The Dutch at the North pole and the Dutch in Maine. A paper read before the New York historical society, 3d March, 1857

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Dutch at the North pole and the Dutch in

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B)t Diilcl) at il)c ]lin1ij p.ol.e

AND

®ir Smtei in fMJulmro

Sflir iotli i^istovical Soricfu.

3(1 MARCH, 1S57.

®l)e Glutei) at tl)c tlortt) Pole

^i: ^Mj hi Haiut

P AP E B

READ BEFORE THE

eto §0ii |list0r}cal ^0nrig,

3cl MARCH, 1837.

B V

IfiSatta ire |]£gsUv,

A 3JEMBEK OP THE 800IETT.

NEW YORK:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

U DOCO LVII.

liUN^vErtsrrv

LIB^MRV

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Entered accoi'diug to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by J. Watts dk Peyster, in tlie
Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United Stales for the Southern District of New York

PI.ATT & SCHRAM, PBTKTEES,
POUGSHKEEl'SIE.

//

Sell) i^oiiv |)iBlorita[ Socieli),

FOUNEED 1804.

New YoKK. rKBKUAKY '1, la.jT.
FliEI>EUICK DE PeYSTER, Es(J. .

My Dear Sir: " .

In belialf of the iSpecinl.ODminittee on papers to be read, 1 tun
instructed to express to your their desirerthat you will read the paper on
the "IDlitcS lit iSatnc," prepared by Gen. de Petstee, -which was an-
nounced for, but not read, last evening — at the next regular meeting of
the Society, on Tuesday evening. March 3d. Will you allow me to add
my own hope that you will be able to comply vfith the request of the
Committee, as I regard the subject as one of unusual novelty and interest
to the Society. I remain, my dear Sir,

"With great respect,

Tours very truly,

C4E0. H. MOOKE.

Nm JJoi'lt i^istorical Sottetji,

ForsDED 1804.

A t a stated meeting of the Society, held in the Chapel of the University
of the City of New York, on Tnesday evening, March 3d, 1857, ,

The paper of the evening, entitled "tje JBiUcj) at tijt Wort[) 33oIe," and
"tje J3ittcS iu JWainf," prepared by Geneeai. J. "Watts de Peysteu, was
read by Feedeeiok de Peystee, Esq.

On its conclusion, Mr. James W. Beekman, after some remarks, submit-
ted the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this Society be presented to Gex-
EKAL DE Peystek for his able and interesting paper read this evening, and
that a copy be requested for the Archives of the Society, and for such
further disposition as may be advised by the Executive Committee.

Extract from the minutes.

ANDREW WARNER,

Recording Secretary.

JMV.a tiMcCL

€k f iittj) at ttc Horilj |)olf,

111 gmwL

It is only recently that the people of the United
States have been awakened to a just appi'eeiation ol' the
marvelous deeds, stirring enter] )rize, and indonutal)le
spirit, which actuated that glorious little nation, tlie
Netherlandersoi- Hollanders — generally, bntina])propri-
ately, styled Dutchmen — in establishing their indepen-
dence. We have yet to learn how much of the world's
progress is due to their example ; and the practice of
every manly virtue. To courage, fortitude and patri-
otism, they added economy, industry, integrity and
hitelligence ; and had their territorial position and phys-
ical power ■ corresponded with the union of such ]'are
qualities, this combined influence would lun'c raised
them, as a people, to a height of gloiy hitherto ap-
proached by no other nation in the old \\'(jrld.

6

As merchants, ploughers of the sea, they rarely erred
in the location of their maritime settlements ; and, as
colonists, — ploughers of the soil, — they never made u
mistake in tlie selection of the lands they were to culti-
vate ; so much so that it has passed into a proverb in
some parts of this very State — where the Germans, and
families from the Eastern States, came after the Dutch —
"that there never was a good piece of land that the
Devil did not open his bag and shake out some Dutch-
man upon it."

Thus, early as 1575 they learned the value of the
spice-bearing groves and fruitful valleys of the richest
island of the globe^ — -Java; and established their facto-
ries and trading houses wherever bounteous Nature in-
vited Commerce with her richest stores. When Colum-
bus made his great discovery, it is well known that he
supposed it was the eastern coast of Asia, of which he
was in search. The term India was adopted by the
Greeks, who, it is said, derived it from the Persians, —
for it was unknown to the natives, — and was used to
signify the indefinite regions beyond the Indus, which
were but partially known to them, from the vague de-
scriptions of the Persians. Successive expeditions, in
ancient times, revealed the boundaries of the countries
watered by the Indus and the Ganges, and their great
tributaries, and gradually developed their valuable and
inexhaustible productions.

Until the close of the 15th century, Europeans ob-
tained the precious merchandise of India, partly through
Egypt, whither it came by the way of the Arabian Sea,
and partly from the long journeys of tlie Caravans,
through the interior of Asia. The doubling of the
Cape of Good Hope, in 1497, opened to the Portuguese

7
the teeming riches of that vast mine of wealth which
has enriched the various nations who successively have
ol:>tained access to it.

The Portuguese dominion in Asia was fast crumbling
into ruin, when the union of Portugal with Spain, in
1580, gave the finishing blow to their commercial pow-
er in India. The Dutch had sought in the mart of Lis-
bon for Indian merchandize, when Philip the Second
closed its harbor to this adventurous and industrious
people. Thus, it became an object of paramount im-
portance to find a passage, if practicable, to India by
the Northern seas ; and many fruitless attempts were
made to accomplish this great object. Nevertheless,
they availed themselves of favorable opportunities to
enter the lists with the Portuguese ; gradually succeeded
in stripping them of their possessions by their stronger
and better manned Navy, which pursued the latter
on their own beaten track ; and finally wrested from
them their most important acquisitions in the famed In-
dies. It was in the course of the former unsuccessful
attempts in the Polar seas that the Dutch, as we shall
hereafter see, found their way to our Atlantic border,
and thereby became aware of the advantages presented
by the rich lumber districts of Maine ; and although
few are apprised of it, made several attempts by peace-
ful colonization and by force of arms, to place them-
selves in a position to share the prolific fisheries ; the
unsurpassed masting and lumbering facilities; and, at
that time, the rich fur trade afforded along the coasts
and upon the shores of the rivers and estuaries of Maine,
then the Province of Acadie.

There, at the periods referred to, the bounties of
the land actually clasped hands with the favors of the

8
sea ; although at the present date, in many instances,
the bare rocks, denuded of their stately evergreen for-
ests, and oftentimes of the very soil itself, by the intense
action of rapidly succeeding conflagrations, present, in
lamentable contrast, the very image of desolation!

It is well known that the Hollanders first settled the
, three states of New York, New Jersey and Connecti-
cut ; planting their colonies on the shores of two of our
noblest northern I'ivers ; and that a few years subse-
quently they conquered a territory now constituting a
fourth state — Delaware ; when their ^way extended over
the districts bordering on either side of the third great
stream of that name.

Few, however, comparatively, of those best acquaint-
ed with our History, haxc heard that the Hollanders
were likewise amongst the earliest Colonists of ]\laine,
and at one time displayed their ensigns, victorious in
all the four quartei's of the globe, at more than one point
of that thou remote province.

The first Dutch commander, on record, who made a
landing on the shores of ]\Iaine, was ^tnitnck Ijubson ;
he who discovered the noble estuar)' or river, Avhich
now bears his name. On the 17th — (18th) — of July,
1609, (on the third of September, in which year he
iinchored inside the bay formed by Sandy Hook, ) that
distinguished Navigator landed on the shores of the
Penobscot, and remained in that bay for the space of a
week, cutting and stepping a new foremast, and repair-
ing his rigging, damaged by his ]Di'evious tempestuous
passage. He likewise had frequent and friendly inter-
course ^yiih the natives ; some of whom it was even re-
ported could speak a few words of French ; from whom
he understood that traders of that nation came thither

9
every year to barter with the aborigines. At this peri-
od, the glory of the Dutch Military and Commercial
marine had reached its zenith. East, south, and west,
the ships of Holland were boldly cleaving the farthest
waters of unknown seas, to crown their owners' enter-
prise with opulence and fame. Even to the frozen north,
Dutch courage and indomitable resolution had penetra-
ted nearer to the Artie Pole than any other people had
before, or have since ; accomplishing such wonders at
this early stage of Artie exploration, as stand unrivalled
even to the present day, unless perhaps by the recent
exploits of Captain McClure. Bavmtj, whom fate de-
nied the enthusiastic homage of his native land, was
that bold seaman who from thirteen to fifteen years be-
fore Hudson landed on the shores of North America,
defied the terrors of a polar winter ; and planted the
blue, white and orange stripes of the United Provin-
ces on the most northern group of European Islands,
known as Spitzbergen ; and on Cape Desire, now Zelania ;
at the almost inaccessible extremity of Novaia Zemlia,

If, then, to the English appertains the glory of a contest,
kept up for centuries against cold and amid privations,
crowned within the last five years by the discovery of
the North-West passage, by Captain McClure ; to the
Hollander is due the credit of equally persevering, but
less successful, attempts to explore a North-East passage
to the riches of the Eastern world — less successful only
because unquestionably beyond the stretch of possibility
for any one expedition, unless capable of keeping the
sea at least from eight to ten, and in all probability
for double, that period of, years.

In proof that a passage — not navigable however —
actually does exist, whales are known to have passed to

10

and fro. Thus a whale, struck by William Bastiaanz,
Admiral of the Dutch Greenland Fleet, in the Spitzber-
gen sea, was killed in the sea of Tartary, with the Ad-
miral's harpoon, bearing its initials, and other marks of
recognition, still sticking in his back. Muller relates a
similar circumstance, as having occurred in 1 7 1 6. Hamel
writes in 1653, that every year in the sea to the North-
East of Korea, whales in great numbers are captured,
in whose flesh and blubber are found harpoons, and
other striking irons of the French and Dutch whalers,
in the seas washing the Northern extremities of Europe ;
whence, and for similar reasons, navigators throughout
the last five centuries were led to believe that there
was, and is a continuous passage through Behring's sea
and straight, around the north of Asia, communicating
with the straight of Vaigatch, which separates Novaia
Zemlia from Russia in Europe ; nor does this testimony
stand alone ; it has other ample and satisfactory cor-
roboration.

To the Hollandish mariner, the prudent, skillful, brave
and experienced Sarfntj — the most distinguished mar-
tyr to Arctic investigation, until the mystery of Sir
John Franklin's loss transferred the sympathy and ad-
miration of the scientific world to a more recent, but
not more deserving object — to ISarcittj is conceded the
crown of having been the first to winter amid the hor-
rors of the Polar cold ; deprived of every comfort
which could have ameliorated the sojourn ; dependeiit
even for vital warmth on the fires which are kindled in
an indomitatable heart ; and uncheered from the begin-
ning to the end by the sight of, or intercourse with,
any human visitors, such as enlivened and varied the
winter-life of our most distinguished, able, and accom-

11

plished explorer, Dr. Kane. Few readers, comparative-
ly, have turned their attention to Arctic geography and
discovery ; but to those who have fully examined the
subject, the name of Bartitt^ is a household word; and
wc find Dr. Kane, imprisoned in the frozen North, com-
paring his position, and its probable result, with that of
the Chief-Pilot of Amsterdam.

It is wonderful,' — ^and I shall return to the subject
again, — ^liow the journal of the Hollander seems to em-
body almost every incident which lends peculiar charms
— charms which invest it with an awful interest — to that
of every subsequent Commander. Closely observant,
Sarcnt^ must have handled his pen with the same prac-
tical ability with which he guided the helm and adjust-
ed his nautical instruments ; for all those phenomena —
those astounding, terrible attractions — which enlist the
sympathies of the brave in favor of a Polar journey,
and rise in more than gigantic proportions to deter the
timid from enlisting in such an undertaking, find place
in that old Log which survived it composer ; whose
leaves of paper, by a metamorphosis not uncommon
with authors, Ijecame changed into those of laurel, to
crown the brow of him who lay interred beneath the
ice of Nova Zembla. His journal resembles iii many re-
spects the collection of antiquities, disentombed from
Pompeii and its vicinage, in which we discover beau-
ties imexceeded by more recent efforts, and many
things which are looked upon as modern discoveries,
although well known and in common use among the
ancients.

"Two hundred and fifty-nine years ago," writes Dr.
Kane, " lUilltam Sarcnt;!, Chief-Pilot of the States-Gen-
eral of Holland, — the United States of that day, — had

12

wintered on the coast of Novaia-Zemlia ; exploring the
northern-most region of the Old Continent, as we had
that of the New.

His men, seventeen in number, broke down during
the trials of the winter, and three died, just as of our
eighteen three had gone. He abandoned his vessel as
we had abandoned ours, took to his boats, and escaped
along the Lapland coast to lands of Noi'wegian civiliza-
tion. We had embarked with sledge and boat to at-
tempt the same thing. We had the longer journey and
the more difficult before us. He lost, as we had done,
a cherished comrade by the way-side ; and, as 1 thought
of this closing resemblance in our fortunes also, my
mind left but one part of the parallel incomplete —
Barentz Mmself perislied."

A little further on we shall see that this parallel holds
good with regard to other circumstances.

Whoever has enjoyed in his cozy library chair, (be-
side a blazing fire, by the brilliant light of an argand
lamp, ) a trip to the ^Vrctic I'egions in the graphic rela-
tions attbrded us h\ Dr. Kane, and contrasted their and
his comforts and luxuries, must have noticetl. (if they
I'ead with any attention, ) the compliment ^^■hich he pays
so cheerfully and gracefully to the early Dutch Arctic
navigators. 'When we remembei' the immense improve-
ments, not only in the art of navigation, but the con-
struction of vessels : the vast advances in medicine,
remedial jjrcparations and surgery ; the perfection of
armament, provisioning, and every other branch of the
naval service, Avhich relates to the safety and comfort of
sailors, and the preservation of their lives, under the
most disadvantageous circumstances ; as well as the
attainment of the results sought, which have been made

13

within the last century, our astonishment will be still
more increased, when we examine upon the map the
extreme northern point attained hy the Dutch Arctic
explorer Barcnt^, two hundred and sixty-one years ago,
with his small and frail vessels.

He pressed boldly towards the North, and from his
log-books it has been conclusively demonstrated that
he passed the most northern point of Spitzbergen.
How much farther he penetrated to the north at this
time, we cannot learn with any certainty ; but Dr. Kane
says : "An open sea near the Pole, or even an open
Polar basin, has been a topic of theory for a long time,
and has been shadowed forth to some extent by actual
or supposed discoverie". As far back as the days of
'Bann% in 1596, without refering to the earlier and
more uncertain chronicles, water ^^-as seen to the east-
ward of the northern-most Cape of Novaia-Zemlia ; and
until its limited extent was defined by direct observa-
tion, it was assumed to be the sea itself The Butch
fishermen, above and around Spitzbergen, pushed their
adventurous criiiscs through the ice into open spaces,
varying in size and form with the season and the
winds; and Dr. Scoresbv. a venerated authority, alludes
to such vacancies in the fioe, as pointing in argument to
a freedom of movement from the north, indicating o]oen
water in the neighborhood of the Pole."

Scoresby, the elder, infers that it was Barciit^'s in-
tention, in J51J6, to make a traiL^-jjolsn- vo\'age in pur-
suance of the scheme suggested, in 1527, by Robert
Thorne, of Bristol : which was immediately attempted
by two ships, fitted out uudei' the sanction, and, per-
haps, under the patronage, of Henry Ylll.

Wonderful, we may say, as were the results attained

14
with such inadequate means ; they are still more won-
derful when we compare them Avith the very little, if
any, more important, compassed during the present cen-
tury, with all the superior advantages already enumer-
ated, without considering the immense facilities afford-
ed by the auxiliary aid of steam. "It is remarkable that
two ceiituries of extreme activity should have added
so very little to our knowledge of the Arctic regions ;"
and it is still more mortifying to consider how little
progress has been made in geographical discoA^ery,
since the earliest adventurers intrepidly explored the
Polar Archipelago with their humble barks, Avhich sel-
dom exceeded the burden of fifty tons. "The relations
of the earlier navigators to these parts, "-is the testimony
of the scientific authors of the volumes entitled "Dis-
covery and Adventures in the Polar Seas and Regions,"
"possess an interest which has not yet been eclipsed. "-
"The voyage of Martens, from Hamburg to Spitzbergen,
may be cited as still the most instructive. But the best
and completest work on the subject of the Northern
Fisheries, is a treatise in three volumes, (octavo,)
translated from the Dutch language into French, by
Bernard de Reste, and published at Paris in 1801, un-
der the title, " Histoire des Peches, des Decouvertes,
et des Etablissemens des Hollandais dans les filers du
Nord."

On the ITth of June, 1596, IJavEntj discovered land
in the latitude of 80 deg. 10 min. with his little ships
or vlieboats, — fast sailing vessels Avith tAvo masts, and
usually of about 100 tons burthen, — so called, say vari-
ous authors, because built ex])ressly for the difficult nav-
igation of the Ylie and Texd. In 1827, Avith all tlie
appliances and and resources of the British GoA^ei'nment

15

at his command, and stimulated by the prize of national
reward, Parry made his way by the aid of boats and
rude sledges, over the ice, less than three degrees far-
ther north — 82 deg. 40 min.

In the same years (1596-7,) the bold Amsterdammer
passed a Polar winter on the shores of Nova Zembla,
and experienced all the privations, dangers, and inten-
sity of suffering, without any resources except those
arising from his own indomitable resolution ; much less
than which, amid a comparative abundance of luxuries,
prepared without regard to expense, and at the utmost
exertion of science, have conferred a world-wide repu-
tation on more than one of&cer connected with subse-
quent Artie expeditions. When we read in the ac-
counts of those determined men, the perils to which
their fragile vessels — scarcely, if ever, exceeding the
burthen of 100 tons, and generally from 10 to 35 and
50 tons measurement — were exposed ; the dangers from
climate and disease ; from the savage beasts of the Po-
lar circle, against which they had to wage war with fire
arms the most imperfect, and weapons still more primi-
tive and ineffective, their escape would almost seem
miraculous, and their success a special Providence vouch-
safed in consideration of their deep religious trust in
the Almighty ; and their child-like faith in His power
to guard them against all perils, even when cut off from
the rest of the world by impassible barriers of ice-
mountains and ice-bound seas. What modern sailors
credit to "luck," "chance," and "fortune," the "old salts"
of former days attributed to Providence, that superin-
tending Providence which watched over and delivered
them.

Dr. Kane seems to dwell upon 33ar£utj as the Patriarch

16

of Artie explorers ; and as he was the first of the Hol-
landers, of whose voyages of discovery within the Artie
circle we have authentic accounts ; with him commences
the narrative of the expeditions of the Dutch to those
regions, and in fact all others in search of the north
east passage.

But the audience may already have remarked. What
have the Dutch Expeditions to the Arctic regions, or
the Elntdj at tl)e Norll) |]olc, to do with the jDutclj in
JHaine ? Much. The connection is complete, and the
transition easy and natural. In 1609, ^enirick ^nbson, on
his third voyage — his first under the Dutch flag — in the
famous "Half Moon," in search of the North East Pass-
age into the Pacific, finding his farther progress arrest-
ed by the ice, and other impediments resulting from its
presence ; suddenly put his helm up, and bore away
for the shores of North America ; where he made his
first landing on the coast of Maine, having come to an
anchor in Penobscot Bay.

With this explanatory clause, we leave the shores of
Acadie, to revisit those of the frozen North.

As was remarked before, the parallel di'awn by Dr.
Kane between the details of his own winter sojourn and
that of JBartntj, in the extreme Arctic regions, holds
good with regard to other circumstances-"a parallel," the
Doctor adds, "which might "verTy that sad truth of his-
tory, that human adventure repeats itself;" and another
noted work on the Polar Seas and Regions observes,
that "all the changes of the Polar ice are periodical, and
are again repeated at no very distant interval of time ;"
nature, as it were, thus lending her aid to complete the
cheerful or harrowing resemblance.

The Hon'ble Daines Barrington, in the two first pa-

17
pers of "Instances of navigators who have reached high
northern latitudes," "produces four examples of vessels
having sailed to latitude 81 1-2 deg. ; seven to 82 deg.
or upward ; three to 83 deg. or more ; six vessels in
company to 86 deg. ; three examples to 88 deg. ; two
ships in company to 89 deg. and one to 89 1-2 deg. be-
sides several others brought forward in his latter papers."

He gives due credit to the reports of Dutch whalers,
and it seems very evident to any but envious or incred-
ulous rivals, that those who have penetrated nearest to
the northern pole have been Dutch or HoUandish ves-
sels, whose masters claim no credit to themselves— that
is to their individual exertions, physical or mental — for
their remarkable approximation to that extreme point,
except that they were up North at the nick of time, and
taking advantage of favorable winds and currents, made
their way through openings in the icy barrier as far
north as 88 deg., and even 89 deg. 40 min. latitude,
only twenty mUes from the Arctic pole itself Mr. or
Captain Scoresby in his "Artie Regions," and other Eng-
lish writers in their publications, attempt to discredit
these wondrous achievements of HoUandish shipmasters,
while he admits that no people on the meridian of the
Nova Zembla — or more properly speaking, perhaps, on
the meridian of Europe — have penetrated as far to the
North as the Dutch ; on the meridian of Asia as the
Russians ; and of America as the English ; if they have
not lost their chaplet by the late expedition under Dr.
Kane. The same author fully endorses the adventurous
spirit which actuated the Dutch whale-fishermen, and
eulogizes the ability, frugality and endurance, which
characterized all their operations.

"The Dutch" — says the younger Scoresby, no mean

18
authority, for he had been a prosperous whaling-master
himself — "have been eminently distinguished for the
vigor and success with which, for the space of more
than a century, they prosecuted the whale-fishery at
Spitzbergen." When, after the competition between
the Dutch and English had gone to such lengths, and
the former had been compelled to resort to arms, against
the unjustifiable aggressions of the latter, both nations
sent armed fleets to the fishing grounds, whose broad-
sides, reverberating from the ice-mountains and snow-
clad rocks, ought to have delighted the whales, wal-
russes, and other denizens of the deep, could they have
comprehended that the roar of human conflict, emulating
the din of their own elements and zone, betokened the
mutual slaughter of their most inveterate enemies !

This naval warfare, in which the Dutch Whaling Na-
vy were ultimately successful — defeating, in 1618, the
English in a general encounter, and capturing one of
their ships, which was carried as a trophy into the port
of Amsterdam, resulted in the districting of Spitzbergen,
the head-quarters of the European whale fishery, in
which the Dutch played such a conspicuous part, whose
enterprise, says Forster, "was in the fulness of its splendor
from 1614 to 1641;" and according to De Reste, "in its
most flourishing state about the year 1630." To the
Dutch was assigned the northern portion of the island,
where, on Amsterdam-Island, upon the shore of Hol-
landers'-Bay, they built their Arctic metropolis, appro-
priately entitled "Smeerenberg," — Grease- or Fat- [i. e.
Blubber-] Town ; or, according to the best authority, the
Dutch "Description of the Whale Fishery," "Smeeren-
berg"— a compound word, derived from "Smeer," Fat,
and "Bergen," to preserve, i. e. put, or barrel, up.

19

Such, indeed, was the bustle produced by the yearly-
arrival of two or three hundred vessels, containing
from twelve thousand to eighteen thousand men, being
doubly manned, that the haven, with its boiling-houses,
ware-houses, cooperages, ropewalks, and other appro-
priate erections — not to mention shops, dwellings and
places of public entertainment — ^presented the appearance
of a commercial or manufacturing town ; and of such im-
portance was this settlement, that the incentive of a lucra-
tive traffic attracted numbers of transient merchants
and salesmen, and even bakers, and other mechanics.
When storms, thick weather, or any other accidental
cause, drove the vast fleet of fishing vessels into port,
the naturally sterile and desolate shores of Spitzbergen
assumed the appearance of a thickly settled country. And
such was the flourishing aspect of Smeerenberg, that it
was compared by the Hollanders with their famous em-
bryo metropolis of Java, which was founded about the
very same time ; and proudly pointed out upon the map
— within but a few miles more than ten degrees of the
Pole itself — as their Arctic Batavia.

Let us now examine, as concisely as the subject will
permit, the results of some of the eaiiy Arctic voyages,
as far as regards the latitude attained preparatory to the
consideration of those directed to the North Eastward,
and peculiarly HoUandish or Dutch.

In 1587, Davis ascended the strait, which bears his
name, as high as 72 deg. 12 min. ; in 1607 Hudson
made his way through the Greenland seas to the lati-
tude of 81 deg. and saw, as he believed, land as high as
82 deg. ; in 1616 Baffin penetrated the bay named in
his honor, as high as 78 deg.

Here a long blank occurs in the authentic journals of

20

Arctic voyages until 1751, when Captain McCallam, ta-
king Ms departure from Hackluyt's Headland, on Am-
sterdam Island, off the north west point of Spitzbergen,
sailed into an open sea in latitude 83 deg. 30 min. and
with such propitious weather, that nothing but his re-
sponsibility to the owners for the safety of the ship —
his own timidity perhaps — prevented him from carry-
ing his vessel farther on. In the last days of May, 1754,
Mr. Stephens, whose testimony is endorsed throughout
by the late English Astronomer-Royal, Dr. Maskelyne,
was blown off Spitzbergen by a southerly wind, and
driven as far north as 84 deg. 30 min. Throughout that
drift he encountered but little ice and no drift wood, and
experienced a by no means excessive degree of cold.

About the end of June of the same year, Captain
Wilson made his way through floating ice from 74 deg.
to 81 deg. and thence sailed on over an open sea, quite
clear, as far as he could discern, to 83 deg. when he lost
heart and returned to the south. Captain Guy, after
four days of fog, likewise found himself at the same lat-
itude, about the very same time.

It is curious how the English, while they tax our
credulity to its utmost extent in favor of their own peo-
ple, are willing to concede but little credence to the
honest assertions of successful individuals belonging to
any other nation, even when those relations seem, to all
impartial investigators, indisputable. Here we have
three English Captains corroborating the narratives of
Hollandish schippers, and admitting that they might
themselves have gone much farther, had their hearts
been as stout as the opportunities were auspicious.
We Knickerbockers have every reason to put implicit
faith in the statements of our ancestral race, whose in-

21

tegrity and truthfulness are proverbial. Let us place on
record, stamped at all events with our belief, that Hol-
landers have made their way, as they claim, to 89 deg.
40 min.,— within twenty, miles ofthe North Pole itself!

But to resume : in different subsequent years, cer-
tainly in "1766, tlje Greenland whalers attained the
latitude of 81 deg. or 82 deg. ; in 1773, Captain Clark
sailed to 81 deg. 30 m. ; Captain Bateson to 82 deg. 15
m. ; in 1806, the elder Mr. Scoresby to 81 deg. 30 m. ;
and in 1811 the higher latitudes were again accessible ;
likewise in 1815-16-17. This brings us down to expe-
ditions, whose narrative? are to be found in every public
library, and it is sufficient to add, that although Parry
made his way over the ice to 82 deg. 40, m. and Dr. Kane
in like manner to 81 deg. 23 m., no ship has ever suc-
ceeded in rivalling the achievement of more than one of
the Dutch and English whalers, although the palm re-
mains with the first — the Dutch.

Let us now turn back again, and examining the chro-
nological list of Arctic voyagers, confine ourselves to
those of the Dutch in that portion of the Arctic Ocean
to which they seem to have directed their whole atten-
tion ; as well as those of the English, for the discovery
of a North East Passage ; or, as some say, of a trans -
polar passage. The first on record is that of the Eng-
lish, which dates from 1527, when two ships (one bear-
ing the cheering name of "Dominus Vobiscum,") were
dispatched in the reign of Henry VIII, for discoveries
in the direction of the North Pole. This expedition
was void of results, and one of the ships did not return.
The second, in 1553, was that of Sir Hugh Willoughby
and Richard Chancellor — of which, more anon ; of their
three ships and crews, but one returned : that immedi-

22
ately commanded by Chancellor, whose furthest north-
ern and eastern limit was the discovery of the White
Sea. The third, in 1556, was that of Stephen Bur-
roughs, in a small vessel, the "Searchthrift," who visited
Novaia-Zemlia, most probably the southern coast, and
discovered the island of Vaigatch, at the entrance of
the strait of the same name. The fourth, that in 1580,
when Arthur Pet and Charles Jackson, in the "George"
and the "William," sailed from England in search of the
North East Passage ; one of the ships made its way
through the Strait of Vaigatch, but of the other no ti-
dings were ever received, except that it had wintered
in a Norwegian port. The fifth, in 1594, was the first
voyage of Uarcnt^, Cornells Cornelison, and others. The
sixth, in 1595, was the Dutch National Expedition, in
which I5ar£ntj acted as Chief-Pilot. The seventh, in
1596, was that in which Sartntj discovered Bear-Island
and Spitzbergen, and lost his life. The eighth, was in
1608, when an English vessel under ^entrritk ^ui)0on-our
Hudson — made its way as far as the coast of Nova-Zem-
bla, but prematurely returned. The ninth, was in 1609,
when Hudson,having transferred his services to the Dutch,
started a second time, ostensibly to explore a North
East Passage, while his heart was fixed on that to the
North West. He sailed to the eastward as far as the
Port of Vardoehuus, in Norwegian Lapland, when, pre-
tending to have been arrested by fog and ice, he re-
passed the North Cape and steered across the Atlantic
for America. Scoresby, in his narrative, says : "The
design of this curious navigation is not known" ; Hud-
son may not have communicated his design, but his
reasons are evident without explanation ; ho was, no
doubt, satisfied that .i3avcnt;; had done all that man

23
could towards solving the question of a North East
Passage, and had failed. To the North West and "West,
many maintained that a transit was no less certain than
that to the North East was uncertain. This he deter-
mined to assay, and supposed that he had succeeded
when he entered the bay of New York. «

The tenth was in 1611, or 1614, when a HoUandish
ship is said to have accomplished one hundred leagues
to the Eastward of Novaia Zemlia.

This was an extraordinary achievement, and must
have brought the Dutchman, (taking into consideration
the enormous difference between a degree of longitude
at the equator and in this high latitude,) within sight
of, if not up to. Cape Severe Vostochnoi. At all events,
this triumph for the tri-color of Holland is not without
authority ; for Scoresby enumerates the voyage in his
Chronological List.

The eleventh, was that of Jan Mayen in 1611-12 or
'13, when that enterprising Dutch navigator discovered
that lone island, which now bears his name, although
once known as Mauritius, or St. Maurice Island, in honor
of the Stadtholder, Prince Maurice.

The twelfth and last, was the abortive attempt, in
1676, of Captains John Wood and William Flawes, who
were sent out with two ships by the English Admiralty.
As Wood, and his ship "The Speedwell," alone are
mentioned, Flawes may have been re-called, or detained
on the way. At all events, the Speedwell was wrecked
on the west coast of Nova Zembla ; and Wood brought
home such a gloomy impression of the dangers that
were to be encountered in that quarter, that the idea
of sailing around the North of Asia into the Pacific

24
Ocean was abandoned, upon his return, and report, at
once and for ever.

And now once more let us return to Bartlttj.

There would seen; to be some races of men who will
not bow to or acknowledge any superior but the Lord ;
and in the consciousness of His assistance display a fear-
less energy in combating not only the oppressions of
stronger and more numerous peoples, but even the ut-
most terrors of nature. Such are the Dutch or Holland-
ers, concerning whom no testimony can be deemed more
reliable than that of the Germans, at once a cognate
and a rival race. And what say they ?

"Rectitude, candor, honesty, constancy, patience,
equanimity, temperance, cleanliness, carried almost to
excess, plainness in their manner of living, fidelity to
their word, are particularly prominent attributes of the
Dutch. They are reproached, however, with avarice,
greediness of gain, and inquisitiveness. Their confi-
dence in their own powers, which has often the appear-
ance of cold indifi'erence, their imperturbability, and
their circumspectness in answering and in judging, have
brought upon them the reputation of sluggishness ; al-
though no one can deny that they possess industry, cour-
age, and contempt of every danger, particularly in un-
dertakings considered likely to result in profit to them-
selves."

Having in a great measure fread themselves fi-om the
ferocious tyranny of Spain, the people of the United
Provinces no sooner found themselves relieved from im-
mediate danger, than they turned their eyes towards
the true source of their power and wealth, the Ocean ;
that element which surrounded and penetrated their
country on all sides, which towered as it were above

25
them, and -which, when roused to fury, menaced their
very existence. Still th-ere was a kindliness mingled
with its enmity ; and the Hollander might say — as the
Dane — that the salt sea was his friend, whose jealousy
brooked no other proud invader ; and held itself in
readiness to drive forth the foreign foe, who dared to
contest with it the prized possession.

To the merchant of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, the eastern realms of Asia were the Alembic,
which was to transmute his enterprise into gold ; to him
the countries and islands, gold and gem-encrusted, spice-
scented, and silk and tissue draperied, known under the
general name of the East — ^were the Philosopher's stone
which should change to power and prosperity the toil
and sweat of his laborious days, and vigils of his wakeful
nights. Unable as yet to defy the mighty Armadas of
Spain, those "castles on the deep," which guarded the
approaches to the sources of those golden streams, which
alone and so long had enabled the Spanish Monarch
to continue the contest for the subversion of their rights
and liberty, they determined to attempt, as we have seen,
a north-eastern passage, and bearding winter in his pene-
tralia, arrive at the wished for goal, by a new and un-
explored channel. With no other countenance than the
bare permission of the States General and their high
Admiral, the Prince Maurice of Nassau, a "private so-
ciety" of merchants equipped at Amsterdam, Enchuy-
sen, and Zealand, a squadron of three vessels and an
attendant yacht. Whether he enjoyed the supreme
nominal command or not, the actual guidance of the
whole was entrusted to tUUUam 3axmt}, commander or
Pilot of the Amsterdam ship — or, as Dr. Kane styles
him, Chief Pilot of the States General of Holland, — who

26

approved himself one of the most expert nautical men
of the age, prolific in able and adventurous Navigators.

Thus an Arctic voyage of discovery, the offspring of
private enterprise, was the first grand undertaking of
the greatest Free-state of the Old World, scarcely yet
emancipated from the shackles of Spain.

There were noble-hearted Grinnells in those days,
and the History of Holland teems with instances of in-
dividuals actuated by like generous sentiments.

This expedition sailed from the Texel on the 5th of
June, 1594 ; and on the 23d of the same month reached
the island of Kalguez, at the mouth of the broad chan-
nel which contracts into the Strait of Vaigatch, through
which one division of two ships, under Cornelis Cor-
nelison, made their way into the Karskoe Sea, or sea of
Kara, in which they proceeded forty leagues, or one
hundred and sixty miles, to the eastward ; when, find-
ing a wide, blue, open expanse of water before them,
with the coast trending rapidly to the southward, instead
of pursuing the discovery, they determined to hasten
back and communicate to their countrymen the joyful
news of their imaginary discovery of the North East
Passage. In fact, however, they had only opened the
Gulf of Obi, and a few days' farther progress would
have brought them in contact with the shores of the
Samojedes country; thereby proving that the land
which they deemed the eastern shores of Asia was
nothing in reality but those of the Tobolsk Peninsula.
ISarcntj, however, steered a bolder course, and examin-
ed the whole western coast of Nova-Zembla ; desig-
nating all the remarkable points with appropriate
names, from Latitude 77 deg. 45 min. down as far as
71 degrees. By the first of August, the intrepid navi-

27
gator had actually reached the northern extremity of
Novaia-Zemlia, in Longitude 77 deg. east ; but beyond
that distant point he encountered so much tempest-
driven ice, that he abandoned all hope of more sur
cessful progress further at that time ; and, sorely
against his will, retraced his homeward course. On
the coast of Russian Lapland, he met the returning
Cornelison ; and, thus strangely reunited, the two divis-
ions arrived in the Texel, on the sixteenth of Septem-
ber.

One incident of this voyage is so amusing, that it is
well worthy repetition here. Although beaten in a
pitched battle against the sea-horses or sea-cows, at the
Orange isles, the Hollanders appear to have had but little
conception of the ferocity and power of the polar-bear ;
one of which, having been wounded, they succeeded in
noosing, in the idea of leading him about like a dog ;
and eventually carrying him back as a trophy to Hol-
land. They found, however, they had caught a tartar ;
for the furious animal not only routed the party, but
boarded and made himself master of their boat. Luck-
ily for them, his noose became entangled in the iron
work about the rudder ; and the crew, who had been
actually driven over the bows, preferring to trust them-
selves rather to the mercy of the icy-sea, than to the
jaws and claws of the monster, finding him caught,
mustered courage, fell upon him in a body, and dis-
patched him.

The reports of this expedition, although their con-
clusions were erroneous, could scarcely have been more
glorious, as far as regards the reputation they have won
for ISarjentj. Unfortunately, the mistaken views of Cor-
nelison excited the most exaggerated hopes in the Gov-

28
ernment and people of Holland. Led astray by this
false confidence, Prince Maurice, the States-General,
and the whole country, contributed ample funds, with
which a fleet of six large vessels, and an attendant
yacht, were fitted out ; not as for adventure and discov-
ery, but for the prosecution of a certain lucrative trade
with the golden regions of the East.

Of this magnificent Commercial Armada, tDUliaitt
IBavmt} was constituted the Chief Pilot and Conductor ;
but all his abilities could not avert a speedy and unhap-
py failure. Nothing could have been more unsuitable
to narrow, winding, ice-encumbered seas, than the lofty,
deeply-laden, and unwieldy ships which now adventur-
ed in them.

Beset by more than usually abundant ice, and driven
from their course by a continual succession of contrary
winds, — of all the Arctic undertakings, none proved so
abortive as this ; which, prepared without regard to
expense, resulted not only in immense pecuniary loss,
but in deterring the HoUandish government from af-
fording further assistance to efforts in the same direc-
tion.

This National Expedition — for so it may be justly
styled — which sailed from the Texel, on the sec-
ond of June, 1595, having thus proved so unfortunate
in every respect, it would have been almost reasonable
to suppose, that it would have put an end, for a time at
least, to such efforts. Not so, however. Although the
States-General refused to subsidize those who wished to
renew the experiment, they nevertheless offered a high
reward, to stimulate their countrymen, in attempting
the discovery of the earnestly-desired North-East Pass-
age. The Town Council of Amsterdam prepared two

29
small vessels, and equipped them for the purpose of
discovery alone. Of these, one was placed under the
command of the experienced Barentj ; the other, of one
Ian (JTorntliH EgP- Some historians, however, assert
that one vessel was commanded by Matob \)an ^nmsknke,
and the other by Ian (Hornfli© Kgp ; both able, resolute
and enterprising Captains, — ISax'cntj acting as Chief
Pilot and Ice-Master. Be this as it may, Sarjcnt^ exer-
cised the supreme direction ; he only is known to fame,
and justly so. He was the master spirit, and immortal-
ized himself: of both the others, we hear little. At all
events, no account was ever given of what Ryp actually
accomplished; and no important discovery has ever
been attributed to his exertions, in the second vessel.
As experience has subsequently demonstrated, this ex-
pedition, which left the Port of Amsterdam, on the
tenth of May, 1596, sailed too late for successful Arctic
exploration; yet, notwithstanding, accomplished suffi-
cient to demand the utmost efforts of near three hun-
dred years to rival the extent of its results.

The English have endeavored to rob the Dutch of the
honor of their discoveries, during this voyage — (even
as in the New World, native historians have striven to
deprive the Hollanders of much -similar credit due to
them on the Western Continent) — in this case, how-
ever, .unsuccessfully.

On the ninth of June, 3dunt} discovered a long,
high and rocky island — shaped somewhat like a saddle,
i. e. high at either extremity and low in the middle —
erroneously supposed to have been first seen by the
English Bennet, in 1603— whose horrible repulsive-
ness invested it with every attribute appropriate to the
home of desolation and despair. Above its lofty

30

black — wherever free from ice and snow — and almost
inaccessible cliflfs, broken into a thousand preci-
pices, towered that sheer peak which still is known
by the befitting title of Mount Misery. This lone
and dreary spot the stalwort Dutchman, Borftttj, named
"Bear Island," from the circumstance of having slain
upon it a large bear, whose skin measured twelve feet
in length — a title, which the English afterwards tried
to supplant by that of "Alderman Cherie."

Barcnt^ next made Spitzbergen, or, as it was long
called, East Greenland ; and coasted its western shore,
even to its utmost northern extremity. Many writers
have asserted that this vast tract of Polar land, or Ar-
chipelago, was first discovered, or, rather, dimly seen —
only seen — through mist and tempest, by Sir Hugh
WiLLOUGHBY, in 1553, in the reign of Edward the Vlth
of England ; but, as neither the Commander, nor any
of his mariners, ever returned, it is scarcely possible to
verify what land he actually caught a glimpse of ; and
what countries he did not set eyes on.

Thus, the first prow which sought to cleave its icy
barrier, remains to this day the trophy of the Arctic
Circle ; and poor Sir Hugh Willoughby was the Sir John
Franklin of the XVIth Century. It is very questiona-
ble if the first English expedition to theNorth-East ever
saw, much less discovered, in the real sense of the word,
or landed on the most southern shores of, Spitzbergen ;
whose very name attests its Dutch sponsors, being de-
rived from two words in their language — "0pttj," sig-
nifying Sharp, or Pointed, and "Berg," Mountain.

ISarcntj, however, made his way to its extreme north-
em point, through waters studded, in mid-summer, with
field-ice, which his look-out reported from the mast-

31
head as multitudes of snowy swans ; an error not un-
likely to have been made, since our own coast affords,
in summer, opportunities of witnessing acres upon acres
of white gulls ; 'SY'hose thousands, swimming, can be
likened to nothing but an ice-field ; and rising to a vast
and dazzling fleecy cloud. This, the writer himself has
seen at the entrance of the Bay of Pundy.

How much further to the northward JBarcntj made
his way, the fog and clouded skies (forbidding observ-
ation) prevented him from ascertaining, and posterity
from learning from his log or journal. That he made
the lofty Hackluyt's Headland — the extreme N. W.
extremity of the Spitzbergen Archipelago, which lifts
its snow-crowned and lichen-clad eminence 1041 feet
above the level of the sea, we know ; also, that he
reached and discovered land in the latitude of 80 de-
grees 10 minutes, on the 17th of June, 1596.

Then, impressed with the idea that a rocky barrier
stretched onward to the very Pole, ISarcntj headed to
the south ; examined the coast, hastily, as far down as
latitude 76 degrees, 50 minutes ; passed Cape Look-
out, whose coast lines, with those of the adjacent land,
resemble intimately the outline of the tail and hind
parts of many species of fish — and sighted Bear Island
again on the first of July.

At this juncture, IBarmtj, who had hitherto deferred
to the wishes of (Hcrnelts lUgp, determined to allow
his own experience and resolution to be no longer em-
barrassed by the views of his associate : and, bidding
him adieu, bore away alone, to the E. S. E., and made
Nova Zembla at midday on the seventeenth of July,
observed in latitude 76 degrees 15 minutes ; and
is reported to have reached, at least, 77 deg. north.

32

in doubling Orange Isle, which forms its northern ex-
tremity.

Here, however, jBarcntj, it is said by some, realized
the evils of his late departure from the Texel ; while
others endorse the practice of the Dutch and Baltic
mariners, who began, and still begin, their northern
voyages somewhat later in the season than was subse-
quently customary among the English fleets destined
for Arctic expeditions, for whaling, sealing, and dis-
covery.

After doubling what was then known as Cape Desire,
but now as Cape Zelania, the icebergs presented them-
selves in such numbers, and in such close array, that
ISarfntj became satisfied that if he wished to escape
and seek a more hospitable climate for his winter sojourn,
he must make all sail to the southward, and strive to
escape through the Vaigatch Strait. No sooner, how-
ever, had he turned his prow, than it seemed as if the
icebergs had been transformed by some "Wizard of the
North," into pursuing demons — which, as is the case
with other fell spirits— having been hitherto held in
check by that lofty courage, with which the Dutch
mariner defied them ; now, on the first sign of irresolu-
tion on his part — ^mustered courage, and united in the
pursuit of his flying bark.

How often has it been remarked that "truth is stran-
ger than fiction," and so it proved on this occasion; for,
fast as I3ar£ntj flew before the favoring gales, still faster
flew the icy giants, which actually drove his vessel into
a small haven, since known as Icy Port, in northern
latitude 72 degrees and eastern longitude 70 degrees,
and there blockaded him. His dreadful sufferings
would occupy too large a space for this occasion, were

33

we to attempt to give them in detail ; sufficient be it to
quote the remarks of an old author in regard thereto :

"To attempt any description of their proceedings,
their observations, or their af&ictions, during this severe
trial, would, within the limit of a few lines, — ;to which
it is my wish to confine my remarks in this place, — ^but
spoil a most interesting and affecting narrative." "The
journal of the proceedings of these poor people," as Mr.
Barrow beautifully observes, "during th,eir cold, comfort-
less, dark, and dreadful winter, is intensely and painful-
ly interesting. No murmuring escapes them in their
most hopeless and afflicted situation ; but such a spirit
of true piety, and a tone of such mild and subdued re-
signation to Divine Providence, breathe through the
whole narrative, that it is impossible to peruse the sim-
ple tale of their sojournings, and contemplate their for-
lorn situation, without the deepest emotion."

Thus, "cabined, cribbed, and confined," we discover
other parallels, as interesting and remarkable, between
the incidents of3avmt}3 log, in 1596, and McClure's,
in 1850-'l. Let us examine two incidents, which seem to
be, in the language of the latter, a mere echo of the
records of the former.

No sooner was the HoUandish bark within the jaws
of that harbor, which they deemed a place of security,
than the pursuing ice closed up the entrance, and even
followed them within it, and lifting up the one end of the
beleagured vessel, threw it into an almost perpendicular
position, with the other extremity nearly touching the
bottom, so that it was partially submerged. Prom this
critical and extraordinary attitude, they were providen-
tially rescued, the very next day after it occurred, by
changes in the ice-fields, brought about by the influx of

34

fresh masses, driven in by the pressure of the outer
bergs, -wrhich soon formed a complete encompassing
bulwark ; and precluded all hope of ever being able to
rescue the vessel, even if the crew should survive to
the ensuing spring. Gradually, by jamming in of suc-
cessive cakes of ice, over or under the original field,
first one side and then the other of the vessel was raised
by the insertion of these ice wedges beneath the bilge;
until, first canting to port, and then to starboard,
the groaning and quivering ship was raised to the top
of the constantly-increasing ice-elevation, as if by the
scientific application of machinery. While, thus, their
minds were agitated by the ever-present dread of the
instant and complete destruction of their frail bark,
the noises of the ice without, not only that immedi-
ately around them, but throughout the harbor and upon
the adjacent shores, together with the thundering crashes
of the icebergs — ^hurled against each other by wind and
tide, mutually crushing their mighty masses, or toppling
them over with a din, as if whole mountains of marble
had been blown up by some internal explosive force —
almost deprived them of hearing — likewise the crack-
ing and groaning within of the ship itself, was so dread-
ful— although merely arising from the freezing of the
juices of the timber and liquids in the hold — that the
crew were terrified, lest their ship should fall in pieces,
with every throe, which seemed to rack it from deck to
kelson.

Thus far Sarmtj. What now of McClure ? "These
preparations" for wintering — ^where the winter (1850-'l)
overtook them, only thirty miles from Barrow Strait,
where four days more — four days, denied their prayers
and hopes — would have solved the problem of a North-

35

West Passage — "were made under circumstances that
might shake the nerves of a strong man." — "As the ice
surged, the ship was thrown violently from side to side,
now lifted out of the water, now plunged into a hole."
— "The crashing, creaking and straining," says Captain
McClure, in his log, "is beyond description ; the ofi&cer
of the watch, when speaking to me, is obliged to put his
mouth close to my ear, on account of the deafening noise."
Both of these statements, however startling, are cor-
roberated by the recent narrative of Dr. Kane. After
that tremendous gale, "a perfect hurricane, "which burst
upon him on the 20th of August, 1852, battling whose
fury he parted his three most reliable cables,lost his best
bower anchor, and finally was wildly dragged along by
"a low water- washed berg," which he figuratively styles
"our noble tow-horse, whiter than the pale horse that
seemed to be pursuing us," his brigantine experienced
the same fearful "nippings," and the same gradual but
rough uplifting, which have been already described in
connection with the "vlie boat" of 33arcntj, and propel-
ler of McClure. The language of Kane's Journal is so
beautiful and appropriate that to do the scene full jus-
tice it must be quoted entire ; and whoever will pause
to contemplate the position of the mariner of Amster-
dam and that of our own country's Arctic hero, will
be struck, if not astonished at the close resemblance of
their situations, although at epochs centuries apart, —
a resemblance heightened by the similarity of their
vessels and crews, both as to burthen and number, — a
parallel more perfect than that presented by any other
recent polar expedition. Under the lee of a lofty cape
and an anchored ice-berg, the staunch little "Advance"
brought up at last in comparative safety.

36

"No-w," says the Dr., "began the nippings. The first
shock took us on our port-quarter ; the brig bearing it
well, and, after a moment of the old-fashioned suspense,
rising by jerks handsomely. The next was from a
veteran floe, tongued and honey-combed, but floating
in a single table over twenty feet in thickness. Of
course no wood or iron could stand this ; but the shore-
ward face of our iceberg happened to present an in-
clined plane, descending deep into the water : and up
this the brig was driven, as if some great steam screw
power was forcing her into a dry-dock." * * *

"As our brig, borne on by the ice, commenced her
ascent of the berg, the suspense was oppressive. The
immense blocks piled against her, range upon range,
pressing themselves under her keel and throwing her
over upon her side, till, urged by the successive accu-
mulations, she rose slowly and as if with convulsive
efforts along the sloping wall. Still there was no relax-
ation of the impelling force. Shock after shock, jarring
her to her very centre, she continued to mount steadily
on her precarious cradle. But for the gi-oaning of her
timbers and the heavy sough of the floes, we might
have heard a pin drop. And then, as she settled down
into her old position, quietly taking her place among
the broken rubbish, there was a deep breathiag sUence,
as though all were waiting for some signal before the
clamor of congratulation and comment could burst forth."

In a note (17) at the end of Volume 1, Dr. Kaxe
instances another case of similar peril reported by Cap-
tain Catoe, of H. B. M. steamer "Intrepid."' "His ves-
sel was carried bodily up the inclined face of an iceberg,
and, after being high and dry out of water, launched
again without injury."

37

jBartnt^ was now completely enclosed within — to Mm
— impermeable walls of ice ; and there, in a hastily
constructed hut, short of provisions, fuel, every thing
which could make their existence hopeful, an Arctic
winter and a Polar night closed in with all their
horrors upon that feeble company. In the last days
of August, 1596, their dungeon shut upon them. On
the 4th of November, no sun uprose again to cheer
them ; and three long, dreary months elapsed before
his returning rays, on the 27th of January, 1597, glad-
dened the hearts of the survivors.

"In all the relations of this voyage, we meet with an
instance of the extraordinary elasticity of spirit, and
of the predilection for their national customs, peculiar
to the Dutch people" ; which it would be an injustice
to them to omit.

The fifth of January, the eve of the Festival of the
Three Kings, is one of those periodical seasons conse-
crated by the Hollanders to amusement and exemption
from labor. In the very midst of their sufferings, from
the extraordinary degree of cold — for the cold of the
winter of 1596-7, was one of the most terrible on re-
cord— they earnestly besought their Commander to
permit them to celebrate that great Dutch Festival ;
"philosophically observing that because they expected
so many sad days, was no valid reason why they should
not enjoy one merry one." Permission being granted,
they chose the Chief Boatswain, or Gunner — for books
disagree as to the individual — as their King ; a poten-
tate with like authority aiid functions with the Lord of
Misrule in the old English Christmas revels. The little
wine which they had saved was now exhausted in pygmy
bumpers, to the health of the new Sovereign of Nova-

38

Zembla ; and with their only remaining two pounds of
flour, they fried in oil and tossed the pancake — "de
rigueur," on such occasions — with the prescribed cer-
emonies ; and startled the multitude of bears, prowling
day and night about their hut, and made the dreary
realms of the dread ice-king re-echo for the first time
with the sound of human jollity and happiness. One
chronicle even ventures to assert that the evening pass-
ed as merrily as if they had been at home, around their
own native tile-cased kagtl)jl or huge stoves, in that
dear Fatherland, so fondly cherished, which they brave-
ly hoped they would yet revisit — hoping against what
seemed almost desperate hope !

Blockaded by the ice, beset by bears, whose growls
and hungry cries, both at the door and chimney-top,
seemed fiend-like, amid the howling of the Arctic gale,
the calm, religious faith, and innate resolution of that
glorious Hollander, the fearless ilDtUxam 'Bann% seemed
to burn brighter and more cheering with every fresh
accession of calamity. On the eleventh of the ensuing
June, engaged in constant combats with the bears, the
survivors, fourteen in number, who had buried three
comrades in the ice, dug out their boats from beneath
the superincumbent snow, cut a way through the vast
piles of ice which resembled the houses of a great city,
interspersed, as it were, with towers, chimneys, lofty
gables, and aspiring steeples ; and, on the fourteenth,
launched their two frail boats, and set sail,running before
a westerly breeze. By the seventeenth, they had pass-
ed the Cape of Isles, Cape Desire, the Orange Islands ;
and, working their way through the besetting ice, found
themselves once more off the Icy Cape, in the latitude
of about 68 degrees north, and about two degrees west

39
of Cape Desire. On the following day the boats were
again involved in ice, and so beset and crushed that
every one took what he deemed a last adieu of his un-
fortunate comrades.

3axmt} — ^broken down by long and severe illness,
and the extraordinary exertions he had been called
upon to make — feeling the fatal hour at hand, while off
the Icy Cape, desired to be lifted up, to look once more
upon that terrible boundary, which, to him, indeed, had
been the Ultima Thule^ both of his labors and of his
life. Gazing upon it, long and wistfully, he seemed to
be taking his last look of earth. Rallying, however,
he, together with the rest of the sick, was landed, on
the ensuing day, upon that shore he was destined never
to leave again alive.

There, the severe illness of Claes Andriz or
Adrianson was reported to the dying Ice-Master, who
simply remarked in reply, that he himself was likewise
not far from his end ; intimating that they who had en-
countered such dangers together were about to enter
the Port of Eternity in company. Still, conversing and
looking on a chart drawn by Gerard De Veer, none
dreamed that he, so cheerful and undaunted, could lie,
as it were, upon the very threshold of his fate ; when
he suddenly and gently moved aside the map, desired
a drink of water, and instantly expired.

After the death of Bauntj — an inexpressible blow
to the survivors, who had relied upon his fearlessness,
experience and attainments in navigation, to extricate
them from the manifold and terrific perils which
beset their further progress — the two boats, with their
crews, now reduced to thirteen men, broken in health
and spirits, made good their escape from this dismal

40

country ; and, after a perilous and painful voyage of
eleven hundred and forty-three miles, arrived m safety
at Kola, in Russian Lapland : others say, Vardoehuus —
from an hundred to an hundred and fifty miles further
west — the most northern fort and port in Europe, in
the Norwegian Island of Vardoe, off Finmark — where
they met with their consort, commanded by Jan Cor-
nells Ryp, which they supposed had long since perished,
— and, with gratitude unfeigned, in the "Merchants'
House" of that seaport, deposited their shattered boats
as "a sign and token of their deliverance," therein to
be preserved as a simple but touching memorial of
their own sufferings and the extreme goodness of
God, as evinced in their preservation.

Cornells, or Ryp, having joyfuUy received them on
board his vessel, set sail for Amsterdam ; "where,"
says Davies, "they were received as men risen from the
dead, the failure in the object of their expedition being
wholly forgotten in admiration at the surpassing cour-
age and patience with which they had endured their
sufferings."

Words cannot do justice to the perseverance, courage,
energy, and capacity of tDUliam 3avtnt}, or Bareutjson;
and, be it remembered, that a greater portion of the
southern coast of Nova Zembla, which the Dutch left
unexplored, at this era, remains so ; and is so laid down
upon the maps even of the present day.

His memory is one of the Fatherland's most glorious
possessions ; and two centuries and a half of unremit-
ting enterprise and rivalry have not eclipsed the
maritime triumphs he achieved for Amsterdam, and
the States-General.

It is somewhat remarkable that hitherto no great

41

national enterprise has accomplished more astonishing
results in maritime discovery, than those which have
rewarded the perseverance and courage of individuals.
Savcnt^, with his single vessel, surpassed every thing
which has since been attempted in that quarter ; in the
same manner that Captain Weddell, a private trader,
in a "frail bark of 160 tons," fitted out for the seal
fishery, made more wonderful discoveries, and penetra-
ted nearer to the colder and less accessible Antarctic
Pole, in latitude 74 degrees 15 minutes, in 1823, than
any previous navigator, clearing the track, and paving
the way, as it were, for subsequent and more elaborate
attempts. Our own gallant Dr. Kane, whom the coun-
try may well honor, both living and dead, with his
little hermaphrodite brig of 144 tons, is another re-
markable instance. Great is their glory, immortal
their renown ! But, even yet, the palm remains with
Sarcntj ; for, to the first in any dangerous expedition,
belongs, or should belong, the maximum of credit. He
who leads the way deserves the unfading coronal ; pro-
vided he is not too far outstripped by those who avail
themselves of his experience, and follow in his wake.
To tlUUiam JBarait^, it would seem to me, the words of
Horace will apply, more justly than to any other sea-
man whose keel has ever ploughed the Arctic Seas, or
whose prow has ever "bored" the Polar Ice :

"Illi robur et tes triplex
Oiroa pectus erat, qui fragilem truoi
Oommisit pelago ratem
Peimtjs,"
"In Oak or triple Brass his Heart was cas'd, who first to bellowing Seas
entrusted the frail Bark."

How apposite the whole, particularly "the frail
bark," and the term "bellowing," as applipd to the
Polar Seas and their. denizens !

6

42
However brave and successful subsequent explorers
have proved themselves, his be the laurel who the peril
first assayed ; and even as the Latin poet celebrates in
undying verse the resolution of the first mortal who
dared the tempestuous waves, the Knickerbocker's
heart should cling to IBartntj, the Patriarch of Arctic
navigators, with scarcely less affectionate remembrance
than that which warms his bosom toward Kane. A three-
fold cord should bind the New-Netherlander's sympathies
to ISarentj, whose corpse, bedewed with manhood's burn-
ing tears, sleeps, tombed within the Arctic Circle — his
trophy, obelisk and sepulchre, the undissolving glacier
and the eternal iceberg ; his dirge, the howling of the
polar bear and roaring of the fearless walrus, the thun-
der-tones of the ice conflict, and the wild music of the
Arctic gale, amid the monumental ice — the first, a
common origin ; the second, his success ; the third,
his fate : a victor, to whose very bones Fortune deni-
ed a fitting obsequy.

And here, a short digression seems admissible, whose
sombre interest must excuse a farther tax upon the
reader's time and patience. IBavcutj and his fellow
Dutchmen were not the only Hollanders who dared
affront the Winter King by trespassing upon his frigid
realm, and wintering amid the polar ice, two centuries
and a quarter since. Dutch sailors were the first hu-
man beings who ever voluntarily passed a winter
on the inhospitable, ice-bound shores of Spitzbergen.
The forlorn hope consisted of seven volunteers from
the Dutch fleet, in 1633, all of whom were restored to
their country in safety. This was a regular attempt to
establish a settlement. The following year — 1634 — a
second party of seven voluntarily, assumed the place

43

of their fortunate predecessors, all of whom perished.
Thus terminated all hopes of colonizing this northern
region with success. The bodies of the last seven
were found twenty years afterwards, in a perfect state
of preservation — three enclosed in rude coffins, two
in their beds, and two on the floor, "not having suffered
the slightest degree of putrefaction."

Again : In addition to the honor of its discovery,
the Dutch lil?:ewise attempted to colonize Jan-Mayen
Island, latitude 70 deg. 29 minutes north, longitude
7 deg. 31 minutes west, whose lofty peak, Beerenberg,
6,870 feet above the level of the sea, was seen, ninety-
five to one hundred miles, from the deck of the ship
"Fame" ; while a volcano, the Esk — named after the UsJc
whaler, of Whitby, whose master, William Scoresby,
Junior, was the first to explore its desolation, — is occa-
sionally active, and enjoys the reputation of being the
most northern burning mountain ever witnessed in
eruption. Seven Dutch seamen are, without doubt,
the only human beings who ever wintered on this
island. They were volunteers from the Dutch Whale
Pishing Fleet, whose fearlessness the "Greenland Com-
pany" availed themselves of, to make a most dangerous
but interesting experiment in colonization. It is con-
ceded that the journal of these mariners furnishes a
better account, both of the wind and weather, from
the 26th August, 1633, to the 1st May, 1634, than
almost any published record of observation made in so
high a latitude. Every one of them survived the
perils and severities of the winter months, but perished
miserably from the attacks of scurvy, induced by their
inability to provide themselves with fresh provisions.
The first death occurred on the 16th of April, and on

44
the first of May their journal terminated. When the
Dutch fleet returned, on the fourth of June, they found
the corpses of the seven, mummified by the frost, lying
within their huts, at once their dwellings and their
tombs.

From Sormtj, and this succinct but loving tri-
bute to the Dutch, within the Northern frigid zone, let
us resume, once more, a topic nearer home — that of

ittci) in IWaintc,

We, Americans, neglecting both the surpassing mag-
nificence— nay, often sublimity^ — and the rare loveliness
of various districts of our own Continent, wander forth
across the seas, to seek, at great expense, and amid
physical and moral dangers, scenery in foreign lands,
which falls short of the attractions of much we possess
at home. Thus, how few are alive to the glorious and
varied beauty of that zone of islands, which, commen-
cing with the perfection of Casco Bay, terminates with
the precipitous, seal-frequented shores of Grand-Menan,
at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy. Of all the Ar-
chipelagoes sung by the poet, described by the historian,
and depicted by the painter, there is none which can
exceed, in its union of charms, those two hundred miles
of intermingling land and ocean, where, lost in each
other's embrace, the sea seems in love with the land,
and the shore with the foam-frosted waves !

At two points of this interesting and beautiful coast
the Dutch planted the honored flag of the United Pro-
vinces ; and, at several other points, they themselves
Avere located by their English conquerors ; who, desi-
rous of availing themselves of their thrift and industry,
transplanted them thither from the shores of the Hud-

45
son — (where they had already achieved a partial con-
quest over Nature, by their energetic industry, and had
entirely [?] conquered the barbarous instincts and enmity
of their savage neighbors, by their stubborn integrity
and sober diligence) — to renew the encounter with a
more inhospitable climate, and more savage tribes, for
the benefit of a bigoted and unscrupulous despot !

In compiling the present article, much time and labor
has been expended in the investigation of old records,
which, to their want of interest and grace, added a
barrenness unusual and repulsive. So that, after all,
the greater portion of the facts embodied have been
derived from Sullivan's History of the District of Maine,
published in Boston, in 1795 ; and Williamson's History
of the State of Maine, published at Hallowell, in 1839.
Every work, however, which promised farther or cor-
roborating testimony, and was available, was eagerly
sought and carefully examined, as far as time and op-
portunities permitted. In all these investigations,
nothing appears in any of the works consulted, with
regard to the Commission issued to CortuUs Stecntogck,
as Governor of Nova Scotia and Acadie, given by the
Directors of the Privileged General West India Compa-
ny of the United Netherlands, at Amsterdam, on the
27th of October, 1676 ; or, of their Ordinance, dated
the eleventh of September, of that year, — presented at
the November meeting of the New York Historical So-
ciety. Still, there is scarcely any question, but that the
frigate "Flying Horse," commanded by Capt. Jurriaen
AERNOUTS,fromCuracoa,was the one whose crew captured
the Fort Pentagoet, or Pemtegeovett — the name origin-
ally given by the French to the Penobscot — in the very
year mentioned in the Ordinance.

46

Although the Commission to Stonmgtk, granted by
the General West India Company, is too long to insert
in this connection, its examination will repay the read-
er, inasmuch as it will remove all doubts as to the reality
of the conquest effected by the Dutch, which could not
be considered a mere temporary occupation, since it was
still looked upon as an unquestioned possession after
the lapse of two years. In fact, it must have been a
conquest as entire as their recapture of New Amster-
dam, or New York, about the same time (1673-'4),
when, even yet, the tricolor of Holland floated glori-
ously over every sea, and only seven years before
(1667) had displayed its folds almost within sight of
the startled population of London, while the hoarse re-
sonance of the Dutchmen's cannonade sounded a grim
accompaniment to the glare of England's burning fleet
and naval preparation.

It is by no means surprising that the English were
able to render nugatory all the efforts of the Dutch in
this quarter, for the vicinity of their settlements and
the advances which they had made in population, ex-
erted the same influence with regard to a conflict with
the Dutch, as that which rendered the subjugation of
the Thirteen Colonies impossible to the whole power
of Great Britain. The chief difficulty which the Hol-
landers had to overcome, was the distance which they
had to transport their '■'■'persomiel and materiel,'''' to con-
test and retain possession of a country to which both
French and English laid claim, and had partially occu-
pied ; to the East and North of which the former had
already established themselves firmly, and to the West
and South- West the latter ; while another formidable
obstacle existed in its very midst, in the presence of

47
the Indian tribes, strongly attached to their Roman
Catholic allies, both by the potent bonds of religion
and interest.

Almost midway between the mouth of the lovely
Kennebeck, and of that main artery of the lumber-
trade, the Penobscot, on the line of Lincoln and Han-
cock counties, the ocean forms a deep and spacious —
appropriately styled — Broad Bay ; which is so laid
down on ancient maps, and is now known as Muscongus
Bay ; embraced between Pleasant Point on the east,
and Pemmaquid Point on the west. At the head wa-
ters of this Bay, once known as Broad Cove, as early
as 1632 (?) the Dutch landed and made a settlement;
of which many interesting vestiges are still in exist-
ence ; and, it is said, that to this day, the Dutch lan-
guage is perpetuated in the township of Bremen, lying
on the west side of Broad or Muscongus Bay ; main-
tained by the constant accession of German settlers,
invited thither by the sympathetic kindred ties of speech
and lineage. At- this time, or subsequently' — although
it is generally supposed that it was much later, towards
the end of the XVIIth century, 1665 or 1680— Dutch
families settled on several of the adjacent streams. At
all events, at Woodbridge-Neck, on the eastern bank of
the Sheepscot River, a mile above Wiscasset Point, or
Village, there are appearances of a very ancient (Dutch?)
settlement, where the cavities of many cellars are now
manifest ; though there are trees in some of them of a
large size. At the moment this is prepared, it is but
honest to state that the authority is forgotten on which
the date of 1632 is based for the first Dutch settlement
in Maine ; but whether it was earlier or later, Sullivan,
who is often quoted, and apparently regarded as excel.

48
lent authority by subsequent writers, admits that in the
year 1642, the Colonies of Massachusetts, New Plym-
outh, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, formed a Con-
gress of Commissioners, "for the ostensible purpose of
guarding themselves against the Dutch, who had taken
possession of the Territory on the south of them."

It is reasonable to suppose that these Colonies were
aroused to more decided measures, by the appearance
of such sturdy enemies on the north likewise ; and the
actual establishment of a settlement in that quarter.
Their fears could not have been excited anew by any
movements towards the south and east ; inasmuch as
the Dutch had been already located along the Hudson
for upwards of thirty years ; and on the Connecticut for
the last eleven. This opinion seems also justified by
the subsequent language of the same historian : "When
the Dutch and French had hefore been in possession of
Acadie, the people of the English Colonies were very
uneasy at being destitute of the protection of the
parent state ; but their being Puritans, effectually pre-
vented their having any assistance from the other side
of the water. In the year 1635, the Plantations in New
England appointed Edward Winslow as an agent to
represent to his Majesty, that his territories were en-
croached upon by the French and Dutch, and to pray
that his Majesty would either procure peace with those
nations,, or give authority to the English Colonies to act
in their own defence."

What the force of the military quotas, to be furnished
by the different colonies, amounted to in 1635, does
not appear in this connection ; but in May, 1672, the
union of the three Colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth
and Connecticut, was renewed by Commissioners, and

49
ratified by the general Court at Boston. By that en-
gagement, the proportion of men for any general ser-
vice was settled for the fifteen years next ensuing,
■whereby Massachusetts was to furnish one hundred,
Plymouth thirty, and Connecticut sixty men.

There seems to be little or no doubt but that Broad
Bay was the first point conquered or occupied by the
Dutch ; the second, and certain scene of their gallantry
and enterprise, Castine. This is one of the most remark-
able points all along our Coasts ; which, under any other
government than our own, would have long since been
transformed into a naval and military fortress of the
first class. The Peninsula of Castine, originally known
to the Europeans as Bagaduce-point, or neck, but by
the Indians styled Ma-je-big-wa-do-sook — twenty miles
from the outermost island in Penobscot-Bay, — lies oii
the eastern side of the mouth of the river of that name,
"which river was the ancient seat of Acadie," directly
opposite to the flourishing Port of Belfast. It consti-
tutes one of the most prominent objects in that panorama
of Penobscot-Bay, whose beauty, when flooded with sun-
light, will rank with many of the most celebrated coast-
views of the Old World. To one unacquainted with its
history, almost every vestige of its military occupation
has disappeared, although a soldier's eye would readily
detect their existence.

Near the water, at the extreme point, are the remains
of an old American Fort ; blown up by the English
when they relinquished it. This appears to have been
simply a half-moon battery, with a brick revetment,
resting upon a stone foundation without a ditch. Piles
of brick in the rear of this work, indicate, perhaps, the
location of furnaces for heating shot ; while at this time

50

a single rusty iron-gun, lying on the top of the parapet,
is all that remains of its armament. Upon the summit
of the hill, in the rear of this, the English who occupied
this point throughout the Revolutionary and the last
wars, and who had no idea of relinquishing a position
so important, in every point of view, constructed a large
bastioned fort, or field-work, now grass-grown, and un-
dergoing gradual demolition by the action of the ele-
ments. They likewise cut a deep ditch or canal through
the narrow neck beyond ; and thus rendered the penin-
sula an island, more susceptible of defence ; whose natu-
ral capabilities are such that it might easily be rendered
a place of immense strength. The village itself is neat,
pretty and attractive ; seated upon a spacious and ex-
cellent harbor ; accessible at all seasons of the year, and
pTossessing sufficient depth for ships of the very largest
class.

In 1626, or 1627, the Colony of New Plymouth, set-
tled on this Peninsula, then, as was stated above, called
Bagaduce-point, or neck, and built a fort, whose ruins,
or rather some faint appearances of such a defensible
work, are known hy the name of Casteen's (Castine's)
fort.

In 1635, Rosillan, a Frenchman, from Nova Scotia,
captured the trading house and fortified position, having
three years' previous, in 1632, by a stratagem robbed
the garrison.

From 1635 to 1654, the country between the Penob-
scot and St. Croix was in the possession of the French ;
although in 1653, Major Sedgwick, commanding an
expedition sent out by Oliver Cromwell, ostensibly
against the Dutch, who had settled on the Hudson,
suddenly turned his course to Acadie, and removed the

51
French from the Penobscot. In 1670, Charles II. hav-
ing by the treaty of Breda ceded all Acadie to the
French, they, thus and then, obtained a re-possession of
the territory ; although it is not certain that- they did
not maintain their military occupation of the fort of
Mount Mantsell, or St. Sauveur, now Mount Desert,
(Monts-Deserts) throughout that period, and even as
late as 1696, when they had lost all their other posses-
sions in this region.

The Dutch, however, within three years after, i. e.
1673 or 1674, expelled the French, and made them-
selves masters of the country ; and the people of New
England soon after, in turn, expelled the Dutch. "It was
a very imprudent attempt," says the Puritan historian, "in
the Dutch to take possession of a country so remote
from the Hudson, where they had fixed their Colony."
He forgot, when he made this remark, that they had
prosecuted more distant and dangerous expedit\ons,
with glorious and lastingly beneficial results.

Notwithstanding this nominal re-conquest by the
New Englanders, the distresses of the Indian wars,
from 1675 to 1692, rendered the country of very little
consequence, whether to Great Britain or to Boston ;
and scarcely any settlements, for agricultural purposes,
were attempted in the earlier years of this Colony.

This settlement was nearly broken up in 1676, and
entirely broken up in the year 1690. "In fact the
French were, with the Indians, in possession of that
part of the Continent, until they were removed, after
the year 1692, by Sir William Phips, the first Grovernor
of the Province of Massachusetts, under the charter of
of William and Mary."

In relation to the expedition of Major Sedgwick, in

52
1653, and the Dutch occupation of the shores of the
Penobscot, Sullivan would lead any reader to suppose
that the Dutch held them at this early date — 1653 —
and thus must have twice, if not thrice — 1653, 1674,
and 1676 — wrested their trading posts in that quarter
from the French ; for, whUe at page 283, he states
that the CromweUian Commander removed the French,
with whom the English were at peace, from the dis-
trict watered by the great river of Maine ; at page
293, he uses the following distinct and unmistakable
language : "In Acadie, there was another territory,
east of the then county of New Castle, which was not
comprehended within the Duke's (York's) Province of
New York. This was perhaps the ancient Norumbegua.
It extended from Pemaquid to St. Croix, compre-
hending Mount Mansell, or Mount Desert, and the
territory of Penobscott."

* * -A * *

"It was there, that the people of New Plymouth
erected their trading-house, in 1627, which was taken
by the French ; was afterwards taken by the Dutch ;
and re-taken by Sedgwick under Cromwell."

Now, in 1653, England, at peace with France, was
engaged in a sharply-contested war with the United
Provinces ; and, it can be readily supposed that an ex-
pedition of the former would be more likely to fall
upon the positions of an enemy than those of a peace-
able neighbor. However, such are the facts we pos-
sess ; and we can only draw the most reasonable infer-
ence they admit of There — on the Penobscot — ^where
the Dutch have left mementoes of their visits — the
struggle between the French Huguenot De la Tour,
and his rival, the Roman Catholic D'Aulney, attract-

53

ed the attention of the American Colonies ; there, that
extraordinary character, by some supposed to have
been a Jesuit, the Baron Castine, taught the natives
the European art of war ; and by his own influence,
and that of Le Masse, a Roman Catholic Priest, as well
as of the missionaries of that Church, in general, ren-
dered the Penobscot Indians, savage enough by nature,
still more pitiless and cruel.

Thus far, Sullivan. In this connection, some few
details present themselves in Williamson's History :
"The Dutch," says he, "had manifested early and great
desires to share the North American coast with the
English and French." "The country was open and in-
viting, to various adventurers. The Indian trade, mast-
ing and fishing, offered encouragement to enterprise."
"Commercial in their pursuits, they — (the Dutch) —
knew how to set an adequate value upon water-priv-
ileges; and, after their treaty with England, A. D. 1674,
being still at war with France, they dispatched an arm-
ed ship to seize upon the Fort at Penobscot. In the
capture, there was a loss of men on both sides. The
success was not pursued — the enterprise offered no
considerable gains ; and the possession acquired was
not long retained."

Even without further information, can there be any
doubt whatever, that the armed vessel referred to
above was the "Flying Horse," which, in the commis-
sion of the West India Company, nventioned in the pre-
ceding portion of this paper, is stated to have "con-
quered and subdued the coasts, and countries of Nova
Scotia and Acadie ?"

In this expedition "was 'also present, and assisted
with his advice and force, John Rhoade," who was em-

54
powered, by the Ordinance, dated 11th September,
1676, to take possession of and colonize, cultivate and
trade along the whole of the adjacent coast ; and which
invested him, in fact, with full powers, to protect and
maintain himself thereupon.

Williamson subsequently goes on to say : "Such was
the peculiar intipathy generally entertained towards
the principles and manners of the French, that any
seizure of their dominions, it might be well supposed,
would excite gratitude, as well as pleasure, among the
English Colonists. Possibly influenced by this motive,
certainly by a perpetual desire of possessing a fine un-
occupied region, the Dutch again, in the spring of
1676, sent a man of war to Penobscot, and captured
^ the French fortification there ; determining now to
keep possession of the country. But, as this was a part
of New England, and within the Duke's (of York's)
Province, and as anticipations were entertained of its
returning, amid some future events, to the English, or
their Colonists, either by purchase, recession, or re-
conquest, two or three vessels Avere dispatched thither
from Boston, which drove the Dutch from the penin-
sula." "To the French, this must have afforded the great-
er satisfaction, because the English captors did not
tarry, but immediately abandoned the place."

In connection with the first of these expeditions,
Hutchinson furnishes, as a note to his History of Mas-
sachusetts Bay, a manuscript account of a message
from Hartford to New York, which gives the following
interesting incidents :

"May 28th, 1672, war was proclaimed against the
Dutch in Boston, in consequence of the King's declara-
tion of war, published in England. This was the first

55
instance of any public declaration of war in the Colony.
In the Dutch wars, in the time of the Parliament and
Cromwell, and in the former war, after the restoration,
until forces came to reduce the Mahadoes (Manhattan),
correspondence and commerce continued between the
Colonies, notwithstanding the war in Europe."

"In August, the same year, 1672, advice came to
Boston, that the Dutch, after taking several ships, at
Virginia, had possessed themselves of New York;
whilst Colonel Lovelace, the Governor, was at New
Haven ; and that the Dutch' force was bound further
northward. This intelligence caused a great alarm in
the Colony. The Castle having been destroyed not
long before, Boston was less capable of defence. The
best preparations were made. The Dutch fleet return-
ed to Europe."

"This acquisition was accidental, according to the
account given by the Dutch at New York." "Four Hol-
landers"— sent to sea, by the Admiralty of Amsterdam,
under the command of Commodore Jacob Btnkea, —
"and three Zealanders" — under Capt. Cornelias (Bvtxtsm,
son of the Vice- Admiral of the same name, dispatched
by the States and Admiralty of Zealand — "met off Mar-
tinico ; one side with French, the other with English,
colors ; and prepared to fight — until, by hoisting their
proper colors, they better understood one another.
They then joined together, and agreed upon an expe-
dition to Virginia and New York. The Dutch Guinea
Fleet was intended for the same service ; but these
other ships saved them the tj^ouble."

Besides their first settlement at Broad Bay, and
their conquests on the Penobscott, Dutch Colonies
were planted on several points between the Kennebeck

56
and Penocscot ;. along the important estuaries, which,
penetrating deeply into the land, afforded such facilities
for intercourse, when land-travel was almost interdicted.

"Settlements," says SuUivan, "from the year 1665,
were increased in Pemaquid — settled before Boston —
about thirty miles west of Penobscot Bay. There were
a number of people who came down from the Dutch
settlements at the Manhatoes, or New York. The
Duke of York had the New Netherlands, or what is
now New York, granted him in the year 1664." "The
settlements increased untilthe year 1680." "His Gov-
ernor, named Dungan (Dongan), was over this eastern
grant, as well as that on the Hudson. The Govern-
ment under the Duke erected a Fort at Pemaquid,
near the remains of which is the ruin of a town ; there
is yet, under the rubbish, a paved street, and the cellars
of nearly thirty, or perhaps forty, houses. The lands
there were granted under the Duke of York's title ;
and many Deeds, made by his Governor, have been ex-
hibited in the contests in that country, within thirty
years past."

During his administration and agency of five years —
which terminated with the month of March, 1688 —
particularly about the year 1687, Dongan, who was
both Governor of the Province and private agent of
the Duke, removed many Dutch families fi-om the
banks of the Hudson to his [James's] new Province,
on Sheepscot River. They remained there, and at
Pemmaquid, until the settlements were broken up by
the wars, which were soon afterwards commenced with
the savages. But these devastations of the French,
and their barbarous allies, were not the first wrongs
which the unfortunate Dutch Colonists had experienced.

57
All Governor Dongan's "measures in this region were
rendered extremely unpopular, by the cupidity and
arbitrary procedure of his agents, Palmer, West, and
Graham ; for they placed, and displaced, at "pleasure";
and some of the first settlers were denied grants of
their own homesteads ; while these men were wickedly
dividing some of the best improved lands among
themselves."

Thus terminated in misfortune the last settlement
effected by the Dutch upon the coast of Maine : and I
should remark that yet slight mementoes of the race
and language in that region are among the best
proofs of the fearless and stubborn perseverance of
the self-reliant Hollander.

Here ends the result of these historical investiga-
tions, as to the 5D«ttlj in JUaint, with the exception
of a few remarks relative to the opinions entertained
by the English towards the Dutch. The former appear
to have set the highest value upon the natural advan-
tages of the regions now embraced within the limits
of the state of Maine. According to Hutchinson, Pre-
sident Danforth held, "that it were better to expend
three thousand pds. [sterling] to gain Canada itself" —
which included Acadie — "than that either the French
or the Dutch should have it ; such is the value of the
fishery, masting, and fur trade." This Governor Dan-
forth, a man of integrity and wisdom, was elected De-
puty-Governor in 1679, and in the same year first
President of the Province of Maine. He held both
these ofiices until the arrival of Governor Andros, at
the end of the year 1686. Of this Governor (An-
dros), it is said that he " feared the Dutch," the
more particularly as he supposed that "if they again

58
seized upon the open country, between the Penobscot
and St. Croix, which were both in his Commission,
and in the Duke of York's Patent, they might, with
the present temper of the (English) nation in their fa-
vor, be permitted to retain possession of it." T\ e
must remember, that at this date the British nation
were looking to lUilliam, Jprhue of ©rongc, and his
Protestant subjects, the Hollanders, as their only means
of deliverance from spiritual and political tyranny.
The Dutch, however, appear to have been the only
enemies whom the New Englanders really feared in this
quarter. This is readily explained. As seamen, the
Dutch stood unrivaled ; and this coast afforded not
only materials for a navy, but various sources of A\'ealth
to a commercial people ; moreover, the French never
appear to have succeeded as Colonists, while the Dutch
seem to have scarcely ever met with failure.

On the sea, the British encountered an equal foe in
the Hollander. With the Frenchman, on that element,
not his own, every engagement insured an almost cer-
tain and glorious triumph. Hence, the commercial
enterprise of the former, and their skiU and bravery
in action, aroused the latent spirit which has marked
the rivalry which time and circumstances are lessening ;
because, whilst the valor of the Dutch has suffered no
diminution, their physical power has decreased. Like
causes produce like effects. The power which of old
directed its efforts, and those of the English Colonists,
to expel the Dutch from North America, has seen an-
other nation there arise to contend with it for the mas-
tery of the seas — having the expanding stature of a
giant, the numerous sinewy arms of Briareus, and the
keen eyes of Argus ; of which, if the assertion of Ovid

59

be true, only two of. the one hundred are asleep at a

time!

* * * *

And so, for the present, with an anecdote of a Dutch-
man's gallantry in New England, we bid adieu to the

'^JDutct) in iltainc":

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, a British naval Com-
mander was sent to cruise upon the coast of Spain, with
instructions, however, to confine himself within certain
limits, under penalty of death in case of any trans-
gression of his orders. Having received intelligence
that some Spanish vessels lay at Vigo, beyond the
bounds of his cruising ground, he resolved to proceed
at once to attack them, although he periled his life by
so doing.

Fortunately, a complete success rewarded his gallant-
ry, and no doubt saved his life. On rejoining the Ad-
miral, to whose fleet his vessels belonged, he was imme-
diately placed under arrest, and asked if he was aware
that by the articles of war he was liable to be shot for
his utter disregard of the orders issued for his guidance ?
His reply is so honorable and patriotic, that it is much
to be regretted that the author's name is not recorded :
"I was perfectly aware of the penalty incurred," said
he, "but I felt that the man who is afraid to risk his
life in any way^ when the good of his country re-
quires it, is unworthy of a command in her Majesty's
service."

This officer had several of the strongest incentives
to influence his course of action : not only the hope of
personal distinction and glory, but national pride and
intense hatred of the enemy. Still, none of these de-
tract from his credit. — But Hutchinson, in his History,

60
records a much more remarkable parallel case, where
gallantry, and a mere sense of duty, induced a Dutch
sailor to run an equal risk, with a much greater cer-
tainty of suffering the penalty. And if the ships of
the United Provinces were manned with men cast in
such a mould, and animated with such a spirit, it is not
to be wondered that, with this and no doubt other
similar examples before them, the jealous fear which
the English felt towards the Dutch, as to a naval and
commercial people, should have extended to New
England, and rendered the Pilgrim Fathers exceeding-
ly uneasy at every appearance of a Dutch frigate or
squadron upon their own or the neighboring coast.
It is in this connection, that the following anecdote
does not seem inappropriate to the subject :

It appears from a letter dispatched from Massachu-
setts Bay to London, in 1675, that one (Horttflis — a
Dutchman — who had been captured and sentenced to
death for some offence against the real or imaginary
maritime rights of that Colony, was pardoned on con-
dition of enlisting in the forces destined to act against
the celebrated Indian King, Philip, who had, in the
very year above mentioned, commenced that terrible
war which desolated the settlements in New England.
On one occasion, (lEorndts pursued the celebrated Sa-
chem, and pressed him so hard, that he obtained pos-
session of his cap or head-dress, and afterwards wore
the trophy himself The Commandant of the Provin-
cial troops, finding him so brave a man, promoted and
sent him on a certain occasion at the head of twelve
men, "to scout," with orders, for some particular rea-
son not stated, to return within three hours, on pain
of death in case of disobedience. While scouring the

61
country, he came suddenly upon sixty Indians, who had
just landed, and were hauling up their canoes upon the
shore. Of these he killed thirteen, captured eight, and
followed the rest as far as he could, until debarred far-
ther pursuit by swamps and other natural obstacles.
On his return march he burned all the canoes belong-
ing to the routed party. This exploit occupied eight
hours. On rejoining the main body, a council of war
was summoned, and (EomtUs, although it is scarcely
credible, instead of promotion and high rew-ard, was
sentenced to death for breach of orders. Had he been
an Englishman instead of a Dutchman, his gallantry
would, doubtless, have been amply recompensed ; but
as it was, the Puritans held that they acted justly
in pardoning him a second time. The dauntless Hol-
lander seems to have been a true son of the Father-
land (t)at£vlantr), feeling that

"T)ie path of Duty
Is the way to Glory" !

and a short time afterwards, having been detached on
another scout, brought in twelve Indians alive and
two scalps.

-•b

Although the theme selected for this evening might
here be drawn to a close, it is difficult to lay aside the
pen, with the enterprise and resolution of the Holland-
ers so vividly impressed upon the mind, by the exam-
ination of the records of their voyages, of their dis-
coveries, and of their triumphs. The influence of the
Dutch upon the progress of the Middle States, has
never been sufficiently considered in any history of that
region, which embraces the "Empire" and "Key-Stone"
States, whose possession by the British and emancipa-

62
tion by the Patriot armies of the Revolution, decided
the fate of that contest which made us what we are.
Without solidity of character, no bulwark, however
wisely planned, and theoretically constructed, can re-
sist the assaults of corruption, or the gradual aggress-
ions of time. A bulwark deficient in the main princi-
ple— solidity — resembles the painted screens set up by
the Chinese and Japanese, in the hope of imposing
upon an enemy, by such fictitious representations of
fortresses and entrenchments. The solidity of charac-
ter which distinguishes the population of the "Empire
State," is due, in a great degree, to the Dutch element-
ary ingredient, which met and repulsed the encroach-
ments of French ambition. No province furnished
troops throughout the long wars with France and the
Mother Country, so susceptible of discipline, so patient
of fatigue, and so determined in combat, as that of
New York. The fiercest battle which characterizes our
Revolutionary history, the bloody struggle at Oriskany,
where the opposing troops lay locked in the death gripe
with their weapons sheathed in each other's bosoms —
was decided, in its very centre, by the Dutchmen of Mo-
hawkj as yet almost without admixture of any other
leaven.

That victory, which was among the first — and in many
respects the very first — that opened the eyes of the
European governments to the reality of the power of
the American Colonies, and the probability of their
ultimate success ; that victory which delivered into the
hands of the Americans, Burgoyne's carefully prepared,
ably officered, and splendidly appointed army, was due,
in common with the other gallant soldiers there collect-
ed, chiefly to the Dutch troops, marshalled by the activ-

63

ity, energy, capacity and patriotism of an Americo-Dutch
General, who had decided the question by masterly dis-
positions and dogged resistance — taking advantage of
natural obstacles, and combining the defences furnished
by nature with the stubborn courage of the people — be-
fore the forces from other States had concentrated their
numbers, or an English General, through the influence
of New England, had assumed the command.

On the 6th of December, 1828, the late Chancellor
Kent, then President of this Society, delivered the An-
niversary discourse ; in which, in clear and forcible lan-
guage, he pointed out the distinctive merits of the
many eminent men who, in their several spheres, had
nobly sustained the well-earned fame of this, their native
State, by their talents,'their zeal, and patriotic devotion ;
the most conspicuous of whom were of HoUandish de-
scent. In a well merited and animated eulogium, he
bore testimony to the transcendant abilities and charac-
teristic virtues of that General, Philip Schuyler, whom
Gates saperseded, and who fell a sacrifice, according to
Chief Justice Marshall, to prejudices — the influence of
which, as above stated, unhappily for himself and his
country, on that occasion prevailed.

No matter how strong the Dutch ingredient, a greater
numerical preponderance of the English almost conceals
its actual existence ; and this vast numerical aggregate
of the descendants of Englishmen, is sufficient, in itself,
to account for the comparatively small influence exhib-
ited by those of the Hollanders in these United States.
We say, comparatively small ; yet, it is wonderful, with
all the efforts which have been made to conceal and
decry the influence of the HoUandish blood, to find
to what a degree it has nevertheless made itself felt,

64
and compelled unwilling acknowledgment. That very
fact, — ^its existence — the growing investigation of its
origin, and the development of its forces — is the proud-
est monument which can be reared to Hollandish an-
cestry. Year by year, justice has been, and will be,
more and more accorded to it.

New England enterprise and its results are justly the
boast of New England historians, orators, politicians,
and ^divines. Both have been wonderful — greater, by
far, than those of the New Netherlanders. But why ?
Every honest investigator of history, while willing to
admit that the New Netherlanders have not grown to
like stature, has likewise attributed it to the just cause
— the monopolizing efforts of the Dutch West India
Company, whose jealousy of indi\-idual profits contract-
ed all the operations of the Dutch settlements on this
Continent. But a New Netherlander has no need of
defence, when he can carry the war into Africa, and
win an historical and Christian Zama under the very
walls of his opponents' Carthage. The New Nether-
lander can go 'forth to the moral battle — ^leaving his
household treasures secure within the safeguards, of
which an honest purchase of the soil laid the founda-
tion, and persevering thrift and stainless integrity
built up the towers. New Amsterdam and its depend-
ant towns and villages had laid the corner-stone of their
institutions, upon the principles of universal brother-
hood and religious toleration, and built up each suc-
cessive course with that impermeable cement which
alone can bind the human race together — peace and
good will towards men ! Except during the adminis-
istration of one bad Governor, Willem Kieft, the au-
thorities of New Amsterdam cultivated the friendship

65

and co-operation of the Indian tribes, with such success
that the fierce Indian became, under their influence,
comparatively amicable ; admitting that the Hollanders'
tongue was not yet "forked," like most of the other
white men's tongues, with whom they had been brought
in contact. Undoubted historical facts attest the influ-
ence exercised over the neighboring tribes by the
brave and honest fiorloJV, whose name the Indians held
so honorable that they conferred it as the most fitting
title on all the New York Governors ; and of that
stout-hearted, true, and generous "Quidder"— as the
Iroquois pronounced the Christian name of l^tUx
ScljtigUr — ^whose word was law to the celebrated Five
Nations. The latter's peaceful laurels no bigoted and
prejudiced historian can displace, even as they were
torn from the brow of his illustrious son, to crown the
undeserving, vapid, and defeated opponent of Com-
wallis at Camden.

Again : How many authors, who have devoted their
pens to the history of our country, have been seduced
into the error of countenancing the statement, that the
only colony on this Continent which proclaimed reli-
gious toleration, with the first display of its ensigns,
was that of Maryland ! This error is worse than a com-
mon error ; since it is an injustice to a people who, at
home and abroad, have been ever tolerant — so tolerant,
that in Holland alone, of all other nations on the face
of the earth, prior to the middle of the preceding cen-
tury, even the Jews became fixed and patriotic citi-
zens.

When the people of the eastern settlements were de-
priving the Dutch of their choice lands along the Con-
necticut, fugitives from thence, for opinion's sake, had

9

66
resorted to New Amsterdam, where they were received
with a hospitality only equalled by that offered by the
parent country to the Protestant refugees from the tyr-
anny of Prance. It was not until New Amsterdam had
become de facto New Yo7% and the English elements
had predominated over the Batavian and Knickerbocker,
that anything like intolerance was admitted into the
administration and councils of the Colony. Even the
Jesuits found in the Dutch not only a sympathetic and
tolerant but a practical Christianity, which, more than
once, at great risk, interposed between them and their
captors, the Indians, in the interest of the Anglo-Saxon
settlements.

When the aged Charles IX., of Sweden — ^with diflS-
eulty maintaining, by the superiority of his sagacity, as
well as the force of his arms, his rights and the integ-
rity of the Swedish realm, against a union of potent
and inimical neighbors — ^was gradually lapsing into a
state of physical debility, he felt his powers, as it were,
rejuvenated, and the future of his country assured, in
contemplating the goodly promise of his great son,
(fHHtaflttS ^tolpjllis ; and, thus comforted and sustain-
ed, the warrior-politician sunk into his grave with a
prophetic ''ille faciei^'' on his lips and in his heart.
Even so, men of HoUandish blood can afford to hope
and wait. The Anglo-Puritan history of the New Neth-
erlanders has been written, and ably written ; but that
of the Saxon-Knickerbocker remains to he written.
The historian is yet to arise, who, rich in the finiits of
faithful and laborious research, and endowed with
graphic power, commensurate with his subject, will
mingle with his theme the fidelity and ardor of a ma-
tured judgment. ''Ille faciet !" — He will accomplish

67
it! Meanwhile, let us content ourselves -with the
the aphorism of Montesquieu : '■'■Tot ou tard^ tout se saif''
Sooner or later, everything is known. The good time
must come, when truth will be made manifest ! Light
is breaking in upon a people who now judge for them-
selves ; who not only read the books of other nations,
but publish, read, and multiply their own. We have
learned to see with our own eyes, and to form our own
conclusions. In this march of mind, the gifted author
of "The Rise of the Dutch Republic," has nobly
placed himself in the van ; and in glowing language
has happily and truthfully described the race which
chained the tyrant Ocean, and his mighty streams, into
subserviency — a race, which engaged for generations
in stubborn conflict with the angry elements, was un-
consciously educating itself for its great struggle with
a still more savage despotism, in its successful and
immortal struggle for the rights of men !

Even as with fabled brilliancy and flashing rays,
those monster carbuncles, set on high in the front of the
Church at Wisby, which bears the time-honored name
of the "good St. Nicholas," once served as guiding
stars to the wave-tossed mariner, inward and outward
bound, in his perilous voyage across the angry deep ;
so the radiance which emanates from the chronicles of
the land of tlltlliam the Silent, the Father of Ms
Country ; of Ulaurite the Warrior, renowned in every
branch of warlike art and science ; of tDUliam, England's
Liberator, great in all qualities which ennoble man ; of
ile iHujtcr, one of the most perfect — if not the most
perfect — characters which history records ; of iOnj]-
t)cnx)oorI)£ ; of JDe Zock ; of Kloasjoon ; of |Ji£t ^egn ;
of (Dbiam; of Wt llJUte ; of ^iJromp; of (Bmxtsm; of

68
^ttmsktxck ; of ^otttman ; of Kocljoortt ; of ® tnkell ;
of tan Botjdaar ; of (JTIjasse ; of t)an Sjjgk ; of t)au
kr aa; of 33orna»elM ; of JDi: iDitt ; of (Bxotms; of
Jagd ; of §etnBiu3 ; of t)an Wxemtn ; of JStntinik ; of
ScDtrninck ; of t)an lex QEopflkn ; of tan Ire Speigd ;
of 0£l)imm£lpcnnmck ; of (Erasmus ; of 35onrI)aaD£ ; of
^nggena van Zn]a\k\)em ; of Rngacl) ; of JE rugmans ;
of ^£m3tcrl)ugs ; of Katj ; of t)onM ; of Btlkrligk ;
of jSranM; of tDogtnoar; and of a host of other
eminently gifted warriors, statesmen and scholars,
■will illuminate the pathway which leads to the estab-
lishment of correct and liberal principles throughout
all lands; where the example of our own immortal
WASHINGTON, and of the patriot sages of the Re-
public, has not yet produced its vivifying effects.

In the desperate conflict which marked the revolt of
the United Provinces, Holland achieved her civil and
religious liberty. This taught her English neighbors
a lesson, which iDlCOl^lJll of Orange enabled them
to improve with similar success.

When England, forgetful of the past, would trample
on the rights of her American Colonies, these followed
the same example, adopted, like the Dutch, a Federal
Union, and making themselves independent, buUt up
the glorious fabric of the American Republic.

Like another Pharos, may the light which beams
from this lofty pinnacle, reflecting its rays upon the
declared principles of that independence, irradiate
every dark spot on the earth's surface ; and may po-
litical aspirants, both here and every where, learn that
this light is the safest guide, under Providence, to the
only secure anchorage of virtuous success !

]srOTES.

[No. 1 .—Lines 7,-"8, page 8 ,]

The Dutch (Hollanders) discovered the region now known as the State
of New York in 1609 ; erected a fort in 1612-'3; and established a perma-
nent settlement in 1614. They settled in New Jersey shortly after their
arrival in New York, particularly at Bergen, between 1614 and 1624.
They erected a trading house at Hartford on the Connecticut in 1631 ; and
subjugated Delaware in 1655.

[No. 2. — Line 4, page 15.]

Paeet, on the 22d [?] July, 1827, had certainly reached 83 degrees 40
minutes, and on the 23d probcMy had gained 5 minutes — i. e. 82 degrees
45 minutes. As the author furnished Baeentz's certainty, he likewise ,
stated Paert's farthest attainment by observation.

[No. 3.— Lines 13 to 26, page 24.]

If any of our readers admire the Dutch (Hollanders), let them examine
Topographical Descriptions, with Historico-Political and Medico-Physical
Observations, made in Two Several Voyages, through most parts of
Europe, by John NoETHi-Eion, LL., M. D., London 1702 ; and he will
find 14 pages (108-122) almost entirely devoted to praises of the
Dutch nation, which, oonsidering that their author is an Englishman, and
their date a century and a half since, is pretty conclusive evidence of their
truth. The whole book is quaint, but well worthy perusal.

[No. 4. — Line 5, page 29.]

In the Oude Kerlc, (Old Church) of Amsterdam, lies interred JJS[ffl®3S
ban ?;§3BHiKSKJE3R®5Et, who commanded one vessel of the Squadron
of which JSarentj was the Chief-Pilot, Ice-Master and actual Conductor.
He afterwards rose to the rank of Admiral, and distinguished himself by
his bravery and enterprize. His monument bears "this old inscription
and historical account of his life and actions," for he lived to wear the

70

palm and the laurel which belonged to that daring navigator who sleeps
his last tombless sleep in the far North, which he was the first to explore :

Honori et Aetemitati

Ittcobo ab f eemskcrck,

Amstel-Bedamensi,

Vi/ro forti et optime de patria merito.

Qui

Pott varias in notccs, ignotasgue oras nwoigationea, in Xovam Zemhlam

ivi Polo Aratico diias ; in Indiam Orientalem versus Antarcticum fotidem ;

InSLeque opimis SpoUis. An. GIOl^OOIV., remrsns victor.

TANDEM
SxpeAitionis maritimoe adversus Hispan. Prmfectus, eorundem validam
Classem Serculeo ausu aggressus in Freto Serculeo* siib ipsa aree et
urle Oihraltwr VII. Kal. Mail, An. GlQlO CVII. fudit et profligavit,

IPSE IBIDEM
Pro patria atrenue dimicans, gloriose occubuit, Anima Omlo guad-et,
Corpus hoc loco Jacet. Ave Lector., fama/mqiie viri ama et virtutem.

Cujus ERGO
niustriss. et Potentits. Fcederat. Provin. Belgice ORDINIBUS, P. P.

H. M. P.

Vixit Annas XL. Mensem, /, Dies XII.

[No. 5.— Line 12, page 31.]

Haoklutt's Headland, takes its name from a distinguished naval his-
torian of England, who was horn about the year 1553, and died on the 23d
September, 1616, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, London. It is
the most northern and western point of Amsterdam Island, once the head
quarters of the Dutch whale fl:>hery, and likewise the most northwestern
of the Spitzbergen Archipelago, in Latitude 79 deg. 47min. north and
Longitude 6 deg. 5 rain. east. Its ''eminent" and rock3,.'=now-crowned front
defies the unbroken violence of every gale which sv^eeps across the Arctic
Ocean, while against its rock-strewn base, and jutting reefs, the ice-fields,
urged across the open sea from Greenland, are crushed into a yeasty
"ftrosA," or, in severer seasons, grind and groan and pile themselves, until
they emulate the lofty point "perpetually covered witii a mourning veil
of black" rock moss or "lichens."

*Vid. This History and Hekmskerck's character. Erat omnino non
tam pecnnise quam glorias avidus, hoc quoque Stndium nulla sui jactantia
prodens, quippe civilem invultum hahitumque compositns alte absconderat
animnm militarnm. Hue. Geot. 5ii«tor., Liber. \6.

71

This Haoklutt, with his HoUandish name, and doubtless Hollandish ori-
gin, but English parentage, gained the highest esteem and honor, from
mariners of all ranks, in tlie most distant nations, no less than his own.
Dkatton, a contemporaneous English poet, apostrophizes the naval histo-
rian, whose spirit animated his countrymen to maritime adventure, thus :

" Thy voyages attend

Industrious Haokltitt ;
Whose reading shall inflame

Men to seek fame.

And much to commend
To after-times thy wit."

When Hbndeiok Hudson, in 1607, in a voyage towards the North Pole,
re-discovered Spitzbergen— ;;?rsi discovered in 1596, by SSarentj — he distin-
guished its north-western "eminent promontory" by the name of Hack-
ltiyt's Headland, by which it is still known ; and, seven years afterwards,
an English crew, sent out by the English Russia Company, planted there-
upon the banner and erected the arms of England ; thus assuming the
rights of possession and thehonorof discovery which belonged to 3Sarenij,
and the Dutch nation.

[No. 6.— Lines 15 to 21, page 40.]

"The survivors appeared before the people of Amsterdam in the dress
they wore at Nova Zembla. Curiosity was awakened everywhere respect-
ing them. They were taken to the Ministers of foreign States, at the
Hague, to relate their perils and give an account of the frigid land, which
none of the southern natives had visited before. Their treatment on their
arrival hom« must, in those days, have been an ample compensation to
the survivors tor their past sufferings." — Arctic Adventures, by Sea and
Land, &c. &c. ; Edited by Epks Saegknt.

[Ns. 7.— Lines 25 to 27, page 40.]

iTova-Zembla ox Novaia-Zemlia. — A vast insular territory of the Arctic
or Northern Icy-Ocean — belongs to European Russia, constituting a de-
pendency of the Government of Archangel, district of Mezen, and lies
between Latitude 70 degrees 35 minutes and 77 degrees north, and Longi-
tude 45 degrees 25 minutes and 75 degrees [77 degrees ?] east. This ice-
bound region is divided into two islands by the narrow Strait of Matotsch-
kin-Shar, is separated by the Strait of Kara from the island of Vaigatsch,
and is washed on the south by the Sea of Kara and on the west and
north by the Northern Icy or Arctic Ocean.

The southwestern and western coasts are tolerably well known ; the

72

northern, even yet, imperfectly — but little, if any, better than when
SSarentf first examined them ; while the eastern, defended by impassable
barriers of eternal ice, have never been explored. On the western shore,
an arm of the sea, in Latitude 73 degrees north appears to penetrate
deeply into the country.

The extreme length of these islands, measuring from Oape Zelania —
Zhelania, Jelania, Jelanii, or Desire — Latitude 76 degrees 58 minutes [77
degrees ?] north. Longitude 74 degrees 20 minutes east [76 degrees 40 min-
utes]— the most northern point of Europe — to Cape Tchernyi, their south-,
western extremity, is a little over two hundred leagues, say six hundred
miles. Their mean breadth from the northwest to the southeast may be
calculated at about seventy leagues, say two hundred and ten miles.

Between Capes Zelania and Severe Vostotchnoi, the most northern ex-
tremity of Asiatic Russia — and consequently of Asia — in the Government
of Jeniseisk, Latitude 78 degrees 25 minutes north. Longitude 103 degrees
[98 degrees] east, extends an open sea, almost invariably, however, en-
cumbered with icebergs and ice-flelds, but said to have been sailed over,
in 1611 or 1614, by an adventurous Dutch Captain [See Scoeesbt's Arctic
Regions, Vol. /., Appendix III.., page 60] to the eastward of Nova Zem-
bla, for the space of one hundred and forty leagues.

The coasts as yet explored are extremely broken and precipitous ;
the southern low and flat ; the western bristling with gray sandstone
cliffi, which, although not very high, aye almost pei-pendicular. No an-
chorage may be said to exist.

Even in the southern districts the country is hardly known beyond a
distance of five leagues from thewestern shore. This part is watered by
fifteen small rivers, which empty into the sea between the Straits of
Vaigatsch and Matotshkin-Shar ; besides these, it possesses numerous lakes.

The aspect of this country is perfectly horrible. Nothing but the
gloomiest vegetation meets the eye, and the mountains present no other
apparel except an eternal robe of snow and mail of ice. Excessive cold
reigns throughout the greater part of the year. The interior abounds
with reindeer, bine and arctic foxes, ermine and white bears, while the
coasts swarm with various species of fish of the largest size, (whales,
dolphins, porpoises, sharks, &c.,) seals, sea-cows, and "vast flights" of
marine-birds.

This desolate country is without fixed inhabitants, and only frequent-
ed by Russian hunters and fishermen.

73

[No. 8. — Line 21, page 45.]
APPOINTMENT OF THE INSTALLATION OF

(JLorneUs Stcenujjjck,

%s ®ot)«iuor of Nona 0coUa anir !a.cabie.

The Directors of the Privileged General West India Company of the
United Netherlands.

All those who shall see or hear these presents, Geketing :
Know, that we, being convinced that the wealth of this Company would
he greatly increased by the cultivation of those lands and places under the
jurisdiction of our aforesaid grantees, and that it will be useful that these
aforesaid lands and places should not remain uninhabited, but that some-
body be duly settled there, and populate the country ; and afterwards
thinking on expedients by which the navigation, commerce, and trafBc of
the aforesaid Company, and of all others who belong to it, may after some
time be increased and augmented ; so is it that we, wishing to put our use-
ful intention in execution, for the aforesaid and other reasons, by which we
are persuaded ; following the second article of our aforesaid grant, and by
the authority of the high and mighty States-General of the United /Nether-
lands, and upon mature deliberation of the Council, have committed and
authorized, and we do commit and authorize, fflotnEliB Steentofltfe, in
the name of, and for, the High and Mighty and the Privileged General
West India Company, to take possession of the coasts and countries of Nova
Scotia and Acadie, including the subordinate countries and islands, so far
as their limits are extended, to the east and north from the River Pounte-
gouycet ; and that he, SteenSascft, may establish himself there, and select
such places for himself, in order to cultivate, to sow, or to plant, as he shall
wish.

MoEEovEE, to trade with the natives of the country, and all others with
whom the Eepublic of these United Netherlands and the aforesaid Com-
pany are in peace and alliance, to negotiate and to traflBc in the goods and
merchandizes belonging to them, send them hither and thither, and fit out
ships and vessels for the large and small fisheries, to set the cargo rshore,
to dry and afterwards to sell them, so as he shall think it best ; and, gen-
erally, to sustain and to maintain himself and his family, by no other than
honest means.

MoEEO. EE, that he, SteeniujJtft, in the name of the High and Mighty,
and of the General "West India Company, will be admitted to make con-
tracts rnd alliances and engagements with the natives of that country ; also
to build some ferts and castles, to defend and to protect himself against

10

74

every foreign and domestic force of enemies or pirates ; and also to ad-
mit and to protect all other persons and families who wish to come nnder
obedience to the Company, if they swear dne faithfclness to the ranch es-
teemed High and Mighty, as their highest Sovereign Magistrate, to liis
Highness, My Lord tl.e Prince of Orange, as the Governor-Captain and
Admiral-General, and to the Directors of the Privileged West India Com-
pany.

That moeeovee, the aforesaid Stcattogclt, with the title and power of
Manager and Captain, will provide, deliver and execute every thing that
belongs to the conservation of these countries, namely : —

The maintenance of good order, police, and justice, as would be required
according to the laws and manners of those countries ; and, principally,
that the true Christian reformed religion is practised within the limits of
his district, after the nsnal manner, that Stecntojtit, according to this,
may place some one — if he is a free-born subject of our union — in his of-
fice ; who, in name and authority, moreover, with the title and a power
as aforesaid, may take possession of the aforesaid countries to establish
himself there ; and further, to do and execute all those things whereto
Streninsci^, himself, in aforesaid manner, is authorized; all those things,
nevertheless, without expenses, charges, or any kind of burdens to the
Company ; and with the invariable condition that the afoi-esaid Strtn«
toscft, or the person whom he might place in his office, will be obliged to
execute the present Commission and authorization within the next eigh-
teen months, or that by negligence or failure thereof it will be in our fac-
ulty and power to give such a Commission and authoi-ization to other per-
sons than Stf eninscft, or his Lieutenant, without any reference to this
present one.

MoHEOVEK, we have the aforesaid SttentB^tft, or his Lieutenant, so
soon as they establish themselves within the limits of that particular,
privileged and conceded district ; and we do privilege and concede free-
dom and immunity of all rights and recognizances for the time of six
years successively.

At last, and to conclude, that the aforesaid Stteiliuntij, or his Lieuten-
ant, within the limits of the aforesaid district, will have the right to dis-
tribute to others such countries and places for Colonies and farms as he
shall think best; and that the managers and principals of those Colonies
and farms, for the time of six years, shall be entirely possessed of the
aforesaid rights and recognizances.

We command and charge also our Dii-ectors, Managers, Captains, Mas-
ters of ships, and all our other ofiBcers whomay belong to them, that they
will have to acknowledge, to respect, and to obey, the aforesaid ffiornelts
StcentoncK.or his Lieutenant, as Manager and Captain, within the limits
of the aforesaid district; and, to procure, to give, and to afford him every

75

help, aid, and assistance in the execution thereof, — seeing that we find it
useful for the service of the Company.
Given in Amsterdam, October 37, 1676.

(Signed) ©(iBiJttr JJcUicome.

For Ordinance of the aforesaid Directors.
(Signed) © . ®OUitIC.

Most Honouratle, Valiant, and Honest Beloved. Faithful :

In answer to tlie remonstninoes of your hrother-in-law, ifitolaas, the
Governor, we liave tliought convenient to send your Honor, the enclosed
Commission and authorization, being the permission to take possession of
the coasts aud countries of Nova Scotia, and Acadie, so far as its limits
are extended from the river Pountegouet, to tlie east and north, in the
name and upon the authority of the High and Mighty States-General of
the United Netherlands, and tlie Privileged General West India Company,
confirming all such conditions as your Honor will see himself, by reading
the afoi-esaid Commission.

But, our intention is not to prejudice a Commission of the 11th Sept'r
last, given to John Rhoade, a native of England, who was helping to
conquer and .subdue the aforesaid coasts and countries in the year 1674,
under the direction of Capt. Jutrtaetl ^emouts. A copy of that afore-
said Commission is herewith, as witness for yon :

We have commended the aforesaid Ehoadb to give your Honor, from
time to time his advice in regard to the state of affairs, and as to what
could be done for them by virtue of our aforesaid Commission, and we
hope that it will be observed by him.

Moreover, we ask and desire eagerly, that as soon as your Honor
shall have taken possession of the aforesaid lands, or may have sent some-
body there in his name, you will tell us the state of affairs there, and also
what kind of business could there be practiced witli gain and advantage;
also, to let us know all those things which you may think advantageous
for us to know.

If, afterwards, tliere should be found any minerals on any place there,
we wish that your Honor would send us some samples, with, and besides,
your opinion and advice, in order to decide upon it. Finally, we com-
mand your Honor to do all that which may increase the wealth of our
Company.

Wherewith finishing, we commend you to the protection of God.
Amsterdam, October 27, 1676.

(Signed) <Siaspat |Jellicortt£.

For Ordinance of the aforesaid Directors.

(Signed) ffi. ©auine.

76

The Directors of the Privileged General West India Company of the
United Netherlandt).

To ALL THOSE who shall see or hear these presents — Ghketins :

Know, that wheeeas, in the year 1674, Captain Jurriaen aernoitto,
Master of the frigate "The Flying Horse," from Curagao, and charged with
a Commission of his Highness the Prince of Orange, has conquered and
sabdaed the coasts and countries of Nova Scotia and Acadie, in which ex-
pedition was also present and assisted,with advice and force, John Khoadk :

Theebfoke, we, after consulting the demand of aforesaid Rhoade, to
establish himself in the aforesaid countries, and to remain there, and to
maintain himself, have consented and permitted, and do consent and per-
mit hereby, that the aforesaid Ehoadb, in the name and by the consent
of the General West India Company, shall take possession of the aforesaid
coasts and countries of Nova Scotia and Acadie, in whatever place of that
district it may please him, to build houses and to establish, to cultivate,
and to keep in repair, plantations ; that he may trade and negotiate with
ths natives, and all others with whom the State of the United Nether-
lands and the aforesaid Company is in peace and alliance ; in the first
place, to send hither and thither his own goods and merchandize, after
paying the duties to our Company ; in the second plaof, to defend and
maintain himself against every foreign and domestic power of enemies.
Also, we charge and command our Managers, Captains, Ship-Masters, and
all other ofiBcers in the service of our Company, and we request aU persons
who do not belong to our Company, not to trouble, or to disturb the afore-
said Rhoade; but, after shewing this Commission, to assist him in the
execution thereof, and to give him all help, aid and assistance.

Given at Amsterdam, Sept'r 11, 1676.

(Signed) ©aspor |)elUcorne,

For ordinauce of the aforesaid Directors,

(Signed) (E. (Sauiue.

' The foregoing, furnished through the politeness of George H.
MooEB, Esq. Librarian of the New York Historical Society, are copies of
the translations accompanying the original documents, presented, with a
portrait of Cocnelis Steentorcfe, to the Weto^yorlt Jijistorical Societn, at
the stated meeting in November, 1866, by Mrs. Eliza M. Claek, of the
Locusts, near Shrewsbury, N. J., through Geoege Db Haeet Gillespie,
Esq. and John MoM0LLEN,Esq., LibrarianoftheNewTork Society Library.

March, 1857.

77

The OOENELIS STEENWYOK, invested with more than Gubernato-
rial authority over this conquest, was a rich and prominent merchant of
New Amsterdam, its third Mayor, and a long time associated with the
ancestor of the writer, in the city administration, particularly at one of
those crises which have never occurred without affording additional proof
of the fearless and unselfish patriotism of the Dutch. They belonged to
that Commission who rivalled the resolution of the Muscovite in the con-
flagration of Moscow — so often cited as an illustrious example of patriotic
sacrifice — without evincing any of the ferocity which characterized the
act of Rotopschin. To make good New Amsterdam against a threatened
attack from the English, in 1673, by the orders of that determined Com-
mission the suburbs, villas, smiling boweries and gardens, were all laid
waste in ashes, so that they could neither impede the fire of the Artillery
of the Fort and Bastions of the place, nor afford cover and lodgment to
the enemy. But in one respect their example has scarcely ever been im-
itated : they not only destroyed for the good of the public, but they also
paid for what the public good required to be laid waste.

The grandest passages of the history of tlie Hollanders upon this continent
remain to be brought before the public eye — a grandeur unsurpassed by
the records of any other Colony which has ever been established since
the beginning of the world.

[No. 9.— Lines 5 to 8, page 53.]

Examine account of the Roman Catholic Missions in Maine, in the
Collections of the Maine Sittorical Society, pages 328 to 340. — "Biabt,"

"MaSBK," "DEBtriLLETTES," "RaLLE."

[No. 10.— Lines 20 a 22, page 67.]

The monster carbuncles, alluded to in. the preceding pages, are said
to have been displayed in the upper part of the front of the Church of
St. Nicholas, at Wisbt,* where the ornamental roseworks or circles in
which they were set still remain.

So lustrous were these gems, it was averred, that their resplendency
could be discerned at such a distance to seaward, as to serve in guiding
mariners in the Baltic. "It i^ possible," says Laing, "that some glitter-
ing spar may have been inserted in these circles, which are constructed

*See Laing's Tour in Sweden; Mueeay's Hand-Booh for Northern
Europe, Denmark, Sweden and Norway ; Mueeay's Hand-Booh for
Northern Germany ; the Knnbctsations Hepicon ; &c. &c.

78

of brick upon the stone front, as if intended as a frame t« some relic or
ornament." When Waldemab, King of Denmark, made an onslaught npon
Witiy, in July, 1361, slew 1800 hundred of its inhabitants, and plundered
its shrines and treasuries, he loaded two ships with the booty and Taluables
delivered over as the ransom of the spoliated city. The vessel, however,
freighted with these treasures, was not allowed to reach its destination
and grace the triumph of the pirate-monarch of Denmark, but was wreck-
ed on the Carl Isles, lying off the S. W. point of Gothland.

The Sr. Nicholas Ohueoh, from wliich they were torn, is a large edi-
fice, built in 1097, altogetlier in the Norman style, with long windows,
and all the arches, which are very beautiful, painted. Wisby was the
mother of the ITanseatic cities — the most extraordinary place in the north
of Europe. A seaport of the middle ages, it exists nnbroken and unchanged
in a measure to the present day — having undergone less alteration from
time, devastation, or improvement, than any place of the same antiquity.
Once the depot of all the merchandize of the Baltic, the period of its foun-
dation is unknown, but in the tenth and eleventh centuries, two hundred
years before the establishment of the Hanseatic league in 1241, it was one
of the most important commercial cities of Europe. During the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries, it was a principal factory of the Hanseatic league,
and it is moreover famous for the Oode of Marine laws transferred to
France by St. Louis in the eleventh century. The foreigners were so nu-
merous in this emporium, that each nation had its own church and house
of assembly, which is very evident from the remains of so many places of
worship within a few yards of each other. There are no less than eigh-
teen ruins of churches wiihin its walls, among which that of St. Nicholas
dates from the eleventh century. According to some historians, the Han-
seatic league embraced upwards of eighty cities or towns, (while others
fix the number at 60, and others again at 85,). Deputies, however, from
85 towns assembled in their Representative Hall in Lubeck ; and there
was scarcely any commercial city in Northern Europe but was admitted
into this Confederation. From this fact it is reasonable to suppose that as
many of the Dutch ports— (Boldward in Friesland, Elsbnrg, Groeningin,

Handerwyck, Nimwegen, Ruremonde, Staboren, Venlo, Zutphen, ZwoU)

belonged to it, it is more than likely that merchants of Holland contributed
to the construction of, and worshiped within the walls of, this very St.
Nicholas Olmrch. Wliat "Porto Venere" is to the "Western Mediterranean,
Wisby is to the Baltic, both mediioval gems, perfectly preserved in their
origia-il strange but artistic settings; links, wliich, with Pompeii, nearly a
thousand years apart, connect the present with the anti Christian eras.

In conclusion : With regard to the fabled light-evolving properties of
the Carbuncle, Chableb Edwakds discusseth thus agreeably and learnedly
in his ^•History and Poetry of Finger Rings."

79

" There was supposed to be a gem, called a Carbuncle, which emitted,
not reflected, but native light. Our old literature abounds with allusions
to the miraculous gem. Shakspbake has made use of it in Titus Andeo-
NI0U8, where Mabtius goes down into a pit, and by it discovers the body
of Lord Bassianus, and calls up to Qumius thus :

' Lord Bassianus lies embrewed here,
All on a heap, like to a slaughtered lamb.
In this detested, dark, blood-drinking pit.'

QuiNTUs:
' If it be dark, how dost thou know 'tis he ?'

Maetius :

' Upon bis bloody finger he doth wear
A precious ring, that lightens all the hole.
Which, like a taper in some monument.
Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheek,
And show the ragged entrails of this pit :
So pale did shine the moon on Pyramus
When he by night lay bathed in maiden's blood.'

LuDOVious Vaetomannus, a Roman, reporteth that the king of Pege
(or Pegu), a city in India, had a carbuncle (ruby) of so great a magnitude
and splendor, tliat by tlie clear light of it he might, in a dark place, be
seen, even as if the room or place bad been illustrated by the sunbeams.
St. or Bishop Epiphanius saith of this gem, that if it be worn, whatever
garments it be covered withal, it cannot be hid.

It was from a property of resembling a burning coal when held against
the sun, that this stone obtained the name earhunculus ; which, being
afterwards misunderstood, there grew up an opinion of its having the
qualities of a burning coal and shining ia the dark. And as no gem ever
was or ever will be found endued with that quality, it was supposed that
the true carbuncle of the ancients was lost ; but it was long generally
believed that there had been such a stone. The species of carbuncle of
the ancients, which possessed this quality in the greatest degree, was the
Garamantine or Oarthagenian ; and this is the true garnet of the mod-
erns."

J. W. DB P.

80

AUTHORITIES.

Beodhead's History of the State of New York.

O'Oallahan's History of the New Netherlands.

New Yoek Histohioal Collections, New Series.

North American Review, No. CLXVII., April, 1855.

Kane's Arctic Explorations in the Years 1853,-'54-'55.

Polar Seas and Regions — Harpers' Family Library, No. XIV.

Lippinoott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World — and older native
and foreign publications of a similar nature.

EncyclopcEdia Americana.

Iconographic Encyclopoedia, Vol. III., History and Ethnology.
Ethnology of the Present Day.

Da vies' History of Holland and the Dutch Nation.

W. SooEESBT, Jr.'s, Account of the Arctic Regions, with a History
and Description of the Northern Whale Fishery.

Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay.

Haokltjtt's Collection of Voyages and Travels.

James Sullivan's History of the District of Maine.

WiLLLiAM D. Williamson's History of the State of Maine.
&c. &c. &c.

ERRATA

eequieinq notice.

Page 18, Line 29. — After ^^Smeereiiberg,^'' insert "or rather Smeerenhvrg."
" 34, " 5.— Between '%" and '■'jamming,''^ insert "iAe."
" 34, " 5 to Line 28. — The sentences need remodeling ; the ori-
ginal manuscript having been improperly copied, and the
punctuation, &c., altered.

€ r V a t u 111 .

Page 34, Line 12 to Line 28. — Instead of tlie present sentence, begin-
ning: "While, thns," &o. read : — While thus the minds of the crew were
agitated by the ever present dread of the instant and complete destruc-
tion of their "frail bark," they were stunned and deafened by the noises
made by the ice without, around them, thi'onghont the harbor, and upon
the adjacent shores. The thunder of the icebergs, buried against each
other by wind and tide, mutually crushing their mighty masses together,
or toppling over with a din as if whole mountains of marble had been
blown up by some explosive force — together with the creaking, cracking
and groaning of the ship itself, arising from the freezing of the juices of
the timber and liquids in the hold — all this created such a churme of con-
fusion that the crew were terrified, lest their ship should fall to pieces with
everv throe, which seemed to rack it from deck to kelson.

z.

OF THE

(£wcli ^tUlmmi of l^talrk % iljt JixlrJ

BEING AN •

APPENDIX

TO

S(j£ Oiitcf) in iViaim,

On page 47 of JDc JPegster's Wntcl) ot tl)e 3>fortl) IPole
ariis CDtttcl) in illamc, the date of "1632" is set down as
that of the first actual Dutch settlement in Maine. The
authority referred to therein has never since been found,
although diligently sought for by the writer on a sub-
sequent visit to the coast of Acadie. (Me.) The death of
"old settlers" and our people's carelessness with regard
to papers are fast destroying evidences, of which former
chroniclers availed themselves copiously. Williamson
visited different localities, conversed with "old settlers,"
learned traditions, embodied verbal and written narra-
tives, and thus compiled his valuable history. The
nephew of that historian remarked in conversation,
that Sullivan possessed himself of, and resorted liberally
to sources of information no longer in existence when
his uncle took up his pen.

Proofs, however, are by no means wanting, that the
Dutch Avere in Maine prior to 1632.

Let us examine them in order ;

The French claimed as far west as Pemaquid or Bris-
tol, and the SDutcl) were continually interfering with

their claims, and Winslow went to Eiiylavd to complain
against both of those nations as early as 1635.

In 1607, George, brother of Lord Johx Popham.
Chief Justice of England, founded Sayadahoc colony,
on the Keiuieber. This failed, but ^YILLLVMH0^' records
"that the coasts were never afterAvards, for any consid-
erable length of time, entirely deserted by Europeans,
until the country became settled." (I. 203.)

Hubp.ard's New Ed. 37. s;ivs, -the French were here
(1608) soon after Popham's party left the place." —
Gorges Hinf. 19,-5 Piirchas. 1S2H,- Pr/iice.'is\i)rn. 25.
These references are from Williamson. (I. 203.)

And we knoAV that the Putcl) did not leave the Frencli
in quiet in these waters, for, in the same year, 1607,
the French commandant, or governor, and council at
Port Pioyal, now Avnrij)n/is, in JVovn Sent fa, received
intelligence CWiLLiAiisoN, I.. 204.) "by an earh' arrival
in the spring (1607), of a transaction which proved
fatal to the colony. This was an official report that
the §oUanb£VS, piloted by a treacherous Frenchman,
had obtruded themselves into the Canada [i. e. Acadie
or Elaine] fur trade.

A Freiicliiit.au — highlj- distinguished for his virtues
and accoroplishments — the Duke de la Rochefoucault
LiAxrocRT, in the lid Volume of his Travelti, at pages
465-6. (4to, London, 1799) says : ''Some attempts to
settle a colony in this place, in the vicinity of Spu- Gas-
tie^ were made by the DnttI) in 1625, and cren at the
early period of 1607, but without effect." William-
son (1.228. §) also refers to Hubbard's Narrative, p. 250,
but the writer having examined all this author's works
on Xew England, can find no mention of these events.
Williamson, however, nun' lune seen an original manu-
script on this subject.

A Frenchman, in this regard, is a most reliable witness.

for he has no partialities of race or religion to gratify by
conceding any achievement creditable to the IHtitcl]. This
renders their presence in Maine an absolute certainty,
since all that was required was to substantiate the cir-
cumstantial evidence by the slightest reliable records.

These are the lirst definite announcements which are
to be found at this day in print, qf the arrival of the
SDutcl} upon the coast of Maine.

Cyrus Eaton, ia his "Annals of the Toiun of Warren,
with the Early History of *S7. George! s, Broad Bay, and
the neighboring settlements on the WaMo Patent. Hal-
lowell, 1851, page 17-'8, t 1623," &c. reads—

"Fishermen and settlers also established themselves
about this time at Sagadahoc, Merry -Meeting, Gape
Newagin, Pemaquid, and St. George's, as well as at
Damariscove and other islands ; though at St. Georges
it is belicA'ed there were not as yet any permanent re-
sidents. Adventurers from other nations also frequented
the coast ; and it is said that the JDutclj, as early as 1607,
and again in 1625, attempted to settle a,t Bamariscotta.
Cellars and chimneys, app)arently of great antiquity,
have been found in the tovm of Neiocastle ; and cop-
per knives and spoons, of antique and singular fashion,
are occasionally dug up with the supposed, Indian skel-
etons, at the present da}-, indicating an early inter-
course between the natives of the two continents.
Similar utensils, and the fouiidniions of chimneys, noiu
many feet under ground, have also been discovered on
MonJiegan, as icell as on Carver s Island at the en-
trance of St. George^s Hirer, where are said to be
also the remains of a stone house."

Among the remarkable Oyster BanLs, on both sides
of the Daniarisrotta River, (according to E. E,ollins
and M. Davis,) cited Ity Williamson, | L, 56 — Text
and Note,*] "skeletons and bones of human beings are

4
found," "yet no tradition about them has come to the
present generation."

All this goes to render the French Duke's remarks a
certainty.

Let us examine these matters in order:

First, when the English made their first settlement
at Pemaqnid or Bristol, -which was planted before that
at Bostnii^ (SuLLiVAX, p. 16!-,) in 1623-24, they found
vestiges of a previous attempt at calonization, which,
taking everything into account, points to the JPnttI) as
their authors. Wherever they settled, their first labor
was. if practicable, the construction of canals and the
assimilation of their new homes to the dear ones thej-
had left in the Low Countries. Even in Java, at the
risk of introducing, in their company, the deadly jungle
fevers, they intersected their infant metropolis with
canals.

(xrant that this is in a measure conjectural ; Eaton"s
investigations alone (without what has gone before and
without de la Rochefoucault Liancourt's assurances,
transmute it almost into a certainty.

"The earliest settlements seem to have been on the
western banks of the Pemucptid River, in 1623 or "4.
■* * '■ A fort was built there, the year before the
date I if the patent, and rifled by pirates in November,
1632. Formal possession was given and taken under
the same instrument, :\Iay 27, 1633. « * * * The
visitants, as Avell as inhabitants, were highly pleased
with the situation of PertKiqiiid. A smooth river, nav-
ifj:able a league and a half above the point, a commo-
dious haven for ships, and an eligible site for a fortress,
at once filled the eye. Here was a canal cut 10 feet
in width, and variously deep ft-om 6 to 10 feet, on the
t^'iisl side of the river which passes the first ripples."' —
("It wa.s 20 I'ods in length ; and passed down a smooth

5
inclined plain [plane]. No water runs there at pre-
sent.")— "an enterprise devised and finished, at a time
and by hands unknown." (Williamson, I., 242.)

"Below the Fort" (^Frederic or William Henry, pre-
viously Fort George,) "was a handsomely paved street,
extending towards it, northwestwardly from the water,
60 rods. It is still to be seen ; and like the canal, it is
the work of imknown hands." (Williamson', I., 57.)

Patient irivestigation of all the concurrent circum-
stances, and cool reflection, lead the writer to assign
these labors to the Jfittcl).

"The History of Georyetoiuu,''' — (originally situated
on both sides of the river, but now divided thereby
into Georgetowit and Bath) — is "the historj^," says Sul-
livan, page 169, "of the river Kennebec.^''

On an island, already spoken of, called Stage Island,
was the landing place of Popham's party, in 1607,
Governor Winthrop says they came in 1609. Ogilby,
in his collection, which he made in the year 1671, says,
that they landed on the west side of the river, on a
peninsula, and there began a plantation. Hubbard —
(whose book is very rare and costly) — says, that a
party came from England, and settled at Kennebec, in
the year 1619. Soon after Popham'.s party left the
river, in 1608, the French t(Mk possession of it. In the
year 1613, Sir Samuel Ai{(;all went from Yirginid
and removed them. On the island are the remains of
a fort, several luells of water, and several cellars ; the
remains also of brick chimneys have been found, there,
and, it is very clear that the bricks ivhich toere used in
the buildings must hane been brought from Europe. On
the west side of the river are the remains of a fort, made
of stone and earth : there are also eight old walls now
to be seen, and the ruins of several houses. Whether
these buildings were erected by the English, or by the

6

French, is uncertain ; but the probability is, that the
former were the erectors of the works." (Sullivan.
pages 169-170.)

"Stage Island, in the District of Maine, lies south of
Parker s and Arrowsike islands, on the North side of
Small Point, consisting of 8 acres, not capable of much
improvement ; and is only remarkable for being the first
land inhabited in New England, by a civilized people.
It is not now inhabited." (Morse's American Gazetteer,
Boston, 1797.)

Why should it be more probable that the E^iglish
were the architects than that the 5Dntcl) were the fabri-
cators ? It is well known that the Dutcl), in this coun-
try, were large importers of brick for building pur-
poses, and may have ballasted therewith vessels fitted
out for discovery. Stluvax tells us, in a note, at page
170, that he saw these remains, causing the ground to
be opened, in 1778." Xow, had the bricks been English,
he could have caaihj recognized tjtern by cu)npari.son.
The French resorted to the materials at hand for their
constructions ; whereas the Dutrl) — besides coming from
a land destitute of stone — were exceedingly partial to
brick, and their own brick. All these things consider-
ed, the probabilities are far greater in fivor of the
JPatcl) than of any other people.

Second, Carver s Island, near the west bank of the
mouth of .SY. Georges River — which flows up to famous
limeprodncing Thnninstan — offers for the investigation
of the antiquarian some very interestiui: remains.
There are said to be the appearances of a very ancient
settlement. Monhegaii or Manhegin, at the extreme
western mouth of Penobscot Bay. has also unexplained
vestiges of former occupancy. This was, without ex-
ception, two hundred and sixty years a;)ii. tlie luosl
famous island on the seaboard of Maine. '"The island

7
of Matmicx-s was inhabited very e?irly, and "remains of
stone houses are still apparent, generally supposed to
have been built by French or Dutcl) fishermen," "though
unknown." (Williamson, I., 63-4.)

Finally, to sum up, consider the "Appointment of
the installation of Cornelia StcenuigcK", and the fact that
the Ontcl), according to Sullivan's own admission, in
167ii or '4, expelled the French and made themselves
masters of that very country, which comprehended all
the settlements to Avhich we have alluded. The same
author admits that the French claimed to the Pemaquid,
and all historians concede that they claimed between
40 deg. and 46 deg. of northern latitude, and exerci-
sed jurisdiction over the whole country generally known
as Accidie or Maine. What took the iEDuttl) there ? They
were not given to poaching upon other men's manors,
but were fiercely tenacious of their own, and vindica-
ted their rights at times, with a determination which
bordered, though rarely, on ferocity. But had they
not suffered too deeply from the Spaidards, and other
would-be oppressors, to be called upon to suff'er any
longer willingly Y The English, on the other hand,
were apt disciples of that School which taught "con-
veying" into their own pockets, ship's holds and juris-
diction, any lands, &c., in the power of nations too weak
or too sluggish to resist their encroachments. If the
JDutfl) did settle the coast of Maine, 1607 to 1682, and
were driven thence either by famine, the natives, the
English, or the French, they had a right to seek to es-
tablish themselves in their ancient possessions, so hardly
won. What was good to be taken, was also good to be
retaken. This was sound English doctrine, and had a
royal authority in (teoiwtE TL, in his letter of advice to
the Empress Maria Theresa, with regard to the ag-
gressions of Freperic the Great. The writer feels

8
assured, not only tha* the Jllutcl) were the original set-
tlers at diiferent points of the coast of Maine, but also
indulges his suspicions that the early Massachusetts and
Anglo-Maine people knew the facts, had the proofs,
and suppressed them. English historians' A-ery avoid-
ance of the subject, their vague intimations and "proba-
bilities," all tend to instill such an idea. To admit the
claims of the Duttl) as the original colonists, was to
invalidate their own. May the documents yet be found
substantiating that Acadie was 3vAt\) before an English
eye looked upon her evergreen forests, or pressed her
mossy shores ! .

The subsequent connection of the JDittcl) with Maine has
been narrated at length in the "Paper," read 3d March, 1857,
before the Nero JOork 1|istorical Societg.

At page 50 — reference is made to the settlement of New
Plymouth.

Knikkerbakker© should never forget that the Puritan col-
onists came from i^oUttitb and intended to settle upon the
i^tlbsoK. They having made a mistake in the quality of the
territory where they located themselves, charged the fsiilt
upon the Dutch, whom they accused of bribing their Capiain
to misdirect them. Of this they had no proof, and we have
just as much right to believe that they sought the shores of
Acadie, having heard of the availabilities of thr Kennebec
and Penobscot as well as of the Hudson, for the Dutch had
actually attempted to settle between the first two rivers be-
fore they discovered the third.

At page 56 — reference is had to the cession or grant of a
district of Maine to the Duke of York, afterwards James II.
By this, in 1664, the County of New Castle in Maine became
appendant to his Province of New York, and his governors
and agents were invested with jurisdiction over the territory
between the St. Croix and the Kennebec, as well as the CDnttI)
settlements on the Hudson and Delaware.

Eaton, Pages 21~'2, reads with regard thereto :

"The Duke caused a city named Jamestown, and fort,

9
called fort Charles, to be built at Pemaquid.and many Dutch
families to be transported thither from New York. Consid-
erable uneasiness was occasioned to these eastern settlements
by the war declared by France in 1666, and by the recession
of Acadia to France bj' the treaty of peace in 1667. How-
ever disagreeable, the French were allowed to take posses-
sion as far as the Penobscot ; but on their demanding the rest
of the Province as far as Sagadahoc, the people of Pemaquid
and vicinity, averse to the jurisdiction of France, preferred
coming under that of Massachusetts."
> This averseness is by no means to be wondered at when
we recollect what sufferings the Dutch protestants at home
had suffered at the hands of the Romanists,' who, whether
Spanish or French, were equally inimical to those of the truly
reformed Saxon Evangelical Church.

"After this pacification" of 1688,resumes -Eaton, (26)"till the
abdication of James lid, the arbitrary conduct of the agents
sent by his deputy at New York for the management of affairs
here, gave little encouragement for the re-settlement of the
country ; but many Hujtl) families were induced to settle at
Pemaquid and on the west bank of the Damariscolta, who,
at the latter place, then called New Dartmouth, now New-
castle, entered upon the business of agriculture with such spirit n,nd
success as to gain for the settlement the name of "the garden oi'
THE EAST." In 1688 Sir Edmund Andros made two expe-
ditions to this quarter, in the first of which he attempted to
take possession of the country east of the Penobscot, but
contented himself with plundering the Baron de Castine of
his goods, furniture and ammunition. This affair irritating
the Baron, led the tribe, over which his influence extended,
to unite with the Abenaques in a second Indian war, which
in August, of that year, was begun by an attack on N. Yar-
mouth. In September, New Dartmouth was burnt, and the
inhabitants, with the exception of two families taken prison-
ers, saved themselves only by taking refuge in the fort. At
the same time the fort and buildings at Sheepscot were also
destroyed and the settlements entirely broken up. The
Hutcl) settlers, discouraged, left the country ; and both pla-

10

ces, so lately and so long inhabited and flourishing, lay waste
about thirty years."

At page 47, CD. in ill, mention is made of a subsequent
accession of German settlements at Broad Bay. A great
many Germans were induced to remove thither and to the
parts conterminous by General Samuel Waldo, many of
whom in 1750 established themselves on what was then, antl
is still, known as JOntcl) Ncrk. The original IDuttI) colonists,
of whom but few survived the intemperateness of the cli-
mate, the assaults of the priest-instigated Indians, and the
other manifold vicissitudes of an exposed north-eastern fron-
tier life, were soon lost sight of among the more numerous
Germans or High Dutch who were induced to take up their
abode on the Waldo patent; yet, notwithstanding, they made
an indelible and honorable mark on the history and upon the
map of Maine.

Some farther interesting matter with regard to the iSollanb-
erfi, in our most eastern state, may be found in the "Papers
relating to |)emo£{UiI> and parts adjacent in the present state
of Maine, known as Cornwall county when under the colony
of New York, Compiled from Official Records in the oflfice of
the Secretary of State at Albany, N. Y., by Franklin B.
Hough, 1851," and the "Ancient Pemaquid, an historical re-
view, prepared at the request of the Maine Historical Society
for its Collections, by J. Wingate Thornton," both published
in the Vth volume of the Collections of the Maine Historical
Society ; funds having been provided by the Legislature of
that state to transcribe and print the same.

But, besides these, there is still a vast amount of manu-
scripts to be examined at Albany, which should throw a flood
of light upon this interesting subject. The following, an ex-
tract from a letter of Henry Ondekdonk, Jr., Esq., of Jama-
ica, Long Island, is too important not to be made public.

"Hardly one in a thousand would have dreamed that the
Dutch ever had any thing to do with Maine. My attention
was called to it by two documents relating to the claims of
Hleraa ^egenon (Hegeman ? a Knickerbocker name) for inju-
ries sustained during his mission to Pemaquid. This wag

11

some years ago, and I had to enquire where Pemaquid was,
and wondered what in the world the Dutch had to do there.
1 found one of the papers in the U. S. Collection of our Col-
onial Documents in the State Library at Albany, at the end,
or nearly so, of Vol. 47. (There is no Index.) "Lucretia
Heyenan, widow of Denis, petitions Governor and Council
for relief. Her husband was sent by Gov. Sloughter with
letters to confer with the Indians at Pemaquid, who had sided
with the French in the war of 1691. He reached Penob-
squid and was persuaded by the French to come on shore,
when he was seized and sent to Canada and kept a prisoner
there 2 years, then sent to France. So that it was 3 years
and 3 months before he returned home. ^50 was paid her.

Vol. 39 has a petition from Denys Heyenan himself (1694)
in which he stales his wife is a Prisoner in Canada.

Vol. 45 has affidavit of litff. (Sornclisse who was deck
hand on board the vessel that took Heyenan lo Pernaquid.
Vol. 47 has affidavit of aUrtttiel l&emsen to same effect. The
The names are all Sllutrl).

I have abridged the above very much, but could (write)
them (out) more at length if they were of any use. The
originals are more full than the abstract I made.

Perhaps the preceding refer to too late a period for your
purpose. It is the winding up of the Dutch Colony I should
think."

It would seem from all these that the SDutcl) who were even
at that lime experiencing so much injustice and persecution
at the hands of the French in Holland, were not lo be exempt,
in a measure, from the same suffering in their new homes on
this continent, and that the ocean was to prove no barrier to
the woes which the ruthless hand of war made so fearful
wherever the industrious and the enterprising sought, how-
ever distant, lo worship, cultivate and dwell in peace.

At home about this time horrors were multiplied.

Between iXJeerlren and Cegben, on the Old Rhine, in Noord
Holland, the road passes the beautiful villages of Zwammer-
dam and Bodegravc, together with the first city, so fearfully
"memorable as the scenes of the atrocities committed by the

12
French army, under Marshal Luxemburg, in 1672. Their
cruelty, as described by Voltaire, is not exaggerated : so
great was the hatred which it inspired in the minds of the
Dutch who were witnesses of their conduct, that descriptions
of the war, called "fransc\)e ffiijraaiit," were written and
printed as school-books for their children to read, calculated
to hand down an inheritance of hate for their enemies to fu-
ture generations."

Eugene Sue, in his "Histoire de la Marine Frangaise"
(11. 286-'7), Frenchman as he is, cannot resist transcribing
from the "Annales des Provinces Unies" the account of these
monstrous horrors, the natural and inevitable consequences
of the invasion of Holland by Louis XIV.

"The two villages of Zwammerdam and Bodegrave, com-
prising six hundred dwellings, were reduced to ashes ; but
one remained, which escaped by accident the fury of the
soldiers and the general conflagration. The destruction of
the heretics churches was made a religious dutv ; not one
was spared. The public buildings where justice was ad-
ministered experienced the same fate. The soldiers who
had conceived this cruel design issued forth from Utrecht
armed with matches and other combustible materials. They
shut up the father and mother with their children in their
own home in order to destroy a whole family at one blow,
and when the ashes and ruins of the houses were removed
a quantity of half consumed corpses were discovered, as
well as infants burnt in the arms of those who had given
them life. A mother whom decrepid old age had rendered
blind, and an object worthy of compassion, was murdered in
the presence of four children who supported her, and had,
with them, one tomb amid the flames which reduced them
all to ashes. As if cruelty was diversified to the utmost,
another matron who had reared an equal number of children
beheld them murdered before her eyes,and was then immolated
herself by the fury of the butchers. The Prince of Orange,
who arrived two daj^s afterwards in these places, found a
uumber of children whose arms and legs had been cut oflT,

13
and other mutilated bodies, which he left a short time without
burial, and exposed to the eyes of those who passed, that they
might learn from this frightful spectacle what they might ex-
pect from the (Roman Catholic*) French. The soldiers divert-
ed themselves by seizing these innocent creatures by the feet,
tossing them into the air and catching them upon the points of
their pikes and swords, happy thus to die since some were
afterwards precipitated into the flames, and new torments
were devised to deprive the others of life. They violated
daughters in the presence of their mothers ; wives under the
eyes of their husbands ; and the (French) soldiers who could
not find a sufficient number of objects to gratify their brutal-
ity, because they were too numerous, satisfied in turn their
infamous passion on one and the same person, even to the
number of twenty and upwards, and then spared such the
misery of surviving their shame by casting them into the
water and the fire. Avarice joined to cruelty animated the
officer as well as the soldier. They (the R. C. officers and
soldiers) suspended men in the chimneys of their houses and
kindled therein great fires in order that suffocated and burnt,
in turn, by the smoke of the turf and the flames which burst
forth afterwards, they might be compelled to discover the
money they possessed, and often which they did not possess ;
to such a degree were they (the French) victims of an im-
agination equally sordid and barbarous.

Ordinary executions and cruelties not sufficing to glut the
fury of the soldiery, they (the French) invented extraordinary
ones. They stripped the young girls and women whom they
had violated, and chased them entirely naked into the open
conntry, where they perished with cold. O^^A Swiss offi-
cer finding two girls, of a respectable family, in this state,
gave them his cloak and some linen which he had, and, pro-
ceeding to his post, recommended them to a French offi-
cer, who, very far from protecting them, having abused them
in the (open) street, abandoned them afterwards to the lust of
his soldiers, who, after having outraged thern to the utmost,
cut off their breasts, larded (pierced) them with the ramrods

•"Explanations in ( — ), asterisks and capitals inserted by translator.

14
of their muskets and left their bodies exposed on the levee
which leads from Bodegrave to Woerden..,^ They cut off
the breasts of other women, whose wounds they afterwards
sprinkled with pepper, salt, sometimes even gun powder to
which they set fire, to make them die more cruelly. One of
these wretches who, at Bodegrave, had the barbarity to cut off
the breasts of a woman in the act of lying in, and to put pep-
per thereupon, died in the hospital of Nimwegen in a fright-
ful state of despair of a frenzy caused by the violent remorse
of an outraged conscience, which presented continually to his
mind the image of this female, whose agonized cries he im-
agined he still heard. They attached others by the hair or
under the arm pits to trees in order that they might remain
exposed in a disgraceful nudity to all the inclemencies of the
atmospherer A boatman was nailed by the hand to the
mast of his vessel and his wife violated before his eyes,
while he was forbidden to turn them for a moment from so
infan;ous^ spectacle, under pain of death. Many other hus-
bands experienced the same fate, and were compelled by
blows of the cudgel or the flat of the sword to be eye wit-
nesses of similar outrages. In fine they did not even respect
the bodies of the dead. Two corpses on their way to burial
were stripped of the shrouds which covered them ; the one
was thrown into the fire with its winding sheet, the other was
dragged out of it and had the water of the canal for a sepul-
chre.

Eugene Sue then enters upon an indignant review of these
infernal outrages.

"Let us recall — the writer has endeavored to translate lit-
erally— that long chain of villainies, of crimes, of sacrilegious
venaUty, ofperjuries, of corruptions,which connects those two
years, 1670 and 1672; from that infamous treaty concluded
in the midst of peace against the Seven ^vovinees to the de-
vastation of that unhappy Republic ; from the prostitution of
Mademoiselle de Keroualle to the new treason of Louis XIV.
towards England ; to the massacre of the brothers he ttJilte.

15

"But that which perhaps is still more frightful, or that which
in truth calls forth a smile at its air, sufficiently Homeric, is
to see that from the great poet even to the grave historian,
that from the prince of the church even to the vicar of Jesus
Christ (the Pope), each wished to pay, upoi his knees, his
cowardly tribute of ignoble flatteries, of shameless and wick-
ed praises, with regard to this frightful invasion, its disgrace-
ful causes and sacrileges and its sanguinary results."

"Thus the severe Boileau, the great satirist, the pitiless
censor, in his cold and base declamation, noj, content with
shouting "glory to Louis .'" grows audaciously merry again at
the uncouthness of the names of "those smoking ruins subjected ,
by the incomparable conqueror." He finds nothing but silly
pleasantries, unworthy of even a college pedant, in connec-
tion with those unhappy, pillaged, devastated cities, which
could only extinguish the flames which devoured them by
engulfing themselves beneath the waters of the sea."

"Then, after the satirist, comes the grand tragedian, the his-
toriographer of France, the tender and religious Racine. A
person should read his "Precis de la Guerre de 1672" to be
able to believe ; to remain confounded at the tone of placid,
ingenuous simplicity with which he exposes the griefs of the
"great king" against that little i-epublic, "whom her riches and
abundance rendered formidable to her neighbors." "

Listen to him :

"This little republic monopolized the commerce of the
East Indies, where she had almost entirely destroyed the
power of the Portuguese. She treated on equal terms with
England, over whom she had gained glorious advantages,
and whose ships of war she had recently burned in the
Thames ; and at last blinded by prosperity she commenced
to despise the hand which had so often established and sus-
tained her. She pretended to give the law to Europe, she
leagued herself with the enemies of France and boasted that
she alone had set bounds to the conquests of the king — (always
that folly about the medal of Joshua). She oppressed the
Roman Catholics" (what a falsehood of Holland, of allcoun-

16
tries ever the most tolerant) "in all countries of her dominion,
and opposed the French commerce in the Indies. In a word
she forgot nothing which could draw down upon her the storm
which was about to overwhelm her. — The King, tired of suf-
fering her insolences, declared war against the Hollanders early
in the spring and marched against them."

"Then after many assertions as singular as the foregoing :
Never did a ■prince (Louis XIV.) keep his word so religiously. — It
is a matter scarcely suscej)tible of belief that in the fidelity which
he (Louis XIV) maintained towards his allies, he always evinced
greater anxiety for (took greater care of) their interests than for
his own.'"'

"But this is not all," resumes Sue, "after the poets with
their pagan allegories, after the fulsome Olympian adulations
should succeed (in order) the servile Christian flatteries. Af-
ter thundering Jove, after the ancient Rhine surprised among
the timorous water nymphs amid his green rushes we have"
(according to these exalted sycophants) "Jehovah crowning
with victory the work so amorously well commenced by
Mademoiselle de Keronalle ; we have the god of armies might-
ily aiding Louvois to sadly embarass Colbert."

"In a word it is no longer Racine, Boileau, Bossuet, those
elevated master spirits of reason and intelligence, who exalt
and consecrate in marvelous language the most disgracefiil
carnal appetites, the most horrible perjuries, the most fero-
cious and impious enterprises ; it is now that personage, who,
according to the hierarchy of the (Romanist) christian world,
is just inferior to God but superior to kings, the most imposing
personification of human virtues, he, who throned upon the
summit of the social edifice, alone receives from God the de-
vine and solemn mission of representing him upon earth in all
his majestic purity ; it is he who can bind and loose here below;
it is the Pope, in a word Pope Clement X, who writes with
his pontificial hand the following brief to Louis XIV, who
was then resting from his conquests in the beautiful arms of
Madame de Montespan, after having just exiled her inconven-
ient and sorrowful husband."

17

"To our dear son in Jesus Christ apostolic greeting and
benediction !

"The universe contemplating the overthrow by your victo-
rious arms of a power raised upon the ruins of a legitimate
authoritj', and otherwise injurious to the interests of royalty,
felicitates Your Majesty, whose youthful brow is decorated
with glorious triumphs and adorned with magnificent spoils.
The bowels of our pontiKcial charity cannot longer restrain
themselves, and we behold with a joy equal to your own the
augmentation of true religion combined with the success of
Your Majesty, a joy which corresponds with the grandeur of
those powers with which the divine goodness has invested
us. In effect the churches restored to the (Roman) Catholics,
the religious discipline re-estabhshed in the cloisters, the
priests fulfilling the divers functions of divine worship, the in-
habitants enabled to practice the truth without restraint ;
such are the results which suffice to prove that Your Majes-
ty's mission is from on high, since it thus advances with the
stride of a giant in the path of victory.

"Permit then, most Christian King,in order to consolidate the
glorious results already obtained both by war and by peace,
our zeal and our apostolic affection to excite even j'et more
your royal piety, that, thus, you may better be led to under-
stand upon several points our nuncio, the archbishop of Flor-
ence.

"Meanwhile we will not neglect to lay at the foot of the
throne of divine mercy the paternal sentiments with which
our heart is filled for your preservation, and the success of
our prayers for the glory of God to the end that the apostol-
ic benediction, which we bestow upon you, may derive its
confirmation and strength from that propitious source.

"Given at Rome, at St. Wary the Greater, under the seal of
the fishermen, ihe 23d August, 1672, the Hid year of our
pontificate.

Archives of foreign affairs, Rome, 1672, — Supplement.

Lei the foregoing speak for themselves. Contrast the
atrocities in Holland sanctioned by the "most christian king,"'
for had he not endorsed therti he would not have justified the.-

18
subsequent devastation of the Palatinate, the persecution of
the Protestants; the dragooning of his Reformed suhjects ;
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes ; the breaking on the
wheel, the burning, the raciiing of evangelical pastors for
teaching God's word in all simplicity — and the judgments
which followed. Starvation, ruin, misery, invasion, humilia-
tion, gathered like avenging furies about the last days of this
"most christian king." The Almighty answered the prayers
of the Romanist vice-god with curses instead of blessings.
Defeat and disaster crowned the "great king" with ashes in-
stead of laurels. The tomb closed upon the magnificent Sul-
tan of France amid the execrations of his own people, and
jests not sighs, congratulations not tears, trooped along side
the funeral procession which conducted the remains of the
greatest egotist in history to the resting place of his ancestors.
That prince of Orange whose temporary defeat moved "the
bowels of pontificial charity" lived to move those same bow-
els with a lively sympathy in his own behalf for the humilia-
tion of that "most christian king" whose Christianity was the
Christianity of despotic self-exaltation. The armies of protest-
ant Holland and England trainpled under foot those blood
stained banners which had floated so triumphantly over the
ruins, the ashes, the violations, the murders, the tortures, the
sacrileges of their defenders, and France drank blood enough
within the next century and a half to quench the most raging
appetite for slaughter. The congratulations of Pope Clem-
ent X. were echoed by the execrations of Pope Pius VII.; the
rejoicings of the restored Romanist priests of Holland were
echoed by the wails of the priests of France beneath the axe
of the guillotine, the sabre, the pike, the bayonet of their fel-
low citizens. The smoke of the Dutch villages was answer-
ed with an hundred fold density by the steam of the slaugh-
ter pits of France, and if such are the responses which await
the papal benedictions far be those benedictions from us and
ours. Clement blessed Louis XIV. and his royal sun stooped,
paled and set in gloom. Childless,he closed his eyes in the
full light of Holland's triumph and England's glory. His
great grandson and successor died a loathsome object, desert-

19
ed, despairing, corruption itself even before tiie grave exert-
ed its sovereignty. And that great grandson's successor and
grandson swallowed the very dregs of the cup of
humiliation, and then poured forth his life upon the scaf-
fold, and his poor boy perished, when, how we know not, an
object of compassion to all who hear his pitiable story, by a
fate which wrenches the heart of every father who has read
the narrative.

Well might my ancestor's kinsman — writing from Holland,
22d July, 1707, a few years after the horrors of the French
invasion, when the ebbing tide had borne back to France the
miseries it had borne on thence so proudly with its flood, but
while the storm was yet abroad npon the continent, ejaculate,
"We earnestly hope that God may soon exempt us from this
ruinous warfare, and graciously grant us a lasting peace ;
but above all peace, that liberty of conscience which, in val-
ue, far exceeds all human powers of estimate."

(Johan de Peyster, in Rotterdam, to Johan de Peyster, in
New York.)

Martyrs of Holland, in the old and new world, vengeance
was with the Lord so impiously invoked to sanction your suf-
ferings, and he repaid and will repay to the uttermost.

But, alas ! man in all ages seems — without the real influ-
ences of true religious training and discipline — to be, and
have been, the same untamed, ferocious animal. Christian-
ity, at all periods, has found some strongholds impregnable
even to its appeals, even in the midst of communities pos-
sessing the highest development of secular civilization.

A few days since has taught the world that education and
the influences which are supposed to render men gentle,
could not restrain an American community from imitating,
or a county from applauding, conduct which — in the writer's
opinion — would disgrace the most barbarous-unconverted or
fanatical-converted horde of the most excitable race.

iflosc ^tll,

TivoLi, Dutchess Co., S. N. Y.

2M September, 1858.

3

T H K

ni €"%

() N K OF T H K

Most Gloetous Achteyem?]:n^ts

(> V T H K

iWarittev^ of J^oUaitir,

A TRIUMPH WORTHY- THK

GREAT

arilimt |lf ulilic of t|e iititflr |rolnntfs,

DEDICATED TO THE

OF THE (.ITV OF

AND

BY A

]SI E ]M B E R

OF THAT

^onovciblc Xrtttfvintii,

AND

DStscrnbant of t\)t '^D\\an\ii%% lEtntr.

|9Utt K Scjjtam, ^imtcis

1858.

THE

FOUGHT

October 30th (0. S.), [November 9th N. S.] 1658,

BETWEEN

2!l)e Victorious j^olkiikrs,

UNDER

3akob, IBftvon UJassencer, Corb of ©pbam,

OF THE

(CinnliitieJt /lEEta of InllauJi uiA^tst /riEslaii&, ki- ki ki-

AND

^\) t Swci)c5,

COMMANDED BY

(Ilt)ade0 ^ustauus lUrattgel,

BY

fnugjiknpi?:

PLATT & SOHEAM, PRINTERS.
1858.

What hallows ground where heroes sleep ?
'Tis not the sculptured piles yon heap !
In dews that heavens far distant weep

Their turf may bloom ;
Or genii twine beneath the deep

Their coral tomb.

But strew his ashes to the wind

Whose BWOKD or voice has served mankind —

And is he dead, whose glorious mind

Lifts thine on high ? —
To live in hearts we leave behind

Is not to die. OAMPBBtr,.

Now joy, old " ffiffiaaiJaiWJS," raise !
For the tidings of thy might.

By the festal cities' blaze,
While the wine-cup shines in light ;

And yet, amidst that joy and nproar,
Let us think of them that sleep,
Full many a fathom deep.
By thy wild and stormy steep,

Elsinore. Oampbell.

* * * If the CONQUERING SHIPS of ^oUaitll had
not guarded, in the farthest island (t)ooru) of Europe,
the asylum of human thought, you -would have had
neither Shakspeaee, nor Bacon, nor Harvey, nor Des
Cartes ; Rembrandt, Spinoza, Galileo ; yes ! I say
Galileo, since the ^oUonbisI) telescope opened to him
the skies. — Michelet's Chterres de Religion.

* * * ^ollanir was the bulwark, the universal
refuge and salvation, of the human race. — Ibid.

Entered according to Act of ConEress, In the year 1858, lij' J. WATTS dk PKYSTER, In the t'lerk's
Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.

AD the language of the ^oUanbf vs been one
iwhich, like the French, recommended itself to
_ all tongues by its mingled euphony and power,
— its conversational capacity at once appro-
priate to the graceful lips of woman and the
bearded lips of men, — or had it, like the English,
been forced upon all nations by the irresistible de-
velopment of trade and action of concurrent circum-
stances,-— -we should have heard a thousand fold more
than we do now of the vast achievements of the
Wnttl) Nation, and the Hollanders would have divided
the applause of the world with their restless neighbors,
antagonistic in race, religion, and everything, — and
their great commercial rivals, who have usurped or
stolen much, and assumed the honor of more, without
accrediting the power, the freedom, the influence,
which England now enjoys, to that illilliam III., that
saturnine but great-hearted Hollander ; of whom the
eloquent Grattan remarked that he and our own
Washington were the two greatest men of modern
times.

Again : Had Holland, — the very significance of
whose name, "Hollow-Land," implies the ever-present
imminence of her peril,- — ^occupied the same aboriginal
position as England, she would have breasted, without
sensibly feeling, many of the shocks which shook her to
her physical and moral centre.

Well might the Laureate, Tennyson, pour forth his
gratitude to the Almighty for England's isolation, in
language as forcible as beautiful,

"Thank Him -who isled us here, and roughly set
His Saxon in blown seas and storming showers."

4

Had Holland been defended on all sides by those
seas on whicli she built so vast an empire, then would
her wooden walls have indeed protected her against an
hundred evils which rushed in vast armies over the
land, — evils against which the people's energies and
courage would have sufficed, even as her dykes repelled
the wrathful waves.

The Norman invasion, by one battle, imposed its
iron yoke on Britain. A thousand years has not eman-
cipated the Saxon. His energies, his intellect, his
common sense, still feel the incubus which Hastings
imposed.

On the other hand, the Dutch Nation has never felt
the foot of the conqueror upon its neck, and when dy-
nastic changes seemed to have fettered their limbs with
shackles, whose iron would have entered the soul and
crushed out the spirit of any other people, they rose,
they struggled, they fought, they suffered, — but, after
sixty-eight years of battle and persecution, they held
their fi'eed limbs aloft to the admiration and wonder of
the world. Scars and wounds there were enough upon
them, but not a gyve remained. With the tyranny of
Spain they threw off" the tyranny of superstition. By
that ordeal of over half a century, they not only eman-
cipated their bodies and properties, but their feelings
and tlieir intellects. Even intolerance ceased to thrive
under the shadow of their tri-color, and Holland was
\h.Q first land which in every sense became free.

Dutch policy sprang, Minerva-like, matured fi-om the
brain, not of a heathen god, but of God-fearing men,
and formed a perfect contrast to the policies of all other
existing nations. The latter, upas-like, poisoned all
but the rank venom-distilling vegetation which germi-
nated meetly beneath their shade ; whereas, the um-
brageous shelter of the former, tempering the heat of

5
foreign persecution, fostered the growth of every
healthful production with its wide-extended branches,
clothed with viridity.

These remarks, although in a measure foreign to the
subject, will, nevertheless, serve as a fitting introduc-
tion to the narrative itself, and also expose the feelings
which induced the writer to present the facts therein
embodied to his countrymen.

Few readers of history but know that a great naval
battle was fought between two branches of the
Saxon or Scandinavian race, in the [Ore] Sound or
Strait, which connects the Baltic with the North Sea.

Ask the names of the victor and the conquered, and
without hesitation the reply of all but one in every
million will be this — on the 2nd April, 1801, the Eng-
lish, under Nelson, beat the Danes and destroyed or
captured their fleet. Who has not read, or enjoyed in
hearing read, Campbell's magnificent commemorative
poem?

Pickle Fortune ! and still more mutable Glory ! How
you cling to the powerful and the rising, and hasten to
transfer your caresses from true worth to that false but
glittering similitude of merit which the world admires,
because endowed by your sister-deity with greater out-
ward advantages.

True ! Nelson and the English did win the Battle of
the Baltic or Sound, and the "meteor-flag of England"
cross-emblazoned, Saxon ensign, triumphed over the
white cross of Scandinavian Denmark ; but one hun-
dred and forty-three years previous, those same shores
and seas beheld as great a combat, when the head and
front of the Saxon family, the indomitable Hol-
lander, displayed his tri-colored ensign, and smote and
scattered the naval might of Scandinavian (Gothic)
Sweden, marshalled beneath the yellow cross, which.

6
at that era, had been borne victorious from the sunny
banks of the deep-rolling Danube to the ice-bound
shores of those frigid streams which rise and empty
amid the monumental ice of the Arctic Circle.

Nelson smote the might of Denmark when Den-
mark's sun was sinking fast to the horizon of mediocrity
in Europe.

©pirani broke the naval power of Sweden when Swe-
den's sun was at its zenith ; when the Swedish lion was
fresh and lusty from his ravage in the imperial folds,
and stood defiant, with one foot on the prostrate Po-
lish eagle, the other on the Danish elephant, fearless
and triumphant, the arbiter of Europe.

Then let the Enikkevbakkcr race recall for a brief
space, and revel in, the remembrance of the glorious
past of Holland, to whom we owe so much of our own
State's pre-eminence, a major portion of our blood, our
sympathies, the vindication of her right to occupy the
highest rank among the naval powers which have flour-
ished in succession from that age when Tyi'e's Argi
and Guali (three-oared Gauli vel Lihunice) led the
adventurous way in naval glory and commercial enter-
prise ; in which, after the lapse of thrice a thousand
years our young but great and wondrous country now
holds the foremost place.

By the treaty of Roskilde, Charles Gustavus — ^bet-
ter known as Charles X. of Sweden — one of the great-
est commanders who have ever wielded the sword and
sceptre, tore from Denmark her richest provinces, and
exalted his own and his country's glory upon the tro-
phies and riches won from Sweden's ancient rival, and,
at one time, even conqueror and master.

On the [7th] 26th February, 1658, the Treaty of
Roskilde was signed, and Charles Gustavus seemed to
have attained the summit of his ambition.

7
Not content, however, he overreached the mark, and,
striving for too much, sacrificed many of the advan-
tages he had purchased at so dear a price ; and even
lost, — it may be said, — his life, dying of a broken heart
when his thirst for conquest was quenched in the con-
sequences of the mighty overthrow he sustained at the
hands of that illustrious Hollander — ^better known by
his title than his patronymic — Admiral ODpliam, Sea-
Generalissimus of the combined fleet of the United
Provinces.

The hero of this sketch, lakob, Saron t)an tUaescuan',
LoED OF (©1) ?Il!3llin, Hensbroeck, Spierdyck, Wochmee,
Zuntwyck, Sarvawe, Chernem, &c. ; Captain and Colo-
nel of Cavalry ; Lord and High Bailiff of the Cities,
Castles and Lands of Heusden, of the Fortresses on the
Meuse ; Lieutenant- Admiral [of the United Provinces,
and Naval Commander-in-Chief {ArcMthalassus) ] of
the Provinces of Holland and West Friesland ; and
Knight of the Royal Danish Order of the White Ele-
phant, descended from an ancient and very noble Bata-
vian family, and born 1610, was the son of a distinguish-
ed naval officer. At the outset of his career he made
several campaigns as Captain of Cavalry ; became Gov-
ernor of the fortified town and citadel of Heusden,
and several other fortresses ; was employed with suc-
cess in many important negotiations ; afterwards enter-
ed the navy, and, — ^upon the death of the "immortal
\)an Sromp," — succeeded to the command of the Hol-
landish fleets. Upon the ocean he made a brilliant
cruise against the Portuguese, and returned home
— bringing twenty-one prizes of that nation, captured
at the mouth of the Tagus, on their return from Brazil.
In 1658, he sailed upon the expedition in which we
find him now engaged, which filled the measure of his
glory. This able Admiral lost his life in the war which.

in 1665, broke out between the United Provinces and
England. On the 3d of June of that year, having, in
accordance with peremptory orders, under penalty of
his head, given battle near Lowestofft (Lestoflfe ), on the
coast of Suffolk, to the English fleet, consisting of one
hundred and fourteen sail (137 total), commanded by
the Duke of York, Prince Rupert, and the famous
Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, he engaged the former's
flagship with such fury that, ably seconded by his sub-
ordinates, the contest, after lasting from day-break to
2 P. M., was still very doubtful, when ©pram's maga-
zine took fire and blew up with a terrific explosion, and
he, with his whole crew of five hundred men, including
volunteers of the noblest families of Holland, perished
with the exception of five individuals.

According to a French historian, traveler, and savant,
this terrific loss resulted simply from a cannon-ball find-
ing its way into the powder-room ; although Dutch
writers attribute it to one Captain (afterward Sir Jere-
miah) Smith, who, feeling that the Duke of York was
in danger of certain capture or destruction, made his
way on board the noble old "Eendraght," and set fire
to the powder : Basnage, however, asserts that a Dutch
powder-monkey avenged some ill treatment by firing
the magazine of his country's flag-ship.

Vice-Admiral (Egbei'ttis 33artl)olomaus ire Kortenaar —
intended as ©piram's successor, in case of the fatal re-
sult which occurred— having fallen early in the action,
Man (Bvtxtsm, Vice-Admiral of Zealand, upon whom
the command devolved, retreated, — without striking
his flag, however ; althougli Covnelinsoii \)an 2[rom|) —
son of the famous l)an ©romp of broom-at-the-mast-head
celebrity — kept up the fight until night-fall, and brought
off his squadron with honor and in safety.
Two English Vice- Admirals, Lawson and Sampson, like-

wise lost their lives in this engagement, so glorious and
so fatal to both nations. The Duke of Yoric, although
partially victorious, suffered greatly in reputation by
not having followed up his advantages. Doubtless
©pbom had given him such an all-sufficient dinner of
death, that he was in no condition to enjoy or digest
the supper which Dan ©romp set out for his entertain-
ment. Some historians will have it that ©pbain fired
his magazine himself, unwilling to haul down that flag
he had hitherto displayed victoriously against so many
foes, when he found his ship beset by overwhelming-
forces, lying close around him on all sides. This state-
ment is somewhat borne out by his epitaph in the Old
Church, at the Hague :

"At length, fighting most valorously against the
whole English fleet, with vastly inferior numbers, and
completely surrounded, not even then did he yield to
the enemy, but having first made a terrible slaughter,
and his ship being enveloped in fire, he, following the
example of Hercules, found a way prepared for him
through the flames to the immortal gods, in the fifty-
fifth year of age."

Speaking of this epitaph, Northleigh, who copied
it in his "Description of the United Netherlands," adds
certain remarks with regard to the Admiral, so just and
honorable, that it is impossible to forbear quoting them,
with a few additions and explanations, translated from
the Abbe Delaporte :

"The 'Old' or 'Great Church,' originally • the only
Parish of the village, — now capital, — of the Hague,
and dedicated to St. James, is an handsome Pile, hung
all round with Escutcheons, after the manner of the
Churches in Holland, and the Arms of the Knights of
the Golden Fleece, which I suppose were hung up there
upon some Solemnities, when the town was under the

10

Spanish government. * * * g^^ what is most
ornamental in this Church is the Monument of a Man,
that was as much an Ornament to the State ; and that
is their great ®pbam, erected in the old Church ; his
Effigies, in an erect posture, on a noble Base ; with
Fame, Crowning of him with the Laurels he had won,
and all this covered with a Canopy, or rather Cupulo,
of Marble, supported by four pillars of the Corinthian
Order, curiously vein'd with Red and White ; at the
Pedestal of each stands a Statue more of Marble, viz :
Fortitude, Vigilancy, Prudence, and Fidelity. — Among
the allegorical figures there is one, of a child, of exqui-
site beauty, which, leaning upon a reversed torch,
seems, weeping, to bewail with touching grace the
death of the hero to whom the trophy is consecrated.

Above, in the Front, is this Inscription :

Honori & Gloria3 Herois illustrissimi & ex ve-
tustissima Nobilitatis Batavias Stirpe, per
continuam & legitiman Successionem prog-
nati, D.Jacobi Dynastos de Wassenaer Domini
in Opdam fcederati Belgii Archithalassi, &c.

Rebus praeclare terra marique gestis, non tantum in At-
lantico Oceano, unde sparsa fugataque Lusitanorum
Classe, magnaque onustus preeda, Domum rediit; sed
& in freto Baltico, ubi pulsis Adversariis & insigni parta
victoria, laboranti DanijE sucurrit, & simul Majestatem
Reipublica3 asseruit & stabilivit, ac tandem contra uni-
versam Regiam Anglorum Classem, cum paucis fortis-
Kime dimicans & undique cinctus, ne sic quidem cessit
hostibus, sed magna prius edita strage incensaque
demum pra3terea sua nave, Herculeo Exemplo Flammis
viam sibi ad superos paratam invenit. Anno eetatatis LV.

lUustriss. & Potentiss : fsederati Belgii
Proceres Viro fortiss. optimeque de Rep.
merito, monumentum hoc posuere.

Anno reparata? Salutis
MDCCXVII.

11

On another side this inscription is observable ;

Anno ^rEe Christiana3 MDCLVIII.
Faederati Belgii Classis, ductu & Auspiciis Dynastfe
de Wassenser Fretum Balticum Ingreditur, afflictisque
Danise rebus salutarem fert opem, pulsa fugataqiie post
acerrimum prselium adversariorum classe.

On another part of the monument this is inscribed :

MDCLVII.

Classis faederati Belgii, ductu Dynastse de Wassenaer,
prope Ostia Tagi, naves Lusitanicas e Brasilia reductas
invadit.

There is something more sacred to his memory on
the back part of this famous piece, l^ut the Dark place
it faced did not permit the transcribing it. The Base
of it is panneled with Tables of Relievo representing
his Victories at Sea, — and the dreadful circumstances
attending his terrible end. 'It may suf&ce for us, that
after all his Triumphs and Conquests, Courage and Con-
duct, he fell a Victim to the .valor of our English.' "

* » -X- -X- -x- »

In the writer's affections, Sweden stands second only
to his native country, and (^ollani), the land of his an-
cestors ; and it is hard to believe otherwise than that
just and sufficient reasons induced Cljavks (KustaBits to
renew the war with Denmark. His manifestoes declare
that the Dane was seeking to evade the treaty he had
just entered into, and that the preservation of those ad-
vantages which Sweden had acquired, rendered an ap-
peal to the sword unavoidable.

In his letter to the Lords of the States-General, the
King wrote that he had all-sufficient warrant for the
step he was about to take, since Denmark would not
faithfully carry out the conditions of the peace conclu-
ded but a few months since.

Let PuFFENDORF iu Latin, iUattljccue illman in old

12

and difficult Geiman, and Mallet in French and Danish,
argue the question of the right and wrong. With that
we have nothing to do here. Sufficient for our pur-
pose, to know that suddenly, on the 23rd June, 1658,
(!II)arle0 diustatjus left Sweden, repaired to Holstein,
and, having assembled his land and naval forces, again
invested Copenhagen, at once to the astonishment and
consternation of its monarch, government and popula-
tion. This was on the 8th August, 1658.

Thereupon (Kljarles ©ustatiue lllrangcl — who had dis-
tinguished himself as Commander-in-Chief of the Swe-
dish army at the close of the Thirty Years' War, had
acquired also great renown as a naval commander, and
had during the previous year excited the envy and
gratitude of his monarch by his wonderful capture of
the fortress of Fredericia (Fredericksode), in recom-
pense for which he was created Lord High Admiral of
the Swedish realm — laid siege to the famous fortress of
Kronsborg, and captured it after only a few days of ac-
tive operations, on the 6th of September, so that the
whole islands of Zealand and Aniach, with the excep-
tion of the Danish capital, were as much at the disposi-
tion of the Swedes as their own soil or that of faithful
Pomerania.

-X- * * *

Denmark seemed in the supreme hour of her exist-
ence. The monarchy — great as was the courage of its
rulers and the devotion of its ruled — had not sufficient
strength to save itself It lay prostrate at the feet of
the invader, whose sword was at its very throat.

But jTrcbevic III. had an ally, whose honor was —

"Proverbial faith, from doubt and stigma free,"

and, in his deep distress, he stretched forth his hands
towards j^ollan^. Responsive to his urgent appeal, the

13

din of preparation resounded in the naval depots of the
United Provinces ; and, within four weeks, an arma-
ment assembled, such as for eighty years the great
maritime Republic had not beheld afloat.

Thirty-five ships of war of the largest class and six
fire ships, constituted the fleet proper, whose flag-ship,
the Union, (ftnkagljt, carried eighty -four guns.. Of
©pbam's lieutenants, the highest in rank was Vice-
Admiral Cornelia lllittc be IXlittesm, who hoisted his flag
at the fore-top-gallant masthead of the ISrebcvolre of sixty
(forty-eight?) guns, mostly brass; his Rear Admiral
was [Schout or Schutz bij Nacht (Flag Captain ?) ]
Wt 'ba'l)0£t, of the Admirality College of Rotterdam.
Besides these, two other Vice- Admirals' flags were fly-
ing in the fleet — that of ^pcter lions or Jlormccson, on
board the losljtta, and that of dvtvt ^utl)ont3, on board
the Countryman (Canimann), sometimes translated
Landowner, and, again. The Man of the Land.

Having thus designated the Flag Ships, it may grati-
fy the curiosity or excite the interest of many readers
to furnish the names of those vessels which were most
distinguished in the subsequent battle, together with
those of their commanders, so far as they are given in
the only accessible list appended to the original account
in a work published in 1693.

We are the more particular in stating the names of
the Hollanders, who deserved well of their country on
this occasion, as there are so many of the same name
in this very State who may be their descendants or
connections of their posterity :

The iDapcii imn llottevbain (Arms of Rotterdam), Cap-
tain ^ert lans can 35'ksj — otherwise called the "Young
Countryman."

The Urciia, Captain ^irian Urugnsfelb.

14
The Btavnen (Staveron), Captain 3ms daalltrn.
The iDopcii tiaii iUcbenblick, Captain ^brian j^uttconn.
The lllapcn Dan Dorbrccljt, Captain (afterwards Yice-
Admiral) 3an van 'bet Cief i>c.

The (!II)aleb, Captain (Hornclia Blorir.

The prinscB £onis|c (Princess Louisa), Captain ilakob
Bosl)aiisen.

The 2on (Sun), Captain Divck lleroeen.

The §alf ilTaan (Half Moon), Captain Ian uan
^ampfii.

The Duj)t)fntDOviie, Captain J)aulus 0onck.

The ©rocningen, Captain JDfgeltng damp.

The illest Jnt^lanb, Captain JDxrck JBogart.

The In age [German; Solans, Hollandish,] (the Scales,
Balance or Counterpoise), Captain <i.[aes Sgbrants ilTol.

The Uogge (Rye or Ecnn-Bcljiff, or Clipper— so called
from the sharpness of that grain ?), Captain Ulilljelm
3an Stoffcls.

The Kastefl uan ilTebenblick, Captain (Elacs l)alcnl)en.

The Id open van ^ollanb, Captain Clats Backer.

The (Bttlben £icutD, Captain Ecgns CTorncliB Siebcn-
Ijausen.

Six vessels of war, armed in flute, served as trans-
ports for thirty-eight companies of infantry, amounting
in all to two thousand one hundred and ninety-five
(some historians say three thousand) men, under the
command of Colonel, Lord^ucl)lcr; Lieutenant-Colonels
!3lrenb (^vent ?) 3«rgen, t)an ^acr0l)cilt, illannsljart and
^rnxetieillcvs ; and Majors iJugan Ninilanlt, l)an Qantt
(iJan 2anirt?), ©mbres and Carrg; while a great num-
ber of transports, galliots, and other craft, great and
small, eighty in all, loaded with provisions and ammu-
nition, added magnificence to a spectacle such as had

15
been rarely witnessed before the enormous armaments
of the present century have swallowed up the remem-
brance of all past naval expeditions.

* -:«■ * *

In order to understand the relative rank of the naval
officers present in this action, it will be as well to trans-
late a few passages from a work written in 1756, enti-
tled "Le Voyageur Francais ou La Connoissance de
I'Ancien ou de Nouveau Monde, published by M. I'Abbe
Delaporte, printed at Paris, in 1793.

Admiralty Colleges, whose 'origin it is difficult to
discover in Holland, existed already in the sixteenth
century. The increase of commerce rendered it neces-
sary to augment the navy, in order to afford it protec-
tion, and to impose duties on the entry and clearance
of merchandise, to meet the expenses of an immense
navigation. Even thus early, the commercial cities at
once comprehended this fact, for the marine was not as
yet subjected either to laws or fixed regulations.

They created an Admiral, who had the power of se-
lecting a Lieutenant, of appointing Assessors or Judges,
and constituting a Tribunal to determine every differ-
ence which could arise along the coasts, in the forts, or
on the open sea.

This Tribunal was divided into different Colleges ;
the FIRST, whose department extended along the JHcuse,
had its seat at Hotterltam ; the second, which command-
ed on the ^ttgkr Zt£, was fixed at ^linsttrbam. The
THREE others, those of Ztalmxis, of JfortI) ^oUanitt, and
of iTmslanb, were established respectively at iHtbbkburg,
at ^oorn, and at j|arUngton, Each College had its Ad-
miral, its Vice-Admiral, its Captains, its Subordinate
Officers, and its Counsellors appointed for the towns of
its particular department. Their jurisdiction embraced
everything connected with navigation, the security of

16
the ports, and the efficiency of the navy. It was their
duty to maintain in readiness for sea a specified number
of ships to escort the merchantmen, and they were
charged with all the armaments decreed by the States-
General. When their (^isl) iHigl)tin£0S£S had resolved
npon a naval Armament, the Council of State addressed
a petition to the Provinces, and what they accorded
the Admiralties were charged with collecting; and
these latter in turn were obliged to report to the Court
of Exchequer an exact account of what they expended,
as well as what they received.

The of&ce of Grand- Admiral or Admiral-General was
united in the House of Nassau with that of Stadtholder
—to whom sometimes was applied an obsolete title,
found in the old Theatrum EuROPiEDM, of Caitbmann —
the name of one of the ships in ©pi&om's fleet — ^signi-
fying the Country's Man, the Highest Man in the Land.
This officer presided over all the Colleges, and assigned
to the fleets their destinations, as well as di'ew up their
sailing orders. The majority of the naval expeditions,
however, were made under the command of Lieutenant-
Admirals or Vice- Admirals, of the Meuse, of the Zuy-
der Zee, of North Holland, and of Zealand. Lieuten-
ant-Admiral J3£ llngtcr, however, presided over all the
Colleges.

The States- General drew up the commissions and in-
structions of the officer who was to assume the com-
mand, and the Colleges delivered their orders to those
who were to escort the merchant vessels. Their j^igl)
jnigl)tinc0SC0 sometimes vested the authority jointly in
the commandant and a council selected from their own
body, who discharged in the fleet the same duties as
were in like manner exercised in the army."

17
This explains the different titles accorded in old
Histories to ©pbam. As the expedition he commanded
was fitted out by the nation at large, the authority over
it was invested in him as Lieutenant- Admiral of the
United Provinces ; whereas his appropriate title was
Naval Commander-in-Chief of the Sea Forces — {Archi-
thalassics) — or Admiral of the Admiralty-College of
Holland and West Friesland. His Rear-Admiral
(Schout or Schutz bij Nacht [Commodore ?] in HoUand-
ish), however — or to express it literally, Admiral-
Quarter-Master (2lbmiral or ©cncra^lHacljtmciattr, in
German,) Wz \)ex\)aei, belonged to the First Depart-
ment, the Admiralty College of Rotterdam ; while the
oldest Captain, ©trljari) Jcintis, was from the College
of the Northern Quarter, and, as such senior, succeeded
to the command of Yice- Admiral J'loris, after the death
of that gallant seaman, whose ship, the Joshua, was in-
ferior alone to that of the Admiral-in- Chief

* -JE- * -X-

The saving and economical spirit natural to the na-
tion, .displayed itself in the smallness of the salaries
accorded to naval of&cers. The Admiral had scarcely
more than from sixteen hundred to two thousand dol-
lars a year ; a Vice- Admiral from eight hundred to a
thousand, and the other of&cers in proportion. They
were indemnified in a measure by the right of victual-
ing their vessels ; but for this, repayment was often
delayed for a long time, and they were furnished no
more than two months' provisions in advance. A Cap-
tain was compelled to provide the quantity of provis-
ions prescribed, under the penalty of either being
cashiered or of subsisting the crew at his own expense
for a certain period. The Admiral had no other per-
quisites than his salary proper, except his proportion of
prize money. It was his duty to call together on board

18
his flag-ship the Council-Greneral, issue orders for the
battle, regulate signals ; and if he was killed during
the action his vessel still continued to display the dis-
tinguishing marks of a flag-ship as well as the appro-
priate standards, lest their being hauled down should
occasion a panic or disconcert the other ofiicers of the
fleet.

While thus the service presented so few apparent ad-
vantages, derelictions from duty were punished with a
liberality in perfect contrast to the economy with which
the navy was paid. A Commander or an Admiral who
disobeyed his instructions, or spared the enemy in ac-
tion ; a Captain who, without express orders or the
irresistible force of circumstances, separated from the
flag-ship or abandoned his position in line, was subject
to the penalty of death. After the anchor-watch was
set, it was contrary to law to speak in a foreign tongue,
to make any signals, to remain up, to go ashore without
permission, intending to stay all night, to carry a light
about the ship, to smoke elsewhere than in certain de-
signated places, to furnish provisions to those under
punishment, to grumble concerning the distribution of
provisions, to sell tobacco or brandy, to eat elsewhere
than in an individual's own cabin, to appropriate by
force or otherwise, or to conceal provisions, or to
bring or permit a woman to come on board a vessel of
war. The ordinary punishments for the majority of
minor breaches of discipline were fines, placing in
irons, short rations, or flogging.

But, while in Holland the salaries were comparative-
ly so small, pensions, considering the value of money
at that period, were extremely liberal. In the United
Provinces, where every citizen was born a prince and
s(_)ldier of a Repul>lic more commercial tlian Avarlike,
everything was calculated, every drop of blood shed

in the service of the Fatherland was valued, and in the
Collection of these Ordinances there appears a tariff of
prices for each different class of wounds. Injuries re-
ceived in action, or the discharge of any duty, were
treated at the public expense. Every person eventu-
ally incapacitated thereby from gaining a livelihood,
could elect either to receive at once a determined
amount or seven francs .(about one dollar and forty
cents) a week — equal at least to five dollars now, with-
out calculating the economical mode of living- two cen-
turies since in Holland, or the far cheaper price of the
necessaries of life. Those who continued crippled, were
paid accordingly ; for the loss of both eyes or both
arms, seven hundred and fifty dollars ; for one eye, one
hundred and seventy-five dollars ; for the right arm,
two hundred and twenty-five dollars ; for the left arm,
one hundred and seventy-five dollars ; for both hands,
six hundred dollars ; for the right hand, one hundred
and seventy -five dollars ; for the left hand, one hundred
and fifty dollars ; for both legs, three hundred and fifty
dollars ; for one leg, one hundred and seventy-
five dollars ; for one foot, one hundred dollars ;
for both feet, two hundred and twenty-five dol-
lars ; and for lesser injuries in proportion. These re-
compenses would appear to have been granted in addi-
tion to the pensions already referred to ; but, as was
remarked before, the amounts must not be considered
as values expressed by equal sums of the money of
our days, for every dollar then and there would have
commanded at least as much as six if not ten dollars

vvrould now.

* » *

The promptness with which this munificent assist-
ance was ■prepared, Avaw due to the exertions of the
Ilollandish Envoy at the Court of Denmark, llan IJm-

20

ningcn, who, to a sincere affection to the Danish people,
added as bitter a dislike for the Swedes.

From the first, he did not attempt to conceal his op-
position to the Peace of Roskilde and his total want of
confidence in the good faith of the Swedish monarch.
His exhortations and assurances of prompt assistance
decided the course of the Danish people, and were un-
doubtedly the great cause of that determined resist-
ance which led to the ultimate triumph of the allies.

He well merited the hatred with which he had inspi-
red the King of Sweden, who accused him of being the
author of all the troubles in the north.

It was the fable of the lion in the net and the mouse
over again: llan CcnningfU was the mouse who freed
the Danish lion. The ability, the enmity, the activity
of a simple Hollander toppled down all the vast pro-
jects and achievements of a great King, who otherwise
would have been the absolute master of the Baltic Sea
and North of Europe, and looked forward when that
was accomplished — which event was not only possible
but eminently probable — to leading a powerful arma.
ment by sea and by land for the conquest of Italy ; and
like a second Alaric, imposing the Gothic yoke once
more upon that peninsula and the papacy.

What a lesson ! man's passion always at war with his
judgment, overturning the noblest conceptions of his
intellect. Who shall despise the day of small things '?

l)an 33mntnigcn made his escape from Copenhagen,
just in time to evade the blockade by sea and by land.
Having inspired the people of that capital with his own
indomitable resolution, he communicated a similar feel-
ing to the Norwegians through the ship-masters of that
country, whom he encountered in the harbor of Fleck-
eroe, near Christiansand. Thence, haviusr retunied to

21
Amsterdam, he exerted his natural eloquence against
the Swedes, animating his countrymen with a lively and
just resentment, kindred to his own, and aroused them
to exertion by the assurances that the safety of thei r
commerce and the unrestricted navigation of the north-
ern seas depended upon the preservation of the integrity
of the Danish monarchy.

It needed, however, but little persuasion to convince
the Dutch nation of the necessity of prompt action on
their part, for the indignation of every class in the Re-
public had been excited by the first intelligence of the
renewed invasion of Zealand by the Swedes. This was
greatly increased by the announcement of the capture
of Kronborg, which seemed to invest a Prince, both
warlike and ambitious, with the command of that Strait
through which they carried on one of their most lucra-
tive 'branches of commerce. They felt that the last
event almost placed their Baltic trade at the mercy of
a monarch whose feelings were anything but cordial
towards them, whose last conquest seemed to have giv-
■ en him the power of augmenting the Sound Dues at his
pleasure,^ — a tribute which the Hollanders 'had always
paid with great unwillingness.

€l)ai"les ®ustat)U0 had flattered himself all the- while
that in Cromwell he had a friend who would serve as a
counterpoise to the power of the States^ ©cntrd.

He hoped that the Protector's jealousy of their ag-
grandizement would lead him to act as a check upon
their inclinations. Vain hope ! For once the Protec-
tor coincided with the Grand Pensionary, JDe lllitt,
believing that the ruin of Denmark and the exaltation
of Sweden could not be otherwise than dangerous to
the liberties of Europe, the free navigation of the
northern seas and the commerce of England.

22

Cromwell, it is true, seemed unwilling to condemn the
King of Sweden, without becoming fully acquainted
with the motives of his enterprise. His Minister, the
notorious Sir George Doavning, subsequently so hostile
to the United Provinces, was, at this time, in perfect ac-
cord with their authorities. He publicly disclaimed
against the King of Sweden, accusing him of the worst
designs, as evinced in his refusal to receive the media-
tion of the Protector, and declared that he was labor-
ing for the ruin of the Protestant faith, by his unpro-
voked renewal of hostilities against Denmark, rather
than the maintenance of its ascendancy, which required
that he should turn his victorious arms against its im-
placable enemies, the Roman Catholic powers.

But England, had her counsels leaned towards hos-
tilities, was not capable at this moment of decided ac-
tion. Well might her measures lack their wonted
vigor. Cromwell was dying. On the 13th September,
1658, he closed his wonderful career, and, thus, dissipa-.
ting every fear which the Hollanders could have enter-
tained as to his secret intentions, left them to act as they
deemed most consistent with their own interests.

In vain (Iil)arl£S CSustacu© exhausted every influence
he could bring to bear upon the 0tatcs^©cneral. He
offered them complete exemption from the Sound Dues
and a diminution of every impost to which they had
ever been subjected in his recent conquests. He reiter-
ated his assurances of his past and present friendship,
his guarantees of unobstructed navigation, and asserted
that Denmark, despite the peaceful protestations of her
monarch, had formed another league against Sweden,
and relied upon the assistance of powers at peace with
her, but more particularly that of Holland, to whom he
was desirous of affording every satisfaction and redress,

23
even for supposed grievances. I) an 33cuntngcn's repre-
sentations checkmated all his cajoleries. — -The king
then resorted to threats, and attempted intimidation.
Nor did he neglect to employ the insidious, influence
af bribery. Twenty thousand crowns (of gold ?) were
remitted to his Minister, Resident at the Hague, to use,
in case that the ultimate sailing of the fleet could not bo
prevented, in retarding its equipment and departure
until an early winter should act as an effectual draw-
back to any successful naval expedition to the
north.

These recourses were as futile as the former.
llan IScuningcu convinced the States, prepared to be-
lieve his statements, that (!Ll)arlcg was equally deficient
in the power to injure and the good-will to benefit
them.

"How disgraceful would it be for a powerful Repub-
lic," were the words of the sagacious Envoy, "to aban-
don its ally in the hour of his extremest need, and at
the same time permit the ruin of its own commerce at
the hands of a monarch, himself ruined by his unbri-
dled ambition." The great SDtitDittj;, who fully appre-
ciated his subordinate's sagacity, listened to his ad-
vice with the greatest alacrity, inasmuch as he knew
that England and France looked on approvingly. As
for the latter, its Embassador, M. de Thou, was a per-
fect exponent of Cardinal Mazarine's subtlety. To
the world he appeared to countenance the course pur-
sued by €l)arU0 X. ©uataDtia, and even declared that
under similar circumstances his master would have act-
ed as the Swedish Monarch had done. Meanwhile, in
secret, he advocated the most opposite measures,
urging the States^ ®£n£ral to put a stop to Sweden's
aggressive sallies, and curb an ambition which could

24
not be otherwise than dangerous to all, ]but particularly
neighboring, countries.

Thus the Dutch nation showed themselves insensible
to the ofFets, threats and caresses of the Swedish Crown,
and daily became more determined to carry out their
plans. And, thenceforward, assured by avowals co-
incident with their own views, the States- ©tmral
suffered nothing to delay the completion of their ar-
mament, which speedily and effectually muzzled that
triple-crowned Lion, which had hitherto rent and put
to flight every power that had opposed its progress.

€l)avks ®U0tat)it3, hero, monarch ; conqueror of Po-
land, and victor of Denmark ; Avorthy pupil of great
Sovattnson, master of the art of war ; had deemed it
unworthy of his exaltation to conciliate or respect the
feelings of a simple gentleman of Holland, and the in-
tellect of the citizen of a Republic, whose interests he
represented, proved mightier than the armaments of
the King.

The soul of l)an 33£tmtitgen preserved Copenhagen,
and the spirit of ®:pi&ain dissipated the naval might of
Sweden.

While the Danes were thus doing all they could for
themselves, and the Hollanders were making every ef-
fort to assist them, the summer winds were fighting for
the .Swedes, even as the winter ice had lent its aid to
further their designs.

Hindered by contrary winds, (H)}3bain's Armada was
detained for four weeks in the port of Flushing. At
length, however, it was enabled to put to sea, the 18th
(28th) Oct. came to anchor off the Schaggen (Skagen)
or Skaw, that terrible northernmost point of Jutland,
when it took the wind from the south, and having pass-
ed through the Cattegat on the 26th (5th November)

25
October anchored again (off Soburg ?) at the entrance
of the Sound (®r£ Sunb) on the edge of the Cappe
bank — so called from its fancied resemblance to the
horns of the iron shoe with which a pile is shod —
which stretches northeasterly along the coast of Zea-
land, commencing at the point on which stands Elsi-
nore.

What a joyous event for the inhabitants of Copenha-
gen, who were already subjected to the extremity of
suffering. Not only were provisions very scarce, but
fuel had entirely failed, so that the people were forced
to burn the frames and furniture of the buildings injur-
ed by the besiegers' projectiles to cook what little
food remained. The valor and fortitude exhibited by
the Danes alone could have compensated for the delays
occasioned by the hostile winds.

On the other hand, what a bitter spectacle for the
King of Sweden, who, from the windows of Kronborg
Castle, could easily distinguish thirty -five vessels of the
first class proudly covering the numerous array of trans-
ports, laden with provisions, munitions and troops.
The sight of such a threatening, and, even to the last,
unlooked for apparition, rendered the hitherto indom-
itable dl^arks irresolute. When the news of its ap-
proach was first received, he had slackened his siege of
operations before Copenhagen and led back with him,
to Kronborg, two thousand of his veteran infantry to
reinforce the personal of the fleet, and act thereon as
the marines of the present day.

His fleet, which was composed, according to the ad-
mission of the King's biographer and eulogist, Pufbn-
DORF, of forty-two or forty-five (he gives both num-
bers) ships of the first class — (other historians rate it
as high as forty-eight and even fifty-four — which last

26
estimate the writer is inclined to believe as by far the
most correct) — was in as effective a condition as that
of the Hollanders ; and, had it desired to measui-c its
strength in true sailor fashion, could have done so at
aay time for several days, since the wind which had
arrested ©pbam would have favored all its movements.
Such a course was advised by the daring iDrangel, who
exercised the of&ce of Lord High Admiral of Sweden.
This noble man — distinguished alike upon sea and land
— strange as it would appear at the present day, was
second only to the King in the army, had no superior
in the fleet, which latter he had more than once com-
manded with honor to himself and glory to his country.

As a General, his services during the Thirty Years'
War had placed him in the fii-st rank of his profession.
His only superiors in the art of war were ©ustatms
!2ltiol|)l)U0, tovstenson, Safe- 111 ^irnar, and Ijancv, while,
as an Admiral, he had proved himself a worthy oppo-
nent of Denmark's Sailor-King, €l)ristian lY On the
1st August, 1644, he saved the Swedish fleet by his
decision and masterly ability, and on the 13th October
of the same year, he annihilated that monarch's armada
and remained the master of the Danish seas..

Thus, in its strength, efficiency, and the renown of
its commander-in-chief, the Swedish naval preparation
was worthy to contest the sovereignty of the Baltic Sea
with the Hollanders.

As Grattan remarks, this "intrepid successor (®pbam)
of "the immortal l)an ©romp, soon came to blows with a
rival worthy to meet him."

tUrangel, and other bold and patriotic advisers,
besought the King to lose not a moment, but to attack
the Hollanders while at anchor upon the f ap^3£ bank,
urging that if the wind changed ®pl(am would be ena-

27
bled to slip by, impelled by a strong breeze and rapid
tide, almost, if not altogether, without fighting.

What was more, if it were lawful for the Holland-
ers, while at peace with Sweden, to bring assist-
ance to her enemies and succor them by force of arms,
it was equally proper for the Swedes to do their utmost
to intercept the HoUandish convoy and resist their, in-
terference in behalf of the Danes. Again, should the
Hollanders be suddenly attacked while at anchor and
not expecting decided measures, they would have to slip
or cut their cables, not haying time sufficient to heave
up their anchors. In that case, if worsted or much
damaged, even although successful, they could not
make ports in Norway or Holland, with the wind blow-
ing into the Sound. In either case, should the winter
set in, Copenhagen must fall before they could again
return in force sufficient, and in the meanwhile, the in-
habitants would sink in utter despair at the repulse or
destruction of the succor on which all their hopes of
resistance were based.

(Hljavlcs at first inclined to this opinion, and deter-
mined to avail himself of his numerical superiority, and
endeavor, by taking advantage of concurrent circum-
stances, the favoring wind, calm sea and tide, to revive
the naval tactics of the ancient Romans and Carthage-
nians, and without attempting to manoeuver, to decide
the question by a combat, hand to hand, on the decks
of the vessels grappled and lashed together, constitu-
ting, as it were, so many little arenas or battle-fields,
or, by boarding, carry the HoUandish ships, even as
lUrangtl had made himself master in the preceding
year, 1657, of Fredericia, by one of the most daring
storms which history chronicles. Had this plan been
acted on, a naval battle, identical in many features with
Nelson's triumph at the Nile, might have been fought

28
a century and *a half sooner at the mouth of the Sound
— with this difference, however, the writer behcves,
that the assailed and not the assailants would have borne
ofi" the palm of victory.

One project of the Swedish Sovereign had no an-
tecedent in military expedients, except perhaps in
the felicitous measures adopted by Alexander
Farxese, Hid Duke of Parma, at the siege of ^nttoerp,
in 1584. This plan was, to anchor his men-of-war in
a line across the whole strait, and bind them one to
another, so as to form, by means of platforms, a con-
tinuous bridge or barrier almost from shore to shore,
whose either extremity would be defended by the
most powerful land defences. By this means he ho-
ped to derive every possible advantage from the su-
periority of his land troops, whose admirable discipline
and valor, stimulated by a long course of victory,
could be exerted almost in as great a degree as upon
land. Directed in mass upon whatever point requi-
red their presence, these iron men could board, or
rather march to the assault as it were, in column, and
display their experience against the HoUandish sea-
men, unaccustomed to such a mode of fighting. To
a certain degree, this might have appeared well
enough in theory ; but such an idea, however feasible
in imagination, was unworthy the reflection of a.
General or practised leader possessed of common
sense, for a few fire-ships could have destroyed the
whole arrangement, and occasioned such terror or
confusion among vessels over-crowded with landsmen
as would have required no farther efforts on the part
of ©pbam to insure their complete ruin. But, even
without this expedient, the combined shock and broad-
sides of a small squadron, oi first-rates^ would have bro-
ken through the Swedish line, thenceforward at the

29
mercy of agile antagonists, who, without suffering them-
selves, could have destroyed their opponents, un-
manageable i» consequence of the very measures
taken to render their resistance more effectual.

"But Heaven," — said the French Embassador and
agreeable writer, Terlon, — "willed it otherwise, and
caused the Swedes to lose this, so favorable an oppor-
tunity ; for if it should have happened that the Hol-
lands's had been forced to put to sea, Copenhagen
could not have profited at once by the assistance which
they brought ; and however slight the damage their
fleet might have sustained they would have been obli-
ged to wait for re-inforcements, which it would have
required a long time to bring into the field."

"Moreover," adds Mallett, "this view of the case
seemed so much the more reasonable, inasmuch as the
Hollanders, havi-ng the wind dead ahead, could not,
whatever success might have attended their arms, have
found ports wherein to repair damages nearer than
those of Norway, or even their own — which were [not
only] quite distant [but difficult of access, unless the
winds were propitious]."

When the expectant continent learned that a military
genius such as Charles Gustavus had allowed such an
opportunity of attacking his opponents to advantage
to escape him, it had good reasons to suppose that the
most specious reasons had influenced his decision.

There can be little doubt but that he was strongly
actuated by a desire to order matters in such wise that
the States^ ©cneral should be the aggressor, so that
they should not be compelled, in case of_^ a reverse, or
the failure of their plans, to exert their whole strength
against him.

Moreover, he feared, Avith good reasons, that the
defeat of his navy would irretrievably injure his repu-

30

tation, resuscitate and exalt the courage of his ene-
mies, and peradventure even array new and dangerous
foes on the side of those aheady in anns.

Many of his oldest counsellors whom he had sum-
moned to his side in this emergency, were of opinion
that he should not attack the Hollanders until after
they had passed through the Sound and demonstrated
beyond question their intention to open the roadstead
of Copenhagen by force, violate the blockade, and suc-
cor his enemies. These circumspect counsellors added
that the Swedish fleet, if it awaited the attack of the
enemy, would receive the most powerful support, in
such a narrow strait as the Sound, from the batteries
of the two fortresses on either hand, which defended
its entrance, and that the roadsteads covered ' by their
guns, likewise the sure and accessible port of Land-
scrona, would serve as harbors of refuge for his own
vessels, in case of any disaster.

dljarles, unfortunately for his reputation and success,
turned a deaf ear to lUrongcrs advice and the counsels
of his own experience, which should have taught him
that fearless and energetic action often commands suc-
cess against odds and circumstancess, and decided upon
following the suggestions last above expressed.

He ordered his fleet to await that of the Hollandei's
in the Sound. From the first, he would not be per-
suaded that the Qiatcs^&mtvai would undertake such
an expedition so late in the autumn, with all the ter-
rors of a northern winter close at hand, nor adventure
such unprecedented and aggressive measures against
the crown of Sweden, without first attempting to bring
about an arrangement or offering terms of composi-
tion. And he tried to deceive himself with the hope
that their fleet, which lay so quietly at anchor, would
even yet flinch from resorting to such an apparently

31
desperate attempt as forcing its passage- in the teeth
of his reputation, his batteries, his forts, and his fleet.

Nevertheless, when he became satisfied that the
States- ®£mral had decided to thwart his projects, he
determined to carry them on in face of every hostile
preparation, neglecting nothing which could protect
his interests. In accordance with this resolve, he made
every arrangement which could secure his acquisitions
and maintain his position under all the apprehended
dangers. He charged his Admiral to complete the
provisioning and armament of his vessels ; he continued
to reinforce their crews with his boldest veteran sol-
diers, and lined the shores of Sweden and Zefiland, also
those of the island of liven, with artillery, and stationed
large bodies of troops so that they might be able not
only to act offensively but defensively, in case that his
own ships should be forced to run ashore or anchor
near them in distress. The King likewise gave specific
instruction to his Admirals as to what course he should
pursue in case the Hollanders undertook to force the
passage, reiterating his orders to all his officers as to the
conduct he expected from them, appealing to their
honor, reminding thern of the duty and obligations
both to him their monarch, and their Fatherland (Jci-
bcrlanb) ; he even added that whoever had no desire to
fight was at liberty to quit his post. All that he asked
was, that. they should make up their minds and act on
the permission in time.

So everything remained tranquil for several days, ex-
cept the King himself, who, full of contending hopes
and fears, without ceasing, rode up and down that part
of the shore off which lay floating the Armada of his
enemy, so near, indeed, that he could not only count
them but distinguish them one from another.

On the 26th October (5th November), ®pi)am first

32
anchored off the Lcqipen • the next day, 27th October,
(6th November,) he drifted up fi-om five to six miles
nearer (about three miles this side of Kol, on the Zea-
land side,) not far from the King's-Inn (Konig's-Kvug),
and anchored again.

The rest of that day, and the next day, 28th October,
(7th November,) the Hollanders kept so quiet — send-
ing off no boats nor making any movement which
could afford the slightest clue to their intentions — that
Coleridge's lines seem almost appropriate to their in-
action. Each vessel lay —

"As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean."

From the 26th October (5th November) until mid-
night, 28th-29th October, (7th-8th November,) the
Hollanders lay along the Lappen, obstructed by the
calms or baffling breezes peculiar to this vicinity, when
the wind began to blow fresh from the northwest, so
that (Dpbam hoped he would be enabled to force the
passage, favored by a steady breeze on his port-quarter.
At daylight, 3 (to 4) P. M., as soon as the wind was in
the north, ©pibatn made the signal, and each of his
ships weighed anchor at once, so that they were all un-
der way by 5 o'clock. Vice- Admiral iDtttt ire illittcstn
leading with his squadi'on under short sail, so that he
would cover those astern ; and thus the whole fleet, in
mass, could force the passage. But the wind, which
was strong at sunrise, subsequently slackened so that it
was about 8 o'clock before they were up with Kron-
borg.

The Hollanders entered the Sound proper in three
divisions — ^the first, or vanguard, commanded by
lUittc be Inittcsnt, in the Crekrobc of sixty guns ; the
second, or center, under the Admiral-in-Chief himself,
in the Union carrying eighty-four guns ; and the third,
or rear, under Vice- Admiral |]ctcr i^loris, in the jJosl)ua.

33

As soon as they came in siglit, lUt-angcl, Avho was on
the lookout, and ready, made sail likewise, and having
divided his fleet into four divisions (Mallet says only
three), set the signal for close action.

The first, consisting of eleven ships, was commanded hj
a Hollander, Vice-Admiral §cnvn ®£rir0on or ®m"t^cn,
a native of Zealand, one of the United Provinces, who,
having gained his promotion in the service of Cljavlts
X., now found himself opposed to his own countrymen.
His flag-ship was the (Eccsar.

The second or main battle, consisting of eleven ships,
was under the direction of Admiral tUrangel himself, in
the Victory (Uictoria) carrying fifty iron 50-pounders,
or 24-pounders, which, is not certain — [the original
word, a Ifalbt^Kavtaitni: or (Eartljaitne (demi-cartanne
or coulevrine, French), signifying either one or the
other of those calibres, according to the era, more or
less remote, in which it was employed — but most likely
the former, since the Victoria's broadside, as we shall
see, took such tremendous effect on a HoUandish Jirsf-
rafe^ as to put it almost at once Jiors cle combat] —
besides other brass pieces of different calibres, an unu-
sual weight of metal for the period of which this treats.

The third, consisting of twelve ships, under €lau&
ISiellt-tnstierna, in the (Hvoiun [ (Krone) Corona] or
®l)rt£-€roixin3 (Dven-Hrontn).

The fourth, reserve or "ambuscade," consisting of
eleven ships, was led by another tllraugel [(Sustat)], in
the f^txm\t5.

This accounts for forty-five ships ; and Mallet
claims, while Pufexdorf admits, that the Swedish
Admiral-in-Chief placed eight ships in reserve, behind
the island of §t)£n (Hnen or Woen), which makes the
strene-th of the Swedish fleet mount up to fifty-three.

34-

NAMES OF THE SWEDISH SHIPS IN ORDER OF BATTLE.

ifirst IDioision.

(1) 1. C-r.SAK.

(ir.) 2. Apollo. (HI.) i. CEEvt:s=Sta!,' (IV.) 4. ■Westekwyi:

(V.) 5. Amahanth

fLnsA DisfiDUTj,
(VI.) Cygncs— Swan (VII.) 7. ■{ (VIII.) 8. Fidm— Faith.

I Half Men.

(IX.) 9. WlSMiE.
(X.) 10. SODEKMANIA. (XI.) 11. OSTBOQOTHIi.

Setonb JUiuisicrn, or Alain Battle.

Centre of Second Line.

( X [I ) l.VioTOttiA— Victory.
( Lucifer, or
I JHoraen-Stern—
(XIII.) 2.^ MorniDg-Star ; (XIV.) 3. Falcon. (XV.) 4. Swokd.

I Vice Admiral's
(_ Flag Ship.

f Corona — 2tvonorl3wD»Kroncn^ —
(XVI,)5.-{ Crown or Three Crowns ;
{ Vice-Admiral's Flag-Ship.

(XVII.) 6, Pelican (XVIII.) 7. Mkecuet. (XIX.) 8. Maes

(XX.) 9. LuN.i— Moon.
(XXI.) 10. SAV.sos(iat). (XXII.)ll.AQnLA_Eagle

Sljivtr Cllitiision.

Forming — if, according to the Arrangement of Pufkndorf, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th
Divieions were in Line — the Wi.vg on the Left of the Centre Squadron, in the
same manner that the Fourth constituted the Right.

(XXIII.) 1. Draco— Dragon.

f Stella Polaris

(XXR',) 2. ! or>.'oca^ol-, (XXV) 3. Venator— (XXVt)4. ( Sijjson,

"] XotD Stern- Hunter. \ Swedish fur

I North Star. ( SiifsoH,(Sd).

(XXVII.IS ( Caeolus— Charles :

( Vice Admirals' Flag Ship.

(XXVIII.) 6 Johannes. (XXIX) 7. Datid. (XXX.) 8. Liotold.

(XXXI) 9. Falcon (td).

(XXXII.) 10, DsLME.y (XXXIII) 11. ( CAOTELLmi— (A^A'jnV.)12.EAPHAiL.
HORBT. ( Castle.

85
ifonctl) Uiuision.

Reserve or Amhuscade.
(A'A'A'V.) 1. HKKOULks

f ROSK, or C ACCUTTEK—

(.Y.YA"\'I.)2. -i EBapeiiCArmj(A'A'A"V'a.)2.-; Hawk, (AA'A'VIII)4. j Smalan-

(A'A-.YIA') 5. Maria.

(A'L.) 6. Phcknix. (A'LI ) 7. Angkrmanta. (A'LTI.)8, ( CYGNUs(2d;—

/ Swan.

( A'LIII,') 9. Leo SuEDicus— Swedish Lion.
( A'LIV.) IO.Saltator— Preserver. (XLV.) 1 1. Fortuna— Fortune.

The fact that there are three ships whose names are
repeated in other Squadrons, may arise from an error,
or from changes of place during the action. Either
case would account for the discrepancy between the
different statements made by the Swedes with regard
to their own fleet. Pufendorf's great work was written
under the patronage of the Swedish sovereign, Charles
XI., and illustrated by the most distinguished engra-
vers of Europe [among whom the celebrated Nicholas
PiTAu, of Antwerp, | from drawings made by Count
Dahlberg, Lfeutenant-General of Engineers [Locum
tenens supremi castrorum metatoris], and one of the
best general officers of Charles X. Gustavus. It is
then but fair to suppose that Pufendorf was perfectly
acquainted Avith the facts of which he treated.

The foregoing List was taken from a beautiful repre-
sentation of the Battle in his book. Had it been fur-
nished by a Hollander, the Swedes might question its
correctness, Imt, taken by a Swede, it cannot be sup-
posed that the forces of their country are exaggerated.

How, with these circumstances before them, the
Swedes can assert they had but forty- two ships, the

36
writei- cannot nnderstand. If the last eight did not
take any part in the action, it reflects disgrace upon
their officeis "without detractini^' from the glory of the
Hollanders.

This now seems to be the ap})ropriate place to en-
deaA'or to describe the beaut}' and diversity of the en-
compassing scenery, althoiigh Avords can scarcely do
justice to the subject, taking into consideration not only
the natural features but the presence of such mighty
armaments, blending together the lovely, the grand
and the terrible.

" The views along the. whole of the northern coast,"
[of Zealand,] says Kol)l, the noted traveler, "over the
Sound, to the Kullen in Sweden, and toward the castle
of Kronborg, are enchanting, and black ink, white pa-
per, and a goose-quill, can give no adequate idea of
them.'"

The Sound or ©vc Sunb (so called from the fancied
resemblance of the outline of its coast to that of the
human ear) — a continuation, arm, or contraction of the
Cattegat — connecting the Baltic with the Xorth Sea, is
in itself one of the most remarkable localities in the
world. Its breadth, at the narrowest po^t, does not
exceed a short French league, or, to estimate exactly,
1331 fathoms (^Brasses) ; less than two geographical
miles, although ai;thorities in general put it at three
(statute ?) miles.

The marine painter could desire no more admirable
ground for his studies.

On the Zealand shore, beautifully situated upon a
declivity sloping to the shore, appeared ©sinore, quite
a large place, even at this era. then, as yet, only second
to (!ropenl)agcn in riches and importance, rising around
its ancient Cathedral, and under the protection of the
famous castle of Kronborg — at once a palace, fortress,

37

and state prison — at the extremity of a peninsular
promontory, in closest proximity to Sweden.

The castle itself, a grand quadrangular structure of
white stone — dressed and disposed in large blocks —
was built in 1574-1584, during the reign of Jretimc IT. ,
and either under the supervision or after the designs of
the celebrated ©gtljo i3ral)e. Its architecture is of the
Gothic-Byzantine order, and in some respects would
remind the traveler of Heidelberg. At either corner
rose a lofty tower, the north-western or great tower
serving as a light house, whence the view was unexceed-
ed. This noble building stood within an irregular
fortified parallelogram, greatly strengthened and added
to in latter times.

Under the castle stretched deep and gloomy case-
mates, capable of holding a thousand men, in one of
whose dark and mysterious vaults tradition holds that
Denmark's Roland, ^olgtr iDauske, awaits the hour
when his country's danger will evoke the giant form,
to head its armies and retrieve the state. Had the
winds much longer delayed the progress of Cr>|)iiam, the
truth of this wild legend would have been tested, unless
the mighty Jvoempe's beard had actually grown fast, for
good and aye, to the stone table before which he sits,
expectant of the summons.

Opposite, upon the Scanian coast, stood fjelsingborg,
at the foot, and on the slope of a mountain, and under
the shadow of its ancient castle, now in ruins. Previ-
ous to 1673 it was one of Sweden's fortified seaports,
but, since that date, it has been almost entirely destroy-
ed in the wars which devastated these coasts.

To the northward, along the Cattegat, the Swedish
shores are steep and rocky, whereas they sink towards
the south ; and the i-oois, towers and spires of Canits-
crona and distant ittalinot, likewise of famous, inland

38
£unb — whose origin dates back beyond the Christian
era — rose in a comparatively level country. On the
other hand, the Danish sea-line presented, from point to
point, ridges of sand. These deformities, however, con-
stituted exceptions ; for, in general, the Zealand coast
was diversified with cultivated fields, luxuriant mead-
ows, slopes and pasture lands, and was covered with
shady woods, hamlets, tillages and villas, while fre-
quent palaces, the summer resort of the king and his
nobility, denoted the approach to a rich and populous
capital.

Eight miles south of Helsingborg and fourteen north
of Copenhagen, lies the pictui-esque island of ^tttn,
about six miles in circumference, wiiosc single village
lay scattered amid holts and groves, and fertile meads
and coi'u lands. Its loftiest elevation rises crowned
with the ruins of <Lnri)o 33i"al)e's magnificent observato-
ry, or rather ca-^tle, which he styled tlranicnborf(, or
Palace of the Heavens, in which he received princes
and dispensed a princely hospitality, j)romoting science
by his liberality as well as his laliors. Upon this sn])ei-b
edifice, the great and, generous Astronomer expended
one hundred thousand crowns of his own, besides the
munificent allowances of his King. Uranienborg wa-s
devoted to his observations by night, while an elegant
pavilion, styled Stelleborg, ( 'ustle of the Stars, was as-
signed to those of the day.

Almost directly opposite the southern point of this
island, and the Swedish shore, and in full sight of Elsi-
nore, stood the fortified seaport of Canbacrona, and on
the Danish coast the pretty village of f)oltc or ©vosatck.

Beyond Hveii, the isltads of Saltlioiin, submerged
at times, and '^Imarli, one flat and teeming garden, ex-
cept so much as was covered by (Cljvistianliatint, the
third division, and the suburl)s. of the capital, appear-

39

ed in the widest reach of the chaniiel. The latter
owed much of its productiveness to a colony of Hol-
landers, called !3lrntaQ£VS, settled upon it in 1516, by
(El)mtian II., whose thrift not only developed the re-
sources of the land, but excited the industry of the
original inhabitants.

Last, and farthest in the distance, to the south, but
partly in full view, stood ^o|3£nl)agen, invested with an
air of grandeur, while its suburbs and dependent vil-
lages on the isle of Amack added an agreeable variety
to the stateliness of the city. But little idea of the
capital, as it then was, can be formed from its aspect at
the present day, since, in 1728, a fire which raged for
forty-eight hours, and defied the efforts of man, laid
waste to the largest and finest portion of the city.

Twenty-four, streets, numerous public places, sixteen
hundred and fifty houses, five churches, the University,
the City Hall, and a large number of palaces and impo-
sing edifices, were razed to their veiy foundations. The
valuable Library of the Round Tower was consumed,
together with its collections of twenty thousand manu-
scripts, and the famous philosophical and astronomical
instruments which had once belonged to ^^^^ 'jO I3rat)E.

This tower, whose solidity enabled it to resist the
fury of the flames, is even yet one of the finest Observa-
tories assigned to scientific discovery. Prom its sum-
mit— to which, in 1716, by the spiral ascent within,
^eter the Great amused himself by nlounting on horse-
back, and, upon one occasion, actually escorted his Em-
press, in a coach and four ; the spire of the Church of
Our Lady — destroyed during the English bombardment
in 1807 ; and the curious tower of the Church of Our
Redeemer, as well as other lofty points, — every incident
of the momentous conflict between (JDpbam and the
Swedes was visible to the agitated throngs upon them.

40
except when the smoke of the explosions shrouded the
scene in its murky, surphurous canopy.

Such is the word-picture of that wonderful marine
basin, whose tranquil beauty would have awakened the
admiration of the dullest. It possessed, however, a
double interest in the ever-changing panoramic effects
afforded by the daily passage, even at this early date,
of from seven to eight thousand vessels every year.

SouTHEY, in his life of Nel.sox, with an Englishman's
usual arrogance, asserts that the Sound had never ex-
hibited so busy or splendid a scene as on the 29t]i-30th
March, 1801, when the British fleet, under Parker and
Nelson, consisting of sixteen ships of the line and
thirty-five smaller vessels, prepared to force that passage
where, till then, every topsail had been veiled in defer-
ence to the supremacy of Denmark.

Ignorant or oblivious of the past, he forgot that the
j^oUanbei"g and Buiebea had both, in that same strait,
contested the possession of that right. "What is more,
on the day we treat of, 8th (9th?) November (N.S.),1()5S,
the spectacle was rendered doubly as imposing by the
display of two magnificent fleets, each of which ex-
ceeded in number that which England, without a
declaration of war, sent forth, as secretly as p^s-^ible. to
plunder Denmark, comparatively unprepared.

On that dreadful morning an aimiament, ^^'hich had
roused the energies of England's worthiest and as yet
unconquered naval rival, Holland, and an antagonistic
preparation to which triumphant Sweden had t)ent her
mightiest efforts, were gradually druAving together to
dispute the sovereignty of a sea of momentous import-
ance to an empire and kingdoms, and to decide the fate
of an ancient monarchy in the presence of a crowned
hero, whose life had been one succession of illustrious
deeds, agitated, torn with emotion, about td witness

41
the crowning or paralysis of his fortune and his glory ;
of an army, victorious through forty years of incessant
combat, commanded by a company of paladins whose
fame was second only to that of their supreme chiefs ;
of an immense crowd of people, whom either curiosity,
loyalty, fear or hope, had drawn together on either
shore ; and, then, a few miles farther on, of the popula-
tion of a mighty capital, their king, his family, his
servitors, reduced to the last extremities, counting every
moment, drinking in the confused and hoarse resonance
of the distant cannonade, whose echoes, cWfting to
their ears upon the tide and wind, were pronouncing
their sentence of destruction as a nation, or their in-
dependence as a sovereign people. Nothing was want-
ing which could have lent an interest to the hour and
the scene. Such was the importance of this memo-
rable day, whose result all Europe awaited with in-
quietude.

It was a mmmarliia on an immense scale, in a natur-
al arena of commensurate grandeur; the spectators
were a mighty conqueror, his fire-baptized generals,
officers and troops, many sprinkled with the blood of
fifty years of battle, and two nations whose renown Avas
lighted at the funeral pyre of the Roman empire ; the
stake, the independence of a brave and manly people ;
the prize, a crown, whose wearers had given conquer-
ors to Rome and kings to Britain, whose swords had
been the terror of every shore comprised Avithin the
limits of the Vetus Orbis.

Thus, all attent, between 8 and 9 o'clock A. M., the
leading division of the Hollandish fleet caure abreast of
the outer bastion of Kronborg castle.

Immediately succeeded a perfect couji c/e tkeatrt'.

No sooner were the ships in face of the stern, old,
bristling forti-ess, to whose ramparts the genius of

42
Shakespeare has lent such a world-wide celebrity, than
the Swedish monarch, who, thence, had watched their
every movement with anxioi;s attention, cast down his
truncheon and gave the preconcerted signal for the
opening of the combat.

With his own hand he apjDlied the linstock to the
lirst cannon fired, and ordered that a continual dis-
charge should be kept up on the Hollanders, as well
from the artillery of this fortress and the adjacent bat-
teries, as from those of Helsingborg and of the oppo-
site coast. But this cross-fire, from guns of the heaviest
calibre, then in use — (100-pounders and 50-pounders,
or 4&-pounders and 24-pounders ; for (E'ttn5C and l§albc-
Kavtauns — heavy pieces, remarkable for their shortness
and thickness — signify both those calibres) — on which
he and his counsellors had placed such reliance, pro-
duced as little effect as when Parker and Nelson,
subsequently, in 1801, forced the passage. The dan-
ger, however, to which the English Ijousted that they
were exposed, was nothing in comparison to that
which the Hollanders, had it existed in reality, defied ;
for, in the case of the former, the liatteries upon the
Swedish coast, from Avhich the lattei' suffered most, were
neutral and silent, so that, keeping close to the north-
ern shore, they were almost entirely out of the range
of those opposite. It does not appear that the Hol-
landers lost a single man by the Kronborg guns, al-
though the projectiles from Helsingborg — over a mile
distant — occasioned a fcAv casualties : a shell discharged
thence, which burst on board the ship of Viee- Admiral
J'loria, struck down three of his crew. The Swedes
admit that very feAV of their balls took effect, whereas
the broadsides of the Hollanders carried to either
shore, and often made their way even into the royal
apartments ol' Kronborg ( 'astle, whence the Swedish

43

Queen, ^e^uiiiSa ^leanora, youngest daughter of JFrebcvtc,
Duke of HoLSTEi\-GoTTORP, and the whole court, were
looking out upon the battle. One ball came near taking
the life of the sister of the King of Sweden, wife of
the Count de la (Iardie. It penetrated into the
private apartment of that Princess, and did great dam-
age therein.

Working their way through, thus, between the forts,
and, impelled by the wind and tide, between 9 and 10
A. M., the Hollanders came up with tlie Swedes, and
joined battle at once.

lUrangcl, bui'ning with impatience In signalize him-
self by a new and brilliant achievement, had command-
ed his principal officei's to do their utmost to board the
Hollandish Admiral and ^"ice-Admirals, and, desirous
of animating them by his example, ordered his own
ship to head for them, directing his efforts with more
impetuosity than prudence. His idea, no doubt, was to
head them off, double upon them, and capture or force
them ashore.

This result was prevented, as might have been ex-
pected, by the fact that the Hollanders had both the
wind and a strong current in their I'avor. Neverthe-
less, it was so far successful that the majority were com-
pelled to cut their way through, keeping close to the
Zealand shore, and exposed all the while to the batte-
ries thereon, as well as to the fire of Kronborg Castle.

Throughout this description, the words tide, and
current are used indiscriminately, although strictly
speaking there is no such thing as & percept It de tide in
the Cattegat, Sound, or Baltic. The Sound pilots use
the term "tide" to express the current when it sets in
from the Cattegat to the Baltic, and call the prevailing
flow outwards the current or stream. Currents and
changes in the Baltic sea-level are occasiojietl by strong

44
winds, so that mariners must always expect and allow
for a lee tide. Consequently, as the wind was blowing
directly into the Sound tlie in-draught, tide, or current,
vv as setting the Hollandei's imperceptibly but irre-
sistibly towards their destination.

tDrangel's ship, the Victory, carrying guns as heavy
as the land artillery of the largest calibre, delivered its
first broadside into the Srtbcroiie, at such short range,
that he was able to follow it up by a tremendous fire
of musketry, which covered the latter's deck with dead
and wounded.

lUittt ^e tDittcsm — endeavoring at the very time to
board one of the Swedish lieaoicst rate^, which ran
from his attack — was so much crippled therel^y that
iDrangcl, judging from appearances, supposed that he
was completely liors de comhoi. and, hailing, ordered
him to haul down his flag.

The noble ©pbtttn, however, was at hand. Though
suffering extreme anguish from an attack of gout in
both feet, and unable to stand, he had caused himself
to be carried on deck and placed in a chair at the foot
of his mainmast, whence he gave his orders with alike
admirable coolness and precision, and directed all the
movements of the fight with mingled energy and com-
posure. Seeing the desperate position of his Lieuten-
ant, already surrounded by five Swedes, he abandoned
the pursuit of another of tllraugcl's finest ships, and
thrust the Union in between, working into the press or
jam, so that, wedging them apart, he drew upon him-
self, in a great measure, the attention and efforts of the
enemy.

At the same time, lUitte be lllittescn brought his ship
up int(3 the wind, exerting such admirable seamanship
that he escaped the grappling irons thrown from the
VicTOHiA, expecting every moment U^ lay him aboard.

45
Although thus relieved from the attack of the Swedish
Commander-in-Chief, the l3r£hrok, already sadly shat-
tered, almost immediately afterward received both the
broadsides of Vice-Admiral SitlforiBtievna'H flag-ship,
the Draco, and was boarded not only by the crew of
that vessel but those of four others, which, having
grappled with her, forced her toward the Lime-Kilns^
on shore, in four fathoms water. After a desperate
hand-to-hand conflict, the Swedes mastered ilUttc ire
lOittcgtn'a vessel, cut down every one they encountered
under arms, and made prisoners of one hundred and
fifty men, besides sixty wounded. The number of dead
could not be ascertained, for the Uvtberoie sank almost
immediately after, carrying down with her the Swedish
man-of-war next alongside. Vice-Admiral lllitte be
iDittcsen, who had early received a mortal wound in the
hip, continued to defend himself to the last. Unable
to stand up, he sat with his naked sword upon his knee,
giving his orders, until, convinced of the impossibility
of fai'ther resistance, when, seeing the merciless slaugh-
ter around him, he demanded "if the Swedes gave no
quarter." To which they replied, "If he gave up his
sword his life would be spared." Thereupon two Swe-
dish musketeers attempted to take it from him, but he
still defended himself, saying, that as he had carried it
for more than thirty years for the llabevlanb, he certainly
would not deliver it up into the hands of common sol-
diers. Then two Cffptains stepped forward and receiv-
ed the honored weapon.

An hour and a half after the engagement was ended,
according to one account, this gallant sailor expired
from the effects of his wound. To the disgrace of the
Swedes, the Theathum EuROPiEUM informs us that, hav-
ing removed his corpse from his flag-ship before it sank,
and brought it on shore, they permitted it to be

46

stripped of its clothing, covered it -with tarnish, and
exposed it to the public gaze in the court-house of El-
sinore, where every one who desired was allowed to
examine and even handle the Avounds. Subsequently
his body wa^ given up on the demand of Admiral

' In justice to a most gallant people we rejoice to add
that ]\I. Basxage, Historian to the Uiuted Provinces,
furnishes totally different testimony. He says that the
Swedes had scarcely time to rescue Ulitte tic tOittescn's
dead body from the sinking vessel before it was swal-
loAved up by the sea. After the action, (HljavlcB X.
(Bnstaxiixs, who had been an eye-witness of his extraor-
dinary valor, showed him all the respect and honors
Avhich were due to so great a man. After having
clothed his corpse in a suit of Avhite satin, according
to the custom of the country, it was placed in a coffin,
covered with black cloth embroidered with his armorial
bearings, and dispatched to Lieutenant- Admiral ©piioin,
in a galliot painted black and decorated with streamers
and pendants of crape. This funereal craft entered the
port of Copenhagen amid mournful fanfares of trum-
pets, whose lugubrious sounds announced to the world
that a great King and a renowned warrior thus ren-
dered due homage to the merit of a deceased enemy.
His body was afterAvards transported to Holland, to-
gether Avith that of Vice-Aclmiral JTloris — slain shortly
after his superior — and the BtatcSf-^eiicral accorded
them the most pompous funeral ceremonies, lllitte tie
lllitttsen Avas buried in a magnificent manner, under a
fine and sumptuous monument, in the Church of St.
Cattrens, at Hottevtram.

This distinguished mariner owed nothing to fortune,
but everything to his own merit, rising, grade by grade,
from the humble station of a common sailor to the rank

4-7
of Senior Vice-Admii-a.l of the I'liited Provinces, an
enviable position to whicli he ascended, step after step,
as it were, founded upon liis own i-esplendent deeds.

After tlie death of llaii (Kromp, the Elder, the supreme
command of the HoUandish fleet belonged to lllitte ire
llUttescn, by right of seniority. No one denied his
claim to the distinction and authority, but his appoint-
ment would have occasioned a general mutiny. Such
was his awful severity that neither officers nor seamen
would submit to it when unchecked by the influence of
a superior power. Nevertheless, no one dared to
wrong him by placing an inferior over him ; and con-
sequently, to remedy the difficulty, the States^ ©cncral
transferred ®|)bam from the land to the naval service,
considering that his noble birth and ancient race, which
gave him a social position far above all others, would
command the respect and obedience of every individual
in the navy. Moreover, Avhile the dignity of his name
carried such influence with it, his consummate prudence
supplied his want of experience in maritime affairs.
At the present day such reasoning would be deemed
absurd ; two hundred years ago a counter argument
would have had no weight.

From the King of France lllittc k lUitttscit had re-
ceived a title of nobility and the order of St. Michael,
as the recompense of his eminent services at the sieges
of Marclyck and Dunkirk. Thus, after having passed
unscathed through many battles, in all of which -he dis-
played unquestionable ability and eourage, he fell in
that of the Sound or Baltic, fighting in defence of the
rights of his country's ally, as gloriously as he had lived
and asserted her own.

But, perhaps after all, there is no real discrepancy in
these two statements. In the XVIIth century, war
still retained much of its original barbarit)-, and the

48
conduct of the Swedes might have reflected the phases
of the conflict. Expecting to triumph, while influenced
) ) y the idea of superior strength, their indignation at
the action of the Hollanders may have found allevia-
tion in their treatment of the body of one of the Dutch
leaders — a conduct which would have been highly im-
politic when his C(;untrymen were -^-ictorious and con-
trolled the fate of the Swedish marine.

Although a digression, the reader ^dll here pardon
a few remarks, called forth by the end of this sea-chief

Promotion in the Dutch navy was the avenue to a
certain apotheosis in the Temple of Glory. Six, if not
seven Hollandish Admirals-in- Chief, in succession per-
ished on their quarter-decks, in the embrace of Victory ;
and how nianv "^'ice- Admirals ceased at once to live
and to conquer beneath the tri-colored flag, a genuine
Dutch word, of their country, in the very act of turning
the sword of the enemy fi-om the throat of the Com-
monwealth. Country of our Forefathers ! "What gen-
erations of heroes issued fi'om thy womb, and grew to
such wondrous greatness on the bosom of Freedom !

Can any one, imbued with pride of race, forget those
Oceax-Paladixs, who, seizing the truncheon of com-
mand from their predecessors' dying grasp, inwove
their exploits with their country's story, even as the
incidents of Saxon ^arolb's life lend all the real digni-
ty to that .famous tapestry, which the wife of his con-
queror wi'ought. First in the past we recognize that
Ijeemskcrck, whose glory is bounded by the poles alone,
who dared, with Barents, 2Cox)a Etmbla's winter, and
brought back royal spoils (opijia spolia) fi-om the
Antartic Seas ; then ^cgu, the peasant boy, whose merit
was outshone only by his extreme modesty, and who
won the thanks and highest honors of his country's
representatives in council ; next, t)an STromp, the idol

49
of his fellow citizens, the dread of their enemies, and
the terror of the ocean, whose honors, however great,
were yet beneath his merit ; then l)ait ®alcn, immortal
in glory ; then ©pliant, illnstrions alike in achieve-
ments on the sea and on the land, in council, di-
plomacy, and battle ; afterwards llan ®ljciit, nephew
of a warrior known as "Bellona's Thunderbolt," himself
the awe-inspiring dread of Holland's opponents ; and
lastly, Wc lluyter, that character so perfect as to rise
beyond the measure of an ordinary mind, "iramensis
tremor oceani," that naval hero who made Neptune
himself tremble.

But from the panorama which unrolls Ijefore the Hxs-
cinated vision of the mind, its century and a half of
unexceeded glory, return we to the fight in which the
Hollanders were plucking laurel-leaves amid volcanic
fire bursting upon them from the waves ^\hich bore
them, and the shores which compassed them about.

While thus apparently victorious, BiclK'cnstievna had
little cause or reason to rejoice, for his vessel had sus-
tained such damage, in the preliminary contest with
the JSrcbivobt, that he was unable to take any further
part in the conflict, but had enough to do to keep her
afloat.

Vice- Admiral ©tertjm, likewise, had been so roughly
handled, that he hauled off, completely disal)led, and
took refuge under the in-shore batteries.

The fate of the battle now depended on that of eiiher
Admiral-in-Chie£ It had in reality from the beginning ;
but as yet the two flag-ships had not actually encoun-
tered.

The Victory, as was mentioned, appears to. have
carried lieavier metal than any other in either fleet,
for the first two broadsides she poured into the Mtlion
obliged the Hollanders, at once, to close their lowest

50
tier of port-holes. In return, ©pirain's superior seaman-
ship and gunnery enabled him to rake the Victory
from "stern to stem." Thereupon lOraugel ran him
aboard, and being full of veteran infantry endeavored
to carry his abler antagonist, by dint of numbers, under
cover of an incessant fire of small arms.

By this time the action, which, in one instant, as it
were, became general and terrible, was at its height,
and raged with one incessant blaze and interchange of
fire throughout the whole width of the strait. _

Discovering that their Admiral lay in such danger —
for the Swedes were directing all their efibrts for his
destruction — six Hollanders bore down upon the Vic-
tory, and soon reduced her to a complete wreck ; so
much so that Cljarlt© (Sustacits supposed his Admiral
had perished. Nevertheless lUrangel, although his
mizzen-mast was gone, shrouds hanging loose, rigging
generally cut or parted, rudder shot away, and hull full
of holes, particularly from the Union's raking fire, —
had the good fortune to extricate his vessel with the
assistance of six Swedes, who nobly seconded his valor,
and regaijied the roadstead of Kronborg, "devoured,
however," says Terlox, "with mortal chagrin in that
he was prevented, by this disaster, from taking any far-
ther part in the action."

-X- -Jf ^

Basnage, who is looked upon as excellent authority
in every thing relating to Hollandish history from
(1632) the peace of MuNSTER, in 1648, to (1678) the
peace of Breda in 1667, sums up the whole battle in
one comprehensive paragraph. As he was emphatical-
1)^ the historian of Holland, the writer adopted his
statements ctim granu salt's, and furnishes a compendi-
um which reconciles, as far as they are susceptible of
agreement, all the conflicting narratives and reports.

r.i

" Ulraugcl attacked M. cV ®:piJain with gre.at fury.
Thirty-seven dead stretched npon his main deck, like-
wise one hundred wounded and completely disabled,
his vessel riddled with shots and reduced to the neces-
sity of closing her port-holes, deprived the latter of al-
most everj' hope ; but he deli^'ered just in time such
opportune broadsides into the Swedish Admiral
that he was compelled to haul off under tlie cannon of
Kronborg, and had the mortification to lose in this bat-
tle a good share of the glory which he had previously
acquired. His retreat was the nrore vexatious in that
it Avas made under the eyes of the King," his sovereign
and jealous rival in the art of war, "that he could not
find another vessel in which to return to the combat,
and that the Swedes who had fought under his imme-
diate command accused him of cowardice, because he
had not taken the liollandish Admiral fldien he was
no longer in a condition to defend himself This accu-
sation was unjust, for Admiral ©pliain was subsequent-
ly exposed to several additional broadsides, which
made such huge openings in his sides that the water
rose six feet in his hold," a very great depth, consider-
ing that the Dutch men-of-war were extremely flat-
floored, to adapt them to the navigation of their shal-
low seas and estuaries, "yet was able to sink two of the
seven vessels of the enemy which were assailing him.
Captain l)an 'Nes" — who afterwards rose to be Lieuten-
ant-Admiral of Holland, and was renowned among the
bravest for his surpassing valor and conduct, — "was the
first who went to his assistance, but his masts and yards
were so shattered or shot away that he navigated with
the greatest difficulty. \)an (Ham^Jfii," in the Half Moon,
"also made extraordinary efforts to disengage his chief,
but his mainmast was gone and towing alongside.

"The Swedes, obliged to yield to the rapiditj- and
destructiveness of the HoUandish fii-e, beat a retreat,"
and taking advantage of both wind and tide, ran to lee-
ward to shelter themselves under the batteries of Lauds-
crona. In his magnificent offensive-defensive action
Admiral ©pbom was perfectly seconded l>y his Captain,
that 'famous' ^gbtrtus I3ai-tl}oloinccus ire Kortcnoar,
who shared all his labor and anxiety, and whose valor
and activity kept pace with the prudence of his Gen-
eral.

This was three-quarters of an hour after lUrangel en-
gaged with @:pi:rain, and, as far as the conflicting ac-
counts can be reconciled, two hours after the first shot
was fired.

That interval had been sufiicient to dispose of three
(if the Swodish flag-ships, all of which, had the action
occurred in rough and deep water, must have gone to
the bottom ; as we have seen, the flag-ship of ©pitam's
Lieutenant, as well as a large Swede lashed to her, act-
ually did so.

Tlie action was now at its hottest, and is admitted to
havp 1>eeu one of the most bloody on recoi'd. ©plram,
in his dispatch written the daj' after the battle, stated
that for nearly two hours he was exposed entirely alone
to the "most superior" vessels of the enemy, after hav-
ing- sustained in succes.sion the fire of four of their flao"-
ships (^aupt-Scl}iffc). All this, wliile his own people
lay drifting — helpless, we must sujapose, for a brisk can-
nonade generally kills a light breeze — ^with the tide, as
far distant from him as could bo reached in two shots
of a (!?oliclin9 [{Berche^ Fr. ) or Falconet, an obsolete
species of small brassship-artillerj'.J In addition to the
Victoria and Draco, driven off disabled, the Ama-
KAXTH and North Star, which likewise displayed the
flags of Swedish Under- Admirals — appear to have come

53
up fresh, at the moment when he ,was already hard be-
set by six of the enemy's largest rates. He added, the
Union had her shrouds shot away, her sails in tatters,
five or six feet of water in her hold, was on fire for-
warel, had eighty or ninety (one hundred and eighty
or one hundred and ninety?) killed and wounded ; yet,
nevertheless, beat off each successive squadron which
assailed her. Lying thus battered and cut up, the very
largest Swedish ships continued in succession to attack
her, and the Admiral admits that he might have been
boarded from the six or eight vessels immediately
about him, had their courage equalled their numbers,
when, from time to time, they came upon him, deliver-
ed their broadsides, and sheered off to avoid his return-
fire. "We remained in their debt as little as it
was possible," wrote the gallant old sailor, "until God
alone helped us out, and placed us again, certainly very
cruelly damaged, amo'ng our own vessels. Then we
hove our own ship down on one side, and, as far as
was possible, plugged all the shot-holes below the water-
line, while the Swedes were yet about us, although
showing evident signs of having had enough, and head-
ing to run for their own ports, under their lee.'

Thereupon, witnessing the flight and dispersion of
the enemy, whom he was too much crippled to pursue,
dDpbam bent all his efforts to save his own ship, which
survived, only to become his funeral pyre seven years
later. While a portion of his crew, assisted by drafts
from the nearest vessels, were engaged at the pumps,
the remainder were occupied in extinguishing the
flames which threatened to destroy them. Having
fought and beaten the Swedes, they had to renew the
battle and fight against still more formidable antago-
nists— fire and water. Thus pumping the water out of
the hold and in upoii the fire, repairing the rigging.

54

and setting what sail remained serviceable, the Hnion
held her course sluggishly down the Sound towards
the Danish ships, beating up slowly to her assistance.
Late in the evening they came up with the flag-ship be-
tween 5altl)olm and ^x>tn, and, having taken in tow the
most crippled Hollanders, sailed back in company with
them to the Palisades (33nsclj), at the entrance of the
port of €op£ul)agen, under the guns of the citadel,
where the flag-ship, even j-et in danger of sinking, an-
chored in shoal water, and spent "night and day," ma-
king all clear and ready again for action.

Although (Ppliam found so much fault with his offi-
cers for not coming to liis assistance, his complaints
appear, in some measure, to have been unjust, for it
seems difficult to understand hoAv even so many were
able to do their duty, inasmuch as a strong current was
drifting them out of tlie conflict, while whatever breeze
was blowing did not suffice for manoeuvres in a tide
way. It appeared as if it was predetermined that the
Hollanders should not only vanquish every human diffi-
culty, but while conquering the Swedes, overcome the
opposition of nature herself

In the meantime, although our narrative has hitherto
been confined to the operations of the scjuadrons of
Admirals (Dpbam and tDvauig£l, and of Yice-Admirals
tDitte ^£ tDtttcsEtt and I3t£lkEnsttErna ; those of <5ustttti
lUi'angel and ^enru ©ffrt^ni were engaged in other
quarters, and, according to the Swedes' own admissian,
acted with courage and energy, to the best of their
ability. No history at hand or accessible, furnishes
any farther intelligible details of tlie conflict, but,
judging from the results, it would appear that the
Swedes, after Ave or six hours of coiuljat. about 3 P. M..
took advantage of the dense smoke, the wind and the
current, and made their escape as fast as they could

55
into their own harbors, whose fortifications, strengthen-
ed by recent field-works, and, supplied with numerous
and experienced garrisons, protected them from farther
injury and saved them from capture or destruction.
Their excuse for permitting the transports to escape
without damage or interruption, was the peremptory
orders of their King, who forbade them to turn aside
to molest them, but confine themselves to assailing the
Hollandish vessels of war. This, doubtless, was the
wisest course, for success against the latter would have
insured the capture of the former, and the event proved
that had iDvangel divided his forces and objects, in-
evitable and utter destruction would have ensued,
since, even as it was, his whole power proved insuffi-
cient to cope with the inferior numbers (Dp^am led
against him.

The Swedes, moreover, do not attempt to deny that
the Hollanders not only defended themselves with con-
summate valor and success, but also effectually pro-
tected the vast material committed to their safeguard.
This would appear all sufficient to determine which side
was entitled to the palm ; yet, notwithstanding, both
sides, as usual, claimed the victory. They generally
do so. The French assert that they beat the English at
Waterloo ; Saxta Anx'a boasted that he beat Taylob
at Buena Vista.

Let us sum up results. Fifty-three Swedes in their
own waters, and protected by fortresses, field-works,
and a numerous field artillery, disposed wherever a gun
could be brought to bear, with every advantage on
their side, attempted to bar the passage of the Sound
to thirty-five Hollanders, of whom only twenty took
part in the action ; — the other fifteen, we have reason
to suppose, considered it their duty, as well as a neces-

56
sity, to cover and insure the safe transit and arrival
of their numerous convov.

Besides their numerical superiority in ships and
men, the Swedes made use of many newly-invented
shells and other projectiles, in the use of which they
had Ijeen trained during a half century of continual
warfare with the most military nations of Europe ; so
much so. that se^'eral of the HoUandish officers admit-
ted that although they had been in actions with the
Turks, Barbarjf pirates, Portuguese, Spanish and Eng-
lish, they had never before seen such accurate and
effective artillery joractice.

What is more, it is unquestionably true that at
this time the Swedish artillery was superior to that of
any other country. ^Yith all these advantages, (Cljarlcs
(X.) (©nstouns could not produce a single trophy on
which to predicate a triumph. His seamen did not
capture one single HoUandish ship-of-war, unless we
concede the BreitevotiE, which was sunk rather than
captured. Of all the transports and merchantmen,
not a single one, great or small, but reached its port
of destination. That the Swedes fought desperately,
the Hollanders were willing to admit, but they added
that tlicy sullied their bravery with inexcusaljlc cruelt}-,
and. as a general thing, refused to give quarter.

Farthermore, while the Swedes proclaimed for and
wide that they had pi'oved themselves the "Masters of
the Sea. ' their eight men-of-war in the roadstead of
Kronborg or Elsinore attempted, on the o 1st October.
(10th Xiivember, ) to run across the Sound, to join
their tAveiity-six consorts in the safer harbor of
Laiidscrona. This movement was. no doubt, occasion-
ed bv an apprehension that the Hollanders and Danes
would cut them out and capture or destroy them.

57
Perceiving this, but not until after four had made a
sufficient run to insure their escape, ©pittim sailed in
pursuit with twenty-one of his vessels, which had
suifered least the preceding day ; likewise iBickltt's
squadron of six (eight?) Danes, intending to cut them
off -if the wind held, and fight the main body of the
Swedes should they attempt to come to the assist-
ance of their consorts, and renew the battle. Conquer-
ors (if they were so, ) and still superior in numbers,
counting twenty-six in Landscrona, eight under
Kronborg Castle, and eight, we have assumed, from
the statement in the Theatrum EoROPyEUM, at Helsing-
borg, why did the Swedes, with a fleet of forty-two
vessels refuse the combat so gallantly oifered by twen-
ty-seven, or at the most, twenty-nine, of the allies ? The
only reason readily assignable is, they had been too
soundly thrashed by ®p^am in the great battle, again
to venture outside of their fortified ports.

The four rearmost Swedes, finding that if they held
on they could not avoid ®|)lram's leading ships, at once
set every inch of canvas and under press of sail fled
back towards Elsinore, so closely followed by the
Danes, that the 2lmarantlj, the farthest astern, was
shortly in range of Bielcke's quickest sailor, and made a
running flght with five of his squadron, two of which,
the Hannibal and Trinity (Drctfalttglttit, Cxer.; ©rtenicil^ctr,
Dan.), were superior vessels.

Had Optram taken part in this engagement, the four
Swedes must inevitably have been taken or sunk ; and,
with almost equal facility, he could have burned or
otherwise destroyed the whole Swedish fleet in Lands-
crona, had he been at liberty to profit to the utmost by
his victory ; but no better evidence could be brought
forward of his having Ijeen trammeled by secret in-
structions than his conduct on both of these occasions.

58

Every circumstance would lead the reflecting student
of history to suppose that while the States- (Benerol
were determined that Sweden should not acquire un-
due prejoouderance by the destruction of Denmark, yet
they were equally decided not to bring about such an
issue that Sweden would thereafter be unable to main-
tain a joint mastery of the Baltic ; impossible if (JII}arlES
©UBtaous was entirely deprived of his naval arma-
ments. Consequently, (Dp^am, while protecting the
Danish squadron from the bulk of the Swedish fleet,
was content to let them try their hands upon those-
Swedes actually under sail.

And nothing could have demonstrated more clearly
the vast superiority of the HoUandish navy over the
Swedish, and the Swedish, over the Danish, than the
present action. For two hours (0tunbm), or about six
miles — (a StaniJ is equal to six thousand paces, a half
German, or, say, two and a half English miles) — Ma-
jor Speck — (here we have another instance of an army
officer in the command of a shi])) — maintained a run-
ning fight with the five Danes, until, finding the others
were overhauling him, he took refuge under the land-
batteries on the Swedish coast, after having received
the broadsides, one after the other, of the Danes, who,
not daring to venture within range of the guns on
shore, sent in three launches to cut this vessel out.

These chalonjjen were received with such a tremend-
ous fire of musketry, that they were repulsed and speed-
ily forced to retire. King (Kljavles, who was in Lands-
crona, ordered a corps of cavalry to hasten to Speck's
assistance, and ride into the water, to j)revent the ap-
proach of the Danish boats. To us. at this era, this
would seem a strange manoeuvre, but as they must
have been Dragoons, armed with long-range muskets,
they were no doubt intended to augment, bv their fire.

59
the support already afforded to the crew of the Ama-
ranth by the footmen, disposed along shore, and afford
them the additional advantages of their superior wea-
pons. This would lead us to suppose that 0pcclv ran
his vessel into very shoal water, between Landscrona
and Helsingborg. The next day, when she floated or
was hauled off again, she returned to the roadstead of
Elsinore.

Finding that, the Swedes had no more light in them,
([D}3&ain made the signal of recall, and returned to Co-
penhagen. This little incident tells the whole story.
-::- «• *

Another version of this affair is, that when the
greater part of the Swedes had escaped into Lands-
crona, and three had taken refuge in the roadstead of
Kronborg or Elsinore, the Allies cut off the retreat of
five, steering for the former harbor of refuge. Of
these, three were forced to fly to Helsingborg, and two
ran upon the sand-banks which line the shore. At
night the latter, by great exertions, were floated off
again, and profiting by the deep and protracted dark-
ness of the region and the season, likewise made good
their flight to Landscrona. (Ppiratii, however, set fire
to and destroyed a large vSwede, which had been dis-
masted and lay aground at the north end of the island
of ^t)CU. Upon his return to Copenhagen, he found
that his men had captured another large Swedish ship,
mounting twenty guns and laden with deals, ship-
stores, and iron ; likewise a man-of-war, armed in flute,
coming from Riga, having on l)oard, among other per-
sons of distinction, an Envoy from the Duke of Cour-
land. If "Masters of the Sea," the Swedes permitted
strange liberties to those defeated enemies, who, they
vaunted, had fled before them.

60

Xow let us take into consideration, and sum up, what
©pbiTin actually did accomplish.

He did remain, as he stated, the indubitable "Master
of the Sea" ; conducted his fleet and convoy, with the
exception of one vessel, in safety through that strait,
alive with enemies, and vomiting forth death from
either shore ; he brought three prizes, viz : 1, the
Pdtcan — which the Swedes had captured in a former
engagement from the Danes — forty-two guns — actually
taken by Captain 3an (Johx) )i)an €ainpen ; 2, the
lHapeii van ^t\)aa,t\\ — (the ArmsofSchagen — a town of
North Holland — whose commander was a native of the
United Provinces, and hailed from the North Quarter
of Schaaen, beins? the second officer of hiffh rank in
the Swedish fleet mentioned as a Hollander) — formerly
the Hose — thirty-two guns — the prize of Vice-Admiral
dmvt ;nntl)onts; and, 3, the JDdnunljorst — (so called
from a town of North Germany, in Oldenburg) — thirty-
ty-two guns — the spoil of Capts. (Elaes ualtnljcn and (dlocs
3atkn% — with him into the harbor of Copenhagen ; he
sunk five more ; forced another, ij£r JlTor9en-Stcrn=
]\rorning-Star, a wreck on shore — or, as some say, shat-
tered it so that it foundered — making six sunk ; and
chased twenty-eight into Landscrona, one of which, the
Rear-Admiral's flag-ship, (iicr Scl}tM£vbt=the Sword V)
of iDrangtrsDivision, caught fire and another sunk just off"
that harbor — and eight under the guns of Kronborg
Castle. Almost all the Swedish vessels which escaped
wei-e so shattered that they Avere -incapable of keeping
the sea any longer, and found safety only in precipitate
flight. In mid ocean the majority must have founder-
ed. .Vs it was, shipmasters and travellers of the times
reported, as a certainty, that, after the battle, they
counted the masts of ten sunken vessels rising out of
the water, among which were those of the SvEkroltc,

61
and, near Ijy her, those of Uvo othei-K, wliicli would an-
swer to the two Swedes engaged with her. This
agrees with the manly admissions of the veracious
®pbam.

The honest Admiral-in-Chief of Holland does not at-
tempt to conceal that the Commander of the llosa was
his compatriot, but mentions that he yielded only after
a fair fight. The Swedes, however, do not hesitate to
declare that he betrayed his trust, and surrendered to
his countrymen without resistance. Their report goes
on to say that they burnt three Hollanders, grounded
(sunk ?) four, chased two on shore, the Svf^crolif and
the I3rcila, and that they took four hundred prisoners ;
so that between the prisoners and the slain the Holland-
ers lost about one thousand men. Scarcely any of these
boastings are corroborated by any foreign writer, nor
are they borne out by the reports of the Danes, who
must have been aware of all the facts, and had no ob^
ject in falsifying the truth, or misrepresenting what
their allies had suffered in their behalf

Of the eight ships which Admiral ll1vanc|cl placed in
ambuscade behind the island of Hven, all that can be
said with any certainty is, that they appear to ha^'e
made their escape, without fighting, into the conve-
nient harbor of Helsingborg, too happy to get off un-
scathed. The Hollanders claim, and the same will be
found in the German account, that one of their num-
ber chased three Swedish men-of-war into that port.
They were probably part of this Hven division, and
thus ran from a single ship, because they saw that a
squadron of six (eight ?) Danes, under Admiral Hjntrj]
liJiekkc — (which had been shut up in and beat out of
the harbor of Copenhagen as soon as the withdrawal
of the blockading vessels afforded them an opportuni-
ty)— were also approaching. All, reliable, even their

62
own, authorities admit that the Danes had no share
whatever in the action, but only joined ®pbam when
all the fighting was ended ; or, to quote if. Basxa(;e,
Admiral jSictcke made his appearance with a few ships
at the close of the combat, extremely mortified at not
having been aljlo to share in the honor or the peril of
the Hollanders.

The Hollanders had four hundred killed — who were
buried with every possible honor by the Danish mon-
arch, whose Royal Life-Guard, together with the Hol-
landish troops, escorted — with reversed ai-ms, and drums
shrouded in black — the corpses to their last resting-
place in foreign soil — about two hundred wounded — the
greater part very severely — who Avere brought on shore,
and received every care and attention by the orders
of the grateful JTrciiJmc 111. — and lost a few taken
prisoners, from the Brederode before she sunk.

The Swedes had at least one thousand killed, and lost
five hundred prisoners.

According to the Nurnberg "Biography of Illustrious
Sea-Heroes," 1681, ©piJam mentioned in his dispatches
of the 17th November that a Hollander, (captain?) who
had been made prisoner by the Swedes, and had come
to him from Elsinore, Avas Avilling to swear as many
oaths as he had hairs on his head, that the S^vedes had
a force of fifty-four ships-of-war, great and small, in the
action, and that over one thousand of their dead had
been brought on shore.

lllvangcl himself was slightly wounded in the head by
a splinter ; Vice Admiral ^eci'tjcu was shot through the
left shoulder ; three C*aptains, ®tta Don 3fus0£ii, Ctn^
0nt, and (Erabrl, and an ensign, were killed, besides
others of lesser rank.

There is no doubt that the Hollanders suffered the
greatest loss in distinguished ofiicers. This, far from

63
deti'acting, adds to their gloiy. Vice ^Vdmirals lUitte
lie lllittcseii and ^dcv JTloins died lil^e heroes on their
quarter decks, likewise tlie latter's chief^ officer. Captain
I3^■U2^aftl^, perished in the Urclra, with him ahuost the
whole of his officers and crew, — ^andfour other post cap-
tains, besides a number of inferior rank. Of the Hol-
landers who fell, fifty belonged to the crew of the
losl)ua, the flag-ship of the gallant J^loris. The major-
ity of the losses were on board the three flag-ships ;
some of the other Hollanders sustained trifling, some
no loss at all.

Out of the crew of the Admiral's ship, thirtj'-seven
were killed in action, and over one hundred mortally
or severel}^ wounded. Of the latter many lost their
arms and legs, and few eventually survived. Out of
two hundred and ten, captured on board the IJvjlJerobf,
sixtj' were grievously wounded. All the rest of the
crew were slain, or went down in the ship.

One verjf remarkable fact is noticeable in connection
with this famous na^-al engagement. The ships of the
two Admirals and of the four Vice Admirals highest in
rank, were all disabled and sustained the greatest losses
in killed and wounded. Ulrangel, it was said, took com-
paratively but little part in the contest, on account of
the damages his vessel sustained at the outset, and his
mortification "was so lively that it was absolutelj' neces-
sary for his Royal Master to exert himself, and spare no
pains in order to assuage his grief, and afford him any
adec|uate consolation.

There is no doubt but that ©pbain was dissatisfied
with his triumph, great as it was, and complained of
the backwardness of some of his captains, alleging
that lUitte itc tllittesen'a disaster was owing to his divis-
ion deserting him, even as ©pram's failed in their duty
to himself The HoUandish Admiral, the very day af-

(U
ter the l)attle, condemned two of his captains to he
hung, in pursuance of the code ah-eady cited, and
threatened a searching examination into the conduct of
all. He even wrote home that "if the others had been
willing to endure only the sixth part of what he and
llHttc be tllittcsen endured, not a single Swede would
hayo gut otE, or escaped cajDture." He intimated that,
from the trifling losses reported by several of his sub-
ordinates, he was satisfied they could not have been
very much exposed in this heat (^itjc), or rather bear-
hunt (Uavcn^ljatj) : that is, they might have been fol-
lowing up the game without venturing the meanwhile
within the reach of his claws, teeth, or liug. Such
was his quaint manner of expressing it. What is more,
he reproaclied fifteen commanders with not having
fought at all, and added that in his judgment, the
victory was altogether due to the stern fidelity with
which eight of his subordinates discharged their duty
to him and their country. But it must be borne in
mind, and the fact cannot be too often repeated, that
the whole Swedish fleet concentrated their attack upon
the flag-ships, and barred their advance, while the
strong current bore away the rest, deprived of the
power of working back into the hottest flight, by the
winds slackening, and perhaps dying away, under the
influence of the fierce cannonade, until, like ''Jupiter
in the poet — all in thunder and light, all in fire and
tempest," ©pltam burst forth, scattered and overwhelm-
ed his antagonists, and sailed onwards, exultant and
triumphant.

The three Swedish flag-ships, riddled with our shots,
fled before us," the Hollanders wrote home, "we silen-
ced the enemy's fire, and we were borne against our
will from the field of battle by the force of the wind
and tide, which it was impossible to resist and over-
come. Thus, and thus only, the enemy escaped."

65
Doubtiless in many respects it appeai'ed to ©pbam
that his subordinates were wanting in energy ; their
courage he could not have suspected, for the majority
had been tried in the fire and proved sterling metal.
But how seldom do we meet in history with snch stout
hearts as beat in those bold Admirals' bosoms ! Well
may he have said, tUtttt be iDittcscn was a bravfe sol-
dier, and how deeply he lamented him ; and well
might the Iving of ^Denmark thank the States- ©tncvttl,
in like quaint but manly language, for sending to his
assistance an Admiral so dear and acceptable, worthy
ALL Ms singular renoion, were it for only half his
bravery.

Extraordinary characters are never satisfied with
ORDINARY service ; and it is sufficient for us at this
day, to look at the immediate and ultimate conse-
quences of the conflict, to admit that ©pbam saved
the Danish Monarchy and broke the might of Sweden
by his llirtorg in tl)e Sounb or 33altic.

All the English historians who have been consulted
concede the greatness and decisiveness of the triumph.
They admit that Copenhagen must have fallen had it
not been relieved by the Hollanders.. "After an obsti-
nate contest," is the remark of Whbaton, "memorable
among the naval achievements of that age, the Swe-
dish squadron was completely defeated." Pufendorf,
against his will, is forced to allow that the Swedes had
enough, and were immediately afterward shut up in
the port of Landscrona."

Grattan says "a brilliant victory crowned the efforts
of the Dutch Admiral." And Davies reads, "Both
sides did their duty to the utmost ; when, after six
hours of sharp fighting, the victory declared itself in
favor of the Dutch. Three Swedish ships were cap-

66
turecl, and eight destroyed, with the loss of over one
thousand men."

Let us conclude by considering the testimony of
Mallet, a Frenchman, and disinterested chronicler,
whose history of Denmark is one of the most impartial
works of the kind. Every one of his statements is
corroborated by the chronicles of the day, and the
facts furnished by him appear to be undoubtedly true,
after a comparison of the contradictory reports publish-
ed by those who took part in, or witnessed, the battle.

The manifesto of the Kina,' of Sweden mentioned the
loss of only two vessels, and made that of the Holland-
ers more than double that number. On the other hand,
Admiral ©ptiain, in his official report, assured his gov-
ernment that he had three Swedish vessels prizes in
his possession, that he witnessed the sinking of five
others, and that the only ship missing from his com-
mand was that on whose deck Yice-Admiral iDittc tic
lUittestu lost his life. How difficult for historians to
reconcile such contradictory statements !

Who must the world believe ? A king who pub-
lished a plausible, it might be said vindicatory, ad-
dress to his subjects, describing an engagement which
he witnessed himself, or an Admiral who rendered an
account of what occurred to his superiors ? The wisest
plan, under such circumstances, is to consider what
followed, and base a decision on what is beyond denial
or even question. After doing their utmost, the rem-
nant of the Swedes eventually retired precipitately
into the harbor of Landscrona, where they were block-
aded in the course of the next few days, and the exult-
ing Hollanders entered as victors and preservers into
the port of Copenhagen. It is true that their subse-
quent operations were seconded by the Danish ships
of war, six (t'ight ?) of which — as we have seen —

67
under Admiral ^v.wn ISitkke, beat up the Sound as far
as the island of Hven, but did not take any part in the
battle described. Their advent on that occasion was
thus far opportune, in that they assisted into port those
of the HoUandish ships which had suffered the most.

©pram's arrival at Copenhagen was a triumph, such
as the world has rarely witnessed.

The king, the court, the inhabitants of the Danish
capital — fluctuating between hope and horror, while the
conflict Avas impending and raging — received as it were
new life when they beheld that fleet, gliding into their
haven, which came freighted with sustenance to rein-
vigorate them, and succor to assure them against future
evils. Amidst shouts of victory and tears of joy, Te
Deums resounded in all the churches, while universal
gratitude to God found vent in sincerest thanksgivings.
Military music and sacred harmony, mingled with bless-
ings upon the Republic, which had redeemed its pledges
to the full, rose up in universal concord tn the skies.
From every class of that suffering, gallant, but now de-
livered people — highest as well as lowest vying in laud-
ation— one common cry bore witness to the bounty of
the United Provinces and the heroic conduct of their
agents, and, amid the clanging peals and chimes of
every bell, reiterated feux dejoies of musketry, and
thundering salvos from every gun, ashore and afloat,
the HoUandish officers disembarked to partake of a
banquet in the Royal Palace.

As for their admiral, the King of Denmark paid him
the highest compliment in his power, for learning that
©pbam's indisposition confined him to his flag ship, his
Royal Majesty proceeded on board to pay him a visit
and thank and congratulate him in person.

With joyous recollections of their triumph, here, in
their pomp and glory, we must leave them.

68
Between one and two o'clock the very night after the
battle, 8th-9th November, (X. S. ) the Swedes broke
up their camp before the city, and abandoned their
siege works in such confusion that they left their quar-
ters full of all kinds of cattle, furniture, and every arti-
cle which, in their haste, they could not cany oft' with
them. When the Danes sallied forth to spoil their tents
they found inscribed upon the hut of Colonel Schsiidt,

"Ma&XAEUM EKEUM, ET8I SrOOBSSUS DEFCKEIT, TAMEN CONATCS LATIDAH-
DirS EST."

'To attempt great exploits deservet praise, even though sueceat 'may not
have rewarded the efforts

If the Swedes were satisfied with such a barren tri-
umph, no man of Holland blood will seek to share with
them like fruits of victory. Our hero's sickle harvested
a crop whose teeming yield rewarded all the labor and
his dangers. Fortune, won by such daring and ability,
deserted from the Goth, and, with a generous hand, re-
paid each effort of the Hollanders and Danes. As for
the Swedes, how great and dire their loss. On the
llth-13th of February, 1660 — it is painful to relate,
for who cannot but admire the brave and enterprising —
Charles (X.) Gustavus died, as some say, of an epi-
demic fever, then raging in his camp ; according to
others, of a broken heart, brought on by his reverees.
Dying he counselled peace, strange exhortation for a
monarch whose whole career had never known the
blessing ; whose lust of conquest, growing with his
years, had kept his people in continual war.

The Swedes had good reason to suppose that the con-
sequences of the Battle of tl)c Saunb or Baltic would be
still more fatal than the combat itself, disastrous as it
had proved to theu' ambition and their navy.

The Hollandish fleet, re-inforced by a Danish sqnad-
ron, sailed — as was previously mentioned — in the
course of a fcAv days to blockade the wreck of their

69
naval armament, and on the 19th (29th) November ap-
peared before Canbscrona, with that intention.

This harbor, of such a depth and capacity that sever-
al hundred ships can lie within securely, is formed by
an elbow of the Scanian coast. It would be entirely
exposed to the west and south were it not defended by
shoals and sand-bars, the principal known by the names
of Graen and Pilhaken, which entirely enclose it on
these quarters. These, however, being submerged,
would aiford but little protection, were it not entirely
land-locked besides ; the Zealand shore lying opposite,
from nine to ten miles distant, while the islands of
Amack and Saltholm, and the trend of the Swedish
coast, completely break the force of any tempests in the
Baltic. In fact it is a canal upwards of three miles
long, rather than a port, communicating with the eastern
channel of the Sound by an inlet opposite the southeast
point of the island of Hven, so that nothing would have
been easier than to maintain its blockade siace a squad-
ron could lie under the lee of that island sheltered from
every wind, whereas it would be necessary for the
Swedes to have a leading breeze to get out. Moreover,
a hostile fleet lying to off the port could do much dam-
age by the fire of its smaller rates, whose light draught
of water would have enabled them to approach within
range.

This inlet the Danes were desirous of stopping up
by sinking vessels loaded with stones and rubbish at its
entrance, which, if they had succeeded in accomplish-
ing, according to their plan of operations, the Swedish
armament must have been shut up therein, and the har-
bor ruined forever.

Whether the ice, which commenced to accumulate,
and always made with great rapidity, in the Sound,
frustrated this project, or whether the plan was aban-

70
doned in consequence of the secret views of the gov-
ernment of Holland, history does not explain.

If the intentions of the StotcB-^eneral were not dis-
covered at that time, they never will be, without more
light than published chronicles have shed upon them.
It is most probable that their action was regulated by
a simple determination to maintain the balance of power
between two rivals, Sweden and Denmark, and that
whatever might be their apparent co-operation, they
were resolved not to contribute to the undue prepond-
erance of the latter by the entire destruction of the
Swedish navy. Content with their triumph, unsurpass-
ed in naval annals, their efforts were directed to the
simple maintenance of the freedom of those seas.

Still, as whatever facts are known may not be desti-
tute of interest, we will mention what occurred. Upon
this occasion, 19th (29th) November, the allied fleet
brought with them four large vessels, likewise smacks
or lighters (0cl)ibten) loaded with stones and ballast to
sink in the channel. As the day was very cloudy and
the coast enveloped in fog, it Avas found impossible to
select the proper positions for scuttling them, since, in
a strong tide-way and dense mist, they could not remain
stationary, without anchoring, in the proper depth of
water. Nevertheless, they made an attempt and sunk
three ships, the White Bear, the Prince, and one Danish
vessel, called the Great Courland ; a fourth, «the Justitia,
gi'ounded, was set on fire, and burnt. Nothing of real
consequence was effected, for the hulks, drifting aside,
served as landmarks, and, in some degree, even as
break-waters, not only to designate, but protect, the
entrance to the port. What, however, appeared acci-
dental to the world, and unsuccessful to the Swedes,
may have been, and we think was, intentional on the
part of the Hollanders.

71

Basxage, on the contrary, states that the Danish
Admiral, StcUkr, actually succeeded in sinking vessels
loaded with stones, before the port, so that an exit was
precluded to the Swedish fleet ; and that the Swedes
on their side constructed a sort of rampart or pai'apet,
with other hulks, in order to shelter their ships of war
from the red-hot shot and bombs, which could have re-
duced them to ashes. The furious gales of winter,
however, delivered them from this imminent peril, and
burst through a new passage — so that their condition
was eventually improved by the blockade, in that they
had time to careen, refit, revictual, and equip, their
vessels anew ; while the Hollanders and Danes, keep-
ing the sea, were consuming their provisions and ma-
terial. Thus far his statement is not corroborated by
contemporary authorities, but in the end he agrees
with Mallet and others, that, caught in the ice, the
blockading fleet was so beset that it experienced great
difficulty in regaining the harbor of Copenhagen.

Upon this occasion (Eljarks X. (Sustatius displayed
his accustomed temerity, for, having ordered out a
number of launches and gun-boats to annoy the Allied
fleets under cover of the fog — by which means the
Swedes asserted that they were driven away — he ac-
companied them himself in a barge, having with him
Lord High Admiral €l)avks (Snstatiits lUrangtl and the
French Ambassador, the Chevalier de Terlon.

Thus rashly exposing themselves, (EljarlfB and the
fearless ofiicer — alone competent to replace him — as
well as the bold diplomatist, who had shared the ma-
jority of his perils and adventures, narrowly escaped
with their lives ; for, while rowing about, not only
within range of the guns of the largest vessels, but so
close as to be able to distinguish the voices of their
sailors, a sudden gleam of sunshine broke through the

72
mist, and discovered them to tbe Hollanders, who im-
mediately opened their fii'e. Owing to the speed of
his oarsmen, and the darkness of the day, no shot took
eifect, although a hail of shells and similar missiles
were hurled after them, and the spheres and balls rico-
cheting along the surface, covered them with spray
and water, scattered by their rebounds.

Throughout this perilous adventure, the King pre-
served his calm intrepidity, jesting with M. de Terlox,
and observing "that it would be a remarkable incident
in history if a French Embassador should be killed by
the side of a Swedish King, in a boat." The Envoy,
who had no interest in exposing himself to reconnoiter
the HoUandish fleet, considered such pleasantry ill-
timed, and by no means agreeable, and replied with
some little aii* of vexation, "that if the same shot slew
the King as well as the Embassador, the fact would be
^still more wonderful, and worthy the curiosity of those
who were fond of discovering marvels in history." But
fearing that such freedom would prove displeasing to
the King, he added, with ready wit, a compliment to
serve as its passport, saying, "that although it would
be glorious indeed to have his life ended by the same
cannon-ball which cut short the reign of so great a
monarch, he nevertheless sincerely hoped that such a
terrible accident would not occur, principally because
he knew that his Majesty's life was indispensable to the
welfare of his kingdom, while for his own part he was
by no means anxious or ready to die at that time."

(ttljarks X. ®ttstat)U3 experienced a somewhat simi-
lar danger only a few weeks before. He was passing
over from Zealand to Sweden in a small craft, when it
was upset by a large vessel, impelled with such impet-
uosity by wind and tide that it was impossible to rescue
any of the passengers excepting Gener^^l the Prince

73

OF SuLTZBACK and the King, who was dtawn on board
the ship by means of a rope. The narrative adds, "af-
ter losing his hat and his cane," whether to intimate
that a royal hat and cane were of more value than his
companions and boat's-crew, or to emphasize the nar-
rowness of his escape, does not appear from the con-
text.

When ®:pi&am returned home the ensuing December,
1659, covered with glory, and bearing the letter from
the King of Denmark, wherein he testified his gratitude
not only by the highest expressions of praise but by a
gift of thirty thousand livres, besides an annual pension
of three thousand livres to M. Ite lllaHaenaer, the Admi-
ral's son ; neither these marks of gratitude and esteem,
nor the unanimous approbation which the States-CStn-
eval had expressed for the glorious result of his expe-
dition, prevented several deputies of the States of Hol-
land from accusing him of not having done his whole
duty, and destroyed the Swedish fleet when at his
mercy.

One of the principal charges was, that he did not
assemble a council-of-war before the battle, but con-
tented himself with issuing a general order to all his
officers reminding them to do their duty by the t)a^£rlan^,
in the same way that Nelson signalled to his fleet be-
fore the battle of Trafalgar that startling appeal, "which
will be remembered as long as the language, or even
the memory of England shall endure, — Nelson's last
signal, — England expects every man to do his duty!"

If the British hero deserves any credit for conceiv-
ing such a manly and patriotic watchword, how much
more that ^oUan^er, who a century and a half before
had deemed a like appeal sufficient to evoke his coun-
tryman's— true Saxon blood — best efforts ? Could party
prejudice have founded an accusation on a falser basis.

74
br have adduced a reason for its hostility which could
have proved the ingratitude of the propounders in
darker colors, or invested the glory of (Dpbam with
brighter lustre V

©pbarn made manly replies, worthy himself, to every
article of the act of accusation, and the States of l^ol-
lanb not only justified him but approved of his con-
duct, and thanked him for it — six factious and ungrate-
ful towns dissenting. Alas, that party-spirit and sec-
tional prejudices, falsely styled democratic, should have
been the bane of all fi'ee governments ! Look abroad
throughout our land. Basking in the sunniest smiles of
Providence, see how the clouds of faction brood upon
the horizon and intrude upon the lovely picture. There
can be no doubt but that there were two parties in the
0tate3-®en£ral, one inclined to make common cause
with Denmark to the uttermost ; the other, more saga-
cious, desirous of simply maintaining tlie rights and
honor of the Republic. Obedience to the majority at
once became a crime, and no success, no merit, no glo-
ry, could disarm the resentment of the minority. We
see such injustice, such bigotrj-, such sectional, selfish
policy at work among us at this very date. Party vio-
lence and too great prosperity ruined the greatest Re-
public of the old world, ^ilay the God who rules the
destinies of nations, guard us from a like calamity !

In consequence of the infirmities arising from that
excruciating malady, the gout, (fDpbam, finding himself
an invalid, was permitted to turn over his command
to an even more distinguished successor, the greatest
Admiral whom the United Provinces, so prolific in sea-
heroes, ever produced — fnicljacl ^^llvian ire Rupttr — who
followed up the advantages resulting from (PpiJam's
brilliant victory, by actions Avorthy of his own previ-
ous and subsec^uent renown ; and after three months

75
more of useless obstinacy, €l)arlc0 X. ®ugtat)us, hav-
ing almost witnessed the destruction of his veteran
army in the island of JTiitifit, or Fionia, by a combined
attack of the forces of Holland and Denmark, consent-
ed to negotiate a peace highly favorable to the latter
power, whereby the Swedes relinquished all their con-
quests, besides losing several advantages acquired by
the treaty of Roskilde. Had (dljaries been wise enough
to abide by that paciiication he would have found his
rival unable to resist his arms, and without supporters,
when a just cause of war might have enabled him to
draw forth his sword for the maintenance of infringed
rights.

No event could have been more glorious for the
Dutch than the pitched battle of Jimeit, fought near
(Dbensec, on the twenty-fourth of November, 1659,
and won by the valor of their infantry, when their Da-
nish, Polish and Imperial or German allies had been
put to flight. Of seven thousand who began the ac-
tion on the part of €l)arlc3 X. ®tt3tat)U3, there eventu-
ally escaped only two of the three fJenerals highest
in command, and a slender retinue of domestics, Avho
owed their safety to a fisherman, won to their assistance
by promises of extraordinary reward.

In this action victory had apparently declared for
the Swedes, who had put to flight both wings of their
opponents, and captured their artillery, when General
Scljack ordered the Hollanders, who constituted the
centre or main battle — under (Jolonels liilkgrmvo, 3.tltia
and iHtEetcrtn — to advance. Thereupon they closed up
their ranks, lowered their pikes and charged the enemy,
as we would now say, with the bayonet. In vain the
victorious Swedes assailed their flanks and endeavored
to stay their march. On they went without a check,
retook the captured cannon, forced the enemy from their

76
lines of defence and drove them at the point of their
pikes into the fortress of Ngbuvg.

The next day, 25th November, be Ungter did such
execution upon Nyburg, with his broadsides, that to
escape annihilation the Swedes were too happy to sur-
render at discretion, while the Danish General sent a
trumpeter to say "that he could not sufficiently thank
him for the prompt manner in which he had finished
the aifair." In truth, the Hollanders, both by sea and
by land, had been the instruments of victory, but after
it was gained they won a nobler meed of praise ; for
while the Germans and Poles exhausted all the horrors
of war upon this unhappy town, the Hollanders proved
that their valor was only exceeded by their moderation,
and remained under arms for the protection of the posts
which had been confided to their honor.

The Danes harvested immense spoils, which were
altogether due to the seamen and soldiers of Holland, —
one hundred pieces of artillery, with an enormous quan-
tity of ammunition ; likewise four thousand prisoners,
among them eleven regiments of cavalry, the very best
troops of Sweden. Then be lHugter once more drove
the Swedish fleet into the harbor of Landscroua, and,
determined to keep the Swedes from doing farther mis-
chief, thence forward maintained a strict blockade of
that port, resolved to convince them that the United
Provinces held the balance of power, and were deter-
mined that no further maritime operations should delay
the pending negotiations, or farther endanger the peace
of the north.

IN_ CONCmSION, to prove that this picture derives
no brilliancy from a pencil dipped in colors prepared
by the eye and hand of partiality or prejudice, let the
words of an English historian portray the magnificence

77

of that position to which tlie courage, the energy, the
loyalty and the wisdom of her rulers and her people,
had elevated OUR DEAR OLD FATHERLAND.

"■These transactions'''' — the victory of the Sound or
Baltic, the relief of Denmark, the coercion of Sweden, .
and the defiance of England, to Avhich he had devoted
the preceding pages — says Grattan, '■'■placed the ISiutcb
JOroDutcea on a still higher pinnacle of glory than they
had ever reached. Intestine disputes were suddenly
calmed. The Algerines and other pirates loere swep)t
from the seas by a succession of small but vigorous ex-
peditions. The mediation of the Statca re-established
peace in several of the petty states of Germany. Eng-
land and France loere both held in check., if not preserv-
ed in friendship, by the dread of their recovered power.
Trade and finance ivere reorganized. Every thing seem-
ed to promise a long continued p)eace and groiuing great-
ness., much of which was owing to the talents and perse-
vering energy of SDe lUittc ; and., to complete the good
work of European tranquility., the French and Spanish
monarchs concluded in this year the treaty knoivn by the
name of the ^peace of the Pyrenees'' " — a glorious comple-
tion of the Treaty of MDCXLVIIL (Lavallee,) which
achieved the pacification of the South of Europe, even
as that of "Oliva" restored concord to the States of the
North, and guaranteed all the advantages which had
accrued to the

UNITED PROVINCES

by that great act of accommodation — best known as the
Treaty of Westphalia — signed at Munster [30th (31st)
Jan.] 24th October, 1648, which had restored peace to
Europe, desolated by a half century of terrific warfare,
and made j^otlanl) free, prosperous and powerful, the
bulwark of the oppressed, the asylum of human thought,
the universal refuge and salvation of the human race.

78
the mig'htiest confederation which ever maintained the
rights of man until the

UNITED STATES

thre^y off the yoke of Great Britain and became the
champion of intelHgence, of free thought, of free
speech, of free soil and of free representation where
ever tlie A\-inds blow to flutter the stars and stripes,
and the waters flow to bear abroad her ships freighted
with the inestimable blessings of christian liberty and
progress.

Was^maar van &]fi^am.

'3k inrttsfli lint ttm 'B2§MJiM'ii%. nng Inttgr masartt mag."

"PoissE voTRB CROISSANT ohoitbe excore Loua temps.''

"I wisb your Crescent may yet for a loog time increase-^'

The celebrated Hollandish Poet

€^tl,

to

3tm '^m Vdzmuu urn (Sphni.

WHO DISPLAYED THREE CRESCENTS (%lLJlff£|H5lEI)

IX HIS Coat of Arms.

Title Paoio, 4tli line, "October 30tli, (0. S.) [Novem-
ber 9th, N. S. ] lW''ind niherener thai, date occurs. ^^^^

Strange as it may appear, after all his researches and
care, the Avriter finds that he was in error in regard to
this date.

This great Dntch Naval Triumph was achieved on
Friday', the 8ti-i, instead of Snlvrdai/, the ^tli of No-
vember, New Style.

The manner in which the mistake occurred arose from
the fact that the date was not specified in so many
words in any of the old Chronicles originally consulted,
and could only be arrived at .by induction.

That of the 9th was deduced from ©^iiam's own report,
Avhile a rare work in oldGei'iiian entitled '^The lircn and
Exploits of Illustrious Navcd Heroes and Discoverers^
tC'c, c£r., published at Sultzbach., in 1681, states that it
took place on Friday, the 8th: Basnage settles the
matter and gives the 8th. An error of one day is of
little actual consequence, except that the strictest accu-
racy in historical matters is never unimpoi'tant.

Page 8, Line 24. ^^Poivder-mondxey.''

LTIistoire Navale d'Angleterre de Thomas Ledyard,
IT, 596, (a) quoting M. Basnage, says, "qu'on soupgon-
na un goujat," (powder monkey) but the original has
"on soupgonna le More" (Afoor, M<^rish slave or ser-
vant).

Page I'.l — Line 2 — '"with iu four weeJis."

©pbam's orders from the Statts Cientral are dated
14th September, Old Style (■?), [24th September, New

80
St3'le Co] and on the 26th October, 0. S. [5th Xovera-
ber, N. S.] he anchored at the entrance of the Souxd.

Page U—Line 12.

0cl)aitt or 0cl)nt; bij JTacljt, according to Halma, be
laagste (Pnbcvaliiniraal, the junior Vt re- Admiral, is some-
times translated Bear Admiral, and again Commodore.

Page 14 — line 2d from bottom, ''eighty in all."

Roster of Vessels composixg ©pbam's Fleet.

List tramlated from W\t J![)uv£:l)latirl)ttgst£n 0££ ^elkn
bieatv ^tit. lUorinncn gcljanbelt roirir oon ben furneljmstcn
®l)atcn ntib Z\x%tn bcr btrul^mtestsn ^ollanbiacljen ^bmir-
alm, ^<;'r. (Cljeil 1. SultjbacI)) Sljeil 11, 3furnb£rg, MDCI-
XXXI. Explanatory paragraphs in brackets, from
various reliable works relating to the maritime afiairs
of Holland.

Ships of the Meuse.

The Union, [Flag-Ship of ] My Lord Lieutenant-Ad-
miral (Dpbam, [blown up in the Battle of Lowestofft,
3d June, 1665 — commanded by Captain (Egbcrtus 33 ar-
tljolomaits b£ KorUnaar, afterwards Vice-Admiral, killed
by a wound in the thigh in the same action.]

Seamen 250, Soldiers or Marines 75, Guns 72.

Frigate Uottevbam, commanded by Scljutj bij ^'atl)t
[according to Halma, "be laagete ©nbcrabmiraal," the
Vice-Admiral, lowest in rank, sometimes rendered
Rear-Admiral, sometimes Commodore] l)crl}aef [CUe
l)£rl)Oct.] 80s., 20s. or m., 52g.

Porbvccl)t, Capfiin [afterwards Vice-Admiral] JDf
Citf be, [killed in the third day's battle with the Eng-
lish, 12th August, 1673.] 130s., 30s. orm., 40g.

Klotttvbain (2d), Captain llan Nta, [afterwards Lieu-
tenant-Admiral of Holland, renoAvned among the bra-

81

vest for liis surprising- valor, 7th June, 1(57'.!. |

i;!Os., :!0s. orni., Wo:.

Skips of A.MKTERnAjr.

The Cmiilmann, [Landowner, or 7//e Man oCtlie Land,
Comraandeu]- (Commodore) | (Encvt ^Intonisstu.

13Us. ;!()s. or m., 40g.

The Suit, Wxuk fivune lltrottn. 130s. 30s. or m. 40g.

The ^alf-iUooit, Ian mn Cam^jeu. 130s. 30s. or m. 40g.

The 5Duax)cm)Oorb£, ^Paixlua Stuck. 130s. 30s. orm. 40g.

The tUeeVjrtcslanlr, JBirckiogavt. 104s. 30s. or m. 28g.

The Staxio veil, laris (fEolcnj. 151s. 30s.or.m. 40g.

The frigate Sleittccljcin, (a town of (ielderland.)
lnavlrcnbm-C|. 74s. 30s. 24m.

Ships op the City of Amsterdam.

ThelDage, (Balance,) Sbarcmlr JlTol. 140s. 30s, 40m.

The Boge (lloggc), lllUlcm Ian Stoffelf. 140. 30. 40.

Ships of West-Frieszlaxd, oi; the North Quartisr

The €akb, Slorb. 125s. 30s. or m. 40g.

The Young Prince, The lunge j^uljn, (the Chicken
or Young Rooster [? §attn, afterwards Yice-Admiral,
distinguished in the battle of Messina, 1676, in which
the unsurpassed De I'lugtcr was wounded to death.

110s. 30s, orm. 30.g.

The aicliniacr, Bt ®root. 120. 30. 26g.

The jHeknblick, ffjoultuun. 120. 30. 37g.

The lupitcr, Be Socr. 120. 30. 32g.

The Mniou, (2d, ) ©crrit Jrniaen [Sltniec or €erl)ari&
iennts. I 120s. 30s. orm. 31g.

The j^ollttnbia, 13ackcr, (highly distinguished in the
dreadful battle Avitli the English, 7th June, 1673.)

125s. 30s.orm. 2.Sg.

The (Boltim £ton, liens. 125. 30. 28g.

TheilTonkor®elMng.€lausaTens. 105. 30. 26g.

82
Ships of West Frieszland, and so forth.
The i?o0l)tta, Yice-Admiral [sometimes styled Rear-
Admiral] ])£ttv J'loris, [killed in the Battle of the
Sound or Baltic, 8th (9th) November, 1658.]

150s. 30s. or m. 50g.
The frigate i^oni, (ClausaUei-ts. 100. 30. 28g.

The €nK-l)ua0£r ilTaiit, ^3oinp. 115. 30. 32g.

The Jilonnilxcnbam, Sam^jsom. 105. 30. 32g.

The (dastkofinfirEnbliclf, Ijfsofllakiikrn.

95 s. 30s. orm. 28g.
Ships of the Mecse.

The I3i-£kroibc, Vice- Admiral jDe Itlitte, killed in the
Battle of the Sound or Baltic, 8th, 9th November,
1658. 220s. 50s. orm. 59g.

The |PrtnC£S0 Coutsa, 13osl)ut)S£n. 120s. 50s. or m. 31g.

The ^oUanliia (2d), i^accakntiant. 200s. 50s. or m. 62g.

The ©clbivlonif, Pc ^aes [? ^Itrian — afterwards Com-
modore, killed in defending the Smyrna fleet against
the English, 1671.] 120s. 50s. orm. 32g.

The Srtcl, llan Sanckfii. 130 50 40g.

The CDjIf, m^niga-gen. 130 50 40g.

The ©roiunigijn, ©ttlcnkain}). 120 50 36g.

The Bxela, 33ntrinsf£lb, killed in the battle of the
Sound or Baltic, 8th, (9th) November, 1658.

95s. 50s. or m. 28g.

The ^Ibcvtina, StelliiiQioerf, afterwards Yice-Admiral,
cut in two by a cannon shot in the battle of Lowestoift,
in AAdiich ©pbaiu lost his life, 3d June, 1665.

130s. 50s. or m. 36g.

Four ships, supposed to have been Store Ships, as
thei'p is no account or indication of their having been
armed, commanded Ijy (Jlornclts ^Ofrtsoii, (afterwards
Admiral of Zealand, killed by the last shot fired by the
English at tlie Battle of Harwich, 1666. ]

;3,lii'iaii 13anrkacrt (afterwards Lieutenant Admiral.)

3an Dximn. 3m Kruna.

83

6 Men of War, ariiicil in fliiJc, the Peaul, Medea
Fkuit Tree, Judith, and Charitv.

4 Fire Ships.

6 Galleons, [large ships with three or four decks,
such as were formerly used by the Spaniards to trans-
port the i^recious metals from America, and doubtlsss
ca})tured from that nation or from the Portuguese, (who
termed them Caragues, and employed them in their
trade with the Brazils,) perhaps of the number taken
by ®pbain in his previous successful cruise. J

28 Galliots, aniicd In flute, laden with herring,
wine, vinegar, vegetables, and every variety of the
necessaries of life.

Total. — [Armed vessels 36, (V35 ) (manned by 4619
Seaman and 1295 Soldiers oi- Maiines, and mounting
1348 guns, ) store ships 4, flutes or transports 8, fire
shiios 4, gallions 6, and galliotts 28J — 84.

Page 14 — Line 16.
The Kogije, Rye, Theatrum Europ.eum, (T. E.) the
JBoge, Bow, SuU^bwl) Cebcn mtb ®l)aten btr Purclj Canclj
li90ten. See ^tiltu (£. ^ ©. 0. §;)

Page 17 — Lines 12 and 14.
be )}tx\)Qd (T. E.) l)£rl)aef, (£. ^V (E. S. §.]
®£rl)avb icunie (T. E.) ®ervit jTemsm [ (II. pp. 168,)
®evvit (JEcmse, (IT. pp. 174). (£. &: C S- 15-) J
Page 2i—Llrie 31.
'Schaggen (Scagen) or the Skaw,' can this be Schagen
in North Holland, near the Zuyder Zee V Every author-
ity is perplexing. The f. $c (E. S-§., reads, (II. 169)
unttv finerbact an Scljagcn," (II. 172,) "^tnu Diev I3oot
xioit 6cl)og£n. Prop. Wolf thinks this means "»e'(/- the
LigJd Ship off Schayen, or the Skaw." In the same way
while PuFENDORF states 0pbam's fleet was detained at
Flushing, the £. U (E. 5. t). reads it re.itfJe.s roused unter

84
ber Inaul con ttv Scl)eUing in the chops of the Zuyder
Zee. Who shall decide when doctors di;<a;^rce '/

Page 33, L/ut' 7, "a natire of Zealand.'
M. Basxage in his Annales des Provinces-Unie?,
Tome 11. pp. 521, ^. XLl. states that Gersox, who was
a Dane, fought with as much fury against his country
as if he aspired to the glory of being her liberator.
The fact that he was a jiatire of Zealand, the principal
island appertaining to the Danish crown, properlv
spelled Scelanb, has led to the error, if there /.s o)ie. in
as much as in English its orthography is the same as
that of Zealand, one of the Hnttelr |3rODinres. What is
more, while ©erson and (Etritson sound like Scandina-
vian patronymics, ©EertjEit could not belong to an\- but
a Hollander, or a descendant of that people. Mallet,
the Danish historian, spells it always in tlie latter, never
in the former maini,.':-. That a Dane, however, should
have become a derated Swede in the short space of time
which had elapsed since the peace i)f Roskilde, is not
at all surprising, since he had a prominent example in
ditiBtrup the Bishop of Lund. See Mallet's Histoin-
d,e Daanemarc, Tome 8, Lirre XII, ^j/*. 31(!-'7.

Page 35 — Line 9 — ''Three .shq/'^f."
The£. C 6. ^. mentions the names of two -hips not
contained in the foregoing list, the "Jonas and iilei£l)e-
^pffel (Imperial Globe, or Globe of the Realm — ^^vhich
Kings were formerly represented as supporting in their
hand as the emblem of sovereignty — Sceptkk ?)

Page 35, Line 19, "'Lientenjiuf (-l-eiteral of Einjineery."

]\Iallet, Tome VIII, I.irre XI 1. page 325, stvles
General Dahlberg, the Swedish Engineer-in-chief The
title in the text is taken from engravings in the writers
p()ss(,'ssi()n, \\'h(><e designs were made by that office^- him-
self.

85
Page 44 — '2d and 3d paragraphs.

The Theatrum El'iiop-eum reLitcs Avith regard to the
encounter between the VicToin' and Urcbfrobe, that
"when they (the Hollanders) were about opposite the
point of the Cronenburg bulwarks, the Swedish Admi-
ral-of-the-Realm, Count lUrangel, in the ship Victoria,
mounting, in her batteries alone, 50 half €rtrtl)mm3,
besides other brass pieces, steered with his squadron
against the Hollanders, met immediatelj^ Vice- Admiral
tUitt lUittens, who commanded the ship IJrelreroire, gave
him such a broadside, that, judging from appearances
and the Swedish accounts, he, as it seemed, was humbled
from the first cannonade and drifted, even while he an-
swered with his guns, so near him (tHrangcl) in the
smoke that he (iD.) fired a musket salvo upon the other's
crew, and then ordered him to strike, (send an of&cer
on board to give up his sword ? oboribircn.)

Page 54 — Live 1 — Fah'sades, (I3ustl). )

From the concise language and technical terms used
both in the histories of that period and the rejiort of
(JDpbam, it is impossible to decide to a certainty wheth-
er the allies made a harbor for the night (8th, 9th No-
vember,) under the lee of the island of j^xirn, or pro-
ceeded direct to Copcnljagcn. Basnage says that after
the two fleets of Hollanders and Danes had combined
they steered nortlieast. This would have inevitably
brought them up to that island ; he then adds, and sail-
ed to anchor at the end or point of Zealand. This can
only mean off Copenhagen.

Again, according to the chart, there is no foui- fath-
oms water around Hven, whereas that depth occurs just
outside of the PaliKodeH M-hich protect the harbor of
the Ca})ital. ©pltam's report concludes with the fol-
lowing words: "Given in the ship of the Land lying
at anclior am (Eitlre xiorm ISusclj" — or according to an-
other copy, "am ®iik xian kss I3os£l)e0," the 9th No-

86

vember, 1658. This is very iudefiiiite. Then there is
a small projection, which can scarcely, with proprietj',
be styled a point, called tUooiisljeaiJ, about fonr miles
north of Copenhagen, towards Hveu. off which the
water is very shallow.

Could this have been the locality intended ? The
whole matter is unimportant, except that in the former
case ©pbam not only won the battle, but, to use a mili-
tary term, encamped upon the field. It is more likely,
however, that Basxage mistook the course of the allied
fleets.

Page 56.- — Lines 4 & 5, ^'Newly invented shells cutd
prqiectilesy

To our readers who are endowed with curiosity in
military matters, it may be interesting to learn some-
thing of the military appliances of this era. In order
to keep off reconnoitering jDarties as well as deter more
serious demonstrations, the Danes buried here and there
shells with a cocked and loaded pistol pointing at their
matches or fuses, strewn over with powder, with a steel
wii'e attached to the trigger, which, as soon as it was
jerked or even touched, would fire the pistol and thus
explode the shell.

The Swedes likewise occupied themselves in devising
all kinds of new fire works, among which were small
copper shells having sticks or ramrods screwed to them,
so that they could be shot from muskets into the city
of Copenhagen.

Page 71, Linell, "caiigfd in. the /«-."

On the 2nd December, [O. S.*?] 1658, the ice was
strong enough to bear a mounted horseman — Theatru.^i

EuROP.ECil.

€ r r a t a .

Page 5, Line 4 from bottom; insert before "ASaxora," ''■the true or Anglo"-

' " for ''Guali" read ''aaulV

" for ''a few'' " HwentyP

for "forts" " "ports."
top, after "Fejjnis," insert "[also written C;ei:iut
Fejisex, and even Temse.]"
•' between "of" and "the Sorthern," insert

"West-Frieszland and".
" for ^'■disclaimed,'''' read '■^declaimed."'

for "af" read "of."
" insert "yet" between "army" and "had."
" for "Admirals" read "Admiral."

6,

"15

12,

" 15

15,

" 13

17,

" U

l(

" 15

22,

'• 6

23,

" 5

26,

" 11

31,

" li)

A II T II 0 R I T I E S.

AsNiLKS DBS PuuviNfEs-UNiES, depu-is U) negooidtlons pnur la paix de
Monster jra(?y.'n /(/.^rt/r (^' Brbda, (1682 ff 1678,) par M. Basnage. A
(a Saye,'l7i6.

HtSTOET OF Hoi.LAXn AND THE DcTcii Naiiox, &c. ; by 0. M. Ua-
viKS. London, 1851.

HiSTOKY OF TEE NETiiEP.LANus, (being One of the series of the Cabi-
net OT History,) by T. 0. Geattan.

Theatecm EiTROpJjuM, bon Bert BEittfctBtir&tBsttn eSEScSuJteu, imtij
fHaittiati S&.ttian's &tel: Ertcn. JFrancftfurt am JttaMn, MDOXOIII.

Samuklis Libkei Baeonis de Pufendorf de eebub a Uarolo Gus-
tavo, SvEoi.E Re&e, oestis. Oommentaria,&o. Noeimbees,^!, MDOOXXIX.

HiSTOiiiE de Dannemaro, par P. H. Mallet. A Geneve, 1788.

Cebcn nntt ®l)ttten bcr JDurrljlaudjtigsten Qet-^dliev. unit (f r-
finber ber fiatiBcr bieoer ZieU ^r. ^cbruckt ^n Suitjbacl)
^nber Cljeil ber bnrclilencljtigca See-'^dbeu bieseg IBeit unb
ber®l)ateniinb Zugenbcr berutjmtcsUu ^oUanBiscljien !^Bmi-
ralcn, ^c. (Senruckt ^u JX'urnbeirg, ja?II€£XXXS.

Topographical Desoeiptions, witli Historico-Political and Medico-
Physioal Obgervation.?, made in two several Voyages throngh most parts
of Europe, being a Description of the United Netherlands. By
Jno. Noethleigh. London, 1702.

Le Votakeue Francois ou La Connoissance de VAncien et du Nou-
veau Monde, Mis au Jour par M. VAlhe Delaporte. Nouvelh Edi-
tion. Paris, 1793.

Histoibe DBS Feanoais depuis le temps des G'valois jusqv'' en 1830, par,
Theophilb Savallbe Paris, 1844.

Scandinavia, Ancient and Modern ; being a History of Denmark,
Sweden and Norway, by Andrew Okiohton and Henky Whbaton.

HisToiEE DB LA Maeine Feanqaise, par Eugene Sue. Paris, 1845.

Lives of the British Admirals ; containing a new and accurateNaval
History from the earliest periods. By Dr. J. Campbell. London, 1785.

Ibid : — For Charts, &o. London, 1813.

HiSTOiEE Navale d'Anglbteeee, Depuis la Oonqueio des Normandes
en 1066, jmqu'a la fin de Vannee 1734. A Lyon, 1751.

Life of Nelson, by Eobert Southey.

Iconogeaphio Encyclopcedia, arranged by )I. <&. Jgetfe ; translated
and edited by S. F. Baied. New York, 1851.

JBet fiStoot en WeijerBuitscij JlWoorltenboeft. Francois Halma. Kn's
j^K^t xvtca 2re JLeiBen. 1781.

iSJ^orterlmcj) Ber Jieittstjieit Sjjtracije, faon J. ?i?. ffiantje. asraunsclj-
SdhB. 1807.

Tbchnologioal Military Diotionaey, German-English-Frenoh, by
Captain Geo. F. Duokbtt. London, 1848.

NouvEAU Diotionairb DBS Oeigines, &c. &o. ; par Fe. Noel et M.
Oaepentiek. Paris, 1834.
DioTioNAiEED'Hi8TOisBETDEGEOGEAPHiE,parM.N.BouiLLET. Paris,1857.

Lippincott's Peonounoing Diotionaey of thb World, and oi.dkk
native and foreign publications of a similar nature.

BioQEAPHiB Universblle, om Dictionaire Sistorique, d-c. <S:c

NouvEAU DicTioNAiRB HiSTORiQUE. Par L. M. Chandon et F. A. Dk-
landinb. a Caen, An XII. 1804.

Murray's Hanh-Book, for Travellers on the Continent, being a Guide
through Holland, Belgium, Prussia, and Northern Germany.

Murray's Hand-Book for Northern Europe, including Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.

Two Summer Cruises WITH THE Baltic Fleet, inl854-'5. London, 1855.

dlo ^oUani anii tl)t Putd) ^Cation.

( 'oine, men of NetherlandiHh blood,
Olasp hands, aod celebrate witli nie

That race who, .firet, thrust back the flouil,
'Stabll3h'd their homes upon the sea,

T()gardenB chang'd peatif' reus mud.
Won Ocean to sodality.

Aayluin universal gave

To Persecution's victtma wan,
Thinkers profound, inventors brave,

All whom the tyrant frowu'tl upon ;
Misfortune, Liberty, the Arts,

Tliey weicom'd to tneir heaix of heart3.

The greatest of all eriles, Mini—

Breath'd free 'ueath their protectini^ shield-
Whom all earth elsti conspir d to i>iud.

Till dawn ou'^c more its beams reveal'd,
And iu')ral sentiment, till light

Broti on the long and starless night.

"When Persia's despot's mad ambition
Bridg'd flelleapont'a impetuous stream,

I amottj his labors with perdition,
Swift diasolv'd his inane dream,

Once toss'd my foaming crest in sport.
And gone was all hla myriads wrought.

"Vain fool ! the finite madly thought

Hlfl earthly fetters to impose
On that dread element which nought

But a supernal Ruler knows—
My bursting foam long-liv'd as he

\Vlio dar'd aspireto chain the Sea."

With mighty glee, thus whoop'd the aea,
RoU'd liqaia mountains to the atrand,

Where now HoUandish industry
With teeming harvests clothes the land ;

Eiullmg roar'if the tyrant brine,
"Icliimthis 'SoUow-Land' as mine "'

With hopeful spirit, undlsmay'd.

The Netherlanders' courage rose,
And to the Ocean's Master pray'd,

Who humbled had more cruel foes.
Then, cheer'd with Ms inspiring aid,

To the great task their shoulder laid.

Little by little, dunes of sand
Disaolv'd, reform'd, fenc'd in the lea ;

Submerg'd, regain'd the hard-won land
Began to llourish 'mid the sea.

And Inch by inch, and foot by foot,
The dykes rose up and firm took root .

Repell'd, the Ocean's baffled ire
Summon'd the Tempest to h^ side,

And, with his surges aJ on fire,
Against man's bulwarks roU'd his tide, —

In vain ! though breaches crumbled wide.
Triumphant entrance was deni'd.

Wliat Wisdom plann'd wrought stalwart hand.

And stronger, higher, rood by ro^d,
The dykes hedg'd in th' exulting land, —

Defi d the waves' most furious mood ;
At length, the Ocean's wrath subdu'd,

A mauly race his friendship woo'd.

"All gallant foes respect the bauds
Which dare their honest rights mainUiin,

And such respect the Netherlands
Asks from the flerce but gen'rous main ."

"No longer foes, sworn allies we,
Henceforth PU serve thee," quoth the sea.

While other people plough'd the ground.
Bold Holland's glebe the rolling main,

Prom pole to pole, the earth around,
Each furrow yielded countless gain ;

At home her hive was one vast store,
Glean'd from each clime and every shora.

The dreadful Glacial Ocean paid
: Its tribute to her fearless toil ;
Amid the ice the bases laid,
' Rose an emporium of oil ;
.irtic Batavia, proudly styled, —
Round it Spiozbergen'd glaciers pil'd.

'Neath the equator, that same time,—

When Europe throe'd, convulsed with war,—
' From Java's gorgeous teemf ul clime
1 Commerce stupendous trophies boie,
■And, in that crowning gem of earth,
I To Tropic Amsterdam gave birth,

iCujval with't— can truth ignore ?
1 First, in the west, the Dutch proclaim'd
' Free Faith, free Speech— Manhattan's shore
I The neighb'ring lands' intol'rance shaaietl-
iOood will tow'rds men— strange seed— yet thebc.
Grew th' Empire State's preeminence.

The Indian Archipelagoes

And Araby her gardens were,
Wbere aromatic odors rose

The pungent fruit matur'd for lier.
Till Asia's riches' overftow

Made Holland Europe's entrepot.

And Scandinavia's giant trees,
Cloud-piercing, in her forests grew.

To buQd Dutch merchants' argosiee,
WTiich o'er remotest waters Hew :

And towns upborne on Norway pine
Rose from their fens still soak d with brine.

Prussia's and Poland's fecund plains
For Holland grew their golden com ;

For her were Ireland's, Lusia's, Spain's,
Silesia's choicest fleeces shorn ;

Saxonia's, Poland's em'rald wolds
Nourish'd for her their bleating folds.

The sunny slopes, whose vineyards lint;

The laughing banks of the Oaronntr,
Which lend such glory to the Rhine,

Andfamousrender the Dordogne,
Their choicest flavor'd vintage bare

To crown Dutch burghers^ princely fare.

Two cent'ries since, what glory crown'd
The "Fatherland" ! what comfort reign'il I

Freedom her blessings shed around,
Abundance and content unfeign'd ;

A store house for the world was she
Wliose swelling canvas ttU'd tlie sea.

Eer government throughout the earth

Respect enforc'd, respect inspir'd ;
Cherlsh'd at home, — her rulers worth.

Lent all the Influence requir'd
To safely steer the Ship of State

Laden witli such a priceless freight.

And here we leave her. Pen of mine,
Wtich sung her high and glorious tlow,-

Her triumphs on the earth and brine.
Could never tell the reflux,— no !

No foreign brand, but traitor-hand.
Stabb'd to the heart "mijn Nederland."

Her fame is lustrous as a planet,
While earth endures its halo '11 blaze,

Meteor-like, heroes be^n it,
Thenceforward steadfast shone its rayi ;

Holland ! till death shall end my days,
Notask sojoyousaathy praise.

The grandeur of the bold Dutch nation
The lapse of time shall never pale,

Yet, the world, with acclamation.
Will Its wondrous influence hail :

Thou honest, fearless, tried and true.
Land of the Orange, White and Blue,
Mijn Vaderland, all hail ! Adieu.

"l

^mummn

Vr

(Eljc IDutrl) vlngustue onb €mjjcror af Britain,

Wmi MJIICll IS TNTKliWOVEX AN

Ijistovical anlr ci^tljuolatiiral %mm\

«EI)e Ancient ;?crlanlici-s anb Dutcl) Flemings.

1 eaits k |i?ptcr,

€l)c Putci) at tl)e Ju'ortl) Jpolc anft tl)c JUntrl) in illainc,

THE DTITCU BATTLE OF TJIE BALTIC',
&('. iti". iVc.

3&\tM U StSram, jprimrrs.

POtir.UKKEI'SlE, X. Y.

'"^W^^t-'f?^-

y

^\}t j^btorai

OF

€\]e ?ltttcl) (Augustus, anb (Emperor of IBritoin, geeloub,
?lntcl) JFlanbers, 5a.rmorico, anb tlje Seas;

®l)c ®i-cat Jirst i^ollanMel) ^imiral;

AND

THE FIRST SAILOR KING OF ENGLAND.

WITH AVHIOH IS INTERWOVEN AN

j^iBtovical anb €tt)nologTcal !3lccount

OF THE

MENA-PII ;

2[|}e onctent Ztdaixiicvs an'is Dutcl) Flemings.

COMPILED FROM UPWARDS OF TWO HUNDRED

ANCIENT, MEDI^ffiVAL AND MODERN AUTHORITIES.

BY

11 mtts h f nistEt.

POUGHKEEPSIE :
PLATT & SOHRAM, PR.NTEES.

1858.

Jl)e tiirigSoiii of ifollqr)S,
The small spot of ground which has engaged the
eves of all Europe, even since the earliest ages. — the
mention of whose important name, at any time, excited
the oLsevA'ation of all parts of the world, — and whose
universal trade has communication with all the more
or less civilized nations. — always remains the object of
attentive reflection for every cosmopolite; who has
1:)econie in any way acquainted with its natural, politi-
cal and moral history. A piece of ground, torn from
the ocean, and during so many ages defended against
its rage. — a country appearing to the eyes of travelers,
in the summer as a garden, divided into orchards (gar-
dens), and grass meadows, in the Avinter as a small
archipelago, in which tlie cities, like so many islands,
elevate themselves above. the surface of inundations, —
a state, which is incomparable on account of its long
struggle in obtaining civil liberty, and endless sacrifices
for promoting its interest. — a nation, which has been
continually di^•ided by. political quarrels, violent eccle-
siastical disputes, and internal divisions, and after all
has never been torn asunder, — a nation, under only a
verj' small obligation to nature, and compelled by it to'
be industrious, but nevertheless, simply through its
own industr}', as great in all arts and sciences as anv
nation of the earth ; much greater indeed than all the
favorites of nature, — should not all this make the
KinigiJom of i^oHlJn^ a constant and most important object
of critical observation? — [Aufflirised from the '-Dresses,
MoraJs and Pnstoms In the Kiuf/doin of Holland. " 1808. 1

KDlKreiaccordlogto Act of Congreaa. lathe year 18^, bj- J. WATTS dk PEYSTEEt, in tbe Clerk'd
(KS.e of the DlMlriLt Court of the United States for the Southern District of New Yorlc.

TO

JOHN WALCOTT PHELPS,

CAPTAIN IN THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY ;

THE ACCOMPLISHED SOLDIER AND CHRISTIAN GENTLEMAi;,

DISTINGUISHED FOR GALLANT AND MERITORIOUS CONDUCT

THROUGHOUT THE

WAR WITH MEXICO,

AND PARTICULARLY IN THE

BATTLES OF CO.NTRERAS AND CHURUBUSCO;

THIS WORK

AS A TESTIMONIAL OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM 18

AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED

BY HIS FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.

Ck ^istm^ of €MUBms:

FROM

Kobfit of ©loHccstcr's €l)ronicIr.
A. D. 1170-1204:— 1209-1358-(1483?)

A STRANGE MELANGE OF FACTS AND FANCY.

Transcribed and first Published from n Manuscript

in the Harleyan Library, by

thomas h e a r n e, m. a.

Oxford, 1724.

Anglicised, so as to bevdeUigibleto.nrdinrrrij readers, by

I. ill. k IJ.

Interpolated toords and sentences in ( — ).

A stal^'art young bachelor in this land was tho ; (then )
Cavans* [ [Karant] (Carausine] was he named, the cause

of so much Avo ( woe. )
For tho" he had in war erst been, and done great mais-

trie (exploits).
And had said much of himself (his loyalty) he thought

in tricherie (treachery).

He went and Ijegged leave then of the Emperor of

Rome,
To keep the sea about this British land from strange

men that thither come (infested it ),
And promised him, that, while there, if well advanced

he were.

'Nexxus, tlie Chronicler, tolls ii^ that the Sioltish river Carron {G}^-
Ri'xrs, Latin,) derived its name from OABAUsira, -ivhieli in thin form.
K(C).\RArx, i- almnst identical. — {Carmis. Caeaux, Karatx, Cai-ron.)

V.

To yield more gold to Rome thau all Britain did thither
bere (bear).

Then the Council of Rome believed his fair behest (of-
fer,

And that he was a strong man and of great power with
themeste (multitude),

The Emperor with good charter, and with his own
eel (seal )

Him gave of the sea about (Britain) the warde (duty of
defending) every del (part).

This false man went forth then with his charter aboule

(all about).
And, of evil-doing men, gathered to him a great route

(army).
And then he purchased by the gold that God did him

sende (sent).
And provided him good ships, and into the sea wende

(went).

And won him soon much gold with strength and

quoyntise (prudence and capacity).
And afterwards by robbery ; help, however, failed (to

afford) other wyse.'"
So large (generous) he was to his men of things that

he fonde (acquired).
That he had a very great host in a very little stonde

(time).

He robbed in islands in the sea, and the havens all

aboute.
So that of needy men there came to him so (very) great

(a) route (multitude),

*Tliat is, he tliil not aid the Bomaa allies and subjects, who were iiliui-
dered by his confederates, the sea-rovers, whom Oakausius had been sent
to destroy.

VI.

That there was no neighboring prince able to resist

him round about.
His power waxed ever, so that each land him began to

ddute (fear ),

So that he spoke with the men here of this land,
And appeared to them so faire y now, and gave them

to understand
That if they would abowe (submit ) to him, and him as

their king nome (name ),
That he would bring them all safe out of the danger

of Rome,

And deliver this land from the Romans, and of strange
men (foreigners) echon (every one).

That so free a land as this (Britain ) in the world there
should be non (none).

This land then made him its king, for he was so quoynte
(wise) a man,

And he began to war anon upon the king Basiax.*

And easier against the other gathered his hoste faste,
So that they came together and fought a battle at laste.
But Cakaus of felonye (wickedness) began to under-

stonde (conceive),
And thought that (as) the Picars ( Picts ) were from a

strange lond (land,)

That were with Basian the king, that Fclgexce [ (Ful-
gentius,) his uncle,] hither brozte (brought).

That he would liztliche (likely) to him turn (with them )
for hire he thozte (thought).

To him he spoke so cunningly, and mede (rewards)
began to bede (offer).

" A fabulous sovereign of Britain, mentioued in the Fasti Annales of
Galfbbd (Geoffry) of Monmouth.

So that he (Fulgentius) the king Basian betrayed in
his nede (need),

For tho' he caine with him to battle he turned against

him e(a)chon (every one) :
So that he neither kneAV which were his friends, nor

which were his fon (foes),
And Basian and all his folks eode a non to gronde (were

immediately ground to pieces),
And he himself and many others were slaiu there in

astonde (astonishment at the treachery of so

near a kinsman ).

Then was this false CAKAOrf (Carant) made king of this
land (England) here ;

Without assistance it came to him of kynde (as though
begotten to it or by right) to have such power.*

Then (when) tything (tidings) came they to Rome
that he (Carausius) had done them (the Empe-
rors Diocletian and IMaximian) such shame.

They took a great lord, Allect (Allectus) was his

luuiie,
And sent him into this ( British ) land, and men with

him ynowe (enough ),
So. that in battle this Carausius he slowe (slew),

*CTAi,FnED (Geoffrey) of MoNMOUTn (b-anslated) reads as follows, with
regard to the facts Jiarrated between the 2uth and 44th lines : —

Whicli (the sovereignty) when he had obtained it for the askiui;-, he im-
mediately declared war against Bassianus, and slew him, and took upon
himself the government of the kingdom. For the Picts betrayed Bassi-
anus, those whom Dnke Fulgentius, the brother of his mother, had led into
Britain, who, when they should have assisted him, corrupted by the prom-
ises and gifts of Caeausius, they deserted from Bassianus in tho heat of
tlie battle, and fell with fury upon their former fellow-soldiers. There-
upon tho latter, stupefied, since they were ignorant of who might prove a
friend or who an enemy, fell into confusion, and the victory declared for
OAiiAUHiu.s. AVho, when he had achieved this triumph, assigned to the
Picts a district to settle in, in Albany (Scotland), wherein, ha"\'iug inter-
married with tho Britons, they dwelt throughout subsequent ages.

VIU.

When this battle was done he began to arere (raise or.
wage)

War upon men of this land, because they with Cajkaus

were (had served).
The Bryiones (Britons) then of this land to schilde

(shield) them from schame,
Chose them a new king, Asclepiod (Asclepiodotus)

was his name,
That was Earl of Cornewail (Cornwall), he gathered ys

ost anon (his host immediately)

To war, and to stand against the Romaynes (Romans

who were) ys fon (his foes).
He went him to London^ as kyng Alect there was,
To honoure there false Godes as it fell out then bi cas

(by chance),
Tho' the king this astounded that his folk thus come

(people came upon him)

He at once left his sacrifice, and his folk with him nom
( took),

And went out against him, and hard battle he smyte
(fought),

So much folk there was slain, that grief was it to wyte
(know )

These Britains were so courageous, and wox euer ( wax-
ed or wrought) so faste (firm),

That the Romaynes and their king had to fly at laste.
The Britons followed after, as they ought to do,
And slew many thousand, and Allect the king also.
A lordlyng of the Romans^ that I know was named
Galle,

Came and yielded him to our kyng, and his men, nay
indeed alle,

IX.

The king him took to prison, to London he was brozt

(brought),
The kyng him would give lyf (life), but his men would

nozt (not),
Nor suffer that there should be left alive any of their

fon (foes).

But led him in to London, and his men echon (every

one)
To a running water, that yet is there I wene (think).
And smote off all their heads to bring them out of

tene (trouble).
This water there where they slew them was called

Galle-hrc ( o)k, ( Wallbr ook, )

After Galle, that same prince, that there his death

to(o)k.
Then was Britain., this land, of Roraeynes, almost lere

(empty or delivered).
But scarcely was it ten zer (years) before they here

agayn were,
AsoLEPiOD made himself there to be crowned as king

anon (at once).

And kept about ten years this land well mid ( in pros-
perity) fram his fon ( from his foes ).

But through Romaynes, that hither came ; that heathens
were echon (every one).

And through misbelievers, Christendom was nigh in-
deed al agon (all lost).

Two Emperoures of Rome, Dyodician (Diocletian),

And an other, his associate, he that furious Maximian,
Were both reigning at one time, the one in the East

ende,
And the other in the West, of the Avorld, Christendom

to schencle (desti'oy).

X.

For the wicked Maximian Westward hither sozte (de-
parted),

And Christenemen, that he found, to strange deaths he

brozte (consigned).
Chirches he leveled to the ground, there must not one

stonde (stand),
And all the (Christian ) books, that he might find in any

londe (land).

He would let them burn every one amid the heye
strete (in the middle of the high or public
streets),

And the Christians all he slew and none alive lete (left ).

Before God there was no mercy, then for Christendom.

In so little time never was undergone so great a mar-
tvrdom.

For there were in a month seventeen thousand and mo

( more )
Martyred for their love of our Lord, ( oh ! was not that

great wo ? )
With foreign great Saints that he held ( or flayed alive)

in long torment,
As Saint Christyxe, and Saint Fey, and also Saint

VixcEXT ;

Fabiax and Sebastiax, and many others, as we may in

Church rede (read).
And many a one turned again to heathenism for drede

(dread).
Among all these in this land, that were monion (monks,

or many a one)
Here martyred at this tyme. Saint Albon was on (one).

He was the first martyr, that to England come ( came ).
Much was the shame men did then to Christendom.

XI.

The Lord hath the dear man who many led into Cris-

tendoni (the fold of Christ ).
Under these wicked Emperoures there was a noble men

(man ),

Elevated by their wicked laws, that under them much

won.
Constance (Constantius Chlorus) M'as his name, he

conquered of Spayne
The homage, and of France, and afterwards here of

Bretayne.

t^ollanbtsl) aitb ^celanlrtsl) Sailors, an^ JButcl) a\\i>
-flEinislj 0olbt£V0, tom|)avcb.

Xo sailors can i^ollanbia's sons surpass in trades em-
prize, (a)

But £jclanb's boys the bravest (b) are, when battle's
signal flies ;

And while the ^'ctljerlaubs produced the stoutest men
for war, (c)

Of all the JBtttcl), the (&uelke-lads (d) the palm of cour-
age bore —

Though champio}i^s-belt, Nijmweyeiis sons had won and
nobly wore ; (e)

While of the martial Jlcinisl) race (f ) none were like
il^ainault's (g) men.

Of whom the Yaleiiciennes (h) cits the boldest prov'd
agaiu.*

* Sir WiijjAJi Teju'i.r's Obseri-atlons vpon the United Provinces of
the Mtlierlcnuh: Chap. IV., page 18'2-"4 (1088), (a) Temple, Heylyn,
and a host of authorities ; (b), Temple, aud the results of au hundred
naval conflicts : (c), Ciessir, and the testimony of centuries ; (d), Marlianiis,
Leodius, Long, Lempriere, Anthon, Milraan, Littleton, Spruner, &c. &c.
&c., establish that tlie fBcnnjpit embi'aced the people of the Duohy of
GuEi.DEES (Gelrences) ; (e) and (h), Temple ; (f ), The whole history of
the Spanish and Austrian monarchies ; (g), C';e^ar tirst encountered the
Men'apii and MouiNr, in the Sennegau, aud had the worst of it.

Jnf^nfi-ij, ^nii) i, 1690.

"Never did any Troops perform greater "Wonders
than the Foot, who, when they were forsaken by the
Horse, alone sustained the Charges of the French Horse
and Foot, and being Attacked in Front, Flank and Rear,
all at once, they yet continued firm, unbroken, and im-
penetrable : They let the Enemies Horse approach with-
in Pistol shot of them, and made their Discharges Avith
such an unconcerned and steddy Aim, that the whole
Squadron together seemed to sink in the Ground, hard-
ly thirty of the whole number getting off, and this
Course they so accustomed themselves to, that at length
they laughed at their Eiiemies^ and challenged them to
advance ; The French, on the other side, were so abash,
ed with the Execution done upon them that they retired
as soon as the Wntd) began to present their Muskets at
them, nor durst they any more come near them, but
suffered them to retreat in good Order, without offer-
ing to pursue ; and this unparallel'd Bravery made
the Duke of Luxemburgh speak in their Praise, that
they had out-done the Spanish Infantry at the Battle
of Hocrog, where the SpaniardH performed Wonders,
adding withal, Frincc Waldeck (the Dutch General)
ought eocr to remember the French Horse, and himself
never to forget the Dutch Foot:'— LIFE of WILLIAM
III, late King of ENGLAND and Prince of Oil-
ANGE, M Edition. Pages 288-9. London, 1705.

UNIMPORTANT TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS NOT NOTED.

Page 5, line 24, for "Pyranean" read "Pyrenean."

" 7, " 3, after "English," insert "(See Prefatory Remarks,
page XII, Wonders performed by tlie JH IttcJ) iToot al F/eurus, 1690.)"
Page 7, line 10, after "despot of Java," insert "JUaen&elS-"

" 13, " 16, after "elements," insert "See de Peyster's Dutch
Battle of the Baltic ;" the account of the same, styled the Bat-
tle OF THE Sound, wherein Opdam ' performed acts (of heroism)
which surpassed all the examples of antiquity.' — [Les Delices de
' la Hollande, La Haye, [the I-Iague,"] 1710, Vol. I., pages 245-'6,
and 380-'l, and in de la Neuville's Hisloire de Hollande, Vol.
III., Chapter IX., pages 83 to 94.)"

Page 18, line 27, after "Rhine," insert "which expressed as well
tlie Maas and the Schelde, for all but the Tabudan (i^Ott&t) mouth
of the latter were looked upon as outlets of the Rhine."
Page 19, line last but one, after "Friesland," insert "which in the
Vth Century included Ztelavib-"
Page 19, last line, for Gratton," read "Grattan."
Page 27, line 18, after "Minevia," insert "Menevia or Menapia."

" •' " 32, after "section," insert "(the 'third part known as
i^oUtinlJ, from which Henry Fox derived his title of Lord Hol-
land in 1763.)"
Page 31, line 19, for "in" read "from."

" 33,- " 1, after "385," insert "or 287."

" 39, " 20, for "Tristan" read "Tochon-."

" 47, " 19, after "[or Augusti,"] insert, "or HILARITAS
ADGGG. — [Happiness or Enjoyment of the three Augusti]."
Page 48, line 31, after "which," insert "that learned numismatist
■considers after examination."

Page 52, line 10, for "prancing," read "galloping."
Page 54, line 12, after "demolished," insert "In this singular little
structure we possessed, until within about a century, a perfect
specimen of one of the Roman temples in Britain. A-ccording to
tradition it was dedicated to the Goddess of Victory. 'It had a tes-
selated pavement. It was 19 feet 6 inches in diameter, within,
arched towards the top, with a round aperture (like that of the Pan-
theon at Rome) in the midst of the dome, 11 feet 6 inches diameter,
and the utmost height to the periphery, or edge of this aperture, from
the floor, 33 feet.

"At a little distance from the top, beneath the circular opening in
the midst of the dome, was a small square window on one side, and
round the inside, resting on the floor, were stone seats, and against
the wall, on the south side, an altar; the door of entrance, which
had a regular Roman arch, being placed under the square window.

"Arthur's Oven was pulled down about 1743, by Sir Michael
Bruce, of Stonehouse, near Falkirk, for the sake of the stones ; but

XIV.

with little profit to himself, for the stones were used in constructing
a milldam, which was soon carried away by a flood."

" 55, line 5, for "Nonnius," read "Nennius."

" 59, lines 5 & 6, after "transmutation," read "dLavattn, liorottt,
or damn — Anglicised into Cakos, Carowe, and Caron — may
have been gradually lengthened into Caeuxus, and then into

dLatansins"

Page 73, line 5, after "confound," insert "Bononia."
" 73, " 6, for "Boulogne," read '-Bonogne."
" 78, last line, insert "The lines most applicable to this occa-
sion are those of tricksy Ariel, from Act I. Scene II. of Shake-
speare's Tempest .

"I boarded the king's ship ; now on the beak.

Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin,

I flam'd amazement : sometimes, I'd divide,

And burn in many places ; on the top-mast.

The yards, and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly ;

Then meet and join : Jove's lightnings, the precursors

O' the dreadful thunder-claps, more momentary

And sight outrunning were not : the fire, and cracks

Of sulphurous roaring, the most mighty Neptune

Seem'd to besiege, and make his bold waves tremble :

Yea, his dread trident shake."

* * * #

* » * •
"and for the rest o' the fleet,

Which I dispers'd, they all have met again ;

And are upon the Mediterranean flole,

Bound sadly home for Naples, (Britain).

Supposing that they saw the king^s ship wreck'd,

And his great person perish."
Page 79, line 9, after "foitress," insert "(which Tristan, in liis
History of the Emperors, [Paris, 1644, Vol. III., page 380,] says
had been very strongly fortified, and garrisoned with Roman soldiers
by Carausius.)"

Page 85, line 16, after "tribe" insert "and its affiliations or adop-
tions, constituting a confederation rather than a substantive nation."
Page 85, line 34, for "sixteen pages," read "one hundred and forty-
four pages," or "nine signets."

Page 87, line 14, after "armies," insert "Such, after study and re-
flection, are the writer's convictions."

Page 89, line 9, out "which," and insert it before "branching," in
the lllh line."

Page 92, line 1, after "JDomburg," insert "(where then was the
PoRTus Classis Britannic* ?)"

Page 92, line 13, for "Morionorum," read "Morinorum.''
" 95, " 17, for "immediate antagonists," read "allies."
" 96, " 23, for "(Ronans)" read "(Romans)."
" 96, last line, after "a

XV.

" 97, line 2, after "Germans," read "The only Belga. of pure
blood were the Bellovaci, Ambiani, and Aitrehates"
Page 97, line 5, after "Mor," insert "still a common Flemish word."
(English, Mere.)

" 98, " 29, after "inhabited," insert "then."

" 100, " 15, after "Vanice," insert "and according to Gibbon,
(V. 487,) the tutelar Saint of Corinth."
Page 105, line 31, for "QatOXl" read "Qtt^Ott-"

" 109, " 1, between "and" and "uncertain" insert "inti-u-
sive or."
Page 109, line 8, after "philosophers" insert "followed."

" 109, '• 27, for "Romer's Walle" read "Romerswalle."

' 110," 8, for "iHearaiiii" read "iHenapii."

" 110, " 24, for "raediceval," read "the first or early modern."
" 111, " 14, for "Frisiibones" read "Frisiabones."
" 111, " 32, after "Frisia" insert "JFrie^lanilf. or Fresia, in
the Vth, and even as late as the IXth, century, included the Maas-
Scheldic Archipelago."

Page 112, line -11, after "knife" insert— "(in the Norfolk dialect, a
large clasp knife was, and may still be, known as a'snicker-snee.').'
Page 116, line 3, after "Bois-le-Duc," insert "extending down to
Roermunde, on the Maas, and embracing Lillo and Breda on the
Schelde."

Page 119, line 4, betvveen "a" and "stone" insert "Square."
" 122, " 2, after "Parokeanites" insert "or Parokeanitai."
" 123, " 19, after "progress" insert "Any one who will exam-
ine TuRNEr>.'s !^nglo^0aj£On0, will be satisfied that the Greeks not
only were acquainted with northern and western Europe and Brit-
ain, but had traded thither and established colonies therein."
Page 12-5, line 19, insert "With regard to science in the Nctijer-
lunbs, at the epoch of the invention of printing,, the provinces of
Overyssel and Guelderland were the most learned countries of Eu-
rope,— (Neale's History of the so called Jansenisl Church of Hot-
land.)''
Page 129, line 34, after "succeeded" insert "(about B. C. 120.)"

" 132, "28, strike out from 'Batavi' to 'but' in the last line of the
page, and substitute "their territory embraced the triangle, whose
apex was at Burgunnatium(ScAerete»*c/ianz) bounded by the old Rhine
(which flowed by Leyden), the Wahal, and the Maas (emptying by
its Rotterdam mouth)."
Page 134, line 25, after "[aiones, plural,"] insert "Latinized."

" 135, " 17, after "lurg," insert "Pliny locates the Cimbri,
Teutones, and Cauci on the shores of the British Channel ; Claudian,
in his 'Geiic War,' (quoted page 42,) styles the Ocean, which re-
ceives the Rhine, the '■Cimbric.' We shall see hereafter that the
Netherlandish Cauci were in fact a constituent of the Menapian
confederation, or, according to Pontanus, the Trans-Rhenan IVIe-
NAPii, between the Flevan Lake, the Yssel, the old Rhine, and the
Vecht, embracing about the present province of Gueldres and the
eastern half of Utrecht."

XVI.

Page 143, last line, continue — "D'Anville, more correctly, how-
ever, locates it between the Vire and the Somme : Dewez, from
Calais to the Schelde,"

Page 153, line 13, for "1529 : obstinate," read "1535 ? repentant."
" 153, " 15, before "relapsed" insert "obstinate or."
" 157, " 25, after "bonfires," insert "and judicial mui'ders by
immersion in mortar and subsequent starvation."
Page 164, line 32, after "sea," insert "According to Eyndius : Stra-
Bo, the best interpreter of C^sab, extended the Menapii and Morim
southward to the edge of the Ardennes forest."

Page 171, last line, add to the note, "Valois considered the Porlus
Mpatiaci identical with Boulogne. It is very probable that both it
and Meldi were in the vicinity of Calais.

Page 185, line 32, after "Vllth Century," insert "(See Butler's
'Lives of the [Roman Catholic] Fathers, Martyrs, and other Princi-
pal Saints, Vol. II., Novanber VII., St. Willibrord, pages 826-
828, wherein he speaks of the Prisons at the mouth of the Rhine.
St. Willibrord preached to the Zeelanders, Hollanders, and West
and East Friezlanders, and was first Bishop of Utrecht ; afterwards
the head-quarters of the, so called, Jansenist Church.ot Holland.
Page 195, line 2, after "Boston" insert "(Consult Banc soft's 'His-
tory of the United States,' pages 300- 1, wherein he states that the
Puritans originated "in towns and villages of Nottinghamshire, Lin-
colnshire, and the borders of Yorkshire," and that their "place of
secret meeting" was "an unfrequented heath in Lincolnshire, near
the mouth of the Humber," whence they fled across the sea to Hol-
land, 1608.)"

Page 196, line 20, after "century, insert, " : according to Turner,
it was founded A. D. 600."

Page 200, line 27, after "overcoat," insert "Saxum, which duCange
in his 'Glossarium' mentions as synonymous with Sagum, a species
of cloth, — Gallice, Saie' — (translated by Guy Miege, 'a Coat used
in time of War by the ancient Persians and Romans, being some-
thing like a Jacket, or a close Coat, such as we wear '^m now
adaies," whose skirts did not descend below the knees, — according to
the AcADEMici Crtjscani, "Saia, specie di panno lano, il piu sottile, e
Saia, drappata dicono a una sorte di panno lano fino, chiamato dai
forastieri Peluzzo di Siena,") by Webster rendered 'Serge.' "
Page 216, line 10, after "clocks" insert— "(by Huygens, 1657 —
Clavis Calendaria, I. 9.)" —
Page 221, line 5, for "nulle" read "mille."

" 224, last line, for "at its head," read "head or vice regent."
Page 226, line 8, for "(Deciremus)" read "(Deciremis or Decemre-

MIS)."

Page 227, line 1, out * after "deep," and expunge Note *, in con-
nection, at foot of page.

Page 227, line 20, after "Alfred," insert a *, and subjoin as a note,
"*See Article 'Clepsydra or Water Clock,' in the 'Clavis Calendaria,'
Vol. L pages 4 to 7."

XVll

Paj^e 2S0, lino 2d iVoin bottom, after "constitute," substitute ibi- tlie rest of
tbe sentence, "a distinct worl^, entitled ' The Kise a.vd Pkookess of 'jaiE

SAXO-GEE:iIAXIC-NETnEEI.AXDIsn (.lONEEDEEATIUX, ( Mundpio-Fril Ilk Alll-

rt;ic«,) known under tlie generic name of Fijanks or F];eeme,\,' — wbich
■ will bo published (I). Y.) in tbe course of tbe yeiir, l8o!l, — to n'hicli tbe
reader is referred for details."'
Page 252, line lo, for " V J)n-toaenl30scI) " read '■ S' %Qert0fl;en6osti).'"

' 22, for '■Xin'Us,-'" read "yirdles.''

Page 256-208. N". J!. Readers ivill take notice — altbough the good sense
of the majority should render this remark unnecessary — that while the
main historical facts in these pages are correctly set forth, the unimportant
details were suggested by the author's imagination, in the same way that
while a portrait to be valuable must be exact, the accessories are left to the
taste and taleut of the artist.

Page 25'i', line 9, after "wake" insert, ■' — for the wake of an ancient tri-
reme, or galley of a larger class, resembled that of a modern side-wheel
steamer — "

Page 259, line 10, after "tleet," insert "Bi'EcnETT, in his Xaval History,
says a thousand sail."
Page 261, 3d line, after "peace" iusert a * and add as a note :

"The other warres made by the t'assars prooved not so well in tbe begin-
ning: for Constantius C'lorus, who remained to make head against Carau-
siiis; as Oarausius was valiant & wily, and in possession of al Britannic,
so could he no Avay prevaile against him, but was rather forced by the
G-ermanes which came down against him, to conclude a peace Avith Oarau-
sius ; and so Oarausius remained peaceable Lord of Britannie the space of
7 yeeres. Yet afterwards his companion & familiar friend called Alectus
slew him, and tooko the goverinnent of the land to himself, which be held
:"! yeeres. (W. TnAnEHOs's '•Jlistorie of all the Eomnnc emperors hegiii-
nimj with Cuius Julius Cirsar and succcssicehi enilinr/ leilh Rodulph the
second 11010 reigning^ London, 1604.)
Page 2C:i, line 32, after "Cahausius," insert —

"Ships dim-discovered, dropping from tbe clouds."
Page 275, line 8, after "general," insert —

"Not all the glory, all the praise.
That decks the hero's prosporons days ;
The shouts of men, the laurel crown,
Tbe pealing anthems of renown,
May conscience' dreadful sentence drown.'
Page 275, lino 10, after "enemies," insert "Am,ect[-s might have"exelaimed
ed A\-ith Macbeth —

"1 am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in
To saucy doubts and fears."
Page 277, line 19, after ■■(ilticcs,'' insert —

"And witli necessity.
The tyrant's plea, (AUeotus) excused his devilish deeds."

XVIll
I'liin- liSii, line .S-2, after "p-niiikN" insert ;i *. and (ifld :is a note, ■•llovr the
I'xces'ie'i committerl in London liv tlie disbanded trnoij-^ (-oidd have been at-
tributed— aftei' consideration ot' the preeedini: operations — In historians,
to the Frantcs, is difficult to iniasiine : -.inco it i^ next to ini|io.-sil)le that
Fr AXK and Saxon- mercenaries could have constituted tlie (/-//o/c arniv
of Ai.i.Kcr["s. History records that his iniard corps d'arnu'e — the ««/// on.-
which encountered the Romans, and was almost cut to pieces, was compo-
send of Fhaxks : this rendei-s ir probable that the remainder of the troop.-f
who were not engaged, consisted of Konian legionaries — who had pro-
claimed for. or afterwards de.sorted to, fflaransilis — Romanized l-iritou-s.
and Celtic subsidiaries — among them, perhaps, PirU and Scnln^ whom wb
have reason to suppo.sc first served under the hihurtim of the usurpcr'-i prc-
tlecessor, the ifenapian Arofsrrs,"

Pa,!j;.j L',s:i. line 21!. tor '-iSffisII-broo;" read ■• 5J»al-(8J!b'ntl— -/.'(/f.<. I.alin)-
troac (Ijroc)* ' and add a> a note: "An intelligent critic suggests that
W a 1 1 b r o o c is correct, inasmuch as it is syiKinyuKms with (J a 1 1 b roo c,
and took its name from Lrrrrs (tat.ms. a Komau captain, who was slain
there, 'rhe brook — which i-an nearly acros, the heart of Roman London,
has long since been covered over, and a street, known by the same appel-
lation, occupies a portion of its course and constitutes the only memorial of
ii^ having existed. Moreover, if X(iiit-(raU signifies the "C'reek of (Tallus."
" W ;i 1 1 b r o o k "' (q. d. (rallbrook) may have the same -igniflcation, ami
both mean the (xaul's (or Celt's) brook. This appears evideait from the
substitution of ■• W " for '• (J "' in some words. The name of the kingdom
of ■■^^'alcs " is said to be derived from the root of •'Gael" (Gaul,
Kfic-l, Celt |C hard] I ; and (Grtl^tnalas ( or \V ea las) is the old Saxon
for Frenchmen, and '• W e a 1 a - r i c e " (<■ hard, like k) for the kingdom oi
iVance. "W a 1 - k y n n e " also signifies --W a 11 L , (Cambri) Welshmen

Page 28ti. i!d line after '■caiupaigu.'' insert —

■'Sound, sound the clarion, fill the fife!
To all the .sensual world proclaim.
One crowded hour of glorious life
Is worth an a^ie without a name.'

Page HKi. line t^. after ■■Century," insert » *, and add a< a uote. '■Thk Popej
OFTHK XVrit CKN'Tfitv; translated from Chapter HL page21;i. &e. of -The
Discovery of Italy,' Fornova, 11^45. Histoire df Frnin-e cm .Si-izeiuu Scir/i.
la Jieniii.'iKiinre (The Regeneration) of ,Iri.Ks Miciiki.et. by the Author of
'Oahal'sics,' &c. iVrc.

When Chahi-es VfH of France entered Rome, on theOKt of ])ecember,
1494, the Pope Roderick Uoeuia, the famous Ai.exa.xder ^'I, who re-
cently had been elevated to the Pontifical throne, was not as yet the illustri-
ons personage who has left such a mark in history. He was a man sixt\
vcars old, very rich, who for forty years had managed the finances of the
Church, and collected its taxes. At the time of his preferment he was the
greatest capitalist of the (Roman I t Catholic Cidlege. He did not drive a
close bargain for his place, but paid geuerously. aud without concealment.

XIX

for every rote ; to one, sending, in open day, four mules loaded ■n-ith silver :
to another, five thousand crowns of gold ; putting in practice, to the letter,
the precept of the Gospel, 'Distribute tliy goods to the poor.'

He had four children by his mistress N'anozza, who were acknowledged
publicly, and brought up without concealment. His manners were not
worse than those of the other Cardinals, and he was much iiiore laborious
and attentive to business than they. One thing he was charged A\-ith — that
of being always governed by a woman, the A'anozza, and the mother of
Vanozza ; he was afterwards led by his daughter, the beautiful LucuKTtA,
who has been sung by all the poets of this epoch. His aiiection for her
constituted his weakness, and he loved her too dearly for his own honor.

Another very astonishing fact in connection with the Court of this Pope
is, that Borgia, born in the country of the Moors, at Valencia, in Spain,
wa.s able to attract to Itouie a number of traders belonging to that country,
both Moors and Jews. He maintained an intimate correspondence with
the Turk, and A\as in receipt of a pension J'rora him for detaining as a pi'is-
oner the Sultan Gem (ZizimJ. This strange friendship went so far, it is
said, that lie made tlwproteges uf Bajazet Bkhu-ps, and even. Cordiiiuh.

Tliis memorable pontilicate happened just in time to crown an. Mtonkh-
iny series of wiclced. popes. One only, Pius H, in sixty years, ibrmed an
exception to the rule. The cbaractei's of the others presented a combina-
tion ol" three things : they were, first, impudent debiiuchees ; and second-
ly, at the same time such good fathers of families, so avaricious, miserlj',
ambitious for their own, that they Avould have laid the world in ashes to
make their bastards pi-inces ; besides that, thirdly, they were ferocious
priests. Paul himself tortured the members of the Academy of Rome,
suspected of being Platonists, one of whom died in his hands. This Paul
had such a thirst for the blood of the Bohemians, that in order to exter-
minate them he exhorted Matthias Cop.vinus, the only defender of Europe,
to let the Turks alone, in order to become the executioner of Bohemia. He
discovei-ed a new and singular means of amassing treasure, which was, no
longer to nominate any one to a bishopric, but to leave everyone vacant
and himself collect the revenues. If he h'adlived he would have been the
last Bishop of Christianity.

SixTusIV was much worse. His fur ions, impndenJ, unbridled ponliji-
fiile surpasses the recitals i;/ Suetonius. Kotne,in the time of t/iepopos,
fM in the time of the emperors, has often produced perfect madmen. The
idea of infallibility ntuunied to their brains, so that rnaiii/ a sensibh
man became a furiovs maniac. Sixrus, once Pope, afforded a new exam-
ple. He drove out the women, li\ed like a Turk, requiring thenceforth
only pages. These minions, growing up, became shepherds of souls —
Bishops or Cardinals. With these denaturalized manners, he Mas uo less
actuated by natural feelings ; ruined the Church for his bastards, particu-
larly two, wliora he had by his sister ; embroiled the whole of Italy ; and,
sword and tire in liand, sought to acquire principalities for them. He in-
troduced a, new law of nations ; putting— unhe.ard-of atrocity I — prisoners

XX

of war to tbe tortufe ; aiid threatening thi; bisl]i)|i^ who did not ~ide witli
him to sell them as flaxes to the Turks.

This horrible pope died, and e\er3' oin.- returned thanks to God.
AVho would have thought that the sucL-eediuLr pontifiiate could have been
. worse still ? Yet so it proved. Ixxocext A'III (Jonx Baitist Cibo) \vas
not less rapacious for his own lineage, and not le-s corrupt. Over and
above his own crimes he had a greater, in that he tolerated the ciimes of
all others. There was no longer any safety : rajic. robbery, every crime,
was tolerated in Rome. Xoble ladies were can-ied otf in the evening and
returned in the morning ; the Pope laiig/ied. "When the people saw him
60 indulgent, they commenced to murder ; he wa- nut disturbed any the
more for that. A man had killed t^o gu-ls. To tho>e who denounced the
deed, the Pope's Chamberlain gaily replied, ■(tocI has no pledsvre in the
iJeatJi of a sinnci; hut that he should jioy aiiillia-.'

At the death of Ix^-ocext there were two hundred as^as.sination-- each
fortnight at Rome, j^exaxdei; YI deserves the credit of re-toring some
little degi-ee of order. The cardinals deemed that in him they had selected
an administrator. He was originally a lawyer of A'alencia. They consid-
ered him avaricious, but not ambitions. Althondi nejihew of Calixtus
III, in place of the establishment of a prince, he desired simply a good
post to make money in. One of the Koteki, nephew of Sixxis lY. had
three archbishoprics. Boewa, looking to the suljstaiitial, had only the
revenues of three archbishoprics. Above all things, a business man. a
fluent speaker, agreeable, a prodigious bestower of pnjmi^es. inexhaustible
in falsehoods, this ecclmiastkal F'njaro succeeded singtdarly well in all hi-
missions. That is the reason why he was maintained for such a length of
time in the position of the factotum of the popes, who could not dispense
with him, neither for political intrigue nor for the irreat spiritual traffic,
the counter of pardons and punishments, the bjtnk of livings, of sin^ and
lawsuits.

In this bank of exchaiiL'e between the ;rold of this ^vol•ld and the good~
of the world to come, two things sho^ved that Borgia was not a ATilgar
financier, but an inventive head, a creative mind. He irax the frst of tht
Popes 'irlio declared o'ffi.cially mat he could^ tritli n irord, idinoh-e the finii
even of the denJ^ and, reliete the souls suffiriia/ in ■purtiatnry.

This showed a perfect comprehension of his thne. He foi-^vaw perfectly
that if taith diminished, nature gained strength ; that a- jieople became
less Christian they became the more men [humane], more tender, nuirc
feeling. AVhat son could have the heart to leave his mother in the devo\u--
ing flames >. AVhat mother woidd not ]jay to deliver lier son therefrom '.

But if the spiritual tiie- of purgatory ^'ielded >o goodly a croji, hciw niuch
more were the visible and temporal flames certain to pi'oduce an impre—
sion and extract silver from the pockets, ■\^'ho can tell what amount tlie
Holy See acquired through dread of the Inq^li:^itiou. /// (ieruinuii, tiro
'tiwriks deitpatrlicd, liy Innocent VIII into a imatl district, the diocese of

Tl-creH nUitXT >1X TJIOlsAXD MEX "S xiirceri m.

XXI

AVe have iilrcady spoken uf Spain. Wlioowi' cDnsidtTod liim.self in
dang'ei' I Irto, lun'ried to liorne to lay his piissosiuns al llic feet of llu' Tojie.
What did the latter ? The rapacious Sixjrs I\', so bloodthirsty in Italy,
showed himself i;entle and kind in Spain, ivcallin!;' to the Inipiisition thi'
parable of tlie Gooil Slieplierd. Ai.EXAXDiii; \'I, on the other hand, far
wiser, eoniprehcnded that the more the Inquisition Inn'iied men the greater
need tliei'e would be of the Pope. Kc praised the Inqnisitioii. \\ as cruel in
Spain, clement in Italy. The .Jews and Mooi's against whom, there, he
hnrled lii'e and Hames, found him, at home, the best of men, establishiufj;
themselves near him and brin,L;'iiia' thither their fortunes. \ Pope so inti-
mate with the .lews, the friend of Bajazet, had nnich to i'ear from a cru-
sading army. '' * '"

Page In, line 13. An accomplished Dutch lady infoj'ins the writer that
the )ire.se[it i>roverli is '-Jlieber STurfeS Bitll J3aa})S.''
Page -20, line ■>•.), for -JJclft-liacnr' I'cad ••JJr//fs-/iiirrii."

•■ 21, line lU, for •'Dclph" read ''Delftr

" 2J-, line 17, aftcj- "talent," insert *, and add as a note, "Ei'.mk.nius
stales that when Coxstaxtics rebuilt xinliiii, on the Aiviix, in France, he
(leiived the majority of his workmen from JJritain, 'which abounded with
the licst builders.' ''

Page 24, line 21, .after '■coins'' insert a I', and add as a note, ''The muner-
ous medals .strnck by C'Aii.i-isii s are no inadequate tokens of the wealth
and sple])dor which gra<'ed his reign ; and the inscri]itions and devices with
which they are iinpre.-ised display the jiomji and ^tate which he assumed in
his i.sUmd empire. — P.vlouaye's Jlistoi-ij of' t/ie Aiii/lo-i%,rons.''
Page 27, 2d line from bottom, for "channels," read "profound ehaimels
of a sea or estuary.''

Page :j2, lines SO and iil, strike out "(See note Itius Portns)'' and snUstitutu
after "A. IJ. 40," "t'l.ArDus O.ks.u;, A. U. 4-3."

Page oD, Ihio 10, after "Isis" insert a *, and add as a note "Could the river
Isin, which Ho-\vs through O.rford, luu'e derived its name from this Isis,
the goddess of navigation, worshipped by the Saxo-\etherlandic conquer-
ors or colonists of England?"

Page ol, line 14, after "?Beitsi.st" insert "(?l!EilflSt, a stallion, Diitcli.)''

Page ')\-, line l-"), after "Holland," insert "TuiiXEi; admits that the Sa.xons
who first invaded England conq)rised the Fiusiaxs and their neighbcu-s, and
that the district of .S/f.^/- /(■/•. aronnd 'Jifnlalnl, in miles XX \V. of Jliiauni.
was coloni/.ed by the Stuandfiusii at a date of which we have no records
so that the couulry of the Jtites and Jiiijlcn was settled as remotely by the
X c t he r 1 andish race as theLov>' Countries enjo\ cd \aluable accessions
by the innnigrati(ui of the Danish S a x o n ^."

xxn

Ergo, S^nfiUs (Angli), S a i n >- si and X e t H ek L A x D e E .- are the
same race.

Page 57. Hue J7, after "(Ia.nze" insert "(G axscue, Dntch.)"
Page 57, line is. after -'ffialfie"' insert '•{ffialbf."' Vvtch.)

Page 97. (XV), line 2, after " AUrelmte^,'''' insert ■•(.V< Article Be Ig i v m,
Eiicycliqiwdid Britiinaii-ii. )"

Page 101, liue (i, for '-(Sillttn TXlanS)" read ■'(Sinter, [from Havst.
French,] jS-Iaas, iJiitcli. ) wIio.sl- fete-day — wlieii tlie United Province.?
were Konum Catholic — wsu^ on the 5th Dei-einber."

Page lU. line 28, after ••Frirzlniul." in.-,ert ■'((Jld Dutch; Vrkdand,'''
j)resent Dutch.)''

Page 114, line l:j. after "words,'' insert ■•'I'lie East Fkiezlaxdeks — the
most republican tribe of the Xetlierlandish. and consequently of the Euro
]>ean, i-aees — never acce])ted feudalism. — (Motley I. :),S.)'"
Page J27, line io. after ■'Kcneii-hurcir insert "{Keiieii-liorghcle, a village
wlioNc domain carries with it a title of nobility. )''

Page 13(1. line ill, after "15711,"' add a ^, and insert lu- a note, "On ^47Z-
Sniiit.i' (SouU or Hallows) Bay, 2d Xoveinber of this yeai-. an awfid inun-
dation swept away one hundred and twenty-one house,'- in the village of
Scherfling, seated upon Die >ea. at tlie distance of an agreeable walk from
(he IJdipic, which gave rise to the following ]Joeni. discovered among some
.scraps cut from an old newspaper :

' &)t iJillage of Sljmeling.

A BntchLegeiid «/153n (1570).
• A startling sound by uight was heard

From the wild Sheveling coast :
Ijke vultures on tlieir clamorous tiiglit.

( »r the tramjiling of a ]io-<t.
It broke tlie sleeper's heavy j-esl.

■With harsh and heavy cry ;

Slorm was upon tli^e lonely sea !

Storm on the midnight sky !

The slumVjerers started up from sleep.
Like spectres from their graves,
Then — burst a hundred voices forth —

The waves ! tliC waves I the waves I
The .strong-built dykes lay overthrown ;

And on their deadly way.
Like lions, came the mighty seas.

Impatient of their prey I
Like lions came the mighty seas \

t ) vision of <les|)air I
'Mill i-uins of their fallen licnncs.

'I'hc lilackness of (he air.

XXIU

F.'itliers heliuld the Imstoiiini;- (loom,

With storii, dolivioiis uvo ;
Wildly tliuy looked ai'oviiid for lii'l|) —

Xo Ik'1]), iihi-^l was nifi'li."
Mothers stood ti'eiiiblinu; for their luilic-s.

I'tt'riiijj; eoinplaint — in vain —
N'o ami — but the Almighty's arm-
Mi{>'ht stem that dreadful main !
Jesn 1 it was a fearful hour 1

The elemental strife,
Howlinfj above tlie shrieks of death —

The strnggliiiff groiius for life I
Xo merey, uo release, noho))e.

That nif;ht. the tempest-tost
Saw tlieir paternal hf)mes engulplied —

Lost 1 oh, forCN-er lost!
Airaiu the blessed morning light

Fti the far heaven shone;
But where the pleasant villai;e stood.
Swept the dark flood alone 1' "
Page I Hi, (X\'), for ■'Burgunnatium" read "Kurginatiuni."'
Page 143 (XYT), for "Page Uij" read '-Page 140."

Page 14:!, line :!:i, after ■'Sdieldr" insert, "J.ixg.mmi. in his •History itnd
Anti(/uitie,i (if the Aiiijl.i) Sa.mii Chinrli,' coueurs in this, eonceding — a.s is
the tact. — that the estuaries of the southern branch ol'the Rhini' aud Scluhh
were often confounded in ancient works of geography. At the beginning
of the second century, we descry a small and contemptible tribe, inhabiting,
under the name of Saxon.s, the ne<^k of the Ciinhriiiii Clterxoiieum ; in the
fourth, they had swelled, by the accession of other tribes of kindre<l oi-igin.
into a populous and mighty nation, whose territoi-ies progressi\-ely reached
the Elbe, the lIV.ic/', the Rmst. and the Rh'nif."'

Page ITl, (XVI), between "both it" and "ilnd Meldi," insert '■'Qrndii."
Page 21!), line IS, for '■'■Xiiiurefifii,^- and wherever it occurs, read '"Xijiue-
yen."

Page 205, like If), after "llun,'' insert a *, and .add as a in)te, '-OuoACEa
was the Chief of the <S'c.(/rri [Alans ?J, a tj'ibe, or allies, of the ffiins."
Piige ;!0!2, last line, for "enters.' read "entered.''

" N'ote, 1st line, for "Grantaeeaster," read "(Trantae-easter.'^
" 003, 1st and 2d lines, for "issues," read "i.ssued."'
" PiOS, line 24, after "Ciii.o.tio," insert a '■', and add as a Xole, "Cf.ODro
or Hi.oDi was the son of TErT(D)o.MrR or TnEono.vni, the son of Eiooiiiii
or Maecomir, the famous chief of the Feanks, smig bv Claudiax and de-
feated bv Stilicho.''

Sfi-oLoqjLC.

This history was composed as an agreeable oc-
cupation, and published to gratify the author's love and
admiration of his Fathers' Fatherland, the D u t c h
Netherlands; }-et. nevertheless, was a work re-
quiring such wide investigation and close study that it
has consumed every available hour for u^iwards of a
year. The freedom and influence of the M e n a p i a n s
(ancient Ze eland ers, Dutch Flemings and
South-Hollanders ) cannot be disproved ; but
still, in order to make assurance doubly sure and render
facts more clear and irrefi'agable, a review of their his-
tory is intended, and, to that end, extensive orders have
been sent to Europe for the most reliable publications
in regard tf) so interesting a subject. That the Mexa-
pii, ( MEXAIIIOI j — under a name unknown to histor^-
in its correct orthography — were a substantive nation
when they arrived in the Netherlands is ver}- likely, but
it is just as probable that the name by which the Ro-
mans recognized a tribe was applicable to a ronfedera-
fion. Such is the opinion of two renowned ethnolo-
gists, who derived the Latinized ]^lENAPiT,of C'-esar, — the
Mej^aTtiOf, of Strabo, — from illccn aft, two Teutonic
words, signifying a community of peoples, an appella-
tion which was afterwards universally assigned to the
most prominent constituent of the league. This view
clears up every difficulty as to the location of the
Chauci, Toxaxdri and Suevi, in the territory originallv
assigned to the Menapians. From tlie Men apii the
1^0 Halt l(£i's derived their commercial bias; the Franks.
whatever naval enterprise they evinced in the course ol'
their national career ; the JTIeiniiigfi, their manufacturing

XXV

energy ; the Scclan^trs, their naval superiority ; and the
Puritans their spirit of independence.

It has been remarked that this bool<: seems a conibi-
tion of two works — one a biography of (fTarttUsius and
the other an ethnological account of the Mexapii —
rather than one continuous history. Such is undoubt
edly the case, but as hope assigns it to Chambeks' third
category in his classification of books* — the useful and
instructive — and as it was written to gratify those in-
terested in the subject, and not to please the public, it
is of no consequence whether it belongs to i\\Qfi:rst and
is saleable or not. The fact is, it was written more like
a series of articles for a periodical, and as interesting or
valuable facts were discovered or presented themselves,
than like a connected work undertaken in accordance
with a predetermimed plan, and it was printed from
time to time as the manuscript accumulated, the first
signet having gone to press a twelvemonth since.

Disgusted with the obsequious spirit which induces
historians to follow in the beaten track and flatter the
powerful or popular, lest by striking out new paths for
themselves they should awaken the prejudices and
arouse the hostility of those whose opinions are based
upon their interests, or formed from books written on
purpose to deceive, the writer determined to judge for
himself and vindicate the nation to which the world
does the least justice, while it derived thence almost all
its iLseful if but little of its ornamental. "The world
knows nothing of its greatest men," and we Americans
know less than the majority of those to whom we owe
the most. Misled by the teeming pens and press of

*A ''good book, in tlio Language of the booksellers, is a saleable one; in
that of the curious, a scarce one ; in that of men of sense, a useful and in-
structive one."

XXVI

New England, which deluge the country with their Gas-
con glorification of the Puritan element, we are wofnlly
blind to the immense impulse which the Netherlandish
race gave to the progress of human improvement and
happiness.

To the Kniklicrbakkcr he sincerely hopes that every
portion will prove agreeable and instructive ; to all oth-
ers he has nothing to say except before they condemn
they had better be sure that they are capable of judg-
ing, or possessed of facts sufficient to overthrow what is
advanced in favor of the only people on record whom
Julius Caesar encountered and could not compel to pass
under the yoke. 1. ill. bt |}.

SHakekiLL, ^jrM, 1S'5q.

ir

FatlierlandJ — and from this latter [Holland], it was as
natural they shoTild have an Officer, as it was utterly
against Reason to imagine they should from the other.

"Some have fancied him a Native of Scotland, but
neither is there any real Foundation for that Conjec-
ture.

"As the country of Carausius appears to have been
mistaken by many, so does his Descent : he is generally
understood to have been a low Person, brought by Ac-
cident into Power ; but his Name, M. (Marcus) Aur.
(Aurelius) VaJ. (Valerius) Carausias, frequent on his
Coins, speaks him to have been a Roman, and of a noble
family. Entropiun is of this Opinion." * '"'■ *

Thus it appears, that whatever may be the peculiar
bias of each, historians, almost without exception, ac-
knowledge that he came from that portion of the coun-
try which we know as the Mmtcir |)ro»inces, or the
33'£t()evlaniJs, which, always the most free, never sub-
mitted to the Roman, and was the first to throw off the
Spanish yoke, to which it had become momentarily sub-
ject by a long series and concurrence of circumstances.

English writers and tuft-hunters would claim him as
a countryman, and "as a prince of the blood royal of
Britain." What great invention, what notable exploit,
what enviable possession, what exalted individual, have
not Englishmen claimed or coveted, and endeavored to
prove a waif, or the property of England.

Sound the trumpet. Englishmen! Shout for your
great Sovereigns. Sing, Tennyson, sing:

"That sober freedom, out of which there springs
Oar loyal passion for our temperate Jeings;"

But, have your greatest and best kings been English-
men, born and nurtured, any more than your greatest
painter. West, who was Pennsylvania born and Phila-

18
delphia bred ? Your only true sailor-king, CARAUSIUS,
— the first to divine the source and course of England's
future, — was a Menapian, a, HoUatider ; (Kanute, one of
a line of sailor-kings, was a Dane, a Scandinavian, a
Saxon, the same in blood and instincts as a Hollander ;
Alfred, the son of Ethelwolf and the grandson of
Egbert, the Saxon conqueror of the greater part of the'
English island, and Harold, good, brave, sagacious
Harold, were Saxo7is, morally and physically ; Wil-
liam I., the Norman (Northman) Conqueror, was a
thorough-bred Scandinavian, quasi, full-blooded Saxon,
and his wife was Saxon, the daughter and sister of the
Baldwins, Counts of Flanders ; and your greatest king,
William III., the Liberator, was in everything a Hol-
lander. Shall we swell the list ?

Now, let us consider, for a moment, who the Saxons
really were. Knox, the great ethnologist, says : "Of
the origin of the Saxon race, we know just as much as
we do of the origin of man; that is, nothing," [except
what we find in the Bible,]. "History, such as it is,
shows us that in the remote times, a race of men, dif-
fering from all others, physically and mentally, dwelt
ill Scandinavia, — say in Norway, Denmark, Sweden,
Holstein, — on the shores of the Baltic, in fact, by the
moidhs of the EMne, and on its northern and eastern
banks. * * * The Romans never had any real
power beyond the Rhine. At no period did they con-
quer the Saxon or true German, that is, Scandinavian,

race.'''

* * * *

"The Scandinarian or Saxon (I avoid the words Ger-
man and Teutoi}, as liable to equivoque,) tvas early
in Greece, say 3500 hundred years ago. This race still
exists in Switzerland, forming its Protestant portion ;
loMlst in Greece, it contributed mainly, no doubt, to the

19

formaiion. of tlie noblest of all men — the statesmen^
poets, sculptors, mathematicians, metaphysicicms , his-
torians of ancient Greece. But from that land, nearly
all traces of it have disappeared ; so also fi'om Ital3^
It is gradually becoming extinct in France and Spain,
returning and confined once more to those countries
in which it was originally found — namely, ^oUaiib,
West Prussia, Holstein, the northern states of the an-
cient Rhenish Confederation, Saxony Proper, Norway,
Sweden, and Denmark," and their colonies."

He investigated the question with minute attention
to its every bearing, and proves his positions as he as-
sumes them. Again, to proceed with the research :
Whither did the faint-hearted aboriginal people of
England send ambassadors to beseech assistance to
save their throats from the skenes of the Picts and the
Scots? Let Rapin answer the question: — "It is cer-
tain when the Britons sent to desire their assistance,
the Saxons were in possession of Wesfjjhalia, Saxony,
East and West Frizelancl, ^ollanlt and ^eclanir."

Hume, undoubted Englishman, styled the original
Britons a Celtic race, ''abject^' — could he have used a
more contemptible word ? — and adds, that "they re-
garded the boon of liberty as fatal to them." Pie ad-
mits that the Saxons had possession of all the sea-coast
from the mouth of the Rhine to Jutland. This brings
their southern boundaries almost to the southern limits
of what we know as j|oUan&.

LiNGARD admits that the Saxon race, to the south and
west, had no other boundary "than the ocean."

Craik and McFarlane corroborate Knox to the let-
ter, and Palgrave conjectures that the conquerors of
Britain must have come principally from Friesland.'"
Gratton says that before the Menapians the "Roman

20
legions retreated for the first time," and that their pro-
gress was arrested by that Saxon tribe.

But this discussion may grow Avearisome. Let us
add that it is to the Saxon element alone that the Eng-
lish owe their liberty, their manufactures, their com-
merce, and everything which renders England rich,
great. and glorious. Persevering industry and indomi-
table enterprise characterize the Saxon, the man of
peace, until the violation of his rights makes him the
best iiuui of war upon the face of the earth. And, be-
yond contradiction, the Head and Front of the Saxon
Family is the type ^oUanb.

* * ^ *

There can be no question as to the birth-place of
(JARAUSIl'>i. He was a ^lenapian, whose tribe occu-
pied the country between the Rhine and the Meuse
and the Schelde, their confines fluctuating somewhat,
at times, according to the less or greater pressure of
the environing Roman powei'. This district comprises
the province of Htclan^, the greater part of iSonb-j^ol-
lanli, a part of Htrccl)t, and a goodly portion of ^'oorii-
Srabant ; a district which has given birth to more great
Admirals and enterprising mariners thau any other
territory of equal dimensions in the world. It would
be almost sufficient to sa}' that BriU Avas the birth-
place of Slvoinp and \S^\\\t\X^\ViZ5tn., Dordrecld ov Dorf
of the be lllitts, and Flush in// of k Eugtcr, to claim for
it the highest honors. But Avhen we add, it was
©piJam's Fatherland, that ^ejjn came from Delft-IIareii,
\}an (Btnh from rtrechf, on the Old Rhine, (the Pope
Z^bvittuVl. [jriovi0;;oon] was born here,) llan Qlovtenan-
and l)an Srakcl from Rutterdam, (which last city was
the birth-place of ©crrtt <Bm\t, [Erasmus], as Delft of
be <£root [Grotics], and Heixsius,) — what need we say
more to exalt the country of CARAUSIUS? And

21

yet more can be said. It proved the home and citadel
of the "Silent One," William the Taciturn, Prince of
Orange, the "Father of his Country"; it was the first
land to assert the cause of freedom and maintain it
against all odds, fighting against the masters of four-
teen sister provinces, backed by the forces of the Span-
ish monarch)^ and the subsidies and influence of the
whole Roman Catholic world. It is also tlie Dutch
Washington's last resting place. "He sleeps his last
sleep" in the New Church of Delph.

* ^ * *

,His stately tomb, with its marble statue and brass
effigies, is equal to the majority of the boasted Italian
monuments, and — "to be Esteem'd for its Outside, and
more Estimable for what it contains within." Therein,
illustrious by their lineage, lives and deeds, sleep the
Bodies of Four Princes, and three Princesses, viz :
iTltllittm of Na30ttu, and his Princess ; his Son and his
Princess ; Prince illattrtce. Prince Ji'tlievifk and his
Daughter. Noble Dust, and Rcnown'd enough ; but
all too little to keep it from the Common Receptacle,
the Grave."

The Latin Epitaph, rendered us follows into English,
reads thus :

TO GOD, THE OMNIPOTENT AND PERFECT,

and

In Eternal Remembrance

of

William of Massaii,

Sovereign Prince of Orange,

The Father of his Country,

— Who—

Esteemed his own Fortunes and his Family's of far

less consequence than those of Holland ;

22

Twice Levied and twice Marshalled in the Field very

strong armies, in a great degree with his own

Private Means ;

Expelled the Spanish Tyrant with the Approval of the

States ;

Revived and Re-established the Service of the True

Religion and the Ancient Laws of the Fatherland ;

Finally Bequeathed to his Son

PRINCE MAURICE,

Heir of his Father's Virtues,

The Duty of Establishing on a Sure Basis

That Liberty which was not yet sufficiently Vindicated ;

Truly the Son of a pious Hero, Prudent and

Unconquerable,

Whom PHILIP IL, King of Spain, himself that well

known Dread of Europe, feared,

Vet neither o\'ercanie nor terrified him ;

but Removed him

By the hand, of a hired Assassin and by an Execrable

Crime :

THE UNITED PROVINCES (")F HOLLAND

Have Erected this ^lonument as an Everlasting ^le-

morial.
Under the Arch, at the head of the Toml), there is a
second and a better Statue, of Brass, of the Prince, in
a sitting posture, and "Fame sounding him in his
armor, with this motto ;'"

Thon being her Defender, Liberty is secure,

"With another Emblem of going on steady in a storm,
with this inscribed :"

Tranquil amiJ tlie furious billows.

* * * »

According to de Blainville's manuscript all the
Princes of ( >r;ujge who have governed the Dutch Re-
public, except ^Mlliam II I . King of England, are buried
in this place. Pie adds, "what is most remarkable, at

23
Delft is the tomb of the famous Prince of Ora7ige"
"which is the most curious one in the whole United
Provinces " noted as they are for sepulcliral monuments.
The following is his description of it :

"The Brass Statue of the Prince is placed under a
sort of Dome at the Entry of the Sepulchre : The whole
of it is clad in Armor, except the Head : It holds the
Battoon of extreme Command in one Hand : And the
Helmet is laid upon one of the Steps, which are all of
Touch-Stone. Behind this Statue there is another of
white Marble, in a long Gown, and laid out at full
Length, to represent the Habit in which he was assasin-
ated. Some have fancied that the Brass Statue is done
for Prince Maurice, his Son, and that it was not placed
there till after his Death : But the Epitaph only men-
tions the Father : As beautiful as these two Statues, and
all the others, with Avhicli this magnificent Tomb is
adorned, must be confessed to be, yet the Figure repre-
senting Fame is incontrovertibly far superior to all the
rest, which is also of Brass. She holds a Trumpet in
her Mouth to sound aloud the glorious Achievements
of the interred Plero. Let me just a,dd, that this Statue
supports itself wholly upon the Toes of the left Foot.
At the four Corners of this Monument there are four
other Statues of Brass, all as big as the Life, represent-
ing some of this Prince's Virtues, i. e. his Prudence,
Justice, Piety, and above all his Love of his Country.
On the Top of each of the four Corners there is a Pyra-
mid : The Arms of the Princes of Orange are on every
Part of it ; but in the Middle there is an Inscription in
Golden Letters" which has just been translated.
* * t- *

Fifteen centuries ago, CARAUSIUS, whose original
condition, after unprejudiced examination, would seem
to have been that of a simple Dutch sailor, threw off

24
the Roman yoke, made himself master of England, as-
sumed the imperial purple, declared himself Augustus,
defied his would-be executioner, maintained himself for
seven years against the forces of the Empire, and fell in
the zenith of his power, and about the fiftieth year of
his age, by the hand of treason, and the dagger of a
bosom friend and confidential minister.
He could say :

"My boast is not that I deduce my birth
From loins enthron'd and rulers of the earth ;
Bat higher far, my prond pretensions rise — "

for, despite his origin and defective education, he ren-
dered himself illustrious at ouce as a uaval and military
commander, as an adroit negotiator, as a peaceful sove-
reign, and as a patron of the arts — as a Ro}al Sailor
and a Loyal Ruler. He not only fostered domestic,
but invited the most skilful foreign, talent to embellish
his reign, and displayed in a series of coins not only
his taste and his riches, but also his wisdom and fore-
sight. His ability and prescience shine forth in the in-
teresting variety of his coins, still preserved in g(_)ld and
silver, whose types, struck in his conquered capital of
London, are worth}' to compare with the finest speci-
mens issued by the Imperial Mint at the period of
Rome's greatest refinement. One example, from a
very fine collection, has on one face the bust of the
Emperor, draped in the peculiar military cloak ( /lalx-
damentmn), worn by a Roman general commanding an
army, and the inscri[)tion (abbreviated), "brPERATOR
CARAi'sirs Pirs Felix ArcusTrs"' — and on the other
the Royal sailor clasping "hands with a Female who
holds a trident ; below are the letters R. S. R., the
meaning of which is uncertain. l)nt the signification of
the figures is more clear — the female is undouljtedlv
the Genius of Britain, amicably receiving the new Em-
peror, who flatters her (for the first, time, probably,)

25
as 'Queen of the Sea,' by placing a trident in her hand,"
the emblem of that dominion. CARAUSIUS was the
first Lo perceive the importance of the position of the
British Islands, situated in a temperate climate, remote
from the heart of the Roman strength and intrigue, op-
posite the centre of Europe and the maritime highways,
by which the northern pii'ates were beginning to sweep
southwards along the coast, to the plunder of more
genial and productive climes — and yet separated and
fortified by the most effectual barrier, a wide and
stormy sea. To express this isolation .and security,
this Emperor's coins have sometimes a ship in mid-
ocean on the reverse. Another under the figure o\'
Jupiter, bears the letters M. L. supposed to imply
"MoxETA LoNwxENSis," (Muiteij stiiick ill London.)

To sum up his character is a delightful task for an
historian, for to embody the language of many writers
in various languages CAUAUsirs to a lively, vivid imag-
ination and firm temperament, united the genius of a
profound diplomatist and politician, and the courage of
a hero. His soul was noble, and his whole life glorious,
which rendered his fate the more lamentable, inasmuch
as his traitorous murderer and successor was "not Mas-
ter of one of Carausius' Good (Qualities to countenance
his Presumption."

Generosity, liberality, beneficence, pi'udence, are
attributes again and again assigned to him by historians,
who style him one of the most considerable pei'soiis of
his time, who gained the hearts of all who approached
him, who possessed the affections of his people, and was
their protector against the Roman tyrants — in a word,
in sum up the matter, he was an exalted t}'pe of that
race whose superior has never trod upon this mundane
slage.

Such is a brief summary of the life of this remarkable

26
man, unknown to all but a few students of history. The
details of his career are still more interesting and sur-
prising.

Let us proceed to their examination :

In the distractions and convulsions of the Roman
Empire, Britain, like all the other provinces, became
the temporary seat of power or appanage of various
pretenders and usurpers who aimed at the sceptre of
the whole empire, and afterwards more than once pos-
sessed themselves of it ; Claudius Albinus had set an
example in A. D. 193.

Among these there is one whom all authors unite in
declaring worthy of commemoration and praise — since,
although without any title but his abilities and his
sword, Carausius proved a good sovereign to the people
of England and the adjacent coasts.

He was sufiiciently in advance of his time to compre-
hend the naval resources and general advantages of the
pi'ovince he swayed, so replete with commodious havens,
and abundant in cereal and arboreous productions and
metallic treasures, and to estimate the strength of the
inaccessible harbors and estuaries of his native country,
the mother of the most enterjDrising race of mariners.
The 3Ieiiapii\ or Hollanders, were sailors-horn. The
sea was their glebe, their field of exercise, and their
highway.

♦ * * ♦

While other people plough'd the ground,
Bold Holland's glebe the rolling main,

From pole to pole, the earth around,
Each furrow yielded countless gain :

At home her hive was one vast store,

Glean'd from each clime and ev'ry shore.

While their merchant-marine was unsurpassed in
enterprise, their military-marine knew no superior in
cool indomitable intrepidity. An English naval officer

27
and historian remarks in speaking of the maritime con-
tests of the XVII century, that "the English Courage
could not be conquer'd : and the Dutch Obstinacy
tuouldnot;'^ that their recuperative energies were "the
Astonishment of Europe," and that their "Hydra-Heads
grew numerous from their Wounds;" and Pepys writes,
on the 31st of December, 1664, "after all our (English)
presumption, we are now afraid as much of them (the
Dutch) as we lately contemned them." Oh ! how plea-
sant it is to examine thy chronicles,- thou indomitable
sea-born Holland.

-X- * -;t- * -X- *

They had likewise began to colonize. One body of
their people was settled in Belgium, another had pos-
sessions certainly on the western and most likely on the
eastern side of the Rhine, a third had established itself
in what is now the province of Leinsfer, in Ireland, and
a fourth at Ifiiie/v'a, now /SY. Davids, in Soutli Wales.
Doubtless vestiges of these daring colonists might still
be discovered at or in the vicinity of the spots where they
located, just as we find the surest tokens of the HoUand-
ish race in the name it gave to a province of Sweden,
known even as yet as Halland or i^oHanb, and in the
impress of their industry, their thrift and their intelli-
gence upon the island of Amaeic, the garden of Copen-
hagen, where they were settled, and remain an element
of the population entirely distinct in every respect from
their Danish neighbors.

What is more, that part of England itself, which was
the last to submit to William the Conqueror, and cost
him more blood, treasure and anxiety than any other
portion of the kingdom, was that section of Lincolnshire,
around the Wash, upon Boston Beeps — [Biejys is a reg-
ular Dutch word for deep water or channels] — and
Lynn Deeps, one mass of dykes and drains, almost

28
canals, was called ^oUanb, that is, marsh-land or hollow-
land, such as is gained from the sea, whose name is
derived, as some aver, from the Cimbric dialect, and
was settled by a Cimbric, or Scandinavian, or Hollandish
colony. We are likewise expressly told that south-
eastern Scotland and eastern England, about the mouths
of the Ilumber, were Saxon "long prior to the historic
period, when the German ocean was scarcely (as yet)
a sea."

And now, before dismissing this subject entirely, one
word about the derivation of the word Holland, which
¥,o\i\Q pretend to derive from two German words, i^olt(5)
and Can^=C(juntry of Woods, because originally, ac-
cording to tradition, it was covered with forests. This
is a far-fetched derivation. It A- derlceA from two
words, §ol and Canb, — l^ol, Saxon, (^ol)l, German,)
meaning Hollow or Hole, "i&a0 ist ciii leer unb Ijoles
Canb," (that is, a bottomless land,) (Dicelius, 1697).
Exactly the words of Sauk in and Pevi:at. "\A'e trans-
late : "Holland, created in the midst of marshes, has no
solid foundation, except the wisdom of her founders
and the untiring industry of her people,'' "« ihiu vkim
of earth fioatlng /ijjuji the oceuih /"'

-» •;:• ■;;- -x- *

It is scarcely possible that Cakausius was the real
name of our Menuplrui (Hollandish) hero, any more
than CAr.AOTAcus was the actual patronymic of (Haraboc
or CrailOC — signifyhjg the "Warrior" — (who, having
lost his kingdom by the victory of Ostoru's Scapula,
won it again by his undaunted demeanor and spirit in
his interview with the Emperor Claudius,) — or Ar-
MjNius that of Hermann, the German or Saxon hero,
the conqueror of Varuh, and victor of the fifth "De-
cisive Battle of the World."

After examining the matter with earnest attention,

29
we must arrive at the conclusion that it is at least very
reasonable to believe that his name was Karel, (Hol-
landish,) (Charlhs, English — davl, German,) which
means, a (valiant) man. To Carolus, the Latin for
Kartl, the Romans added an epithet appropriate to
his deeds and temper, ausus, — [whence ousado, Por-
tuguese ; osado, Spanish ; both of which, particularly
the former, arc said — in some cases — to i-esemble the
Latin more closely than even the Italian] — the "Bold,"
"he that dareth, or is not afraid," the ''Fearless One"
— together, Carolus-ausus, alibreviated, corrupted,
and euphonized into Caraltsius.

At first an adventurous sailor, then a skillful pilot,
and afterwards a bold commander by sea, and by land,
he distinguished himself by several brilliant exploits in
the Avar which Maximian carried on against the Ger-
mans and Gallic rebels, or, rather, martyrs to liberty,
styled in history Bagaudte / He early "acquired a singu-
lar Reputation for his Courage and Bravery in several
military Expeditions, but especially at Sea." The em-
ployment of Carausius as an Admiral commenced by ser-
vice against the Saxon-( — variously styled "-Cimbn' and
other maritime People of Germany, or Saxon and Lower
German — ) or Scandinavian pirates, whom Gibbon
elects to call Franks^ erroneously, it would seem proba-
ble, since the Franks proper were never much addicted
to the sea — who in squadrons of light brigantines, re-
sembling those of the Yenefi] so formidable in the time
of CiESAR, or the fast-sailing ''pictm'' of the Britons,
incessantly infested and ravaged the Belgic, Armorican
and British coasts, by which terms are designated the
maritimal districts of Hanover (?) the Netherlands, and
those provinces of France formerly known as Artois,
Picardy, Normandy, Brittany, Poitou, Guyenne, and
Gascony.

30

The -picta?," very longboats, like a modern pinnace,
were smeai'ed with wax, to facilitate their passage
through the water, and carried about twenty oarsmen.
As they were intended for secret service, whether to
gain intelligence or 'tij dart suddenly upon an enem)-,
it was desirable that the}- should remain unseen as long
as possible ; tiii- which reason their sails and rigging
were dyed a light-blue color, to resemble the sea, and
their crews wore clothing of the same hue."

The adventurers who manned them, obeyed a single
chief, their leader, by land as well as by sea, who was
always the bravest of the brave, Avho never slept be-
neath a raftered roof, nor ever banqueted before a
sheltered hearth, — a startling picture of their wUd and
predator}' habits. "To these qualities a celebrated sea-
chieftain, called ©laf, added extraordinary eloquence,
and great personal strength and agility. He was second
to noue as a swimmer, could walk upon the oars of his
vessel while they were in motion, could thi'ow three
darts into the air at the same time and catch two of
them alternately ; and could, moreover, hurl a lance
with each hand ; but he was impetuous, cruel, and re-
vengeful, and 'prompt to dare and do' !"

When the composition of their crews is considered,
in connection with their speed, the subsecpeut conduct
of Carausius appears the more admu-able, who, to
such free and hardy mariners and swift sailing craft,
opposed the lumbering galleys and hireling crews of
the Imperial navy. This would likewise accouijt for
their being able at times to elude his pursuit and baffle
his subordinates, since the Romans had never neglected
their na.yj to such a degree as they had at this period,
when they had most need of it. The science of marine
architectm-e was at a low ebb, but not lower than their
capabilities for managing, commanding and fighting

31

their ships. The Northmen, Saxons and Franks, were
not only aware of this neglect and insufficiency, but
prompt to take advantage of it. They covered the
sea with piratical craft, which, although singly so
small and imperfect, were mighty and dreadful in their
number and comparative ubiquity, and their command-
ers made their descents and robberies tenfold more ter-
rible by their barbarous severity. Finding the Romans
unable to oppose them at sea they were soon no longer
content with wasting the coasts of the conquered prov-
inces,' but, emboldened by impunity, attacked the Ro-
man establishments as well. To chastise or restrain
such insolence and rapacity, the Emperor Maximian
found that it was necessary to create a navy and look
out for an individual capable at once of superintending
its organization and then directing its operations. It
has often been remarked with wonder how the man for
the occasion always presents himself to assume the posi-
tion for which Providence intends him. Not in the
ranks of Rome, or of her tributaries or allies, but from
a nation which had never bowed to her supremacy —
barbarians of barbarians, to the supercilious refinement
of Italian arrogance — he selected his Eckford and his
Perry, and to that Hollander whom his orators and
panegyrists styled "by birth most vile," confided the
construction and equipment of an armament which, for
upwards of ten years, decided the fate of the surround-
ing countries and the mastery of those seas.

Gibbon, and other writers of less celebrity, have at-
tributed the creation of a fleet to the prudent concep-
tion and vigorous execution of Maximian, whereas
naval historians assure us that Carausius, of whose pre-
vious employments, except as a remarkably skilful
pilot, we have scarcely any accounts, deserves all the
credit of overcoming the manifold difficulties which

opposed and interfered with the execution of his orders.
He had everything to make, and yet, great as Avas the
necessity to exertion, the means were defective in an
even greater degree. Nor was this the only obstacle
to success. He had to work and watch, to use the tool
with one hand and brandish the weapon with the other,
for the pirates, although in possession of no vessels of
strength, were still S(i foi'midable by their numbers that,
considering the utter ruin into which a total neglect
and inefficiency had plunged the Imperial marine, thej^
could have fought find overcome what still remained
with half their number.

Dignified Avith the lofty title of- "Praefect or Count
of the Saxon shore," and "Admiral [Thalas siarchus^
of the Belgick and Armorick Seas," Carausius "found
himself, when commissioned to command the whole,
master in a Manner of nothing," and under the neces-
sity of building a navy, which he was sent to lead
against the enemy. But difficulties and dangers which
appal common minds only serve as healthy stimulants
to genius. The new Pra?fect and Thalassiarch assem-
bled and employed the ablest constructors and ship-
wrights in the ports of Gaul, and, as we may well sup-
pose, in HoUandia and Flanders. His head-quarters
were at Boulogne, which the Emperor had designated
as the principal station of the fleet. The Romans had
always considered this port, or this immediate locality,
the most eligible centre for naval operations in the
Channel, but more particularly expeditions against the
British islands. CiESAR, B. C. 55, [See note Ttius
Portus,] Caligula, A. D. 40, Philip H., 1588, and
Napoleon, 1804, all selected it as the point whence
they intended to operate, since, although the harbor is
very inferior, the roadstead affords an excellent anchor-
age for a number of large vessels.

^\)t St0rij

(Ehe IDutcl) !:a.ug«stns anb Emperor of Biitain ani) tlje Seas ;

AND OF

follanb's iUiglitg Sljare iu tlie Wefmt

or THE

'¥iieiBLE ARMAB J. :

LIKEWISE,
FEOM THEIE

MONUMENTS AND THE MEDALS

€mkl ta tkir 3JiOTniii rrai Ittnrk k l^tix fmm

BY THE

'' Bitxbmx Va^txianbJ'

COLLECTED, COLLATED AKD TRANSLATED

BY A.

Utsrittkttt nf tlmt Enri
!!!!!!; m ®

ONCE GAVE AN AUGUSTUS TO THE WORLD AND AN

EMPEROR TO BRITAIN;

— CAEAUsius, A. D. 285-'T — 292-4: —

TWICE PRESERVED THE RELIGION AND LIBERT Y OF

ENGLAND ;

—IN 1588 AND IN 1688—

THRICE PLAYED A DECISIVE PART IN ALBION'S GREATEST
NAVAL TRIUMPHS ;

— -AT SLUYS, 1340; LA HOGUE, 1692; AND ALGIBES, 1816 —

EVER MAINTAINED THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLO OR

€xm mxu /flinilii,

AND

COMPELLED TYRAHTS TO RESPECT THE RIGHTS OE MAN ;

WHOSE REPRESENTATIVES

€l)t itttiji Jhilm,

MADE THE WIDE WORLD THE WITNESS OF THEIR GRANDEUR;

SPLENDOR WHICH KNEW NO LIMITS BUT THE POLES,

THE ZENITH AND THE DEPTH OF THAT ELEMENT

UPON WHICH

FOUNDED THEIR STATE AND HARVESTED THEIR WEALTH :

01 3£lace to BSPjjom tf)e ©ccrtti toas u ffvienti, im Sini>, u ^PteBcrbtr,

Biitt a JSenefartor ;

■WON BY THBIE PATIENT TIGOE, AND EETAINED BY THBIE VALOE AND
ENTBEPEISE.

PLATT & SCHRAM, PRINTERS, P0UGHKEEP8IE.

180S.

JQolIanIr, that scarce deserves the name of laml."

" GlaJ, then, as miners wlio have found the ore,
They, with mad labor, fish'd the land to shore.
And div'd as desperately for each piece
Of earth, as if 't had been of ambergris ;
Collecting anxiously small loads of clay,
Less than what building swallows bear away ;
**=}- +

How did they riret with gigantic piles

Through the centre their new-catched miles I

And to the stake a straggling country bound,

Where lia/rhvng waves still halt the forced ground ;

Building their watery Babel far more high

To reach the sea, than those to scale the sky." — Andrew Maevei.

"A country that draws fifty feet of water,
In which men live as in the hold of nature,
And when the sea does in upon them break.
And drowns a province, doth but spring a leak.

A land that rides at anchor, and it inoor'd.

In which they do not live, hut go aboard" — Bt'tlkr.

'■Methinks her patient soii.-^ before me stand.
Where the broad ocean leans against the land.
And, sedulous to stop the coming tide.
Lift the tall rampi]-e's artificial pride.
Onward, methinks, and diligently slow.
The firm connected bulwark seems to go.
Spreads its long arms against the watery roar.
Hcooj)fi out rui, emj>ir<\ and usurps the shore ;
While the ijent ocecut, n'sini/ o'er the pile.
Sees cm nmphibiovs n-nrld beneath him a mile.
The slow canal, the yellow-blossomVI vale.
The willow-tufted bank, the gliding sail.
The crowded mart, the cultivated plain,
A new creation rescued from his reign.
Thus, while around the wave-subjected soil.
Impels the native to repeated toil.
Industrious habits in each bosom reign,
And industry begets a love of gain." — Goldsmith.

KntereJ according to Act of ''onifrees, in Uie year 18fi8, by J. WATTS dk PEYSTER in the Clerk'i
Office of ttie District Court of tUc DiUted States for tne Soutneru District of Kew Xork. '

IISTTRODUCTION.

■'Hail, holy Order, whose employ
Blends like to like in light and joy ;
Builder of cities, who of old
Call'd the wild man from waste and wold.
And in his hut thy presence stealing.
Roused each familiar household feeling ;

And, best of all, the happy ties.
The centre of the social band,
The instinct of the Jatljnianb. "-Bulger's 'Schiller. '

Canir of inti loxziatijns !

miin (®usj ilievbaar llabtdaniv I

PhYSIIJALLY so 8.^1 all, JIOBALLY so great so 6-7/lrt//

that its continental territory has an area less than one
quarter of England alone — [about that of Wales] — and,
rejecting those portions which are occupied by water
courses, natural or artificial, is scarcely larger than the
state of Massachusetts: — so great that Loms Bouna-
PARTE, in his address to the Dutch army, assembled
upon the plain of Maliban, in 1808, could not refrain
— Frenchman and Celt (or rather Corsican, a race dis-
tinct, SHI ge}ieris,) as he was — from this remarkable
eulogy : the more remarkable because true :

"Officers and soldiers! Your ancestors gloriously
bore the standards and flag of their country to tho ex^
fremiti es of the earth."

Far north, Ice Master, i3ar£Ut^ and happier ■j^eetttskertk drave,
Erst Arctic's virgin bulwark.s burst — to one a glorious grave —
The other triumph'd o'er them frore, that his Hollandish might
Might steer to shear the regions drear, grim with A7itarctic night;
And after frays which mighty praise insure his land alway,
Dying his name's undying fame won Giberaltar's day ;

4

l^ike Douglas, (lead, his miglity ilread, 'gainst odds, that fearful fight
Vast riches gave and made his grave exhaiistless fount of light :
'I'owards the West, in Clio's breast lies hid the remote day
When Holland free, in Acadie, trench'd, built, asserted sway,
'Fore English ship, had made the trip, to steal the fruits away —
^Qoutmanof Gouda, no freebooter. South Holland's merchant prince.
In Jmm, th' East, laid out the feast, has gorg'd his nation sirioe.
While, round the world, gales friendly whirl'd Hoorn's SrljOKten

and £e iltoire
Cape j^OCU avows whose heroes brows the rostkate circlets wear
A score of years, such trophies rears, no other land can show —
Stern truth, proud boast — on ev'ry coast, three centuries ago.

If Dutch coiicluct was so laudable in the youth and
manhood of their country, its declining years found the
army ever faithful to the traditions of its iHanrit^ and
jTrctrcvlc j^mrn, and ready to maintain the lustre of its
palmiest era.

How they behaved under that Napoleon, whom the
world styles (treat, is likewise a matter of history, and
redounds to their honor. On every occasion which
afforded them an opportunity tlie Dutch troojjs excited
the admiration of the Emperor and his Marshals, who,
whatever their faults, were, at all events, capable of
estimating soldierly bearing. Louis Buonaparte beai-s
witness to this again and again, in his "Historical Docu-
ments and Reflections on the Government of Holland,"
of which country he tried to be tlie honest King lln- a
period of foui- years.

At AiiHierllfz they were peei's of the bravest; in the
campaign of FriedlamJ they distinguished themselves,
and GnoufHT and other French Generals, who had the
temporary command of them, lavished Avarm praise.s
upon their cavalr}- anrl artillery. "At the siege of Col-
berg,'' reads the dispatch, "the Dutch infantrv rivalled
in valor the French army." In 1807, under Mortier,

5
upon the shores of the Baltic, "the Dutch army had the
greatest share in the various engagements with the
Swedes, and behaved iiimhI cjlorioushf^ ''It was the
Dutch who compelled the Swedish army in Pome-
rania to a suspension of hostilities" ; and thus, in 1807,
decided the matter in favor of France, upon those
coasts, even as at Ni/biirg, in 1659, their determined
gallantry assured the victory to the Danes. Officers
and privates vied in doing credit to their blood, and
"General Mascheck stopped the enemy a whole hour
at the head of a single squadron" of hussars. "The
Dutch brigade which reached Spain on the 25th of
(October, took part in this (the) action," (in the neigh-
borhood ofBilboa, ) on the 31st of that mouth, "and cur-
crcil if self witli lanrehP "Marshal, Lepebrk expressed
his satisfaction with the conduct of the Dutch, and de-
clared that if ivuH iiiipuniiible io act toifli. greater nalor."
In Spain, (Jhasse laid the basis of that reputation
which his defence of Aiitinerj) crowned. He it was
who ncquired the smibriqiief of the "Bayunet-Geueral,"
from his fondness for using, and his troops success with
that wcajjon, the assumed prerogative of the English-
man. At (Jcaiia^ the courage of his Hollanders won
for him decoration, title and domains. In a Pyranean
mountain pass, those same Hollanders saved the army-
corps of Erlon and made their commander a Lieuten-
ant-General and Baron of the Napoleonic Empire. In
Gallicia, near Bonnal, in the battle of the 17th of March,
1809, "the Dutch brigade covered itself with glory,''''
"advanced against the intrenchments (of the Spaniards)
with shouldered arms ; this bold manoeuvre put the
enemy to flight and decided the victory. " Near Ciudad
Reah\ on the 29th of the same month, the Dutch hus-
sars •'f/iarged icith. e.rtraordiiLanj iutrepidity and the
greatest success." (reneral Sebastianj deemed it his

6
duty to make a special report of their "brilliant be-
havior." Upon this occasion, the Colonel, "at the head
of one squadron of this regiment (say one hundred
men,) charged a body of Spaniards consisting of three
thousand foot and a regiment of horse/' "Their con-
duct,'' adds the French General — well worthy to be a
judge of valor and military qualities — ■'will iminortalizi'
them.'" "The courage they displayed, and the services
they rendered on those days, have been appreciated by
the whole army, and particularly by myself." On the
3 1st of May, 1809, the Dutch displayed unusual gal-
lantry in the capture of Strnlsund. a victory of mo-
mentous importance to the safety of Xapoleons domin-
ion. Upon this occasion the Dutch artillery performed
wonders, and "with its six-pounders engaged for two
hours against twentv-four-poi;nders, and silenced the
batteries of the towu of the right." Soldiers alone can
appreciate the dangers of ;^uch an unequal contest, and
the glories of a success. Two months afterwards (2Tth,
28th July,) on the distant fields of Spain, in the luittle
of Taktvera, "one of the most celebrated througliuut
the Spanish war, the Dutch artillery /)artt'ri(larl/j fh's_
.tinguished itself.'" At Flasldiiy, 1^\, 15th, August,
the same Arm '■covered itself with laurels" in a contest
with the English. ^\-t this very time the Dutch Avere
winning the loftiest distinction upon the rugged field
of Aluinuaciil. Here, as before, their cavalry and ar-
tillery deserved and received the highest encomiums
of King Joseph. "As a reward for the ixooA conduct
of the Dutch in the Spanish army, the}- were authori-
zed to reckon each of their campaigns in the Peninsula
two." Whoever has read any account of the first great
Revolution in the Netherlands, must have almost shud-
dered while perusing the desperate but triumphant
enterprise of ]\Iom)r.vi;on and his capture of Zit-rirkzee.

7
It remained for the Hollanders of the XlXth Century
to emulate that temerarious exploit, by their re-capture
of Fort Batz from the English. But enough has been
shown to prove that exalted praise of the t)aberlani)'3
military is not speaking without book. Hundreds
upon hundreds of instances might be added to the list,
were it necessary to exhaust the I'ecord. Another
name would be deserving mention here, could gallantly
and every quality whicli makes the soldier, atone for
services against his native country. Despot of Java,
"chief devil 'Moloch' of the Javanese," marshal, gov-
ernor-general of the Dutch empire in the Bast, "who
burst through the wilderness of Java with his great
military road," and lives in story as the intrepid war-
rior, the stern disciplinarian, tlie fearless commander,
thou wert a type of the indomitable Hollander, unchas-
tened by his morality, religion, or the almost universal
innate love of justice peculiar to the breed. Ves, I
have a right to make this assertion. Produce &.\\y Order
of Knighthood but that of the "Union," which has ever
adopted for its motto a sentiment derived fronj those
statutes which enjoin upon, and teach, a man his duty
towards his neighbor. The war-cry of the chevaliers
of the "Union" might be the watchword of the pulpit:
" JDoe uiel ax }\t niet om."
{Do 'what Is rujlii, hajjpen ivliatmuy. )

And now, one word about patriotism :

Amsterdam owes its rise and prosperity to its fish-
eries, particularly the "Great" or Herring "Fishery."
This is still remunerative, but the "Small" or Whale
"Fishery," in which two hundred and fifty years ago
the Dutch were all pre-eminent, gradually became less
and less lucrative, until its prosecution entailed an al-
most certain loss. This falling oft' in a pursuit once the
most gainful, is due to the operation of causes with

which the Hollanders had nothing whatever to do, and
mortal could neither overcome nor resist. The ambi-
tion of Napoleon, the counter-voracity of England, the
injustice and rapacity of both those powers combined,
labored to destroy a commerce which was the world s
wonder, the growth of centuries, and in a great degree
they succeeded.

Lie there, mischievous wretch, [Napoleon,] and corrode all around like a

cancer ;
Swallow the nations up, swallow and hunger again.
Glutton! * ' * * *

Germany fought and fell ; with the sword you hew her in pieces :
Holland abandoned her gold, but was oppressed as before.
Is not Hesperias' land like a temple by savages plundered?
Even from the indigent Swiss honor is stolen away.

"Wrecked on your chalky coast [England] are the sacred rights of the

nations :
What is your island else but a piratical den?
Fire to the world you have set, that, unchecked, you may rob in the

medley ;
Like the voracious shark, wander your ships on the sea," —

:1« * St: -i" ->

*****

Hear me ! why this dispute ? [England is supposed to retort.] There is

world enough to contain us :
Greatness and glory you seek ; gain is my wiser desire.
World's benefactor called, but world's manufacturer also.
Since I can only be one, I have selected the last !
Zealous am I for freedom, I mean, the freedom of commerce ;
Freedom of course for myself, not for my neighbors the same.
Therefore I offer you peace ; let us share the hooty ietween us :
Oreen-covered earth shall he yours^ mine ie the hillowy sea,

sings the Swedish jioet, (!!saias (Hcgiirr. late Bishop of
Wexio.

But let that pass. — Eugiaud's unthankfidness to Hol-
land, although far less criminal in intent and less terrible
in its I'csults, is nevertheless, considering her people's in-
telligence, religious sentinu'iits, and blood relationship
to the Dutch nation, alone to be couqjared to Austriai's

9

ingratitude to Poland. I dare not trust my pen to say-
more — so, to resume the subject particularly under con-
sideration, Dutch patriotism : —

"The North Hollanders, however," says Louis Buona-
PABTE, when no longer king, "ijotwithstanding the ex-
pense and loss incurred by the whale fisheiy, persisted in
continuing it from a pure spirit of patriotism, and from
national pride ; and it appears to me that this alone
would be sufficient to refute those who charge the
Dutch with selfishness and avarice. On the contrary,
there is no people with hearts moi'e enlarged or more
generous, and-who are at the same time more moderate
and reasonable in their desires."

So siiiaU, 1 repeat, that the contest for its possession
excited the scorn of the Turkish Emperor, Amurath III.,
who, hearing foreigners dilate upon the torrents of blood
spilled by the Spaniards in endeavoring to enslave them,
and by the Hollanders determined to be free, sup-
posed that the two nations in cpiestion were disputing
the possession of the most extensive empires. What
was his surjjrise, when the object of scj many murder-
ous battles and sieges was shown to him upon the map.
■'If the business were mine," he remarked — in a tone
which showed his contempt for what seemed to him
such a petty affair, — "1 would send my pioneers and
make them shovel such an insignificant corner of the
earth into the sea."

And yet so great, that Home, at the zenith of her
force and fame, with the whole wealth and power of
the ancient world at her command, could not impose
her yoke upon the ancient Hollanders, the Menapii :
so great, that Ch.\ri.kmagne, the greatest monarch that
ever sat upon a modern imperial throne, could not en-
slave them : so great, that the most sanguinary bigot

10
history presents for our abhorrence, Philip II., of Spain,
with the riches of the new workl at his command, the
power of his mighty father in his grasp, the influence
of the Papacy — exerting all its blandishments of future
rewards, and displaying all its comminatory terrors — to
stimulate his peoples and his armies to their utmost,
as his support ; although original]}' possessed of all
their strong holds and master upon every open field,
could not coerce that race to remain his subjects, who
had cheerfully contributed one half of his enormous
revenues to their native-born s(_>verei^-n, Charles V..
— a race, who, swearino- that thev would rather become
Turks than Papists, — CiDer ^xira irttit |Jaus, — victims
than vassals, — threw themseh'es upon the mercy of the
deep, and became as free in body as they had showed
themselves free in soul ; and then waxed so great that
while one foot was planted in the Artie Zone the other
rested in the Antarctic Circle. The commerce of the
world was theirs ; their left hand gathered in the riches
of the East, while their right hand, as instant to the
implements of peace as to the weapons of land and
naval warfare, isiezed wealth and <;io] y at every point
to which sagacity and fearle.-s enterprise could plan
and carry out adventure. Holland is the only state of
which it is recorded that wealth increased, prosperitv
abounded, science flourished, religion blossomed and
bore fruit, and freedom reigned in the midst of a ter-
rific struggle, with a nation of "boundless extent, of
gigantic power," and stupendous wealth, whose ban-
dogs howled and bayed at the gates of the Republic.

Hollanders, and descendants of Hollanders ! Reflect
upon the past of Holland. Hei' glory is (jur common
heritage and possession. We shall do well if emulating
we approach the dizzy eminence of oui' forefathers"
grandeur.

11

" FoM require virtues^ Sire," — exclaimed the Minister
ban iltr ©oea, Grand Chamberlain of the Order of the
Union, instituted by Louis Buonaparte, then King of
Holland, at the installation of the Knights, in the great
hall of the palace at the §agtt£, on the 16th February,
1808, — in his address to that monarch, who was seated
on his throne, surrounded by the great officers, attended
by pages, — '■'■they are what the King of Holland han a,
right to reqiu re from a- nation that has set the example
of them to otiiers : they loere the appanaye of ok r fa-
thers. * " •'■

"To require virtues from us, is to suppose we posset<s
them ! * * Hollanders ! let us resume that noble pride
which is not the effect of presumption, but springs
from the feelings of our own worth. Let as recollect
those (hiysiolien tltesiiirpleProiu'iiceofHollaiitl, yoverit-
ed only by its Counts, and much smcdler than it is in
our days, had already attained such a pitcli, of splendor
cmd power thcd tJie friendshijj and alliance of its princes
were sought hy tite neighhoring Idnys. From that tinw.
the wealth and prosper i.ty of this little cuantry excited
universal jealousy.

"Let us go back to periods still more remote. The
name of Holland scarcely began to be known, when it
already triumphed over the unkindness of nature. Sup-
ported by indefatigable courage and constancy, we had
learned to curb the waters and subdue the ocean by
immense works : and if subsequently our faults, our
dissensions, the culpable revolts of some turbulent lords,
involved us in misfortunes, and reduced us, after a long
state of inactivity, to be considered no longer as any-
thing more than the domain of a foreign potentate ;
with what glory did wo rise superior to that disgrace !
and how great the prosperity that has followed those
times of distress !

12

"Let us call to mmd the times -when our fleets and
armies triumphed everywhere over the haughty hous e
of Austria, when we contested the empire of the ocean
with the English, and strove successfully against the
united force of the most formidable states ! 'What ! aliall
not those iiuble recollectwns iiifipirc nv n-Hh coitjidciur f

Dutchmen ! Was the nation evei' wanting to itself,
as the King has often asked you, when it had great men
at its head V Has it not been the ornament and aston-
ishment of Europe for its industry, its application to
literature, to the arts, to the sciences, and, lastly, to
commerce, whicli flourishes only through their means,
and cherishes them in turn 'i

"I need not speak to you of our ittam'icc, or (jf our
^rcbevic ^ciu"n, Avho may still Ijc quoted, even in the
age of the most accomplished warrior that ever exist-
ed, (?) the great Napoleon, and under the reign of the
brother and pupil of that August monarch. 1 will not
mention our (Eocljoril, the emulator and ri^-al of Vaubax,
or our CDc Uuytcv, llau (^rom^ and Stccnskerk, (Heems-
kerckV) hitherto unequalled on thr ocean. Can their
memory ever be obliterated ?

"Was not Holland tlie cradle of Ekas.\ius, the country
of Grotius, Sjinkersiiock, Vussius, Snrmaii, 5l)ult£n,
tjungens, itluaacljcubvoEck and Boei'ljaaiu, the retreat of
ScALiGER, the asylum of Descartes, the refuge of Bayle,
and the school of Peter the (Ireat 'i (,'an a king, who
patronizes the arts, endeavor in vain to revi^'c among
us these great names, to which such illustrious remem-
brances are attached '•'

"Ao rheraJlers, in a. ronntrtj likt oum, that e.riatu nnlu
tliroiKjIi iixhisfrfj, ■srij^iire, and art ,• tlw iKdli oflionur la
lint niiijiin'd In tlte Item irlio dcfi'iida it, it is eijindlu open
to the man of Jen ruing, irhn iinjiart-'i to it instraetiun ■
to the s/iilfnl inerhoiiie, irJm labors for its presercation •

13

io ilie prjuhiit mid Jioi/e.^f merrliavt, ivlm ndrls in its
irealf]/ ; fn the mnn of letters, loJio does it Jinvor • and
to the citizen^ icJio distinguishes liinisetf tnj his ri lines
and. good coitd.iiet : At] itiag eriucdtij d.eserve inetf of
their eon utnj, alt sh,are the affeetion of a wise Iring, 'ivho
is a, friend, io manlxind and. a father io his 'jieo2)le.'''

These are eloquent words ; but are they not eminent-
ly truthful ? This is a lofty panegyric, but would not
the mere recital of the facts recorded in her chronicles
prove a still more splendid encomium.

Reader, if you ever read before, you know that no
country has ever been greatei^ upon the sea than
^oUauIi or the United Provinces — no people have won
richer prizes, acquired more wonderful influence, or
plucked greener laurels u]ion the most unstable of
elements.

''Earth coiifess'd her power, she sac like ;i ijneen on the waters.''

The foregoing pages and references prove that the
Dutch soldiers of the present era are not inferior to
those of former days— brave, patient of fatigue, perse-
vering, prompt, and sagacious. Belgium learned it to
her cost in 1831, when the Hollandish forces required
but ten days to annihilate her armies.

The following pages will present the story of a Hol-
lander, the first on I'ecord, as illustrious for the position
he acquired as for his distinguished conduct as a war-
rior, but particularly remarkable as an adnriral and as a
monarch.

THE DUTCH AUGUsTrS AND EMPEROR OF BRITAIN AND

THE SEAS :

^\)c ®rcat, I'xvsi, ^oUanbisl) ^btniral.

" 'Tis much he dares ;
And, to the dauntless temper of his mind,
He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor
To act in safety.''

Towards the close of the third century Diocletian.
as famous in his sovereignty as he was abject in his
extraction and obscure in his bii'th, had restored the
Roman Empire to a comparative degree of order and
tranquility. Like Jupiter among the fabulous gods,
he reigned supreme, striking down all opposition with
a mortal agent, launched through space with as uner-
ring aim and blind obedience as those thunderbolts
with which the poets tell us the king of Olympus smote
the Giants who assailed his throne. That agent of re-
pression, destruction, and punishment, was Maximian,
the Emperor's adopted son, friend, general and col-
league.

Doubtless, in order to embody a flattering conceit,
based upon the fabulous connection, Dioclesian assumed
the title of Jovins, while his coadjutor, ostensibly his
equal, but substantially the obedient executioner of his
will, was contented with tbe more modest appellation
of IfercuUus, by whose mythological assistance the
"Father of the Gods" overpowered and swept away his
fearful adversaries. His first real labor, however, al-

15
though directed against an apparently humble object,
proved that with the name he had not acquired the
powers of the demi-god.

In the distribution of the imperial power, Diocletian
retained the East while the West was assigned to Max-
miAN, whose first mission was to suppress the insurrec-
tion of the Gallic peasants, roused to despair by the
fourfold tyranny of their immediate masters, the sol-
diers, the tax-gatherers, and the barbarian invaders.
Like his prototype, the Imperial Hercules, dead to the
sentiments of pity, and alive to the interests of the
higher orders of the state, stifled the germs of liberty
in Gaul with as little remorse and as effectually as his
namesake had choked the Nemean lion. The prose-
cution of this labor brought him to the coasts of the
Atlantic and Northern Oceans, and introduced him to
the hero ol' this sketch, destined to wrest from him
the fairest appanage of his government, the title of
Augustus, and the acknowledgment of rights due to
the power of intellect, developed by the smiles of
Fortune.

MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS CARAUSIUS
was stated by the writers of his own era to have been
of the meanest origin, ('■^vih'.'i.siine ))rd>i,<i") the nursling
of Batavia, (Batam'a: ah.nniiHS,) and a citizen, or rather
native, of the Menapian nation (Menapm civis). Con-
tinental writers never pretend to question the national-
ity of this individual, who left so glorious a name
behind him. By one French biographer he is claimed
as a native of Belgic- Gaul, by another, of Flanders ;
Hemet says, of "the parts about Cleves and Juliers^''
and Captain, Hon. GeoRGE Berkley, R. N., would have
us to believe that he was a noble Roman, born among
the Menapii. This latter, in his Naval History of Eng-
land, shows that he gave the subject his close attention,

16
and is so clear that it is due to him to present his views
almost at length :

••\Vho this Caravsius was, thus honorably brought at
once upon the Stage of public Action, [A. D. 287,] has
not been well determined. Many have erred extreme-
ly about his Birth and Country. * * *

"What we find of him in the old Historians is not only
very little, but evidently it is told with Partiality
against him. He is represented as a mean and infa-
mous Person ; but with great Injustice : what he had
he obtained indeed by Force, but so did those who
hatefully condemned him.

'■'■AureUus Victor calls him a Native of Menapia, and
a mean Person, who had raised himself by slow Degrees
to Consideration. It is plain the Romans thought
greatly of him by the Trust they reposed in him ; nor
is there any Thing to support what this Author says,
which has been the Occasion of many Errors. * * *

'■The BrifisJi. Antiquarians are in a Manner the only
People who have given themselves any Trouble about
this Sovereign ; ' and they in general have guessed
unhappily about him. "■" * '"

"From the Word Menapia^ used as the Place of his
Birth, he has been by these Persons represented as a
Native of Ireland. But though the Word Menapia be
used in a Sense that would justify that Opinion, if there
were nothing repugnant in History, it cannot stand
good here.

''Ireland was not at that Time a Place with which
either the Britons or the Romans had any Communica-
tion ; and it is utterly improbable they should have a
Leader from an Island in which they were utter strangers.

''Menapia is a name of a Part of Flanders [Holland]
as well as of Ireland — ^[that District in which the Mena-
pii had planted a colony, called after the name of the

33

In the year A. D. 285 he found himself able to put
to sea, and sailed with a few large but badly constructed
vessels in quest of the pirates. Ill-built but well man-
ned— for the attractive influence of Carausius seems to
have been always remarkable, and made him a centre of
talent and enterprise — his imperfect armaments no
sooner put to sea under the name of the Roman navy,
and displaying its ensigns, than they became terrible to
the marauders.

Upon every occasion the new Admiral displayed the
greatest ability, and a sagacity more than a match for
the daring sea-rovers, experienced as they were in the
stratagems of naval warfare.

He executed his charge with equal courage and strat-
egy ; more, however, according to the allegations of the
Roman historians, with regard to his own interests than
those of his master. Whether the charge of measures
dishonorable to his character should be entertained by
impartial students of history is susceptible of great
doubt, and should require far better testimony than the
records of men who were the mere creatures of the
Emperors against whom he fought with such distin-
guished results. The character which they assigned to
the Hollander should not prejudice him in the opinion
of those of ]jis race or kindred blood. His subsequent
career is the best proof we could desire of their false-
hood and of Ms surpassing diligence and trustworthiness.
What great man has ever been able to avert the malign
influence of a corrupt court, always jealous of superior
ability, and the consequences of unjust suspicions, awa-
kened by exertions to promote the interests of his subor-
dinates and the rights of tributaries, his countrymen,
while discharging his duty to the dominant poAver ?
What hero but has been the target for the shafts of
calumny, and had his memory handed down to posterity

34
beclouded with the opprobrium of those whose sinister
plans he frustrated and of the oppressors he resisted ?

The impetuous ]*Iarshal Yillars has bequeathed us a
remark applicable to the cases of most great and fortu-
nate generals. About to take command of the army of
Flanders, or the North, at his audience of leave, he
reminded the King, Loris XIY, that while he was de-
parting to combat the foes of his sovereign and countr)-,
he left that sovereign in the midst of his own personal
detractors and enemies.

Born of a free race, and at the head of free men, Ca-
RAUsius, even while compelled to serve against them,
must have seen with mingled detestation and pit}' the
slaughter of the miserable Bagatidte, or the insurrection-
ary peasantry of Gaul, victims of a cognate blood, and
felt his soul stirred within him to put a period to- a
tyranny whose repressive measures knew no restraints
of either mercy or justice.

Whether it is true that instead of chastising the pi-
rates to the extent of his commission, he too frequentl)-
admitted them to composition, is a matter which at this
time it is utterly impossible to decide. Even if true,
such a course may have been dictated by the wisest
policy, for nothing is more difficult than the defence of
of an extensive coast against a numerous body of such
active freebooters as have been described. It is well
known that Charlemagxe, in spite of his reputation
and his power, was unable, in his latter years, to pro
tect the shores of his dominion against the descents ol
the Vi-Kings and assaults of the Norman adventurers,
and, an eye-witness of these ravages, he was seen to
filled bitter tears at the prospect of the miseries he fore-
saw they would bring upon France. And well might
he shed bitter tears, for it was his own bigotry which
set in motion the Normans, and incited them to ravaire

35
his possessions, to gratify not only their lusts but their
revenge (Hume I.ii., a.d. 827). And it remained almost for
the present generation to suppress the piratical incur-
sions of the Barbary corsairs, who for centuries were
a terror to the most powerful monarchies, and inflicted
all the horrors of fire, sword, and slavery, upon the
shores of the Mediterranean, and at times extended
their terrible visits along the coasts of Lusitania and
the bay of Biscay, even to the distant homes of Ireland
and England.

Caeausius succeeded, and his very success was the
occasion of accusations against his loyalty. Finding
his policy the subject of misrepresentation and his
fidelity of suspicion, the Menapian leader changed his
tactics. He connived, it is reported, at the passage of
the pirates, which he may have been utterly unable in
many cases to prevent, but diligently intercepted their
return, — ^of which he was sure to learn from the wails
of those whom they had plundered. Falling upon
them when burthened with spoil, satiated with carnage,
and often unfitted to resist by the labors and hardships
they had undergone in attaining their objects, he
inflicted a just and terrible punishment with his sword,
and took possession of their ill-gotten wealth, as the
just reward of his own and his followers exertions, dan-
gers and exposures. Without doubt a large share was
appropriated to his own use. The treasure thus acquir-
ed by valor and vigilance was neither more nor less
than what would be deemed fair prize-money at the
present day, admitted by English admirals, representa-
tives in Parliament, to constitute the strongest stimu-
lant of the seaman's exertions and the most reliable in-
centive to rapid enlistment. And of this a large pro.
portion is always accorded in strict justice to the officer
in command. The riches thus accumulated, excited

36

anew the suspicions of the Emperor Maximian. Un-
der a semi-barbarous despotism the wealth of the subject
has seldom failed to suggest the basis of an accusation,
whose real foundation was the rapacity of the tyrant.
Maximian imagined that he had proofs, or his flatterers
insinuated the idea, that Carausius intended to make
himself independent ; and the discovery of the mea-
sures agitated for his destruction awakened Carausius
to the necessity of providing for his own safety, and
perhaps originated the very thought of that rebellion
which would never have entered his mind but for the
jealousy and mistrust of his master. We are even told
that the sentence had gone forth, and that a rufi&an had
been delegated to assassinate him if he could not be ar-
rested and publicly executed, and that the murderous
blow was delayed by nothing but the difficulty of its
accomplishment. Was he to bow his neck to the same
axe with which, under similar circumstances, but twelve
centuries later, the Spanish tyrant rewarded the fidelity
of his countrymen, ®gmont and ^oorn, the latter, like
Carausius, an Admiral of Holland blood ?■ Was he to
bare his bosom to the dagger already commissioned to
assassinate him, and betray his countrymen by submit-
ting to a fate which slaughtered the Washington of
)|ollanb ? The doctrine of non-resistance was too hard
for the divines of England in a more enlightened age.
Such a submission was incomprehensible to the mind
of a hardy sailor, a barbarian according to the lan-
guage of Rome. To the injustice of the Emperor the
astute Hollander opposed the vigorous independence
and prompt action of his race. He resolved to aspire
to the sovereignty of Britain, the Belgic and Armori-
can coasts, and the dominion of the seas.

Berkley, however, exonerates him from any dishon-
orable motive or action, in ascending step by step that

37
lofty flight which led to sovereignty. In his opinion,
Carausius, in his dealings with his. opponents, was too
wise to have been contented and "have taken a part for
the whole, when (the latter was) in his Power," had he
not been well aware that, at first, policy must bring
about what his defective force could not accomplish.

Thus, in the beginning, he accepted the heavy tri-
bute which the pirates offered for a partial immunity,
listening to their acknowledgments, affecting to treat
their excuses as valid, dissembling with consummate
tact, until his preparations, urged with assiduous
attention, should place him in a position to act in ac-
cordance with his pre-determined plans.

While thus bridling his impetuosity and guiding his
will with politic prudence in regard to those too strong
as yet for coercion, the Prsefect of the Saxon coast fell
like a thunderbolt upon all whom he could attack on
equal terms, or*under circumstances in which capacity
and courage would compensate for physical inferiority.
The marauders who belonged to this latter category
were seized, and their booty confiscated, wherever he
could find them, and the terror of the examples which
he made kept greater criminals strictly to their com-
pact, until his increasing power enabled him to smite
like the sword of Fate one after another of those who,
originally, united or singly, had been able to defy or
resist him with prospects of success.

Suspected of ambition, his only escape from degra-
dation and death lay in the throwing himself into the
rising tide, and floating on the turbulent flood to for-
tune's haven. Was it a crime that he had learned to
swim, when so many examples must have taught him
he might at any moment be compelled to take the
plunge and struggle for his very existence ? He must
have known the vicissitudes of his career. He could

38
not, if he would, have closed his eyes to the fickle ten-
ure of Imperial favor. No doubt the power which his
own attributes had conferred upon him was far too
pleasant to be thrown away while he could make it
good. A Zee(Sea:)lander as well as a Hollander — for
the latter name was common to both, and the \3aberlonb
of his race embraced both these provinces — he. could
have assumed that apposite device a thousand years
before Zealand selected it for its arms — a lion swimming
amid the boisterous waves and roaring forth triumph-
antly—

"LUCTOR ET EHERGO:"

[I combat and come forth victorious.)
For, had not Carausius cast his lot upon the deep and
swum to shore a monarch ?

We are told that he foresaw the storm, and with a
sailor's instinct he made all snug to meet it, weather
the reefs, whose breakers broke so ominously upon his
ear, and steer into a harbor protected against future
tempests as well as apt for fitting out for sea again.

"All must depend upon the Fidelity and Affection
of his Sailors. Two Things he knew commanded that.
Success and Liberality. Of his Success there could lie
no Doubt, for he was indefatigable, [and] when he
had laid by a Sufficiency, enough still remain'd for all
the Purposes of an abundant Generosity. This he dis-
tributed freely; and by that Beneficence, and by his
prudent Conduct, he kept the Hearts of his Sailors,
while he preserved the most strict Discipline."

Nothing of this is assumed, for, according to the tes-
timony of the "Biographia Nautica," London, 177() :
"The Steps which led to the Execution of his Project
were the more easy and rapid, as the Policy of hia
Gondi(ct, and the eiujaging Gentleness of Ms Manners.
had made him at once the Favorite of the Soldiers, and

39

of the Sailors!" He displayed the standard of emanci-
[jation, appealed to the affections of his naariners, won,
as we have seen, by his temper and liberality, and con-
firmed in their allegiance by his conspicuous valor and
capacity — for, considering the times, —

"A braver soldier never couched a lance,
A gentler heart did never sway in court," —

— enlisted the sympathy of his barbarian opponents,
now become brothers in their enmity to Rome, imme-
diately fortified Boulogne, sailed thence to England
with his numerous fleet, combined with that of the
corsairs who had hoisted his ensigns, was received with
open arms by the Roman army in Britain, its auxilia-
ries, and the whole population enthusiastically awaiting
his arrival to embrace his party, assumed the Imperial
purple, and title of Augustus, declared himself Empe-
ror, defied his former tyrant, and maintained his dig-
]iities against all the powers which his rivals could exert
against him.

Tristan corroborates fully this statement, assuring us
that he was warmly desired by the Britons, so much so
that upon a medal of the time the doubter can read to
his confusion —

"EXPECTATB VENI."

((7ome, o/j,. tliou expected one.)

What makes this impression the more remarkable is,
that it is the only one throughout the long succession of
Roman Emperors which bears such a legend. BuR-
CHETT confirms this in these words, "he resolved to set
up for the Dominion, not only of the Province of Brit-
ain, but of the World itself, and try his Chance for the "
Empire. This he did with such a full Consent of his
Army, which was very considerable, that never was the
Imperial Purple assumed with greater Applause of the
Soldiery."

40

The gauntlet thrown down, Maximian found himself
unable to take it up. By the secession of his fleet he
was deprived of the means of pursuit and revenge.
Established in Britain, Carausius discovered that he
was equal to a contest with the empire. His crews and
his troops were swelled by the enlistment of the bravest
youth of his new dominion, "the Merchants and Fac-
tors of Gallia," and the embodyment of every sea-faring
tribe or nation — stigmatised by the Romans as barbar-
ous— whom certain pay and hope of booty could allure
into his service. The possession of Boulogne and the
ports of Holland aiforded him the amplest opportuni-
ties of augmenting and sheltering his marine. His barba-
rian allies, reduced to discipline, were raised in the scale
of civilization, and rewarded by the dangerous knowledge
of the naval and military arts henceforth available for
their own protection against the rapacity of the absorb-
ing empire. The fertile districts of England afforded
a sufficiency of provisions, and his distant expeditions
provided him with the means of paying those who liad
enlisted in his cause.

That task, to which the Roman emperors had proved
unequal, was accomplished at once, and almost without
difficulty, by the master hand of the self-made emperor.
The North B7-itons — Caledonians, Picts or Scots — ulcer-
ating thorns in the flanks of England while a province
of Rome, were driven back into their native wilds, con-
fined to their own bleak domain, and ultimately, as will
be shown hereafter, were converted into a powerful
support.

Speaking of the Picts, Hemet, quoting (!5alfrc& (or
Gboffeoi) of Monmouth, mentions a very curious fact
in regard to them, .and writes that Carausius who "had
made himself strong both within the Land and with-

41
out, made the Pids his confederates, to whom, lately
come out of ScytMri., he gave Albany to dwell in."

This would go to prove that the Hollander Emperor
carried his arms farther towards the northern extremity
of the British island than any of his predecessors ex-
cept Sevbrus, whose expedition — a mere military prom-
enade— cost him the lives of fifty thousand of his sol-
diers, the very flower of the Roman armies, and accom-
plished absolutely nothing ; for upon the very rear of
his returning columns closed in the intractable tribes he
supposed he had subdued, who were in open insurrec-
tion against his authority before the massive stones of
his famous wall had time to bed themselves in their ce-
ment.

On the other hand Caratisius achieved a double con-
quest, for in the field he conquered with his sword, and
in the council subjugated with his persuasive eloquence
and justice. A little farther on a second Caledonian
campaign is adverted to because the language of the
historians of this era is so undecided as to dates that
we are led to infer that it was subsequently necessary.
But whether such is the fact or not, the resumption of
hostilities may have been rendered necessary, not by an
outbreak of the clans who had already submitted, but
by irruptions of the outer barbarians invited southward
from the extreme north, and even neighboring islands,
by the reports of the affluence which began to reign in
districts which their forefathers and brethren had for-
merly plundered with impunity.

Be this as it may, Hemet then observes "that before
his time the Picts are not known to have been any
where mentioned, and then first by Eumenius [of Autun]
a rhetorician" of this, the third century.

Like our Indians, these Pirts or jMinted men — analo-
gous to our Aborigines from the very custom of daub-

42
ing themselves with various colors as well as from then-
predatory habits and modes of warfare — proved as hos-
tile to the frontier settlements of the Romans as the
American tribes were to our infant colonies ; and then,
when, in addition, we recollect the slogan of the High-
landers, (that terrible war cry which has only so lately
lost its terror to the lowland Scotch,) was the signal for
an onslaught which left nothing but ashes and corpses
in its wake, the parallel becomes the more remarkable,
and suggests at once the war-whoop which curdled the
blood of those who first ventured into the wilderness
of this state.

Whoever reads the lines of Claudiax, in his poem
descriptive of the war with the '\'isigoths ('/t- Belh
Gcfixo sive Pnllentiaco), presenting a picture r>f the tri-
umphant legionary,

"Surveying with attentive eyes below
The pictures drawn on his expiring foe,"

can at once imagine that he beholds one of the Old
Netherlanders belonging to the Jrt'uojn'an cohort of
Carausius, withdrawing his flilchiou from a prostrate
Pi'rt while absorbed in curious contemplation of his
foeman's body, strangely fantastic with devices laid on
with barbarous, taste in colored earth ; or a Xeiu Neth-
erlander, in this very state, leaning upon his still smok-
ing caliver, and, lost to the contest raging in the woods
around, studying with disgust and mingled curiosity,
the wild imaginings with which a ]\Iinsi or Sankhican
warrior had variegated his athletic form, disgusting in
its natural copper hue and doubly repulsive in its arti-
ficial tints, but still so attractive in its physical deA'clop-
ments as to rival the Belvidere Apollo, whose artistic
perfection suggested, at first sight, to West the grace and
symmetry of a Mohawk warrior's manly beauty.

If Cahausius did settle the Ficts in Albany, we know

43

at once how far into the Scottish land his sway extend-
ed, since Alhuiua or Albyn, the country of the J-Zftrmi —
that district from which; usually, the second son of the
King of England derives the title of Duke of Albany,
— (first conferred on the unhappy Darnley, husband of
Maby, Queen of Scots) — ^^is now known as Breadalhane,
and comprises the western part of the couuty oi Perth —
the romantic region lying on either side the Grmnpimi^
range, beyond the wall of Antoninus — so that Carau-
sins must have been the sovereign of nearly two thirds
of ancient Caledonia.

His northern frontier assured, agriculture, prostrate
and neglected, rose to its feet, renewed its labor and re-
paid its benefactor with teeming crops. The arts of
peace, astonished to find a protector, sprung from a race
branded by the Romans as untutored savages, began to
flourish and adorn his court amid the turbulent activity
of war. The martial Franks, won by a flattering imi-
tation of their dress and manners, responded to the
offers of a Ijrave and politic monarch, and assured him
the friendship of a formidable people. England, under
the wise administration of the Dutch sailor, proudly
raised her head and assumed the position of a powerful
state, whose loss to the empire was bewailed not only
by the court but throughout that wide domain which
had scarcely deemed her worth preserving before she
was dismembered. The Roman orator, Eumenius, could
find no language too strong to bewail the loss of its
fields, its pastures, its mines, its woods, its temperate
climate, its convenient harbors, and, most perceptible
deficiency, its agreeable revenues, while compelled to
confess that such a country well deserved to become the
seat of an independent sovereignty.

Nor was this all — the HoUandish Emperor while in-
suring home property was not forgetful of the advan-

44
tages which his position presented. Like UlilUam HI,
this Dutch hero of the third century came over bring-
ing peace and fortune in his' train; like U)iUiaiu he
made himself respected and feared beyond the sea ; the
dread of those who had formerly esteemed themselves
too strong to feel the .effects of his resentment.

To his people Carausius represented in harangues of
force and earnestness, that his own cause and the inter-
est of the Britons, Menapii, Batavi, and other Saxons,
were one, and that to "preserve their Liberties thus far
regained, they must be able to keep off their Enemies :
that this could only be done by fitting out a powerful
Force at Sea ; and that so long as they maintained such
a Power, they must be independent."

Thus incited they set to work, and "were soon Masters
of a fleet Rome could never face" while Carausius lived,
and while his murderous successor was true to the pol-
icy his benefactor had so successfully inaugurated.

"Thus was a Navy fitted out, the most expeditiously,
and the most advantageously that we read in History ;
and the Service became a Nursery for growing Num-
bers."

Carausius knew that to meet him at all on equal
terms Maximian must exhaust his maritime resources
in building another fleet, and when possessed of it
would be reduced to the extremity of employing none
but raw men both at the oar and sail. Under such cir-
cumstances his failure was assured. If new recruits can
never face old soldiers upon land, how much less could
landsmen hope to encounter experimented seamen on
the deep.

"Rome, which had viewed Carausius long with jeal-
ous Eyes, now looked on him with Fear. Britain was
become the School of Naval Knowledge, and while that
grew to an eminent Height under this Commander here,

45
'twas in a Manner lost among the Romans. They fear-
ed to face the Power of Britain, now disjoined from
them, and the Navy of our Country gave a Presage of
what it has since arrived at, conquering all at Sea. "

But the astute Menapian did not intend that his op-
ponent should even proceed with his projected prepar-
ation without such hindrances as should make the pro-
cess both costly and laborious.

"Carausius, who himself commanded, was continu-
ally out ; not content with defensive Strength, he acted
on the ofE'ensive, plundering all along the Coasts of
Gaul. This British Navy acted on British Principles ;
sparing no Roman Settlements where it could destroy."
Like a skilful matador, Carausius waited the attack of
the maddened "toro," whose every movement taught
him to beware.

Bursting with fury, impotent but hopeful, the savage
Maximian bent all his. energies to recreating that cre-
ation his confidence in the Menapian Count or Prsefect,
succeeded by impolitic distrust and consequent injustice,
had lost to Rome, and left its emperor powerless for
revenge. The fruit of his own prudence, opulence and
vigor, had only served for his humiliation. Master of
half the earth, his rule was limited by the receding or
advancing tide. He might gather shells as trophies
like Caligula, but the wave bursting upon the beach
was just as much his vassal as was Carausius.

Still, what his imperial will had once evoked that
will could summon forth again. East, west and south,
wherever Roman eagles spread abroad their wings above
a naval depot safe from the onslaught of Carausius,
the shipwright's hammer, axe and saw, sounded the
note of preparation. Whole forests felled, grew fast
to massive ships, whole fields of flax to hempen wings
and sinews, and straining thousands gave to the sea

46
another fleet, to test the rebel's rights to that he had
acquired. By day and night, new legions marshalled
to the coast, mounted the lofty triremes, while sweating
slaves below by thousands tugged at the ponderous
oars. By day and night new fleets — ^brought down the
rivers from far inland admiralties — converging, swelled
to an Armada, Avhose display inspired the orator of
Treves — Claudius Mamertinus. His panegyrics pre-
saged certain triumph. But the vast expenditure ol'
time and labor brought forth no styptic to astringe the
wound Cabausius had inflicted. The Trevirian's grace-
ful adulations were silenced by events.

Once launched upon the tempestuous element, and
the relation of the contest between the Hollander's and
Maximian's fleets is but anticipating what the "Armada"
underwent when the Saxon Netherlands and Saxon
England stooped on her like a swift brood of falcons on
a flock of cranes. New to the sea, the imperial arma-
ments and crews were baffled, battered, grappled, slain,
or taken by the veteran sailors of the Menapian admi-
ral-king. Henceforth the flowing periods of the Ro-
man orator allude no more to that magnificence he had
hailed as launched and rigged to consummate his mas
ter's glory.

By his revolt, Carausius had acquired more than the
greatest victory could bestow ; this second triumph
made his throne secure. Carausius seemed in the po-
sition to utter England's taunt to Napoleon after Tra-
falgar :

'•Bnild me a second fleet that I may win it again."

*><* + *

"Higli yet flutters ray flag, * * *

Ocean is frothy with blood ; meet me, thou haughty ono, there."

* - :>- :p +

The contest for the time was decided. Rome began
to tremble at the astonishing progress of her former
vassal, and, unable to coerce him, the politic Diocletian

47
and the ferocious Masimian were compelled to concili-
ate the enterprising spirit of Carausius. They resigned
to him the sovereignty of Britain, and admitted theii-
former subordinate to a participation of the imperial
honors and power.

A number of his silver coins and medals, still pre-
served, but with very rare exceptions nowhere except
in England, — some representing on one side the head
of the Menapian monarch, with the inscription, IMP.
CARAUSIUS P. F. AUG., and on the reverse the
portraitures of t^vo Emperors joining hands, in allusion
to his agreement with Maximian ; others displaying
the heads of two Emperors, and having on the reverse
two hands joined together, with these words, CON-
CORDIA AUGG.— [Concord of the two Augusti,
Carausius and Maximian] — or PROVIDENTIA
AUGGG. — [Provision of the three Augusti] — or PAX
AUGGG. — [The Peace of the three Augusti] — or
LiETITIA AUGGG.— [The Joy of the three Augusti]
— exist as excellent evidence to show that there
were three Emperors at this 'time. To render these
inscriptions clear to every class of readers, it is well
to remark that "Augustus, "[=gro wing, increasing,]
before it was used as a proper name, was a title of the
sovereigns of the Roman state ; as it is said that
"Wilhelm"-[=Gilt or Golden Helmet=a Safe Protec-
tion] was of some of the German Potentates.

But the most important of all, is the medal on which
we find the heads of the three Emperors, (Carausius,
Diocletian, and Maximian,) side by side, with the le-
gend or motto :

Caravsivs et Fratres svi.
Carausius arid Ids {Imjjerial) Brothers.

Perhaps, however, the specimen with S. C, signif}'-
iug "Senatus Consulto," [by authority of a decree of
the Senate,] as well as "Pax Augusti," [Peace of Au-

48
gustus,] will be most satisfactory, and induce those
difficult of belief to credit that this peace or confra-
ternity had at all events the sanction of the Roman
Senate.

These memorials of his reign have been (engraved?)
explained with perspicuity and learning by Gasparo
Luigi Oderico, numismatologist and antiquarian (1725
-1803) in a communication published in the "Journal
of the Litterati of Pisa," and N. Genebrier, likewise a
distinguished numismatologist and antiquarian, gave
to the world a "History of Carausivs, Emjperor of
Gh'eat Britain, authenticated by his Medals," Paris,
4to, 1740 ; much less complete, however, than the his-
tory or biography of our hero by Dr. Williain Stuke-
ley, published at London, in 4to, 1757. This last, an
antiquarian, a physician, and ultimately a clergyman
(1687-1756), having constructed a fanciful fabric with
regard to CARAUSIUS, the creation of his prejudices,
we have neither examined, por sought to examine, an
hypothetic history, based on an individual's preposses-
sions, which is acknowledged as deformed by man}-
errors.

"Mr. Akerman enumerates of the coins of CARAU-
SIUS, five .varieties in gold, fifty in silver, and upward
of two hundred and fifty in small brass. ]\Ir. Hardy
has added many more."

The celebrated Doctor Mead became possessed of an-
other unique and curious medal, which is now in the
Museum of the King of France, a present from its ori-
ginal possessor. On its reverse is a female head, with
the inscription, ORIUNA AUG.[usta], which is un-
questionably the head of an Empress of the name of
Oriuna, wife of CARAUSIUS. Berkley also furnishes
the fac-similes of three very enterestiug medals of
this sovereign. But further than they elucidate his

49
career, we will not devote our attention to them in
this work, Ijut leave their explanation to those who
devote their labors more particularly to such subjects.

Whatever may have been the terms of the treaty
entered into by the Triumvirate, it is certain that
Cabausios expected nothing from a compact, how-
ever solemn, which he knew was but an act of neces-
sity on the part of two of the contracting parties. He
felt satisfied that he would be assailed as soon as they
found themselves in a position to renew hostilities with
better chances of success, and he prepared for it by
offensive-defensive measures, fortifying himself on land
and anchoring his throne in the hearts of his subjects,
and, although he had employed already innumerable
hands to l)uild his navy, he continued to increase and
strengthen it with unremitting diligence.

Whosoever he was — to translate a French comj^ila-
tion of the highest authority — he maintained himself
with glory in Great Britain, governed it with wisdom,
and defended it as well against the barbarians as
against the Romans. And — highest encomium — he
reigned at home in tranquillity, sustaining his elevation
with indisputable merit, and displaying in his adminis-
tration extraordinary equity and justice. What more
can be said, than that he "governed with an upright
and unstained reputation, and with exceeding peace-
ableness," notwithstanding all the disadvantages under
which he labored. Well might he select as his em-
blem a ship in mid-ocean, and thus exposed — as the
ships of that day were from their very construction —
to hourly dangers.

With regard to this nautical ef&gy, some have pre-
tended to account for it on the supposititious pica that
Carausius sought throughout his life to be esteem-
ed a Roman, and adopted the ship merely because it

i

50

was the favorite emblem of the Roman State, forget-
ting that, although such was the common type C)l
the Imperial polity, it was likewise the symbolic repre-
sentation of the goddess Isis, worshiped among the
northern Germans, or rather the goddess of Naviga-
tion— a popular object of veneration among the Baltic
or Scandinavian nations. The Memoirs da TAcadciuic
des Belles Lettres assure us "that the human form was
never assigned to the German deities, and that they
worshiped the tutelar saint of the sea-faring life under
the symbol of a ship." Another and an admirable
proof of our hero's nationality, especially as the learned
Jacob Eyndius informs us, m]\\s, '■Clironudes of Zee-
lant" (Ghronici Zelandise,) that the people of that
Province were converted to Christianity from the wor-
ship of ^lercury (the god of commerce) and Isis (the
goddess of navigation), whose effigy, according to Ta-
citus, was a fast-sailing (clipper), ship (a '■'■libcrna'^).

At this juncture we hope it will not appear inappro
priate to speculate as to the ensign under which Cahau-
sius marshalled his armadas. Although there is no
doubt but that the Romans had flags, still their military
ensigns can scarcely be denominated colors or stand
ards, since, as a general thing, they were images and
similar objects of religious worship. The cavalry, it is
true, had a guidon (w.'77//ry/i),and an independent com-
mand entitled a general of rank to a purple standard,
to which the term (^vexillam) is applied by Lipsins.
whose use resembled that of the sacred banner of 3Ia-
homet, in that it was only produced upon the eve of an
engagement.

It does not appear, however, that their fleets or ships
displayed a national ensign, anymore than their armies
or smaller bodies of troops. The exhibition of a red
flag, both on shore and at sea, was the signal to pic-

51
pare for battle — but it was a sigit^ not a standard. A
ribbon or pennant was often set upon the ornamental
aplash-c., which, bowing inwards, rose up loftily and
gracefully from the stern-post or behind it on a flag-
staff ; sometimes likewise at the bows from the crest of
the '-swan's head," (dieniscus,) which curved upwards
from the stem and was often surmounted by an eagle or
a similar effigy. This "swan's head" was often replaced
by a dragon's, among the Scandinavians and North-
men.

Ulftg — pronounced flag — ^is a Dutch word, and was
most likely derived from the original Saxon word
"JTloege," a ship, or "J'loga," something that flies.
j^eitgist and t5orsa, who, according to the best author-
ities, came from Holland, fought under a flag emblazon-
ed with a white horse rampant. At Leyden, the ruins
of a round tower upon the only eminence within a cir-
cuit of twenty miles, is attributed to the former, whence
he may have flung to the winds his gonfalon, destined
to such celebrity. That the Anglo-Saxons esteemed
the horse as the noblest of animals, we have good
proof, in that the name of ^cngcs (Hengist) and ^ors
(ITorsa) are the Anglo-Saxon words for a stallion and
a horse in general ; kings or great chiefs would never
have borne the names of an inglorious brute. Again :
the Batavi and the Caninefates — if the very first re-
cords we have of them are reliable — were horsemen-
born ; the best cavalry in the whole imperial service,
and naturally such admirable riders that Julius Caesar
dismounted his veteran tarrncv^ to mount his new Bata-
vian auxiliaries. As a further evidence of the high es-
timation in which the ancient Hollanders or Saxons held
the horse, we find that l^orsc, a word almost identical
in orthography with t}ors, means sagacious, prudent,

52
and even valiant. Moreover, how often was the term,
"steeds or horses of the sea," applied to their ships liy
the Scandinavo-Saxons.

Subsequently the white horse, previously borne
on the shields of the " Old Saxons," in Germany,
appeared in the standard of the Anglo-Saxon
kingdom of Kent ; and to this day the white horse
shines in that of the kingdom of Hanover. The writer
has seen it at sea, streaming out amid the tempest and
showing a prancing white charger on a red field.
Kent was one of the eminently Saxon districts of Saxon
England ; that portion the most immediately connected
for centuries with the continent, particularly Holland
and Flanders, and Armorica.

Taking all these facts together, we have good right
to believe that CAR.vrsius fought and conquered under
the same noble ensign which fluttered above the armies
of his Saxon successors. Grant, however, that this is
mere hypothesis, the only other emblem which is ever
found in connection with his name is a shi]o, which
still appears in the standard of Trinity House. Study
and reflexion decide for the White Horse of the Auglo-
Saxon-Batavo-Menapian race.

Some of the most reliable historians rank Car.vusius
among the legitimate (were there any ?) emperors ;
others regard him as a tyrant ; the flatterers of 3taxim-
ian, from whom we derive most of the facts with regard
to his time, call him the "Pirate" ; but every writer who
has investigated the matter exalts his memory as that of
a noble man, an eminent leader, a beneficent prince, and
a wise and provident sovereign. He was just as surely
a legitimate emperor as nine tenths of those who wore
the imperial purple, and if virtues give a shadow of ti-
tle, none had a better right to the dignity.

"Convinced that the Means of acquiring Independen-

53
cy, and Power, would result from the Augmentation of
his Navy," he "was unremittingly attentive to all the
Points which were the most likely to promote it. His
subjects, to whom he had endeared himself by the Mild-
ness with which he governed, beheld with Pleasure a
System of Operations so evidently calculated to render
the Kingdom equally respectable and secure. They
seemed to feel a Presage of their future Consequence,
whilst their Sovereign gave Orders' for the fortifying of
their Coasts," and England, destined in a future age to
acquire the dominion of the sea, figured fifteen centu-
ries ago under the Ilollandish monarch of its choice as
a great naval power, a worthy opponent of that vast
state which in its youth had extinguished the maritime
strength of Carthage, legitimate heir to the trident of
Phoenicia. Nor was his foreign policy unworthy of his
home rule, or unequal to the occasion. A kindred vig-
or and sagacity characterised both.

His ships of war, manned in part with his own coun-
trymen, in part with native Britons, and in part with
the Scandinavian and Saxon pirates whom he had won
or overcome — in fine with all whose acquaintance with
the sea service rendered enlistment advantageous — rode
ti'iumphant in the Channel, commanded the mouths of
the Rhine and the Seine, levied tribute upon the South-
western coasts of Gaul, which were not subject to his
sceptre, and of Hispania, and penetrating into the Med-
iterranean made his name terrible upon those Avaters
Avhich had come to be looked upon as a Roman lake.

.When the Picts and the Scots offered to renew their
incursions and began to vex his subjects — for it would
appear from the language of some historians that his
first campaign, although victorious, was not endnringly
decisive — the ^Tenapian warrior put his armies in mo-
tion, defeated them in numerous engagements, recover-

54
ed all that the Romans had ever pretended to hold, and
erected, it is said, upon the banks of the Cnrrnn^ as a
trophy and memorial of his conquest, "a round house
of j)olished stone," that celebrated monument of antiqui-
ty by some styled "ArtJ/nrs Oven,'' by others consid-
ered a temple of the god Termixus, the divinity who
was supposed to preside over boundaries and limits and
to punish all invasions and unlawful usurpations of land.
The comer of a small enclosure between SfeiilionHe and
the famous modern Carron-iron-icnrlcs, is designated as
the site of this remarkable construction, some time since
entirely demolished.

He likewise erected in connection therewith a tri-
umphal arch in commemoration of his victory — which
Buchanan thinks was the temple above alluded to, and
not Arthur's Oven, as was supposed by others — and
also repaired and fortified the wall of Antoninus, which
he strengthened with seven foi'ts or castles. More than
one chronicle reads, the wall of Severus, which stretch-
ed across the British Island from the Frith of S'ol/ratj
tit the mouth of the T/jne. How this wall of Soverns.
which ran pai'allel to the more ancient rampart of Ha-
drian, 68 miles in length, could have been confound-
ed with the line of Agricola, subsequently re-establi.^hed
by Lollius Urbicus, the able general of ..Vntoninus Pius,
is verj^ extraordinar}-, since the latter lay upwards of
one hundred miles farther to the north, and connected
the Frith or river of Forth above U'h'nbui-f/h, and the
river of Chjrie near Glasgoic, by means of a rampart,
difch and militaiy road 38 miles long. Severus,
however, may have rebuilt the breaches in the outer
barrier, for Lowenberg calls the ^'Yalhun Antoirinr
the " Wall of f^ereniK.''' This wonld be a sufficient ex-
planation, ^lorcover. Speed's Glinniich tells us that
he "re-edified the wall between the Chida [Clyde]

and Garini.7is" [Carron], locating the work so clearly
that if he knew what he was writing about, there can
be no mistake which line of defence he intended ; the
more particularly as he gives his authority, Ninius (or
Nonnius) — the disciple ofElciodugus — an ancient chro-
nicler— who flourished in the IXth century, and wrot(3
a history of the Britons — who informs us that tlie Car-
ron was of his [Carausius'] name so called.

"This stream [the Garroii] is small, and scarcely de-
serves the notice of a traveler ; yet there is no river
in Scotland, and few in the whole island of Britain,
whose banks have been the scene of so many memora-
ble transactions. When the Roman empire was in all
its glory, and had its eastern frontiers upon the Euphra-
tes, the banks of the Carron were its boundaries upon
the northwest ; for the wall of Antoninus, which was
raised to mark the limits of that mighty empire, stood
in the neighborhood of this river, and ran parallel to it
for several miles."

Near the middle of its course, two beautiful mounds,
about fifty feet in height, called the Hills of Diinipaee^
now planted with firs and rising either side a Parish
Church, give a very romantic appearance to a cliarm-
ing valley. It is almost universally conceded that these
mounds were thrown up as monuments of a peace con-
cluded on their site between the Romans and the Cale-
donians, and their name partaking of the language of
both races, commemorates the fact as well. Bini, (duin)
signifies a "hill" or "heap" in Gaelic, and Pfl,«— "peace,"
in Latin ; the compound word, the "Hill of Peace."
Three treaties of peace were made between the Romans
and the inhabitants of ancient Scotland, the first bv Se-
verus, about A. D. 210; the second, soon afterwards,
by his unworthy son, Caracalla ; and a third, 1 >}' (Jarau-

5fi
sius, about A. D. 290 ; but of which of these the twin
hills are memorials, has never been determined.

To the opinion of some antiquarians, that one or both
of these elevations are natural, it is sufficient to point
to their structure, and reply that the Gaelic word Dux,
(duin,) signifies a heap as well as a hill, and a similar
course of reasoning would connect their formation with
Carausius, since Dun is likewise Saxon and Frisov,
and Pugii or iJDuin is HoUandish, and Dunen, the Prison
verb, means "to elevate one's self" So, knowing that
other memorials in their immediate vicinity have al-
ways been attributed to Carausius — that the name of
the stream flowing at their base is said to be derived
from the corruption of his name — that he concluded
hereabouts a peace which was the only one of the three
entered into with the ancient Caledonians, which was
respected, — we have every reason to believe that nei-
ther to the honor of the Emperor they detested, nor
in remembrance of his son whom they despised, but in
celebration of a sovereign whom they respected, loved,
and supported, the hills of Dunipace rose as imperish-
able memorials.

Again; Carausius was a Menapian, the language of
whose fathers, and of whose early years, was Saxon.
while his service with the Romans made him equally
familiar with the Latin. Is it not very consistent to
suppose that he would desire to transmit to future ages
his dual nationality, by conferring upon the scene of
his twin-achievements and glorious consummations —
the subjugation of those whom Rome had found in-
domitable, and the conversion into friends of those
wliom previous emperors had pronounced faithless and
intractable savages — a title compounded of the dialects
of his youth and marine-nurture and of his maturity
and power — the latter founded upon the influence de-

57
rived from the adventurous training instinctive to his
race ? At all events, we Netherlanders, by birth or de-
scent, must feel our hearts throb a responsive yea, verily!
— we would have felt and done so.

The connection of Carausius with the river which,
by the corruption of his appellation, was subsequently,
and not before^ known as the Garron — perhaps in its
present orthography retaining his actual patronymic,
Latinized into Carausius — ^has linked the name of the
first Hollander- Admiral we read of, with the naval-
artillery of the present century. And in the Garronade^
a short but very heavy ship-gun — [defined by Hoyt in
1810, as a ''short kind of ordnance, which carries a ball
from twelve to sixty-eight pounds, '"' * and has (some-
times) a chamber for the powder, like a mortar"] —
which was known to the armies and navies of the XV.,
XVI. and XVIIth centuries, as a ®auj£, (100 or 48
pounders) and ^albc (50 or 24 pounders), Kavtaune or
€ttrtljaunc— [(French, Garfanne, Gouleuvrine-entiere and
demi-culverin^ also demi-cannon), weighing 4,100
pounds, as a 16-pounder ; 7,000 pounds, as a 20-pounder ;
7,168 pounds, as a 48-pounder; 14,000 pounds, in the
XVIth century, as a 36-40-pounder, with a charge
of 32 pounds of powder; and in 1538, 13,000 pounds
when carrying a stone shot from 100 to 150 pounds],
" ^avcl}t ! im Conner bcr Kavtanncn,
(Eoneii scljmctttrnk |]oeauitcn." — ilTtissner.

Hark ? amid the thunder of the cannon,

Hear the shrill trumpets bray [or sound the charge].

— in the Garronade, we have a remarkable memorial of
that consummate Sea-Generalissimus, the hero of this
biography.

To those unacquainted with the science of gunnery,
it may be as well to state that the Garronade has been,
in a gi-eat measure, and will soon be altogether, super-
seded by the Paixhtii, or, to give our countryman due

58
honor, the Bomford-ynn or Colvmhiad, in turn improv-
ed in a wonderful degree by another accomplished
fellow-citizen, Commander J. A. Dahlgren (U. S. Navy),
whose heavy and peculiar shell-cannon or DaJilgr(^iia(hs
are the admiration of foreign sea and land artillerists.

And now, to supply a link apparently wanting in the
chain: In 1760-61. a chartered comjjany e.-tablished
extensive foundries, known as the 6Voi''>/^Iron-Works,
on- the north l^ank of this stream, two miles northeast of
FaJ/iirJi, around which a village gradually sprung up
and grew into a place of considerable size. Tliese
works, which gave employment to from 2.500 to .'5, 000
workmen, used — twenty-five years ago — weekly, 800
tons of coal, 400 tons of iron ore, and 100 tons of lime-
stone, and now rival the largest of Germany and Russia.
Every description of iron-ware is made here, from the
most trifling article of commerce to the largest .-pecies
of artillery. Ordnance and projectiles of all kinds
have long since been cast at this enormous foundry in
the highest perfection ; and, during the progress of the
English naval operations upon our coast, during the
Revolutionary war, it turned out a new pattern cannon,
which took its name (^Corronofle) "from Carrori^ where
it was first cast, or the principle applied to a new cnn
struction." And, had the original name of the exalted
individual from whom it derived its appellation been
orthographically preserved, this gun might have handed
down to posterity the name of the emperor as a Co-
rrnisiaii or Caraiis(\vi&)ade.

In Carronshore,?i village two miles below the Carron
works, we have likewise a near approach to C< irons ins.

That this view of the subject — leaving on one side
the assurances of Xinius — is well founded, consider fur
a moment the changes which all Saxim names under-
went one, two and three centuries since, in accommo-

59
dating them to a Latin orthography. Eufendorf ex-
emplifies this on every page ; and, thus, in the same
manner that l)£ ©root became Grotius, and other
names gained more than tAVO syllables, by the transmu-
tation Carausius may have been gradually abbreviated
into Caravri, or Canurus^ and then into Crrnrm.

Some of the conceits of writers with regard to the
etymology of old names would be ridiculous, were it
not painful to contemplate the effect they have upon a
reader by exciting his prejudices with regard to indi-
viduals and races. Thus the someAvhat celebrated
Adrian Junius (1512-1575), in his work i\-pon Batavni,
indulges in the following far-fetched idea with regard
to the name of Caraustus.

Thus, says he, (in Latin,) Carausius, exalted by Di-
ocletian, on account of his experience in military affairs,
from tlic meanest condition and humblest rank to the
.supreme command at sea, as Eutropius relates, seems to
have received this surname from his addiction to emp-
tying the wine-cup ; which name — assumed by other
writers to have been his real patronymic — is derived
from (Ear anss — (which should read perhaps either (Jlarr,
[A. Sax.] 'care,' [job or business,] aiiS0, 'out or finished' ;
or Karaf, [Ger.J 'flagon,' anss, 'out or emptied') — an ex-
pression used by those who delighted in draining their
goblets to the very bottom.

Farthermorc, as several of the noblest achievements
of our United States sailors — particularly the victories
of Lakes Erie and Chximplaw, won upon the waters of
the Knikkerbakkcr or New Netherland state — were due
in a great measure to the employment of Cnrr<ni(ulefi —
which composed the principal part of the armament of
our ships ; and, by compelling our vessels U) engage
at short-range, led to the overwhelming results due to
the tremendous weight of projectiles vomited forth by

60
them upon the enemy — our infant navy and our Hol-
lander-element are indissolubly connected with a Hol-
lander (Menapian) admiral-emperor of England, who
flourished fifteen hundred years before the Declara-
tion of Independence severed the American Colonies
from Great Britain ; even as he, by his rebellion, deliv-
ered England and a part of Holland from the oppres-
sion of Rome.

YivAT Carausius ! the Hills of Dunipace are covered
with legionaries, and the surrounding heights, wreathed
in mists, are thronged with fantastic shapes, which, now
half lost and now unveiled l)y the gray vapors, seem
like throngs of spirits, not living men, uniting in ap-
plause, and shouting forth the name of him whose
genius led the first, whose amenity and justice won tlie
last's affections. And the Carron bears onward to
the sea, the sea throughout the world, that name
so greatly worthy. So, drifting down the stream of
time, tradition brings to us an appellation dear t(j Eng-
land, glorious to Menapia — Holland now. Yivat
Carausius !

Upon a placid lake two armaments are battling for a
victory on which depends the fate of two brave armies.
Enveloped in dense vapors, grey like the mists of Cal-
edonia, but reeking of the sulphureous mouths which
belched them forth, the iron monsters' howl, and war,
and vomit forth destruction. Can you distinguish
aught amid the hellish uproar ? Hark to their tones of
thunder, echoing the peals which shook the Carrou-
shore. Yivat Carausius !

After this episode, — by no means devoid of interest,
— we will resume the regular consideration of the
story.

Having inflicted this Avell-merited chastisement, and
signalized his courage and leading, by the defeat of

61
ancient Britain's most inveterate enemies, Carausius
concluded a peace with the Caledonians (or Picts and
Scots), on terms both equitable and politic, so that in-
suring their respect and future amity and confidence
by his wisdom, while he awed them by his power, he
felt satisfied that he could calculate upon their co-oper-
ation against the Roman Emperors, in case that these
last should decide upon aggressive measures or attempt
an invasion, from which he knew that they were only
restrained by the impossibility of executing those de-
signs which their resentment, hatred and jealousy
inspired.

While thus engaged in fortifying his rule in his own
island of Britain, and acquiring for himself a support
which preceding governments had never dreamed of
rendering available, his far-seeing intellect traversed
the ocean to make friends, whose co-operation, although
far-distant, would nevertheless bring to his assistance
forces which could menace Italy — the heart (as yet the
MEDULLA, the pith or marrow, of the Commonwealth,)
of his op]3onent's dominion — on its most unguarded
side, and place the Empire between two fires — one,
whose devouring flames, ignited amid the fearful
Cimmerian gloom, would roll onward from the east,
while he kindled a conflagration in the farthest west.
In furtherance of this design, his embassadors negotia-
ted a treaty with the Franks and other nations who had
established themselves, or had been planted near, or
along, the Thracian Bosphorus, and had rendered them-
selves famous by their prowess and power upon the
seas. By one clause of this treaty it was stipulated
that when he invoked their simultaneous action or the
first favorable opportunity of combined measures pre-
sented itself, they should issue from the Euxine and the
Propontis, and sweeping through the Grecian Archi-

62
pelago, assail the Roman fleets in the Mediterranean,
sever the communications between Italy and its grana-
ries in Egypt and along the African coast, pass through
the Straits of Gibraltar, effect a junction with his navy
in the British seas, and menace the whole extent of the
imperial domain, wherever it lay open to a naval assault.
Wonderful conception ! unsurpassed in concentrative-
ness and prescience by any which the brain of a subse-
quent sea-chief or diplomatist ever imagined : won-
derful coalition ! unec[ualled by any which are recorded
of the mightiest maritime powers which have existed
in succession since that day. The union of England
and France for the coercion of Russia, is not to be
named in comparison. Imagine the comprehensiveness
of a mind which in those days of sluggish navigation
could overleap a chasm of four thousand miles and
marshal the east and the west for a subversion of the
centre, and that centre Rome ! Steam and electro-
magnetism have almost annihilated space and time, but,
remember, when CxVRausius flourished, ships of war
were for the most part open boats impelled by oars
and sails — sails the most rude and primitive, unmanage-
able even if of silk and purple. The stars were then
a pilot's only guide over pacific seas, leaving him none
amid the fog and the tempest. And yet Carausius,
without the compass, committing his vast prejaaration to
the guidance of his Lodesmex, dreamed of launching
upon the ocean and foiniiuj to the sack of Rome.

It has been said that the possessors of genius and
power are gradually rendered oblivious of time and
distance by the expansion of their own powers of con-
ception and concentration. Thus, Napoleon led France.
Spain, and Italy, to the conquest of Russia ; and Na-
ture, indignant at man's presumptive violation of her
laws, overthrew him.

63

Carausius sought to bring the Black Sea by a circuit
of Europe into the Northern Ocean. The plan was
bevvilcleringly magnificent, but he lived a thousand
years too soon.

Such genius agitated the Roman world. From his
island throne the Menapian Emperor seemed about to
stretch forth his hand to grasp indeed the Neptunian
trident. His former masters felt that henceforward it
wa,s uo longer a question whose solution could be de-
ferred with safety to themselves. Their own authority
was at stake. Such a campaign as the Zeelander had
planned, made it a war to the knife between the Au-
(iusTi of the land and the Adgustus of the ocean.

The plebeian Hollander, the Menajjian pilot, the
Roman admiral, the Hollander-British emperor, was at
the zenith of his power.

He has been compared herein with regard to his
origin, his crossing over into England, and his gaining
the crown of that kingdom, to OUR very great lllilliam
III. In disposition they Avere somewhat similar ; their
temper, their system, their policy alike. Both made
themselves beloved, yet respected. Their territories were
about equal. Both had Holland and England ; Scotland
was subject to the former, and although, at first,
opposed to the accession of the latter, became his ally.
lllilliam made himself master of Ireland; instead of
this doubtful acquisition, Cakausiub was the sovereign
of Armorica, a Celtic term, by which the Romans knew
the whole coast of Gaul, whereas subsequent geogra-
phers restrict it to Brittany and the Gallic coasts of the
Channel. Of the country between the Elbe and the
Loire, the eastern half was shared equally between the
Frisii, tlie Batavi, and the jMenapii, while the western,
from the Zwin to the Loire, including the territory of

64
the Morini, was known as Armorica, or Arcmorica —
(Tradus Arcmorlcas).

Both sovereigns fortified their positions by foreign
alliances, vast and apparently incongruous, lllilliam,
daily, hourly, threatened with assassination, waxed
stronger and more influential until he died in the
midst of friends whose love exceeded the "love of wo-
man," and a people whose liberty and religion he had
preserved. Carausics, unsubdued, fell by the hand of
his bosom companion, to whom he had entrusted the
management of his affairs of state, while he devoted
himself to the development of his military and mari-
time strength, his vast plans, and the festerment of his
foreign connections. And why ? The moral is plain.
Ultlliam lived to promote the interests of his faith, of
his peoples, of Holland, his native, and of England, his
adopted, country. His magxet was peixciple. Carau-
sius wrought for himself Principle finds allies in the
camp of an enemy, and a sure ally above. Self stands
alone. And so Self eventually must perish, even a.s
many of those now living saw the first Napoleon die a
prisoner, Louis Philippe an exile, and await — without
desiring — the downfall of the present French monarch.

Hark ! the Swedish poet supplies the Saxon Empe
ror with a burst of exultant confidence :

"Waters are ronnd my home, as Pluto by Styx was liroteoted;
Never did living soul come from the Stygian sea."

Ominous and air-borne the answer drifts back from
the Continent, laboring to bring forth a champion,
"Hercules came again."

And he came in the person, not of Hercules [Maxi-
mianus Herculius] himself, but of his associate, the
Caesar, Constantius Chlorus.

As we remarked hereinbefore, a peace brought about
by mere necessity, against the will or interests of a

65

contracting party, seldom endures for a longer period
than ;vrliile the necessity which led to it exists. As
Cabausius anticipated, this compulsory armistice —
scarcely susceptible of the title of peace — was not pro-
ductive of any real amity, and was succeeded by a
nominal suspension, rather than an actual cessation, of
hostilities. The emperor of Britain and Holland em-
ployed the interval in consolidating his authority, ex-
tending his alliances, and indulging in projects of
aggression, which, however prudent under existing
circumstances, proved fallacious in consequence of
changes which it was impossible for him to foresee.
As it turned out, his time, talents and treasure would
have been far better invested in measures for the pro-
tection of his transmarine dominions from the old
Rhine to the Seine.

On the other hand, Maximian thought of nothing
but the rupture of a convention which, to his arrogance
and elevation, appeared not only dishonorable but in-
supportable^— ^planning and preparing to act as though
it had never existed, yet still delaying any overt act
until the condition of the empire made it safe for him
to unmask.

Finding the sea an impassable barrier, Maximian,
like a ferocious lion— which had been baffled by the
courage and activity of a gallant bull or stallion, now
feeding in a luxuriant meadow just beyond a rapid tor-
rent—lay down to plan his antagonist's destruction, re-
garding him with blinking, bloodshot eyes, glancing
from between his paws and tangled mane ; or, rather,
like a blood-thirsty tiger, who, stalking backwards and
forwards along a sea-washed strand, lashes his brindled
sides in lickerish ferocity at the sight of prey which he
is prevented from attempting to tear down, lacerate and
slaughter, by the rolling tide between.

66

The opportunity so earnestly desired soon after oc-
curred, and the less daring astuteness of Diocletian —
which had more than once before remedied the blun-
dering fury of Maximian — -conceived a cure — ^tempora-
ry, it is true — ^for his own and the empire's embarrass-
ments.

The result was, the imperial government underwent
a sudden and unexpected change, and, contrary to the
usual course of events, developed new resources and
acquired more power by a subdivision of the supreme
authority. The imperial eagle, which, for nearly three
centuries — (with the exception of three episodes of less
than fifteen years together,) like the natural king of
birds — displayed a single head and wore a single crown,
had, as we have seen in the beginning of this story,
monster-like, developed two — one to plan and hold the
sceptre with a gracious air, the other to execute and
tear with its rron beak. Each of these now, again,
produced another head, a prodigy most strange, and
still more strange in that all four were equal or nearly
equal in authority.

On the 1st of March, A. D. 292, at Nicomedia (Is-
meed) in Bithynia, Asia Minor, this monstrous trans-
formation took effect ; doubtless no sudden resolution
of the politic Diocletian, but one in embryo, long ma-
turing in his brain, prolific of intrigues. Finding the.
empire threatened on aU sides, and indefensible through-
out its vast circumference by one, or even two, how-
ever great, supremes, of mortal energy, he — the direct-
or, (Maximian but his instrument) — determined to call
to the assistance of himself and colleague, the Augusti
of the land, two C^sars, whose superior qualities and
military genius could stem the torrents of external
danger with a dam of intellect and steel on either hand.

The troubles in Egypt, and the African and Parthian

67
wars along the whole southern, southeastern and east-
ern limits of the Roman power, "and the menacing atti-
tude of Carausius and his allies towards the northeast,
north and northwest, compelled Diocletian, however
loth, to invoke the talents of two — co-equals in reality
but nominally subordinate — authorities, to sustain him-
self, and, to the omnipresent danger, oppose the buck-
lers of those destined eventually to succeed him in his
throne and honors.

The circle of the empire seemed begirt with fire. In
many quarters the flames were climbing up and leaping
over the lofty bulwarks which centuries of war and
craft and custom had interposed ; elsewhere the hori-
zon glowed with the reflection of the embers which
required but the breath of opportunity to kindle into
wide activity.

To provide against so many perils and such omni-
present menace, Diocletian conferred the dignity of
CiESAB upon the savage herdsman-bred (^Armentarius)
Galerius, and upon Constantius, noble by birth and
nobler still in soul, the Pale [complexioned (^Chlorusy\
— ^who were compelled, upon their elevation, "for the
better securing of a perfect harm,ony" between them-
selves and the reigning emperors, to put away their
former wives, and in consistence with a customary poli-
cy, contract new marriages ; thus strengthening by do-
mestic ties the bonds, in themselves, political and heart-
less. To Constantius, — husband of the famous Saint
Helena, the mother of the still more famous Constan-
TiNE the Great — was assigned the adopted daughter of
Maximian, chUd of his Empress by a former marriage ;
while to Galerius, Diocletian gave Valeria, his own
child.

This story, however, has nothing to do with any of
the arrangements pertaining to the partition of the

68
empire, except those whicli fall within the limits of its
action. To Constantius, the most able, was assigned
the post of danger. Of the four shares of the impe-
rial dominion he received the west and worsts — ^had he
shown himself in reality less great than his previous
career had augured, or had fortune proved more true
to merit than to his half-legitimacy ? He received all
the countries on this side the Alps— S^awZ, Spain^ with
Mauritania and Tingetana — now western Algiers, Fez,
and Morocco — always considered appendages, if not
integral parts of the Hispanic province ; also Britain
and Hollandia when reconquered

The same despatch which brought to Boulogne the
news of the appointment of Constantius announced
that he was on the march against that place, which Ca-
RAusius had made his naval-arsenal and citadel upon
the continent. He had constituted it the central bul-
wark of his continental maritime domains, and lavish-
ed his labors and revenue not only upon its dockyards
and port, but also upon its exterior works of defence,
especially towards the. sea. Carte informs us that
the tidings of the Cesar's march scarcely preceded
his advance, and that he appeared with an army
before the place upon the very heels of the messenger
who spurred ahead to warn Carausius. Such decision,
energy and speed, prove that the Cesar's reputation
was not the offspring of servile flattery and accident,
but the result

"Of deeds well done and honors boldly won."

We shall see throughout this story that great as was
Carausius, he had at length an adversary worthy of
himself Like Napoleon, in this respect, he found at
last his Wellington.

That such celerity of movement,, however, is not im-
possible, nor even improbable, we have the best proof

69
in the expedition of the Swedish Field-Marshal Cfonarb.
3Iorstenaon, who, in his march across central Europe
from Moravia to Holstein, in November-December,
1643, advanced so rapidly that the inhabitants of the
towns and villages along his route did not even dream
of his approach when already his cavalry were in their
midst. It is reported that the Swedes, under the most
discouraging circumstances of season, climate and
weather, accomplished on that occasion from four hun-
dred and fifty to five hundred mUes in fifteen days.

Nevertheless, this speed produced no immediate re-
sult, inasmuch as the Roman commander found Carau-
sius fully prepared. Boulogne was immediately invested
by land, and Constantius, unequal to contesting the
dominion of the sea, conceived the gigantic project of
constructing a dyke across the entrance of the harbor,
which should at the same time shut out all reinforce-
ments from Britain and Hollandia^ and prevent the
escape of Carausius, who had hastened to throw him-
self into Boulogne as soon as the siege' was threatened.
This hazardous project of the CjESAr, although suggest-
ed upon more than one occasion, has had but three
successful rivals in ancient and modern times.

The first, B. C. 332, the Mole of Alexander, by means
of which he joined the island which constituted the
site of that world's wonder. Tyre — the Phoenician New
York — to the continent, and, after a siege of seven
months, made himself master of the city on the 20th of
August of that year.

The second, that marvelous Dam {estacada or estacados}
and bridge (puente de baxeles), across the 8chelde, with
the dependent canal and fortifications, conceived and
executed by Alexander Farnese, prince-duke of Parma,
in 1584, in order to insure the capture of Antwerp,
an achievement which has done more to exalt his char-

70
acter than any other of the military exploits which ren-
der his career so remarkable.

The third, A. D. 1627, the Dyke of Richelieu, who
compelled the Protestants of Bochelle to capitulate, by
means of a stupendous bulwark or breakwater, which
eflfectually prevented the arrival of any succors from
abroad, while he pressed the siege with unremitting
energy at the head of an army of twenty-three thou-
sand veterans.

The undertaking of the Grecian hero is not compara-
ble with either of the subsequent achievements of the
Roman C^sar, of the Spanish Viceroy, or of the French
Cardinal, ; for Alexander had to contend with neither
the furious tides and the boisterous waves of an ocean,
nor the impetuous current of a mighty river, since all
his operations were carried on in a tideless, and, during
the summer months, quiet, land-locked sea. Nor can
the billows of the Eastern Mediterranean [the Levant,
or more definitely speaking the Syrian Sea] be consid-
ered as anything like such antagonists as the mountain
waves of the ocean in one of its most boisterous re-
cesses, the Bay of Biscay, renowned for its tempests and
surges ; or as those of one of its most turbulent arms,
the English Channel.

Six months of exertions, unsurpassed in their severity,
were required to complete the Cardinal's dyke, which
was constructed with piles, enormous stones, and sunk-
en vessels loaded with baUast, planted, cemented, bound
and wedged together into such solidity as to be able to
resist the utmost efforts of man and nature, at a point
where the Atlantic rolls in with unusual violence after
a sweep of four thousand miles. This Herculean labor
was nearly eight furlongs in length, across a deep chan-
nel 4,760 feet wide, elevated above the reach of the
highest tides and sloped inwards like a glacis, from a

71

base or width at the bottom of about eighty feet, to the
top, which afforded a level passage twenty-six feet to
thirty feet in breadth.

What is more, the embankment of Alexander was a
military causeway, simply connecting the island of Tyre
with the main land, rather than a dyke or mole, since
when reduced to extremities a large portion of the in-
habitants dispatched by sea, without impediment, their
wives and families to Carthage.

The mole of Constantius, however, was a complete
antecedent of that of Richelieu. Its execution required
the utmost efforts of the engineering art, since, like the
Closure ofBochelle., it had to be thrown across a harbor,
bay, or estuary, in defiance of one of the most bois-
terous seas, and exposed, like the conception of the
priest-general and cardinal-engineer, to the wild-
est assaults of the Atlantic, driven in by a westerly or
southwesterly gale. The same materials entered into
its construction ; "a prodigious Number of large Trees,"
converted into piles, constituted the vertebrae of a fab-
ric whose ribs were enormous masses of granite, filled
in between with lesser stones and ballast, clamped, ce-
mented, and bound together with all the perfection of
Roman military-architecture.

What the harbor of Boulogne ( Gessoriacitm, Partus
Morinorum Britannicus^i the Bononia Oceanensis of Con-
stans,) was at the close of the third century, we have
but little means of ascertaining. At this day it is a
tide harbor on the estuary of a small stream, the Liane.
The changes which this part of the coast have under-
gone are so immense, that it is impossible to judge
— ^from present appearances — of the amount or location
of the besiegers' labors. The dyke must have been an
important work, or it never would have had such terms
applied to it as are indulged in by Roman writers, ac-

72
customed to works of magnitude and magnificence. We
know that the Port Oiiessant, or Witsand, about four
miles to the northward, just beyond Gap de Chris Nez
— ^the supposed Itivs Partus of the Bomans — (whence
Julius Caesar is said by some to have embarked for the
conquest of Britain — ^(although others wiU hare Bou-
logne was the actual spot) — and where passengers from
England were accustomed to land for centuries) — has
long since been blocked up with sand. Similar depos-
ites must have sadly diminished the dimensions of the
harbor of Boulogne, (immediately ofi" whose entrance
there is still a great depth of water,) since the discovery
of a ring to which the cables of vessels were fastened fur-
nishes good reasons to believe that the sea flowed up as far
as the feudal ramparts of the Old or Upper Town. If this
were so, Gessoriacum must have been situated at the
bottom of a bay. It is well known with what earnest-
ness Philip II., — although assured of the ports of Havre
and those of Brittany — coveted, from the first, the pos-
session of the harbor and roadstead (rade) of Boulogne
as a sure refuge, in case of necessity, for a division of
his 'Armada,' fitting out for the subjugation of England
and the United Provinces of Holland.

Although this sea-port ( Gessoriacum) was of so much
importance in the days of Julius Csesar and his succes-
sors, writers upon the subject of ancient and mediseval
geography are by no means decided with regard to its
claims to distinction, and even to its original and pre-
sent position.

Gessoriacum, or Bononia, known to the Axglo-Sax-
ONS as Bune — shortened by the same process of syn-
cope which abbreviated Carausius into Carron — is
located upon the "Table of (JEonralr |pmtinger," (1465-
1547,) exactly where we now find the Boulogne-Sur-
Mer, so much frequented by the English. This map,

73

whose author is unknown, affords a military representa-
tion of the greater part of the Western Empire in the
time of Theodosius the Great. Not satisfied, however,
with this and general tradition, there are many who
confound Boulogne in the Boulognais with another
Boulogne, in the County of Guignes, much nearer to
Calais ! The anonymous French translator of Pliny's
Natural History, and author of the copious and labored
ethnological notes appended thereto, rejects the opin-
ions of all those in favor of Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bon-
ogne, Calais, Bruges {Brugge), Soac, &c. &c., and as-
serts that Gessoriacum was Brique, or Brix, near
St. Josse, or Joos, in the environs of Montreuil. This
little sea-coast town was distinguished from the num-
berless other places of the same name, as Brix-en-Josse.
But all Ms speculations — however correct those of
others may be — are scattered to the winds by a fact
of which he appears ta have been ignorant, namely,
that Josse — which Ae derives from Oess, the first syl-
lable of Gessoriacum — is the name of a Romish Saint,
son of Juthael, King of Brittany, who abandoned his
father's court to enter the priesthood, founded several
monasteries, was canonized after his death, and has
his feast-day on the 13th December.

At all events, the work undertaken by Constantius
was at the mouth of the ancient bay, now reduced to
an estuary, for we learn that it occupied a very exposed
situation, and its establishment was rendered still more
hazardous by the tide which, at this point, rises from
eighteen to twenty-seven feet.

Of the army of Constantius, few or no reliable details
are at hand. Suf&cient, however, is handed down to
convince us that it was extremely numerous and well-
appointed. Strong as it was, however, the C^sar was
soon convinced that success was impossible as long as

74
Cabausius remained the master of the sea, and was en-
abled at his pleasure to reinforce or change his garrison
— as was done at Ostend, 1601-1604, and sA, Stralsund,
1628-29. In fact, it was nothing but his own convic-
tion of the necessity of a dyke which drove him to
such an extreme recourse, for he soon perceived that
the Menapian monarch found the defence of his lines a
very light service, notwithstanding the assailants' most
strenuous endeavors.

Meanwhile, Maximian was exerting his utmost powers
to create a third armada, and was fitting out a fleet of
one thousand sail in the naval arsenals on the Ehine, up
the river, beyond the territories of Carausius, and too
remote to be injured or broken up by the expeditions
which he directed, from time to time, against the Ro-
man naval establishments and maritime settlements.
This, however, was a work of time, three years and up-
wards, and during their preparation , events were oc-
curring in other quarters which now require investiga-
tion, to afford a commensurate idea of the projects of
Carausius, which were only just beginning to develop
themselves when the imperial power received a new
and more powerful impulse by the promotion of Con-
stantius Chlorus.

Twelve to fifteen years (a.d. 277-'80) before the period
of this action, the Emperor Probus had adopted the
policy of protecting the eastern and northeastern fron-
tiers of the empire, by transplanting thither colonies of
those northwestern races the most remarkable for man-
liness and military adaptabilities. Among these were a
body of Franks, whom he established upon the south-
ern shores of the Black Sea, to defend the frontier
against the irruptions of the Alan tribes, occupying in
a great measure that country which awakens so much
of our interest and sympathies, under the name of (7«V-

75
cassia, (once Georgia also,) or the Caucasus. Dissat-
isfied with their location, or moved to the most despe-
rate measures by nostalgia, they determined rather to
trust themselves to the mercies of an unknown sea than
waste their prowess in defence of a territory in whose
cultivation they had no interest, and for whose security
they had neither sympathy nor anxiety. In one of the
ports of the Euxine, west of the Phasis (Turkish, Fasch,)
or Rione [the country of the Golden Fleece] — most
likely that very Sinope, so noted as the scene of a
Russian fleet's unjustifiable attack upon, and destruction
of, a Turkish squadron, expiated by the tenfold greater
loss of the Muscovites at Sebastopol — these Franks
made themselves master of a Roman fleet, and led by
Fate or Ate, sailed forth to explore a way by sea to
the countries bordering on the German Ocean. Impel-
led by favoring winds and the energies of their rowers,
they swept through the canal of Constantinople, the
sea of Marmora, and the Dardanelles, into the Grecian
Archipelago, plundering, ravaging and slaughtering
along the unsuspecting shores of Greece and Asia Mi-
nor ; thence they launched upon the broad expanse of
the Mediterranean, indulging their appetite for booty
and revenge by depredations not only upon the shores
of Europe but of Africa.

Next, Syracuse — which had put a period to the am-
bitious progress of Athens, and had witnessed, B. C. 413,
the destruction of its fleet in her harbor, and the defeat
of its army on her shores, (in the "Second Decisive
Battle of the World,") and, subsequently, the overthrow
of more than one Carthagenian naval expedition — pro-
ved an easy prey to an enemy who fell upon her like
the stroke of the death-angel : truly a mortal stroke
— for the conquerors massacred almost the entire popu-
lation.

76
Bidding adieu to Sicily, onwards sped the Frank ar-
mada ;

— "breath'd a short curse of blood"
upon the Mauritanian and Hispanian coasts ; without a
pause, without a tremor, passed those "ultimse Thules"
which guard the Herculean Straits, trusted themselves
t'o the rough Atlantic, not ruder than themselves, and
plying oar and crowding sail, held on towards the north
until the glistening dunes of Holland welcomed them to
a land of kindred speech or cognate race.

Such were the daring men whom the Menapian di-
plomatist and hero had won to his alliance.

Once more, from that dark sea along which Probus
settled them, in hopes that they would prove an anti-
dote to the poison of the aboriginal tribes, they issued
forth into the summer Mediterranean. In pursuance of
their league with the HoUandish Emperor, while Con-
stantius was preparing to attack him in Armorica, they
had "equipped another Fleet as numerous as the for-
mer, and came down again to the Streights of Gades,
with intent to proceed round and join his Fleet in the
British Ocean. Never was a greater Terrour spread
throughout the Roman Empire, for there was no safety
in any Place where these Pirates could have Access with
their Ships : So that Trade and Merchandise lay dead ;
for if, in Summer, the Season for Navigation, they ad-
ventured to Sea, they could go nowhere without falling
into the Hands of the Barbarians, and if in Winter,
they became a Sacrifice to the Winds and Storms, tho'
of the two the latter were the gentler Enemies : nor is
it to be doubted that if a Junction of the .two Fleets
had happen' d, pursuant to the Project between Garau-
sius and the Franks, it would have given a terrible
Shock to the Roman Power."

Thus— while the Pranks made the islands and sKores

77
of the Mediterranean one universal earthly Valhalla,
and revelled in the horror they inspired within sight of
the imperial city, — Constantius was completing that
stupendous mole which was soon to intercept all hopes
of relief, and end the career of Caeausius by his cap-
ture in the beleagured city, or compel him to take re-
fuge in his island sovereignty and upon the deck of his
sidmirsiV s gsllej (navis prcetoria). At the same time
the C^SAR was urging on Maximian to complete his
naval armaments, without which, however victorious
on the land, each hour brought new and greater perils
to the empire from the sea.

Still, continuing his defence with all his native ob-
stinacy, the Hollander- Augustus saw the arms of the
enormous dyke advancing from either point at the
mouth of the harbor, drawing nearer and nearer to that
final gripe, which, once achieved, would hug him to
death in the embrace of steel, oak and granite. Defi-
ant of the waves which burst upon it with such vehe-
mence, its horns advanced,

'•And inch by inch, and foot by foot,
The dykes rose up and firm took root."

In vain, at the head of chosen troops, he made the
most desperate efforts to interrupt the work and force
the Eomans to break up the siege, striving by furious
but unsuccessful sallies to effect his purpose. At length
so close together had the ends of the mole drawn near,
that scarcely space remained for the passage of a single
vessel. No time was to be lost. The surrender of
Boulogne would make his case no worse than when he
first determined to defy the empire, but to be taken
prisoner himself ended the whole.

Just at this moment, one of those sudden and terrific
storms which sweep at intervals along the shores of the
Channel, as if the wing of the destroying angel beat

78
upon the very surface of its deeps, burst upon the Ar-
morican coast. To the sea-born Hollander, the fury of
the tempest had been his nursing-mother ; the breath
of the gale had only sped him on to fame and power,
and the foam-crested waves, phosphorescent in their
ire, had been the coursers he had ridden in his race for
the Augustan prize. Drenched by the surges which
broke upon the new construction of Constantius, and
made its massive structure reel like a Cyclopean wall,
when underneath an earthquake stirs the soil, the Ro-
man guards took refuge on the solid earth, and trusted
to the storm to do their duty,- — to bar all succor from
without and pen up those within.

" The Spirits of the mighty Sea

To-night are ^wahened from their dreams.
And upwards to the tempest flee,

Baring their foreheads where the gleams
Of lightning run, and thunders cry,
Rushing and raining through the sky !

* * * *

Behold ! like millions massed in iattle,

The trembling billows headlong go,
Lashing the harren deeps, which rattle

In mighty transport till they grow
All fruitful in their rocky home,
And burst from frenzy into foam."

That night, when the howling of the jubilant winds
responded to the roaring of the tormented waters, Ca-
RAUSius, amid the pitchy darkness, committed his for-
tunes to the waves. PoUowed by only a few but gal-
lant friends, he broke through the Roman camp, threw
himself into a small but seaworthy vessel, passed as it
were through the jaws of destruction, gained the open
sea by the unfinished interval in the mole, and soon
found himself on board of one of his "Frigates" — of
which a number had been continually hovering about,
in hopes of affording him assistance — and passed over
into England.

79

Regretted flight : that night the storm, more faithful
than his hopes, broke through the Roman mole, swept
off the work of months, and left the port of Boulogne
once more completely open. Too late to act upon
it, this news was, brought to England, and thus his
fault — if fault it can be called — gave to Constantius
that success denied his labors and his arms. Deserted
by its Emperor, Boulogne surrendered, and with the
fortress a large proportion of the Menapians' naval
strength fell into the Cassar's hands.

With bitter anguish, the Hollander- Augustus found
it impossible to put to sea at once. Whether the storm
which favored his escape and fought his battle on the
coast of Gaul, shattered his naval preparations in the
English ports, or forced his armaments to seek for re-
fuge in such distant harbors that they required a longer
period than the crisis admitted to repair, refit, revictual,
and rejoin him, we are not told. In war, an hour is
often more important than an army. Trifles in appear-
ance, moments misapplied, decide the fate of empires.
For a brief space, his energies were paralyzed, — Ca-
RAUsius lost the hour, and that hour's loss involved the
ruin of his allies. Whether his genius could have com-
pensated for the accident, was never tested — -Fate for-
bade the trial, and her scales inclined towards the Caa-
sar. We, Christians, must believe the destinies of man
were thenceforth trusted to the happier hand of Con-
stantine the Great's great father.

The next propitious wind brought to Boulogne Max-
imian's mighty fleet, one thousand strong. To it Con-
stantius added that which he had captured, as well as
several minor squadrons, built or maintained elsewhere,
and assembled, with the greatest expedition, all that
the Romans had preserved. Boulogne — ^its defenses re-
established— received a trusty garrison. Then, dis-

80
posing several squadrons, under his ablest officers, along
the coasts of Gaul and Spain, as far to the south as
Cadiz — ^in order, if possible, to prevent Carausius
from re-uniting the fleets he had at sea, or at all
events impede their combination until his present
plans had been accomplished — Constantius sailed against
the Franks, who had already passed the Straits of
Gihraltar.

In the course of a few days, the hostUe armaments
drew near each other. First, by slight skirmishes, the
Roman leader tried his enemy's strength, and made
himself acquainted with their tactics, and then attack-
ed them with his combined fleet.

In the terrible engagement which ensued, Constan-
tius gave the Franks so absolute and entire a defeat
that in the battle and the fierce pursuit, such was the
carnage and the vast destruction, that not a Frank es-
caped. So runs the tale, which we interpret, that of the
Caesar's opponents only a few shattered vessels survived
to bear abroad and home the news of one of the com-
pletest naval victories the sea has ever witnessed.

A naval battle in the third century, and throughout
aU ages before the introduction of artillery and fire-
arms, was a far different afiair from what it is at pre-
sent. There were more bloodshed and destruction, less
noise and manoeuvering, no smoke and no mercy. Ev-
ery thing was visible from the first marshalling of the
navies until the waves swallowed up the wrecks, and
the victors sailed from the scene of their triumph. The
vessels, too, presented a perfect contrast to those of our
day. There were, comparatively, none of the masts,
spars and rigging which add such grace and majesty
to modern vessels, particularly when draped with sails.
Picture to yourself, reader, a North River barge drifting
down the river with two immense square sails set on

81
two of its masts, designed for other purposes, and you
have a faint idea of ' what a trireme looked like when
under sail. The barge, however, seems more ■ ship-
shape than the trireme, for it is destitute of the latter's
towers, beaks, ajilastre, ornaments, and junk-like stern.
Speaking of junks, a symmetrical Chinese naval-vessel
would not be an inapt comparison to many of the Ro-
man war-ships, which were often from two hundred
and fifty to five hundred and even a thousand tons bur-
then. Although unwieldy and awkward, they could,
nevertheless, work to windward better than w6 gener-
ally imagine, and before the wind they were often
very clippers. Prom one hundred to one hundred and
fifty and even two hundred miles, was by no means an
unusual run, with a fair wind, for an ordinary sailer ;
fast sailers making as many as two hundred and fifty ;
but this last was extraordinary, and presupposed a
strong leading wind. In storms, however, and on a
lee shore, an ancient ship was a helpless craft.

The manoeuvering ■ in action was simplicity itself.
When the two opposing forces had approached so near
each other that an action was inevitable, both of
them assumed one or another of two or three custom-
ary orders of battle, generally a concave line or half-
moon, with the largest ships in the centre and the light-
er vessels on the wings, while others formed a reserve.
This was the very formation — a crescent seven miles
from point to point— which the "Invincible Armada"
presented when it appeared in the Channel. At Lepanto,
the Christians formed what answered to a convex, the
Turks the reverse, what appeared a concave, line of bat-
tle. This latter great engagement was the last fought
according to the rules of ancient tactics.

Sometimes the assailants were drawn up in the form

of a wedge, and those resolved upon defensive mea^

7

82
sures assumed the shape of a circle. Theu the sails
were furled, the rigging adjusted, the decks cleared,
and everything made snug for action. Xo engagement
was thought of in any but calm weather. Generally
the last thing before the fighting commenced, the Tha-
lassiarch or Admiral (Copi.vroi navalium Pr.^fectus
SEU Legatus, — CAPiTAXErs ET CusTOS MAEis : — or Dux
Pr^fectusque classis), s liled through the fleet in a
lively vessel {iiavis actuaria. vedoria fieu Lihurna), or
was rowed through in his barge or galley — {Liburna,
lembus sen. ];jhaselus ?) in order to address the crews
of the different divisions, or even individual ships, with
speeches or remarks appropriate to each. TThen the
commander-in-chief had returned on board his flag-
ship (Xovis irrddtorid), the signal for action was given
by displaying a red flag, whereupon the trumpets
throughout the fleet sounded responsive to those on
board the admiral, and the crews shouted with all their
might. Then the huge row-boats — from fifty to even
a thousand tons measurement — were propelled against
other by the force of oars — manned in a quinquireme by
four hundred rowers — for the pm'pose of sinking or dis-
abling each other by the shock, or — by sweeping off the
oars — of rendering each other unmanageable. The
great art was to succeed in striking an adversary with
the bows (^prora), or rather beak (roitrum), sheathed
in brass and pointed with iron, and strengthened for
such aggression, in his "weakest part, amid-ships. Mean-
while the soldiers, often regularly-enlisted marines,
plied each other with stones and missile weapons of all
kinds. Sometimes the vessels grappled at once, and
then, as soon as they were chained or lashed together,
it became a hand to hand fight upon so many separate
little stages ; at others, they employed fire-ships, or
threw combustibles, often so successfully that the great-

83
er part of the worsted fleet was burned. Victory once
assured, the wrecks were abandoned, and, amid shouts,
songs of victory, and triumphant music, the victors
sought the nearest ports to refit, and celebrate their
success.

This catastrophe of his allies compelled Carausius
to restrain his efforts at sea, until he could augment his
naval strength sufficiently to cope with that of the tri-
umphant Ca3sar, without a chance of disaster ; for, while
the Romans could afford to jeopardize their fleet, the
Menapian monarch felt that after the armaments of the
Franks were destroyed, his safety and dominion de-
pended upon the preserving his own and sustaining his
maritime resources. That he speedily succeeded in ac-
comjilishing a labor so enormous as making good what
the sea had swallowed up, is expressly stated by several
historians. There is every, and the best, reason to
believe that they have not erred, because, according to
the most reliable authorities, three to four years elapsed
before the Roman emperors dreamed of attempting the
invasion of the British island, and in the campaign
which ensued, CAEArsius transported troops into Hoi-
landia, to defend his native land, Menapia^ and conti-
nental territory upon the Schelde, Maas, and Rhine.
With regard to all these facts, there seems but little
doubt ; but as to dates, there is a vast discrepancy.
Some place the invasion of HoUandia, which follows in
the story, prior to the Csesar's naval victory over the
Franks, near Cadiz, a port most famous in Great Brit-
ain's naval history — as well as the equally illustrious
maritime chronicles of l5olltn^ — far more than one
glorious sea-fight, the last, the greatest, Trafalgar.

From his victory off Cadiz, Constantius sailed back
to Boulogne, whence he issued orders for the building
of more ships, and thence set out to attack the people

84
of Rollandia, whence Caraitsius had derived his great-
est naval reinforcements of persoimel as well as materiel.

While Constantius was at sea, Maximian guarded the
Roman naval arsenals and possessions upon the old (or
original) Rhine — of which, however, there was but one
immediately upon the cna-t of the Netherlands, that
in the Batavian island, near Leyden. Thence to Bou-
logne, the Menapian flag acknoAvledged no rival en-
sign. The Augustus now gave place to the C'assar, who
assumed the supreme direction of the war, and marched
against the Menapii\ the Salian-Franhs, the Cauci, the
Frisians, and the other inhabitants of the neighboring-
countries along the Srhelde, and the diverging outlets
(delfn) of the Rhine, who had always been prompt to
assist CARAUriius to the best of their abilities.

How far, however, the Roman leader actually pene-
trated into what is properly the territory of Holland,
we can learn nothmg to a certainty, but we can readily
discover, not only that he did not conquer the Menapii.
the countrymen and subjects of Carausics, but that our
hero, in this Satacian Campaign, won the highest
reward and honor which the Romans accorded— the
civic crown (corona cinica) bestowed upon that happy
individual who had saved the life of a fellow citizen, as;
well as the crown (graminea rornna ohsidionalis )
given to the general who had delivered a blockaded
army. We shall soon see that the ^lenapian monarch
not only saved his nation and their allies fi-om the
sword, but won laurels on his native soil, which more
than compensated for the loss of Boulogne.

We have now arrived at a momentous epoch in the
history of ^ollanb. As a general thing, the ^'£tl)£rlanlr£r
glories in tracing back his national lineage to the Batati.
Schiller — likewise many another writer less famous,
but equally reliable, if not more so, than he— connects the

85
greatness of the people of the Sniteb |)rot)inc£3 with the
glory of the Batanions, and draws a parallel between
the revolt of CiviLit^ and the revolution whose tiller felt
the instant grasp of the stem but generous iDilliam the
Taciturn. For three centuries and a half the Bataox
occupied an eminent position and were the cynosure
of the military world. C«sar found them a nation of
warriors, and the whole empire acknowledged their
manly merit. At the date of this historical sketch,
they had fallen in a measure from their high estate and
were a doomed race. Their opposition to Carausius
and adherence to his opponent, led to their immediate
punishment at his hands — a punishment which amount-
ed to national annihilation. The reai. stem or stock
— -(Btam, Dutch ; 0titmn, Anglo-Saxon,) — of the j|ol-
laniter race, tvati the fllenaijian trihe. This is a startling
assertion to the majority of readers, but time and in-
vestigation have evolved stranger truths, and to make
this one apparent to all nothing is necessary but the
sifting of historical facts, and the simple presentation
of a clear and unbroken chain of evidence.

This investigation — of the original location, peculiar
characteristics, and serial history of the Menapii — has
only been deferred until now, by a dread of wearying
a reader who did not belong to, or spring from, the
Hollandish race, by a long dissertation upon the early
settlement of the United Provinces.

Thus, the remarks, in this connection, have not fol-
lowed in regular order, but are interspersed among the
other matter, on the principle that many who would
not undertake to ford a wide and deep stream, would
not hesitate to wade through one or more little brooks
divided from each other by a pleasant stroll through an
agreeable intervale. The sixteen pages immediately fol-
lowing this signet are devoted to the Menapian at home,

86

and his neighbors, and present facts which are not to
to be found compiled and collaborated in any one other
author.

Although the Roman empire nominally embraced
the whole of Europe west of the Weser and south of
the Danube, there was one portion over which they
never exercised an actual recognized jurisdiction, and
into which they never penetrated ; that extraordinary
Free Saxon archipelago at the mouths of the 2Iaas and
the Schelde.

Loi.'G, in one of his contributions to Smith's Greek
and Roman Geography, remarks, that modern discov-
eries show how little we know of the Roman history
of the Netherlands, It is almost impossible, amid the
conflicting statements and deductions with regard to
the exact localities of the tribes of the Low Countries,
to arrive at any conclusion sufficiently satisfactory to
resist the doubts which crowd in upon farthei investi-
gation. Our principal attention will be devoted to the
immediate subject of this history, for were not our re-
marks restricted as much as possible thereto, they Avuuld
exceed not only the limits of the intended work but
exhaust the patience of the most indulgent readers.

With this explanation, let us proceed with the exam-
ination of what seem the most authentic relations.

From Boulogne (Partus Gessoriacum, afterwards
Bononia,) to Tongres [ (^Atuatuca) the capital of the
Tungri,] there are still traces of one of tliose military
roads which constituted, in a greater degree than any
other one element, the basis of the Roman power.
Take as a base this vta, extending one hundred
and eighty to two hundred English miles — through Cas-
sel (Castellum Morinorum). Tournay (lurnacum). and
Bavai (Bagacum — the great centre of the eight
diverging Belgo-Gallic causeways) — to the

87
minus, Tongres, or an air-line laid out in a direc-
tion a little north of east, and thence north-north-
east, to the mouth of the Ems (Arndsia), in a straight
line, is about one hundred and ninety miles. These
two lines with the North Sea enclose a triangle which
embraces the greater part of the kingdoms of Belgium
and the Netherlands, or ^ollanb. Within the whole of
the latter, and the maritime districts of the former, the
actual power and almost the entire administrative influ-
ence of the Romans were confined to the immediate
banks of the Rhine, or the narrow limits of those lines
which, nightly constructed about their camps, have de-
noted to subsequent ages the locations, however transi-
tory, of their armies.

Few countries have undergone greater physical
changes, by the action of the waters, than the Nether-
lands ; and from the mouth of the Maas to the mouth
of the Ems, there is scarcely any resemblance between
its ancient and present topographical aspects. What
was then the firmest land is now the deepest sea ;
where the Issahi or Flevus afforded a natural fluvial
outlet to the canal of Deusus (nabalia), now roll the
furious waves of the Vliestroom, and where the Canin-
efates bred and exercised a famous race of horses, and
disciplined their youth into a magniflcent cavalry,
fleets have contested the empire of the ocean, and fish-
ermen for upwards of fourteen centuries have exercised
a perilous calling.

Roman historians constantly speak of their harbors
(porfi), naval-depots {cotliones, &c.), and arsenals (na-
valia), upon the Rhine and other Gallic and German
streams, and Ave have seen Maximian twice building and
fitting out enormous fteets upon the former river. This
must not mislead us, and induce us to suppose that
these establishments were immediately adjacent to the

88
ocean. Far from it ; the Romans might easily be mas-
ters of the course of a large river, without possessing
a foot of land on either bank. What injury could a body
of the bravest men, armed with bows and arrows, darts
and slings, inflict upon the crew of a steamboat upon
the Connecticut, Kennebec, or North River above
Hudson, or effect to prevent her passage. The war-
ships of the ancients held on their course \\'ithout re-
gard to the wind. They were steamboats in one sense,
for a mass of human beings supplied a complicated
machinery, whose united power was applied directly
to the propellers or to the oars, which represented the
side wheels.

Thus Tiberius, who succeeded to Drusus, sailed tri-
umphantly, up the Elbe, with a fleet transporting a
numerous army, but hazarded no attack upon the col-
lected warriors who lined the northern bank, and con-
templated his passage with indignant wonder.

Again, the Lower Rhine, as we recognize it upon
the map, was not the Rhine of the time of Carat sirs.
After its junction with the Waal, it supplied the latter
with a majority of its waters, but found it? way on into
the German Ocean by a direct and rapid current —
flowing beneath the ramparts of Ley den [Luyduiium
Batavorum) — which, gradually, in the course of centu-
ries, grew more and more incon.siderable, until in time
it was lost in the Lech, or was absorbed in a waste of
sand. In A. D. 840, a violent tempest heaped up such
an impenetraljle dam of sand as closed tliat mouth of
the river, and, setting back the water, converted the
whole district into a hot-bed of contagion. In 1809,
the Dutch government confided the remedy of this evil
to an engineer named (Courai), who relieved the diflfi-
cultv bv a canal and o^itrantic sluice-gates, throua-h
which the "0/':Z" R.hine. once freielited with navies.

89
now makes its humble exit into the sea at KatwyJc, —
(Cattorum Yicus, i. e. Village of the Catti or Ghatti^
the presumed ancestors of the Batavi)^ — eight miles
west of Leyden.

Besides this, its direct, central outlet, which alone
retained the name of Ehine, and its southern [Helium
or Ostium Mosoe], through the Wctal and the Maas,
the great river of Germany possessed a third — the
Croo/<;ec? [Ki-OTnine,Ger.; €rumb, Ang. Sax.] Rhine, which
— although this title is inappropriately applied to the
whole of the first — branching off from that, the (Old)
Rhine proper, at Trqjectum (Utrecht), assumed the name
of the Vidrus (Vecht), and fell into the Flevo Lake at
its southern extremity.

An hypothesis exists with regard to the Vecht, that
it issued forth from the lake again and entered the
North Sea by an ancient mouth at Hondshossclie, a little
to the north of Alhnaar, previous to the formation of
the Zuyder Zee.

A fourth, now fifth, branch, was, in fact, a mag-
nificent military or naval canal [nuvalta], constructed
B. C, about [9 V] 20, byDrusus, the father of German-
icus, which diverted a portion of the Rhine waters into
the Issala, now Yssel. Beyond the point of junction,
this stream, resembling the Danish Eyder, opened into
the I leva lake, whose liottom is now the bed of part of
the Zuyder Zee, and .sn!)sequently contracting again
into a narrow channel, re-assumed the title of I levus or
Issala, and emptied in the ocean about the point where
we now find the- Vlie or western strait of the Wadden,
or Wadt, sometimes styled the Ainaluitde passage.
This Flevum Ostium was defended by a castle, called
Flevum Castelhim, erected by Drusus,- who, by the
canal, lake and rivei', just above mentioned, issued
forth into the North Sea, and thepce again, entering

90

the mouths of the Ems and the Wesei\ found an easy
passage into the interior of Germany. This distinguish-
ed Roman is said to have attained that cradle of storms,
the Skau), the fearful northern extremity of Jutland,
even yet the terror of mariners ; and his son, German-
icus, many years after, attempted the same expedition
with a thousand sail, but encountered a terrific storm,
which sent a large number of his vessels to the bottom,
and ended the attempt in gloom and disaster. The
extent of this voyage, however, is very apocryphal.

Speaking of the Skaru ur Scagm, uon Bud) assures
us that running down the coast — ^in the first j^ears of
the current century — for seventy-three miles, it — the
northern extremity of the Danish peninsula — I'ooked as
if hedged in with an alley or range of palisaiies. com-
posed of thousands of masts and skeletons of vessels ;
while, in the distance, he saw interminaljle rows of
stranded craft. About this tiine three English ships of
the line were wrecked oif this point, and upwards of
two thousand men, composing nearly the whole of their
crews, perished.

In IDotsburg, at the confluence of the Old and Xew
Yssel, we find another memento of Drusus, the great
canal digger, since that town is said to have derived
its name from Ar.r DruHiaun. another fortress built bv
his orders, to protect his new and important water
communication, which entered the Tssel [Issala] at
Issehui't or Arnheim.

Upon the second or southern branch of the Rhine —
now the Waal — the Romans, properly, luul no settle-
ment below Sliiiue<.ien \Xorioiiiaini.s'\. about ninetv
miles from the sea. Batavian ;is much as Roman, how-
ever, this city ranked as the capital of the Batavian
native race. Midway lietween this point and the
ocean, near the Gorcain. on the north bank, opposite

91
the junction of the Maas and the Waal, the jBata»i had
a small settlement called Orinnes.

From the north mouth of the Maas southwards to the
Zwin, within the district occupied by the present Pro-
vince of ^EtlaniJ, almost the whole of WooriJ Brabant,
certainly all to the west of the Dommel, and the ^uib
[South] i^oUant) archipelago, the Romans never enter-
ed as conquerors, and rarely under any circumstances,
except as envoys or prisoners. This was the home
proper, the llaiJcvlaui), of the iHenaptt, a powerful, com-
mercial and independent Saxon nation.

Upon the second or central branch, the Romans had
a grand naval depot at Leyden [^Lngdunum BatavoruTn] ;
their only one upon the North Sea, with the exception
of Boulogne. It is very doubtful, however, if they
possessed any other permanent establishments between
the Maas and the Old Rhine, in the country of the
Sataci, except at Utrecht [TrajectumRheni] and at Voor-
burg [Forum Hadriani], now, or near, the Hague
[or Harlsem ?]. -

A few other towns or settlements are noted, but they
may have been military posts of the organized Batavian
contingents, although cited by Anthon as cities of the
Batavi and Caninefates.

Besides those places mentioned elsewhere, we find
Roemburg [Prsetorum Agrippinte], on the Old Rhine ;
Delft [Tabte or Delphi] ; Gouda [Vada] ; Utrecht
[Trajectum — Vetus] ; Arnheim [Arenatium or Arena-
cum] ; Wyck bie Duurstede [Batavodurum] ; and
Battenburg [Batavorum OppidumJ.

Mons. Dewez, author of an elaborate work, the "His-
toire Generale de la Belgique depuis la Conquete de
Cgesar," enumerates only seventeen towns — which could
pass for "villes" — as existing in the Netherlands prior
to the Vth Centurv-

92

In ^wlonlr CDomburg is the only one mentioned ; in
^ollaub, Leyden {Lugdunum Batavorum) and Ylaardin-
gen (Flenium) ; in Utrecht, Wijck bie Duurstede
{Doresf.atum or Batavodurum) ; in Gueldres, Nimwe-
gen {Noviomagm), of the lYth Century, Jveseel
{CastellumMencqnoriim) of the lid Century ; Malburg
(Castra Herculis), Bnrgmiacuon or Quadrihurgium,
of the lYth Century, and Batenburg (Bafavorum Op-
fidum) ; in Luxemburg, Nassogne (^Nassoniacurn) of
the IVth Century; in Liege, Tongres [Aiuatncci] of the
1st Century ; Hui [Huyuni] of the lid Century ; in
Brabant, Maestricht \_TraJecfiirn — Mosoe] ; in Flanders,
GassellOastelhun 3fario)tonun], Tournai [T>i niac 117)1] ;
in Hainault, BAxai [Bagacum'] of the I.-IId Century;
and in Artois, Arras [Xemetaccii] of the l^t Century.

In like manner that the eastern territory of the Ba-
tavi was rendered memorable by the Fossa Drusi, the
western — which, according to some, was inhabited by
the Marsaci — was intersected by the canal of Corbulo
— a channel — twenty-three miles long — which that
distinguished general of Claudius compelled his legions
to exciivate parallel with the seashore, between the
Maas [Helium] and the Old Rhine, to serve as a vast
drain, rather than a water-communication. It ran
from Leyden, past Delft to Maasland-Sluys, near
Vlaardingen [Flenium] on the Maas, below Rotter-
dam.

Our wonderful scholar. Professor Anthou, reads dif-
ferently with regard to this work, in his System of
Ancient and Mediaeval Geography. He makes it about
fifty miles in length, commencing at Wijck bie Duur-
stede, and ending in the Maas, about eight miles above
Rotterdam. ''The Lech, or middle branch of the
Rhine, was originally also a canal (Fossa Corbulonis.) —
made by the Roman general Corbulo ; and it existed

93
as such to A. 1). 829, when the bed was greatly enlar-
ged by an inundation ; and thus it became the princi-
pal river, while the true Rhine was reduced to insig-
nificance."

Beyond the farthest eastern limits of the Batavi and
illena|)it, forty miles above Nimwegen, the Ptomans es-
tablished a very strong military post, where Julius Cae-
sar is said to have first built a fort, called Vetera Castra,
(Castra Ulpia, now the town of Drich ?), near Santen,
or Xanten — in the Duchy of Cleves — still very near —
for the ancient bed is distinctly traceable — but then
upon the Rhine. The capture of this station — intend-
ed to overawe the neighboring people — by Civilis was
one of the most glorious achievements of that illustri-
ous Hollander-admiral as well as general of the first
century:

About 25 miles farther up the river, the Romans
had another station, whose original name, Asciburgium
—derived from two German words, "2lsk" — [Anglo-
Saxon "CEsG," a light craft, impelled by oars and sails
— sometimes rendered "a pirate"] — a vessel — a ship ;
and "Burg," a town — is still retained in Asburg, i. e.
Ship-town [0cl)iffbiirg]. Tradition — supported in a mea-
sure by actual proof — attributes the founding of this
town to the Greeks under Ulysses. Although the name
of the leader is no doubt fabulous, Hollandish writers
— as will be shown soon hereafter — maintain that their
islands were visited^ if not colonized, by Greek navi-
gators. Some 25 miles on, the Romans had anoth-
er station, at Nova Castra, or Novesium, now Nuys or
Neuss, then upon, now distant a mile and a half from,
the Rhine. Its location was, doubtless, to protect the
bridge which Drusus threw across that river.

Forty-five miles farther ascent of the stream brings
us to our present journey's end, or point of destination,

94
Colonia Agrippina, a prominent military colony, now
the famous city of Cologne [Koln]. In the Middle Ages,
it was often called the "Rome of the North." From
about 1150 to about 1500, it was the most flourishing
city of Northern Europe, and one of the principal em-
poriums of the Hanseatic commercial League. In the
Xlllth Century, all foreign vessels were compelled to
unload here, and reship their cargoes in those belong-
ing to this city. Without going into the details, which
are to be found in numerous agreeable works, .it is suf-
ficient to say that there is very little doubt but that
this was the point where Maximian constructed and
fitted out a greater part of the fleets which operated
under, or against, Carausius. Its distance from the
sea is not so much greater than that of Albany, Cal-
cutta, or New Orleans ; and there are men yet living
who say that they remember when [1790] the city of
Hudson owned a greater amount of tonnage than New
York. Within a very few years it, as well as Pough-
heejpsie, possessed a number of successful whalers. In
the Xlth Century, a fleet sailed from the quais of Co-
logne to England, and in 1247, three hundred ships
were equipped alongside of them for the crusades.
Eginhard (IXth Century) styles it Ripuairm Metrop-
olis.

The decline of Cologne's wonderful commercial pros-
perity was chiefly owdng to the closing of the naviga-
tion of the Rhine, in the XVIth Century, by the Dutch
or Hollanders — descendants of the Menapii, country-
men and subjects of Caeausius — and its returning pros-
perity dates from the removal of the obstruction in
1837. Cologne now once more trades directly with
countries beyond the seas, and again sea-going vessels
are built in her long deserted shipyards.

This subject has been considered thus at length, in

95
order to explain how it was that Carausius could have
exercised dominion over the countries lying about the
southern mouths of the Rhine and Schelde, and com-
manded the mouths of those rivers, and yet Maximian
derive his greatest maritime strength from naval ar-
senals upon the former. Before the introduction
of artillery it was next to impossible to defend, from
the shore, the mouths of large navigable streams, and
for this very reason Constantius was compelled to exe-
cute % stupendous work, to close the entrance to the
harbors or mouth of the estuary or bay of Boulogne,
which could have been done as effectually at the pre-
sent time, by the establishment of one or two heavy
water batteries '' fleuj- (Feau. as he accomplished it by
his mole.

The next pertinent consideration is, who and what
were the continental subjects and immediate antagonists
of Carausius.

In order to give a perfect understanding of the loca-
tion of the different nations or tribes lying along and
upon or near the North Sea, and mentioned in this con-
nection, the greatest pains have been taken to examine
every available authority of reputation. Readers, how-
ever, must remember that the Romans are the only his-
torians, in the original, who can . be consulted with re-
gard to this period ; and every reflecting man is well
aware that an impartial history has yet to be written.
Even when a writer belongs to neither of the nations
whose wars he is investigating, his readers must be
dull who cannot readily discern to which party he in-
clines, and which side has the benefit of his partialities
and his prejudices. How much more unlikely is it to
expect that any Roman has done justice to the only
people who proved invincible to them, the hitherto
universal- conquerors, and were equally blind to their

96
terrors and their blandishments-; who defeated them
upon more than one occasion, and were so intractable
and indomitable that the imperial generals were appa-
rently always willing to purchase a peace by oblivion of
the past, provided the so styled rebels would only lay
down their arms, retire within their own, to the Romans,
miserable territory, and leave the imperial frontiers in
repose.

Thus Pliny — in the main a sensible man — considered
the introduction of Roman luxury was a sufficient com-
pensation for the galling pressure of a foreign yoke, and
stigmatizes the Chauci as a wretched people, because
they were contented with their primitive condition, and
would not submit to the loss of their liberty.

The honest Lucan breathes a far different spirit, and
recorded his testimony that freedom found a refuge and
sanctuary beyond that Rhine whose floods, encircling the
natural citadels of the Mexapii, rolled between the home
penetralia of the true Hollanders' progenitors and their
would-be tyrants.

'■'■Par frorn, the guilt of civil war, and never to return,
Liberty sovght for refvge ^yond the Tigris and the Rhine.
Thenceforth denid to vs {Bonans), though sought at rislc of life.
LIBERTY! that German (Saron) and Scythian (ScanSinabian)

/"

To which the noble Michelet responds ;

"i^oltonlr was the bulwark, the universal refuge and
salvation, (humanly speaking,) of the human race."

With regard to the Belgi, it may be remarked with
propriety here, that they can scarcely be ranked among
the ancestors of the commercial Hollanders ; although
they were the forefathers of the manliest people of Bel-
gium. Neither were they Celts or Gauls. , There is
not the slightest doubt that the inhabitants of the Neth-
erlands, including the conterminous parts of Belgium,
are an exceedingly mixed race, but that mixture does

97
not consist of Gauls, but of Cymri (Kumri — Greek,) or
Cimbri, Cymbri, (Scandinavians,) and Germans.

First, commencing at the south, upon the Armoric
coast — a title derived from the Celtic Ae, "on" or
"near," and Mor, the "sea," — below Boulogne, we find
ourselves in the country of the Morini, which extended
thence immediately along the Channel to the Zwin, or
present southern boundary of Zeeland. Their name
came likewise from the Celtic Mor, signifying the "sea,"
and denoted a people dwelling along the sea-coast.
Virgil calls them "extremi hominum," because they
were the farthest people who acknowledged the Ro-
man sway. Whoever was master of the sea-coast was
master of them. Their territory answers to what we
recognize as the Department of the Pas de Calais, in
France, and West Flanders in Belgium.

These Morini, who lay along the coast of Flanders or
Belgium, were akin to the JUmapii, but totally distinct
— ^(at the time treated of, and in the Vth Century) —
from the Celtic or Gallic Belgi, whose northern line
0pvttner, a most reliable authority, keeps, to a certain-
ty, to the south of Zedaxib and foUaiib, and in a great
measure to the south of the Belgic provinces of East
Flanders, Antwerp, and Brabant.

In the rear of these, the Morini, lay the Salian
Franks, who established themselves about the middle
of the third century, near Antwerp, Breda, and Bois le
due. This German tribe, after passing the Rhine and
the Maas, found themselves opposed by all the different
nations who had been subjected from time to time by
the Romans. On the other hand, the Menapians re-
ceived them as confederates, united their arms with
theirs, and enabled them to meet the shock of the im-
perial armies and their auxiliaries. The usurper, tyrant,
or emperor, for he is mentioned under all these titles,

98
Posthumus the Elder, who was a brave and able gen-
eral, whatever may have been his personal faults or
criminal policy, drove back the majority of the Franks,
who had crossed the Rhine, into their native hills and
forests, but was unable to drive out those who had be-
come in a degree incorporated with the Menapii.

That the confederation of the Franks comprised the
Chauci, is the best evidence of their generous spirit
and valor, for into these latter's fastnesses the Romans
never penetrated, but on the contrary were contented
if they could restrain their irruptions.

Just along, but south of the small streams which
empty into the Zwin, some commentators locate the
Grddii, near Tournay or Bruges, and south of them
and west of the Lys, the Levaci ; but both doubt-
fully.

These are merely mentioned here, to show that the
writer is aware that they are sometimes located there-
abouts.

Second, the MENAPII. Julius CiESAR, whose Com-
mentaries contain the first reliable mention of them,
presents so few facts concerning their actual condition,
that, making our own deductions from his involuntary
admissions, we must believe he never penetrated be-
yond the frontiers of their territory. In many respects
they were a powerful people, possessing flocks and
herds, but more devoted to commerce than agricul-
ture.

They inhabited a small portion — the northern — of
East Flanders, Antwerp, Limbourg — being that part
of Belgium north of the Durme, Rupel, Demers, and a
line drawn from Hasselt to Ruremonde, or the junction
of the Maas and the Roer — and, in Holland, the prov-
inces of Zeeland, South Holland, south of the Maas

99
proper — Helium or Ostium (?) Mosoe — North Brabant,
and that part of Utrecht between the Waal and the
Maas or [?] between the Lech and the Maas.

At Kessel, just above the union of the Maas and
Roer, they had a town or fortified post, called Gastel-
lum Menapiorum, but they appeared to have lived, ac-
cording to the customs of the Germans, not in villages
or fenced towns, but in the woods and low grounds,
surrounded by noble water-courses, and also in their
ships.

The more a student and philosopher contemplates
the character of this people, the more he will be satis-
fied that they are the direct progenitors of those ^ol"
laniiEVS who covered the sea with their fleets. The
same instinctive seamanship, the same half-agricultural,
half-nautical, tendencies, the same probity, simplicity,
energy, adventure and patriotism, mark every era of
the true Dutchman's historic life.

The ancestors of the j^oUanbera and Ztdaniitxs — this
fact cannot be too often repeated — of the commercial
element of the population of the United Provinces, of
that vital principle of the Netherland race, whose ac-
tivity, industry, sagacity and enterprise, produced sucli
miraculous results in after-times — were not, as is gen-
erally supposed, in a great measure, the Batavi^ and, iu
a very slight degree, the Belgce, but the tribe or nation
— lying between the other two — to whom the parents
and family of Carausius belonged — the Tlialassigonoi
— ^(Sea-born) — Thalassohiotoi (Inhabitants on the Sea),
Thalassomothoi (Fighters with the Sea), Thalassome-
dontes (Lords of the Sea), Thalassoporoi (Traversers
of the Sea), M E N A n 1 0 1 .

Of all the earth's various children, these Hol-
landers and Zeelanders were Nature's navigators,

100

NATURAL MARINERS ; not SO the boastiog English. Born
as it were upon the sea, — for the sea penetrated their
land throughout with its saline streams, and, permea-
ting the soil, might be said to have borne it up in its
briny arms, — the MevamoL were the offspring of that
element which seems the only fitting emblem of free-
dom.

The SatoDtans were as eminently a war-enjoying, as
the Ulcnapiana were a peace-loving, people. The gods
of the former were those common to all the states of an-
tiquity. The images of their deities present themselves
to our imagination invested with the military emblems
and surrounded with a sanguinary halo, whereas those
of the illenapii, like St. Theodore, the original tutelar
saint of Venice, should be represented grasping the im-
plements of peace and industry in their right hands,
and the instruments of aggression in their lej^.

Saint Theodore, the patron Saint of Venice before
the adoption of the more notable Saint Mark, sur-
mounts one of the two magnificent granite columns in
its famous Fiazzetta, holding his shield (defensive) in
his right hand, and his lance (aggressive) in his Ze/?.
Whereupon the French writer, Amelot de la Hous-
SAYE, remarks, with a sneer, that the blunder of the
statuary is a clear proof of the Republic's unfamiliarity
with the use of arms, and symbolizes that its authorities
never made war of their own accord, nor with any
other object than the obtainment of an advantageous
peace. This intended satire undesignedly conveys
the highest praise, which is augmented by his subse-
quent assurance that the Venetians afterwards, and from
like pacific motives, substituted the evangelist Mark
for the soldier Theodore. Such was ever the policy
of the Heads of the Dutch Republic. They took up
arms only to compel a sure pacification, even as they burnt

101

the English ships and naval preparations in the hear-
ing, and almost in the sight of, London, to insure the
speedy conclusion of the peace of Ureba ; and when
they swept out their Romish superstitions, they retain-
ed an attachment and reverence only for St. Nicholas,
(0anta Klaaa) to whom none but the gentlest attri-
butes have been assigned.

Strange as the fact is, of all the nations which have
ever existed, but one has estimated the military art and
its professors at their true value, and placed them fifth
(4th) in the scale of usefulness and honor. The Chinese,
whom we look upon as barbarians, are justified in view-
ing us — claiming to be Christians — as real barbarians ;
for we invariably accord the highest honors and the
richest rewards in the gift of our governments, not to
learning and usefulness but to successful soldiership.
This incapacity for correct judgment has operated in a
great measure to blind our eyes to the source from
whence, primarily, the true ^oUanbcrB, and, secondarily,
(through them,) the world, derived its true greatness.
Humanity, were it to understand, and, knowing, to
concede the truth, would attribute its progress, human-
ly speaking, to the 0aion — that race, who, however
slow may be their advance, never retrograde in what is
useful. Sailors by nature, or necessity if you will, they
apply to their acquisitions, mental and physical, one of
their nautical rules, and keep every inch that they gain,
hauling in upon the cable of profit and improvement.
They never neglect to take a turn and belay. To man's
false estimate of worth we owe our ignorance of that
ancestral — Baxon — root, of which ive ought to be so
proud. Dazzled and enchanted by the magnificence of
the word-painting which — speaking to the imagination
— transcends the powers of the pencil, and yields only,
in too susceptible minds, to the harmonies of music —

102
we have been carried a#ay by the attributes and ex-
ploits of the Batavl and Belgoe, and shut our eyes to
the less resplendent but more valuable achievements of
the illfnapti. While the Batavi — ^fighting in a cause
the most opposed to the interests of their own race, were
conquering for despotism at Pharsalia — were overcom-
ing the most warlike peoples by their gallant demeanor,
even more than by their arms ; were bearing to the
extremities of the Roman Empire ensigns before which
the Roman eagle had been forced to fall back ; were
swimming, on horseback and in their armor, the mighti-
est rivers, in the ardent pursuit of glory ; and were
guarding Rome's imperial habitation, — the illenapii
were working out the problem to which the Saxon
mind has devoteditself since the formation of society,—
the acquisition of comfort and wealth, the development
of industry, commerce and agriculture. War was often
and equally a business with the Saxon, it is true, but a
far different war from that which allured the Gaul and
his collaterals. When necessity compelled, or violated
rights demanded, the recourse to arms, (jHagt) he in-
dulged in the bloody game of his brother nations — the
chase of men — but this was always a secondary or un-
natural excitement. His war was with nature, his an-
tagonists were the elements. He crossed rivers and
even seas no less courageously, not however to rush
into the battle-field, but to acquire riches. He labored
at the trench or on the rampart no less laboriously, but
not to fence in the strongholds of despotism — no ! his
defences — marvellous in conception and execution —
were planned and built to keep out invaders worse than
men — the life-destroying waves and the devastating-
inundation.

That low, humid, unsubstantial corner of Europe,
without natural boundaries, whose {sorereign] limits

103

have advanced or receded in obedience to diplomacy
and the sword, or the action of the ocean ; whose soil
— at once fertilized and menaced by the sea — seems
rather to float like a scum upon the waters than to con-
stitute another and more solid element, and its remotest
dependencies its dyke-environed archipelago — that hol-
low country, that bottomless land, that amphibious ter-
ritory— of which Pliny admitted the uncertainty wheth-
er it could be cited as a fief of the land or the sea —
gave birth or afforded a sanctuary to a people who,
since the earliest ages, have slowly but surely advanced
step by step in civilization, and never since their first
effort have made a retrograde movement in their won-
derful career of individual and national greatness.

First taught to walk upon a soil which, according to
Edmenius, did not afford a spot of ground that did not
yield beneath the step of man, no mortals ever trode
this earth with such a firm and adventurous foot as the
Hollander and Zeelander. Strange as it would seem,
while endued with almost the powers and instincts of
the amphibii which once frequented their coast — and
whose pursuit afterwards constituted some of the chief
bases of their riches and renown, they united to them
other and the most opposite qualities. To talents for
navigation and commerce, they added the most enlight-
ened conceptions of the dignified and beneficial influ-
ences of agriculture ; and while with one hand they
swept into their garners the harvests of the rolling
main, with the other they collected the no less valued
and more necessary harvests of the land. Unlike their
restless and excitable neighbors, the Walloons (Belgce)
who, prone to war, have been the mercenaries and myr-
midons of Spain, of Austria, and of the Papal powers,
for centuries, the ^oUaniiEr and Ztdaribn; with greater
(true) courage, coolness, strength and endurance, have

104

never shown an instinct, or manifested any acquired
taste, for the bloody and ambitious game of war. Yet
with all his aversion to arms as a profession. Freedom
has ever found in the true ^ollanircr her best, her readi-
est, and her most unfaltering, champion. And the
world owes its acquaintance . with the smiling line-
aments of fully-developed liberty and happiness, to
the rough but honest nursing of those men who never
learned to yield, and never yielded.

Many books have been written with regard to the
^oUanber and Ecelanbcr, yet none have laid before the
world succinctly, have eliminated or elucidated, those
truths which constitute the elements and characteristics
of their real greatness.

Back, back, in that vast solitude and desolation,
where now the richept fields and the noblest marts, the
stateliest wonders of the architect and the most start-
ling efforts of the engineer, excite the admiration of
the stranger — ^beyond a date when antiquity had raised
its rudest monuments, and history could scarcely fiiid a
vestige of corroborated evidence whereon to base her
narrative — all, however little, that has been discovered,
tends to prove that the Hollanders' ancestry were free-
men, and would he so, and what is more than this, that
they were industrious, agricultural, and commercial.

Planted upon the sand hills (Dutnen), or perched upon
lofty stakes, nestling in little cabins, raised above the
reach of the highest tides, amid the flood they seemed
like mariners afloat: after the ebb, like -navigators
stranded. Yet Caesar found this barbarous (?) — and, to
the Romans, poor and wretched, but fearless — tribe
invincible ; and when the greatest conqueror which
Rome ever produced swept like a flood over the war-
like clans which interposed between the Roman power
and the low shores of the North Sea, they discovered

105

upon that — to them — dismal coast, a people, who, ig-
norant of war as a profession or a science, nevertheless
taught him a lesson which, acted on by us .(Americans),
gave us our freedom — the people's war (guerra en
piquena [petite-guerre] guerriUa) — (Leve prelium) the
war of partisans.

Between what we know as the Maas and the Schelde,
a race fixed their habitation, who first inaugurated that
system of resistance whose application on a greater and
more bloody scale, within the century, swallowed up vast
armies of the finest' troops of Europe, and rendered
Spain's guerrilla war the grave of Napoleon's finest war-
personnel. Powerful in their mighty courage, although
weak in numbers — far less numerous than those nations
whom the Roman power, "dreadful and terrible, and
strong exceedingly," having "iron teeth," had "de-
voured and broken in pieces, and stamped the residue
with its feet" — the lill£na|iit disdained the tactics of the
invader, and first learned the professional soldier to re-
spect the might which slumbers in the peasant's arm,
and, by that warfare of the people which wearies out
an army by its sleepless and intactable activity, arrested
the progress of the great Julius, and forced him to
respect a soil which centuries after scarcely seemed to
be a solid ground.

When the Batavi and Belgce were the admired allies
of the Romans, when to their selected youth,

" The world's queen in her palmiest hour

Confided the imperial home,
And, — 'mid the northern tempests lower, —

To Saroil ward, the gods of Eome,"

when nations at the farthest limits of the Empire trem-
bled before Holland's subsidiary sword, the jUIcnapt!,
true Saxon race, unlike the so called Batavi and Belgce
— of mixed origin and instincts, varied as their parent-
age— showed no desire to mingle with the foreigner.

106

but rarely figured in the ranks of the Roman armaments,
and revolted from the wiles which sought to ensnare,
and repulsed the efforts which strove to enslave them.
What fear of mortal enmity could invade the hearts of
a people steeled against such an emotion by the sufter-
ing and danger inseparable from a truceless contest
with an implacable natural antagonist. Though demi-
gods assailed them on the land — and Pagan Rome
could apotheosize as well as Papal Rome canonize —
had not the Hollanders been victorious over gods — the
highest gods of the heathen world '( Xeptune himself
had yielded to their stubborn resolution, and the foul
war-god's spurious offspring found in that Hollow-land
marshes to drown and graves to swallow up their brass-
clad legions, but not one spot on which to dedicate a
trophy or offer a libation to their hitherto invincible
"abomination of desolation."

In the salt-meadows, dank rich jjastures, and sea-
begirt woodland glades of the Maasau archipelago and
Scheldic bottom, (Botm, Anglo-Saxon ; i3obc!n. Dutch,)
" danger's twin-brother" found and left them free.
And thus early, within the encompassing arms of the
Maas, Schelde, and Zwin, the free illenapii were already
driving the piles, whose undecayiny fibres were to
bear up the vast and glorious fabric of the Dutch Re-
public. Aye ! before the sun of Rome began to pale,
the orb of ^oUailb was already irradiating the European
horizon with the light of a day destined to such a
brilliant noon and mellow sunset.

To present a detailed history of tlie iUcuapii and of
their habitat, which will bear the test of the theorv of
every ethnological writer, or even reconcile throughout
the opinions of several of the principal autliorities who
Jiave devoted their attention to Hollandish histoi-v, is
utterly impracticable. At the outset we have three of

107
the most opposite opinions with regard to the original
inhabitants of the Maas-Scheldic Archipelago. Clu-
VERJUS (German Geographer, 1580-1623) says they
were Toxandri; Junius (HoUandish Savant, 1512-
1575), Mattiaci and Eyndius (Zeelandic Historio-
grapher, 1575-1614), Greek colonists, conducted thith-
er by a maritime leader known as one of the Hercules.
Whether these were preceded or succeeded by the
Gimhri and Teutones from the north, members of that
confederation defeated by Marius, or rather Catulus —
(proof, the marked javelins — -B. C. 101) — upon the
plains of Lombardy (^Gam])i Raudii)^ near Verona, on
the Adtffe, is another hotly-contested fact.

Consequently, to erect any memorial capable of re-
sisting the shocks of prejudice, or the disintegration
of critical investigation, we must adopt the views of
some one writer, and work in or emplace those state-
ments of other chroniclers which appear the most
worthy of support and the most strongly supported by
concurrent or conterminous narratives. Uj)on the base
or plinth fnvmshed hy the Chronici Zelandise of lacob
van t3m (Sjinben, let us set up as the shaft, or stem, the
Histoire Oenerale de la Behjique depuis la Gonqitete de
Goesar, by Monsieur Dewez, who cites from one hun.
dred and thirty-eight to one hundred and fifty authori-
ties, in, and furnishes an alphabetical list of them, prefix-
ed to his first volume, which volume (Vol. I) embraces a
period of some eight centuries, from 100 B. C. to 672
A. C, the very one which this portion of our work
adventures to elucidate. Many of the original author-
ities have been consulted, and every work which had
a bearing upon the subject, however near or remote,
and could be obtained, has been purchased and studied.

Nevertheless it must be borne in mind that prior to
the campaigns of Caesar every statement partakes more

108
or less of the fabulous or problematical, so that these
deductions of to-day are fully as valid as those which
have been heretofore presented, for all deductions must
rest upon the same bases. From the time of Caesar to
the reign of Vespasian, we have some little to which
the name of history may be applied. After Vespasian
an immense chasm occurs. From Titus to Constantius
the accounts are few and disconnected, or, were not the
term confined to medicine, we might say more defin-
itely, sporadic. These relations constitute the first
epoch of Dewez. The second epoch is ushered in by
the commencement of authentic narratives. From this
era (about A. D. 700) — where our labors terminate —
we have reliable facts, woven into more than one agree-
able history in Dutch, French, and English.

Long — an extensive and learned contributor to
Smith's reliable "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Ge-
ography"— in his notes or sketches, appended to
Hughes' "Classical Atlas," remarks in regard to the
"Basin of the Mosa," that "as we descend the river we
come to no place of note in ancient times."

This bears out the assertion of Dewez, that, previous
to the Vth Century, the Netherlands were almost desti-
tute of what we would style "towns," and proves that
even if the Romans did penetrate into the country they
never established themselves there, for — to a certainty
— wherever their power extended, we find indisputable
vestiges of their fortresses and municipia.

Again, Latham, in the map attached to his noted
"Germania of Tacitus, with Ethnological Dissertations
and Notes," while coloring Germania Inferior (Bel-
gium) pink, as appertaining to the Gauls — which is a
very great error, for the Netherlanders were pre-emi-
nently !3catiMnat)ittn0 or So?on0 — covers the territory
of the fUenapii with flashes of blue, indicating a mixed

109

and uncertain population ; and every writer upon the
subject seems to labor under the same dubiousness.
They never advance, like men walking in the light, but
grope along.

This is an unexceptionable argument, that the em-
pire never embraced in reality the country of Carau-
sius ; since, wherever its legions made good possession,
stoord in hand, their historians and philosophers, stylus
and grapMum in hand, to chronicle their exploits and
explore the secrets of the land.

Reference has already been made to Spruner's invalu-
able "Historisch-Geographischer Hand-Atlas," which
shows the ethnological changes which Europe has un-
dergone. Whatever errors the author of Carausius
may have fallen into, he is borne out by every other
map, chart, or plan, in representing the country of the
iHIcnapii as exempt from the presence of Roman garri-
sons, and unpolluted by the location of their perma-
nent establishments, if we except the Haven of the
Britannic fleet (^Porhis classis Britannicoe) — in the
island of Groree, where we find the ruins of Witlam —
and the (7th) causeway (via) diverging from Bavay,
which connected that road-centre with Utrecht (Tra-
jectum), running through Enghien, Assche and Ghent.
It does not follow, however, because their possession
was once secured, that it was uninterruptedly assured.
Romer's Walle and Roompot are also enumerated
among others, but it would be difficult to prove their
existence, inasmuch as the sea now rolls over their
imaginary sites, and the latter name is now applied to
a sand-bank off the northwest extremity of North
Beveland. Doubts invest the clearest traditions with
regard to all these places, and what an angry sea has
enveloped, it is scarcely probable that even the acutest
antiquarian research can unveil. The numerous maps

110
•which embellish i)an loan's [1683-1760] History of
Ancient Holland (^Hottbe ^ollonbscl)c l^istori) agree with
him in this particular, except that, led astray by Cluve-
rius, he assigns the islands of Zeeland to the Toxandri
[Taxandri] in the time of Civilis. With this exception,
and extending the Morini under the name of Tla-
mingen [Flemings] to the southern shore of the estuary
of the Schelde, he located the illeavapii — under the title
[found no where else] of iUcnevnenaars (people ruled
by their Mayors — [Baillies or Drossarts] — '?) where we
find them on all other maps.

This extension of theMorini is a great error, for
Strabo, and every other reliable geographer or histo-
rian of antiquity, brings the Menapii down to the North
Sea; and a close examination of their language indi-
cates that they were in possession of the Gallic bank
of the Schelde as well as of the Rhine, the whole con-
stituting one vast and generally-confounded embouch-
ure. But every absolute designation of boundaries is
open to question, while the country between the Schelde
and the Elbe was in a state of fermentation and ebulli-
tion, and nothing can be declared certain until after
the Norman invasion had settled, and the scum of fable
had been skimmed off by the light of mediaeval inves-
tigation.

But cross the Maas and Rhine into the Batavian
island, and the close alliance of the Romans, and the
omnipresent effects of their science and comparative
civilization, appear in every quarter. The dykes of
Drusus and Pompeius Paulinus guarded it like ram-
parts on either side from the waters as high as the junc-
tion of the Maas, Wahal and Rhine; the canals of
Drusus and Corbulo drained it ; the light-house
(l)uurbO£&) of Caligula invited the mariner to the (then)
sheltering mouth of the Old Rhine and the protecting

Ill

bulwarks of the Proetorium Agrvppmce, while several
fortified posts of more or less strength and importance
— hnked together by Roman causeways — connected its
inhabitants by a bond of discipline if not subjugation
to the imperial centre. That nerve of discipline, how-
ever, while it left them nationally and individually free,
was, nevertheless the fruitful cause of all Batavia's suf-
fering— for that nerve pulsated, quivered, agonized, re-
sponsive to the aggravated and increasing diseases of
the imperial power. And so rapidly did the Batavi
deteriorate under its effects that after the days of Civilis
(A. D. 70) within a space of twenty years thereafter,
they were looked upon as less brave than the Cauci,
Peisii, and Frisiibones, separated from them only by
the old Rhine, and another century and a half had
scarcely elapsed before their northern invaders branded ■
them as a ^'■prey" not deeming them worthy the epithet
of a ^'nation.'''

The iincna:ptt had arable farms, buildings, and small
towns, or rather open villages, but no cities or walled
towns, on both sides of the Lower Rhine and of the
Schelde, along the German Ocean or North Sea and in
the Maasan — Scheldic — Rhenish— islands.

The celebrated Sir William Temple, in his "Ob-
servations upon the United Provinces of the Nether-
lands," expresses his opinion that the ancient iTrisona —
a title which he applies to the inhabitants not only of
the Provinces of Groningen, Friezland and Overyssel,
but of Westphalia and all those countries between the
Weser, the Yssel and the Rhine (which includes South
j^olkulr and even jZeelanb — anciently known, says
Eyndius, by the name of Fbisia,) — were, under the
name of 0q-tona, " the fierce conquerors of our British
island^

These Saxons (Seoxa, Bcacoa) derived their name,

112
according to all authorities, from the peculiar weapon
which they wore — a sword or dagger like a scythe, not
unlike a small scimetar, called by them Qtaxes, whose
first signification is a knife, and secondary a sword
or dagger (Bosworth), which, to this day, is a
favorite weapon with the mariners of Holland, but par-
ticularly the people of Friesland and the northern dis-
tricts of the Netherlands, under the name of Snicka-
snee, [Snick^an^snte, Dutch ; Snidisen, a cutting iron
or knife, Anglo-Saxon ?] — a peculiar, long [often two
feet] knife — with which they did terrible execution
upon the insurgent Belgians in 1831. Now the Fri-
sians and the Menapii, or the Saxons, were one and the
same race, having nothing in common with the Ger-
mans j^ro^er, as Luther affirms — than whom no more
capable judge.

"England," [conquered by the Dutch Saxons,] he ex-
claims, "is but a piece of Germany — the Danish and
English languages are Saxon, that is, real German—
[by which he means Gothic] — while the language of
Upper Germany is not the true German tongue."

Turner, in his History of the Anglo-Saxons, enumer-
ating the races which were embraced by the title
Qaxan — whose synonyms he gives as Scythian, German,
or Gothic — includes the Dutch.

"The Bishop ofMunster, whose Territories lye in this
Tract of Land, [about 1668] gave" him — Temple says
— "the first certain evidences of those [the districts
just before referred to] being the seats of our [English]
ancient Saxons. ^^ * * * "The Priezons' old Lan-
guage having still so great afl&nity with our old Ung-
lish as to appear easily to have been the same ; most
of their words still retaining the same signification and
sound." * * * "This is the most remarkable in a
little Town called Malcuera, upon the Zudder Sea iu

113
Friezland, which is still built after the fashion of the
old [Saxo-Menapian] German Villages, described by
Tacitus ; without any use or observation of Lines or
Angles ; but as if every Man had built in a common
Field, just where he had a mind, so as a stranger, when
he goes in, must have a Guide to find the way out
again."

That too much importance is not herein assigned to
the Menapian element. Temple bears out in these em-
phatic words : " j^ollaitir, ZealanlJ, JTriejlanb and ®ro-
nxngm, are seated upon the sea, and make the strength
and greatness of this State [United Provinces] : the
other three [Utrecht, Guelderland, and Over-Yssel],
with the conquered towns in Brabant, Flanders, and
Cleves, [the Batavian or Belgic element] make only the
Outworks or Frontiers, serving chiefly for Safety and
Defense of these."

Jleflect upon the foregoing ; consider the absence of
towns, the peculiar structure of the villages, and tlie
position assigned to them, and we have an accurate
delineation of the Fatherland of that tribe from which
issued Carausius.

What is more, the title of Meyeryenaars, applied to
his nation, identifies them not only with the pure Saxon
normal race, but also stamps them as one and the same
people as the Frisons, who are the purest existing spe-
cimens of that stock. Whoever will turn to Temple's
account of the system of administration in Friezland
and Groningen, in the latter part of the XVIIth cen-
tury, and compare his language with that of Turner
upon the government and laws of the more ancient Sax-
ons, will be astonished at the entire resemblance. That
Zealand no longer [1668] possessed a like system, was
owing to the awful changes resulting from its war of
independence, in which all its families of note, as well

114

as its -nobilit)", had been extinguished. Compelled to
throw itself into the arms of lUUliaiu of ©ronge, the
Silent One, the house of Orange-Nassau became pos-
sessed of it almost in sovereignty. The onslaughts of
the sea had not effected a more startling change in its
territory than the onslaughts of the Spanish armies had
upon its government. The first swept away the phys-
ical land-marks, the second the administrative ; and
necessity, not choice, led the Zeelanders to confide
their destinies in a great measure to a single hand.

The earliest Saxon societies were governed by the
aged, and aye and authority were expressed by the
same words. The ancient Saxons had no king, but
many cliiefs set over their people. In time of war, a
leader was designated by lot, whose supremacy ceased
with the occasion for his election. Then all the chief-
tains became repossessed of equal power. This was as
much a republic or confederation as our own. T^'ith-
out doubt the enjoyment of such a system is expressed
by the title Meyeryenaars ■ and we find that immedi-
ately afterwards the same territory was designated as
the l)rn-Staat ha jirboticijm [Free State of the Forest
People], which embraced, according to tian £oon, only
the continental, according to Eyxdius likewise the in-
sular, possessions of the Menapii. The system of rep-
resentation by BailJieH existed in the country between
the Zuycler Zee and the Dollart, in the prosperous days
of the Hiiitcir |)rot)tnc£e. There Temple tells us that
every Baillage comprehending a certain extent of coun-
tr}' and number of villages, was governed by a Bailly,
[in Frison, ''(Prcetiimn,"] who administered the affairs
with the assistance of a certain number of persons, call-
ed his Assessors. When the States were convoked,
every Bailly called together all the individuals in his
district who possessed a certain quantity of land, the

115

majority of whose voices elected the two Deputies
which each Baillage sent to the assembly of the States.
Herein we discover an elective representation untainted
by the evils of universal suffrage — an elective franchise
founded on a just and equitable property representation,
the perfection of government.

* * * *

A favorite hypothesis with many writers is, that the
Maas-Scheldic islands were originally portions — verte-
bral joints — of an isthmus which connected the British
islands — then a peninsula — with the (Netherlands) con-
tinent. Another party take a diametrically opposite
position, and while the first argue that the isthmus was
broken up i)do islands by the assaults of the sea, the
second assure us that these insular groups were gradu-
ally formed hy deposits of that element and alluvial
matter brought down by rivers, still emptying at this
point, bound together as it were by the previous ar-
restation of enormous trees, which constituted the
bones whose flesh was the mud and silt which gradu-
ally accumulated about them. Eyndius devotes his
first eight chapters of difficult and barbarous, or medi-
aeval, Latin to the consideration of the subject, and we
will follow him — as our base or plinth — until the period
when Dewez commences. The latter believes that the
Maas-Scheldic archipelago was settled by those who
under the pressure of the Roman invasion, sought
therein a refuge for their barbarian — free — institutions :
— free institutions, which, notwithstanding the coercion
of despotisms — moral or spiritual and physical — in and
around them, continue to exist even to this present
moment^either successively, under

(a) A savage Saxon-pagan, unwritten, but no less
potential constitutional royalty — (if such be susceptible
of existence without a written charter of rights) ;

116

(b) A half-Woden, half-Christian representative-con-
federation—[the Saxon (Prank) Ccague ; Meyeryenaars ;
iJvM-Staat J)n- ^rboricl)£n; Mayory of Bois-le-duc — Clo-
vis ;— IVth to Vllth Century ;

(t) An ever irritant, unsubmissive, individual-right-
asserting and maintaining, though nominal mingling of
theological or imperial feudalism, — under their Counts
— [JPirk, 1st Count of Holland]— (A. D. 868-873) ;
Foresters of Flanders (A. D. 621), Baldwin the Buck
or Stag, first Count of Flanders (A. D. 862) ; Bishops
with fluctuating jurisdictions — {Compare Hajllam's
''Staie of Europe during the Middle Ages," "Armorican
Republic or Confederation [between the Seine and
the Loire, in the Vth Century] of independent cities
under their respective Bishops, 1, 3, 1, 1,) — Marquises
and Dukes ;

(b) A jealous, but on the surface (to the eye) obedi-
ent appanage while ruled through the affections and
interests — nettle-like, however, though susceptible of
skillful administrative manipulation — but revolutionary
under rough handling — (as, for instance, under the
House of Burgundy — 1436-1579 — Charles V. and
Philip II.) ;

(t) Republican, independent, potential and magnifi-
cent, under its Stadtholders, States-General, and Pen-
sionaries— (1579-1813-'16) ; and, finally,

(f ) As at the first, returned to its normal condition,
after having been smoothed, burnished and civilized by
the attrition of time, the progress of human improve-
ment, and the effects of religious influences into a
modern, constitutional, hereditary monarchy — (1815-
1859).

According to Eyndius, the expansion of Greek civil-
ization— whose leaven, says Knox, was the infusion of
Scandinavian male-intellectuality — like the circle on

117

tlie water, gradually increasing its circumference by the
centrifugal impulse of commerce, planted colonies
upon the Zeelandic shores, which were peopled, if then
inhabited at all, by a savage, aboriginal, off-shoot of
the original Asiatic exodus, impelled by that far re-
mote, unexplained emigration, hypothetical as to de-
tails, but certain as to the main fact, which ethnologists
have deluged with imaginary theories, without making
anything more apparent than that such a physical
movement did take place.

Who, what, whence, the original inhabitants of Zee-
land, if inhabited long anterior to our era, nobody
knows to a certainty, and nobody will learn upon this
earth. The Romans were only aware that the Maas-
Scheldic archipelago had a people brave, fierce, uncon-
querable, intelligent, acquisitive, enterprising, making
themselves /eZi, but withal so very indefinitely known
that their history is a myth. Still, sufficient has been
discovered to prove that there, in that 'sea%' (boggy —
wet) district, there existed the germ of what after-
wards grasped the world with its adventurous, nature-
overcoming, fear-ignoring, '■^spatula-shaped,'''' fingers —
the germ of that nation which

"Laid his hand upon 'the Ocean's mane,'

And played familiar with his hoary locks' —

— something like one of those vast Saurian reptiles, mud-
embedded, dreadful to contemplate in its remains, of
which we know so little, except that they lived and
moved in obedience to the same laws which now regu-
late their pigmy representatives or descendants. This
comparative anatomy teaches us, and'no more. And thus,
from the same modified features in the Netherlander of
modern times, we arrive at an estimate of the mas-
culine vastness of the primitive Menapian-Zeelander,
individually hnge in his free instincts, imbibed from

118
his very habitat and its environings, which saturated
him as it were with the liberty of that which knows no
earthly master, — the sea.

"Man marks the earth with ruin — his control
Stops with the shore ; — npon the watery plain
The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain
A shadow of man's ravage, —

"Ocean, thou dreadfnl and tnmnltuous home
Of dangers, at eternal war with man !
Death's capital, where most he domineers,
With all his chosen terrors frowning round."

Man derives comparatively less dilatation from that
which he feeds upon, mind and body, than from that
which he breathes and that which he has intercourse
with. This the degeneration of our material being ex-
emplifies every day. Position and association with
natural grandeur and imminent danger aggrandize
character even more than they develop physique.

Ideal, hypothetical, a reader may silently but sneer-
ingly exclaim- Admit it, but the same remark ajjplies
to ere I'll theory on this subject. Should, however, this
present one, the offspring of years of studv. be less
worthy of respect and consideration than those of oth-
ers? That it has a solid foundation, however ].:ftv and
airy the superstructure, is just as undeniable as the
glory of the Fatherland. A few remarks with regard
to derivations, set the present combination of materials
so stoutly erect that nothing can overthrow it.

Ammianus Marcellinus (Roman Historian. IVth Cen-
tury), quoting those who wrote before his day, tells
us that we have their assurance that the Dorians, fol-
lowers of Hercules, were the colonists of the Zeelandic
coasts. Monumental inscriptions existent when he
wnite, confirmed the fact: likewise Tacitus, if read
understandingly.

The PiLL.vRS OF Hercules, memorials of remotest

119
commercial enterprise, were set up in the island of
Walcheren ; and the temple or citadel of the Marcusan
Hercules welcomed the merchant to the farthest shore
of the Schelde. In 1514, a stone dedicated to that
demigod served as a font in the church of West Cap-
pel, consecrated it is supposed by St. Willi brod, the
apostle of the Frisons, (658-738). This Marcusan di-
vinity took his title from' the words, Jflarc, (limes)
boundary, [whence March (a frontier) and Marquis,
(the nobleman to whom its defence was confided,) J
and ^uj)3, (Dutch, ) a building or dwelling. John
Becanus (or t)an ®orp), [Geropius,] Flemish savant,
(XVlth Centurjr,) affirms that on the farthest or most
western point of the island of Zeeland, the Romans
had a frontier citadel, called by the inhabitants JUarc-
l}ii2S, and consecrated to the tutelage of Hercules,
thence called Marcusanus. This may have been the
PoRTUs Classis Britannic.*; ; but why not §£gst, at
the extreme western point of Belgium, near or within
the southern boundary of Zeeland. Besides the tradi-
tion which brought Ulysses to Asciburgium, in
tlUeaiugen (Flushing) we recognize the very name
of the far-adventuring Greek king, combined with
innm — together ; iJlissta-ingcn — "the port or entering
in of Ulysses."

Timagenes, the historian (Vth Century B. C.) — of
whom we have distinct mention in the Lexicon of
Suidas — whether the author of the "Periplus of the
whole Sea," and the "History of the Gauls," is the one
and the same individual or not, is unimportant, since it
is probable all the works attributed to four distinct
writers were in reality by the same person — and other
Greek authors may be cited in corroboration, as maj- be
read in the earliest Latin histories of Holland and Zee-
land. Witness Strabo !

120

From Mannus, (Man, Ang. Sax.,) the son of Her-
cules, deified by superstition, and to the northern na-
tions doubtless known as ^msto, or ®cttton, sprang
that race — [the Scandinavian or Norse (not the Upper
German) ] — the ;2lU£manni — [ (hence Allbmagnb, Fr.)
— among whom Latham includes as the fourth main
division, the Dutcl} of Holland and the JTlemings of
Flanders (comprising the JIlEnopU and the northern
portion of the Mobini) ] — All-men, Ang. Saxon., {Con-
federation of all who were men) — sometimes styled in
certain districts Franks — Freemen ; or Aldr-man,
(Ang. Sax.) the Parents of Men. These Allemanni
were doubtless the Ing^evones, (Inge-Wonnens,) whom
Pliny locates upon the shores of the ocean and Tacitus
points out, as with his very finger, in the islands of
Zeeland. Could this title of '■^All-men" imply that tolera-
tion for which the Dutch were afterwards so renowned ?

Of the so called Germans, the Ingcevones [Saxons?]
constituted the first of the three great groups into
which the ancients divided the inhabitants of Germa-
ny. They were "Dwellers upon the Sea," and compri-
sed the Cimbri, Teutones, and Chauci, all of whom we
know at one time or another inhabited the country
of the Menapii.

The second guoup were the Ist^vones, on the Upper
Rhine and in the east and south of Germany ; and the
third group, the Hermiones, (the descendants of Her-
man, a namesake and progenitor of ''the Deliverer of
Germany" ?) who inhabited the interior — ^ert-mib-
tDOntra, i. e. very midland inhabitants, says Junius.

With regard to ®tttaco — (whence the word JDeutscI).
German) — his worship was antecedent to that of Wo-
den. In fact, the normal signification of his name is
divinity, even as that of Mannus relates to humanity.
It requires no stretch of the imagination to transmute

121
Hercules, grasping his club and clothed in the spoils of
the Nemean Lion, as we find him represented, into
i^nmOi brandishing his sceptre and draped in the skin
of a wild beast, strong, upright, and defiant.
* * * *

After a long and careful comparison of all the accessi-
ble treatises upon the subject, it is scarcely possible to
believe otherwise than that the Ingoevones and the Gim-
hri were one and the same people. However rude their
habitations may have been — (their burrowing^ as some
would insinuate, would have been impracticable in
marsh-lands) — their military equipments were far in ad-
vance of the age in which they flourished. They had
helmets moulded to represent the gaping jaws of wild
beasts, or similar terrible images, surmounted by lofty
floating crests, displayed for the same reason that Louis
XIV wore a full wig and high heeled shoes to enhance
the majesty of his stature. "They used white shining
shields and iron mail, and either the battle axe or long
and heavy swords." Be it remembered that in the time
of l^ttrolb — England's last and truest Saxon king — the
national weapon was the tremendous battle axe, which
if not derived from the Hollandish Saxons under Hen-
gist and Horsa, was certainly inherited from the Danish
Saxons of Canute. Like Siward — the son of the Bear,
and famous earl of Northumberland — they considered
that to die of a disease, "supine like a cow," was un-
worthy a man, whereas a soldier's death was an object of
exultant contemplation — a glorious and happy termina-
tion of mortality.

The term '■'■AutoJdhonas" {Greek) applied to the
people inhabiting the shores and islands of the Nether-
lands, a branch of these Ingoevones, would lead us to
suppose that they looked upon suicide as a virtue when
sickness, accident or calamity rendered life a burthen.

122

The etymology of Ingcevones applied by Tacitus to
that people whom Sti'abo cdll?, Parokeanitc^s, "on or be-
belonging to the sea coast" has never been thoroughly
digested. Jng, pi. Inges, is a termination used by the
ancient Saxons in the formation of patronymic nouns-
and then signifies descendants, or sons, or inhabitants,
or people, or race, of, &c. A Danish professor thinks
that it may have been an obsolete mode of writing
lnBol)ner {Einvohner) indefinitely an inhabitant, defi-
nitely flie original inhabitant.^. In the same way that
Shering finds ®lt-5a?en (Old Saxony) in Hultzatia and
Old (or the original!}- inhabited) LAxn in Oland, the
first a duchy, the second an island of Dejimark. the
author of the "Delights ^A Holland" insinuates that
Holland had its name from that Oland, a dependent
portion of Denmark (Cimbric Chersonese) whence its
original settlers, the Ci-mbm and TErxo-NE.'^. emigrated.
This would make i^oUanb to mean ©It (Old) lanb, and sub-
stantiate the claim of the Cijibri to the title of Ixgcevgnes
— fhe (original) inhahifanfH — the Txdigines. All this,
however, is speculative. The most erudite when they
arrive at this point throw d(jwn their pens in despair.

Claudius Ptolemaeus. the Alexandrian, who lived
A. D. 125-175, is the first writer to whom we are in-
debted for a mention of the Saxons by that, their pro-
per, name. One hundred years elapsed before they
were again mentioned in works which have survived.
Eutropius, who lived in the IVth Century, is the sec-
ond writer extant who noticed them. He was almost
a contemporary of C.a^rausius- Therefore, where all is
hpothesis, the opinion of everv devoted student is en-
titled to the highest consideration.

Of Pytheas, the (ii-eek navigator, a contemporary of
Aristotle — 384a382 B. C. — we know sn much that is
reliable, that we must believe in the truth of tlie Greek

123

colonization of Zeeland, and the sea-coast of the Mena-
pii. His observations of the determination of latitude
were calculated with a precision which modern astrono-
mers have found exact ; his description of the stars in>
the north has likewise been approved, and his deduc-
tions with regard to the cause of the tides, which he
attributed to the agency of the moon, has stood the test
of all subsequent philosophy. Throughout his voyages
from Marseilles, around Spain, and through the British
Channel and North Sea, into the Baltic, he was a close
observer of everything worthy of note ; and through
him we have our first information 'with regard to the
northern seas, and to him and his adventurous compeers
is attributed that infusion of G-reek intelligence, which,
permeating the susceptible Saxon mind, the most capable
of feeling each generous impulse, made the Wntcl) and
jTicmtngs, the English and the Knikkevbttlfker- and Anglo-
Saxon Americans, the first people in the world with re-
gard to everything conducive to human progress. We
say Wntc\} and iTlcmings not unadvisedly. We repeat
it again and again, for emphasi.s, because the IHenapii
were not only JIDutcl) but also Slutrl) Jrleininga. The
repetition, however irksome, is necessary, to drive
home the idea into the reader's memory and clinch it
there. Those Mexapii who inhabited the profound
marshes — {rtJta pains : Bertius, Flemish cosmographer
and historiographer to Louis Xlll. of France, author
of the Coinineiiforionnii rennn Germaiilcdriini. Am-
sterdam,1635) — or ''smky' land, scai'cely susceptible of
the name of solid ground {itenr nun terra ; d'Anville,
cited by Gibbon, as his most reliable geographical au-
thority)— -and almost inaccessible to men — (its narrow
passes, or foot-paths, being so constructed that they
were with difficulty traversable ; Bertius) — were Flem-
ings : those who inhabited the islands and marshes

124

north of the Schelde, were Zeelandebs and Dutch.
■'De Strabonis ergo et Csesaris verbis, tanquam
augurali lituo, mihi ixstl* ZELAXDiCiE circumscripta
sunt ex antiquo, Rheui, (aliis placet Mosas et Scaldis)
confluente, alveis, ostiis, et Oceano : conterminis a Sep-
tentrione Batavis, ab oriente Mexapiis, et Nerviis, a me-
ridie Morinis. IW" Eas Tnsulas siih imperio Mena-
PIORUM fulsse, iisdem autoribus coUigi posse, dixi :
nee enim quis, Morinorum Pagos — "unde vox Pays
Gallis manavit" — ultra Scaldim sese unquam extendisse,
facile probaverit." — Eyndius.

TRANSLATION.

"Therefore, from the language of Strabo and of Caesar,
located as it were by the augural staff (used originally
to quarter the heavens) the Zeelandic islands were
bounded, according to my judgment, from the most
ancient times, by the junction of the two branches,
the channels and the mouths of the Rhine (in the opin-
ion of others, of the Maas and the Schelde,) and by
the Ocean ; the Batavi being conterminous from the
North, the Mexapii and Nervii from the East, the Mo-
rini from the South, (that is, on the main land south
of the Schelde). 'l^" That 'these ishoids were under
the jurisdldion of (belonging to) the Menapii, can
he shoivn from the same authors, for neither could
it be easily proved that the cantons or districts (Pa-
gi) of the ]Morini — (Avhence, from Pagns. the word
Pays is derived by the Gauls or French) — ever ex-
tended themselves beyond (that is, to the north of) the
Schelde. "„^^

These two districts, with their inland territory — (oc-
cupied in the days of Clovis liy the Free State of the
Forest-people — llvii-StaQt bcr C^rborisrl^cn) — modern N.
Brabant — the anc*,'stral land of the author — was ever
truly freedom's ground, for, "whether as Flemings, the

125

last to submit to the House of Austria, or Dutch or
Hollanders, the first to throw off a yoke become foreign,
the physical aspect of the people is identical." There
we find Rotterdam — whence, two hundred and twenty
odd years ago, the jDt IJcgstera sailed to this country —
the second metropolis of the Netherlands ; Flushincj,
which nothing but the jealousy of Amsterdam prevents
from extinguishing Anficerjj ; Antwerp, whose men-
tion evokes visions of almost inconceivable wealth and
magnificence ; Ghent (Gand or Gant), that glove of his
in which Charles V. boasted he could hide Paris ; and
Bruges, with its fifty bridges, which a few centuries
since was a worthy rival of the preceding and a peer of
Venice, Genoa, and the other first emporiums of the
world.

While brave as the bravest, the Menapii erected a
monument far more glorious than any which a mere
military power has ever set up. Commerce and com-
fort, freedom and science, constitute the foundation, the
base, the shaft, and the capital, of their vast memorial.

The gauntlet is down ; take it up who dares.
*****

As the Dutch Commonwealth was born out of the
Sea, so out of the same Element it drew its first strength
and consideration, as well as afterwards its Riches and
Greatness." Even so, every name which we find appli-
ed to the CDotclj in ancient times was derived from that
element, and implied a marine birth or association.

Thus the name of the Morini, according to some
etymologists, signifies the "Maritime (people) " ; ac-
cording to others, the "People living where the tide
rises and falls" ; according to others.again, the "Child-
ren of the Sea," or, as it is rendered in the text [page
97], the "People dwelling along the coast of the Sea,"
or, "having the sea for their boundary or limit."

126

The names of the [Marsatu, or Marsaci — properly
written Maresati — mean, "Conceived or sprung from
the Sea." They were also called fHak^Stljngm, "Children
(fHaga) of the Sea-foam." ill£EV0cl}aum, that peculiar clay
of which the famous German pipes are made, has the
same signification. Raepsaet derives "Morixi" from
iHocr-^inncn, Ponies de marats ok de Vean, — i. e. fen
ducks, or marsh fowl.

The name of the Batavi comes from the old German
word IBriou), "Fat Earth" — such as is fertilized by the
overflowing of the waters — or, it was given to them by
the first Greek colonists, and derived from a compound
of Batos — signifying "a nation or country accessible by
sea," (Baton ? Trajectum or Vadum, a ford of a river?)
— some say, however, from Batlii.ii<. the same as the
old German )|ol, (§oll, or Holgh, Anglo-Saxon,) [ac-
cording to Halliwell,] in this connection denoting a
deep rich soil, floating like foam upon the sea. What
is more, Sat, in Anglo-Saxon, means a boat or ship,
and the Bataviax's name may be derived from that
root, or from their partiality for the rites of Isis, whose
effigy was a ship. The banner of Heligoland [Holy
Island, at the mouth of the Elbe], one of the first seats
of the ancient Saxons, was a ship in full sail ; and this
image was more or less sacred to all the tribes along
the North Sea and the Baltic.

Peter d'Oudegherst, in his Chronicles and Annals
of Flanders, says that the ancient name of that country
was MiENAPiA, which — [Flanders, that part of the Me-
napian territory which lay south of the Schelde] — was
so called because of the frequent overflowings of the
sea ; or, rather, from its being subject to the recurrent
force of gales and waves — [Flandriam, a flatu etfliicti-
bus ita nu7icupatam] — D'Assigny, however reads,
"Some will have this Name [Flanders] to be given to
it, because of the frequent overflowings of the Sea,

127
expressed by this word i)oUCaiten, which signifies a
Country overrun with the Floods of the Sea." It was
also afterwards styled the Maritima or JEstuaria, on
account of its being affected by the flowing and ebbing
of the sea. While speaking in this connection, we
would add that d'Oudegherst mentions that the Mevanioi
took their name from MENAIIO^ , [a perfect Greek
word,] a prince of Theerenburch,* or from Menas-
Menatos^ which, accordiijg to Hugacius, meant a double
vestment worn by reason of the cold — a species of
woolen raiment, for the manufacture of which Horace
sung they were famous. Some mediasval writers de-
duce their name from Menades, priests of Bacchus, to
whose worship they were peculiarly partial. Our read-
ers must have noticed the silly conceit of Junius with
regard to Carausius, the Menapian hero, whom he
states had his name from being given to deep drink-
ing. The Batavia lllvtstrata informs us that the Me-
napii were famous for their bibulous propensities, and
Grimestope attributes the same excessive use of a liquor
derived from barley or oats, like beer or ale, to the
Batavi.

Finally, if in the Kenuemer-land and Kenen-borchi —
as various writers state — we have memorials of the
Oaninefates, turn to Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Diction-
ary, and we will find an original signification of Xen-
nen-mere-land, very much like that connected with the
Marsati, "a sea-born-land" — [^Gen7tan-mere-land] — or,
following the words to their source, "a land churned
from the ocean."

Even Friezland may have a similar root and be de-
rived from Jvcosan, in allusion to its waters and marsh-

*S'Beerenberg ? a towa of the Ooaaty of— (about 24 miles south of) —
Zatphen.

\Kenen-lorghte? or Kenebruck, & V\\\ag% oi Molland, abeut foar miles
south of Delft. BoRGHTE, a borough ; Beuok, SSrUBSe, (Ang. Saxon)
a bridge.

128
es being frozen for so long a period of the year, or from
Feetan (past participle, Svdm] "a land devoured [or
eaten into] by the sea." In the multitude of curious
works examined the majority of these derivations are
not presented as conceits of the authors, but reliable
definitions. Comparing facts and fancies their truth is
more than probable.

Now kindly reader — for whoever reads the author's
works is either kindly dispose*d to the subject, his race
or to him — you may ask of what use is all this delving
into the remote past to us, the men of the present.
As regards its application — its moral — much, very
much ; as regards the mere facts nothing. That which
made the iUenapii or ancient Hollanders and Zeeland-
ers, Brabanters and Flemings what they were, after-
wards raised the Dutch nation to the highest station in
the world's history, and would make the Netherlanders
of to day — rhad they the time and opportunity to exer-
cise their wonderful properties — that which the medi-
aeval Flemings, and the people of the United Provin-
ces have been.

All that they lack is the opportunity to develop their
wonderful inherent qualities. As men, they are what the
Saxon-Menapians were nineteen centuries ago, the man-
liest of men. This work set out to prove that the peo-
ple of the Maas-Scheldic hollow or bottom land were
by actual birth the children of iHon — Mtn,par excel-
lence, and century after century they have proved
more and more their hereditary and individual right to
the title. The Fathers of true republican principles,
they constructed the first real republic. They were
pre-eminent as national administrators, political econo-
mists of the highest order, patriots and citizens of un-
surpassed integrity, and naval architects, admirals and

129

seai]aan,far beyond their contemporaries in every branch
of maritime affairs.

"OtherB may use the ocean as their road,
Only the "Sarons" make it their abode;
Whose ready sails, with every wind can fly,
And cov'nant make with the inconstant sky :"
Their "oaks secure as if they there took root.
They tread on billows with a steady foot !"

In public or private stations they were never false to
their work — the work of Providence — until it was ac-
complished, and for nearly one thousand years they
loom morally Titanic among the nations. With a rapid
revision of the first age or epoch of their national life
our episode terminates in order, to complete the biog-
raphy of our hero, a type of the HoUandish-Saxon
breed ; that finished, we will submit the result to your
judgment and verdict, kindly reader.

Their natural gifts developed by culture and ex-
perience, the Greeks — the first colonists of Zeeland —
could not but leave behind them solid tokens of their
presence wherever they planted themselves. Their
proudest memento in the Menapian Islands is the in-
auguration of that system of dykes which, from the first,
excited the wonder of the barbarous, and at last the
admiration of the scientific world. The island of
Walcheren was rendered famous by the erection of those
"Pillars of Hercules," which were memorials of their
remotest commercial settlement, and upon the extreme
point of that island they dedicated a temple to the
Marcusan Hercules, which designated the limits of the
known or frequented world.

To the refined and enlightened Hellenes succeeded a
race as superior to them in physical properties as they
were inferior to them in intellectual endowments.

9

130
Both were dyke-builders, and the new comers exerted
their rude Scandinavian energy in 7-epelling the sea
with the same resolution which they had displayed in
expelling the Greeks. Just as the Spaniards beheld
rampart rising within rampart as their batteries leveled
the original defences of the Dutch towns in the XVIth
century, just so the waves encountered new levees as
fast as the outer dykes melted into the yeast of their
breakers. At length a combination of sidereal influ-
ences— tide, moon, wind, season and hour, confedera-
ting for the effort — piled up such an avalanche of wa-
ters upon the Xetherland coast as to burst through and
crush down the dykes, and the North Sea rolled over
those lowlands which the labor of centuries and races
had rescued from their ravages.

Such a union nearly engulfed Veiiice in 1341, and
has more than once threatened to, and will perhaps,
submerge St. Petersburg — such coalitions of the ele-
ments dug out the Zuyder Zee and the Dollart., covered
the heights of Wieren in 1570, and at different epochs
swallowed up, at one time fifteen hundred and sixty hab-
itations, at another eighty thousand wretched beings,
and at another one hundred thousand inhabitants, leav-
ing behind them when they retired ruin or woe, pesti-
lence and famine.

The survivors of the Cimbri and Teutones, who had
been drowned out of their rude homes, determined to
rival the devastation of their elementary foe and com-
pensate themselves for their compulsory emigration by
a human inundation of Gaul and Italy. Instead how-
ever of enriching themselves thereby they enriched the
soil they hoped to possess. Two hundred thousand of
the former fertilized the banks of the Arc — ^long known
as the Gampi Putridi — [still to be recognized in the
designation of the village upon their site, Pourrieries'^

131

while a hundred and forty thousand of the latter fat-
tened the valley of the Adige.

In like manner that after the bloody battle of Landen
[1693] millions of poppies bursting forth, unsown,
owed their luxuriant scarlet to the blood of seven
thousand Anglo-Saxons [English and Dutch] and four-
teen thousand Gallic slain, for a long period the vine-
yards and olive groves of Aix were fenced by the bones
and rendered famous and prolific by the corpses of the
Cimbri, while the mulberries of Verona grew doubly
umbrageous and nutritious, to the silkworm, from the
slaughter of the Teutones.
As soon as the retiring sea had relinquished its usurped
dominion, a kindred but more noble race occupied the
brine-soaked Lowlands. In the Batavian island the
Caninefates and Marsatii, or Marsaci^ built their
palisadoed villages, [j|aga, Anglo-Saxon,] the first
along the coast, the Rotte, the Vecht, the Lech, the
Yssel, and in the marshes of the Rhine (proper ?), the
Sturii, \_Staverendenaars,'\ whom Littlejohn calls the
"People of Stavoren," constructed their straggling
villages west of the Ylie stream, [Flevus,] in that por-
tion of West Friesland which now is a dangerous and
open sea ; and in the Maas-Scheldic archipelago, the
noble Cauci commenced the restoration of those settle-
ments whose very piles the sea had torn up and de-
voured.

The Caninefates [by Littlejohn styled the people of
Gorokum and of the Kennenmerland, between Harlem
and Alkmaar], who, according to Strabo's description,
encroached upon the confines of the Menapii, were a
brave and enterprising race, of common origin and
language [Germanic,] with the Batavi, [like them de-
scendants of the Catti, previously from Hesse]. Inferior
in numbers, they soon became incorporated with the

132

Batavi, and were afterwards lost, as it were, in the
more numerous nation.

They must have faced the Menapii from across the
Maas, which river Strabo doubtless intended, when he
mentioned the latter as inhabiting both shores at its
mouth. Cellarius, (XVIth century,) from his language,
leaves the reader in great doubt as to what his own
opinion was in regard to the boundaries of these na-
nations ; and Cluverius indulges in a theory of his
own. Spruner, in his Ancient Atlas, assigns Walcher-
en. North and South Beveland, and the smaller islands
contiguous, to the jHenopix ; Schouwen, Duiveland,
and Tholen, to the Taxandri ; and Goeree, Overflakke,
Voorne, Byjerland, Ysselmonde, and the Biesbosch
group to the Marsaci. Tacitus states that in the time
of Civilis, the Caninefates made predatory excursions
into the Menapian territory, but it does not appear
that they dared to undertake more than a border
foray.

I) an Coon places the Marsatii to the north of the
Rhine [proper], at the southern extremity of what is
now the Harlem Sea. Other ancient geographers lo-
cate them as an independent nation upon the coast and
along the canal of Corbulo, between the Helium
[mouth of the Maas] and the Flevum [mouth of the old
Rhine]. Others again extend them back into the
country, and assign to them what is now the province
of Utrecht.

As to the Batavi, t)an Coon and Butler assign to
them the triangle lying between the old Rhine (pass-
ing by Leyden), the Waal and the Maas, much below
Batavodurum [Battenhurg]. D'Anville extends their ter-
ritory further up the Maas. Spruner restricts them be-
tween the Lech and the Waal, in a district not more
than half the area accorded by Butler ; but, strictly

133

speaking, that "which was sometimes considered the Bata-
vian domain embraced the territory of the subordinate
Caninefates, the Gugerni or Guberni, and Ubii — subse-
quently incorporated or confederated with the Menapii,
and extremely hostile to their former neighbors — and
the Marsatii.

There is another very remarkable fact which has nev-
er been presented in any work examined in this con-
nection, and that is with regard to the Helleviones of
Pliny, whom Tacitus calls Hbllusii, and Ammianus
Helli. This name belongs to a German race which was
seated by some on the Baltic near Dantzic^ or rather a
Scandinavian^ the inhabitants of Halland or j^oUanb,
a province of Sweden, which, as has been mentioned
before, was re-colonized since the Christian era by the
people of Holland proper. Was not this name Helli
applied to the Greelcs at home ? Undoubtedly ! An-
cient Hellas or Greece, — Dodona, spoken of by Hesiod
as Hellopia — was inhabited by a people called Sell%
whom Pindar styles Helli.

Now the mouth of the Maas was known to the Ro-
mans by the term Helium, which name Eyndius de-
clares was applied by the first Greek arrivals to that
vast river-outlet, on account of its capacity, and derived
either, first, from Helios, the Sun — because it exceeded
all other estuaries known to them as much as that orb
exceeds the rest of the heavenly bodies ; or, second,
from Helion or Heliaia, the most celebrated and fre-
quented tribunal of Athens — so called from the throng-
ing together there of the people — even as the Rhine
(by the Lech and Wahal) the Maas and the Schelde,
with their numerous tributaries and arms, converging,
flowed together at that point ; or, third, because Zee-
land and Maritime Flanders — both an intermingling
of sea, rivers, islands and marshes, — the very location

134

assigned by Steabo and C^sar to the Ultnapit — partook
more of the character of the last, morasses — (Helos,
Helea, — e pronounced £e, plural, — in Greek) than either
watery domain or firm ground ; or fourth, because the
first Greeks were from commercial ffelos, whose coast
presents a series of lagoons and marshes, separated from
the sea only by narrow sand banks, the very physical
portraiture of the coast of Zealand and Holland, but
more particularly than all of the Menapian district.

The writer, to carry out this etymology in accord-
ance with an idea of his own, and finding that the
Erisiabones should be more properly written Frisii-
Avones, which, according to the learned French an-
notator (Paris, 1771) on Pliny, signifies the Elder Fri-
sians (Frisons), or Fathers of theFrisii (Frisiens-Ayeux,
French), would suggest that a similar compound name
was applied to those Dorians who settled in Zeeland
and on the shores of the Baltic, whither the Greeks ex-
tended their adventurous voyages; Pythias, of Mar-
seilles, having (about B. C. 330) visited the Baltic and
furnished some information with regard to Germany.
Thus we could make Helli-Avones^ which would re-
quire no vital alteration, but only a corruption of sound,
to become Helliviones. Or, a stiU more reasonable de-
rivation might be found in Melh'aionos [aiones, plural],
— Greeks of the marshy [seaky] Helian seacoast or
river [Eurotas] shore — a signification which would ex-
actly apply to the iHenayii.

Furthermore, if Avon [Avus — ancestor] may be un-
derstood to mean "Fathers, "'and in this form avus, avi,
is ultimately derived from the Greek pappos, pappoi —
[sometimes written appoi, abboi, or even avoi,] which
has the same signification of "fathers," or "grandfathers"
— if we say the Saxons are descended- — as we are assur-
ed— from Mannus or Man [plural, iHcn], is it a far-

135

fetched derivation [bear in mind the translator's re-
marks in regard to Frisii-Avones, sometimes written
Frisiabones] to deduce Mbnapii (Greek, Mevaitcoi,) from
Men and appoi — that is, the "Fathers of Men." This
would go to prove that the Menapii were the immedi-
ate descendants of the first Greek colonists, an original
HoUandish or Saxon race, and, with the Frisons, the
most ancient inhabitants of the Neder-Saxon land, or
Saxo-Scandinavian Netherlands.

Then, as • to the Cauci, any people might be proud
to deduce their origin from such a stem. The race
recognized by historiographers under that name, and
divided into Cauci Majores and Cauci Minores, dwelt
between the Ems and the ETbe^ occupying a triangle
which would embrace all the maritime — in fact, half of
the whole — territory of Hanover^ Bremen^ and Olden-
burg.

Tacitus celebrates them as the noblest of the German
nations. Their grandeur rested upon the surest foun-
dation,— the love of justice. This rendered them,
though remote and frugal, important apd influential.
Contented and happy, free from covetousness, rapacity
and ambition, they desired no extension of territory,
provoked no wars, and never sought to enrich them-
selves by rapine and aggression.

The Zeelandic Cauci were not offshoots or offsprings
of the preceding. Their appearance in the Nethei lands
was coeval with the establishment of their kindred in
Germany. While the greater number halted east of
the Ems, a smaller body continuing on secured a settle-
ment upon the Rh iiie. It is vain to define their par-
ticular locality upon the main land : some say in the
province of Utrecht, others near the angle of the Bata-
vian island, near Nimweyen. Wherever they planted
themselves first is immaterial. As soon as natural ob-

136
structions permitted, they succeeded to the possession
of the islands of Zeeland, and in process of time were
incorporated with the Menapii, —

"j1& una Menapiorum /ortuna discos omniuTn" —

whose first abodes were upon the Rhine, which we
designate as the extremity of Belgic Gaul. The site
of their tribe constituted the frontier of the province
throughout its breadth : afterwards, in the process of
time, they became the allies and contermini of the
Morini, and dwelt along the coast of the Gallic Ocean,
not only in the time of Julius Caesar, but almost as late
as A. D. 1000, as Petrus Divceus (Van Dieve of Lou-
vain) — profoundly versed in the knowledge of the an-
tiquities of his country (1636-1590) — proves.
*****

To afford an adequate idea of the true German or
Saxon, we have only to contemplate the national life
of the Cauci.

In order to conquer the Saxon, the ancient and the
Mediaeval Romans were compelled to depopulate. Not-
withstanding all the advantages of their discipline,
nothing but complete extermination enabled them to
hold a foot of Saxon land. The Saxon fought while
men enough remained to offer battle. When the Ro-
mans displayed the red flag as an invitation to a fight
on Saxon ground, and that bloody signal was unan-
swered, students and readers may be absolutely cer-
tain that the campaign had used up a generation of
warriors, and that the sword had devoured the whole
male population capable of bearing arms. Gradually
improving in military intelligence, the true German —
the Saxo-Scandinavian — generation after generation,
became more and more "the Spartans of modern Eu-
rope." The BMne, which, from the conflicting lan-
guage of ancient geographers, often denotes the estua-

137

ries of the Maas and the Schelde, along which lay the
Menapii and the Chauci in alliance, was the boundary
which separated the Eonaans and their tributaries and
subjected allies from the free nations of the north.

Now, Bezelius — (German antiquarian, XVIth centu-
ry)— denies that any part of Germany beyond the
EMne was conquered by the Romans, although more
than one of their emperors and generals arrogated to
themselves the name of Oermanicus. Their incursions
were the devastating inroads of barbarians, more sav-
age than those whom they styled barbarians — in reali-
ty, noble men, and more entitled to that glorious epi-
thet than they themselves were. Their conquests were
like the Britannic and maritime triumphs of Caligula,
and the German victories of Tiberius, as false and as
cruel as the men who claimed them. The same is
true of many other of the vaunted conquests in Ger-
many, which terminated in utter disgrace and dire
disaster. Many of the Roman leaders never obtained
a sight of those territories they claimed to have subju-
gated. It is to this fact we must attribute our ignor-
ance of the habits of the iSIenapii, and our intimate ac-
quaintance with those of the Batavi. Upon the latter,
as priceless allies, the Romans could well afford to be-
stow encomiums and lavish attentions, since their pre-
sence carried with it the assurance of victory upon
every field ; whereas obloquy was the portion of all
those who had the manliness to evade their springes and
repulse their efforts, whereby they sought to entrap
and debase them into unreflecting tools and weapons. ■

"Caesar did not carry the war into the country of the
Batavi." Under Augustus, the Netherlands became
the nominal subjects, the petted allies, of Rome.

A. D. 28, the Jrtaii and Jrtatabones, who possessed,
the first — (if they were not one and the same tribe or

138

nation) what is now known as North Holland ; the
second, Friezland and Groningen — conterminous with
the (Hljauct, to the south of the Zuyder Zee (Flevo La-
ctts), and to the east along the Elbe — or, at all events,
upon the Lauwer-Zee — revolted even against the alli-
ance of the Romans. What must we think of the
vaunted conquests of Drusus Germanicus and Tiberius,
when we know that twelve years afterwards the JTriaii,
far within the supposed limits of their conquests, had
not only defeated the Roman general Lucius Apronius,
proprseter of Lower Germany, but were and remained
independent.

One of the most humiliating defeats which the Ro-
mans ever underwent at the hands of the ancient Hol-
landers, was experienced in the Baduliena Silva, in
the heart of that territory, known at present as the
0EDm tDoliten, constituting the southern half of Friez-
land, on the northern side of the exposed Zuyder Zee,
at that time the land-locked Flevo Lake.

A. D. 47, CSannascns, a nobleman of the Caninefates,
or native of the Batavian marshes, became the leader
of the Cauci, and originated that system of warfare
which afterwards rendered the Saxons so redoubtable.
He not only organized fleets of light ships, with which
he plundered the Roman tributaries south and west of
the Yser and Aa, but also their provinces in France.
Repulsed, it is said, by Corbulo, he subsequently lost
his life^C'Ipse per fraudem trucidatus est") — -by foul
play at their hands. His death — or rather the perfidy by
which it was accomplished — aroused the whole confed-
eration of the Cauci, and considering the facts, even as
related by Tacitus and other Roman historians, it is
evident that his opponent and victor, (?) Corbulo, was
reprimanded for his treachery and conduct of a war
nominally in defence of the imperial frontier, by the

139

Emperor Claudius ; and the Cauci were propitiated by
the retreat of the Roman forces.

Rome trembled at the indignation of these North Sea
and Baltic (Sea) people ; the imperial troops, glad to
retire within the Rhine, left the Saxons to the enjoy-
ment of their independence, and amused themselves by
ditching and damming, for the benefit of the Batavi.

Gannascus was to Civilis what Civilis was to (Earauaitts.
It required two hundred years and upwards to develop
the greatness of the last of the three.

A. D. 69, the Emperor Vitellius invited his German
auxiliaries to Rome, where their garments of skins,
fearless independence of carriage, and rude but effect-
ive weapons, produced a shock like a draft of pure cold
air in a crowded, heated and stifling room.

A. D. 70, Civilis uprose ; that one-eyed general and
admiral, whom Tacitus compares to Hannibal and Ser-
torius — praise ample enough to satisfy any ambition —
both of them remarkable, like him, for the loss of a
left eye.

Sixteen centuries afterwards, another one-eyed, one-
armed Menapian hero, (fgbcrt I3artl)Cilom£U) can (EortE-
naar —

Though quenoh'd his eye, and shot away his powerful right hand,
The handles3 hero of the Maas still stay'd [propp'd] the Fatherland ;
His sightless orb, beside the helm, still steer'd the fleet to fame —
Beneath this stone, that such a light, should ever know eclipse!
That such renown be swallow'd up by tomb's remorseless lips !
Lies mighty ffiortenaar, who burst the Swedish belt of flame,
And made the Sound, and foeman's fleet, to tremble at his name,

— maintained his country's glory against the Swedes
and English, as Civilis had against the Romans. The
latter defeated three Roman generals, beat the imperial
fleets and armies, made himself master of that fortress
( Vetera Castro), which they had constructed and gar-

140
risoned with two legions, (18,600 to 20,000 men,) to
overawe the Saxon nations, and compelled them to con-
sent to a treaty of peace, by which the Netherlanders
were acknowledged as valued allies, not subjects, of
Rome.

About A. D. 211, the Chauci (or Saxons) sent am-
bassadors to Rome with offers of peace, on condition
of receiving a large price for not making war. The
Emperor Caracalla — who had assumed the name of
Germanicus from his imaginary German victories —
conceded the tribute demanded, organized a German
(Saxon ?) body-guard, and assumed the German (Sax-
on?) costume.

About A. D. 240, the old inhabitants of the Lower
Rhine (Maas and Schelde?) and Weser, under the
name of Pranks — (the Salian Franks had already be-
come incorporated with the Menapii) — formed a new
confederation, whose maritime assaults upon the Ro-
man colonies and commerce compelled the imperial
authorities to organize a powerful fleet, simply to pro-
tect themselves and their tributaries, which was com-
mitted to a new official, styled the Count of the Saxon
Shore* — (Comes Littoris Saxonici) — the assumption
of whose duties introduced us to (llarauBxns. Every
coast of Romanized England, Gaul and Spain, trem-
bled, anticipating the arrival of the hated and terrible
Saxons with every favoring breeze and gale from the
north. Fearful indeed, for they came like the spirits
of the tempest, to whose furious impulse they commit-
ted their expeditions, from the threefold motive that
the harder it blew the swifter it bore them to their
prey, the wilder it raged the less they were expected,

♦Coast of Britain, from Branodunum (Braocaster), in Norfolk, to the
Partus Adurni (Pevensey, in Snasex?) — Palgbavb's Anfflo-Saxons.

141

and the higher the elemental strife the greater their
excitement and the more glorious their success.

A. D. 277, the Saxons, Franks, and other cognate
tribes, burst again into Roman Gaul. This epoch is
famous for that unexampled, fearless return-navigation
of the Franks from the Euxine, which has been already-
described.

Ten years after that terrible Saxon retributive visi-
tation upon the ^gean, Syrian, Afric — in fact, the
whole Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, which aven-
ged the expeditions of Drusus, Germanicus, Tiberius,
Hadrian, Posthumus, Probus, and Maximian, into the
Saxo-Scandinavian seas, — the year A. D. 287 ushered
in the glories of (Earoii0in0.

This cursory survey presents a striking contrast be-
tween the "facts and fancies" of Roman historians and
imperial panegyrists, in regard to the achievements of
their heroes. A blast from the Saxon regions, tremu-
lous with the clash of Scandinavian war-wrath, paled
the cheeks of the seven-hilled city's warders. Thither-
ward the horizon was all alight, and they felt that the
coming day would "bring evil from the north, and a
great destruction" of their blood- and fraud-cemented
fabric of empire. The physical world was stricken
with a palsy, and beheld with watery eyes the impend-
ing breaking-in upon it of a new male life, whose in-
roads its shaking limbs could not hope to deter or
repel

The day-spring of spiritual regeneration first kissed
the mountain tops of Jewry, but crimson-hued the orb
of physical rejuvenescence rose from the frigid bosom
of the Saxo-Scandinavian marshes, oak glades, and
waters.

The true Saxon was the medium which tempered

142
the ultra-Scandinavian war-heat, and preserved all that
was worthy of preservation in the lapsing artificial
civilization of Rome.

"To the Roman conquest, Britain owes perhaps its
first civilization ; certainly its first conversion to Chris-
tianity.

"To the Saxon [from Zealand and Holland] conquest
we are indebted for that system of goveriiment, which
is to this day the basis of English liberty. Many good
effects of Saxon piety also are still great blessings to

us."

"To the Norman [ultra-Scandinavian, deteriorated by
by Celtic mixture] conquest, we owe not, perhaps, so
much respect. Yet we may be certain that Providence
intended some real good by that great event." — [Wil-
cock's Roman Conversatio7is.]

Carausius interests us from the fact that he was of
Saxon lineage, but our interest must swell into admira-
tion of those solid parts, resplendent merits, and at-
tractive grandeur, which could win and array in his
cause the most' glorious of the free Saxon races, and
cause these to put away aU remembrance of his Roman
name, education, elevation, and afGOiations.

This completes the chronological chain connecting
the discovery and first settlement of ZnlaxUs with the
second great epoch in its history, the union of the Sax-
ons and Franks (true Germans also), and the com-
mencement of their naval ascendancy, which, under
our hero, opened to them "every coast which had not
received Cabausius as its lord." He was the Saxon's
FiEST great naval genius and preceptor. His course of
instruction or education lasted at most seven years — its
effects have endured upwards of twice seven centuries,
and grows in value and beneficence with time.

143

Perry, the regenerator of Japan, Perry, the victor
of Lake Erie, Nelson, gontman, We Eitgter, CoUing-
wood, the Svomps, Blake, ©pbatit, Russel, t)an ^Uc-
monire, and a hundred other hero Admirals — Dutch,
English and American, Eckford, our greatest naval
architect. Steers, and every kindred genius — in fact,
every sea-chief, navigator, discoverer, commerce-pro-
moter, marine constructor, and inventor of eminence,
— have derived their inspiration from that fount
which the Saxo-Menapian admiral-general-emperor,
Carausius, unsealed and threw open to his race.

Stop ! cries the invidious critic again. The country
of the iill£na:pii lay within the province of Belgic Gaul,
and its population were esteemed Celts. The Romans
[who knew nothing about it] and the French [who
know not much more] say so.

But what is the testimony of the German and im-
partial writers- — that continental Saxony extended to
the Rldne. An old Belgic rhymic chronicle makes
J5'£ii£r-0asB£n (Lower Saxony) to have been confined
by the Schelde and the -Maas.

I have heard that old books say

All lands which 'neath (below) Nyemagen lay

Once were styled Nether (Lower) Saxony ;

To guard it flow'd Briarean sea,

Of th' intermingled Maes and Rhine,

The mighty Schelde its western line.

And Spruner, Turner, Van Loon, Cluverius, and a
host of other writers — geographers, ethnologists, and
historians — who ignore or lay no stress upon the value
of the Menapian element, as well as the learned Grat-
tan who does, all extend the Saxon land to the Bluys
and the Schelde. Grant this — and it cannot be dispro-
ved by any available valid testimony — and the matter
is settled at once and forever.

144

Finally, Alting and Wasstelain came to the conclusion
that the Menapii were g, confederation of tribes of Ger-
man origin, rather than a single distinct people, and
that their name was a corruption of fHan-aft ( Gemeen-
schap, Dutch,) signifying a community or confedera-
tion.

Bucherius in his Belgium Bomanum, 1655, states that
after the subdivision of Belgica by Augustus into Bel-
gium, Germania Prima and Secunda, the last comprised
the countries of the Menapii, Ambivarii, Eburones and
Atuatici, and that the Menapians were distributed into
two districts separated by the Schelde. Those who oc-
cupied the eastern portion, to the right of that river, and
were bounded on the north and east by the Maas, on
the south by the Demer and Bwpel (see page 98) and
on the west by the Schelde, assumed at this epoch the
name of the Taxandri. A tribe of that name was
unknown in the time of C^sar and Tacitus, or at all
events was not mentioned by them ; Pliny is the first
who speaks of it. This would account for the con-
fusion of geographers with regard to the first inhabi-
tants of Zeeland. The map attached to an anonymous
History of the United Provinces (in Dutch) must refer
to this doubt, since whUe it places the Taxandri in the
Maas-Scheldic archipelago it adds, "according to the
opinion of some writers," {Taxandrie volgens sommin-
gen nu Zeeland.) If the Menaph constituted a com-
munity belonging to the greater confederation of Ale-
manni, we may trace back to the earliest times that
principle of toleration which ever after constituted a
noble, if not the most noble and remarkable, feature of
Dutch policy. We know that their territory was al-
ways a harbor for the distressed. Even as in the third
century it proved a refuge for the Salian Franks, be-
tween whom and Roman imperial and subsidiary ven-

145

geance the Menapii interposed the asgis of sympathetic
valor, even so in the XVI and XVII centuries the
shield of HoUandish toleration covered the Huguenots
and the Jews from the dagger and rack of French roy-
alty, and the torments and funeral fires of Roman Cath-
olic persecution and papal Christianity (? !) Prom the
days of Caesar through all the troublous and perilous
periods of their history a generous sympathy for the
suffering of others characterized the efforts of the Hol-
landers— the good Samaritans of Europe, and the profli-
gate Charles II. of England was compelled to acknow
ledge that he believed that '"Providence would preserve
Amsterdam, (from the grand Sultan of France) if it
were only for the great charity its people have for their
poor."

When our great and glorious illilltam — Holland's
Joshua, he who rolled back the Royal Sun of France,
England's Liberator, and Ireland's Conqueror and Re-
generator— "was preparing his expedition against James
the Second, he was all at once at a stand-still, in conse-
quence of a decided lack of the needful wherewith to
equip his navy, and ensure success to his projected war
against James. An Israelite of Amsterdam requested
an audience. When he was admitted into the presence
of the Prince, he said : ' My Lord, you are in want of
money to accomplish a great national project. I have
brought you, from our people, two millions. If you
succeed, refund them to me ; if you fail, we are quits.' ''
(Margoliouth's P%rma//e, (frc. II., 229).

Thus nobly toleration bore a goodly fruit — and ever
will except to that self styled Christian creed that
only tolerates when it has no longer the power to per-
secute. To the ears of the Huguenot and the Holland-
er every whisper from the i)ast bears upon its pinions
reminiscences which should awaken the vigilance of

10

146
their descendants with as startling tones "s the point
of war to the soldier.

Hark! the very air shudders at the recital of thy tol-
eration, papal Eome ! Huguenot, canst thoL ever forget
those Languedociau seas of blood ; those Albigensian
annihilations ; those Cevennes men-hunts ; those Dra-
gonades ; those bonfires, which emulated Xero's human
candles in crueltj*, if not in actual details ?

Come, brother Huguenot, let us rehearse, in haste, a
few of RojIe's most tender mercies to our fathers. A
circumstantial list would fill a folio volume ; we will
content ourselves with one or two examples in each
chapter of black horror.

Seven hundred years ago the Languedocian fields
were drowned in Huguenot blood. "Xeither sex, age,
nor condition, were spared ; the [luxuriant] country
became a wilderness, and the [ancient, stately,] towns
heaps of smoking ruins." Sixty thousand Protestants
were swallowed up in the flames, which devoured £e-
ziers, besides those spared for a worse fate. Then,
from that sea of blood, rolling beneath a scum of
corpses, cinders, ashes and pollution, upheaved the
fabric of the Inquisition. Just as amid the placid sea
volcanic action has belched forth a hideous isle of sco-
ria, just so from hell beneath burst forth that institu-
tion. Blood-watered, fertilized with corpses, it grew
to hideous hugeness, prurient with torture, avarice and
death. Thus, with the approbation of Pope Innocent
III, — innocent but in name, — the devil planted his
throne amid the wrecks of French Protestant progres-
sion.

With the martyrdoms, — 1524, — of that pure Chris-
tian Jacques Pavaxxes, and Louis de Berquin — a

147
French Luther, strangled at his apostolic birth — we
open a new chapter of martyrdom cf three hundred
years. Eight years after, — 1532, — Caturce burned ; in
1535, Lutherans, with their tongues cut out, were dip-
ped to death in fire, and the last scene delayed that
Royal Francis might not lose the pleasant show. "Car-
dinals, archbishops, and bishops, coped and mitred,
figured in their places," and shared the spectacle with
the priests and papal laity. This was the punishment
of the estrapade^ an invention which had the zest of
novelty. "The ferocious Emperor of (pagan) Rome,
who wished that his victims might feel ihemselves die,
had not invented that cruelty." Romanism not the
fosterer of genius ! Nonsense ! Tier disciples invent-
ed the estrapade for (Sacramentarians) Protestants.

Henry IT, — 1549, — more simple in his tastes — took
pleasure in a simple burning, and somewhat tender-
hearted, "for many nights imagined his couch was
haunted by the image of the victim."

"In 1551, appeared the famous Edict of Chataubriant,
which empowered both the secular and the ecclesiasti-
cal judges, separately, to take cognizance of the crime
of heresy, so tliathy a complete reversal of all justice,
the accused, absolved before one tribunal, might be con-
demned before another.^''

In 1550, of three or four hundred Huguenots as-
sembled in the Rue St. Jacques, at Paris, to read the
Bible and celebrate the Lord's Supper, not one escaped
without death or wounds ; and, in 1559, Ann Dubourg
passed from his iron cage, to suffer on the gibbet, "for
the glory of his Lord Jesus Christ."

In 1560, "delations, confiscations, pillages, sentences
of death, and atrocious executions," affrighted the prin-
cipal towns of France, and their dependent provinces;
first scenes of a tragedy which endured without an in-

148
terlude for 40 years. To the throne-aspiring Guises "we
owe the massacre of Vassy. There sixty human beings
were murdered around their altar, and over three times
that number wounded, because they cried, "I believe
in Jesus Christ." That was a fearful crime ; they
should have cried, they believed in the Virgin and the
Pope!

In 1562, Bishop Pierre Bertrandi — a papal bishop,
mind you — one Sunday, at Cahors, had five hundred
Huguenots butchered while at church. That same
year, Roman Catholic bands, with a "brigand, or else
a monk or curate; sometimes even a bishop," as their
captain, butchered the Calvinists, "to make provis-
ions cheap."

In 1569, we reach the slaughter of Jarnac and
Montesquieu's "execrable parricide" of Coxde.

Again, in 1569, that of Moncontour.

"Oh I weep for Moncontour, oli' weep for the hour
When the children of darkness and evil had power ;
And the horseman of Valois triumphantly trod
On the bosoms that bled for their rights and their God."

In 1572, Saturday-Sunday, 23d-24th August, the
MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEAV occurred.
All the Protestant outrages committed throughout the
world, and throughout all time, cannot equal the hor-
rors, the crimes, of that eve, day, week, and their con-
sequences. DeThou sa3's 30,000, Sully 70,000, the
Roman Catholic BishojD Perefixe 100,000 Protestants
were immolated.

Huguenots, can you ever forget that " greatest
and best news," as the event was characterized by the
sovereign whom "the Jesuits and zealous [Roman]
Catholics" represent "as equalling Solomon in wisdom
and excelling him in virtue," that "glorious and mai-
A-elous victory," for which Pope Gregor)^ XIIL "offered

149
up solemn thanksgivings ; himself — the holy father tvalk-
ecl [/] in a general procession of rejoicing, accompanied
by his Cardinals and the whole of his clergy ; caused the
guns of St. Angelo to fire joyful salvos ; "declared a
jubilee"; had a picture painted ; "and struck a medal in
honor of the great event; while the Cardinal de Lor-
raine caused an inscription to be written on the gates"
of the French Church of Saint Louis, "in letters of gold,
in which he said that 'the Lord had granted the pray-
ers, which he had offered to Him for twelve years."
' ^Ilaud 0 h Uvicendum

"the Seme's empurpled flood,

And good Ooligni's hoary head all dabbled with bis blood"-:-

that wise and Christian head so full of goodly, godly,
counsel, which pointed out to ^oUanb's WASHINGr-
TON that his country's safety lay in her wooden
walls, those "conquering ships," which, "guarded in
the farthest island [tlflorn] of Europe the asylum of
human thought."

Pass over a century whose memorials, whose mil-
liary columns are the funeral fires, the gibbets and the
racks of Protestant martyrs, and a new era opens upon
us of glory, pomp and refinement. Surely, the Papacy
must have been favorably influenced by the progress
of human development and the expansion of the arts
and science ', Let us see !

Clio, Muse of History, genius of truth, spread out thy
half-open scroll ! What do you read there. Huguenot?
Does your blood curdle, does your soul revolt, does
your cheek kindle with generous indignation ? Stifle
the thirst for vengeance which makes each pulse bound
with a shock of agony. Read and reflect! In 1681,
the dragonnades commenced. Need we descant upon
the hoiTors embraced by that one word? In 1683, a
solemn Roman Catholic fast was followed by "a butch-

150

ery (of Protestants) without a combat"; the Vivaraia and
DaupMny reduced to despair, and the pastor, Isaac
HoRNEL, seventy-two years old, — threescore years and
ten ! — broken alive on the wheel by an executioner —
"who made himself drunk for the task'' — who inflicted
more than thirty blows upon his bod}' before he killed
him, and, worse, vented dastardly insults — blows upon
the heart. In 1685, new dragonnades and atrocious
excesses in Berne, and other provinces ; the man-hunt
of the Cevennes, in which the papist hunters were en-
couraged hy Pope Clement XI.^s general^ and. absolute
remission of sins to those ivhoe'xterminated "a cursed
hroocV—our Protestant brethren — -"issuing from the ex-
ecrable race of the Albigenses' — Protestants also;
smiling districts devastated, everywhere desolation of
the heart ; breakings on the wheel, and burnings in the
market-places ; taunts and tortures in the ceps. and
judgment halls : devastations, violations, spoliations,
conflagrations, priests, crucifix in hand, stirring up the
funeral piles ; and abductions of Protestant children by
thousands — (the kidnapping of a single Jew boy now-
a-days has roused the indignation of the world). The
papal priests of France, ichen they had power, kidnap-
ped hundreds at a haul, and gloated over the tears and
terrors of the broken-hearted parents, who grovelled
at the gates of their monasteries and convents. Psha !
Prick them away with the points of your sabres and
bayonets, slash and slice them with your rapiers, batter
and bruise them with the butt-ends of your muskets,
brave Roman Catholic dragoons and fusiliers ! Tram-
ple them beneath your horses' hoofs ! There are gray-
headed men and women among them, mothers and fa-
thers ; they are Christians, too, but still the more vile
criminals, for they do not bow to images or worship a
woman-god, or acknowledge the Pope of Rome.

151

They are beyond the pale of salvation, for did not
Boniface VIII. (elected pope 1294) "roar and thunder"
"we declare, define and pronounce, that it is necessary
for every one that is to he saved to be subject to the pope
of Rome,'''' and Romanism affirms that it is infallible and
unchangeable. The Cross then was not undergone for
such, for them and us. Huguenot and Hollander ! How !
Yes ! — Were, are, they and we not damned annually on
the day before Good Friday — the day on which our
Saviour died for all — body and soul, waking, sleeping,
&c., in the Church of St. Peter at Rome !

Hold ! close the book. No ! there is more yet to
come. What monstrous legal fiction do you read?
Examine well the decree of 1715 extorted by the Jesuit
Letellier, from the dying Louis XIV ; "a code wholly
based upon a lie," of which "the annals of the world
do not offer another example." Protestants forbidden
to fly and precluded from escaping, were thereby de-
clared to have embraced the Catholic, Apostolic and
Roman religion, because they had not quitted a king,
dom (which they were prohibited and prevented from
leaving), and declared punishable as relapsed and ob-
stinate heretics if found worshipping according to con-
science. Merciful toleration of Romanism ! Contrast
it with the toleration of Holland.

Turn another leaf — 1745-6 — more burnings — more
breakings on the wheel — more consignments to the
horrors of the galleys ; thirty unarmed Protestants shot
dead; two or three hundred unarmed Huguenots
wounded at Vernoux. Brave papal soldiers ! you shot
six at a village yesterday, supplicating mercy for their
pastor. Terder priestly shepherds, your sheep-dogs are
well broken lo their duty !

Over again — 1762, pastor Rochette hung with every
possible outrage, and the three brothers Grenier be-

152
headed; eighteen days afterwards Galas, sixty-eight
years old, broken upon the wheel. Romanists you
went too far there. Two of your monks declared "thus
died the martyrs of old," and three years after his in-
nocence was promulgated over his senseless corpse.
Romanism actually relented so far as to declare the
putrified body innocent. It was the first case, howev-
er, of such clemency we read of, even to the ashes of
the dead.

One leaf more, — 1815 more murders — ^"death to the
Protestants! scourge them back to the desert ! " Throw
the religious history of France aside. We are done
with it ; it reeks of blood and half burnt flesh, shed
and crisped and consumed in obedience to the popes
and tlieir master.

^oUankr, take down from the shelves any one of the
chronicles which preserve the eventful story of your
race. The first acquaintance of the Free Frisons with
a Roman Catholic king — Clotaire II. (584-628) — and a
papal priesthood was rather discouraging. He almost
exterminated the Saxons of East Frisia, Hanover and
Westphalia, and caused to be beheaded all the inhab-
itants of those countries who exceeded in height the
length of his sword. The beatified or canonized Charle-
magne— whom Butler includes among the Saints, and
whose feast day the papists celebrate on the 2Sth Jan-
uary— was but little more merciful Ujion one occa-
sion he beheaded four thousand five hundi'ed Saxons
on the same spot because they preferred to be free,rath-
er than his men, and disliked a religion whose royal
apostle came among them breathing fire and slaughter,
with the Holy Rood and a torch in one hand, while he
brandished a sword, whose pommel was his seal, with
the other. Thank Heaven the Saxo-Hollander had
neither devil enough in him to become a whole souled

153

persecutor, nor cur and sheep enough in him to submit
with patience to contumely and the knife. And so
there was comparative peace and prosperity in his land,
for Rome was distant, his seas storniy, and his marshes
profound. Nature which denied a bulwark to the
Huguenot, threw dykes and ditches around the Hol-
lander to preserve the seed of both. But six centuries
after it is sad to contemplate the change and contrast
the mercy of a comparatively free intelligent heretical
people with the royal tenderness of the "most Roman
Catholic" [so first styled by that monster Alexander VI.
(Borgia) ] sovereign. Study his laws, not dead but liv-
ing, executed laws. A. D. 1529 : Obstinate heretics, if
men, to die by the sword, if women, to be buried alive ;
relapsed heretics to be burned. These mercies howev-
er Avere diversified, for sometimes Protestants were
drowned in tubs in secret.

A. D. 1540, increased severity, and Protestants de-
nied the privilege of disposing of their property ; A.
D. 1567 ushers in the advent of Alva, and the establish-
ment of the "Coimcil of Troubles", or of "Blood."

In 1572, five hundred murdered in the guildhall of
Naarden, the inmates of the hospitals for the aged,
numbering eighty to a hundred years, all massacred
but two, the town desolated, the inhabitants tortured
to death, drowned to death : — "the cruelties practised
on the women were yet more enormous." At Zutphen
five hundred Protestants drowned in the Yssel. Well
done, duke. Well might pope Pius V send you an au-
tograph letter of commendation and the blessed sword
and hat, the highest papal rewards of the most worthy
service.

The most (Roman) Catholic king had likewise reason
to be satisfied. You were a jewel worthy your royal
and pontifical masters' crowns. Philip outshone Caligu-

154

la. The old Roman wished all his people had one neck,
that he might have the pleasure of severing it ; the Ro-
man Catholic condemned a whole nation to death by
one comprehensive death-warrant, which only failed in
execution because the power was wanting to inflict all
the misery contemplated.

Louis XIV. and Philip II., — "par nobile fratrum,"—
both Jesuits taught, confessed and led, you stand pre-
eminent in wickedness — the one founded a law on a lie,
the other condemned (1568) a people with one stroke
of the pen. No Protestant has attained that altitude
of crime. That no doubt might exist of the warrant,
it was re-enacted by a so styled amnesty [1569-1570]
which, excepting all but a few individuals, had
the effect of an edict of confirmation. Can the intent
be doubted, when Alva boasted that his victims, by the
hands of authorized executioners, amounted to eigh-
teen thousand six hundred in the space of six years,
while those who suffered by the casualties of battle,
siege, starvation, and massacre, "defied computation."

In 1572, the siege and capture of Harlem, (hapless
city !) followed by such an execution as amounted to
a general massacre — two thousand put to death in
cold blood during eight days after the surrender.

In 1576, during the "Spanish fury" at Antwerp,
2,500 burghers were sent to their account by shot and
steel ; the number of those Avhom the flames, and sword
devoured after the first butchery, "is incalculable."

In 1583, the "French fury," in the same city, renew-
ed the same scene, to the tune of Kill ! Kill! Vive the
Mass !

In 1584, the murder of ioUanli's WASHINGTON,
often conceived, twice attempted, finally successful, plan-
ned and rewarded by the Most (Roman) Catholic King,

165
approved by a Most (Roman) Catholic Viceroy, and
executed by a Roman Catholic Jesuit-drilled assassin.

In 1593, the Edict of Fucutez, forbidding quarter,
and violating every usage of civilized warfare ; in
1597, the burial alive of ^tnncttc tian bcv f5ooe, a poor
servant woman, under the supervision of a Jesuit priest !
who stood listening as her shrieks and groans welled
up through the earth, stamped dowu over her head. —
Oh, blessed toleration of the Roman pontiff and his
Jesuit janizaries !

^oUanbcr, take up another volume. The dragonuades
are Romanizing France, and your forefathers tasted of
the papal mercies. Can you forget the days of Zwam-
merdam and Bodegrave, episodes of that glorious cam-
paign of Luxemburg, which moved the Pope (Clement
X.)'s "bowels of pontifical charity," — triumphs which
involved atrocities ranging from the extreme of slicing
off violated women's breasts and spicing the green
wounds with pepper, salt and gunpowder, to simple
murder in more or less exaggerated forms.

With all thy faults, oh JatljerlanD, no country has
ever shown itself so tolerant as thou hast. Left to
itself, there, there alone, R,omau Catholicism waxed
gentle, and in thy bosom only lingers the warmth of
that purifying Jansenist fire, which Fenelon and Pascal
tended until trampled out by the fo(.)t of the "Most
Christian" king, he who enacted the law which was
based on a lie.

And, even yet, Dutch popery, aft'ected by the influ-
ences above, around it, the atmosphere of common sense,
benevolence, and toleration, cannot altogether choke
down the monstrous impiety of the Immaculate Con-
ception.— [Neale's History of the so called Jansenist
GhurcTi of Holland. ]

156
Owen Fellthaji, an English moralist, higli-church-
man, devoted, royalist and acute observei', who wrote
about the middle of the se^-enteenth century — in his
'^Tliree Weels' Observatiuu of the Low Countries, es-
jjecially Holland, among his ''Lusoria or Occasional
Pieces," appendices to the 12th Edition, which appear-
ed in 1709, of his curious and instructive ^-Resolves,
Divine, moral and political,'' includes the 7bZerai^o^^ of
the people of the Seven Provinces among their vices.

His remarks are so quaint and otherwise remarkable,
that although somewhat scurrilous, they seem worthy of
(juotation as most apposite :

" 'Tis an University of all Pteligions, which grow here
confusedly (like Stocks in a Nursery) without either
order or pruning: If you be unsettled in your Reli-
gion, you may here try all, and take at last what
you like best. If you fancy none, you have a pattern
to follow of two that would be a Church by themselves.

Jgf='- 'Tis the Fair of all the Sects, where all the Ped-
lars of Religion have leave to vent their Toys, their
Ribbands, and Phanatick Rattles. And should it be
true, it were a cruel brand which Romanists tix upon
them; for (say they) as the 67/ ff?»e/er)H changes into all
Colours but white, so they admit of all Religions but
the true : For the Papist only may not exercise his in
Publick ; yet his restraint they plead is not in hatred
but justice, because the Spaniard abridges the Protes-
tant ; and they had rather shew a little Spleen, than
not cry quit with their Enemy. His act is their War-
rant, which they retaliate justly."

IW^ "Now albeit the Pa2)ists do them wrong herein,
yet can it not excuse their boundless Toleration, which
shews they place their Republick in a higher esteem '
than Heaven itself; and had rather cross upon God

157

than it. For whosoever disturbs the Civil Government
is liable to punishment ; but the Decrees of Heaven and
Sanctions of the Deity, any one' may break uncheck'd,
by professing what false Religion he please. So Con-
sulary Rome of old brought all the stragling Gods of
other Nations to the City, where blinded Superstition
paid an Ad.oration to them."

1^^ "You would think, being with them, you were
in old Israel, for you find not a Beggar among them.
Nor are they mindful of their Own alone ; but Stran-
gers also partake of their Care and Bounty. If they
will depart, they have Money for their Convoy. If
they stay, they have Work provided. If unable, they
find an Hospital. '''' ■■■ *

* * * And lest Necessity bereave Men of Means
to set them on work, there are publick Banks, that
(without use) lend upon Pawns to all the Poor that
want." * « « «

Beneath the segis of the HoUandish (Saxo-Menapian-
Prison) commonwealth, Jew and Gentile, all persuasions,
found toleration, peace, prosperity, and plenty. Be-
neath the cross-keys of the sovereign pontiif, in 1859,
no Protestant community can build a church or wor-
ship God in public ; and dungeons, torments, 'secret
ovens, in place of public bonfires, punish the daring-
man or woman who presumes to worship God in spirit
and in truth ; and — think — a. little boy — a child — is
kidnapped for conversion (!) in the city of the pope !
Huguenot and QoUailber, contrast, reflect, and never,
never, never allow your children to forget. ^ —

The Saxo-]\fenapian taught the world a lesson of tol-
erance and sympathy sixteen centuries ago, his de-
scendants cherished the sacred inlieritance of charity
and freedom ; their children, in a new, far distant

158
land, bask in their memories, and glory in them, as

the African, in the blaze of his torrid sun.

* * # « *

Having thus indulged in an episode or comparison
between the toleration of Papal France and Spain and
so called heretical Holland^ — J^etween Romanist mercy
and Protestant forbearance, — let us finish the examina-
tion in regard to the Habitat of the ancient Mexapii,
and then conclude the historical sketch of the Saxon
Forefathers of the maritime Netherlanders.

■'Pleutaioi de Mevamoi, ton ekbalon epli hekatera ton
potamou, katoilcountes liele kai dromons^' writes Strabo,
(first cent'iry B. C.,) according to Malte-Brun, the first
geographer of antiquity. "I'ltimi sunt MENAIIIOI

OSTIORUM EX UTRAQUE RIPA FLUMISIS (RhENI) AC-
C0LENTE3 for HABITANTES) PALUDES ET SALTfS (STLVAS
HUMILES]."

"The most remote people are the iHmapit, at the
mouths [plural] of the Rhine, inhabiting the marshes
and uncultivated woodlands, used for pasture [parks
or oak-openings] [''ad .vare"] upon the ocean"!

In conclusion — "SupPLEME:^^T^M Supplemexti Chkon-
icorum" — ■^'■Zelandin qiioque cdia est, inquit. in Ger-
mania wferiorc, Provincia o,d Septentrionem et Occi-
dentem versa, quce potius insida Rheni did potest^

^XEAS SlLVirS PiCCOLOMINAUS [Pius II., 1405-1464]
— in his Commentaries on the Achievements of the
Elector-Palatine, Frederic III. [1458] — " CT'/^mz, inquit,
Oervianorum axl Septentrionem et Occidejitem versi,
Zelandini surd ; hmilares popvli. Rheni Ostiis objecti
[directly opposite to the mouths of the Rhine], inter
quos prcecipui Mittelhurgenses hahentnr.'"

Probatum est!

"Just across the North Sea" — is the noble confession
of a delightful contributor to the Atlantic Magazine of

159
October, 1858 — "over the low sand-dykes of Holland,
scarce higher than a ship's bulwarks, looked a race
whom the spleeny wits of other nations declared to be
born web-footed. Yet, their sails were found in every
sea, and, like resolute merchants, as they were, they
left to others the glory, while they did the world's
carrying. Their impress upon the sea-language was
neither faint nor slight. They were true marines, and
from Manhattan Island to utmost Japan, the brown,
bright sides, full bows, and bulwarks, tumbling home,
of the Dutchman, were familiar as the sea-gulls. Un-
derneath their clumsy-looking upper-works, the lines
were true and sharp ; and but the other day, when the
world's clippers were stooping their lithe race-horse-
like forms to the seas in the great ocean sweepstakes,
the fleetest of all was — a Dutchman."

"Without diminishing the glory of Cabot in mari-
time exploration, to the navigators of Holland is due
the credit of first carefully surveying our whole Atlan-
tic coast, and minutely mapping that part of it from
Cape Cod to Henlopen." !

"The nautical enterprise and the abundant maritime
resources of the Dutch, tuliose navy (according to Sir
Walter Raleigh,) numlered ten ships to one for that of
England^ gave them pre-eminent advantages over all
other nations in examining the indented coast of the
whole Atlantic seaboard of America, and selecting the
most eligible points for such colonies as they chose to
plant." !

"At a later day, one Dutch commercial establishment
alone, without the aid of the Provincial or Federal gov-
ernment of the United Provinces, 'could eqtiip a fleet
of fifty sail of the line, without building a single ves-
seV Butch words still supply half the technical terms
used on ship-board." !

160

"The Brnteb }Jvormc£S," cries Felltham, are "To-
gether, a Man of War, riding at Anchor in the Downs
of Germany y

"They are, in a manner, all A quatiles, and therefore
the Spaniard calls them Water-Dogs. To this, though
you need not condescend, yet withal you may think
they can catch you a Duck as soon. Seaguls do not
swim more readily, nor Moor-heiis { Menapian-Morini)
from their Nest, run sooner to the Water. Everything
is so made to swim among them, as it is a question if
Elizeus his Ax were now floating there, it would be
taken for a Miracle."

"Their Natives are the whip of Spain, or the Arm
wherewith they pull away his Indies. Nature hath
not made them so active for the Land as some others ;
but at Sea they are Water-devils, to attempt things
incredible."'

"Almost all among them are Seamen born, and like
Progs can live both on Land and Water. Not a Coun-
try Yi'iester but can handle au Oar, steer a Boat, raise
a Mast, and bear you out in the roughest straits you
come in. She avouches the Ship much better for
Sleep than a Bed."

"In 1607, they assailed the Arrundo of Sjmin, in
the Bay of Gibraltar, under the covert of the Castle
and Towns Ordnance, and with the loss of 150, slew
above 2,000, and ruined the whole Fleet. Certainly
a bolder Attempt hath ever scarce been done. The
Indian Mastiff never was more fierce against the angry
Lion. Nor can the Cock, in his crowing valour, become
more prodigal of his Blood than they."

Igf" "Their Language, thougli it differ from the
higher German ij, yet hath it the same ground, and is
as old as Bahel. And allieit harsh, yet so lofty and
full a Tongue, as made Goropivs Becanns maintain it

161

for the speech of Adam in his Paradise. And surely,
if there were not other reasons against it, the signifi-
cancyofthe AxAiQwi Teutovick might carry it from
the primest Dialect. Stevin, of Bruges, reckons up
2.170 Monosyllables, which, being compounded, how
richly do they grace a Tongue ? A tongue that for
the general profession is extended further than any
that I know. Through both the Gerinaaies, Denmark,
Norway, Stueden, and sometimes France, Encjland,
Spain. And still among us all our old Avords are
Dufrli, with yet so little change, that certainly it is in
a manner the same that it was 2000 Years ago, without
the too much mingled borrowings of their neighbour-
Nations."

But higher, higher far than any praise the fondest
Hollander or Knilvitevbakkn" has lavished on the Father-
land, soar the aspirations of Mons. de Grave, who was
born at Ursel, about twelve miles W. N. W. of Ghent,
in the department of the Schelde, was educated at the
university of Louvain, occui^ied a prominent position
in the administration of his country, and died on the
30th day of July, 1805. Among other works highly
praised for their research, he was the author of an In-
troduction to the History of the Ancient World, which,
embodied therein, serves as a preface or exordium to
a Treatise, in three volumes, 12 mo., whose extraordi-
nary contents are shadowed forth on the title page,
which discovers that however high we rate the Hol-
landish and Zeelandish (Menapian) influence, others
have assigned to it as much wider a range and loftier
an elevation as the flight of an arroAv is transcended by
the parabole of a cannon-ball or even the volitation of

a meteor.

11

162

That it may speak for itself we quote and translate
The Republic of the Elysiax Fields, or the Ancient
'\YoRLD, a work in which is chiefly demonstrated ; that
the Elysian Fields and Tartarus or Hades (^Enfer) of
the ancients, are the names of an ancient republic of
just and religious men, situated at the northern extrem-
ity of Gaul, and especially in the islands of the Loiv-
er PJiine ( Maas-Scheldic Archipelago) ;

That this Hades was the principal sanctuary of the
initiation to the Mysteries, and that Ulysses was initi-
ated there. [Bear in mind the previous remarks, page
119, in regard to Ylissinyen. (Flushing,) the "enter-
ing in of Ulysses" or U (V anciently) lisses] ;

That the (allegoric) goddess Circe is the symbol of
the Elysian worship (Eglise) ;

That this Elysium was the cradle of the arts, sciences
and mythology ;

That the Elys tans, thus styled — [ or named according
to other accounts Atlantes, (Atlantides.) inhabitants of
the celebrated island or seven sacred islands in the At-
lantic ocean, over against the Pillars of Hercules (in
the island of Walcheren?) whence the world derived its
philosophy and religion — (Rudbegk, in his Atlardica
(;2ltlanir titer jnanl)Eim] locates the Atlantis in Sioeden) — •
Hyperboreans — (Bailley, in his Lettres siir VAtlantide
de Plato, places Atlantis and the cradle of the human
race, in the farthest regions of the North, and seeks to
connect the Atlantides with the last named, far famed
Hyperboreans) — Cimmerians — ( Cimbri) — (Consult An.
TRO'S^ s Lempriere),] — civilized the nations of antiquity,
including the Egyptians and Greeks;

That the fabulous gods are no more than emblems of
the social institutions of the Elysian commonwealth ;

That the celestial vault is the chart or picture {tab-

163
leau) of the institutions and of the philosophy of the
Atlantean legislators ;

That the celestial eagle is the emblem of the found-
ers of the Gallic nation ;

That the poets Homer and Hesiod were natives of
Belgica, [Zeeland and Flanders, (Flamengant or Flam-
bigant) (Menapia)].

The posthumous work of M : Charles Joseph de
Grave, Senior Counsellor of the Council of Flanders,
Member of the Council of the Ancients, &c.

Veterum volvens monumenta Deorum,
O Pstria ! O divum Genus !

Issued at Ghent from the Publishing house of F. de
Goesin-Verh^ghe, No. 229 Hauteporte street, 1806."
There !

([l£E0av'0 (Haiu^aigus against tijc illtiiapit.

A little more than a half century before the Advent
of our blessed Redeemer, Juuus Cesar had almost
completed the conquest of all that territory which is
now embraced in the empire of France. The H^n'Dii —
that magnificent race of warriors, whose terribly-impo-
sing aspect had wrung tears, akin to terror, from his
veteran soldiers and officers — whose baptism of fire had
been by immersion rather than by the mere sprinkling
of blood — had been smitten and crushed beneath the
Juggernautic wheels of Roman discipline. The firm
land was his ; and even the ocean had, in a measure,
been subjected to the might of valor, rendered almost
supernatural by science and method.

The Atlantic Veneti,* worthy namesakes of the sub-
sequent Adriatic Venetians — like them such wondrous

^Department of Moriihan, Southwest Brittany. — Vide O^sae'b Wars
in Gaul, Hi : 16.

164

mariners — who had ranged as masters the stormy Bay
of Biscay (^Smus Acrjuitanicus}^ ruled upon the western
coasts of Gaul, and almost monopolized the commerce
of Britain — had been overcome upon that fickle ele-
ment which in the end betrayed them ; since subsiding
into a calm, at the moment supreme, it permitted C^-
sar'js fair-weather seamen (in lighter gallies, rendered
swifter by superior numbers of provincial rowers) to
out-manoeuvre their lofty war-ships, built not so much
for speed as to battle with the tempest and the billows.
It was a type of the victory of steam over sails, and
foreshadowed the result of any future contest between
steamers and sailing vessels. In this fatal maritime
campaign, the Romans first became acquainted with
the name and power of the ftlEnapii, who had des-
patched a squadron, of strength unknown, to the assist-
ance of the '\"enetian coalition.

His appetite for conquest stimulated rather than
slaked by over two years of such slaughter as the most
ambitious war-chief revels in but once in the lapse of
centuries —

" 'Twas in a sammer's evening," from "his tent ;
That day he overcame the Nervii,"^

CiESAR [ (B. C. 56,) after his crowning victory over
the confederate peoples of Belgic or Germanic Gaul,
comprising, among others, the ilTrna|]ix and JHorini, at
Prele [Presle^ three miles south by east, and above
Ghatelet, on the Sambre, 18 miles west-south-west of iVo-
}iiui\^ ], looked down upon that leafy sea of the Carbon-
arian and Arduennan forests, whose adjacent verdant,
undulations were lost in the distant azure undula-
tions of the sea. As far as the eye could reach, mo-
rasses and uncultivated tracts of woodland — the higher
grounds clothed with towering oaks, the lower with a
tangled, thorny wilderness of short and dense but less

165
lofty trees — stretched out before him, whose labyrinth-
ine passages, by laud and water, wound through the
dark luxuriance of vegetation.

Behind that wavy screen which extended from the
Eystian Mountains, near Aix-la-Chapelle, to the Chan-
nel, below Boulogne, lay fertile fields and pleasant
homesteads, pastures stocked with flocks and herds,
and flowing with milk and honey, — the home of a free,
commercial and agricultural race. Within the encom-
passing bulwarks of their marshy deserts and forest
wildernesses they developed the resources of their
scanty lands by the application of transmarine fertili-
zing agents, and to the subsistence afforded by a pre-
carious agriculture added the resources of a limited but
noted cloth-manufacture and primitive commerce. Of
all the Celtic and Germanic tribes and peoples of Gaul
and Germania Inferior, the jHfitapit and JH^napian-
iHorint alone remained unconquered. They had dared
to league themselves against his armies, they had sent
their vessels to the assistance of the Veneti, and they
still disdained to implore the clemency of Caesar, and
defied him by sheltering those under the ban of his
displeasure, who had sought an asylum in their marsh-
land, forest citadels.

At length the Romans, after seven centuries of ex-
panding conquest, looked in the face, for the first time,
• the true Qaxon — pausing, as it were, on a congenial
soil, after so many centuries of migration from his
starting point upon the plains of Shinar. The Roman
advanced northward, fearful and gorgeous in the per-
fection of his military preparation, upon whose glitter-
ing harness played the light of a glory as yet without
eclipse : the Qaxon moved westward and southward,
splendid in the martial manhood of fearless freedom,
around which shone the halo of natural intellectuality.

166

It was the first meeting on Freedom's ground of the
Man of the South and the ]\Ian of the North ; the Man-
or Hero-worshipper and the (One-Supreme- or All-
Father-) God-worshipper.

Even as the king of birds rends the air with his
screams to appall his prey before he stoops upon it,
so the imperial eagle made the forests resound with his
menaces, hoping his new antagonist would quail, as all
others hitherto had blenched at his war-cries. Not so !
the scream was answered by that sullen roar of defiance
with which the Lion of Holland has ever welcomed to
his fangs all who have ventured upon his beat in the
attitude of a foeman or oppressor.

Finding that neither the imposing display of his
strength could shake their determination, nor his men-
aces dismay their leaders, nor the fate of more numer-
ous and powerful nations strike terror to the souls of
these people, Cesar, supposing the enterprise was tri-
fling in comparison to those he had brought to a suc-
cessful issue, resolved to employ the remaining season
adapted to military operations, in the conquest or ex-
termination of the iHenapit and flloriiti. His pride
rendered him indignant that two nations so inferior to
the Nfrnit in population and resources, should pre-
sume to oppose a vigorous resistance to his arms. Ac-
cordingly, in the early autumn he entered the southern-
most territory of the itlonnt, which corresponds to the
Hennegau (HaincmU?) or that part of Artois which
■ lies about Hesclin.

The iHenapii and iHoriui, however, had profited b}-
what they had seen occurring beyond their frontier.
They had learned that it Avas hopeless to attempt to
cope with the tactics and discipline of the Romans.
Saton or true ©erman in the temper of their minds in
as great a degree as in their bodies, they deliberated

167
before they resolved, and determined not to adventure
their untrained valor against the disciplined might of
the invadei'S, but to wear them out by surprises, sudden
attacks and ambuscades, obstructing and disconcerting
their marches by a combination of skillful stratagems
and enterprising partisan warfare.

CjESAr, perceiving that he could neither enveigle nor
drive his opponents from their impenetrable fastnesses,
conceived the astonishing project of cutting down the
immense forests which covered the greater part of the
country ; that is to say, from the frontier of Artois to
the confines of Flanders^ throughout a district embra-
cing at least twenty -five hundred square miles. After
such a conception we cannot believe that this region
was covered by forests such as we behold around us ;
doubtless a great part was mere jungle, interspersed
with holts or groves of trees ; but still, it was an un-
dertaking which has no parallel, except in those Russo-
Caucasian campaigns, in which, by the order of the
Emperor Nicholas — as we are informed by travelers —
enormous forests were leveled with the axe, to deprive
the Circassians of their cover and retreats.

The difficulties of this Herculean enterprise gradual-
ly yielded to the disciplined labor of the legions, and
already the frontier villages and settlements had fallen
a prey to military license and the flames, when C^sar
beheld, to his extreme astonishment and even shame,
denser, vaster forests rising beyond the districts upon
which he had exhausted the horrors of pillage, slaugh-
ter, and destruction. New and mightier sylvan lines of
defence received within their natural stockades the re-
tiring defenders, and he was obliged to halt amid the
smoking embers, which, not in vain, had appealed to
Fortune against her favorite. He had calculated that
before the favorable weathei^terminated he could have

168

overcome these petty nations, whose weakness he de-
spised. Those bitter, sleety tempests, urging in upon
the land the desolating surges, from which, combined,
the country before him is said to have derived its
name of llol-l'anen or Flanders, disconcerted even the
legions accustomed to confront with equal hardihood
the torrid sun and wintry cold. Floods of icy rains,
mingled with snow, poured down upon the Romans,
deprived of shelter by their very barbarous mode of
warfare ; and, destitute of tents, provisions, and the
means of transport, they were obliged to give ground
to irresistible enemies — a tempestuous season and an
insupportable climate. Thus baffled and humiliated,
CAESAR led back his legions into winter-quarters.

One advantage, however, resulted fi-om his opera-
tions. The country laid waste was opened to a new
invasion, and the Morini, of Celtic rather than of Saxon
or German lineage, losing heart at the spectacle of
their desolated country, made their submission during
the winter. Reduced to slavery, our story has nothing
farther to do with them ; but following the fortunes
of the Flemisli or Menapiax-Morixi, continues the re-
cital of their indomitable efforts for resistance. The
next year (B. C. 55), immediately before sailing for the
conquest of Britain, Caesar detached two of his lieu-
tenants, Sabinus and Cotta, to effect their subjugation.
Favored by the season, they invaded the frontier can-
tons (Pagi) of the Flemish allies and forced them back,
it would appear, beyond the outer lines of their
marshes and forests.

Immediately upon his return from England, C^sae
despatched his favorite Lieutenant, Labienus, against
them, at the head of three of his veteran legions —
constituting a force Avhich must have comprised, be-
sides a vast number of trij^utary auxiliaries, from tweu-

169

ty-seven to thirty thousand of the finest troops in the
world. Sabinus and Cotta seconded his operations, and
thus two petty confederate nations, which, at the be-
ginning of the war, could muster only thirty- four thou-
sand combatants (of whom, originally, twenty-five
thousand were Morini, who, meanwhile, for the greater
part had given in their submission,) found themselves
assailed from the south and east by triple numbers of
veteran troops.

This was the fourth year of Cesar's Gallic War (B.
C. 54), and proved most unfortunate for the confeder-
ates. The summer had been dry, and the drought had
in a great measure deprived the FleinishMomm of the
protection of their marshes, so that they were compel-
led to fall back before Labienus still farther to the
northwards, within that "seaky" land which could not
be affected by the season.* Sabinus and Cotta like-
wise enjoyed a partial success. Their efforts had been
directed against the UTettaptt proper, more towards the
interior, whose territories were laid waste with fire and
sword. Nevertheless, although their .crops had been
destroyed and their habitations plundered, the people
themselves were undaunted and unsubdued, and, ta-
king refuge within their impenetrable forests, deter-
mined to exhaust every available resource, and exert
their utmost efforts to repulse the odious yoke of their
cruel enemy. And thus, at the expense of their fron-
tier cantons, their country's natural outworks, they

*As maybe readily snpposed, a very far greater portion of ancient Flan-
ders was then under water than is now submerged. For instance Bbrtius
informs us that the name of the Mokini was derived by some from a lake
so large that it was called by the inhabitants Moer (Moire) — whence Mere
a large pond or lake — a Saxon or Flemish rather than a Celtic word, sig-
nifying the "Sea" — which stretched from Furnes to Winoxberga [Bergues,
formerly, Berg St. Venox] once surrounded by the saline waters of the
Mare and insalubrious rdarshes now entirely drained.

. 170
preserved the integrity of their home penetralia ; and
the winter (B. C. 54-53) found them suffering the. same
extremities which glorified WASHINGTON'S winter
quarters (1777--'8) at Valley-Forge.

Next year (B. C. 53), Cjesar, in person, undertook
to accomplish their subjugation. The preceding win-
ter, the JJ'evoit, !3ltuatict and jncita:pit, together with all
the other tribes of German extraction, had formed a
league against him. A winter campaign shattered and
impoverished the JJ^trtni, and dissolved the league, but
did not subdue or triumph over the constancy of the
Ulenapit. They alone, of all the nations between the
Rhine and Seine, had never sought to propitiate him,
.and, notwithstanding the most strenuous endeavors of
his ablest lieutenants, were still defiant and in arms.
So little did they fear him that they not only sent no
embassadors to solicit a truce or negotiate a peace, but
openly acknowledged themselves the allies of his en-
emy Ambiorix, king of the Eburones.

In fact, the sagacious Ambiobix was well aware that
in case of utter defeat, lie must depend for ultimate
safety on the friendship of the lllcnapti, who would af-
ford him a retreat in their inaccessible marshes and
islands, and of the Treviri, farther to the east, who
could facilitate his escape into Germany.

Having assigned to Labienus the duty of chastising
the latter, C^sar marched against the former with five
legions and the whole of his cavalr}-. Consider the
inequality of the pending struggle. CIesar estimated
the enemy's force at nine thousand fighting men ; Clu-
VERius, who furnishes the highest estimate of their
strength, sets it doAvn at seventeen thousand. The
great J«[jlius deemed it necessary to match from forty-
five to sixty thousand perfect soldiers, whose bodies
were clad in mail of proof, while their souls were pan-

171
oplied by centuries of victory, against this undisci-
plined nation, naked in the sense of armor and inno-
cent of war as a science.

The jUtnapii, convinced at the first by their common
sense, and confirmed in tlieir resolution by experience,
that they could not meet the perfectly armed and in-
structed legionaries in the open field, resorted to that
successful, people's war, whose sequel was still more
glorious than the headlong, "ferocious but unfortunate
patriotism" of the Jfernii. Having divided his forces
overwhelming in numbei's and preparation, into three
divisions, in order to assail them simultaneously at ev-
ery accessible point, Caesar assigned the first to his
Lieutenant, C. Fabius, the second to his Qusestor, M.
Crassus, and reserved the third for himself Then,
having sent the baggage of his whole army to Labi-
ENUS — acting with "his division against the Treviri —
unincumbered and relieved of the greatest impedi-
ments to expeditious operations, he inoved, as he ex-
pected, irresistibly against the iikitttpii. At his ap-
proach, these — either trusting to the inaccessibility of
their country, or unable, in consequence of the rapidity
of his advance, to assemble their forces, or distracted
by the triple assault and sudden invasion on three
points at once — retired deeper into their forests and
morasses, carrying all their movable property with
them — perhaps, even into the .Maas-Scheldic Archipel-
ago, then much more comprehensive than at present,
and extending to Afeldi {Mcddeghevi^:') and the Partus
yEjJcttiao'* (12 miles xxw. of Br ayes?) both near (?)
Ostendp. What Caesar accomplished after such over-

*D'Anville located the Portns yEpatiaci (ua) at Scarphont, a port be-
tween Ostend and Sluys, which *was swallowed up by the sea in 1334 ;
Blanheriburg, however, occupies near about the same site.

172
whelming preparations, neither his nor uny other his-
tory informs us. He tells us that having speedily com-
pleted his military bridges, lie entered the country of
the ftlettapit in three columns, burned their houses and
villages, and swept off' such numbers of men and cattle
that they were at length compelled to sue for peace,
which, thereupon, he granted, on condition that they
delivered hostages and bound themselves not to per-
mit Ambiorix^ or any of his emissaries to enter, or take
refuge, in their country. Having thus accommodated
matters to his satisfaction he withdrew, threatening to
treat them as enemies — which must mean, to extermin-
ate them, for he had committed every other possible
act of hostility — if they violated these conditions. In
the meanwhile Commius, the Abrebatian king at this
time, one of Caesar's traitor tools against his own race,
afterwards his enterprising opponent, was left with a
strong body of cavalry to observe their movements
and keep them in a\ye.

Such is the plain, unvarnished tale of the chief actor
and of the sole record of this war. Dewez, led astray b}-
fancy, indulges in details for which he can produce no
authority. He would have us to believe that the Ro-
mans facilitated their invasion and subsequent move-
ments by bridges thrown across the Schelde. and that
the Ulenapian©, not having had time to concentrate
their troops, could neither frustrate their enterprises
nor arrest their progress ; that the three Roman col-
umns marked each step of their advance with confla-
gration and devastation ; and that the flames ^s'liich de-
voured in succession each settlement and village the)^
had occupied, served as monstrous bale-fires, to an-
nounce their farther advance ; that the miserable in-
habitants who fled before them and were unable to
escape the lively pursuit of their light troops and cav-

173

airy, were offered the desperate alternatives of death
or slavery ; and that the remnant who escaped the de-
stroying steel and the devouring flame had but one
resource — an unconditional submission to the Roman
yoke. Unfortunately, this graphic and touching de-
scription has no records to corroborate it. That smiling,
cultivated tracts, were transformed into horrent wastes
CiEsar himself informs us. Beyond these inevitable
consequences of Roman invasion, all is vague. A close
examination of facts will convince the unprejudiced'
that although the extremities of Menapia suffered
dreadfully, the heart of the countiy escaped, and did
not succumb.

First : Caesar tells us that the Maas-Scheldic Archi-
pelago was for the most part inhabited by fierce and
barbarous nations, reported to feed only on fish and
the eggs of flirds. Pliny and Servius, (XVth century,
a famous commentator upon Virgil,) tautologized his
errors, or assumptions, or worse. Would it not be ri-
diculous to suppose that such a people were capable of
building war-ships worthy to be esteemed a valuable
auxiliary force by a maritime nation like the Veneti,
or merchant ships capable of navigating tempestuous
seas ! Language so indefinite of itself is the best evi-
dence that Cassar never penetrated into Modern Zeeland
and West or Maritime Flanders.

Second : The statements of Ctesar and Pliny, that
the Flemish "coast was neither inhabited nor habita-
ble," was entirely fallacious, if not intentionally untrue,
to conceal defeat and ignorance. Modern investiga-
tions, particularly the discovery of great numbers of
ancient earthen vessels, dug up all along the shore
from Dunkirk to Bruges, determine that the sea has
not gained here, and that the coast line is the same, or
nearly the same, that it was eighteen centuries ago.

174
Third : No writer of antiquity affords us the slight-
reason to suppose that Cesar's, or any other ancient
Roman army possessed a pontoon train, or knew how —
militarily speaking — to throw a bridge of boats across
a large and boisterous river. Cassar's bridge across
the Rhine was Avhat engineers style a trestle bridge,
requiring time and mechanical appliances for its con-
struction across a wide, deep and rapid stream. He
assures us that upon his last invasion of Menapia he
left all his baggage behind, which must imply his mili-
tary wagons. Even had he attempted, at the outset,
to carry these with him, he would soon have been
compelled to abandon them, for, to a certainty, no
roads existed in Flanders. Its lowlands were almost
inaccessible, and traversed only by a few scarcely passa-
ble foot-paths {vix strudis quibusdaui semiiis permea-
hilis.- — Behtius) — to such a degree indeed that up-
wards of a century afterwards Xorth-western Flan-
ders was known as Aria Belgarum, that is the "impas-
sable places" of the Belgse or districts only intersected
by "by-paths."

Again — what a large space in his Commentaries
Caesar devotes to his bridge across the Rhine !
Had he in like manner passed the Menapian rivers — he
does not mention the name of a single stream which
his armies overcame in their progress of devastating
fury — would he have been silent as to such achieve-
ments as the bridging or passing of either branch or
arm of the Schelde or Maas ; labors whose danger and
difficulty would be no mean triumphs for modern en-
gineering. That he passed the dull stream of the Aa — ■
which flows by St. Omer and at Gravelmes steals into
the North Sea, and constituted the Southern boundary
of the iUcnapii at the time of his invasion — or the
shallow, contracted head-waters and tributaries of the

175
Maas and Schelde, is very likely, and needs no counter-
argument ; but AThen once his admirers claim a much
farther advance, their history resolves itself at once
into an historical romance. We find a town or settle-
ment of the ilTeuapii, bearing their name, a little to the
west of north, and in the latitude of Namur, whose de-
struction may be the triumph on which superficial his-
torians predicate the success of his invasion. If that
be the point he refers to, it must have been their
farthest southern frontier settlement.

Fourth : P]yxj)ius — whose studies are marvelously
exact and extensive — ^assures us that neither Labienus,
with three legions, first or last, nor C^sar, with up-
upwards of five, accomplished unything of importance
against the JMenapii, nor did either of them make their
way into any of the districts washed by the confluent
estuaries of the Schelde and Maas. Tacitus affords us
a testimony too glorious for omission here or at any
time — an admission applied by Felltham to the people
of the Low Countries, as well as the other true Ger-
mans— that they were rather triumphed over than con-
quered by the Romans.

"Trinmphati magis quara victi sunt."

"B. C. 56," to translate Frederic, Baron de Riefpen-
BURG, in his Resume de THisfoire de,'! Pays Bas, "the
MoRtNi and ^Hcnapii were the only members of the
league who had not asked for peace. They were only
defeated {domptes) the third year. But it ddes not
appear, even from that, that the Romans penetrated
into Maritime Flanders."

Fifth : The record cannot be construed so as to
read that L.-V-Bienus (who, in a subsequent campaign
against the Eburoties, was sent with three legions to-
wards the seacoast and the provinces that horde?- on the
MlENAPiAxs,) penetrated into the country, which all re-

176
liable histories assign to that race to which CARAU-
SIUS, the hero of this story, belonged.

Finally, Long closes his article on the Menapii with
an observation that "it is very probable Csesar never
advanced into the interior of Flanders.'

Of the five Pagi ((Sauidm) of German origin, who
occupied Belgic or German Gaul at his era, that illus-
trious commander and commentator, Caesar, records
the fate of four with unmistakable and sad distinctness.
The first in order, the Eburoxes, were extirpated (high-
ly probable) ; the Tungri, new-comers, afterwards oc-
cupied the charnel-house of their nation : the second,
the Treviri, were effectually subdued (likewise plausi-
ble), and some modern writers maintain that they
eventually lost all their original territory : the third,
the Nervii, perished in the one great battle at Prele,
(doubtful, as we shall see) : the fourth, the Atuatici,
were annihilated by the sword or extinguished by de-
■ portation into slp.very (demonstrable) : while the fifth,
alone, the Mei'aTttof, continued to exist and flourish.
They are never mentioned in language which can be
tortured into an assertion that they were either brought
under the Roman yoke or effectually conquered — while
the vagueness of Caesar's Commentaries affords us not
the slightest data to prove that the great Julius, in any
one of his attempts at invasion, in the course of three
years or campaigns, penetrated or set foot, either in
person or by deputy, in that district which constituted
their habitat proper. (See pages 91, 98,-'9, 109-10,
supra. )

But even had Csesar declared that he had utterly
destroyed them, it would have by no means followed
that such was indisputably the fact, for his sword was
far more reliable than his pen in determining the fate
of a nation. Consider how he contradicts himself with

177
regard to the Nervii. First, he states that of the Ner-
vii, but five hundred capable of bearing arms remained
alive, after the battle on the banks of the Samhre
(B. C. 57,) ; nevertheless, three years afterwards,
(B. C. 54,) we find them,- by his own admission, once
more in arms and in alliance with the Eburones ; the
next year, (B. C. 53,) according to his authority, they
rose again, and the year after, (B. .C. 52,) they sent
five thousand men to the relief of JL fern. Moreover,
in the days of Pliny, the free Nervians (^Nervii Liheri)
were exempt from taxes, and retained their own inter-
nal government in their ancient seats, the diocese of
Gamhrai^ rather larger than the subsequent province
of that name. And, stranger to relate. Long deems it
probable the Romans had not fully reduced their coun-
try in the days of Pliny, a century after Caesar assures
us of their subjugation, nay complete destruction.

Whatever feats of heroism, whatever patriotic sacri-
fices, characterized the Menapians' resistance to the
Romans, has never been recorded, and never can be
revealed. Their struggle may have rivalled- that ter-
rific combat, of eighty years, between their descendants
, and the tyrannous Spaniards, the most glorious effort
of liberty -loving people which history presents for our
wonder and imitation. The contest of the Greeks
and Persians live in our school books. Marathon,
Thermopylae, Salamis, and Platsea, are household
words; the Guerrilla warfare of Sertorius has found
historians in every tongue ; the fate of Carthage ap.
peals to our sympathies in every variety of touching
verse and sober prose ; but of the first Menapian
struggle for freedom we have nothing. Alas ! even
as the Dutcl) of the New Netherlands had their story
told by an antagonistic, grasping, astute race, even so
the Dtttcl) of ancient days found their liistorinns only

12

178
in the ranks of those who coveted their territory, their per-
sons, and their honor, and failed to win either by fraud
or force. Be it our duty to rescue it from oblivion, by
proving and recording theh- success, if no more. We
have the history of Persia, Greece, Rome, Carthage,
centuries before we hear of the Mexapiax name ; but
of these, the ancient Zeelanders and South Hollanders,
we know nothing farther than through their humanizing
influences, and the glorious fact of their maintaining
themselves free, where we fir.st recognize their descend-
ants as an honored and wealthy people. The graphic,
profound and agreeable Motley, who ignores the value
and almost the presence of the Menapian element, nev-
ertheless admits that the Zeeland and South Holland
Archipelago was unknown to the Romans, and what
was unknown could not have been conquered.

Dewez (whose investigations have exhausted the an-
cient and mediaeval authorities, but who is, unfortu-
nately, prone to verj- erroneous deductions when he
trusts to his own judgment, and deserts the beaten
way) would lead us to suppose that he had reaso^i to
believe that when the miserable remnant of the Ebu-
rones were flying for their lives to the impervious
thickets of the (Flemish) marshes, and to the Maas-
Scheldic islands, that they found their way into the
Zeeland Archipelago, of which they thus became the
first inhabitants. Were it at all probable that this ter-
ritory had been previously unoccupied by man — ^which
we know to be untrue — for the Greeks, and the Cim-
bri, and the Teutones, had settled and improved it more
than one or two centuries before — ^it is utterly impos-
sible that the JUjiiapii could have neglected such an
asylum, had Ca?sar in reality expelled them from their
Belgic domains. Recalling the fact that the ilTfUttpii
more than once sheltered those driven forth from their

179
homes by the assaults of the world's conquerors or
persecutors, as well as of savage nations, it is by no
means unlikely that they received with open arms a
cognate race, who had experienced the same miseries
they had suffered, although in a less degree. This
would assimilate the origin of the Zeelandic common-
wealth to that of Venice, settled just five centuries af-
terwards by those who fled from the sword of Attila
and his Huns ; nor would the resemblance terminate
with its first phase. In the same degree that the pul-
sation (^Mare(i) of "the Adriatic feebly imitates the tides
of the [German] Ocean," the influence, wealth and do-
minion of its hundred islands may compare with the
authority, opulence and world-wide acquisitions of the
Maas-Scheldic Archipelago, as much more enduring,
magnificent and potential as the tide-wave of the At-
lantic exceeds in extent and volume the feeble throb of
that arm of the Midland Sea.

Several other tribes are reported to have been re-
ceived as immigrants, or to have been adopted as mem-
bers into the Menapian Confederation. Thus the Gu-
GERNi are said to have been settled by Tiberius [B. C,
8], apd the Ubii and Sicambri by Agrippa [B. C. 38],
in the Rhenish provinces of the Menapii. Previously
to this [B. C. 56], the Usipetes and Tenchteri, cele-
brated for their excellent cavalry, had forcibly possess-
ed themselves of a portion of the same territory. But
all these, as well as several minor tribes, were driven
westward not by inclination but by the persecution of
more savage and numerous races in their rear. Their
movements were dictated by the pressure of the inex-
orable SuEAa, and they were doubtless admitted, how-
ever unwillingly, into the Menapian coalition, in the
same way that Sardinia receives daily accessions of
population through the insupportable tyranny of

180
neighboring governments; accessions acquiesced in
by that politic yielding to circumstances, which char-
acterizes the sagacious internal system of Great Britain,
and converts an element of discord into a principle of
order, and even of strength.

******
According to Csesar, the first acquaintance of the
illtnapii with the Usipetes and Tenchteri was any-
thing but amicable or agreeable. The latter, having
been expelled from their homes by the Suevi, after
three years wanderings westward through the savage,
primeval wildernesses of Germany, emerged at. length
upon the eastern b"ank of the Rhine, where the iHena^
:pU had cleared up the land, brought it under cultiva-
tion, constructed villages, and established their primi-
tive homesteads. Startled, as they might well have
been, by this unexpected inundation of a prodigious
multitude, driven upon them at the point of the sword,
and surging on under the irresistible impulse of suiFer-
ing and starvation, the Jilena:pii abandoned their im-
provements, took refuge in their boats and vessels,
retreated across the river, and lined the western bank
with troops to oppose the passage of the desperate
enemy. The new-comers, having soon exhausted the
plundered provender, which stimulated rather than
satisfied their wants, tried every expedient to make
good their way into the inviting district beyond the
rivei', — doubly inviting after their privations. Desti-
tute of shipping — -for the fllma:pii had removed all
theirs to the left shore — they could accomplish noth-
ing against the vigilant ward and valor of the detach-
ments disposed for the defence of their Belgic homes.
Sntldenly, acting in accordance with a strategy almost
too refined to believe of a barbarous race, the enemy
disappeared, and the illeiiapii returned to re-occupy

181
the domaiDS, of which they had been so unceremoni-
ously dispossessed. The Usipetes and Tenchter],
however, had only counterfeited a retreat, and after
three days' journeying, whose precipitation completely
deceived the scouts sent out after them to ascertain
their movements, their cavalry, for which the Tench
TERi were particularly conspicuous, retraced their steps,
recovered,' by a forced march, in one night, the whole
space which, having decamped, they had consumed
three days in traversing, and overpowered the JHniapit,
neither dreaming of such a re-a]Dpearance nor prepared
to resist it. Having slaughtered the inhabitants and
become masters of the shipping, which had brought
the settlers back across the river, the invaders passed
the Rhine before the illcnapii on the Belgic territory
had time to concentrate, or even, perhaps, receive in-
telligence of their inroad. Once in possession of the
Menapian (frontier ?) settlements, the foreigners sup-
ported themselves during the ensuing winter (B. C.
56-55) on the provisions they found therein and had
thus summarily appropriated to themselves. How the
sanguinary war — which must have resulted were this
true — terminated, Cassar does not deign to relate, but
here concludes his narative. With only these facts
before us, as the story seems apocryphal, and since it
has nothing to do with the unity or thread of our story,
a farther investigation is unnecessary.

-X- * » 4i- * «.

But the reader should bear in mind that he must
judge for himself, and that modern investigations are
daily disproving the unreliableness of the assurances of
Eoman historians, who never paused at a falsehood to
gloss over the crimes, defeats and failures of their lead-
ers and countrymen. Moreover, accidental or inten-
tional excavations are every year revealing facts which

182
overthrow theories that seemed to have been built upon
the surest foundations. For instance, at Tournai^ Ro-
man medals of the reigns of Augustus, [1st Century,]
Claudius Gothicus, Tetricus, [3d Century,] and even
of later date ; silver coins, displaying on one side a
mailed head, and on the other an armed horseman ; and
in 1653 the tomb of Childeric L, who died A. D. 482,
containing a vast quantity of gold and silver medals and
other curiosities, among others, that monarch's golden
ring, subscribed with his name ; likewise more than
three hundred little golden bees, Avhich, as Emperor of
the revived French (Frank) empire, Napoleon adopted
as his armorial emblems, and emblazoned upon his
imperial robes and banners — these and similar discover-
ies, at various places and different times, in Belgium,
show how little we know of the Roman history of this
country. Rest assured, that Ctesar boasted of triumphs
which an impartial pen would have recorded as fail-
ures ; and that although his successors claimed Flan-
ders and Zeeland as tributaries, and as possessions,
they were no more so than Parthia or Xumidia, which
absorbed the legions as fast as they were sjirinkled
upon their sands, or Germany, which swallowed them
up as rapidly as they were poured into the gorges of
its mountains and the terrific gloom of its forests.

(ll}t MmaT^xi uvibn !2lugusttts anir tlje otijcr (Hctsara.

However great the victories which Julius Coesar
won upon the Belgic soil, they by no means overcame
the resolution of its inhabitants, and for the next quarter
of a century the countiy was convulsed with continual
war. The Roman generals, Antony, Labienus, Decimus
Brutus, Agrippa, Nonnius Gallus, Carinus, all in suc-
cession claim to have conquered those whom Caesar as-
sured us he had annihilated, and the latter received
the honors of a triumph. The Germanic Belgse must

183

have been hydra-headed, or the Roman historian egre-
giously deceived us.

B. C. 30, the country was re-districted by Augus-
tus, and the MENAHIOI, divided, were assigned
one half, the Eastern, to Germania Secunda [See page
144], and one half, the Western, to Belgica. The for-
mer were henceforth known as Ta[o]xandri, and their
country as Ta[o]xandria ; which accounts for our losing-
sight of them under their original appellation, and ex-
plains why the Zeelanders were confounded with a race
who sprang up in the first century. Nevertheless, we
do not lose sight of them altogether, for in the iVoi^Wa,*
or Account of the Empire, a body of soldiers named
Menapii obtained mention without any farther reference
to their country, or the place where they were levied.
This, however, is the only instance of their taking service
in the cause of despotism ; and is of little consequence,
for it is certain that the bravest of the Germanic Belgse
furnished corps of chosen troops as auxiliaries to the im-
perial legions. And the salt makers of the Menapii,
(Salinatores Menapiorum,) who were famous for the
manufacture of that essential, are referred to in an in-
scription of the reign of ^^espasian, which was dis-
covered at Rimini. The latter, the Western Menapii,
retained their name, which, as late as the reign of
Charlemagne, clave to the district [Menapiscus Vicus,-]-
or Canton,] wherein they remained independent [that
is, in reality, since they may have been nominally de-
pendent upon the sovereignties surrounding them,]
until merged in his vast incongruous empire. The
name, however, survived for centuries, in fact, almost
throughout the middle ages. Under Charles the Bald

*iroTii'iA TjTEicsQUB iMPKEii, A. D. 396-40V— (<?i55fl?i) ; A. D. 438 —
( Pancirolus).
.tLeges Oaeoli Maoni ab Ansegiso Monaoho collectse.

* '**

184

the Abbey of Si. Amaiid, ten miles South by East
of ToHrnai, "was comprised in the territory of the
Menapii, now [A. D. 847, J called Memjnscunt.''
And about A. D. 700, the Abbot of Anss, a league
west from Liege, in his Life of St. Ursmar, stated that
nations adjoining the Flemings [^Fkmdi-cnses^ and the
3iieiiapii [Menapienses], recalled from the worship of
different idols, were brought into the Church of Christ
(?) by this Romish Apostle of the country between the
Dyle, the Rhine, the Somme, and the Ocean. This be-
atified (!) Saint was mitred-abbot [exercising episcopal
functions] of Laubes [^Lobes or Lobbesj about two
miles northwest of Thuvt, and died, being almost
sixty-nine years old, on the 18th April, A, D. 713, and
was buried on the 19th, which last the Romanists cel-
ebrate as his feast-day, venerating his relics at Binche,
four leagues east-south-east from ]\[ons. In A. D. 882,
acording to the Chronicles of Sigebert, of Gemblours,-
an accomplished writer of the Xlth century, great
numbers of the Jtlcnapii perished in consequence ot
the infernal ravages and butcheries made by the cog-
nate Normans throughout the districts upon the Rhine,
Maas and Schelde, A. D. 810, 835, 845, &c. but particu-
larly in 882, when Rollo the Dane, subsequently first
duke — William the Conqueror was seventh — of Nor-
mandy, exhausted the horrors of fire, sword, and rapine
upon Menapia. So terrible was the visitation that a
modern Belgic author thinks that about A. D. 800 the
iltcnapU were blotted out. They suifered. dreadfully
at the hands of the Normans, with whom they, after-
wards, were combined. Heriold, a Danish vi-king,
reigned in Walkeren, A. D. 841. Three Norman chiefs,
Roland, Eggard, who fell, A. "D. 835, defending the
island against a ncAv invasion of his countrymen, and
Roruc, were the three first counts of Zecland, Avhich

18;-.
formed ut one time oi' another a portion of NeuHtria,
afterwards Normandy within more restricted bounda-
ries, or of Austrasia. The Menapiscus Pagus is also
distinctly mentioned in the division, A. D. 840, of his
empire by Louis leDehominire^ Avhich the Italians trans-
late Pious^ but the French render J/ef/r, using a gentle
term to cover his pusillanimity. In fact, about this
time, A. D. 870, FriezJaiid, Brahcud and llmictjiia seem
sometimes to have been used as synonymous terms, to
designate the district south of the IMaas and between
that river and the Scheldc, which constituted Lower
[Aeffer] Saxony, whose inhabitants, Menapii or Arbor-
ichse, spoke, A. D. 917, a language very similar to the
English, certainly as much so, if pronounced correctly,
as the modern Frison : witness the Lord's Prayer, as
quoted by the Abbot of Stadt — [a village in the island
of Overjlakkee ? or Staden, about twelve miles north-
north-east of Yjjrefi y] :

"■ Feader ure, thii- the erni on lieofenwn. Sitliui
iiaiua (jhelialgod. To cume ilihi rice [wr/ze, kingdom,
Anglo-Saxon and old English]. Ge irartlie thhi ivilla
oil. cfcrtlidn swa, stcn an lieofenum^^^ &c.

Also another form, from the "Belgic Antiquities'' of
Richard "\"ersteganum — [Richard Vefstegan] — born at
London, in the middle of the XVIth century :

'■'■Atta aiisar fJra in himina, nieiJuim namo thein.
Vinas tliudinaHm!^ tlieins. Weirfhns loilga theins, swe
in Idminn^ gahana aithrni,^^ <&c.

Consider again the form of Adjuration, or the Cate-
chism repeated by the Saxo-Christian converts of Friez-
land — {Frise Giferifnre) — or Menapian Flanders and
Zeeland in the Vllth century.

ForsacMstu dtahploe ? Do you renounce or forsake

186
the devil ? Ec forsacho diaholoe. I renounce or for-
sake the devil.

End cdlum diabol-gelde t And all the devil's soci-
ety or kin ? End ec forsacho cdlum diabol-gelde.

End allum diabole wercum? Also all the devil's
works ? En ec forsacho allum diaboles ivercum end
wordu7n^ Thunaer ende Woden., end Saxo note., end
allum them unholdum, the htra genotas sint. I re-
nounce or forsake the devil's works and teachings,
[words], Thor [the God of Thunder] and Woden, and
the Saxon customs or service, and all their unholy
things (false gods,] and all things which are pleasing
to them.

Gelohis tu in Got Almechtigan fadoirf Do you
believe in — or love the faith of — God the Almighty
Father? Ec geloho in Got Almechtigan fadcer.

Gelohis tu in Christ Godes-Suno ? Do you be-
lieve in Christ, God's Son ? Ec gelobo in Christ, Godes-
Suno.

Gelobis tu in Halogan- Gast f Do you believe in
the Holy Ghost V Ec geloho in Halogan- Gast. T believe
in the Holy Ghost.

Thus upwards of five centuries and a half subsequent
to Carausius, the Menapii maintained themselves in
their ancient seats. That the Romans were in their
Flemish territory for some time, at different epochs, is
highly probable, since tokens of their presence are con-
stantly discovered. But that they were masters of it
cannot be shown with any certainty Avhatever. As to
their having made their way as conquerors, or except
as peaceful traders, into insular Menapia, is as unsuscept-
ible of any valid proof as that they were the discovei^-
ers or colonists of America.

Farthermore, Bucherius inflicts a sad blow upon the

187
arrogant conceit of the Batavi, since he assures us
that under Augustus the Caninefates, the Bat avians,
and the Frisons, became a dependence of the Germa.
nia Secunda — that is, of the subjected Eastern ilUnapii.
Meanwhile the Western, Menapia proper, subdivided
into Flandria, constituting the northern and western
half, along the coast, and Menapiscus, the southern and
eastern portion, west of the Schelde, were distinguished
by those titles until the latter was lost in the former,
and more popular appellation. The Maas-Scheldic Ar-
chipelago, under the title of Testerbant, seems to have
been less known to the Romans of every class and de-
gree of education throughout the duration of their em-
pire than any most distant and inaccessible portion of
the globe is at the present time to individuals of or-
dinary education.

The most recent mention of the Menapian name, in
connection with modern affairs, is in a Latin epigram,
penned in honor of Charles the Bold — Duke and would
be king of Burgundy — 1467-1-1:76 — the warlike com-
petitor of the diplomatic Louis XL of Prance, and the
amorous Edward I Y of England.

"Hannibal in oastris, Romanus in agmine Osesar,

In pugnis Macedo, Carolus unus erat.

Sic triplioi gestans invictam pectore pectus,

Vertit Ehuronum msenia capta solo.

Mox quoque Mbnapios, Leueorumque aspera colla.

Invicto victor subdidit iraperio."

'Jfi H< *

{Translation :) —

In strategy a Hannibal, in tactics the Eoman (Julius) O-esab,

In battle the Macedonian (Albxandbe) ; Chaeles comprised the three in

himself ;
Tiias bearing an invincible soul in his thrice great (or triple) breast.
He leveled with tlie ground tlie captured walls of the people of Liege —

(Ebueoni) ; ,

Afterwards, also, the i«Eitaj)ii, and the rugged mountains of the Lor-

■ rainers (Leuoi),
Yiotorious, he brought beneath his irresistible sway—

188

Littleton translates illcnapii, people pi Brabant or
of Cleves. If this should be the signification given to
it by the Dutch author quoted, it corroborates the opin-
ion (already cited) of many classical geographers, that
the filenapii, of True-German origin, came from beyond
the Rhine, and for a time exercised jurisdiction, not
only to that river but also beyond it. A comparison
of authorities assigns to them, at one time, the
Cis-Rhenan half of the Duchy of Cleves, the northern
part of the Duchy of Juliers (or Julich), and of the
intervening Duchy of Guelders, and most likely the
northern part of the archepiscopal-electorate of Co-
logne. This conceded, and every difficulty disappears.

Abraham Ortelius, [Oertel, of Antwerp,] in his "(re-
ogirijjhical Thesauras,'' [published in 1596,J as quoted
in the ^'■Chronicles, of Guelders,'" by Henry Aquillius,
of Aruheim, edited and augmented by the celebrated
Peter Schryver, [Scriverius, of Harlem,] sums up the
matter, thus :

"The fllfita^jti, a joeople of Gaul, according to Caesar,
Dion [Cassius], Strabo, Tacitus and Ptolemy, were a
people of Gaul, [of German origin — G^sar,] conter-
minous with the I\IoRixi ; [R.^imoxd] Marliauus
[XYIth century] and Leodius consider them the in-
habitants of Juliers \Julincenses'\, Guelders \^Gdrences'\,
and Cleves [Glivenses\ I (Ortelius) add Brabanters
\^Brahanti~\ and Flemings [Flandri'\.'''

The year before his accession (1466), Charles routed
the army, and captured the city, of Liege. Dinant,
on the MaaSy was afterwards stormed, pillaged, and
visited with an execution Avhich equalled several of
the worst atrocities of Alva. Eight, thousand of its
citizins were drowned in the !Maas by order of the
young Duke, its fortifications were razed to the ground,
and fire completing the demolition which violence was

189
unable to accomplish, wealthy Dinant pi'eaented the
appearance of a place which had lain in ruins for
an'hundred years. In 1468, the revolted Liegois were
again defeated in the open field, their city captured by
assault, completely dismantled, and deprived of its
artillery, arms, and warlike stores. This covers the
reference to the Ebueokes. In 1474, Charles laid siege
to Nuys (or Neuss), in the archbishopric of Cologne.
Although well fortified for the times, and prepared to
resist, the place was by no means very strong, accord-
ing to modern ideas of strength, yet was defended
with such steady valor by the garrison and citizens that
it exhausted the efforts of sixty thousand men and
the revenues of a sovereignty, which comprised the
opulent Netherlands.

Finding it impossible to subdue the place by force,
the siege was converted into a blockade. After all
these exertions and sacrifices, although he maintained
his position and prevented the Emperor Frederic IV.
at the head of nearly all the princes of the Empire and
of sixty thousand men, from affording it any succor,
Nuys did not surrender, but was placed in escrow, in
the hands of the pope, to await the decision of the
dispute which gave rise to its investment. Meanwhile
the Duchy of Guelders and the County of Zidjohen were
absorbed by the ambitious Charles, who nominally
purchased, but actually ravished, it from its legitimate
possessors. The glorious defence of Miys, which the
panegyrist assumed to have been captured by the Bur-
gundian Duke, and his annexation of Guelders^ must
constitute the basis of the allusion to the Ulenapii, un-
less we attribute it to his usurpations, — the grossest
acts of tyranny, — in Holland and Zeeland. In either
case, the 3^'eimpit must have borne an honorable name
in the XVth centur)-, or else the eulogist of so arro-

190
gant and powerful a prince would never have selected
them to commemorate the triumphs of his master.
*****

At length the student, after struggling through
doubts and difficulties — as repugnant to the progress
of elucidation as the Menapian marshes were discour-
aging to the step of an invader, or even traveler —
plants his foot upon firmer ground, and the description
which greets him is as agreeable as the vision which
burst upon the foreign trader, when, after wading
through their net-work of ditches and streams, scramb-
ling through their morasses and picking his way by du-
bious paths through their encompassing jungles and
forests, he emerged into the clearings and was welcom-
ed by the improvements of the Mevamoi.

After the emigration of the Cimbri and Teutones, we
have seen the Cauci succeeding to the ruins of their
northernmost homes,- covered with the viscid deposits
of the waves, as if the serpent of the ocean, which the
ancient Scandinavian mythology conceived as encir-
cling the earth, had left the same tokens of its baleful
visit that reveal the passage of a living water-reptile,
which defiles with its slime the prey it is about to
devour, or satiety forces it to disgorge. It was at
this period, (B. C. 114-101,) that the 3Jtena:pii are
supposed to have crossed the Rhine, and possessed
themselves of the countries designated herein-before,
from time to time, coalescing with the {Rhenish)
Chauci on their new northern frontier, and the Ebu-
BONES, the Tbeviri, the Nervii, the Atuatici, and the
MoRiNi on their southern. These facts are recalled, or
an ordinary memory could not retain them with satis-
factory distiuctness.

Augustus, having either by his own exertions or
those of his generals, restored comparative tranquility

191
to his Belgic provinces, devoted himself to re-district-
ing the country and establishing the necessary admin-
istrative changes. His representative, and its Intend-
ant, was his freedman, the rapacious Licinius.

We can now begin to estimate with some clearness
the political aspect of the 3Jl£na|3it. To sum up their
condition in and after the reign of Augustus, three
parts of their nation as to territory, but less than half
as to population, which last included the Tunori, were
subjected. Dewez says they were considered as a con
quered people, and adds they were dealt with — (the
pen flinches from a repetition of the words, believed to
be totally at variance with facts) — so to speak, as slaves.
This error is cited to show that nothing is kept back.
Still, we should bear in mind that the work of Dewez
is the History of Belgic Gaul and Belgium [Belgique),
not of Holland, and that he confines his attention more
particularly to the districts south of the Rhine, Maas
and Schelde. Consequently his remark as to "slaves"
may refer to the subdivision of the Eastern, and a very
small number of those inhabiting the south-eastern
cantons of the Western, Menapii and Menapian-Morini.
It cannot allude to the Ta(o)xandri or Zeelandic and
Hollandish- (Dutch-) Flemish Menapii.

The following corroborative evidence is unanswer-
able :

First. The absence of anything like Roman settle-
ments or posts, much more towns, in ancient Zeeland
and Dutch Flanders.

Second. The total ignorance of the Romans with re-
gard to the geography, ethnology, or archasology, of
the same districts. Julius Caesar, when distributing his
legions, stationed them around but not in Menapia ;
Augustus encircled but did not occujjy it with his
troops ; and his successors posted them in a similar

192
manner. Drusus built fifty castles along the left bank
of the Rhine, but not one to the- south or west of the
Maas, or on either side of the Schelde. Even Eyndius,
laboring to_ demonstrate the ancient importance of his
native land, can bring no direct proof of Roman occu-
pancy— while Grattan, a foreigner and an Englishman,
scouts the idea of Roman conquest, occupation or ac-
quaintance with the iHtuapii. Before them "the Roman
legions retreated for the first time, and were content to
occupy the higher parts, which now form the Walloon
provinces" — the Austrian and Erench Netherlands, but
more paiticularly Brabant, south of the Rupel and De-
nier, Flanders, south of the Durme and Canal of (from
Ghent to) Bruges, or rather south and east of the Lys,
— Artois, and Hainault.

Third. A large part of Maritime Flanders, then and
centuries afterwards — it is more than probable, a belt
of marshy islands, and Zeeland occupied the same posi-
tion with regard to the ancient world that Japan did
to our fathers.* Comparatively civilized for that era,
these Netherlanders remained free, shut against, and
almost unknown to the polytheistic Romans, even as
that North Pacific Empire was closed to the Romanist
Spaniards and Portuguese, and through their bigotrj',
follies and crimes, to all but the modern Menapii, tlie

*GoEEEE, in his remarks upon the Geography of the Ancients, (publish-
ed in 1705,) thinlss that the inundation, (about B. 0. 120,) which drove
the OiMBKi and Teutones out of South Holland, Zeeland and Flanders
created the Maas-Scheldic Archipelago, which had thitherto been very
firm {aan iiaat) soil, constitutiner a district of the mainland, like the
country between the Helder (Hell's Door) and the Amelande passage, at
the mouth of the Zuyder Zee, — or an island only severed from the conti-
nent by a narrow channel.

Dr. JtTLES Tashkr makes the Polders, between the Schelde, below Ant-
werp, and the Zwin, synonymous with Dutch Flanders, and the Oampine
with North Belgic Brabant, and places the Waesland between the Polders
and the Schelde, in the angle or elbow of that river.

193
Datch. The Saxon, Franco-Saxon and Scandinavian
nations never, except accidentally and momentarily,
permitted the Romans to grasp the trident of their
seas. Cailvusius owed his Countship, Crown, and ce-
lebrity, to his appointment to the command of the navy
organized to act against them and protect the adjacent
Roma^^ized coast.

Let an nuprejudiced reader weigh these arguments,
and scrutinize them severely. Archaeological discov-
eries have demonstrated their truth. The Memoirs of
Mons. Steylen, among those of the Academy of Brus-
sels, and the antiquarian treatises of Mon. Debast reca-
pitulate numerous discoveries of Roman remains —
medals, vases, urns, and other interesting relics ; but
although these and Latin inscriptions in honor of the
Menapian deities have rewarded the explorations of
archteologists, and although ruins, apparently of Roman
construction, and even the remains of ancient towns
are discernible, particularly at extremely low tides, be-
low the surface of the sea, they arc all located like the
stations of the legions around and not within Zeeland
and Dutch (Flamengant) Flanders. North of the
Maas they are numerous.

"Li the time of Ilenry the 2d,— (about A. D. 1170)
says Heylyn, 1625 — Flanders was so overfiowne, that
many thousands of people, whose dwellings the Sea had
devoured, came into England — (whither colonies of
their country had preceded them by the invitation of
Matilda, mother of Henry L, and also of that monarch
himself) — ^to beg new seates; and were by that King
first placed in Torkeshire, and then removed to Pem-
brookeshire — (Lingard sa,js this took place under Henry
L, previous to A. D. 1135, and that their courage and
fidelity defeated every attempt of the Welsh princes to
root them out of their new homes). Since that, it hath

13

194

in Zealand swallowed eight of the Islands, and in them
300 towns and villages; many of whose Churches and
strong buildings are, at a dead low water, to be seen ;
and as Ovid hath it, of Helice and Bwis, cities of
Achaia^

Invenies sub aquis ; et adhiLC ostendere nautce
Inclinata solent cum mcenibus oppida versie.
Translation :

"The water hides them, and the shipmen show
The rnin'd walls and steeples as they row."

For Yorkshire it would seem more plausible to read
Lmcolnshire, whose southeast subdivision was styled
j^ollanlf, embracing a tract of land recovered from the
sea by a Dutch colony settled therein (see pages 27-
28) prior to the Vlth century. Boston, its chief toAvu,
already in the reign of Edward III. one of the prin-
cipal commercial ports of England — whose lofty church
tower, two hundred and ninety feet in height, resembles
that of Antwerp cathedral, and is visible forty miles
to sea — was originally called St. Boto[u]lph's town after
a prelate who preached the gospel in the Vllth century
in Belgic Gaul, Ta(o)xandria among the south-eastern
Menapii or Ta(o)xandria. This Saxon district, the last
to submit to William the Conqueror, was as late as 1140 a
refuge for the last free English Saxons. Thus the same
spirit which animated the Saxon Menapii to defend their
marshes against the fearful Julius and his mighty name-
sakes, and maintained the freedom of their native sea-
land, inspired their issue in the fens of England to re-
sist the potent Norman Conqueror and avert his cruel
thrall from their new homes. Again when prelacy and
Stuart tyranny sought to impose their yoke upon an-
other generation the same stern influence bade them
gird up their loins and cross the ocean, far, far away to a
new world, bearing forth the precious seed destined to
bring forth priceless harvests. To the Hollandish ele-

195
ment we must trace an exploit whose glories are appro-
priated by the Puritans of our New England Boston.
Yes ! that fire which roused the citizens of Boston to
throw overboard the obnoxious tea and talce the British
Lion by the throat, was Idndled eighteen centuries pre-
vious in the bosoms of that Saxo-HoUandish tribe, the
Menapii, who for the first time repelled the Roman le-
gions, and, in a darker hour, crying, Oh Grod ! preserve
us lest we perish ! ^'•Domine salva nos perimus" threat-
ened themselves to break down their sea-compelling
dykes and give their country to the waves rather than
yield their consciences to Romish superstition, their
rights to Romish tyranny. Yes ! it was HoUandish
resolution which threw overboard the tea in Boston

harbor.

« * -x- *

Distinguished Roman generals occupied the
Batavian island, from time to time, as the country of
"an ally and a friend." It served as the head-quarters
or base of operations for many of their mightiest ef-
forts against Britain and Germany. But meanwhile
the Romans themselves admitted the Batavians were
always free. Now notice particularly how the rest of
the discoveries lie beyond the confines of Zeeland. In
Waesland, lying in the elbow of the Schelde, between
Antwerp and Ghent, at Waesonunster on the Durme,
and at Belcele, and at Velsique, twelve miles from
Ghent, and Oudenburg, the same distance southwest
from Bruges, the foundations or luins of edifices simi-
lar to those of the Romans, have been found. All the
rest are farther south, in districts whither no one will
deny that tl^e Romans extended their jurisdiction. But
even all this, and more, would by no means be conclu-
sive as to Roman domination.

The jncnapii may have profited by the archi-

196
tectural skill of their enemies, and tradition at-
tributes almost every notable, and many a medi-
aeval, ruin to the Romans. Thus the Ghenters claim
that a "marvelously old" ruined castle upon the Lys,
styled Ganda^ and another upon the Schelde, called
Blandinium, (or at all events the formei',) were built
(B. C. 47) by G(C)aius, Lieutenant ' (Legatus) of Julius
Cagsar.

Ferrier, in his historical notice of Ghent, treats as
ridiculous the idea of that city's having existed in the
time of Cajsar, and adds, there was no such individual
as G(C)aius. It is probable [Dewez] that Charlemagne
[A. D. 809-811] established a naval depot at Ghent,
[Sas van Ghent ?] then much nearer the ocean, as a
measure of defence against the Normans, who made
their appearance then for the first time. He [Ferrier]
seems to doubt if the Yandals founded Wanda [®eiit,
Anglo-Saxon,] A. D. 411. Bruges [from I3rug, or
Urngl), a bridge] was only known toward the end of
the third century.

To combat error is always a thankless task, and
therefore pronouncing ancient Zeeland and Dutch (ilar-
itime) Flanders [Flamengant] to have been always
FREE, Ave challenge disproof

Meanwhile the Batavi Ubii, and Nervii, were treated
as a free people, at least in appearance, incorporated
with, and regarded as allies of, the Roman empire, and
enjoyed all the rights of serving and suffering in for-
eign lands, and quarrels, appertaining to and resulting
from that delusive distinction.

Among other enterprises, Augustus constructed
eight (?) military roads, [see pages 86 and«109,] to fa-
cilitate any repressive measures which events might
demand, and extend his authority. With only three
of these, hoAvever — the sixth, seventh, and eighth [see

197

page 109]— we have to do. The sixth, from the great
road centre, Bavay^ ran through Toarnuij^ WertvicJe,
(Viroviacum,) and Cassel to Manly ch^ on the coast,
about five miles west from Dunkirk, nearly parallel
with the southern boundary of the province of Belgica
or country of the Western JlTcimpii. The seventh is
said to have gone directly to Ghent., if Ghent existed
at that time, even as a hamlet, which is more than
doubtful, inasmuch as it is first mentioned as a town
in the seventh century, and no such labored causeway
would have terminated in an unimportant village. —
Nevertheless, the arrogant men of Ghent claim that
Csesar was its founder, who recorded that the ittcnapU
had no towns. Moreover, it is not to be found in an-
cient atlases or classical geographies, under any of the
Latin names applied to it, Gorduini, Odvia, Clarinea,
Gande or Gandavum, or Blandina or Blandinium. The
first name, Gorduini, is located, on D'Anville's map, on
the sea-coast, between Ostende and Dunkirk ; and a
similar name, Grudii, is to be found therein, adjacent
to the sea. The text t)f that author, however, recog-
nizes it in modern Groede or Groude, a small place in
the island of Cadsand, between the mouths of the
Zwin or Sluys, and the Hondt or West Schelde,
whose possession gives to the Dutch the command of
of that river. This brings it within a few miles of
that Heyst (referred to, page 119), and may have been
at some time during the existence of the empire in the
temporary occupation of the Romans. Anthon's Lem-
priere reads the Grudiiyfere supposed' to have been near
Tournay or Bruges. Therefore, amid such indecision,
the Roman's possession of Ghent is dismissed as most
improbable; for D'Anville, although generally very
correct, is sometimes mistaken. Under the Carlovin-
gian race, the town appears, and Wanda, its first name.

198

attributed to the Vandals^ or Wends, who settled
there, we derive the word Gand — Ghent. The eighth,
connecting Bavay with Utrecht followed the west
shore of the Lender and Schelde, betweea the West-
ern [/ree and tributary (?) ] lUrnapii. At certain
intervals along these causeways — according to Sueto-
nius, Yirgil and Strabo — the Emperor established
posts and stationed messengers and light chariots,
similar to the war chariots of the Gauls {Belcjica
Esseda), for the prompt and certain transmission of
dispatches and news from these provinces. Neverthe-
less the Germanic Belgte bore the restraints of the
imperial authority with extreme impatience, were
never quiet, and yielded only temporarily to over-
whelming force. One sentence records their subjuga-
tion, the next one their revolt ; one district or tribe
was in arms, while its neighbors were sullenly quiet in
the presence of one or more legions. They were just
as much a conquered people as the Circassians are at
this day, or the Arabs of the Desert. Along the Rhine
and beyond Menapia, the Romans were establishing
themselves more securely year by year, and those
JlTttiapii between the Maas and the Rhine, and so
around to the coast, encircling East and West Flan-
ders, together with the Usipetes, Tenchteri, Cherusci,
and Sicambri, were swallowed up politically, and
eventually even nominally, in the last arrivals, the
Suevi, who had gradually forced their way into east-
ern North-Brabant, Limburg, Hainault, and even
French Flanders — districts almost depopulated by the
Roman sword, and desolated by Roman ferocity —
and Tournmj became the capital of the combined
ftlenapii and 0U£t)i. That the name of the latter
gradually prevailed, implies no discredit to the for-
mer, for even as the Catholic-Romish bigotry and

199
cruelty of the Austrian Caesar, in the X Vllth century,
rendered modern evangelical Germany almost a desert
and a waste, even so the pagan Eomish Caesars left
southern and eastern Belgic Gaul comparatively des-
titute of inhabitants, animal life, improvements, and
hope.

The virtues which characterized the true. German or
Saxon races, and the vices which dishonored them, were
common to their descendants. Chaste, just, intrepid,
hospitable, they were at the same time addicted to
gambling, fond of intoxicating liquors and prone to
quarrels. Those who mingled much with the Gauls
and the Romans, fell away from their original austeri-
ty of morals and their ancient simplicity of worship ;
becoming Roman-Catholicised, to use the most pertinent
word — they added strange gods to their one original
supreme object of adoration, the single, almighty. All-
father. But however degenerate they never ceased to
be animated by a violent love or blind instinct of lib-
erty which influenced all their actions and their policy.

The jHeiiapit who were the last of the Saxon-lineage
to settle in the Netherlands, were likewise the last to
abandon, that is even relatively, their home-culture and
vitiate their male virtues. Although repugnant to for-
eign impressions, they made a rapid progress in the
arts and sciences peculiar to a commercial and an agri-
cultural people. Already, before the arrival, perhaps
long before the invasion of the Romans, they carried
on a lucrative commerce with England, eicporting thith-
er salt, in whose manufacture they were proficients, and
mporting thence marl, in their own language Marga,
a manure particularly adapted to their peculiar soil.
Even in Italy their salted meat was an article of high
repute and luxurious enjoyment, and was consumed
with equal avidity by the richer classes, while their

200
hams and sausages constituted delectable dishes for the
entertainments of the epicurean Romans. So that in
like manner that the moderns dilate upon the tender
hams of Westphalia and Virginia, and the spicy sausa-
ges of Naples and Bologna; and that Charles V, "in
this manner of eating as in many other habits," "a true
Fleming," appreciated the "savory preparations of Es-
tramaduran pork" and sausages, "of the kind which
the queen Juana, now in glory, used to pride herself in
making, in the Flemish fashion," the ancient trencher-
men hailed with delight the same articles prepared by
the skillful Menapian housewives. The caustic Martial
chanted their eulogies, and -Varro and Strabo echoed
the praise.

While the inner man was thus fortified by their ap-
petising edibles, the outer man was equally protected
by the rich fleeces abundantly produced and artistical-
ly fabricated by the same people. Of this we have the
testimony of the luxurious Horace, and Strabo informs,
us that the Roman merchants who frequented the north-
ern districts of Belgium, "which is the country of the
Menapii," wore — doubtless to counteract the intemper-
ature of its climate, to which they were unaccustomed
— woolen garments, most agreeable in their warmth
and texture, woven of a species of silk (y) {saguin ; a
heavy stuff suitable for a military or horseman's cloak
or overcoat,) or more particulaiiy {lama i a double
milled web or frieze) manufactured from the heavy
staple of the country for which it was renowned not
only then, but throughout the middle ages. And
thence Flemish and Dutch merchants and weavers, in-
vited abroad by the incentives of trade or driven forth
by persecution, carried their secret and their industry
into England to enrich the manufacturers and benefit
the consumers of that nation. From earliest times the

'Jul

celebrity and use of its notable cloths were not conlincd
to the Saxo-Bclgic territory, but when made up, in the
Menapian mode, into vestments, doubled or lined with
a similar tissue as a guarantee against the cold, styled
Menas ifenatos, they were adopted by all Avhpm busi-
ness, pleasure or the necessities of service attracted or
carried to those portions of Belgium, Holland and
Germany, which were op6n to, frequented, or possessed,
by the Romans.

But strangest of all, "Mattiaque Zeelanders" or liol-
landers, of the first century, supplied the effeminate
Romans with an ointment or cosmetic extracted from
lye {Sjmmam Batavam) and used in connection with
certain little pills (Pilas Mattiacas), which they dissolv-
ed in vinegar, for the purpose of dyeing their hair of a
peculiar red, auburn perhaps, or flaxen color, which
Martial alludes to in his epigrams.

^'Et muted Latias spmna Batava comas."

"The Dutohrann'a oynfiiient.i dye the Italian locks."

^'■Causttca Teulonicos accendit spuma capillosy

"With Caustiqne di-ugs t.lie Dntchinen scald tbeir haires."

But not to commerce and manufactures alone were
the Menapii devoted. Agriculture, the noblest pursuit
of man, found them its most intelligent and industrious
votaries. The southern Menapians and Morini extend-
ed their attention to the arboriculture, and became
skillful arborators. Their favorite tree was the sterile
Asiatic plane — (derived from Sicily through Rome —
akin to the buttonwood or sycamore — whose cultiva-
tion in our country, experience condemns — ). These
fruitless plantations cost them dear after they submitted
to the Romans, since their ornamental and umbrageous
groves and avenues were subjected to a tax so onerous
that even Pliny the naturalist, albeit alive to the beau-
ties of nature, and art, admits that their shade was en-
joyed at an exorbitant price or taillage.

202

NcljallEina Dta,

€1)6 Stutflor ®oIrib'£SS (?) of tl)£ ancient ^ctlaniiers,

tl)e jUatopu.

The application of marl (illarga, Flemish ; creta,
Latin) as a manm-e, argues an acquaintance with the
secrets of farming, as a science, which at once elevates
the MENAPn in the scale of civilization, refutes the as-
sertions of Caesar and Pliny, that they were a barbarous ■ ^
and uncultivated race, depending, as it were, upon
chance for a bare subsistence ; and wiU satisfy any re-
flecting person that the Romans of the first century after
Christ had never been among them. One of the great-
est triumphs of agriculture is the application of appro-
priate fertilizing agents, and is even }'et not fully under-
stood by those who have devoted their minds to the
subject. Nevertheless, here we see a race, branded as
savage and intractable by a haffled tyrant^ who compre-
hended the defects of their soil and had discovered a
remedy, who raised and stored grain, made a fei'mented
liquor like beer, and with all this could defend themselves
like men and assist their foreign friends, working in the
presence of the Romans like the Jews under Nehemiah,
with the implements of peace in the one hand and the
weapons of war in the other. "Every one with one of
his hands wrought in the work, and with the other
held a weapon."

Nature herself, indignant at the falsehood and vitu-
peration of the Romans, has lent her assistance to the
refutation of their calumnies by revealing facts un-
imagined until within two centuries. On the 5th of
January, 1647, a violent gale from the east drove back
the sea and laid bare the westernmost extremity of the
island of Walkeren^ between West Cajjpel and Domburg,
where the waters of the East and West Schelde flow

203

together and mingle their eddies Avith the ocean. Upon
the sands, thus strangely exposed, the neighboring in-
habitants discovered ruins of ancient buildings, altars,
medals, urns, and other curiosities ; likewise a number
of statues, among them several representing a goddess,
unknown until that date, whose very appellation was
disclosed by the inscriptions dispersed among the ruins
of the temple (Sacellum) and walled precincts, once
consecrated to her worship. These records set at rest
two mooted questions at the same time, the remotest
occupation of the island and the commercial enterprise
of its earliest population ; likewise the debasing influ-
ences of the polytheistical Mediterranean races, by
whom statues and idols were first introduced among the
Saxons, — who, of themselves, worshipped, spiritually,
the invisible God as a Spirit.

The goddess Nehallenia, represented under the
figure of a female draped in flowing garments — some-
times alone, at othei' times grouped with other figures,
now of Hercules, then of Neptune, again of a dolphin,
or of a watch-dog — in the majority of instances bears
a basket of fruits, and has one foot resting upon the
prow of a sea-going vessel.

How gratifying this discovery, which has so exerci-
sed the wits of archaeologists and classic scholars. A
schoolboy will remember how the common sense of
Columbus, putting to the blush the learning of the
envious Spanish philosophers, made the egg stand ;
Eyndius told us that the ancient Greeks claimed to
have settled Walkeren, and there, near the site of their
colony, in a spot long afterwards submerged, set up
the Pillars of Hercules, and built a temple to that
demigod, which marked the limits of their Grecian
enterprise. Commerce, cradled among the Phoeni-
cians, derived its first nomenclature from that marine.

204

Mid-sea, Syrian race, who piloted the argosies of Solo-
mon to Ophii', and steered their own forth into the
stormy Atlantic, whither we neither can nor ever
will know. B. C. 1856 — (3715 years ago!) — a colony
of these Phoenicians brought into Greece a knowledge
of this science, and, in their ships, which never sail-
ed without them, their tutelar divinities, whose fos-
tering care they fondly hoped ensured propitious
gales and rich and safe returns. Greece, which St.
PAUL found stocked with numerous gods, and, "too
superstitious," thirsting for more, aye the "Unknown,"
the true God, doubtless again bore forth in their own
ships that goddess, which, to their preceptors in the
naval art, had seemed most gracious and protective.
What better proof need we that Dorian seamen first
shed upon the Zeeland isles the light of progress V
Antiquarians claim the goddess Nehallenia as of Phoe-
nician origin, and explain her presence at West Cap-
pel by supposing that those great navigators, the
Phoenicians, peopled or conquered Walkeren. Why
not the Greeks ? In either case it would not be aston-
ishing to find that the auspicious goddess of the Schelde
derived her name from the Hebrew Nahal, which
means "to pilot '^ or ^'•io gently leacV \ thus interweav-
ing with their grosser superstitions a faint idea of the
most glorious attribute of that great Being, who ever
gently led and leads his people.

On the other hand, those who deny or scoff at Gre-
cian immigration, deduce the etymology from the
Teutonic, upon the principle that all the local gods
derived their appellations from the language of the
pi'oplc who adored them. Thus the Germans gave the
name of Neha to the water-nymphs styled Aa, in their
speech. Five rivers of that name are found within

205
the Netherlands, and many more within the districts
affected by the Tentonic tongue or blood.

What a charming coml)ination of ideas this effigy
embodies ! In connection with the rostrum, or bow of
the ship, on which she plants her foot in token of do-
minion, it suggests the genial influences of commerce,
typified by the graceful form and vesture of a gentle
woman, bearing home a grateful tribute of those bless-
ed gifts which combine all that is charming to the
senses. Meanwhile, the watch-dog, symbol of courage
and fidelity, recalls the race who could appreciate the
gifts, and, man-like, guard their treasures.

Savage and ferocious nations, forsooth, triumvir ! —
indomitable in truth you found them, but a people who
could conceive a deity so beneficent in her attributes,
occupied a higher rank in the eyes of the All-Father than
one, however powerful, who worshipped the foul war-
god as the progenitor of their nation, whose Januan
gates had not been shut until that era which ushered
in the Prince of Peace, for upwards of seven hundred
years.

"Not to be blest with warrior strength,

To wield the sword and wear the glaive.
Or rise to conqueror's fame at length,

Proclaims the good or makes the bravo.''
* * *

"Give me the man whose hands have tossed

The corn-seed to the mellow soil,
Whose feet the forest depths have crossed,

Whose brow is nobly crowned with toil."

The inscriptions upon the pedestals of several of the
statues of the De.v (Goddess) serve as records of the
commerce, between Zeeland and Britain, in marl
(lllcvgel, Scandinavian and German ; jijjacrl), 3®n-g or •
fllevil), Anglo-Saxon,) the guano of the Menapian era.

206
One of these, quoted by D'anville, reads as follows :

Ob Merges rite conservatas
M : Secund : Silvanus
Negottor (for Neociator)
Cretarius Britaxniciaxus

V (Votum) S (solvit) L (lubens) M (merito)

Translation :

Marcus Secuxdus Silvanl's,

Trader in Britannic 'Chalk (Marl),

Grateful paid his vow for benefit conferred,s

On account of cargoes faithfully j^resenjcd (^from the

perils of the sea).

Another, almost uninjured by time and violence,
which was found upon the farm of Heer lofjan foiling,
near Middleburg, in Walkeren, is cited by Goeree. Its
origin, like that of the former, was doubtless a success-
ful voyage or an escape from shipwreck.

DE^ NEHALENNLE

Servatus
Theroxis Filius

V (Votum) S (solvit) L (lubexs) M (merito).

Translation :

The Sox of Thero,

Preserved (or protected) by the

GODDESS NEHALENNIA.

Gladly acquitted his voto for favor shown.

Before dismissing the subject, an examination of dif-
ferent views in regard to this divinity may be permit-
ted.

According to one hypothesis, the Goddess Nehalen-

nia presided equally and at the same time over the

flow or tides of the sea and the action of the earth,

'and her name was derived from the Greek Xea Selene,

(New Moon,) changed into Nea Helene. A relief.

207
sculptured upon a monumental stone, likewise found
in Walkeren, whose explanation is obliterated, repre-
senting three Goddesses seated upon chairs alongside
each other, is supposed to signify the three-fold no-
menclature and nature or influences of Diana, (lana,
Luna,) or the Moon, which last were assigned to the
Menapian goddess. The Druids and Pranks, particu-
larly the Salian Franks, confederates of the Menapii,
and settled in the Batavian islands, attributed these
properties to the Dea Nehalennia, and worshipped
her in accordance with that belief

This would at once connect her with the northern
1010, the goddess of commerce, "inventress of naviga-
tion and tutelar saint of the seafaring life" among the
Saxon and Scandinavian races, and the southern, Egyp-
tian Isis, conceived in the land of the Sphynx and the
Pyramid, thence introduced into Greece and transport-
ed abroad into the Hellenic or Dorian Colonies, there-
by perhaps engendering that fusion of attributes of
Arctic and Torrid worship which has perplexed the
most erudite and baffled the most inquisitive investiga-
tion.

On the other hand, however, this goddess is claimed
as none other than JVtga or Ivta, the wife of (IDIrin and
the mother of the gods, otherwise Ops, the Rhea of the
Greeks, whose worship was common to all the true Ger-
mans. At all events the name of ^Teljcl, ^celor Ncdtwc,
very common among the women of Zeeland, is trace-
able to this goddess, at one time the object of their
adoration.

A few pages previous a comparison was instituted
between the ancient Zeelandic and the Japanese islands.
Extraordinary as it may appear the original coloniza-
tion of the Maas-Scheldic Archipelago and of the Ja-
panese group has been attributed to the Norwegians,

208
Normans or Nortlimen, in the same way that they av(;
supposed to have been the eailiest discoverers of
America, and are known to have l^een the first settlers of
Iceland.

* * -z- *

In another lucrative branch of commerce the ilTenapii
resembled the Chinese, since they maintained in their
watery land vast numbers of geese, as numerous as
those flocks of ducks which engage the attention of the
subjects of the celestial empire. Thus every portion of
their territory was assigned to an appropriate use ; the
oak openings, forests and pastures to sheep and to swine
(particularly agreeable to the Saxon palate) ; the clear-
ings to bread stuffs and other vegetable products ; the
marshes and ponds to geese ; the deeps to commerce,
and their waste places to manufactures. For the first
we have the testimony of Caesar, Varro, Horace and
Strabo ; for the second, Caasar, Varro, Horace, Pliny
and Tacitus ; for the third Varro and Pliny ; for the
fourth the ci'itical investigations of the wise, eru-
dite and judicious Desroches and accomplished de
Marne ; of the fifth, Strabo, Horace, Varro, Martial and
Hugacius, besides ancient monuments, which, although
they refer particularly to the last, corroborate the truth
of all the rest.

With regard to the geese, whose tender, juicy flesh,
loaded with luscious fat, made them as renowned as the
modern jjafes of Strasburg, we learn that they were
driven annually, and at the proper season, across Gaul,
and over the Alps into Italy and to Rome. We talk as
if it was a great feat in this era of railroads, of bring-
ing cattle on the hoof from western Texas and the far
prairies for the supply of New York, an undertaking
not to be named in comparison with the difficulty of
driving serried multitudes of acquatic birds a distance

209
of near, a thousand miles. The skill and ingenuity of
those in charge excited the interest of Pliny, who speaks
with admiration of their measures to facilitate such a
wearisome transit.

To the van was assigned the feeblest birds, as well
as those which had become fatigued and foot-sore,
in order that the more vigorous behind might assist
their progress, by pushing them on in obedience to
their natural instinct, which induces them to march in
a mass, almost lock-step. This singular commerce
ministered not only to the aliment, but to the luxury
and sensuality of the Romans, who considered their
white plumage as a very ornamental article of dress,
at the same time that their livers, dressed with milk
and sweet wine, furnished most delicate tidbits.

But a reader, wearied of details, may again
inquire, why are all these gleanings from the past
presented in this work ? To rescue the glories of a
wronged people from the neglect and oblivion to
which prejudice, partiality, and misjudgment have con-
signed them.

Those pursuits which interested and enriched the
Menapian Zeelanders and Hollanders of the first cen-
tury, have ever since been the sources of the Saxo-
Plemish Netherlands' wealth, power, influence and
renown. This historical fact is worthy of considera-
tion, and is irrefragable. The manufacture of cloth
— leaving aside their other multifarious manifestations
of the highest mechanical and artistic skill — was that
in which the Netherlands subsequently excelled — so
much so as to give rise to the most honorable Order
of the Golden Fleece, established at Bruges in 1430 :
— In agriculture no people attained a greater proficien-
cy— in distant ages they made their country "the

210

garden of Europe ;" and even in rugged Maine their
descendants "entered (1688) upon the business of agri-
culture with such spirit and success as to gain for the
settlement the name of "the garden of the east" : —
Substitute pickled fish for salted meat, and they sup-
plied Europe for centuries ; they were the world's
carriers, and their country the world's entrepot :

Wliile other people plough'd the ground,

Bold Holland's glebe the rolling main.
From pole to pole, the earth around.

Each furrow yielded countless gain :
M, home her hive was one vast store,

Glean"d from each clime and every shore.

The dreadful Glacial Ocean paid

Its tribute to her fearless toil :
Amid the ice the bases laid,

Rose an emporium of oil;
Arctic Bataiia, proudly styl'd, — ■

'Kound it Spitzbergen's glaciers pil'd.

'Neath the Equator, that same time, —
When Europe throe'd, convuls'd with war, —

From Java's gorgeous, teemfid clime,
Commerce stupendous trophies bore,

And, in that crowning gem of earth,
To Tropic Amsterdam gave birth.

Coeval with 't— can truth ignore?

First, in the west, the Dutch proclaim'd
Free iaith, free speech, — Manhattan's shore

The ueighb'ring land's intol'rance sham'd —
Good will tow'rds men — strange seed — yet thence

Grew th' Empire State's pre-eminence.

The Indian Archipelagoes

And Araby her gardens were, —
\Miere aromatic odors rose

The pungent fruit matur'd for her,
Till Asia's riches' overflow

Miulo Holland Europe's entrepot.

.Vnd Scandinavia's giant trees,

Cloud-piercing in her forests grew.
To build Dutch merchants' argosies, , j

Which o'er remotest waters flew:

211

And towns upborne on Norway pine

liose from their fens still soalc'd witli brine.

Prussia's and Poland's fecund plains

For Holland grew their golden corn;
For her were Ireland's, Lusia's, Spain's,

Silesia's choicest fleeces shorn ;
Saxonia's, Poland's em'rald wolds

Nourish'd for her their bleating folds.

The sunny slopes, whose vineyards line

The laughing banks of the Garonne,
Which lend such glory to the Rhine,

And famous render the Dordogne,
Their choicest flavor'd vintage bare

To crown Dutcli burghers' princely fare.

Two cenfries since, what glory orown'd
The "Fatherland" ! what comfort reign'd!

Freedom her blessings shed around.
Abundance and content unfeign'd;

A store-house for the world was she,
\\'hose swelling canvas fiU'd the sea.

— In the naval sciences they always held, and still oc-
cupy, a pre-eminent position : — if we have a Maury,
they have a jJanacn. The great majority of sea-terms
or of marine-language is derived from the Dutch :
even within a year a Dutch ship has carried off the
palm as a clipper. In the fine arts, the Dutch or Flem-
ish school ranks almost equal, or next, to the Italian.
In the abstruse sciences, particularly international law,
they surpassed all others, and in toleration and patriot-
ism, who can compare with them ? for, while we boast
0726 WASHINGTON, can they not designate hvo
tOtlliama — the "Silent Ojse," and he (the Illd) who
saved and regenerated England ?

Read and reflect upon the following extracts, from
"A Revieio of ilie Characters of the Principal Na-
tions in Europe," published at Loudon, 1770:

"The fUutcl) seem to have superlatively fulfilled the
Proverb of Horace, 'iV?7 Mortalibus Ardvnm,^ Nothing

212
is difficult to Mortals, when they are obstinately deter-
mined to combat all Obstacles."

''Lewis the Fourteenth thought greatly of his, forcing
Nature at Versailles ; what then must we think of the
Victories of the Dutch over the perpetual Opposition
they meet from it in so many prodigious Enterprises
at Home ? An Opposition the more powerful, as it
will never end ; and requires an equal Perseverance of
Efforts, not to subdue it, which is impracticable, but in
order to prevent it from subduing."

"As Good, however, is sometimes educed out of the
greatest Evils, from this unceasing Contention is pro-
duced that unyielding Disposition in the Natives, which
has proved the most solid Basis of their Grandeur, and
enables them, at the same Time, to claim a Species of
Glory, no other Nation ever yet had a Right to ;
which is, that while other Countries maintain and sup-
port tlieir Inhabitants, they, on the contrary, give in a
Planner, Existence to the Land they dwell in."'

"From Causes of this Nature, and that exhaustless
Fund of indefatigable Industry, the happy Conse-
quences of Avhich are diffused over all the Face of the
Land, Statesmen and Princes who have studied, and
been desirous to promote the Welfare of their Subjects,
and the Improvement of their Dominions, have sought
the means of these salutary Purposes chiefly in this
Country. Thus, after the Cessation of the Civil Wars
which had so terribly afflicted France, and the peace-
able Possession of the Crown was secured to Henry
tliG Fourth, when he and the Buke of Sully employed
themselves in the patronising of Trade and Manufac-
tures, the Dutrlj were the Patterns he honored with
his Imitation ; by adopting their Maxims and Regula-
tions in the Establishment of various Branches of Bu-
siness ; and nobly rewarding such of them as person-

213
ally settled in his Realm, and were instrumental in for-
warding those laudable Designs. The Steps of this
Monarch, the best and greatest France ever had, were
not less successfully pursued by the ablest Minister that
Kingdom was at any time blest with, the immortal
Colbert, the real Pounder of its subsequent Greatness.
Of latter Days, that Prodigy of Diligence and Activity,
the celebrated Peter of Muscovy^ made j^oUfi"^ the
principal Object of his Attention, in the modelling, and
Prosecution of those truly Royal Schemes and Resolu-
tions he had framed for the Benefit of his vast Empire."

# * y'r ■»

"It was the Opinion of Themistocles^ that the highest
Proof of human Capacity, consisted in aggrandizing a
small State ; and conformably to this Sentiment, that
great Man's Reputation, in his own Age, arose much
less from his Victory at Salamis over the Persians, and
the deliverance of all Greece from those Invaders, than
from the Re-establishment of Athens, and the Measures
by which he laid the Foundation of the Importance and
Superiority, his Countrymen obtained over all the other
Grecian Cities."

E:^""According to this Observation, what a Number
of able Statesmen must have contributed to the For-
tune of the JButcl) ; whose Beginnings, as their own
Motto truly intimates, were so small, whose Increase of
Strength and Consideration was so rapid, and the Du-
ration of both which has been so permanent?"
-» t:- * *

ll3r""There is no Country where a Facility of set-
tling is so universally unclogged with Impediments
from national, civil, or religious Causes. The whole
World is, in a Manner, made welcome ; and a Participa-
tion of all Priviledges secured to every one by the gen-
erous Hospitality of the Government, which admits

214
with a noble Confidence Individuals of all Countries

into its Trust and Service."

4? * * *

"That Vigilance and patriotic Zeal which frequently,
in other Nations, by deviating from ^Moderation, de-
feats its own Purpose, is, in Holland, accompanied with
a Calmness that weighs impartially the Propriety or
Unfitness of all Measures ; and consequently excludes
none from whence the State may derive any Benefit,
however disgusting they may appear to the Inconsid-
erate or the Prejudiced."

"jT^^Hence, in the midst of that Resentment, it was
natural they should feel on Account of the severe
Treatment they had received from the Roinanist'i, they
still granted them, with no less Policy than Humanity,
the most ample Liberty of exercising the Functions of
their Religion ; while on the other hand, by not whol-
ly divesting them of all national Employments, and
yet debarring them of any Degree of Power that might
rouse their Ambition, and incite them to exert their
restless Antipathy for all other Persuasions, they have
found Means to render them good Subjects in a Pro-
testant State ; thus they have Admission into theii-
Fleets and Armies, and may rise in either to a certain
Rank. These, in their Turn, to do them Justice, have
shewn themselves worthy of all these Favours by a
faithful Discharge of their several Duties ; and it is no
Exaggeration to assert, that the Romanists in the Uni-
ted Provinces are the most respectable of any of their
Communion under a Protestant Government."

* * # *

"To this happy Spirit of universal Toleration is ow-
ing the humane Reception and Usage of the Jezus ;
whose Wealth and Multitude in Holland, exceed those
of their Brethren in any other Christian State ; and

215
who, to their truer Honour, afford a greater Number
of worthy Characters here than any where."

"The same may be said of the many inferior Sects
and Denominations of Christians, that abound in this
Part of Europe, aud who live here in the Enjoyment of
a Tranquility, which, by setting their Minds at ease,
banishes that Ferocity of Temper, which is the natural
Consequence of Persecution, and leaves them full Power
to follow, with Chearfulness and Serenity, the Bent of
their Disposition, and to display those Virtues and
Good Qualities that are found in People of all Persua-
sions."

*

"The Truth is, the Dutcl) have carried the Selfishness
of Patriotism to very immoderate Lengths; and, like
the Romans, seem- to have been fully persuaded that
' Omnes omnium Garitates tma Patria comjjlexa est ' ; i. e.
the Love and Partiality for one's Country ought to

SUPERSEDE ALL OTHER CONSIDERATIONS."

* -X- * *

And now, indulgent readers, before the pen relin-
quishes its grateful task of culling in the conservatories
of national renown and splendor, flowers perennial in
their sweets and beauties, to interweave with sparkling-
gems, dug from the mine of history, for this 3Jlfit[l|)tCiU
■^IntljologM, (JBmgc, Ang.-Sax.,) wherewith to deck the
proud memorial of my father's fathers' country and its
citizens, let us dwell for a moment on a few more pre-
cious testimonials presented in quaint pages, which sel-
dom meet the eyes of even reading men.

Two hundred and thirty-four years ago one Peter
Heylyn, an English theologian and historian, full of
prejudices in favor of his national Church and the reign-
ing Stuart family, publishedatOxford,(1625) ^'■A Little
Description of the Great World.'" Holland was not so

216
much in favor then, that even truth in regard to her
was grateful to the royal pedant who sat upon the Eng-
lish shrone. Therefore, that which was sure to meet
his royal eye, would only tell those facts which could
not be denied, and if concealed the world would trum-
pet forth and rescue from aspersion.

Speaking of Belgia and of §oUani&, these are Hey-
lyn's words witH regard to Dutch Inventions and Me-
chanical Pursuits.

"They did invent Clocks, Printing, and the Com-
passe. They restored Musick, and found out divers
musicall instruments. To them also belong the inven-
tion of Chariots ; the laying of colors with oyle; the
working of pictures in glasse ; and the making of
Worsted, Sayes, (Serges,) Tapestrie, &c."

* * -X- *

"The Commodities with which they most abound,
are Linens, Scarlet, Worsted, Sales, (Serge,) Silks,
Velvets, and the like stuffes; Armour, Cables, Ropes,
Butter, Cheese."

"As to Agriculture, in the Province of Holland, the
greatest commodity is Butter and Cheese : of which,
besides that which they use themselves ; they make
£100,000 ($500,000, equivalent at this day to at least
$1,500,000) yearely, of that which they sell to their
neighbours."

"This Country (Gelderland) — the ancients were the
Menapij and the Sicambri — is fit for feeding Beasts :
which grow so great and fat ; that. Anno 1570, there
was a Gelderland Bull killed at Antiuerpe^ which
weighed 3,200 pounds."

"As to Commerce, Avtwerpc, (ancient Menapia) was
before the civill warres a Towne of infinite ti-ading ;
the things bought and sold here, amounting to more
in one month; then that of Veyvtce in 2 yeares."

217

''Amsterdam, a very fairo haven To wne, out of wliicli
I have seene, saith Gaivsford, at one tide, 1000 ships
of all sorts use to goe out and in : so truly saith one,

" Quod Tagus, atque Tloemus vehunt, et Pactolus ; in, luium
Vere Jmnc congestum diren's esse-Iocitm"

What Tagus, Hjemus, and Paotolub, beave :
You would ooniectui'o to be lieap'd up here.

The present inhabitants are generally given to Sea-
faring lives : So that it is thought that in Ilollnnd, Ze-
land, and Friezland, are 2500 good ships fit for burden,
and warre."

As to Industry in §oUattl), "The women are all
laborious in making stuflfes ; nay, you can scarce find e
a boy 4 years of age, which cannot earnehis own meat."

"As to riches, the Revenew, (of ji^oUanb, Zealand
[Menapia], and West Fribzland,) before the Spaniard.
made warre upon them, was three Millions of Crownes :
($3,110,000 ; equivalent to at least $15,000,000, at
this day) : and indeed, this town (Amsterdam) was the
correlative of the Indies ; the loss of which, hath cost
the King of Spaine above 100 Millions of Gold, (200,
000,000 dollars, if Ducats, or 3^15)00,000,000 dollars,
if Pistoles,) and 400,000 men.

As to the Art of War, "Since the peace concluded,
Anno 1609 : Since which time, they ha,ve kept garri-
sons well disciplined, and as well payed. So that these
Countries have (in these late dayes) bin the Campus
Martius, or Schoole of defence for all Christendome ; to
which the youth of all Nations repaire, to see the man-
ner of fortifications, and learne the Art of warre. The
people hereof have for 40 years held the staffe against
a most puissant Monarch, and have with so great ad-
vantage capitulated, that it is observed, where all other
Nations grow poore with Avarre, these only groAv rich."

218
"They keep about 30,000 Souldiers in continuall
Garrison ; whose pay, together with their Officers and
Captaines wages, amounteth to £500,000 yearely, or
thereabout — ($2,500,000 ; equivalent now to $12,
500,000)."

"Such were the people whom Charles (V.) the Em-
perour at his death, commanded his sonne Philq) to use
that people well : telling him that they had been the
chief supporters of his estate and glory ; and withall
that if he used them otherwise then gently, they would
be the ruine and destruction of him, and his fortunes ;
wherein the event shewed that he was but too ti-ue a
Prophet. After the establishment of Phili/i in the
government, they to gaine his favor, gave him 4(1
millions of Florens (820,000,000 to $65,000,000):
but hee, unseasonably transported with a superstitious
zeale, forgot both that, and his father's Legacie ; in-
taugling himself and them in a tedious and bloudy
waiTe : from which he was compelled to desist with
losse of men, mony, and credit."

Their stubborn freedom, both of thought and action,
could not be atoned for by a faithfulness which knew
no limits in its fearless geuerousness of purse and
person.

"But when a Truce was made betweene Spaine and
France ; then beganne King Philip to cast his thoughts
on the subjection of this people to hiswil and pleasure.
For they Avere so fortified and insconsed, as it were,
with priviledges, which their former Princes had grant-
ed, and the latter were sworne to observe ; that hee
found himselfe to want much of that free and uncon-
trolable power, which his violent spirit seemed every
where to desire. Some of these immunities were,
that the Prince could place no stranger amongst them,
either in offices of warre or justice. 21y, the Prince

219
could give nothing to the Clergy : nor 31y, leavie no
Subsidies without the States of the Country. But
the maine prerogative was, that if the Prince by vio-
olence or wrong, did infringe any of the said Char-
ters and Franchises ; the people after their declaratio
thereof made, may goe to election of a new Prince."
"This not a little grieved the !^i)auiards, that such base
and unworthy people (for so they esteemed thom)
should in such liberty possess so brave and rich a coun-
try ; their King bearing no title of niaiestie, or absolute
command over them. Besides the reformation of Re-
ligion, which then began to grdwe to some strength,
moved the King to reduce them by >S/;f«us//, Rhetoricke
(that is by the Sword and the Cannon) to the Ro^yiisli.
church."

Finally, for ribbons to tie into the knot of this bright
and fragrant coronal, let us add the testimonies (trans-
lated and compiled) of ©cvarii of Nimiocfjen, (©cllrcn-
l)attn- died 1542. )

If you consider the coramodiousness of its many
ports, the value and abundance of its imports and ex-
ports, and the nuuiber of its sea-going vessels, ^tclanb
( Uciinpki) is far ahead of il)ollaiilt {l^atavia). The Zee-
landic wheat is purer and whiter than the ITollandish.
From the ashes of their bituminous soil the Zeelanders
prepare the whitest and most pungent salt. They im-
port immense quantities of grain* from England and
salt from Portugal, which they afterwards purify, and
then supply the Belgae and Upper Germans with both
these indispensable commodities. The naval term
Armada, applied, throughout the world, to a fleet, is
derived (not from Ajjma — arms, Spanish, but) from
^vinttiia (Armu/j(k'), a strong seaport town of Zeeland,

*JftN0Tus — a word only to le found in iiinlin'ral Latin, signifying a
grain measure— vsed, by a figure of upeech, for grain itself.

220
once famous for the dejDth and convenience of its har-
bor, the number of its ships, and its extensive trade in
salt.

lu corroboration, Zosimus states that when the Em-
peror JuLiAX brought grain from Britain to distribute
as nourishment and seed among the races of German}-,
whose territories had been laid waste by the confeder-
ate Saxons and Franls. including the fttcnapii, he built
his 800 ships of war or capacious transports, not in
the Batavian islands, as some would claim, but in the
Arduenaan forest, upon the head-waters of the Maas ox
ScJielde, in the extreme southern frontier districts of
the iHinapii. This proves two of our positions at once ;
the commercial character of the ancient i^kminga, and
their freedom from the curse of Roman garrisons and
functionaries ; for, had the Romans been masters of
the lower courses of these rivers, it is not at all likely
that they would have constructed their vessels in ship-
yards, whence, to conduct them safely to the ocean,
was a measure fraught with much difficult}- and greater
danger.

■^.ftrian BaarlauL), an erudite Dutch historian, who
died at Lonvaiiu in 1542, after quoting (Bcllicnljaucr,
adds that the gardens of Zeeland produce every vege-
table fit for food, likewise a multitude of garden-fruits,
luxuriant in their maturit}-, while its orchards rejoice
their owners with surpassing returns ; also, that its
fields yield an abundance of the great dye-staple, mad-
der, and wheat, which cannot be exceeded in weight,
size, or brightness, by that in any other part of the -
world. In conclusion, he sums up the long list of its
blessings and the fecuudity of its soil, with Martial's
reply to Horace :

"HoRATius dij:it :
'LV'(//«s in orbe locus Baiis iirodiirct cnmeniv."

' 221

Translation :

In every heauty loldch delights the eye,

No place on earth with Bakio fam\l can vie.

'■'■If em Poeta Martialis :

^"■Ut nulle luiuJem Flacce versilnis'QxiXii,
Laudaho digne non famen satis Batas."

Translation :

Fi,A00iis ! while I can Bai^e praise in thoitsand lines of verse,
I never could- in worthy strains Zei.andia's charms rehearse.

Let those who question the truth of any portion of
these historical collections, examine classical and medi-
aeval authors, and compare them with those of modern
times, so ably, so laboriously, so honorably, so glorious-
ly collated by indefatigable and impartial historians,
foreign as well as native.

The Netherlands have ever been the stumbling block
to Romanism and Despotism, the two great curses of
the world. Had they not been or had they not exist-
ed as they ever did, England would not be great and
glorious England,but an appanage of some vast Romish
empire, and this our country, the United States, would
have been strangled in the pestiferous coils of hollow
Gallo-Romanish civilization.

Scarcely a century since and from the silent cliffs and
living deeps of New Poundland, yea, from the
frigid waters which break upon the flinty coast of Lab-
rador to the warm turbid outflow of the Mississippi,
the fleur de lys waved from a chain of posts whose
morning drum at once awoke the arctic seal and roused
the chattering tropic monkey.

"I was struck" — to quote the letter of a reflecting
friend — "when I visited that region of country, by the
evidence which I saw of former French power upon
this continent. As I descended the St. Lawrence by

222
night the lights from French cottages were glimmering
all along its banks; the houses became thicker and
thicker as we proceeded, and then I reflected that once
a line of French settlements had extended from the
mouth of the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Missis-
sippi. All along the immensely extended frontier
marked out by these two streams there exist points, such
as Detroit, Mackinac, St. Mary, St. Ignace, Green Bay,
Chicago, Kaskaskia, Prairie du chien, St. Louis, Baton
Rouge, New Orleans, etc., which still indicate the giant-
like grasp which France once held upon the territorj-
of North America, and especially upon the English Col-
onies. She seemed on the very point of strangling not
only these colonies here, but also the other English col-
onies in Hindostan ; — but, the "Great Monarch" pre-
ferred "_9/o7-?/" at home to empire abroad, and, whUe
waging a hrutal loar against fjollani), sim'enclered the
rest of tlie luorlcl to England ^

It is impossible to estimate the stubborn resolution
of the ^ollanlrn- until you stand amid the monuments
which he has planted in the very deeps, trophies whose
marvels do as far transcend the pyramids as monuments
of industry and faith, as of utility and science. Seek
out that narrow tongue of shifting sand, that dreary
waste shared between men and sea gulls, which bars the
union of an infuriate ocean and a scarcely less furious
sea, whose watery link is pregnant with such terrors
that nothing better can express its perils than its own
name. Hell's door (the Helder, j^ele Denv.) There forth
into the frantic tide shoots out that tremendous dyke
— two leagues in length, forty feet broad on the top,
nearly five hundred at the base, — an artificial and gi-
gantic coast, built of Norwegian granite, leveled and
squared into such vast cycloj)ean wall as will confound
imagination, And yet, that which is seen is less by far

223
than that which lies unseen beneath the sea — mountains
of rock submerged by human skill supporting flinty
mountains, bonded and squared and smoothed into a
bulwark which neither can be l)reached nor overcome
by nature's self. There, stern and gray like polished
mail of steel, that granite cuirass breasts the mad race
of the Germanic Ocean and libs that mighty fortress,
which can shelter ten thousand soldiers in its bomb-
proof casemates, styled hj Napoleon his Northern Gib-
raltar

Like that dyke against the most furious sea "Holland
has withstood the onslaughts of two of the most poAV-
erful sovereigns of the present type of Roman civiliza-
tion,— Philip II. and Louis the Great, and thus served
to protect and extend Teutonic influence and civiliza-
tion throughout the globe."

Louis ! the Joshua-medal did not lie at last. It was
^ollantr bid thy sun stand still, recede and set where it
arose.

The Hollancl-chjhe stayed Romanism^s flood.

* -;<• -;!■ *

®l)c JHeiiapit unbev tl)c Sitcceaaors of ^litgustns, iioum to
tl)clleigii of Diotkttan.
With regard to the expeditions and achievements of
Germanic us, this work contains nothing, inasmuch as
all that transpired occurred beyond the boundaries of
the JHcnapii, and is treated of at length in various
other popular and standard histories. Dewez, however,
claims that this war — by the Roman writers styled "the
Germanic,'" should more properly be known as "the
Belgir" since it was in Belr/ium that the imperial armies
were organized and disciplined. It served as their
arsenal, their base of operations, and their magazine.
Thence they derived their subsistence, their clothing,

224
their equipments, their arms, and their military engines •.
thence in summer they marched forth to battle, and
thither in winter they returned, to repose from their
fatigues.

Under Tiberius, the Romans sustained (A. D. 27,)
[see page 138,] that terrible defeat at the hands of the
iFvieon0, in the BaduJieniia forest, between Leewarden
and Sneeck^ which rendered those frtie 0axons so illus-
trious, even among the warlike Germans.

A. D. 47, the Ghaucian War broke out, in which
©annaetiis, the Caninefatian, a native of Holland proper,
developed his genius as a commander, both by land
and by sea. His squadrons of light frigates ravaged
the coasts of Gaul, whose riches attracted his expedi-
tions, while the degeneration of their Romanized in-
halDitants facilitated their operations. A fleet of heavy
galleys, issuing, under Corbulo, from the Roman navy-
yards upon the Rhine, succeeded in defeating the com-
bined privateer flotillas of ©anjiasnts, constructed more
with the view to celerity than to abide the shock of
battle. After this discomfiture the HoUandish admiral-
chief took refuge among the noble €ljattri whither he
was pursued by Roman emissaries and treacherously
murdered. Roused by the violation of their soil even
as one man the Chauci rose in arms — "no partial rising
— rose all Northumbria ! " and only were appeased by
the immediate recall and implied disgrace of Corbulo,
the Roman general, who had excited their righteous
indignation.

Under Galba, Fonteius Capito, who commanded the
Roman armaments in the German Ocean, governor of
Germania Secunda aspired to the purple. His assassi-
nation left the country between the Maas and the
ScJieldc for a long time even without a nominal Roman
at its head.

225
A. D. 70, the war of Civtlis broke out. To Mot-
ley we refer our readers for its history. The same ,
year liis troops attemptini predatory forays into the
easternmost (?) territorj^ of the iUeuapU, which, speedi-
ly repulsed, left them to the enjojaiieiit of that armed
neutrality -which profits by a war it has the sagacity to
avoid. The Roman general Labeo, defeated b)^ the
Hollandish chief, took refuge in the marsh-land [Avia
Belgaruni) forests of the UleimiJii who sheltered him
with that same tolerant pity which they had ever shoAvn
to all who sought an asylum in their country. Doubt-
less they were actuated bj^ the remembrance of the
unjustified aggressions made by the command of their
one-eyed neighbor across the Rhine.

A. D. 193, the emperor Pertinax was slain during a
mutiny by Fausius, a native of Tongres in farthest
south-eastern Ta(o)xandria, a Menapian {Liegeois?)
soldier in the Prastorian horse-guards, which were re-
cruited in a great measure in the duchy of Gueldres
(Menapia Orientalis) and neighboring districts,perhaps
the very one mentioned in the imperial Xofitia as the
Menapian corps. These cavalry were distinguished by
their valor and by the boldness with which they swam
their horses across the broadest and most rapid rivers,
exploits generally attributed to the Batavian mounted-
cohorts alone.

A. D. 262-276, during the reigns of the meritorious
"\"alerian and the immortal Probus, the FRANK-confed-
erates first burst the barrier of the Rhine, the initiatory
conflicts of that dread, ceaseless, series of campaigns
which only closed with the annihilation of the Roman
influence in Germany, tlie Netherlands and France, a
tragedy Avhose action embraced not only Western Eu-
rope but all the lands which frame as it were the Eux-

15

226
ine and ^lediteiTanean seas, and border the Eastern
Atlantic and German Oceans.

Throngli storm-clonds piled in murky masses npon
the mountains of crime, whose horrent peaks rise far
beyond the aspiring stej) of human research, crimson
with the reflection of the ensanguined earth, deformed
by lire, sword and rapine, the sun of the Western Em-
ph'e plows, like a shattered war-ship, (Deciremus ) di-iven
headlong on to wreck by the resistless -winds awakened
by the shock of the long and furious battle* through
Avhich it had borne the standard of command.

The shades of night are thickening fast about its
course, and a twilight, sad and starless, pregnant with
phantoms gendered by despair, broods on the wasted
earth. What a glorious aurora will succeed, a dawn
rosy with hope, radiant with light and health, a morn^
ing flooding the earth and sea with rays of gladsome
promise, those rays the Saxon ships, destined to pierce
the world's remotest limits, freighted with knowledge,
hope and peace that passeth knowledge.

The Saxons are on the Seas. Their clipper scaph.e
launched from the fearless north and swarmina; with
male life are bounding to the rescue of a world en-
slaved and plunged in torment. Even as the electric
fires vault from the pole toAvards the zenith, even so
theii- Kiels swept southward ])y the Arctic gale, like
dreadful iTaiil and evil Drsii, are flying to assail the Ro-
man fabric and recompense six hundred years of woe
with concentrated wrath. Borne on the furious cour-

*History records many siicli plioiiouieiia in the actual world. How olten
since the general use of artillci-v, particularly at ■^c-■a, have mighty hattle^
been .succeeded hy violent storms! Philoso[ilier-- have even stig-gested the
kindling of huge lires, or a heavy tire of artillery, to evoke rain during a
dronglit, or clear tlie atmosphere dnring an epidemic.

227
sers of the deep* they burst into the Roman seas even
as the horseman of the East burst on the Roman lands,
only alike however in their impetuous progress. The
Sa-t'on comes to renovate, the Hun to devastate. Behind
the first the earth bears all the fruits which bless our
race ; behind the last the very grass, root-killed, thence
forward grows no more. The Baxon is the tj^pe of man
intelligent, the Hun of man the animal, and ever since
the day (EarauBiua laid the base stone of a Saxon gov-
ernment each generation has built up the pile, which
stands the home, the palace and the fortress of wealth,
prosperity and comfort.

To curb the young fire of the new Saxon life, a Saxon
hand alone must grasp the reins. Roman admiralship,
effete, looks on aghast, unfit to cope with the true sove-
reigns of the seas, Rome has no sea-chief equal to
the hour, but from the Menapian sea-land evokes a
HoUando-Saxon seaman to con the course and take
the helm of her imperial navy.

The great Anglo-Saxon, ^llfrtlr, ignorant of all the
modern appliances for measuring time, devised a plan,
primitive but ingenious, to obviate his need. Large
waxen candles, sheltered from the effects of drafts of
air by screens, were set in their lofty sconces, in wide
and sonorous brazen basins. Around these tapers, cal-
culated to burn a certain period, and graduated with
nice care, were tied, from space to space, thin cords or
combustible threads, sustaining heavy iron balls. When
each taper had wasted down to a thread, it burned
through the ligature and instantly set free the ball,
which, falling from a height into the brazen basin, pro-
claimed the hour, or served as an alarm clock to sum-

*Seamen will understand the allusion when they recall that the epithet
'■'Spanish horses^' is applied to the mountain -waves of the Northern At-
lantic.

22S
mon forth the household to their duties, announce the
change of guard .by night, or waken ;2llfrcb to his stu^
dies.

With a clang as sharp, as sudden, and as startling as
that time-stroke, — heard eveir amid the din of war and
crash of falling empire, — destiny struck her alarm-
gong, and, meet for the occasion, stood forth the Mcna-
pian sailor-hero. Zeeland and Dutch Flanders, des-
tined in after years to amaze the world with her great
children's seamanship, now gave her first storial hero
to save dear Saxon England. And Antwei-j). which,
before the Spanish curse was on her, saw, day b}' daj',
live hundred vessels sail into her harbor, while a like
number weighed and left her port, — wherein five times
that number most times lay at anchor — is linked to the
ancient times by that brave sailor-boy who first saw
light within her riparian district.'"

Like a magician, Caracsius took liis station at Jhu-
locpic, (Portus CEpatiaci ?) amid the chaotic elements of
what once constituted Rome's grand imperial navy,
wliicli, in two months, slid from the ways to a victorious
ei]try into a commensurate life of upwards of fivi.' hun-
dred years. Scarce launched, its triumph off Sicilian
-Myloe ranks Duilius among the greatest admirals of all
times, and even as the infant Hercules strangled in his
cradle, two mighty serpents sent l^y Juno to destroy
hira, so the new-born navy crushed, in her waters, at one
blow, the maritime power of Carthage and the marine
supremac}' of the Phcenician and Hellenic races.

He spoke ! disorder became order, weakness strength,
woods ships, and sa^'age nations active.' seamen. He
gave his rcnlhrin to the winds and the sea, churned by
his sinewy oarsmen, Ix-tc forth his armaments to glory.

'MroHKi.KT. //i.itiiin ilr Fnnice. (I., 98,) -^iiy: t'AitArsu:.s wa?; bom
neox Aidiccrii , tlievL'tinv a Zeelander.

229

He trod the deck, and the olicdicut winds wafted his
armadas wherever danger threatened, to conqncr
and restore, lie grasped the tiller and steered across
the main, to found a throne and win an immortal
name. Distrusted and betrayed, he taught a tyrant l)y
rude lessons, the danger of attempting to trample on
a freeman. The BAGAUDiE, ground to the dust by the
imperial heel, beheld an avenger rise from their mar-
tyr's l^loocl and homestead's ashes.

Out of the sea a little cloud like a man's hand rose
up, — the Saxon tempest,- — to overspread the north, and,
thence, Ijurst forth the levin (Ijlifmit) bolts which shat-
tered and threw down the bulwarks of the past. From
that hour the sea and sea-land was enfranchised.

lUs£ of €ai-ausiue.

Now, to reforge the chain and reunite the history ol'
Carausius from which we turned aside to describe his
native land, his peoples' origin, their proud career of
freedom and improvement, we compile the concise but
truthful records of Palgiiave's History of the Anglo
Saxons, Kemble's Saxons in England and Milton's His-
tory of England — adding some curious facts.

"The political ancestry of the ancient monarchs of
2litgto-5ai-oit Britain, must therefore be sought amongst
the sovereigns, who are expunged from the regular
series of the CyESAus, and put at the bottom of the page
by the chronologists of the empire. Britain was said
to be singularly fertile in 'Tyrants;' or, in other words,
the opulent province made strong efforts to detach it-
self from Rome, and to acquire independence. But
the history of these times is extremely imperfect. The
jejune and feeble writers of the Augustan history
afford our chief materials ; and though we knoAv that

230

the first of these British Tyrants was slain by his com- ,
petitor Probcs, we are not able to tell his name."

^aransius, 'a UTenapian by birth,' whose nation "was
found in the islands of the Rhine," or Maas and Schelde
whom Robert of Gloucester XII. or XIII. century calls
Parous and Karant ; Johx Zonarus, a Greek historian of
the early part of the Xllth century, Kraoox and Cras-
sus; Tristan, (1644) Carux; Kervyx de Lettexhove,
"a 'Karl Saxon,' as his name denotes, though misrepre-
sented" ; and other medioeval authors Carus, "obtain-
ed a more durable ascendency."

■* * * *

"(JTarausius, perhaps himself a pirate, had been accus-
tomed to the sea from his earliest youth ; and he was
raised, by his valor and talent, to the command of the
navy destined to repress the incursions of the (Holland-
isK) Fraxks and Sai'ons, and other barbarians, who
ravaged the shores of Britain and of Gaul. In this
station, dark suspicions arose respecting his collusion
with the enemy ; and it being anticipated that he would
throw off his allegiance to Diocletian and Maximiax,
the Emperors who then ruled, orders were sent from
Rorne to put Caeausius to death. But he evaded the
fatal messenger ; and the wealth which he had earned
by his exploits, as well as the reputation which he gain-
ed in his victories, persuaded the British legions and
auxiliaries to hail him as AuGrsxrs, and to bestow upon
him the imperial diadem."

"The policy of the Emperor Marcus Axtoxixus, at the
successful close of the Jlarcomannic or Gennan war (A.
D. 166-180) had transplanted to Britain multitudes of
Germans, to serve at once as instruments of Roman
power and as hostages for their countrymen on the fron-
tier of the empire. The remnants of this once power-
ful coiifederation gajiiJot but have left long and lasting

231

traces of their scttlemeut among- us (Englishmen) ; nor
can it be considered at all improbable that CAnAiisiu^;,
when in the year 287, he raised the standard of revolt
in Britain, calculated upon the assistance of the Ger-
iiiaun in this country, as well as that of their allies and
brethren on the continent. For "Cakausius was a
Menapian," and therefore in some degree a compatriot,
since "in the third century the inhabitants of the Mena-
pian territory were certainly Teutonic." "CAiiArsius,
and after him AUectus, maintained a (true) German (or
Saxon) force here" in England.

Maximian, who made some fruitless attempts to rid
himself of this rival, Avas repelled with disgi-ace. The
'Emperor of Britain — whose dominions included Bou-
logne, and the adjoining coast of Gaul — (and all the
Franks which had by his pennission seated themselves
in Belgia, were at his devotion) — used every exertion
to maintain his sovereignty ; he built vessels of war
(after the Roman fashion) and raised great forces, invi-
ting to his service the barbarians against whom he had
fought, and to whose native courage and maritime skill
was now added the regular discipline of the Roman
soldier. „. ^ ,,

"Having obtained this object of his ambition, he,
for seven years (A. D. 285-7 to 292-4), conducted
himself with courage and ability. He defended the
frontiers of his dominions against the GaledonicuiH of
the North" ; and "Tysilio, (a Welsh bard or rhyming
historian, of the Vl-VIIth centuries,) says he ((Haroii —
Carausius,) made the Picts, who lately came out of
Scijthia, his confederates, and settled them in ScotkuuF
(in ancient Albany, now Breadalbane).

"If the authenticity of the Poems of Ossiai/^ as they
now appear, could he relied upon, allusions to this

232

wall" — (the Yalliim Autonini, originally laid out and
constructed by Lollius Urbious, aud repaired, strength-
ened and embellished by Cakausius, ) "and the opera-
tions of CARAnsius (Caros) on the banks of the Car rem,
are therein recognized.* (See pages 53-"7.)

"The scene is near the "^ntusnij rock of Croua,'^ a
small stream which runs into the Cnrrau ; and, while
Cards ( Carausius ) is employed in repairing ancient
barriers, or erecting new works for obstructing the in-
cursions of the Calerhniaris, he seems to have been
attacked by a party of the latter, under the command
of Oscar, the son of Ossiax"':

^^WJiat (Joes Caros, Kfr/g of ships ? — said the sou of
the now mournful Ossian — sjyreads he the icings (the
Roman eagle) of his pride, hard of the times of old .'''

^'■I[esp)reaels them, Oscar, — replied the l)ard--6?^'' it /.«
behind his gedhered heap, (Agricola's [or Antonine"s]
Wall, repaired,) he looks aver his stones trith for.
He beholds thee terrible as the ghost ef night, thed rolls
the waves to his ships /''j-

This imagery is magnificent, especially the allusion
to the tempest-wrought sea assailing the-laboring fleet
amid the darkness, at a period when maritime science
was called upon to exert all its powers to overcome
any, even the slightest, exigencies. Again, it con-
trasts the headlong, reckless courage of the kilted Gael
— who despised the patient labor Avhich restrained and
the calm order Avhich discomfited his fiery impulse —
with the firm but regulated valor of the experienced
HoUando-Saxon, who supplied the want of numbers
and enthusiasm of patriotic fury, liy the employment

*Wab of Oakos, unci Oritica! Dissertoliim concerning the JiEA of
OssiAN.
tPoEMS OF (.>oSiAx, jjage U5, and Preface, p. VIII. Quarto, 1762.

233
of that method and discipline which rendered his posi-
tion inexpugnable and his triumph sure.

Ruling in Britain '.Makct.s Ai'UELirrt \'ALERirs C'a-
BAUSius,' for he had borrowed these impressive names,
was ranlved as the 'brollier" n[' DincrETiAN :nul Maxi-
3][AX. Idle fleets i)f Cni-ansins saik.-d triumphant; anrl
from the ColifiniiH of Ilercnk's to the mouths (if the
B.liiiit\ his standard ruled the seas. ( "('akaisil's willi
his navy diil af .sai ivliat he li><lal, rol^ljing on t'ovfij
coast"').

(rrBP.ox, who assures us that "every eireumslanee of
his lii'e and actions has l)een investigated with saga-
cious accuracy," adds that he "dill'used lieyond the
columns of Plercules the terror oi' his name." And
there is reason to suppose that his ensigns, emblazoned
with the /(;////(■ sited of the Savons or the clipper-frigate
(IsiAKAX Ljbuena ) of the iUciicipii, fluttered defiance
at the months of the Tihcr, on their way to arcaise new
enemies for Ilniitt; along the shores of the distant IJnx-
iitf. Nor can we doubt that his dispatch shi})s braved
the fogs and shallows of the chartless /ya//»-, to sum-
mon thence races cngnate to his own, and win them
from their avaricious search and ti'aflic in pellucid am-
ber, ((&lcs£ or (L^liTVC, Anglo-Saxon, ) to that exciting-
life which amply requited the L(nl arjd peril of the hunt
with spoils, yellow, like the bounty of the iSuevian
waves, but far nn u'c [u-ecious, — gold.

"When CoxsTANTius CuLORUri was associated to the
purple, he prepared to dispossess ('arausius of his d(i-
minions ; and by al)old(prompl ) and fortunate (adven-
titious) enterprise, the British fleet statioiK'd at Btni-
logne was compelled to surrender."

He Avas just in time, for (hniK still snuirting from

234
MAXiiMiAX s scourging, inclined a willing ear to the
persuasive eloquence of Britain's self-made sovereign,
and, like an inflammable mass, required but his word
to burst into one blaze. The unexpected and impetu-
ous march of Rome's Pale ( Chlorus) Champion inter-
posed between the match and the pyre of the imperial
sway in Gallia. Boulogne invested, the growling daul
crouched down beneath the uplifted fasces ; Boulogne
fallen, he di-aggcd the chain and clog another hundi'ed
years, to gaunt on bones, while Romans ate the meat.

Not so the Baions and the ^'ttljerloniisl) /vanks.
Their naval apprenticeship of seven years to tflaransius
taught them the art of navigation and the military sci-
ence of the sea, which — they transmitting as a sacred
lore from sire to son — have, from an ucquisition of the
mind, become transmuted to an instinct. This was
the iii'st of those auspicious incidents which exalted the
power and influence of that people whom Tacitus Avas
not acquainted with, even Ijy name, and Ptolemy makes
mention of by name alone.

T( ) this now life of daring enterprise there was no
lack of inclination. All that they wanted Avas instruc-
tion and encouragement. In j)lace of their skifl's of
skins and fragile barks, lUavausius gave them ships and
leaders of experience, who, by the reflection of his
glorious character, had become in a measure imljued
with his daring skill. Thenceforth, "as Providence
had destined them to be the stock of a nation, whose
colonies, counuerce, arts, knowledge, and fami', were
to become tar superior to those of Rome, and to per-
vade every part of the world, it cherished them by a
succession of those propitious circumstances which
gradually formed and led them to that great enter-
prise for which they were principall}'^ destined," the

235
settlement of the ^"etl^erlanbs, "the conquest of Roman-
ized Britain," and the establishment of our Confedera-
tion, and mighty empires in world's unknown, until
within four centuries.

<EI)e (Ertniijmgn of Idavausius in tl)e ^|'i;tl}evlttu&s :
2lnnil)ilQttou of tl)c Sataui.

The capture of Bon/ogiic was followed by the loss of
his Armorican dominions, (Gallic coasts of the Chan-
nel,) and (Harausius peix-eived that if he would preserve
his island throne he must defend his native country
(the Maritime Netherlands), which had furnished him
with such faithful adherents, such intellii^'eiit seamen,
such stalwart soldiers, and such immense material. Pa-
triotism and gratitude united to stimulate his activity,
and while Maxiwiax and CoxsTANTirs AN'cre yet rejoi-
cing over the capture of i^oH/or/z^e and the victory of
Cadiz, (llavausius had collected his fleets of war-ships
and transports, had crossed the sea, and stood prepared
to protect his nati\'o iX'ctl)filQiiL)s against the invasion
of the Romans and the Ifcason to jjrinciple, which had
converted the free (l^) Ijatainnns into instruments of
despotism, for chroincles concede the rapacious tyranny
of the Romans in the Xctherlands, whene\'er they en-
joyed an opportunity of gratil'ying their avaricious
lust.

A half century jirevious to this action, history first
notices the appearance of the JiraiiliS, — not a nation,
but a combination of petty nations, embracing the ma-
jority of those who had long since occupied the Nether-
laiuls, as well as others beyond the lilu'iie, but all of

Sawn or ©cnnait origin.

The true (lermaus, it is undeniable, had hitherto sus-
tained a series of defeats, but these defeats had been as
glori(jus to the losers as victories, since iiwrallu they

236

frinniphed, while [th[isirallij they weve overthrown, in-
asmuch as their olistiiiate and dcath-dcspisiiif;- valor
delcn'ed the Romans from attempting any distant ex-
peditions into their territory, and precluded any per-
manent conquests beyond the Rhine. The campaigns
of the Ttomans in (rermany were forays on an immense
scale, from which they oftener returned with disgrace
and broken bones than with trophies and booty. These
invasions, lu)\\'ever, were eventually productive of more
benefit than injury, and were the cause of the ultimate"
SLiX(_)-(!ermanic triumph, for they taught the Germans,
though little versed in policy, the lesson which ^Esop
inculcal es by the fable of the bundle of arrows, the very
symbol adopted to express the strength of the llnitcb
^Jvoinnccs and the necessity of their union. Hard ex-
perience con\'inced the northern races that it was the Ro-
man unity of action, directed by one mind, that tri-
umphed over their disunion and disjjersion, in different
tribes, under divers kings ; for, prior to C'l.oniox, the
Long Haired, (A. D. 428.) no Saxon or German league
had an acknowledged supreme head, and nothing cer-
tainly like a capital, or seat of government. Roman
disci})line hadl)een overcome more than once by Saxon
and German intrepidity, but Roman cohesion had of-
tener shattered Saxon incoherence. Awakened to the
truth by successive failures, two combinations came
into existence, wliich may lie almost distinguished as
(Trnimii and Saxuu — since the vlllciiiaiiiu partook more
of the former, and the jirniilis of the latter, element.
The iTranliS were eminently aNetherlandic combiuation,
and their chief seat Wiis in the marsh}' districts, (over-
flowed and intersected by the channels of the Eliine.
A chronological exami tuition of their origin and pro-
gress will constitute the concluding portion of this
work, and to that the reader is referred for details.

About the year A. D. 2r)0, the Salian iTranks made
their appearance in what is recognized as the modem
kingdom of Holland. A large proportion of their
strength was supplied l)y the noble (Sljauii, from ])(■-
tween the Enin and the EIhe, who thus came to reunite
themselves, after an interval of thi-ec centuries and a
half, with that portion of their nation which, proceed-
ing farther westward, had established itself along the
Rhine and at the mouths of the Jlfaan (see page 135).
Another portion of the iTranks won for themselves set-
tlements in the Bataviaii. triangle of islands, ^vhile .i
third accepted locations near Bni^< Ic Du(\ Breda, and
Ar/f/rerjj. All the nations who had l^een subjugated by
the Romans, or had been acknowledged as their allies,
seemed to have formed a coalition to o}>pose the new
arrivals. On the other hand, the fllciin^ii not only ex-
tended a welcoming hand, but assisted them against
the imperial armies which sougl it to expel them from
the Xi'llierJaiidK, and repulse them into the Saxon
marshes and German monntains, whence they had issued.
The prolongation of the struggle was the means of in-
tr(jducing (favausins into that sphere of action which
led to liis ultimate celelu'ily and power. Promoted to
the command of the E,omau fleets in the Clirnrnel and
Geni/nn Ocerm, CavmJsius had made common cause
with his fellow citizens, the fllciiapiaiis, wliose naval su-
periority, after he had become the Emperor of Britain,
fenced in his throne with such impregnable, floating,
wooden-walls, as enabled him to carry out his plans
without anxiety, or the fear of a competitor. After-
wards, invested with the sovereignty of the Bi'itish
island, his authority was no less acknowledged ])y the
J"vQlll\S of the Netherlands than l)y his own iminedinte
British subjects. ®nincbon, king of the Salian JvaiiK-s
in Batui'hi, was not only his firm ally but his attached

238
friend, and all the Franks which had, by the permission
of CaranHius, seated themselves in Belgui, that is, south
of the Bliiiir\ Avere at his devotion.

There is scarcelj^ any doubt but that the co-operation
of the naA'al contingents — built, equipped, and launch-
ed in the 2ctlar.b, Zxxxt [South] ^ollanli and Dutcl)-
jTlciiiisI) islands and ri\'ers, (or rather, estuaries and
arms of the sea, ) and manned by the M E X A II I 0 I
and their confederates, the Saltan Franks, — whose
male manners and peculiar habiliments (T'arausius de-
lighted in, and pleased himself by, emulating and adopt
ing them, — exerted a most powerful agency in eleva-
ting the Hollandish Admiral to his throne, and contri-
buted in a great measure to maintaining him there until
his insular subjects had lent a willing shoulder to the
wheel of progress, and built up for their ncAV and be-
loved Saxon sovereign a numerous, splendid and effec-
tive navy.

In return, now that the Salian Franks, his subjects
and associates, Avere attacked Ijy Maximian and Con-
stantius, (darausiue, — notwithstanding the diminution
of his power through the defeat of his naval allies off
Cadiz, the conquest of Armorira, and the capture of
Bouh'(/iie, and a large portion of his fleet in that port
by C'oustantius, as well as the destruction of another
by the elements, — alive to the generous impulse of
gratitude and dead to the selfish whispers of peril, lost
not a moment, but hastened to recompense the fidelity
they had shown, and the assistance thej* had afforded
him, by the force of his arms and the prestige of his
reputation. He found them exposed to a double dan-
ger, for while the converging Roman columns — ad-
vancing fvom Belgir Gaul and the Upper BJi/'ne — were
driving them into the ocean and the mighty sea-re-
sembling rivers of HoUand or pressing them back into

239
the wilds of Germany, the Batavians, "the friends and
allies of B-ome," oblivious of tlie bright example of
©atinascus, the splendid career of CT\'iLia "the Found-
er of Liberty," and the traditions of their forefathers,
were assailing the Jllena|jiaiis and their confederates in
the rear.

Short and bloody was the contest. Civil and reli-
gious wars are always more sharp and unrelenting than
any other conflicts. Roused to fury at what appeared
to them a threefold treason to the instincts of the Sa-
tl)rvlan&, the ties of brotherhood and the obligations of
hospitality, the iHeiiapiana, with all the fierceness of a
fearless, semi-barbarous people, assisted l)y the disci-
pline of his veterans and directed by the ability of
such a leader as their eminent countryman, flooded the
island oH Batavta, and swept over it with a tide-wave
of war, more irresistibly fatal to life than even that
tide-wave of the North Sea which had leveled the
dykes and razed the scarce completed tenements of the
(dimbvi and (iTcutanES, forced, by the inburst, to aban-
don a country which it seemed hopeless to believe
would again be relinquished by the ocean.

That which the Romans could never accomplish,
(!Iarau0iits effected almost at a blow. He made him-
self master of the renowned Bafrn'inn, hitherto
free, land, put to the sword nearly the Avhole popula-
tion, and planted in the villages and settlements, which
were rising into towns and flourishing communities,
strangers, though of a cognate race, who had been
more faithful to his and the Saxon cause than the ori-
ginal owners — degenerated into the myrmidons (©t^-
folge) of the imperial tyrants — and almost blotted out,
forever —

"While streams of carnage, in the noontide JZasc,
SmoTee up to heaven''' —

the very name of the famous SataBi.

24(1

As far as regarded their nationality, all was over.
Their ancient possessions passed into the hands of
new men,^free fi'om the contaminating influence of
Rome ; and the retribution determined by the indig-
nant ]\lEy.vPiAX Arc.TKTUs was consummated.

Of a nation once so celebrated, nothing remained
(A. D. 4(13) — according to IvERKorx — but a mere body
of soldiers, wliich gariisoned a- city named Baiuviu^
in PJiirtin, and, perhaps, another corps stationed at
Pasaaii, b)' some styled Pafari or Bain rid (Batava
Oastra)^ at the confluence of the Inn and the Dmniha.
The bulk of the people had been either absorbed in the
Roman service, or exterminated, and the survivors
— driven from their paternal soil — ■were so scattered
abroad that they had become confounded with the
Saxdnt^^ Franks, and Fj-i.s/)n.'^ ; even the remembrance
of their iiiiine 'was thenceforward lo.st in the country
they had rendered ftimous by their exploits.

For a century longer, al.e or auxiliary corps of Ba-
tavinns appear in the list of the imperial armies ; but
after the time of Honorius (A. D. 3H5-4'25), even their
name, once so honorable and terrible, disappeared for-
ever, from histor}'.

To a person born and bred in this country and age,
such a state of affairs as existed in the Netherlands,
and in fact in the greater part of the Roman empire,
at this period, can scarcely lie realized b}- the wildest
stretch of his imagination ; that is, so as to bring it
home to his feelings and his understanding. Except
among the Mera7tto(, and even then only in their less
accessijjle cantons, an individual who left his liome to
make a short journey for business or pleasure, might,
and most probably would, never again be able to re-
cognize any but those natural features which were un-

241
susceptible of change. Upon Ms return he might even
find such an utter devastation of his country that it
would be impossible to locate the homestead where he
was born and nurtured, and in the place of faces and
costumes, endeared by usage and boyish associations,
and of language agreeable or intelligible, he might en-
counter faces the most unlike those of his race, habili-
ments and arms as strange as the lineaments, and a
speech of which he was not capable of comprehending
a single word or recalling a single accent. And then,
again, at particular epochs, the Low Countries were
subjected to such terrible physical visitations that all
the horrors of the deluge were re-enacted in several of
their maritime districts. These last constitute a peril
which becomes more eminent year by year upon the
Rhine-side, and augments in even a greater degree
than the dangers diminish upon the immediate shores
of the ocean and its estuaries. But that is as foreign
to the subject as the former consideration is pertinent

and appalling.

■:;- -;c- * -x- *

The defeat and extermination of the Hollanders
(Batavi) by the Zeelanders and Dutch Flemings (Jlle-
ttapit) and their allies, and the fearful punishment in-
flicted by (Ettraitsius, in retaliation, as it were, for their
unjustifiable invasion and depredation of the Menapian
territory, by the orders of Civilis, because the Qaxon
races would not take up arms and become subjects of
his contemplated Gallic sovereignty, constitute one of
those events in history which, however sad in the con-
sideration, admit of no doubt as to their truth.

That gallant race upon whom Schiller lavishes the
encomiums of his eloquent pen ; whom Tacitus records
as superior in military courage to all the warlike tribes
upon the Rhine; which paid its tribute in soldiers, and

16

242
was reserved, like the arrow and sword, only for battle ;
wliicli contributed the best cavalry in the imperial ser-
vice ; which decided the fortune of Pharsalia's crown-
ing day ; which — like the Swiss — who formed in so
many cases during the past century, and in some cases
still constitute the body-guards of sovereigns— furnish-
ed the imperial life-guard ; which terrified the intract-
able warriors of the Danube by their fierce but orderly
valor, swimming in full armor and on horseback, rank
after rank, across that impetuous river and other no
less furious streams ; which had made themselves the
terror of the fiery Caledonians at the north-western
extremity of the known world, in as great a degree as
they had struck with awe the barbarians upon its north-
eastern limit ; after four hundred years of unsurpassed
renown was swept from the earth, by the agency of
the sword, with almost as sudden a catastrophe as over-
Avhelmed the army of Sennacherib or the nations of
Canaan. The Gallo-Germanic element in Holland was
extinguished, trampled in and ground out by the
Scandinavo-Saxon or true German, and the Bataviau
name expunged from the list of nations.

From the day when KattcntDaliiJ, the Bataviau, con-
cluded a treaty of peace and alliance with Julius C^sar,
down to the last hours of the Western Empire, his com-
patriots proved themselves the bravest and firmest al-
lies of the Romans. Throughout that period of inces-
sant combat, their cavalry was acknowledged by everj^
writer, Roman, Greek, or barbarian, to have constitu-
ted the finest disciplined body of horse in the military
world — and, under the first Napoleon, Emperor of
France, the soldierly qualities of their countrymen, in
tn-ery arm, were conceded by his Marshals and Gen-
erals.

From the reis:n of Auoustus to that ofHoNORius,

243
the Batavi occupied the foremost rank and were select-
ed as the forlorn hope {Enfards Perdiis) of Roman war.
In every clime they devoted themselves for the ag-
grandizement of Rome, and performed that desperate
duty in her service which the Spaliis, or rather Delhis,
discharged, with like headlong zeal, in the van of the
Ottoman armies —

^^Bold, as if gifted wiLh ten, ■ thousand Uvea" —

the Batavians swept away all human obstacles, however

fierce and fearless, which encumbered the Roman path

of conquest —

'■'And, at each siejj, Ida Moody falchion mahea
Terrible vistas, through wMcli victory ireaTcsy

Their bravery assured to Julius C^sar and his succes-
sors victories, on which the fate of a dynasty, nay, the
future of the whole world, depended. In Britain,
more than one triumph was due to their fiery charges;
they crushed out the last resistance of the defeated
but unsubmissive BELGiu, and terminated the Gallic
war, which left the great Julius free to contest the
sovereignty of the world. Afterwards, in his seiwice,
they swam the frigid Segre, shattered the force which
lined the adverse shore, and gave him Spain. In
Greece, they covered themselves with laurels at Duraz-
zo, in Albania, and at Gomfi, in Thessaly. Upon
Pharsalia^s field, although fighting there on foot, they
routed the cavalry of Pompey, and C^sar received
his imperial crown of laurel from the points of their
dripping swords. Their adhesion made and unmade
Emperors. Vitellius, Didius ' Julianus, Septimius
Severus, and other Masters of the World, acquired the
diadem from their gauntleted hands. A. D. 19, Cario-
valda breasted, at their head, the swiftly-flowing
Weser, and, like the Spartan at Thermopylai, kept the
Cheruscan multitudes at bay until the Romans crossed

244
to his support, too late, however, to accomplish more
than the rescue of the corpses of the heroic king and
his intrepid officers. A. D. 71, they dashed into the
boisterous Maas^ to assail the rear of Labeo's troops
upon the farther bank. A. D. 79, they accompanied
Agricola into Britain, nnd. signalized their valor on
the Grampian Hills in a battle which determined the
fate of Scotland. A. D. 120, Sovanus, a Batavian, ren-
dered himself famous by his marvelous address with
the bow. Having launched an arrow high into the air, he
could draw a second from his quiver, adjust it to his
string, and with it splinter the first in its descending
flight. By the orders of the Emperor Adrian, who
witnessed the feat, his skill was perpetuated by an epi-
taph. A. D. 197, the Emperor Septimius Severus, as
a token of his esteem for his Batavian body-guard,
accorded to each private the privilege of carrying a
vine-stocl; or cane (vitis), the badge of a centurion,
or commandant of rank. A. D. 212, Antoninus, his
son, testified his affection for his Batavian cohorts
by Avearing his hair in accordance with their custom.
But one more instance will suffice, for a mere recital of
their feats of arms would fill more pages than have been
devoted to the whole consideration of themselves and
and their Chattian neighbors. A. D. 357, the bravery
of his Batavian troops achieved, near Strasburg, that
triumph over the sis German confederated kings which
established the fame of the vfarlike Julian.

But all their renown was of no avail against the cool,
indignant courage of»the illniapit, directed by the ex-
perience of (!Iarausiu0.

The Batavi had lived by the sword, and, even as
llie Gospel threatens, they who sold their blood and
brnvtny, and earned their bread amid the hot steam
and in the slaugliter-pit of battle, died by the sword.

245
Well may we exclaim, "True as Holy Writ! 'They
that take the sword shall perish with the sword.' "'

The Jllfiiapit lived by the plough and the sickle, the
net and the sail, the crook and the shuttle, and they
prospered and continue to prosper in their original
homes, a wise and wealthy state of a glorious, con-
federated nation. Wonderful are the judgments of
the Sovereign- of all things !

In vain Constantius, and, after his death — July 25th,
A. D. 306 — his renowned son, Constantine the Great,
strove to regain possession of the Batavian territoiy —
the nursery of wari'iors — which (flaraustus — imitating
the action of preceding and subsequent Emperors —
had settled with his faithful adherents. Even after the
death of our hero, their utmost exertions were insuffi-
cient to conquer that almost inaccessible territory
which he conquered at a blow ; and the Romans were
forced to leave the country of their allies and friends,
as they termed them, who had perished in their cause,
in the possession of the new inhabitants, upon whom
the Menapian sailor-monarch had bestowed the "good
meadow" and its temperate and inviting woodlands.

-X- -X- -:;- * *

It is almost certain that the Roman historians of their
day knew just about as much of what Maximian and
Constantius effected against the Saj'O^Jranks and ille^
naptana, as the journalists of St. Petersburg do about
the current operations in the Caucasus. Defeats, if
reported, were glossed over ; aud successes, however
insignificant, exaggerated. Thus their narratives be-
came one tissue of misrepresentation, which modern
historians have copied in the most servile manner,
without analytical comparison or reflection. What is
more, the chroniclers of the Empire— in general ful-
some panegyrists — often drew upon their imagination

246
for the facts of their histories, which hand down to us
nothing more than a record of their own hopes, flatter-
ing predictions, and servile auguries, rather than of the
events which actually occurred.

In their Rise and Progress, the Saxo-Menapian Franks
left imperishable monuments of their gradual physical
expansion and moral influence. Their autobiography,
graven with their swords upon the tablet of Europe,
possesses an authenticity which all the penmen in the
world cannot Avrite down or contradict. Cj3SAr found
the 'MsvojtuoL where we find them still, after a lapse of
sixty generations. Gordian, the Younger, was startled
by the tidings of a new Safon impulse, and the move-
ment, like the first shocks of an eruption, grew more
and more violent, until it overwhelmed every vestige
of Roman power between the Rhine and the Rhone and
the Atlantic, burying some so deep, like Hercnluneiim,
in a bloody concrete, that only fragments have been
quarried out; while others, like Pompeii, were covered
so lightly with ashes that they have been disentombed
with facility and in almost entirety. The Jvauks, who
conquered Gaul (Prance), were as much Cls-Rlienan
3S'£tl)£rlanbn*s as Trans-Rhenan Saxons or true Germans;
and the wars between them and the Romans can only
be compared to that ceaseless contest of the present
century between the colossal empire of Russia and the
scattered tribes of Cir cassia, substituting a mountain
for a marsh-land and a very barbarous for a demi-civil-
ized race. The CiESAES and the Czars penetrated into
the country with enormous armies, slaughtered all they
could overtake, burned whatever was combustible, pil-
laged whatever was worth bearing away, published
lying, boasting bulletins, disgraced enlightenment by
refinements of cruelty, which out-deviled the obtuse
efforts of the natural man, and abandoned their self-

247
styled conquests, leaving behind them the wrecks of
war-material, whose original value was greater than the
sum of their opponents' possessions, and corpses and
prisoners more numerous than the whole number of
their adversaries.

Nor does the simile end here. Grant that the Biis-
slans succeeded in establishing fortified posts, particu-
larly along the coast, as the Romans had fortified their
positions upon navigable rivers : the influence of the
Muscovites was restricted within the range of their
artillery, even as that of the Latins was measured by
the cast of their military engines. Both were forced
in a great measure ^o depend upon their fleets for the
supply of men, provisions and ammunition, except
when from time to time an army, overwhelming in
numbers, burst across the frontier to reinforce the gar-
risons, ravage the valleys in one case, the clearings in
another, and recoil with a rapidity which alone pre-
served the mass from the Tclierkessian bullets and
35'£tl)£rlanliisl) missiles, which sleeted down upon them
like hail or rain from the beetling crags and forest-clad
mountains or towering trees and impervious under-
wood. And then again, how often have the moun-
taineers carried the strongest fortified positions in the
same way that Civilis captured Vetera Gastra, a po-
sition on. which the ancient imperials had exhausted
their military engineering, and in which they kept a
garrison varying in force from six to twenty thousand
regulars.

The United States'' operations against the Seminoles
in Florida would have been a more pertinent exem-
plar of the contest between the Romans and the iHTc-
impit, had the Indians been more numerous and enjoy-
ed a higher state of civilization, — since the everglades
afford no bad representation of the Menapian morasses, —

248
with the exception, however, that the Seminoles lived
in a balmy atmosphere and exposed to no danger but
that of the American troops, while the i!Il£na:pii had to
■ defend themselves against the invasions not only of the
legions but of the ocean, and shelter themselves not
only from the missiles of the enemy but the shocks of
the tempest and the vicissitudes of a rigorous climate.

The idea of a parallel between the Caucasian moun-
taineers and the Saxo-Scanbinacian mariners, does not
originate in this ■^ork, but is derived from a hint con-
tained in the ^''Revelations of Russia^'''' a work whose
celebrity has not induced the author to avow himself,
and the same invincible passion for* liberty and enter-
prise which characterized the BEvecrkcv bounding over
the mountain waves in his Dragon-kiel, distinguishes
the Tcherlcesse galloping over his mountain ranges on
his Caucasian steed.

The Roman campaigns in the ancient ^'etljerlonils
were like the French invasions of Italy after the dis-
solution of the Prank empire of Charlemagne — often
brilliant, sometimes triumphant, but iuvariably suc-
ceeded by the relinquishing of all they had acquired
by efforts which exhausted for the time the military
resources of their crown, so that Raly is no more
French at this moment than she was after Cpiarlbs
VIII. repassed the Alps, Francis I. was carried out a
prisoner, or Napoleon cast a wistful glance upon her
glorious shores from his Elhan prison. Their moral,
and immoral influences remain, and doubtless are at
work ; but that is all.

Nothing is more difficult than to reconcile the con-
flicting accounts of this era ; for historians, in addi-
tion to their misrepresentations, seem to delight in con-
tradicting each other's statements and deductions.

Thomas Carte, in relating the story of ([lavausitts.

249
proceeds to state that Constantius, after his capture of
Boulof/ne, "Not having a fleet strong enough to invade
this (the British) island, he gave orders for building
more ships ; and marched against the FranJcs^ the
Gaiici^ and the Frisians ; who inhabited IloUandc, and
the neighboring countries • on the Bldne and Schelde,
and were always ready to assist Garausius. These he
defeated and subdued ; and then, taking away their
arms, transplanted them into other countries too remote
to allow them to give any obstruction to his enterprise
upon Britain."

Nothing can be more at variance with the truth than
this wholesale deportation of the FranJcs, and is just as
false as the hopes of Tiberius, who, (B. C. 8,) having
by the basest treachery, entrapped and made prisoners
oC nearly the whole of the fighting men of the Sicam-
bri, transplanted many thousands into Guelderland and
Oueryssel^ thinking thus to break up and extinguish a
tribe which he could not subdue. Contrary to his ex-
pectations, this breach of faith resulted in their salva-
tion, for the new settlements consolidated themselves
into the ^sstl (/ssafa, Saliax) JTranks, the nucleus of
the subsequent great Prank-confederation.

Hadrianus Junius relates that at this time the
Franks, taking advantage of a bitter winter, when the
rivers were bridged over by the frost, passed thq Rliine
on every side into Baiauia, wherein — their retreat be-
ing cut off by the breaking up of the ice in consequence
of a sudden thaw, followed by a violent gale and floods
of rain — ^theywerc attacked by Constantius, and either
cut to pieces, driven out, or deported.

The answer to all this is the simple, incontrovertible
fact that the Franks carried on wars — aggressive as
well as defensive — against the imperial subjects and
allies, and maintained themselves in the same and the

250
contiguous districts, against the Emperors and their
Lieutenants, until the empire itself was dissolved — a
disorganization effected in sa great a degree by their
agency as that of any other.

But those to whom results will not serve as a better
refutation than a printed contradictiou, listen to our
Professor Anthox, whose erudition will command impli-
cit confidence. He confirms the narrative of Grattan,
and this history of QraraHStus.

"In the latter part of the third century"^to t|uote his
"■System of Ancient and Jlediccval Geog rapliy'" — '"dur-
ing the civil war which desolated the empire, the Sa-
LiAX Franks invaded the country of the Satori, and
established themselves in it. They armed pirate ves-
sels, which were encountered and defeated at sea by
(Eavausius. Coxstaxtics and Coxstaxtixe waged war
against the Franks of the Batavian island, hut could
nut drive them out of it. The Franks lost it, however,
in the reign of Julian, by an irruption of the J^risii,
who came from the northern country, near the Zu icier
Zee, and drove the Scdian Franks beyound the Jleuse.
After this, the Insula Bafaroruni formed part of the
country called Frisiu, which, in time of the Meeovix-
GiAxs, extended southward as far as the SclieldtJ' Xo)'
is ©on'cc less explicit in his (Dutch) language. "The
Xetherland ish Franks, after espousing the cause of €a-
vaustns, made themselves masters of Bcdavia." What-
ever temporary checks they sustained from the over-
whelming forces of the Romans, amounted to nothing,
except to salve the wounds through which the empire
was gradually bleeding to death, in the same way that
the Ensjlish victories, durins: our Revolutiou, hoAvever
they may have retarded its result, only rendered it the
more illustrious. The Savo-itlcnapian iTrank confeder-
ation may have had reverses as disheartening as Moxt-

251
gomery's repulse at Quebec and Lincoln's at Savannah ■
surprises, as bloody ;is those at PaoWs Tavern, Briar
Greek, Monies Corner, &c., and defeats as terrible as
those at Waxhaw, Camden, Guilford, &c. But what
were they in comparison to the successes at Trenton,
Princeton, Saratoga, Stony Point, Kimjs Motmtain,
and Torktown. The gloom of the first are forgotten
in the glories of 'the last. The defeats sustained by
the Americans plunged the colonies in temporary
dejection, but their victories overwhelmed, the English
with irremediable despair. Were this a history of the
western empire's mortal malady, it might be necessary
to go into the details of how it developed itself in the
extremities, until gangrene, gradually invading limb
after limb, finally siezed with a death-gripe upon the
trunk. But we have to do with one member alone,
and having shown how it was lopped oif, it matters
little vfhether Rome tried to fit it on again and recover
its use. As well might a man indulge in the insane
hope of re-assuming an amputated leg as the empire of
re-annexing the Xetiterlandu after the reign of (Harait-
sius. The doctor and the patient might fight for the
linil), but though the doctor could use it to advantage
in developing a magnificent preparation for preserva-
tion and future benefit, the patient could only shed
tears of regret over its irreparable loss.

It was at this epoch that the inhabitants of the Maas-
Scheldic-Arcliipelago first appear to have been known
as Arboriches and Ze(e)landers. The former appel-
lation has a very doubtful etymology. Some suppose
that it should be written Ilarborige or Herhortichge,
a corruption of TIerboren, signifying "regenerated,"
inasmuch as they had been converted from their idols
to Christianity — (by [St.j A^iotricius, patron of marin-
ers, A. D. 385-394?) — but it is much more likely that

252
just as the one designation of Ze(e)lo:n<hr refers to
their maritime position, the other relates to their
dwelling in the forests, whieh, from the earliest tunes,
covered the Menapian territory, and served, even as
late as 1184, as the hunting grounds of the Dukes of
Brabant, at which time Godfrey, reigning duke, to put
a stop to the incursions of the warlike people of Guel-
dres^ commanded the woods thereabouts to be cut
down, and laid the foundation of a fortified city (Bois-
le-Duc, T ^ertogeiiboacl) — the Duke's Wood), which wa^
finished in 1196, by his son, the Duke He^v-ry. This
district was long afterwards known as the "i^yee State
of the ArhoricJies,^'' or "Forest Peojsle," and continued
for many centuries under the jurisdiction of a bailley
or mayor, from which last officer and form of govern-
ment its inhabitants derived their name of JIe(Jer-
yenaars^ nationally synonymous with fUrnapii, as re-
corded in ancient maps of Brahant. This free state.
shaped like a flask or gourd, extended in width from
the Maas to the Sclielde^ included LUIo and Breda^ and
gradually narrowing, stretched southwards on either
side the Senne, nearly to Xirellse, embracing the forest
of Soignies and the battle ground of Waterloo.

A large portion of the Arborichi were transferred
by Charlemagxb into the Saxon seats upon the Elbe,
along the frontier of East Friedand, where they lu:^t
in a measure their home-designation, which some wri-
ters of the day corrupted into 0(A)hotn'fi, doubtless
signifying '-'Borderers,"' (from "-Abotarc,'' Medifeval
Latin,) others into Abrotidi or Abrotlde^\ (from ;?lbro-
^en, Ang. Sax.,) meaning people "carried away" from
their country, (compulsory colonists?). First and last,
however, they were true Sciirons, and thus, as on many
other shores and occasions, remingled the pure Saxon
life-tide. This is one reason why the Friczlanders and

253
Zeelanders are often confounded. Afterwards, how-
ever, A. D., 446, JrtE^lani) (Frisia) extended from the
Elbe and Lawenhurg^ on the east, to the Zivin and
Schelde, on the west, including all Dutch and nearly
all East Flanders (Waasland) and Zeeland.

One error in regard to the Zeelanders, or rather to
their secondary Saxon origin, results from a miscompre-
hension of the military operations of (Efti'auains upon
the BMne, of which a majority of the existing records
are couched in a Latin which violates every rule of
classical construction. It would appear from the "Pan-
egyrics" that about the year CCC, (300,) the Saxon
pirates, attracted thither by the fecundity of their
soil and the peculiar advantages of the Zeelandic
islands, in regard to the commodiousness of their nu-
merous ports and impenetrable fastnesses, devoid of
roads, and inaccessible even to foot-soldiers, drove out
the inhabitants, and established themselves in the Maas-
Scheldic Archipelago by the force of their arms, with
the assistance of their fleets. The writer "Panegyristes"
points them out as next to Batavia. This must refer
to the occupation, not of the Zeelandic but of the Bala-
vian islands by (fEarauetus ; for what could have led
him, a iHcuapiau, from the islands of the Maas-Schelde,
to drive out his own nation by means of his subsidiary
Saxons, whose brethren were settled among the ilTe^
napit, themselves a Saxon race and the head of a Saxo-
Frank confederation, in which they represented the
Netherlandic, and contributed the maritime, element.
In fact, parallel passages of Appian (lid century),
Egthardus (IXth century), and the Abbot of Stadt
(or Staden), a Zeelander or maritime Fleming (Xth
century), and others, confirm this view of the subject.

One fact, however, in connection with the above,
deserves even more particular consideration. A con-

254
temporary Roman history — a tissue of sexvile flatteries
instead of a record of actual operations — concedes the
inaccessibility of the Zeelandic Archipelago as late as
the year CCC. in the words, ''pedestrihus copiis insvlas
ijivias" — islands which cannot be come at, by, or are
impassable to, foot-soldiers — that is, legionaries. What
do we need more to prove that the S^etian'iicvs were un-
conquered? Julius Caesar (B. C. 53,) could not pen-
etrate into the fastnesses of the JllcnapU ; A. D. 70,
Avici Belgaricm, impassable or pathless districts of the
BelgiB, was the designation of maritime Flanders, "cer-
tainly" the country of the JlTenapii ; for the next two
centuries the Roman power waned ra,ther than increas-
ed in the Saxo-Germanic Netherlands ; and A. D. 285-
300, ^Hnvius" trackless or inaccessible, is the only term
still found adequate to the description of the Dutrli-
F landers and ifaas-ySc/^e/r/Zc Archipelago. This would
seem to be sufficient to convince any unprejudiced
mind that the Roman yoke had never been imposed
upon the iHenapit through the instrumentality of an
army, and that wherever we read of the employment
of infantry of the line, much more of cavalry, the field
of action is beyond their jungly marsh-land. On the
other hand, while admitting that the Romans were
masters of the courses of the Maasan and Scheldic
estuaries, so far as regarded the mere passage of their
fleets, nothing can be adduced to imply a continuous
or conterminous jurisdiction. CiESAR found the ilTc^
nopit and their allies far superior, practically, to the
Romans in naval affairs ; ®annascu0, although defeat-
ed in a regular battle, ship to ship, was, nevertheless,
the terror of the English Channel and its master for
the time ; Civilis defeated the imperial armaments in
those Netherlandic waters which were more particular-
ly under their influence ; in the third century, the Sax-

255
ons and Saxo-Pranks were virtually sovereigns of the
English seas ; and in the time of Diocletian the "Pan-
egyristes" of Maximian declares that the maritime
Neilierlanders were most expert in naval affairs, and
visited, with their piratical expeditions, every shore of
the ocean — that is, the coasts of the North Sea and the
Channel — as well as those of Oaul, Spain, Italy, Africa,
even as far as the Sea of Azof and mouth of the Dov,
^hisqiie ad Mo'.oiitlas j^aJndes" the utmost limit of the
combined Gallo-English enterprises. Such an uninter-
rupted naval ascendancy would preclude any idea of
the conquest, or rather the subjugation, of Znianlis by
the Roman navy, long since too inefficient for the pro-
tection of their own coasts. Throughout the fourth
century, the empire could not interpose a barrier of
stone and steel between the Saxo-Menapian Franks
and their prey, the Gallic provinces ; and in the next,
Alaric the Goth, Genseric the Vandal, Odoacer the
Hun, and Theodoric the Ostrogoth, had impoverished,
plundered, captured, and reigned in, Rome itself ; and
the Western Empire, founded by bold Romulus, the
fratricide, sobbed itself out under the feeble Romulus
Augustulus.

But this is not all. The same "Panegyristes" of the
Emperors is our best witness against the imperial claims
to victories and conquests north of the Zwin, Sclielde,
and Maas.

"^Attritam palesiribus proeliis, Bataviam referam. ?
ait, Saxo consumhis hellis navalilms offeretur.'"

"Shall I refer,'" says he, "to Batavia oround to
PIECES by battles in its marshes ? The Saxon, wearied
with (or of ) iHwal tears (literally) shall be brought
upon (^or into) it by violence,^^ — elegantly, "shall con-
quer it."

256

(Close of t\)c Ueigu of (Harousius.

A thrice-crowned, triple-victor, Carausius sailed
forth from the Rhenan labyrinth of waters, to resume
his island throne. The laurel, the obsidional, and the
gramineal coronals, encircled his brows, and shone
above the rostrate circlet which his fii'st naval triumphs
had conferred ; to which again, another Trafalgar was
yet to add a fifth. Proudly, the white horse standard
of the Saxon race streamed out towards that capital
which he had built up with his maritime and ad-
ministrative prescience, beautified with his taste and
strengthened with his martial sagacity, and that white
charger seemed to neigh, exultant, responsive, to the
hilarious voices of the winds, which filled the swelling
skins and canvas, and made it seem to leap and curvet
on the silken folds as the decireme reared and plunged
and rode in grace and power upon the rolling, watery
prairie, — aye, seemed to bound and curvet to the ca-
dence of the springy oars, — dipped, bent to, raised
and feathered by one gigantic, simultaneous effort,- —
which dripped as though bedewed with jewels in the
flaunting sunlight.

A^ictor and avenger, happy and hopeful, the Admiral-
General trod the polished deck, his "boyhood's home,"
his manhood's throne-room, meet base for such a royal
seat as he had built of oak and iron, with the aid of
genius, therefrom to sovereignize the deep and neutral-
ize the might of Rome. What visions must have filled
that soul whose grandeur permeates to us through the
vast space of thrice five hundi'ed years, with such a
subtle light of genius and success, piercing the inter-
mediate gloom of ignoi'ance and prejudice — a living
light, distinct amid the blaze of nearer orbs ! With
undiminished lustre it shines on, a twinkling star to
vulgar minds, to the philosopher a sun — to uninstruct-

257
ed vision a scintillating point of light immeasurably
distant, and yet, the central influence of a system vast
as ours, — one of the greatest wonders of creation,
which men, with very few exceptions, note with a casu-
al and incurious glance, — an orb none the less mighty
and potential in its sphere because unheeded and un-
recognized.

Behind that gallant fleet, holding its homeward
course, a long and phosphorescent wake gleamed like
a milky way on the cerulean deep, even as the spark-
ling train of last year's comet (1858) flowed through
the azure sky, and like a burning stream of molten gold
glowed in the western heavens.

Music and melody, the mingled harmonies of martial
notes and warriors' paeans, rose from, and bore, the ar-
mada company. Thousands of manly voices united in
a Saxon or Germanic Barrif, — that bold and stimula-
ting war-voice, which — ("at first deep-sounding, then
stronger and fuller, and growing to a roar at the mo-
ment of meeting a foe") — had so often appalled the
legions on Germanic ground, — rehearsed the victories
of the Saxo-Menapian hero on his natal soil. Enor-
mous tubes of brass, and horns of the mighty urus,
mingled with the clash of weapons and of massive shields,
sounded a stimulating, wild accompaniment to the
words, while huge and sonorous drums "of hides ex-
panded over hampers," beat time and rolled their mut-
tering thunder over the heaving deep.

Thus great and glorious to his Oriuna, empress-
queen and consort; a loving, trusting, independent
people ; a devoted soldiery ; and a smiling country,
which owed its teeming blessings to the hand which
held the tiller of the state and navy, and grasped the
falchion-sceptre of his military but beneficent imperi-

17

2.18
;ilty, (Jaransius held his course— still greater and more
glorious in the promise of a mightier future.

Recurring to the remark (see page 83) that there is
little douljt with regard, to all these facts, but a vast dis-
crepancy as to their dates and the order of their ac-
complishme7it, we discover its trutli exemplified in
Dewez.

According to his account — which after a critical ex-
amination will be found to corroborate the foreg-oinsr
narrative, although at first apparently contradictory —
A\'hile Constantius was occupied in the reduction of
Boid()(]i>e. Maximian, A. D. 291, was carrying on a vig-
orous war in Belgic Gaul against the Frro/A-.s, and
eventually concluded with their chief or king (Bninobon
( ( renobaudes, Oerahon, Ezaiecli or Atech, for he is men-
tioned in different works under all these names) — a
treaty of peace, by which he conceded to these people
the uncultivated lands of the Xervii, in HainauU and
Arfois, and of the Tverivi, in Luxembvrff find Cli-ref;.

After Constantius Chlorus had taken Boulogne, A. D.
294, he reconquered — which must mean invaded, to
reconcile well known conditions — Batnria and Zeelanrl,
together with those parts of Giielih-e-':i and Brabci/ifhov-
dering upon the preceding, which the i^rrtwA's had made
themselves masters of during the time Maximian com-
manded in this quarter, and transplanted great numbers
of their inhabitants into the desert or wasted districts
around Amiens upon the Somme, mPicardij, and Beav-
rrn's — directly south of the former place — at the con-
fluence of the AreJoii with the Tlierain, in the Isle of
France, and in the territories of Troyes, on the Seine.
and at Langres, in Champagne, near the source of the
Marne, on the confines of Franche Compfe. This
must have been after the Batavian campaign had term-
inated with the annihilation of the Bafari, and the de-

259

feat of Maximian, and after Carausius had returned to
England.

The same winter, or early in the ensuing yeai', A. D.
295, Constantius gave orders for the construction of
numerous war-vessels in the principal river-towns or
ship-yards of Belgic- Gaul, which, after being completed
as far as regarded their hulls, and launched, made their
way, as circumstances permitted, to i\ve ^orl oi Boulogne.,
where they were rigged, fitted out, and organized into
a fleet worthy to be commanded by a CiESAR.

As all historians admit that (Eavaitsius was not only
still very powerful at sea, but capable of conceiving
and dealing sudden and terrible naval blows, and like-
wise possessed of warlike allies and mighty influence
in the JfttljEiionbs, it is not likely that the Belgic Gaul
referred to is the Menarpian and Frank territory north
of the J.a, but those districts south of that river lying
along and between the Somme and the Seine^ whose
streams emptied directly into the channel in the vicini-
ty of the principal station of the Roman fleet in the
English seas.

The same difficulty which is presented by the vague
term of Belgic Gaul., has arisen with regard to the po-
sition of Meldi., where Caesar built sixty of the ships
destined to act against the Veneti^ — which some, in
accordance with their own peculiar views, discover in
Maldegliem (an inland town ?), twelve miles east of
Bruges., Avhile others, who have no interested purpose
to subserve, locate it at Meaux., above Paris, on the
Seine. Those who — in favor of exalting Julius Cassar —
translate every uncertain passage to establish his con-
quest of the Netherlands., and particularly the ftlenapii,
labor under the necessity of proving what is unsuscept-
ible of demonstration, since nothing is so uncertain,
so supremely hypothetical, as his victories, his succes-

L-

2 GO
sors' con(|uests, and the actual amount of power exer-
cised from his day to the final hour of the Empire, by
the Roman militar}- and civil authorities in the mari-
time districts and among' the Saxo-Germanic races of
J [oil a II fJ and Belgium.

All his preparations having been completed, Con-
stantius sailed, with fair wind, from Boulogne for the
invasion of Br {fain, but was encountered on the passage
by the naval armaments of the BmTisH Augustus, who
avenged, in the Channel or straits of Borer, the defeat
of the Saxo-^Ienapian-Frank marine off Cadiz, by a
victory over its victor. This was the second grand
naval triumph of (JiarausiuB in the same waters over
the mighty prejoarations got together at such labor and
expense for his destruction.

Tlie military discipline of the Roman soldiers, Avhich
had been restored to almost its pristine perfection un-
der the supervision of tlie brave and able ('onstantius,
was of no avail against the naval experience of the
veteran seamen formed in the school of (JTavansitis ; and
proves that men however brave, but new to the sea,
cannot compete upon that element Avith those accus-
tomed to encounter and overcome its fickle and terri-
ble moods. Napoleon, on his way to Egypt, had hopes
that in case he was overtaken by Nelson, his veteran
troops would decide the inevitable conflict by their
sustained fire of musketry and charges, or boarding.
This plan, however, had been found inoperative by a
braver, if not an abler, commander. He A\"as doubt-
less ignorant of the tactics of the Dutcl) Battle of tl)c
Soltic, wherein Charles X. of Sweden, impressed with
the same idea, reinforced his crews with his tried in-
fantry, commanded by officers formed in the Thirty
Yt>ars' War, only to make the triumph of ©pbain and
the t)ollQnl>ers the more brilliant and remarkal)le.

261
After this defeat, the Csesar experienced a succession
of minor reverses, which compelled him to conclude
another shameful peace, similar to that Diocletian and
Maximian, the Augusti of the land, had been eager to
ratify with (flarttusiug, the Augustus of the ocean, which
left Constantius no other consolation but that of pre-
paring another armament to replace the third, which
i!larausiu0 had consecutively made himself master of,
captured, or annihilated, — with which, however, even
when ready, he dared not put to sea until he had heard
of the death of his gallant opponent, the Menapiaii
Emperor. It would appear that nearly three years
elapsed before he was again in a condition to make an
attempt upon England, during which time he was en-
"■ae-ed in a continual war with the FranlcH and Nethcr-
landers^ to deprive (Harausiiis and his successor of the
assistance of those powerful allies, and in securing to
the Romans the possession of the coast of Oanl.

After his Batavian campaign and victory over Con-
stantius, a vail falls, as it were, upon the closing scenes
of the life of (!Iav0ustus. The best evidence that, as
long as his life was spared, he was omnipotent at sea,
is, that the Romans made no farther attempts at an in-
vasion of his realm. He was doubtless employed- in
strengthening his fortifications, augmenting his army
and navy, and developing the internal resourses of his
kingdom, while squadrons of swift galleys harassed the
Roman coasts and penetrated — ascending the navigable
rivers like the Norman sea-kings of a subsequent cen-
tury— into the interior of Gaul and Spain, and even,
perhaps, of the provinces bordering upon the Mediter-
ranean. As all the accounts we have of him are derived
from the flatterers of his opponents, it is not likely
they would have recorded any more of his achieve-
ments than were necessary to exalt the glory of the

262
■imperial commanders, by commemorating the great-
ness of their enemy's skill and the dangers and diffi-
culties his conquerors had overcome.

The sphere of Wnitl) naval emprise at the meridian
of its magnificence and glory, and Great Britain's do-
minion of the seas after the fall of Napoleon, were not
more astonishing, for their eras, than the maritime in-
fluence of (JIarausiua at the time in which he flour-
ished ; when his ships coasted the icy barriers, which
— supposed to be perpetual at his era — barred the
deep Gulf of Bothnia, and replenished their water-
casks from the glaciers of Norway, the fountains of
Zetland, and the saltless tides of the shallow Azof sea.

While England bristled with a hedge of spears, and
every port was all alive with war-ships, within their
double line of oak and iron, the country wore the smile
of comfort, and plenty sat enthroned, with ruddy
cheeks, upon her verdant hills.

Not so, poor France : soldiers and ships were there ;
war's stern magnificence and ordered preparation. Her.
shores, too, gleamed with arms, her ship-yards rung
with the rude music of mechanic labor, but in her bo-
som all was war and desolation. And yet, that which
awakened all her people's energies and made their
straining sinews crack, were preparations destined to
plunge the teeming fields of England into like misery
and oppression, and thrust Britannia back to that con-
dition from which (fTaranstus raised her, — a state such
as when, from the sea, the Saxon carried war into her
vitals by her navigable streams, and, from the Scot-
tish mountains, clans of desperate freebooters found
access to her riches through the border valleys ; mean-
while, within the land, the Roman publican exhausted
his invention to wring the last farthing from her peas-
antry, resorting to such infinitesimal details as to stop

26:3
short of no taxation, except a taillage on each ripened
head of the yet standing wheat.

England and France held the same attitude towards
each other then, as when, in 1588, Lord Howard, Drake
and Cavendish, guarded the English seas against the
the "Invincible Armada," while jJuattn of Nassau, with
Zeeland's fleet, and the Lord of Ularinontt, with the
Hollandish squadron, cooped up the DuKi; of Parma
in the Belgic ports, and nailed him to the shore ; or,
as when, (in 1804,) the one-eyed, one-armed Admiral
watched the Italian Emperor of France, burning to lay
his bloody hand — whose grasp had left a sanguinary
stain on all the ermine robes of Europe — on the invio-
lable Anglo-Saxon island, and concentrated at Boulogne
his men and war-material ; covering the beach with
boats, the shore with horses, guns and soldiers.

Near, and perhaps upon the very spot, where the
insatiate Corsican took his stand to direct his vast and
practised multitude, and, thence, bent wistful glances
upon the white cliffs opposite — whence came the Anglo-
Saxon heroes, destined to chain his rage and tame his
pride — near it, without a doubt, the Phrygian Csesar
planted his white and crimson standards, and pitched
his prr<;torian tent ; no less intent and watchful, grap-
pling with longing eyes the English shore, whither, upon
ambitious wings, his hopes and expectations flew.

Here and there, at sea, a few dark objects crawled to
and fro upon the calm or heaving deep, like black,
aquatic centipedes, whose hundred swiftly-moving,
ashen limbs, surrounded them with foam, which made
them seem as spangles on the purple water. Those
were the frigates of Caradsius, his watch-towers on the
deep, whence his xavarchi marked, by day and night,
each movement of the Romans. All at once, a little
speck could be discerned beneath the northern sky.

264
to which the look-out vessels all converged and gather-
ed like a flock of sea-fowls around a floating carcass,
then scattered like those sea-fowl when, instead of prey,
they recognize an object of instinctive dread, plyed
wing and webbed foot, and disappeared in the horizon's
haze. On came the stranger, growing more and more
distinct, until it showed a swift liburna, holding
straight course for Boulogne's lofty lighthouse, the ^at-
ta story says Caligula erected. Forth from their moor-
ings bounded two Roman triremes, to escort a friend,
capture a foe, or learn the news, Avhose import lent
such expedition to the approaching galley.

Summoned forth by the unusual stir, the Cesar took
his stand upon the brow of the same hill, where, pacing
to and fro, Xapoleox dreamed the conquest of Great
Britain, and planned his master-stroke, the Austerlitz
campaign. Surrounded by a throng of officers, re-
splendent in their gleaming arms and rich attire, the
C^SAR stood conspicuous, watching the meeting of his
galleys with the stranger ship. They met, conferred,
and then a shout arose, succeeded by an exultant trum-
pet flourish ; another shout — not that male shout, that
SttEon HURRAH ! which signals the Anglo-Saxon onset,
but the nervous yell of every other breed — and then
the galleys rowed rapidly to the shore. A group of
strangers disembarked and hastened up the hill which
Julius Ctesar and Caligula had occupied with camps. A
bow-shot from the imperial staff, they halted to await a
tribune, who advanced to meet them with a squad of
spearmen. X rapid interchange of question and reply,
and, swifter than he went, the Roman officer returned.

"Mighty Csesar! A nuncius from Britain, with news
of highest import!'

"Lead him hither."

Forward stepped the bearer of dispatches ; no huge

265
limbed, close shorn, blue-eyed, Saxou ISobe, but a lithe,
dark-haired, Romanized Briton. Unarmed and supple
he drew nigh the C«sar, and lowly made obeisance.
"What news? Speak! Be prompt and soldierly !"
"Propitious are the gods, oh Cissar ! England's ty-
rant is not! (CarOB is dead ! At .Eboracum (York)
he died, by the dagger of Allectus! Allectus
reigns, Imperator in Britain."

The features of Constautius had good cause to glow
at the welcome tidings ; the presage and assurance of his
triumph. Carausius dead, Britain was Rome's again.
Who could replace that comprehensive brain and Saxon
heart, which never knew a doubt nor homed a dread.
In (Haranstne not one mere man but a whole army died,
a navy went to wreck, and England's hope grew pale,
as though the blood which burst from her murdered
sovereign's bosom had streamed forth from her own.

Dead, and yet living, his renown rampired the shore
and cruised Nelsonian in the Channel. He who had
found the British navy nothing but a name, and built
it up into a force which knew no equal on its element,
left it so strong and formidable that it alone secured
to his assassin three years of independent sway.

To the last, (Ettvausiue was superior to his enemies,
wherever individual capacity could atone for physical
deficiency ; and, although his power was momentarily
eclipsed by his loss of Bouloijne, he vindicated his
glory by the defence of his native territory. While
thus in a condition to renew the war on almost equal
terms; while his dock-yards, his armories, and his
drill-grounds rivaled each other in activity ; while the
Roman emperor, eager to conquer, yet hesitated to at-
tempt the invasion of Great Britain, and the whole of
Gaul was like a hive, resonant Avith his preparations ; a

266
felon blu-is" ended that mighty life upon which the des^
tinies of England and Holland Avere depending.

]\Iany the world regards as great, — magnificent in
state, and mighty in their sway, — seem, when once bu-
ried, like that creation Catharine of Russia planned and
built of ice, to gratify a whim, — one week so vast and
stately, the next dissolved, evaporated, gone : — living,
the cynosure of every eye ; dead, dust, forgotten. Xot
so with thee, (EarauBiua !

"CA, saviour of the sikcr coasted isle. '

Even as his living fame was super-eminent, he lives
in spirit in the Anglo-Saxon race. The sceptre Alroy
took from Solomon's expectant, willing hand, returned
to David's son before that Alroy died : the trident
which €arau0ius tore from Rome and Neptune, the
Anglo-Saxon race has never yielded back to them, nor
lost to others. Since he inaugurated the Saxou "do-
minion of the seas," the men of Saxon blood have
shared the legacy and still retain intact their patrimony.
— and from the time the Menapio-Saxon emperor
pointed out the legitiinate career of Saxon geniuti it has
moved on therein majestic and unstayed. Whether
beneath the Dutch or English lion, or our aspii'ing
eagle, the Saxon follows in the fruitful furrow which
yielded wealth and power, eternal fame, to him whose
piercing glance foresaw its day while yet the heavens
were darkest.

In soul, the first of the Saxon kings of England re-
sembles most the last. Xor does the parallel end with
the immortal part. Both Avere invited to assume the
throne. The times demanded them ; the people's love,
the army's admiration, the hour's necessity, presented,
each in order, the dove-surmounted sceptre, sword of
state, and the anointing oil. Both reigned too little
space for England's good, both died untimely deaths.

267
the last the happier, in that his Saxon soul mounted to
heaven from that red field, stricken for Saxon right
and Saxon freedom. Each doth, and will, in spirit,
to "the crack of doom," guard. England's coast — each
in his sphere,

''And Victor he must erer be.

For, tho' the Giant Ages heave tlie hill,

And break the shore, and evermore

Make and break, and "work their will ;

Tho' "worlds on worlds in myriads roll

Kound lis, each with diiferent powers.

And other forms of life than onrs,

What know we greater than the soul ?

On God and god-UJse mere we build our trust.

Hush, the Dead March sounds in the people's ears ;

The dark crowd moves : and there are sobs and tears :

The black earth yawns : the mortal disappears ;

Joshes to ashes, dust to dust ;

He is gone who seem'd so great."

* ^ * "H

"Let his corpse," said William the Norman, when
the grief-stricken Saxon Thegns and admiring Norman
Barons besought the corpse of j^orolb for sepulture, —
"let his corpse guard the coasts, which his life madly
defended. Let the seas wail his dirge, and girdle his
grave ; and his spirit protect the land which hath pass-
ed to the Norman's sway."

Even so Constantius might have spoken with regard
to the body of (flavaiiBius ; for, if "i^avolll could have
chosen no burial spot so worthy his English spirit and
his Roman end," (Eavatisius could have wished no grave
more congenial to his magnanimous career and Saxon
genius. And, Avere there any truth in the idea that
deified heroes protect the soil of their birth and their
affections, how often has the admiralship of (JTarausius
shielded England,

''the eye, the soul

of eukope."

Wherever they sleep, — for where they sleep is yet

268
unknown, — Ixfelix Cahausiu.s {Britlsli C'aros, Mencir
jji'an Karl tlje Jllaring,) and Infelix HAitOLDUS (Anglo-
Saxon i^ai'olb,) they need no mausoleums of perishable
stone, for their monuments are multiplied throughout
the world, Avherever the Dutch, English and American
ensigns are borne, and their glories are sung by the
winds to the responses of the sea, and will be forever
more.

In all the works consulted and referred- to, nothing
is mentioned with regard to this regicide, except that
it took place at TorJi, which had been the residence of
several of the preceding Emperors, and boasts an origin
so ancient that it appears to have been a place of note
even at the time when fable and history mingled their
doubts and certainties. It is highly probable that Ca-
vausiita, having nearly (if not completely) re-established
his naval sujoremacy, proceeded to the north, to over-
awe the Caledonians — (Gael-dun, Gaels or Celts of the
Hills) — by his presence, and assure himself of the safety
of his frontier, and was then engaged in his northern
capital upon the Ome, investigating the internal afi'airs
of his kingdom.

"But while he was employed in providing against a
distant danger, he fell a victim to domestic treachery :
and in the eighth year of his reign was murdered at
York by Allectus, a minister who had abused his con-
fidence and dreaded his resentment."

AuRELius Victor remarks that Qcaraitatus had made
Allectus his second self in the administration of every
thing, having committed to him the general command
of his fleet, and of his naval and land forces ; and that
the subordinate having abused these solemn trusts was
incited by the apprehension of a deserved punishment
for his crimes to rebel and slay his benefactor to save
his own head.

269

If LiNGARD and Tristan are correct in their statements
and such is, doubtless, the case, since some of those
who have closely examined the subject have come to
the conclusion that Allectuh was not a proper name, but
a title, corrupted from Allector or Allectio, a term
applied to a high officer, to whom the emperors were
accustomed to confide the collection of the taxes in the
most important provinces. Simply, however, Allectus
signifies one "chosen" to discharge any trust ; and, from
what we read, and can deduce therefrom, the title was
peculiarly appropriate to him who took such a criminal
advantage of his elecfion from the mass, by a good,
brave .and wise prince, and made so base a use of the
the opportunity afforded by his benefactor's high pro-
motion of him.

If, instead of Allectus, we should read, — as others
think, Allegtor, the murderer may have acquired
this name as a stigma, which gradually, in the process
of time, usurped tlie place of his actual patronymic.
This is the more probable, if Hadrianus Junius is cor-
rect that (Harausius acquired his name (see page 59)
from his carousing deep and often, in which case the
indignant Britons may have thereby testified their rep-
I'obation of the lago, who, for his selfish purposes
allured his sovereign into drinking-bouts, a vice to
which the Ecelanbers, — according to Gerard (©elbcii'-
l)au£r) of Nymwegen, — were greatly addicted ; not more
so, however, than the other Saxo-Scandinavian races.

AuRELius Victor (Paul Orosius) and Paul the
Deacon view the matter in a more favorable light, and
derive the usurper's name from Allecto, (AUedando,)
"alluring," as expressive of his agreeable manners
which first excited the attention of his benefactor, and
afterwards recommended him to the closest intimacy.

A third class seems to consider his name a posthu-

270
mous designation. Thus, in accordance with this idea,
GoLTzius, Occo and Cambdexus correct the spelling of
Eutropius and write his name Alectus (^Alektos, Greek
— rndesinens, Latin,) denoting the unceasing torments
with which Alecto, one of the fabled Furies, torments
those mortals whom their crimes render the objects of
merited vengeance.

Be all this, however, as it may, Ave know no good of
this Allectus, except that Tristan accords him a mild
and humane countenance, indicating amiabilitv and
honor, rather than cruelty and perfidy. This amounts
to nothing, for —

^^Meet it is— I set it dx>wn.

That one may smile, and smile, and he u, villain."

Whether it be true that Allectus slew his master to
avert the punishment due to crime.s, or to anticipate the
discovery of his misap^alication of power for mercenary
(or any other unworthy) pui-poses, or at the instiga-
tion of ambition, it matters little. Sufficient that we
learn that he, base ingrate, assassinated his benefactor,
general, prince, and friend.

Gibbon remarks that as soon as those who Usurped
the imperial powers were invested with the bloody
purple, they inspired their adherents with the same
fears and ambition which had occasioned their own re.
volt. How truly such the case in point ! We have
seen Carausius great in everything but in legitimacy—
so wise, beneficent and virtuous, his reign might have
atoned for any of the crimes whose commission raised
him to the power of which he showed himself so capa-
ble ; yet, still, the example of his origin and rise could
not be lost on treason and ambition. Xo mention be-
ing made of any children born to Carausius prior or
subsequent to his elevation, it is likely he died child-
less, and that his successor was spared the guilt of

271
wholesale murder, "a la Tui-c" Avhicli might have be-
come a necessity in case there were legitimate heirs old
(mough to appreciate their position, defend their rights,
and avenge their loss. No more can we discover if Al-
lectus succeeded to tlie throne without a struggle, or
whether he enjoyed a nominal sovereignty, while the
country was convulsed with civil war. Were it not
that he expiated his sin in some small degr.ee by his vio-
lent and ignoble death, this narrative would terminate
with his siezAire of the diadem, and furnish no farther
record of his reign.

From two to three years he maintained himself upon
the throne ; a period set down by various chronologists
between the years A. D. 293 and 299. Nothing ena-
bled him to retain his crown so long but the admirable
completeness of the organizations which CARAi'Sirshad
effected for his own present defence and future aggran-
dizement. According to the best authorities, AUectus
was neither gifted with the requisite capacities to ex-
ercise the power to which he unrighteously succeeded,
nor to repel the danger which threatened him and he
beheld with anxious terror — it is to be devoutly hoped
that this (and even worse) is strictly true of his mental
suiferings — the opposite shores of the continent, from
Calais to the Calvados^ alread}^ filled with land and
naval forces for Constantius — a better strategist than
Philip II. — determined to divide his armaments, that
he might thereby distract the attention and confuse
the judgment of the usurper, and prevent his concen-
trating his forces at the intended point of invasion. A
contrary course rendered the stupendous preparations
of the Spanish bigot (Philip II.) not only nugatory but
ruinous to his sovereignty and projects : and Philip,
by insisting upon one grand and simultaneous eifort,
ao'ainst the advice of his best, bravest, and wisest com-

272
manders, insured his o\vn defeat, the freedom of the
Netherlands, the indejjendence of England, and the es-
tablishment of Evangelical religion. Thus "the stars
in their courses fought against Sisera."

''Not master of one of Carausius's good qualities, to
countenance his presumption" Allectus seems to have
acted like one Avhom Alecto -was indeed persecuting —
whose remor'se prevented him from exerting whatever
abilities he may have been endowed with by nature and
of availing himself of the naval superiority of which
he had become possessed. Collecting his fleets at the
Portus Aclurni. (Portsmouth) or in one of the ample
roads protected by the Veefh^ Insula (Isle of Wight)
he suffered them to lie idle while the Romans were mo-
mentarily expected to put to sea. Had he been equal
to the hour and to his victim he might have conquered
the two imperial fleets, one after the other, since the
first, which had its rendezvous at the mouth of the Seine
under the command of AscLEPionoTUS, a naval com-
mander of decided merit and experience — invested
with the lofty distinction of prefect of the Praetorian
(Imperial or Csesarean) body-guard — was the first to
put to sea, in consequence of the impatience of the Ro-
man mariners drafted no doubt from the maritime races
of Aremorica^ which have always furnished the best re-
cruits for the French marine. On a stormy day and
with a side wind Asclepiodotus ventured to set sail ; an
act of daring for a Roman admiral deemed worthy the
grandiloquent encomiums of cotemporary orators and
historians. Favored by a fog, so common on the Eng-
lish coast, the invader succeeded in avoiding the Brit-
ish fleet — still awful, even although the hero who cre-
ated it and made it so invincible was no more — and in
disembarking his troops at some point of the western
coast of Devonshire or Cornwall (?), perhaps Somerset,

273
or at the head of the Sabrinoe Estuarium (Bristol Chan-
nel) without any obstruction from the superior British
navy, lying inactive in the Southampton waters at the
time of its sailing, instead of keeping up the blockade of
the mouths of the Seine and the Somme and of the Gallic
channel-ports, which Carausius had hitherto studiously
maintained. AUectus, upon receiving intelligence of
the sailing of the enemy, stood oiit to sea, too late to
intercept them. Having missed them in the dense fog
which covered and facilitated their operations, and be-
come satisfied that they had had full time to get to shore,
he returned to port, and hastened to join his army near
London^ which the ^^BiograpMa Nautica.^ assures us
felt "too insurmountable Aversion from their Chief to
risque their Lives in his Defence."

Asclepiodotus had no sooner disembarked his per-
sonal and material, than, by his orders, all his ships
were fired — an example attributed on a similar occasion
to Julius Ca3sar, and said to have been likewise imita-
ted by Hernando Cortez — in order that his soldiers,
being sensible of the impossibility of escaping in case
they suffered a defeat, might, knowing the alternatives
of utter destruction or victory, add the fury of despe-
ration to the force of their discipline.

Advised at length by his bale-fires, flashing the in-
telligence eastward, peak answering peak, from the
far Cimbrian and Dumnonian hills, Allectus hurried by
forced marches to encounter the invader in the west,
and, deceived no doubt by false intelligence, for no-
thing else could justify his operations, advanced with
such excessive haste that the greater part of his troops
were unable to keep up with his guards, composed of
Prank mercenaries, who, after all, constituted the only
division on which he could rely with any certainty, and
fell upon the prtetorian prefect with such rash and

18

274
headlong desperation that he was speedily overcome bv
the Roman superioritv of force, which overwhelmed,
with comparative ease, the unsupported li'uard-corps
d'armee, already half-conquered, — physically bj- the
fatigues they had underii'i me, and morally by the dis-
heartening knowledge of the criminalitv of their com-
mander, and the want of sympathy manifested towards
him and them l>y the bulk of the army and nation.

Dewez is of opinion that AUectus was not only too de-
void of spirit at the last to adventure the battle he had
sought, but that as soon as the legions formed their
line of l)attle he abandoned the field and fled before the
Romans, who followed up the pursuit vrith such rapidi-
ty that they overtook and slew not only the murderous
usurper but aho great numljers of his most trusty offi-
cers and most reliable troops.

"Whether Allectus behaved like a brave but incompe-
tent general, or whether he acted like a coward as well
as a criminal, is nowhere definitely shown. There is
no doubt, however, that in the encounter with the forces
of Asclepiodotus he perished unpitied and unknown.
Invested with all the pompous insignia of his usurped
imperialty before the battle joined, after it was over
his corpse was found without any marks of ro}"alty.
TiusTAX is of opinion that the perfidious wretch, hav-
ing abandoned the purple robes of state and other
badges by which he could have been recognized after
death, threw himself, with the desperation of a resolv-
ed suicide, upon the avenging swords of the Romans.
Whether he laid aside his ornaments and rich attire
from the same honorable motive that impelled the last
Emperor of the East, Constantine Palaeologus, to dis-
guis(^ himself like a common soldier when the Turks
stormed Byzantium (Constantinople), and died like
him. unrecognized, in the front of the battle, or whether

275
he was incited -by the base instinct of self-preservation,
and divested himself of his regalia, hoping thereby to
escape in the confusion of the me?ee, we can only judge
of from his antecedents. The cruel and the treacher-
ous are rarely truly brave, and it could scarcely be ex-
pected that the ingrate, the traitor, and the assassin,
would meet his fate like a brave and loyal soldier or a
cool and intrepid general.

Campbell and other writers upon the naval affairs of
England state, that, although AUectus enjoyed an in-
disputable superiority at sea, he employed his power
rather as a pirate than as a prince. Bonnechose, in
his ''Quatre Conquetes cle V Anglete7Te" citing Eumenius,
declares that the ocean served rather as an impassable
prison-wall to restrain the usurper than as a rampart to
protect him against his enemies. So that, comparing
all the circumstances, it would seem that AUectus, de-
prived of his senses by desperation and remorse, ran-
ged to and fro his realm like a madman in a spacious
cell, whose walls were the surf-beaten cliffs and its
beams and bars the encompassing fleets and iron-clad
legionaries, against which last, in a final access of fren^
zy, he dashed himself, and perished.

"Oome madness ! come unto me, senseless death !
I cannot suifer this ! Here, rocky wall,
Scatter these brains"

Pursued by those ever-living furies, the stings of
conscience and the pangs of disappointed ambition, il
requires no stretch of the imagination to conceive that
those who beheld his bursts of hopeless passion believer!
him to be persecuted by the fabled Alecto — she with
the serpent-locks, and breathing war and vengeance —
and transmuted his name of Allectus — the "Chosen
One," into Ale(:tu(o)s — the "Demoniac," or the "Pos-
sessed of an Evil Spirit."

276
Meanwhile Constautius made good his 'landing, with'
forces much more numerous than those confided to his
lieutenant, upon the shores of Kent., where he had
scarcely marshaled his army and prepared to move for-
wards, when he learned that AUectus had lost both a
battle and his life, and that the triumph achieved by
Asclepiodotus had deprived him of all opportunity of
winning laurels upon the British soil, whose inhabitants
(fondly attached to Carausius, but as vehemently
opposed to his murderer) were willing to submit to the
clemency of the Christian Ctesar, rather than imperil
themselves, their families, and their possessions, by de-
fending a cause whose chief and principal supporters
had perished. Eumexius, who belonged to the house-
hold of Constautius, and prostituted (for intentional
misrepresentation is nothing less than prostitution ) his
pen to do honor to his master, would willingly mislead
posterity with" regard to the details of his conquest.
He tells us that the Britons saluted Constautius with
joyous welcomes, and received him as willing subjects,
styling him their deliverer from tyranny ; whereas we
know, from less prejudiced records, that they looked
upon no tyranny as so insupportable as that of the Ro-
man functionaries, from whom Carausius had deliv-
ered them, whose unlimited oppression, on the other
side of the Channel, had reduced the peasantry of Gaul
to such a state of destitution and suffering, that death —
whose relief every living thing avoids as the last escape
and worst of evils — however pitiless but sharp and
23rompt, was less unbearable than the calculated execu-
tion, by inches, to which their tolerated existence
amounted, and nothing more.

That Constautius, — by Tristan styled the first Ghris-
tiaii Emperor, — an honor generally conceded to his sou
CoxsTANTixE THE Great, — who had the reputation of

277
possessing qualities unusual for his station and era,
clemency, justice and virtue, — was preferable to a ruler
whose very mode of obtaining the crown was a viola-
tion of every human and divine law, requires no argu-
ment to induce belief Moreover, AUectus had been
untrue to the principles which made Carausius
so great and beloved. Whereas Carausius had
shown no partiality for any particular element of the
population, but exercised his power with impartiality
and justice, trusting as much to his British as his Saxo-
Netherlandic subjects, his native as to his foreign
troops, AUectus, on the other hand, placed all his hope
and confidence in mercenaries, allured to his standard
by unusual pay and still greater promises of prize mo-
ney or booty. If the murder to which he owed his
elevation was an effort of self-preservation, resorted to
only to escape a deserved and certain retribution due
to personal crimes and mal-administration of public of-
fices, it is easy to conceive that the horror with which
he was regarded for his regicide, was augmented by
the popular knowledge of his antecedents, which gradu-
ally engendered a hatred to his person and rule, and
compelled him to rely upon an army of foreigners, who
might be bought, instead of an army of natives, who
were alike inaccessible to purchase and to sentiments
of loyalty to his person.

What is most surprising, however, is the absolute in-
action (or rather inefficient action,) of the British fleet,
which every writer admits was far. superior to the Ro-
man, and actually an object of dread to the imperial
commanders, as it must indeed have been to postpone
the efforts of Constantius for three years, when all the
other chances of war were undoubtedly in his favor.
The supineness of the fleet may be accounted for in
two ways :

278
First : Whatever may have constituted {he ptrsomipJ
of the army of €ttrau3itts, the jjersouiie/ of his fleet was
principally Netherlandic. The crews were essentially
Saxon. Latterly, the materiel, it is true, was chiefly
British ; but, throughout, the personnel was almost, if
not altogether, composed of JlTtnapians, Baxows, Jranks,
and !3lrinorttttn0, whose origins, affiliations, instincts, and
attachments, were all centered in (Eavansius as a Mena-
pian, a scion of the Saxon race, a sailor and a freeman.
AUectus had no such claims to their love and respect.
The Saxon and Anglo-Saxon have always shown their
aversion to a royal favorite, and exhibited a perfect ha-
tred of a base-born minion. Their loyalty, negative
under ordinary circumstances, must have been changed
into positive disaffection by the crime and character of
Allectus.

Second : Any ordinary reader of history must know
how short a space of misgovernment will disorganize
a department, particularly a Avar-department. The
mere change" of a head will often produce the most de-
plorable results in civil administration, and how much
greater in a fleet and an army ! A pair of horses re-
cognize a bold and skillful driver almost with the first
touch of the reins, and it cannot be supposed that
men are less observing than brutes. Take two of the
most popular examples, well known to every general
reader. The same French armies, repulsed and kept
out of j\^orth-western Italy under the incapable Scherer,
after Bonaparte assumed the command, conquered all
Italy ; and when he (Bonaparte) withdrew, and
went to Egypt-, the French suffered defeat upon defeat,
and yielded the peninsula again to the Austro-Russian
coalition. All this occurred in three years, — from
1796 to 1799. Again, consider the effect of the winter
quarters at Cajma upon the victorious army of Hannibal.

2Tri

A simple S(;a.s()ii of luxurious inclulguucL' sufficed to ruin
the Cailhugiuiaii veterans. But ti still nrorc pertineiil
illustration occurred in the change brought about, in
twenty-four hours, by a mere change of commanders,
whose consequences aifected the whole campaign of
1808 in PorfiKjal. Compare the vigor of the British
array under Sir Arthur Wellesle^' (Wellington)
— alterwards styled the "Iron Duke" — previous to, and
upon the field of, Viiimra, and the torpidity of the
same forces, the day after their victory, under the senile
and irresolute Sir liAiiRY BuRitARU.

Apply the moral to the British fleet. Invincible un-
der (Eavaitsius, it may have become debauched and de-
naturalized under Allectus. It only shows how great
Cllarauslus had made his navy, that it required three
whole years of mal-administration even to render it in-
ert ; for it was not the defection or defeat of the British
fleet which enabled Constantius to concper, but the
a,i)athy of part, and the annihilation of the rest, of his
adversary's army. The fleet: continued long afterwards
in a fl.ourishing condition, and was, throughout the life
of the distinguished Ctesar, the particular object of his
fostering care, and excited no less the attention of his
more fortunate son, the Emperor Constantine.

After this epoch, the Romans, convinced that the
most essential and irresistible branch of their militarv
service in this quarter was their navy, were assiduous
in building ships and establishing garrisons in the best
seaports, and settling their marine organization upon
the most efficient basis. Among the imperial naval
stations in Britain, the most important were Brano-
dunum (Branchester) in Norfolk, near the Wash ; Re-
(jiilbium (Eeculver) in the estuary of the Thames ; Rii-
tupis or Rutupioe (Richborough ?) near Sandwich;
Duhris (Dovei-) ;. Lemmanis (Hythe or Lime Hill ?) and

280
Anderida or Anderia (Newenden) in Kent ; Othojui
(Hastings) ; Garrianonum (Yarmouth) in the Isle of
Wight; and Partus Adurni [ (Portchester?), Alkring-
ton or Edrington, not far from Shoreham] in Sussex.
* -x- * *

While Constantius was moving leisurely upon the
British capital, from the shores of the Channel, and
Asclepiodotus was advancing from the western shires
to rejoin the Caesar, that city was exposed to all the
dangers of one of those horrible visitations which
have so rarely chastened the English metropolis, even
in a modified form, whereas they have periodically
smitten every other ancient or modern seat of empire,
— except St. Petersburg, — wiping out some so effectu-
ally that their very sites are unknown, leaving others
mere heaps of ruins, and, in all cases, impoverishing
them while staining the hearth-stones of all classes with
massacre and, worse, pollution.

The wrecks of the armies of AUectus, fugitives from
the sword of Asclepiodotus, or disorganized corps,
which had not beeji in the late engagement, converging
towards London — just as the discomfited armies of the
first Napoleon fell back before the Allies upon Paris,
or the rebellious Sepoys rushed from all quarters into
Delhi- — threatened the world's rising emporium with
the fate which invariably ensues upon the occupation
of a Yf ealthy place by troops who have thrown off the
restraints of discipline or have been suddenly deprived
of their legitimate leaders. General history — without
considering the injustice of affixing a stigma to a gal-
lant race without the fullest proof — has attributed to
the subsidized corps of Franks — (one book, of little
influence however, adds, "and Saxons") — the intention
of pillaging the city, seizing upon the vessels in its
port and river, and escaping thence, across the German

281
Ocean, into the Netherlands, on board a fleet freighted
with bloody booty, ravished from those they had been
levied to protect ; thus repeating, on a smaller scale,
as to extent and desperate enterprise,, the celebrated
return voyage of the Netherlandish-Franks from the
shores of Pontus and Paphlagonia to the mouths of the
Rhine. (See pages 74-77.)

Since uncertainty invests every account of Avhat oc-
curred at this period, it is just as reasonable to believe
that the disorderly troops poured into London as a camp
of refuge, and to provide for their own safety, as to in-
sinuate that their presence was the prelude to intention-
al atrocities, which alone could justify the fatal conse-
quences brought upon themselves by their dissemina-
tion throughout the city wherein they may have been
forced, by the desertion of their commanders or the
want of regular quarter-masters, to billet themselves iu
the private houses, in default of a sufficient number of
public edifices suitable for conversion into comfortable
barracks. '

While thus dispersed — reposing from the fatigues
they had undergone, or preparing for renewed resist-
ance, or abandoned to the licentiousness which brutal-
izes the professional soldier, when' the fate of war af-
fords him opportunities of unrestrained indulgence —
the troops of AUectus experienced one of these casual-
ties which rarely terminate in anything short of the
total destruction of a force which — neglecting the first
rules of military policy — commits its safety to the pa-
trol of chance, and permits an enemy to fall upon it
while plunged in unguarded sloth, or, worse, debauch-
ery..

One wing of the fleet of Constantius — having been
sepai'ated from the rest of his armament by a continu-
ance of the same fog which l)ewildered the movements

2S2
of Allectus and proiiKitud thi,' expedition ofA^elepio-
dutns — kept (ju eastwards and northwards along- tin'
coast of Kent, doubled the Xorth Foreland {Caiituati
Frdiituuiorunu ). blundered into the mouth of the
Thames, and, borne along by a flood tide, disembarked,
without a challenge, upon the quays of London, to find
them not onh' undefended by a regular military force,
but even unoccupied by the inhabitants whose patriot-
ism was either benumbed 1 ly the tumultuous influx < )f
the bands of foreigners let loose upon them by the
death of the tyrant ; or, their courage chilled by the
rumors of the speedy arrival of new and numerous en-
emies, or their efforts paralyzed (if contemporary his-
tory is to be believed) by the unforeseen ravages of
their own unbridled and disbanded army, exhausting
upon those within, that force and indignant fury which
should have been opposed to the enemy fi'om without.
Whichever was the case, the Romans became immedi-
atelv aware of the. situation of afiairs, and, launching
iheir columiis into the indefensible streets, massacred
without pity the partisans of the usurper, dispersed and
taken by surprise, whom they expected to find in arms
and ready to receive them, and punished the licentious
excesses which the mercenary troops were inflicting up-
on the peaceful population, in the very act of their com-
mission. Thus the army — which CAR.iusirs had form-
ed and maintained in such a state of vigilance and
vigor, and had become emasculated by the criminal
impolicy of his assassin — was at first disorganized by
the inefficiency of its commanders, then discimrfited
by Asclepiodotus, and finally annihilated through its
own negation of the la,ws of discipline.

While the Romans assure us that the mercenaries,
thus justly destroyed, were Fraxks and Savons, the
British chronicles hand down that they were Bomans,

283
which, if U'ue, they probably belonged to the legion
quartered in Britain, Avhicli was iiniong the Hrsl to
welcome and espouse the cause of Cavausius. The
name of their commander — whom PtOBERT of Glouues-
TEK styles "a lordlying of the Romans," was Gallus,
which is certainly a Latin patronymic, (unless it should
be written ©al or ©all, an Anglo-Saxon word,) signi-
fying a Gaul or Gallic Celt. Berkeshout reads that
"the main body of the troops" of Allectus — which did
not participate in his fatal battle — "consisted of foreign-
ers of all nations, drawn to his service from the hopes
of pay, and who, as soon as they knew of his misfor-
tune, resolved to satisfy their expectations by plunder-
ing those they came to preserve. With this view they
possessed themselves of London ; but, as they en-
tered the city, a new mischance befel them. Part of
the Roman army, severed from the grand fleet at sea
by the mist before mentioned, landed at the mouth ol'
the Thames, and entered the city immediately after
them. Upon this an engagement ensued, wherein the
foreigners were defeated, and cut to pieces ; their com-
mander, whose name was Gallus, endeavoring to save
himself by flight, was pushed into and drownetl in a
little brook, called from thence, in the British tongue,
Xant-Gall, (the Creek of Gallus,} and by the Sax-
ons," iDallbrooc (Slaughter Brook). These details
are furnished to vindicate the character of the sol-
diei's formed in the school of (Earausius, and particular-
ly that of the first Sarona and ^X'etljcrlanbcvs, who upheld
the cause of independence on the free soil of England."

Upon this occasion — as before and afterwards upon
other fields — (the most fatal and mournful that of Hast-
ings)— a "single battle decided the fate of this great
island." The first attempt to establish the rule of the
Qaxon in Ex^lan)) was over — the second, terminated

284
with Varolii — and the fertile island, rendei^'d independ-
ciit'by the courage and abilities of the Sai'O-f^edanibif)-
lUcna^imt AuGUsn.^, ^vas 'forced to re-assume the yoke
of the Roman empire.

"Enulaxd, us her pride of >toi'y.

l>oa<ts her cliauipions of the uuiiii ;
' Karant's ' fame is Britain's glory,

When she hou'its her naval train : —
When she boasts her warriors gory,

C'loth'd in valour, nerv'd for tight,
Time, with scanty locks and hoary.

T5riims •ffiarausius' back to ^ight. '"

What an appropriate subject for an historical drama,
or a tragedy, the life of (Earausius offers. Every act
might close upon a picture of magnificent details, and
the curtain Avould, each time, descend amid such stir-
ring symphonies as Schiller's yivid brain imagined for
his '■'Dect'fli of Wcdienstein" wherein, as it unrolls music
appropriate to the action — sufficiently exciting in it-
self— "becomes loud and overpowering, and passes into
a complete Avar-march — the orchestra joins in it — and
continues (to play) during the interval between the
acts."

Nothing but music, such as travelers hear when they
attend a grand military high-mass in Europe, Avould be
commensurate to the plot — music in which both taste
and power compete to realize perfection in the harmo-
ny of martial instruments — music which mingles the
most seductive notes which human art is capable of ut-
tering through the brazen tubes of war, the mellow
instruments of wood, the pealing trump and thundering
kettle-drum, swelling the volume, force and grandeur
of the organ, into a storm af such stupendous symphony

285
as makes the groined roof lieave and rock-like walls
roar with applauding echo.

"Where, thi'ough the long-drawn nisle and fretted vault,
Tlie pealing anthem swells the note of praise."'

The piece should open with a view of mingled land
and sea, so lost in mutual lovinguess that the inhabitants
might claim the either element as their congenial home.
A boy is paddling, through the labyrinth of aqueous
islands., a rude but buoyant shallop (confcle), while the
reeds are all alive with noisy marine birds, fearless of
human presence. He boards a swift liburua, a storm
comes on, the land is lost in ocean, the air is filled with
spray and mist, the waters seethe, the clouds descend,
the tempest roars, and, in the whirl, the fearless lad
steers forth the bounding bark to join a kindred fleet.
His gallant bearing, his intelligent audacity, win him
the hearts of all who recognize no leader wanting in
such endowments. A second fleet appears, and mid
the elemental strife, the strife of men commences. The
boy, grown to a mighty Biking, guides, directs and con-
quers ; and, as the waves subside, a skillful grouping-
exhibits him to the applauding audience, upraised upon
a buckler, and saluted as a glorious sea-chief hy a crew
of heroes amid their acclamation and the wreck-strown
sea.

Another act and scene would present him for our
admiration, victor upon the battle-field, wildly diversi-
fied with shattered military engines, piles of corpses,
splintered arms, and with all the graceful splendor
which invested the command of an imperial leader.

In the next scene, once more upon the shore, we
find him in an imperial seaport, surrounded by all the
stern magnificence pertaining to an elevation which
gives him wide command over extensive coasts and

286
oceans indefinitelv known, preparing foi' a maritime
campaign.
A fourth —

"Tlni> with imiX;;iii"tl wiug- om' swift scene flie^
111 motion of no le~s celerity
Than that of thought"' —

could open on his coronation, and conclude in the
midst of his triumph for twin victories over the
arrogant Herculius and the liarbarian Caledonians.

Again the curtain rises. Peaceful beauty lends its
enchantment to the picture ; the arts seem flom-ishing
within the glorious treasure-house of a benignant rule ;
industry and happiness invite to mirth and opulent dis-
play; multiplied costumes, wild and barbaric, rich and
Roman, throng the. stage, and mingle into a variety
enchanting to the eye and strangely picturesque ; tem-
ples and citadels, triumphal arches and palaces, rise
amid huts, and supersede the rude attempts of unin-
structed labor ; upon the sparkling bosom of a noble
river, gayly bedecked, ride fleets and argosies ; and in
the midst stands the magician who evoked such won-
ders. In the Augustan robes, iDcneath the imperial
crown, we recognize the full (jjJein^ and manly fea-
tures, the small (^petits) sagacious eyes, the untutored
(agreste) but commanding air (Tristan) of that bold
2eclanli boy, arrived at (sixt)" years) tlie matui-ity
of life.

■■Proud was his tone, bnt calm ; his eye-
Had that compelling dignity,
Ilis mien that bearing hanght and ]i\ish.
Wliich common spirits fear."

■.! * *

"And though in peaceful garb arrayM.
And Aveaponless except Ms blade.
His stately mien as well imph'd
A hin-h-born heart and martial pride.""

Hark !

•■Si.inorous metal bloAving martial sounds :'' .

2^i
The truiupet sounds to arms, a nation' rises,
and, amid the turbulence of ordered preparation, an
army marches forth, a navy s])reads its sails and mans
its oars.

"It wus ;i diviid, yet spirU-stiiTiiiy siglit I

The billoM'.s foauiVl beneath," ten "thousaiul (lai's, ■

Fa-it" on "the lanil, tlie'' wliitc liorso "ranks nnite.

Lenions on legions hi'i^'htenui^;' all the shores.

Then bunuers rise, and" Saxou 3iE!crc=tirni" roars:

Then i)eals the warli'a' thunder of the drnni,

Thrills the loud life, the truinijot-tiourish pours,

\\\d patriot hojies awake, and doubts are dmnb ;

For, bold in li'eedoni's cause, the hands of orean come."

The prompter's whistle next evokes the heaths of
Scotland, and the banks of Cumin. It requires no
liberality to' admit the similarity in sound between
the name of Kraoon — (^Yhich, derived from the Greek
Kpffioj, signifies, through its Sanscrit root, the "Consu-
mer" or "Destroyer," and intimately resembles the
Anglo-Saxon "doreii," which expresses the "Chosen
One,") and of 6Vc;'/y>», on whose banks that Ivraoox (or
iJlarausius) rose to the summit of his power and fame.
A deputation enters and presents a case of medals ; the
latest, that which celebrates the blessings attendant on
a glorious peace. Its obverse bears the image of our
hero, and the reverse the effigy of peace ; beneath, the
legend. Pax Auc. (usti) [the Peace of Augustus]. There-
on appears the graceful figure of the goddess grasping
the staffer sceptre of authority with her left hand, and
offering with her right the olive branch. How applica-
ble to the issue of this money are the words of Bulwer
— in his • historical novel — almost actual history — of
Anglo-Saxon t5avoliJ, — with regard to a like coin, struck,
under very similar circumstances, by the great son ol'
<3?ob«)iu :

• "Who ever yet saw one ol' those coins of the last
Saxon king, the bold simple head on the one side, that

288
sina;le word ' PEACE ' on the other, and did not feel
awed and touched ! What pathos in that word, com-
pared with the fate which it failed to propitiate .

" 'Peace,' said-^arotb: 'to all that doth not render
peace, slavery. Yea, may I live to leave peace to our
children! Now, peace onhj rests on oitr prejKiratioyi
for wru:' "

"Carausius," says Tristan, "had reason to place this
goddess on the reverse of his money as his chief device,
for the peace which he forced Maximian to accord him
was the most glorious trophy he could erect over this
imaginary Hercules, since ^laximiau, as great a general
as he imagined himself to be, although supported by
all the maritime forces of the great (Roman) empire,
could never gain the slightest advantage over him;
and was constrained, after all his efforts — rendered un-
availing by the valor and experience in naval affairs,
evinced by the new monarch of this little empire of
Britain — to accord him a peace, and leave him in the
full enjoyment of his conquest." EuTROPirs himself is
compelled to admit, in his Greek panegyric, that, out
of respect to ([Larausius, Maximian was compelled to
make peace with the Menapio-British Augustus after
having waged war, without success, against him, be-
cause this personage, (Earouatus, was a very great war-
rior, and of rare experience.

Whereupon, since (iraraasitts was altogether invin-
cible, after having poured out iqjon (or against) him,
the Basileus, — (a title derived from the Byzantine
Court, implying "The King," or "King- of king's," after-
wards assumed by the Anglo-Saxon monarchs who had
subjugated theKinglings of the Heptarchy and reigned
over all England) — in vain, all the terrible appliances
(the fury) of war, he (Maximian) was compelled to
pour out toith him the libations of peace.

289
A shifting panorama and a chorus, such as the ancient
Greeks introduced and Shakespeare imitated in his ma-
jestic tragedy of England's HAHHY Y could only do
sufficient justice to the shifting scenes of that Batavian
course of victory recounted in the preceding pages — a
struggle carried on by flood and field, in the oak open-
ings, meads and fens, embraced within the tortuous
branches of the Rhine, Maas, Walial, and Schelde ; the
adjoining forests, marshes, settlements and fields
of modern Holland ; and the dense woods and heaths
of Dutch Brabant, (the Campine, Me nap i sens Ager).
The welcome home of Carausius would fill the stage with
clamoring multitudes, dazzled and drunk with triumph.

''Toward him they bend
With iiwful i-cverence prone ; and ;is a lioA
Extol hira." —

What a lugubrious wail should usher in the final act.
Within his quarters the Saxo-Menapian warrior-monarch
lies, sleeping safe — as he deems himself — from enemies
within the narrow seas, cruised by his swarming fleets,
environed b}^ a grateful people, guarded by a devoted
army, and sentineled by the affection of a faithful
friend, that friend, one ever at his side in the past pa-
geants, who has appeared either in gorgeous robes of
state or in the sterner garb of war ; upon whose bosom
he has leaned in private ; into whose ears poured all the
secrets of his heart and government, his hopes — no
fears; unto whose hands confided the truncheon of
command ; his minister of state ; his second in the lead-
ing of his armies and his fleets ; his counselor and in-
timate ; who, as (larausius rose to power, ascended,
step by step, with him, until he found himself, Ijeneath
the crown of Britain, superior to all. To use the simple
language of scripture, like unto ((Earaueius, his benefac-
tor, even in his origin — without father, without mothei',

19

290
w'itliout descent — Ai.i.KcTrs stood alone ; supposed to
1)(' of basest extraction, he came to Ije a second C'araii-
sins in fvcvy thing ]jei'taining to his peace- and Avar-
administration, so loved and favored that to his other
offices he added tliat ofpnefect or commander oi" theiin-
])erial life-guard, "wliich ga^'(■ him access; at all hours to
Ills confiding ]nn>tcr.

That friend and conrtdant steals like a Thug into the
imperial tent or chaiidx-i-, and strikes a blow "which
})ierces f]ngland and Hollandia's heart, then rushing
Ibrtli, we hear liim ]n-oclaim with simulated grief and
1ears, compelled for tlie occasion, his master's sudden
death and iiis assumption of the crown; then see the
lickle, her(.)-adoring soldiery, and still more fickle crowd,
salute luni Emj^ei'or. To him, scarce seated on the
Ihrone, a messeuij-er arrives from ('aul, who briu2,'S the
tidings how, with jiassing joy, Maximian and Constan-
tius hailed liis felon-blow — hoM', l)y the murder of Ca-
HAi'siT's. tlic quadrate Emperors felt their l)osoms re-
lieved of a \-ast weight, and breathed again secure,
confident, not of their own dominions only, but the
swift conquest of tlu' British realm. Mingled and op-
]if)site emotions excite the different characters who
crowd the spacious scene : Allectus— sti'iving to conceal
remorse and apprelieiision 1)eneath the mask of stern
and digniiied assurance— while,

■lloi'i'dr and ilnubt disti-nct
llis t.roulilfcl thoiiiilits." —

invciki's thi^ pride, the valoi- and tlie prejudices of his
people ; bids the t^crc-biima (war-trumpet)

"RiiiL;-, rill;;- the loiiil lllili'ms ;

Vc (li-miis iiwiikf. ye cUiridns lilow.
Ye iHi'iild- ilidiit 'I'll Ai'iiw.' '" —

s|)('eds IVirlh his Ijobcs to summon mit the popular ar-
ray ; and as thr h(.)st-leaders throng the imperial seat

291'
Avith feigned or interested loyalty, the scene closes
Avith

"a flonrisli proud,"

Of "mingled trump, and clarion Innd,
And fife, and kettle-drum
And sat^kbut deep, and psaltery,
And \var-]iipe Avitli discordant cry,
iVnd cymbal clattering- to the sky.
Making wild mnsic bold and liigli,"' —

which changes into a grand war-mai'ch as the stage as-
sumes the aspect of a battle-field. Enter Allectiis with
his forces disordered by a hui'ried march, who scarce!}-
form upon the boards, when

"lifes, cornets, drums,
That rouse the sleejiy of soul to arms and liold
Heroic deeds,"

— announce theapproacli of Asclepiodotus and Romans
from their fleet.

"Onward tliey march embattled, to the sound
Of martial harmony."'

"Then, with their well-known shout and the long stern
trumpet blast, 'which Ijidsthe Romans close,' " in rusli
the stout "hastati" (legionaries). The batt](^ joins,
alarums, excursions, the British forces fly Ix'f'orc th(-
Ft^iperial troops, leaving the front besti-ewn with dead
and wounded combatants.

Final Tahh'fiii. The last scene opens and discoveis
in the distance London in flames, and stripped, dishon-
ored, in mid-stage lies the usurper's cor])se, on which
the Ciesar — sui-rounded by his army, captives and tro-
phies, disposed in skillful groups — plants his victoriou.-;
foot, amid the vi\'ats of his legionaries, while a base
populace, thronging in, shout their applause as they
had shouted hi the preceding scene, ''Long live Allec
tus!" and in the preceding act, •'All hail, tdarnuaius !
our beloved so\'ereign."

( )f all the monarchs we read of Holland's greatest
WILLIAM (III. of England) seems to have been the

292
only one wliu estimated popular applause at its true
value. That lie despised the hollow acclamations (jf
the people, proves his consummate uuderstandiuH' and
appreciation of the human heart. We talk of many
things a- fickle and ephemeral, but of all the most fickle
and ephemeral thiii,i;>. the mo>t deceitful, the most
heartless, and the nio>t changeable, is the attachment of
the crowd, and the applause of the mob.

■■(.) ! lire.itk >'t' jralilic prai^t•.
>liort-liv"cl ami vaini i ift gaiuM without desert,
,\-S often iii-t. unmerited : rduijici-eil
But of extreuif> : Tliou ti)--t betrinn'-^t with lovo
Eiithiiiin-tic. iiiaJne-- i it' atleotioii : then
(Bounding o'er moderation and o"er rea-oiii
Thou tnrn'-^t to hate a- ("in-ek" and as fierce."'

When lliilliam had his attention drawn to the vo-
ciferous shouts of welcome which hailed his presence
in public after the flight of Jajies II., he weighed them
in the nice l^alance of his penetrating mind and cold
but truthful estimate of men. To those who stood
around, how true his bitter remark, "Was it not so of
old y That crowd Avhich ye.sterday shouted 'Hosanna,"
to-day cried "(.'rucify him I' "

Upon another occasion, entering the theatre, the au-
dience I'ose and shook the building with their accla-
mations. Such an uproarous burst of loyalty and wel-
come would have proved the most grateful incense to
his greatest enenw, that superlative egotist, the king
of France. "Tlie fools!"' observed 111 illinni, with his
usual drvness — as the enthusiasm mounted liigher and
higher — do they take me (or Lons XIV y"

Sag.icions Ulillinin !

"/(< lliCir til jilriisi ,

XoBi.y til jihiixi ; irli'ili ii/KiilIii hi M oi:n'ii
Or .\nrr.ATiox. '" rn-dre^ nr ijii'i' —

Till- affection of the people at large is like a summer's
cloud, one moment it liestows a Lirati-fnl shower, the

293
nest sends forth its ligiitnin^^s and scathes that which
it just refreshed. In repul)lics all power is witli the
people, and the ingratitude of a republic has ].)assed
into a proverb.

"I have no tasti'
Of popiilai' applause ; Tlio luiisy praisi.-
(Jf H'uldy ei'u'w'ds as cljaiiii'eabk' as AviinU;
Still vi;lieineiit, and sliU without a cause :
Sei'vants to c-haiiee, and blowiiii;' in tlio tide
Of SAVolu success ; but veeriu;;' with the ebb,
It leaves the channel di-y.''
•:;- -;:- * *

Although the consideration of what iniglit have re-
sulted from a prolonged contest Ijetween (Earaushts
and Constantius is merely speculative and useless, a
summary and comparison of their characters will not
be devoid of interest. Nothing which has been pi'c-
served with regard to the former can lead us to suppose
that he was otherwise than a pagan ; because, first,
Christianity had made no ad\'ances at his era in the
^'EtljrrloniJs ; second, all the efiigies upon his coins are
derived from the heathen mythology ; and third, his
best troops and seamen belonged to those northern
races who still clung to the simple but. rude worship of
(jrljov and llloiten, whom the Anglo-Saxons held in the
highest veneration, centuries afterwards, when England
was recognised as a Christian kingdom. Eutropius
among the ancient, and Berkley among the modern
writers, Avho have investigated, with the greatest care,
the biographical data concerning the Menapian chief,
think he was not ofJowhut of )iobIe birth, and add that
he was a Roman although a Ivlenapian born — which
would, however, by no means preclude a HoUando-
Saxon extraction, although it would imply that, like
the greatest among men, St. Paul, his parents, or even
he himself ( by his military services in Gaul ? ) had ac-
cjuiredthe advantages of Roman citizenship. This last

294
opinion is probably altogether founderl on the names
he assumed upon his coins, Marcus Aureuus A'alerius
(.'arausius, which, as has been shown, and is almost
universallj' conceded, were appropriated by him after
he became possessed of the sovereignty of Britain,
when he Latinized his patronymic, and added high
and sounding appellations, to rival, even in such trifles,
the arrogant assumptions ol' Cains A'alerius Aurelius
Diocletianus .Tovius — the original name of whose father,
a slovi\ was probably Docles, lengthened into the (ire-
cian harmony ofAioK/^f. and finallv into the Roman ma-
jesty of Diocletianus — and of Marcus A'alerius Aurelius
Maximianus Herculius — the son of a peasant, himself
ignorant of letters, careless of laws, rustic in appear-
ance and manners, a rude soldier, and replete with
vices, which rendered him the ready instrument of e\"-
ei'y act of cruelty -which the policy of a timid and artful
tyrant ma}- at once have suggested and disclaimed.

It has l)een conceded herein that (Earausins was ro
presented by divei's writers as ignobly Ijorn — aye. of
the meanest origin — not, howe^-er. to pander to the
prejudices of the age and this countr}-, but simply to
prove that nothing is concealed or advanced in contra-
vention of the general testimony of histor\'.

Virtue seldom, \\ce ordinarily, dwells in extremes.
The greatest heights of power, the lowest depths of de-
gradation, have produced the most horrible exaggera-
tions of crime. The unbridled physical despotism of
the Ca'sars, and the untrammeled spiritual dominion of
the Popes, have descended into the very abyss of sin
to complete the catalogues of their enormities, even as
the dregs of the people have — when possessed of op-
portunity— climbed boldly to an altitude of turpitude
which dizzies the brain of the historian, whose duty
it is to chronicle their wickedness. Not one miscreant

295
thrown by the seethiiiii- fury oi' tlic French revolution
to the Hurllice of the torrent of its brutishiiess and
criminality, discloses features a thousandth part as i-e-
volting- as very many of the popes, who — claiming to
be infallible vice-gerents of llLNU'eu — I'eceived the ado-
ration of papists, or almost all of the lloman empei'cjrs.

s

Well might ^iJu'iielet exclaim — speaking of the pope
of the X\''th ('entury, but particularly Sixtcs IA' —
that Home, in the time of the popes, as hi the time of
the emperors, has oJteu produced perfect madmen.
The idea of infallibility mounted to their In'aius, so
that many a sensil^le nuin became a furious maniac.
(See Errata, &c.) Whereas, what multitudes of exem-
plars of Christian virtue, political acumen, military sci-
ence, world-wide influence, general intelligence, God-
fearfulness, man-symjoath}', liave dignified that liiedium
I'auk whom the highei' aristocracy and enormously'
rich look down upon with supercilious arrogance, and
the laboring classes too olten, and vicious poor always,
look up to with envious hatred. IfCARACsirs was
nobly l)orn — according to the estimate of birth ainoug
the Saxo-Netherlandic races — his oi-igin adds to, rather
than detracts from, his exceeding greatness, and doubt-
less assisted in developing his talents. Whether iimatc
or accpiired, he exhibited all the A'irtues, accomplisli-
ments and intelligence which digniiy a man. His male
(|ualities rendered his soldierly abilities the more illus-
trious. His generalship was nc)t surpassed ])v liis
statesmanship ; and his taste, genei'osity and sagacitv,
were worthy the pre-eminent station he attained. As
long as he lived, his lion port awed, while his elephan-
tine strength and capacity defied, the serpent wisdouL
and the tiger fury of the astute Diocletian and the bru-
tal Maximian, so that even after death his renown for

296
near!}- three years guarded the C(>asts and seas he had
rendered inviolate.

Beyond the first moves, in ^vhich he half won
the iiame, Providence denied to the Saxon hero
— a type of the free and fearless Hollandish Saxon — the
opportunity of measuring his natural and factitious
powers with those of another hero — a development of
the astute and matured Latin civilization.

As to the personal appearance of C a k a u s i u s .
although it is not known that any of his likenesses in
stone or colors have been preserved, the busts upon all
the medallic issues of his reign are so sharply executed
and have so marked a charactei', that they may doubt-
less be considered as portraits. This remark applies
particularly to the head upon the unique gold coin re-
ferred to byHrMPHREYS, in his "■Co/iia(je of the Br it is J/
IJiiqjire'' — purchased by the late Mr. t'RACHERODE for
about seven hundred and fift}^ dollars, and bequeathed
to the British Museum — which conveys a perfect idea
of the manly Saxon face of the Menapian sovereign,
whose characteristics of courage, firmness, sound sense,
easy humor, and love of good cheer, are all expressed
b}- the features thereon portrayed.

■■(_>ii lii-i bold vi>;ifre micMle aire

Had slightly jux-s-'d his signet wigc.

Yet had not quenched the open truth

And liery A'ehemence of youth ;

Forward and frolic !:lee Ava> there.

'Hie will til do. the soul to dare.

The >parklinj;' iilauce, soon blown tu tire."" —

The reverse presents the figure — admirably conceiv-
ed— of Jupiter, whose right hand brandishes a Jovian
thunder-bolt, and left sustains the celestial sceptre,
while, at liis right foot, stands an eagle, true to nature
in ex])rossion and position, oliser\dng with attention the
face of the gi )d. Perhaps the assumption of this effigy

297
\vas ii, ijiafstor-stroke of policy, for while in it tlie Roman
and Jlomanized Briton reco"'nized therein "the kinc' of

O O

gods and men," the Scandinavo-Saxon and Netherland-
ish Prank mistook the "Thnnderer and the bird for
Odin and his haAvk," an error common eight centuries
afterwards, we are told, to many a half-converted Anglo-
Dane and unconverted Anglo-Saxon in that same city,
from whose mint, correlative facts assure us, the ele-
gant xuJiMFS issued, as implied by the letters M. L.
underneath, signifying Moneta LoxniNEX.sis — "Money
struck in London."

The latter Coxstaxtius — who, to the nobility of race
superadded the nobility of mind, and although the
camp has been his foster-motlier, had imbibed thence
nothing of its vices and much of its manly generous-
ness — Avas a competitor worthy to enter the lists Avith
one Avho had shoAvn himself superior to his origin, equal
to his opportunities, and in advance of his time.

If the testimon}' of an histoiian, Avho lived tAvo cen-
turies since — Johx Tkistax — ( born at Paris towards
the end of the XVIth century, and died lfi56) — Avhose
erudition, considering the difficulties under Avhich he
lived is most remarkable — is to be believed, ("onstantius
possessed so lovely a character that its delineation is
worthy of preservation in our language, since very fcAV
Avill ever resort to the ponderous A^olumes Avhose ortho-
graphy and typography are the most difficult Avhich the
writer has enc(nintered in these ri.'searches.

The greatest virtue Avhich (.'onstantius possessed was
his piety, not that false and criminal devotion (piete)
to idols, Avhich is the most notorious (signal, (iiaujiip)
impiety, but tlie true, Avhich consists in the sole, legiti-
mate Avorship of the one (rod, the Creator of the uni-
verse. This had taught him that humility, sobriety,
chastity, temperance, charity, justice, and that great

298
modesty in evci'ything relating to liis imperial equip-
age, even his very clothes, which seemed to shame the
arrogant and superb superfluity of the impious Diocle-
tian, so that we can feel assured that he was the first

Christian emperor.

■"- * * *

The Christianity of Constantius had rendered him sei
rich in noble and pre-eminent virtues, that Kimexrs,
pagan as he was — was constrained to style them iJivinr
(DiviXA viRTUTrM miuaci'la). But that which crown-
ed all the others with a superlative lustre, was his fear-
less valor, which rendered him not only redoubtable to
the enemies of the Roman empire, but I'eared and re-
spected b}- Diocletian and Maximian themselves.

Doubtless Avhen, afterwards, in the greatest peril —
fjust before his l)attle with the '^llcmaiilli, under the
walls of Jjaiigres) — he had invoked our Saviour, sove-
reign llefuge of those who have recourse to Hiui, and
gained that signal victory by His assistance, just as at a
later period his sdh Constantine the (Ireat appealed to
the Savit)ur when about to encounter the tyrant ]\lax-
entius.

Upon the basis established by Constantius. that
Alt^-Father — whom the Saxon, before he knew the
ancient lloman, worshipped in untutored simplicit}-,
even as he now worships Him in intelligent simjjlieitv,
liaving cast off tlie superstitions of the modern Roman
— was about to set up tlie throne of Constantine, who
rescued the world from the embrace of a debased poly-
theism, to consign it to the everlasting anns of Heaven-
born Truth. Had (Eorausius lived and conquered, the
auspicious e\'ent might have been stayed for long and
wretched years, but knowing, as we do, that ^Visdom
ordereth all things right, he lived sufficient space to

299
act his part, and then was laid aside as a good sword
when the wars are over, even as the Swedish ©ustaims
rose, ruled, fought and fell, when his gi'eat part was
played.

All that an unregenerate man could do (llarausius
did for Britain. With him two armies landed; one
stern in steel and Hnijaiii i'oi her defence, the other mild
in flowing rolies of white for her enrichment; the one
to guard and extend his realm, the other to adorn and
civilize it; thi; one to harvest with tlie falchion, spear
and bow, the other with the siclcle, spade and trowel ;
the one to erect his trophies Avith the bloody spoil of
foes, the other to create the monuments of taste and
opulence ; tlie one t(.) construct quays, fleets and cita-
dels, the other to build tem})les, nurrt» and palaces ;
the one to dig the trenches and throw up the rampart,
the other to excavate canals and raise the tow-path ;
the one to make him terrible wdthout, the other to ren-
der him all lovable within. In his reign, commerce,
agriculture, manufactures, art and science — attendants
in the train of the Menapio-iSaxon hero — strove to out-
shine each other, and vied in bringing gifts to pour into
the lap of that Britannia whom he had taken to his
arms in weeds, with ashes on her head, that she might
don the festal robes of state, adorn her garments, neck
and liml)s with jewels, assume the crown of empire,
and flaunt like Rome herself in all the gracious splendor
of wealth restored, refined by taste and miracled by
skill.

() ye do ul)ters, search out the records of the past,
and look abroad upon the English realm, where, even
to this day, the Avi-ecks of his conceptions bear witness
lo his genius. Pass by the hearts of oak which he
found coracles of skin and quitted "castles on the sea";
turn fi-om his heath-grown Caledonian wall, his crumb-

300
led forts, demolished fanes, and shaltered arches, his
sea-ports, throttled by the sand or swallowed by the sea,
last passing fi'om the sight of men, oi- lost to every eye
but that renewed l^y antiquarian instinct ; and seek that
'fenny laud," that English Holland, where you can
trace to-day a monument of utility, which still transmits
to future times the name of him who made it. Take
your stand on that high ground — thrust out inti > the
"fenny level ' like a cape, upon whose extreme spur up-
rose the Chapel of St. Pega,"'* — a (quasi ) Christian light
house, as if to carrv out the simile. "Here passed
Carsdyke," (Caros' or (_'arowe"s Dyke,) so called fi-om
Carausius, — conceived by that sagacious chief, who was
to the Vespasian d3'na^tv in unsubmi.ssive Britain all that
SucHET was to Xapoleon in infuriate Spain, Agricola : in
part accomplished bv Severts, the great British-wall
builder, to complete an inland water-communica-
tion between the peaceful sooth and the rebellious
north ; deepened, reconstructed, lengthened and en-
larged by the Menapian AuGtsTrs, who alone transmu-
ted the unquiet and implacable Caledonian into a peace-
ful neighbor and a useful ally.

This DYKE — Ijy a combination of natural and artificial
water-wavs — connected Torl\ the Vicarian or Roman
capital of Britain — (founded B. C. 983 '; ) — whereat
Severus died, Caracalla murdered his brother Geta. Ca-
rausius was proclaimed and assassinated — [although
some antiquaries hold the murder of our hero Avas
committed at Alaunaf — ( (,'avers-field, in Oxfordshire,

■■'Xeiir Pi:ii!,irl,\ three iiiul ;i half iiiik's -(nitiie;i-t c.f Market-Deepinir.
ueai' the "B^jUaiid ri\ei'. in ^outliern Lincolnshire.

t^'-Jiif^t upon the iiieetin;;- ni Ak(iiiiiii.i1ri(t-,rini anil the l\irt-<ci(ii, from
M'dlliiiiir'i'iril. there ni-e al^n ^unie Fudt-^tep.^ of that decayed anci.int ■'^tiitiiui.
h\- Ciiindcn called Afrli(«fri: still remaining, -H-hich he gne-i^es -o called, a-
one wonld say an nhj Tmni. Hut 1 met with some Xuhs in a ^[ S. [manu-

30 1

or Alcester, in "Warwickshire) — said to have taken its
name, by corruption, from that of A 11 ectus , his as-
sassin]— f'onstantius died, and Constantine the Great
was born, with the heart of the completely subjugated
Britain, ihe Flania Cci'suricitsw, constituting the middle
counties. Some think it took its luune from Cards
(Carausius), others from the CVvH.ir/r word Cak,
signifying a Fen — still retained in provincial English
to designate a wood or grove, particularly of alders, on
a moist soil, a marsh, and, in the Lincolnshire or Anglo-
Dutch dialect, a gutter or drain. The latter derivation,
however, is unlikely, inasmuch as tlie Cakdyke follows,
alongside (.)r near, wherever the lay of the laud permit-
ted, the meridian-line of the military road from London,
on the Thainev, to Weii/Jtfen, just north of the if;/;); ?^er,
and thence, through Aldby, to York — called the Her-
.MEX Street — t^erc-man Strut, Anglo-Saxon? — [ (Stuke-

script] tliat siiy it wa-^ tin.' Stat of J I'/cciM.s the Emperor, who having treaoli-
eroiisly slain his Friend and ]\[aster, the Emperor Ciiraiiisiiis, liasely usurp-
ed Britain for himself, calling tJiis his iiei^- Seat after his ovrnneniie^Alei'ti-
C'listniiii, since Ahlicster or Aldcester : hut it seems hy the Story that it
liourish'd not long, for CoMlfiiitius C'/i/orHS being .sent against liim hy the
emperors Diuclctiiiu and Ma.tiirdnn, and by the Benefit of a !N[ist, landing
privately somewhere on the South-shore, near the Jslt of Wiffht (wliether
Alec f us vdmt: to prevent it) gave him Battle, defeated, and put him to
Flight towards this liis chief Foi'tress, but was overtaken and slain by
Af:r/t'piot7otus, one of Constmitiiis's (_'a])tains [as this author will ha^e it]
liere at Ehjii'lil near Oxford [-whicli he also Avould have a Corruption of
Alpi-tus-frlil\ before ho could reach it.

For the Credit of this i?(7(/?/t»(, it luiving no Foundation in t\\a L'oiiiini
Story, I shall wholly leave it to the lieni]er\H .Judgment ; yet shall add thus
much for its Reputation, that the lioninn J{i/it<iri/ llV/i/slie ^•cry agreeable
1oit; for on Supposition this ('onflict happened about Ui'ijumn, jiow
liiiHI-ii'ood ; or Clniixniitinii, now Sovtliampton, tl\Q liomnii Wdi/f! lie di-
rectly thence to Vei'itn Be/ffariini, now Wii>rlie«tvr ; and so to CnUciid,
now ]Vnl]('i((jforil, M'corAmg to the Ifiiicrtiri/ ot Anfonimix ; and theiU'O
close liy Elitfield to ^i/idii'.ifei; as described in the J/nji, and in j,'27. and i«.
of this Cliai)ter [10|." — [RoRKirr Plot's ''Xainnil Hixtorii of Oxfordxhircf
{Fii:-<1 Ediluni, didii-iili-d to ( 'n/VHi,i-:s IF.) s,;-ood E'ditioii, O.rt'ord, ITti-j.J

302
jA''fi Ifi/ierarvmi Cirriof^iun) ] — equivalent to ViaMili-
TARis in Latin, in the same way that (Cavl or Karl, ni\-
questionably the original name of Ca ran si us. and
JUic, Picf. (Dyke,) would mean ''Karl's'" or the "Hero's
Dyke."

Under or before the time of Severus. it was led
from the PeterborovgJi river, at the city of that name,
to the Withaiu river at Lincoln, a distance of fifty miles.
in a o-eneral direction north and south alons' the edac
of the Fens. It was afterwards conducted — (constitu-
ting the [V] the present Foss-dyke) — into the Trent, at
Torksey ( a parish of Lincolnshire) below Newark, whence
the transit was effected l)y the Trent, Hnirtler, and Onsc.
to York. (Jarausius restored the whole work be-
yond the Peterhorongh, and continued it on southwards
along the borders of the Cambridgeshire fenny level,
into the Corn or ancient Qranfo river, where he built a
town,* and called it by the name of the stream, at the
head of whose navigation it was founded. This vast
artificial water-course, wlnjse entire lengtli must have
exceeded one liundied and twenty-five miles, was all the
way sixty feet laroad. and had a large flat bank on both
sides for the horses which drew the boats. It entered
Lincolnshire at East or Jfarkef Deeping, proceeding,
upon an exact level l^etween the high and the low
grounds, through Langtoft and Baston, jiassing the
(rh-n at High Bridge, then through Kyme to "\^'a.shing-
borough, three miles from Lincoln, on the Withnm.
Avhere there was a Roman fort to secure the navigation ;
likewise other defensive \vork> at eligiliU'. intermediate
points. At Low, on the northern bank, where the ( 'ar-
dvk centers the Peterborouo'h river, an intrenched

*Tlie ■■('aioboritum'" of D'Ayvir.i.E ; ■■(Triiiitiinbi'icire'" or "(Ti-autarea^-
Wv" (A. D. 10C6) of Si>i;i'XEn. imd ■■Greutebrige" of Lippixlott : now
..Cambridge.""

303
camp, and at Horseln'idge, on the southern, where it is-
sues thence, a fieldwork protected its outlets. All along-
the route, brass, silver, and even gold coins of tlie
reigns of C n, r a u s i u s find A 1 1 e <• t u s have been
discovered.

The object of the Cardyke \v;is two-fold; first, as a
canal, to obviate the dangerous navigation of the Cim-
hric, or (vcrinan. Ocean by the estuaries of the Wash
and of the Hnnihei- ; second, as a drain, by intercepting
all the little streams flowing from the high lands, whicli
would have otherwise overflowed the Fens, and have
rendered them uninhabitable. Thus the Roman armies
could move without impediment through the marshv
country, while their baggage, engines and provisions
would accompany them Ijy water and in sight almost
all the while.

At Ovfuiin — ( now one of England's two renowned Uni-
versities ) — where there are indisputable vestiges of a Ro-
man city, the foundation of whose walls, tweh-e feet in
breadth, are cj^uite apparent, including a space of alwut
(iltv acres — Carausius instituted a great (the
Sftirliiclt. or Sfoiirhrfi/t/e) fair, originally held at the
season when the fleet of boats, laden with corn and
commissariat stores, started thence to supply the gari'i-
sons stationed in the Jfo.rima ('a'sarieiiHi'ti and in Vn-
Inifin and aloup' the Da id i/ if n/ frontier or Caledonian
Marches. This fair, held about two miles outside the
holt-embosomed city — commencing on the ('7th V) 18th
September, and continuing for two weeks — altliough
somcAvhat less important tlurn in former tinu's, is still
one of tlic UKJst considerable in the kiugd(mr for agri-
cultural produc(\ and constitutes to the learned one of
the most gratifying memorials of the wisdom of the first
Hollandish Saxon monarch of England.

:104
Through the vuil of ages that Savon Karl the
Daring,

■■I.ord of tlic lion liciirt and eagle eye,"'

saw the path of EuglaDcVs glory and dommion climb
up and up, to that unclouded summit Avhereon Hol-
lando-Anglo-Saxon prowess displayed the standard of
free faith and freedom in the full heat and splendor of
a day which knows no twilight. In the soil of Eng-
land, Cards, one of the brightest orbs in the refulgent
constellation of the "Light of Britayne,"' planted the
acorn which germinated, grew and expanded into that
navy, which — boast as others may — still rules the far-
thest oceans. The Saxo-Menapian Hollander was the
first to discern — this cannot be too often impressed
upon the memory — the bent of Saxon genius. His
Admiralship first made the Anglo-Saxons "Sovereigns
of the Seas," and although the glories of Blake and
^Lromp, Xelsox and De Hunter, blaze more conspicu-
ous, their radiance cannot swallow u]d the light which
streams through fifteen centuries from that short space
of seven years which bounds the rise, the rule, and royal

life — written

"In records that detV the tooth of time,''
of

ZedanVs sailor-boy ;

illcnapia's K^lll', the hero ;

Britain's A u Cf r s t r s ;

t^ollanli's First Cnnciuering Achtu'ml ;

E X .; L A X n ■ s FIRST SEAMAN KING.

O^RA.XJSIXJS,

One among

'■Siu-h souls
Whose sudden visitations daze the world,
A^anish like lightning', hut they leave hehind
A voire that in the distance, far away.
AVakens the slumbering aLies."

305

^fuLac^LLe.

"Thus far, with rough, aud nil unable pen,

Our bending author hath pursued the story ;
In little i-ooni confining mighty men.

Mangling by starts the full course of their glory.
Small time, but, in that small, most greatly liv'd

This star of England : fortune nuidc his sword;
By wliioh the world's best garden he afhiov'd." —

Although the excitnig scenes of the preceding history
and the magnificent drama, whose action embraced the
dun heaths of Scotland and the cloud-piercing spurs of
Mount Ararat, the boisterous waves of the Euxine, the
phosphorescent waters of the Mediterranean, and the un-
explored recesses of the Baltic, ended as to the Menapi-
anhero and Saxo-British rule, with as sad a catastrophe
as ever evoked the sympathy of a reader or the regrets
of an historian, they terminated gloriously I'or his race
— the indomitable Menapii — with the triumphs
of that campaign which extinguished the Romanized
element of the ancient Netherlandish population — a
race destined to eifect greater changes through the ex^
ertions of their own influence and that of their Saxon
affiliations, than any other which has been permitted to
appear upon the stage of the world.

This epoch — remarkable for the rise and sovereignty
of C a r a u s i u s— was one of the turning points in the
history of the late kingdom of l^oUani), now known as
that of the JfctljeiianiJs. TheBatavians having been anni-
hilated almost without resistance, the historian is called
upon to trace the progress of new ethnological combi-
nations, which almost amounted to a totally new and
distinct population in the Low C(juiitries — first, an im-
perfect amalgamation of theiiHcnaptai and Saliaii Ji'aiiks
within the limits assii^ned by Strabo, and John Isaac
PoNTANL's (in his Hollandhi Chorograpliixt) to the for-

20

306
mer or rather an absorption of the SajEon element of
the latter, since that portion of the Frankish confeder-
ates which were essentially warlike and unsettled almost
immediately assumed the same antagonistic position to-
wards the agricultural and commercial inhabitants of
the coast and low-grounds which had endured, with
ever-augmenting acerbity of feeling, since the time of
Drusus — one, in fact, that the original inhabitants of the
high or more elevated grounds — in a word, the Bata-
vians and the other allies of the Romans — had al-
ways occupied toward^ their war-(as a pursuit)-ab-
horring neighbors.

The £ou) (EountrtES now contained only the free peo-
ple of the Saxo-Germanic race — /ree, because the Ro-
man ensigns had never been planted as the tokens of
continuous possession oi- actual triumph within their
territories ; and doubl/j free, because they were actu-
ated by a large and liberal policy. The ilTcnapiana,
soon after uniting with the noble Trans-Ems €l)att^
lians and indomitable Sv'isans, associated themselves to-
getlier witli all the kindred tribes of the coast, from
tlie ScheJdeto the Slmger Bad; in a Bond (Boiiti, Bunbc,
xing. Sax. ) or Association, which eventuated in the
celebrated Swan Ceaguc.

The Netherlands hencefortli became the scene of a
contest — varying at difTerent epochs in its activity, but
always increasing in the antipathy— between the mari-
time races and the inland populations and the theatre
on whicli a new system orph3-sical ideas, inaugurated,
subordinate to Christianity, an era whose effects proved
the leaven which has produced, in a great measure, the
regeneration of tlie world.

This contest, wlierein jioither yielded in point of
couraii'e, was one rather of intellect, energy and endu-
rance, as opposed t(_) those qualities which, however

307
dazzling, are physical rather than mental; for, pre-
suppose equal courage, and then oppose brute strength
to intelligence, and the latter must speedily remain the
conqueror.

Here again, as in their scale of rank, the Chinese
show their wisdom, by considering the military manda-
rins as mere representatives of force, and therefore en-
tirely subordinate to the civil officers — machines that
can only move upon an impulse given them, and must
be guided by a superior intelligence.

The 0aUan3 — who had been expelled from Criiehlres
by the iFriaonH, and had been established with the con-
sent, and by the assistance, of the Jllenapiane, in tlie
country of the 13 atari, in consequence of the latter's
infidelity to the obligations of nature and their sul)spr\'i-
ence to the Romans — were, in turn, backsliders, and
oblivious of the duties which their position and new
aifiliations, imposed. P^or over half a century there
Avas a breathing spell, one of those pauses in a combat
which are the result of fatigue and not of abated ani-
mosity. About the middle of the fourth century, the
opposing weapons clashed against each other anew, and
the world still feels the vibration of that conflict. The
llarni — a tribe of the same lineage as the Sai'Oiis of the
Netherlands and of^ England, coming from the coast of
Denmark^— &s is generally supposed — decided the con-
test in favor of their blood and of healthful pr(jgi'ess.
Disembarking from a numerous fleet, they inundated
the island or triangular district between the Bhijw and
the Waal and the Maas, and as effectually destroyed
the Saltaue as (Jlavaueius, at the head of his filcimpiaus
and Saliau-J'rQnks, had annihilated the Satani. In
vain the Emperor, Julian the Apostate, eiideaA'orcd to
prevent the extinction of the Saliaus. His efforts were
as ineffectual to preserve the present opponents, as

308
those of ]\Iaximian, Constantius and Con"stantine had
been to destroy the former associates, of the iHeuapii,
who (the Salians) having been, in turn, corrupted by
the luxury, battle-lures and pernicious influences of
Rome, were diverted from the cultivation of the useful
arts into the pursuit of arms. Even as the I3atat)i were
extinguished in, so the Solittiis disappeared from, the
£0111 Cottntries. The Salians, and those among the
vlrbori£l}e3 or fllEiiapians who had degenerated into vo-
taries of Bellona, thrust forth by the Saton confeder-
ates, became the conquerors of France ; and the kindred
of the Saxons, who expelled them, became the conquer-
ors of England, to renew on English ground, at Hast-
ings, that struggle ^vhose progress we have contem-
plated between different combinations of the Gallo-
Sai-on and of the S(^vNniNAVo-©ernittn races.

Thenceforward, wave after wave of invasion rolled
over the Romanized portions of the Netherlands, until
every vestige of the original subdivisions, chorograph-
ical and ethnological, were obliterated ; until, A. D.
■490, Clovis consolidated the bases of the present
French monarchy, which, hitherto, under Theudomir,
Pharamond, — the first sovereigns of the Franks ac-
knowledged by history, — Clodion, or Chlojio, the
Cono'-haired ; Merov.eus, and Childeric, — the fii'st
three kings of the Jlei-uoingian race, — and Clovis, —
the fourth, prior to his victory at Tolbiac, A. D. 496,
or of Poirffers, A. D. 507, — was essentially and indis-
putably -X'ctlicrlanftisl) a« to its dominion and dominant
people.

Nor is it by any means an assumption to claim that
down to the subdivision or final dissolution of the ter-
ritorial a^nloraeration uf Ciiarle.mai;xe, the preponder
atini;- infiuence ul' the C)ollanba-Safon people made itself
ni;(uili'st and I'l'lt

309

Several of the earliest and most illustrious rulers of
France, in entirety, claim Maimpia as their birth-place.
All those renowned Mayors of the Palace — who dis
charged their functions under the last kings of the J\Ie-
rovingian race and were mouarchs of France in every
thing but name — were Eastern {^Cleoiait or Jv.Uerian)^ .
or Central (Brabantian), iUImapians by birth, lineage,
and residence.

Pepin I, (le Vieux), born at his ancestral castle of
Landen, a village of Hesbaie (Hasbania), on the Getfc
— Tpevha-ps Landen-Saint-Gerti-uyden, or else the city
of Landen itself (so famous for the terrible conflict
between William III and Marshal Luxemburg, known
to the French as the battle of Sfeinh'rl-y on the Bech/
■ — was hereditary Duke of Atistrasm, which extended
from the Maas to the Carbonarian Forest, and com-
prised all ancient Menapia, east of the Schelde. Insu-
lar Menapia was, at this time, — Vllth Century, — a
portion oi Hither Friezland (Fresia), south of the F//V-
Strom (Swift Stream). He was Mayor of the Palace under
Clotaire II, Dagobert I, and Sigebert ; died at Landen
21st February, A. D. 640, and was buried at NiveJhs.

Grimoald, Pepin's son, and second Duke, succeeded
to his dignities ; to him, Begge, his sister, who married
Ansegise, great-great-grandson, on the female side, of
Clotaire I. The last was buried at Andenne, between
Namur and Hutj, on the Macts, just east of Menapvi, the
farthest settlement of that name (see page 175), where
his wife founded a celebrated abbey. Her son, known
in history as Pepin-le-Gros (the Fat) or d'Heristal —
so called from the name of his natal village and ordin-
ary place of residence, about three miles north o^ Liege
— became master of all France before his death, which
took place at the castle of Jupille, a league north-
cast of (^Ltege) the Episcopal city.

310

His heir, Charles Martel — who saved Christendom
from the yoke of Mohammed — was the son of this Pepin
by his wife or concubine Alpaide (or Althaide.) a wo-
man of Menapia, who founded the Convent of Orp-le-
(Tj-am], about twelve miles southeast of Tirhiiiont. in
the heart of ancient Ta( o)xanuriax Mexapia (Brabant).
Charles himself died at ^//e/r/for Crecy) \sur-Oise],
•a tillage near the frontier of the Spanish Netherlands.
He was '/'e fado sovereign of France.

('arlojiax and Pepix-le-Bref (the Short), his sons,
were at first respectively aljsolute sovereigns of Aus-
trasM and Xt^nstria, which embraced the whole of con-
tinental and insular Menapia. Carlo.max, having abdi-
cated and retired into a monastery on 3Ionte Cassiuo.
between Rome and Xaples, Pepix became the first king
of France of the Second, or Carloviugian, race.

Thus the second dynasty of the French mouarchs
sprang, so ti> speak, from the soil of ancient Menapia.
since all the princes of this illustrious race were born
or had their residence either in the provinces of Bra-
bant, (^^^Mexapii, ancient '"Brabander.-," or "those of
Cleves"— LiTTLETOX) or of Liec/e, at Louden, Xirdh-^.
Hersial or JupiJh'.

Nor have the Celtic French any right to claim eve)i
Charlemagne, the son of Pepin I (the Short) as one of
themselves. According to Fredegaire (Fredegise ?) —
a more ancient and veracious author than Eginhard —
Charles the Great was. at the first, king oi Amtrasia
and celebrated his Easter and Christmas festivals at
HerstaJ. Liege. a.nd A ix-Ia-Chapelle in Ydsteru. and Cen-
tral Menapia, and at Jfnyence aiidWimns in Germania,
and held his councils, whereat he prepared his laAvs
and regulated the aflairs of his immense empire, at
Aix-hi-Chajielle, Liege. Herstal, Tlilonrille, Xijmegen,
and YaleiiriettKt'K. all in the ^'etl)crlaiii(s. What is

311
more the Monk of St. Gall (IXth Century) asserts
that he was born at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aqutc Grani) in
ancient Cis-Rhenan Mencqjia ; although some assign the
honor to Ingelhevm in the territory of the ancient A'an-
GiONES, on the borders of the Chattian Mattiaci — of
the Batavian lineage, a portion of whose tribe have
been located in the island of Batavia— and others again
to Saltzhurg — ancient Juvavia or Jupia .among the
NoRiGi. Whether born or not at Alx, he made that
city the capital of his dominions north of the Alps, and
the second in his empire, appointed it as the place of
coronation for the German emperors, and died and was
buried there. Moreover his lavorite hunting palace
Valkenhof] was at Nijmegen, which divided his affec-
tions with Air. But more of this hereafter.

* -:■!■ * •;;- *

But, although the 33ataoi had utterly perished, and
those who succeeded them had passed away, the iHcit-
apii still occupied the maritime districts, where Ca?sar
found them. Towards the interior their bounds Avere
set, but seaward their dominions were illimitable ; and
the same spirit which fired the ambition of Caraustus
planted Putcl) colonies in every zone and in every
quarter of the world, — an ambition which is that

''spirit in the workl,

Tliiit criuises all the ebbs unci flows of jiations,
Keeps mankind sweet by action : witliout that,
The world would be a filthy settled mud."'

VIVAT CARAUSIUS!
iin£na:pt£n 53od£u op!

312

Achievements, of the Batavi — Synopsis of the 242-245
Alaixa, Akh<;sk,\ or AMccster, 300-1

^Ifrcb the Great — Method of measuring time

adopted by ' XVI. 227-8

Allectl-s, VII, VIII, 234, '68-77, '68'-69-70-72-73-

74-75-76-77-79-'80-'81-'90, 301-":!

Character of 272-277

" Derivation of the name of 269-70-75

Death of 274-276-7

Detested by the Britons 274-27S

Misjudged military operations of —

against Constantius, 27.'>-275

On the throne of Britain 2!)0-'91

Origin, career, and offices of 268-"9-S9- 90
Remorse of 275

A-Mii'J'ERDAil 217

Annihilation of the Batavi 235-255

Antwerp — Medijeval greatness of 228

vlrboridjcs identical with the illcnapii XV, 114-76, '85,

251-53, 308
Archaeological discoveries in the Neth-
erlands 182-1)3, 195-'96
Arch — Triumphal, erected by 0 a r a u s i u s 54
Armada, derived from the name of the Zee-

landic seaport of ;?lrmiitra or Annxydc. 210

Armada — The "Invincible" ' 263

Army — Dutch— Glories of the 4-7

" " Gallant actions of the — under

Napoleon 4-7

"At Fleunis XII

Arthurs Oven, A temple erected by €a-

rait0XiT0, near the Carron XIII- IV, 54

Asciburgium, (Asburg) founded by Ulysses 93

313

AscLEPioDOTCs, a*ii experienced general

officer of CoNSTANTius VIII, 272-'80-'82,

'!)4, 301
AUectus defeated by 273-'4

" Disembarks in Britain and

burns his fleet 273-4

BAnrnENNA Sjlva — Defeat of the Romans by

the Jvisons in the 138, 224

Bagaud.e — Revolt or wai' of the Gallic pea-
santry, styled 16
Barbary Corsairs 35
Savcut^ 3
Batavi XV, 44, 51. 63, 84-5, 89, 91, 99, 100-2-5
111, '24, '26, '31, '32, '37, '87, '96,235-'9-'41'50,

258, 305-'7-'8 311
" A dependence of the country of the

Eastern Menapii 187

Exterminated 239-242

" Relics of 240

Batavia — Roman works in the island of llO-'ll

Battle — Naval, between Constantius and the
Netherlandish or Menapian Franks, ofi' Ca-
diz 80-83
Battle of Prble (Presle) between Julius Cae-
sar and the Netherlandish Confederates 164
BELGiE, XV, 96, 99, 102, 105, 219
Belgic war of Germanicus 223-4
Bees of Childeric I. and Napoleon I. 182
Birth — Advantages of good parentage, or noble 293-5

Boston, or St. Boto(u)lph's town, in the
Skirheck Hundred, soke or wapenfxike, of
(English) Holland, in the SE. (third) sub-
division of Lincolnshire, England . 194

314

Boulogne XIV,. XVI, 32, 40, 69, 'fl,72, 77, 79, 83,

84, 86, 95, 97, 165, 234-'38-'58-'60-'64-'65

Escape of Carausius from XIV, 78

In the Hid Century XIV, 71-73

Boulogne— Siege of — by Constautius 68-79

" Surrender ot^ — to Constantius 79

Britain — The Roman Emperors or Usurpers of 26

" The effects of the Roman, Saxon and

Norman Conquests of. Compared 142

British Fleet, The — great under (jlaraitsius, in-
efficient under Allectus 277-79
" " Under Constantius and Constan-
tine the Great, 279-'80
Bruges XVI, 196

C^SAR (Julius) — Campaigns of — against the

Menapii 163-182

In the Netherlands, 137-8,163-182
C/esar's) Julius) accounts of his Belgic cam-
paigns, shown to be unreliable from their
own contradictions 172-182

Cambridge (Ghxmta) founded by Carausius 302-'.'?

Campaign — Julius Ctesar's first, against the

Menapii and Morini 166-168

" Second, do. (Menapian)do. 168-170

" Third, do. do. 170-173

Campaign of Carausius in the Netherlands 235-'55

Canal of Carausius — The Cardyke or 300-303

Canals of Drusus and Corbulo 92-3

Caninefates, The 51, 87, 127, 131-'2, 133

Capito (FoNTEius) — Tho murder of, leaves

the Netherlands witliout even a nominal

Roman head 224

315

Carausius 176, 186, 193, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232,

233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 241, 241, 245,

248, 250, 251, 253, 256, 258, 259, 260, 26],

262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 2^2,

273, 276, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 287,
288

" Achievements of, Surimiaiy of the 299-304
Ardently desired by the Britons 39

As an Admiral 29, 33, 35, 40, 44, 45

As Count of Pra'fect of, the iSaxon

shore 32, 140, 228-9

As a General 29, 40-1, 44, 231-2

Asa Monarch 24, 25, 41, 49, 52-3, 231, 299
As a Naval Administrator and Ar-
chitect 31-2, 44, 53
As a Patriot 34
A type of the Saxon race, the first
great naval Saxon genius and
naval preceptor 142-'3
'• And Cox«TAXTius compared 293-8
And Jiavolit, " 2(i6-'68, 287-8
And UliUtam III " 44
" " i5fl^"ol^ both desirous of a glo-
rious peace 287-8
" The temple, vulgarly styled Ar-

tliur\s Oven, erected by XIII-'IV, 54

" Batavian campaign of 83-'4, 289

Career of IV-XI, 23-'4, 29

'' Character of — Summary of the 25,293-297

Campaigns of — in Scotland 40-43, 53-61,

231-'3
Emperor by acclamation 39

Dead 265-268

Efforts of— to augment and re-or-
ganize liis naval forces 83

316
€ai-ausius, Fate of 24, 289-'90

'■ Foreign policy of 53, Gl-fi3

" , Foolish conceit of Hadrianus Junius

with regard to the name of 59

" Home policy, foresight, and wis-
dom of 38, 52-3, 61, 293
Medals&Coinsof,XIII,24,39,47-'8,287, '96-7
Name of— Derivation of the 28-9
Names of XIV, 230, 233, 287
" Naval expeditions of 45, 53, 233-4
" Naval power of — at the time

of his assassination 261-'2

" Origin of — Various opinions as

to the 15-17, 20, 23, 230-'l, 287, 293, 295-7
" Prescience of 24-'5

Qualities of 24

" Reasons justifying the revolt of 35-39

Rise of 35, 227, 229

" Assassination of 265-268

" Conduct of — considered ■ 34-39

" Object of suspicion to Maximian 33-'6

Triumphant over Maximian 46

" Naval preceptor of the Saxons 234

" Personal appearance of 286, 296

The Peace of 287-"S

Religion of 293, 296-7

Carron River, The 55-59

Carronadbs — Extraordinary connection be-
tween Carausius and the ship-guns called 57-60
Carsdyke or Cardyke — The Canal of C a r o s

(€avaiT0ht5) 299-303

Cauci or Chauci — Zeelaudic 135-6

Cavalry — Menapiau, celebrated vinder Roman

Emperors 225

817

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy 187-190

Cauci, Chadoi, or East Friezlanders 135, 138—140

" The — according to Pliny • 96

Chaucian war of Gannascus and Corbulo 224
(HljvoTUck — Eobn-t of ®loitcc3t£v's. (III)e (5istonj

of (Havausius IV-Xl

CiMBRi and Teutones in the ancient Nether-
lands XV, 129-'30
CiMBRi and Teutones— Destroyed by Marius

and Catulus, 130-'l

CiviLis 139, 225

Close of the reign of Carausius 256-284

Golocjne 94

Comparison between the physical smallness

and moral greatness of the United

Provinces 3

— Partial — between Carausius

and Constantius Chlorus 293-'9 •

" between €arati0i«0 and lUilliam III

of England 63-'4

" between 'the toleration of Papists

and Hollanders 157-8

Conceit — English, taken down l7-'9

(Eonclusion 284

Conquest op Menapii — by Julius Cassar, in-
consistent with correlative facts. Proofs
presented of their successful resistance to
Julius Ct-esar 172-179, 181-'2

Constantius Ciilobus XI, 64, 67, 68, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79,
80, 83, 84, 233, 23-'3, 238, 245, 249,
250, 258, 259, 267, 271, 276, 279,
280, 281, 297, 298, 301, 308

;U8

CoxsTANTius Chlorus — at Boulogne 68--71, 84--'4,

263-'65, '90, '93, '98, 301
Character of 2 9 7-' 8

Defeated by Carausius

in Straits of Dover, 260

'' " Military operations

of — in the Nether-
lands 83-4, 258-"9,--'61
the first Christian Em-
peror 298

doi-tEiiattv — €gbcrt 33avti)olomeni »on 139

Customs of the Menapii 105-'6

Sacnlrela 7

Dedication, to Captain John W. Phelps, U. S. A. Ill
Derivation of the names of the ancient Nether-
landish tribes 125-128
Development — Agricultural, industrial and

commercial — of the ancient Jllcuttpii XVI, 199-209

Do. — Of the modern jnenapii,
£fclanki-s and ^ollankvs 209-221

Dior:LETiAX IX, 14, 15, 47, 59, 67, 294-'5. 301

Dinant — Atrocities of Charles the Bold

after his capture of ' 188-9

Diiimvrrate of Diocletian and Maximian 14-'5

Doeshitrg 90

Oombitrg XIV, 92. 109

Drajia or Tragedy — Synopsis of an historical —

founded on the career of Carausius 284-291
" The life of Carausius an appropriate

subject for an historical 284-291

■' Of Carausius — Music appropriate to the 284-'5
" Act I. Youth and Rise of Carausius 285

319
Drama '' II. Carausius, a Romftn Imperator 285

" " " Cai'ausius, a Roman Thalassiarch 285-'G

' Carausius, a Monarch and Conqueror 286

" " in. Carausius, a wise and beneficent-
Sovereign 286-7
" " IV. Batavian Campaign of Carausius 289
" Y. Murder of Carausius 290
" " Usurpation of Allectus 290
" '' Defeat and death of Allectus 291
Drusus — The Navalia or Nabalia of 89
Pntcl) Xn, XIII, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 27, 100,
120, r?3, 125, 128, 159, 177, 191, 200, 210,
211, 212, 213, 215, 262, 266, 268
SI ntdj — Agriculture 210
" Battle of the Baltic XIII, 260
" Language — Antiquity* copiousness of the 160-'l
" By Chancellor Dan iter ®ocs — Summarj- of

the glory of the 11-13

CDutcI)-In Maine (or Acadie), U. S. A. 210-' 11-15

" Indomitableness — Berkley's witness to 2G-'7

■' Energy' — Pepy's witness to 27

" Inventions and mechanical pursuits XVI, 216
■' Moral greatness of the — exemplified 9, 10, 211-223
■' ^lilitary administration 217-'8

" — Opinion of Charles V, with regard to the 218

Perseverance

211-213

Patriotism

213-215

and Flemish Soldiers compared

XI

Riches

217-'8

Settlements in England

193-'4

Spirit threw overboard the tea in

Boston Harbor in 1773

194-';-)

Tolerance

213-215

320
Dyke, dam or mole of Alexander the Great atTjTC 69-71
" Of Constantius at Boulogne 69-71

'' Of the Duke of Parma at Antwerp 69-70

" Of Richelieu at Rochelle 70-'l

" The famous Helder 222-'3

Education — Naval— of the Saxons 234-'5

Effigy — Nautical, upon- the coins of Carausius 49-50

Elbe — Tiberius upon the 88

English Saxons— The n2-'3

England — Prosperity of— under Carausius 43

Ensign — The, of Carausius 50

" Of Hengist and Horsa 51-'2

" Roman, The 50-'l

'• Old Saxon, The 52,126

Enterprise — Naval, of the Zeelanders in the Hid

and IVth centuries 2 54-' 1 1

^/liLa^ue — State of the Netherlands in the Illd

IVth and Vth Centuries 305-'7

Franks — The, a Saxo-(True)-Germanic-

Netherlandish Confederation 140, 235-'6,

246, 305, 308-'ll
■' The became proficients in naval matters
by the influence and example of the
fttena:pii or ancient Eeclaniici's 61, 74-76, 140

Frank Confederation— The 140 -'11

Franks — Extraordinary retui'n voyage of the
Menapian or Netherlandish — from
the Euxine into Holland 74-76, 141

■ In Holland 237. '49, '51. 305-11

" Rise of the Saxo-^Ienapiau- 246

Franks, Secmid naval breaking Inrtli of tlic —
froui the Blnck Son, as the n-llics of
Carausius 7 6-- '7

iSalian or Trans-R.henaii Menapian XA'. 97-'>S, l^fi

237-'S, 249, 305
Saliaii — expelled fro]]i- HoUaml ;!07-'8

" The (SaxoDs or Xetlierlanders) and jVI-

lemanni (Germans) '2'.\^>-'2.'u

Pranks — The first kings of the — K a h i, t x o s

or Mexafjax Flemings .')08-311

iriejlantior P>esiaXn], XA', XVI, XXI, 19, ill, '13, '27,

'31, '3S, '52, '«5, 217, '52, '53. 309

Frisii and Frmabones 63, 84, 111, '37--'S, 249, '50, '53

Prison — The — and English langnages originally

almost identical 112, 'S5-'G

Prisons — The Mediicval — inclnded the Zee-
landers and Holhinders X'^', 1]1-'13

Gaxnaslts 13S-'9, 2,C4, 254

frheiif — Ancient and niedian^al 196-'7

(Jreeks — ( 'onnection of the ancient — with the

Netherlands XA^ 116-'7 'lS-'9, '22-'3

i^ccmslx'crrli 3

HER>riONES — The original ancient middle Germans 120
Hills of Dtin/'/ifin^ — on the Carrrni 55--'6

tiollaui) — The Kingdom of II

" Deri^'ation of tlie name of 28

l^ollan^ — English — "The >SE. subdivision of Lin-
colnshire, l)eing a tract of land recov-
ered from the sea hy a Dutch colons-
settled here" Also called "'Bedford
Jj'vcr '27-28, 194-'5

Ruined as much by the jealousy of Eng-
land as the ambition of Napoleon 8
■' Roman naval and military establish-
ments in 91-94, 195

21

822
Holland If, XIII, XV, 2, 4, 8, lU, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17,
19, 20, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36,51, 52, 60, 68, 69, 76, S3
84,87,91,92,97,98,105,106, 110, 112,113,119,120,122
133,134,138,142, 149,151,154,156,159, 166, 178, 189, 194
201,210,211,213,214,216,217,219,222,223,224,226.238
249,266,289, 291,300
Holland, — Hexry Fox, //r.v/ Lord of{Enf//is/i)
(Before liim, the noble family of Rich also
bore the title of Earl?* of [EnoHsh] Hol-
land.) XIIT
Hollanders — Anecdote of Charles 11 with ]-p-

gard to the charity of the 145

The good Samaritans of Europe 145

Toleration of the 145. \56-'7, 213-'5

HoLLAXDLSH and Zeklaxdlsh Sailoi's compared XI

HoiTible uncertainties of life and jjroperty in

the Netherlands under the last Emperors

of the West — considered 240-'l

<5outmaii 4

Inefficienc}- of the British Fleet under Allectus 277-'9
Ingratitude — England's — to Holland 8--9

Ingcevones — The original ancient Saxons and

Xetherlanders 120-'22

Intolerance — Papal I46--''55

Insignificance of Holland — the territorial— 4

The Sultan Amuraths opinion with re-
gard to 9
Invasion of Britain by Cunstantius Chlorus 272-'84
Invasions of the Frank Confederation — The first 225--'6
Isis — The Saxon or (true) (rerman worship of XXI, 50
Istoevone.^ — The original ancient Upper Germans 120

Jansenist (so called) Church of Holland — The 155

Jews— .The-in Holland 145, 214-5

323

K A H L I N (i Race — Karl i\[artel olO
" '' Kari, the (Treaf (a Kari,-

Saxox or Mexapiax ) 3 1 ()--'! 1

Pepin (THerisfal 309

Pepin of Lancleii 309

Pepin the Short 310

The — "IvARi. Sax
0 X s " or Meiiapians 309-'ri

Lcena — A Meiuipiau fabric 200

It mdxxt 4

Language — Dutch — The antiquity, originality,

and grandeur of the L60-'61

"The Language of the i'7ew,i;/,,(/A' formerly was alto-
gether German^ as was the general Speech of all Gallia
Belgica : but the Merchants of foreign Nations have
bi'ought in a mixture of other neighboring Tongues,
and a notable Alteration. I, Marius n' Assign y, shall
not discourse of tlic Antiquity of this Teidoniek or
German language, which GoropiitK /iera)iiin, and sev-
eral other learned Persons affirm to have been the
Speech of the antient (h'vil)ri, and is esteem'd the
first and the noblest of all Languages b}- some. 1 shall
only alledg the observation of D " A u <; b r G h i i. a i n
of Bii.heck, a Fle.Jtfi'sh (ientlenvMi, who bein^ at Co7i-
utanthwple as Resident for Mn.riinitian the 2nd at the
Ottoman Court, took notice in talking with an Lihabit-
ant of Asia, born upon the borders of the Black Sea, of
- a perfect resemblance between his Language and the
I'lem/.s/i Tongue in several words, which this Person of
Asia writ and pronouncVl in the same manner with
the FloningsS'

Liege — twice captured hy (Charles the Bold 188-'9

Londoji — Menaced with destruction by the dis-
banded troops of Allectus ' XVIIL280-^83
Lord's Prayer and Catechism — in use among

the mediaeval Prisons, including the Menapii 185''-6

:!24
Maritime influeiice of ("arausiiis 262

Maritime glories of Holland 158--'60

Marsatii or Marsaci— The 126, '31 -'2

Mattiaci ( Chattian) — The. according to Grime-
stone, cognate with a portion of the ancient
Zeelauders, their emigrants having coalesced
with the Menapii in the northernmost Zee-
LAXDic. not the Batavian, islands 311

Maximian.VII, IX. X, 14. 15. 29. 31. 36, 40. 44,45, 46,
47. 52. 65, 66. 67. 74. 77, 79, 84. 87, 94, 95
141, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 238, 245, 255,
2-58, 259, 26 J, 288, 290, 295, 298, 308
Defeated by Carausius
In the Xetherlands
Military operations of— in the Low

Countries
()rganizes ;i third fleet
The third fleet of— arrives at Bou-
logne
Maximian's preparati(jns against Carausin.^
Medals and Coins of Carausius. XTII,XVII. 24, 39. 47-9,

287. '96-'7

Meldi 17i. 259--'60

JHenapia X1I1,16,60,83.126,"63,'71.73. "74, "85. "87. "91,

"98. 216, "17. 219, 309. 310, 311
Mexapia — Ancient Zeeland, tirsr discovered

and colonized by the Greeks 116-119, 129
Ancient Insular, i Holland, the
the sanctuary of freedom, ac-
cording to Lucau 96
Modern, Insular, the sanctuary of

freedom, according toMichelet 96

Modern -The home, citadel a- tomVj

of Inuriom the TAcrruRN 21

The — a Confederation 144, 305-'6

46

84

258

-'9

74

79,

80

45

--'6

325
Mexapii &;nvbontl)E3 always identical 113, '15, '16, 251-'5
and iTrieu — The ilediteval — of-
ten identical XV, XVI 111, 309
(Robert of Flanders, XlVth Count of Zeeland, ac-
quired the name of "The FRi^iOX,' by subduing the
Zeelandic islands, in the latter part of the Xlth Cen-
tury. )

illmapii XI, XV, XVI, 9, 15. IG, 19,26,44,63,64,79,84,
85, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, '02,
'05, '06, '08, '09, '10, '11, '12, '14, '20,
'23,'24, '25 '27 '28, '31, "32, '33,'34;35, '36,
'37, '40, '43, '44, '45, '58, '63, '64, '65.
166, 169, 170, 171, 172. 174, 175, 176, 177, 178,
179, 180, 181, 18J, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,
188,189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199,
200, 201, 202, 207, 208, 216, 220, 223, 225,
233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244,245,246,
247, 248, 252, 253, 254, 259, 278, 305, 306,
307, 308, 309, 311
Menapii and Belgic Suevi — The, often

identical 198

" and Ta('o)xanuri always identical 144, '83
" and Zttlavibne, compared with

modern A'enetians XV, 100, '78-9

Characteristics of the 99-106, '28-9

Habitat or location of XVI, 15, 17, 20, 85,

98-'9, 124-'5, '58, '64-5, '88, 254

" Human progress owes all that is

useful to the Saxons and 101, '94-5

" Modern Heroes belonging to the 20-21

" .Mediaeval — The Language of the lS5-'6
" * Naval eminence of the ancient 264-'5

Origin of the name of 126-'T, '34-5, '44
'' The ancient — Zeelanders and

South Hollanders 85. '99. 10J,-"7

326
Mekapii — The — a Confederation, not a sub-
stantive nation ( y) XIV. 144. 305-'6
The — associated in the Saxon League 306

The ambition of the

311

The customs of the 99,

199-211

The colonies of the

27-28

False glories of the Batavi and

Belgse. contrasted with the

true greatness of the 102

First known tf) the Romans in
their maritime campaign of Ju-
lius Circsar against the Veneti.
as the allies of the latter 163-'4

First settlement in the Nether-
lands of the 190
History of the — Plan of the Au-
thor with regard to the 107-'8
In Denmark 27
In England 7-8, 27, 194-'5
In Germania Superior 27
In Ireland, in the latter part of
the Ild Century, under the
walls of Dublin 27
In Sweden 27
In "Wales 27
The — inaugurate the system of
a partisan warfare, or the peo-
ples" wai- 105
Latest mention of the name of the 187-90
Their moral greatness exemplified 9-10
The Media'val l83-'86
The— saik.rs horn 26-7, 99 160
The — Saxons orTrueiiermans XVII^IX,142
The ancient Zeelanders and South
Hollanders, — Conflicting opin-
ions with regard to the origin
of tlu^ ' ' 106-'7

327

Menapii — The race and tcmtory of the — gave
two lines of sovereigns to the
Frank conquerors of the real
(Celtic) French 308-'ll

" 2ll)E"Hnlicr tlje Sncce0sar0 ofnu-
qustng boron to tl)E Heign of
IBiocktian 223-229

<!il)e— tobn- ;3lngnstu0 anb tl}£ otijn-

Cdsars 182-211

tJaberlanb of the 91

" The — why confounded with the

Ta(o)xandri 144

Menapian element — Importance of the 113, '94--'5
" Fausius, a — slays the Emperor

Pertinax 225

or Maas-Scheldic Archipelago —
Hypothesis with regard to the
origin and settlement of the 115-'25, '33-'36
or Maas-Scheldic Archipelago —
the Elysian Fields of the an-
cient world and the cradle of
the arts, science and mythology 161-63
Menapiscus Ager 289

Mempiscum, Mempiscus
or Menapiscus Pagus'''' 184, '85, 'ST

Vicus, 183

*According to the "Memoir crowned by the Academy of
Brussels, in 1770," the Pagus Mempiscus or Menapiscus —
the canton, so called, of the Menapian s, (Karl-
Saxons, Karlings; Franks, Flemings,) who comprised
the Flemish, and bordered upon the GnUic or Celtic, Morini,
towards the south — was much more extensive than the Bail-
liaa-e of Thielt, whose chief town, of that name, lies midwaj^
between Ghent and Yfrcs. It comprised the Quarters of

328
Menas — Menatos. a Meiiaijian ganneut 127. 201

JUfgerttenaars — The — orBrabaiitiaii ( Arbor-

iches) Menapii 110. Di-l^. 16

or Menapii in North Brabant 110

Bourbourg [Bourbourg-ville], Bergues ,Sl. Winox [Bergues],
Cassel and Lille — all in the present Department du Nord,
France, of which the latter, formerly the capital of French
Flanders, is now the seat of government ; Toiirnai — the me-
tropolis of several monarchs, of the Franks, belonging to the
Merovingian race — in the Province of Hainault ; Fumes and
Yprei, in West Flanders ; and a part of those oi Bruges and
Ghent ; and was bounded on the east by the Schelde, which
separated it from ancient Brabant. The Abbey of Tronchi-
ennes (Drongen, two miles west of Ghent, on the Lys) — was
at the northern limit of the Pagus Meminscus, beyond which
commenced the Pff^as GraWe?iSM. Thus in the time of St.
Amand — the middle of the Vllth century — the district which
still retained the Menapiax name embraced the greater
part of the country which has been erroneously assigned by
many writers to the Morini. To this, M. Lesbrodssart, of
Brussels, adds the gratifying assurance that Menapia for
nearly eight centuries enjoyed an iininlernqUed succession of in-
dependent princes, while the Morini and Attrebates had been
forced to submit to laws imposed by a foreign monarchy, and
even at the time he wrote (about 1789) constituted a precious
appanage of the sovereign who reigned over it, whose au-
thority was derived by hereditary right from the illustrious
Counts of Flanders. In religion, as in politics, the Mexapii
were alike independent, and it required hundreds of years
to win them from their ancient faith after their neighbors had
been converted to Christianity, and it was not until the Xth
Century (Couvez) that they could be said to have been
entirely subjected to the doctrines of Ro:nan Catholicism.

While thus establishing the Menapii— [Vlaendrex— (the
Menapii S enior es comprehended the Cor lor in censes (people
of Courtrai, in West Flanders, famous for the Flemings' vic-
tory (1302) over the French, called the (6rst) "Battle of the

329
Military operations in the Xetlierlands from
the time of-^'espasian to the end of the
A^'^estern Empire — ^'ory little kiu)\\-u (jfthe
Roman 245-248

Spurs," because among the trophies were 8,000 knightly
gilt spurs); Atidereniciani (people of Ardres, in the Pas de
Calais, renowned as the nearest town to ihe "Field of the
Cloth of Gold," ]520 ; perhaps (?) Ardenhurg or Rodenburg
in Zeeland, formerly one of the inosl considerable Flemisii
maritime places) ; and Tornacemts, (people of Tournay,) er-
roneously supposed to have been Nervii — Bertius] — in the
possession of Flanders, the celebrated des Roches has shown
with equal certainty that they occupied the Zeblandic
islands, particularly Walkeren, which they protected by dykes
and cultivated with the greatest success.

In fact, Reygersberg, and other chroniclers, undertake to
prove that the islands of Zeeland — of which there were seven
principal ones — weie in old time united and solid ground,
constituting one province with Flanders, from which they
were separated by the fury of ibe sea about A. D. 918, and
that a single plank was all-sufficient to span the streamlet
which served as a line of demarcation.

Between the Fagns Menapiscns and the Zeelandic Archi-
pelago lay the Franc of Bruges, ancient Flanders {Pagus
Flandrensis) or Menapia (Oudeghekst), which is said to have
taken its name from MsvaTrof, (Menapos,) a prince q\' Theeren-
btirch, \_Th''.roncnne ? Roman Taruentia, (mediasval 2Vieere?i-
burch or borchte?) an ancient county and bishopric,]
one of the ten subordinate counties comprehended by
the wrand county of Flanders. To the eastward, this Franc
was bounded by another canton of the maritime M e n a p i i ;
a portion of whom were styled Frisiones, about A. D. 646,
particularly those in the neighborhood o( Breda and Bergen-
op-Zoom (Dewez). East of these again lay the Menapiscus
Xgeu — (F i e 1 d of the M e n a p i i) — known at different
epochs as Menapia, Tafojxandria, the Free Slate of ihe Ar-
boriches, the Campinc, and North or Dutch Brabant — between

330

Momxi— The XI, XVI. (i4. 97. 110. "20, 24" 25. '26. "60.
'U. "6.3. "66, ■68."69. "To, ■.S8. 90. "91. 201,
Mottn — Famous Dutch — of the Order of

the Union 7

the Wahal, the Mans, llie JJemer and ihe Dijlf, and I he
Scheldc. Half encircling and including the souih-eastern
ihird of this tenitory stretched liie kingdom of ihe Franks
under Ct^ovis (Vax Loox), which comprehended the Cis
R h e a a n Mexapii (as well as the Trans R h c n a n, in
Gudderland and the conterminous parts of Utrecht and Over-
Yssel). In llie south-eastern extremit}' of the former stood
jS'vys (Neuss), whose inhabilatus were considered of M e n a -
p i a n lineage as late as ihe XV^th cenlury — (See pages 183-
190). This must have constituted their farthest south-east-
ern settlement (since Bertius bounds them by the Eystian
range of mountains — fifteen miles west of Aix-la-Chapelle,
the birth-place and favorite residence of Chahlemagne) and
Menapii, in the Carbonarian Forest, their most southern.
Northwards were the Inter-Maas and ]Siers marshes of the
Mexapii, in the district known in the XVIIlh century
as the VoGTE i (Bailiwick) of Guclders, hard by Venloo and
Kcmpeii. Kessel on the west bank of the iVIaas, just below the
former is the ancient Castelh.m Mexaporum (Castle of
the M e n a p i i ), the only one of their locations known as a
town in the lime of the first Ctesars. The Head-quarters ot'
the iMenapian ala or contingent was at Taberna (Zabern) in
Alsiice or the Palatinate. — But the heart of Menapia
was Maritoie Flanders, including Zeeland, if Les-
broxjssart is correct in his " Preliminary Discourse,"
which serves as an introductory chapter to Oudegherst's
"Annals of Flanders."

In the center of the vast { Flondro-Zcelandic) Menapian
forests were numerous plains and rich pastures, amid which
(here and there) necessity harl constructed modest hamlets,
which protected at the same time industrious men and their
~]orolific flocks anti herds, whose fleeces and flesh, after they
became acquainted with the Romans, soon assured the com-

331

Navy — State of the Roman — in the Illd

Centuiy 30-'T

Xehallenia Dea — Tlie tutelar goddess ol' the

ilTmapit, the aneient 2cclaiiiiers 'J02-208

Netherlands XI, XV, (k 17, 29, -IG, 84,86,87,91,96,

11 I, My, ■^o.'iiO,"};} '37,77, \S9, '92, '99, 205, '09,

'21, '2"). '3:). '48, '.U, TjO. '72 '81, 293, 305,310

Ancient — Roman I'oads in the 86-'7, 196-98

Physieal clianges hy the action

of the sea, in the XXIl-'in,87, 130, '93-4

Netherlands — Science in the — in the X^'tll

( 'entury XV

State of the— in the lUd, IVth

and ^'th Centuries 305-308

" The ancient — never actually sub-
jugated by the Romans 86-7, 95-'6,
L08-'9, '37, '86, '95-6
" Towns existing prior to the \'th

Century, in the 91-'2

Netherlanders — The imnmnities of the —

prior to Philip II. 218-'9

Nrmivegeu or Nijiiieifeu XI. 90, 92, 1.35, 143, 219,

3lO--'ll
Nuys or Neuss — (llorious defence of —

against Charles the Bold 189-'90

" The a,ncicnt Nova Castra 93

fort and competence of the Menapian nation. Such is the
origin, as small as remote, of that conuneroe which in mod-
ern times raised the Netherlands, but especially Flanders, to
the highest degree of grandeur and opulence. In a measure
from the bosom of lhe. Mcna-piun marshes, (Dutch and West
Flandebs (Kleauder-Land) and Zeeland) issued that inex-
haustible fountain which, augmenting from age to age, rendered
even/ nation tribittarij to its prolific abundance. (Lesbroussart.)

Order — The Dutch — of Knighthood establish-
ed by Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland 7
Oriuxa, Empress consort of Carausius 48. 257
OssiAN — Cards (Carausius) in the poems of 231-233

Papal persecutions 146-55

Papal ''Bulla ix. Cu^iia Domini 151

Patriotism — A remarkable evidence of North

Hollandish 7-9

Persecutions — The Roman I'atholic — in France

and Holland 146-"55

Picts — The, painted men — ( Scots and Caledo-
nians) VI, VII, 19. 40-43, 5.]. 6J, 231. 268
Pirates — The Barbar\' Corsairs, or 35
" The Norman 31, 34
" The Saxon and Frank — defeated by Ca-
rausius 33-37
Popular applause 291-293
Popes of the XA'th Century, XX-XXIII, 295
Power, principles and projects, of (Jarausius

and William III. compared 63-64

Power — -The Imperial — transmuted fi'om a
Triumvirate into a Quinquevirate, com-
posed of three Aigl.st] and two C.esars 66-68
Probus — The military policy of 74
m^la^iLe ' ' XXIV-XXVI
Puritans — The — deri\ e all their good and
useful qualities from their Saxo-Nether-
landish progenitors, and all their evil
from the various other races which have
entered into their formation 194-"5
Puritans— The — descended from Saxo-Men-
apian or Netherlandish colonists of Eng-
land XVI, 194-5

ana

Relics of the Batavi 240
Rhine— The ancient 88- S)
HisE of €avau3iue 229-235
Romans and Saxons, first i'ace to face — The 165-'G
Roman expeditions into Germany — The 235-'6
',' naval stations in Britain after its re-
conquest by Constantius 279-80
Romanism as it is, and not Avhat it claims

to be XVJ, 146- jkI

Bohmnitim's floor] stay ed by Holla luVs dyke 221-223

Sag II in or Saxum^ a Menapian fal)ric XVI, 200

Santa Jitoas (St. Nicholas,) XYIl, 101

Saxons XV, 18, 19, 20, 31, ill, 52, 53, 101, '2, '8,

11, '12, 13, 14, '20, '21, '22, '40, '41. "42,

'58, '65, '94, '99, 203, '24, '27, '30, '33, '34.

'40, '46, '52, '53, '55, '56, '78. '80, '82, 'S3

288, 297, 304, 306, 307, 308.

Saxon conquerors — The, of England — whence 19, 111

" Kings of England— The 17-'8

•' League— The 306

'' Shore — The, (Littus Saxonlcnvi) XM, 140

Sa,xons— Ancient XXI-'Il, 111-15, "22, '36-'7 '39-'40

" The ancient — in Greece lS-'9

Saxons — The derivation ofthe name of the

ancient XV, 111-12

" Influence of the ancient 141

'■ The, in Zeeland 253

'• The, on the seas 226-'7

" The preponderating influence of the 101

" The influence of the — in the elevation

of England 20, 142

Saxony — Ancient — extended to the Rhine

and Schelde XXIII, 143

.•'.84

Saxo-Sciindiiiavian adventurers — Tin- oO

Pirates— The 29-88

Vessels— The 80
Scotland — Two-thirds of — subjected bv Ca-

rausius 40-8. 53-60
Ships— Aucieut 80-81
Skaw or Skageu — The, in Jutland 90
State of Britain when Carausias was inau-
gurated 262-68
when Carausius died 262
Stfrii — Th(^ the ancient \Ve.^f Friezhmderfi 181

Tactics — The naval — of the ancient Romans 80-83
^orstenaon'0 famous march across Germany 68-9
Treaty between the three Emperoi-s, Carau-
sius, Diocletian, and Maximian. Reflec-
tions upon the 64-'5
Triumvirate of Carausius. Diocletian and

Maximian 47-49

Trophies of the second Caledonian war 54-59

Suisro— The (merman Divinity 120-'21

L^nited Provinces — A serial synopsis of the

government of the 115~'6
The stumbling block to

Romanism and despotism 221-223
Usipefes and I'eurhieri — The invasion of the

Rhenish Provinces of the Menapii bv the 180-81

Yauni — The 307

Veter<i Cn^fni (Santen) 93, 139, 247

Yidrus or Yeclit — The 89

YiLLAiiS — Pertinent remark of the Marshal,

Duke de 34

;!H3
Wall of AntoniiniH — The, ro])inrofl by ("araii-

sius ')-i, .")')

War — The first mi.viil — of Caransiiis with the

Romans 45-6

War — of self-preservation between the An-
gusti of the land and the Augustus of the

ocean G'J

\A'ar— The lirst Caledonian 40-43, 231

" The second " 53-61, 231-'3

InUliQin 111. Xll, IS, 'i'J, 27, 44, 63, 145, 194, 211

291, 292, 309

of England, Prince of Orange. An-
ecdotes of 145, 292
The sagacity of 292
lllilliam the Taciturn — Epitaph of 21-22

The tomb of 21-23
Wonders performed at Plenrns by the Dutch

Intantrv, July 1st. 1690 XII

York — -(Eboracum) — The ^'icarian capital of

England 268, 300

Zeeland — The absence of Roman settlements

or ports in ancient 191-'93

was never subjugated by the Romans

— Proofs that ancient 253-255

'' The physical condition of ancient 192-93

(fllEuapia), superior to J^ollmift (Ba-
TAViA) 219-221

" The total ignorance and silence of

the Romans with regard to ancient l91-'92

T HK

%ntmi, Jltlrhrkl aiilr ||Iokni

Atmw

BEING
.THEIE

Chorographical and Ethnological
RELATIONS ;

AS WELL AS A

^ -f

IE

OE THEIR

UPON THE
OF

EMGLAMB AND FEAMGE.

BY
MEMBER OF THE NEW-YORK HISTORJGAL .SOCIETY;

LIFE MEMBER OP TUB UISTORtCAL SOCIETY OF MICHIGAN;
■OURRSPONDINO MEMBEn OF THE STATE HISTORICAI. SOCIETY OF WIFCONSIN ■,

AND OF TUB

NKW li-NrCiT.ANIl lIISTOmOAI, AND GENEOLOCHCAT. anOIKTY :

POUGIIKEBPSIK :

Flalt & Wehmm, Prinlcis,

TO

€!)£ Jlonorable Dcsteiiiranta of tl)e BnU\] ^oloniata

OF

AMERICA.;

(dLktincj^iLLhked fai- fJ'u'niaejA of /^luLi'nctej'^, .

-ftakiLLtij^ af ^aiidiLct,

AND

3ke Sa/ifiai't af clLL fiut, RU'ike and dBLLetaL

jKeaJitu-eA of ^tate ;

AND

SPatticLLicLtiij. fat t/ieit 3tLLe, ^aij^aL, aiuL

ffiiLtci^lvLeiied

THIS TS^ORK,

AS A

t

TESTIMONIAL OF EESPECT AND ESTEEM,
_^j ^fflddlaiiciiaLii^ dedicated
tke.it 3'tieiuL,

1^0. 1.

THE ANCIENT

gcdaiiltirs KuH 5ntc|# Wugs aulr§ral) aittf rs:

AND OF THE

M

XB^XtU

5ar0-iEmanit-Sd|erIaitMs| Coiifelieratioii

(MKNAPIO -FRANK ASSOCIATION).

KtrOWN UNDSR TSB BENSBItJ NILE OF

€&

fmm

m

n

i ^^i^^^ Se ^eljsfe^,

AUTHOR or

^ke JlLfe. af. JEeartcud j3cLitd.en.kojn. ;
a:i]£ JDntcl) at tl)£ JS'ortl) fole anb tl)e SJotci) in JHatni ;

Proofs Gonsidffi'ed of the Early Settlement of Acadie (^Maine) hy the Dutch;

€^t Mil} %Mt nf tjiB %aliit ;
®t)e ^tstorg of Carausiug,

(THB DUTCH AUQUBTUS AMD EMPBROR OP BRITAIN,)

An Historical and Ethnoloffioal Account of the Menapii,
So. &c. do.

Daniel Db Fob (dk Foe), to satirize his countrymen for their ingrati-
tude in abusing King BID51l3lfiSlitt KK5. as a foreigner, and for their
pride in despising the new nobility, the Scfaomjecgs, the Wiepptls, and
the asentincfts, wrote thus: —

" These", pinglishmen] "are the heroes who despise the Dutch,

And rail at new-come foreigners so much,

Forg«tting that themselves are all derived

From the most scoundrel race that ever lived :

A horrid crowd of rambling thieves and drones.

Who ransack'd kingdoms and dispeopled towns—

The Pict and painted Briton, treach'rous Soot,

By hunger, theft and rapine hither brought,

Norwegian pirates, buccaneering Danes,

Whose red-haired ofEspring everywhere remains.

Who, joined with Norman-French, composed the breed

From whence your ' True-Bom Englishmen ' proceed."

(Teue-Bokn Englishman. >

Butored Moordtag to Act of Congress, iu the year 1869, by J. WATTS de PETSTEB, lathe Clerk's
Office of the District Court of tho United States for tho Southcm District of New York.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

COLLECTED BY AND IMPOKTED FOR THE AUTHOK, REFERRED
TO AND QUOTED IN THIS WORK, RELATING TO

atje IBittcl) Jfation, tl)£ HcpnbUe of tl)e WnxtciJ l^xav'mus,
i\)t "Innent lnl)abitant3, Confederations anii SoBcrttgntus
of tl)e present Kingboms of iSelgUiin onb of tlje ?fet(}er-
lanbe, ^^r. #f.

Appleton — Twelfth Night at the Century Club, January
6th, 1858. New York — published by D. Appleton & Co.,
1858.

Barnwell— A Sketch of the Life and Times of John de
Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, to which is added his
Treatisfe on Life Annuities. By Robert Gibbes Barn-
well—New York, 1856.

Becket — Dramatic and Prose Miscellanies, containing "A
Trip to Holland," which furnishes Sketches of Character,
with Cursory Observations on the Manners and Customs of
the Dutch. By Andrew Becket, edited by Wm. Beattie,
2 Vols. — London, 1838.

Beaurain — Feldzuge des Marschalls von Luxemburg
oder Militargeschichte von Flandern, in den Jahren 1690 —
'94, des Ritter von Beaurain. 4 Vols. — Potsdam, 1783.

Brodkicic — A Complete History of the late -War.in the
Netherlands, together with an Abstract of the Treaty at
Utrecht. By Tho. Brodrick— London, MDCCXIIL 2

Vols.

Butler — An Atlas of Ancient Geography. By Samuel
Butler— Philadelphia, 1834.

Bonaparte — Historical Documents and Reflections on
the Government of Holland. By Louis Bonaparte, Ex-King
of Holland. 3 Vols.— London, 1820.

Bizot — Histoire.Metallique de la Republique de Hollande.
Par Mr. Bizot— Amsterdam. 3 Vols., MDCLXXXVIIL

Bertius — Imperatori Ctesari Augusto Electoribus, Prin-
cipibus Civitatibus sacri Imperii Romani, hosce Commenta-
rios suos Rerum Germanicarum dicat libens consecrat que.
Petrus Bertius. 1616.
^ Burton— The History of the House of Orange ;.or a Brief
Relation of the Glorious and Magnanimous Achievements' of
His Majesty's Renowned Predecessors, with the History of
William and Mary, King and Queen of England. By Rich-
ard Burton — Westminster, 1814.

r

6

/ Brandt — History of the Reformation in the Low Coun-
tries. By Gerard Brandt. 2 Vols. ; London, mdccxxv.

Barleum — Res BrasilifE imperante Illustris.(imo). D. L
Mauritio Nassouios, etc. Principe, per C. Barleum & G.
Piso. Clivis, 1660.

BENJAMiN-^-Description Exacte de tout ce qui s'est
passe dans las Guerres entre le Roy d'Angleterfe, le Roy
de France, les Estats des Provinces Unies du Pays-Bas, &c.,
from 1664 to ,1667. Chez Jacques Benjamin — Amsterdam,
1668.

BouLESTYS — Histoire Abrege des Provinces Unies des
Pais-Bas ou I'on voit leurs Progres, leurs Conquetes, leurs
Gouvernement. Par Daniel Boulestys — Amsterdam,
MDCCL

Brandt — La Vie de Michel de Ruiler, Due, Chevalier,
Lieut. Amiral Gen. deHoUande and de Ouest-Frise, Gerard
Brandt— Amsterdam, MDCXCVIIL

Basnage — Annales des Provinces Unies, contenant les
/choses les plus remarquables arrivees en Europe, et dans
les autres partres du monde, depuis les negociations pou
la Paix de Muinster jusqua la Paix de Breda avec la De-
scription historique de leur Gouvernement. Par M. Bas-
nage ; 2 Vols. ; a La Haye, MDCCXXVI.

Brochures Belgiques, I Vol., Historical Pamphlets, pub-
lished at different places in Flanders. 1827—1828, &c.

Basnage — Annales des Provinces Unies, &e. Par M.
Basnage— a La Haye, MDCCXXVI. 2 Vols.

BizoT — Histoire Metallique de la Republique de Hol-
lande. Par M. Bizot— Paris, MDCLXXXVIL

Bregibern — Deutscher Regiefungs uud Ehrcn Spiegel,
&c. Johann Ulrich Bregibern — Berlin, 1703.

Carr — A Tour through Holland, along the Right and Left
Banks of the Rhine, to the South of Germany, in the Sum-
mer and Autumn of" 1806. By Sir John Carr — London,
1807.

CiESAR— Translated by Wm. Duncan. 2 Vols. — New
York.

Carew — A Remonstrance of The interested in the ship
Bona Esperanza and Henry Bona Adventura of London,
with a Narrative of the Proceedings in the Case (depending
before the States General of the Seven United Provinces, &c.
by George Carew, Esq. — London, MDCLXII.

Champagnac— Guillaurac le Taciturne et sa Dynastic,
Histoire des Pays-Bas (Hollande et Belgique), &c. &c. Par
J.B. J. Champagnac— Paris, 1852.

s

Ghakacters of the Principarl Nations in Europe-^-A Re-
view of the. 2 Vols.— London, MDCCLXX.

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terre, d'Ecosse, de France, et d'Irelande, Prince d'Orange,
&c. ParN. Chevalier— Amsterdam, MDCXCII.

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Grande Ouvrage de M. Keyvyn de Lettenhove. Par
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CoMMELYN — Histoire de la Vie et Actes memorables de
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D'AssiGNY — The History of the Earls and Earldom of
Flanders, from the first Establishment of that Sovereignty
to the Death of the late King Charles II. of Spain, &c.
By Marius d'Assigny ; London, 1701.

Duncan — Cjesar, translated by William Duncan, Profes-
sor of Philosophy in the University of Aberdeen. 2 Vols.
New York..

De Blainville — Travels through Holland, Germany,
Switzerland, and Italy. Containing a particular Description
of the ancient and present State of those Countries, their
natural, literary and political History, &c. By the late
Monsieur de BUiiuville. 3 Vols. ; London, MDCCLXVII.

De Reiffenberg — Messager des Sciences et des Arts
de la Belgicjue oux Nouvelles Archives-Historiques, Liter-
aires et Scientifiques; Recueil public par Mons. F. de Reif-
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A. Voisin, et L. A. Warnkoenig. 3 Vols. ; Gand, 1833.

Davies — The History of Holland and the Dutch Nation,
from the Beginning of the Xth Century to the End of the
XVHIth,&c. By C.M.Davies. 3 Vols.— London, MDCCCLL

Dewez — Histoire Generale de la Belgique depuis la
Conquete de Ca3sar. Par Mr. Dewez — Bruxelles, 1805.
7 Vols.

De Blainville— Notice sur Henri de Gand f'ameux
dans les Annales Ecclesiastiques ct dans la Republique,
des letlres. Gand, 1828.

Delepierre — Chroniques, Traditions et Legendes de
I'Ancienne Histoire des Flamands. Rouueilles par M. Oc-
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Delices des Pays-Bas. Seventy-four Views in Brabant,
Flanders, and Holland.

DicELius— Des Herrn de la Croix konigl: Majest: inFrank-
reech Geographi Geographia universalis das ist Allgemeine.
Bilt Beschreibung,&c. Hieronymus Dicelius — Leipzig, 1697.

8

Du J3ois-— Vies des Gouverneurs Geiieraux, avec I'Abru-
go de I'Hisloire des Establissemens Hollandois aux lude*
OrientaltJS, Par J. P. I. duBois— a La Haye, MDCCLXIll.

Earls of Flandeks — The History of the : From the
tirst Establishment of that Sovereignty to the Death of the
late King Charles II. of Spain. London, 1701.

ExDTERN — Hieronymi Beschen feldster Jahrne Leis
Beschreivung Nurmburg In versegung Wolfsgang die.<
jangerin und Johann Andrese Endtern, J659.

Eyndius — Chronici Zelandiss Libri duo Auctore Jacobo
Ktndio Domino Haemstode etc. Middelburgi, MDC XXXIV.

Felltham — Resolves ; divine, moral and political, with
several new additions, (particularly "Three Weeks Observa-
tions of the Low Countries, Especially Holland,") both in
prose and verse, not extant in the former impressions. By
Owen Felltham— London, MDCCIX.

FoppENS — Les Delices des Pais-Bas, conienant une De-
scription generale des XVII Provinces. Edition nouvelle,
divisee en III Volumes, augmentee de plusieurs Remarques
curieuses, & enrichie de figures. Chez Frangois Foppens —
3 Vols.— a Brusselle, MDCCXI.

FoRMAN — An Historical Account of the Antient Parlia-
ments of France, or States-General of the kingdom, ....
shovsring the Quality of the Members that composed those
Assemblies, &c. ; to which is added a Chronological Abridge-
ment of the History of France, under the Reigns of the
Kings of the First Race. Written in French, by the Count
lie Boulainvilliers. Translated by Charles Forman, Escj.
2 Vols. ; London, mdccxxxix.

Gibson — The Prison of Weltevreden, and a Glance at
the East Indian Archipelago. By Walter M. Gibson — ^ew
York, 18-55. ^

GcEREE — De Kerklyke en weereldlykeHistorien uyt d'Aal-
Ouwde aard-beschryving en Uytgezogte gedenk-Penningcn
opgehelderd door W. Goeree — Amsteldam, 1705.

Grotius — Hugonis Grotii de Jure Belli ac Pacis, Libri
tres, &c. Trajecti ad Rhenum (Utrecht), 1773.

Grotius — Hugo Grotius de Rebus Belgicis, or The An-
nals, and History of the Low Countrey Warrs, rendered into
English by T. M,, of the Middle Temple. London, 1665.
"" Gkattan— ijlje agistors of tije Netl)crlonbs, by Tnoji.As Collf.v
Grattan ; new edition. London, 1830.

Ibid, Philadelphia, 1831.

Grimeston — A General History of the Netherlands, with
the Genealogieand Memorable Acts of the Earls of Holland,
&c. By Ed. Grimeston. London, 1608.

GAZiiTTiiiia ul ll)u IHelbcrlaiids, conlaiaiug a full account
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Genealogie Des Illusties Cointcs de Nassau nouvellement
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CAicz Jean Janssz, Amsterdam.

GuiccAUDiNo — Belgicas sive interioris Germauia; descriji-
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Harris — A new History of the Life and Reign of William
Henry, Prince of Orange and Nassau, King of England,
Scotland, &c. ; with two Dissertations on the Government
of Holland, and a brief Account of the Illustrious House of
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Haltausius — Ghristianus Gottlob ; Calendariura Mcdii
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HisToiRE abrcgee des Provinces-Unies des Pais-Bas, &c.
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Humphreys — The Coinage of the British Empire : an
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By Henry Noel Humphreys, London, mdcccliv.

James — The History of Charlemagne. By G. P. R.
James, Esq., New York, 1833.

Janicon — Etat present de la Republique des Provinces
Unies et des Pais qui en dependent. Par M. Francois Michel
Janicon ; a La Haye. 2 Vols. ; mdccxxix.

10

Jones — Lettres dc Monsieur le' Chevalier Temple, ecriics
durant son Ambassade a La Haye, au Conte d'Arlinglon,
ct a M. le Chevalier Jean Trevor, Secretaries d'Etat, Sous
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Junius — Hadriani Junii Batavia in qua praeter Gentis et
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Kembel — His Majesties Propriety and Dominion on the
British Seas asserted, together with a true Account of the
Netherlanders' Insupportable Insolencies and Injuries, &c.
&c. By an experienced hand, R. C. Printed for Andrew
Kembel, London, 1665.

KoHLRAUSCH — A History ol Germany from the earhest
period to the present time. By Frederick Kohlrausch, trans-
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Latham — The Germania of Tacitus, with Ethnological
Dissertations and Notes. By R. G. Latham, London, 1851.

La Campagne de Namur, contenant une relation iidelle
de tout ce que s'est passe de plus memorable pendant la prise
de cette importante Place, avec les divers mouvemens des
Armees confederees et ceux dc I'armee dc France dans les
Pays-Bas, a La Haye, 1695.

Lbbon — Memoire sur les Forestiers de Flandre. Par M.
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•Le Clehc — Histoire des Provinces Unies des Pays-Bas,
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Le Clerc — Three vols, bound in one, without medals,
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Le Long — Kabinet van Nederlandsche en Kleefsche Oud-
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Leslie — Narrative of Discovery and Adventure in the
I'olar Seas and Regions, &c. By Profs. Leslie, .Tameson, &
Hugh Murray, No. XIV, Harpers Library, New York, 1831.

Lesbroussart — Annalesde Flandre de P. D'Oudegherst
ctirichies de Notes grammaticales, historiques et critiques,
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.MDCCLXXXIX.

11

Lives, English and Foreign, including the History oi" Eng- "
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By several hands ; 2 vols. ; London, 1704.

LoYS-^— Memoire snr Ics Forestiers de Flandre, envoye a la
Societe des Antiquaires de la Morinie a Saint Omer, pour le
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MAASKAMi?-'-Representations of dresses, morals and cus-
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1808.

Menzel — The History of Germany from the earliest period
to the present time. By Wolfgang iMenzel; translated from
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MuiiEAY — A Hand-Book for Travellers on the" Continent ;
being a Guide through Holland, Belgium, Prussia, and North-
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Murphy — The works of Cornelius Tacitus, with an essay
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Pastokius — Johannes Augustinus— -Europceischcr Neuer
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12

Plantin- — Les Chioniques at Annates de. Flanders con-
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Saaiis — Johann Jacob Saars, Ost-Indiauischc Funszeneri—
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jSee Helden — Leben und Thoten der Durchlauchtigsten —
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13

Valerius CARAUSIUS, Emperor in Brittain. By William
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14

Van Call — Admirandorutn qujulruplex Spectaculum, cle-
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15

Slcilia, Maltha, Sardinia, Corsica, Majorca, Minorca, &c.
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De WioQUEFOiiT — L'Histoire De I'Etahlissennont do la Repiib-
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Statte auch anderer vornchmen in solchen Landerri sichbefinden-
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Zeillekn — Topographia Gallia3 oder Resohreivbung und Con-
trasaitung der vornehmbsten und bekantislen Oerter in dern
machtigen und grossen konigreich Frankreioh Beedes ausz oyg-
ner Erfahrung und den besten und beruhmbtesten Scribenten so in
underschiedlichen Spraaohen davon auszgangen seyn auch ausz
erlangten Bericht und Relationem von eltichen Jahrren hero zusam-
men getragen in richtige Ordinung gebraoiit und auff begehien
zum Druct verfertiget durch Martinum Zeillerum, Franckfurt am
Mayn, mdclv.

copter

Who ? Whence ? Where ? What ?

A SUBSTANTIVE NaTION OR A TRIBAL ^ASSOCIATION ?

The ilI€3ira?pJl—(MENAniOI)— Who were they?*

To any but an ethnologist, who is not content with ohserv-
ing-with the eyes- of others, or investigating at second-hand,
they were a Scandinavian or Saxon people, [as. Knox says, "I
avoid the words German and Teuton, as liable to equivoque,"]
who, — having emigrated from the cradle of the intelligent
Saxo-Teutonic race, and gradually worked their way towards

*According to Eyndius, the expansion of Greek civilization
— whose leaven, says Knox, was the infusion of Scandinavian
male-intellectuality — like the circle on the water, gradually
increasing its circumference by the centrifugal impulse of
commerce, planted colonies upon the Zeelandic shores;
which were peopled (if then inhabited at all) by a savage,
aboriginal offshoot of the original Asiatic exodus — impelled
by that far, remote, unexplained emigration, hypothetical as
to details, but certain as to the main fact — which ethnologists,
have deluged with imaginary theories, without making any-
thing more apparent than that such a physical movement did
take place.

Who ? what ? or whence t the original inhabitants of Zee-
land were, (if inhabited long anterior to our era,) nobody
knows to a certainty, and nobody will ever learn upon this
earth. The Romans were only aware that the Maas-Scheldic
archipelago had a people, brave, fierce, unconquerable, in-
telligent, acquisitive, enterprising, making themselves felt,
but withal so very indefinitely known that their history seems
like a myth. Still, sufficient has been discovered to prove
that there, in that "seakij" (boggy, wet, ^Salqp — Halliwell])
district, existed the germ of what afterwards grasped the
world with its adventurous, nature-overcoming, fear-ignoring,
aspirations, or "spatula-shaped'" fingers ; the germ of that nn-
tion which

— ■'Laid bis lumd npoii "tlic OG0a!i'.s inano."
Auil played familiar witli liw lioary lod;s".;

something like one of those vast Saurian reptiles, mud-em
bedded, dreadful to contemplate in its fossil remains, of which

17

the West,* — absorbed the remnants of the original Greek
settlers, t and the relics of the Cimbri and Teulones,|
at the mouth of the Rhine and inhabited, in the Isl Cen-
tury B. C.,^ a district between the Maas and the Schelde — by

we know so little, except that they lived and moved in obe-
dience to the sajne laws which now regulate their pigmy
representatives (or desce,ndants). This much comparative
anatomy teaches us, and no more. And thus, from the same
modified features in the Netherlander of modern times, we
arrive at an estimate of the masculine vastness of the primi-
tive Menapian-Zeelander — individually huge in his free in-
stincts, imbibed from his very habitat and its environings,
which saturated him, as it were, with the liberty of that
which knows no earthly master — the sea. ( The History of
Carausius, &c., hereafter designated simply Carausius, by
J. Watts de Peystek, pages 117~'18.)

*The Natural History of the Human Species in its typical forms, primce-
val distributions, filiations and migrations — [hereinafter designated as
Smith's Human Species] — by Lieut. Ool. Ohas. Hamilton Smith, London,
1853, and^MBNZBL's History of Germany, I, 3-5.

t Oaeausiub, Pages 118-'9, 122-'3, 129, 133-'4-'5. Lord Dufferin's Let-
tors from High Latitudes, Note* Page 46.

Any one who wiU examine Turner's Anglo-Saxons, will be satisfied that
the ancient Greeks not only were acquainted with Northern and Western
Europe and Britain, but had traded thither and established colonies
therein. B. 0. 1.

% Oaeausiub, 129-131 ; also 190. CnKONici Zelahdls of Jacob Eyn-
dius. Ohap. VIII : Before Julius Caasar, the most ancient inhabitants of
the Maas-Scheldic Archipelago were the Theban Hercules and his follow-
ers, the Greeks. (Pages 43-'8.)

Ohap. IX, The German Ocean was navigated by the ancient Greeks and
the Netherlandish shores known to them. The Greeks wore expeEed
from the Maas-Bcheldic Archipelago by the Oimbri and Teutones. (Pages
48-54.)

5^"It was at this period, (B.C. 114-101,) that the Menapii
are supposed to have crossed the Rhine, and possessed them-
selves of the countries designated hereinbefore, from time to
time, coalescing with the {Rhenish) Chauci [a] on their new
northern frontier, and the Eburones, the Treviki, the Nervii,
the Atuatici, and the Morini on their southern. These facts
are recalled, or an ordinary memory could not retain them
with satisfactory distinctness."

' [«] After the emigration of the Oimbri and Teutones, wa have seen the
Oauoi succeeding to the ruins of their northernmost homes, coA'ered \vitli

18

some restricted between the Rhiae and the Maas, afterwards
even to the shores of the lower Maas — the greater part of
whom were subjugated by Julius Caesar and wore the yoke
of the Roman Emperors until lost in the invasiojis of the
Franks.

Ts this true ? Yes as true as the majority of histories writ-
ten by superficial investigators, but most untrue as a closer
examination will demonstrate to every unprejudiced mind.

The Menapii were a confederation who extended, B. C.
1, from the eastern shore of the Rhine to the Ocean, from
near Namur and the southern limits of Flanders to the mouth
ofthe Maas {Helium ov Ostium (?)Mosa) — while an outlying dis-
trict was bounded by the Old Rhine-Proper, which flowed b}"
Leyde7i on the south, and the Fossa JDi'usii and Tssel on the
east, with indefinite limits towards the north and west*.

Be this as it may, when Julius Caesar carried his arms into
Belgic Gaul thay had lost their territory on the east of the
Rhine by the invasion of the Usipetes and Tenchteri [Ca-
rausius 380-'l] — afterwards associated with them. As
neither the Ccesart nor his generals ever crossed the Maas,
Schelde or Rhine-proper, nothing certain is known of the
Northern Menapians until they are recognized at subsequent
eras under the names of Chauci, Slcambri, Salian Franks,
&c., &c.

tlie viscid deposits of tlie fl nves. as if the serpent of tlie ocean.* whiclitlie
ancicn L ScandinaWau mythology conceived as encircling the earth, had left
tlie same token of its halefiU "\isit that reveals tlie passage of a liviog
water-reptile, -n-hich defiles -with its slime the prey it is ahoutto devour, or
satiety forces it to disgorge. Oaeaitbitjs, p. 190.

•"MelhinkB, when tempests come asd kisa tbo Ocean,
Until the vast ana terrible billows wake,
I see the wrilJtinff of that curled snake
Which men of old believed — and my emotion
Warretfa witbin me, (ill tbe fable reigns
God of my fancy, and my cardUng Veins
Do bomage to that serpent old,
Tfliteh clasped the great world in its fold.
And brooded over earth, and the charmed sea,
Like endless, restless, drear Eternity .'"

BARKY COESrWAlL.

*See Map (SoUandkB Choi-ographia) in the ■■Serum et WrHs Amitelo-
dam^nsium Historia,'' by Johx Isaac Poxtaxcs — [hereafter cited as the
History of Anuterdam by Poxtaxus] — Amsterdam, 1611. In his first
chapter the Northern Hollanders, especially the people about Amsterdam,
Ipages 4r-^5) are styled the Northern Menapians (MBSsrAPii Boheales.)

t Oheoxici ZsLAifDi.E by Jacob Eyndius J//(WeZJMrg', 1G34; Chap. VI,
page 32 to 36. "Tlie Maas.-Scheldic Archipelago, ivas inhabited by a fierce
and nuconquerable people, who were indefinitely known to Jnlins Ca?sar.'"
Examine pages 33-'4, 35-'G.

o'

• 19

Julius C^sar — whose Commentaries contain the first re-
liable mentioa of them — presents so few facts concerning
their actual condition, that, making our own deductions from
his involuntary admissions, we must believe he never pene-
trated beyond the frontiers of their territory. In many re-
spects they were a powerful people, possessing flocks and
herds, but more devoted to commerce than agriculture.

THfey inhabited a large portion of East Flanders, the great-
er part of West Flanders, Antwerp, Limburg — being that
part of Belgium north of the Durme, Rupel, Demer, and a
line drawn from Hasselt toRuremonde, or the junction of the
Maas and the Roer — and, in Holland, the provinces of Zee-
land, South Holland, south of the Maas proper, {Helium or
Ostium Mosce,) — i. e. the islands ; likewise [?] that portion [.'j
between the Lech and the Merwe or Maas ? and that part of
Guelderland between the Waal and the Maas.

At Kessel, just above the union of the Maas and Roer, they
seem to have had a single town or fortified post, called Castellurn.
Menapiorum; but with this exception they appear to have
lived, according/to the customs of the Germans, not in large
fenced villages or fortified towns, but in the woods and low
grounds, surrounded by noble water-courses, and also in
their ships. [For Kessel, Vredius and others read Cassel.']

It is probable, but not proven, that the great conqueror and
commentator subjugated the Belgian — using the word in its
modern acceptation — not Belgic, portion of their territory,
except West Flanders, which remained, nominally, altogether,
incorporated with the Cis-Rhenan German provinces of the
Empire. Menapia Proper — constituting ancient Flanders,
afterwards known as the Franc de Bruges (Dewez, Histoire
Generale de la Belgique, I., 263), the modern Maritime
(Flamengant) Flanders, and the Maas-Scheldic (Zeclandic)
Archipelago — never submitted to the Romans, and was the
HOME-LAND of the JFrauks. Thus the whole maritime tract
extending from the dull stream of the Aas (which emp-
ties into the German Ocean near Gravelines), the northern
boundary [.''] of the Mokini, who inhabited about St. Omer, to
(as far as) the Ebukones, whose capital city was Liege, be-
longed to (was occupied by) the MENAPII. These held
alliance with the Romans, hut never submitted to their yoke at
all, nor permitted them to introduce their language, but retained
in perpetual use the Teutonic (Theotiscam) dialect, now
Dutch. Therefore, on this account, they called themselves
FRANCI (Free Men), from the liberty they enjoyed.*

*VERY IMPORTANT AND CONCLUSIVE. — Est

20

Although geographers and historians agree to confine the
Menapians within the extreme, first mentioned limits, all do

autem lingua ilia vulgaris non alia, quam Romana corrupta ;
seu, ut ait Jul.(ius) Scaliger :* LatiruB linguce abortus ; namque
c latio est, forma depravata, infractis aspirationibus, distortis
vocalium sonis, ad difformes diphthongos, &c. Concilium Tu-
ronense (Concil. 3 Can. 11), habitum anno 813, liri|;uam
hanc rusticam vocat Romanam, isthoc Canone. Unusquisqnc
Episcopiis, Sjc, ; homilias aperte trans/erre studeat, in rusticam
Romanam linguam, aut Theotiscam, quo Jacilius possint cuncti
intdligere qua dlcuntur. Theotiscam videlicet pro partibus
hisce maritimus : Rusticam Romanam pro reliqua Gallia.
Sic S. Mommelinus dicitur suffectus in locum S. Eligii Epis-
t:opi Tornacencis { In ejus Vita) : Quod vir essei mnctissima
film, ac Romanum non minus, quam Teutonicam calleret linguam.
Quia nimirum utriusque lingute homines illi Episcopatui
suberat.

Linguaj Teutonicas sive Theotiscse. i. Teutsohe,
Dijydtsche, usus fuit tola Gallia, priusquam Romani eam
occuparunt : qui, ut ait D. Augustinus (De Civitate Dei, I. 19,
c. 1 ), non solum jugirni, verum el jam linguam suam domitis gen-
tibus imposuerunt; atque ita, ul loquitur Plinius (lib. 3, cap, 5J,
iwpulonim. discordes jferasque linguas, sermonis commercio, con-
traxerunt ad colloquia. Unde quod de Hispanis Strabo: Q?«
ad Bcelim colunt plene planeque conversi in Romanos ritus, adeo
tit nee sermonis suipatrii meminerint ( Apud Isacum, loco citato).
Idem de Gallis : Eos ultra non dicendos Barbaras, utpote mu-
tatos in Romunorum morem, et lingua et vita, quosdam atque civili
gubernatione (Ibidem).

Linguam hanc Romanam, quod certis iisq ; variis regulis
constet, nulli, nisi praeceptis ejus instructi, atque adeo pri-
mates viri, observarunt ; plebs instructione destituta plane
corrupit. Fuit tamen ab initio, ut ex diplomatibus, eorum-
(]ue prooemiis patet, multo, quam nunc sit, vicinior Latinse.

(Cp'Eadem ilia est, qua locuti sunt tota Gallia, hoc, in quo
sumus, tractu excepto ; qui Theotiscam perpetuo retinuit :
quod nunquam, a Romanis omnino fuerit subactus. Incolae
Menapiorum vocabulo olim appellati ; de quibus Strabo :
Menapiis contermini ad mare Moiini. Unde Jos.fephus] Scal-
iiger (In Notitia Galllie): Pars hodierna Hollandiee, et Bra-
bantite maritima: (vel potius secundum Straboncm) ora Flandria
maritima, sunt veri Menapij ; et Menapiscus pagus dicitur in

AirrnoRTTT. — In pro-fol (ion^) Thes. gall, apud Ifoc. pontr lib. 6.
cap. 34.

21

not -coincide with regard to the exact location of the Mkna-
pii-proper. Julius CyESAR seems to be satisfied with de-

capiculariis Garoi.1 Magni pro FlandricB Comitatu. Julius
etjam Csesar ( Commentariorum, liber 3, liher 6) ; Gallia pacata,
Morini Menapijqne supererant, qui in armis essent.' Item : Qiii
proximi Oceano fuerunt, ij in insidis se occultaverunt, quas oestus
efficere consuevit. Ibidem : Erant Menapii propinqui Eburo-
num Jinibus, perpeluq paludibus sylvisque inuniti. Ibid. : Lon-
gius prosequi verit2is, quod sylvcB paludesque inter cedtbant.

ffJ^Totus itaque tractus hie maritimus, a Morinis, qui
Audomarenses, usq; ad Eburones, qui Leodienses, Menapi-
orum erat. Hique societatem cum Romanis habuere, nun-
quam omnino eorum jugum, ut neque linguam, admiserunt.
Ideoque se, a libertate, Francos appellitarunt.

05°'Unde et Morinis adhuc vicina pars Flandriaj, in an-
liquissimus diplomatibus, Franca, nunc etjam, vernacula
voce 1^®2[: t)lf €— THE FREE— nominatur ; ut et ea,
quam Zelandi ultra Scaldem et Hollandi, et Geldri, &c., in-
colunt; de quibus ita Procopius (Lib 1, Belli Gothici) : In
Oceanum Rhenua elahitur, paludes pmterea, his in locis, non pau-
c<x, ubi primitus Germani, gens Barbara habitabat, nee magni
turn primum momenti viri, qui Fhanci (Free Men) nunc vacant-
ur.

(I?'Iidem et Frisii appellati. Ptoloraseo {Phreisioi) Scaf-
naburg Ad annum 1071 : Frisiam, inquit, quw conjinis est
FlandricB. Sic et Douza {Annalium, Liber 10, /. 480), re-
gionem, ultra Scaldem (nam Flandria ad Scaldem et Scal-
diam usque, nunc SOTf ^Eto®3Sr pertingebat) ait : Unius
Frisice nomine censam. Et Grotius {De Antiq. Bat. ], 38) de
Roberto Frtsone nostro : qui, quod Hollandos regeret, qui
Frisii did nondum, desierant inde Frisium cognomen acccpit.

(tF'Nomen a libertate factum, ut et Francus ; nam The-
otisoa lingua, fri et t)ri et fm : uti et iFrflUC et Orattt liberum
significat. Quare Adrianus Junius : hcec, inquit (In Bait.
Cap. 3. fol. 24), gens, ut et Francica, certe conjuncta, si non ea-
dem eandemprope gloria hareditatem cernere, ambitu quodam, et
pecidiari tenendce libertatis studio, videiur pari ardore operata
qua} nominis utroqtiefuit,

OIp'Atque hi fuerunt illi Franci, qui, duce Faramundo,
primoDrusiburgum, nunc mnistmrg; deinde, Clodione jege
Tornacum et Cameracum invaserunt: quique, temporisac,"
fortunee successu ; ' Ambianum, et Parisios occuparunt, ac
demum tota Gallia Romanos expulerunt.

22

ocribiiig them as a people oi' German origin in Belgic Gaul,
and Cluverius with all his diffuseness saj's but little more
even while indulging in a theory of his own; DIo^' Cassius,
Tacitos and Ptolemy simply corroborate Cassar ; Steabo
— whom Eyndius declares the best interpreter of Cajsar —
locates them in eastern Utrecht [?] Gueldreland, Cleves, Bra-
bant, Flanders, Zeeland and the South-Holland islands, and —
according to the conclusion of Eyndius again — bounds them
southward by the \^Sabis, Rr.?] edge of the Ardennes Fores!.
Sprunek in his Ancient Atlas, restricts them in Zeeland to
fValcheren, North and South Beveland and the smaller islands
immediately contiguous ; assigning Schouwen, Duiveland and
Tholen to the Ta(o)xandri — (as if the Ta(o)xandri were not
a misnomer of Pliny for the Brabantian and Zeelandic Men-
apii) and Goeree, Overflakke, Voorne, Bijerland, Ysselmonde,

OlP'Hos quidem, in principio, non alia lingua, quam The-
tisca usos fuisse, vel exipso Faramondi, quod est
lUaamionb aut irraimanb aliisque priniorum Francioe
Regum nominibus apparet.

Quia tamen Romanorum interdum societatem admittebant,
variosq ; cum iis contractus inibant, linguse Romanaj sen-
sem sunt assuefacte, eaque Reges ac regni Primores ad
precepta regulasq ; sunt locuti, barbara subinde interjecta
voce ; vulgo autem non nisi corruptum, aut rusticum illud
Romanum idioma usurpanle.

Quam Francicae gentis et linguae originem, plerique scrip-
tores Gallic! prudentiores agnoscunt, ut alias latins ostend-
am : unico nunc Ludovici Turqueti testimonio contentus ;
quod in sua Francorum Historia recitat Jacobus de Charron,
( EnV Histoire d'Espagne,Fol.6, V2,J ejusdem cum illo et me-
cum opinionis : Les Francos, inquit, se trouvans, avec les
Sicambriens, es fays de Clives, Julliers, Gueldres, Hollande, Ze-
lande et autres circonvoisins, esquels ils avoint este contraints dc
s'escarter, pour eviter la violence des Remains, ils s'en sontjinale-
ment reunis souhs une mesme Couronne, et erige un Royavme en
Gaule. — Pages 33, 34 and 35, of that remarkable book, the
Sigilla Comitum Flandrise et InscriptionesDiplomatum ab
iis editorum cum exposilione historica Olivari Vredi Juris —
Consulti Brug. Ex quibus apparet, quid comitibus Flandria^
accesseril, decesseritve, et qua ratione Hispaniarnm, aliaq Regno,
nee non septemdecim Belgii, cseteraeq Provincice, ad Philipp-
um Magnum IV Hispaniarum Regem, sint devoluta?. Oliva-
rius Vredms Brugis Flandrorum apud Joannem Baptistam
Kerchovium, via alta, sub signo Bibliorum, Anno 1639.

23

and the Biesbosch group lo the Marsaci, who were certainly
comprised among the Ta(o)xandrian population. <

PoNTAtJus is the only modern writer who maps out the
Ancient Netherlands according to the description of Strabo,
whom Maltebrun styles the first or most reliable geographer
of antiquity ; Cellarius leaves the reader in great doubt as
to what his opinion was in regard to the boundaries of the
Belgo-German nations ; Raimond MAULiANns confines the
Menapii to JulierStGuelders and Cleves ; Littx-eton to Brabant
and Cleves; Ortelius to Brabant and Flanders; Lesbrous-
SART, d'Oudegheest and Macbban to Flanders ; Reyger-
BEHG and his clique agree with the last, but extend them in-
to S. Zealand; Eyndius a.d'ds NorlhBrubant and the Smith Hol-
land islands ; while other medioeval chorographers bring them
down southwards and eastwards even into the northern part
of the krchepiscopal-electorate o? Cologne, and southwards to
the vicinity of Namur.^ Ainsworth, the great modern light
and Latin lexicographer of preceding generations considers
them people of Antwerp, Ghent and Brabant, which entirely
coincides with the ideas of Ortelius, and partially with those
of Veedius and the best Flemish authorities ; likewise by in-
duction with those of Mi^helet, who makes Carausius an
^retoerper, whom the Roman historians of his day stigmatize
as a Menapian ; — consequently Antwerp and Menapia were
identical. The noble Grattan, who, in the author's opinion,
has written the best concise history of the Netherlands — de-
scribes the Menapians as "a people who occupied the present
provinces of Flanders and Antwerp. "t

Many other authorities might be cited, but surely enougli
have been furnished already. To sum up the matter, the
MENAPII, per se, as a subst^intive nation, occupied ihe
country between the Rhine and the Meuse, and the Schelde
and the Ocean', their confines fluctuating somewhat, from
lime to time, according to the leds or greater pressure of the
environing Roman power. This district comprises the prov-
ince of Zeeland, the Zuid-Holland islands, a small riparian
share of Guelderland, a goodly portion of Noord-Brabant and
Flanders — a district which has given birth to more great ad-

*See B^" extracts from Vkedius (who extends them from the Aas
to the Lech), and Beettos (soiith-eastward to the Eiffel Mountains),
infra.Ijg^

tCompare Caesar's Commentaries of his Gallic War^; Dio. Cassius,
Liber LV ; Berlier's Precis de I'Histoire de TAncieime Ganle ; Des
Roches' Histoire de la Belgiqne, &c. &c.

24

rairals and enterprising mariners than any other territory ot
equal dimensions in the world.*

The Menapian Confederation had members in the lord-
ships or provinces of Utrecht and Guelderland, the duchies
of Cleves, Juliers and Guelders ; ultimately the whole of
the Spanish or Austrian Netherlands. .

The Menaph proper were the sailor-borni race, ■par excel-
lence, where found upon the ocean and its estuaries ; a mili-
tary people along their eastern and southern frontiers ; an
agricultural community in their central seats ; and ipatrioti
everywhere — the only people of record whom Julius C^sar
encountered and could not compel to pass under the yoke.
But, viewed under these different aspects, we must not con-
sider them as an amalgamated nation, but as a Confedera-
tion,! as their name imports, derived from two German
words,illl(£ffiN-!^irir@:[GEMEKN-scHAP,Dutch], .signifying a
Community of Nations, or a Confederation.^

Although ethnologists and commentators seem to agree
to disagree with regard to the extent of the Menapian power
and influence, their disagreement, especially with regard to
the location of the Menaph, is susceptible of the most satis-

*It would be almost sufiBcient to say that it was the nativo-land of
OARAUSIUS ; that BriU was the birth place of Teomp, Wittb Wit-
TEBBBT, and VAN Almondb, who commanded at La Bogue ':
Dordrecht or Dort of the de Wittb ; and Flushing of db Rttytee,
to claim for it the highest honors. Bnt when we add, it was Opda:\i's
Fatherland, that Heyn came from Delft-Haven, Van Gend from Utrecht,
on the Old Rhine, (Adrian VI. [Floeiszoon] one of the very few roally
good popes was born here,) Van CoetbNjEE and Van Beakbl from Rot-
terdam, (which last city was the birth-place of Geeeit GEUErrz [Eeasmub]
as Delft of de Gboot [Geotius], and Heinsius,) — what need wo say more
to exalt the country of the Menapii. Aiid yet more can be said. It proved
the home and citadel of the "Silent One," William the Taoittjen, Prince
of Orange, the "Father of his Country" ; it was the first land to assert tlie
cause of freedom and maintain it against all odds, fighting against the mas-
ters of fourteen sister provinces, backed by the forces of the Spanish mon-
archy and the subsidies and influence of the whole Roman Catholic world.
It is also the Dutch "WAsntsroTON's last resting place. "He sleeps his last
sleep" in the new Church of Delft.

tOAKAUsius, piit,'es 26-'7, 99-100, 102-'3, 158-160, 163-'4, 255.

JOaeausius, pages 97, 135-'6, 140, 144, 179, lS4r-'5, 198-'9„ 213-'u.
237-'8, 250, 252.

SThe noted Menso Alting, .Jr. and Chakles W.a:sTELAiN or Wastei.aix.
both (XVIIIth century) were of the opinion that the Menapii were n, Con-
federation of tribes of Gcrmau origin, rather tlian a single distinct people,
and that their name was a corruption of the composite word iiWeeit=af{t,
having that signifi<'ation.

25

IkcLory txplunation, when their political existence is once
comprehended. Their political organization creates the dif-
ficulty of understanding their relative position with regard
to, and. their condition under, the Roman empire, and ex-
plains why one class of writers style them slaves, another
ignore their existence in certain localities, and others again
confound them with nations of different names.

That the Mbnafu (Menapioi) — under a name unknown to
history — were a substantive nation when they arrived in the
Netherlands is very likely, but it is just as probable that the
name by which the Romans afterwards recognized a tribe
was applicable to a coalition of tribes, and that Gjesar — who
knew nothing of their internal system of administration — Lat-
inized the Teutonic words Meen-Afft,* which implied a
Commutiity of Peoples, into Menapii — which Strabo rendered
into Greek, as MsvaTiLOi, an appellation which was after-
wards, universally, assigned to the most prominent conslitue7ii
of tlie league, instead of the league, itself A This view clears
up every difficulty as to the location of the Chauci, Ta(o)x-
ANDRi, SuEVi, Gkudii, Levaci, &c., in the territory assign-
ed to the Menapians, since it was known that the Confed-
eration was swelled by continual immigration ; and thus
strange names would naturally appear, from time to time, in
the districts( newly settled by numerous aud powerful cog-
nate stocks, in the same way that the state of Maine Was
known as "Acadie" under the French and Dutch, (1674—

*Colluviem Transrhenanorum populoruni fuisse, censet Men-
so Altingius pag. 95, 96, qui jam ante Tungros cis Rhenuni
profecti Menapii dicti fuerint, ex quo in unum corpus et rem
publicam coierunt a voce Meene, pro quo hodie'G-EMEENTE
dicimus,et Acht, congregatio in corpus, unde Meenacht, vel
ut Germani superiores pronuntiare consueverint Meenafft,
a quo Romani vocera Menapii efformarint. Quod ante
quinque populos, qui postea Tungri vocali sunt, Rhenum
transiisse dicit, cum Taciti testimonio de M. G. (Magna
Gloria ?) pugnare videtur, ubi Tungros primos Rhemim trans-
gressos, memorat. Pages 21, 22, Note 7. Wernheri Tes-
CHENMACHERI Aunales ClivicR, Julia, Montium, Marcce West-
phalica, Ravensberga, Geldrice et Zutphanice, Francofurti et
Lipsiae, 1721.

tFor various reasons why the Menapian territory was unexplored and
Uie habits of the people unknown, see "CAEA-usirs," and compare page
<23. note '*, pages 169, SiT-'S, 25»-'5, &o.

26
1777,*) and New York as the "New Netherlands," when a
a colony of the United Provinces, without either changing
their actual settlers and inhabitants. Thus the Zeelandic
Menapii are first mentioned by C^sak, Pi-iny, &c., as a
nameless, barbarous, but indomitable brood ; afterwards as
Cauci, — [Carausius, pp. 135— '6,]t — Ta(o)xandri, Quadi,
SuEvi, Arboriches, and Varni ; the Flemish Menapii, as
Grudii,|: Levaci, Suevi,§ Franks, and Karlings ; the Brabant
Menapii, as Ta(o)xandri,Tungri, Suevi,andMEYERTENAARs||

* In 1674, the DtJTOn conquered the French settlements upon the Pe-
uohscot; and, in 1676, Ooenblius Stbenwyck, who was afterwards, 1688,
third Mayor of, the City of New Amsterdam, was invested with dictatorial
authority over the Dutch acquisitions in Acadie and JTova Scotia — (see
pages 53-'5, 73-'7, " Tue DuTcn at the Nokth PotE and the Dutch
IN Maine,", and "Peooes Oonsideeed of the Eaely Settlement of

AOADIB BY THE DCTOH," &0., by J. WaTTS DB PeYSTEE.)

tPi-niY locates the Oimhri and Teutones on the shores of the British
Channel. If the Oimhri and Teutones entered the Netlierlands about
li. 0. 114 ; (Compare Dewez'b Histoire de la Belgique, /., 8.) a por-
tion of the so called Cimbri-Teutonie League may have in reality belong-
ed to the 3Ienapian Confederation, since this is just about the time the
Menapians arc said to have made their appe^irance where C^esae after-
wards encountered them.

\ Just along, but south of the small streams which empty into
Zwin, some commentators locate the Grudii ; near Tournay or Brug^,
!uid south of them, and west of the Lys, the Levaci (on the Lieve?) ; but
both doubtfully.

Although d'Anvilxe located the Grudii in the Terve dc Ormide (Groede)
about seven miles northwest of Sluys, Valois and other Commentators
diisr entirely with him, and place both Grudii and Meldi in the vicinity
of Calais. Valois considered the celebrated Portus ^patiaci (mediteval
Scai'phont, present Blankenburg) ds identical with Boulogne ; and the
v/riter, after two years' investigation, doubts that any Eoman settlement
or station existed, or was tolerated, in Zeeland or Maritime Flanders.
D o m ,b u r g is the only town wMch Dewez concedes in Zeeland, prior
to the Vth ceutury ; and of the other sixteen which existed in the Neth-
erlands before that era, not one stood in that part of Flanders north of
the A a s, which WALOKENiEB proves was the boundaxy between the
Menapii and the M o r i n i. The A as is the dull - stream
which flows by St. Omer and empties into the Goi-man Ocean near
Gravelines.

§Menzbl (L, q.) divides all the German tribes into Suevi and Non
(High and Low Dutch) Suevi.

II Van Loon's [1683-1760] History of Ancient Holland (Aloudb Hol-
landschb Histoei], locates the M ena pi i — -under the title ffound no
where else] of Meyeeyenaaes (people ruled by then- Mayoi-s — Baillies, or
Drossarts?), where we find them on all other maps.

It is almost certain- that the Maas-Soheldic Archipelago was settled, and
the Campine (Menapiaeiia Ager — North Brabant), Antwerp, and the
northern portions of East and West Flanders, were inhabited by those
who, under the prcs.sure of the Koman invasion, .sought therein a refuge
for their barbarian — free — institutions : ft-ee institutions, which, notwith-

27

— llie lultci desigriaLion derived Iroui their political organi-
zation—and tlie Yssel Menapii as the Saltan Franks, &c.
Nor are these the only appellations which have from time to
time been assigned to ihem in difierent locations.

But, although students, whose opinions are generally
deemed worthy of citation, utter such seeming discrepancies
aiid'Contradictions, the solution is clear ; and, having search-
ed out and collated all the scattered testimony, the result re-
conciles the antagonistic views and reflections, and arranges
the whole into a clear and serial record, which proves that
the REAL STEM Of STOCK — (S T A M, Dutch ; S T ^ M N, An-
glo-Saxon,) — physically, morally and politically — of the true
Hollanders and Flemings, was the Menapian tribe and its
affiliations and adoptions. C^sar is the great master of
the ceremonies, who introduced the Menapii to the Roman
world; and yet, although hithertot unknown to it, and by
him stigmatized as unredeemed savages, — they had already

standing the coercion of desputisms (moral or spiritual, and physical) in
and around them, continue tu exist even to this present moment, either
sucetssively under- — '

(a) A savage Saxon-pagan, uuAvritten, but no less potential constitutional
(Oligarchic? see Dewez, Vol. I, chap. 3, page 51, &c.) royalty- — if such
be feusoeptihle of an existence without a written charter of rights.

(b) A half-Woden, half- Christian representative confederation — [tlid
Saxon (Frank) League ; M e y e r y. e n a a r s ;* Vby Staat deb Abboh-
lOiiEN ; Mayory of Bois le Due. (Or.ovis — IVth to Vllth century.)

(o) An ever irritant, unsubmissive, individual-right-asserting and main-
taining, though nominal, mingling of theological or imperial feudalism, —
under tlieir Counts (Dirck, first Count of Holland), (A. D. 868-873) ; For-
esters of Flanders, (A. D. 621,) ; Baldwin the Buck or Stag, first Count
of Flanders (A. D. 862) ; Bishops with fluctuating jurisdictions. — (Com-
Haixam's ^'■State of Europe during the Middle Ages " "Armorican Re-
public or Confederation [between the Seine and the Loire, in the Vth
century] of independent cities imder their respective Bishops, I, 3, 1, l.t)
Marquises and Dukes.

(d) A jealous, but on the surface (to the eye) obedient, appanage while
ruled through the afitections and interests — nettle-like, however, though
susceptible of skillful administrative manipulation, but -revolutionary under
rough-ha-ndling, (as, for instance, under the House of Burgundy, 1446-1579,
Oliarlcs V, and Philip II).

(e) Kepublioan, independent, potential and magnificent, under its Stadt-
holders, States General, and Pensionaries (1579-1813-'15). And, finally,

(f) As at the first, Returned to its normal condition, after having been
smoothed, burnished and civilized by the attrition of time, the progress of
human improvement, and the efiects of religious influences into a modern
constitutional, hereditary monarchy — (1815-1859).

* "jl/yer." "itfei/er," (£e., kindrcdwith ^'Major" "Mayor " &g ,

A. D. 409 -Military Democracy, afterwards Monarchy [Dewkz, T.,203-'4]. Francorum
subregnlis [Daniel. I., IXXVI].

i-Aecordiug to DB Bos, Critique de I'Btablissement, dea Fraocais dans jes Gaulea, while
remainder of Gaul under Vioo-Emperor Syagrius.

28

passed through several phases ot national existence. B'roni
Ijeing simple colonists themselves, they had settled down
into established communities, and had already sent forth
colonies, who were long after recognized as transplants
from the Menapian root — near Dvhlin, in the Province of
Lmister, in Ireland ; at St. Davids, (Minevia, or Menapia,) on
the Allaniin the county of Pembroke, in South Wales ; and,
afterwards, we are led to believe, by comparison and in-
duction, they settled in Scotland,* ^ ( See Berkelet's
Naval History, Book III, Chap. XXII, page 29,) ; at Paris,
in France, BagaudoB (Examine Slukeley's Medallic
History of C arau s iu s, A. D. 286,) ; in Norway.
AbrotidcE ( Norwegi nunc dicti, Littleton,) ; in
Sweden, Helleviones, in the Province of Holland ;
and near Dantzig, (see Helleviones, Littleton.) Of the
modern Menapian or Dutch colonies in England,* Sweden,
Denmark, &c., it is sufficient to say that they have ever been
worthy representatives of the mother country.
* * ^ *

®|)£ iilenapii, tu£r£ tl)£ anttstoxB, iu fact, not onln of ti}c

Pntc!) anb " KitkkerborkerB," but of H)t Soston |)nritan0.

a?' "In the lime of Henky the Ild.t (about A. D. 1170,)
[says Hbyltn, 1625,] Flanders was so overflowne, that
many thousands of people, whose dwellings the Sea had de-
voured, came into England — (whither colonies of their coun-
try had preceded them by the invitation of Matilda, mother
of Henry I, and also of that monarch himself,) — to beg new

*So, then, thou art of Flanders?

Willing to deceive Mm a little, Konrad nodded. "I guessed thou -srort a
Fleming," replied the yeomnn, laughing, "and so my heart warmed to thee
for the}' arc all stout men and true. Mass ! my own mother, who now
deej)S at St. Mary in the Lows, was a Fleming of the house of "Wigton,
wliose tbrbear, Baldwin le Flemyng, came from thy country in the days of
:3t. David, to take knight's service." (Gbahts "BothwelP^ Page 169 — '70.)

jAa a check to the restless "Wekh, "he (Henby II.) planted among them
a powerful colony of foreigners. Many natives of Flanders had found set-
tlements in England imder the protection of his mother Matilda : and the
number was now doubled by a crowd of emigrants, who had been driven
from their homes by an inimdation of the Rhine. Henry placed them at
tirst on the right bank of the Tweed : but aftei-wards collecting the old and
new comers into one body, allotted to them for their residence the town
of Haverfordwest^ with the district of Ross in Pembrokeshii-e. They
were a martial and industrious people : by attention to the cultivation of
the soil and the manufacture of cloth, they grew in numbers and opulence:
and under the protection of the English kings, to whom they always re-
mained faithful, defeated every attempt of the Welsh princes to root them
out of tlie country." Lingard, Vol. II, Chap. Ill, Pages 117-'8.

29

seates ; and were by that King first placed in Yorkeshire,
and then removed to Pembrookshire — [Lingard says the
last took place under Hknry 1,* previous to A. D. 1135,

*" Before tho King (Henry I.) vf Qnt to Normandy, he admitted' into
England great numbers of FUmings; who by the inundation Of the Sea
in their own country were compelled to seek for new habitations. Ho
planted them at first in the waste parts of Yorhshwe — [Many of them
flocked over in the Beign of King WitUam his Father, and also lately in
his own ; sfl they came in very great Swarms, they became a Burthen to
the Nation : Whereupon Henry at first planted them in the waste parts of
Northumberland, and afterwards removed them into Wales, in the year
1111. "What drew them over here, was that Queen Maud, Senry^sMothox,
was daughter to Baldwin V, Earl of Flanders. The Flemings-way, a
Work of theirs, is to be seen in Pembroheshire, extending through a long
Tract of Land. Mal/ms^. p. 158. Flor. Wig. Oamden.] But, upon the
complaints made to him after his return,, he removed them to the country
conquered from the Welsh, about Ros and Pembroke. Their posterity
continue there to this day, retaining so much of their old customrtand lan-
guage, as distinguishes them plainly from the Welsh, and shows they arc
of foreign extraction. Compare Hume, A, D. 1111, I. 264.) (Rapin's
''History of England,'''' I. 195, and note 12.)

"He also coUeoted a number of Flemings who had been driven into Eng-
land by the misfortunes of their own country, and gave them the town of
HwDerfordwest, with the district of Rosa, in Pembroheshire. They wore a
brave and industrious people, skilled in manufacturing woolen cloth ; and,
increasing in wealth and numbers, they maintained themselves in their ad-
vanced post, in spite of the long effoi-ts of the Welsh to drive them from
it. (Pictorial History of England, (Hbnet I) Booh III, Ohap. 1, 1, 398).

"We have already mentioned the establishment by Hbnky I, of the colony
of 'Flemings in the district of Eoss, in Pembrokeshire. These foreigners
had come over in the reign of the Conqueror, driven from their own native
counti-y, it is said, by an inundation of the sea, and they had been settled,
in the fiirst instance, chiefly about Carlisle (on Solway Frith) and the neigh-
boring ports, and as it would seem, with a view merely to the service their
hardihood and skill in war might be of in the defence of the northern
frontier of the kingdom. But they were as dextroiis in handling both the
plough and the shuttle as the sword. Henry is said to have been induced
to remove them to Wales, by finding tliat they and the English, with whom
they were mixed, did not agree well together. In the district of which he
put them in possession, and which he had taken from the Welsh, they
maintained their ground against all the etforts of the hostile people by
whom they were surrounded, to dislodge them, and soon came to be re-
garded as the force to be mainly depended upon for keeping the Welsh in
check. By these Flemings the manufacture of woolen cloths appear to
have been first introduced into this country ; and it is supposed that they
.soon came to be made for exportation as well as for home consumption.
Oiraldus Oambrensis describes the foreigners as "a people excellently
skOled both in the business of making ■ cloth and in that of merchandise,
and always ready with any labor or danger to seek for gain by sea or land."
It is probable that they also introduced some improvements in agriculture ;
and, altogether, the example of industry, activity, and superior acquire-
ments set by this Interesting colony — the last, as it has been remarked, of
any consequence settled in any part of the island till the coming over of
the French Protestant silk- weavers, after the revocation of the edict of
Nnntes, in 1885 — could not fail to be of high public benefit. Their Ion-

30

and that their courage and fidelity defeated every attempt of
the Welsh princes to root them out of their new homes]."

"For 'Yorkshire,' it would seem more plausible to read
' the County of Lincolnshire,' * whose southeast Division, or
Third, was styled 'H oll a nd,' — from which the noble
family of Rich derived their title of 'Earls of [English] Hol-
land,' and Henry Fox, in 1763, his title of 'Lord Holland,' —
embracing a tract of land recovered from the sea by a Dutch
colony, settled therein prior to the Vlth century. Boston, its
chief town, already in the reign of Edward III, one of the
principal commercial ports of England — (whose lofty church
tower, two hundred and ninety feet in height, resembles that
of Antwerp Cathedral, and is visible forty miles to sea,) —
was originally called 'St. Boto[u]lph's Town,' after a prelate
who preached the Gospel in the Vllth century in Belgic
Gaul — ^^(Ta[o]xandria, among the southeastern Menapii or
Ta£o]xandri.) This Saxon district, the last to submit to
William the Conqueror, was, as late as 1140, a refuge for
the LAST FREE English S A X o N s ."

goage Tvas very nearly the same vriih the English ; and the district in
which thev dwelt, it seems, used to be called little England beyond Wales ;
in fact, they made the whole county of Pembroke, though lying at the
further extremity of Wales, an English county* Heiu-y II afterwards added
to their numbers by permitting some of those of their countrymen who
had served as mercenaries under Stephen to settle among them. It is said
that the descendants of these Flemings may still be distinguished fi-om their
Welsh neighbors.

The Flemings were indebted, both for tlie welcome reception they met
with in the first instance, and for the permanent settlement they obtained,
to their martial more than to their commercial >kiU — to their being a peo-
ple, as G-iKALDUs expresses it, equally most ready, now at the plough — ^now
at the sword. Ibid, 567.

*LiN00LirsiiiRB. — The third province, HoUaud, < ontains the greater part
of that unhealthy division of Lincolnshire, usually called the Fens. It is
subdivided into three Hundreds, sometimes denominated "Sokes," (Soc
( jurisdiotio, franchise) ADglo-Saxon) sometimes "Wapentakes." (W oe p e n-
getoec [a militia division of a county] Anglo-Saxon:. Wapentuig,
{Arms) Dutch. The chai'acter of this province is sinulai- to that of
the province of the same name in the Netherlands, after wluch it has been
called. Nearly the whole of it appears at a remote period to have been
covered by the sea, and only brought into its present state of productive-
ness by the active and persevering labor of the inhabitants. (Dutch Colo-
nists.—Guthkie.) The embankments and the draining have have been
expensive, perpetual, and progressive, and the soil tluit has been redeemed
has conferred a most abimdant remuneration. Excellent pasture land has
liecn formed out of the swamps and bogs, and some of it produces extra-
ordinary crops of corn, especially oats. (Eiici/rl/ij^rc?!,! Britrrnnicn.]

31

In fact, this English -Holland* or Dutch-
England, whichever you will, lying around the 'Wash,'
upon ' Boston Deeps,' [Dibps is a regular Dutch word for
deep waters, (profound deeps) or channels,] and ' Lynn
Deeps,' one mass of dykes and drains, almost canals, was
called 'HOLLAND,' that is, Marsh-Land, or Hollow-Land,
such as is gained from the sea ; whose name is derived, as
some aver, from the Cimbric dialect, and was settled by a
Cimbric, or Scandinavian, or Hpllandish colony.

We are liliewise expressly told that southeastern Scotland
and. eastern -England, about the mouths of the Humber, were
Saxon "long prior to the historic period, when the German
Ocean was scarcely (as yet) a sea."t

^ * iK *

Thus, the same spirit which animated the Saxon Menapii
to defend their marshes against the fearful (Julius) CiESAu
and his mighty namesaiies, and to maintain the freedom of
their native sea-land, inspired their issue, in the fens of
England, to resist the potent Norman conqneror, and avert
bis cruel thrall from their new homes. Again, when prelacy
and Stuart tyranny sought to impose their yoke upon another
generation, the same stern influence bade them gird up their

*Aiid now, before dismissing this subject entirely, one word about the
derivation of the, word SgffiSUSl^WJB, which some preteiid to derive from
two German words, 39olt (?) and 2,antt — Country of Woods ; because,
originally, according to tradition, it was covered with forests. This is a
far-fetched derivation. It is derived from two words, 'Hol' and 'Land,'
— 'Hol,'* Saxon, (Hohl,' German,) meaning Hollow or Hole, "das ist
oin leer und holes Lan d," (that is, a bottomless Land,) (Dioe-
Lius, 1697). Exactly the words of Saubin and I*bteat. We translate:
"Holland, created in the midst of marshes, has no solid foundation, except
the wisdom of her founders and the untiring industry of her people," — "c
thin shim of earthy floating upon the ocean .'"

•See Johnston's "Map of Holland.'; IIoL^-Hollow, as Holland, Low(?) Country.

tFor evidence of Hollandish and FiEMisn colonization and occupation
of England, B. 0., see AuausTiN' Thibeet's History of the Conquest of
England, London, 1841.

Page 2, column 1. These nations (natives of Britain) of one common
origin, were visited, at various times, either in a pacific or a hostile manner,
by various hordes of foreigners. Certain men from that part of the
Gaulish -territory now called Elandbes, leing compelled 'by a great inunda-
tion to abandon their native country for ever, came in open boats without
sails, and landed on the small isle of Wight, and on the adjacent coast first
as welcorae guests, and afterwards as invaders. The Cobanians [Cbrrawi-
(dd — {Tricedd ynys Prydain, No. 6, Archaology of Wales, vol. II, p. 58) —
in Latin, Ooeitani] a people of Tbutonio descent, arriving from a country
which the British annals designate by the name of the "land of Maesu-
Es," [Trioadd ynys Prydain, No. 7, Ibid,] entered the gidf formed by the

32 _

loins and cross the ocean, far, far away, to a new world,
bearing forth the precious seeds destined to bring forth price-
less harvests.
To the Hollandish element we m ust trace an exploit whose glo-

mouthof the Hmnber* and established themselves along the banks of that
river, and on the eastern coast, thus dividing the Lrogrian territory into
two portions.

Page 5, Col. 2. (A. p. 560). The ancient population of the CoBAMAN8,t
w7io had heen established for ages to the south of the Mumber, tut wlwm
so long a residence a/mong the Britons had been insufficient to reconcile with
them, wluntariVy joined the Anolo-Saxon invaders, as they had formerly
joined the Romans. The result of this alliance was that their name as a
people diappeared from the country which they inhabited, but that of their
allies was not substituted : both were lost ; and the country- between the
Humber and the Thames was thenceforward called the country of Meuk,
in Latin Mercia, (Query, from MAEGiE, Meaek, Mebg, Anglo-Saxon — fat
earth) probably from the nature of the soil which consisted in great part of
marshes, or its bordering on the free Britons of the west, of whom it
forined the frontier or March (Maeo, Meaeo— Anglo-Saxon) an expression
of the Germans.

*YoEKsniEE. "7%e East Hiding. ^Tha East Biding is a land of tilth' and
pasture — a broad, flat country, going down from the WoMs to Rumber and
the sea, barely able to hold its own against the, German Ocean. That por-
tion of it called Holderness (Holl-deiea-ness), corresponds physically as
well as etymologically with the Holland of tlie opposite coast. It is just as
fat, and rich, and shifty; and most of the sarcasms which Andeew Mak-
vELL has levelled at the Dutchman are as applicable to his own native dis-
trict. There is here the same conflict of sea and land as in Holland, per-
petually renewed in spite of every compromise. The sea is gradually
getting the best of it ; and every year Humber steals some fifty thousand
tons of earth. Many a broad acre has been swallowed up from Bridling-
ton to Spwrn Head, 'and more than one bustling village, with some such
mournful record as the following : . Here stood Auburn swept away by the
sea. And the sea has in all times brought othei- invaders than itself. This
whole coast was the favorite landing place of the Danes and Northmen.
The shores of Humber offered peculiar facilities to them for drawing up
their shallow galleys ; and no part of England preserves more vestiges of
their occupation. Here '■'■tons" and ^'■hams" gave place to "5ys" and
'^th'orpes" and proclaim the hardy people whose tongue still pervades the
local speech. A native of Holderness could at this day make himself in-
telligible with little difficulty at Bergen or Copenhagen, (or in Friezland ;)
and there is an old saying that —

Gooid brade, batter, and cheese,

Is gooid Torhshire and gooid Friese,"

■fThe ancient Saxon Ooeitani of England were, according to Ljttletok,
the people of Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, LINCOLN-
SHIRE, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire : so Oamb Bct Llhutd makes
them to be only the people of Lincolnshire. D'Anvili.e and Latham say
tl\oj they were people of Lincolnshire and Leicestershire: Maobban reatls
Ooritani, (Ptolemy) a people of Britain, occupying widely the inland parts
as Northampton, Leicester, Rutland, LINCOLN, Nottingham, and Derby-
shires, Camden.

33

ries are all appropriated by the Puritans* ol' our New England
. Bosfon'f. Yes! that .fire which roused the citizens of Boston
to throw oyerjbogrd the obnoxious tea and take the British
Lion by the throat, was kindled eighteen centuries previous
in the t>osoms of the Saxo-Hollandish tribe, the Menapii,
who fcir the first time repelled the Roman legions, and, in a
darker hour, crying, Oh God ! preserve us lest we perish !
"J)omine sulva nosperimiis P' threatened themselves to break
down their sea-compelling dykes and give their country, to
the waves rather than yield their consciences to Romish su-
perstition, their rights to Romish tyranny. Yes ! it vyas Hol-
landish resolution which threw overboard the tea in Boston

harbor.

■i-- i^ '^ ^

And now, having concluded an important episode on the
Dutch in England and Dutch influence
in New England, let us resume the consideration
of the original subject, of the Netherlandish emigrations.

It is unquestionably true that the country of the Jutes and
Angles in the Danish peninsula, especially the district of
' Slesivick around ^redsted, 10 miles NNW. ofHusum, — (ad-
joining the celebrated Ditmarsh peasant-land) — was settled
by colonies of the Frisii — ("a fierce, active race, disdaining
heavy armor, and expert with their missile weapons") — re-
tracing ^heir steps EASTward at a date of which we have no
records, and at afar earlier period than the wESTward emi-
gration 3f the Saxons, into ^he Netherlands, and centuries
before the latter's invasion of England. These Netherlanders
were called Strand Frisii, |: and their territory Frisia Minor-
(See Turner's "Anglo-Saxons, I. 216~'17.)

In fact the Mkritime Netherlanders ^reg-Zfis and Saxons were
identical long before Hengist and Horsa displayed the clip-
per ship and white horse — (See Thierry's Norman Conquest,
page 4, colurtin 1) — emblazoned ensigns for the conquest of
Britain, and the race was still farther and more perfectly

* I have been informed that Dr. Danglisou, an author of some note of
Philadelphia, has often remarked the great resemblance between the men
of Liuooinshire and the Soatonians in form,, features, and expression.

tCousult Banceoft's History of tlie United States, 1, -SOO-'l, T^hereiu
he states that the Pukitans (Massachusetts New Englanders) originated "in
towns and villages of Nottinghamshire, Lincohishire, and the borders of
Yorkshire," and that their "place of secret meeting" was "an mifrequent-
ed heath in Lincolnshire, near the month of the liumber," whence they
Jled across the sea to Holland, 1608.

|WoLPGAN« Menzel, in his History of (Tenuany (1, 82) places the
(Strand?) Frisii in tlie country of the Dithmarsi.

3

34

mingled by emigration, compulsory and voluntary coloniza-
tion, warlike expeditions and imperial (Franco-Germanic) un-
justified deportation. It may be asserted without fear of
contradiction that the Angles, Saxons and Maritime Nether-
landers v^ere one and the same people, if language, qualities,
traits, and partialities are the criterions to judge by.

The Mexapii were to the Caesars in the nortliwesl — (Ca-
RAusius, 109, i9I-'3, 195~'8, 220, 246--'8)— that which
the Isaurians had ever proved to the Romans in thie east,* — a
defiant and persistently free people.

There ''the Isaurians maintained their independence with
such determined obstinacy, that in a later period of the Em-
pire, the Romans were willing to resign all appearance of
subduing them, and were content to surround them with a
cordon of forts." Even in this systerii of repression however
the fiomans succeeded but imperfectly, since in the third
century the Isaurians and Cilicians were an independent na-
tion.

This was the very case with Ancient Flanders and Zee-
land, {Menapia, inc.luding part of Holland and Brabant as
hereinbefore stated): Julius Caesar stationed his legions arownJ
but ?iot ill. Menapia ; Augustus encircled but did not occupy it
with his troops ; and his successors posted their forces
around it in a similar manner.

Menapia was to the Roman empire that which the United
Provinces proved to Spain under Philip II — or, to venture on
a simile of Hobbs, to "the ghost {daimonj of the deceased
Roman empire," the papacy, and to France under Louis
XIV.

The Meen-Afft, Menapii, were to the United Provinces
that which the United Provinces were to the United States —
a type, a rough draft, and a pattern, and they occupied the
s^me position with regard to the Caesars that the Jews, un-
der their Judges and in the time of Samuel, prior to the ele-
vation of Saul, held in respect to the earliest Asiatic monster
monarchies — the example of a free, tolerant coalition of small
states, both having been not only an association of tribes but
of cognate races in a strange land,whither they had come by
a long and perilous journey through wildernesses, mountains
and enemies.

'See "Like iim/ fj/>isties of ST. PAUL," liy Conybeare and Howson;
\ ol. 1, Pages 22 [and 25, j^oveinmeut of the empire]. Compare Article
'■Isauria," by I'm/. Leonard 8os}a£zm'W:x.S:>n.Ts'a Dictionary of Greek
and Eoman Geography, Boston, 1854^"r.

-35

The very riioderii riame of [Menapia] Flanders justifies the
opinioh, hovvever unsusceptible of proof, of the learned, who
derive it from two words, Vele—Andern (German), Vele
or V e. el- Ander en (Dutch), signifying "many others," and
denotes a'gr^at influx, association and toleration of strange
people. This view corroborates Alting's and VV^stelain's
idea of the connate derivation of the original harsh compound
Saxo-Germanic name of the Mbnapii, which, in their opin-
ion had the similar etymology. If sound euphonized by a
softer Latin pronunciation is any guide, Flanders, andVele—
Anderen abbreviated, are identical.

How they' fought by sea and land, traded, ditched and
dammed, farmed, manufactured arid lived, we know but lit-
tle, except through the reports of their enemies and results ;
that where Julius C^sar* found an indomitable people pos-
sessing certain marlied characteristics, we find a nation, or
Tather two riatidh's, at this day endowed with the same great
and remarkable qualities ; and that for nearly nineteen cen-
turies whefber as Menapit; Flemings and Frisians, Zee-
landers and ■ Hoj^LANDERs ; Netherlanders ; generation has
succeeded generation, exhibiting the same distinctive traits,
, physical and moral, the same courage,, energy, industry and
intelligence, each in succession resembling the preceding, as
children repeat the trails of their parents, as the Jew of this
day in, his physiognomy is the repetition of the Jew chiselled
or delineated upon the Egyptian monuments thousands of
years before the regeneration of mankind. They were the
forefathers of the Knikkerbakkers, and their organization a
type of the United States ; the first of the Anglo-Saxons ;
the head, the heart, the front, the very nerve, of the first
FREE (Frank) alliance and power.

Well may the Menapians, the Flemings, the Netiier-
tiANDERS be styled the First or Best of the Anglo-Saxons.
The world looks upon the English as the most perfect types
of the pre-eminent Anglo-Saxon race. This is a great error,
lor the Netherlanders exhibit a much finer combination of the
Saxons and Scandinavians or Normans. In England the in-

*This viotoi'y (of Freh, over the N"ervi> and their confederates, B. C.
56,) made a deep impression upon the German tribes beyond the Rhine,,
they sent embassadors and promised hostages* The JitESAPii and Moriki,
i(fo«?, trusted to their inaocessihle'dwelliug places, and OyESAR only oon-
quered them at a very late period. |^"or perhaps nevei!. Ammianus Mak-
CELLiNTs, in the IVtli centni'v. says that a part of Uniil, whii^h is inac-
cessible liy reason of morasses, nevek suhnitted to the arms of Jclius.
ChESAE. (Van Kaupex, L, 13.)

36

•

fluence of the Norman predominates because there the Saxon
was compelled to assume the position of a conquered man.
In the Netherlands the Saxon preserved the ascendance, for
he maintained his independence, and became by concession
blended with, not over ridden by them. What is more, the
Flemish nobility and Menapian people composed a large por-
tion of William the Conqueror's army, and played a brilliant
part in llie achievements of the conquest, and received a large
share of the rewards and spoils.

, Thus Gilbert of Ghent received the domain of Folk-
ingham in LINCOLNSHIRE, subsequently known as the
barony of Ghent ; Gherbokd received the County of Chester ;
Walter of Douay that of Northumberlatid ; Robert of
Co.MMiXEs that of Dunelin [Durham] ; Arnould of Hesdin
and Geoffry op Ardhes had the lordships of Steventon [in
Berkshire or Hantshirc, or Slevingtoji, in Bedfordshire], Uo-
qiiexrorilf, Tropintone, Ledford, Teleshond, and Holland j[in the
West Riding of Yorkshire.] The Flemings, Ode, Raim-

BERT, WEXNEMa3R, HuGUES, FraNCON, FrIEMOND, RoBERT,

CoLEGRiM, GosFRiED, FuLBERT, GozLiN, won establishments
in the provinces of Somerset, (Srlocesler, Hertford, BucJcingham,
Bedford, LIiVCOI>.\, Nottingham, York and Northampton.
Besides the other valiant Flemish men of arms who made
their fortunes b}'' participating in the subjugation of England,
(^.oTjvfiz [53, 54] cites Drogox of Beveren, Arnould of
Hesdin, Guillaume of St. Omer, Philippe and Humphry
of Courtrai, Guillaume of Eenham, Raoul of Lille,
Gobert of Wissand, Bertrand of Melle, and Richard
OF Bruges; Thierry refers to likewise a great number of
others belonging to St. QucHti.71, Tournay, Verdutii Fismes,
Sec. &c. In fact England, which Luther considered a piece
of True or Saxox Germany, was held as such until A. D.
1417, when the Council of CoAstance conceded its right to as-
sume the position of an indepeiident nation.*

The Franks, says Menzel [1, 174], whom we maintain
— with Vredius — were at fiirst in a great measure M e u a -
p i a n s , were, down to the time of thfe crowning triumphs
of Clovis, "extremely republican in their manners," and the
Netherlands were always FREEt.

See TnojiAs Poltox. Paffe IR, Yo]. 1, '•Anecil4>tes:of Distinguuhed
Person-i," Lonilnn, 1738.

IIii Exr.i.,v>;i), Sicltierhnid, anil HOLLAND, aup.ient German freedom
leigiieil ;iliiiost umuttiruiitfidly u]) to the pjvsent times, and in most of the
other aripiiMlly Gei'uian or Germanized couuWes, it lias bees revived
nnJer new r.iustitntion>.

The free intercouise between citizens, possessed of equal privileges and

37

"The history of the Fraaks," writes Motley, [I. 20,] "becomes,
therefore, the history of the Netherlands."

In c o n c 1 u s.i o n , the reader is referred to the "Histo-
ty of CARAUSIDS," and the "Htsiorical and Ethnological
Account of the MENAPII," by the author of this pamphlet,
for farther and still more interesting details in connection
with the career of the Netherlanders, but particularly the
Maritime or [Anglo-] Saxon portion of the population.

The Netherlands were the cradle of the first political union
in a republican form on record. There, nineteen centuries
ago, the idea of a representative republican — sometimes as-
suming an oligarchical phase — coalition of nations or states
was eliminated ; and thai territory which had witnessed,
B. C. 56-53, the association MEENE-ACHT or
M E E N - A F F T— mentioned under the name of MENAPII
—-by a baffled Caesar, gave birth sixteen hundred and thirty-
live years afterwards to the Union of Utrecht.*

These MENAPII were to the UNITED PROVINCES
that which the Netherlandish Constitutions
of J579-'83 were to that of the UNITED STATES of
AMERICA in 1776, and the spawn of a Free Constitutional
Confederation was evolved from the ouse of the Rhine,
Maas and Schelde.

hoimd by the same duties, was the soul of the auoient Gei'inau oi immuni-
ties, and the foundation on wliich their whole history rests. Tlieir liberty
is of more ancient date than their servitude, fur it owed its existence to
the national character of the Clerman, and, lliough seemingly withered,
still springs forth anew. "ZJAerfy," said the lioman poet Ldcancs,* " h
the GermaiCs 'birUirighl,^'' '■^It is a privilef/r/'' ivrote the Roman histo-
rian Flohbb, '^lokicA nature has granted tu the Germaiis, unci irhirh the
Greeks, with all their art, knew not how to ohlavn.'''' Hume, the j^ieMt
Enfflish historian, says, 'If our part of the irorld maintain ■'■t'litimfnis
of liberty, Jionorir, equity, and wilour, su.jieriur to the re^/ of nia.nkind,
it owes these advanta,gee to.the seeds imploMted, hy thusr, generous bar-
barians.'''' '■^Liberty,'''' observed Montbsquiou. ''that londy th/ing, irai
discovered in the wild forests of Germnnyy — AVolfgamc; Menzel'b "His-
tory of Germany." 1. 17.)

*LUCAN, (Book Vll.) .MOURNING OVER TUE LOST LIBERTIES fJp KOMK. (' '' PuBtS

and Poetry o( th« Aooientl, page 514.)

"Ijo! Liberty, long wearied by uiir criuios,

ForaakeB ub for Bomo better, barb'rous cliuios ;

Beyond the RHINE, and Tanais, ahe flies.

To anowy mountalna, and to IVozen sblea ;

While Romn, wbo long puraued tbat chjet'eat goftd,

O'erflelda or alaugbter, and Ibrougb aeasof blood,

In alavery, her abject alata abail mourn.

Nor dare to hope the goddoaa will return.

Why were we ever free t Oh, why haa Iloavon

A short-livM transitory blessing given?"

*Tbe Fnion op Utkeoht, it is strange to say, lias a difiereut date in
several authors consulted. Beandt has 3 0th January, 1575; "The
WorWs Progress," 23d January, 1579 ; db Wioquei?ort, 39th Januarv,
1S79 ; Datibs, 23d Febmary, 1579 ; &c. •

38
JVatej S'^u/ifiLenieiitaci^ te ^Jiapiet i.

" The HBERIY uf tlint which koows no enithly master'' — the sba. Page
17, lines ]a-j4.

O LiBBiiTV ! with prolitless emleavoi-
Ilavo I pui-siicd thee, many a weary hoiu- ;

But thou nor swell'st the victor's strain, nor ever
Didst breathe thy soul in forms of human power.
Alike from all, howe'er tiey praise thee
( Xot prayer nor hoastfiil name delays thee ),

Alike from Priestcraft's harpy minions,
And factions Blasphemy's obscener slaves,
Thou speedest on thy subtle pinions, .
The (juide of ho-meless winds, and playmale& of (he tcaves .'
And there I felt thee / — on that sea-eliff^s verge,

Whose pines, scai'ce traveU'd by the breeze above.
Had made one murmur with thedistantsm-ge!
Yes, while I stood and gazed, my temples-bai-e.
And .shot my being thi'ough earth, sea, and air.
Posscssiiii;- ,iU things with intensest lo\-e,

O LiBEETT ! hi;/ spirit felt thee there .'
February, 1797. Oolemdge.

The Mbnai'u " li\ ed . . . nut in large-fenced villages or tbrtifled
towns."' Page I'J, lines 19-20.

Vaiujo and Puny also mention a laurl which the Mbxapii used as
manure, yet the country, at least towards the icest. was covered by lieatlis..
■woods and morasse.-, : and if one excepts the single fortress of A d u a -
t i f u ) c a , [loiiyeru ( 0 in tlie centre of the country of tlie Eburones.l we
read nowhere at all of cities, f Van Kampen's ^' History of the Xeih-
erlaiuU,'''' 1., 8.) (Sentences in [ — ) and ( — ) inserted' by the Translator.)

"Vbedius. and the best Flemish authors." Page 23. line 21, and
note *.

Jtiotatiaii /^onLLtiun. ^'Lajidllae. &afo. /. 3Laji-
cLt'^ia fl!'e±LL^ sLtLe ^tliiiLca dicta ^tf-uncL S'Htacla a
Iz^Litia caiikaLatia f^aii. : ^lU : f^a^Aai^iA ud^ajte a.d
f^LadanaeLLin. JLi'biuLHL 3' t'^an.cai^um. SHeg^em ^ki'-ii>Ji-
aruLm JLei- dLsE^J'O" aiiiioM S^at^ ii , J^tuc^cs,

ih&O.

INDEX PRIMUS CAPITUM.

C a p. I. Flandri, dicli olim Menapii, & Nerviorum
tlientes ; qui soli Gallorum a Romanis nunquam sub-
jug ati, rctcran Galloriiin lingtiam reiiniteruni. Fol. I.

C ii )) . IV. VeiMiB Flandriam oliiri fuisse, qua? nunc
Tekka Fha-vca, & Zelandia : & unde sic dicta. Fol. 25.

C a [) . V. VValchram, & quasdara ijvsulas Zelanh-
icAy, olim fuisse Flandrije partem, inde marino aeslu

39

divLilsas, ac tempestatibus, quae mire Flandriam imtnutar-
iint. Item cur ill8e|Fresic<B, vel ii|'ra/c<8 dictse; & quae ratio
nominis Frisionum, vel Frisiorum. Fol. 31.

Cap. VI. ttj" Vetebem Flandriam esse primam
Franciam, unde natio Francorutn oriunda. Fol. 44.

Cap. VII. De variis Regibus Francorum ante Phara-
MUNDUM, deq Francorum regno, cis & ultra Rhenurn, propa-
gate. Fol. 54.

Cap. VIII. De Francis, ac Francorum Regibus, sub
posterioribus Imperatoribus, declinantc Imperip Romano,
usque ad tempora Pharamundi. Fol. 65.

Cap. IX. De Regibus Francorum a Pharamundo
usque ad ClodovyEUM primum Regem.Christianum : &
qua ratione Galliam universam Franci occuparint. Fol. 78.

Cap. XI. Errores eorum qui a Cimmeriis,* Fannmiikis,
sive Hungaris descendisse voluerunt Francos, detecti. FoL
]03. : '

Cap. XII. ttj*" Alius aliorum error, qui crediderant
Francos e Franconia, superioris Germanice regionc, oriundos.
Fol. 106.

Cap. XIII. Error eorum, qui ex Scandia, seu Scandi"
navia insula Germaniae, Francos volunt prodiisse. Fol. '112.

C ap . XIV. fly Error eorum, qui primos Francos, ori-
gine Germanos faciunt, atque ultra Rhenurn, versus Ocean-
'um, locant. Fol. 116.

Cap. XVI. Error eorum, qui volunt Francos oriundos
a Sicambris, & Batavis, nunc Geldris, Zutphaniensibus,
Hollandis, &c. Fol. 147.

Cap. XXII. Francones nostros, sive Franconate$, fuisse
Francos Salios, quibus Lex Salica a Pharamundo lata ;
Ripuarios vero Francos, quibus lata lex Ri^icaria, fuisse
Brabantos. Fol. 380.

Cap. XXIV, 0?° Postqualn Gallice universte Francice
nomeninditum a victoribus Francis,, terram Francam appel-
latam Franciam maritimatrii Francum quoque & Liberum, sub-
stantive ; item Vriam, Friam, Frisiam, Frilandam, Fri-

*It is proved (?) by human fossil remains disooverecl ia many places,
and particularly on the borders of the river Meuse, that in distant ages the
nice of ilacis peopled the greater part of Europe. (See MoTce's History of
tlie Belgians, and Schmerling's Researches of Human Fossils, found iu the
Province of Liege. V. 1, & 11.) The foregoing is communicated by a
('.(irrcspondentr But what would it prove if true ? That a very inferior
ra^e of savages was succeeded in remotest ages by a superior race of whites ;
the latter by the highest development of the Caucasian family, the Saxon!

40

LANDiAM, & coiUracte Flandriam, Flandram ; ipsos vero
incolas Francos, Francoiics, Liberos, Vrios, frisios, Frilandros,
& contracie Flandros. Turn enumerali Duces & Comiles
Fran<;ia3 marilima; ab anno Christi 450. usque 900 : Ra g i n-
a r i u s, A 1 q u a r i u s, A n g i 1 b e"r t u s, N i t a r d u s ;
quibus successere Ingelramus, & Bald u in us, dicti
Comites, seu Marchiones Flandroe, aut Flandrarum. Fol. 481.

Cap. XXV. Flandroe, aut Flandrice nomen pro sola
Urra Franca paulatim desiisse, ppstquam Balduinus a
Carolo Calvo, socero suo, in Comitatum hsjereditariunr ob-
linuit regionem omnem inter Somonam, Oceanum, & Scaldim :
quam a primo suo Marchionatu seu Comitatu Flandra,
Flandriam voluit nominari. Turn exstruclis a Baxduino
no-vis castris, eorumq singulis assignato territorio, seu Ca.s-
tellania, terram Francam etiam appellataai Casullaniam
Brugensem; item Latine OjfuAutn & Ministeriwn, Francice
Ambachtum Brugense, a veteri caslro Brugenti, retenio
semper avito nomine libertatis. Fol.. 522. , , ,

Cap. XXVIII. & ultimum. Summarium opeiis iu
annos distributi, sub Coss. & Imp. [Consulibus & Impera-
toribus] Romanis ; additis iis omnibus, quas a Romanis in
Belgica, atque Germania inferiore gesta sunt ; JE?" ul indc
appareat Flandriam, Brabantiam, Zelandiam, nunquam
a Romanis devictas /uisse, earumq incolas in primis ab m'iginc,
sedibus, quietos semper vixisse, nulliq obnoxios servituti ; Bala- .
vos vero, vicinosq populos, cis & ultra Rhenuin [uiulc
Francos hactenus accersivere] ab octo legionibos Romaiib-
rum, Rheno impositis, nunquam permissos vivere in quicte,
ac plena libertate. Fol. 596.

"Most ready, now at the plough — now at the sword."
Page 30, lines 30 and 32.

"Anciently it (Pembroke-Shire) was possessed by the
Dcmetia, (Demetoe) further branched into Cardigan and Car-
mardetishires, as in that County hath beene said, and in the
Saxons Conquul and Heptarchie, by the Britaincs forceil into
those parts for refuge, whither Henry the first, and ihirtl uf
the Normans King, sent certain Flemings (whose Counlrey
was over-whelmed with the breaking in of the Seas) to in-
habite the maritime Tract called Rosse, lying West upon the
Kwex Dougledyc. 05= T/^esc DUTCHMEN {smth Giraldus )
were a strong and stout Nation, inured to Warrcs, and accustomed
to sceTcc gaiue by CiiOTHiNG, Traffique, and Tillage, uml

EVER READIE FOR THE FIELD TO FiGHT IT OUT : adding wilb-

all, that theif were 05*" most loyall to the English, am>

41

MOST FAITHFULL TO THE ENGLISHMEN. WhciCUpon Mal-

meshiirij writclli thus : Muny a lime did King William Rufus
assailc the tVclsh, but ever in vaine: which is to Oc icondered at,
considering his other fortunate successe. But (saith he) it may he.
the uncvertnesse of thp. ground., and sharpenesse of the aire, that
maintained their courage, and impeached his valour : which to rC-
dresse. King Henry his brother found meanes ; for those Flemings,
who ill regard of his mothers hindred by the fathers side, sorely
pestrcd and eiidammaged the English, he sent into Wales, both to
purge and disburden his oion Kingdome, and to quell and lieepc -
backe the courage of his enemies. ff?°These men here seated,
deceived not his'expectation, but' so carried themselves in his
quarrel, that they seldome connmunicated with their neigh-
bours, So that to this day they speake liot the' Language, and
the co'iintreyis yet called i^«^e England' beyond Wales. (Eng-
land, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, Described and Abridged
With Historic Relation of Things tuorthy of Memory from a tarr
larger Volume Done by John Speed, 1627./"

Sir Walter 8cptt in his tales of the Crusaders, Part H, I be
Bot-rothed, has drawn the character of the Fleming or mod-
ern Menapian with a master hand, exhibiting him as a brave,
liiithful, but withal sagacious man — who buckled on the
corslet as a meaws and not as an end — preserving with the
hand what his sound head liad thought out. And almost
every writer of note and judgment cannot refrain from de-
scribing ihe Fleming as a glorious but roush being — unrefined
[)crhaps, but a man.

illenapit aiiii illovini.

Ubiis versus occidentem harebant Menapii, quorum Hues
(AUii latissimi erant ; ad Castelluin* enim protetidcbatur op-

*0astei.lc3i. — If this should be — as the wiutoxl justLlics the opinion — Cus-
■ifl. wMdi (under the Saxon and Frank Emperors [K a i s e r's] down lo fhe
time ol' the 11 o hen s t a u v e n) rotaiueit its Latin name of (.'nstclhiin,
and is laid down on his maps and declared in liis.text by Vrediiis t"(.i be tlie
"Oa'^Lle of the Meiuipii,"' it Is one of the most remarkable places in Europr.
Seated npon an isolated eminence, I'isin;;', like a su;j:ar loaf, to the height ol'
800 feet (English) from a vast thit, it commands one of the most extensive
views in Europe, bounded by the \\'liite clills of England, reaching into
iJiree kingdoms, and including thirty-two towns and one hundred villages.
Thronghout this vast area no fresh •water is visible, although it is inter-
sected in every du'ection by canals. This la^t feature is the more rennirk-
aiile, since a large expanse of ocean — fifty miles distant — is discernible
with the naked eye. , ■

Tlie environs of this place are famous for three great battles, all of
v/hich belong to the history of the medi;ev;il and modern M e n a p i a n s ;
1st, lu71, when Robert the Frison — so called from his sovereigntr of
Flanders, Zecland and Holland, all three included under tlie name of

42

pidum, eratque sub ilitione eorum tractus ille qui justa
rnontes est quos uuncEyfliam* appellamus, ac quicquid inde
est usque ad Morjnorum terminos ; nee non Comitatus
Namurcm, Ducatus Limburgensis ^ Falkenhirg, ac trans flu-
men Mosam pars Hannoiiia: ad Ficardiam usque &Eburones.
Habitarunt enim utramque Mosce ripam, auctoribus CiESARE
& Tacito. Paludes vero Menapiorum quorum & Strabo
memini'i, inter Eijfliam & Limburgensem sunt Ducatum ; Re-
gie ilia liodie alta palus'f vocatur, est que hominibus fere
inaccessa, & vix structis quibusdam semitis permeabilis.
Sunt & circa Geldrim confinia Menapiorum paludes, in ea
regione quae; hodie vocatur die VoeTEY von Geld-
E R N 4 juxta Fe»/o Sj Kempen. Strabo hos novissimos ad
utramque fiumiuis ripam esse dicit. Mexapus adbaerebant
MoBiNi, quorum portus Gessoriacam, nunc Coles. [Calais.]
Non est omitendum, Menapisci pagi§ crebram fieri rnen-

Frisia — beat Philip 1. ol' France. inA, 1328, when Philip-le-Bel besieged
Ca^sel, in order to rebtore Robert of Ca;>?el. the Count (Reward) of
Flandeis, who liad been expelled by the people, and the ascendancy of the
French i)arty, (styled Lileawerts,). To snecor the town Irt.OOO true
Fleiaing.s under a little fish merchant named Colin Zannequin, assailed
"the innumerable host of Frenih," and very nearly succeeded in destroy-
ing their innnense army, and slaying their king. Overpowered!, however,
at length by numbers, "both the Flemish chief and bis troops perished.
3rd, 11)77, when the Pbisce of OJ^A^•GE, William III. of England,
r.as defeated by the French under Phili[>, Duke of Orleans. The Prince,
however, "'errected so skillfully a retreat, that it w:uiTcd but little of the
Jiouor of a vietory."'

'Elffel Mountaixs. — X remarkable range of sialy muuntiius, pre-
))ier>euting evident traces of former volccnic action, divided into the 'Lofty,'
■Hither,' and "Snowy Eiffel.' They connect the ^\rdeimes Forest ( A c h -
terwald ), trending E. by S. with the Rhine, and ooii.'>litiUed a district,
known when Bertiii-< wrote, as jE"//?//'!, (lying chielly between the rivers
Nette and Ahr, which la-jt empties into the Rhine at Sinzig, opposite
Liutz,) whose central point may be located at Aremrn)berg, in the midst
of a triangle, whose imgles would lie at Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, and
Treves. This woidd bring the M e n a )) i i south of a line drawn E. and
AV. from Liege to Cologne.

+Alta PALrsTlie. ;Tlie Acin JJclgaruiinyf TuiMw^. i. e. Northern Flan-
ders, or else the "Invia," trackless or inaccessible district i. e. Butch
Flanders and the Maa-s-Si heldic jVrchipelago.

fVoGTEV OF (tleldeus. — The. mai-slies i-efeiTcd t« in this Bailiwick
n eie known as the "Morass of Peel,"' which extends from the Mans, near
Ke.ssel, north we-twardly .'lions Land III' Cuyek, of which (Jraave is the
oapitid, beyond Helmond on tlie Aa. in tlie Free Stiile f Y i- i i S r a a t
<1 c r Aril or i o h o n ) of the Arboriches.

^See Cah^vsiis, iy:j-'4-'.5-'7, very impoi'tanl. 3^7-3:31.

43:

tioneiii iij. Ifgibus CARpi,i magni tib Ansegiso moiiacho col-
leci.is, atque in illis dcsignari Flfindros :\ Morini liicti
sunt ah ingenti lacu qui accolis vocatur Mopr, situsqne est
inter Furnas & VVinoxbergam.

C as t e 11 u m , Kessel juxta Mosam, oppidnrr; : diruturn.
Est & alind Castellum in Morinis monti impositum, quod
vulgo Casssl* vocant. [See note Castellum, pages 41— '2.]

V a g a n u m ; oppidum non piocula Castello, Wagenhcym.
Nullum fuit in rerum natura Vaganum ■■ Baganon ag-
noscit Ptolem^eus, idque local non in Menapijs sed in
Nervijs. Tabula Peutingeriana exserte habet Baca conervio,
<|uod dubio procul.est Baganum Nerviorum, quod nunc vocat-
ur Bavay. WageriReym, juxta. Castellum Menapiorum nullum
est. Woggenum est baud procul a Rurtmunda.

T e ru a n a, Terwanen, (Terouannc). Ptolemseo est nic-
diterranea urbs Morinorum. pag. 97. De ea Erajmus nostci-
sic, Exstal, imo exstabat hoc nomine in PicarcZia civitas Epi-
sc(;palis quam vulgus Tcmuanam vocat. Ea ,quum \m:v
scriberemus, magna vi oppugnabatur a duobus Regibus,
Henrico VIII Britannias principe & Maximiliano Imperatorc,
adjuuantibus & Burgundionibus nostratibus. Deditio facta
est, dimissi milites incolumes : postea nostris opinor agenti-
bus, oppidum indigne deletum est. Incidit exti-ema calam-
itas post Erasmi obitum regnanle Carolo V die XX Julij.
Anni cio.io.liii. [mdliii.J Hodie ejus neque vola exstat
iic(iue vestigium.

'1' o r n a c u m , ?JDornickj (Tournay.)
Meminere ejus Antoninus & Liber Notitie, p. 54. Tabula
Peu(n)tingeriana, pag. 142, Turnacum nominat. Hieronv-
Mus qiioque loco quem citavimus. pag. G'3.
Gessoriacum navale, Gent, certum.

Imo nihil certius quam Gessoriacum esse Bononiam, quai
Gallis Bouloigne, nostris [Beunen, Flemish ; Bune, Anglo-
Saxon,] vocatur: in Tabula Peu(n)tingeriana infra flumen
Palabum legitur majusculis litteTis Belgica ; ad littu^ vcio
maris, Gessoriaco quod nunc Bononia. Idem ergo sum,
Icciiis partus, Cjesari nominatus, Gessoriacum navale Ptgl-

*OoRiovAi.LU.M i^icJi). Bertius remarks of this plnco — wLicli souie
gedj^'i'aphei-s consider Valkenberg or Fauquoiuoiit, ou the (Jeule — that
U'liile citlxers ,'i:<sisi;no(l it to the Ubii, lie was of opinion that il, hc-
I.iim-ed to the Menapii. If J5ertius was rij;ht besides tlieir territories in
Holland, tlie Menapii at one time embraced the wliole modern kingdom
>d' Belgium except the environs of Liege and Naniur. togethei- with a
sU-ip of France ah)ng the noi-thern honndary of that kingdom.

Coriovallum, Ach : .V(? hoc ad JJeiuipios j'eriinehdt jhiIaiih quam nd
Vhlos^ savs Bertins ; alii iiMlaitt usse Vnlleiilitm-li. ,

44

EM^i, & Bononia posterioris asvi, quam Panegyristes Con-
stantini voCat Bononiense oppidum.

LugoJunuiii W o R K u M . vd Mons S. Gerlnidis
Erravit dociissimus Bilibaldus, primuin quod iu Ubijs
posuit Lugodunum, nunc quod in Menapijs au] Morinis.

" Dis taulon eipeii o sophos curipides."

Batavorum est Lugodunum ad Rhenum, nee potest ipsis
eripi, Iccius portus vel Gcssoiiaeum, Cales (Calais).

Jam dixi quid sil : Caletum reeentius est, quam ut possit
esse vetus illud navale. (Petrus Bertius, Commmiariorum
Re/um Gcrmanicarum, 1G16, Pages 164~'5.)

"ZuiJ-Holliuid islands." Page 24, liuc 8.

" Plentaioi 4b ^lenapioi ton eMialon eph kekateroj tou potamou,
Tcatoihountes helc kai iti-omvus,'''' writeji Strahd, (first century B. O.,) ae-
cordiiif; to Malte-Brun, the first geographer of antiqnity. "Fi.timi sunt

MEN A PI 01 OSTIOKIM EX UTRAQUB ElPA FUJMINIS (RHBNi) ACCO-
LESTES (or HABITANTES) PALl'DES ET SALTUS (STLVAS HCMILEs)."'

"The most remote ijeople are the ^Etiajiii, at the mouths [phiral] of
tlie Hhiiie, iuliahiting the marshes and uncultivated woodlands, used for
pasture, [parks or oak-openings.] ["ad mabe,"] upon the ocean." !

In conclusion : •'■ Supplementtj m Supplemetiii Chronkormn"' : "Ze-
landia tiuoque ^tlia est, inquit, in Germania inferiore, Provincia ad Sep-
tentrioneni et Occidenteui versa, quiC potius insula Rheni dici potest."

^Enens f>ilvjus Piccolominaus — [Piu^ II., 1405-1464] — Ln his Oommenta-
I'ies on the -Vcliievements of tlie Elector-Palatine, Frederic III., [1468] :
"ntimi, inquit, Germanorura ad Septentrionem et Occidentem ver^i, Ze-
landini sunt; Iiisulares populi, Kheni ' t^^liis .objecti [directly opposite to
the mouths of the Riiine[, inter quos praecipui Mittelburgenses habentur."
— (GhroMci Zelitnilia/, 31 ; t'AiiArsius, 158..)

Probatum est :

"A small riparian share of Utrecht." Page 24, lines 8-9.

"We :^ee from CcCsar that the Mksami, at least in part, at that time
dwelt on the kokth bank of the Rhin c or TTi?"?, and thus (partially
within the ImuTjt Biddronnn. Allerwards we no more find (meet with)
them there. The place vacated by them was very probably allotted to
tlie BaUivi ill case that ihiij (the - Batavians) at that time, sought the
friendship of the Romans ; or they may posslbly. without the concur-
rence of these ci^Kjuerors, have occupied the whole Insuhi. and even
have spread themselves into the country between the Wiiifl ani the Meiise
^confederating with the Menapii). At least tliere is no mention in after
history of any but Iftitaviau inhabitants there. (Vax Kampex's '■'His-
■ uri/ uf the yetherlands."' I., 14.)

"'Words in (—) .ind [ — J inserted by Translator.

"A military people." Page 24, linesl7-18.

CoLVEz, in his '•Pi-eci.H de VHistoirc de I'landre" says that of all the
Iribes which fie>:ii- encountered, the Moriui [Menapiax [Fhmhh) Marrii.
Translator,], were reniai'kable, above all, for their r>,iviil intrepidity.
MS, in like*iniiuncr, the Menapii for their miliiiiry prowess.

flU'ka':' fU^keiiaaf fUfkete? JW/uitf

. '^eeLaiidei'-h. and ^LeniiiiQA or S ax.o- ^ei-mariLc
J^eikei^LaiideiK

'D

^jlie.ixaji.ija.ixk ( ifcLxaii JVetliEi'LcLndei'o., ) at- a
f^anfedetcdiLaiL af: S^axaa {^Shle) ^etmans. and
J^etkai'LcLride-h

'V

A Chronological, Summary of their History from
the days of Julil's Caesar to the Subdivision- of
the ImperiaUy of Charlemagne.

" iDie Ijeis^t bee Sa(£)u9cv0 llatevlanb ? —

Sonst Ijies^ £s imr ias Canb irtv (£kl)Jii !
jOas fvm Cant) ! tias beutsflje Canb ! .
So l)iesj inein iJatevlant) !" K o £ v n £ r

How first was styled tlie minstrels' Fatherland '■:

Once it was called tlie Land of Oaks!*
The Freeman's Land ! the German Land !
So first was linown my Fatherland I Koehneb,

The analyzation and publication of a Chronicle of the Ad-
vent, Rise and Conquests of the FRANKS from the first
appearance of a Confederation universally known by that

*If there is any fonudation for the hypothesis that Hollaivl was
once densely wooded with oaks, aiid derived' its name — (i?o / 1 -[Wood]
land) — from that fact, this verse is eminently applicable. At all events,
the Mcnapii.and Menapian-^Iorini were defended by vast forests, a por- '
tion of whio.h were felled by (Jassar in his fii'st campaign against them.

Oaks were certainly numerous a few oentm-ies since in all parts of the
country, \\'hence the tiames of Ten Eyck (as spelled in this country) or
rather Eike (the Oak); 'from the Oak' ; van Eyck, 'of the Oak' s6 common
among the early Dutch or Netherlandish colonists of this state. Holland
■ffas and is famous for its magnificent Oaks. {Bont, IH, 460.)

46

Tide up to the reign of Clovis, and a 'summary of their
current extension down to the partition of the Imperiality of
Charlemagne, 'constitutes the subject of the present
Chapter.

In order to present tlie matter clearly, it will be necessar3'
to go over a portion of the ground covered by the history of
Carausius, and of the Mbnapii [interwoven with the Bi-
ography of the Dutch Augustus and Emperor of Britain], as
there is no question but that the Menapii, whether as a sub-
stantive nation or as a confederation, as their name imports,
were to the more extensive Frank league that which Rome,
within the limits embraced by the sovereignty of Romulus,
wa? to the Cis-Padine or Cis-Alpine Roman republic ; ifi
fact, Italy.

The first ancient league — in the northwest of Europe —
constituting a confederation, in the proper sense of the term,
which had its seat in the Netherlands, was the C i m b r i c .
To it succeeded 'the Armoric orVenetan; and to it
again the M e n ap i a n . The leagues against Julius C^-
SAR were temporary coalitions; like those which were form-
ed against Napoleon.

The earliest modern [that is A. D.] league on record in the
same fields was that of the Ale manni, who— trans -Rhenan
Germans — claimed as their own the noble name of F ra n k s,
and applied the epithet of Gal w alas, Wallons or
Welches, to the subsequent Galwalas Frank con-
federation of the Netherlands. [Thierry, 33. 2.]
The second confederation was that of the Netherlandish
Franks, whose designation is justly attributed by Vredius
to the Menapii if the word Frank is received in its sig-
nification of Free. If however any other derivation is con-
ceded it is more than likely that the miUtary Franks who
conquered Gaul — from whom ihe Menapii seceded in
the IV th century to enter into that "Saxon League" which
embraced the whole Netherlandish coast of the North Sea or
German Ocean — were not originally descendants of Nether-
landers but of Germans who had gradually fought their way,
or immigrated, or been planted by the Roman emperors, in
the Low Lands of Holland. There are several reasons
which justify the opinion, and the first and best is the very
secession of the Menapii, or Maritime Franks, or popu-
lation of the coasts and lowlands, who never entered heartily
into the aggressive measures of their more recently Trans-
Rhenan confederates. Others will be considered hereafter.
On the other hand if the name of the Franks is deduced, as

47
many suppose, from that of their peculiar weapon irrau^isko*'
(Franca, Ang. Sax.) — ( ? the ancient framea [from framen-,
to throw] of the Germans) — it is very questionable if they
were not originally identical in a greater or less degree with
the Northern Alemani or A 1 1 e m a n n i, whose very name,
— All, Eal, "All, Entirely, Thorough, "and Man, Mann, pi.
Menn — implies Confederation and Toleration.

This view is entirelj' borne out by the attempt to derive
Frank from the (Maritime) Saxon Fralc, Freeh, which al-
though they mean "bold" also signify "vile," and in their
compounds worse, whereas the same words, also Vreli,
Vrnng, are cited as signifying the "bold in combat," the "in-
trepid" (Thierry 4) in the grand folio Saxon, Gothic and
Latin Dictionary Free is translated "Amb7-o," a stigma, " Tur-
pis vitcE homines;'''' consequently it is not very likely that a
gallant people would have assumed a name which iniplied
disgrace.

If any one tribe received- this designation from its home-
land, it was the S i c a m b r i , who, according to Dewez, '
[[., 159,] lost their ancient name and assumed that of
F ranks , from Francia, the territory to the right of the
Rhine, [compare Pentinger Table,'] extending northwards
and southwards from the Lippe. Vredius, in his Map,
Fraiicorum. Prirrm Sedes, [Book II., page 236, History of
Ancient Flanders,] applies the name oi "Franeia Sccunda"
to the right or east shore of the Rhine, from the Fossa Drusii
or Yssel river northwards to the Sieg river, and '^Francia
Prima" to the country lying between the German Ocean —
[which he styles "Saluni Francicum,'] — the Helium or Ostium
Mosce, the Maas, and the Schclde arid the Aas. If he is cor-
rect, '■^Francia Prima" constituted the Maas- Scheldie Archi-
pelago and the present West Flanders, together with a strip
o{ Fre7ich territory, which was embraced in MedicBval Flan-

'*Iii the same way that the Saxons (S e a o s a, S e a x a) ahort-mcord-nien,
derive their name from their national weajjon, the Seax (S a x, Srox, Sahs;
a long knife Or short sword, a cutlaas. (Thiebky, 4. Note 1, &o., &c.)

This Francisque was an offensive weapon used by the Frank iujantry in
close combat, besides the bow, lance and Javelin. It was a double-bladed
battle-axe, wlicveas the Fraraoa often oonfpunded with it was a short spear
or partisan. J:5ear in mind that the favorite weapon of the Danes and
English Saxons wan a heavy battle axe. The famous Varangian Soandina-
vo-Franco-Saxoii body guard of the Byzautian emperors prided themselves
upon their skill in using a miissive Franoisca. The pecnliar weapon of the
Menapians was a Mace, which appears among the emblemaof the Ohatel-
lenie of the Franc of Bruges, and in their hands was even more deadly than
the Saxon battle axe. Karl-Martel derived his name from one of these
pitiless Maces, a compromise between the hammer of Thor and the hatbert
of the Sclavono-Vendic Eadegast. The Karl-Saxon Menapian' oifensive
arm was the schormsax.

48

ders. Of this, again,: he assigned the coast ot" Flanders ; and
the Zeelandish , and ^Hollandish . islands- lo the Franci-SaHi
or iSaZici, dariying th€ epithet of 5a/w, : not from the river
JssaZtt or F^se^,: as many do, but from S'ilum, the Salt Sea,
conveying-the idea of Maritime. Years of investigation lead
the author to incline to these views of Vredius, for down to
the Xlllth century, and long after the German Francia had
lost its designation in the Netherlandish districts, known as
Flandrensis — which constituted, properly speaiiing,
Ancient and Mediaeval F Ian d e rs , i. e. the Flemish coast,
beginning between Calais and Gravelines, together with the
Quatuor Qfficia [Four OfBces], and the Waasland, including
Ghent and Antwerp, was known as the Franc of
Bruges. Again, and before we dismiss the subject of the
ancient habitat of the Menapii in Flanders, the reader's at-
tention is directed to Cassel, a famous town — on a remarkable
isolated eminence — which, commanding a view of immense
extent — in the present French Department of Nord, which,
and not Kcssd, on the Mans, both designated by the an-
cients as Castellum, was the Castellum Menapiorum (Southern
frontier ? Fortress of the Menapii,) and not the Castle of the
M o r i n i , as was once generally supposed. Still, it may
have been the principal town of the (coalesced) Menapian-
MoRiNi. Vredius considers this a certainty, and very many
chorographers and geographers, who have given the subject
the closest attention, arrive at the same result which is cor-
roborated, by the Antonine Itinerary. The patriotic Brugian,
Vredius, who has shed so much light on the history of his
Fatherland, extends the Menapii, north and south, from
Cassel to the Lech, and .dignifies their history with proofs of
their undeviatingand indomitable instincts of freedom.

Latham certainly divides the Franks into the German
and the Netherlandish — ^^the southern, Upper-Rhine, Alle-
mannian or Franconian Franks, and the northern, Lower-
Rhine or Netherlandish Franks. "In Holland alone are
they a separate, substantive people — in Holland, minus
Friesland," he remarks in one place ; and again, "the
Franks were the Marchmen of the Roman frontier," who
"called themselves Franks because they were so, (i.e. free,)
in opposition to their, fellow Germans, who were subject to
Rome." The Fraitks of the northern frontier, if embracing
both Low and High Dutch — Netherlanders and Germans —
comprised the Yssel Franks, Sicambri, Chauci, or whatever
they were, as the preponderating Rhine element.

Now, let us devote a small space lo a recapitulation of the

49
position of. those people, whom remote history recognizes
under the name of MENAIIIOI. John Isaac Pontanus,
(1571—1639,) a historian and philologist, born at Elsinore,m
the Danish island of Seelcmd, A. D. 157J, in his rare old
Latin Folio, published at Amsterdam, 1611, — the History
of the City of Amsterdam, and matters relating to it, — which
chronicles many valuable facts with regard to the early history
of Holland, and the origin of the name — furnishes a map
entitled "Hollandia Chorographia," which is the only one
which pretends to locate the ancient inhabitants in accord-
ance with the language of Steabo, who, beyond all doubt,
was, as Malte-Brun styles him, the first— that is, the most
reliable — geographer of antiquity.

If Strabo knew what he wrote about — and he did not
write like one who had the slightest doubt of what he laid
down — the Menapii were situated on both sides of theRhine,
even to the mou'h of that river. This has given rise to
more difficulty than any other distribution of the ancient
Hollandish territory, because it interferes with what we
know of the position of the Batavi, who certainly inhabited
the marshes between the Maas, Wahal and Rhine. But if,
instead of viewing the Menapii as a single tribe, we adopt
the opinion of Alting and WjEstelain, that they were a
confederation, as the Germano-Saxon derivation of their
name would imply, every difficulty is solved at once.

Almost every map of ancient Holland locates a portion of
the Chauci between the Nahalia or Fossa Drusii and the Issala
on the east, the Water-land on the south, the Flevan Lake on
the north, and the Vidrus or Vecht on the west, and the
northern Rhine or Rhine jjroper on the south. This agrees
with Van Loon. Eyndius assigns the South Holland
islands to the Chauci also, which islands were under the
power of the Menapii ; consequently these Chauci* were one

*The readers attentioE has been called more than once herein to the
writer's opinion that the CnABOi were constituents of the Menapian Con-
federation, since in almost every place that we find the Menapii, there we
meet with the Ohauoi also; witness one, in Utrecht and Guelderland, again
in Zeeland, and again in Ireland, &o.

"The inhabitants of these parts (Leinster) in Ireland in Ptolemies daycs
were the Brigantes, ( ( ?)a Tentonio race ; very probably) Menapii, Gaud,
and Blani; from which Blani may seeme to be derived and contracted the
latter and modorne names of this Country, Zein, Ldghnigh, and Leinster.
The Menapii (as the name doth after a sort imply) came from the Menapi-
ans, a Nation in Low Oermany, that dwelt by the Sea-Coasts." {England,
Wales, Scotland and Ireland Bescribedand Abridged, With Hiatorie Rela-
timi ofThinges worthy Memory , from a farr larger Volume, Bone Jjr John
Speed, 1627.)

4

50

of the tribes of the confederate Menapii, and sa originally
acknowledged. Again, anoiher portion of the Maas-Scbeldic
Archipelago is said to have been inhabited atone time by tbe
Ta(o)xandri, at another by the Quadi, and afterwards by the
Suevi — (Tou rnai (Doornyk) capital of blended Menapii
and Suevi — Dewez, I. 50) — which is all susceptible of im-
mediate solution, if the reader holds steadily to the idea of
a confederation, which was constantly receiving accessions
of the Saxon and Germanic races by the immigration of
those peoples, in the same way that the United Provinces
continued to acquire greater strength, lustre and influence,
by their hospitable reception of exiles from every country,
particularly those persecuted on account of their opposition
to Romanism — i. e. Roman Catholicism — and tyranny of al
kinds, like as the Menapii sheltered those who sought thei
territory to escape the despotic pressure and exactions or
imperial Romanism. ' f

Farthermore, Halma, an able Germano-Dutch lexicogra-
pher, in his Historical, Ethnological, &c. Dictionary, clears
up the question as to tbe occupation of ancient Menapia by
a new tribe, the Ta(o)xandri, which was merely a Roman
after-name for the Confedekate Menapii, which was no
doubt disagreeable to Roman ears, inasmuch as we know
that the appellates were the stumbling-block of Julius Casar
and an indomitable bulwark against the Romans in their
actual subjugation or absorption of several of the Nether-
landish nations, under tbe fallacious deception of an alliance
with the Netherlands. The bait which took with the Batavi
never could attract or entrap the Menapii; so Roman his-
torians expunged the name, since their legions could not de-
molish the nation : and iheCampine or North or Dutch Brabant
and the tirpper halfoi Belgic Brabant became Ta(o)xaxdeia
VEL Menapiscus Agek, or, " The Field [Territory] of the
Menapii."

The Franks of the Lower RJdne seem to have been
otjiefly Low Dutch, that is, HoUandish, (partially) old
Saxoti and Frison. The physical influence of the Nether-
landish Franks lasted longer than that of the other people
recognized under the same appellation. Their expansion,
wide and irresistible, acquired its first notable centrifugal
force under Glovis ; its last and mightiest under Charle-
magne. The ocean soon presented an impassable barrier on
three sides to a power which, by constant military progres-
sion, had lost the naval element that it derived from the
Menapii, who remained true to its instincts, and clave to

51

the sea and its borders. It would almost seem as if the
leaven of Frank dominion was the effect of the Menapian
impulse, which gave the Salian Franks an enduring and
stimulative strength, which enabled them to swallow up all
the rest and appropriate to themselves not only their name
but their achievements, in the same way that tradition grad-
ually assigns to one hero, the deified Hercules for instance,
the actions of all of thai name. In Holland alone, the
Franks remained a separate, substantive people, replacing
the Batavians, so that the United Provinces have a triune
Saxon origin — threefold in their F r i s o n , (Sicambo-)
Salian, and (Chauco-) M e n a p i a n progenitors; one,
in that all three were stocks from the same old S a x o n root.*

*Well may we say "Saxon," since C^sar himself {read
iinder standingly) proves that the Netherlanders (the
Belgic tribes) were not Cells or Gauls. He "asserts that
they spoke a distinct language" from the latter, "and the
Romanized names of divinities prove to have been invaria-
bly of Te u t on ic, not Gallic, origin, from the Rhine to
beyond the Scheldt" which certainly includes Z e e 1 a n d
and Dutch Flanders, and probably all Flanders.

There is no doubt that the Celts preceded the Saxons in
the Netherlands, and that remnants of the former race re-
mained as subordinate constituents of the population form-
ed by the subsequent Scandinavo-Saxon {Gothic)
immigration which succeeded to them. That the M e n a p i i
were among the purest of that noble race, is proven by the
similarity of the language spoken by the ancient True
Germans, (the Saxons,) and the people of the Mena-
piscus [or Mempiscus] Pagus or Vicus, the Menapiscus
Ager, and Pagus Flandrensis, including Zeeland.

Even the Heldenbuch and Niebelungbn-Noth
are now supposed tobeofFranco-Theotlsch, i. e.
MeiMfian or Netherlandish origin, since four or six pages in
the Flemish language of the Xllth century have been lately
discovered at Ghent. Nor is this the only example, for
Mr. Bonstetten recently found at Copenhagen the famous
song of the Lombards, also known as that of the Ost and
and West Friesen or Frisons. (Smith's "Human Species,"
pages 437,& note 448-9.) The writer has even now lying
before him specimens of the old Flemish or Mena-
p i s c a n tongue, which resemble English as much as (if
not more than) the Anglo-Saxon.

52
The Northern Frank Confederation — that is, the
Franks of the Lower Rhine — comprised — collating and
endeavoring to reconcile the different authorities — beginning
at the northeast :

1, the G a m b r i V i i , people of Hamburg ;

2, Chauci, of East Friezland, Bremen and Lunen-
burg, and parts of Westphalia — (Schmitz says Oldenburg
and Hanover) — with offshoots in central Holland and the
Maas-Scheldic Archipelago ;

3, Angrivarii, of Bremen and Osnaburg, or Minden
and Schawenburg (raedioeval, Engern) ;

4, C h a m a V i , originallj' of Munster, perhaps the
same as the Gambrivii ;

5, M a r s i , (supposed,) originally, of Paderborn, and
districts near Munster ;

6, B r u cte r i , of Westphalia, contigaous to (south of)
the Cauci ;

7, F r i s i i , of Friezland ;

8, C h e r u s c i , of the Hartz Mountains, north of the
Catti ;

9, C a t t i , of Hesse ;

10, T u b a a t i i ; of the Thuringian Forest, south of the
preceding ;

11, S i-c a m b r i , of Guelderland and Over3'ssel — ac-
cording to soine, synonymous with ths Salian Franks ;

1'2, Usipii or Usipetes,Tenchteri, (ori-
ginally from about Paderborn), and G u g e r n i , of Guel-
ders, south of the Rhine, Cleves and Juliers ;

13, U b i i , of Cologne ;

14, the scattereJ relics of the B a t a v i and their
clients, gradually exterminated and, in the Vlh Century,
blotted out from the list of nations ;

All these [14] (1—14) lay to the north of the FUiinc and to
tlie east of the Maas. We now find ourselves among the

15, MENAPIANS, who, at the commencement of the
Vlh Century, were known under various names.

15 (a), the Ripuarian Menapii,* who must have embraced

*Ooinparo Dewez' nistiiira Gonorale de la Belgique (hereto tnr.' often
anil hcrcaftor ahvays, desi-^natcil as Dfwez), VoL I., pages 2U2— '3, ami
Vol. J., ]ini;if^ 2--fi ; Baiiiel's llistoiro de Prance (hereafter desi\rnate(l
Danitil,) Prei'ipc Oi^toririne,' Yol. I., pace? LIIT — L\ ; and Clironiei Ze-
IniKli: •, Book IT, Ca]). VIL, pages 184, tVe.

53

the (16) Eburones, (17) Condrusii, (18) Tungii, (19) Pe-
manes, (20) Segnii, and (21) Ceresii, who, together, extend-
ed along both shores of the Maas, from Ruremond to Na-
mur or even Dinant NW. and SW. — and SE. to. Treves and
Luxemburg ;

[The Eburones, Condrusii, Tungri or Tongri, lay con-
tiguous and along the Maas, from the junction of the Rhur
[Rura] to' that of the Sambre [Sabis] ; the Pemanes, Segnii
and Ceresii, were located between the three former and the
Treviri, along the Moselle.]

15 (b), the Ta(o)xandri, the Belgian (moderD)-Brabantian
Menapii ;

15 (c), the Arboriches, ilie South Hollandish, the Zee-
landic and North or Dutch Brabantian Menapii [lM e y e r -
y e n a a r s [Meij-e-rij-e-naars) ] ;

[With regard to the early population of the Maas-Scheldic
Archipelago, Smith (in, his "Human Species, p. 296) reads,
"In the swampy islaxids [faludes] of ancient Flanders, a
small race seems once to have resided under the early pro-
tection of the Frieslanders, V u r i e s e n and H u i n e n,
both denoting giants in the Theotisk dialect of Belgium, as
it was spoken in the time of Charlemagne.

There is an imperfect vocabulary of this form of the old
western Teutonic, in Olivarius Vredius, Hist. Comitum
Fhindriie, together with some fragments of Solomon's Song,
&c., in the same. Two centuries after, it was nearly simi-
lar to the Anglo-Saxon. The present dialect of Flanders
still contains many most ancient Theotisk words, disregard-
ed in dictionaries. But the examination of the whole ques-
tion is well worthy the attention of English Saxon scholars."]

22, the &I o r i n i , of mediaeval Guysne and Aftois,
and, coalesced with the Menapii, the southern districts of
Flanders, north of — along the — present boundary of France ;
15 (d). The Franci Salii, i.e. Maritime-Frank [or Free]
Flemish Menapii, constituting the ancient Flemings, after-
wards known as Karl- Saxons, B 1 a u vo et s , &c.,
comprising also (25), the relics of the N e r v i i , the
(24) Centrones, [25] Grudii, [26] Levaci, [27] Pleu-
mosi, [28] Gorduni, together, of the provinces of Hainault,
Cambray, Chimay, and other districts between the Maas
and the Sambre, &c. ;

[Vredius locates the Centrones around Cortryck [Cour-
tray :] — they were certainly free under Augustus — the

54

Grudii near Bruges, or on the island of Cadsand ; ibe
Levaci at Hulst and in the Quatuor Oflacia ; the Pleumosii
at Ypres and Dixmude ; the Gorduni or Gonduni about
Ghent. He considers that they all were Menapians, pure,
and the last four always free. The writer thinks that the
designation of their exact habitats is •nere hypothesis.]

28, the T r e V i r i , of Luxemburg and Cleves, south
ef the Ardennes Forest ;

29, the relics of the Atuatici, mingled with the Ebu-
rones, around Namur.

It is an almost hopeless task to define the limits of the
habuats of many of these nations, the majority of whom, af-
ter they had entered the Netherlands, enjoyed, it is certain,
a more or less intimate connection or political combination
with the Menapii. All of them .have been located within
the Belgic and Germanic districts, claimed to have been
conquered and subject to the Romans. Notwithstanding
their asserted claims, the larger portion of this territory was
always free soil, ["HET VRYE"]— upon which the Ro-
mans had sustained the most disgraceful repulses and hu-
miliating defeats, and experienced disasters whose anguish
made Rome itself shiver at the recital. Thus much for the
reliability of Roman bulletins and histories.

The writer entirely coincides with the opinions of Latham,
as far as he considers the Low Dutch as the purest of the
Franks or Saxo-Scandinavo (True German Freemen).*

There are four v^ry remarkable facts connected with the

*TVTien the necessity for the distinotion between the dependent Grermans
of the Roman territory, and the fi-ee Germans of the frontier (March), be-
came necessary, the necessity of a general name came in again. This gen-
eral name was i^ra.iX-. The Franks of the Lower Ehine seem to have
been chiefly ^^Platt-Deutsch, thongh, partially, Old Saxon and Frisian as
well.

The time of the actions of the Franks of the Lower Rhine was a little
later than that of those of the Upper , bnt it lasted longer. Its develop-
ment consisted in the conquests of Clovis and Charlemagne. Its measure
is to be found in the name France, and in the Saxon and Sclavonian con-

In France, the Franks of the Lower Ehine, and the Franks of the Up-
per Rhine, met in tlie parts about Franche- Comte, and combined; the
former swamping the latter, and making it appear as ii Franche- Comtc
and France took their names from the same Franks — such |^^ not being
the case.

Again — the Franks of Franco appropriated the traditions of those of
Burgundy, and deducing themsehes fromMeroveus, became Merovingians ;
though that name is Burgundiun. (? ? )

The Franks of the Lower Rhine, like the Groths, much a.s they have con-
quered, have failed in continuing the existence of their Frank character.

55

Franks, which are but little known, and yet contain the
strongest corroborative evidence of the superior clainas of
the Menapii to the title of Freemen or Franks, and of the
truth of the writer's views in regard to the people of his Fa-
therland.

First : the only pure Franks were the Northern, and they
were Netherlanders ; the others were in reality constituents
of the Allemannic, iMarcoinannic, &c, &c. leagues*

Second : when the Netherlandish and True-German, the
Lower Rhine, Franks met the Upper Rhine Franks, "the
former swamped the latter."

Third: when ihe ., Ma?itime F ranks separated from the
Military Franks, the latter, although conquerors of Gaul,
were swallowed up, as it were, in the far-outnumbering
masses of the conquered Celtic population, and lost almost
every attribute of the Scandinavo-Saxon [True-Germanic]
race; so that the Northmen [Norm.ans], fresh from the Scan-
dinavo-Saxon north, looked with contempt upon that victo-
rious cognate race — the Franks — once, when fresh from
their Low and High Dutch home-land,* equal to themselves

Those of Pranoe are Frenchmen ; those of Low Germany read in High
German — their chief spoJcen language, the Platt-Deutsch, dying out.

[1^'" In, Holland alone are they a separate and substantive people — in
Holland, mimis Friesland.

It was the Low German Franks (Pure Saxons) who swept befoi-e them,
and extinguished (absorbed) the Saxons — the continental ancestors of the
English.

The Franlcs of the Middle Frontier. — These, as being difficult to sep-
arate on their southern and northern frontiers from those of Burgundy,
and the Lower Rhine, have been taken last in order. They are the Hes-
sian Franks (CAaMzscAe i^mre^en) of Zeuss. Their history is less obscure
than undistributed, i. e., distinguished from that of the Franks above and
below them.

Still, there are : the Franks whose legends Sigfrid and the Niebelungen
Lied represent ; Franks more High than Low Germanic, as shown by the
great extent to which Burgundians come in contact with the hero of that
poem, which the Salian or Eipuarian Franks do not.

The Salii. — ^Franks, in respect to their independence, the Salii were
probably intrusive Low Germans ; their locality being the present Sal-
land, near Deventer, and the banks of the T-sel.

Ths Sipuarii. — Ethnologioally, the Kip-uarii were Franks of the Hipw
(the Banks of the Rhine), &o.

Their name shows the possibility of a hybrid word ; since uarii, the
wmre in Gantwmre, &o. So that the Rip-uarii were really the Sip-i-colm.

(The Germania of Tacitus, with Ethnological Notes iy R. G. Latham,
Epilegomena, LX, LXI, LXII.)

*Tho Romans of the IVth Century knew the Germanic races only by
the name of Franks, significant of their uutrammeled spirits and unfettered
imbs. (Mezerat's Histoire de la France, I, 16.)
1

56

in every male aitnbute, and now degenerated by interming-
ling with those whom they had enslaved physically, to be-
come enslaved by them [the Gauls] morally. This is a very
curious subject for reflection.

Again, the military Scandinavo-Saxons [True-Germans],
themselves conquerors of France, and afterward conquered
by the Normans [Scandinavo-Saxons], in combination with
the victors, conquered at Hastings the Saxo-Scandinavians,
[True Germans,] who, to meet them on that field, fatal
to their predominance in England — had marched from a
still more glorious victory over the flower of the Scandinavo-
Saxons, under their hero-king, a very type of his race, at
Stanford-Bridge. And, yet more strange, while the blend-
ed race of the double victors — Franks and Normans — are
lost physically and morally in the vanquished Celts in France,
they are in like manner absorbed in the purer Saxons in
England, which has been built up by the virtues of their
maritime, home-afiectioning forefathers, who rejected the
sodality of their military, glory-allured brethren, whose
vices twice brought combined Europe to Paris.

Fourth : the only pure Franks continued to be the Dutch
or Dutch and Flemings, or Netherlanders — not of [i. e., en-
tirely uncontaminated by] Celtic blood.

MuLLER furnishes an interesting Chronological Table of
the phases of F r a n k i s h (not F r e n c h ) progress, which ,
as a frame, is good, and, as built upon herein, presents a
perfect summary of the youth and manhood of F r a nk con-
federative life. As a mere chronological digest, it is inter-
esting, but how much more so, if a reader will analyze the
ethnological influences which gave force and momentum to
their operations, which acquired a fiery impulse from fresh
German blood intermingling with the solidity of the Nether-
erlander or Saxon, and realized the truth of Charles Vth's
remark, that if Celtic pride or fire, represented by the
Spaniards, were joined with the Dutch patience, it would
certainly produce some eminent mischief. And, in this
confederative action, it is curious to note that the same
lively confidence in the Ho w^ , from the first, from their dis-
covery by Ccesar, characterized the Saxons, but more prop-
erly the Dutch, who comprehended the immense scope of
two cardinal truths — toleration and association, embodied in
their national motto, ®jcnbracl)tinattkt iStagt, which the
United States derived from them, and travestied into the
Latin E pl.uribus Unum, as closely as our Infantry Tac-

57

tics were translated iium the French, with one or two un-
important changes, every one for the worse :

(t>e Peyster's Clironulogicul Table, Sfc, of Frankisli Progress.
Collated from the best dut/epritics.)

A. D. 24U, Formation (in the reign of Gordian?) of a new
Saxon Confederacy, under the name of "Franks."

[When the Franks first aroused the military efforts of the
Empire, the known world, but more particularly Europe,
resembled a vast bowl of fluid, which had lost its equilibri-
um, whose contents surged to and fro — now south, now
north, now west, now east — seeking a new level. Even so
the rush of barbarian life swept on until brought up by the
rim of the Ocean or Mediterranean, whence it recoiled and
flowed back ; or, urged on by an unstayable impulse, top-
pled over into other continents.]

A. D. 250. Franks, the inhabitants of the marshes, or
"seaky" territory, between the Aas, the Lys, and the
Rhine (South Schelde or Hond[t].'') and the Weser,
the Ems and the Maine, became known by their
predatory excursions.

A. D. 253. The Emperor Valerian sent his son Galienus
to garrison the Roman fortresses upon the Rhine, and
organize a navy, io restrain the aggressions of the
Franks.

A. D. 257. Aurelian, then Imperial Lieutenant-General,
defeated the Franks near Mayence.

A. D. 262. Posthumus, Vice-Regent of Gaul and Duke of
the Rhenish marshes, engaged in continual conflicts
to protect the Roman territory, and is mid by some
to have defended the imperial frontier ; while it is
asserted bj' others that he was a M c n a p i a n ,
and enjoyed the independent sovereignty of the
greater part of Belgic Gaul and of the ancient Nether-
lands.

(A. U. C. 1015, A. D. 263.)
(Quum Galli vehementissime Gallienum odissent, puerum
autem Saloninum, apud se imperare, fcrre non possent, eum,
qui commissum regebat imperium Imperatorem appellarunt,
missisque militibns adolcscentem interfecerunt. (Pollio.)
Galli hi M e n a p i i fuere, omnesque F 1 a n d r i , ac mari-
limi prceseriira,, & Z e 1 a n d i , a Frcio Dntannico usque ad
Helium Rhoni osliuin, (Maas) inter Legiam (Lys) atque

58
Scaldim, & mare ; qui intra limites sibi ab Augasto conslitu-
tos, in suis quiescentes, vixere, auxiliares semper Romanis,
a quibus nunc primum defecere, Fra,ncorurn,j. Libe-
rorum nomine assumpto, Atque hi Barbari sunt, quibus
AuRELius Victor Posthd3Ium ait in Gallia proesedisse, boec
ultima Barbarioe litora, hoec paludes, e quibus F r a n c o s
oriundos scribunt panegyristoe. Occo in numismatibus
suis fol. 331 aperte Francos eosdem, & Menapios vocat,
quos sibi polissimum Posthumus adscivit, & apud quos im-
perium decennio possedit ; septem videlicet pro Republica
Romana (quibus cum Metiapiis Suis, Grudiis, Levacis, Pleu-
mosiis, Centronihus, Nerviis, Batavis, Caninefatibus, Tongris,
omnibus turn temporis Germanis in/erioribus appellatis ; item cum
Ubiis,Nemetibu3,Triboccis,Germanis3uperioribus,Cisrhenan-
is,Rheni limitem tutatus est)& tribus reliquis annis,quibus, ut
ait Eutropius: Ipsemet sibi purpuram sumpsit. Subjiciens
proedictus Occo: Hoec pars tum Gallica Belgica dicebatur,
ubi turn Franci habitabant, censebaturque Romanum solum,
quia Galliam universam sibi adscribebant Romani, Rheno
iraperium terminantes, unde Ammianus primes Fkaxcos
Salios vulgo dictos, collocat in Romano solo ubi dudum sedes
fixer ant, apud Toxandriam,y Braiantiam. Et Pkocopi-
us primes Francos, Germanos antea vocatos affirmat, exigui
primum momentiviros, Armoricisfinitimos,.j. Boloniensibus ;
(people of Boulogne) quorum urbem Zosiiius scribit, pri-
mam esse mari adjacentem Germanias inferioris civitatem,
ueq ; alios fuisse docuimus Germanos Rom(anorum) Imp
(eratorium) corporis custodes. Quia vero posterioribus tem-
poribus Germanise vox, tantum, usitata fuit pro Transrhena-
nis, inde Francos, ultra Rhenum frustra hactenus qua?-
siverunt. Sed, et Posthumum, apud Francos hosce primes,
imperium arripuisse, confirmant infinita Posthumi numisma-
ta, tota Flandria, atque Zelandia reperta quorum mihi sep-
tuaginta quatuor serea, quadraginta septem argentea Brugas,
e variis Flandrise locis, allata sunt Marchantius in Flandria
sua lib. 1, fol. 64, agens de Bollesela pago Castellanice Casle-
tance : Ubi, inquit, cis paucos annos, ab agricolafodiente, repertas
fuit cantharus ex alba terra, ingens, ore angusto, in quo pane duo
millia numismatum includebantur, habentium effigiem, ac hiscrip-
tionem Posthumi, in Gallia Cccsaris, a Lollianno devicti, atq
ccesi. In Insula Zelandica Scaldia vulgo SffjOHttJCn, ultra
Scaldim, qua Ptolomaeo Tabuda appelatur, de Posthumi
nummo in ruderibus castri sui Hacvisteda reperto,quid scribat
Eyndius, Haemstedai Dominus V in Additionibus uostris fol.
68. In quibus etjam, foliis 61, 62, 63, explicamus inscrip-
jionestrium Posthumi nummorum, anno 1647, repertorum cis

59

Tabudam, in Walachria, aWa, Zelandice insula, Domburgi. Ac
putem non alio tempore inagis floruisse Flandriara, atque
Zelandiam, quam loto tlio decennio, quo Posthumus itnper-
avit. Suntque turn frequenter in Tabudam invectae Roman-
orum naves, frequentia vota soluta in templo Burgi, Tabuda;
vicini, quod turn temporis, nescio, quo nomine, postea Dom-
burgiim est appellatum. Ipsum Posthumum sunt, qni
flCF'MENAPIUM, aut Francum vacant; certe in Gallia nat-
um, scribit Eutropius bis verbis : Jam desperatis reius, ^ del-
cto im'perio Romano Posthumus in Gallia obscurissime naius.
•purpuram sumpsit, ^ per annos decern imperavit. Zosimus trad-
it Posthumum rerum summam "en Keltois" potitum
esse, .j. apud Celtas, quos Dio exponit, Germanos inferiores,
Cisrhenanos, ad oceanum, a Freto Britannico versus sepien
trionem silos.) [Vredius, Historia Flandrice, pp. 642-'3.]

A. D. "265. The invasion of Gaul by the Franks renders
the triumphs of Posthumus extremely apoc-
ryphal, much more so since the Franks crossed the
Pyy-enees, reveled in and devastated the Spanish Pen-
insula, and seamanized, to coin a word, (see Junius,
157, 158,) by the M e n a p i a n element, collected
or organized a fleet, and transported their Saxon
irresistibility into African Mauritania.

A. U. C. 1017 [A. D. 265.] A Gallieni cum exercitu
discessu, PosTUMUS, cum Francis Saliis (Menapii) apud
quos potissimum se continebat, eZelandia Bataviam
invadit (Panegyristce) Goedonus,. aliiq ; quatuor annis
serins id volunt accidisse. Facta videlicet conspiratione
cum Frisiis, Saxonibus, Chamavis, Brticieris, Ansibariis,
Usipiis, Pencteris, populis Ultrarhenanis, Francorum, id est
liberorum nomine, in commune, assumpto. Cum his exidt
Romanos omnibus castris ad Rhenum; wide nata Francia
SECUNDA, Transrhenana. [Vredius, Historia Flandrice,
644.]

A. D. 268. The A 1 1 e m a n n i — All-men, cognate, — if not
patially, (in the north and east,) identical — with the
Frank s — Free-men, — displayed their victorious,
TRUE German banners in sight of Rome.

A. D, 275-277. Franks, under their king Crinitus, the
Long-Haired — first of the monarchs denominated
Merovingians — occupied Batavia, and allied them-
selves with the Prisons, and are said to have been
ilefeated by sea and land, and their king Igillus captur-

60

ed by Probus, who thence acquired the title of Fran-
cicus.

A. U. C. 10-30 [A. D. 278]. Quibus aperte duo bella
designantur, aliud adversus Alamannos, S( Germanos ultra-
rhenanos, aliud adversus Francos in Gallia ; (!?' M o r i -
n o s videlicet et Menapios, Caesari appellatos, &
[>aludibus inviis lutos ab incursu Romanorum.

Quamvis enim omnes se Gallias supra liberasse scribal
Probus, id facit quidem Ceesaris exemplo ; at Salustii ac
Marcellini lestimonio, omnes Galliaj intelligenda;,
Nisi qua paludibiis inma fuerunt, qualis fuit M e n a p i o -
rum, ac Morinorum districtus, multo dep^'cssior,
qiiam nutic, ut e reperto in cespite Achate f'agate^ pretio-
sissimo, comprobavi. Certe neque Bataviam a F r a n c i s
fMenapii^ turn possessam, recuperasse Probtjji seqaentia
demonstrabunt. Credendum omnino est, ita eum cum
Francis ('Menapii^ convenisse, ut Proculu.m, qui im-
per/un] apud Coloniam Agrijrpinam arripuerat, ei traderent,
ipse captivos omnes Francos restitueret ; de castero intra
suos limiles remanerent olini ab Augusto permissos
* * • Ultimas terras hie intellige, extremes hominum
Mo r i n OS , & "Maiapions teleutaious," ut a Virgllio, &
DioNE, norainantur : nam ad reliquos videlicet Batavos,
Frisios, Saxones, Cliaucos, qui, & terrarum ultimi possunt
cippellari, ff?" cerium est Probum nunquam fenetrasse. [Zosi-
Mus, (juoted by VREDXUSr Historia FlaiidricE, pp. G4S-'9.]

A. D. '278--'79-'80. Franks —combined Menapii, Salii,
and Franks, but mostly Netherlanders — transplanted
into Asia, accomplished their marvellous return voj'-
age thence to their Netherlandish homes.*

* "TIio Geta" GotLs (Soandinavo-S;ixon?), foiintl by Ovid dcenjiyiug the
west coast of the Enxiiie, were then already a contnry in moving ouwards
towards tlie northwest of Europe, taking again the frreat rivC'r:^ of the pre-
sent Poland to reach the Paltic. With the Thurinj;iau-i and Saxons,
or S aea s un en, among them, they forced their way to tlie German
Ocean, dislodging the Cymbers, excepting remnants that clung to the
swamps, and the then submerging islands of the deltas formed liy tlie
great rivers which discharge their waters into the Gennan I Vx-an. They
were most likely the subsequent i^riV«f» and Si-Camhcrs,OT'\V(ttvr-Ciimbei-s,
who, with other tribes of so-caUed Germanii, tormod the posterior offen-
sive Confederacy of the Franks (Frey e - A n k e ) ; among these the clan
of Mcrovingfans (^[eervingcn [Sons of the K?ea?] ), notwithstanding that
tlie site they inhabited is pointed out to have been on tlia ilerwe in Hol-
land, seems nevovthelos-: to indicate a clan of sca-ro\'or-i, whose first intel-
ligible historical chief, I'haramund, (V a a r o m u n d ,) or Commander of
the Navigation, had performed some great exploit in the then fre<h career

61

A. U. C. 1033 (A. D. 281;, Probus triumphat dc
Gerrnanis, Sf Blemyis omniuinq ; gentium drungos — (unor-
ganized bands of soldiers — free corps ?) — usque ad quin-
quagenos homines, ante triumphum duxit. (Vopiscu) S^De
Francis (Menapii) aum triumphasse non lego, quod illi,
quamquam victi, variis rursus cladibus, terra, mariq ; afficer-
entprovincias Romanas. (Veedius, Historia Flandnce,64:9- 50. J

A. D. 282. Menapian Franks organize upon the Rhine
a formidable navy of privateers, and infest the
neighboring seas.

A. D. 283. Maximian's indecisive campaign against the
Franks in the Netherlands.

A. D. 285. Gallic insurrection of the BagaudaB ; CARAU-
SIUS held command and won renown under Maxi-
mian. The British and Gallic seas swept by the
Frank (free) Saxon (Menapian and Salian) freebooters.
CARAUSIUS, the Menapian, born, according to dif-
ferent biographers, of noble or humble parentage,
' Count of the Saxon Shore and Admiral of the Northern

Seas.

A. D. 286-'7. CARAUSIUS organized a navy, and, victori-
ous over the pirates, enlisted their intrepid Franco-
Saxon seamen, accepted the alliance of Genobon, Ge-

of tlistfiTit marine expeditions, siioli as tliat of plundering and ravaging the
coasts of Africa and Spain. Tlicy and their chief may perhaps refer to
the rcmarkahle escape of tlie Franlfish exiled prisoners, who, in A. D. 280,
seized upon the shipping on the coasts of the Euxine, and forced thoii'
way homeward, plundering Syracuse and the coasts of G-aul and Spain,
until they reached the mouth of the Khino in safety, and loaded with hooty.
This event may he the hasis of the mystical legend of the Bristly Bull mon-
ster, which rose out of the sea, and became the parent of the Borstigen,
Meringauen, or Meoringen ; for it explains how a daring, rich, and victo-
rious hody of Oelto-Scythas and Fmni of the west, being moulded into one
iniitcd companionship by misfortune and by success, replete with the ex-
perience of their adventurous achievement, and possessed of captive wives
and slaves, from highly civilized nations, should have grasped power at
lioinc, and given tliat settled purpose of conquest to these restless tribes,
which, until then, had been only known as the mere maraudings of pi- •
rates." (Smith's "Human Sjiecies," pp. 445-'6.)

When sncii a learned man as Col. Smith condescends thus to mingle
truth and fable, is it wonderful that weaker minds are led astray into the
wildest hypotheses, which, when printed, come to bo looked upon as au-
thorities by those who will not give themselves time to investigate the
original records. And yet Col. Smith's book is a valuable ethnological
work, in that it contains a wonderful collection of fact^ ; its weakness con-
sists in the author's own erroneous deductions, from a miscomprehension
of tlie very truths he had collected with suoh praiseworthy perseverance,

62

labon, or Genobaudes, king of the, Franks— who had
compelled Maximian to conclude a peace with him
in Batavia (Netherlands) — henceforward devoted to
his service received the sovereignty of England, be-
came Emperor and Augustus, organized the forced
Marcomanic colonists into a German-guard, and in-
augurated a reign graced by all the virtues of a wise,
intrepid and beneficent sovereign.

A. U. C. 1039 (A. Df 287). Navibus sedificandis, in locum
deperditarum, Diocletianus & Maximiantjs in Italia, Si-
cilia, & tota Gallia, intendunt. (Mamertinus PanegyristmJ
Maximianus Consulatum hunc secundum init Treviris,
absente .& occupato in oriente Diocletiano. (LiviNisus
in Pafiegijr. Brouw.) CARAUSIUS in Britannia, & Franci
f'Menapii) Bolonice, plurimas naves in modum Romanarum
aedificant, ad spolia (Romanarum) proviaciarum. (Eumen.
Paneg.) (Vredius, ilisioria Flandria:, p. '651.)

A. D. 288. The fleets of Carausius triumphant from the
Weser to the Straits of Gibraltar., and terrible in the
Mediterranean.
A. D. 289. Carausius gained a magnificent naval vic-
tory over Maximian.
(A. U. C. 1041. A. D. 289). CARAUSIUS in Britannia,
Franci (Menapii) a Bolonia ad Rhenum usque, locis omni-
bus maritimis, dominantur, variis regibus, .j. belli Ducibus
creatis, Dukat, Batavica rebellio, nondum rcstaurata
classe Romanorum. (Mamert. Paneg ) (Vkedius Historia
Flandria, 652).

A. D. 290. Carausius acknowledged Emperor of Brit-
ain.* First grand phase of Frank (free) Saxon and
Netherlandish (Menapian) supremacy.

'''"'ffl)e ll^etcLtLe. SHamjoiiT j.e damjvLaM^ La. fieite,

J'e. leiidLs. aux. ^ietojis. LeiLi. chet LLkette,

_fe. flk fxcLt ma. iiaLeiLi^ tif-e.mk.Le.1^ La. jSfe.i^i^e. e.t L'aiide.

SPl Le ti^aiti^e ^LLectiiA, eizLLLeuji. de maiz s.ai^t,

3*aLu'- ju'-ujc. de ines. Lieirfailk ill aid. auwice ma ma^t,

yaiL^als. fuL fha^iierLU'' a IHpui fzi^e. du ^aiide. "

William Stulelefs "MedaUie History of CAMA USIUS'"
{quoting [?] Genehrier.)

TRANSLATION.

Having humbled the fierce Maximian's fire,

I gave freedom to Britains, their warmest desire,

63
A. D. 291. Franks seUled in southern and eastern Bel-
gium, and in the Gallic Provinces.
(A. U. C. 1043. A. D. 291.) F r a n c i (Menapii) e Bata-
via Augustodunum, sive Augustam Cliviorum obsident, vulgo
Cleve Quo ex JtaZia accurrens Constantius cum Romanis
legionibus, obsidionem solvit, xnuhosc^yieBatavos, &Francos
(Menapii) captivos, Ambiano, Bellovaco, Tricastino, Lingoni
coque solo, ad terram excolendam, destinavit. (Eumen, Frni-
egyr, Sigon.) (^Sed, & Bataviam Constantius a diversis
Yrancomm (Sicambri orYssel Franks) Eegibus occu-
patam omni hoste purgavit gentes ipsa3 in Roraanas nationes
transtulit, ut pacem Romani imperii cultu invarent, & arma
delectu. (Paneg. Sigon.) Tandem Regibus F r a n c o r u m

5 a 1 i o r u m (Menapii) Asaeico, & Gaisoni, qui Bataviam
[conquered by the aid of CARAUSIUS,] tenuerant p'ax eon-
cessa, restitutis Romanorum castris, utque in terra sua Sa-
lica . j . (Menapia.) Z e 1 a n d i a, sese contirierent (Pancgijr-
islcB.)

A. D. 292. Carausius dispossessed of Armorica. Ter-
rible defeat of the Franks off Cadiz, — the Trafalgar
of the Illd Century as fatal to the universal Franco-
Saxon naval supremacy as the Trafalgar of the XlXth
Century was to Napoleon's naval organization.
A. U. C. 1044 (A. D. 292). Exstructa tota Gallia, ac
Sicilia, classis Romanorum, e mari Mediterraneo, per fretum
Gibraltar, in Oceaniim inducta, a Maximiano Imperatore,
junctis Gallicanis navibus, obsidendas Bolonice adhibetur,
quam occupabant F r a n c i (Menapii). Ac primo quidem
innumerabilem Francorum (from the Euxine, not the Nether-
lands. See Carausius, pp. 61-63, 80-84,) classem in fu-
gam egit, deinde in ipso mari valla castrorum erexit. Adfuti,

6 cum legionibus Constantius, postquam Rheni ripam
milite Romano iterum munivisset, & terra quoque, quam
arctissime Boloniam obsedit, Francorum non exigua
manu, qufc obsistere moliebatur, in litore occisa. Circum-
vallatio'ne peracta Maximianus & Constantius Bolonia
cum exercitus parte Teruanam (Terouanne) venit, atque
Ariacum (Arcis-sur-Aube) ; &, quod sestas esset siccissiraa,
etjam, in avia paludum, railitem duxit, Ubi terra adhuc
submadida cedebat ad nixum, & pressa vestigium hauriebat,

While my valor made tremble the Land and the Sea —
If ihe traitor AUectus, who envied my state,
Had not paid all my favors by hastening my fate
The World's vast Imperially 'd fallen to me.

64

ut loquuntu'r Panegyristas ; Monlem Cassdlum, turn Casiellum
Menapiorum, cepisse Maximianum, fugientibus Francis, ju-
dicio est. (??)

Cum itaque, neq ; perfugia sylvarum, ad Scaldim, neq ;
avia paludum, Francos tegere possent, eorum Reges,
intra Legiam (Lys) .feOceanum, Genobon &Esatech, sese
Maximiano & CoNSTANTio dedidere, ut scribunt Panegyr-
istae. Verum ex Eutropio, ipsisq; met Panegyricis, con-
slat CUM BELLA FRUSTEA TENXA ESSENT, AD ESTREMUM
PACEM CONVENISSE INTER MaXIMIANUM, & CoNSTANTlUM

Rom. Imp. ; Carausiam & Reges Francorum ; qua
statutum : CARAUSIUM Britanniaji, pro Romanis, adver-
sus Barbaras ad vitam possideret, Genobon regnum ee-

TINERET, ESATECH DIGNITATEM ALIQTJAM. ATJT MUNTTSj in

Romano militia, consequeretur ; ac viri iraderentur, turn
in militiam Romanorum, turn qui Nerviorum & Trevirorum
aiua, prseteritis bellis inculta, & sine fructu jacentia, ex-
colerent ; de reliquo intra suos limites se continerent ; ac
Bolonia, ut vetus castrum Romanorum, Maximiano & Con-
stantio dederetur. (Eutrop. Aur. Victor. Panegyr.) (Vre-
Dius, Historia Flandrice, 652-'3.) This panegyrist concedes
every thing. Carausius maintained his claims ; his
Vassal or Ally and Fellow countrymen retained possession
of his kingdom against the whole -power of Rome.

A. D. 592— '3. Carausius successful in his Batavian
cam])aign, and to the last "kept back the revenues
of Britain and Batavia. (Camden's " Britannia,"
page 312.)

A. D. 293— '4. Death of Carausius. Ailectus, tyrant
in Britain.

A. D. 296. Maximian nominally in command upon the
Rhine. Britain re-conquered by the Romans under
Constantius Chlorus and his lieutenant-general As-
depiodatus, Prasfect of the Praetorian Guard.

A.D. 303. Constantius made an indecisive campaign in
the Netherlands. Large numbers of Franks however
deported into Gaul, and the Roman frontier proper
assured.

A. D. 304. Constantine organized a fleet upon the Rhine,
constructed forts, and strengthened the Roman garri-
sons, in order to protect the imperial territory ; de-
306 feated the Franks, who had again burst into Gaul,
delivered over bis prisoners, (men, women and child-
ren,) to the most frightful deaths ; and caused large
numbers, [among them two of their kings, A s c a r i c