Narrative of the first English plantation of Virginia

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Narrative of the frst Engish Plantatip

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NARRATIVE

OF THE FIRST

ENGLISH PLANTATION

VIRGINIA

By THOMAS HARIOT

First printed at London in 1588

now reproduced after De Bry's illustrated edition

printed at Frankfort in 1590

the illustrations having

been designed in Virginia in 1585

by

John White

London

BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 Piccadilly, W.

Moqccxcni,

Xoniion :

<S. mocman an6 Son, printers, Ibart Street,

dovent $ar&en.

Preface.

^HE history of the first English settlement in the
United States, and of its failure, is well known.
But the text of the actual narrative from which
all the writers upon the subject have, either directly
or at second-hand, derived their facts, is not familiar
to any save professed students. It is rare in any form, and the
present reproduction will serve a useful purpose in making known to
thousands who would otherwise never have a chance of learningit,
the story as told by a prominent man among the original colonists.
When it entered into the ingenious and adventurous head of
Sir Walter Ralegh to seek for lands in the New World lying
sufficiently northward of the Spanish possessions to render a
settlement feasible and legitimate, sufficiently southward of
Cabot's British explorations on the Labrador coast to be useful
and profitable, Queen Elizabeth granted him a patent, in virtue
of which he sent out two barques on a preliminary expedition in
1584, in which possession was formally taken of the island of
Wokokan, off the coast of FJorida. The second and more
substantial expedition to the same regions was made in 1585.
Sir Richard Grenville, acting as General in the name of Ralegh,
started from Plymouth on April gth in that year, in the command
of seven ships, manned with soldiers, sailors, and a number of
adventurous Englishmen who were to make their homes in
Virginia — a name bestowed on the country north of Florida in

A '2,

iv Preface.

honour of the Virgin Queen of England. Their course was not
directly to the shore they aimed at ; it bore them first to Puerto
Rico, and then to Hispaniola, in which Spanish settlements the
English ships succeeded in obtaining stores, although their
welcome from King Philip's officers and colonists was naturally
not too cordial. Thence making their way northwards, they
reached the island of Roanoke and founded a settlement.
Grenville and his officers remained for a couple of months to
see things satisfactorily arranged; he appointed Ralph Lane
governor of the new colony, and left with him a hundred and
seven men whose names are recorded by Hakluyt as the first
settlers in Virginia. Thomas Hariot was one of these ; and to
him we owe the narrative which is now reprinted. Another was
John "White, the draughtsman whose designs illustrating the
manners and ways of the natives, and the Fauna and Flora of the
new land, were carried to Europe a year later and, by Richard
Hakluyt's interposition, entrusted for engraving to the hands of
the famous artist Theodore de Bry, of Frankfort, Hakluyt's list
does not give the name of John "White exactly as we know it — it
appears in manuscript on the original leaves of the drawings (now
preserved in the British Museum) as " John "White " and " John
"With." There are, however, two names amongst those detailed
by Hakluyt either of which may be taken to represent the man —
" John "Wright " and " John Twyt." There is a " John White "
mentioned several times by Hakluyt, but he was apparently a
seaman of higher rank than any of those settlers who remained
with Lane. He made several voyages and held nautical com-
mand in 1587 and 1590 — that of 1590 being his fifth expedition.
Whoever the draughtsman was, his pictures shew that he was an
artist of considerable merit, and the original drawings in the
British Museum prove that De Bry was not, as he is frequently
supposed to have been, an inventive illustrator of the books in
his compilation, but a faithful engraver of authentic designs.

The non-arrival of supplies from England began to daunt the
colonists, while the relati9ns between them and the Indians grew
ISO embarrassing that, under the existing conditions, the colony
was doomed to failure, and its abandonment for the time wag

Preface. V

resolved upon. Sir Francis Drake visited Roanoke on June loth,
( 57^ 1856, and Lane asked him to convey them back to England. He
agreed to do so, and desired the settlers to make ready for sailing
in August with Abraham Kendall and Griffith Heme, vi^hom he
appointed to the command of two vessels for that purpose ; but he
soon changed his mind. With characteristic rapidity of decision,
Drake distributed the hundred and four men among his various
ships and set out with them on June 19th. They reached
Portsmouth on July 27th, and so ended the first English attempt
to colonize the New World. The attempt was, however, renewed
the following year successfully, as will be found recorded in divers
histories.

Hariot wrote his book for the information of Ralegh, and
was perhaps himself not the real transmitter of the story to the
press. It was printed in London in 1588 without any illustrations.
That first edition is now so rare that only four copies are known
to be extant. If one turned up for sale at the present time, or at
any time within the next twenty years, it would probably bring a
price of not less than two thousand five hundred dollars. The
second edition (which is here reproduced) is more valuable
because it was illustrated by De Bry, who in the meanwhile
had visited London and obtained the privilege of engraving John
White's beautiful designs. The statement, on the title-page of the
plates, that Hakluyt had translated the letterpress accompanying
those designs from Latin into English, may simply mean that he
had De Bry's work in manuscript before him ; or it may be taken
to show that the Latin edition of De Bry's first part was already
in type. It matters little either way. The descriptions annexed
to the plates were perhaps taken down by De Bry in Latin from
John White's oral explanations, and were therefore the only
original which Hakluyt could follow. The illustrations are of
distinct anthropological importance and exactness, and convey a
clearer notion of the ways and manners of the Red Indians at the
time of the English plantation than any narrative could express.
De Bry's edition was first printed in English as soon as the
engravings were ready; and then translated into Latin and
German in order to serve as the first fasciculus of his great

VI

Preface.

Collection of Voyages. The English volume, printed at Frank-
fort, is excessively rare, although not so rare as the little quarto
printed at London two years before. A copy, if it were sold
to-day, would probably bring a thousand dollars at the least.

A few slight obvious misprints are corrected in this re-
impression.

SlllliiSlS

TO THE RIGHT

WORTHIE AND HONQV-

RABLE, SIR WALTER RALEGH,

KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF

Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the

stannaries in Deuon and Cornewall,

T.B. wisheth true felictie.

O//?, seeing that the parte of the V^orlde, \jbich is beP^ene the

"^ Florida and the Cap Breton mvie nammed Virginia,

to the honneur of yours most souueraine Ladye and Queene
Elizabeth, hath ben descouuerd by yours meanes and great
chardges. And that your Collonye hath heen theer established to
your great honnor and prayse, and noe lesser prqffit vnto the common
v/elth : It ys good raison that euery man euert-we him selfe for to
showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. Theerfore, for
my parte I haue been allvtayes Defirous for to make yosn knowe the
good will that "J haue to remayne still your most humble ieruant,
I haue thincke that y cold faynde noe better occasion to declare yt,
then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligentlye and
•well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe leuelye
represent the forme and maner of the fnhabitants of the same

8

countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne feastes, and the manner
and situation of their Townes, or Villages. Addinge vnio euery
figure a brief declaration of the same, to that ende that euerye man
cold the better understand that vthich is in \it'\ liuelye represented.
Moreouer J haue thincke that the aforesaid figures v/ear of greater
commendation, ff somme Histoire which traitinge of the commodites
and fertillitye of the said countreye weare loyned with the same,
therfore haue I serue miselfe of the rapport which Thomas Hariot
hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse them booth togither to be
printed for to dedicate vnto you, as a thinge which by reigtte, dooth
allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I creaue that you
will accept this little -Booke, and take yt In goode partte. And
desiringe that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of one of
ymr most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and further
you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to preserue, and
keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And soe f comitt you vnto the
almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.

Tour most humble seruant,

Theodorvs de Bry.

TO THE ADVEN-

TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND

VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN-
TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING
and planting in Virginia.

SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale
in the action of discouering of that Countrey which is now
called and known by the name of Virginia ; many voyages
hauing bin thither made at sundrie times to his great charge, as
first in the yeere 1584, and afterwardes in the yeeres 1585, 1586,
and now of late this last yeare of 1587. There haue bin diuers
and variable reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull
speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence.
Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony
transported by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of
all the others the most principal and as yet of most effect, the time
of their abode in the countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in
the other voyage before they staled but sixe weekes; and the
others after were onelie for supply and transportation, nothing
more being discouered then had been before. Which reports!
haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would haue
also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and
benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite atld credite

io ITo the\ Gentle Reader.

which would redound to them selues the dealers therein ; as I
hope by the sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue
auouched the contrary shalbe manifest : if you the aduenturers,
fauourers, and welwillers do but either encrease in number, or in
opinion continue, or hauing bin doubtfull renewe your good liking
and furtherance to deale therein according to the worthinesse
thereof alreadye found and as you shall vnderstand hereafter to be
requisite. Touching which woorthines through cause of the
diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your opinions coulde
not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well disposed, bee
setled in any certaintie.

I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene
in the discouerie and in dealing with the natural! inhabitantes
specially imploied ; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more
then the ordinarie : to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of
our labours, as that you may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise
is slaundered. And that in publike manner at this present
chiefelie for two respectes.

First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of
the state thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the
cheefe enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding
suche reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by
sending into the countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a
new Colony ; but is also readie, according as the times and meanes
will affoorde, to follow and prosecute the same.

Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the
action by the view hereof you may generally know & learne what
the countrey is, & thervpon consider how your dealing therein if it
proceede, may returne you profit and gaine; bee it either by
inhabitting & planting or otherwise in furthering thereof.

And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful
vnto you as of others by reason of their diuersitie : I will first open
the cause in a few wordes wherefore they are so different ; referring
my selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of
as by good consideration you shall finde cause.

Of our companie that returned, some for their misdemenour
and ill deahng in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished ;

To the Gentle Reader. 1 1

who by reason of their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie \
spoken ill of their Gouernours ; but for their sakes flaundered the
countrie it selfe. The like also haue those done which were of
their consort.

Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, notwithstanding
since their returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and
also others, especially if they were in companie where they might
not be gainesaide ; woulde seeme to knowe so much as no men
more ; and make no men so great trauailers as themselues. They
stood so much as it maie seeme vppon their credite and reputation
that hauing been a twelue moneth in the countrey, it woulde haue
beene a great disgrace vnto them as they thought, if they coulde
not haue saide much whether it were true or false. Of which some
haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise knew to bee
there ; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute deniall
of that which although not by them, yet by others is most certainely
and there plentifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties of
those things they haue no skill of.

The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that
many that were neuer out of the Hand where wee were seated, or
not farre, or at the leastwise in few places els, during the time of
Our aboade in the countrey ; or of that many that after golde and
siluer was not so soone found, as it was by them looked for, had
little or no care of any other thing but to pamper their bellies ; or
of that many which had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and
more tongue then was needfull or requisite.

Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes,
or such as neuer (as I may say) had seene the worlde before.
Because there were not to bee found any Enghsh cities, nor such
faire houses, nor at their owne wish any of their olde accustomed
daintie food, nor any soft beds of downe or fethers : the countrey
was to them miserable, & their reports thereof according.

Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of
the varietie of such speeches ; the particularities of them, and of
many enuious, malicious, and slaunderous reports and deuises els,
by our owne countrey men besides ; as trifles that are not worthy
of wise men to bee thought vpon, I meane not to trouble you

12 To the Grentle Reader.

withall : but will passe to the commodities, the substance of that
which I haue to make relation of vnto you.

The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier
vnderstanding I will diuide into three speciall parts. In the
first I will make declaration of such commodities there alreadie
found or to be raised, which will not onely serue the ordinary
turnes of you which are and shall bee the planters and inhabitants,
but such an ouerplus sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of skill
to bee prouided, as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our
owne nation of England, will enrich your selues the prouiders ;
those that shal deal with you ; the enterprisers in general ; and
greatly profit our owne countrey men, to supply them with most
things which heretofore they haue bene faine to prouide either of
strangers or of our enemies : which commodities for distinction
sake, I call Merchantable.

In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee
know the countrey by our experience doeth yeld of it selfe for
victuall, and sustenance of mans life ; such as is vsually fed vpon
by the inhabitants of the countrey, as also by vs during the time
we were there.

In the last part I will make mention generally of such other
commodities besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall
thinke behooffull for those that shall inhabite, and plant there to
knowe of; which specially concerne building, as also some other
necessary vses : with a briefe description of the nature and maners
of the people of the countrey.

f3

THE FIRST PART,

OF MARCHAN-

TABLE COMMO-
DITIES.

Silke of grajfe or grajje Silke.

THERE is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades
where of there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin
glittering skin to bee stript of. It groweth two foote and
a halfe high or better : the blades are about two foot in length,
and half inch broad. The like groweth in Persia, which is in the
selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very many of the silke
workes that come from thence into Europe are made. Here of if
it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason be
otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to
the dealers therein ; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof
as well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing
& planting in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more
plentifull then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store
thereof in many place? pf the countrey growing naturally and w^lde,

14 A briefe and true report,

"Which also by proof here in England, in making a piece of silke
Grogran, we found to be excellent good.

TVorme Silke.

In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and
great ; as bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not
beene our happe to haue found such plentie as elsewhere to be in
the coutrey we haue heard of; yet seeing that the countrey doth
naturally breede and nourish them, there is no doubt but if art
be added in planting of mulbery trees and others fitte for them in
commodious places, for their feeding and nourishing ; and some
of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that fort as by men
of skill is knowne to be necessarie : there will rise as great
profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof doth now to the
Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards.

Flaxe and Hempe.

The trueth is that of Hempe , and Flaxe there is no great
store in any one place together, by reason it is not planted but as
the soile doth yeeld it of it selfe ; and howsoeuer the leafe, and
stemme or stalke doe differ from ours ; the stuffe by the iudgement
of men of skill is altogether as good as ours. And if not, as
further proofe should finde otherwise ; we haue that experience
of the soile, as that there cannot' bee shewed anie reason to the
contrary, but that it will grow there excellent well; and by
planting will be yeelded plentifully : seeing there is so much
ground whereof some may well be applyed to such purposes.
What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who
can not easily understand ?

Allum.

There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space ot
fourtie or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some thAt haue

Of the new found land of Virginia. 15

made triall heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde
which is called Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commo-
ditie is so well knowne that I neede not to saye any thing thereof.
The same earth doth also yeelde White Copresse, Nitrum, and
Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully as the common
Allum ; which be also of price and profitable.

TVapeih.

Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants ;
very like to terra sigillata : and hauing beene refined, it hath
beene found by some of our Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of
the same kinde of vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitants vse
it very much for the cure of sores and woundes : there is in
diuers places great plentie, and in some places of a blewe sort.

Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.

There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly
and great store. In the very same Hand where wee were seated,
being fifteene miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth,
there are fewe trees els but of the same kind ; the whole Hand
being full.

Sojffafras.

Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood
of most pleasand and sweete smel, and of most rare vertues in
phisick for the cure of many diseases. It is found by experience
to bee farre better and of more vses then the wood which is called
Guaiacum, or Lignum vitx. For the description, the manner of
vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, I referre you to the
booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in English, The ioyfull
pewes from the West Indies.

i6 A briefe and true report,

Cedar.

Cedar, a very sweet wood and fine timber ; wherof if nests of
chests be there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine
bedsteads, tables, deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else,
(of which there hath beene proofe made already) to make vp
fraite with other principal commodities will yield profite.

Wine.

There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld
naturally : the one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse
as ours in England : the other farre greater & of himselfe lushious
sweet. When they are planted and husbanded as they ought, a
principall commoditie of wines by them may be raised,

Oyle.

There are two sortes of WalnuUes both holding oyle, but the
one farre more plentifull then the other. When there are milles
& other deuises for the purpose, a commodity of them may be
raised because there are infinite store. There are also three
seuerall kindes of Berries in the forme of Oke akornes, which also
by the experience and vse of the inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde
very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore the Beares of the
countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places there are
many : their fatnesse because it is so hquid, may well be termed
oyle, and hath many speciall vses.

F

urres.

All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which
beeyng taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose,
will yeelde good profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and
make no doubt by the relation of the people but that in some

Of the new found land of Virginia. 17

places of the countrey there are store : aUhough there were but
two skinnes that came to our handes. Luzarnes also we haue
vnderstading of, although for the time we saw none.

Deare skinnes.

Deave skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed
are to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way
of trafficke for trifles : and no more wast or spoile of Deare then
is and hath beene ordinarily in time before.

Ciuet cattes.

In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by
a saluage or inhabitant : and in an other place the smell where
one or more had lately beene before : whereby we gather besides
then by the relation of the people that there are some in the
countrey : good profite will rise by them.

!■

ron.

In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore
and the other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee
dwelt : wee founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie,
which by the triall of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron
richly. It is founde in mania places of the countrey else. I knowe
nothing to the contrarie, but that it male bee allowed for a good
marchantable commoditie, considering there the small charge for
the labour and feeding of men : the infinite store of wood : the
want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England : & the necessity
of ballasting of shippes.

Copper.

A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee
founde with the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that
had beene made as wee vncjerstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell

1 8 A briefe and true report,

farther into the countrey : where as they say are mountaines and
Riuers that yeelde also whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee
deemed Siluer. For confirmation whereof at the time of our first
arriuall in the Countrey, I sawe with some others with mee, two
small peeces of siluer grosly beaten about the weight of a Testrone,
hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans or chief e Lorde that dwelt about
fourescore myles from vs ; of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number
of dayes and the way, I learned that it had come to his handes
from the same place or neere, where I after vnderstood the copper
was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. The aforesaide
copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer.

Pearle.

Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but
it was our hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour ; not
hauing yet discouered those places where wee hearde of better and
more plentie. One of our companie ; a man of skill in such
matters, had gathered together from among the sauage people
aboute fiue thousande : of which number he chose so many as
made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and vniformitie in
roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of many excellent colours,
with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayre and rare ; and had
therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie
and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els
in comming away from the countrey.

Sweete Gummes.

Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary
drugges of which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall
receiue it from such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking
reasonable paines shall discouer them more particularly then wee
haue done ; and than now I can make relation of, for want of the
examples I had prouided and gathered, and are nowe lost, with
Qther thin^es by causualtie before mentioned.

Of the new found land of Virginia, 19

JDyes of diuers kindes.

There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for
blacke; the feede of an hearbe called Wasewowr: little small
rootes called Chappacor ; and the barke of the tree called by the
inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge : which Dies are for diuers
sortes of red : their goodnesse for our English clothes remaynes
yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the dying
of hayre ; and colouring of their faces, and Mantles made of Deare
skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall
workes withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other
thing besides that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they
will not proue merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters
there shall finde apte vses for them, as also for other colours
which wee knowe to be there.

Oade.

A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which
cannot bee yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of
ground ; may bee planted in Virginia, there being ground enough,
The grouth therof need not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes
of the Asores it groweth plentifully, which is in the same chmate.
So likewise of Madder.

Suger canes.

Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so
well preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere
being past for their setting when we arriued, wee could not make
that proofe of them as wee desired. Notwithstanding seeing that
they grow in the same climate, in the South part of Spaine and in
Barbary, our hope in reason may yet continue. So likewise for
Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be planted also Quinses. Wherbi
may grow in reasonable time if the action be diligently prosecuted
no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and Marmalades.

Many other commodities by planting may there also bee

P 8

20

A briefe and true report,

raised, which I leaue to your discret and gentle considerations :
and many also may bee there which yet we haue not discouered.
Two more commodities of great value one of certaintie, and the
other in hope, not to be planted, but there to be raised & in short
time to be prouided and prepared, I might haue specified. So
likewise of those commodities already set downe I might haue
said more ; as of the particular places where they are founde and
best to be planted and prepared : by what meanes and in what
reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in
what proportion ; but because others then welwillers might bee
therewithall acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue
wittingly omitted them : knowing that to those that are well
disposed I haue vttered, according to my promise and purpose,
for this part sufficient.

Of the new found land of Virginia. 21

THE SECOND PART,

OF SVCHE COMMO-
DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS

knowne to yeelde for victuall and fuftenace

of mans life, vfually fed vpon by the

naturall inhabitants : as alfo by vs

during the time of our aboad.

And firft of fuch as are

fowed and husbanded.

PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants ;
the same in the West Indies is called Mayze : English men
call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate, according to the
names of the countreys from whence the like hath beene brought.
The graine is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze
and not much different in forme and shape : but of diuers colours :
some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of them
yeelde a very white and sweete flowre : beeing vsed according to
his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same
in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as

11 A briefe and true report,

was to be desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may
bee made as good Beere. It is a graine of marueilous great
increase ; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and some two thousand
fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in an eleuen
and twelue weekes at the most : sometimes in ten, after the time
they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen
foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote
high, of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some
one, and two : euery head containing flue, sixe, or seuen hundred
graines within a fewe more or lesse. Of these graines besides
bread, the inhabitants make victuall eyther by parching them ; or
seething them whole vntill they be broken ; or boyling the floure
with water into a pappe.

Okindgier, called by vs Beams, because in greatnesse & partly
in shape they are like to the Beanes in England ; sauing that
they are flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The
leafe also of the stemme is much different. In taste they are
altogether as good as our English peaze.

Wickonzowr, called by vs Peaze, in respect of the beanes for
distinction sake, because they are much lesse ; although in forme
they little differ ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better
then our English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in
tenne weekes after they are set. They make them victuall either
by boyling them all to pieces into a broth ; or boiling them whole
vntill they bee soft and beginne to breake as is vsed in England,
eyther by themselues or mixtly together : Sometime they mingle
of the wheate with them. Sometime also beeing whole sodden,
they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof make loaues
or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for varietie.

Macocqwer, according to their seuerall formes called by vs,
Pompions, Mellions, and Gourdes, because they are of the like
formes as those kindes in England. In Virginia such of seuerall
formes are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from
one seed. There are of two sorts ; one is ripe in the space of a
moneth, and the other in two moneths.

There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called Melden. Some of
those that I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage ; it

Of the new found land of Virginia. 23

groweth about foure or flue foote high : of the seede thereof they
make a thicke broth, and pottage of a very good taste : of the
stalke by burning into ashes they make a kinde of salt earth,
wherewithal! many vse sometimes to season their brothes ; other
salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed the leaues also for
pothearbes.

There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde,
about sixe foote in height ; the head with the floure is a spanne
in breadth. Some take it to bee Planta Solis : of the seedes
heereof they make both a kinde of bread and broth.

All the aforesaide commodities for victuall are set or sowed,
sometimes in groundes apart and seuerally by themselues; but
for the most part together in one ground mixtly : the manner
thereof with the dressing and preparing of the ground, because I
will note vnto you the fertihtie of the soile ; I thinke good briefly
to describe.

The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any
other thing ; neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but
onely prepare it in sort as followeth. A fewe dales before they
sowe or set, the men with wooden instruments, made almost in
forme of mattockes or hoes with long handles ; the women with
short peckers or parers, because they vse them sitting, of a foote
long and about flue inches in breadth : doe onely breake the
vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & old
stubbes of come stalkes with their rootes. The which after a
day or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many
small heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away ; they
burne into ashes. (And whereas some may thinke that they vse
the ashes for to better the grounde ; I say that then they woulde
eyther disperse the ashes abroade ; which wee obserued they doe
not, except the heapes bee too great : or els would take speciall
care to set their corne where the ashes lie, which also wee finde
they are carelesse of.) And this is all the husbanding of their
ground that they vse.

Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for
their corne, beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they
make a hole, wherein they put foure graines with that care they

24 A briefe and true report,

touch not one another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them
with the moulde againe : and so through out the whole plot,
making such holes and vsing them after such maner : but with
this regard that they bee made in rankes, euery ranke differing from
other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the holes also in euery ranke,
as much. By this meanes there is a yarde spare ground betwene
euery hole : where according to discretion here and there, they
set as many Beanes and Peaze : in diuers places also among the
seedes of Macocqwer, Melden and Planta Soils.

The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs
experimented, an English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in
length, and foure in breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or of-
come of come, beanes, and peaze, at the least two hundred London
bushelles: besides the Macocqwer, Melden, and Planta Solis:
When as in England fourtie bushelles of our wheate yeelded out
of such an acre is thought to be much.

I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall
inhabite and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey
corne is there to be preferred before ours : Besides the manifold
waies in applying it to victuall, the increase is so much that small
labour and paines is needful in respect that must be vsed for ours-
For this I can assure you that according to the rate we haue made
proofe of, one man may prepare and husbande so much grounde
(hauing once borne corne before) with lesse then foure and twentie
houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a large proportion for
a twelue moneth if hee haue nothing else, but that which the same
ground will yeelde, and of that kinde onehe which I haue before
spoken of: the saide ground being also but of fine and twentie yards
square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough,
there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two
haruestes or of-comes ; for they sowe or set and may at anie time
when they thinke good from the middest of March vntill the ende
of lune : so that they also set when they haue eaten of their first
croppe. In some places of the countrey notwithstanding they
haue two haruests, as we haue heard, out of one and the same
ground.

For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it,

Of the new found land of Virginia. 25

you that inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke

best. Of the grouth you need not to doubt ; for barlie, oates and

peaze, we haue seene proof of, not beeing purposely sowen but

fallen casually in the worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire

as any we haue euer seene here in England. But of wheat because

it was musty and hat taken salt water wee could make no triall :

and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I digressed and I hope

not vnnecessarily : nowe will I returne againe to my course and

intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this Chapter.

There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called

by the inhabitants Vppowoc : In the West Indies it hath diuers

names, according to the seuerall places & countries where it

groweth and is vsed : The Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco.

The leaues thereof being dried and brought into powder : they vse

to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes

made of claie into their stomacke and heade ; from whence it

purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth all the

pores & passages of the body : by which meanes the vse thereof

not only preserueth the body from obstructions ; but also if any be,

so that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time

breaketh them : wherby their bodies are notably preserued in

health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in

England are oftentimes afflicted.

This Vpp6woc is of so precious estimation amongest them, that
they thinke their gods are maruelously delighted therwith :
Wherupon sometime they make hallowed fires & cast some of the
pouder therein for a sacrifice : being in a storme vppon the waters,
to pacifie their gods, they cast some vp into the aire and into the
water : so a weare for fish being newly set vp, they cast some
therein and into the aire : also after an escape of danger, they cast
some into the aire hkewise : but all done with strange gestures,
stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, holding vp of
hands, & staring vp into the heauens, vttering therewithal and
chattering strange words & noises.

We our selues during the time we were there vsed to suck it
after their maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie
rare and wonderful experiments of the vertues thereof ; of which

26 A briefe and true report,

the relation woulde require a volume by it selfe : the vse of it by
so manie of late, men & women of great calling as else, and some
learned Phisitions also, is sufficient witnes.

And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I
know and can remember they vse to husband : all else that followe
are founde growing naturally or wilde.

Of R-ootes.

Openavk are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the
bignes of walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist &
marish grounds growing many together one by another in ropes,
or as thogh they were fastened with a string. Being boiled or
sodden they are very good meate.

Okeepenavk are also of round shape, found in dry grounds :
some are of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as
they are taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse
they will neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of
the former rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes
for varietie the inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and
in my iudgement they doe as well as the houshold bread made of
rie heere in England.

Kaishcupenauk a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen
egs & nere of that forme : their tast was not so good to our
seeming as of the other, and therfore their place and manner of
growing not so much cared for by vs : the inhabitants notwith-
standing vsed to boile & eate many.

Tsinaw a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is
called the China root brought from the East Indies. And we know
not anie thing to the cotrary but that it male be of the same kind.
These roots grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring
foorth a brier stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike ; which
beeing supported by the trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach
or climbe to the top of the highest. From these roots while they
be new or fresh beeing chopt into small pieces & stampt, is
strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, & also being
boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is much

Of the new found land of Virginia. i^

better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This Tsinaw is not of
that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England
or the China roote, for it was discouered since, and is in vse as is
afore saide : but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne
neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or
purpose ; although the rootes in shape are very like.

Coscushaw, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of
roote which the Spaniards in the West Indies call Cassauy,
whereupon also many called it by that name : it groweth in very
muddie pooles and moist groundes. Being dressed according to
the countrey maner, it maketh a good bread, and also a good
sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the inhabitants : The iuice
of this root is poison, and therefore heede must be taken before
any thing be made therewithal : Either the rootes must bee first
sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being
pounded into floure wil make good bread : or els while they are
greene they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt ; loues
of the same to be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be floure, and
then being well pounded againe, bread, or spone meate very
good in taste, and holsome may be made thereof.

Habascon is a roote of boat taste almost of the forme and
bignesse of a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a
helpe beeing boiled together with other meates.

There are also Leekes differing little from ours in England that
grow in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in
places where, wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall
inhabitants neuer.

0/F

rmtes.

Chestnvts, there are in diuers places great store : some they
vse to eate rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoone-
meate, and with some being sodden they make such a manner of
dowe bread as they vse of their beanes before mentioned.

Walnvts: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then
infinit store : In many places where very great woods for many
miles together the third part of trees are walnuttrees. The one

28 A briefe and true report,

kind is of the same taste and forme or litle differing from ours of
England, but that they are harder and thicker shelled : the other
is greater and hath a verie ragged and harde shell : but the
kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides their eating of
them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with stones
and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which
they vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate ; also among
their sodde wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh
them haue a farre more pleasant taste.

Medlars a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for
these respectes : first in that they are not good vntill they be
rotten : then in that they open at the head as our medlars, and
are about the same bignesse : otherwise in taste and colour they
are farre different : for they are as red as cheries and very sweet :
but whereas the cherie is sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet.

Metaqvesvnnavk, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the
shape & bignes of English peares, but that they are of a perfect
red colour as well within as without. They grow on a plant
whose leaues are verie thicke and full of prickles as sharpe as
needles. Some that haue bin in the Indies, where they haue
seen that kind of red die of great price which is called Cochinile
to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this of Metaque-
sunnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or
wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified ; seeing that also as I heard,
Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the
plant; which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially
obserued.

Grapes there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the
marchantable comodities.

Straberies there are as good & as great as those which we
haue in our English gardens.

MvLBERiES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee
haue in England.

Sacqvenvmmener a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres
but somewhat greater which grow together in clusters vpon a
plant or herb that is found in shalow waters : being boiled eight
or nine hours according to their kind are very good meate and

Of the new found land of Virginia. 29

holesome, otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the
time franticke or extremely sicke.

There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like
vnto our rie or wheat, & being boiled is good meate.

In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto
ours in England but that they were lesse, which are also good
meate.

Of a ktnde offruite or berr'ie in forme of
Acornes.

There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue
sorts that grow on seuerall kinds of trees ; the one is called
Sagatemener, the second Osdmener, the third Pummuckoner. These
kind of acorns they vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with
fire vnderneath almost after the maner as we dry malt in England.
When they are to be vsed they first water them vntil they be soft
& then being sod they make a good victuall, either to eate so
simply, or els being also pounded, to make loaues or lumpes of
bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I said before, the
inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle.

An other sort is called Sapummener which being boiled or
parched doth eate and taste hke vnto chestnuts. They sometime
also make bread of this sort.

The fifth sort is called Mangummenauk, and is the acorne of
their kind of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the
first sortes, and afterward watered they boile them, & their
seruants or sometime the chiefe themselues, either for variety or
for want of bread, doe eate them with their fish or flesh.

Of Beaftes.

Deare, in some places there are great store : neere vnto the sea
coast they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some
lesse : but further vp into the countrey where there is better seed
they are greater : they diifer from ours onely in this, their tailes
are longer and the snags of their homes looke backward,

30 A briefe and true report,

Conies, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are
of a grey colour like vnto hares : in some places there are such
plentie that all the people of some townes make them mantles of
the furre or flue of the skinnes of those they vsually take.

Saquenuckot & Maquowoc ; two kindes of small beastes greater
then conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of
them our selues, but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had
taken & brought vnto vs.

Squirels which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten.

Beares which are all of black colour. The beares of this
countrey are good meat ; the inhabitants in time of winter do vse
to take & eate matiie, so also somtime did wee. They are taken
commonlie in this sort. In some Hands or places where they are^
being hunted for, as soone as they haue spiall of a man they
presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime and get vp the
next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are shot downe
starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily be
killed ; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers.

I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall soi'tes of beasts
which I haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the
countrie, especially in the maine : of which there are only
twelue kinds that we haue yet discouered, & of these that be
good meat we know only them before mentioned. The inhabi-
tants somtime kil the Lyon & eat him : & we somtime as
they came to our hands of their Wolues or woluish Dogges, which I
haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnder-
stand my iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth,
although I could alleage the difference in taste of those kindes
from ours, which by some of our company haue beene experi-
mented in both.

Of Foule.

Turkic cockes and Turkic hcnncs : Stockdoues : Partridges : Cranes :
Hemes : & in winter great store of Swannes & Geese. Of al
sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of foure-
score and sixe of which number besides those that be named,

Of the new found land of Virginia. 31

we haue taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there
drawne with the names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange
sortes of water foule eight, and seuenteene kinds more of land
foul, although wee haue seen and eaten of many more, which for
want of leasure there for the purpose coulde not bee pictured :
and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon further
discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, and
hearbes, they shall bee also published.

There are also Parats, Faulcons, & Marlin haukes, which
although with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes
I thought good to mention.

Of Fishe.

For foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and
May, there are plentie of Sturgeons : And also in the same
monethes of Herrings, some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in
England, but the most part farre greater, of eighteene, twentie
inches, and some two foote in length and better ; both these
kindes of fishe in those monethes are most plentifull, and in best
season which wee founde to bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate.

There are also Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets,
Plaice, and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we
haue taken & eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey
language; wee haue of twelue sorts more the pictures as they
were drawn in the countrey with their names.

The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one
is by a kind of wear made of r cedes which in that countrey are
very strong. The other way which is more strange, is with poles
made sharpe at one ende, by shooting them into the fish after the
maner as Irishmen cast dartes ; either as they are rowing in their
boates or els as they are wading in the shallowes for the purpose.

There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which
follow.

Sea crabbes, such as we haue in England.

Oystres, some very great, and some small ; some rounde and
some of a long shape : They are founde both in salt water and

32 A briefe and true report,

brackish, and those that we had out of salt water are far better
than the other as in our owne countrey.

Also Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles, and Creuises.

Seekanauk, a kinde of crustie shell fishe which is good meate,
about a foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like
a crab ; and her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes
of salt waters ; and sometime on the shoare.

There are many Tortoyses both of lande and sea kinde, their backes
& bellies are shelled very thicke ; their head, feete, and taile, which
are in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were membres of a
serpent or venemous : but notwithstanding they are very good
meate, as also their egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in
bredth and better.

And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we
fed vpon for the time we were in Virginia, as also the inhabitants
themselueSj as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that
are specially worthy to bee remembred.

Of the new found land of Virginia,

THE THIRD AND

LAST PART,

OF SVCH OTHER

THINGES AS IS BEHOOF-

full for thofe which shall plant and inhabit

to know of; with a defcription of

the nature and manners of

the people of the

countrey.

Of commodities for building and other
necejsary vfes.

THOSE other things which I am more to make rehearsall of,
are such as concerne building, and other mechanical!
necessarie vses ; as diuers sortes of trees for house & ship
timber, and other vses els : Also lime, stone, and brick, least that
being not mentioned some might haue bene doubted of, or by
some that are malicious reported the contrary.

Okes, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as
any can be, and also great store, and in some places very great.
Walnut frees, as I haue saide before very many, some haue

c

34 A briefe and true report,

bene seen excellent faire timber of foure & flue fadome, & aboue
fourescore foot streight without bough.

Fiyre trees fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great.

Rakiock, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which
the inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their
boats or Canoes of the form of trowes ; only with the helpe of fire,
hatchets of stones, and shels ; we haue known some so great being
made in that sort of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men
at once, besides much baggage : the timber being great, tal, streight,
soft, light, & yet tough enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be
fit also for masts of ships.

Cedar, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes,
Bedsteedes, Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also
said before. Some of our company which haue wandered in some
places where I haue not bene, haue made certaine affirmation of
Cyprus which for such and other excellent vses, is also a wood of
price and no small estimation.

Maple, and also Wich-hazle, wherof the inhabitants vse to make
their bowes.

Holly a necessary thing for the making of birdlime.

Willowes good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish
after the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes,
which because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that
turne very well and sufficiently.

Beech and Ashe, good for caske hoopes : and if neede require,
plow worke, as also for many things els.

Elme.

Sassafras trees.

Ascopo a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is boat
in tast and spicie, it is very Hke to that tree which Monardus
describeth to bee Cassia Lignea of the West Indies.

There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not
but in the Virginian language, of which I am not nowe able, neither
is it so conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular
relation : seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue
named sufficient : And of many of the rest but that they may be
applied to good v^e, I kngw no cause to doubt,

Of the new found land of Virginia, 35

Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the
Sea coast where wee dweh, there are no kinde of stones to bee
found (except a fewe small pebbles about foure miles off) but such
as haue bene brought from farther out of the maine. In some of
our voiages wee haue seene diuers hard raggie stones, great
pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto marble, of which the
inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie
wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were of all
sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither
haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion
to seeke any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke
Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones
for hatchets, they haue enough : neither vse they any digging, but
onely for graues about three foote deepe : and therefore no
maruaile that they know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which
both may bee in places neerer than they wot of.

In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient
store in some place or other conuenient, the want of you which
are and shalbe the planters therein may be as well supplied by
Bricke : for the making whereof in diuers places of the countrey
there is clay both excellent good, and plentie ; and also by lime
made of Oister shels, and of others burnt, after the maner as
they vse in the lies of Tenet and Shepy, and also in diuers other
places of England : Which kinde of lime is well knowne to bee
as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie
enough : for besides diuers other particular places where are
abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where
for the space of many miles together in length, and two or three
miles in breadth, the grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a
foote or a foote vnder water for the most part.

This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120
miles from our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was
founde by a Gentleman of our company, a great yeine of hard
ragge stones, which I thought good to remember vnto you.

Of the nature and manners of the people.

It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants,

c 2

36 A briefe and true report,

their natures and maners, leaning large discourse thereof vntill
time more conuenient hereafter : nowe onely so farre foorth, as that
you may know, how that they in respect of troubling our inhabit-
ing and planting, are not to be feared ; but that they shall haue
\cause both to feare and loue vs that shall inhabite with them.

They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere
skins, & aprons of the same rounde about their middles ; all els
naked ; of such a difference of statures only as wee in England ;
hauing no edge tooles or weapons of yron or Steele to offend vs,
withall, neither know they how to make any : those weapons that
they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch hazle, & arrowes of
reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a yard long,
neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets
made of barcks ; and some armours made of stickes wickered
together with thread.

Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few,
some containing but 10 or 12 houses : some 20. the greatest that
we haue scene haue bene but of 30 houses : if they be walled it is
only done with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with
poles onely fixed vpright and close one by another.

Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in
rounde forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our
gardens of England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in
some with artificiall mattes made of long rushes ; from the tops of
the houses downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly
double to the breadth, in some places they are but 12 and 16
yardes long, and in other some wee haue scene of foure and
twentie.

In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to
the gouernment of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde ; in other some two
or three, in some sixe, eight, & more ; the greatest Wiroans that
yet we had dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmet,
and able to make not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men
at the most : The language of euery gouernment is different from
any other, and the farther they are distant the greater is the
difference.

Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden

Of ttie new found land of Virginia. 37

surprising one an other most commonly about the dawning of the
day, or moone light ; or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises :
Set battels are very rare, except it fall out where there are many
trees, where eyther part may haue some hope of defence, after the
deliuerie of euery arrow, in leaping behind some or other.
— If there fall out any warres between vs & them, what their fight
is likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many
maner of waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and
deuises els ; especially by ordinance great and small, it may be
easily imagined ; vby the experience we haue had in some places, i
the turning vp of their heeles against vs in running away was their)
best defence.

In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill
and iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteem^,
^our trifles before thinges of greater value : Notwithstanding in their
proper manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue,
they seeme very ingenious ; For although they haue no such
tooles, nor any such craftes, sciences and artes as wee ; yet in those
thinges they doe, they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe
much they vpon due consideration shall finde our manner of
knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in perfection, and speed
for doing or execution, by so much the more is i t probable that
they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the greater
respect for pleasing and obeying vs.- Whereby may bee hoped if
meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time/
be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion.
" Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre
from the truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the
easier and sooner reformed.

They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call
Montoac, but of different sortes and degrees ; one onely chiefe and
great God, which hath bene from all eternitie. Who as they
affirme when hee purposed to make the worlde, made first other
goddes of a principall order to bee as meanes and instruments to
bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to follow ; and after the
Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and the instruments
of the other order more principall. First they say were made

38 A bfiefe and true report,

waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of
creatures that are visible or inuisible.

For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the
woorking of one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth
children : And in such sort they say they had their beginning.

But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say
they can make no relation, hauing no letters nor other such
meanes as we to keepe recordes of the particularities of times
past, but oneHe tradition from father to sonne.

They thinke that all the gods are of human shape, & therfore
they represent them by images in the formes of men, which they
call Kewasowoh, one alone is called, Kewds ; Them they place in
houses appropriate or temples which they call Mathicomuck ;
Where they woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings
vnto them. In some Machicomuck we haue scene but one Kewas,
in some two, and in other some three ; The common sort thinke
them to be also gods.

They beleeue also the immortahtie of the soule, that after
this life as soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according
to the workes it hath done, it is eyther carried to heauen the
habitacle of gods, there to enioy perpetuall blisse and happinesse,
or els to a great pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee in the
furthest partes of their part of the worlde towarde the sunne set,
there to burne continually : the place they call Popogusso.

For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two
stories of two men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe,
the one happened but few yeres before our comming in the
countrey of a wicked man which hauing beene dead and buried,
the next day the earth of the graue beeing seene to moue, was
taken vp againe ; Who made declaration where his soule had
beene, that is to saie very neere entring into Popogusso, had not
one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe,
and teach his friends what they should doe to auoid that terrible
place of torment.

The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a
towne that was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee
for straunge newes that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp

Of the new found land of Virginia. 39

againe as the first, shewed that although his bodie had lien dead
in the graue, yet his soule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a
long broade waie, on both sides whereof grewe most delicate and
pleasaunt trees, bearing more rare and excellent fruites then euer
hee had seene before or was able to expresse, and at length came
to most braue and faire houses, neere which hee met his father,
that had beene dead before, who gaue him great charge to goe
backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to doe
to enioy the pleasures of that placBj which when he had done he
should after comfe againe.

What subtilty soeuer be in the Wiroances and Priestes, this
opinion worketh so much in manie of the common and simple
sort of people that it maketh them haue great respect to their
Gouernours, and also great care what they do, to auoid torment
after death, and to enioy blisse ; althought notwithstanding there
is punishment ordained for malefactours, as stealers, whore-
moongers, and other sortes of wicked doers ; some punished with
death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according to the
greatnes of the factes.

And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by
hauing special familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein
they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their
traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs ^ they were
brought into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiration/
of ours, with earnest desire in many, to learne more than we
had meanes for want of perfect vtterance in their language to
expresse.

Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments,
sea compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a
perspectiue glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes,
burning glasses, wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and
reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie
other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so
farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and
meanes how they should be made and done, that they thought —
-they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the
.leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which

46 A briefe and true report,

made manie of them to haue such opinion of vs, as that if they
knew not the trueth of god and rehgion already, it was rather to
be had from vs, whom God so specially loued then from a people
that were so simple, as they found themselues to be in comparison
of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto that we spake-
of concerning such matters.

Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I
was able, I made declaration of the contentes of the Bible ; that
therein was set foorth the true and onelie God, and his mightie
woorkes, that therein was contayned the true doctrine of saluation
through Christ, with manie particularities of Miracles and chiefe
poyntes of religion, as I was able then to vtter, and thought fitte
for the time. And although I told them the booke materially &
of it self was not of anie such vertue, as I thought they did conceiue,
but onely the doctrine therein contained ; yet would many be glad
to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it to their brests and
heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it ; to shewe their
hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of.

The Wiroans with whom we dwelt called Wingina, and many
of his people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers,
and many times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in
others whither he sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing
Psalmes ; hoping thereby to bee partaker of the same effectes
which wee by that meanes also expected.

Twise this Wiroans was so grieuously sicke that he was like to
die, and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owpe
priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and
thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to
our God that it would please him either that he might liue or after
death dwell with him in blisse, so likewise were the requestes of
manie others in the like case.

On a time also when their come began to wither by reason of

a drouth which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come

to passe by reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many

I woulde come to vs & desire vs to praie' to our God of England,

^ that he would preserue their corne, promising that when it was

ripe we also should be partakers of the fruite.

of the new found land of Virginia. 41

There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses,
hurtes, or any other crosse vnto them, but that they would
impute to vs the cause oi: meanes therof for offending or not/
pleasing vs.

One other rare and strange accident, leaning others, will I
mention before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that
either knew or hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. —

There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised
against vs, we leaning it vnpunished or not reuenged (because
wee sought by all meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse)
but that within a few dayes after our departure from euerie such—
■^towne, the people began to die very fast, and many in short
space ; in some townes about twentie, in some fourtie, in some
sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very manie in
respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee
coulde learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some
practise against vs, and after such time ; The disease also so
strange, that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it ;
the like by report of the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened
before, time out of minde. A thing specially obserued by vs as
also by the naturall inhabitants themselues.

Insomuch that when some of the inhabitants which were our

friends & especially the Wiroans Wingina had obserued such

effects in foure or flue towns to follow their wicked practises,

^hey were perswaded that it was the worke of our God through

■oour meanes, and that wee by him might kil and slai whom wee

■ would without weapons and not come neere them.

And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnder-
standing that any of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes,
hearing that wee had wrought no reuenge with our weapons, &
fearing vpon some cause the matter should so rest : did come and
intreate vs that we woulde bee a meanes to our God that they as 1
others that had dealt ill with vs might in like sort die ; alleaging
howe much it would be for our credite and profite, as also theirs ;
and hoping furthermore that we would do so much at their
requests in respect of the friendship we professe them.

Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were

42 A briefe and true report,

vngodlie, affirming that our God would not subiect him selfe to
anie such praiers and requestes of men : that in deede all thinges
haue beene and were to be done according to his good pleasure as
he had ordained : and that we to shew our selues his true seruants
ought rather to make petition for the contrarie, that they with
them might Hue together with vs, bee made partakers of his truth
& serue him in righteousnes ; but notwithstanding in such sort,
that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done according
to his diuine will & pleasure, and as by his wisedome he had
ordained to be best.

Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after
according to their desires, they thought neuerthelesse it came to
passe by our meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto
them did but dissemble the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to
giue vs thankes in their manner that although wee satisfied them
not in promise, yet in deedes and effect we had fulfilled their desires.

This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange
opinions of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs-
•gods or men, and the rather because that all the space of their
sicknesse, there was no man of ours knowne to die, or that was
specially sicke : they noted also that we had no women amongst
vs, neither that we did care for any of theirs.

Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of
women, and therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an
old generation many yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie.

Some woulde hkewise seeme to prophesie that there were more,
of our generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, '
as some thought the purpose was by that which was alrea:dy done.

Those that were immediately to come after vs they imagined to
be in the aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our
intreaty & for the loue of vs did make the people to die in that
sort as they did by shooting inuisible bullets into them.

To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their
ignorance in curing the disease, would not be ashamed to say, but
earnestly make the simple people beleue, that the strings of blood
that they sucked out of the sicke bodies, were the strings where-
withal the inuisible bullets were tied and cast.

Of the new found land of Virginia. 43

Some also thought that we shot them our selues out of our
pieces from the place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any
such towne that had offended vs as we listed, how farre distant
from vs soeuer it were.

And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God
for our sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke
no lesse, whatsoeuer some doe or male imagine to the contrarie,
specially some Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne
which wee saw the same yeere before in our voyage thytherward,
which vnto them appeared very terrible. And also of a Comet
which beganne to appeare but a few daies before the beginning of
the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from being the speciall
an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke fit at this
present to bee alleadged.

These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that
it may appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be
brought through discreet dealing and gouernement to the
imbracing of the trueth, and consequently to honour, obey, feare
and loue vs.

And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the
yeare, shewed themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the
people, in some towns, vpon causes that on our part, might easily
enough haue been borne withall : yet notwithstanding because
it was on their part iustly d^serued, the alteration of their
opinions generally & for the most part concerning vs is the lesse
to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may be, by carefulnesse
of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared.

The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be
endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to
bee taken with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed.

44 A ijriefe and true report,

The Conclusion.

Now I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal
things but that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel
disposed maie be sufficiently liked. If there were no more knowen
then I haue mentioned, which doubtlesse and in great reason is
nothing to that which remaineth to bee discouered, neither the
soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason so to gather by the
difference we found in our trauails : for although all which I haue
before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experimented not far from
the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing : yet
somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and
countrey ; we found the soyle to bee fatter ; the trees greater and
to growe thinner ; the grounde more firme and deeper mould ;
more and larger champions ; finer grasse and as good as euer we
saw any in England ; in some places rockie and farre more high
and hillie ground ; more plentie of their fruites ; more abondance
of beastes ; the more inhabited with people, and of greater pollicie
& larger dominions, with greater townes and houses.

Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner
parts of more and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of
those which wee haue alreadie discouered ? Vnto the Spaniardes
happened the like in discouering the maine of the West Indies.
The maine also of this countrey ,of Virginia, extending some wayes
so many hundreds of leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of
the inhabitants wee haue most certaine knowledge of, where yet
no Christian Prince hath any possession or dealing, cannot but
yeeld many kinds of excellent commodities, which we in our
discouerie haue not yet scene.

What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the
climate, being answerable to the Hand of lapan, the land of China,
Persia, Jury, the Ilandes of Cyprus and Candy, the South parts of
Greece, Italy, and Spaine, and of many other notable and famous
countreis, because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your
owne consideration.

Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all
seasons, much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently

Of the new found land of Virginia. 45

hot, as sometimes is vnder & between the Tropikes, or nere them ;
cannot bee vnknowne vnto you without farther relation.

For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much :
that for all the want of prouision, as first of English victuall;
excepting for twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and
by the victuall of the countrey, of which some sorts were very
straunge vnto vs, and might haue bene thought to haue altered
our temperatures in such sort as to haue brought vs into some
greeuous and dangerous diseases : secondly the want of English
meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, which by the
helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not bee so
suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers &
quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our
better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of
clothes. Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most
speciall and often in the time of winter, our lodging was in the
open aire vpon the grounde. And yet I say for all this, there
were but foure of our whole company (being one hundred and
eight) that died all the yeere and that but at the latter ende
thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all foure
especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before euer
they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that
they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile.

Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome,
the soyle so fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue
before mentioned, the voyage also thither to and fro beeing
sufficiently experimented, to bee perfourmed thrise a yeere with
ease and at any season thereof: And the dealing of Sir Walter
Raleigh so liberall in large giuing and granting lande there, as is
alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances els : (The
least that hee hath graunted hath beene flue hundred acres to a
man onely for the aduenture of his person :) I hope there remaine
no cause wherby the action should be misliked.

If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant
bee but reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which
were transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that
diligence and care as is requisite, and as they may with eese :
There is no doubt but for th6 time following they may haue

46 A briefe and true report.

victuals that is excellent good and plentie enough ; some more
Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as some haue bene
before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee God
willing thither transported : So hkewise our kinde of fruites,
rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some
haue bene alreadie, and proue wel : And in short time also they
may raise of those sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of
as shall both enrich them selues, as also others that shall deale
with them.

And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought
necessary to aduertise you of at this present : what els concerneth
the nature and manners of the inhabitants of Virginia : The number
with the particularities of the voyages thither made ; and of the
actions of such that haue bene by Sir Walter Raleigh therein and
there imployed, many worthy to bee remembred ; as of the first
discouerers of the Countrey : of our generall for the time Sir
Richard Greinuile ; and after his departure, of our Gouernour there
Master Rafe Lane ; with diuers other directed and imployed vnder
theyr gouernement : Of the Captaynes and Masters of the voyages
made since for transportation ; of the Gouernour and assistants of
those alredie transported, as of many persons, accidents, and thinges
els, I haue ready in a discourse by it self in maner of a Chronicle
according to the course of times, and when time shall bee thought
conuenient shall be also published.

Thus referring my relation to your fauourable constructions,
expecting good successe of the action, from him which is to be
acknowledged the authour and gouernour not onlyof this but of all
things els, I take my leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588.

Finis.

THE TRVE PICTVRES

AND FASHIONS OF

THE PEOPLE IN THAT PAR-
TE OF AMERICA NOW CAL-
LED VIRGINIA, DISCOVVRED BY ENGLISHMEN
sent thither in the years of our Lorde 1585. att the speciall charge
and direction of the Honourable Sir Walter Ralegh Knight
Lord Warden of the stannaries in the duchies of
Corenwal and Oxford who therin hath bynne
fauoredand auctorifed byher Maaiestie
and her letters patents

Translated out of Latin into English by
Richard Hacklvit.

BILIGENTLrE COLLECTED AND DRJW-

ne by Ihon "White who was sent thither sfeciallye and for the

same purpose by the said Sir Walter Ralegh the

year abouesaid 158^. and also the year 1588.

now cutt In copper and first published

by Theodore de Bry att his

own? chardges.

^j^^fSf^m^^iSsm.

r^^ga

■^l^^S^^^^:^*^

C H

THE TABLE

OF ALL THE PICTV-

RES CONTAINED IN
this Booke of Virginia.

I. The carte of all the coast of Virginia.

II. The arriuall of the Englishemen in Virginia.

III. A Weroan or great Lorde of Virginia.
Ill I. One of the chiefF Ladyes of Secota.

V. One of the Religeous men in the towne of Secota.

VI. A younge gentill woeman doughter of Secota.

VII. A chiefF Lorde of Roanoac.
VIIL A chieff Ladye of Pomeiooc.

IX. An aged manne in his winter garment.

X. Their manner of careynge ther Childern and

atyere of the chiefFe Ladyes of the towne of
Dasamonquepeuc.
XL The Coniuerer.

XII. Their manner of makinge their Boates.

XIII. Their manner of fishynge in Virginia.
XHII' The browyllinge of their fishe ouer the flame.

D

XV. Their seetheynge of their meate in earthen

pottes.

XVI. Their Sitting at meate.

XVII. Their manner of prayinge with their Rattels

abowt the fyer.

XVIII. Their danses whych they vse at their hyghe

feastes.

XIX. The towne of Pomeiooc.

XX. The towne of Secota.

XXI. Their Idol Kiwasa.

XXII. The Tombe of their Werowans or chiefF Lordes.

XXIII. The marckes of sundrye of the chiefe mene of

Virginia,

To the gentle Reader.

ALTHOUGH (frendlye Reader) man by his disobedience,
weare depriued of those good Gifts wher with he was
indued in his creation, yet he was not berefte of wit to
prouyde for hym selfe, nor discretion to deuise things necessarie
for his vse, except suche as appartayne to his soules healthe, as
may be gathered by this sauage nations, of whome this present
worke intreateth. For although they haue noe true knoledge of
God nor of his holye worde and are destituted of all lerninge.
Yet they passe vs in many thinges, as in Sober feedinge and
Dexteritye of witte, in makinge without any instrument of mettall
thinges so neate and so fine, as a man would scarselye beleue the
same, Vnless the Enghshemen Had made proofe Therof by their
trauailes into the contrye. Consideringe, Therfore that yt was a
thinge worthie of admiration, I was verye willinge to offer vnto
you the true Pictures of those people wich by the helpe of Maister
Richard Hakluyt of Oxford Minister of Gods Word, who first
Incouraged me to publish the Worke, I creaued out of the verye
original of Maister Ihon White an Englisch paynter who was
sent into the contrye by the queenes Maiestye, onlye to draw the
description of the place, lyuely to describe the shapes of the
Inhabitants their apparell, manners of Liuinge, and fashions, att
the speciall Charges of the worthy knighte, Sir Walter
Ralegh, who bestowed noe Small Sume of monnye in the
serche and Discouerye of that countrye, From the yeere, 1584, to
the ende of The yeare 1588. Morouer this booke which intreateth

52 To the gentle Reader.

of that parte of the new World which the Englishemen call by
the name of Virginia I hear sett out in the first place, beinge
therunto requested of my Frends, by Reason of the memorye of
the fresh and late performance therof, albeyt I haue in hand the
Historye of Florida wich should bee first sett foorthe because yt
was discouured by the Frencheman longe befor the discouerye of
Virginia, yet I hope shortlye also to publish the same, A Victorye,
doubtless so Rare, as I thinke the like hath not ben heard nor
scene. I craeued both of them at London, and brought Them
hither to Franckfurt, wher 1 and my sonnes hauen taken ernest
paynes in grauinge the pictures ther of in Copper, seeing yt is a
matter of noe small importance. Touchinge the stile of both the
Discourses, I haue caused yt to bee Reduced into verye Good
Frenche and Latin by the aide of verye worshipfuU frend of
myne. Finallye I hartlye Request thee, that yf any seeke to
Contrefaict thes my bookx, (for in this dayes many are so
malicious that they seeke to gayne by other men labours) thow
wouldest giue noe credit vnto suche conterfaited Drawghte. For
dyuers secret marks lye hiddin in my pictures, which wil breede
Confusion vnless they bee well obserued.

11.

The arriual of the Englifhemen

in Virginia.

THE sea coasts of Virginia arre full of Hands, wher by the
entrance into the mayne lad is hard to finde. For
although they bee separated with diuers and sundrie large
Diuision, which seeme to yeeld conuenient entrance, yet to our
great perill we proued that they wear shallowe, and full of
dangerous flatts, and could neuer perce opp into the mayne land,
vntill wee made trialls in many places with or small pinness. At
lengthe wee fownd an entrance vppon our mens diligent serche
therof. Affter that wee had passed opp, and sayled ther in for
a short space we discouered a mightye riuer fallinge downe in to
the sownde ouer against those Hands, which neuertheless wee
could not saile opp any thinge far by Reason of the shallewnes,
the mouth ther of beinge annoyed with sands driuen in with the
tyde therfore saylinge further, wee came vnto a Good bigg yland,
the Inhabitants therof as soone as they saw vs began to make a — '
rgreat and horrible crye, as people which neuer befoer had scene
,men apparelled like vs, and camme a way makinge out crys like
-wild beasts or men out of their wyts. But beenge gentlye called
backe. wee offred th em-Q£_ our wares^ as glasses, kniues, babies,* and
other trifles, which wee thougt they deligted in. Soe they stood
still, and perceuinge our Good will and courtesie came fawninge-'
vppon vs, and bade us welcome. Then they brougt vs to their
village in the iland called, Roanoac, and vnto their Weroans or
Prince, which entertained vs with Reasonable curtesie, althoug they
wear amased at the first sight of vs. Suche was our arriuall into
the parte of the world, which we call Virginia, the stature of bodye
of wich people, theyr attire, and maneer of lyuinge, their feasts,
and banketts, I will particullerlye declare vnto yow.

* Babies or babes, i.e. dulls,

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A weroan or great Lorde of Virginia.

THE Princes of Virginia are attyred in suche manner as is
expressed in this figure. They weare the haire of their
heades long and bynde opp the ende of the same in a knot
vnder their eares. Yet they cutt the topp of their heades from the
forehead to the nape of the necke in manner of a cokscombe,
stickinge a faier longe fether of some herd atttheBegininge of the
creste vppon their foreheads, and another short one on bothe seides
about their eares. They hange at their eares ether thicke pearles,
or somwhat els, as the clawe of some great birde, as cometh in to
their fansye. Moreouer They ether pownes, or paynt their fore-
head, cheeks, chynne, bodye, armes, and leggs, yet in another sorte
then the inhabitants of Florida. They weare a chaine about their
necks of pearles or beades of copper, wich they muche esteeme,
and ther of wear they also braselets on their armes. Vnder their
brests about their bellyes appeir certayne spotts, whear they vse
to lett them selues bloode, when they are sicke. They hange
before them the skinne of some beaste verye feinelye dresset in
suche sorte, that the tayle hangeth downe behynde. They carye a
quiuer made of small rushes holding their bowe readie bent in one
hand, and an arrowe in the other, redie to defend themselues.
In this manner they goe to warr, or to their solemne feasts and
banquetts. They take muche pleasure in huntinge of deer wher
of ther is great store in the contrye, for yt is fruitfull, pleasant,
and full of Goodly woods. Yt hathe also store of riuers full of i
diuers sorts of fishe. When they go to battel they paynt their
bodyes in the most terible manner that thei can deuise.

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One of the chiefF Ladyes of Secota.

THE woemen of Secotam are of Reasonable good proportion.
In their goinge they carry e their hands danglinge downe,
and air dadil in a deer skinne verye excelletlye wel dressed,
hanginge downe fro their nauell vnto the mydds of their thighes,
which also couereth their hynder parts. The reste of their bodies
are all bare. The forr parte of their haire is cutt shorte, the rest
is not ouer Longe, thinne, and softe, and falling downe about
their shoulders : They weare a Wreath about their heads. Their
foreheads, cheeks, chynne, armes and leggs are pownced. About
their necks they wear a chaine, ether pricked or paynted. They
haue small eyes, plaine and flatt noses, narrow foreheads, and
broade mowths. For the most parte they hange at their eares
chaynes of longe Pearles, and of some smootht bones. Yet their
nayles are not longe, as the woemen of Florida. They are also
delighted with walkinge in to the fields, and beside the riuers, to
see the huntinge of deers and catchinge of fische.

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One of the Religeous men in the

towne of Secota. -

THE Priests of the aforesaid Towne of Secota are well stricken
in yeers, and as yt seemeth of more experience then the
comon sorte. They weare their heare cutt like a creste,
on the topps of thier heades as other doe, but the rest are cutt
shorte, sauinge those which growe aboue their foreheads in manner
of a perriwigge. They also haue somwhat hanginge in their ears.
They weare a shorte clocke made of fine hares skinnes quilted with
the hayre outwarde. The rest of their bodie is naked. They are
notable enchaunters, and for their pleasure they frequent the
riuers, to kill with their bowes, and catche wilde ducks, swannes,
and other fowles.

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A younge gentill woeman dough ter

of Secota.

VIRGINS of good parentage are apparelled altogether like
the woemen of Secota aboue mentionned, sauing that they
weare hanginge abowt their necks in steede of a chaine
certaine thicke, and rownde pearles, with little beades of copper,
or polished bones betweene them. They pounce their foreheads,
cheeckes, armes and legs. Their haire is cutt with two ridges
aboue their foreheads, the rest is trussed opp on a knott behinde,
they haue broade mowthes, reasonable fair black eyes : they lay
their hands often vppon their Shoulders, and couer their brests in
token of maydenlike modestye. The rest of their bodyes are
naked, as in the picture is to bee seene. They deligt also in
seeinge flshe taken in the riuers.

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VII.
A cheifF Lorde of Roanoac.

THE cheefe men of the yland and towne of Roanoac weare the
haire of their crounes of theyr heades cutt like a cokes
combe, as the others doe. The rest they wear longe as
woemen and truss them opp in a knott in the nape of their necks.
They hange pearles stringe vppon a threed att their eares, and
weare bracelets on their armes of pearles, or small beades of copper
or of smoothe bone called minsal, nether paintinge nor powncinge
of them selues, but in token of authoritye, and honor, they wear a
chaine of great pearles, or copper beades or smoothe bones abowt
their necks, and a plate of copper hinge vppon a stringe, from the
nauel vnto the midds of their thighes. They couer themselues
before and behynde as the woemen doe with a deers skynne hand-
somley dressed, and fringed. More ouer they fold their armes
together as they walke, or as they talke one with another in signe
of wisdome. The yle of Roanoac is verye pleisant, and hath
plaintie of fishe by reason of the Water that enuironeth the
same.

VIII.
A cheifF Ladye of Pomeiooc.

ABOUT 20. milles from that Hand, neere the lake of
Paquippe, ther is another towne called Pomeioock hard
by the sea. The apparell of the cheefe ladyes of that
towne differeth but litle from the attyre of those which lyue in
Roanoac. For they weare their haire trussed opp in a knott, as
the maiden doe which we spake of before, and haue their skinnes
pownced in the same manner, yet they wear a chaine of great
pearles, or beades of copper, or smoothe bones 5. or 6. fold about
their necks, bearinge one arme in the same, in the other hand
they carye a gourde full of some kinde of pleasant liquor. They
tye deers skinne doubled about them crochinge hygher about
their breasts, which hange downe before almost to their knees,
and are almost altogither naked behinde. Commonlye their
yonge daugters of 7. or 8. yeares olde do wait vpon them
wearinge abowt them a girdle of skinne, which hangeth
downe behinde, and is drawen vnder neath betwene their thighes,
and bownde aboue their nauel with mosse of trees betwene that
and their skinnes to couer their priuities withall. After they be
once past 10. yeares of age, they wear deer skinnes as the older
sorte do. They are greatlye Diligted with puppetts, and babes
which wear brought oute of England.

IX.

An aged manne in his winter garment.

THE aged men of Pommeioocke are couered with a large
skinne which is tyed vppon their shoulders on one side and
hangeth downe beneath their knees wearinge their other
arme naked out of the skinne, that they maye bee at more libertie.
Those skynnes are Dressed with the hair on, and lyned with other
furred skinnes. The yonnge men suffer noe hairr at all to growe
vppon their faces but assoone as they growe they put them away,
but when they are come to yeeres they suffer them to growe
although to say truthe they come opp very thinne. They also
weare their haire bownde op behynde, and, haue a creste on their
heads like the others. The contrye abowt this plase is soe fruit
full and good, that England is not to bee compared to yt.

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Their manner of careynge ther Childern

and atyere of the cheifFe Ladyes of the
towne of Dafamonquepeuc.

IN the towne of Dasemonquepeuc distant from Roanoac 4. or
5. milles, the woemen are attired, and pownced, in suche
sorte as the woemen of Roanoac are, yet they weare noe
wreathes vppon their heads, nether haue they their thighes
painted with small pricks. They haue a strange manner of
bearing their children, and quite contrarie to ours. For our
woemen carrie their children in their armes before their brests,
but they taking their sonne by the right hand, bear him on their
backs, holdinge the left thighe in their lefte arme after a strange,
and conuesnall* fashion, as in the picture is to bee seene.

* Probably a typographical error for " vnuseuall."

XI.

The Coniuerer.

THEY haue comonlye coniurers or iuglers which vse strange
gestures, and often contrarie to nature in their enchant-
ments : For they be verye famihar with deuils, of whome
they enquier what their enemys doe, or other suche thinges. They
shaue all their heads sauinge their creste which they weare as
other doe, and fasten a small black birde aboue one of their ears
as a badge of their office. They weare nothinge but a skinne which
hangeth downe from their gyrdle, and couereth their priuityes.
They weare a bagg by their side as is expressed in the figure. The
Inhabitants giue great credit vnto their speeche, which oftentymes
they finde to bee true.

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XII.

The manner of makinge their boates.

THE manner of makinge their boates in Virginia is verye
wonderfull. For wheras they want Instruments of yron,
or other like vnto ours, yet they knowe howe to make them
as handsomelye, to saile with whear they Hste in their Riuers, and
to iishe withall, as ours. First they choose some longe, and
thicke tree, accordinge to the bignes of the boate which they would
frame, and make a fyre on the grownd abowt the Roote therof,
kindlinge the same by httle, and little with drie mosse of trees,
and chipps of woode that the flame should not mounte opp to
highe, and burne to muche of the lengte of the tree. When yt is
almost burnt thorough, and readye to fall they make a new fyre,
which they suffer to burne vntill the tree fall of yts owne accord.
Then burninge of the topp, and bowghs of the tree in suche wyse
that the bodie of the same may Retayne his iust lengthe, they raise
yt vppon potes laid ouer cross wise vppon forked posts, at suche
a reasonable heighte as they may handsomlye worke vppon yt.
Then take they of the barke with certayne shells : they reserue the
innermost parte of the lennke,* for the nethermost parte of the
boate. On the other side they make a fyre accordinge to the
lengthe of the bodye of the tree, sauinge at both the endes. That
which they thinke is sufficientlye burned they quenche and scrape
away with shells, and makinge a new fyre they burne yt agayne,
and soe they continue somtymes burninge and sometymes scrap-
inge, vntill the boate haue sufficient bothowmes. Thus God
indueth thise sauage people with sufficient reason to make
thinges necessarie to serue their turnes.

* Probably a typographical error for " barke.'

XIII

Tkeir manner of fishynge in

Virginia,

XIII.

Their manner of fishynge in Virginia.

THEY haue likewise a notable way to catche fishe in their
Riuers, for whear as they lacke both yron, and Steele, they
fasten vnto their Reedes or longeRodds, the hollowe tayle of
a certaine fishe like to a sea crabb in steede of a poynte, wherwith
by nighte or day they stricke fishes, and take them opp into their
boates. They also know how to vse the prickles, and pricks of
other fishes. They also make weares, with settinge opp reedes
or twigges in the water, which they soe plant one with another,
that they growe still narrower, and narrower, as appeareth by
this figure. Ther was neuer scene amonge vs soe cunninge a
way to take fish withall, wherof sondrie sortes as they fownde in
their Riuers vnlike vnto ours, which are also of a verye good
taste. Dowbtless yt is a pleasant sighte to see the people,
somtymes wadinge, and goinge somtymes sailinge in those
Riuers, which are shallowe and not deepe, free from all care of
heapinge opp Riches for their posterite, content with their state,
and liuinge frendlye together of those thinges which god of his
bountye hath giuen vnto them, yet without giuinge hym any
thankes according to his desarte.

So sauage is this people, and depriued of the true knowledge
of god. For they haue none other then is mentionned before in
this worke.

XIIII.

The brovvyllinge of their fifhe ouer

the flame.

AFTER they haue taken store of fishe, they gett them vnto a
place fitt to dress yt. Ther they sticke vpp in the grownde
4. stakes in a square roome, and lay 4 potes vppon them,
and others ouer thwart the same like vnto an hurdle, of sufficient
heigthe, and layinge their fishe vppon this hurdle, they make a
fyre vnderneathe to broile the same, not after the manner of the
people of Florida, which doe but schorte,* and harden their meate
in the smoke onlye to Reserue the same duringe all the winter.
For this people reseruinge nothinge for store, thei do broile, and
spend away all att once and when they haue further neede, they
roste or seethe fresh, as wee shall see heraffter. And when as the
hurdle can not holde all the fishes, they hange the Rest by the
fyrres on sticks sett vpp in the grounde a gainst the fyre, and than
they finishe the rest of their cookerye. They take good heede that
they bee not burntt. When the first are broyled they lay others
on, that weare newlye broughte, continuinge the dressinge of their
meate in this sorte, vntill they thincke they haue sufficient.

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XV.
Their feetheynge of their meate in

earthen pottes.

THEIR woemen know how to make earthen vessells with
special Cunninge and that so large and fine, that our
potters with Ihoye* wheles can make noe better : ant then
Remoue them from place to place as easelye as we can doe our
brassen kettles. After they haue set them vppon an heape of
erthe to stay them from fallinge, they putt wood vnder which
being kyndled one of them taketh great care that the fyre burne
equallye Rounde abowt. They or their woemen fill the vessel with
water, and then putt they in fruite, flesh, and fish, and lett all
boyle together like a galliemaufrye, which the Spaniarde call, olla
podrida. Then they putte yt out into disches, and sett before the
companye, and then they make good cheere together. Yet are
they moderate in their eatinge wherby they auoide sicknes. I
would to god wee would followe their exemple. For wee should
bee free from many kyndes of diseasyes which wee fall into by
sumptwous and vnseasonable banketts, continuallye deuisinge
new sawces, and prouocation of gluttonnye to satisfie our vnsatiable
appetite.

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XVI.

Their fitting at meate.

THEIR manner of feeding is in this wise. They lay a matt
made of bents one the grownde and sett their meate on
the mids therof, and then sit downe Rownde, the men
vppon one side, and the woemen on the other. Their meate is
Mayz sodden, in suche sorte as I described yt in the former treatise
of verye good taste, deers flesche, or of some other beaste, and
fishe. They are verye sober in their eatinge, and drinkinge, and-'
consequentlye verye l onge Uue d because they doe not oppress
nature.

XVII .

Theirmanner of prainge with Kat-

telsabowttcfyer.

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XVII.

Their manner of prainge with Rattels

abowt the fyer.

VVHEN they haue escaped any great danger by sea or lande,
or be returned from the warr in token of loye they make
a great fyer abowt which the men, and woemen sitt
together, holdinge a certaine fruite in. their hands Hke vnto a rownde
pompion or a gourde, which after they haue taken out the fruits,
and the seedes, then fill with small stons or certayne bigg kernells
to make the more noise, and fasten that vppon a sticke, and
singinge after their manner, they make merrie : as my selfe
obserued and noted downe at my beinge amonge them. For it
is a strange custome, and worth the obseruation.

F 2

XVIII.
Theirdanfe which

they vfeatt theirhjghefeaftes.

Mim.

XVIII.

Their danfes which they vfe att their

hyghe feaftes.

AT a Certayne tyme of the yere they make a great, and
solemne feaste wherunto their neighbours of the townes
adioininge repayre from all parts, euery man attyred in
the most strange fashion they can deuise hauinge certayne marks
on the backs to declare of what place they bee. The place where
they meet is a broade playne, abowt the which are planted in the
grownde certayne posts earned with heads like to the faces of
Nonnes couered with theyr vayles. Then beeing sett in order
they dance, singe, and vse the strangest gestures that they can
possiblye deuise. Three of the fayrest Virgins, of the companie
are in the mydds, which imbrassinge one another doe as yt wear
turne abowt in their dancinge. All this is donne after the sunne
is sett for auoydinge of heate. When they are weerye of danc-
inge. they goe oute of the circle, and come in vntill their dances
be ended, and they goe to make merrye as is expressed in the
i6. figure.

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XIX

The Townc of Pomeiooc

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XIX.

The Tovvne of Pomeiooc,

THE townes of this contrie are in a maner like vnto those
which are in Florida, yet are they not soe stronge nor yet
preserued with soe great care. They are compassed abowt
with poles starcke faste in the grownd, but they are' not verye
stronge. The entrance is verye narrowe as may be seene by this
picture, which is made accordinge to the forme of the towne of
Pomeiooc. Ther are but few howses therin, saue those which
belonge to the kinge and his nobles. On the one side is their
tempel separated from the other howses, and marked with the
letter A. yt is builded rownde, and couered with skynne matts, and
as yt wear compassed abowt with cortynes without windowes,
and hath noe lighte but by the doore. On the other side is the
kings lodginge marked with the letter B. Their dwellinges are
builded with certaine potes fastened together, and couered with
matts which they turne op as high as they thinke good, and soe
receue in the lighte and other. Some are also couered with
boughes of trees, as euery man lusteth or liketh best. They keepe
their feasts and make good cheer together in the midds of the
towne as yt is described in the 17. Figure. When the towne
standeth fare from the water they digg a great ponde noted with
the letter C wherhence they fetche as muche water as they neede.

XX.
The Towne of Sccota.

XX.

The Tovvne of Secota.

THEIR townes that are not inclosed with poles are commonlye
fayrer then suche as are inclosed, as appereth in this
figure which huelye expresseth the towne of Secotam.
For the howses are Scattered heer and ther» and they haue gardein
expressed by the letter E. wherin groweth Tobacco which the
inhabitants call Vppowoc. They haue also groaues wherin thei
take deer, and fields wherin they sowe their corne. In their corne
fields they builde as yt weare a scaffolde wher on they sett a
cottage like to a rownde chaire, signiffied by F. wherin they place
one to watche, for there are suche nomber of fowles, and beasts,
that vnless they keepe the better watche, they would soone
deuoure all their corne. For which cause the watcheman maketh
continual cryes and noyse. They sowe their corne with a certaine
distance noted by H. other wise one stalke would choke the growthe
of another and the corne would not come vnto his rypenes G.
For the leaves therof are large, like vnto the leaues of great reedes.
They haue also a seuerall broade plotte C. whear they meete with
their neighbours, to celebrate their cheefe solemne feastes as the
i8. picture doth declare : and a place D. whear after they haue
ended their feaste they make merrie togither. Ouer against this
place they haue a rownd plott B. wher they assemble themselues
to make their solemne prayers. Not far from which place ther is
a lardge buildinge A. wherin are the tombes of their kings and
princes, as will appere by the 22. figure hkewise they haue garden
notted bey the letter I. wherin they vse to sowe pompions. Also
a place marked with K. wherin the make a fyre att their solemne
feasts, and hard without the towne a riuer L. from whence they
fetche their water. This people therfore voyde of all couetousnes
lyue cherfullye and att their harts ease. Butt they solemnise their
feasts in the night, and therfore they keepe verye great fyres to
auoyde darkenes, and to testifie their loye.

X
X

us
H

if I *

1

^ SI
' ' IK'S

XXL

Ther Idol Kivvafa.

THE people of this cuntrie haue an Idol, which they call
KiWASA : yt is carued of woode in lengthe 4. foote whose
heade is like the heades of the people of Florida, the face
is of a flesh colour, the brest white, the rest is all blacke, the
thighes are also spottet with whitte. He hath a chayne abowt
his necke of white beades, betweene which are other Rownde
beades of copper which they esteeme more then golde or siluer.
This Idol is placed in the temple of the towne of Secotam, as the
keper of the kings dead corpses. Somtyme they haue two of
thes idoles in theyr churches, and somtine 3. but neuer aboue,
which they place in a darke corner wher they shew terrible.
Thes poore soules haue none other knowledge of god although
I thinke them verye Desirous to know the truthe. For when as
wee kneeled downe on our knees to make our prayers vnto god,
they went abowt to imitate vs, and when they saw we moued
our lipps, they also dyd the like. Wherfore that is verye like
that they might easelye be brougt to the knowledge of the gospel.
God of his mercie grant them this grace.

The Tombe of their Wcrowans

orCheififLotdes. XXII.

XXII.

The Tombe of their Werovvans or

CheifF Lordes.

THEY builde a Scaffolde 9. or 10. foote highe as is expressed
in this figure vnder the tombs of their Weroans, or cheefe
lordes which they couer with matts, and lai the dead
corpses of their weroans theruppon in manner followinge. first
the bowells are taken forthe. Then layinge downe the skinne,
they cutt all the flesh cleane from the bones, which they drye in
the Sonne, and well dryed they inclose in Matts, and place at their
feete. Then their bones (remaininge still fastened together with
the ligaments whole and vncorrupted) are couered agayne with
leather, and their carcase fashioned as yf their flesh wear not
taken away. They lapp cache corps in his owne skinne after the
same is thus handled, and lay yt in his order by the corpses
of the other cheef lordes. By the dead bodies they sett their
Idol Kiwasa, wherof we spake in the former chapiter : For they
are persuaded that the same doth kepe the dead bodyes of their
cheefe lordes that nothinge may hurt them. Moreouer vnder the
foresaid scaffolde some one of their preists hath his lodginge,
which Mumbleth his prayers nighte and day, and hath charge of
the corpses. For his bedd he hath two deares skinnes spredd on
the grownde, yf the wether bee cold hee maketh a fyre to warme
by withall. Thes poore soules are thus instructed by nature to
reuerence their princes euen after their death.

XXIII.

The Marckes of fundrye of the Cheif mene

of Virginia.

THE inhabitants of all the cuntrie for the most parte haue
marks rased on their backs, wherby yt may be knowen
what Princes subiects they bee, or of what. place they haue
their originall. For which cause we haue set downe those marks
in this figure, and haue annexed the names of the places, that they
might more easelye be discerned. Which Industrie hath god
indued them withal although they be verye simple, and rude. And
to confesse a truthe, I cannot remember that euer I saw a better
or quietter people then they.

The marks which I obserued amonge them, are heere put
downe in order folowinge.

The marke which is expressed by A. belongeth to Wingino,
the cheefe lorde of Roanoac.

That which hath B. is the marke of Wingino his sisters
husbande.

Those which be noted with the letters, of C, and D. belonge
vnto diverse chefe lordes in Secotam.

Those which haue the letters E. F. G. are certaine cheefe men
of Pomeiooc, and Aquascogoc.

SOM PICTVRES

OF THE PICTES

WHICH IN THE OLDE

tyme dyd habite one part of the

great Bretainne.

THE PAIN1ER OF WHOM J HAVE

had the first of the Inhabitants of Virginia, gaue me allso thees

5. Figures follovfing, fo^nd as he did assure me in a oolld English

cronicle, the vfhich I v/old weli sett to the ende of

thees first Figures, for to showe how that the

Inhabitants of the great Bretannie haue

bin in times past as sauuage as

those of Virginia.

The trwe pidure oi one
Piae I.

The trvve picture of one

Picte I.

IN tymes past the Pictes, habitans of one part of great Bretainne,
which is nowe nammed England, wear sauuages, and did
paint all their bodye after the manerfollowinge. They did lett
their haire growe as fare as their Shoulders, sauinge those which
hange vppon their forehead, the which they did cutt. They shaue
all their berde except the mustaches, vppon their breast wear
painted the head of som birde, and about the pappes as yt weare
beames of the sune, vppon the bellye sum feerefull and monstrous
face, spreedinge the beames verye fare vppon the thighes. Vppon
the two knees som faces of lion, and vppon their leggs as yt had
been shelles of fish. Vppon their Shoulders griffones heades, and
then they had serpents abowt their armes : They caried abowt
their necks one ayerne ringe, and another abowt the midds of their
bodye, abowt the bellye, and the saids* hange on a chaine a cime-
terre or turkie soorde, they did carye in one arme a target made of
wode, and in the other hande a picke, of which the ayerne was
after the manner of a Lick, with tassels on, and the other ende
with a Rounde boule. And when they had ouercomme some of
their ennemis, they did neuer felle to carye awey their heads with
them.

* "And the saids" probably a typographical error for "at the side.'
few lines lower down, " picke " and "lick " are apparently pike and lance.

G 2

T B Z -

The trwe pidurc of a women

The trvve picture of a women
Picte II.

THE woemen of the pictes abpue said wear noe worser for
the warres then the men. And wear paynted after the
manner foUowinge, hauinge their heads bear, did lett
their hairre flyinge abowt . their Showlders wear painted with
griffon heades, the lowe parts and thighes with Hon faces, or
some other beaste as yt commeth best into their fansye, their
brest hath a maner of a half moone, with a great starre, and fowre
lesser in booth the sides, their pappes painted in maner of beames
of the Sonne, and among all this a great litteninge starre vppon
their brests. The saids of som pointes or beames, and the
hooUe bellye as a sonne, the armes, thighes, and leggs well
painted, of diuerses Figures : They dyd also carye abowt theyr
necks an ayern Ringe, as the men did, and suche a girdle with
the soorde hainginge, hauinge a Picke or a lance in one hande,
and twoe dardz in the other.

The trwe pidure of a yonge

dowgter of the Pides III.

The trvve picture of a yonge dowgter of the

Pictes III.

THE yong dougters of the pictes, did also lett their haire
flyinge, and wear also painted ouer all the body, so much
that noe men could not faynde any different, yf they had
not vse of another fashion of paintinge, for they did paint them-
selues of sondrye kinds of flours, and of the fairest that they
cowld feynde. being fournished for the rest of such kinds of
weappon as the woemen wear as you may see by this present
picture a thinge trewlly worthie of admiration.

The trwe pidure of a man of na-
tion neigbour vnto the Pi6le 1 1 1 1.

The trvve picture of a man of nation

neigbour vnto the Picte IIII.

THER WAS in the said great Bretainne yet another nation
nigbour vnto the Pictes, which did apparell them selfues
with a kind of cassake other cloath lerkin, the rest of the
bodye wear naked. They did also wear longe heares, and their
moustaches, butt the chin wear also shaued as the other before.
They dyd were alardge girdle abowt them, in which hange a croket
foorde, with the target, and did carye the picke or the lance in
their hande, which hath at the lowe end a rownde bowlle, as you
may see by this picture.

The trwe pidure ot a women

nigbouroffhcPictes V.

The trvve picture of a women

nigbour of the Pictes V.

THEIR woemen wear apparelled after this manner, butt that
their apparell was opne before the brest, and did fastene
with a little lesse, as our woemen doe fasten their peticott.
They lett hange their brests outt, as for the rest they dyd carye
suche weappens as the men did, and wear as good as the men for
the warre.

A TABLE

OF THE PRINCI

PALL THINGES THAT

are contained in this Hiftorie,

after the order of the

Alphabet.

AUum
Applecrabs
Ashe
Ascopo

Beares
Beech

Cedar
Chestnuts
Ciuet Cattes
Conies
Coscuhaw

B.

Copper

17

14

Cranes

30

28

Creuises

32

34

D.

34

Deare

29

Deare skinnes

17

30

Dyes of diuers kindes

19

34

E.

Elme

34

16,34

F.

27

Faulcons

31

17

Flaxe and Hempe

14

30

Firre trees

34

27

Furres

16

no

Geese
Grappes

H.

N.

30 Nature of the Virginians

28

O.

35

Habascon

27

Oade

19

How they bwild their houses 36

Of beastes

29

Haukes

31

Of foule

30

Hemes

30

Of fruites

27

Herrings

31

Of the Vengeance

43

Holly

34

Okindgier

22

Hurleberies

28

Oldwiues

31

Oyle

16

I.

Openauk

26

Iron

17

Orepenauk

26

K.

Oystres

31

Kaishucpenauk

26

P.

Kewasowok

38

Kewas

36

Pagatowr

21

L.

Parats

31

Partridges

30

Leekes

27

Pearle

18

Lions

30

Periwinckles

32

M

Pitch

15

J. VI •

Plaice

31

Macocqwer

22

Planta Solis

24

Mangummenauk

29

Popogusso

38

Maple

34

Porpoises

31

Maqwowoc

30

Marlin

31

Machicomuck

38

R.

Medlars

28

Rayes

31

Melden

24

Rakiock

34'

Metaquesunnauk

28

Rafe Lane

46

Mulberies

28

Richard Greinuile

9,46

Mullets

31

Roanoack

15

Muscles

32

Rozen

15

Ill

s.

Sacquenummener 28
Sagatamenerandallhis kinds 29

Sapummener 29

Saquenuckot 30

Sassafras 15

Sassafras trees 34

Scalopes 32

Seekanauck 32

Sea crabbes 31
Silke of grasse or grasse Silke 13

Squirels 30

Stockdoues 30

Straberies 28

Sturgeons 31

Sugar Cannes ig

Troutes

31

Tortoyses

32

Turpentine

15

Turkic cockes

30

Turkie hennas

30

V.

Virginiens wilHnge to make

thamselues Christiens 37

Virginiens doe estime the

things of Europe 39

Vnknowne sicknes 41

Vppowoc 25

W.

Swannes

30

Walnuts

27

Sweate gummas

18

Walnut trees

35

Stones

35

Wapeih

15

Wasawowr

19

T.

Weapons of the Virginiens

36

Tarre

15

Wich hazle

36

Their manner of fishinge

■ 31

Wickenzowr

22

Their manner of makinge

Wilde peaze

29

boates

34

Willowes

34

The soyla batter

44

Winauck

15

The strange oppinion

they

Wine

16

haue of anglishemen

41

Wiroans Wingina

40

The climat of Virginia

44

Wiroances

39

Their Relligion

37

Wolues

30

Tsinaw

26

Worme Silka

14

Finis,

AT FRANCKFORT,

INPRINTED BY IHON WE

chel, at Theodore de Bry, owne

coaft and chardges.

M D X C.

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