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PEEFACE.
rrHE present enlarged edition of Arabic 8 elf -Taught is to all
J- intents and purposes a new work. It lias practically been
re-written throughout and much entirely new matter has been
added, whilst those portions of the original English text that
have been retained have undergone thorough revision with
a view to adapting them to modem requirements.
The Vocabularies and Conversations have been carefully
selected for practical use in the daily life of tourists, travellers,
missionaries, business men, and all who come into contact with
the natives of Syria. The work forms an easy guide to spoken
(colloquial) Arabic, and gives the student a practical and
valuable introduction to the thorough study of the language.
The system of transliteration here employed, carefully devised
to give the phonetic pronunciation of Arabic in accordance with
the scheme adopted by the Congress of OrientaUsts, has been
simplified to the last degree, and the key to the vowel sounds,
diphthongs, and hard consonants, given at the foot of the pages
throughout the Vocabularies and Conversations, will greatly
facilitate the intelligible pronunciation of the Arabic words
at sight.
The new outline of grammar throws much useful light upon
the construction of Arabic, and the exercises which follow contain
abundant conversational matter illustrative of the grammatical
rules. The student can thus obtain an intelligent grasp of the
words and sentences he learns by heart, and make them his own.
In carrying out the work of revision the Publishers have had
the assistance of the Eev. N. Odeh, who spent many years in
Palestine and Egypt as a missionary and Head Master of
St. Mary's School, Cairo, and has since been engaged in teaching
Ai-abic at Oxford.
At first sight Arabic letters appear very difficult to learn, and
this is partly the reason why students and travellers fight shy of
the language ; but Eastern tongues are not difficult to acquire
by the ' SELF-TArrGHT ' method, and any ordinary capacity can
4 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
master them in a short time. The student or traveller, thui
becoming his own Dragoman, will more thoroughly enjoy a sojoun
in the East.
The best plan for a beginner to adopt is to copy each lette]
carefully and repeatedly, untU he has fixed it in his mind ; f oi
this purpose only two or three letters should be dealt with a1
a time, and not the whole alphabet. He will be surprised tc
find how soon he begins to understand the characters in theii
various positions.
Having mastered the alphabet, he may proceed to commit to
memory the words given in the vocabularies, pronouncing the
phonetic aloud, and then writLng the words from memory in the
Arabic letters, which can be corrected afterwards by reference
to the book. In this way he will begin to acqxiire the language
as easily as a child learns to speak and write its native tongue.
At the same time it may be borne in mind that, if this
manual is merely reqiiired as a phrase-book, the labour of
learning the Arabic characters is really unnecessary, as most
Arabs with whom one comes in contact are quite unable to read
the language.
When travelling it is well to note the sound of the words
uttered by the natives, as this helps one to attach the true value
to the phonetics used, and accustoms the ear to the gutturals
and soft aspirants of the Eastern tongue.
The ^written or classic Arabic is beautifully constructed.
It belongs to the Semitic languages, which include, amongst
others, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac. It has indeed survived
all the other Semitic languages, and is the most exact in its use
of the original root. Many common household words of modern
Arabs are not merely similar to, but identical with, those of the
ancient Hebrews, and it is not too much to say that an Israelite
of old and an Arab Sheikh of the present day would be mutually
intelligible in the expression of their simple wants.
London, 1911.
CONTENTS.
Illustration of Coinage [Frontispiece).
The Alphabet and Pkonunciation (pages 7-12). page
The Forms of the Letters 8
Pronunciation of the Arabic Letters 10
Vowels and Orthographic Signs 11
Rules for the Pronunciation of the Vowels .... 12
Vocabulakibs (pages 13-66).
Animals, Vegetables, etc. : —
Animals and Birds ' 17
Fruits 38
Keptiles and Insects 19
Vegetables 37
Colours 48
Countries, Cities, and Nations 44
House and Furniture 32
Mankind ; Relations 22
Diseases of the Body 29
Dress 30
"Food, Drinls, and Smoking 34
Human Body, The 24
Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, etc. ... 27
Professions and Trades 42
Parts of Speech : —
Adjectives 50
Verbs 57
Religious Terms 49
Times and Seasons 20
Town, Country, and Agriculture 39
Travelling 46
Writing 47
World and Nature, The 13
Land and Water 15
Metals, Minerals, etc. 16
6 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT
Outline ow Gbammar (pages 67-79).
I. The Nottn
Pronouns : Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative
Numeral Adjectives : Cardinal, Ordinal, Distributive
II. ThbVeeb
"III. The Paeticles :
Prepositions, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections .
Syntax (pages 80-6).
The Verb in Syntax
EXEKCISES ON THE GRAMMAR (pagCS 87-96).
1. The Preterite Tense .
2. The Aorist Tense
3. The Imperative Mood ... . .
4. How the English Potential and Subjunctive Moods are
expressed in Arabic ... ...
5. The Participles .... ....
6. The position of Adverbs . . ...
7. The Infinitive Mood
Co.N'VERSATIONAIi PhBASES AND SENTENCES (pages 97-124).
Useful and Necessary Expressions
Simple and Practical Phrases (grouped alphabetically) .
Arrival ...........
The Railway
The Hotel ....
Meals
Correspondence, Post, Telegrams, etc
Shopping . .
An Excursion
Passages op Aradic with Pronunciation and Translation
interlined : —
1. 'The Lord's Prayer' (Matt, vi, 9-13) . . . . .
2. Qur'an (Koran), ch. iv, verse 169, with idiomatic translation
Monet : —
Turkish Government Currency used in Syria, with the English
and American equivalents
English and American Money, with the Turkish equivalents .
Weights and Measures
Postal Rates
ARABIC SELF-TAtJGHT.
The Alphabet and Pronunciation.
The following scheme of pxonunciation is the key to the
correct reading of the Arabio words throughout the work,
and the student will do well, therefore, to give careful
attention lo it at the outset, repeatedly copying each
character together with its phonetic transcription, until the
eye and the mind be'come so familiar with them that the
character immediately suggests the sound.
The method of distinguishing the hard consonants, h, d,
8, t, and 2, is so simple that these letters will pre«ent no
difficulty to the student, and the vowel sounds and diph-
thongs are equally easy to master. The key to all these
sounds, given in the footlines on each page of the
Vocabularies and Conversational Sentences, will enable any
English-speaking person to pronounce the words correct ly
at sight.
The Arabic alphabet is composed of twenty-eight con-^
sonants, all of which are written, as in most Eastern languages,
from the right hand to the left. Each consonant assumes
a different form according to its position at the beginning,
middle, or end of the word. On the next twa pages the
various forms are placed in separate columns and show how
each character is written respectively —
When totally unconnected with any other letter ;
When at the end of a word, or joined only to the letter
preceding ;
When connected wiih the preceding and following letters;
When at the beginning of a word, or joined only to the
letter following.
(7)
The Forms of the Letters.
Name.
TTncon-
nected
Characters.
Connected
with
preceding
letter
only.
Connectec
on both
sides.
Connected
with
foUowing
letter
only.
Tran-
scription.
Alif .
\
I
—
—
a, i, u
Ba
(_>
^
•*
J
b
la
CU
^
-
J
t
rha .
ej
L_i^
A
J
th
Teem
Z
t
.s.
S^
]■
B[a
■c
t
.S-
S^
h
iha .
t
'■t
.s:.
d>.
kh
Dal
J
vX
—
—
d
)hal .
i
A
—
—
dh
la
J
J/
—
—
r
'a, zai, or zain
J
j }
—
—
z
leen
u^
LT-
.AM
Mj
8
iheen
A
AAA
sh
ad
U^
l^
xS
^
S
)ad . . i
o- i
C^ 1
.^
•e
d
Name.
Connected
with
preceding
letter
only.
Connected
on hoth
sides.
Connected
with
following
letter
only.
Tran-
scription.
Ta . .
1,
k
k
k
t
Za
^
k
k
k
Z
Ain
t
t
*
X ,
1
Ghain .
i
t
X
£
gt
Pa . .
i-j
I— a
i
i
f
Qaf
J
J
i
i
q
Kaf .
cTcJ
J/
^^,
J ^
k
Lam
J
J
1
!
1
9
Meem .
(*
r
A,
^
m
Noon
u
u
X
' ^
n
Ha
X
*
«
A
h
Waw .
J
^
—
—
w, u
Ya
u5
L5
-
^_
y. j
The letters 1 O j j j and j can only be joined to those
letters wHicih precede.
From J and \ Idm-alif are formed i or S, in connexion "i.
From 3 (») and i>- (Ich) is formed the ligature =^.
From I (a) and ^ (/c) is formed the ligature 1^.
Other ligatures are jsf- *fr etc., etc.
Pronunciation of the Arabic Lr-iters.
\ Alif has no sound of its own, but is pronounced as a, i, c
u. accordino- to the vowel above or below it. Whe
not vowelled it is only a sign lengthening the prt
ceding vowel.
t—j Ba like the English b.
aJ> Ta like the English t.
<U T>^a like the English th in 'thought'; it is often pre
nounced like t.
_ Jeem like y in 'jam ' ; in Egypt hai-d like g in.' garden
- Hd is always a strong aspirate with friction.
-1 Kha is a guttural aspirate like ch in the German ich or th
Scotch word ' loch ' ; kh alwaj's represents one sounc
Bal like the English d.
o Dhdl like th in ' that ' ; dh'is always one sound.
J Ra like r in ' rural ', always sounded.
j Zd, zai, or zain like the English z.
(jM Seen like s in ' some '.
^J^ Sheen like sh in ' sheep '.
^Ja Sad like a hard hissing s as in ' hiss '.
i_/s Dad like a hnrd d, as in ' rod ',
is Td like a hard ^, as iu ' toss '.
1? Zd like a dental z.
^ ^/« is a guttural, peculiur to the Semitic languages, wliic
can only be learned by ear ; it sounds like the bleatin
of a goat (iiidd). When it begins a syllable we sha
denote it by a spiritus asper {') before a vowel, (
, when silent ufter a vowel.
iGhain a hard guttural prQduced;as in the efifort of garglir
and sounds similar to ghr.
^ Fd like the English/.
J Qd/like a broad k, produced as in imitating the cawing of
a crow.
CScJ JTd/like the English k.
J Lam like the English /.
I» Meem like the English m.
^^ JSToon like the English «.
* ^a like A in 'house ' ; if used as a grammatical
termination it has two dots over it (l), and has the
sound of t when followed by a word beginning with
vowel sound.
} Waiv has the sound of the w in ' water ', or of u in ' put '.
^ Yd sounds like y in ' yard '.
When } and i_? are not vowelled, they are then only signs
of lengthening the preceding vowel, u or /, or of
making the diphthongs au and ai respectively.
- VowEi.s AND Orthographic Signs.
The Arabs use thiee signs to express shorfr vowels, which
are placed either above or below the consonants, namely —
(^^) Fatha, an oblique line over the consonant, represents
a in ' hat '.
(— ) Kasrn, an oblique line under the consonant, represents
i in ' hit '.
{J-.) Damma, represents «« in 'put'.
Silent \ after .^ makes the long vowel a (as a in ' father '),
e.g. U nid (water).
Silent (_? after -^ miikes the long vowel I (us i in. ' machine '),
e-g- ^5l/^ (in).
Silent • after j_ makes the long vowel u (as u in ' rule '),
e.g. ji> d/iu (possessor).
Silent J after ^ makes the diphthong ou (as oto in 'cow'),
e.g. J lau (if).
Silent iJ after ^' makes the diphthong aj (as ai in ' aisle '),
e.g. ,,-i> s/iai (thing).
AKAbsiu stur- I AUUn I .
The Vowel is always sounded after, never before the
consonant with which it is written.
The other reading signs used in Arabic are —
±- Jazmah, placed oyer a letter that has no vowel.
— Maddah, a sign of prolongation over the ' .
£ Waslah, placed over \ to denote that it forms one syllable
with the preceding consonant.
:t. Shaddah, signifies doubling a letter.
*- Ramznh, placed over the 1 where it is a sounded guttural
consonant — transcribed '.
[N.B. It is not usual to mark all the vowels or signs in writing Arabic; in
i newspaper or book very few, if any, are marked.]
Rules for the Pronunciation of the Vowels.
If attention is paid as to whether a vowel is long or short,
10 difficulty will present itself in placing the stress on the
'ight syllable in a word of more than one syllable. When
I word has two or three short syllables, all are pronounced ■
squally short, and no stress is placed on any of them.
iVhen a double consonant occurs between two vowels, the
irst of the consonants is pronounced after the first vowel,
)ut the second before the second vowel ; e.g. JZ^ kassara
kaa-sa-ra), ' he broke to pieces.'
a short, like the sound of a in hat
d long
>j »
a „ father
i short
>f )
i „ bit
I long
)j
i „ machine
M short
>> J
M „ put
u long
J) J
u „ rule
au diphthong
» ,
010 „ cow
ai
tf 1
at ,, aisle
VOCABULAEIES.
[The Arabic language has only one defiaite article, Jl al,
' the,* which has purposely been omitted in the Arabic column.]
The World and Nature.
Engush,
Ababio.
Pbohunoiation.
air
\^
hawa
autumn
i^Jujd-
kharif
cloud
^
ghaim,^J. ghuyum
cold
^y.
hard
darkness
<5j\i
zulmah
dew
^JJ
nada
earth
^}
ar4
earthquake
^h
zalzalah
east
or'
sharq
eclipse of the sun
kusuf
,, ,, moon
khusuf
fire
j^
nar
fog, mist
(_;Lw0
dabab
frost
l:^
saqi'
hail
■^
barad
heat
harr
ice
jJj^
jaltd
light
;y
nur
Vowd soundi . hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dolled consonants, h, d, 9, t, f, hard.
(13)'
14.
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English.
Arabic.
PBONnNOIATION,
lightning
cy.
barq
moon
j^
qamar
nature
i.r.X
tabl'ah
nortt
JU.i
shamal
north-west
^^>JU^
shamal gharbi
planet
-^/
kaukab
rain
_>
matar
rainbow
X^ L^y
qaus qadah
shade
Jli
ziU
shadow
^d
fai
snow
i
thalj
south
<_>y^
junub
spring
^j
rabi'
star
-Usr"
nijmah
storni
y
nau
summer
', ''-■-'
?aif
sun
{j^'-'*^'^
shams
tempest
id^U
asifah
thunder
-^j
ra'd
water
a1; _ ,U
ma - maiyuh
weather
u^
taqs
fine weather
^-"
sahu
west
'^
gharb
whirlwind
■^jj
zaiiba'iili
wind
winter
rlh
shita
world
^U _ Ljj
dunj-a, 'alara '
Vowel soutids : hat, f athe
rtnf/af7
r, bit, machine, put, rule
aisle; au = owin c
VOCABULARIES.
10
.]
Land and Water.
ENduuu.
Aeabio.
Pronunciation.
bank
k^
shatt
clay
^
tm
desert
%^
sahra
field
Ji-
haql
forest '
Jb-
harsh, -pi. ahia.-h
garden ■ '■
u^.
bustan
gulf •■
^■^
khallj
hill
Ji-
tall . ..•
island
VJ^
jazirah :;
lake
'^j^.
buliairah
land
^J^
ard ';
meadow
■^y*
marj i
mountain
6^
jabal
ocean '
k-^\^l
al-bnhr l-mntH
plain '
Je
sahl
port
U-^
mm a
river
>
^nahr
rock
j^
sakhr
sea
J^;
bahr i
sliore
J^L
sahil
spring
^
ain
valley
c^-^b
wadi
■water, clear
t^Ua jU<
ma safi.
„ cold
J,l) *Ui
ma barid -
„ Lot;
./^t.
ma siikhun
wave
^i-
mauj
Voioei sounds ; hat, f ath
er, bit, machine, put, rul
e, aisle; au=owincow.
Dotte
d cojjsojianis, h, d, s, t, z,
hard.
16
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Metals, Minerals, et
C.
Bnomsh.
Ababio.
Pbonxjnciatioh.
amber
V>
kahraba •
arsenic
i^jj
zarnikh
brass
±J\ Jjw\=£^
nahas asfar
bronze
^jJi (jywlsC*
nahas aswad
charcoal
V_Jar- jfS?
fahm hatab
coal
'^H
fahm tajar
copper
jA.^\ (juula^
nahas ahmar
diamond
(JU-UJl
almas
flint
J\P^
sawwan
glass
j^^.
qazaz
gold
(._--J6J
dhahab
iron
JjAs-
hadid
lead
U»^
rasas
marble
r^-^
rukham
metal
^jjt*
ma dan
mineral
^j^
ma daui
pearl
.dj!
lu'lu'ah
pebble
iyns-
hagwah
quicksilver
&^..J
zaibaq
sand
^J
rami
silver
<Ui»
faddah
steel
O^^
bulad
stone
J^
hajar
sulphur
-y
kibrit
tin
^_iX^ _lL^
tanak, qa?dir
zinc
lIXjj - Lj'y
tutiya, zink
Vowel aounda : hat, fath
er, bit, machine, put, rBl
B, aisle : au^^o-wiu
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t,. n, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
17
Animals and Birds.
Enqush. Arabic.
Pkonunoution.
animal
U^^r^
liaiwan
bird
t
tair
birdlime
JJ'^
dibq
calf
J^ :
'ijl
camel
J-^
jamal
hump of the camel
J.4^1 <uL-.
sanamat-l-]amal
cat
&
quttah
cattle
^\y
mawashi
chicken
t^
farkh, ^^..afrakh
cock
lL<..j
dik
cow
,J^_
baqarah
crow
m!/
ghurab
dog.
^^
kalb
donkey-
,^
himar
dove
<uU=-
hamamah
dromedary
^
hajin
duck •
ibj
baltah
eagle
^
nisr
elephant
d^
fil
fox
i J.JC
tha lab
gazelle
Jl;-
ghazal
goat
^jx^
mi'za
goose
wazzah
hare
^}
arnab
hawk^
J^
saqr
Vowel sownds : hat, fathf
sr, bit, machine, put, rul
e, aisle; au = ow in cow.
Ddtted consonants, h, d, ^, t, ^, hard.
18
Bnoush.
ARABIC S^LF-TAUGHT
Ababio. Pbonunciation,
hen.
aj5-U-J
dajajah
hide (of a beast)
' .s\^
jild
horn
uj
qam
horse
(^Lis-
hisan
jackal
l3-/u^1
ibn-awa(?o«flZwa
lamb
'~')A'
kharuf
lark
^j^
qunbarah
lion
A~il
asad
lioness
.,J
lahwah
mare
L^
faras
monkey
lijiA*-.
sa dan
mouse
>
far
mule
^.
baghl
owl
«t*jj
bumah
ox
i.
thaur
ji arret
u,,
babagha
partridge
^
hajal
pelican
rv
rakham
pig
y..j^
khanziT
pigeon
<uUj
yamamah
quail
J>\^
sumana
rat
^^i'irr
jirdhaun
sheep
r^
ghanam
sparrow
j^L^
asfur
swallow
yy^
sununu
turkey-
^AiJ!> -.l^ti
dujaj hindi
wolf
Ljj
zi'b
Vowel sounds: hat, father
bit, machine, nut. rulfi.
nidp. • Ofll — i-txvr in nrvar
., -_ — .., „.„, ^iv^u.iio, jjuu, iuiB, aisie;
Dotted, consonarua, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
19
Reptiles and Insects.
EKaiiiSH.
ant
bee
bug
butterfly
crocodile
flea
fly
frog
gnat
grasshopper
insect
locust
mosquito
moth
reptiles
silkworm
snail
snake
spider
sting
wasp
worm
Ababio.
_ Peohunoiation.
A^
namlah.
<d^
nahlah-
4.
baqqah
iJ^Aji
farasbah,^?. farash
_Uw«J
timsab
"^^7:
barghut
^Lo
dhubbanah
ijt.^jLa
dufda ah.
^J
barghashah,
pi. barghash
i^SU^
jundub
b^
hashrah,
pi. hasharat
^w
jarad
<Uj^U
namusah,^?. namus
iCJyC
ba'udah
cijIjUlj
zahhafat
jij"^ '^i^
dudat-harir
ii>ip-
halazaun
4=- '
haiyah
c^t^k:,^
ankabut
i.^ji
qarsah or las ah
J^
dabbur
if J. J'
dudah
Vowdsouwii : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, s, t, j, hard.
B 2
20
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Times and Seasons.
Bays of the week :
Ehqush.
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Months of the year ;
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Mohammedan names of the months :
V^s^l Al-Muljarram
jA^ Safar
<Ji^^ f-r^j Eabi'-l-awwal
Ababio.
Fbonuncutioii.
,\-^J\
al-ahad
^"^^
al-ithnain
\oM
al-thalatha
\^J\
al-arba a
^jjj.^^/tjsl\
al-khamis
^»4^1
al-jum a
LIUwJl
al-sabt
^^uy^
kanun thani
],\ . A
shubat
j\^\
adhar
i^Luj
nisan
A^
aiyar
^Uj^
huzairan
ji-
tammuz
cjl
ab
JAl
ailul
J;l u^.J^
tishrin awwal
J^ ^'i.j^
tishrin thani
^',\uy^
kanun awwal
L^^^t^J
Rabi -1-thani
^_^j^t ^jUj5- Jumada-1-ula
Hjci-i] ^jUj^ Jumada-1-
akhirah
!_->:»-, Eajab
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow;
Dotted consonants, h, d, ;, t, ;, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
21
Sha ban
I < Eamaclan {the
month of fasting)
Shauwal
Dhulqa dah.
DiuHiijjali
_ The Mohammedans count according to lunar years of 354 days, so that
thirty-four lunar years are equal to ahout thirty-three solar. Their first year
began on July 16, 622 a.d.
UNQrjBH.
afternoon
age, an
beginning, the
daily-
day
daybreak
daytime
day after to-morrow
,, before yesterday
every day
3awn
early
3nd, the
3vening (early)
,, (late)
lull moon
lour
half an hour
eap year
unar months
nidday, noon
Diddle, the
^ AlUBIO.
.«nr.
fjM^
Si
^j
PnoinmciATioH.
asr
qarn, jll
al-ibtida
yaumi
yaum, j>Z. aiyam
tulQ -l-nahar
nahar
ba d ghad
awwal ams
kuU yaum
al-fajr
bakir, badri
al-intiha
maghrib
isha, masa
badr
sa ah, pi. sa at
nisf sa ah
Banat kabis
shuhur qamariyah
al-zuhr
al-wasat
^owel sounds .-haiiiatiiei, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au=owiiicow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, $, t, f, hard.
22
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Engmsh.
Aeabio.
midnight
JJJ\< r.^-,
minute
iJLij
month
j^
morning
^..n\\
night
JJJl
season
J->ai
seasons, the
J^l
spring
^■J
summer
i—i^
autumn
i-Jj^
winter
\j:.
sunrise
^ju^iJliW C JJs
sunset
^y»-»jiJl '■r^-^
time
t^j
to-day
c.^\
to-morrow
Ij^
to-morrow morning
U-L^ lAi.
week
cj^l _ (Jjc*::*-
two weeks
c;~*-*^
year
<tJk««:
yesterday ,
L/**-*!
Peonunoiauon.
nisiEu-l-lail
daqiqah
shahr, pi. shuhur
al-sabah
al-lail
fasl
al-fusul
rahi
saif
khaiif
shita
tulii -l-shams
ghurub-1-shams
waqt
al-yaum
ghada
ghada sahahan
jum ah, usbu
]"um atain
sanah, pi. sinin
ams
Mankind ; Relations.
age
old age
aunt (maternal)
umr
shaikhukhah
khalah
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bifc, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = owincow,'
Dotted consonants, h, 4, ft t, ?, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
!iSJ
fiNQUsa.
Ababio.
PBONTJNOIATION.
aunt (paternal)
iXt
ammah
bachelor, spinster
^j^
'azab
boy
sabi
bride
U^3j^
'arus
bridegroom
U^.j^
'aris
brother
^
akh
child
^, ...
■walad '
cousin (masc.)
-H^ ^^
ibn-l-'amm, ibn-
M\^\
1-khal
„ (fern.)
. JUll hA
ibnat-1- amm.
^\A\hj\-
ibnat-1-khal
daughter
i^\
ibnah
father
^\
ab
female
u^^
untha
girl
(Jl-OJ
bint
grandfather
'V
jidd
grandmother
«i^
jiddah
grandson
Juis>.
haM
granddaughter
XSjlJ>-
hafldah
husband
ZiJ
zauj
infancy
-CljiU
tufuliya
madam (Mrs.)
c:^-.
sit
maiden (virgin)
>^
bikr
male
>
dhakar
man
<>rj
rajul, _pZ. rijal
mother
' ?
umm
negro
. J>*c
'abd,/e»j. 'abdah
Vmoel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow,
Dotted consonants, h, d, i^, t, ^, hardi
24
Bngmsh.
nephew
niece
parents
people
relation
relative
servant
sir (Mr.)
sister
slave (female)
son
uncle (maternal)
„ (paternal)
widow
widower
wife
woman
youth
youth, a
ankle
arm
back
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Aeabic,
u^.^^i
The Human Body.
PEONtJNOIATIOM* ■
ihn-1-akh, ibn-
1-nkht
ibnat-l-akh, ibnat-
1-nkht
yatim,y«j».yatimali|!
walidain -;
nas, sitiff. insan
qarabah
qarib
khadim,
fern, khadimah
saiyid
ukht
jariyah
ibn
khal
amm
armalah
armal
zaujah
imra'ah
shabab
shabb
ka'b
dhira
zahr
Vowd eou7ids : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in co^^
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, j, hard.
BNGlilSH.
beard
Ababio.
PEOmjNOIATION.
lihyah
belly
J-.
batn, pi. butun
blood
r'^
damm
body
bowels
*U^l
jasad
am a
brain
cUj
dimagh
breath
cheek
nafas
khadd, pi. khudud
chest
J^
8adr,j>Z. ?udur
chin
J^
dhaqn, pi. dhuqun
ear
U'^\
udhn, pi. adhan
elbow-
t/
ku', ^Z. akwa'
eye
eyebrows
ain
tajib
eyelash
eyelid
face
rimsh
jifn
wajh
finger
foot
i?ba ,pl. a§abi
rijl, pi. arjul
forehead
hair
hand
Jo
iibln
sha r
yad
left hand
jui
shimal
right hand
ut^^.
yamin
head
heart
ras
qalb
heel
i_^Jic
'aqab
'Vowd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, j, hard.
26
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ekglish.
kidneys
knee
AaiBio.
leg
J^
lip
liver
lungs
^J
molar
U^J-^
moustache
<_j,li
mouth
(^
muscle
Al-ic
nail
J^
navel
.>
neck
Vj
nerve
^-r~^
nose
palm of the hand
- /■
shoulder
, r<
skin
Asr
spine
stomach
»A)e^
temple
cS^
throat
U^
thumh
^[)
tongue
(jUJ
tooth
u-
vein
ijj'
wrist
**3*-»
pBONtTKdAHOA.
kilyah
rukbah, pi. rukab
saq
shiffah
kahid
ri'ah '
dirs ,1
sharib ♦
fam
'adalah
zifr, pi. azafir
purrah
raqabah
asab
anf
kafE
katif, ^Z. aktaf
jild
silsilat-l-zahr
mi dah
sudgh
halq
bahim
lisau
sinn
*irq, ^Z. uriiq ,
mi'snm
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in co'
Dotted comonants, h, d, $, t, ;, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
27
Physical and Mental Powers, Qualities, etc.
ElNQUSB.
Ababio.
Pbonunoiation.
anger
i^..v^^
ghadah
character
Bonfidenoe
Bourage
khulq, pi. akhlaq
thiqah
shaja ah
iesire
iespair
3motions
rughbah
ya's, qunut
infl al nafsani
Bnvy
Juua^
hasad
sxercise
i^\jj
riya^ah
3xperience
»J^
khibrah
learf reverence
lSJ^
taqwah
•oily
'orgetfulness
junun
nisyan
'right
^y^
khauf
joodness
&
salah
;rief
.^
ghamm
latred
(Uiij
bughdah
lonesty
<uU
amanah
lonour
^\J\
ikram
lope
■^j-J^\
amal, raja
Qtelligence
■ ^
fahm
oy
udgment (opinion)
zJ
^h
faruh
rai
ustice
Ja.
'adl
indness ^
^JJ'^
ma ruf
''owd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, af sle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted conaonarUa, h, 4, ?, t, f, hard.
28
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Enqubh.
Ababio.
PBONTOfCIATlON.
laughter
c^
dihk
love
A'.-^
mahahhah
memory
^J\j
dhakirah
mercy
i^*j>-j
rahmah
modesty
J»l&^\
ihtisham
pain
tr^J
■waja'
patience
J^
sabr
piety
J^
tadaiy uu
pleasure
jir
surur
•politeness
<_}j\
adab
pride
^v
kubriya
prudence
ij-*ai.
baslrah
reason
J^
aql
senses, the
^\y^\
al-hawas
feeling, touch
,j^\
al-lams
hearing
«-^«aJl
al-sama
seeing, sight
J^\
al-nazar
smelling, smell
Y^^\
al-shamm
tasting, taste
jj^^
al-dhauq
shame
J-s?-.^.^
'aib, khajal
smile
ibtisam
sneeze
atsah
sorrow
• • ^}^
huzn
soul
^juSJ
nafs
speech
^K
kalam
spirit
c-v
ruh
strength
.^
quwwah
Yowd soMJids .• hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in co'
Dotted consonants, h, dl, 9, t, f, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
2<
ENOLISH.
Ababio,
Pbonunoiation,
stupidity-
«jLc
ghabawah
surprise
Jl&jjl
indhihal
suspicion^
*^
shubhah
thought
J^
fikr
voice
IJUyO
§aut
will
}i^\jS
iradah
wisdom
U^
^likmah
Diseases of the Body.
ague
"^.JJ^
dauriyah
apoplexy
^'
falij
asthma
(_^MAi)' ^J^
diq-l-nafas
biliousness
'\jLe
^afra
blind
^}-
a'ma
bruise
U=J
radcL
burn
. "^-^^
harq
cholera
jaJ\ \ji>
hawa a?far
cold, a
^^-Cj
rashh, nazlah
colic
U^k^
magh?
consumption
:ui
al-sall
contagion
lJJ'^
adwa
cough
JU-
su'al
deaf
c»l
atrash
death
CIJ^
maut
diarrhoea
■JM
ishal
dumb
(J^^l
akhras - -
dysentery
b^lk-:jJ-^-^J
zahir, dusuntariya-
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machTne, put, rule, iilsle ; au =ow in cow<
Doited consonants, h, d, $, t, ?, hard.
30
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ekgush.
faintness
fever
fracture
gout
headache
indigestion
inflammation
illness
jaundice
lame
measles
plague
. smallpox
sore throat
toothache
■wound
apron
boot
button
cap
cloth (cotton)
„ (wool)
coat
collar
collar of coat, etc.
AIUBIO.
PnoiroNciiTioH,
'Ui^
ighma
ijj^
Bukhunah
.^
kasr
>
•
L>"j^
niqris
U^[l tfTi
waja ras
^^\ i^
su'-l-hadm
U^\
iltihab
J=j^
marad
J^J.
yaraqan -
^y'
a'raj
<U,!as..
hiisbah
U>^^
ta un
^J^
jadari
J^-^l er^
waja -1 halq
J)^^ t^j
waja -1-sinn
t:^
jurh, pi. juruhb
Dress.
J^^
maryul
^-"T
jazmah
jj
zirr, pi. ay.tnv
LPi^.>
tarbush
r^
kham
o^
jukh
iZ=^
jubbah
^•v.
yaqah
i.zi
' qabbah
Vowd sounds : hat, father, bit, maqhine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow iu co'
Dotte<t consonant, bi 4. 9. t. ?,, hard..
VOCABULARIES,
31
EHGIiISH.
Aeabio.
PnONUNOIATION.
omb
U.r,
musht
otton
J^ '■
qutun
rawers
JW
sirwal
rock
tjUa^
fustan
loves
, ijs^
kufuf
own
I^Uaij
qaftan
andkerchief
Jj^Xi^
mandTl
at
^iJaJy
' burnaitah
ice
ibJlo
dantellah
!nen
U^ t-jjUj'
tbiyab bT4
lantle
*v
abah
luslin
shash
eedle
■?;^^
ibrah
etticoat
iu^'
tannurah
in
(_/«jj J
dabbus
urse
c/**~
kis
izor
(_/w^^
mus
ng
^•u,
khatim
lissors
w* t*
l^*^
miqa§s
irviette
>
futah
lawl
Jb
sbal
i6ei}
t_i-ii,-i
sbarsbaf
iirt
UJ-kUiX mil <ij,
qamTs
.oe
(jUJIiX*
madas
[k
^^"r
harir
3eve
? • .
kumm
ippers
^.^v
babuj
iwel sQimcls ,' hat, father, bit, machTne, put, rule, aisle; au = ow incowi
Polled wnsonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard.
32
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Enoxjbh.
Ababic.
Pboitonciation. .
Goap
t^^U
§abun
spectacles
^^^^\ ij^
nazzarat-1- uyun
sponge
JliSSlXjiMi
safinjah
stockings
cuVlr"
sharabat
suit of clothes
ttSjj
badlah
thimble
j.*LJ*JJW.J
kushtubaa
thread
J>
ghazl
trousers (Arab)
JW-
shirwal
„ (pair of)
li^jlkj
bantalun
umbrella
iluj^^
shamsiyah
veil
. t^>
burqu'
waistcoat
^j'^
sadriyah
watch
<U:Lj
sa'ah
House and Furniture.
basin
basket
bath
bed
bedstead
bell
blanket
bottle
broom
brush
candle
candlestick
<a-:
sallah
r^
hammam
L^
firash
Li-cs?
takht
u^j=r .
jaras
r>- '
hiram
*i-TJi
qanninah
^maJ^X^
miknasah
it^i
furshah
Ajt^^
sham ah
^Jj>M^
sham adan
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au =ow in cot
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard-
VOCABULARIES.
33
Ehoush.
carpet
„ (large)
Ahabio.
Peonunciation.
sujjadah
bisat
chair
chest of drawers
kursi
jarur
chimney
ijj>~<i^
madkhanali
cupboard
ij\y!^
khazanah
curtain
ijh^
sitarah
cushion
xl^
mikhaddah
door
^V
bab
floor
furniture
ardiyah
athath
garden
^VXmjJ
bustan
holy well (at Mekka')
C-J^j
zamzam
house
bait
house to let
key
bait-lil-ijar
kuz
miftah
kitchen '
matbakh
landlord
mu'ajjir
Lease
jW
Tjar
look
d^
qifl
looking-glass
• ''V.lr*
mirayah
nat
^ji:^
IjasTrah
natches
'■^^
kibrit
nattress
i^V),
tarrahah
jail
Jk-
satl
)ictiire
>!!ji,y^
taswirah
[Towel sounds : hat, f athe
Dotted
r, bit, machine, put, rule
consonants, h, d, §, t, ?, 1
, aisle; au = ow in cow
lard.
Aralic Self-Taught
c
34
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English.
quilt
roof
room
sofa
stable
staircase
table
tenant
towel
-wall
wardrobe
water-closet
well
window
Ababic.
PBONnNCHATION.
cJU
lihaf
l_J«-J
saqf
i^j\
audah.
uV'^
diwan
JJ^l
istabl
-^J^
daraj
/>
sufrah
j>- bju*^
musta'jir
>••
bashlcir
k,_u
hayit
UJ Jj^ri-
khazanat thiyab
rV"^
mustarah
^
bir
c/l::^
slmbbak
Food, Drink, and Smoking.
(For Conversations, see p. 116.)
appetite
il^
shaliiyah*
beef
J^ (^
lahm baqar
beer
>■■•
bii^a
biscuills
tU-o^
buqsumat
bouillon, brotb
r^^>
maraqat lahm
brandy
cl/l,-,<
kunyak
bread
j^
khubz
breakfast
j^
fatur
butter
i-AjJ
zibdah
cake
L!iU^
kak
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
35
Ehqush,
ABA3IC.
Peondnoiation.
cheese
A: .-►
jibnah
chicken
t/
farkh
chocolate
<)Jlj(j-i>
shukulatah
coffee
*j«^
qahwah
cooked
t^
matbukh
cream
<tlaAJ(
q9,shtah
dessert
JiU
nuql
dinner
\sl.
ghada
dish
^^^
sahn kabir
egg
iUL*i
baidah
eggs (boiled)
cr-"^ u^^
baid masluq
„ (fried)
J^ l^^:'
baid maqli
fat
U^'^'
dihn
fish
CS-*^
samak
flour
■^
tahin
food
CLiy
qut
fork
i6y^
shaukah
glass of water
^UL15
kubbayflt ma
glass of wine
A--J _JJ
qadah nabidh
honey
"■j^
'asal
hunger
,. ^^
j^i'
ice
^_jj^
jalid, thalj
jam
^-{^
murabba
knife
A\ X^
sikkinah
lamb
'-'-lA r^
lahm khariif
lemonade
ij^,j
lamunaduh
liquor
jy
arak
Vqwd S9unds : hat,, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, z, bard.
C2
36
ARABIC SELl=^-TAUGHT.
Engubh.
Ababio.
Pbonunoiatios.
meat
A
lahm
„ (roast)
j^rj
labm masluq
„ (boiled)
^j/L^ *^
lahm mashwi
milk
, ,.\-.
halib
sour milk
' ^
laban
moTitliful, a
<uii!
luqmah
mustard
Jj^
khardal
mutton
^^
lahm ghanam
napkin
.slsji
futah
oil
^J
zait
omelet
U^. ^
'ijjat baid
pepper
JiiJ
filfil
pie
iJi^J^.^\ij
riqaq.fatTrmahsbu
plate
<
sahn
pork
J.j^ H
lahm khanzir
salad
lidaLj
salatah
salt
t
milh
sauce
^y.
maraqai
smoking
cr^=^'^'
tadkhm
cigar or \
^liL-j
sikarah
cigarette J
pipe
UJr?i^
ghalyun
tobacco
i^Uj_ ^;
tabagh, dukhkhan
tobacco pouch
(jlsLj ^/*(^
kis dukhkhan
soup
^.jy^
shauraba
spoon
.Xaiic^
ma la'qah
sugar
>
sukkar .
Vmud sov/nda : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = OW in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, §, t, ?, iiard.
VOCABULARIES.
37
Enqush.
Arabic.
Pkonunoiation.
sugar and water
j.i^ '\y4
ma stikkar
supper
l.rr
asha
sweets
LZJ^^
halawiyat
tea
^li
shai
thirst
JA2^
'atash
tongue
(^uJ
lisan
veal
J-^(^
lahm 'ijl
vinegar
khall
■water
>u.
ma
wine
Vegetables.
nabidh
artichoke
^r^^
khai-shuf
asparagus
UJ^
halyun
barley
A
sha'lr
beans
_Jy
ful
cabbage
<_J^jAL»
malfuf
caper
qabbar
carrot
jj^ "
jazar
cauliflower
"^j
qarnabit
celery
^j
karafs
cinnamon
^j
qirfah
corn
Ji _ t_>,.^
hubub, ghallah
cress
.1 A
rashad
cucumbers
M
khiyar
flour
^
tahin
garlic
ry
. tum
Vowel sounds : hat, fath
ST, bib, machine, pat, rul
e, aisle; au =ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d,'§, t, ?, hard.
38 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Snqush,
Ababio.
Proitdnciatioh,
gourd
V'
qar
«
* * «w
hashish
grES3
hay
UJ3-i)U [J»^-^>~
hashish- nashif
herb
"^.
baql
leek
c.\^
kurrat
lentils
(_/wA£
adas
lettuce
J^-
khass
maize
Hjii
dhurah
mushroom
>
futr
oats
r^j^
hurtum
oiives
UJ^J
zaitun
onion
J^
basal
parsley
fjjjJjiiM
baqdunis —
peas
L,-=^^ - '>^ji
bizillah, hummus
potatoes
'itlL.
batata
radishes
J^
fljl
rice
JJ
ruzz
spinach
^L-:
sabanikh
straw
^jmJ
qashsh
tomatoes
!ljj^^
bandurah
turnip
l::^
lift
vegetables
Hj.'As-
khudiah
Fruits.
a.
almonds
J
lauz
apples
Z^
tuffah
apricots
JU^
mishmish
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bib, machine, put, rule, aisle; au=ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, ?, t, ?, Iiard.
VOGABULARIES.
39
BlNOIilSH,
Arabic.
PnONUNOlAIION.
lerries
\^\ji
qarajya
lestnuts
Av:...<
kastanah
irrants
^J^1^0>^
inab-l-tha lab
atcs
■ ,>
balah
gs
'uits
tin
fawakih
ooseberries
^j^J^j^
tliamar ifranji
rapes
t_^£
inab
imori«
UJ^
laimiin
ledlars
lelons
lulberries
za rur
battilcb
tut
uts
C'^.
bunduq
ranges
4. iJ^^J
burdaqan
eaohes
tears
durraq
inja?
ilums
O^^
khaukh
lomegranates
Jc*j
riiminaii
aisins
^L^^j
zabib
aspborries
^i-Wl .AJ
tbamar-l-'uUaiq
trawberries
V
faraulab
ralnuts
Jj^
jauz
lath
iridge
luilding
Town, Country, and Agriculture.
*u=-
hammam
^^
jisr
J^'.
bunyan
''(mel Bounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, §, t, ?, hard.
40 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English.
Aeabio.
PBONTOIOIATrOH.
cemetery-
v^
maqharah
church
<u^
kanlsah
citadel
^rVi
qal ah
coffee-house
»J«^
qahwah
consulate
y'LjjJy
qtinslatu
court of justice
iALsr-
mahkamah
courtyard
Lpr-
haush
custom-house
C^Cl l:^..
hait-l-kumruk
desert
barriyah
emhassy
isjdi-:
safarah
farm
^jj^
mazra ah
farmer
fallah
fence
^^
siyaj
flock
t^^
qati'
fountain, spring
J"^
hand
gate
Julj'j
hauwabah "
harvest
.^U^
ha sad
horse fair
^\^\ J,.
suq-1-khail
hospital
Jl^
sbital
hotel
^jJl<j!
lukandah
lahouror
Jxli
fa'il
lane
o^j
zuqaq
library
ij[sx^
kutubkhanah
manure
^J
zibl
market
Jv'-
suq
fish-market
CS^\ J.~!
suq-1-samak
meadow
->■"
marj
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, maehine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consoTiants, h, d, s, t, ?, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
41
Bngubh.
, A31ABI0.
PllOin3NOIA.TI01I.
J-
mil"
iJjsJio
tahunah
[ue
t-W
jami'
36
j^ _ <U^
sarayah, qasr
are
^-r*
mar a
gh
Cj\jjs:.*
mihrath
;e-office
A-}ns\-^
zabtiyah
I
9-
birkah
-office
^U..ip\ J-srr*
raahall-1-bostah
on
'-C^
habs
Qenade
<l&jj Js^
mahall nuzhah
rter (of town)
't
harah
,vay
JOjis- <ii-j
sikkat hadid
r
>
nahr
[
J^.> .
'tariq
>ol
<LjjiX«
madrasah
Jj^
bizr
i
<t<J;»-
hiizmah
ip fair
pAll jj^-.
suq-1-ghanam
jlierd
C^b
ra'i
)
U^O
dukkan
Qg
ti^
ain
ire
^ ^^li^i^.^
midan
ion
i^s^
mahat ah.
et
0^
shari'
irn
«^U^
khammarah
er
^^
burj
el sounds : hafi, father, bit, machine, put, rul
B, aisle; au = owincow.
42
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ENQMBH.
Ababio.
PBONtmOIATIQN.
town
i^jS^
madinah
valley
^^^J
wadi
village
^J
karyah
wood, forest
Jb-
hursh
Professions and Trades.
ambassador
^
safir
architect
jji«i>i^
muhandis
auctioneer
JL
dallal
baker
jl:^
khabbaz -
barber
jM^
hallaq
blacksmith
o\j^
haddad
bookbinder
(_^ j>r.«r«
mujaUid kuth
bookseller
^
kutbl
carpenter
J^
najjar
chemist
^i^
kimawi
clergyman
qassTs
clerk
u^j-l^
katib
coachman
L5?0-
arbaji
consul
(J-3iJ
qunsul
contractor
JjUU
muqawil
doctor
^^^_^J.
tabib, lakim
dragoman
u^y
turjnman
goldsmith
4_)l«9
sayigh
governor
/u
hakim
grocer
J^
baqqal
groom
i_Sj\^ - u^.
sayis, mukari
Yowd souiida : hat, f ath
er, bit, machine, put, ru!
e, aisle; au = owin
DoUe(
i consonants, h, d, 9, t, ?,
hard.
VOCABULARIES.
4
Enqlish.
Ababio.
PBONTraOIATION.
guide
cM'i
dalll
interpreter
U^J
turjuman
jeweller
kJ^J'S^
jawahirji
judge
^^
qadi
laundress
i\\:.r
ghassalah
lawyer
^l^
muhami
locksmith
JUi
qafPal .
meroliant
J^^
tajir
midwife
itlj
dayah
missionary
J-»r*
mursal
monk
s-^L*
rahib
nun
<u&|^
rahibah
nurse
AtiZ4.^
mumarridah
oculist
UiHr^ (»r^
hakim 'uyun
officer
Izjlb
zabit
painter
Ji-^
musanwir
pharmacist
J^^
?aidali
policeman
U^ii
holis
porter
JU^
hammal
postman
J^Ji-
hostaji
postmaster
iL^jJ] JJj
wakil-1 bostah
preacher
]^\j
wa'iz
printer
ei:t'
tabba
professor
3\:^\
ustadh
sailor
^^
bahri
scholar
ji-s-^Jj
tilmidh
sculptor
^U;
naqqash
Vowel sounds : hat, fathej
", bit, machine, put, rule
aisle ; an = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, 4) $> t, ?, hard.
44
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ENGIilSH.
Bervant
slioeniaker
soldier
surgeon
tailor
teacher
watclimaker
watchman
Akabio.
Pronunciation
1 JU-;
khaddam
sakkaf
^^-^
'askari *
'^>r
jarrah
. 1=^
khaiyat
mu'allim
sa ati
^
ghafir
Countries, Cities, and Nations.
Aleppo
fc..^).»-
halab
Alexandria
io ,S'^L^]
iskandariyah
America
J"
amirika
Arab, an
^■J^
'arabi, ^Z. urban
Arabia
OJ^^
'arabistan
Armenian, an
J^}
armani
Asia
'LJ
asiya
Austria
U^Jl
al-namsa
Austrian, an
^.Utt^j
narasawi
Cairo
"*^jbun
al-qahirab
China
^.Ji
al-sin
Constantinople
,j^,^4
istambul
Damascus
..A L
dimashq
Egypt
j^.
misr
Egyptian, an
s//^'*
misri
England
j-iiOSl jL
bilad-1-ingliz
Englishman
^c;^LOl
inglizi
V(»Kd sounds : hab> father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au =0W in cow.
Doited consonwnis, h, d, 9, t, ^, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
45
ENGXiIBB.
Europe
France
Frenchman
German, a
Germany
Greece
Greek, a
India
Italian, an
Italy
Jerusalem
Jew
Jordan, the
London
Paris
Persia
Persian, a
Eome
Russia
Russian, a
Smyrna
Spain
Spaniard
Syria
Turk
Turkey
Venice
AB^13I0.
PBONUNCLS.TION.
^Jj]
urohha
\MJ\ji
faransa
^J^'J
faransawi
J\^\
almani
l-JUll
almaniya
^,J\ .h
bilad-1-rum
.^« I
riimi
1^ -^J
AVjll
al-hind
o^y^
Italiyani
' O^il
Italiya"
(jwJki:!!
al-kuds
v^-!^.
yahudi, pi, yahud
^^Ji\
al- urdun
\j^-^
londra
L/-i;V
baris
^^\ jh
bilad-1- ajam>
\/^"
ajami
^t^V
rumiyah
)^Lm^\ tSh
bilad-l-maskob
^.f-^
maskobi
jr.-^j\
izmir
LJL-.1
isbaniya
J.•:^^M
isbaniyoli
" %3-
suriya
JJ
turki
c^r'jL
bilad-14urk
4>'^.
bunduqiyah ^
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au^ow in cow.
Sotted consonants, h, d, $, t, 7, liard.
45
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Enomsh.
arrival
bridle
camel
,, driver
„ saddle
caravan
carpet
carriage
donkey
donkey- driver
excursion
expenses
fowling-piece
girth
halter
highway
horsa
horseshoe
luggage
money
to change money
mule
muleteer
Napoleon (20 fr.piece)
package
Travelling.
Arabic.
J
>J
J
^'^^V
PEONtTKOIATlON.
wusul
lijam
ibl, jamal
jammal
rahl
qafilah
bisat
arabiyah
himar
hammar
siyaha qasiiah
masruf
barudah
hizam, zunnar
rasan
al-darb-1-sultani
hisan, faras
hidha
'afsh
darahim
sarf darahim
baghl
mukari
iTrah f aransawlyah
huzmah
Vowd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = OW in cow.
Dotted consoiiants, h, d, 9, t, z, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
47
EHaiiiBH.
Ababio.
Peonunoiation.
passport
CIJ^^.O _ i^ki
tadhkara, bazabort
pistol
^.^ii
tabanjah
pound (£1)
i.1y\i)\ ijl
lirah inglizTyah
pound (Turkish)
^;l/«i£ *,J
llrah 'uthmaniyah
rope
J.^
habl
saddle
-^^
sarj
spur
jU^
mihmaz
stirrup
^%
rikab
strap
J^
sair
tent
i^-.'i.
khaimah
ticket
^^jj
tadhkara
tourist
€^
sayi^, pi. sly ah
travel
j^
safar
traveller
>
musafir
wages
^.■^^
ujrah
water-bottle
^j ■
qirbah
water-jar
ji/
ibriq
whip
(
Writing.
For CoiiTersatioiis, see p. 118/
kurbaj
address
J\y^
'in wan
blotting-paper
^\L jj^j
waraq nashshaf
book
L^\A
kitab
compass
,\L,
bikar
date
■ ^'
tarikh
dictionary
(jw«.^U
qamus
Vowel sounds ; hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = OW in cow.
Dotted consoiumts, h, d, 9, t, ^, hard.
48
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Enqush.
ABABIO.
envelope
-^Jj
index (of a book)
<U^^
ink
jt^
inkstand
iUljJ
letter
<_j>»:ix^
manuscript
ul^\^
paper
OJi
sheet of paper
cj} ty
pen
i.jMjj _ A J
pencil
,^^(JJi
penknife
^^-
postage stamp
iA^j j^,j
registered (letter)
/r^'
ruler
ilxui^
seal
r=^
sealing-wax
j^]^^
signature
'Li^l
writing
<ij'o^
Pbontjnoiation
zarf
fahrasah
hibr
dawayah
maktub
kitab khat
waraq
farkh waraq
qalam, rishah
qalam rusas
sikkln
waraq damgha
musaukar
mastarab
kbatm
sbam' ahmar
imda
kitabah
black
blue
brown
ciirason
dark
green
Colours.
(For Shopping, see p. ^O.J
J
aswad
JJ^
azraq
,^1
asmar
^y*?
qirmizi
^^U _ |,jU
qatim, gbamigl
.^\
akbdar
Vovid sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = OW in cow.
Dotted cotisonants, h, d, $, t, ;, hard.
VOCABULARIES. ■
49
ENQUSH.
Ababio.
PBONUNCHiTION.
greenish
^jI-^^
khadrawi
grey-
^A^j _l_^^t
ashhab, ramadi
indigo
<d->j
nilah
liglit
^U
fatih
orange
■J'^-y.
burtuqani
pale
ei-^aij
bahit
pink
l—fl-^isi- ^^Ji
"■ wardi khaflf
purple
cr'W
urjuwani
red
V^r
ahmar
scarlet
s^j-V
qirmizi
sky-blue
(.f.U-j
samawi
violet
banafsaji
white
u^^
. abyad
yello-w
.LA
asfar
yellowish
~,k,^^
musfarr
Religious Terms.
angel
cSh,
malak
apostle
Jj-:;
rasul
baptism
Aj J)<*X.^
ma'mudiyah
believer
cr-i-*
mu'min "
Bible
i'l^j
Tauiah
bishop
t^Kk^
mutran
Christian
Masihi, Nusrani
church
"^„,-,<
kanisah
clergyman
tJM-ikM^S
qassis
Creator
jK^
Khaliq
Vowel sounds : hatj f ath
- Dottu
er, bit, mslfchTne, put, rui
i coriaonaiUs, h, d, s, t, ?,
e, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
hard.
AraiioSeV-Taviht
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ElIQUSH,
Aeabio.
PBONUNCIiTIOS.
levil
a^-
shaitan
'aith
^U\
iman
'orgiveness
J^M
ghufran
lod
^3!i\
Allah
;ospel
J^^
injil
deaven
U-:
sama
liell
r^-
jahannam
Tesus Christ
^^^1 ^.*uj
Tasu el-Maslh
judgment
<oyjj
dainunah
Mohammedan
I^LuA^
Muslim
paradise
U^J'^/
firdaus
prayer
,1.
salah
religion
^'■:.^
din
repentance
taubah
salvation
a=^->i^
khala?
Saviour
u^^
Mukhallis
spirit
Adjectives.
ruh
able (capable)
,c\>
qadir
amiable
i >y,Si*
mahbiib
angry , Xf Jl
uWi
ghadban
ashamed^'*^
u'^
thajlan
astonished
muthaiyir
bad
Sr'-J^
radi
barbarous
H^^^^
barbari
beautiful
j;^^-
jamil
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, maohine, put, rule, aisle j au = ow in cow.
PQtted consonants, h, d, ?, t, ?, har(|.
VOCABULARIES.
51
Enolish, ^
Arabio.
PbonunciXtioh.
beloved
y-j^
aziz
better
iiT*^^
ahsan
bitter
i-"
murr
blind
(j^l
a ma
blunt (not sharp)
t>^-V^
ghair madi — '
blunt (in manner)
( — -JlJl ^~^
khashin-1-janib
bold
jy"^
jasur
brave
^
shuja
bright, polished
^^
lami'
broad ' - ■
<A.j^
arid
busy
,1 ^X.tM.^
mashghul
careful
ds^U^
muntabih
careless
JiU
ghafil
certain, sure
,v.<\
akid
cheap
L^=^^
rakhis __
clean
waJaJ
nazif
clear
J"-
safi
clever «
>Li
shatir
cold
L>^b
barid
comfortable
cV
murtah
costly, dear
J^l
ghali
damp
1 — -^J
ratib
dangerous
>^_
mukhtir
dark
r^
mu tim
deaf
L^>1
atrash
dear
i_-.^:^
habib
deceitful
ui^^^
ghashshash
Vm»d sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, !i, hard.
D2
52 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Bnoubh.
Ababic.
Pkonunciation.
deep
Ja.'»i _ ^J^^^
'amlq, ghawlt
delightful
._ "^^ -^
bahij, mufarrih
difierent
1 6\-.^
mukhtalif
difficult
i_^o»^
sa'b
dirty
n
wasikh
disagreeable
stjL-t
makruh
discreet
'r^ y^
dhu tamyiz
dry
^■^^\ - i—iilj
nashif, yabis
dull, stupid
jJ.j
balid
dusty
nmghabbar
early
h- .
mubakkir
easy
u>
haiyin
eldest
->-^\.
al-kabir
empty
^t>
farigh
every
S^\j J
kuU wahid
faithful
■ ^'
amin
false
l^jU^
kadhib
fashionable
.^U ^^^^
hasab-1-adah
fat
^ir^^
samin
iew
J,li
qalU
filthy
^j
danis
fine (not coarse)
^13
na im
fit
d^l*^
muwafiq
flat
W.,..v,
munbasit
foolish
>l^
jahil
fortunate
A,*-:
sa id
free
>
huir
. Vowd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au =ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, §, t, z, liard.
VOCABULARIES,
5
English.
Anjtsia.
PBONtTNOIATION.
frequent
.>-
mutakarrar
fresh
SJ'Xs^
jadid
friendly
mu?adiq
full
ul^
malan
gay
r>
fari^
generous
r^J
karim
glad
u^/
faihan
good
— ;?5'
taiyib
great
j^ _ * -lie
'azim, kahir
guilty-
r>-^
mujrim
happy
i^X-^
sa id
hard (cruel)
^li
qasi
hard (dry)
U^ik
yabis
healthy
^\^
mut'afi
heavy
- , ..1
thaqil
high
J^
'ali
honest
joU
sadiq
hot
^->-
harr, sukhun
hungry
J^)=r
]'u an
ill (sick)
uky* - u^l~
aiyan, marid
impertinent
h
waqih
important
(^
muhimm
interesting
J><i,«
mufid
just
JoU
'adil
kind
. ^,w
latif
large
.:^^
kablr
last
r^^l
al-akhir
Vowd sounds : hat, fath(
vc, bitv maahiusiPUt, riil
e, aisle ; au= ow in. co-h
Dotted conaonante, h, d, ^,. t, ^, hacd.
64
late
lazy-
lean
least
less
light (bright)
light (not heavy)
little (small)
long
loose (not tight)
loose (unbound)
loud (shrill)
low
mad
many-
merry
narrow-
natural
new
nice
old
old man
open
patient
pleasant (ma-n^
polite
poor
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT,
A.EABIO.
3i\
PBOIfONOIATIOU.
mut-akhkijJr
kaslan
nahif
al-aqal3
aqall
naiyir
khafif
saghir
tawil
rakhu
mahlul
'ali
wati
majnun
kathirta
farhan
daiyiq
tabi i
jadld
zarif
qadim
shaikh
maftuh
§abur
anis
adib
maskln, faqir
Voivd eounda : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = o-w in covr.
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ^, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
55
Enolibh.
Ababio.
Pbonunoiation.
possible
u^^
mumkin
pretty-
■ i^
malTh
private
^3"=^
khususi
probable
J*Ccsr»
muhtamal
proud
p^
mutakabbir
rash
^ ^ d^
ajul
ready-
-.oW-
hadir
rich.
J^
ghani
right and left
SUuiy U-^
yamman -washimalan
right (correct)
^
§atih
ripe
^i"^
mustawi
round
mudauwar
rude
<_jj1L
bila adab^
sacred
(juuJLSi^
muqaddas
sad
^■j^
^azin
safe
cr*'
amia
shady
Jlli^
muzallal
sharp (knife)
au
hadd
short
^ ■
qasTr
silent *•
LU-^Lj
sakit
simple
i;.,„.
basit
slow
'J=^
bati'
Bmooth
(./^
malis
Bftft
r^
na im
sore
t=r^-
muji
sound
^L
salim
sour
,_^U-
hamid
Vmcel sounds: hat, father, bit, maoMne, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, ^, t, il, hard.
56
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English,
Ababic.
PnounuoiATiON.
square
t^^
murabba
straight
mustaqlm
r- ""*
strange
^-r^-j^
gharib
strong
^i^
qawi
sufficient
J^
kafi
sweet
hulu
tall
J^..^
tawll
thick
^
takhin
thin
di^j
raqiq
thirsty-
Jz^
atshau
tipsy
ul-^
sakran
tired
I^Lrj
ta ban
true
haqq
an grateful
.^
kanud
unintelligible
^i^JI^
ghair mafhum
unlucky
\J"^
nahs
useful
jJl:
nafi.'
usual
^oL^l
i'tiyadi
valuable
^
tliumin
various
tr^
mfltanauwi'
■warm
cr^
sukhun
■weak
da'lf
well
, -\.
taiyib
wet
JA-
mablul
wicked **
. J.r'
sharrir
wide
t-b
wasi
wild
s*'"-
barri
Vowd sounds : hat, father, bit, maoliine, put, rule, aisle ; au = o w in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, dj §, t, ?, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
TSsamsm
&BABIO.
Pbondmomtios
willing
^h
radi
wise
^
Ijakim
worse
\0j\
arda
wrong
Wr
ghaliit
young
ff^itjf
saghir
ST
Verbs.'
abandon
accept
admire
agree to
allow
alter
answer"
appear
arrive
ask
assist
avoid
awake
bathe (.trans.)
bathe (.intram.)
beat
become
^
■La
tarak
qabil, imp. iqbal
ta ajjab
ittafaq ala
adhih, samah
gh'aiyar, imp.
jawab [ghaiyir
zahar
wasal
sa'al, imp. is'al
sa ad
ijtanab, imp.
saha [ijtanib
hammam
tahammam
darab, imp. idrib
§ar
' In giammaiia aud dictionaricis the 3id masc. sing, past indie, is given as
the root- form .of the Arahio Terh, and the same plan is followed here.
' Literally 'he. abandoned ', ' he accepted ', and so forth.
Vowd aouvds : hat, father, bit, maohjne, put, rule, aisle ; au =ow in cow.
Sotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, f, hard.
68
ENSIilSH.
begin
believe
bind (to tie)
bite
boil {trans.)
boil {intrans.)
borrow
break
break to pieces
bring
bnild
bnrn
bury
buy
call
carry
catcb
change
cbange money
cheat
choose
clean
climb
come
come in
consent
consult
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Akabio.
^}
*• *
IB W
PEOinniOIATION.
ibtada
gaddaq
rabat, imjp- urbut
add
inghala
iqtarad
kasar
kassar
jab, imp. jib
bana
haraq[
dafan
ishtara
nada
hamal
masak
ghaiyar
saraf
ghashsh
ikhtar
nazzaf
tasallaq
ja'a
dakhal
qabil
shawar
Yomd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine put rule aisle ; au =ow in cow,
Potted ccmsonants, h, d, ?, t, ?, tiara.
VOCABULARIES.
59
ENQIilSH.
Ababio.
Pbohunoiation.
ionvey
J^
naqal
jook
^t
tabakh
sough
Jj5~S
sa al
jount
v^.*^ _ S.S:
add, hasab
jry
J^.-tr'
^arakh, baka
cut
^
qata
Sance
U^J
raqa?
Seoeive
ciXi-
khada
decide
rr
hatam
deliver
^
sallam
deny
%\
ankar
dislike
4
karih
dismiss, drive out
Oj.
tarad
dream
h
halam
dress
U*^
labas
^rink
^^
sharib
eat
d^\
akal, imp. kul
examine
u^
fahas
excavate
J^ ,
ha far
exceed
'b
zad
exchange
j.>b
badal
excuse
j^
adhar
explain
f^i
waddah
feed
^\
at am
feel
bass
fetch
c^Ur
jab, imip. jib
find
•wajad
Vowd sounds : hat, .father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = OW in cow.
JDotted consonants, h, d, i;, t, ?, Jiard.
6a
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Bngltsh.
AbabIc.
PBONTOlciiaaoN.
forget
L^
nasa
get in
Jr^J
dakhal
„ off
J^\
intalaq
„ out
^>
kharaj
„ up
r^
qam
give
J-^
a'ta
go
^j
lira
„ (on foot)
^^6
rah mashi
,, (on horseback)
. -^b 6
rah rakib
govern, rule
r^
hakam
graze
LSti
ra a
grease
u^^^
dahan
hand
J..^
nawal
hang (trans.)
J^
allaq
hang(ongallows)(fo"s.
c?— '
shanaq
•
happen
^1^
hasal
hear
J_^
sama
help
iXcL:
sa'ad
hide
LS^
khabba
hire
A^
ajjar
hurry
^^\
ista'jal
jump
L
natt
kill
o^
qatal
kiss
j;i - u-U
has, qabbal
knock
J^
daqq
know-
H/=
'araf
laugh
ci<:^
4ahik
YqwiI 80V/nda: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = owinco'
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hardF .
VOCABULARIES.
61
ENQIiIBH.
leap
learn
lend
let alone
lie down
look
make
meet
mend
mention
mix
move (trans.)
move {intrans )
obey
object
oblige (favour^
obtain
offend
offer
omit
open (trans.)
open (inirans.)
oppose
order
paek
pay
perspire
Ababic.
t'
CJ:sr
A'X!
Peoncnoiation.
natt
ta allam
aqrad
khalla
raqad, nam
shaf, nazar
a mil
sallah
dhakar
' khalat
harrak
taharrak
ata
i tarad
amil ma ruf
nal
agbdab
qaddam
tarak
fatah
infatah
qawam
amar
hazam
dafa
t . -
ariq
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted eonsoncmis, h, d, §, t, ?, hard.
62
Ensush,
play
pour
prepare
prevent
proceed
promise
pronounce
prosper
pull
pusli
put
rains (it)
raise
read
receive
reckon
recommend
refuse
reign
rejoice
relate
remain
remember
remind
repair
repay
repeat
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ABABIO. PBOKDHOIATIOli
C^
J
t
la ib
sabb
haddar
mana
taqaddam
wa ad
lafaz
najah
jarr
dafa
hatt
tamtur
rafa
qara
istalam
hasib
wagsa ala
rafad
malak
farih
haddatb
baqi
tadhakkar
dhakkar
rammam, §
aufa
karrar
Vowel eounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = owi;
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ^, hard.
VOCABULARIES.
63
EtiaiiisH,
Ababio.
PnONUNOlATION.
reply-
< 'jU-
jawab
rest
'^y^\
istara^
return {trms.)
^J^
<.arja'
return (inirans.)
::frj
raja'
ride
^J
rakib
ring (bell)
3^
daqq
rise
r^
qam
riib
^y
farak
run
U^J
rakad
. run away
^jl.
harab
save
t^.£J-
khallas
say
Jl^
qal
see
(_jli.
shaf
seize
CSj'j-^
•
masak
select
^....JsxA
intakhab
sell
b
ba'
send
d^}
arsal
send back
, W
rajja'
sew
. ,W:^
khaiyat
share
cSp
sharak
shave
d^
halaq
shoot
qauwas
shut
i-j
sadd
sing
ghanna
sit
Sxi
qa'ad
sleep
' r^
1
nam
smell
» A
r
shamm
Vowel aounda: hat, fath
Dotte
er, bit, machine, put, rul
d comonanta, h, d, $, t, ?,
e, aisle ; au =0W in cow.
hard.
ei
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Engmbh.
Arabic.
PBONnNOIAaHOH,
smoke
J^^
dakhkhan
sneeze
w^
'atas
speak
^
takallam
spend
^^
saraf
spoil (corrupt)
U^\
atlaf
spoil (rob)
s-^
nahab
stand
l-jjj
waqaf
starve
i}4^ ^ ^^
mat m.in-1-ju
stay
ciX.
makath
steal
Jr-
saraq
stop (trans.)
^}
waqqaf
stop (intrans.)
^Jij
waqaf
study
U"j'^
daras
suffer
r^
ta'allam
suggest
jj,\
ashar
swallow
^
bala
s-wear
L^U.
halaf
swim
^"J
sabah
take
A-^l
akhadh
take care
^^
i'tana
taste
S^
dhaq
teach
&
allam
tear
or*
mazzaq
tell
Jli
qal
thank
Jj.
shakar
think
^\
iftakar
throw away
ur*^
ram a
Vowel sound i: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = owiti
Potted comonants, h, ^, §, t, z, hard.
ENSI/ISH,
translate
travel
tread
try
tui* round
understand
use
wait
walk
want
warm
warn
wash
waste (lavish)
watch
water
wear (^ut on)
weigH
wet
whip
whisper
whistle
win
wipe
wish
work
worship
WV^HESUUAmtS.
Arabic.
Peonunoiation.
tar jam
safar
(jA/lj
das
jarrab
,\.
dar
fahim
ista mal
J^
sabar
mash a
ihtaj
sakhkhan
nabbah
^JOM^
ghassal
asraf
sahir
t
saqa
labis
wazan
ball
jJ^
jalad
washwash
?affar
rabih
masah
%\
arad
,^x^\
ishtaghal
s^
'abad
65
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, cl, s, t, ?, liard.
Arable Self- Tmght B
66
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Fnghsh.
wound
wrap
write
yawn
yield (produce)
yield (surrender)
PBOHUNOCLTiON
jarah
laff
katab
tathawab
antaj
kbada
Vowel sounds : hat, fatlier, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in coi
Dotted consonants, h, d, s, t, z, hard.
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OUTLINE OF GEAMMAE.
Arabic grammar treats of —
Etymology, i__J»>i2ll al-sarf, the soienoe of the formation of words, and
Syntax, ./srul al-nahu, the seienoe of the formation of sentences.
The Arabs have only three parts of speech —
I, i^y^ al-ism, the tioun.
II.» (JjtsJl al-fl 1, the verb.
III. (_J.^1 al-harf, the particle.
The noun. ' includes the following seven forms : —
1. •i,Ji\ al-ism, the noun or substantive.
1. .*^,«flJl al-damir, the personal pronoun.
3. j.lill *»j) istn-1-isharah, the demonstrative pronoun.
4. ijy^y^W *^11 al-ism-1-mausul, the relative pronoun.
5. *\.^ii-j^^ .*-j^ ism-1-istifham, the interrogative pronoun.
6. *i«a!i *>jl.ism-l-§ifah, the adjective,
7< t)^l *.ol ism-l-'adad, the numeral adjective.
I. THE NOUN.
The Arabs classify nouns as follows : —
[a) A-»l:»- t,J\ ism jamid, primitive noun.
(i) ^yJij.-* t,.J\ ism musEtaqq, derived noun (from verbs or nouns).
("«) JJ-s.'* *-)! ism mujarrad, noun of root-letters only,
{d) •^^'f* *~j1 ism mazid, noun which is augmented by one or more
letters, servile * or auxilictry.
(«) Ail *-ii ism 'alam, proper noun, to which the article Jl al is
never prefixed^
' See page 76.
68 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
(/) ij'^s>- *-sl ism jins, vommon noun, whicli may be eifher —
J^ a-jI ism ain, noun denoting concrete object, or
,X!e « *-j1 ism ma na, noun denoting an abstract idea.
Primitive Noun.
A primitive noun, whicli is always a substantive, is one w
has a pure root-form and is not derived from any verbal roo'
Js»- ■ rajul, man, i5>^» « musa, ra%or, J.^ -a-j safp/jal, quince.
Derivative Noun.
A derivative noun is one which is constructed from a verb
noun-root by the addition of one or more of the ten servile letti
as jX-^ Islam from *Lj salima (A« is free from defect), and ma;
either substantive .or adjective. There are fourteen derive
nouns —
1. jiX«3.4Jl Mui\ ism-1-masdar, noun of action or infinitive, as (_
darb, strildng, from iLj'^ daraba, he siruch ; <>■! ili suhii
ease, from iJf^S: sahula, to be at ease; jIajCUjI istighfar, as
forgiveness, from^,iAx»:i istaghfara, he ashed forgiveness.
2. JiUIl ^\ ism-l-fa 11, noun of agent or active participh
'—jj^ darib, one who beats, from iJi/.<s daraba, he beat.
3. J^*i^i *^1 ism-1-maf'ul, noun of object or pasBiTe partiei
as L_J^)-a^ madrub, one who is beaten.
4. i^Ujji^ (_^LC^I »«j) ism-1-makan wal-zaman, noun of place
time, as t_-,«i^ mal'ab, place or time of play, from ,_
la iba, he played.
3. ill I *^1 ism alah, noun of instrument, as J'iU mibrad.
from jpf he filed; ^liii^ miftah, key, from 'JCi fataha
I ; AXLi.^,. miknasah, broom, from ^J^ kanasa, he su
' See page 76.
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR. 69
6. 'if%Jl *^1 ism-1-marrah, noun of unity, which expresses the
doing of an action once. It, is formed from triliteral verbs,
as i.ij^ darbah, one Mow, from t_J^ daraba, he strwh,
7. f *^1 («*»1 ismrl-nau , noun of kind and manner, as i^. rikbah,
manner of riding, from t_--^ . rakiba, he rode.
8. ^g^^\ jSta^\ al-ma?dar-l-mimi, noun of action with j, m,
as (jla-^ mantiq, speaking, from ^jlaj nataqa, he spohe.
9. ^.*)t>aJl *-)! ism-l-ta?ghlr, diminutive noun, as L.~^lli kulaib,
a Utile dog, from i_-TJi kalb, a dog.
10. J.£U!l A-ib di^2.iiJl iR.^\ al-sifat-1-mushabbahat bism-1-fa'il,
adjective resembling noun of agent, as ^^i- hasan, handsome,
from ,%^s>. hasuna, he is handsome ; ./♦>&- 1 ahmar, red, from
C4,&., ^« is ?•«(?; jJi-o saiyid, master, from jl^' sada, ^« *•«?«(?.
1. J-,rfiiJl *«j1 ism-1-tafdil, noun of superioi'ity for the com-
parative and superlative degrees, as (jj"*j»-^ ahsan, more
handsome, ^^.=^.^1 al-ahsan, most handsome, both from ^^i>~
hasan, handsome.
2. <UlL*ll *-:! ism-1-mubalaghah, noun of excess (to expreaa
intensity), as .lai ghaffar, one who pardons much, from 4^-c
ghaflr, pardoner.
3. (J**ij Jyts fa ul wa fa'il. The two forms may be. either
noun of agent, as ii-.i sabur, patient, {j^_j-^ marid, side, or
noun of object, as J5"0 rasul, apostle, *=^=r j^r'^t, wounded.
4. t-Jj**,;,^' *w;^\ al-ism-1-mansub, relative adjective, which is
formed by affixing ij^ to the noun, as J^i rajul, man,
becomes rJ^j rajuli, manly ; ^^/^.i shams, sun, becomes
i%»ii,i shamsl, solar; J-i^J^ ingliz, English, becomes C£\JiSj\
inglizi, English (adjective).
70
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Personal Pronouns.
Personal pronouns are either separate or suffixed. The Sept
Personal Pronouns, <d„ii«^l^^U-.^\, have the folio-wing formi
JSToMiNATivE Case.
Sing. Dual. Pltjr.
1 st pers.
2nd pers. masc.
fern.
3rd pers. masc.
fern.
1st pers. . .
2nd pers. masc.
fern.
3rd pers. masc.
fem.
^^
Accusative Case,
Sing.
Dual.
Pluk.
u
The Suffixed ov Annexed Personal Pronouns, <d«aj;^^ .;
when attached to a noun or preposition denote the genitive (
but when attached to a verb they denote the accusative (
They have the following forms ; —
Sing.
1st pers. to noun . . ^— -
to verb . . _)
2nd pers. masc. to both c.ii
fem. ,, lLT
3rd pers. masc. ,, .>
fem. ,, U
Dual.
Pluk
u
U
u
U
u^
r^
vJ
:.^
Ui>
r^
Ui,
,!.&
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR
71
The Annexed Personal Fronouns which are attached to verbs
only have the following forms and denote the nominative case : —
Sing. Dual. Plur.
1st pers iZJ \j li
2nd pers. masc. . . lU
fern. . . CJ
3rd pers none
Dual.
ExSmpU of Personal Pronouns attached to the noun l—i\:^ (book).
Ist pers. . .
2nd pers. masc.
fem.
3rd pers. masc.
fem.
SiNO.
Dual.
Pluk.
^a
\^
The English of the above is :
Sing. Dual;
1st pers. my look our boolc
(when two are
'., speaking)'
and so forth.
Pluk.
our look ■
(when three and
more are speaking)
Example oj Personal Pronouns attached to the verb t_^-^ (he struck),
denoting the Accusative Case.
1st "pers. . .
2nd pers. masc.
fem.
3rd pers. masc.
fem.
Sing.
Dual.
Pluu.
,j.<tf
U^
ir^
6
t2
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
The English of the above is :
SiNO. 1)CAL. Vlvr.
1st pars. he struck me he struck 'us he struck us
and so forth.
Example of Personal Pronouns annexed to the vefh i
demoting the Nominative Case.
■ V
,-a (he struc
1st pers, . ,
2nd pers. maso.
fem.
3rcl pers. masc.
fem.
SiKG.
. .. '' •
"' o -
Dual.
u.
(pron. understood)
'^-^{r"
\ii.^
Pluk.
PC
c-v-^
(pron. understood ; i^^ is the
CJ is the sign of fem.) sign of fen
The English of the above is :
SiNO. Dual. Pluh.
1st pers. / have struck we have struck we have struck
etc., etc.
Example of Personal Pronouns attached to the preposition ^ (froi
S1N8. Dual.
1st pers, . .
2nd pers. masc.
fem.
3rd pers. masc.
fem.
The English of the above is :
Sing.
1st pers from me
etc., etc.
Dual.
from us
Pluu.
Pluk.
from us
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR, 73
Demonstrative Pronouns.
;■ This (the near object).
Maso. £'em.
Sing It> ^, U, ij, i^J, iJ
( nom i-'^J ,.,lj'
Dual ^ .. ^^,
( gen., ace. . . ^^^J ^^ij
Plur J)'i or 41 ^j4 or *l'^
This simple demonstrative pronoun may have the particle \si>,
I
or oftener the defective J^, prefixed to it, as :
Maso. Fem.
Sing IvSiA l/^* ) /i^
( nom 1.)^ j"-*! LL)^
Dual ' ^<, '^ , ,
( gen., aoc ^^j Afi. ^^A
Plur ^fyS» *^|a
77iai! (the middle and distant object).
Maso. Fism.
Sing (Jj\j, tlsJj t!XJ, liyij, l!31?
Plur. . . . lLJ;5i/\ or dSi!\ lL^}}\ or iL'S^l
Relative Pronouns.
fVho, which, thai.
Maso. Fsm.
Sing s/J>^'l ^^
I nom ^^itX-AJl ^i^-w\
\ gen., ace (j^;!'^-^' iji;'-^''
Plur (^iA^\ ^P\ or J^'r^^
or * ill for both masc. and fem.
74
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Other relative pronouns are : ^;i he or she who ; U thflt wh
^\ (A*T fem.) he who, she who, whoever; ^^V he who, she
whosoever ; \Xj\ that which, whatsoever.
Interrogative Pronouns.
^ who? iSt (iJ\ fem.) whof U what? (and wten jo
with the demonstrative lo becomes stronger, ijl.«, what ther
''A how much f
Numeral Adjectives.
1. The Cardinal Numbers.
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 have the following f(
and are declinable. Sxova. 3 to 10 they take the fem. form v
the objects numbered are masc. gender, and conversely
masc. form when the objects numbered are fem.
Maso. .
Fem.
Masc.
]
1
0.
5 (6)
6 (T)
L:
2
(r)
ul^l
1 ^M
7 (v)
8 (a)
(
^
3
(r)
j;jij
9 (1)
t^:
J
4
(O
tO^
&^M
10 (!•)
>£
ii
The numbers from 11 to 19 are indeclinable and have
following forms : —
Masc. ~ Fem.
12(ir) jiilLJl, %JLs\sdi
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR.
75
Mabc.
13 (ir)
;.i.i ajij
14 (li)
;ii k^^\
15 (le)
16 (M)
17 (iv)
JJUJ^ ^^^*Mi
18 (ia)
;ii aiuUj
Pem.
..-'*..' ^ C X
19 (11)
v~
The numbers 20 - 90 are declinable. Tbeir forms are :
20 jTj^jifi, 30 ^rijjO, 40 uyHJ\, 50 ^2,>Li,i-, eo Qp^,
70 (2)}«r^) 80 jjiiUJ, 90 (^lixw, in the nominative case. In the
dccTisative and genitive cases the ^^jy changes into ^;, as ^jjUs-.
100 Ul* or IL., 200 ^.l^U, 300 |Jl« (ijO, 400 |.?L. ^ij\,
600 OU , jL^, 600 ijU l..:L^..i, 700 iJU i^, 800 ^U , jU3,
900 pU ^;l;, 1,000 i-^M, 2,000 ^U^t, 3,000 uJllT ^Ij,
100,000 i^jyi OU, 1,000,000 i_a!3t i-Jjt.
2. The Ordinal Numbers.
The ordinal number 1 has the form Jii , the numbers from 2
upwards have the form of the noun of the agent, JxU, and
are as follows : —
Maso.
Fem.
1
^
.J.^
2
- .^^
•v-i-
4i"
l5-
3
clllJ
^i3-
t^l3
^K
5 iiM-;<U>- 4Lul.^l£>-
Maso.
Fem.
6
u~^^
^Jli
7
t^^^
J-
8
tj^"^
<iv«lj
9
^-^ilii
10
_iU
i'-;^u
76 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
11 jjLi t^jli (masc), jJAjj Aj,-^^^ (fern.), etc., etc.
For " in the seventh year a.d." you say JjL/»jJ ^«~j ^.^v-j J
IS*
3. Distributive Numerals
have the following forms : JI.&-1 om« ly one, ^J^ or ^lij twc
two, c^iiJi or i^Sij three by three, ■^j^ or cIjJ /owr % /
'.ilji;* or 'ti.i <»» Jy <m.
II. THE VERB.
Most of the Arabic verbs are triliteral verbs ( "J))j), i.e. tl
-root-forms have only three letters ; but there are also a good m;
quadriliteral verbs (/LcU ,), whose root-forms have four letters
Both have many derived forms, through the addition to tl
root-form of one, two, or three servile letters (which are ten
number and together form the word I^j^Uj you have asked
about them). All increase in verbs and nouns is effected by me
of these letters,
Arab grammarians have only three tenses, including
imperative, whichjbhey call a tense. These three tenses are —
1. |_5-«t» madi, past tense, which European grammarians
perfect or preterite tense.
2. c ,L.a..« mudari', present or future tense, which Europ
grammarians call imperfect or aorist tense.
3. j^\ amr, imperative tense.
{a) Triliteral verbs (.^ihW JJ.s.'^l) have the following
measures, giving the above thi-ee tenses : —
OUTLINE OF
GRAMMAR.
Js5i
Jaa;
Jii
(1)
JJl
J**j
J^
(2)
J^l
Ji^;
Jiii
(3)
:».
J^/'
J*^
(4)
J3
JaIj
Jil
(5)
J,Sl
j*»^
J«
(6)
77
Note that the verb J.ii he has done is commonly used as the
model, because the 3rd pars. maso. sing., preterite, active, is
the root-form of the verb, whence the first radical of the triliteral
verb is called lel\ (the fa), the second ^-^^^ (the 'ain), and the
third A^\ (the lam).
(J). The derived forms fronl the triliteral verb (J^jilill '^^J'*!!)
are ten in number. These forms, as well as those derived from
the quadriliteral verbs, express various modifications of the idea
conveyed by the root-form. The following are the derived forms
of the triliteral verb, giving from right to left the past, present or
future, imperative, noun of action, active participle, and passive
participle of the verb j£Ji , he has .
D^^
Jli^
JiJi-
Jl^
Jl^
^
(1)
M^
Jil^A
:m
j;l5
Jj'^^l
Jii-
(2)
y^^
J:^
m
Jj^
Jd!
(3)
jSHj;
3s^^
3^
:^^
j!i£j
jSii
(4)
^UiA
jjUi;
55lif
j5ii^
J5l%
3ii*'
(5)
\y^
"^i-s*
Ml
Jbij
Juli;
a^i
(6)
JiiiU
Jxxh
jiiJi
J,a^
lijA;
(7)
none
jil^
34.
Ji^i
J^^
D^i
(8)
78
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
1 ''■^
jjii^ J^iill:.^ I]\i3."^\ d¥^\ i}i^l
none '^\^ JS^V'l ^1^\ JVil;
(c) The quadriliteral verb (^^-V/^ "v • '^ ^^'^
^^^ Jisdi; MsJ " Jiki Jl^^
((?) The derived quadriliteral verbs (/^U^.jl
three forms :
juk; ^3l^^ i!)^" ^"^ J^H
^,k;. jii.^ jM[ jii.rii^ jji.;i.
Jijti^ jiiil4 jiixM j^^l cM**j
J^l (
only one foi
Joj^l) h
Z^i^l
III. THE PARTICLES,
1. Prepositions.
< > in, at, hi/.
CL> hy (in an oath), as alllj'
J to, for.
i iy 'in an oath).
CJ as, like.
J^
to.
0)
till,
up to.
J^
over,
above,
etc.
liJ^
from
, after
for
4
in, into.
l^SJ W)«i!A
«-/« with,
^ of, from.
^U
or X. s>«tfe.
k
between.
^Ul
before.
J.^'
after. /
e^^
M»(fe?-.
J)^
/•0M»(? about.
, ^ti.
behind.
■%
with.
Ji5
for.
9-^
above.
Jii i«/bre (time).
',&
before (place)
I particle of interrogation.
ju and I .'iri to express the
future of the verb in the
aorist tense.
J certainly.
"jl andlJl lo!
OUTLINE OF GRAMWIAR.
2. Adverbs.
Jj nay. hut.
79
ijl certainly.
'i.
L5
.Jj yes.
i-j there.
)sA3 only.
bJ lefore (past tense\ now
liii or lIXJ Ai likeioise.
j-'ii when ?
j»*i ye«.
Etc., etc.
3. Conjunctions.
t and t—i and.
p <A«».
*1 and ji or.
'^ and ^^L) OT ()?•(?«»• that
y !!A«!!.
^^ "■'
:b,if-
bi a« long as.
4.
Interjections.
i«fi 0/
J\fie!
■j»li come here!
^ hush!
l^ii far from it!
U 0/(in God! etc.).
l|i wff^e haste!
^_j woe to 1
«r weZ; .(?o«e .^
ilj!\% Iring here !
80 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
SYNTAX (ysi}\).
The signs of the declensions for the four cases are either vc
or letters.
I. The Nominative Case has four signs—
1. S. (a) in the singular of the noun, as J-f^^\ ^\^ the man i
(5) in the irrogular plural, as (J^^^\ *l^ the men came.
(c) in the regular feminine plural, as <_ljli^^\ cuAs^
believers (fern.) came.
id) in the present-future tense of the verb, when not
IS annexed to its last letter, as (Jsj- Jl ^J-«i) the
strikes or will strike (this being really the indici
mood).
2 J (a) in the regular masculine plural, as (_^.v,.<»/«Jl ^\s^
helievers came.
(i) in the following five nouns: t_ji JatJier, ^1 bro
y^b~ father-in-law, i%i mouth, ^'^ owner; as cLXjI
CJ^ ij-^^ JUjJ. Cjy^£^^ lL^£s-'; iky father
and thy brother and, thy father-in-law and the ownt
wealth, and thy mouth spoke,
3. 1 in the dual nouns, as ^jL..^^l >l?- the two believers camt
4. ^ in the present-future tense of the verb, when the pers
pronoun of either the dual, or the plural, or
singular of the second person feminine is annexe
the verb; as ij^-'j^^i ^:>-jl\ the two men strik
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR. 81
will strike, ^^.-AJ ^^b'>-l.^!l the tioo loomen strike or
will strde, Qy^^^ jW"j!' '^'* "'«** strilce or will strih,
\^)i^''' I**'' V^ strike or will strike, /J^-waj' iju-jl thou
(fern.) strikest or w?/^ strike.
II. The Accusative Case has five signs —
1. — («) in the singular noun, as Jr^Jl ui-J^-i I struck the man.
(b) in the irregular plural, as Jl=r^M '■^^-» I struck the men.
(c) in the present-future tense of the verb, when nothing
is annexed to its last letter, and when it is influenced
by a word which governs the accusative, as Cj^.' J
he will never strike.
2, — in the regular feminine plural, as C^'L^l, ^L.Jl lU*-Ij^
the women came riding,
8. \ in the five nouns (<— j1, ^1, etc.), as LLilii-l "-i^^Jj I saw thy
Iroth&r.
4, ij in the regular masculine dual and plural nouns, as
^«lr»-.!l Ui^.;l J / saw the ttvo men, ^^i^»/»]i i-l^jji
/ saw the helievers.
5, Suppression of the (^ of the declension in the five verbs
^_j^,, uV;"^-''- W;■y=^ (bi-j-^' ^^^ H'-^^-j-^'' ^'^i<=^
become b^.-aJ, ^ry^-'j ^i^;*^.-'. ' V/^' ^°*^ u?'>'*^'' ' ^^
Usj-.J J ^A(?y <wo ««;«/? never return. Observe" a super-
fluous alif is added to the third and fourth, called the
guarding alif (<);_il Ji^.li cJJl) or the separating alif
(ii^UJl i-jilill), which, however, disappears when
a pronoun is annexed, and is never pronounced.
^ratioSelf-TaagM ^
82 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ill, The Genitive Case has three signs—
\.-:-{a) in the declinable singular noun, as <_jii.C\ 4 CJ
/ read in the book,
ib) in the declinable irregular plural noun, as JU-_;U c:-
/ said to tlte men.
ic) in the regular plural feminine noun, as cpU^.-tU c:-
l said to the believers (fern.).
2. -1. in the imperfectly declined noup, as Sa.s^'^ <;:^Xi I said
Ahmad.
8. o W in tlie five nouns (i__.'\, ^1, etc.), as lL^!o^ CUj
I passed thy father,
(b) in the dual noun, as ^y.iKW: i-^jj-^ I passed the '.
unbelievers.
(e) in the plural regular noim, as j^-.i...A)u .ci-*,^.-* / jBffs
IV. The Apocopative or Jussive Case ( ^:>-) has three signi
1 .'t. in the present-future tense of the verbs ending with Btr(
letters (when not joined to expressed pronouns in
nominative case), as tl-V*^ (*' -^ ^^^ ""^ strike.
2. Suppression of ^ in the five verbs (see above, II, 5), as Ij-
do not (ye two) strike.
3.. Suppression of weak letters, ^Yhen verbs end in such and
not joined, to an expressed pronoun in the nominal
case, as j_/t-»J' i-ll did you not toalkf
' (Jodditional and imiierative moods, ov verbs following the apooopntive partii
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR. 88
1. The Nominative Case (^J^^-
The following are in this case : —
1. The subject of the sentence (1 jiii43l), as ilv jj Ly^\ sleep is
pleasant.
2. The predicate of the sentence (j^^s'l), as 2\i Sj j Zaid is
3. The agent of the sentence ( J^lill), as Sjj ^l^ Zaid came.
4. The substitute for the agent (Jxlill i_^'b), subject of
a passive verb, as 5jj ULt^.-i Zaid loas beaten.
5. The subject of i^\i and its sisters, as UUa.» JlfJl ^Ji the day
was dark.
6. The predicate of ^] and its sisters, and of J (the absolute
negative); as l£^\j ^S)\ ^1 verily Zaid is riding, fj'.i (j\jl>j\ i!
thre is no man coming.
7. The present-future tense when not governed by particles
nor followed by a fem. ^^ or an emphatic ^; as jk^^^Ul l^-.C
(Jiu,»\!l the pupil writes the lesson.
8. ITouns or adjectives in apposition to nominatives ^^\y
CjUjij.-*.!!), as L;S^\ iJ-t}^ *^" the generous man came.
5 2. The Accusative Case (i — ■^^).
\
The following are in the accusative case : —
1. Noun of action as absolute object (^lk*!l J^/tA-wl), as
v)>ij ^jl^ he struoh a striking, i.e. he assuredly struck.
2. Noun of object of the transitive verb (^J J^.ti^l), as
(_,wj«l( i_l.-i' he rode the horse, ^c^.j-^ he struck me (the annexed
personal pronoun being the objective complement).
84 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
3. Adverbial noun of time and place (i^ J^xi-*!'), with
meaning as if it were preceded by the preposition iS in,
l^-L^ ^\:>- he came in the morning, (c'*""' (t^\ *^^ ^« oame he
the judge, or into his presence.
4. Adjectival noun of state or condition ( Jlsll), which n
always be indefinite and derived, standing at the end of
sentence, as l^^, j-^^^i '\i^ the prince came riding.
5. Noun of specification (t«-,-«,-Jl) is always a common n
explaining something that is uncertain as regards the substanci
relation of a thing, as U-^SJa , i_?,i-il he hought a pound of br
Ifl ii.i . "JS Zaid is honourable as regards Ms father.
6. Vocative noun (^<3U/».!1) when it is a proper nc
singular, then it is put in the nominative case, as JiJ : u Za
but when it is not it takes the accusative, as 1?- . b man /
7. Noun of action of cause or reason (td Jixi^l), as C
b»ri- he Jled from fright.
8. Noun of object following • having the meaning of t
(*iX ^J^.^^i.^]\), as fjM.'^s}\'^ J^^l *U>- the prince came loith the ar
9. The noun which is excepted (^ili^AJl) by means of
;ix, ^5-f, !c\c, ii, lil^ ; as SSij % i^ll\ lli the peoples
except Zaid. «
10. The predicate of ^ and of its sisters, as 1.15 U j.^ ;
Zaid was standing.
11. The subject of j?,| and of its sisters, as ^i-^lj IIj:
verily Zaid is riding.
12. The subject of li the absolute negative, as f J^ls ,:,l.^3l I
l.S, Nouns of adjectives in apposition to accusatives (
hys.:^\), as JJiUll i.yj c:_,.l , I saw Zaid the teise.
t
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR. 85
3. The Genitivk Case {j4^).
1 . Genitive by prepositions : whenever a noun is preceded by
any of the following prepositions it is put in the genitive case :
;iy.*'Jl'^^f> J^.4' ^-j. V' ^' J'i. ^*' '^-^^ "^^^ ^^>
^_5'**-) ,_5^ > ^•^1 ^^^, ^-il:>- ; as jiikll ^ 77 j^ ^* ^^"^ out from
the home.
2. When two nouns are in construction (or annexation),
i.e. follow each other, and the second depends on the first, the
second is put in the genitive case, i.e. takes kusra (— ) ; as
Jsfj tL>Vi> the look of a man, J.5f-Jl dJ^ the look of the man.
Note that in such a construction or annexation the first noun
.1
never takes the article J 1 although it is understood.
3. Nouns in apposition to genitives take the genitive case,
»-lax)' (J.^^1 (4-Jto the look of the great man.
The Verb in Syntax.
1. The past tense (preterite) is indeclinable and has always
fatha {^) over the last letter, as lLs-^^ he struck.
2. The imperative tense is' also indeclinable and has always
jasm (-i.) over the last letter, as Jiil kill.
3. The present-future tense (aorist) has always one of the four
servile letters \, ^j, (_?, CLJ prefixed to it. It is limited to the
present when preceded by the emphatic J , the negative U , or the
verb (^11 , and to the future when preceded by Jw for the near
future, or < i'^ for the remote future.
It is always in raf (_£.) nominative case, or, as we should say,
indicative mood ; as ^L^d^ he writes, or he will virite, except when
86 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
influenced by (a) one o£ the ton accusative particles preceding
which are: ^V,I , ^}, 0\, ^i , the J of ^^, the negative
j_jSi£., and the <-j,j,^\, when preceding the apodosis (t^^^
when the tense takes the accusative case, or, as we should s
when it is in the subjunctive mood ; or (b) when the aorisi
influenced by jasm i±.) preceded by one of the apocopat
particles, which are : O , UJ , IJl , ll3I , the J of command i
entreaty, the il of forbidding and entreaty, ^^\, bi, ^^, U^
l.ijl. c/\, j:., ^r^Lff, ^t, J\, UL^, UH, and l3V
poetry. [In a conditional sentence of tTTo clauses, the verb
the first is called )sJMi\ Jjti , the protasis, and that of the sec(
)o JilS t__>U^, the apodosis.J
To the Student.
In order to turn the following exercises to the greai
advantage, it is recommended that the student should learn tl
by heart, repeating each sentence aloud, with the aid of
phonetic transcription in the third column, until it can be spo
readily and easily, and the ear has grown accustomed to the sou
Copying the sentences out will greatly facilitate learning. E
section should in this way be mastered in turn, and this app
eq^ually to the conversational sentences on pp. 97-124.
After learning a section or group of sentences, the Eng
words should be written down and the Arabic equivalents ad
from memory. The result can then be checked by reference
the book.
By following the above method, a great amount of us(
practice will be obtained in speaking, reading, and writing Ara
whilst at the same time much conversational matter of a praot
and valuable character -will be acquired.
EXERCISES ON THE GEAMMAR.
EHGIilSH.
I Have reeeived a letter
He lost his watch
His friend gave it to him
You were not diligent
You have been drink-
ing again
I was about to begin
• my journey [horse
He did not bring the
He has not long left us
I was very late
You did not know of
his arrival v[abrsent ?
How long wSs he
He promised to come
in an hour [promise ?
Has he forgotten his
She was always
punctual
The Preterite Tense.
ASABIO.
6
^'^.cImo cU^I
^ly c^\^ ^y>
Pbonunoiahon.
wasalni maktiib
ada a sa atuh
a tahii lyaha sahibi
ma kuata mujtahidE
udta ila-1-shurb
hamamtu bian abc
bisafrati
lam yuhdir-il-hisan
ma ghab anna mu(
dah awilah
ana kuntu mnt'a-
kliiran jiddan
iaa kan lak ilm biwi
sulihi [ban
kam labath aghay
wa ada an yahdar
ba d sa ah
a-nasiya- wa dahu ?
hiya ■ka.nat tura i-
1-mT ad dayiman
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au =ow in cow.
Dotted cmsonambs, li, d, 9, t, 7, hard.
(87)
88
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English.
We lived in a house,
not in a tent
They have always
resided near the city
You have heen stealing
again
1 went to (the) church
this morning
AVho was there ?
The bishop preached
an eloquent sermon
The collection amounted
to ten pounds
With the sum they
bought a bell for the
church
The doctor was not at
home [garden
His wife was in the
Did you tell her to
send the doctor as
soon as he returns ?
Tes, and she gave me
this medicine
You have done well
What have you done
to-day ?
Ababic.
j-iilU A^^lil
,,L^
<^'tX/*jl ^y*
<iuyJl
i>\A
idicj i^rJa-fll lac.
4 L_,^l ^/i |J
Pbonunciatios.
sakanna baitan
khaimatan
kull iqamathum
qurb mini-l-ma{
'udta ilas-sirqah
dhahabtu ila-l-ka
sah hadha-s-sab
man kan hunak ?
wa az-al-mutran
wa zah fasilia^
balaghat-il-lammi
asharat iTrat
ishtaru bil - mab
jarasan lil-kanl;
lam yakun il-d
fil-bait [bi
kanat zaujatu f
a-kult laha an tu
il-tabib halam!
yarja' ?
na am waa tatni
hadha-1-dawa
fa alta hasanan
madha amilt-al-
yaum ?
Vowd aoimda . hat, father, bit, machlue, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in c
Dotted consonants, h, 4, $, t, ^, hard.
EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR.
English.
I sold all my goods
Has he paid you for it ?
I have heard a strange
story to-day from the
muleteer
Ababio.
u
Peohunoiation.
hi t bida'ati kulla
haldafa lakhaqqa
ana samitu-1-ya
qu§|ah gharibah
min -il-mukari
I like riding
You prefer walking
He eats very little in
the evening
She sleeps long
He waUcs in his sleep
We like our breakfast
; in the open
You will never foHow
my advice
I never ride donkeys
She hates lies
They will have rainy
weiaither tO'day
He cooks well
I want a glass of water
Do you wish to drink
a glass of wine ?
The Aorist Tense.
4 1^*- J-li J^b ^
JJ^J9 SlX^ *Uj ^Ji
>-
\Sls
'-X
.\^-j _ tXJ t_JjS*j Jay I
ana uhibb-ul-ruku'
anta tuf addil-ul-ma
huwa yakul qalll
jiddan fil-masa
hiya tanam mudc
tawllah [naum
huwa yamshi fi
nahnu nuhibb-ul-
futur fil-khala
anta la tattabi na
hati abadan
ana la arkabu-l-han
aslan [kadi
hiya tabghudu-1-
sayakun lahum al-
yaum matar
huwa yatbukh jaiyi
urid kas ma
a-turid tashrab qadi
nabidh ?
Vmoel sounds : hatj father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = o w in cow
Doited consonaiUs, h, d, §, t, ^, hard.
90
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababic.
She prefers a cup of
cofEee . [now
They will not dine just
I shall not employ him
any more '
Will you not help mc
to pitch the tent ?
He -win go to the
market next -week
We respect others
Why will you not come
■with me ? [you
They are laughing at
I will follow you
She will remain hehind
When the clock strikes
seven waken me
She has not finished
her dinner yet
It is time to go to had
(time of sleep)
Tou are strong
She is ill
England is a great
country
The Arabs like the
English
^^
J,J1 J\
<Ji>
L-pI'VD
iUUl
^
J^'c;-^
IJOl
liT*
iU
'J J
u
^y^\
Pbokdnciation.
hiya tufaddil fir
qahwah [i
la yaridii yatghai
la astakhdimhu f
ba'd abadan
halla tusa idni fl
nasb-il-khaimah
huwa yadhhab il
suq al-jum a-l-qad
nahu riukrim-ul-g]
limadha la turld
taji ma i?
hum yadhaku ala
ana atba ak
hiya tatkhallaf
hin taduq-iil-sa ah
sab an sahhini
ma faraghat min
gbada'iha ba d
sar waqt-ul-naum
anta qawi
hiya maridah
bilad-ul-ingliz ms
lakah azTifiah
aulad-ul-'arab
yahubbun-al-ing
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cot
Dotted conaonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard.
Engush,
The camel is the
V favourite animal in
Arabia
The road to Jericho is
dangerous
You are right
He is in the wrong
.h
EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 91
PBONtrNOIATlON,
al-jamal huwa-1-
haiwan-ul-mahhub
fi arahistan
^'^ L^^ (JiJ^^ al-tarlq ila ariha
sIls:* mukhtirah
_ l^\ al-haqq ma'ak
^ty-^ d-^^ al-haqq 'alaih
Aeabio,
L_>^«^ (JfJ
3. The Imperative Mood.
Do not sit
^ijt&j'i
la taq'ud
Go quickly
!Ul^jsJ1
idhhab halan
Do not forget what I
lLO ii\j U Jv.-j ^
la tansa ma qultuhu
told you
. lak
Return here in half an
i_j;-i:J Axj lxa> ■^~>-j\
irja' huna ba'd ni?f
hour
<uLi
sa ah
Do not make me angry
lT?-^' ^
la tughdibni
Let us go to the Mount
{J^=r ^^ t-^i^]
linadhhab ila jabal-
of Olives
ur^J^
■ il-zaitun
Carry this bag on your
jjo: (j^-Cn 1 JJ6 S*^^
ihmil hadha-1-kIs 'ala
.back
CSJi
zahrak
Take these letters to
L_^^'IL»J1 irjjb j^
khudh hadhi-1-maka-
the post
<lk..JT J\
t!b ila-1-bosta
Do you know the name
Hijl, f^\ '—ij-'U (_£;J'V.
yatara ta rif ism
i of thi? village ?
<U^\
hadhi-l-qiryah ?
Clean my saddle
ltO^'-^^-'
nazzif sarji
Bring my rifle
J^jj\j ^.^
jib bariidati
Vomel rounds ; hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted eonsonanta, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard.
92
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Enslish.
Aeabic.
PBONttNOtinoN.
Put the luggage in my
^_ji^.\ ii iJJj^\ Ibi^
hutt-il-'afshfiai
room
Tell the maid to come
J\ ,n^ ■t.jU.^ JJf
qull lilkhadimal
to the drawing-room
^Jiji,^\
tahdar ila-l-dr
Dust the table and the
ijLu^\ (^jiiiJ
nazzifl-1-sufrah
windows
^Ul ^ Lji^.\J^\j
shababik mi;
ghibar
Prepare a dinner for six
iSj^ liXc |_y.<aa-
haddiri ghada lii
persons
^i^\-
ashkhas
Let us sit down and
C_>Uju^ (J/Kti. jj^uI^U
linajlis wa - ns
make out the account
^j?r^
hisab masriiflr
of our expenditure
Cash this cheque
aSib Z*^ ^—'^it
jib qlmat had!
" <J\ J\
hiwalah
Be quick, before the
J*^. ^ i-M* f^-'^
isri qabl an y
bank closes
ti,<lJi
il-bank
4. How the English Potential and Subjunctive M
are expressed in Arabic.
I can read and write
She can ride, but you
cannot
John can lift this box
on his shoulder
ana aqdar aqrs
aktub
hiya taqdar t
wa-amma ants
Hanna y aqdar
hadha-l-sandij
kitfihi
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, 7, hard.
EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR.
m
Ensush,
We oannot go out to-
day on account of the
: heavy rain
Can you drink sour
milk ?
You may like it
He may go with me to
the Mosque of Omar
It may rain
She can wait
Could I have come
when I told him I
would not ?
They might reject my
advice
You should learn
Arabic
It might help yon
Whyshouldyouneglect
this opportunity ?
Can he have told you
the truth ?
She cannot have seen
him
He might have eaten
■ a little more
^'-r'^A
V
Pbonunoiation.
la naqdar nakhruj
al-yaum bisabab-il-
matar-il-qawi
yatara taqdar tashral
laban ?
rubbama tuhibbuh
yumkinhu yurafiqni
ila-1-hai'am-ish-shai
rubbama tamtur
hiyatastati antasbui
a-qadartu an ajT
lamma quit ' laht
inni la ajT ?
rubbama j'arfudu
nasihati
alaik an tat allaa
al- arabiyah
rubbama tanfa ak
kaif tuhmil hadhi-1
fursah ?
hal min-il-mumfeii
innahu qal laka-1
haqq?
ghairmumkin innalii
ra'athu
kan yumkiu lahu ai
ya'kul akthar qalila:
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Doited consonants, h, d, s, t, ?, hard.
94
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ehcush,
If I strike him he
will complain of me
to the Consul
Unless you work better
I will dismiss you
from my service
Neglecting to take
exercise, he hecame ill
Having received two
pounds, he bought
a new suit of clothes
Grasping my, hand, he
shook it violently
Arabic.
^ J
^^
cJ^M
The Participles.
la:j!) ^jo i^Lc f.i-^
PEONtTNCIATION.
in adribhu yashkuni
ila-1-Cunsul
in lam tashtagil ahsan
fa-arfudak min
khidmati
bi-ihmalihilil-riyadaji
sara maridan
ba'd an akhadh lira-
tain ishtara badlah
jadiduh
biqabdihi ala yadi
hazzaha bishiddah
Have you ever seen
Jerusalem ?
Has she never eaten
pomegranates before ?
This horse not only
kicks, but also shies
He rides remarkably
well
She is truly grateful
The position of Adverbs
Li (juujjil
l«ajl J-*=^ J-' iaJiJ
U
cT""
,^-..
-< •>
Ui-^
(UiJisi- ^j-Cii ^Jb
hal zurtum-ul-kuds
qatt?
a - lam takul rum-
manan aslan?
hadha - 1 - hlsan la
yarfus faqatt bal
yajfal ai(Jan
huwa yarkab alisan
ma yakun [qatan
hiya sbakurah haql-
V<nvel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR, 95
English, Ahabic. '' Pronunciation,
Bo I read plainly ?
She dresses beautifully
He writes fast
TKey see me daily
He studies diligently
^juK-JJl ti Jus? |jJ!>
hal aqra bibayan ?
hiya tujid fll-libs
huwa yak tub bisur ah
yauzuruni kull yaum
yadrus bi-ijtihad
7. The Infinitive Mood.
I intended to see you
CJ;^j\ Ji e:-,oy
nawait an azurak
He was happy to see me
., . ^-^^y
fari a li-ru'yati .
She ordered her to cook
\^^^jj\ i^kj \^j^\
amaratha bitabkh-il-
the rice well ;
ruzz jaiyidau
It is right to speak the
t_;lj«a ti-^ . A^^
al-takallum bil-haqq
truth
§awab
I was hoping to receive
iJ\j\-~ ^J\ y>-j\ iJi-^
kuntu arju an anal
a present from you at
S^ i3 lLxX'« tCJb
hibah minka fi id-
Christmas
jU^
il-milad
He intended to buy my
^J ^j:J^ j_,jl
azmaa mushtara
horse yesterday
C^l
far a si amsan
We were expecting
^S'j^.jlsrl^liuiJ \l<
kunna nantazir injaz
you to fulfil your
wa'dakum
promise
To lire in ahot country
al-ma'ishah fi bilad
in the summer is not
j^i. ^.Jl^\ \^
harrah fll-saif ghair
; pleasant
ijys&Mj^
mustatabah
One longs to see rain
L'jJ jUAj J^1\
al-insau yashtaq
h
^Ul
liru'yat-il-matar
foioel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Doited consonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard.
96
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ENGIjISH.
To drink beer in the
heat is injurious to
health
He ought to have paid
me my dues
She is supposed to
know how to cut out
He claims to have
learned English in
six months
To frighten strangers
is very wrong
To steal is sin
To love one's neighbour
is Grod's command
Ababio.
u'
i!
Ls*;^;
,1^
.LO- <U\
^
uXj
^yJl
Pbonunciatios.
shurbu-l-bira fil-harr
mudirr bil-sihhah
kan yanbaghi" lahu
an yufini haqqi
yuzan fiha annaha
ta raf-il-taf sil
yadda'i annahu
ta'allam al-inglizi
-yah fi sittat shuhur
takhwTf-ul-ghuraba
khata azim
al-sirc[ah haram
mahabbat-ul- j ar
•wasiyat-ul-lahi
Voioel
: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = owin cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, s, t, z, hard.
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CONVERSATIONAL PHEASES
SENTENCES*
AND
Useful and
Allow me
Are you hungry ?
At last!
Be careful
Begone !
Begone! (out with you!)
By all means
Certainly
Come back
Come here
Come in
Do you hear ?
Do you know ?
" It
Uxouse me
Forgive me
From here
Go away
Good-bye
Good-bye (answer)
Necessary Expressions.
Ababio. Pbonunoiation.
U^^
ismah li
anta jau an ?
akhlran !
a'ti balak
imshi !
itla barra !
ala kuU I al
la budd
ma lum
na am
irja'
ta al huna
udkhul, kliushsh
anta sami ?
anta . arif ?
anta ta raf ?
la tuwakhidhni
samihni
min huna
ruh min huna
bikhatirkum
ma a-s-salamah
Vowd soumda : hat, father; bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, ?, hard. *See 'N.B.', p. 12.
ArabtoSeV-Taught (97) a
98 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Bnglish.
Ajjabio. Pbonunoiation,
Go on
^^^\
imshi
Give me
.^^^
a tini
How many times ?
.>^
kam marrah ?
Holloa there !
u^Wj.
ya anta !
Immediately
!u'
halan
Impossible !
^.^
ma yumkin !
In front of
^^x-
quddam
In future (afterwards,)
JJb.^ J
fi-1-mustaqbil
>) ,•>
ba dain
It means, that is (i.e.)
. ^^•
ya ni
Make haste
J^-il - ^ly
qawam, bil- ajal
Many thanks
^j. cu\^j
barakat warsin
Never mind
^>u-J*X. U«
ma alaish
No
^
la
Tate care (look out) !
^.1
u a !
Tell me
J^
quU-li
Thank you
^.-^^
kaththir khairak
That's another thing
^U^Iaa
hadha shai thani
The sooner the better
^.G ^., ^y^\ ^^\
al-yaum ahsan min
(to-day is better than
bukrah
to-motrow)
To the rear !
-y
liwara !
Very bad
' J^^^J
radi kathir
Very much
\S^^.':<
kathir jiddan
Very nice
malTh jiddan
Very often
Xj^t^ c:j1>
marrat kathira , -
Very well
■f^r^ i_-^
taiyib mallh
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted conaorujMs, h, d, $, t, ^, hard.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES. 9J
Enoush.
What is this ?
Aaabio.
PBONtWOIATION.
shu hadha ?
What is the matter
lLSLJ u
ma lak ?
with you?
Who is there ?
ti/Lfc ^^
min hunak?
Who is this ?
life^..
mln hadha ?
Why?
IJUI-JLJ
_laish, limadha?
Yes
HjA _ *xj-
na am, aiwah
SimpI
e and Practical Phrases.
Alas!
1\ - n [LJ\j
wa-asafab, akhkh
Any news ?
J^J
ft khabar ?
Are you in a hurry ?
Js*^^^ e:-Jl
anta musta jil ?
Are you busy ? [him ?
J^jAjIl/* l::^!
anta mashghul ?
A re you acquainted with
ij i.:uJJ«J" Jjb
hal ta'arraft bihi ?
As you like
ala khatirak
ala kaifak.
Be q:uiet
IjiJisl
ihda
Be off
Bring me
La ^^ ^j_^
ruh min hiina
jib li, hat li
Bring the ligM here
La jji!l cuU
hat-in-nuT buna
Bring me a chair
Li-/J.^^^
hat li kursi
By-and-by
V^^U*
'an qarib
Bj your leave, sir
i_jA^ b tlioJ\ ^^■
an idhnak ya sidi
Call again to-morrow
tjsi. j_^l
irja' gbada
Call tte servant
JiAi^l X^\
indah-il-khaddam
Call the waiter
:^jkJ!i\ lSiij\
indah-is-sufraji
Call me early
^J'^. ^J^<^^
indahni badri
Vowel sounds,: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, z, h<ar<l.
02
100
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
BSGLISH.
ABiBIO.
Pbonunoiation.
Call as you pass
"^JiT L5* Jj)
zurni fi mururak
Can't you hear ?
«_4uu*J' iJJij jl'
ala taqdar tasma ?
Can it be possible ?
J^\ ^^\
amin-il-mumkin ?
Come back
ifrj
irja' [jadd
Come, be serious
S:>- lo ^j Jl*J'
ta'al wakunn dha
Come back soon
l\^ ^,\
irja' halan
Come in
J^J\
udkliul
Come along
JlO-
ta"al
Come along with me
^. Jl*i'
ta al ma i
Come upstairs [silly
jy t^''
itla fauq [ghabiyan
'Come, come, doii't be
l;^ J,-> 1 jUj- jUj-
ta al ta al la takun
Do not annoy me
^j;1
la tiza ilni
Do not forget
^L^U
ma tin sash
Don't tell him
J JyO- ^
la takul luh
Do you think ?
ScJu ui-J\
anta taftakir ?
Do you understand ?
anta fahim ?
Do as you please
i'mal 'ala khatrak
Do me the favour
i_ij,yt^\ 1^-. J-*£^
i mal ma i-l-ma ruf >
Do not be in a hurry
J^-^-^
la tasta jil
Don't be angry
l_.i»aAj" J)
la taghdab
Don't be long
J^^J^
la tat auwaq
Do you like it ?
i.t^\
atahubbuh? [shughl
Don't interrupt me
^\^\ ^^ ^.Jixi- ^
la tu attilni 'ani-1-
Don't trouble yourself
ci;LU-"^LC t
la tukallif khatrak
Don't make a noise
«di) J J.,«jeJ' ^
la ta mal zaitah
Did you ask him ?
dL Jjb
hal sa-altuh ?
Don't say so
1a-Cj!) JJl) !)!
la takul hakadha
Vtywd sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle: au = 0W in cow,
T^-JJ.J ^ J- 1. Jl ... m
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
101
BNaiiisH.
AlRABlO.
PEONnNOIATION.
Get up
Give him
qum, qum
a'tih
Give him a second time
X^ JIj (tJaci
a tih thani marrah
Give me
Give me a different one
a tini, a tini
a'tini ghairuh
Give me a little of this
\ jj& ij^ ^.y^ t_s^s^^
a'tini shuwaiya min
hadha
Go back
Go more slowly
Go more quickly
Jf* ^ tA-"^
irja'
imshi ala mahl
imshi bil-'ajal
Go to bed
Good morning
ruhi nam.
sahdhu-1-khair
Good morning (answer)
, ^ 1_>«=^U«« iXk*uJ
yas id ?abahak
Good day
J.-.%~; (Jj)l^
naharak sa id
Good day (answer)
CSj\^CSj\4>
naharak mubarak
Good evening
j^\ ^U«^
masa-1-khair
Good evening (answer'
C.Lj'1*u^ (\XjmJ
yas id ma ak
Good night
!Sd,;^x^ CS^
lailatak sa Idah
Good night (answer)
i6j^ , cJcn
lailatak mubarakah
Has the bell rung ?
Has the clock struck ?
indaqqa-1-jaras ?
altaqqati-l-sa ah ?
He appealed (in law)
i_ju l::;.^'^
ista-naf
He has gone for a walk
(a-walking)
^>=V. ^j
rah yatanazzah
He is an excellent man
J-ili J^ys
hii rajul fadil
He is a good fellow
He is at dinner
hii jada' taiyib
hu ala-1-ghada
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = o w in cow.
Dotted consonants, It, d, $, t, ^, hard.
102
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
ENGI;ISH.
He is a clever fellow
He is a liar
He is drunk
He is under my orders
He is very angry
He is ill
He learned Englisli
He told me
HoH your toilgue
How do you do ?
>> j> )'
How many piastres ?
How much do you sell
this for ?
How must we go to — ?
How foolish he is !
I am astonished
I am going
I am not ahle
I cannot (it is not
possible for me to)
I assure you
I have not
I am angry with you
1 am cold
I am hungry
I am not hungry
\i
AJli
t:'j
u\
PBONUHCIiTION.
hu jada shatir
huwa kadhdhab
huwa sakran
huwa taM amri
huwa za'lan kathir
huwa aiyan ~~
at allam ingllzi
huwa qal li
uskut, ikhras
kaif halat ?
kaif khatirak ?
kam qirsh ?
bikam tabi hadha ?
ma hfi-1-tariq ila — ?
ma ahmaquh !
ana mut ajjib
ana rayih
ma aqdarsh
ma yumkinni
ana uhaqqiq lak
-ma indi
ana fi. za al ma ak
ana bardan
ana jau an
ana mush jau an
Vowd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, li, d, $, t, ^, hard.
English.
I am tired
[to it
J am not accustomed
I am wrong
I am right •
I cannot, ain not able
I do not care
I do not kn6w
I do not speak Arabic
I cannot" learn Arabic
if you speak English
to me
I have no appetite
I have no passport
I live at —
I never sarw him
J want
I want to buy
I am not willing
I am mistaken
I pray you
ti - tj
If you please
Is it true ?
I believe not
I think it probable
It is of no consequence |
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES
Akaeio.
103
Ut>
.Si\ U
JM^
^^J^
UjI ^J.yJJ:^ I.
<fc=;? J:lL ^
Pbonunoiation.
ana ta ban
ana malish 'adah flh
al-haqq alaiya
al-haqq ma i
ma aqdarsh
la ubali
la a rif
ma atkallam arabi
ma aqdar at'allam
arabi idha kunt tu-
kallimni bil-inglizi
ma li qabliyah lil-akl
ma 'indi tadhkara
ana sakin fl —
ma shuftush abadan
biddi, aviz
biddi ashtari
ana mush radi
ana ghaltan
altamis ilaika
hi ardak
min fadlak, in shi'ta
ahadha sahlh ?
ma azinn
azunnahu
muhtamalan
la tail tahtahu
Vowel sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
' Dotted'-conaonants, h, d, §, t, ?, iiard.
104 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Engmsh.
Aeabio.
PBpNUNOIAJION.
It is all one
c^r= ^^ iJ^
ala hadd siwa
Is he there ?
(JjLjbys (_^'V.
yatara huwa hunak ?
I must go
. ^-^->^ rj^
lazim aruh
>i it
(_JSJ1 ^\ ^JjJ
biwuddi an adhhab
I must be off [longer
j^^\^.JS.^
la buddalimini-1-inti-
I must not stay any
ci^^l JJ^\ 1
la utilu-1-makth Llaq
It is all over
i^[^*Z.j ij^i^\
inqada bi tamamu
It is finished
u^^
khala^
It rains hard
^i'J^
tamtur qawi
It is very warm
harr qawi
Is he at home ?
l::-^! C^J^ t5y V.
yatara huwa fil-bait ?
I cannot help it
■" J s.L^ 1
la hilah li
It is the fashion
ifjWf ^ ila
hadhi hiya-1- adah
It will strike soou
Jsj ^:J ^
an qarlb taduqq
It is getting late
^S^J>\ LZ^\i
fata-1-waqt
I am tired of waiting
jlliO^l ^yi ujr-JL.
malalt min-il-intizar
Is everything ready ?
>^ ^ J^ ^ylj
yatara kul shaihadir?
It is not necessary
r>.^
la yalzam
It is your fault
^M J^\
al-haqq alaik
It is not my fault
j^lr (ji.,, J^l
al-haqqmush allaiya
It is too late
^^ -fj^J
wakhri kathir
I intend to ride
'— ^' u' 'i_f '^Jy'*
maradi an arkab
I believe so
Uv^-^
zinni kadha
It is only a report
L±-OJ.J»- ^l_yJ!> U
ma huwa ilia hadith
I have no time
"^jJU
ma li waqt
Is there no news ? .
jr^ U"* LT^^
alaia min khabar ?
)» jt j»
jr^ LA:^i t.
ma fishjkhabar ?
Vowd sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
105
English.
I have heard none
It is time to go
It is rather cloudy-
It is a pleasure
I wish you good-night
I will see you again
tomorrow "^
I hope so
It is good for nothing
I don't oare ^
It is so, really Lout it
, I will make shift with-
I beg your pardon
(excuse me)
I beg your pardon
• * (forgive me) /
It is very likely
It is a long way o£E
It is close at hand
Just as usual
Keep to the right
Knock at the door
Lend me
Let me alone
Let me help you
Lift the latch
Light the candle
AnABIO.
i^£.
^\
_$si.»«iJ , ^AX t.l>-i^
Pbonunciation.
ma sami tu shaian
i, ana-1-dhahab
al-sama mughimah
hadha wajib
tamsi ala khair
sa-a'ud arak ghadan
in sha-allah
la yagluhi lishai
la ubali
hadha hakadhahaqq'in
ana astaghni 'annu
la tuwakhidhni
al- afu
qarlbil-ihtimal
masafah ba'idah
bilqurb
hasabi-1- adah
khallik ala yaminak
duqq-1-bab
aslifni
khallini
khallini u Tnak
irfa'i-1-suq'qatah
■walli ish-sham ah
Vowd sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
Dotted eoTisonants, h, 4, ij, t, ?, hard.
106
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English.
Aeabio.
Pkonoticiatios.
Light tte fire
^IJl t^i
walli-il-nar
Look the door
^l^Jb <^\J\ JJ6\
iqfili-1-bab bilmiftah
Make haste
t^l-'j---l
ista jil, isri
Make my bed [about
^/_^'
aslih farshati
Mind what you are
lUJ e^^v.^^- '/t-j Jill
unzur fima khudta fih
My words have made
jitJM-J U ^-«^
kalami ma sami ush
no impression on him
Never mind
^j:^-: ^ _ JlJ^
la tubali, la taktarith
M M
j_A-L: L»
ma alaish
No, sir
^Ju^U^
la yasTdi
No, madam
■■^v. ^
la yasitti
Nonsense(meaningless)
J^^'^.
bila ma na
„ (idle talk).
^il _ u;V.'^
hadhayan, laghu
Not yet
Jkjtj _Ll!
lissa, ba'd
Nothing, I thank you
^j^/i'i
la, kaththir khairak
Oh, how dirty you are !
cJ^j\ u V.
ya ma ausakhnk !
Open the door
c^U^i
iftahil-bab
Open the window
CJ'\t,':,\\ ^\
iftahi-l-shubb&k
»» ft
^M^\
iftahi-l-taqah
Order the horses to bo
J^\ 1^^=^ ^ Ji
qui lahum yuhad^i-
brought
rulkhail
Permit me
^^!
ismali li
)t j»
J u^^'i
i'zin li
Permit me to accom-
C^\J J^, J ^1
ismah li bian urafiqak
pany you
Pray tell me [ness
J Ji;^-Ui^
min fadlak qui li
Please have the good
J.asj lUws:^-! 1^)1
in a'jabak tafa(jldal
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, b. d. s. t. z. hard.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES. 107
Engmbh.
Poor fellow !
Quite sufficient
A-R.A-PTCI.
Pkonusoiation.
ya miskin !
kafi wafi
Ring the bell
She has gone visiting
duqq-il-jaras
dhahabat zayirah
Shut the door (lock it)
c^UI Jiil
iqfil-il-bab
,, „ (close it)
C^Ui J^
rudd-il~bab
, Sit down, please
■ A*sl J-wdiJ'
tafaddal uq'ud
■ Speak plainly
Speiik the truth
takallam wadihan
qul-il-haqq
\ Stop here
La }^'i\
intazir huna
11
\ijbj^\
usbur huna
It
uj& UJ^kA^al
istanna huna
Stop a moment
aL. J ^^\
usbur lahzah
■ Some money
1 Some bread
Stay a little longer
shuwaiyat darahim
shuwaiyat khubz
umkuth qalilan aidan
Take care, no lies
(—jjkiJr"^ lL-OIj^JJ
dir balak la takdliib
Take it
^,\'i-
khudh-hu
Take a chair
^^Ji\ .J^ J^dJu
tafaddal 'alal-kursi
Take my arm
^y.\jSJ i^
fudh bidhira i
Take an umbrella
i.l.,i.,AJi, j^
fudh shamsiyah
Take me with you
Take hold of the bridle
fudhni ma'ak
imsiki-1-lijam
Take hold of the halter
imsiti-r-rasan
Tell him
<»1 Ji
qui lu
Tell the truth
j-aJ1 Ji
quli-§.sudq
Thank you
^j^j^
kathir khairak
V&wd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = OW in cow.
Dotted consonaMa, b, d, 9, t, z, hard.
108
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Engush.
That's enough
There is no haj-m
They are all alike
This annoys me very
much
They say so
The night is dark
The moon shines
The -wind is cool
Take a cloak
That is the whole truth
The flies are trouble-
Wait here [some
"Wait until he comes
Walk slowly
We will eat
Welcome !
Welcome to you !
Welcome, my dear
friend
Well, I am satisfied
We can by no means
permit it
We have not any
cause to complain
Aeabio.
i^.
J-
L5
jU
j'^'*^ (_Si j*^
^^ ,j^y,. \i>^
■ >
J^J^^
PEONtlNOIATION.
yikfi, bass
ma.fi darar
kuUuhum zai ba da<
hum
hadha yuza ilni
kathJr
yakulun hakadha
al-lail muzlim
al-qamar zahir
ar-rih baxidah
khudh burnus
hadha-1-haqq kullu
al-dubban mukaddir
usbur buna, istanna
huna
usbur hatta yaji
imshi ala mahlak
biddana nakul
ahlan wasahlan !
marhaba fik !
marhabafikya sadiqi-
1-azTz
taiyib, ana iktafait
la naqdar in nadhin
bihi-1-battah '
ma lana min illat
lil-shakwa ^
Vowd sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, $, t, ^, iiard.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES. 109
Bhglish.
Abablo, Pbonunciation.
We ought to study
^i Afi=sr ^J| \xAs.
alaina an najtahid
diligently
<uIlUi
fil-mutala ah
What are you doing?,
• Jaju jJ:,
shu ta'mal ?
What did he say ?
-slU J]\ ^
shu illi kalu ?
What does it contain ?
shu flh ?
What do you say ?
J.Jbj ^
shu bitqul ?
What do you mean ?
<Ji'l-.»^_j^
shu ma'nak ?
What do you want ?
tl<s^ ^^
shu biddak ?
What have you got ?
Cii'vvc. .-i
shu indak ?
What is this— that ?
shu hadha ?
What is the difference ?
c/^^
shu-1-farq ?
What a pity !
lsJ:M^ Li
ya khisarah !
What kind of man is he ?
..a ;_>uUl |_j|
ai-ul-nas huwa ?
What a wonder !
^r^-^'V.
ya ajaban !
What is the matter ?
;roUll_j-i
shu-1-maddah ?
What is the news ?
^^1,^
shu-1-khabar ?
What is to he done ?
(>J1 .Ji
shu-l-'amal ?
What is your name ?
LliCi^l^^i
shu ismak ?
What is your opinion ?
iJJol^yi,
shu rayak ?
Whatmakesy ou angry ?
CXJ^;. Jll ^
shu illi yuza ilak ?
What.o'clook is it ?
aiiLuIl ^^
shu-1-sa'ah ?
What pay does he get ?
'IwLjbL^ aS
kam mahiyatu ?
What shall I do ?
J^^^
shu a mal ?
What time is it ?
c^Jl *^
kam-il-waqt ?
What is the matter
Ll-OU
ma lak ?
with you? [him?.
What do you think of
<Ui (.Uc-li t»
ma zinak fih ?
FoiueZ sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, §, t, ?, hard.
no
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Bngush.
Arabic.
PEOirONOIATION.
Where are you going ?
CL-o\ C^^i ^^j\
ain dhahih int ?
Where do you live ?
'^^^ J^ ;:;:^^
fain sakin int ?
Where is he no-w ?
■ U^^ }^ ^
fain hu alan?
Well done !
ii]\ n^ u
ma sha-AUah !
Which house is yours ?
tiio-j ^\
anhu haitak ?
Which horse will you
i^-^p i^Las- ^j\
ai hisan tarkah ?
ride ?
Will you take any thin g ?
lJU ,N<.b- ^1
ala takhudh shaian ?
Where is the lamp ?
^xJ^\ ^\
ain-al-qandll ?
Will you he engaged ?
fji.f.^ ^.<3\
atakun mashghulan ?
Without joking
^J..h
hala mizah
Where did you get it ?
'^^'^ ^} liT*
min ain hassaltu ?
Where does he live ?
J^ J^. ui}
ain yaskun huwa ?
Where is she? [hence?
y-^cn-.^
ain hiya ? Lhuna ?
When will you go
UJS ^^ l_^oS JJ i<-^
mata tadhhah min
Will you allow me ?
'j^\
atasmah li ?
Will you ohlige me ?
'-^ij^' Li** 1-^"^
ata mal ma'i ma'ruf ?
Will you take this ?
1 JJ!> >Xs-Ij1
atakhudh hadha ?
Who told you ?
^O Jli ^
man qal lak ?
You will ohlige me
X^y-A^ ^ilse=£?
taj alni mamnfinan
Tou must go now
"■^"^ X-i? ^j^
lazim taruh alju
You are late
LU-i- \j l::_Ji
anta ta-akhkhart
You are right
iJi!*^ JLsil
al-haqq ma ak
You are wrong
CS-^^jA\
al-haqq 'alaik
You are very kind
1:>-Lc lLXL^
fa^lak alaina
You walk too fast
anta tamshi bi'ajalah
irj^lj
zayidah
Vowd sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au=owiii cow,
Tinttfirf. r./vnjtnvifi.'nf.a. Ti _ *1 . a +. 7 h n ■•/f
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
EHeiilSH.
Tou come with me
You are too young
Tou must dress well
You must be quick
You are ready now
111
Akabic.
PnONnHOIATION.
^^^\
anta taji ma'i
J^ J.^ el^J-l
anta ?aghir kathlr
_^t L^ Jj" ^ il
■lazim tilbis taiyib
J^^' rj^
lazim tasta'jil
^\ j^\»- cuJI
anta hadir alan
I want a boat
This is not big enougli
for us
No, it will not do
Can you take our
' luggage -nith you ?
Certainly, sir
I will bring you a
porter
He can carry the lot
|; by himself, he is
I strong
He has a cart too
rlheieisfirstthecustom-
house examination
We will go -in the
I caiTiage
You must come with us
Tell me how much the
fare is
Arrival.
J'^
ayiz fulukah
hadhi mush kabirah
bil-kifayah lana
la, ma tanfa
ataqdar takhudh
afshana ma ak ?
na am ya sTdi
ajib lak attal
yaqdar yahmil - ul -
' kull wahdu, huwa
qawi [himl
indukaman arablyat
auwalan fi taftisb-ul-
kumruk
nuhn naruh ill
arabiya
lazim taji ma na
qui U kam-1-ujvah
■ Vmvd sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au — ow in cow.
Dotted. caasonaTUs, h, d, 9, t, ^, hard.
112
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Engmbh.
How mucli is the fare
to the station ?
Each person four
piastres [much ?
And the porter how
He is entitled to ask
two piastres, and is
asking for baqshish.
because it is hot and
the luggage is heavy
Is the luggage correct ?
Eleven pieces
Tou left one in thc'
steamer
You must send the
porter to inquire
ahout it
I quite forgot it, sir
Thank goodness ! some
one is bringing it now
Aeabio.
c"
Pbonunciation.
kam -l-ujrah lilma-
hntta ?
kul shakhs arba at
qurush
wal- attal kam ?
haqqu qirshain wata-
lib bakhshish., lian-
id-dunya shaub wal-
'afsh thaqil
yatara-l- af sh tamam?
ihda shar razma
khallait wahida fll-
markab
lazim tursilu-1- attal
yas-al anha
nasaituha bit-tamal
ya sidi
al-hamdu lillah.
wahad jayibha alan
Is the station far ?
No ; a quarter of an
hour's distance only
The Railway.
HS^je.1
iks^l
lSj'
kJii (LcLj
t^J
Aj.^
yatara al-mahatta |
ba Ida ? «
la ; masafat rub sa al'i
faqat .,|
Vowei sowiuU: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = owiii cow. i
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
Enoubh.
Wlen does the train go ?
In hall an hour
it will not
113
ttOW,
start hefore the
mails come
We need not hurry
[Please go and get the
I tickets
I want four flrst-class
K
There is a ticket short
Never mind ! I will
! bring you another
And the money : is it
right"?
One piastre is bad
[(By the life of your
father) I swear, it is
good
You are right, it is
only old
I would like to ask
the interpreter
There is no need to
I will ascertain from
him all the same
Ababic.
Jlkj ^ij j:>ji
I
(J*:i~!^
PBONTOiaiATlON.
mata yusafiru-1-qitar?
ba d nu?s sa ah
ala kull hal ma
yaqum qabl in taji-
l-b5sta
la luzum lil-'ajalah
min fsyilak ruh
wajibi-1-tadhakir
ayiz arba mahallat
darajaula
naqisa tadhkara
wahida
ma alaish ajib lak
wahida thaniyah
wad - darahim ahi
tamam ?
qirsh wa^id battal
wahayat abuk huwa
taiyib
al-haqq ma ak huwa
bass qadim
ahubb as-al at-tur
juman
ma fish luzum
ma dhalik urid asta -
lim minhu
Vowd samida • hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
I Doited cpneonanis, h, d, 9, t, j, hard.
drabic Self-Tcntghl
114
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ehqush.
The luggage goes with-
out extra charge
No ! I haTe paid 15
piastres : here is the
receipt
I wish you a good
journey
You are travellers
How long have you,
been in Egypt ?
We arrived only to day
Are you going to
Jerusalem ?
We shdl stay there
four days, waiting
for a friend
It is' not enough; you
require two or three
weeks at least
Our intention is to see
everything before we
go back to England
Good ; perhaps I shall
see you when you
return from Beth-
lehem
Please God !
Ababio.
ji
tjij AiJl liLffi
up ••:;
'\, , <-jI)
u^
.\i\
iM
y
'.J' >r
j' Uj *jCs5^\
i:;"
a!J1 'L
Pbonunciation.
al- afsh yaruh balash
la, ana dafa t khamsa-
ta shar qirsh : ha
huwa-1-wasl
ma as-salamah bihif z-
il-lah
hadratkum musafirin
kam sar lakum fi
barr Masr ?
wasalna-l-yaum faqat
yatara rayihin ilal-
quds?
nuqim fiha arba'at
aiy am n antazir sahib
lana
ma yakfish yalzam-
kum jum atain au
thalatha 'alal-aqall
qasduna nashuf kull
shai qabl ma narja'
ila biladi-1-ingilz
aiyib ; insha- Allah
ashufkum lanima
tarja u min Bait-
ruhm
insha-Allah !
Vowd sounds: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au =0W in cow.
Dotted consonants^ h, d, 9, t, 5, hard.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES
115
The Hotel.
Enqush.
Ababio.
PBOHnNOIATION.
Where is tho proprietor
*Jul^l l_.,s-U ^^\
ain §ahib-l-lukandah ?
of the hotel?
Have you a room
ijij\ tiiAii t^/V.
yatara 'indak au^ah
vacant ?
i^\i
fadiyah ?
This room is very
\Sj>- XjJe^ ijJ] sUjI)
hadhi-l-au^ah
small
jaghirah jiddan
Have you* a large
Hj^ <t«jl uLSjkXC Jj!i
hal 'indak au^ali
room?
kabirah ?
Show me a bedroom.
(♦y ^jl xjj^
arini au^at naum
I will take this one
if jjb Ari-l
akhudh hadhi
Have you no better
.,MJ^\ l^j\ ijJ^XfX- U
ma 'indak uwa4
rooms ?
ahsan ?
I want a large one
'ij^ ifjws-ljjjlc
'ayiz wahida kabira
Are you the landlord?
:fjjlS'_jlll t_-.5-L5Ur-ol
anta saliib-l-
1
.\
lukandah ?
low much do you
i»^J\ ^i- L^ik-' ^
kam tatflub fi-1-
charge per day ?
yaum?
Has my luggage come ?
,J^ -w t>
hal ja 'afshi ?
Take the luggage up-
0/ (>i*ii ^l
itli'-l-'afsh fauq
' stairs
Bat it down here
lii.<)Jjj
nazzilu buna
Iwantsomethingto eat
J^^ ^i ^J
arid shai lil-akl
|iiything will do
'Give me the key of my
^^ ^\^"U JLj.1
aish ma kan taiyib
^i^j\ c.^^ ^r:^^^
a'tini miftah au^ati ■
■ room
Yowd ammds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, is, t, ^, Iiard.
n 5
116
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Bhgmsh.
What are the meal-
times ?
Lunch, is at ... and
dinner at . . .
There is no fixed time
And breakfast ?
Can I dine in my
room?
Where is the w.c. ?
I want a warm hath
Give me a piece of soap
Grive me a towel
Where is the bell ?
I want a candle
I think of leaving to-
morrow
Call me early in the
morning
Call my servant
Take me to the station
Ababio.
. . . <ul.JI
1 "
i_r"^^ 1-?'
■jlj
<iLs^
L5^
Jk^
Peontiuoiation.
ma hi sa'at-1-akl ?
alghada assa ah . . • .
■wal asha assa ah . . .
ma fl waqt muqarrar
wal-futur ?
ayumkinni atghadda
fl audati?
fain bait-l-rahah ?
ayiz hammam
sukhun
a'tini shaqfat sabun
a tmi minshafah
fain-l-jaras ?
ayiz sham ah
anwi-1-dhahab bukrah
salihini badri fis -
sabah
nadi khadimi
khudhni lil-mahLi^tah
Meals.
(For Vocabulary, see p. 34.)
Please bring tea and
cakes
Bring bread and butter
^j-Jy
min fadlak jib shaii
waqa q i
jib khubz wa-zibdah :
Vnwd nounda: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au^owin cow. i
Dotted consonants, h, d, s. t. z, hard.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES. 117
ENOIilSH.
Another cup of tea
Ababio.
Pboubnoiation.
finjan shai thani
Give me some more
.L.^U J.\.r.\
a'tmi kaman sukkar
sugar (milk)
(^-r^)
(halib)
Put some more -water
^i 'U 'iii\j_j k»-
hutt ziyadat ma fl
in the teapot
^^^^■Ji/
ibriq-1-shai
This is enough
^_^i£) Ijos
hadha yakfl
May I oflPer you some
^,.^ LliJ ^jjil JjSj
hal uqaddim lak
fish?
LLS^
shuwayat samak '?
Thanks, I will take
4,^ j^l ^-i^j^
kaththir khairak
some
Which of them do you
JJaaJ' U^J
akhudh shuwaiyah
aiyuhlima tufa^dil ?
prefer ?
I prefer roast to boiled
J- A^\ S;^
ufaddil-1-mu^tammar
J^Lm^I
ala-1-masluq
Is there any fish here ?
liJs cl,<-*-. ^i ^ Jl)
yatara fi samak huna?
There is none
^^ ^'r;i ^
la yujad shai
Tell the cook to makp
cu^i^^ Jr*^. r-M=^ J^
qui lil-tahbakh
soup
ya mal shaurahah
He is not a good cook
jSsl^ AJo Jl^ .£>
huwa'mush tabbakh
shatir
I have nothing to eat
ma fl 'indi shai lil-
akl
Is the soup ready ?
Hj^ls^ hj.M^] JjD
hal-il-shaurabah
Ijadirah ?
Binner is ready
^..tfU^ >Lije!\
al- asha hadir
Do you like . . . ?
. . . l_-^Jj!>
haltuhibb . . . ?
If it is fresh
y,iu'^j^
in kan tazah
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au =ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, 9, t, 7, hard.
118
Ehgush,
Give me a little, please
Will you pass the
mustard ?
Pass me the sauce
Waiter, some bread
What wine will you
take, sir?
Show me the wine list
Have you English
beer?
Open the bottle
Is this water filtered ?
Is it good for drinking ?
Change my plate
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababio.
Lj-LOi \j^ LLiAii^
^il^. >
Correspondence^ Post, Telegrams, etc.
Pbondhoiatios.
a tmi shuwaiyah min
fadlak
min fadlak nawilni-1-
khardal
nawilni-l-maraqah
ya-sufraji shuwaiyat
khubz
ai nabidh tashrab ya-
sidi?
warrini qayimat - 1 -
nabidh
fi indak blra inglizi-
yah?
iftah-il-qannmah
yatara hadha - 1 - ma
musafEa ?
hal yaslah lil-shurb ?
ghaiyir sahni
Have no letters come
for me ?
'No, none have come
He ought to be here
by now
I have heard nothing
(For Vocabulary, see p. 47.)
^Ji\ Lb ujl» ^J: I
U^
U
ma ia-at li makatib?
la ma ja shai
yajib an yakun huna
al-an
ma sami t shai
Vowel
neara notmng ^.i i^^:,.^xa^ \^ ma sami t snai i
sounds : hat., father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = OW in cow. |
Dotted conaonante, h, 4, 9, t, f, hard.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
English. Arabio.
Has the mail steamer
arrived ?
119
Go aad see if the mail
is in
Are there any letters
for me ? [letters
I have not received any
Please forward my
letters to . . .
Please weigh this letter
Howmuch is the postage
, on these letters ?
Can you lend me a pen?
Have you a lead pencil ?
I want some note-paper
Give ine an envelope
Where is the ink ?
Lend me a piece of
: hlotting-paper ■
Give me some stamps
Tell him to wait
[ will send a reply
later
J.
w
lai:-Js.i£a <U3~1>J'
IJJS ^jj\
USB) i(k-jij !SjS>-\ J,
^js^j Jj_lLSjc£ Jjo
PBONnUOIATION.
yatara wasal waburr
ul-bosta ?
ruh washuf in kanat-
il-bos^a wa?alat
fi makatib IT ?
ma istalamt makatib
min fadlak irsil maka-
tlbi ila . . .
min fadlak uzan
hadha-1-maktub
kam ujrat bSstat
hadhi-1-makatib ?
taqdar tusullifni
qalam ?
hal indak qalam
risas ?
ayiz waraq kitabah
a tini zarf
fain-il-hibr ?
sallifni -warakat
nashshafah
a'tmi ba (J tawabi
bosta
qui luh yantazir
ursil-ul-jawab
ba dain
V(Md sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted conaanants, h, ^, ^, t, z, hard.
120
Engush.
Can I send a telegram ?
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT
Akabio,
I have received a
telegram from . . .
I want a postal order
The payee s name and
address are . . .
I am the sender
Please cash this money
order
This letter is to he
registered
Registered letter
Give me a receipt for it
. . . -l^KiS
> ^ -J
PEONOTIOIATrON.
yatara yumkinniursil
teleghraf ?
wasalni teleghraf
min . . .
ayiz hawalat hosta
ism-ul-muwadda ilaih
wa- anwannh
huma . . .
ana-l-mnrsil
min fadlak a tini sarf
hadhi-1-ha walah
hadha-1-m aktub
lil-tasjtl
maktub mnsaukar
a tini bihi wasl
Shopping.
I want some silk
This silk is very dear
This material wears
well
I will guarantee it
I don't guarantee it
Please show me some
gloves
ayiz shuwayat fcanr
hadha-1-harir ghali
kathir
hadha-l-q[umash
yadum zaman ^awil
ana aijmanuh
ana la admanuh
min fadlak farrijni
ala ba d kuf uf ,
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted consonante, h, d, $, t, 7, hard.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
121
ENausH.
I want a cross made
Ababio.
PBONUNOIA-TION.
ayiz sallb masnu
of olive-wood
^}Hj '-r-'i^ liT-
min thashab zaitun
Also flowers from
Bethlelieni
I want tq see that desk
kaman zuhur min
Baitlahm
ayiz ashuf ti.'k-il-
[price ?
^.•;<il
maktabah
What is the lowest
^J^l ,*...il .Jb U
ma hu-l-si r-ul-adna ?
Is this frame ex-
j\j.^\,j\ysj. ^yb
yatara hadha-1-
pensive ?
burwaz ghali ?
I will select the best
^-j ^^yM^Ji\ i_^ol
antakhib-ul-ahsan
from among these
SSJc
bain hadhi
I want to see some
ij^xJ i_j^il JjIc
^'ayiz ashuf ba'd
curios
' cijLCJl
antikat
Are they genuine ?
<UJi-iis- . jJk Jji
hal hi haqiqiyah ?
May I show it to you ?
Please give me about
tasmah li uwarrik
iyaha ?
min fadlak a'tini
ten
'j^ i=^
nahu 'asharah
These suit me, but the
■xm}\ ^^ ^:sijlj SS&
ha(Jhi tuwafiqnilakin-
price is too high
>J^^
is-si'r ghali kathir
I don't want any more
jt^\y\^ Ji^
mush 'ayiz akthar
It is dearer than I
cu/^S IX, ^\ ly\
inuaha aghla mimma
thought
iftakart
These are cheaper
i^^j' n^
hadhi arkhas
These are still better
i^**aS^' (jjUfi itXil
hadhi kaman ahsan
How much do you ask
l^^ L-Jiaj" ^
kam tatlub fiha ?
for them ?
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, maohlue, put, rule, aisle; au =ow in cow.
Dotted consonants, h, d, fi, t, ;, hard.
12i
ENQI/ISH.
I can't let you have
tliem for less
. I will buy these
How do you like ttese ?
I don't like any of these
Do you want anything
else?
Send the things to my
hotel
What name, sir?
Wake me early in the
morning
We are going to see
the Mount of Olives
to-morrow
Do you want me to get
the donkeys ready ?
Perhaps we shall go in
a carriage, but any-
how we shall' take
food with us
Tes, sir ; everything
will be all right
You must take the
necessaries for tea
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
Ababio.
■i I iyJ (JjSi
An Excursion.
^\j^\ ^j\ji jui-ij ^j'i
Pbonunciation,
la yumkinni asmah
lak biha bi-aqall
ashtari hadbi
kaif tuhib hadhi ?
la uhib wahida minha
hal targhab fl shai
akhar ?
arsil - il - ashya ila
lukandati
ma-l-ism "ya sidi ?
sahhini badri fls-
sabah
rayihm nashuf jabal-
al-zaitun bukra
aturid an uhad^iru-
1-Lamir ?
rubbama narkab
arabiyah, walakin
ala kull hal
nakhudh ma na akl
na am ya sidi kull
shai yakunbittamam
lazim takhudh lawa-
zim-1-shai
Vovid aoumdi: hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle; au = ow in cow.
DoUtd contonanis, h, 4. 9, t> ?i hard.
Enqijbh.
The teapot, the spirit,
matches, and every-
thing must be
■wrapped in paper
I have wrapped up
everything and put it
into the basket
We can buy oranges
and melons on the
way
Good ; do not' forget
the wine
We want to go up the
minaret
Just as you wish, sir;
it is not difficult, but
it tires one
I will bring a permit
for you all to go up
This is necessary
It will cost two piastres
each
Is the lady strong, and
can she also go up ?
[once
Get the tea ready at
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES.
123
Arabio.
air
^.J^^,
■J '^ j^ <-^s
-:fj
UL».
i' u"^} ''ff'.i
ai
;/iJl
J>-wJl
\J^
u
l_yJi^
J^.
•:j-5.
,xs ifAJI)
ij.s
U.
e:_^l
,Uj_lk>-_
fl^^liJl
yds>-
Peohtokjiation.
ibriqu-sh - shai wal-
sbiritu, wal-kabrit,
wakull shai lazim
yaltaff bil-waraq
laffait kiill shai wa-
hattaitu fis-salla
yumkinna nashtari
burtuqan wabattikh
wanahnu fl^-tariq
taiyib la tansa-1-
nabidh
narid natla lifauqi-1-
ma-dhana
ala khatirak ya
khawaja ; ma fl
su uba, walakini-1-
insan yat ab
ajib rukhsa likullikiim
litatla u
hadhi druriyah
thamanha qirshain
an kuU shakbs
yatara-1-sit kawiyah
wataqdar tatla
kaman ?
haddiri-sh-shai halan
Vowel sounde : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = o w in cow.
DQttii contowants, h, 4, ?, \, % hard.
124
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
The horse is goinglame,
and is very tired
The driver is beatinfr
the horse without any
reason
He knows his business
He is not cruel
Another time I will
take some one else
They are all alike '
Have you made an
account of what you
have spent ?
I have spent three
Turkish liras, four
mejidis, and fifteen
piastres
I hope you, sir, the
ladies, and the othoi-
gentlemen have en-
joyed yourselves to-
day
We all enjoyed our
excursion, only the
ladies are a little
tired
uW'j '^j'^. U
u
iX) i.)l"ASI
J-
\^j^
^\ ^\j^
J £L'
t^jb
iJi\Ats.
,A£iu*,K~-. (Jub J*^.sr*
i f^'
ij
liiJ IS
jl:uJ\ LiiJ ^~^1
i.}-
PnOirtJNOIATION.
al-hi?an ya ruj wata -
ban kathir
al - arhaji ammal
yadrubu-1-hisan
bidiin sabab
ya rif shughlu
huwa mush qasi
al-m arra-th-th aniy a
akhudh wahad ghairu
kuUuhum mithl
ba dahumi-1-ba d
hal amilt hisaba-d-
darahim illi saraf-
taha?
saraft thalathat lirat
uthmaniyah wa-
arba majidiyat wa-
khamsat asharqirsh
asa in hadratkucn ya
sTdi was-sittat wal-
khawajatu-th-
thaniyln inbasat-
tum-l-yaum
kuUuna inbasatna fi
satratna - 1 - qasira,
faqalji - s - sittat
ta banat shuwaiyah
Vowel sounds : hat, father, bit, machine, put, rule, aisle ; au = ow in cow.
Dotted conscmarUs, h, d, 9, t, ;, hard.
Passages of Arabic with Pronunciation and
Translation interlined.
1. "The Lokd's Pkater" (Matt, vi, 9-13).
kL>^i^]
.SiiliJ cyl.:;!!!
,sT\
-s-muka liyataqaddasi -s-samawafc fi -l-ladhi abana
Thy name hallowed be the heavens in which" art our Father
sUl!
Ui
:Ui
ij,>j'>^i-^
cij'uJ
-s-sama'i fi kama mashi'atuka litakun malakutuka liya'ti
the heaven in as Thy will be done Thy kingdom come
Irlkil
li-Ui [jy^ j>p\ Ju
a'tina kafafana khubzana -1-ardi 'ala
give us sufficient for us our bread the earth upem
ur
ITJ
kadhalika
so
-^-^
II
^^ ^ Ui boy J . w J^^y l«.,
nahnu naghfiru kama dhtinubana lana waghflr -1-yauma
we forgive as our trespasses us and forgive to-day
Uli^-iJ
^s- —-' — 'J
fi tudkhilna wn-la
into lead us and not against us
• *
ilaina
asa'a
trespassed
lianna
for that
-sh-shimri
the evil one
mina
from
SS-
,;;]W
ri^-^
wal-majda wal-quwata
and the glory and the power
najjina
deliver us
-l-mulka
the kingdom
arnin
lakin
but
liman
to them who
^.}^
tajribatin
temptation
(125)
laka
to Thee helongeth
-1-abadi ila
the eternity to
126 ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
2. Qur'an (Koean), chap, ir, verse 169.
J _ \p ^ L^^l Jut ^.
fi taghlu la -1-kitabi ahla ya
in commit extravagance not of the book people
-l-haqqa ilia -1-llahi 'ala taqulu wa-la dlnikum-
the truth except God of speak and not your religion
L5"
top ^ y— 'C^ f O
rasiilu Maryama -bnu 'isa
is the apostle of Mary the son Jesus the Christ for verily
-1-Masihu innama
Maryama
Mary
bil-llahi
in Grod
ila alqaha vva-talimatuhu -1-llahi
into -which He' conveyed and his Word of Grod
fa - aminu
therefore believe
minhu
from Himself
wa - ruhun
and a Spirit
^ji
thalathatun tuqiilu wa-la -wa-rusulihi
a Trinity say and not and His apostles
Idiomaiio translation of the above : —
people of the Book ! commit no extravagance in your religion ;
and speak not of God except the truth. For verily Christ Jesus,
the son of Mary, is the apostle of God, and His "Word -which He
conveyed into Mary, and a Spirit, proceeding from Himself. Believe
therefore in God and His apostles, and say not " a Trinity ''.
MONEY.
Turkish Government Currency used in Syria, with
the English and American equivalents.
Gold Coihs.
2i lira .....
Lira 'Uthmaniyali ' .
i lira
i lira
Also in circulation ^ —
Lira IngUziyah ' , .
Lira Faransawiyali * .
Fiastres,
= 250
= 100
= SO
= 25
= about 2
English,
s. d,
5
IS
9
4
= 110
1
= about
Majidi . .
Nusf Majidi
Zihrawi . .
Rub' Majidi
2 piastres .
Piastre '
Also in circii
Sbilling
Franc . ,
SiiTJCE Coins.
Fiastres.
20 .
10 .
lation ' —
about
Pnrns.^
id
20
10
1
d.
7
9^
1
102
4i
2i
Amebtcan.
Dollars,
-- 10-91
4-36
= 2-18
= 1-09
= 4-85
= 3-88
Dollars.
0-87
0-43
0-26
0-21
0-08
0-04
0-25
0-19
In addition niciel coins of 20 and 10 paras and bronze coins ol' 10 and o paraa
are current. (40 paras = 1 piastre.)
N.B. AH Government taxes and dues are paid according to tbis fixed standard,
but the value of tbe above in piastres varies greatly in the different provinces,
for all other payments. This applies also to raUway fares.
Credit notes can be cashed in English gold.
English and American money with the Turkish
English.
£ s. d.
60
25
10
5
equivalents.
AMEiaOAN.
TUEKISH.
Dollars.
Finstres. Faras
242-50
5,600
121-25
2,750
48-50
1,100
24-25
650
' Turkish pound. ^ But not recognized currency. ' English sovereign.
* French Napoleon. ^ Arabic qirsh, pi. qm-ush. ' Arabic hara, pi. baraf,
(127)
128
ARABIC SELF-TAUGHT.
English.
American.
Turkish.
£ s.
rf.
Dollars.
Piastres. r->
4
=z
19-40
=
440 w
3
=
14-55
=
330
1
=
4-85
_ =
110
10
=
2-42
' =
55
5
=
1-21
'=
27 20
4
=
-97
=
22
2
6
=
-60
=
13 30
2
=
•48
=
11
1
=
•24
=
5 20
6
=
-12
=
2 30
3
r=
•06
=
1 15
1
=:
-02
=
18
0^
=
-01
=
9
Oi
=
a cent)
=
4
WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES.
"Weight.
114 dirhams or 96 mithqals mate 1 rati or pound = -991b. av. English = about
12 oz. 8J dr.
100 rati make 1 qantar = 78-375 lb. av. English = about 2 qr. 221b. 6 oz.
The oqqa is 400 dirhams = 2-75 lb. av. English = 2 lb. 12 oz.
Lbnsxh.
1 qasabah = 11 ft. 7-76 in. English.
1 pik (dira'), the principal measure for cloth and silk = 26-8 English inches.
StTKFACE.
The faddan, or acre, is 400 square qasabah = 1 acre 6 roods.
Capacitt.
24 rub's make 1 ardab = 5'44 bushels (1 pk. 1 gal. 2qts.).
POSTAL EATES.
The postage on letters from Syiia to England, America, and other countries
in the Postal Union is at the rate of 1 piastre (about 2^d.) for 15 grams (about
^ oz.) ; posteards, 20 paias (about Id.); newspapers, 10 paras (about |<?.) for
50 grams.
The inland rates on letters (a) for places on the sea-coast, 20 paras (about Id.)
for 15 grams ; (i) for the interior, 1 piastre (about 2id.) for 15 grams ; oupostcards,
20 paras (about Id.) ; newspapers, 5 paras (about Jrf.) for 30 grams.
Printed by A. & E. WALTER, Ltd., 13-17 Tabernacle Street, London, E.G. 2
P.O. 615.
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maroial, Uotoring and Oycling Tstma, Uoney,'Weigbto and UeasnreB, with UluBtration '
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FHtENCH CKAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT- «"■••»•• ■'"• "j^^fViith: if.
' ■ ByiJ., LAFFITTB, B.-*ii''Ii. (Fiioc{pa( »>euoh Uaatw City or Lonilon Hchoolt.
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Verba, fixnroiaea, Alpnabatioal voaa'buliKy.' < .>
KEY to Frencb Grammar SelC-Tauifbt. orownSTo. piuawrappn.T*.
FRENCH B y HOME STUDY. Olom»M. BIu. wrapper. »..
^ : — ; 1 Banded tliijellier. ,
Uontalu^ French BeU-TaOKht, Qrammar and Key to the Bzerclaaa.
F RENCH SELF-TAUGHT and CKAMMAR orSS'ioth?...
with KEY. Three bookkbonnd In pne Tolnma. , . < ^
FRENCH PROt>rUNC:iATION MADE EASY. om..i.8.?i!!3rA -..
;.! ByM. II. ItEBKK'r. ' Vonrtl) aMtlcB. Ke-nttten and anla>ge<.
Containing the Vowel Sonada, the Oonaonante, Accenta and Blgna, the NMal.DlTiaibn
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ITALIAN SELF-TAUGHT, t (Thimm'f Syifam) On. avo. Bioa wmpnei, la. at.
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1). IML'IiA VBCCIIIA. Containing Alphabet and Pronnnciation; Notes on Articlua,
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Travel Talk, Commercial, Trading, Naval and Military Terms, Ainnsements, Motoring,
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Values, Weights and Measures, and illustration of Italian Coinage.
ITALIAN GRAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT. Oin.>*o. bi»w»pp«,i..m.
■ / Ked oloVB, JB.
By A. O. PANAGULLI (Principal Of the London School of Italian).' Contaiumg
Alphabet, the Double Consonants, Brbnnuefation, Accent, the Apostroiihe, the
Definite Article; the Use of the Articles ; the Substantive, Gender ; the Adjective;
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Lessons. Idiomatic ExpteBBions.. AlphabeticiU, Vocabulary.
KEY to Italian Grammiiir Self-JTa nght; e™.«»o. biu wrapper. Td.
ITALIAN SELF-TAUGHT and GRAMMAR ^^^^%
with KEY. Three botika bomid in one volume.
ITALIAN B Y , HOME . STUPlf . » 'crown gYo. Bin* wrappei. ■■,
three bboks, baiided together,: Italian Selt-Xan^U. Grammar, and Kay, *
Marlhorongha ITALIAN AND ENGLISH _..°«Ty»j»v. »•« ,.
COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE.
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ARABIC [Syrian] SELF-TAUGHT,..,
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Contains classified VocabulaFies, useful Phrases and ConTersations
witli the ENGLISH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION of every word
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Grammap. Income instances the Grammar foitni^ a separate' volume.'
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