battle), i. 259, 264-268, 

271, 272, 274-298, 313, 317 
Esterhazy, Prince, ii. 20 
Eugene, Prince (Viceroy of Italy), i. 

298, 308, 309 ; ii. 4, 32, 160, 161, 

169, 174, 176, 180, 185, 186, 188, 

203, 205, 206, 214, 220, 268 
Eylau (battle), i. 46-48 



Paknell, Mr., ii. 127, 129 

Favier, Countess of, i. 208 

Feltre, Duke of (Minister of War), 

ii. 260, 261 
Ferdinand, Archduke (Austria), ii. 8 
— Prince of Asturias (Ferdinand 

VII.), i. 74-79 ; il. 97 
Ferrier, M., i. 79 
Ferrol (capitulation), i. 192 
Ferussat, Captain, i. 121 
Finkenstein, i. 55, 58 
Fiume, i. 310 
Pleuri, Comte de, i. 168 



Fleury, Kohault dv, i. 59 

Folkestone, ii. 131 

Fontiveres, i. 9s 

Forton, ii. 124, 125 

F'ouler, General, i. 272 

Fourier (chemist), i. 211 

Fournier-Sarlov^ze, General, ii. 289 
I Franijais, Captain, i. 296 
' Franceschi, Brigadier-General, i. 
114, 115 ; ii. 51 

— Madame, ii. 51 

Francis II. (Emperor of Austria), i. 

83 ; ii. 16, 18, 19, 21-24, 33 
Frankfort, ii. 263, 292, 295, 297 
Friant, Captain, i. 7, (General) 228, 

229 ; ii. 181, 183 
Friedland (battle), i. 62-66 ; ii. 148 
Fries, Count of, ii. 19 
; Friuli, Duke of. Sec Duroc 
I Fuentes, Marquis de (Prince Pigna- 
telli), i. 160, 161, 200 

GAiiiiAED, Captain, i. 184 

Gallegos, i. 310 

Gambin, Colonel, i. 310, 311 

Garat, Captain, ii. 124, 125, 144 

Garb4, General, ii. 59 

Gardel, M., i. 205 

Gasquet, Colonel, i. 126 

Gasselas (A.D.C. to Palafox), i. 191 

Gazan, General, i. 144, 186, 188 

George (Birassaye's servant), ii. 252 

Georges, Mile., i. 211 

Gerard (artist), i. 211 

Gerard, General, ii. 182, 246, 252, 282 

— (Lejeune's cousin), ii. 227 
Giatz, ii. 172, 210 

Giulay, Count von, i. 250 

— General, i. 311 

Godinho, General, ii. 54, 73, 74 
Godoy, Manuel de (Prince of the 

Peace), i. 73, 78 
Goethe, ii. 279 
Golymin, i. 41, 45 
Gonzales, Fernando, i. 185 
Gorlitz, i. 46 
Gorodet (artist), i. 211 
Gospich, i. 310 

Graf (Lejeune's groom), i. 261, 262 
Graham, General, ii. 66 
Granada, ii. 50-52 
Grassini, Mme. (singer), i. 206 ; ii. 10 
Griitz, i. 310, 311 
Grauwerth, General, ii. 147 
Grognards (Napoleon's Old Guard), 

ii. 219 n. 



INDEX 



303 



Oros (artist), i. 211 
— General, i. SSS 
Groshoffen, i. 317 
Grossberen, ii. 281, 28_' 
Guadalquivir, The, ii. 70-72 
Guadarrama Mountains, i. .S7, 98; 

ii. 44 
Gudin, General, ii. Ifi7 
Gu^h^neuc, Colonel, ii. 1-52 
Gu^rin (painter), i. 211 
Guilleminot, General, i. 211 ; ii. 205, 

247, 277, 294 
GuiUielmi, General, i. 201 
Guise (battle), i. 11 
Gumbinuen, ii. 148. 149 
Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden), i. 49, 

53, 54 : ii. 268 



Habert, General, i. 13G 

Hagelsborg, i. 55 

Hamburg, i. 81-83 

Hannau (battle), ii. 263, 293-295, 

297 
Hai-tel, i. 833 

tCaspinger (Capuchin monk), i. 333 
Hastings, General, ii. 127, 129 
—Lady, ii. 127 
Hautpoul, Beaufort d', i. 59 
Haxo, General, i. 123, 134, 147-149, 

151, 153, 165, 181; ii. 191, 216, 

243, 244, 252, 268 
Henriot, i. 9 

Henry, Prince (Prussia), i. 37 
Herize, M. d', ii. 60-65 
Herzberg, ii. 277 

Hesse-Homburg, Prince of, ii. 156 
HiU, General, i. 100 
Hiller, General, i. 221, 222,226, 242, 

250, 252, 268, 270, 271 
HiUiers, Count Baraguey d' 

(General), ii. 257, 258 
Hirshem, i. 215 
Hoche, General, i. 12 
Hofer, Andreas, i. 833 
Hohenlohe, Prince, i. 37 
Hohenzollern, General, i. 270, 271 
Hojersverda, ii. 275. 276 
Holland, King of. See Bonaparte, 

Louis 
Holland, Queen of. See Beauhamais. 

Marie-Hortense 
Houdetot, Captain d', ii. 229 
Hulliac, Captain, ii- 127 
Humboldt, Von, i. 211 
Hythe, ii. 180, 131 



Illiescas, ii. 80 
Infantado, Duke of, L 130 
Ingolstadt, i. 215, 216, 218 
Innsbruck, i. 250, 383 
Insterbnrg, ii. 284 
Ijun, i. 85 



JiBLOSOWSKA, Princess, ii. 32 

Jacob, General, i. 11, 12 

Jacobstadt, ii. 165 

Jaen, ii. 48, 53 

Jellachich, i. 215 

.Tena (battle), i. 36-38 

Jencesse, Captain, i. 172 

John, Archduke (Austria), i. 250, 304, 

319 
JoTTiini, General, ii. 286 n., 287. 

289 n. 
Joseph, King. See Bonaparte, Joseph 
Josephine, Empress of the French, 

i. 77, 204-207 ; ii. 10-12 
Josserand (Napoleon's steward), i. 

107 
Joufiroy. General, ii. 212, 213 
Junot, General (Duke of Abrantes), 

i. 73, 118 n., 121, 128, 129 ; ii. 168 
Jutland, i. 80 



Kalmucks, i. 41, 65, 68, 71 

Kalouga, ii. 207 

Kalreuth, Marshal, i, 55, 56, 58, 70 

Kaminski, Prince, ii. 5 
1 Kapp, General, i. 80 

Kat, Commander, ii. 49, 52, 58 
1 Kellermann, General, i. 5, 21 ; ii. 

i ^1 
Kergrise, Captain, ii. 127 

Khirgesses, i. 41, 65, 71 

Kinzig, The, ii. 295 

Klagenfurth, i. 334 

Kleist, General ¥on, i. 50-52 ; ii. 
j 147 
I Henau, General, i. 820 

Kobilinski, Colonel, ii. 206, 251 

Koestoritz, Countess of, ii. 257, 25s 

Koffering, i. 232 

Kokonow, ii. 228 

Kohnskoy, ii. 209 
j Kolovrath, General, i. 219 

Konigsberg, i. 62. 68 

Komer, ii. 279 n. 
I Kosciusko, i. 40, 89 
I Kourakin, Prince, ii. 34, 35 

Eovitzki, General, ii. 254 



304 



MEMOIRS OF r.ARON LEJI'UXE 



Kovuo, ii. 151-153, 254, 255 

Kraschalkovitz, Princess, ii. 20 

Krasnoe, ii. 220-225, 2(52 

Krecznowits, i. 30 

Kremlin, The, ii. 192, 197, 198, 
208 

Kreuznach, i. 62 

Kroupski, ii, 232 

Kutusoff, General (Russian Com- 
mander-in-Chief), ii. 171, 182, 188 
«., 198, 201, 204, 212, 222, 235 



Labanoff, Prince, i. 68 

Labfidoy^re, Captain, i. 197, 230 

Labehn, ii. 256 

Laborde, Comte de, ii. 22, 216 n. 

Lacoste, General, i. 112, 118, 121, 
123, 128, 129, 138, 142-144, 147- 
149, 161, 204 

Lacour, General, i. 11 

Lafayette, ii. 140 

Lafitte (banker), i. 207 

Lahorie (conspirator) ii. 216 n. 

Lallemande, Colonel, ii. 73 

Lalobe, Captain, i. 149 

Lambert, Countess of, i. 208 

Lampasch, i. 63 

Lamsbach, i. 245 

Landshut (battle), i. 221-225 

Lannes, Marshal (Duke of Monte- 
bello), i. 20, 35, 36, 41, 62, 64-66, 
117, 118, 128, 130, 131, 163, 
176, 177, 181-183, 192, 194, 197, 
220, 221, 227, 229, 234, 236, 237, 
239, 245, 251-253, 255, 266, 269, 
271, 272, 276-278, 280-282, 286- 
289, 291-293 ; ii. 14 

Lapina, General, ii. 66, 68 

Lariboisifee, General, i. 801 

Larrey, Baron (surgeon), i. 282 n., 
325, 326, 331 ; ii. 189 

Lassalle, General, i. 269, 272 

Lauriston, General, i. 307, 321 

Laval, Sieur de, ii. 86 

Lavaux M. &. Mme., ii. 241 

Laville, M. Alexandre de, i. 287 

Lavolle, Mme. (Mile. Bresterfeche) , i. 
205 

Laybach, i. 310 

Lajen, Princess de, ii. 34, 35 

Lazan, Marquis de, i. 126 

Lebrun, Colonel, ii. 167 

Lecoq, M. & Mme., ii. 263 

Le Couteulx, Emmanuel, ii. 161, 
204 



Leduc, Baron, i. 212 ; ii. 94 
Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Mme. ii. 137 

— Marshal, i. 55-57, 84, 108, 212, 
214, 219,221,22(1, 227, 229, 250 f 
ii. 137, 292 

Legrand, General, i. 43, 44, 242, 

246, 297 
Legrange, M. de, ii. 13 
Leipzig (battle), ii. 292, 293 n., 297 
Lejeune, Alexander (Lejeune's^ 

cousin), ii. 226 

— Mme., i. 247 
Leoben, ii. 1, 2 

Leon, Island of, ii. 59, 68, G9 

Lepot, Captain, i. 181 

Lerma, i. 86 

Leuchling, Upper and Lower, i. 228,. 

229 
Levis (Jewish merchants), i. 213 
Leval, General, i. 130 ; ii. 59 
Levasseur, M., ii. 226, 239 
Lewis, General, ii. 165 
Leyt6, General, ii. 109 
LhiSry, General, ii. 58 
Lichtenstein, Prince Ludwig von, i, 

219, 321 ; ii. 20, 296 
Lidoni, ii. 225 
Li^dot, Colonel, ii. 161, 163 
Lientz, i. 335-341 
Ligne, Prince von, ii. 21 
Lima, Marquis of, ii. 105 
Limousin, Colonel, ii. 296 
Linange, Prince, i. 337-339 
Lindaoh, i. 227 
Lobau, Isle of, i. 259, 263-265, 282, 

285, 289, 293-295, 297, 299, 304 

312, 314 

— Count of. See Mouton 
Longiu, Mile., ii. 9 
Lorencez, General, ii. 273 
Louis, Prince (Prussia), i. 3 
Lubbenau, ii. 278 
Lubomirski, Prince, ii. 5 
Lugo, i. 310 

Lukau, ii. 279 

Lukner, General, i. 5 

Lumley, Sir William (Major- 

General), ii. 104, 105 
Ltitzen (2nd battle), ii. 268-270 



Macdonald, Marshal (Duke of 
Taranto), i. 310, 321, 322 ; ii. 147, 
156, 165, 255, 272, 273 

Mack, General, i. 23 

MacMahon, Colonel, ii. 99 



INDEX 



0-5 



DUO 



Madrid, i. 73, 77, 78, 91-97 ; ii. 44- 

48 
Magdeburg, i. 71 ii. ; ii. 208 
Mainz, ii. 292, 295-297 
Malet (conspirator), ii. 216 n. 
Malo-Jaroslavitz, ii. 203-205 
Mansfield (engraver), i. 301 
Mansilla, i. 115 
Marbot, Baron. See notes, i. 71, 77 ; 

ii. 39, 107, 156, 168, 183, 196, 

202, 223, 289 
Marengo (battle), i. 20 
Marescalchi (Italian Minister), ii. 

13 
Maret, M. (Duke of Bassano), i. 205, 

246-248 ; ii. 135, 258 
Margaron, Colonel, i. 273 
Maria Louisa, Archduchess (Napo- 
leon's second wife), ii. 18, 21-23, 

(Empress of French) 24, 25, 27, 

31, 33, 55 
Marie Antoinette, Queen (wife of 

Louis XVL), i. 2, 9, 10 ; ii. 36 
Mariquita, ii. 100, 101 
Markof , General, i. 66 
Markovo, ii. 246, 247 
Marmont, Marshal, i. 310, 315 ; ii. 

295 
Mars, Mile., i. 211 
Martin (Lejeune's valet), ii. 144, 

156 
Martino, General Don (Chief of the 

Staff), ii. 105 
Massart, M., ii. 86, 87, 115 
Mass^na, Marshal, i. 212, 215, 218, 

222, 225, 233, 239, 246, 250, 257, 

266, 267, 269-271, 274, 278, 294, 

297, 312, 315, 317, 327 
Massenbach, General, ii. 147 
Mathieu, Countess of, i. 208 
Mathis, Colonel, i. 53 

— Countess of, i. 208 

— Mme. de, ii. 34 

Mauricio, Don (priest), ii. 96, 99 
Mauteru (bridge), i. 250, 251, 253 _ 
Maximilian, Archduke, i. 254, 255, 

259 
Mazanne, ii. 285, 286 
Melas, General, i. 21 
Mello, Marquis of, ii. 105 
Menard, Captain, i. 102 
Mengarnaud, Colonel, ii. 67 
Menitz, i. 31 
Merida, ii. 102-104 
Merle, General, i. 115 ; ii. 166 
Metternich, Prince, i. 209 

VOL. II. 



Metz, i. 213 

Meyer, David, ii. 114, 117 

Miloradowich, General, ii. 212 

Mina. ii. 39 

Minofol, ii. 100 

Mirabeau, Colonel, i. 102 

Mirza-Eiza-Khan (Persian Ambas- 
sador), i. 55 

Mittau, ii. 165 

Modlin, ii. 4 

Moira, Lord, ii. 127, 136 

Mojaisk, ii. 190, 209 

Molien, Comtesse de, i. 35 

Molitor, General, i. 264, 268, 269, 
274, 276 

Mollendorff, Marshal von, i. 37 

Molodetschno, ii. 243, 244 

Moncey, Marshal, i. 84, 121 

Monge (geometrician), i. 211 

Montbrun, General, i. 89, 227 ; ii. 
181, 183 n. 

Montebello, Duchesse of (Mme. 
Lannes), i. 208 ; ii. 14 

— Duke of. See Lannes 

MonteMgier, General, ii. 297 

Moore, Sir John (English Com- 
mander-in-Chief), i. 99, 106, 115, 
116 n. 

Mora, ii. 77 

Morand, General, i. 219 

Moreau, General (Commander-in 
Chief), i. 16 

Mori, General, i. 140 

Morla, General, i. 94 

Morland, Colonel, i. 30 

Morlet, Lieutenant, i. 153 

Morlot, General, i. 140 

Mortier, Marshal (Duke of Treviso), 
i. 49, 50, 62, 64-66, 126 ; ii. 58, 
193-195, 208, 226, 263, 289 n. 

Moscow, ii. 191-199 

Moskwa (battle). See Borodino 

Mouton, Marshal (Count of Lobau) 
i. 223, 225, 287 ; ii. 248 

Munich, i. 212, 214, 215 

Murat, Caroline (Queen of Naples) 
ii. 25 

—Marshal, i. 23-25, 35, 52, 62, 
68, 74, 288, 303 ; (King of Naples) 
ii. 150, 158-161, 170, 171, 173, 
174, 181-184, 190, 191, 248, 254 

Miirrschlag, i. 331 



Nagle, Colonel, i. 311 
Nansouty, General, i. 272 



306 



MEMOrilS nv RAUOX LEJEUXE 



Naples, King of. See Bonaparte, 
.Joseph, also Murat 

Napoleon (First Consul), i. 17, 20, 
21, (Emperor of the French) 22, 
26, 28, 31, 33, 45, 48, 52, 64, 66, 68- 
71, 74, 77-79, 83, 84, StUOd, 10.5, 
106, 116, 117, 203-205, 209, 226- 
230, 232-284, 238, 239, 244, 241)- 
253, 256-258, 265-268, 271-273, 
275, 276, 278-281, 285, 2Ki;, 289, 
291-295, 298, 299, 303, 305, 307, 
310-314, 316, 318, 322, 323, 325- 
329, 333 ; ii. 2, 3, 10-14, 26, 27, 81, 
33, 35, 37, 38, 135, 186-138, 145, 
148-151, 153, 154, 158-160, 168, 
164, 167-169, 172, 174, 176, 183, 
l.So, 187, 188, 192, 196-199, 202- 
204, 206, 207, 216, 217, 219, 220, 
222, 224, 226, 235, 236, 243, 244, 
248, 260, 261, 268, 269, 271, 272, 
279, 284, 287, 289, 292, 297 

Naval-Donda, ii. 97 

Negrodski, Captain, i. 187 

Nemenchin, ii. 156 

Neuchatel, Prince of. See Berthier 

Neuenstein, Count (General), ii. 75, 
77 

Neuilly, Comtesse de, i. 12, 13 

Neusiedel, i. 317, 318 

Ney, Marshal, i. 15, 47, 62, 64, 65, 
310; ii. 174, 180, 181, 212, 220- 
226, 237, 238, 273, 274, 28()-288, 
290 

Niemen, The, i. 68-70 ; ii. 149, 251 

Noailles, Alfred de, i. 79, 95 ; ii. 238 

Nordman, General, i. 259 

Nourri, General, ii. 59 

Novitroki, ii. 153 



Obeksk, i. 15 

Obledo, General, ii. 99 

(Etch, ii. 268 

Olivencja, ii. 107 

Olmedo, ii. 42 

Orcha, ii. 223, 226, 227 

Ortelsburg, i. 51 

Osmiana, ii. 248, 250 

Osterode, i. 50, 52 

Ostrovno, ii. 159, 160 

Otto, M. (French Ambassador at 
Vienna), ii. 16 

Oudinot, General (Duke of Eeggio), 
i. 62, 64, 67, 215, 274, 276-278, 
286, 315-317, (Marshal) ii. 153, 
103-165, 167, 234, 236-238. 249, 



271, 273-276, 279, 280, 281, 284- 
288, 290, 293 
Oviedo, i, 310 



I P.\nL0, Don (priest), ii. 96 

Padalea, Dr. (El Medico), ii. 79, 80, 
84, 87-91, 94 

Padua, Duke of, ii. 281 

Pahlen, General, i. 66 

Paillot, M. le, ii. 14 

Pajol, General, i. 299 

Palacios, i. 99-102 

Palafox, General (Governor of Sara- 
gossa), i. 122-148, 155-161, 167, 
180, 186, 189-192, 194, 196 

— Francesco (brother of the general), 
i. 129 

Palmela, ii. 118 

Pampeluna, i. 73, 75, 76 

Paris, i. 8, 15, 16, 72, 203-209 ; ii. 
9-14, 27-38, 135-144, 297 

Paries, Marquis of, i. 91 

Passau, i. 214 

Pegot, Colonel, ii. 186 

Peissing, i. 219 

P61aprat, Countess of, i. 208 

Pelet, Major, i. 312; (Colonel), ii. 
137 

Percy (surgeon), i. 282 n., 331 

Perez, Julian, i. 135 

P^rigord, Charles de, i. 323 

— Edmond de, i. 294 

Pernetti, General, i. 259, 263 

Perno, ii. 284 

Piava, i. 250 

Piedra Lavez, ii. 96 

Pignatelii, Prince. See Fuentes 

Pino, General, ii. 205, 249 

Placenzia, ii. 98 

Plaisance, Due de, ii. 241 

Plateres, Dona Luisa, ii. 55, 74 

Platoff, General (Cossack Hetman), 
ii. 203, 212, 228 

Plauzonne, General, ii. 180 

Plesse, Prince of, ii. 266 

Pletchinzy, ii. 249 

Plique, Baron (Lejeune's brother-in- 
law), ii. 227 

Pnevo, ii. 214 

Po, The, i. 19, 20 

Poland, i. 38 ; ii. 146, 147, 154 

Polotsk, ii. 168, 165-167 

Pon, Colonel Marco del, i. 200 

Poniatowski, Prince Joseph, i. 40, 
212 ; ii. 4-7, 148, 154, 174, 181 



IXDEX 



307 



Pontbriant, M. de, i. 7 

Porto, Eeal, ii. 6B 

Portsmouth, ii. 121 

Posen, i. 38 ; ii. 146 

Potocki, Prince, ii. 5 

Pratzen, i. 30 

Presburg, i. 302, 310 

Prevost, M., ii, 30 

Prieras, i. 115 

Prost, General, i. 134, 148, 14!), 155, 

168, 181, 189, 196 
Prussia, King of (Frederick William 

III.), i. 37, 70 ; ii. 271 
Prussia, Queen of, i. 71 
Pultusk (battle), i. 41, 45 ; ii. 148 



Eaab (battle), i. 307-309 
Radzivil, Prince, ii. 5, 254 
Eaglovich, General, ii. 167, 274 
Eapp, General, i. 287 ; ii. 204, 215 
Easdorff, i. 318-320 
Eatisbon, i. 215, 218, 219, 221, 230, 

233 
Eeding, General, i. 125 
Eedritz, The, i. 14, 15 
Eeggio, Duke of. See Oudinot 
Eegnaud (artist), i. 211 
Eeille, Countess of, i. 208 
— General, i. 322 
Eenaud - de - Saint - Jean - d' Angely, 

Countess of, i. 208 
Eeynaud, Colonel, i. 63 
Eeynier, General, ii. 169, 281-283, 

288, 290 
Ehine, The, i. 14 

Eibero, Joseph (robber chief), ii. 97 
Eiga, ii. 165 

Eio, Don Pedro Maria, i. 192, 195 
Eobillard, Colonel, ii. 296 
Eochambeau, Count de, ii. 140 
Eogniat, Colonel,!. 137, 149, 150, 152, 

153, 161, 163, 167, 180, (General) 

301 ; ii. 268 
Eoguet, General, ii. 221 
Eohr, i. 220, 221 
Eoking, i, 227 
Eomaiia, Marquis de la, i. 73, 79, 80, 

84, 99, 115 
Eome, King of, ii. 138 
Eomceuf, General, ii. 181 
Eosemberg, Prince von (General), i. 

229, 278, 319 
Eostopschin (Governor of Moscow), 

ii. 241 
Eovigo, Duchess of, i. 208 



i Eovigo, Duke of (Minister of Police), 
! ii. 128 ' 

Eiichel, General, i. 37, 38 
! Eufin, General, ii. 67, 69, 121 

Rusca, General, i. 334-337, 339-341 ; 
ii. 1 
j Eussia, ii, 151-250 

— Emperor of. See Alexander I. 

Euty, General, ii. 58 



S.4.U.E, The, ii. 292, 293 

Saalmiinater, ii. 293, 294 

Sacile, i. 250 

Saint-Cyr, Marshal Gouvion, ii. 164 

-166, 289TO 
Sainte-Croix, Colonel de, i. 264, 265, 

312, 315, 316 
[ Saint-Germain, General, i. 273 
Saint-Hilaire, General, i. 228, 276 

277, 281, 293 
Saint-Marc, Count Philippe de (Ge- 
neral) i. 131, 186, 192, 194-197, 

255 
Saint-Martin, Countess of, i. 208 
Saint-Poltern, i. 252 
Saint-Eaymond, Colonel, i. 53 
Saint-Eoch, ii. 66 
Saint-Simon, Comte de (Lieute- 

nant-General), i. 209 
Salm, Prince of, ii. 156 
Salomon (Berthier's secretary), i. 

212 
[ Salzburg, i. 214, 250 
j Sandizelle, Countess, ii. 34 
t San Genis, Colonel, i. 143, 146 
San Lucar, ii. 58, 70 
San Raphael, i. 105 
San Yago-Saas, i. 1 40, 141 
Santa Cruz, ii. 75 
Santa Maria, ii. 59, 70, 105 
Santi-Petri, ii. 65, 66 
Sapieha, Princess, ii. 32 
Saragossa, i. 84, (second siege) 118- 

202 
— Maid of (Augustina Sarzella), i. 

141 
Sarekowski, Prince, ii. 5 
Sarzella, Augustina. See Saragossa, 

Maid of 
Sas Mossen, i. 160 
Sassarmento, Captain, ii. 109, 111- 

113 
Saxemburg, i. 331, 334 
Saxony, King of, i. 45 
Say, Jean Baptiste, i. 3 



808 



MEMOIRS OF BAROX LEJEUXE 



Scharf, General, i. 341 

Schill, i. 60 

Schleidnitz, Von, ii. 264, 267 

Schleitz, i. 35 

Schleswig, i. 80-M2 

Schmidt, i. 333, 335 

Schmoditten, i. 47 

Schoenberg, Countess of, ii. 278 

Schonbrunn, i. 253, 257, 260, 3211 

Schvvarzenberg, Prince von, ii. 16, 

32, 168, 254 
— Princess von, ii. 33-35 
Sebastian!, General, ii. 199 
Stehelles, Herault de, i. 4 
Sedan, i. 7 

Segond, Captain, i. 137, 140 
Segovia, ii. 43 
Semlevo, ii. 212 
Senarmont, General, ii. 58 
Senefelder Brothers (inventors of 

lithography), i. 35 
Septeuil, De, i. 290 
Seroni (ItaUan officer), i. 338 
Servan, M. de, ii. 226 
Setubal, ii. 109, 112-118 
Seville, ii. 56-58, 72, 73 
Sierbein, General, ii. 167 
Sierosk, ii. 4 
Sigarskirchen, i. 253 
Siginaringen, Prince of, ii. 155 
Smith Sir William Sidney, ii. 290 
Smolensk, ii. 167-169, 216-22U 
Smorgoni, ii. 247, 248 
Sobrechero (brigand), ii. 95, 104, 105 
Sokoreii, Prince (Colonel), i. 52 ; ii. 

195 
Somo-Sierra Pass, i. 87-90 
Sonderhausen, Prince of, ii. 264- 

267 
Sopranzy, M. de, i. 31 
Sorbier, General, ii. 183, 184 
Soubiran, ii. 87, 91, 93 
Soulages, Baron de, i. 91 ; ii. 39 
Soult, Marshal, i. 33, 62,68, 98, 111, 

115, 116, 310 ; ii. 38, 56, 58, 72, 73 
Souqui, General, i. 335 
Spain, i. 72-79, 83-202 ; ii. 39-117 
— King of. See Charles IV. ; Ferdi- 
nand VII. ; and Bonaparte, Joseph 
— Queen of (wife of Charles IV.), i. 

73 71., 76,77 79; ii. 38 
Speekbacher, i. 333 
Spree, The, ii. 272-274, 279, 280, 

284 
Stahl, Lieutenant-Colonel, i.- 123, 

136 



Stanhope, Lord, i. 116 
Staremberg, Princess, i. 301 ^^^ 
Stoffel Brothers, i. 109-113 
—Colonel, ii. 127-134 
Stolf, Captain Kobert, ii. 120-123 
Stralsund, i. 49 
Strasburg, i. 212, 214 
Straubing, i. 233 
Studzianka, ii. 235-237 
Suchesini, Marquis de, i. 207 
Suchet, General, i. 29, 310 
Suvoroff,' General, i. 39, 40 
— General (son of General above), i. 
212; ii. 5, 6,212 



T.U/LEYRAXD, M. DE (PrincB of Bene- 

vento), i. 70, 74, 207 
Tallien, Mme. (Countess Th^rise de 

Fontenay), ii. 86 
Talma, i. 206, 211 ; ii. 10 
Tartars, i. 41, 68, 71 ; ii. 223 
Tauenzin, General von, i. 38 ; ii. 

275, 280,290 
Tchichakoff, General, ii. 228, 234, 

237, 238, 253 
Terrage, M. de Villier du, ii. 135 
Terret, von (Baden Ambassador), i. 

207 
Teulie, General, i. 61 
Thanu (battle), i. 219, 220 
Thorn, ii. 146, 224 
Tilsit, i. 68-71 
Tinseau, Colonel, ii. 48, 53 
Tissot, Captain, i. 163, 164 
Tokotschin, ii. 229 
Toledo, ii. 77, 78 

Tolly, General Barclay de, ii. 153, 162 
Tordesillas, i. 116, 117 
Torgau, ii. 288-291 
Trautmansdorf, Princess, i. 301 
Treviso, Duke of. See IVIortier 
Trommelin, Colonel de, ii. 290 
Tropbriant, Colonel de, ii. 33 
Tyrol, i. 331 340 



UcLES, i. 130 

TJlm, i. 23 

Urbria, Count von, i. 257 

Ursulo (monk), ii. 97 



Valazk, General, i. 138, 139, 149 

Valdea, i. 104 

Valdes, Don .Jose (General), i. 102 



INDEX 



309 



Valencia, i. 8-t 
Valezi, i. 167 
Yalladolid, i. 99, 117 
Valmy (battle), i. 5 

— Duke of, ii. 294 
Valutina-gora, ii. 167, 168 
Vandamme, General, i. 12, 221 ; ii. 

135, 289ra 
Vasserot, General, ii. 189, 239, 241, 

242, 252, 255, 256 
Vaux, Captain de, ii. 264 
Vehlau, i. 68 

Veichselmunile (battle), i. 55, 56 
Velau, ii. 275 
Vendas Novas, ii. 110 
Vera, Don Fernando (Governor of 

Madrid), i. 94 
Verben, ii. 284 
Verdier, General, ii. 166, 167 
Verea, ii. 208 

Veron-E6ville, Captain, i. 152 
Versage, Baron de, i. 186 
Versailles, i. 1 
Viasma Pass, ii. 211, 212 
Viborg, i. 80 
Vicenza, Duchess of, i. 208 

— Duke of, ii. 248 

Victor, General, i. 20, 63-65, (Mar- 
shal) 87, 89, 92, 130, 209 ; ii. 59, 
65, 66, 70, 229, 235-237 

Vienna, i. 253, 267, 299, 300, 310, 
313, 329, 330 ; ii. 8, 14-24 

Vienne, Duke of, i. 54 

Vierveaux, Captain, i. 172 

Vignaux (Lejeune's cousin), ii. 227 

Villafranea, i. 115 

Villeneuve, Marquis and Marquise de, 
ii. 116 

Villier du Terrage, M. de (Chief 
Commissioner of Police), ii. 135 

Vincent (artist), i. 211 

Vinkowo, ii. 198, 201 

Vintzingerode, Lieutenant-General, 
ii. 208 

Visconti, Countess of, i. 208 

Vittoria, i. 75 ; ii. 40 



Vizoy, ii. l.")'"^ 
Vobourg, i. 220 
Volfsberg Fort, i. 58- (10 
Volkersdorii', i. 325 



Waoham (battle), i. 313-326 

— Prince of. See Bertbier 

— Princess of, ii. 32 
Walker, Colonel, ii. 105 
Ward, General, i. 99 
Warsaw, i. 39, 72 ; ii. 148 
Wathier, General, i. 126 
Westphalia, King of. See Bonaparte, 

Jerome 
Wiasma, ii. 172 
Williams (Lejeune's valet), ii. 38, 

42, 49, 59, 76, 82, m 
Wilna, ii. 153, 154, 15(i, 250-254 
Wilson, Colonel, ii. 105 
Wimpffen, Baron de (Eussian 

General), i. 32 
Wissembourg, i. 12 
Witebsk, ii. 160-164 
Wittenberg, ii. 2K4-2M(i, 289-291 
Wittgenstein, Count von, ii. 163, 

229, 235. 237, 268 
Wolff, General, ii. 275, 276 
Wrede, General von, ii. 164, 166, 

167, 253, 263, 295 
Wiirtemberg, King of, i. 333 ; ii. 27 
Wiirzburg, i. 212 



YoEK, General, ii. 147. 255 
Yvan, M. (Napoleon's surgeon), i. 
32, 48 



Zaboulon, Count, ii 159, 160 
Zack, Colonel, i. 277 
Zamoski, ii. 4 
Zembino, ii. 240 
Zicky, Countess, ii. 20 
Znaim, i. 326-329, 334 ; ii. 4 
Zorokpoly, ii. 157 



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By P. W. Joyce, LL.D., T.C.D., Author 
of " Irish Names of Places," " Old Celtic 
Romances," etc. , etc. With a Map. Crown 
8vo. $3.50 



JUSTINIAN. The Institutes of Jus- 
tinian. Latin Text, chiefly that of Husch- 
ke, with English Introduction, Translation, 
Notes, and Summary. By Thomas C. 
Sandars, M.A. 8vo. $6.00 



K. 



KANT. Fundamental Principles of the 
Metaphysic of Ethics. By Immanuel 
Kant. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill 
Abbott, B.D., Litt.D., Fellow of Trinity 
College, Dubhn. [Extracted from " Kant's 
Critique of Practical Reason and Other 
Works on the Theory of Ethics."] i2mo. 

ii.oof 

KAYE'S and MALLESON'S HIS- 
TORY of; the INDIAN MUTINY 

of 1857-8. Edited by Colonel Malle- 
SON, C.S.I. With an Analytical Index by 
Frederic Pincott, and Maps and Plans, 
Cabinet Edition. 6 vols. Crown 8vo. 
Each, $2.00 

KAYSERLING. Christopher Colum- 
bus and the Participation of the Jews 
in the Spanish and Portuguese Dis- 
coveries. By Dr. iM. Kayserling. 
Translated from the Author's Manuscript 
with his Sanction and Revision by Charles 
Gross, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of His- 
tory in Harvard College. i2mo. $1.25 

KEITH DERAMORE: A Novel. By 
the Author of " Miss Molly." l2mo. 

$1.00 

(Longmans' Paper Library.) .50 

KENDALL. Works by May Kendall : 

From a Garret. Sketches. Crown 8vo 

$2,00 

Dreams to Sell. Poems. i6mo. Gilt 
top. $2.00 

Songs from Dreamland. Poems. i6mo. 
Gilt top. I1.75 

Such is Life : A Novel. Crown 8vo. 

$1.00 

KENNEDY. Pictures in Rhyme. By 

Arthur Clark Kennedy. With 4 Illus- 
trations by Maurice Greifeenhagen. 
Crown 8vo. $2.00 

" The volume is an interesting experiment, and 
the drawings are charming."— .S'<i/a'-<i''>J' Rcviem. 



KETTLEWELL. The Life and 
Times of John Kpttlewell. With De- 
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the Author of "Nicholas Ferrar ; His 
Household and His Friends." Edited, with 
an Introduction, by the Rev. T. T. Car- 
ter, M.A., Plon. Canon of Christ Church, 
Oxford. Crown 8vo. $1-75 

KING. Anglican Hymnology. Being 
an account of the 325 Standard Hymns of 
the Highest Merit according to the Verdict 
of the whole Anglican Church. By James 
King, M.A. i2mo. $2.00 

KING. Letters from Egypt and Pales- 
tine, written during Dr. Liddon's visit to 
Egypt and Palestine in 1886 by his sister, 
Mrs. King. Crown 8vo. $1-75 

KITCHIN. Winchester. By G. W. 
Kitchin, D.D., F.S.A. (Historic 
Towns.) i2mo. $1.25 

KNIGHT. Works by E. F. Knight, 
Author of " The Cruise of the Falcon, "etc. 
The Cruise of the Alerte : The Narra- 
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tion. i2mo. (Silver Library.) $1.25 
Save me from my Friends : A Novel. 
Crown 8vo, $1-5° 

Where Three Empires Meet : A Nar- 
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$1.00 
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28 



Works in General Literature 



LAMENNAIS. See Gibson. 

LANG. Works by Andrew Lang, M.A. : 

Essays on the Politics of Aristotle. 

(From BoUand & Lang's " Politics.") 
Crown 8vo. $o.9of 

Angling Sketches. With Illustrations 
by W. S. Bum-Murdoch. Square crown 
8vo. $2.25 

" It is difficult to say too much in praise of this 
book, full as it is of fishing wisdom, which all true 
fishers will at once take to heart, of delightful 
sketches of sky, brook, tree, bird, flower, mountain, 
and fish themselves ; of wit and humor of the most 
pleasant and amusing kind ; of talcs both grave and 
gay told without a word to spare, and of that sort of 
Enghsh, lucid, terse, and native, which one may be 
permitted to hope will be the English of the fut- 
ure." — Saturday Review. 

Ballads of Books. Edited by Andrew 
Lang and Brander Matthews. i6mo. 
Gilt top. $2.00 

Ban and Arriere Ban : A Rally of Fugi- 
tive Rhymes. With Frontispiece. i6mo. 
Cloth, gilt top. $1.50 

" The whole collection is eminently charming, 
and we doubt whether there is any living litiira- 
teur who could have produced a volume exhibiting 
in so narrow a compass such versatility, grace, and 
high literary quality." — The Churchman. 

Books and Bookmen. With 2 Colored 
Plates and 17 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo. $1.00 

Grass of Parnassus. First and Last 
Rhymes. Crown 8vo. $1.00 

Border Ballads. With an Introductory 
Essay by Andrew Lang and 12 Etchings 
by C. O. Murray, 4to, gilt top. $7.00 

Contents. — Thomas the Rhymer — Tamlane — 
The Wife of Usher's Well— Clerk Saunders— Sir 
Roland — The Demon Lover — Love Gregor, or the 
Lass of Lochroyan — The Twa Sisters o' Binnorie 
— Helen of Kirkconnel — The Twa Corbies — Edorn 
o' Gordon — The Douglas Tragedy — Glossary. 

(750 copies of this book have been printed, of 
which 200 have been secured for the United States.) 

Cock Lane and Common Sense : A 

Series of Papers. By Andrew Lang. 
Crown 8vo. $1.25 

Contents. — Introduction — Savage Spiritualism — 
Ancient Spiritualism — Comparative Psychical Re- 
search — Haunted Houses — Cock Lane and Common 
Sense — Apparitions, Ghosts, and Hallucinations- 
Scrying or Crystal-gazing — The Second Sight — 
Ghosts before the Law — A Modern Trial for Witch- 
craft — Presbyterian Ghost-hunters — The Logic of 
Table-turning — The Ghost Theory of the Origin 
of Religion. 

" A most entertaining volume. . . . Mr. Lang 
presents a model to other writers and investigators 
in the coolness and keenness of his judgment, the 
pitiless accuracy of his logic, and the truly scientific 
attitude of his mind — that is, the willingness to ac- 
cept anything, not inherently impossible, upon suf- 
ficient evidence. These, with his ever-flowing hu- 
mor, make his new book as entertaining as it is 
instructive." — Daily Chronicle. 



LANG. Works by. — Continued. 

Homer and the Epic. Crown 8vo. 

$2.50 

'* Mr. Lang offers here the most complete and 
masterly discussion of the literary evidence in the 
case that has yet been presented. ' — N. y. Natio7i. 

Letters on Literature. Crown 8vo. 

$1.00 

" Personal talk about books and men is sure to 
charm and entertain when Mr. Lang is, as in these 
' Letters,' in his freest and most airy mood." — 
Saturday Review. 



Old Friends : 

Crown 8vo. 



Essays in Epistolary Parody 
$1.00 



" It is little short of a marvel that he could flash 
such brilliant and satisfying wit, human and whole- 
some philosophy through so many and such widely 
different epistles." — Independent. 

'* The idea itself is certainly a stroke of genius, 
and Mr, Lang's imitation of different styles is what 
the eighteenth century people imitated would have 
called monstrous clever. ' — Boston Post. 



Lost Leaders. 

Bvo. 



Reprinted Essays. Cr. 
$1.50 



" The ' Lost Leaders ' to which Mr. Lang's title 
refers are editorials written by himself in years 
gone by for the London Daily News^ and now col- 
lected for the first time. No other volume of Mr. 
Lang's shows in so great a degree his wonderful 
versatility." —^^c^rzVj'. 

A History of St. Andrews. With Illus- 
trations by J. Hodge. 8vo. $5.00 

" Mr. Lang has entered thoroughly into the spirit 

of his task, and the result is a charming narration 
of the annals of the University and many of the 
famous men who trod its halls as professors and 
students." — Mail and Exfiress. 

A Monk of Fife: A Romance of the 
Days of Jeanne D'Arc. Done into 
English from the manuscript in the Scots 
College of Ratisbon. With Frontispiece. 
Crown 8vo. $1.25 

Pickle the Spy, on the Incognito of 
Prince Charles. With 6 Portraits. 8vo. 

$5.00 

*:(:* This book is not a novel, though it contains 
the materials of romance. The subject is the 
mysterious disappearance of Prince Charles from 
February 28, 1749, practically till his father's death 
in 1766. These years, especially 1749-1756, were 
occupied in European hide-and-seek. The Ambas- 
sadors and Courts of Europe, and the spies of Eng- 
land, were helpless, till in 1750 a Highland chief of 
the highest rank sold himself to the English Gov- 
ernment. The book contains his unpubHshed let- 
ters and information, with those of another spy, 
James Mohr Macgregor, Rob Roy's son. These, 
combined with the Stuart Papers in Her Majesty's 
Library at Windsor, the Letters from English Am- 
bassadors in the State Papers, the Political Corre- 
spondence of Frederick the Great, and the French 
Archives, illuminate a chapter in Secret History. 
The singular story of Macallester the spy also 
yields some facts, and the whole exhibits the last 
romance of the Stuarts, and the extremes of loyalty 
and treason. 



Published by Longmans, Green, & Co. 



29 



LANG. Works by. — Continued. 

The Blue Fairy Book. Edited by An- 
drew Lang. Witli 136 Illustrations by H. 
J. Ford and G. P. Jacomb Hood. Crown 
8vo, gilt edges. $2.00 

" The loveliest collection of fairy tales that any 
Christmas holiday ever brought." — Boston Travel- 
ler. 

" A most bewitching volume." — Memphis Daity 
Commercial. 



The Red Fairy Book. Edited by An- 
drew Lang. With 4 Plates and g6 Illus- 
trations in the Text by H. J. Ford and 
Lancelot Speed. Crown 8vo, gilt edges. 

$2.00 

"To say that every admirer of the ' Blue ' vol- 
ume should procure this is needless ; but if anyone 
does not know the former one it is a good opportu- 
nity to repair the oversight and gladden some child 
beyond his fondest dreams by this storehouse of 
' marchen.' " — Art Amateur. 



The Green Fairy Book. Edited by An- 
drew Lang. With numerous Illustrations 
by H. J. Ford. Crown 8vo, gilt edges. 

$2.00 

" It is not in the least below its predecessors in 
charm of matter. — N. V. Independent. 

" Contains the most charming collection of ro- 
mantic fairy stories that can be found anywhere, 
and it has been e.xquisitely illustrated and printed." 
— Home-Maker. 



The Yellow Fairy Book. Edited by 
Andrew Lang. With 22 Plates and 82 
Illustrations in the Text by H. J. Ford. 
Crown 8vo, gilt edges. $2.00 

The Animal Story Book. Edited by 
Andrew Lang. With 66 Plates and other 
Illustrations by H. J. Ford. Crown 8vo, 
gilt edges. $2.00 

The True Story Book. Edited by An- 
drew Lang. With 12 Plates and many 
Illustrations. Crown 8vo, gilt edges. $2.00 

" Extremely fortunate in the selection of subjects 
which will be eagerly read and will prove highly en- 
tertaining and instructive. It is in no sense a col- 
lection of fairy tales, but a volume rich in adventures 
which actually happened to real people. . . . It 
is an admirable gift-book for children. —Public 
Opinion. 

The Blue True Story Book. Edited by 
Andrew Lang. Adapted for School Use. 
With 22 Illustrations. i2mo. $0.50* 

The Red True Story Book. Edited by 
Andrew Lang. With 19 Plates and 81 
other Illustrations by H. J. Ford. Crown 
8vo, gilt edges. $2.00 



LANG. Works by. — Continued. 

The Blue Poetry Book. Edited by An- 
drew Lang. With numerous Illustrations 
by H. J. Ford and Lancelot Speed. Crown 
8vo, gilt edges. $2.00 

Without Illustrations. Printed on 

India Paper. i6rao. $2.00 

*** And see Catalogue of Educational Works. 

" Mr. Lang is one of the most skilful and dis- 
criminating critics of the day, and he has used his 
critical faculty to good purpose in the make-up of 
this volume. The book is, in short, a treasure-house 
of the best and noblest creations of poetic genius, 
and the children who read it can hardly fail to de- 
velop a taste for good literature." — Christian at 
Work. 

My Own Fairy Book. With many Il- 
lustrations by Gordon Browne, T. Scott, 
and E. A. Lemann. Crown 8vo, gilt edges. 

$2.00 
*^* Contents : Prince Prigio — Prince Ricardo 
—The Gold of Fairnilee. 

Prince Ricardo of Pantouflia : Being 
the Adventures of Prince Prigio's Son. A 
Fairy Story. Illustrated by Gordon Browne. 
Crown 8vo, cloth. $1.25 

" He who reads this book will be the wiser and the 
happier for the reading. Its pages are alive with 
wholesome fancy and quaint incident." — Chicago 
Post. 

LAUGHTON. Nelson and His Com- 
panions in Arms. See Nelson. 

LAVIGERIE. Cardinal Lavigerie and 
the African Slave Trade. Edited by 
Richard F. Clarke, S.J., Trinity College, 
Oxford. 8vo. $4- 5° 

LAURIE. Historical Survey of Pre- 
Christian Education. By S. S. Laurie, . 
A.M., LL.D., Professor of the Institutes 
and History of Education in the University 
of Edinburgh ; Author of " Institutes of 
Education," "Language and Linguistic 
Method in the School," etc. 8vo. $3-50 

LAVISSE. General View of the Po- 
litical History of Europe. By Er- 
nest Lavisse, Professor at the Sorbonne. 
Translated, with the Author's sanction, by 
Charles Gross, Ph.D., Instructor in History, 
Harvard University. i2mo, 200 pages. 
With Index. $1.25 

LEAF. A Modern Priestess of Isis 
(Madame Blavatsky). Abridged and 
Translated on Behalf of the Society for 
Psychical Research from the Russian of 
Vsevolod Sergyeevich Solovyoff. By 
Walter Leaf, Litt.D. With Appen- 

. dices. Crown Svo. $2.00 

LEAR. Here and There. Quaint Quo- 
tations. A Book of Wit selected by H. 
L. Sidney Lear. i2mo. $1.75 



30 



Works in General Literature 



LECKY. Works by \V. E. H. Lecky. 
Democracy and Liberty. 2 vols. Crown 
8vo. 85. 00 

The Empire: its Value and its Growth. 
An Inaugural Address delivered at the Im- 
perial Institute, November 20, 1893, under 
the Presidency of H. R. H. the Prince of 
Wales. i2mo. $0.50 

LEE. Mrs. Quillinan's Journal of a 
Few Months' Residence in Portugal. 
See QuiLLINAN. 

LEE. The Story of Switzerland. By 

Theresa Melville Lee. With Preface 
by the Hon. Mrs. Lionel ToUemache. Map 
and 3 full-page Illustrations. i2mo. $1.25 
LEES and CLUTTERBUCK. B. C. 
1887 : A Ramble in British Columbia. 
By J. A. Lees and W. J. Clutterbuck. 
With Maps and 75 Illustrations. Crown 
8vo. (Silver Library.) $1.25 

LEIGHTON. Addresses Delivered to 
the Students of the Royal Academy. 

By the late Lord Leighton, Sometime 
President. With Portrait. 8vo. $2.50 

LEJEUNE. The Memoirs of Baron 
Lejeune, Aide-de-Camp to Marshals Ber- 
thier, Davout, and Oudinot. Translated 
from the original French by Mrs. Arthur 
Bell (N. D'Anvers). With a Preface by 
Major-General Maurice, C.B. 2vols. 8vo. 

*:};* These memoirs relate the experiences of 
Lejeune, one of the few officers who survived to tell 
the tale of their e.xperiences during the First Em- 
pire. They were originally printed during the 
lifetime of their author for private circulation, but 
of the twenty copies issued all were lost or destroyed 
except the one from which the French edition has 
just been printed. 

LEMON. Matthew Furth : A Story 
of London Life. By Ida Lemon, Au- 
thor of " A Pair of Lovers." i2mo. 

$1-25 

LEONARD. The Camel : its Uses and 
Management. By Major Arthur Glyn 
Leonard. Large Bvo. 344 pages. $7. oof 

LESTER. See Harper. 

LEWES. The History of Philosophy, 

from Thales to Comte. By George Henry 
Lewes. 2 vols. 8vo. $g.oo 

LEWIS. Papers and Notes on the 
Glacial Geology of Great Britain and 
Ireland. By the late Henry Carvill 
Lewis, M.A., F.G.S., Professor of Miner- 
alogy in the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
Philadelphia, and Professoi- of Geology in 
Haverford College, U. S. A. Edited from 
his unpublished MSS. with an Introduction 
by Henry W. Crosskey, LL.D., F.G.S. 
With 83 Illustrations in the. Text and 10 
Maps. 8vo. $7.00 

LIDDON. Life of Edward Bouverie 
Pusey. See PuSEY. 



LIGHT IN THE DWELLING ; or, A 
Harmony of the Four Gospels. With 
Short Remarks adapted to reading at Family 
Prayers for every day in the year. By the 
Author of ' ' Peep of Day. " 3 ist Thousand. 
Large crown 8 vo. 758 pages. $1.5° 

LINDSAY. The Flower Seller and 
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Crown Svo. $1.50 

LITTLE. Sketches in Sunshine and 
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Essays and Notes of Travel. By W. 
J. Knox Little, M.A., Canon Residenti- 
ary of Worcester, and Vicar of Hoar Cross, 
Staffordshire. Crown 8vo. $1-75 

LODGE. Boston. By Henry Cabot 
Lodge, Author of "Life of Alexander 
Hamilton," "Daniel Webster," "George 
Washington," " A Short History of the 
Enghsh Colonies in America," etc. (His- 
toric Towns.) Second Edition. With 
Two Maps. i2mo. $1.25 

LOFTIE. London By Rev. W. J. 
LoFTiE. (Historic Towns.) i2mo. 

$1.25 

LONGMAN. Works by Frederick W. 
Longman, Balliol College, Oxon : 
Chess Openings. i6mo. $o.go 

Frederick the Great and the Seven 
Years' War. With 2 Colored Maps. 
(Epochs of Modern History.) i6nio. 

$1.00 

LONGMANS' GAZETTEER OF 
THE WORLD. Edited by George 
G. Chisholm, M.A., B.Sc, Fellow of the 
Royal Geographical and .Statistical So- 
cieties. I vol. Imperial Svo. 1800 
pages, cloth. Net, $12.00 

Half Morocco, Net, $15,00 

LONGMANS' PAPER LIBRARY. 

l2mo. Each volume, 50 cents. 

No. I. Nada the Lily. By H. Rider 

Haggard. Copyright Edition. With all 

the Original Illustrations. 

No. 2. The One Good Guest. By Mrs. 

L. B. Walford. 

No. 3. Keith Deramore. By the Author 

of " Miss Molly." 

No. 4. A Family Tree, and other 

Stories. By Brander Matthews. 

No. 5. A Moral Dilemma. By Annie 

M. Thompson. 

No. 6. Gerald Ffrench's Friends. By 

George H. Jessop. 

No. 7. Svyeetheart Gwen. A Welsh 

Story. By William Tirebuck. 

No. 8. Th? Unbidden Guest. A 

Novel. By E. W. Hornung. 

No. 9. " Ploughed," and other Stories. 

By Mrs. L. B. Walford. 



Published by Longmans, Green, &" Co. 



31 



LONGMANS' DOLLAR NOVELS. 

Each Volume i2mo, Cloth, Ornamental. 

$1.00 
Sweetheart Gwen. A Welsh Idyll. 

By William Tirebuck, Author of " Dor- 
rie," " St. Margaret," etc. 

Keith Deramore. A Novel. By the Au- 
thor of " Miss Molly," "Delicia," etc. 

A Moral Dilemma. By Annie M. 
Thompson. 

After Twenty Years, and other Sto- 
ries. By Julian Sturgis, Author of 
"John Maidment," etc. 

The New Eden. By C. J. Cutliffe 
HvNE. With Frontispiece and Vignette. 

Montezuma's Daughter. By H. Rider 
Haggard. With 24 full-page Illustrations. 

The One Good Guest. By L. B. Wal- 

FORD, Author of "Mr. Smith," "The 

Baby's Grandmother," " The Match- 
maker," etc. 

" Ploughed," and other Stories. By L. 
B. Walford. 

Beggars All. A Novel. By Miss L. 
Dougall. Sixth Edition. 

What Necessity Knows. By Miss L. 
Dougall, Author of " Beggars All." 

Such is Life. A Novel. By May Ken- 
dall, Author of "From a Garret," 
" Dreams to Sell," etc. 



Major Joshua. A Novel. 

Forster. 



By Francis 



David's Loom : A Story of Rochdale 
Life in the Early Years of the Nine- 
teenth Century. By John Trafford 
Clegg (Th' Owd Weighver). 

The Unbidden Guest. An Australian 
Story. By E. W. Hornung. 

LONGMANS' ENGLISH CLASSICS. 

Edited by G. R. Carpenter, A.B., Pro- 
fessor of Rhetoric and English Composi- 
tion in Columbia University. i2mo. 

Irving's Tales of a Traveller. With 
an Introduction by Professor Brander 
Matthews, of Columbia University, and 
Explanatory Notes by the General Editor of 
the Series. With Portrait of Irving. $1.00 

George Eliot's Silas Marner. Edit- 
ed, with Introduction and Notes, by Rob- 
ert Herrick, A.B., Assistant Professor 
of Rhetoric in the University of Chicago. 
With Portrait of George Eliot. $0.75 



LONGMANS' ENGLISH CLASSICS. 

— Contintted. 

Scott's Woodstock. Edited, with In- 
troduction and Notes, Ijy Bliss Perry, 
A.M., Professor of Oratory and Esthetic 
Criticism in Princeton University. With 
Portrait of Sir Walter Scott. $1.00 

Defoe's History of the Plague in Lon- 
don. Edited, witli Introduction and Notes, 
by Professor G. R. Carpenter, of Colum- 
bia University. With Portrait of Defoe. $0.75 
Macaulay's Essay on Milton. Ed- 
ited, with Introduction and Notes, by James 
GreenleafCroswell, A.B., Head-master 
of the Brearley School, New York, formerly 
Assistant Professor of Greek in Harvard Uni- 
versity. With Portrait of Macaulay. $0.60 
Shakspere's A Midsummer Night's 
Dream. Edited, with Introduction and 
Notes, by George Pierce Baker, A.B., 
Assistant Professor of English in Harvard 
University. With Frontispiece. $0.60 

Webster's First Bunker Hill Ora- 
tion, together with Other Addresses re- 
lating to the Revolution. Edited, with In- 
troduction and Notes, by Fred Newton 
Scott, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Rhet- 
oric in the University of Michigan. With 
Portrait of Daniel Webster. $0.60 

Milton's L'Allegro, II Penseroso, 
Comus, and Lycidas. Edited, with In- 
troductions and Notes, by William P. 
Trent, A.M., Professor of English and 
History in the University of the South. 
With Portrait of Milton. $0.75 

Coleridge's The Rime of the An- 
cient Mariner. Edited, with Introduction 
and Notes, by Herbert Bates, A.B., 
Sometime Instructor in English in the Uni- 
versity of Nebraska. With Portrait. $0.45 
Shakspere's Merchant of Venice. 
Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
Francis B. Gummere, Ph.D., Professor 
of English in Haverford College ; Member 
of the Conference on English of the National 
Committee of Ten. With Portrait. $0.60 
Shakspere's As You Like It. With 
an Introduction by Barrett Wendell, 
A.B., Assistant Professor of English in 
Harvard University, and Notes by William 
Lyon Phelps, Ph.D., Instructor in English 
Literature in Yale University. $0.60 

Scott's Marmion. Edited, with Intro- 
duction and Notes, by Robert Morss 
LovETT, A. B., Assistant Professor of En- 
glish in the University of Chicago. With 
Portrait of Sir Walter Scott. $0.75 

Carlyle's Essay on Burns. Edited, 
with Introduction and Notes, by Wilson 
Farrand, A.m., Associate Principal of the 
Newark Academy, Newark, N. J. With 
Portrait of Burns. $0.50 



32 



Works in General Literature 



LONGMANS' ENGLISH CLASSICS. 

— Continued. 

Macaulay's Life of Samuel John- 
son. Together with his Essay on Johnson. 
Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
the Rev. HuBER Gray Buehler of the 
Hotchlciss School, Lakeville, Conn. With 
Portrait of Johnson. $o. 50 

Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wake- 
field. Edited, with Introduction and 
Notes, by Mary A. Jordan, A.M., Pro- 
fessor of Rhetoric and Old English in 
Smith College. $0.75 

Pope's Homer's Iliad. Books I, 
VI, XXII, and XXIV. Edited, with 
Introduction and Notes, by William H. 
Maxwell, A.M., Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Perci- 
VAL Chubb, Manual Training High 
School, Brooklyn. With Portrait of Pope. 

$0.60 

Milton's Paradise Lost. Books I. 

and II. Edited, with Introduction and 
Notes, by Edward Everett Hale, Jr., 
Ph.D., Professor of Rhetoric and Logic in 
Union College. With Portrait of Milton. 

$0.50 

The Sir Roger de Coverley Papers 

from "The Spectator." Edited, with In- 
troduction and Notes, by D. O. S. Lowell, 
A.M., English Master, Roxbury Latin 
School, Roxbury, Mass. With Portrait of 
Addison. $0.60 

Southey's Life of Nelson. Edited, 
with Introduction and Notes, by Edwin L. 
Miller, A.M., of the Englewood High 
School, Illinois. With Portrait of Lord 
Nelson. $0.75 

Shakspere's Macbeth. Edited, with 
Introduction and Notes, by John Mat- 
thews Manly, Ph.D., Professor of the 
English Language in Brown University. 
With Portrait of Shakspere. $0.60 

Burke's Speech on Conciliation with 
America. Edited, with Introduction and 
Notes, by Albert S. Cook, Ph. D., 
L. H . D . , Prof, of the English Language and 
Literature in Yale University. With Por- 
trait of Burke. $0.50 

De Quincey's Flight of a Tartar 
Tribe (Revolt of the Tartars). Edited, 
with Introduction and Notes, by Charles 
Sears Baldwin, Ph.D., Instructor in Rhet- 
oric in Yale University. With Portrait of 
De Quincey $0.50 



LONGMANS' ENGLISH CLASSICS. 

— Coiitinued. 

Tennyson's The Princess. Edited, with 
Introduction and Notes, by George Ed- 
ward Woodberry, A.B., Professor of 
Literature in Columbia University. With 
Portrait of Tennyson. $0.60 

Dryden's Palamon and Arcite. Edited, 
with Introduction and Notes, by William 
T. Brewster, A.M., Tutor in Rhetoric 
and English Composition, Columbia Uni- 
versity. {^Preparing. 

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R. 



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HOLINSHED. See 



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TODD. On Parliamentary Government 
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52 



Works in General Literature. 



TURCOT. The Life and Writings of 
Turgot, Comptroller - General of 
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u. 



UNWIN. A Manual of Clay-Modelling 

for Teachers and Scholars. By Mary 
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V. 



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VINCENT. The Land Question in 
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S3 



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VON HOHNEL. See HShnel. 



w. 



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54 



Works in General Literature. 



WALTER. Shakespeare's True Life. 

By James Walter. With 500 Illustra- 
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WARNER. English History in 
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WEBB. Celestial Objects for Common 
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Half- Hours With the Millionaires. 

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Wills and How Not to Make Them. 

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A Gentleman of France" Being the 
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WILCOCKS. The Sea Fisherman. 

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Published by Longmans, Green, & Co. 



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WILSON. Division and Reunion, 1829- 
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WISEMAN. The Life and Times of 
Cardinal Wiseman. By Wilfrid Ward, 
Author of " William George Ward and the 
Catholic Revival." [/» Preparation. 



WISHART. 

Montrose. 



Deeds of Montrose. See 



WITT. Works by Professor C. Witt : 

The Trojan War. Translated from the 
. German by Frances Younghusband. 
With a Preface by the Rev. W. G. Ruther- 
ford, M.A., Head-master of Westminster 
School. Crown 8vo. $0.60* 

The Retreat of the Ten Thousand. 

Translated by Frances Younghusband. 
With a Preface by H. G. Dakyns, M.A. 
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$1.25 

WOLF. The Life of Joseph Wolf, 
Animal Painter. By A. H. Palmer. 
With 53 Plates, 14 Illustrations in the Text, 
and Portrait. 8vo, gilt top. $7.00 

WOLFF. Works by Henry W. Wolff : 

Rambles in the Black Forest. Crown 
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Crown Svo. $1.5° 

Odd Bits of History : Being Short Chap- 
ters intended to Fill some Blanks. Svo. 

$2.75 

WOLLE Y. Snap : A Legend of the Lone 
Mountain. By C. Philipps-Wolley. 
With 13 full-page Illustrations by H. G. 
Willink. Crown Svo. (Silver Library.) 

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WOLSELEY. The Life of John 
Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, to 

the Accession of Queen Anne. By Gen- 
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(8 Portraits), n Plans, and Illustrations 
and Index. 2 vols. Demy Svo. $10.00 

WOOD. Works by Rev. J. G. Wood : 

Homes without Hands. A Description 
of the Habitations of Animals, classed ac- 
cording to the Principle of Construction. 
With about 140 Vignettes on Wood. Plates. 
8vo, gilt top. $3.00 

Insects at Home. A Popular Account of 
British Insects, their Structure, Habits, and 
Transformations. Illustrated with about 
700 Engraved Figures, 20 full-page Plates, 
and Colored Frontispiece. Svo, gilt top. 

$3.00 

Insects Abroad. A Popular Account of 
Foreign Insects, their Structure, Habits, 
and Transformations. Illustrated with 
about 600 Engraved Figures and 20 full- 
page Plates. Svo, gilt top. $3-00 

Bible Animals. A Description of every 
Living Creature mentioned in the Scriptures. 
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full-page Plates and about 100 Engraved 
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Strange Dwellings. A Description of 
the Habitations of Animals, abridged from 
" Homes without Hands." With Frontis- 
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Out of Doors. A Selection of Original 
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6 Illustrations. ' Crown Svo. $1.25 

Petland Revisited. With 33 Illustra- 
tions. Crown Svo. $1.25 

The following books are extracted from 
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Wood : 

Social Habitations and Parasitic 
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Crown Svo, cloth extra, gilt edges. $1.00 

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edges. $1.25 

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Wonderful Nests. Fully Illustrated. 
Crown Svo, cloth extra, gilt edges. $1.25 

Homes Underground. Fully Illustrated. 
Crown Svo, cloth extra, gilt edges. $1.25 



56 



Works in General Literature. 



WOOD-MARTIN. Pagan Ireland : An 
Archaeological Sketch. A Hand-book 
of Irish Pre-christian Antiquities. By W. 
G. Wood-Martin, M.R.I. A., Author of 
"The Lake Dwellings of Ireland," etc. 
With 412 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo. 

$5.00 

WORDSWORTH. Annals of my 
Early Life, 1806-1846. With Occa- 
sional Compositions in Latin and English 
Verse. By Charles Wordsworth, D.D., 
D.C.L., Bishop of St. Andrews and Fellow 
of Winchester College. 8vo. $5.00 

Annals of my Life, 1 847-1 856. 8vo. 

13-50 



WORDSWORTH (Dora). 

LIN AN. 



See QuiL- 



WORDSWORTH. Works by Eliza- 
beth Wordsworth, Author of " Illustra- 
tions of the Creed," " In-Doors and Out," 
and Joint Author of " The Life of Chris- 
topher Wordsworth, Bishop of Lincoln." 
St. Christopher and other Poems. 
l2mo. $2.00 

The Snow Garden and Other Fairy 
Tales for Children. With 10 full-page 
Illustrations by Trevor Haddon. Crown 
8vo, full gilt. $1.50 

WRIGHT. i>f American Citizen Series. 

WYLIE. History of England under 
Henry IV. By James Hamilton Wylie, 
M.A., one of H. M. Inspectors of Schools. 
3. vols. 

Vol. I. 1399-1404. Crown 8vo. $3.50 
Vol. 11. 1405-1406. Crown 8vo. 5.00 
Vol. III. 1407-1410. Crown 8vo. 5.00 



YOUATT. Works by William Youatt ; 
The Horse. Revised and Enlarged by 
W. Watson, M.R.C.V.S. Wood-cuts. 
8vo. $2.25 



The Dog. 

cuts 8vo. 



Revised and Enlarged. Wood- 
$2.00 



YELLOW FAIRY BOOK (The). 

Edited by Andrew Lang. With 22 Plates 
and 82 Illustrations in the Text by H. J. 
Ford. Crown 8vo, gilt edges. $2.00 

YOUNGER SISTER (A). A Tale. 
By the Author of " Mademoiselle Mori." 
Crown 8vo. $1.25 



Published by Longmans, Green, & Co. 



57 



ZELLER. Works by Dr. E. Zeller : 

History of Eclecticism in Greek Phi- 
losophy. Translated by Sarah F. Al- 
LEYNE. Crown 8vo. $3.50 

The Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics. 

Translated by the Rev. O. J. Reichel, 
M.A. Crown 8vo. $5.00 

Socrates and the Socratic Schools. 

Translated by the Rev. O. J. Reichel, 
M.A. Crown 8vo. $3.50 



ZELLER. Works by. — Continued. 

Plato and the Older Academy. Trans- 
lated by Sarah F. Alleyne and Alfred 
Goodwin, B.A. Crown 8vo. $6.00 

The Pre-Socratic Schools. A History 
of Greek Philosophy from the Earliest 
Period to the Time of Socrates. Translated 
by Sarah F. Alleyne. 2 vols. Crown 
8vo. $10.00 

Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics. 

Translated by B. F. C. Costelloe, M.A., 
and J. H. Muirhead, M.A. 2 vols. 
Crown, 8vo. $7.00 



A PARTIAL SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION 
UNDER AUTHORS' NAMES. 

HISTORY, POLITICS, POLITY, AND POLITICAL MEMOIRS. 

AcLAND and Ransome — "American Citizen Series" — Annual Register — Airy — Arnold 
— ^Armitage — Baden-Powell — Bagwell — Besant — Bright — Brookings — Browning 
— Buckle — ■ Burke — Caroe — Chesney — Child — Cox — Creighton — Cuningham — 
CuRTEis — Dallinger — De Tocqueville — Dewey — Dubois — Edersheim — " Epochs " — 
EwALD — Fitzpatrick — Follett — Freeman — Gardiner — Granville — Greville — 
Gross — Gwatkin — Harding — Hardy — Harrison — Hart — " Harvard Historical 
Studies " — Hawtrey — Hearn — Herbert — Higginson and Channing — Higginson — 
" Highways " — " Historic Towns " — " Historical Biographies " — Houston — How — 
Howorth — Hunt — Ingram — Joyce — Kaye — Kayserling — Lang — Laurie — Lavisse — 
Leigh — Lejeune^Macaulay — MacColl — Mackinnon — M alleson — May — Merivale 
— Montague — Montalembert — Moore — Morse — Mullinger — Oman — Overton — 
Paget — Prendergast — Ransome — Rawlinson — Richman — Ringwalt — Round — See- 
bo hm — Sewell — Sharpe — Sheppard — Sismondi — SiTWELL — Smith — Symes — Thomp- 
son — Thursfield — Thwaites — Todd — Tupper — Turgot — Wakeman — Walpole — 
Warner — Webb — Wilson — -Wylie. 



BIOGRAPHY, PERSONAL MEMOIRS, &C. 

"A. K. H. £." — Bacon — Bagehot — Blackwell — Brown — Burns — Buss — Cannon 
— Church — Clark — De Redcliffe — Derby — Digby — "Eminent Actors" — Fowler — 
Halford — Harper — Hassall- — Haweis — Holroyd — Hooper — Jefferies — Jewseury 
— Kettlewell — Lamennais — Leaf — Liddon — Marbot — Marlborough — Marshman — 
Montrose — Moore — Morton — N ansen — Nelson — Newman — Nicholas Ferrar — 

O'CoNNELL — OXENDEN — POLK — PrAEGER — PUSEY — QuiLLINAN — RAPHAEL — ReEVES — 

Richardson — Roberts — Romanes — Russell — Shakespeare — Sherbrooke — Verney 
— Wellington — Wiseman — Wishart^ Wolf— Wordsworth. 

travel and adventure— sport, &c. 

Arnold — Badminton — Baker — Battye — Bent — Bickerdyke — Bicknell' — Boothby 
— Brassey — Broke — Browning — Curzon — Dubois — Ellis — Falkener — Ford — 
Francis — " Fur and Feather " — Gallwey— Graham — Gibson — Hawker — H5hnel — 
Hopkins — Howard — James — Knight — Lees — Little — Mannering — Meyer — Mon- 
tague — MULLER — Murdoch — Nansen — Oliver — Park — Pratt — Pole — Riley — 
Robinson Crusoe — "Robinson Crusoe" — Ronalds — Smith — " Stonehenge" — " Swiss 
Family Robinson " — Thompson — Whishaw — Wilcocks — Wolff — Youatt. 



58 Works in General Literature Published by Longmans, Green, & Co. 

A PARTIAL CLASSIFICATION.— Continued. 

mental, moral, and political philosophy. 

Bacon — Crozier — Greex — Hearn — Hodgson — Hume — James — Justinian — Lewe<; 
— Mill — Mosso — Mulhall — Muller — " Narada Sutra " — Romanes — Sidgwick — 
Thompson — Viyekananda — Zeller. 

political ECONOMY AND ECONOMICS. 

" Atnerican Citizen Series" — Babington — Bagehot — Barnett — Brassey — Brookings 
— Cannan — Dowell — Jordan — Macleod — Mill — Ringwalt — Seligman — Shirres — 
" Studies in Economics" — ToYNBEE — VINCENT — WRIGHT. 

CLASSICAL LITERATURE. 

'Abbott — Baker — Becker — Clerke — " Dublin University Press Series " — Farnell 
— Harrison — Lang — Lucan — MacKail — Rich — Starkly — Tacitus — Virgil. 

ART— poetry— DRAMA. 

AcwoRTH — B arraud — Barrow — Beesly — Bell — Bjornson — Bradshaw — Christie 
— Dante — " En^^lisJi School Classics " — Foster — Frothingham — Hamlin^Higginson — 
Kendall — Kennedy — Lang — Leighton — Lindsay — Lytton (Owen Meredith) — 
Macaulay — Marquand — Moon — Morris — Murray — Nesbit — Peek — Piatt — Riley 
— Roberts — Romanes — Stevenson — Sturgis — Van Dyke — Wedmore — Wolf — Words- 
worth. 

WORKS of FICTION, HUMOUR, &C. 

Alden — Anstey — Baker — Beaconsfield — Black — Boulton — Clegg — Crake — 
Crump — Dougall — Doyle — Dumas — Eastwick — Farrar — Forster — Fowler — Gilkes 
— Goldsmith — Graham — Haggard — FIigginson — Hornung — Hyne — Jessop — Lang — 
Lemon — Lyall — ^Lagruder — Matthews — Meade — Melville — Merriman — Mont- 
gomery — Murray — O'Brien — Oliphant — O'Reilly— Parr — Payn — Peek — Rhoscomyl 

— RoKEBY— Sturgis — Suttner — Thompson — Tirebuck — Trollope — Walford — West 
— Weyman — Whishaw — Whiteing — Wolley — And see Longmans. 

popular SCIENCE, &C. 

Bonavia — Butler — Clerke — Clodd — De Salts — Furneaux — Gibson — Hartwig — 
Hayward — H AZLiTT — Herschel — HuDSON — Jefferies — Lydekker — Paul — Proctor 
— Tyndall — Unwin— Walker — Wood. 

books for young people. 

ArabianNights— Bell— Clodd— Crake— "jSaiVj' TTj/^^^.jX-j-"— Fowler— Furneaux 

— Graham — Gulliver's Travels — Hartwig — Hayward — Higginson — Howitt— 
Hudson — Jefferies — Lang — (Fairy and Story Books) — Meade — Molesworth — ''Peep of 
Day" — Robinson Crusoe— Soulsby— Stanley— Stevenson— " Szuiss Family Robinson' 
— Upton — Vicar of Wakefield — Wood — Wordsworth. 



"n^rwVfS^sm