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TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

THE PROVINCE

LOWER CANADA.

BY JOSEPH BOUCHETTE, ESQ.

H. M.'S SURVEVOR-GENERAL OF LOWER CANADA, LIEUT. COL. C. M.,

V. p. OF THE LIT. AND HIST. SOC. OF QUEBEC, AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOC. OF ARTS

AND SCIENCES, LONDON.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN,

PATERNOSTER- ROW.

1832.

HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY,

KING WILLIAM IV.

THIS

TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

OP ONE OP

GREAT BRITAIN'S MOST HAPPY AND FLOURISHING COLONIES,

IS,

WITH HIS MAJESTY'S SPECIAL PERMISSION,

MOST BESPECTrULLY

DEDICATED

HIS MAJESTY'S
MOST GRATEFUL AND DEVOTED

CANADIAN SUBJECT AND SERVANT,

JOS. BOUCHETTE.

PREFACE.

Antecedently to the year 1759, the dominion of North America was
divided almost exclusively between the Kings of England and France ; the former
possessing the immense Atlantic seaboard of the continent, the latter the territories
along the borders of the gigantic " Fleuve du Canada," or River St. Lawrence.
But the conquest, gallantly achieved by Wolfe on the memorable plains of
Abr'am, near Quebec, left, subsequently to that event, but a slender footing to the
French crown in America, whilst it at once extended the empire of Great Britain
from the Atlantic Ocean to the shores of the Pacific, and rendered it almost
co-extensive with the whole northern division of the New World. England
continued in the undisputed possession of these her immense dominions, for a
period of nearly sixteen years, when those revolutionary discontents broke out in
the old colonies, which ended in the declaration of their independence, and their
recognition as a free and independent state, by the treaty of Paris, 3rd of Sep-
tember, 1783.

Whether the reduction of Canada accelerated the separation of the original
British North American Plantations, by removing the check vphich the relative
geographical position of the surrounding French possessions was calculated to
produce upon the colonists, it is difficult to say; but it is, perhaps, less pro-
blematical whether England would this day have had to boast of her valuable
transatlantic dominions, had not the victory of the British hero, who fell in the
consummation of the conquest of Canada, preceded the birth of the United States
of America, as one of the independent nations of the world. Certain it is, how-
ever, that the severe consequences of the loss of the British plantations were greatly
mitigated by Wolfe's victory, and the accession of the French colonies to the British
empire, to which, not only from their intrinsic worth, but because of the political
power and the commercial advantages incidental to the possession of them, they
have since become important appendages.

In the war waged by the colonies against the mother country, the people of
Canada, although so recently become British subjects, resisted with fidelity every

Vlll PREFACE.

attempt that was made to seduce them from their new allegiance, and with bravery
repulsed every endeavour to subdue them. Such devotedness was highly appre-
ciated ; and England, at the termination of the revolutionary war, directed her
attention towards giving increased consequence to her remaining possessions, with
the design of drawing from them some of the supplies she had been accustomed to
receive from the countries recently dismembered from the empire. It was some
time, however, before the efforts of the mother country were attended with any
degree of success, and a new order of things established, by which the languor that
marked the growth of the colonies as French plantations, gradually gave place to a
system of more vigour in the agricultural improvement of the country, and a more
active development of its commercial resources.

If the British dominions in North America be viewed merely in relation to
their vast superficies, which exceeds 4,000,000 of geographical square miles, their
importance will become apparent ; more especially when the manifold advantages
of their geographical position are properly estimated. Glancing at the map, we
see British sovereignty on the shores of the Atlantic, commanding the mouth of
the most splendid river on the globe ; and, sweeping across the whole continent of
America, we find it again on the coasts of the Pacific Ocean, thus embracing an
immense section of the New World in the northern hemisphere, reaching at some
points as far south as 41° of north latitude, and stretching northward, thence, to the
polar regions. But the importance of these possessions should be estimated less
by their territorial extent than by the resources they offer, their capabilities of
improvement, the great increase of which their commerce is susceptible, and the
extensive field they present for emigration.

The British North American provinces occupy but a comparatively small
portion of the aggregate superficies of the whole of the British dominions in the
western hemisphere ; yet they cover about 500,000 geographical square miles,
and contain a population which in round numbers amounts to nearly a million and
a half of souls. Of the above superficies, the province of Lower Canada embraces
almost one half, whilst its population absorbs nearly an equal proportion of the
whole population of the North American Colonies. The inhabitants of Lower
Canada are chiefly Catholics, the number of that persuasion being about 7-Sths of
the totality. Of the remaining eighth, rather more than 2-3rds belong to the
Episcopal and Presbyterian Churches, and somewhat less than l-3rd comprises all
other denominations.

In point of local advantages, situation and fertility, Lower Canada is
decidedly one of the most valuable and interesting sections of the British Colonial
Empire ; and although its climate is rigorous during part of the year, the clearness

PREFACE.

and wholesomeness of the atmosphere, atones, on the one hand, for its severity,
whilst the abundance of snow that falls in winter, contributes, on the other, to the
vigour of vegetation in summer.

The general features of the country are bold and imposing. The St. Law-
rence, in its greatest amplitude, flows majestically through the heart of the pro-
vince, receiving, on both its banks, the ample waters of many a fine river, opening
convenient natural avenues to the collateral parts of the country. Upon a rocky
and commanding eminence, 400 miles from the Gulf and about 650 from the sea,
stands Quebec, the capital of those colonies and the key of the country, with a
seaport calculated to harbour first-rate line-of-battle ships; 180 miles further up
the St. Lawrence is the flourishing city of Montreal, which yields to Quebec in
the strength of position, only. It enjoys an excellent seaport, also, and, being the
emporium of the American and Upper Canada trade with the province, is rapidly
increasing in commercial opulence and population. The following statement of
the recent imports and exports at Quebec, much of the latter of which had passed
through Montreal, will convey some idea of the activity of commercial business at
the principal seaport in the province.

^ Imports for 1830 and 1831.

Date.

i^uTieheons.

Hhds.

Muscovaiio sugar.

HUDS

Ctoffee.

Bags.

Coals.

Hhds.

Tons.

August 12, 1830
August 9, 1831

7416 237
5682 456

459
204

294
605

1027
1669

1055
3237

332
456

401
267

190
190

18
34

8
16

1991
2504

3936
3433

160

447

Increase

219

311

642

2182

124

513

287

Decrease

1554'

255

134

503

Exports for 1830 and 1831.

Date.

Fot and pearl ashes.

Flour.

Beef.

Pork.

Wheat.

i
1

August 12, 1830
August 9, 1831

12552
6288

5506
5734

2332
3078

2020

811

3428
4157

25838
20068

24648
27305

6108
2809

49167
15554

2634
1713

8062
7445

325763
1887008

Increase

228

746

729

265r

1561245

Decrease

6264

1209

5770

3239

33613

921

617

To agriculture and commerce, by which the importance of the province may
be estimated, emigration may be superadded as a consideration of no insignificant
moment, when we reflect that nearly 50,000 emigrants from the United Kingdom
were, in the course of this year (1831), landed on the wharfs at Quebec. Pre-

X PREFACE.

eminently, therefore, as is Lower Canada the immediate scene of this emigration,
every information relative to it that could be conveyed to the people of this
country, and especially the people of Ireland, may appear particularly desirable ;
and although the following work necessarily contains a variety of topographical
details of no pressing utility to the emigrant, it will be found to embrace much
information for his guidance, arising out of the experience of those who have pre-
ceded him in the formation of new settlements.

In consulting a work containing so many statistical details, the reader will,
naturally, be desirous of knowing the sources whence the information it conveys
may have been derived, and it is satisfactory for the author to be able to state, that
those sources can be relied upon for their accuracy and respectability. The sei-
gneurial tenure of the lands, which prevails in by far the greater portion of the
inhabited parts of Lower Canada, and the ecclesiastical divisions of the province,
offer, of themselves, the most valuable means of statistical information. — The seigneur
is competent to give the boundaries, dimensions, and subdivisions of his estate; its
soil, surface, and its general topography, which he usually has graphically ex-
hibited in maps, to which the author has, in most cases, had free access. The
curate, as well as the seigneur, is acquainted with many of these particulars, and is
moreover competent to form a correct estimate of the produce of the parish over
which he presides, the extent of the lands in cultivation, the nature and amount
of the farming stock and population. Upon all these points, besides a variety of
others, have the seigneurs and curates of the province been, severally and par-
ticularly, consulted, both by personal application from the author, and by circular
queries, to which the most ready and ample replies were almost universally com-
municated.

The volume of exact information conveyed, in formal returns to the legis-
lature, by the very intelligent class of the community to whom we have already
referred, — the gentlemen of the Roman catholic clergy, — upon all matters con-
nected with the circumstances and statistics of the vast number of Roman catholic
parishes of the province, constituted also a further corroborative fund of facts of
considerable importance.

The elaborate investigation of the subject of crown lands by a committee
of the House of Assembly, of which Andrew Stuart, Esq. was chairman, having
elicited a variety of information relative to the tenures, topography and statistics
of the colony, has likewise furnished a portion of the materials upon which the
author has had to work.

The information relative to the townships is derived from sources no less
authentic and respectable. A considerable part of it, the author possessed in the

PREFACE. XI

official records of his own office, through which all soccage grants have been made
since the existence of the colony. Another part was collected from the official and
non-official returns and statements of resident township agents, upon which the
utmost reliance could be placed. A third resource was found in the principal land-
holders and leading inhabitants of the townships, who were regularly consulted, in a
series of queries, upon the local, agricultural, statistical and religious state of their
respective sections of country. In addition to these multifarious means of informa-
tion, the public returns of the census of 1825 were carefully consulted, and to the
whole mass of documents thus accumulated, were superadded the results of three
official tours performed by the author in 1820, 1824 and 18S7> in the course of
which he visited the settled extremities of the province, and traversed the old
and the new settlements in almost every direction, noting with care, as he went
. along, the information with which he was furnished, on the spot, by the intelligent
inhabitants whom he consulted, and sketching the country as he proceeded.

Out of these combined materials has grown the following Topographical
Dictionary. There are many minute points connected with the topography of a
country, of the utmost importance to those seeking for complete information as to
its resources, for the arrangement of which, as well as for the facility of reference,
the alphabetical form affiirds distinguished advantages ; and this has induced the
author to prefer the lexicographic plan, which he confidently presumes will be
found to combine many and important advantages, from its comprising, under one
view, all the particulars that can be required upon any one point. Thus every
county, parish, seigniory or township is described under its particular head, with
reference to its boundaries, extent, locality, soil, &c. ; its statistics are then tabularly
detailed, together with the description and amount of its agricultural produce and
live stock. After the description of each seigniory or fief is an extract of the
original title thereof, taken from the archives of the province.

The lakes, rivers, roads and canals come also under their respective names,
and are all described in topographical detail. Under the head " Province" will be
found a general description of Lower Canada ; and under that of St. Lawrence an
ample and somewhat nautical account of that important river. The system of
opening roads through the forest, and of commencing clearings for settlement in
the wilderness, will be found explained under the heads of Mull, Roads, New
Settlements, and incidentally in various other parts of the work ; and as this infor-
mation is derived from the experience of practical settlers, it is the more valuable
to the emigrant who may eventually take lands in Lower Canada.

In fact, nothing has been omitted which the author conceived might be of
the slightest interest or importance, and which the researches of, and the accumu-

Xll PREFACE.

lation of documents for, now nearly thirty years, could enable him to embody in
such a work. That it is altogether free from defects it would be presumptuous
probably to hope, especially when it is considered that such a work is the first of
the kind that has been undertaken, not only for Lower Canada, but for any
other of the British colonies; yet the author may vouchsafe to say, that the
general correctness of the information may be fully relied upon. In the method
and systematic arrangement of the Dictionary, the author has pleasure in acknow-
ledging the assistance he derived from Mr. Thomas G. Bucke; and he trusts that
the frame of the work and the classification of the details will be found judicious.

The author, in fine, has studied utility far more than elegance ; the earnest
desire of conveying information and not a visionary prospect of literary fame, to
which he cannot presume to aspire, has brought him again before the public, and
he confidently hopes to receive that indulgence which, he thinks, he may claim,
from the motive by which he has, avowedly, been actuated, in the publication of a
Topographical Dictionary of Lower Canada.

LoNDOKj October, 1831.

TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

LOWER CANADA.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Aug. Augmentation. B. b. Barony. C. c. Canal, co. County. D. d. District. e. East.
F. p. Fief. fr. from. I. Isle. Id. Island. L. l. Lake. 1. League, m. mile. n. North.
P. p. Parish. R.r. River. S. Seigniory, s. South, sq. square. T. t. Township. V. v. Village,
w. West.

ABE

AbagusquasHj or " small water," rises in the
rear of Trois Pistolles^ S. It is a river, or rather a
chain of lakes, forming one of the head branches
of the a. Toledo, which it enters a little below
I/. Orsale Wallagamuch.

Abawsisquash, river, rises in a small l., con-
nected by a portage with l. Orsale Wallagamuch,
one of the sources of the Toledo. It runs n.w.,
cutting off the s, angle of the S. of Trois PistoUes,
and joins the h. of that name. By means of this
E., which is narrow, rapid and obstructed by falls,
the Indians pass in canoes from the n. Toledo to
the St. Lawrence.

Abenakis, v. Indians.

Abercromby, township, in the co. of Terre-
bonne, is in the rear of the Augmentation of Mille
Isles and joins Kilkenny n.b. When this town-
ship was originally surveyed it was considered
barren and the lands unfit for cultivation; but
more recently the reverse has proved to be the case,
and both sides of the North River, which traverses
this township in a n. w. direction, already pre-
sent a tolerably large and improving settlement
of Canadian farmers, who have been unadvisedly
located by Mr. Dumont, proprietor of part of
the seigniory of Mille Isles, and who, in conse-

A B E

quence of the great deficiency of superficial extent
sustained by him in the augmentation of that
seigniory, produced by the interference of the an-
terior seignorial grant of the Lake of the Two
Mountains, has thought himself at liberty to ex-
ceed his seignorial limits, and has accordingly con-
ceded the lands on both sides of the North River
to the lateral depth of nearly seven miles within the
township of Abercromby. These concessions ex-
tend, generally, three arpents in front on the river
by 30 in depth, and pay an annual rent of five
livres and Sibushels of wheat. The number of con-
cessions is about 120 and the population amounts
to about I7O; there are 40 houses, one saw-mill,
and a potashery belonging to Mr. Laviolette. The
total annual produce of this new settlement may
be said to be about 2100 bushels of wheat and
other grain, besides 3700 bushels of potatoes and
600 of Indian corn. There are in the settlement
about 29 horses, 12 oxen, 36 cows, 50 sheep, and
71 pigs. Many of the settlers make excellent
maple sugar, of which about 2000 lbs. are made
annually. The lands in this t. are generally un-
even and broken, being traversed by rocky ridges.
The soil is light and in many parts stony and
sandy; but there are some valuable tracts of ex-

A C H

A N C

cellent land and meadows. This t. is well wa-
tered by several rivers and creeks, and a few
small lakes. A few militia locations were made
here, but, as the lots were not laid down with
sufficient precision in the hasty survey made in
1803, the settlers could not enter into possession.
— Ungranted and unlocaied 35,600 acres, exclu-
sive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829.

AcADiB, county, in the District of Montreal,
bounded n. w. by the co. of Chateaugay, s. by
the province line, e. by the R. Chambly or Riche-
lieu, N. E. by the co. of Chambly, and s. w. by the
N. E. line of the t. of Hemmingford and part of
the S. of Beauharnois, is 22^ m. long and 20
broad, and comprehends the S. S. of La CoUe and
De Lery, the t. of Sherrington and the isles in
the B. Chambly or Richelieu nearest to the county,
and which are wholly or in part opposite, viz. Isle
aux Noix, Hospital Id. and Ash Id. The centre
of the CO. is in lat. 45° 9' N. Ion. 73° 27' w. It
contains 242 sq. miles, several parishes, one town,
and three villages, and sends two members to the
provincial parliament. The place of election at Ste.
Marguerite de Blairfindie. The principal rivers
are, the Blontreal, La Tortue, and La Colle. The
chief town is Dorchester. About one-half of the
population is Canadian, the other half American,
English, Irish, and Scotch.

Stalistics.

Population

9637

Court-houses 1

Potash works 3

Protestant

Gaols . . 1

Breweries . 1

churches

. 2

Towns . 1 1

Distilleries . 2

Curates

. 1

Villages . 2

Medical men 2

Parsonage

Houses . . 210

Notaries . 3

houses

. 1

Gristmills . 2

Shopkeepers 11

Wesleyan

Saw mills . 7

Taverns , 9

chapels

. 1

Carding mills 2

Artisans . 35

Rom. Cath

Fulling mills 2

River craft . 3

chapels

'. 1

Tanneries . 2

Tonnage . 15

Presbyteries 1

Potteries . 2

Keel boats . 5

Schools

. 4

Annual Agricultural Pro

duce.

Bushels.

Wheat .

53,0U0

Peas . 23,020

Indian corn 11,200

Oats

58,000

Rye . 2,296

Potatos 14,3,400

Barley

9,900

Buck wheat 2,000

Live Stock.

Horses .

.3,950 1 Cows . 6,435

Swine . 6,085

Oxen

9,268

Sheep . 19,820

AcHiGAN, river, takes its rise from Echo Lake,
in the t. of Abercromby, and from the Killamey
lakes and many streams in the t. of Kilkenny.
These numerous waters unite and form the Achi-
gan, in the settlement of New Glasgow, in the
Augmentation to Terrebonne, It crosses the S. of

Lachenaye, enters the S. of rAssomption, towards
the middle of its depth, forming a considerable
bend ; and, after being increased by the Ruisseau
des Anges, it waters the village of St. Roch, and
in a very winding course leaves the S. for that
of St. Sulpice, where it falls into rAssomption
about two miles above the village of that name.
Although the Achigan may be called a large river,
it is not navigable and is only used for mills and
for bringing down the timber felled in the upper
parts of the adjacent seigniories and townships.

Acton, a township in the co. of Drummond,
is bounded e. by Roxton and Ely, w. by Upton,
and N. N. E. by Grantham, Wickham, and Dur-
ham. About one half has been surveyed and
granted, but no part is settled. The land is level,
and, lying rather low, is overspread with several
swamps covered with spruce, fir, white pine, cedar,
&c. ; the drier tracts are timbered with ash, beech,
maple, and birch. It is watered by two large
branches of then. Yamaska. — Ungranied and un-
located, 9372 acres, exclusive of reservations — 1st
Sept., 1829.

Adstock is a projected township in the co. of
Megantick; it adjoins Tring and Thetford and is
not surveyed.

Ahpmoojeene-Gamook (L.), «. St. John, R.

AiGLBj one of the principal isles at the eastern
extremity of the Id. of Montreal. The soil is
good, and chiefly in grazing land.. There is a
productive farm with a tolerably good house.

Alder (R.), v. r. des Aclnais.

Aldpield, a projected township in the rear of
Onslow and in the co. of Ottawa.

Algonquin, v. Indians.

Amherst, a projected township in the rear of
Ponsonby and in the co. of Ottawa.

Ance a Beaufils (F.), in the co. of Gaspe.

Ance a Catherine (Cove), v. Saguenay, r.

Ance a la Barque (Cove), ». Saguenay, b.

Ance a la Bataille (Cove).

Ance au Bateau (Cove), v. Ne wLongueil, S.

Ance au Coq (Cove), v. Le Page, S.

Ance au Snelles (Cove), v. Mids, S.

Ance de Berthier (Cove), in Berthier, S.,
and CO. of Bellechasse.

Ance de I'Etang, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, is
chiefly above little Fox River, which traverses the
E. extremity. The S. of Grand Vallee des Monts
is on the w.

ANT

Title.—" Concession du 20me Septembre, 1697, faite
par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intend-
ant, au Sieur Franqois Haxzeur et Denis Riverin, de VAnce
de I'Etang, situ^e au bae du fleuve St. Laurent, six lieues
au dessous de la Vallee des monts de Notre Dame, avec une
demi lieue de front de chaque cote de la dite Ance, sur
une lieue de profondeur." — liegistre d'Intendance, No. 5,
folio 18.

Ance des Morts (Cove), in the co. of Gaspe.

Ance de^iMoRTS (Cove)j in Mitis, S.

Ance Sablon (Cove), on the Labrador coast,
at the B. extremity of the province, to which it
was reunited, with other territory, by act of the
imperial parliament in 1825.

Ance St. Jean (Cove), in

AncbSt. Vallibr (Cove),w. St.Vali,ieh, S.

Ance Snell (Cove), in the S. of Cote de
Beaupre.

Andrews brook, in the co. of Bonaventure,
runs into n. bank of the Ristigouche near its
mouth.

Angb Gardibn (P.), V. Cote de Beaupre, S.

Angb Gardibn (V.), v. Cote de Beaupre, S.

Anges, des, a rivulet. Ruisseau des Anges
rises in Lachenaye, S., and, running e., cuts the
division line into I'Assomption, S., where it enters
the Achigan about one m. above the v. of St.
Roch.

Ann's Town, v. Beauharnois, S.

Antaya or DoRViLLiER, fief, is in the S. and

P. of Berthier, and in the co. of Earthier. It

fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded w. by

Dautre. It extends \\ league along the river and

one in depth ; and, with the adjacent Isle au Foin

and the intermediate islets, was conceded, 29th

Oct., 1672, to the Sieurs de Comporte. The soil

is good and generally well cultivated and settled.

The surface is generally level.

Title. — " Concession du a9me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Comporti, d'une demi
lieue de terra de front, sur une lieu de profondeur, a pren-
dre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, bornee d'un c6t6 par la con-
cession du Sieur Dautre, tirant sur le fleuve et descendant
vers les terres non-conc6d6es ; avec Ylsle au Foin et islets
situ^s entre la terre ferme de son front et la dite Isle au
Foin.*^ — Registre d^Intendance, No. 1, folio 20.

Anthony (L.), v. Murray Bay.

Anticosti, island, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
This island, on account of its extent, geographical
position and importance to mariners, is of con-
siderable interest. It is now comprehended in the
CO. of Saguenay, being reannexed to the province
of Lower Canada by an act of the imperial parlia-
ment passed in 1825. It previously formed a part
of Labrador. This isle was conceded in March,

1680, to the Sieur Jolliet. Its situation is in the
widest part of the entrance into the St. Lawrence,
lying w. s. w. and b. s. b. Its length is about 125
m., and its extreme breadth about 30, containing
about 1,530,000 sq. acres. Although it has neither
bay nor harbour sufficient to protect ships from
the dangers of the sea, having only many small
creeks, it is not altogether unprovided with the
means of succouring persons who may be ship-
wrecked or in want of an asylum against that
perilous element. The surface is in general low
and the soil and timber of very inferior quality.
On the N. of the island the shore is occasionally
more elevated, and three remarkable high lands
or mountains break the monotonous appearance
of this large extent of flat land ; one is opposite
Little Jupiter river, another in the rear of s. w.
Point, and the third, called Table Mountain, is
near the w. extremity of the island. The rivers
are of no importance. On account of its geo-
graphical position, this island is of great interest
to all navigators who sail up the St. Lawrence
from the Atlantic ; therefore, the bearings of its
extreme points have been frequently determined,
particularly by Major Holland, Mr. Wright and,
lately, by command of Admiral Sir Charles Ogle,
by Mr. John Jones of his majesty's ship Hussar,
who seems to have ascertained their precise situ-
ations with the greatest accuracy; his authority,
and particularly as it is the most recent, is here
given : — West Point, lat. 49" 52' 29" n.. Ion. 64o
36' 54" 9 w. ; variation, 22" 55' w. ; East Point,
lat. 490 8' 30" N., Ion. 610 44' 55" 9 ^. . variation,
240 38' w. ; North Point, lat. 49" 57 38' n., Ion.
640 15' I" 4 T^. . South-west Point (by the au-
thor's former map), lat. 49" 23' n.. Ion. 63o 44' w.
— By a recent act of the provincial assembly, two
light-houses are to be erected on this island, one
at the East Point and the other at the s. w. Point.
As the navigation of this part of the gulf is con-
sidered by sailors in general as very dangerous, no
apology is necessary for the insertion of the fol-
lowing extract from " Sailing Directions," by Mr.
Lambly, who, by order of government, placed
the direction boards and nailed them to trees near
the beach, the branches being first cut off. — " Two
leagues s. b. from the west end of the island of
Anticosti lies Cape Henry, the west side of Grand
Bay ; Cape Eagle forms the east side of this Bay,
and they are n. w. and s. e. of each other, three
miles distant. This bay lies n. and s. and runs 2^m.

ANT

A B G

into the island, with good anchorage for small
vessels in from 2^ to 4 fathoms water. In running
down from the west end of the island come no
nearer than ten fathoms : the breakers will be seen
on the shoal which lies from the beach i m. ; and
when you are down to Cape Henry, haul into six
fathoms, towards a long flat spit of sand, which
lies s. B. from this cape; it is very regular; five
and six fathoms a good birth from it. Run along
this spit and round the s. e end of it in four fa-
thoms at low water, and come to anchor; you will
then be 1-j m. from the houses, which stand on
the north side of the bay. This hay is about one
mile across ; at this anchorage small vessels may
anchor farther in, with shelter from s. w, and even
s. s. w. winds ; but the outer anchorage is exposed
from s. s. w. round to the s. e. — Mr. Delisle lives
on shore here at the houses, and remains all the
year, and government has put a quantity of pro-
visions into his possession for the supply of unfor-
tunate shipwrecked persons, which are issued in
regular quantities to each man; the captain giving
him receipts for the expenditure. — The Reef that
is to the westward of the west end of the island
does not lie farther oflfthan two miles, and at that
distance you cross it in ten fathoms, but it is very
narrow, and only three casts of the lead can be
got. — From Grand Bay to the s. w. point of the
island the shore is all bold, and so steep there is
no trusting to the lead. You may stand to the
island within one mile, and you will see all the
danger on the beach : there is not a reef or a rock
to be seen A m. from the beach. — The great river
which is just to the westward of the s. w. point of
the island is called Jupiter River ; its proper name
here is Seal River. — The shore from the s. w.
point to the south point is all bold likewise, and
no danger; ships may safely stand to within one
mile from it. There is no anchorage on any part
of this side of the island except Grand Bay. — Two
leagues to the westward of the south point of the
island is Jupiter River (called Shallop Creek in
the charts). Mr. Hamel lives here, and has in his
possession the same quantity of provisions, and for
the same purpose as Mr. Delisle, at the west end
of the island, viz. 16 barrels of flour, 8 barrels of
pork and 8 barrels of peas ; and there is also an-
other depot of provisions in the possession of Mr.
Godin, who resides at Fox Bay. This place is
five leagues n. vv. from the east end of the i.sland.
— Off the south point of the island lies a reef of

rocks two miles. This is the only danger on the
south side of the island. The east end of the
island is flat two miles off, and lies from the south
point E. s. E. distant seven leagues. There are no
inhabitants on any part of the island, except those
mentioned. — Jupiter Biver (or Shallop Creek) is
very small, with just water in it to float a boat-
load of provisions at low water ; small vessels may
anchor in a small cove just to the westward of the
creek; and there is one anchorage on a spit of
sand that runs from the east .side of the river (with
a N. E. wind) in four fathoms. One cable length
off there is twenty fathoms and a little farther off
fifty fathoms. — In the year 1808 direction boards
were placed along the island to assist any unfor-
tunate person to. find the provision posts that are
mentioned above : viz., one on the west end of the
island, marked, ' Two Leagues East to the Pro-
vision Post.' — Four leagues s. e. from Grand Bay
another, marked, ' Four Leagues West to Pro-
vision Post.' — On the pitch of the s. w. point one,
marked, ' Ten Leagues West to Provision Post.'
— In a small cove, to the eastward of the s. w.
point, another, marked, ' Ten Leagues East to
Provision Post.' — Half-way between this board
and Shallop Creek stands another, marked, ' Six
Leagues East to Provision Post.' — And near the
east end stands another, marked, ' Seven Leagues
West to Provision Post.' — The island of Anticosti
is thought to be very dangerous to ships coming
to Quebec, but it is not so dangerous as is said.
When sailors can see the island they may make
free with it ; and, by doing so, they will always
get faster to the westward with foul winds than
in the ofiing ; and by keeping within two or three
leagues of it they wiU be clear of the strong s. E.
current that always runs in the offing. There is
no danger of being embayed, and the floods are
pretty regular near the island. Tides at Anticosti
flow on the full and change days 11 o'clock;
rise 10 feet in spring tides, and 4 feet in neap
tides, and run tide and quarter."

Tllk.—" Concedee en Mars 1680, par Jacques Diiches.
nean, Intendant, au Sieur JoUieW'—Registrc a'Intendance,
JVo. 10 a 17, folio Ciy.

Appenin, river, in the S. of Lauzon, falls
into the left bank of the Etchemin.

Arbue a la Croix (F.), v. Champlain, S.

Ahgknteuil, seigniory, in the co. of Two
Mountains, is bounded, s., by the Grand or Ot-
tawa river, n. by the Gore of the t. of Chatham,

ARGENTEUIL.

B. by the S. of the Lake of Two MountainSj and
w. by the t. of Chatham. This seigniory is two
leagues in breadth and four in depth (by Title),
containing about 58,000 sq. arpents. This pro-
perty was granted, March T, 1725, to Mons.
d'Aillebout, and now belongs to Major C. John-
son. 520 farm lots, measuring about 49,000 ar-
pents, are conceded and mostly built upon and
cultivated ; but the lots and settlements are neither
separately regular nor uniform with each other,
either in size or position, the rivers and brooks
having been made in general the front boundaries ;
in consequence of which many irregularly formed
tracts intersect the settlements. 27,000 arpents
are under cultivation, and 31,000 in wUd wood-
land. The soil fronting the Ottawa is composed
of clay, sand, and gravel, and much of it is calca-
reous : the central sections are clay, loam, and marl,
intermixed with some high and stony land. The
north side, though mountainous and rocky, contains
many fertile intervals. The land, which abounds
in stone, is generally very fertile when cleared and
cultivated. The wood is much diversified, varying
according to locality ; the higher lands producing
beech, birch, hemlock, and maple ; the level and
low lands yielding spruce, soft maple, ash, elm,
cedar, &c. ; on the mountainous and rocky parts
are hemlock, white spruce, &c. ; and near the
brooks is white pine, though not in great abund-
ance. The roads and bridges are kept in good
repair, and there is one established ferry, which is
at the Carillon Rapids. The rates are, for a foot-
passenger 6d., for a saddle-horse 1*. Qd., and for
a carriage 2*. The Ottawa, which flows east-
wardly, is navigable as far as the south-western
angle of the seigniory, where the navigation be-
comes obstructed by the foot or termination of the
rapid of the Long Sault, and where this- river is
to form a junction with the intended Grenville
canal. The North River runs obliquely through
the seigniory, and, though not large, is of much
advantage, as it aiFords many mill-sites. Its cur-
rent is generally rapid, and only partially navi-
gable. Besides these important rivers, there are
many never-failing small streams and brooks run-
ning into and through the seigniory: they are
called West River, River Rouge, Davis Brook,
Clark's Brook, Pine Brook, &c., all extremely
beneficial to the lands through which they flow.
— The population exceeds 2800 souls, chiefly epi-
scopalians and presbyterians, who have their re-

spective churches ; and a clergyman of each per-
suasion is attached to the parish of St. Andrews,
which is at present the only parish in the seigniory,
though another will be erected comprising the
settlements of North River down to Beach Ridge
or to Muddy Creek, which nearly traverses the
seigniory. Under the auspices and direction of
the Royal Institution six public schools have been
established and supplied with male teachers :
many of the scholars are instructed gratuitously,
and their average number is about 180. Be-
sides these public schools, there are three private
establishments under the direction and tuition
of females. Parents and guardians in this sei-
gniory seem, happily, to appreciate the good
that must eventually result from early instruc-
tion. There are two excellent flour-mills, a
paper-mill, a carding and fulling mill, three saw-
mills, four potash-works, two distilleries, two
brickkilns, six blacksmiths' forges, and three tan-
neries. The number of tradesmen and artisans is
about 100, viz.

12 Carpenters 3 Silversmiths 8 Tailors

6 Millwrights 1 Plater 18 Shoemakers

9 Blacksmiths 2 Watchmakers 4i Tanners and

5 Wheelwrights 10 Weavers curriers

9 Masons and 4 Coopers 6 Millers, &c.

plasterers

The horned cattle is generally of a good breed,
and, though not of the largest size, is hardy and
well adapted to the climate. The farmers are
very attentive to its improvement, and consider
the cross between the English and Canadian the
most thriving; and, as much of the soil is adapted
for good pasturage, a quantity of excellent beef
is produced for the market. There is every reason
to hope that a good breed of horses will be ul-
timately obtained, for many English, American
and Dutch horses have been introduced, which,
crossed with the Canadian race, will produce a
sturdy breed of draught horses, fit for any cli-
mate or service. Some attention is paid to sheep
and swine, though neither can be considered of
the best breed, nor are there many more reared
than are required for the use of the inhabitants.—
The annual consumption of grain in the S. is about
three-fourths of the produce. Hay is abundant,
the meadows yielding 2500 tons, 100 of which are
sold to persons employed in the lumber- trade on
the Ottawa. Hemp is raised in many parts of the
seigniory, though not extensively, its cultivation
being considered expensive, — The lower part of

A R G

A S C

this seigniory, bordering on the Ottawa, is to-
lerably well cleared from wood, and contains
large patches of fine meadow and pasture, as-
cending gradually from the river to woodlands
of great extent, which yield timber of different
kinds of first-rate size and goodness, and which
have hitherto been very little thinned. — Scarcely
a third part of the seigniory is divided into settle-
ments, and the remainder presents many tempta-
tions to agricultural speculation. The concessions
on the bank of the Ottawa are the most numerous
and perhaps the best cultivated : others are on the
Riviere Rouge, in a range between it and the North
River, and along both banks of the latter, all ex-
hibiting strong indications of a thriving industry.
The island Carillon, 3 m. long by f m. broad, is
very good land, but at present not used ; which,
with a smaller island near it and another at the
entrance of North River, are appendages to the
seigniory,— -The village of St. Andrews occupies
both banks of the North River, and, in point of
beauty and situation, has the advantage of even St.
Eustache. In 1824 it contained 28 or 30 houses,
and 200 inhabitants, now increased to 55 houses
and about 330 souls, composed of American and
British born subjects. It also contains a grist
and saw mill and an extensive paper-mill, be-
longing to Mr. Brown, opposite whose residence
is a handsome bridge over the river. Perhaps,
through aU the upper part of the district of Mont-
real, no tract of equal extent will be found of
greater fertility or possessing more capabilities of
improvement ; and, if fertility of soil and easy ac-
cess to water conveyance be duly appreciated, it
will not be easy to select a tract more advantageous
to settlers than the seigniory of Argenteuil.

Statistics.

Population 2550
Churches . 2
Schools . . 6
Villages . 1
Houses in the

village

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Cloth

Corn-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Paper-mills
Saw-mills .
Tanneries .

Potash factories 4
Distilleries . 2
Postmaster . 1
Taverns . 9
Artisans . 100

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.

30,000

12,000

7,000

Potatos
Turnips
Peas

Bushels.

110,000

. 3,000

10,000

Bushels.
Rye . 20,000
Indian corn 50,000

Live Stock.
Cows . . 2,000 I Swine
Sheep . 3,200 1

Annual Produce of Domestic Looms.

1,200 I
1,200 I

Ells.

7,750 I

Flannel

Ells. ,
3,850

Linen

1,600

Ells.

5,800

Title. — "Pierre Louis Panel, Ecuyer, Propri^taire dn
Fief et Seigueurie A' Argenteuil, produisit un Acte de Foi
et Horn mage, du 7me Mars, 1725, rendu par Dame Louise
Denis, Veuve de Pierre d'Aillehoui, Ecuyer, Sieur i' Ar-
genteuil, faisant mention ' d'une promeeses {suns octroi ri-
gulier) de la part du Gouvernement Fran5ois, a Mr. A'AU-
lebout et autres personnes, d'une fetendue de terres qui se
rencontreront au cbtt du Nord, la Riviere dn Nori com-
prise, depuis le bas du Long-Sault jusqu'a deux lieues en
descendant du c6t6 de Montreal, (avec les Isles, &c. ) sur
quatre lieues de profondeur.' Aussi un Arret du Con-
seil, d'oi il paroit que cette Seigneurie joint celle du Lac
des deux Montagues et que les rumbs de vent dn front et
de la ligne qui termine la profondeur doivent etre Est,
quart de Sud-est et Ouest quart de Nord-ouest; et que
les rumbs de vent des lignes qui bornent la largeur de
chaque c6t6 seront (pour la Seigneurie du Lac des deux
Montagues aussi bien que pour celle i' Argenteuil,) Sud
quart de Sud^ouest et Nord quart de Nord-est" — Registre
des Foi et Hommage, No. 76. Page 3/iS, 21 me Mars,
1781. Cahiers d'Intend. 10 d 11, folio 576.

Armagh, township, is in the rear of the Aug-
mentation to La Durantaie and the S. of I'Epi-
nay. There are no settlements in this t. The
Riviere du Sud traverses the s. w. extremity.
The soil is not very good; but there is meadow-
land between the hiUs and the rocky ridges that

traverse it in a s.w. and n.e. direction Un~

granted and unlocated, 41,000 acres, exclusive of
reservations — 1st Sept., 1829.

Arnold, river, rises in the high lands in the
T. of Clinton and falls into the s. extremity of L.
Megantick. It derives its name from the Ame-
rican general Arnold, who, in the year 1775,
passed part of his troops down it when conduct-
ing his army through an almost unknown country
to besiege Quebec.

Arthabaska, township, in the co. of Drum-
mond, is a triangular piece of land, situated be-
tween Chester and Halifax on the s.e., Bulstrode,
Stanfold, and Somerset n.w., and Warwick s. w.,
containing a much less extent than a full township.
The land is much of the same nature as that in
the townships of Halifax and Chester, but in some
parts lower, and rather swampy. The timber is
chiefly birch, beech, elm, and some pine, with
much of inferior qualities upon the swamps. Se-
veral branches of the Nicolet and Becancour run
through it. No part is settled. — Ungranted and

unlocated, 15,600 acres, exclusive of reservations

1st Sept., 1829.

Arundell. a projected township in the rear
of Harrington t. in the co. of Two Mountains.

AscoTT, a township in the co. of Sherbrooke,
advantageously situated at the forks of the river
St. Francis, bounded n. by Stoke, s. by Hatley
and Compton, e. by Eaton, and w. by part of thft^

A S C

ASH

branch of the St. Francis that connects with Lake
Memphremagog. — In every point of view this is
a desirable tract : the land is of exceedingly good
quality and so well varied as to answer all the
purposes of the farmer; the timber is beech,
maple, pine, basswood and oak ; it is watered by
some rivers of considerable magnitude, branching
oflFinto the adjacent townships of Compton, Clif-
ton and Eaton, which in their course through this
S. turn several grist and saw mUls. Settlements
on a very large scale have been made and several
farms, by the sides of the rivers, have attained
a degree of flourishing superiority, that shows
their improvement to have been very rapid, as no
part of the land was granted prior to the year
1803. The majority of the settlers here, as well
as in most of the neighbouring townships, are
Americans, who, since their domiciliation, have
taken the oaths of allegiance to the British go-
vernment. These people, generally very indus-
trious and persevering, are unquestionably much
better managers of their farms than the Canadians,
particularly when they take the land in a state of
nature. By the system they pursue, a tract of
ground, from its first clearing, becomes fruitful and
turns to account in a much shorter period than if
under the hands of provincial farmers, who would
follow the methods of their forefathers : for the
American is an experimentalist and varies his
operations according to the nature and quality
of the materials he has to work upon. The
population is 1000. Several factories and saw
and grist mills have already, in some degree,
laid the foundation of commercial speculations
that bid fair to obtain a considerable increase.
In the encouragement of these, the navigations
by the St. Francis into the St. Lawrence and
through Lake Memphremagog and the rivers
branching from it into the United States, the
main road by the St. Francis towards Three
Rivers and Quebec, and several other roads lead-
ing into the different townships, will be greatly
instrumental. At the forks of the St. Francis and
at the foot of the great fall are Hyatt's mills, in a
most convenient situation. This valuable property
bolongs to Mr. Gilbert Hyatt to whom, with
several associates, the township was originally
granted, and who is at present the greatest land-
holder A rich mine of iron ore, much impreg-
nated with sulphur, has been discovered on a farm
near Sherbrooke, and a mineral spring near the

Centre of the t — The cultivation of hemp has been
found productive, and the distillation of whisky from
potatoes is a source of much profit. — Neat cattle
and live stock in general are in a flourishing state
of improvement. — The village of Sherbrooke occu-
pies an elevated situation on both banks of the river
Magog, at the Forks of the St. Francis. It contains
about 75 houses, and its settlements, are connected
by a tolerably good bridge, near which are Mr.
Goodhue's mills. The churches and the greater
part of the village are in Orford, but the old
court-house and the gaol are on the Ascott side of
the river. The population is about 350. It is the
seat of the jurisdiction of the inferior district of
St. Francis, and is a place of more general resort
than any of the vUlages in the neighbouring town-
ships : it is, as it were, the emporium of the town-
ship trade, and the place of transit through which
the chief part of the township commodities are con-
veyed to the St. Lawrence: these commodities
are, chiefly, pot and pearl-ashes, horses, horned
cattle, and some sheep. At some distance from
the village is Belvidere, remarkably well situated,
the residence of the Hon. W. B. Felton, the pro-
prietor of large tracts of land in this and other
townships. — Lennoxville, about 3 m. s. of Sher-
brooke, is situated in lot 10, 5 th range, on a
rising ground on the s. side of a branch of the
St. Francis. It contains about 20 houses, and
its population is about 120. The church, seated
on a rising ground s. of the road, is built of larger
size than is necessary for the extent or population
of the parish. The houses of this village are scat-
tered along the public road leading to Compton
and other townships near the province line.

Population . 881

Churches . 3

Schools . 3

Villages . 2

Statistics.

Corn-mills . 2

Saw-mills . 3

Potasheries . 2

Pearlasheries 2

Tanneries . 1

Shopkeepers 5

Taverns . 3

Artisans . 21

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels.

. 10,000

, 10,400

100

405
500

Potatos
Peas

Bushels.
. 17,800
. 1,500

Bushels.
Rye . 8,180
Indian com 2,000

Live Stock.

I Cows . . 653 I Swine
Sheep . . 1300 |

590

Ungranted and unlocaled 12,248 acres, exclusive
of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829.

Ash (L), v. Richelieu, k.

AsHBERUSK or AsHBEKKisH, river, discharges

ASS

its waters into the head of L. Temiscouata, and
takes its rise in a chain of small lakes in the ridge
of mountains to the n. w. of that l., separated
from Trois Pistolles r. hy a short portage.

AsHBUBTON, a projected township in the rear
of I'Epinay, S., in the co. of I'lslet.

AsHFORDj township, in the co. of I'lslet, is in
the rear of the S. of St. Roch des Aulnais. Its
average superficial extent is 10 miles square. A
few ranges of lots have heen surveyed and some
militia locations made, but no settlements have
been formed. The soil cannot be considered very
good but it is susceptible of cultivation, and abounds
with pine timber, some beech, maple, spruce, &c.
It is traversed in many parts by rocky cliffs, and is
watered by several rivers and creeks, the principal
of which is theRiver Quelle. — Ungranted and tin-
located 20,000 acres, exclusive of reservations —
1st Sept., 1829.

AsHKATSi, lake, in the co. of Saguenay. The
diameter of this small circular I,, is about 5 m.,
and its waters are conveyed to L. Assuapmoussoin
through the small r. Red Carp, that runs into the
R. Miskahouska.

AsHuPEKACHiGAN, river, empties itself into the
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

AsKATiCHE, lake, in co. of Saguenay, receives
the waters of the small L. Patitaouaganiohe, which
is in lat. 48". 18' : their united waters fall into the
Nekoaba k., which also receives the waters of
L. Nekoaba, and empties itself into L. St. John.

AsKATiCHE, river, falls into l. St. John.

AssoMEGUAGAN, rfver, runs into the left bank
of the Matapedia.

Assuapmoussoin, lake, in the co. of Sague-
nay, is 10 m. long. It lies in lat. 49° 27' n. Ion.
73° 55' w. It receives the waters of several lakes,
among which are the Necoutd, Ashratsi, and Mis-
kahouska ; the last two unite their waters by
means of the Red Carp river which rises in lake
Ashratsi; these waters form the R. Miskahouska,
which, being increased by a small river that rises
in lake Necoutd, soon after falls into the N. w.
extremity of l. Assuapmoussoin, which is con-
nected with the B. of that name by portages
leading to the Shecoubish lake and river. At the
N. B. extremity of l. Assuapmoussoin is a King's
Post.

Assuapmoussoin or Asuap, " The Indian's
Ambush," or " The Place where the Elk is laid
wait for," a river of the first magnitude, rises in

unknown lands in the Saguenay countryj and
running in its general course from n. w. to s. e.
receives the tributary waters of the Shecoubish,
the Twashega and the Salmon rivers, and falls
into the western side of l. St. John. At the
mouth of this r. lie two islands covered with
brushwood : one, not less than 1-J ra. long, pro-
duces elm, ash, fir, and alders. Below this island
the B. is not less than f m. wide, and above it
nearly ^ m. The land at the entrance of the b.
is of excellent quality, chiefly alluvial. Ascending
the river, the land on the w. side is better than
that on the b. and the timber principally consists
of elm, ash, cedar, fir, balsam, red spruce, white
and red pine, yellow birch, some poplar and white
birch. On the e. bank the timber consists of tama-
rack, white birch, spruce, fir, balsam, aspen, and
pine ; cypress and a red or Norway pine are com-
monly observed on both banks. At i^ m. from its
mouth and above another considerable island the
river becomes very shallow and the current runs
down, with much swiftness, to a cluster of three
islands of the same character as the one already
described. The Portage au Saumon, on the w,
bank, just below the Salmon r., is 1200 yards,
leading partly through woods and partly on the
beach. Here the Assuapmoussoin falls in two
cascades : the uppermost is, more strictly speaking,
a perpendicular fall of about 15 feet, affording in
the basin below a propitious site for a mill. Higher
up is Portage a I'Ours, lying on the b. side of
falls which are at least 50 feet in perpendicular
height, and have a fine effect. Its length is
nearly 1^ m. and it leads through a growth of cy-
press, small red pine and fir, produced on a sandy
poor soil. Still higher up is the Petit Portage a
I' Ours, which is 350 yards across a narrow tongue
of land. Here the R. describes a crescent fallina

over the rocks in a very picturesque manner and
the sand-banks, on both sides, afford but a verypoor
idea of the country. ^ m. higher up are Pemouka
Rapids and carrying-place. The portage is 660
yards over the rocks, which, in spring, are covered
by the b., and the carrying-place is then made on
the opposite bank. The Portage of Pemouka or
f Last Pine," so called from its being opposite
the last pine that is to be seen through the interior
country, leads through a white spruce or tama-
rack swamp. About 30 m. up the river the land
ceases to he good, and, at the Portage d, UOurs,
the country is only fit for hunting the caribou and

A U B

A U L

the moose. This inferiority of soil continues to the
foot of the Grands Rapides, about 9 m. higher,
where the land becomes totally unfit for cultiva-
tion, being traversed by a range of rocky moun-
tains that produce nothing but fir and spruce trees.
The ComjJany of the King's Posts have a trading-
post on this R., about 45 m. from its mouth. From
this post to li. St. John the Assuapmoussoin is
one continued rapid.

Aston and its augmentation, a township in the
CO. of Drummond, in the rear of the S. S. of
Becancour and Godefroi; bounded n. e. by the
River Becancour, s. w. by the n. b. line of the S.
and aug. of Nicolet. On the Becancour and Ri-
viere Blanche the land is rather high, but, a short
distance thence, it descends into a low flat. The
soU in general is good, and would no doubt prove
highly productive if brought into cultivation. In
situations near the rivers the timber is oak, elm,
pine, beech, birch and maple ; in other directions it
is either cedar, hemlock or spruce. — The Blanche
and the Becancour, the banks of which are ex-
tremely picturesque, water it very completely. —
This T. and its aug. have been surveyed, and a
great extent granted and located; but there are
no settlers, except a few in the front ranges. Mi-
litia locations were made, and 800 acres granted
to Capt. Douglas on the e. branch of the Nicolet. —
The new road, leading from the ferry opposite to
Three Rivers into the southern townships, tra-
verses the aug., and passes at the ferry near
Capt. Douglas's residence, which is rendered by its
hospitable proprietor of great assistance to travel-
lers. — Vngranted and unhealed 26,352 acres, and
6,164 in the augmentation, exclusive of reserva-
tions — 1st Sept., 1829.

AsTURAGAMicooK, river, runs into the Gulf
of St. Lawrence.

Atcook, a small river that runs into the r.
Trois PistoUes.

AuBERT Gallion, fief, and De l'Isle, in the
CO. of Beauce, are the last two seignorial fiefs on
the River Chaudiere, which separates them from
each other. — Aubert Gallion is bounded, s. w. and
s. B., by the T.of Shenley, n.b. by the R. Chaudiere,
and N. w. by Vaudreuil, S. It is twol. square, and
was originally granted to Dame Aubert in 1736,
and is now the property of Jacob Pozer, esq. The
land in both fiefs is good though generally moun-
tainous and broken, and on the Chaudiere thickly
settled, but the farms exhibit neither good manage-
ment nor much care ; nor did the inhabitants till

lately enjoy that character for industry and its at-
tendant comforts so visible in many other parts of
the district. The timber in both fiefs is generally
of a good quality and in profusion. Aubert Gallion
forms part of the p. of St. Francois and contains a
good grist and saw mill. The first concession is to-
lerably well settled. The proprietor, being a Ger-
man, invited a number of his countrymen to emi-
grate and settle in this fief, which he effected at
much expense ; they have been very successful in
the raising of hemp and its preparation for use.

Title " Concession du Si'lme Septembre, 1736, faite

par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocquari, Intendant, a Dame veuve Aubert, de deux lieues
de terre de front et de deux lieues de profondeur, du cote
du Sud-ouest. de la riviSre du Sault de Chaudiire, en re-
montant, il commencer a la fin de la concession accordCe
au Sieur de la Gorgcndih'e, ensemble les isles et islets qui
se trouveront dans la dite riviere dans I'etendue de deux
lieues, et des deux cotes d'ieelle; lesquels isles et islets
seront partagees par egale portion entre la dite veuve Au-
bert et le Sieur de I'Isle, auquel nous avons accords au-
jourd'hui pareille concession du c6t6 du Nord-est de la
dite rivitoe." — R4gistre d'Intendance, No. B, folio 11.

AUBIGNY, town, V. LaUZON, S.

Auckland, a township in the co. of Sher-
brooke, lies between Hereford, Drayton, and
Newport, bounded w. by Clifton, and e. by Em-
berton. The land is uneven and rugged, in some
places mountainous and in others sinking into
swamps ; the level and dry tracts have a pretty
good soil, which, if brought under culture, would
answer moderate expectations, and some patches
in lower situations appear fit for hemp. The tim-
ber is a mixture of most kinds found on the sur-
rounding tracts. This t. is abundantly watered
by a great number of streams and brooks, some of
them flowing into the St Francis and others into
the Connecticut River. The n. half of the town-
ship has been granted, but no part of it is settled,
and a sort of footpath runs through it, by which
the Indians frequently make their way to the River
Chaudiere. — Utigranied and unhealed 20,900
acres, exclusive of reservations — 1st Sept., 1829.

Auf/NAis, des, " River of Alders," called, in
the Indian or Crie languages,- Peshikaouinamish-
ushihi, is the narrow outlet, winding among alders,
of the lake Kiguagomishish, by which that l. dis-
charges itself into La BeUe Riviere. Although
9 m. long, if followed in its windings, this r. is
in reality only 3 m. in a straight line, and about
22 yds. wide. There is but one canoe portage,
which is 550 yds. long, and lies about a mile from
Lake Kiguagomishish; and thence to the Belle
Riviere there is a path, preferred by those who
have no duty to perform in the canoes, because

B A I

the river is much obstructed by alders and canoes
pass with diiBculty. This r. flows through an
alluvial soil composed of layers and mixtures of
sand and clay. The course of this river is exceed-
ingly tortuous, and, being narrow, is much ob-
structed by fallen trees ; and the entanglement and
intertwining of the branches of alder, with which
both banks are covered, render portages sometimes
necessary where there is plenty of water and little
current. The Portage des Aulnets, however, is
occasioned by the river tumbling over the rocks.
The timber on the banks of this b. is elm, ash,
spruce and some pine and fir. The K. des Aul-
nais runs, with a gentle current, into the n. e.
side of a basin formed by the Belle Riviere, having
passed over a picturesque fall occasioned by a fels-
pathic rock. On the s. shore is a narrow cliannel
which leads to Lac Vert.

AuLNBs, des, (R.)> v. des Aulnais, h.

AuNAis, des, river, rises in several small lakes,
and joins the Batiscan near the w. line of Per-
thuis, S.

AviKON, Baie a 1', v. Ouiatchouan, r.

Back Lake, v. Drayton, t.

Baddely, river, in the co. of Saguenay, falls into
Lake Kiguagomishish, and is supposed to be a com-
munication between it and Lake Kiguagomi. This
is a very pretty r. though choked with alders; its
course is from 7 to 8 miles, and it passes through
a rocky country, covered with a small quantity
of black earth, and falls into Cushcouia bay.
Along the banks of the R. is a mixture of red and
white spruce with some pine, white birch and
sapin, and the soil is a mixture of clay and sand.
This R. derives its name from Lieut. Baddely,
employed by the colonial government to make a
geognostical survey of this part of the Saguenay
country.

Baie des Allouettbs, v. Saguenay, r.

Baie des Rochers, v Saguenay, r.

Baie du Pbbvhb, v. Baie St. Antoine.

Baie St. Antoine, or Lbfebvre, seignory,
in the co. of Yamaska, is bounded s. w. by Lus-
saudiere, n.b. by Nicolet and, in the rear, by Cour-
val. — Two leagues in front and depth. —Granted
Sept. 4th, 1683, to Sieur Lefebvre, and is now
the property of Mr. Le Blanc. — This is in all
respects a very productive tract of land : in
the front the Longue Pointe, Pointe aux Pois
and Pointe a la Garenne, all stretching boldly

into the St. Lawrence, form the extremities of
two large bays ; to the b. of Pointe a la Garenne
is the Baie du Febvre, also trenching deeply into
the seignory. "For some distance on the margin of
these bays is a marsh that in the summer affords
excellent pasture, singularly intersected in all di-
rections by numerous small and clear rivulets,
from which to the main road, crossing the seignory
from E. to w., are some very rich and luxuriant
meadows. From the main road the land continues
a gradual elevation to the rear ; the soil is mostly a
fat clay or good black mould highly fertile. Ex-
cept in the marshes and meadows, which have
much inferior wood, the timber is of the best kinds.
The river Nicolet, crossing a small part of the s.e.
corner, is the only stream towards the back of the
seignory. — About two-thirds of this property are
under culture and can boast of some farms in a
very flourishing state, particularly near the road-
side. The want of water com-miUs is supplied
by several wind-mills. The church is placed about
the middle of the seignory on a rising ground, be-
low which are several good houses, almost sufficient
in number to form a respectable vUlage ; among
them are two or three shops and a tavern, for
which the situation is not ill chosen, as the place
is a great thoroughfare. A main road strikes off
towards the southern townships. — In this S. 136
persons are employed in agriculture without re-
ceiving wages, and 61 are hired labourers, one
quarter of whom would take new lands. — The
farms are chiefly between two and three arpents
in width. The population consists of native Cana-
dians.

Statistics.

Population 2,935 Curates ] Taverns i

Churches 1 Corn-mills 1 Artisans 23

Presbyteries 1 Saw-mills 3

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.

Wheat 19,000 Barley 2,000 Peas 7,300

Oats 13,000 Potatoes 16,000 Rye 300

Some Indian corn is grown, and also a considerable

quantity of hay.

Live Stock.

Plorses 1,2001 Cows 1,5G0 1 Swine 2,000

Oxen 1,400 1 Sheep 3,000 1

Title.—" Concession du ime Septembre, 1683, faite
par Lefebvre de la Barre, Gouverneur, et de Meulks, In-
tendant, an Sieur Lefebvre, des terres nonconcSd^es, d'en-
viron deux lieues de front, joignant au Nord-est la terre
du Sieur Cressd, d'autre au Sieur de la Lvssaudiere, au
Sud-ouest, au Nord-ouest sur le lac St. Pierre, sur pareille
quantitd de profondeur, a prendre dans le bois vis-a-vis al
dite largeiir, nvec les isles, islets, et pi-airies qui se rencon-
treront sur le dit espace.

Insinuations du Cousctl Supirieur, lettre B. folio 31.

B A S

Baie St. Paul, (V. and P.) v. Cote de
Bbaupre, S.

Baie St. Paul (S.), v. St. Paul's Bay.

Barpord (T.), between Hereford and Barn-
ston, in the co. of Stanstead, is not a full towijship,
having only seventeen lots in each range. Isaac
W. Clarke, esq. obtained a grant of the greatest
part of it in 1802, and other grants were made
previous to 1821. No part is settled, although it
is a tract that promises to become valuable, as the
land is everywhere excellent and the timber good.
It is watered by many rivulets and streams, espe-
cially by a considerable branch of the river St.
Francis, whioK traverses the township in a wind-
ing course near the w. division line.

Barnston, township, in the co. of Stanstead,
is on the province line, and next to Stanstead,
T. The surface is a continual succession of hill
and dale. The chief part of the land is good for
the growth of grain and other usual productions ;
some swamps are met with in the low parts. The
timber embraces almost every sort, but the best
are beech, maple, elm, ash, lir and some oak. It
is watered by several small lakes, rivers and
streams, on which there are grist and saw-mills.
The w, half was granted in 1801 to Messrs. Lester
and Morrogh, and the greater part of the e. half
belongs to Sir R. S. Milnes, Bart., none of which
was settled in 1811 ; but since that period many
of the lots have been settled upon, and some with-
out the permission of the legal proprietor. This
t. is traversed by several, roads of communication
from the surrounding townships, especially from
Stanstead and Hatley. The settlements are in a
tolerably flourishing state, and the population,
chiefly in the western half, may be computed at
1,650. — This settlement may be called a continua-
tion of that of Stanstead, from their relative con-
nexion. Barnston contains two corn-mills, four
saw-mills, several schools, several pot and pearl
asheries. — Ungranted and unlocated, 5,387 acres.

Babre, rivulet, in the S. of Monnoir. Buis-
seau Barre rises a few miles from Mount Johnson,
and, being joined by two nameless rivulets, in-
creases the stream of r. du Rapide below fief St.
Michel; their united streams fall into r. des
Hurons.

Barthelemy (I.), V. Sagubnay, r.

Basque, du (I ), v. Richmond, t.

Basques, aux (I.'s), v. Trois Pistolles, S.

Bastonais, river, in the co. of Portneuf, rises
in a small pond e. of Long Lake, through which

and the gr. and lit. Wayagamacke Lakes it flows
and joins the St. Maurice R. a little below the
Post of La Tuque, and about 10 miles above Isle
au Noix. — Ascending this n., its width is found to
vary from 20 to 25 yards ; it flows through an
alluvial tract of good land, extending to the ad-
jacent hills, which intercept the course of the r.
and occasion a fall of near 130 ft., formed of 3
cascades and presenting an excellent site for a
mill. The portage here, about 30 chains or 660
yards n. n. e. of the mouth of the r., is 325 yards
long. From this portage, IJ- m. upwards, the
stream is swift and very winding, and the banks
exhibit a favourable appearance for settlements,
although to an inconsiderable width, as the moun-
tains foUow the general direction of the r., which
suddenly leads s. s. e. and is seen issuing from a
small lake, where the land is low, excepting on
the s. side where it rises at a short distance.
The prevailing timber from the St. Maurice to
this L. is red spruce, fir, birch, red pine, and some
maple. Near this lake the Long Portage com-
mences ; it is nearly 4 miles and leads through
uneven land, in many places swampy or hilly and
poor. The swampy parts are very wet and some-
times rocky, timbered chiefly with spruce, fir,
birch and cedar ; and on the hills are fir, birch,
pine and some maple. The soil here is in ge-
neral sandy or of a light loam. The upper land-
ing of this portage lies on the borders of a small
lake about ^ m. long and |~ broad, which is con-
nected with the Great Wayagamacke l. by the
Bastonais running in a narrow channel. The
deputy surveyor-general, who explored this part
of the country, ascended the lake as the sun was
sinking behind the distant hills. The scene it ex-
hibited was truly splendid and was rendered the
more impressive, while he paddled over the un-
ruffled surface of this beautiful sheet of water, as
the hills echoed the characteristic song of the voy-
agers ; and the occasional shrill cry of the loon,
with which this lake abounds, enhanced the pecu-
liar interest and wildness of the scene. — This l.,
which is 9 m. from the mouth of the Bastonais, is
of very irregular figure. Its bays are deep, and it is
11m. long by 3 in width and contains 4 or 5 islands
towards its n. side, and several others, at its head,
where the river enters it. The adjacent land, s. w.,
is hilly, and on the parts that rise gradually from
the L. the timber is chiefly spruce, pine and birch. —
Above this l. is the 3d portage on the Bastonais ;
it extends, e. s. b., 270 yards over very rocky, poor

B A S T O N A I S.

land timbered with sprucSj white birch, cedar and
basswood. The R. runs on the right side of the
portage, and forms a cascade of 20 ft. perpendi-
cular fall. From this portage to the next, which
is 100 yards, the land is low and of a scanty soil
with some hills in the background, and the tim-
ber is chiefly tamarack, white birch and pine,
some cedar and red spruce. From the last-men-
tioned portage to a stiiF rapid, impassable except
for light canoes, the r. is very winding and nar-
row; the land, though still low, is of a better
description, and is susceptible of cultivation. — A
little higher up is the lake called the Little Wa-
yagamacke, which is 26 m. from the mouth of the
Bastonais : it is surrounded by gentle swells, tim-
bered chiefly with fir, spruce and pine, growing
on a sandy soil. Its greatest length is about
4 J- m. and its breadth 2. Near this l. is a very
long and rough portage, extending 1^ m., and
traversing a broken, rugged tract, timbered with
balsam, pine, poplar, fir and spruce. This portage
leads to a small lake that empties its waters into
the L. Wayagamacke. Higher up is the 7th port-
age, which is 135 yards long, and reaches the bor-
ders of Long Lake, which is nearly 3-1 m. in length,
and in some places about i m. broad. The land
on its borders is hilly, sandy and rocky, clothed
with white birch, spruce, fir and small pine. It
lies about n. b. and s. w., and at the head of it is
the 8th portage, 1150 yards long. This portage
leads along the elevation that borders on an
extensive tamarack swamp to a small pond and
the first waters of the Bastonais River. This
small pond, the bottom of which is a deep bog, is
surrounded by an immense white spruce swamp,
and affords a subject for geological speculation.
Here are to be found a quantity of large rounded
water- worn rocks near the outlet, that are heaped
together on the borders of the lake and cover the
land for a few yards.

Bastonais, North, river, rises in a leech pond
not far from the head waters of the n. e. branch
of the Batiscan, in the co. of Quebec, and falls
into the St. Maurice about 1^ m. above the post
of La Tuque, in the co. of Portneuf. Nearly at
the head of this R. is Crooked Lake, surrounded by
low, swampy land, and timbered chiefly with ta-
marack and fir. From this L. the ll. takes a N.
course through land timbered with red spruce and
balsam. After running through another small l.
the H. improves considerably, being about 30 or
40 ft. broad in places : the banks generally low.

although occasionally bold and rocky. The pre-
vailing timber at this place is red sprucej a favour-
able indication of the nature of the soil. Soon
afterwards the r. forms a cascade of 15 ft., and
1 m. lower down is a rapid, whence the current
runs very swiftly to another rapid or rather cas-
cade. The country here assumes a mountainous
aspect; the granite rock forming the w. bank
of the R. is nearly vertical, rising to about 50
ft., the summit covered with moss, while the
opposite bank is an extensive horizontal plain,
stretching to the foot of the mountain that ap-
proaches a cascade, where the n. contracts into a
narrow channel formed by pendent cliffs, which
rise about 50 ft. perpendicular. The N. Bastonais
does not appear to have formed its present bed,
which seems here to have been created by some
convulsion of nature; for, though the mountains
are at a distance and the country to the s. w. a
horizontal plain, the river takes a sudden direction
towards them and leaves the plain to follow its
broken course through the mountains. Here se-
veral hills, unconnected with any adjacent chain,
rise out of the great plain, genersJly in conical
shapes, and may be seen at a considerable distance.
The R. having passed over a rapid, down which
canoes are shot unloaded, slopes its course s. s. w.
between hills over a few rapids to the head of a
considerable fall and the portage Dore, 300 yards
long. — Soon after, the river contracts to a narrow
channel and falls in a cascade of about 50 ftu,
which is divided by two islands into small chan-
nels, that increase the rushing noise of the torrent
as it foams with splendid effect over the rocks.
The islands are covered with moss and the stinted
fir tree, while the- surrounding country is gene-
rally wooded with the tall red spruce, diversified
by the smooth water- worn surface of the rocks in
the vicinity of the fall, whose whiteness contrasts
with the dark shade of the fir tree, giving an in-
teresting effect to the scene. — A mile below Port-
age Dore is Lake Kajoualwang, which is 10^ m.
long. The surrounding land is similar to that of
Lake Edward. The hills do not rise to any con-
siderable height and are timbered with spruce,
fir, white birch and pine. The l. forms a large
bay on the w., out of which runs the N. Bastonais,
which penetrates the country for 60 mUes and
discharges itself into the St. Maurice. The ascent
of the K. to Lake Kajoualwang, hitherto unex-
plored, is effected by the Indians in 8 days, and
the descent in 6, there being only 5 portages. —

BAT

At the mouth of this K. very fine dor6 and pike
are caught, with which the post at La Tuque is
amply supplied.

Batiscan, riverj in the co. of Champlain, is
formed by the junction of two branches, one de-
scending from the N. B., in the co. of Quebec; the
other from the N. w., in the co. of Portneuf, and
falls into the St. Lawrence in the S. of Batiscan.
The N. w. branch rises in Leech Pond, near the
source of the Bastonais and about 11m. from Little
Wayagamacke L. This branch, near its source,
is about 22 yards wide; its banks are low and
composed principally of white sand, producing an
abundance of huckleberries, and the prevalent tim-
ber is tamarack, fir, birch, and some pine. This
stream flows with a gentle current through low
swampy land to a portage about 1|- m. from its
source, where the carrying place, about nine fur-
longs in length, leads over a rough tract of land
rising from a wet tamarack swamp up a steep
mountain, and then descending to another leech
pond on a level with the swamp on the other
side of the mountain. This pond is | m. long and
less than 130 yds. wide. The rocks on the port-
age are granite and gneiss and the soil is generally
sand or light loam, covered with a thin vegetable
mould. The bottom of this small lake or pond is
muddy and shallow. Between this l. and another
is a portage 130 yds. wide. The features of the
last-mentioned L. vary essentially from the other
mud lake or pond, although so very near each
other ; its bottom is gravelly and its water clear,
and its level higher ; its shape is like that of a
bird in its flight and the adjacent land assumes a
bolder character, although not better adapted for
agricultural purposes : the soil is sandy and co-
vered with blueberries. The next carrying-place
is 1000 yards and lies through tolerably good land
bearing spruce, some black birch, cedar, fir and
balsam. Another small lake is at the end of this
portage, where the land again becomes wet and
swampj"-, timbered with spruce and fir, and de-
scends steeply to the border of the lake, round
which it is generally low and produces spruce
and fir. From this L. there is a portage of 290
yds., over an extensive swamp, to a lake which
supplies the first waters of the N. b. branch of the
Batiscan. This lake is about 1 m. long. The
portage separates the two branches. — The progress
of this branch to its junction with the n. e. branch,
in the aug. to Grondines S., has not been ex-
plored. — The N. E. branch of the Batiscan rises

in the last-mentioned l., at the head of which is
a portage of 150 yds. to the borders of Lake Ed-
ward, into which a tine rapid stream, following
the portage, falls with a cascade of 15 ft., offer-
ing a propitious site for a miU. Lake Edward,
which derives its name from an Indian hunter of
Batiscan, is 36 m. fr. the farthest extremity of
Great Wayagamacke L., and 19 m. from that of the
lesser lake of that name. It may be said to form
two lakes, owing to a large island which extends
nearly the whole length of it, and which in some
places is about three leagues broad. The greater
sheet of water is the n. w. passage. The s. b. is
used by hunters coming from Batiscan, About one
m from the portage Lake Edward acquires greater
dimensions, extending b. s. e. — The land, as far as
Dinner Point, about 9 miles from the w. extremity
of the L , rises gradually from the l. into gentle
swells timbered with fir, spruce, white birch and
pine, and some parts are considered susceptible of
improvement. Farther n. b the land is more
prominent and the shores in many places rocky
and barren. The i.. afterwards contracts to ^ m.
and the land becomes more mountainous and
broken, rising in many places from an iron-bound
shore into clifl^s of granite; the timber on these
mountains is fir, tamarack and small white birch.
At the head of the lake, which is about nine miles
from Dinner Point, a stream about 18 yards wide
enters it, with a gentle current, through an alluvial
soil extending to the foot of some high hiUs. This
H. leads to a pretty lake surrounded by mountains
of no favourable appearance for settlement. Be-
yond this h. is a portage of 500 yds. leading to an-
other L., whose waters increase the n. e. branch
of the Batiscan ; the land round this l. is moun-
tainous and rocky. The next portage is 400 yds.,
and passes over a mountain beyond which the n. e.
branch appears an insignificant stream. The ge-
neral course from the n. w. to the n. b. branch,
up to the last place here described, is about e. n. e.
30 miles. The latter lies very nearly on a level
with the former, and, running s. through unex-
plored lands, crosses the n. part of the S. of Per-
thuis and joins the n. w. branch in the augmenta-
tion to Grondines S.- — These branches being united
form the river Batiscan, which then takes a s.
course and passes diagonally through the 2nd
aug. to St. Anne S., and then, running through
the N. w. angle of the 1st augmentation to that
seignory, it enters the s. of Batiscan, where it
falls into the St. Lawrence about 2 m. below the

BAT

B A U

V. of Batiscan.— The Batiscan is nearly of the
same extent as the Jacques Cartier b,., and the
good lands on it extend at least 30 m. in a straight
line from the St. Lawrence. The entrance of
the Batiscan is obstructed by a sand bar, but,
the water being deep, it is navigable for several
miles, when the stream becomes impeded by rapids
and falls. This river affords an abundant supply
of the petite mome, a species of codiish, in catch-
ing which, and in salting it for market, the in-
habitants are employed during the winter to the
latter end of January. In the summer a great
number of eels are caught.

Batiscan, Little, is a small river that dis-
charges itself into the eastern bank of the river
St. Maurice, about 2 m. below the Rat k. It
communicates with the Batiscan River by 5 port-
ages and 4 lakes, from which it derives its name.
The first lake of magnitude is only about 1 league
from the St. Maurice.

Batiscan, seignory, in the co. of Champlain, has
the St. Lawrence in front, the S. of Champlain and
its aug. on the s. w., and Ste. Marie with the aug.
to Ste. Anne on the N. e. ; its breadth is about 2
leagues and its depth 20 ; granted March 3d, 1639,
to the Order of Jesuits, and is now reverted to the
crown. — This S. comprises 3 parishes — St. Sta-
nislas, St. FranQois, and St. Genevieve ; and its
settlements occupy three principal concessions or
range.s — one on the St. Lawrence, in front, and a
double concession along each side of the r. Batis-
can. — The number of conceded lands or farms is
113. — Bordering on the St. Lawrence the land
is low, but it soon obtains a gradual rise for the
distance of nearly 4|- leagues to the interior ; it

then becomes mountainous as it gains upon the
N. w. ridge. The soil in the lower parts, like
the adjacent seignories, is a light earth, rather
sandy, covering a stratum of good clay ; but, pro-
ceeding northward, the soil gets stronger and is
enriched for a considerable space with fine black
mould, affording many capital tracts for the growth
of all kinds of grain. In the front the wood is
nearly all cleared away and the land cultivated
for 2 or 3 miles inward, and for rather more
than 5 miles on both sides of the R. Batiscan, on
which are many good settlements which appear
very neat and well managed. The whole of this
seignory has not been explored, but, as far as it
has been visited, it is found to produce excellent
timber of the best kinds.— La Petite Riviere Cham-
plain, with some smaller streams, water the front,
besides the Great Batiscan River, which, though
rolling a much broader current, is so shallow as not
to be accessible for boats higher than 6 or 7 m- from
its mouth. Over this R. and the Champlain are
ferries, where canoes and scows are always in readi-
ness on either side for travellers, carriages, &c. In
addition to the main road, that crosses the seignory,
others ascendj for several miles, on each side of
the Batiscan and communicate with the adjacent
grants. About 6 miles up on the east side of this
river is the foundery of the same name j it con-
sists of a furnace or smelting-house, a casting-
house, two forges, dweUing-houses and various
other buildings. The manufactures once carried
on here were similar to those of St. Maurice ; the
original proprietors being dead, the works have
been stopped and the establishment is abandoned
and in decay.

Statistical Table of the Seigniory of Batiscan.

Parishes.

g
1

o
S

1
1

3
■■J

1
1

1
i

1
1

i
3

2
2

3
3

10
10

s
1

18
18

Annual AgricuUuTnl Produce, ii bushels.

Live Stock. |

«
0,

d.
S

1068

3910
1450

"ft

267

980
405

St.Stanislas >
deBatiscan J
St. Genevieve
St. Fran5ois

621

1.344
701

2669

3120

9008
6100

7800

13500
9100

208
100

100

•6716

21900
8500

780

3010
2000

5790

780
200

980

178

675
280

176

690
297

334

1590
690

18228

30400308

100

37310

1133

1165

2814

3428

1652

Title Concession du S3mo Mars, 1639, faite par Mon-
sieur de la Ferii, pour la Compagnie, aiix reverends i)eres
Jfcsuites, du fief de Batiscan, joignant d'uii c6te un quart
de lieue au dela de la riviiire de Batiscan au Nord-cst, et
d'autre c6tt au Sud-ouest, un quart de lieue au dela de la
riviere Champlain en la largeur, sur vingt lieues de pro-
fondeur. Cahiers cV Iiitendancc, No. 2 a 9, folio 29.

Battueks a la Carpe, v. l. St. Peter.

Batturbs aux Ali.ouettes, v. Saguenay r.

Baudet, au, river, traverses, diagonally, the t.
of Lancaster and enters the S. of New Longueuil
at the s. w. corner of the concession, CCte St, An-

B E A

drej andj cutting the division-line in several placeSj
falls into l. St. Francis at Pointe au Baudet.

Baudouin, Damej fiefj v. Tilly S.

Bay of Gappb (P.), v. Gaspe Bay.

BayonnEj riverj in the co. of Berthier, rises in
several small streams in the extremity of the aug.
to Berthier. After the union of these streams, a
little heyond Castle Hill, the Bayonne enters the
aug. to Lanoraye, and, taking a s. course, is aug-
mented by other small streams near the church of
St. Elizabeth, then turning e. it enters the S.
of Berthier and receives a stream from above the
church of St. Pierre ; it is afterwards increased by
the Bonaventure Creek that traverses the settle-
ments of St. Esprit ; the Bayonne then hastens to
the St. Lawrence, with which it unites its waters
near the village of Berthier opposite Isle Castor.
This E. is deep and navigable for loaded boats for
4 or 5 m. from its mouth ; higher up its naviga-
tion is prevented by rapids and falls. There are
2 falls of 16 ft. perpendicular. The great diversity
of character in the lower one is remarkable : the
rock over which the river falls is of hard gray
limestone in deep horizontal layers, marked here
and there with small seams of quartz ; the bank,
a httle below the fall, is a perpendicular mass of
blue and white marble, out of which runs a strong
spring of most pungent acrid taste, with a strong
bituminous smell, and immediately contiguous to
this the bank is of common limestone, in shallow
layers, with a dip of 65 degrees.

Bean, a small river in the S. of Beauharnois.

Bbauce, county, in the district of Quebec, is
bounded n. b. by the co. of Bellechasse, s. w. by
part of the S. of Saint Giles, by the townships of
Broughton, Tring and part of Shenley, to the s. e.
boundary line of the S. of Aubert Gallion, thence
along the s. e. boundary of the last-mentioned S.
to the R Chaudiere; thence s. up the middle of the
R. Chaudiere, and through the middle of the l.
Megantick, to the entrance of Arnold r.; thence
up that R. to the s. boundary of the province : on
the N. w. by the co. of Dorchester, and s. e. by the
s. boundary of the province. — It comprises the
seignories of JoUiet, Saint Etienne, Sainte Marie,
Saint Joseph, Vandreuil, Aubert GaUion, Aubert
de risle, the townships of Prampton, Cranboume,
Watford, Jersey, Marlow, Rixborough, Spalding,
Ditchfield and Woburn, and that part of Clinton,
E. of Arnold r — This co. is 68 m. in length, and
its average breadth is 21i; but at its s. extremity
it is 60. Its centre is in lat. 46" n., lon.70" 35' w. —

This CO., containing 1,987 sq- miles, is uneven and
mountainous and abundantly watered by numerous
rivers and streams, the principal of which are the
Chaudiere, du Loup and la Famine. This co. is
intersected by numerous roads including the new
Kennebec road, which presents a shorter and more
direct communication from Quebec to Boston in
the U. S. The co. of Beauce sends two members to
the provincial assembly and the place of election is
alternately at Ste. Marie and St. Joseph.

Statistics.

Population 10,665

Grist-mills

Churches, R.

C. 5

Saw-mills

Curates

Carding-miUs

Presbyteries

Fulling-mills

Schools

Tanneries

Convents

Potteries

Villages

8
39
4
2
2
2

Potasheries

Medical men

Shopkeepers

Notaries

Taverns

Artisans

14,

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
56,430
38,000
23,500

111,300

Bushels.
Peas 22,361

Rye 510

Buck vi'heat 600

Bushels.
Indian corn 2,010
Maple sugar

cwts. 1,933

Live Stock.

3,2251 Cows
2,171 1 Sheep

5,662 I Swine
19,808 1

5,972

Beauharnois, county, in the district of Mont-
real, is bounded n. b. by the co. of Laprairie, n. w.
by the r. St. Lawrence, and s. and s. w. by the
southern boundary of the province, and includes
the Grande Isle and all the islands nearest to the
CO., which in whole or in part front it. It com-
prises the S. of Beauharnois and the townships of
Hemmingford, Hinchinbrook and Godmanchester,
and the tract of Indian lands to the west thereof,
extending to the Indian village of Saint Regis, in-
clusively, on the s. boundary of the province. —
The length of this co. is 55 m. and its breadth
22, and it contains 710 sq. miles. The centre is
in lat. 45° 10' n.. Ion. 74° 5' w.— One- third of
the population is native Canadians and two-thirds
Scotch, Irish, Americans and Indians. — It con-
tains several parishes and flourishing villages, of
which the principal are Beauharnois, St. Regis
and Dundee. — The principal rivers are the Cha-
teaguay, which traverses the entire county, En-
glish River, Outardes, Norton Creek and Black
River. — This triangular section of the province
commands considerable local advantages, derived
from its favourable climate and very extensive
frontage on the St. Lawrence. The soil in ge-
neral is excellent and the timber of superior
quality. This co. sends two members to the pro-

B E A

vincial assemblyj and the place of election is St.
Clement.

Statistics.

Population 14,164f
Churches, Pro. 1
Churches, R. C. 4
Curates S

Presbyteries 4)
Schools 2

Villages 5

Grist-mills

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Tanneries

Potasheries

Pearlasheries

Distilleries

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Peas

Rye

Horses
Oxen

Bushels,
Buck wheat 5,400
Indian corn 20,950
Mixed grain 5,374
Potatoes 195,400

Bushels.
61,805
46,660
14,000
41,800
11,550

Live Stock.

2,076 1 Cows 5,678 1 Swine

3,9161 Sheep

Hay, tons 25,300
Cwt.
Flax . 277
Butter . 5,080
Maple sugar 1,326

17.599 1

6,838

Bbauhabnois or ViiiLBCHAUVE, seignory, in
the CO. of Beauharnois, extends along the St. Law-
rence 6 1. by as many in depth (by title), and is
bounded in the rear by the t. of Hemmingford,
s. w. by Godmanchester and Hinchinbrookj and
N. E. by the SS. Chateauguay and La Salle and
the T. of Sherrington. — This tract was granted
on the 12th of April, 1729, to Sieur Claude
de Beauharnois, and is now the property of
Edward EUice, Esquire, M. P. — In this seig-
niory are the following interior divisions named
Catherine's Town, Helen's Town, Mary's Town,
Orme's Town, North and South George Towns,
William's Town, James's Town, Russel Town
and Edward's Town. There are three Catholic
missions, viz., St. Clement, St. Timothee and St.
Martin, not yet erected into parishes, The church
in St. Clement's parish is an unseemly building,
and wm soon be replaced by a handsome structure,
as measures to that effect are in active progress.
At St. Timothee there is a neat small church with
a spire ; and that at St. Martin, when completed,
will be large and handsome. On the r. Chateau-
guay, in the division of s. George-town, there is
a presbyterian church. — There are 47 concessions
in this S. and the superficies exceeds 254,016 ar-
pents, of which 133 are in concession and 120,208
remain unconceded. The quality of the timber
is generally excellent and the pine and oak, the
latter particularly, have always been esteemed su-
perior to almost any other growth in the province.
— There are three schools on the foundation of
the Royal Institution; one at Williamstown, one
at North Georgetown and one at Ormstown :
parts of the seigniory entirely British. — In the

Canadian part there is no public school. Among
the few Canadians who have any wish to give
education to their children the practice prevails of
taking a teacher into the house of one individual
and collecting there the children of as many pa-
rents as are desirous of this benefit, each paying
his quota of the expense. Of these private schools
there are not more than four or five. Their bene-
fit is very limited, and little else than the cate-
chism is taught. — Besides the townships this S.
contains la Grande lie and other smaller isles, a
village and two domains. — La Grande He is formed
by the waters of the St. Lawrence and is 21 m.
in circumference, and has been, in some degree, in-
habited for more than twenty years. — Beauharnois
village, in Ann's-town, is well situated on the E.
side of the mouth of the k. St. Louis and on the
bank of the St. Lawrence. It contains about 60
houses besides a manor-house, one-third built of
stone and many two stories high, a grist and
saw-mill and three taverns, and the steam-boat
that plies from Lachine to the Cascades stops at
this village, where it takes in its daily supply of
wood. — At the mouth of the St. Louis is also the
domain called St. Louis, and the other domain,
named du Ruisseau, is in Helen's Town. — This
S. contains three corn-mUls, one at Annfield, one
at Peche au Saumon, on the r. Chateauguay, and
one at Norton Creek Bridge; one saw-mill on
English River, and several considerable pot and
pearlasheries exclusive of numerous kettles scat-
tered through the woods. — Many of the cultivators
having been bred to trades follow them or not as
convenience or prospect of emolument prompts. —
There are no fairs, but there is an annual plough-
ing-match in October. — The general state and con-
dition of the cattle among the Canadian settlers
in this S. cannot be praised, no care being taken
by them for their improvement. The horned
cattle are diminutive and ill-shaped, the sheep
small and coarse wooled. The swine, their chief
animal food, are of very inferior quality, long in
the legs, coarse in the flesh and bad fatteners.
The reverse of all this may in general be said of
the cattle belonging to the English settlers, who
pay particular attention to the different breeds and
keep them in good order. The Canadian horse may
be con.sidered as the best bred and most thriving
animal, but will be always subject to deteriora-
tion until the system of emasculation is generally
practised. From the pains Mr. Brown, Mr. El-
lice's agent, now bestows on this branch of rural

BEAUHARNOIS.

economy, and from the inclination evinced by the
Canadians to imitate his laudable example, it is rea-
sonable to expect that a very great improvement
will soon take place in every, kind of cattle. — ^The
principal roads in the S. are as follow : — Along h.
Si. Louis; on both sides of the k. Chateauguay in
progress of connexion through Godmanchester and
Hinchinbrook, with those leading to the v. of
Four Comers and Fort Covington in the U. S. ;
on both sides of English River; the road into
the U. S. from La Prairie by St. Constant through
Hemmingford ; and the roads in front of each con-
cession and their connecting branches. — The prin-
cipal roads are generally kept in very good order.
— There are no toll bridges ; but three ferry boats
are established on the Chateauguay, the property
of individuals who take what toll they can get. — ■
Several places in this S. are well adapted for the
cultivation of hemp, particularly a considerable
tract in the division of James' town, to the west of
Blueberry-plain. — In agricultural operations both
horses and oxen are used. The Canadian settlers
usually plough with two yokes of oxen and one
horse, but all other agricultural work is done
with horses. The best farmers among the British
settlers use the swing plough with one pair of
horses, but the new settlers almost entirely use
oxen. For other purposes horses and oxen are
indiscriminately used as fancy or convenience di-
rects. — The produce of hay is very uncertain. In
1828 it was tive times the amount of any of the
three preceding years. — The quantity of flax sown
is generally very small J only 6^ bushels of flax-
seed are supposed to be sown annually. — The
quantity of homespun manufactures may be esti-
mated from the number of sheep: — 4100 sheep,
yielding, on an average, 2 lb. of wool each, and 1 lb.
being required to make 1 ell of etqfe du pays (the
common grey cloth) produce 8200 ells, \ of which
is made into other woollen stuffs, which require
not, on an average, more than £lb. of wool per ell.
— In this S. Americans sometimes contract for
wood to make potash and afterwards quit the
lands, which consequently become reduced in va-
lue. — In the front are a few swampy places
covered with cedar and spruce tirs, of no very
great extent and generally between the banks of
the Chateauguay and the St. Lawrence, a mean
breadth of about 3 leagues. In the divisions of
James Town and South George Town is a level
space about 3|- m. by 2, called Blueberry Plains,
an horizontal stratum of rock, of the quartz spe-
cies, from the crevices of which spring immense

quantities of the shrubs that bear the berries after
which it is named. — The rivers Chateauguay and
St. Louis run through the S. from s. w. to n. E.
-Out of the former many and not inconsiderable
streams branch off to the interior, some of them
crossing the Province line into the American ter-
ritoiy ; the principal are called the English River,
Bean River, Riviere aux Outardes and Sturgeon
River. By the Chateauguay, a fine river, navigable
for boats and the usual river-craft, large quantities
of the timber felled in Beauharnois and the ad-
jacent townships of Godmanchester and Hinchin-
brook are brought down into the St. Lawrence.
There are roads leading along it from which others
branch off to the U. S. — Previous to the com-
mencement of hostilities with the U. S. the popu-
lation was a mixture of Canadians and Ameri-
cans, the latter amounting to about 200 families,
who, on that event taking place, immediately
withdrew into their own country. — Whether esti-
mated by the mildness of the climate, the general
goodness of the land, the variety of timber of every
description, among which oak, elm, pine and beech
are in great quantities, the advantage of water con-
veyance at all times, from the breaking up of the
frost until the commencement of winter, or by its
contiguity and easy access by main roads to the State
of New York, this may be universally allowed to
be a most valuable tract of land, affording as good
a basis for improvement as perhaps any other in
Lower Canada. This S. is unexceptionable in point
of locality as well as for all agricultural purposes,
abounding with many spots particularly congenial
to the growth of hemp and flax. The relative posi-
tion of this S. and the adjoining townships with
the United States must ensure great advantages,
especially as they lie contiguous to the line of com-
munication to Montreal, with roads in many di-
rections, numerous routes for an expeditious water
conveyance and a fertile soil ; these are solid rea-
sons for conjecturing that this part of the district
of Montreal will attract the attention of traders
and cultivators, and vie, in a few years, with most
others of the province in population and agricul-
ture. — The following bays, points, &c. are in
Beauharnois Channel, in front of the S. — viz. Do-
maine du Buisson, Pointe aux Erables, Rapide de
Bouleau, Rapide Croche, Knight's Island, Les
Faucilles (a rapid). Hungry Bay, and Cartier's
Point, — Laurence Brown, Esq , to whom the au-
thor is indebted for valuable information, is the
resident agent.

BEAUHARNOIS.

The Divisions, Concessions, number of Lands in Concession and their superficial extent, number of Pro-
prietors and their national extraction, and the quality of the soil, in the Seigniory of Beauharnois, in
March, 1828, were as follow : —

TowDship, or Division of the
s Seigniory and Concessions.

"SB

Arpens.

Number of Proprietors, and their na-
tional extraction.

Cana- Ene- „ ^ ... Ame- _
dian. lislT. Scots. Inah. ^j^^„. Tot.

Quality of Soil, &c.

it.-)
4

Akn's town.
Concessions of Lake St.

Louis, Chateauguay

and La Beauce
Grand Marais

* C6te St. George ■

* Cate St. Laurent •

* River St. Louis •

Maky's town.
1st, 2d and 3d Concessions
ith ditto

* 5th ditto

* 6th ditto

Helen's town.
1st Concession
2d ditto •

Catherine's town.
1st Concession
Grande lie
lie aux Chats

North George town
1st Concession
C6te St Laurent •

* River St. Louis •

Orm's town.
1st Concession
*2d ditto
3d ditto

William's town.
Front Concession •
Sturgeon River Concession
1st Concession
2d ditto .
3d ditto ■
Beach Ridge ■

* Bean River
Norton Creek
English River

Edward's town.
Norton Creek
English River

South George town,
1st Concession

* English River

James' town.

* 1st Concession

* Forks of Outard River

Russell town.
Black River ■
Forks
1st and 2d Concessions,

and 1st, 2d, and 3d

Sections

}

Village or Beauharnois.

24
.SI
14
18

43
9
5

48
48

58
25
33
33
33
42

66
21

46
25

45
16

9
3

110

65
1462

7993

1927
3575
1418
1810

6420

1150

762

2013

6241
4565

2070

1700

180

4762
890

528

5498
4800
4800

5296
1219
3351
3351
3351
4092
7034
504
9361

6532
1941

4205
2300

4172
1953

900
304

11000

4fl
133808

128

41
34
12
23

38
36

27
7
4

1027

44.

123

904

15
16
12

28
6

4
13

29
10

22
12

326
71

21
1

135

38 255 93 131 1421

2
1

100

131

130

43
34

14
25

83
82

55
9
5

49
46
40

71
.34
50
43
46
42
84
8
111

61
19

38
23

43
16

8
1

110

The Concessions lying on the Lake St.
Louis and River Chateauguay are occupied
by good habitans, with comfortable houses.
The land produces excellent wheat : that in
the Beauce, though generally of a light soil,
yields good crops, and seems very favoura-
ble for the cultivation of hops. The Grand
Marais lands are excellent. The other Con-
cessions being recently made show but little
progress. The soil is various.

The front of the 1st Concession is stony,
but gradually improves to the rear; and in
the 2d, 3d, and 4th Concessions the soil is
^of the best quality. These lands are occu-
pied by wealthy inhabitants, with good stone
nouses and substantial barns. The remain-
der is good land.

\ The extremities of these Conces-sioos are
f excellent; the middle is rather stony, but
r well adapted for sheep pasture and orcnards.
) The 1st Concession is well built.

-^ These lands are of superior quality and
/ verv productive. The Grande lie is most
> valuable, for the country does not afford
I better land. The lie aux Chats makes a
J beautiful farm.

[ The soil in this division is good through-
}- out, and the part occupied by the Lowland
I Scotch is cultivated in a superior manner.

The 1st Concession is one of the most
flourishing settlements in the province;
and the lands being altogether of the best

auality, and in the hands of respectable
British farmers, are cultivated according to
the most approved system of agriculture.
In the 2d and 3d Concessions the soil is
good.

This township contains every variety of
soil : much of it is however of good quality,
and no part of it unfit for agricultural pur-
poses. The Concessions on the Beach Ridge
-and English River exhibit the greatest im-
provement as British setUements ; those in
the 1st Concession and on the River Cha-
teauguay aud Sturgeon River are the most
flounihiug Canadian settlements.

Much of the land in this division is of
> inferior quality; the best of it is well cul-
tivated and improving rapidly.

' The soil in this division is of a middling
■ quality, generally of a light clay or sandy.
I Settlement is advancing.

' Much like the former township, but with
[a greater proportion of good land.

1 The lands on the Black River and Forks,
I formed by its confluence with the English
I River, are very rich and fertile: those in
V the rear are on a high stony ridge, but a^rd
good pasturage for cattle. There are some
considerable orchards. The small valleys
or intervals produce abundance of hay.

^ On the lake the soil is a strong clay ; in
^ the rear It is of a very productive nature.

1663 Proprietors.
242 Non-resident.

Resident.

' Nevir Concessions since the census of 1826.

B E A

Statistics of the entire Seigniory.

Population 7,105
Churches . 3
Curates . 2
Presbyteries 2
Village . 1

Corn-mills . 3
Saw-mills . 5
Pot and Pearl-

asheries . 14
Just, of Peace 3

Medical men 1
Shopkeepers 8
Taverns . 5
Artisans . 29
Boats . 2

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.
Wheat . 37,800 Potatoes 110,000 Buck wheat 2,G00
Oats . 29,100 Peas . 29,300 Indian com 12,000
Barley . 9,900 Rye . 4,500
A considerable quantity of maple sugar is made in this S.

Live Stock.

Horses . 1,185
Oxen . 2,174

Cows . . 2,862
Sheep . 4,390

Swine . 4,890

riWc— Concession du 12me Avril, 1729, faite par sa
Majesty au Sieur Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, et au
Sieur Claude de Beauharnois de Beaumont son frere, de six
lieues de front sur six lieues de profondeur, Nord-est et
Sud-ouest ; joignant la Seigneurie de Chateaugay le long du
fleuve St. Laurent, avec les isles et islets adjacentes.
Insinuations du Conseil Sup^rieur, lettre Y. folio 129.

Bbaujbuj v. La Colle, S.

Beaumont, Seignory and Augmentation, in
the CO. of Bellechasse, lies between Vincennes and
La Durantaie and is bounded in front by the St.
Lawrence, and in the rear by St. Gervais; its
breadth is f league, its depth \\. — Granted Nov.
3d, 1 672, to Sieur des Islets de Beaumont ; the
augmentation, April 10th, 1713, to Sieur de Beau-
mont and is of the same dimensions as the ori-
ginal grant : they now belong to Fereol Roy, Esq.
— The. farms are 3 arpents, in front by 40 in
depth ; and the lands conceded prior to 1759
were granted on the following terms : 20 sols per
front arpent by 40 in depth, one sol for quit rent,
one capon, the obligation of grinding corn at the
Banal mill, and with a reservation of timber for
the purpose of building churches, mills, &c. — The
capon is supposed to have been never demanded. —
A great many of these landholders neglected to
take a legal contract of concession, thinking that
the seignior's letter would be solely sufficient to
secure them in quiet possession of their lands.
Some unfortunately lost their letters and others
lost the copies of their contracts (the minutes of
"which were burnt at Quebec.) After 1759, when
their titles were required to be produced, those who
were unable to do so were obliged to obtain new
ones, when, instead of 20 sols being required for
each front arpent, besides the sol for quit rent, 30
sols were imposed, and more frequently even 40.
There are, in this parish, only 9 or 10 persons at

most who pay one sol only by way of quit rent,
without any other rent. — This tract presents, ge-
nerally, rather a light and sandy soil and rises
to a considerable elevation on the bank of the
river, but preserves a tolerably level surface when
compared with the adjacent grants. The greater
part of the seigniory and a considerable portion of
the augmentation are in a flourishing state of cul-
tivation. Adjacent to the St. Lawrence there re-
mains little timber, but, penetrating farther into
the interior, much may be found of first rate
quality. Several small streams water the S. very
plentifully, and the augmentation is intersected
by the rivers Boyer and du Sud. The church
and parsonage-house are seated on the bank of the
St. Lawrence, and a grist-mill is on the Riviere
du Sud. The seigniory is crossed by several roads
leading into the adjacent grants. — The parish of
St. Etienne de Beaumont includes the first two
ranges of Beaumont and Vincennes, part of Li-
vaudiere, fief Mont-a-Peine and as far w. as the
habitation of Jean Boilard,

Statistics of the Parish of St. Etienne de Beaumont.

Population 1069 I Presbyteries 1 1 Corn-mills . 2
Churches . 1 | Curates . 1 I Saw-mills . 3

Annual Agricultural Pioduce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 6,018
. 5,000

Bushels.

Barley . 100
Potatoes . 8,000

Live Stock.

Peas
Hay

Bushels.

. .3,000

tons, 7,502

Horses
Oxen

. 49.3

. 270

Cows . 905
Sheep . 2,004

Swine

. 6,655

The parish of St. Charles extends over the aug-
mentation to Beaumont, and is included in the
description of Livaudiere, S.

Title. — Concession faite au Sieur Des islets de Beau-
mont, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant,
de la quantity de terre qui se trouvera sur le fleuve St.
Laurent, entre le Sieur Bissot, et Mr. de la Durantaie, sur
une lieue et deraie de profondeur.

KSgistre d'' Intendance, No. l,^/io31.

Augmentation. — Concession du lOme Avril, 1713, faite
par Philippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Michel Begon, In-
tendant, au Sieur de Beaumont, fils, d"un terrein non-eon-
c6d6 contenant une lieue et demie en profondeur, et sur
le front et largeur de la Seigneurie de Beaumont, entre la
Seigneurie de la Durantaie et eelle des heritiers du Sieur
Bissot.

Sur la carte cette Seigneurie est couchee a quatre lieux
de profondeur, au lieu de trois lieux ; I'autre lieu ayant
ete apres accordee au Sieur Jean, dans le titre de St.
Gervais.

Rigistre d' Intendance, No. 6, folio 31.

B E A

Beaupokt, river, rises about 1 m. above Chaxl-
bourg V.J in the S. of Notre Dame des Anges,
and winding in an e. direction falls into the St.
Lawrence near the s. w. boundary of the S. of
Beauport. It turns the signorial mill, an oil-mill,
and a grist-mill at its mouth.

Beaupobt, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec,
bounded n. e. by the 06te de Beaupr6, s. w. by
Notre Dame des Anges, in front by the St. Law-
rence and in the rear by the township of Stone-
ham. It is one league broad by four leagues deep.
It was granted, Dec. 31, 1635, to Robert GifFard,
Sieur de Beauport; but, by that concession its
depth was limited to I-J^ league ; on the 31st Mar.
1653, the other 2^ leagues were added : it is now
the property of Narcisse Duchesnay, Esq; The
original concessions in this seigniory were granted
prior to 1759, and each farm, extending 3 arpents
in front by 30, 40, or 50 in depth, pays a quit
rent of 40 sols and one capon for each front ar-
pent.- — The surface of this S. embraces a variety
similar to that of the neighbouring seigniories,
being intersected by ridges of different heights ;
between the first rise of the ground and the beach
of the St. Lawrence, is a level space ranging
the whole breadth of the grant, occupied as mea-
dows, pastures, or gardens ; the soil is black mould
intermixed with clay or marl : on this flat there
are many large globular fragments of granite quite
detached and lying loosely on the surface. Hence,
penetrating farther to the interior, the soil varies
considerably, almost as frequently as the inequali-
ties of the land. On the front ridge, where the
road passes, are flat ledges of rock, that in some
places for a considerable extent are quite bare,
and in others but very superficially covered with
a layer of earth ; more inward these rocks disap-
pear and are succeeded by a dark mould, or a yel-
lowish loam which continues to the skirts of the
mountains. — In the front parts of the S. remains
but little wood ; in the interior, however, and on
the heights, the timber is of the best quality, beech,
birch, and maple. — ThisS. is watered n.e. by the
River Montmorenci, over which is a convenient
bridge a short distance above the falls, by the Petite
Riviere de Beauport, and by many small streams
falling into the St. Lawrence forming rivulets
along the beach at low water : about two leagues
from the front is situated Lake Beauport or Water-
loo, and at a short distance farther on the River
Jaune ; some small mountain streams flow between

the different ridges, — The cultivated land extends
about six miles from the St. Lawrence and is, for
the most part, in a state of excellent tillage, pro-
ducing all kinds of grain abundantly, vegetables,
&c. In various parts of the S. are quarries of
stone, that furnish an excellent supply for the new
buildings in the neighbourhood and in the city of
Quebec ; there are also in many places indications
of veins of coal, but no attempt has yet been made
to work them. A large quantity of maple sugar
is made here, and indeed in all the adjoining sei-
gnories. On each side of the road along the St.
Lawrence the houses in this S. are so thickly
placed, that they seem to be the prolongation of
one town ; the farm-lands and garden-grounds in
a most flourishing state ; the orchards and occa-
sional clumps of trees combine to render this road
one of the most pleasant in the environs of Quebec.
The roads communicating with the adjacent grants
are enlivened by houses and gardens at short in-
tervals from each other, throughout nearly their
whole distance. — On the road leading to the capital,
the populous Village of Beauport is situated on a
gently rising ground ; it contains from 60 to 70
houses, many of them built of stone and distin-
guished by great neatness in their exterior ap-
pearance: the church and parsonage-house are
situated on the s. side of the road, the former
much more observable for solidity than for beauty
or embellishment: regularity and neatness are
prevalent through the whole village. This vil-
lage is the residence of many families of the first
respectability besides tradesmen, artisans and
farmers. On the declivity of the hill, w. of the
church, stands a manor-house, an ancient irre-
gular stone building, designed originally for de-
fence as well as residence : chiefly remarkable for
the extraordinary thickness and solidity of the
walls. A little to the w. of this house, and on
the bank of the River Beauport, are the distillery
and mills erected about 40 years ago by the Hon.
John Young at a very great expense ; they are
seated on the w. bank of the river, over which
there is a bridge leading past them ; the distillery
belongs at present to Mr. Racy, and the mills to
the heirs of the late T. M'Callum, Esq. The
buildings and other appurtenances of the distillery
form a hollow square exceeding 200 yards on each
side : in the middle of this square are several large
stone buildings, communicating with each other,
containing a still-house, malt-house, granary, ma-

B E A

chinery, &c. of every description for carrying on
the whole process of distillation and rectifying to
a very large extent. The R. Beauport is navi-
gable as high up as these premises for small decked
vessels, which anchor along the wharf adjoining.
The mill is both extensive and complete in a
building three stories high ; the water for work-
ing it is received from the Beauport into a large
reservoir or dam above the road, whence it is
conveyed to the mill by an aqueduct. — On an
eminence to the north-eastward are two handsome
stone dwelling-houses with gardens and summer-
houses, surrounded by a wall ; from their sin-
gularly beautiful situation, and the rich prospect
they command over the basin of Quebec and sur-
rounding distant objects, they obtain much notice :
the Hon. H. W. Ryland is proprietor of both. —
The Falls of the Montmorenci present the most
majestic spectacle of the neighbourhood, and in-
deed one of the grandest in the province At the
foot of the Falls is situated the large timber esta-
blishment, oi'iginally commenced and conducted by
Messrs Usborne, Paterson, and Co., and now the
property of Peter Paterson, Esq. It consists of a
large saw-mill working 33 saws, including several
of a circular shape ; also a store-house, dwelling-
houses for workmen, a large and convenient wharf,
and several booms for the reception of floating
timber at high water. Ships anchor opposite to
this establishment and are loaded with the assist-
ance of scows and flat-bottomed river craft. The
masts are generally floated along the sides of the
ships. The handsome residence of the proprietor
is seated on the summit of the hill w. of the Palls.
— The late Hon. Juchereau Duchesnay, in 1821,
commenced a settlement immediately in the rear
of the lands previously conceded below Lake Beau-
port or Waterloo. All the proprietors in the new
settlement formed by Mr. Duchesnay, with few
exceptions, are English, Scotch, and Irish ; some
are proprietors and merchants, others merchants
only, artificers and labourers ; several of the latter
are employed in the king's works. — The settlers
on Lake Beauport who could handle the axe and
were industrious had sufficient employment as
labourers, and were paid by the acre at the rate of
10 dollars, if clearing for crops, and 5 dollars for
branching, felling, and logging only; other settlers
not possessed of capital and who could not handle
the axe, resorted to Quebec for employment. — The
quantity of land cleared in these new settlements

is from 3 to 400 arpents : the expense of clearing
10 dollars each arpent, without the removal of
stumps ; there is no land, or lot of land, where
the stumps have been removed by these settlers,
an opinion being prevalent among them that such
removals tend to impoverish the land ; the stumps
therefore are suffered to remain and decay na-
turally. — The first and principal settler on Lake
Beauport is Mr. Shadgett, and the following sta-
tistical account of the settlement was drawn up
in 1824.

Population

Land in cultivation

105
51 arpents.

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.
Potatoes . 1515
Turnips . 100

Bushels. I lbs.

Cabbages . 1500 Maple sugar 300
Carrots . 9 1

— The Parish of Notre Dame de Misericorde, or
Beauport, extends, by I' Arret de Conseil Superieur
du 23 Janv., \'i'23,, one league on the St. Lawrence
and thence ^ league into the S. of Notre Dame
des Anges, along the bay of the r. St. Charles,
extending in depth to Bourg Royale.

Statistics of the Parish of Beauport.

Population 1888
Churches, R. C. 1
Presbyteries
Curates
Schools
Villages
Corn-mills .
Carding-mills

Fulling-mills
Saw-mills
Oil-mills
Breweries
Di.stilleries
Ship-yards
Ship-timber es-
tablishment

Rope-walks . I
Justice of Peace 1

Medical men
Shopkeepers
Taverns .
Artisans .
River-crafts
Keel-boats

I
2
7
26
I
6

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels. I
. 12,200 Potatoes
. 37,620 Peas
. 3,200 Rye

Bushels.

75,4.00
5,200
1,000

Bushels-
Buckwheat 100
Indian corn 680
Hay tons 2,761

Live Stock.

754)
701

Cows .
Sheep

1508
4,520

Swine

1050

Title.— "-^ Concession du 31me D(Seembre, 1635, faite
par la Compagnie a Rolert Giffard, Sieur de Beauport, de
la Seigneurie de Beauport, contenant une lieue de terre, a
prendre le long de la cote du fleuve St. Laurent, sur une
lieue et demie de profondeur dans les terres, a I'endroit
ou la riviere appeUe Notre Dame de Beauport entre dans
le dit fleuve, icelle riviire comprise. De plus, prolonge-
ment du 31me Mars, 1653, par Mr. Lanzon, Gouverneur,
de deux Ueues et demie de profondeur, laquelle, avec la
concession ci-dessus, forme une lieue de front sur quatre
de profondeur."— Le Rigistre desFoiet Hommage, No. 16,
folio 78, 3me Fev. 1781, dit que la Seigneurie de Beauport
s'^tend en front depuis la riviere de Notre Dame jusqu'au
Sault de Montmorency. — Segistre d'liitendance. No. 10 a
n, folio 655.

Beauregard, isles, lie in the St. Lawrence,
opposite to the upper part of the S. of Vercheres

EEC

and fiefs St. Blain and Guillodiere. Although
not of great magnitude, these isles are useful to
the neighbouring seigniories for the purpose of
grazing cattle and the soil is good. They lie
immediately above the Isles Eouchard.

Title — " Conced^es le 17me Aoust, 1674, par le Comte
de Frontenac, Gouvemeur, au Sieur de Beauregard, dont
I'une est audevant du bout de la Seigneurie du Sieur de
VercMrea, en montant, et les deux autres etant sur la ligne
qui regarde les isles apparteiiantes au Sieur de Grand-
maison." — Rigistre d'Intendance, Let. B. folio 1.

Eeaurivage (F.), v. St. Giles S.

Eeaukivage, river, traverses the S. of St.
Giles diagonally and near its n. angle leaves thatS.
and enters Lauzon, vi^here it receives the Ruisseau
Gosselin and the Riviere Rouge, and, meandering
in its approach to the church of St. Anne, passes
afterwards through unconceded lands and falls
into the Chaudiere at the E. extremity of fief St.
Denis. This river is in no place navigable; its
fall is very considerable and its current, in spring
and autumn, very powerful. In the heat of sum-
mer the waters are very low and sometimes insuf-
ficient to drive a grist-mill of one pair of stones : in
the upper part of St. Giles S. the bed of the river
is principally solid rock.

Eeavbr Erook, runs into the r. Assome-
quagan.

Bbcancour, a large river, winding beautifully
in a very devious, course, rises in the townships
of Eroughton and Leeds, whence it branches
into those of Inverness, Halifax, and Ireland,
where many minor streams flowing from nu-
merous small lakes fall into it. After traversing
the townships of Nelson and Somerset and the
fronts of Stanfold and Eulstrode, in an easterly
direction, for about 46 miles, it alters its course
to north-west, running about 21 miles more be-
tween Aston and Maddington and through the
seigniory of Becancour, where it discharges itself
into the St. Lawrence. The banks towards its
source are high, steep and frequently rocky, but
decrease in elevation as the h. descends. The
current being embarrassed by falls, rapids and
shoals, is navigable only at places for canoes and
boats. In the broader parts are some small islands
covered with fine trees, which, viewed from the
banks, display the varied hues of their foliage
with pleasing effect. Within the limits of Ee-
cancour seigniory are two mills on this river. Isle
Dorval, a small low island, covered with under-
wood, divides the mouth of the Becancour into

two channels. The valley which this river waters
consists generally of cultivable lands, and in many
places the soil is of the first quality. The scenery
on the banks of the Becancour is much admired,
and near the great falls in the front of Blandford
T. the river is remarkably picturesque. The fall
is about 24 ft., or, comprising the cascades above,
about 60 ft., and near it is a superb situation for
a mill. In this river are the maskinonge, the dor6
and other excellent fish.

Becancour, seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet, is
bounded, s. w. by Godefroi, n. e. by fief Dutord
and by the townships of Aston and Maddington
in the rear. 21 1. in front by 2 in depth. Granted
April 16, 1647, to Sieur de Becancour, and now
the property of the heirs of the late Lieut. Col.
Eruere, Etienne Le Elanc, Esq. and Ezekiel Hart,
Esq. The lands, conceded prior to 1759, pay a
quit-rent of one livre and a capon for one arpent
in front by 30 in depth, subject to the obligation
of grinding corn at the seignorial mill, the right
of pre-emption, droit de retrait, and a reservation
as to timber. Three-fourths of the property be-
longing to Mr. Le Elanc, being conceded prior to
1759, are, consequently, held under these condi-
tions. Much higher terms are now demanded for
the unconceded lands. — Towards the St. Law-
rence the S. is flat and of an excellent and exu-
berant soil, producing good hemp and flax. —
The timber is not much entitled to notice, the
lowlands affording none but of the most inferior
sorts, and the higher situations only beech, maple,
birch and a little pine. — Three-fourths of the S.
are in cultivation, and several of the farms ex-
hibit a high state of improvement ; the best are
on the St Lawrence, and on each side of the
rivers Becancour and Blanche. Besides these
rivers, this S. is watered l)y the Godefroi, Lake
St. Paul and Lac aux Outardes. — The main road
along the St. Lawrence crosses the k. Becancour
just above Isle Dorval, and two others lead up the
river, one on each side. The want of proper
roads has, for many years, been a great impedi-
ment to the comfort and prosperity of the inha-
bitants, and has materially retarded the forma-
tion of new settlements. This inconvenience has
lately been in some degree obviated, and, by an
act of the provincial legislature, the sum of £500
has been granted for the improvement of the road
from Gentilly to Becancour. — From the front of
the S to Three Rivers is a ferry over the St.

BEL

Lawrence. — Just above Isle Dorval and on the
w. side of the b. Becancour was the hemp-mill,
&c. established by government and placed under
the late Mr. Campbell. The church, parsonage
and a few houses surrrounding it, are situated on
the E. bank of the Becancour : a short distance
from which is a village of the Abenaqui Indians,
consisting of a few ill-built wooden houses, or,
more correctly speaking, hovels ; the manners and
occupations of these people are precisely similar to
those of the village in St. Frangois. — The parish
of la NativitS de la Ste. Vierge et de St. Pierre, or
Becancour parish, by virtue of a decree of the
council of state, March 3, 1722, which confirmed
the regulation of Sept, 20, 1721, comprehends all
the frontage on the St. Lawrence, extending from
fief Cournoyer to fief Godefroi, including fief
Dutord and all the S. of Becancour. — The fol-
lowing statistical account includes the whole pa-
rish, viz. the fief Dutord as well as the S. of Be-

Population 2752
Churches, E. C. 1
Curates . 1

Statistics. ~

Presbyteries . 1

Corn-mills . 1

Shopkeepers 1

Taverns
Artisans

1
15

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .

Oats

Barley

Bushels.

17,600

9,909

300

Bushels.
Potatoes 15,000
Peas . . 4,800

Live Stock.

Bushels.
Rye . 300
Indian corn 100

Horses
Oxen

. 960
. 850

Cows . 14,20
Sheep . 4,900

Swine . 2005

Title. — " Concession du 16me Avril, 1647, faite par la
Compagnie au Sieur de Becancour, situee au Sud du fleuve
St. Laurent, contenant deux lieues et un quart de front
sur pareille profondeur; tenant du c6te du Nord-est au
fief Dutori et du cote du Sud-ouest au fief Godefroi ; par
devant le fleuve St. Laurent, et par derrifire les terres non
concedees ; avee les isles, islets et battures qui se trouvent
tant dans la riviSre de Becancour que dans une autre riviere
appeUe la riviere St. Paul qui se deeharge dans le dit
fleuve." — Cahiers d' Intend. 10 a, 11, folio 414.

Bblair (S.), v. Les Ecureuils, S.

Bellechasse, county, bounded n. e. by the
CO. of rislet; s. w. by the n. e. boundary lines
of the SS. of Lauzon and JolUet and of Framp-
ton, Cranbourne and Watford, and thence by a
line prolonged s. e. to the s. boundary of the pro-
vince ; N. w. by the b. St. Lawrence, and it in-
cludes all the islands in that river nearest to the
CO. and in the whole or in part fronting it ; and

on the s. e. by the s. boundary of the province.
It comprises the seigniories of Berthier, St. Val-
lier, St. Michel, Beaumont and its augmentation,
la Durantaie and its augmentation, la Martiniere,
Montapeine, Vincennes, St. Gervais and Livau-
diere, and the townships of Buckland and Stan-
don. — The centre of the co. is in lat. 46° 27' n.
Ion. 70° 25' w. and it contains 581 sq. m. and seven
parishes. Its extreme breadth on the St. Law-
rence is 19 m , its average breadth 1 7 m., and its
average depth 35 m. — This co. sends two mem-
bers to the provincial parliament, and the places
of election are St. ValUer and St. Gervais. — The
surface is uneven and in many places, particularly
in the rear, mountainous ; the soil nevertheless is
susceptible of cultivation and produces abundance of
good timber. — It is watered by the rivers du Sud,
Boyer, Bellechasse, and their several branches, be-
sides numerous other streams that fall into the
St. Lawrence. In the front of the co. is a chain
of flourishing and interesting settlements. The
population consists entirely of French Canadians.

Population 14,965
Churches, R. C. 8
Curates . 7

Presbyteries 8
Convents . 1
Schools . 4
Villages . 2

Statistics.

Grist mills .
Saw mills .
Carding mills
Fulling mills
Tanneries .
Medical men
Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

130

2
36

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Rye

Bushels.

100,848
82,300
11,720

2,585

Buckwheat 2,500

Bushels.
Indian com 910
Mixed grain 3,105
Peas . 17,530
Potatoes 235,534

Hay tons, 46,508
Cwts.
Flax . . 391
Butter . 4,787
Maple sugar 568

Live Stoclc.

Horses
Oxen

5,394 [ Cows
4,202 1 Sheep

8,552 I Swine
41,786

17,354

Domestic Manufactures.

Etoflfe du
pays . 50,150

Flannel, &c.

40,000

Ells.

Linen . 36,060
Looms 601

Bellechasse, river, rises in the S. of St.
Michel, in the co. of Bellechasse, and, traversing
the adjoining S. of St. Vallier to its n. e. corner,
falls into the St. Lawrence.

Belle Fleue, river, falls into the Saguenay
below Ha Ha bay and is 66 ft. wide. At its
mouth is a valley of very good, cultivable ground.

BEL

containing 15 or 16 acreSj behind which are rocks
that rise in gradations.

BelIiEisle, riverj rises in the S. of Descham-
bault, and, running s., cuts off the s. b. angle of
the S. of La Chevrotiere, and runs into the n.
side of the St. Lawrence. — v. DeschambaulTj s.

Belle Riviere, called by the Indians Kush-
pahigan, " a place which is ascended," runs into
the s. B. side of lake St. John. At its mouth,
called Kouispigan, the land on both sides forms a
sheet of fine bright sand, but it improves gradually
and rapidly as the r. is ascended. For 2 miles
from its mouth the soil on both sides is an alluvial
fiat, extending some distance from the banks to a
rising ground which keeps a parallel direction
with the river ; the soil on this flat is clayey, oc-
casionally exhibiting a surface of rich loam, or
vegetable mould, and produces elm, ash, fir, black
and yellow birch, alders, spruce, and pine. From
the 2nd to the end of the 6th mile, up the stream,
the R. is deep and rapid, the banks occasionally
bold, the land in many places excellent, and the
timber is elm, spruce, black, white, and yellow
birch, ash, poplar, pine, and balsam with some
cedar and alder. The r. then, at the lower land-
ing of a portage, is contracted to about 10 yards;
the rushing waters precipitating over rocks, the
wildness of the surrounding scenery and the cliffs,
75 ft. in height, impending over the basin and
river, form a very interesting and picturesque
cascade vi^ith a good site for a mill. Here the
portage is upon the n. bank and is \ m. long, lead-
ing over a very high hill, where the land is again
level to the upper landing at the head of another
full of about 20 ft. high, making the difference of
elevation altogether between 50 and 60 ft. Here
the land is of good quality, composed of a dark
argillaceous loam beneath a rich vegetable mould;
the varieties of timber are red spruce, ash, balsam,
black and white birch, cedar, elm, red and white
pine. This description of land forms the leading -s
feature of the country along the banks of the
Belle Riv. to the k. des Aulnais, about 2 J m. above
the portage; the general course of the R. is s. e.
Here the Belle Riviere forms a large basin, in the
centre of which is an island of excellent land.
The river enters this basin at the s. b. end, with
a cascade of 10 feet, falling through a narrow con-
traction not exceeding 2 or 3 yards at most. On
the N. E. side of the basin the ii. des Aulnais

enters with a gentle current. For about 3 m.
higher up the Belle Riviere the land is more broken
and hilly, rising in some places nearly 100 feet
above the bed of the river, whose general course
is from the basin about s. s. w., and is not less
than 30 yards wide. In the vicinity of the small
streams, that flow into the main river, are some
valuable beds of blue soft marl and frequently
much clay forming the sides or slopes of the hills.
The timber on their banks is ash, elm, fir, and
balsam, and, for a few miles in the interior,
spruce, pine, balsam, and birch, and the land is of
arable quality. — This R. is navigable for large bat-
teaux for many leagues, and further on for bark
canoes.

Bellevue, fief, lies betv^een the S.S. of Ver-
cheres and Contrecceur in the co. of Vercheres.
It is bounded by Cournoyer in the rear, and con-
tains -J 1. in front, by one 1. in depth. Granted 3d
Nov. 1672, to Sieur de Vitre, and now belongs

to Chicoine, esq. All this slip is under

good cultivation but is not watered by river or
stream.

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon Intendant, au Sieur de Vitr(, d'une demi lieue
de front, sur une lieu de profondeur, a prendre depuis Its
terres dc Conti ecoeur, en remontant vers ies terres non con-
cedees." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. \,folio3\.

BBi.osir., river, rises near the rear-line of the
S. of Beloeil, and, taking a n. e. course, is joined
by a small stream from the n. w., running nearly
parallel. It falls into the Richelieu opposite Isles
au Cerf. It works a grist and saw-mill.

Bbl(eil, seignory, on the n. w. of the river
Richelieu, in the co. of Vercheres; isboundedw.by
the S. of Chambly, b. by that of Cournoyer, s. by
the R. St. Lawrence and n. by lands stretching to
the rear of the S. of Cap St. fllichel and the ad-
joining small fiefs, and which form an augmenta-
tion to Beloeil. — 2 1. in front by 1 ', deep, and the
augmentation is nearly of the same superficies. —
The principal grant was made, January 18, 1694,
to Sieur Joseph Hertel and the accessory one,
March 24, 1731, to Sieur de Longueuil. The
Baroness de Longueuil is now proprietor of both.
— The soil along the Richelieu is light, but in
some places it is as rich as any in the district of
Montreal. The uncleared parts ufford some beech,
maple and birch timber but more of spruce, fir,
cedar and inferior sorts. The n. b. part is well
watered by the little r. Beloeil, along the banks

B E R

B E K

of which is a range of excellent concessions; some
smaller streams traverse the lower part and like-
wise fall into the Kichelieu. Various good roads
lead through the S. and the main road follows
the course of the b. Richelieu. The houses of the
settlers, many extremely well builtj are dispersed
through the different concessions ; here and there
a few together, but no village. The church and
parsonage-house are near the Richelieu. — A few
arpents, fit for cultivation, in the p. of St. Anne,
are reserved in wood, which is becoming scarce. —
That part of the augmentation that lies at the
rear of the S. of Varennes is settled, but the
parts abutting on the rear of la Trinit§ and St.
Michel are still covered with wood. — In this S.
are 260 families. The most flourishing settle-
ments are in the first three ranges on the r. Riche-
lieu.

Population 1,788
Churches, R.C. 1
Curates 1

Statistics.

Presbyteries

Corn-mills

Tanneries

Shopkeepers 1
Taverns 1

Artisans 12

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Rye

Horses
Oxen

Bushels
.31,200
20,800
15,600
2,000

8051
690 1

Bushels.
Indian corn 230
Peas 15,600

Potatoes 46,000

Bushels.
Mixed grain 3,000
Maple sugar,

cwts, 36

Live Stock,

Cows
Sheep

1,610 I Swine
4,600 I

1,050

Title. — " Concession du 18me Janvier, 1694, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Sochari, Intendant, au
Sieur Joseph Hertel, de deux Ueues de terre de front, avec
une lieue et demie de teiTe de profondeur, a prendre du
c6te du Nord-ouest de la riviSre Richelieu, a la Seigneurie
de Charnbly, en descendant ieelle riviere, vers les terrcs
non concddees." — Segistre d'Intendance, No. ii, folio 16.

Augmentation. — " Concession du24me Mars, 171.3, faite
par Phil, de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Francois de Beauhar-
nois, Intendan^ au Sieur de Longueuil, le long de la riviere
de Richelieu, d'une lieue de terre de front sur une lieue
et demie de profondeur, en lieu non-conc4d^, a. prendre
depuis la Seigneurie de Belceil, qu'il possMe, en tirant du
c6t6 du Sud-ouest, derriere la Seigneurie de Charnbly pour
le front, et pour la profondeur dans les terres en allant au
Nord-ouest." — Rigistre d^Intendance, No. 6, folio 3.

Bblsiamitb, river, in the co. of Saguenay,
falls into the gulf of St. Lawrence, a little above
Bustard Bay.

Benoit, lake, lies near the r. Saguenay, from
which it is approached by the portage of Pelletier
bay. It is of considerable extent, of very irregular
shape and is surrounded by mountains of no great
height.

Bkrgbronnes, les, two rivers in the co. of Sa-

guenay, emptying themselves into the St. Law-
rence, a few leagues below the estuary of the R. Sa-
guenay. One of these rivers has been ascended
1^ league, and nothing worthy of remark was dis-
covered except some prairies, which are supposed
to produce annually from 7 to 8000 bundles of hay.
The land susceptible of cultivation on the banks of
this river may extend from4 to 10 arpents from the
water, and is bounded by rocky mountains, whose
only ornament is moss and a few tufts of juniper.
The shore of the St. Lawrence and the interior
from the point " Des Grandes Bergeronnes," as
far as that of " Bon Desir," 3 leagues below it,
have been explored. The shore, which is at most
100 feet high, on account of its gradual ascent,
offers a rich vegetative border.

Bbrisfobd, a projected township in the rear
of Abercromby, in the co. of Terrebonne.

Bbrthieb, county, in the district of Montreal,
bounded n. b. by the co. of St. Maurice, s. w.
by the co. of Lachenaie, n. w. by the northern
boundary of the province, and s. e. by the river
St. Lawrence ; it includes all the islands in the
St. Lawrence, nearest to the co., and in whole
or in part fronting it. It comprises the SS. of
Berthier and its augmentation, Du Sabl§ or York,
part of Masquinonge, Fief Chicot, the SS. of La-
noraye, Dautray, Lavaltrie and their augmenta-
tions, Daillebout, De Ramsay, the t. of Brandon,
part of the S. of Lanaudiere, the t. of Kildare and
the islands of St. Ignace and Dupas. — This co. is
24 m. broad and its depth to the n. w. boundary
of the province 240 m., containing 5,760 sq. m.,
of which 624 m. are in settlements bordering on
the St. Lawrence and in the adjacent unconceded
lands. — The s. extremity of the co. is in lat. 46° 2'

N., Ion. 73° 12' w This co. sends 2 members to

the provincial parliament and the place of election
is at the v. of Berthier. It contains 7 parishes,
besides parts of 2 others. The face of the county,
for 15 m. from the St. Lawrence, is generally
low and level; it then assumes a bolder aspect
and becomes uneven, and, in the vicinity of lake
Maskinonge and the rear of the t. of Kildare,
it is mountainous, the land, nevertheless, being
more or less susceptible of cultivation as far as
the exploring surveys have extended, beyond which
little is known of the country; its general cha-
racter, however, has been ascertained to be moun-
tainous, traversed by various rivers and streams,
and watered by several lakes. The surveyed and

B E R

settled parts of this co. are abundantly watered by
the rivers Chicot, Bayonne, (^reat and Little Cha-
loupe, St. Charles, Brook River, St. Joseph, St.
John, L'Assomption, part of the k. Maskinonge
and the L. of that name. The Bayonne and the
Chaloupe spread into several branches and the r.
L'Assomption, by far the largest, winds and tra-
verses the CO. in a s. direction. Along the sides
of these rivers are flourishing settlements and good
roads. — This co. includes several islands in the
St. Lawrence, particularly those that lie con-
tiguous to the S. of Berthier To those who are

desirous of making new settlements this co. pre-
sents numerous advantages, arising from the qua-
lity of its soil, population, agriculture, and local
situation.

Population 17,695

Parishes

Churches, R. C.

Curates

Presbyteries

Convents

Schools

Villages

Statistics.

Corn-mills

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Tanneries

Hat manuf.

Potteries

Potasheries

Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans
River craft
Tonnage
Keel boats

158

2
36

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Rye

Peas

Horses
Oxen

Bushels,
117,636
159,632

14,981
5,375

38,959

Bushels.
Buckvpheat 2,500
Indian corn 3,296
Mixed grain 4,085
Potatoes 470,913

Hay, tons, 64,111
Cwts.
Flax 569

Butter 4,302

Mapl. sug. 1,063

Live Stock.

7,022 I Cows 10,756 i Swine

6,172 I Sheep 38,068 (

9,236

Berthier, river, is about 16m. from the k.
Maskinonge ; it is not navigable for any di-
stance although there is a considerable body of
water.

Berthier, seigniory, in the co. of Bellechasse,
has the river St. Lawrence in front, St. Vallier
s. w,, St. Thomas n. b., and the Riviere du Sud in
the rear. It is 2 leagues in front by as much in
depth. Granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur Ber-
thier ; it is now the property of the ladies of the
General Hospital at Quebec and is held under a
lease for 29 years by Claude Denechaud, esq., of
which 13 years are unexpired. He pays an annual
rent of 60/. and 45 bushels of wheat. This gen-
tleman holds half the domain by purchase and the
other half belongs to Mrs. Ruelle. This seigniory
is bounded on the map according to a private sur-
vey. Its irregularity arises from a cession made

by the proprietor, Jan. 22, 1 728, to the seignior'
of Riviere du Sud. — Alight sandy earth, varied"
with yellowish loam, is the prevalent kind of soil
and is highly productive of grain of all kinds ; the
largest proportion is under culture and an im-
proved system of husbandry. Many of the farms
are in a flourishing condition, of which those on
the Riviere du Sud and the bank of the St. Law-
rence are perhaps the best and most conspicuous.
Along the front the ground is rather low, but it
gradually rises to a small ridge about a mile from
the shore, from the summit of which a very in-
teresting prospect unfolds itself; the R. St. Law-
rence, between 1 1 and 12 m, across, is beautifully
varied by groups of islands, lying off the w. end
of Crane Island ; the is. end of the island of Or-
leans, with all its rich diversity of scenery, and the
lofty mountains rising behind Cape Tourmente
complete the distant view ; the descent from the
crest of the ridge down to the shore is a continua-
tion of well cultivated fields, enriched with almost
every object that can make a landscape perfect |
these, with the addition of the church, and a small
cluster of houses charmingly seated, almost close
to the water, on the edge of a little cove called
Le Trou de Berthier, when viewed from the
main road, are well calculated to give a stranger
an exalted idea of the picturesque beauty of the
country. Another chain of heights, somewhat
more elevated, rises between it and the riviere du
Sud, on which there is some fine timber ; in other
parts of the S. wood is not abundant. The rivers
du Sud, a la Caille and Belle Chasse provide
an ample and complete irrigation for every part.
Near the Riviere du Sud stands the church of St.
Francois and, at a short distance from it, a grist-
mill worked by a little rivulet flowing into the
river. Numerous good roads intersect every part
of the S ; the main or post-road is on the bank of
the St. Lawrence. — The rivers afford salmon, eels,
white fish, &c. The horses are, generally, of the
Norman breed.

The parish ot St. Francois is bounded n. by the
first concession of Berthier, s. by the rear-line of
the seigniory, e. by St. Pierre, and w. by the di-.
vision-line of St. Vallier. It consists of 3 con-
Cessions, each of 42 or 60 arpents in depth. The
farms are 3 arpents each in breadth, and extend
in depth to the rear-line of the concessions. The
land consists of a good, black, strong soil on a blue
clay. The timber is not remarkable, and is a

B E R

mixture of pine, spruce/ maple, birch, &c. This
parish is watered by the river du Sud and by the
Jyason which turn 4 mills, viz., one for grinding
com, one for sawing, one for fuUing, and the 4th
for carding. — On the N. side of the main road are
the church, presbytery and a most convenient house
called a convent or, more properly, a nunnery or
school for the education of girls. All the establish-
ments of this kind are superintended by two or three
nuns from the congregation of Quebec. — This
parish produces a considerable number of live
stock and one half of the sheep and young stock
are sent for sale to the Quebec market. Among
the inhabitants enjoying ease arid comfort in this

parish may be particularly mentioned Mr. Eraser,
heut.-colonel of militia, whose residence is on the s.
side of the n. du Sud and opposite to a handsome
bridge ; his extensive farm buildings suflSciently
denote the productiveness of his farm and his com-
paratively numerous stock of cattle, which consists
of 9 horses, 28 cows, 6 oxen, 60 sheep, &c. &c. —
The most flourishing concessions are on the n.
side of the du Sud, that on the s. side, extending
to the mountains, is still covered with wood. The
cure of this parish serves also the parish of Ber-
thier, between which and St. Francois there is a
good road of communication.

Statistics of the Parishes of Berthter and St. Francois.

Parishes.

1
u

1
!

>
c

i
1

1
'1

is
1

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stock. j

Berthier
St. Fran9ois

786
850

1
1

2
1

7280
12400

2600
7200

260

2800

3040
4200

260
5200

100
300

18000
12250

390

450

290
600

780
1150

1690
3500

400
900

Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Berthier, de deux lieues
de teire de front sur pareille profondeur, a prendre sur le
flfiuve jS'^ Laurent, depuis I'ance de BellecJiasse incluse,
tirant vers la riviere du Sud, iceUe non comprise.

" Cette Seigneurie est bornee sur la carte suivant un' ar-
pentage particulier. L'irregularitS de ce terreiii provient
d'une cession que firent les proprietaires de eette Seigneurie
k ceux de la riviSre du Sud, par une transaction du 22me
Janvier, 1728." — BSgistre d'Intendance, iVo. l, folio 7.

Berthier, seigniory, in the co. of Berthier,
with its fiefs and augmentations, is bounded s. w.
by the S. of Dautre and augmentation, n. b. by
those of Dusable or New York and Maskinonge,
in the rear by the t. of Brandon and in front by
the St. Lawrence. Granted 27th April, 1674, to
M. Berthier J the augmentation granted 31st Dec,
1732, to Sieur Pierre L'Etage. This property is
now 2| 1. in front by 4^ in depth, containing 13
superficial leagues, and the only part not belong-
ing to the Hon. James Cuthbert, a gentleman re-
markable for his urbanity of manners and hospi-
tality to strangers, is a fief comprising one half of
Isle Dupas and about 2 1. in length. The ma-
jority of the concessions were granted prior to
1759, each measuring 3 arpents by 40, 30, 20,
&c., according to local circumstances, and on the
conditions usual at the time. — This S. contains two

parishes and the half of a third, 1 6 ranges of con-
cessions and an island inhabited. There are 714
lands granted; and the most populous concessions
are those on the rivers Bayonne, St. Esprit, and St.
Cuthbert. Three-fourths of the S. are under cul-
ture and one-fourth in wood : in the first 4 leagues
of its depth the surface is level and, in the rear,
precipitous and rocky. L'Isle Dupas, an arriere
fief, lies in this S. There are also two other fiefs
included within the lateral lines of the seigniory :
the fief Chicot on the n. b. side of the S., and the
fief Dorvilliers on the s. w. side..^Iron ore, both
mountain and bog, of excellent quality, and free-
stone are found in this S., and an extensive bed of
pure yellow ochre has lately been discovered by
Mr. Cuthbert, which, being calcined or heated, as-
sumes a beautifully red colour ; the vein, from 12
to 14 inches deep, of a tenacious quality, lies about
6 inches under a surface of vegetable earth. On
the best cultivated ranges the wood is nearly all
cleared away ; but on the others, and in the back
districts, there still remains abundance of hois de
chauffage or fuel with some little maple, beech,
cedar, hemlock, butternut, pine, larch, elm, and
birch. The soil in general is good, except to-
wards the rear, where it is rocky and sterile ; in

152

BERTHIER.

the concession called St. Cuthbert it is a fine ve-
getable earth, several inches deep, on a subsoil of
strong clay ; in that of St. Esprit a strong deep
loam; in St. Pierre a rich light earth; in St.
Catherine a small part is a good loam, and the
rest of somewhat inferior quality; in St. Jean
there is a mixed soil equal in fertility to either of
the others. — In front of the St. Lawrence the
land is low, especially towards the n. b. boundary,
but the arable is very productive, and the re-
mainder is a succession of very fine meadows. The
other parts of the S. are but indifferent in quality,
and some of it about the back boundary even bar-
ren and unfit for tillage. — Most of the concessions
are farmed in a very good style ; but those where
the greatest improvement is visible are St. Cuth-
bert, St. Esprit and St. Pierre, where industry
and careful arrangement have produced ease and
even afiiuence. — Wheat is the chief prpduction of
these lands, whicli are fit, generally spbaking, for
every species of culture and produce annually
about 100,000 bushels of grain. The important
articles hemp (which grows spontaneously near
every ruin) and flax, might be raised in almost any
qilantities, if the farmers would adopt a different
method of cultivation. The rivers Chicot, La
Chaloupe, Bayonne and the Bonaventure Creek
afford a convenient and equal irrigation. About
5 miles from the v. of Berthier, on the s. w. bank
of the Bayonne, is' a very copious salt spring,
strongly impregnated with inflammable gas, from
which the inhabitants, when Admirals Walker and
Phipps respectively blocked up the St. Lawrence,
made a considerable quantity of salt, and they
now make use of the water to knead their bread.
The water is always cold as ice, and is found
efficacious in sprains and white swellings Up-
wards of 1000 able-bodied men are furnished for
the militia. — The main road by the St. Lawrence,
and the different roads through the concessions,
are maintained in excellent repair. The winter
traverse between Berthier and Sorel is on the ice,
winding among the islands ; it is computed to be
about 5 miles and very secure. — The bridges
across the rivers are free of toU.— The domain of
Berthier, on the s. w. side of the river Bayonne,
contains 335 arpents, approaching in goodness to
the best of the district. In front of the S. several
fine islands form the s. boundary of the Chenail
du Nord ; they are named Isles Randin, Dupas,

Castor, &C.; — In this S. is a school for girls, well
attended, under the direction of the sisters, of
the congregation ; and there are also 4 private
schools for boys. — There are 3 villages built, gene-
rally of wood, Berthier, St. Cuthbert, and Pierre-
viKe. — The village of Berthier is pleasantly situ-
ated on the N. side of the Chenail du Nord, and
forms one principal street, consisting of 125 houses
placed, sometimes at long intervals, on the side
of the main road to Quebec : many of them are
extremely well-built and handsome There are,
exclusive of dwellings, a great many granaries
and storehouses for general merchandise, it being
a place of some trade, whence British manufac-
tured goods are dispersed over the neighbouring
populous seigniories, and whence also large quan-
tities of grain are annually exported. — The popu-
lation is 850. — The church that claims notice not
only as being a handsome structure, but for the
elegance of its interior decoration, is situated at a
small distance behind the main street. This village
being about mid- way between Montreal and Three
Rivers, in the direct route of the public stage-
coaches that have been established upon the plan
of those in England between the former place and
Quebec, and being also the principal interme-
diate post-office station, is a |*lace of great resort
and considerable traffic. At the inns travellers will
always find good accommodation. On passing
through the Chenail du Nord, the village with its
gardens, orchards, meadows and surrounding cul-
tivated fields, form together an agreeable and
pleasing assemblage of objects, although from the
flatness of the country the prospect is not marked
by any of those traits of grandeur so frequently
observable on the n. side of the St. Lawrence, de-
scending towards Quebec. The land is here so
little above the level of the river, that in the spring,
when the melted snow and ice occasion a rise of the
waters, it is sometimes overflowed to a considerable
distance, and much damage is done to the lower
parts of the houses in the village and to the goods
deposited in the stores. These inundations have
occasionally been so great that it has been necessary
to remove large quantities of wheat from the upper
stories of the granaries.— In the entire S. of Ber-
thier, including the augmentation, there are

Churches

Corn-mills

Snw-mills

Potasheries . 3
Carding-mills 1

Fulling-mills . 1
Clothier's shop 1

B I C

There are artisans and mechanics of every de-
scription, besides some carriage-makers and many
masons ; among them are

18 Blacksmiths

6 Tanners

1 Watchmaker

2 Harness-makers

7 Shoemakers

3 Tinsmiths
a Millwrights
4i Bakers
Several wheel-
wrights

1 Silversmith
4 Butchers
4 Coopers
House -joiners,
above SO

In the parish of BertUer all the lands are con-
ceded, except the woodlands near the mountains
where the sugarks axe, and those lands are rendered
unfit for cultivation by ravines, hUls, rocks and
sands, over which there is no road.

The i?. of St. Cuthbert was erected about 50
years ago and measures three leagues in front, be-
tween Berthier and Maskinonge, on the road from
Montreal' to Quebec, and consists of a considerable
part of the S. belonging to the Hon, James Cuth-
bert and of three other fiefs. Its b. boundary is
the N. E. line of the county. It contains 600
families and 300 farm-lots are settled upon, most
of which are three arpents in front by 30 or 40
deep. The church is on the w. side of the h.
Chicot, about 2 m. in the interior. This p. ex-
tends over a large portion of Berthier and the ad-
joining S. N. E.

Statistics of the Parishes of Berthier and St. Cuthbert.

Parishes.

3
O

■c

i
•g

1
I

a
S

i
a

1
S

"-a

a
•a

•s

€

Berthier

St. Cuthbert

3939

2754

1
1

8
1

1
1

1
4>

2
2

1
1

14.
4.

6
6

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. ■

Live Stock |

350

450

2124
2000

Berthier
St. Cuthbert

20800
26000

31000
26800

2500
2050

1000
1180

700
605

7870
9200

42850
45000

15600

1429
1500

8496
7500

1655
1500

Title. — " Concession du 27me Avril, 1674, faite a Mr.
Berthier, de trois quarts de lieue ou environ de front sur
deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laur-
«K<, depuis la concession du Sieur Randin en descendant,
jusqu'a la riviere Chicot j ensemble une Isle d'une lieue en
superficie etant au dessous etjoignant presquel'isle JRujjrfin,
vis-a-vis I'Isle Ditpas ; aussi I'isle qui est au bout d'en has
de VIsle au Castor, accordee a Mr. Berthier, le 23 Mars,
1675. — Ou les deux concessions sent accordees par un
seul titre. Cahiers. d'Intend. where both these conces-
sions are.granted by one title." — Rigistre des Foi et Horn-
mage, No. S, folio 38, Is 2Gme Janvier, 1781.

Augmentation — " Concession du31me DScerabre, 1732,
faite par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et
Gillcs Hoequart, Intendant, au Sieur Pierre I'Etage, de
trois lieues de terre de front, si telle quantity se irouve
entre la ligne qui scpara le fief de DautrS d'avec celui ci-
devant appele de Comporte (aujourd'hui Antaya), et celle
qui s^pare le fief du Chicot d'avec le fief Masguinongi ; a
prendre le dit front au bout de la profondeur et limites
des dits fiefs A'Antaya et du Chicot entre lesquels se
trouve' le fief de Berthier ; sur trois lieues de profondeur,
avec les rivieres, ruisseaux et lacs qui pourront se rencon-
trer dans la dite etendue de terre, pour etre la dite conces-
sion unie et jointe au dit fief de Berthier." Registre d'ln-

tendance, Mo.l, folio 4.

Bic, river, in the S. of Bic, is about 20 feet wide,

small- and well bridged. It is not navigable for

boats or even canoes and the falls prevent timber

from being floated down.

Bic, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, bounded
in front by the s. side of the St. Lawrence, n. e.
by the S. of Rimouski and s. w. by a part of the
S. of Trois PistoUes, called Richard Rioux. — Two
leagues in breadth upon the river by 2 in depth.
— Granted with the Island of Bic, lying in front.
May 8, 1675, to M. de Vitre. The island is
nearly 3 m. in length by f m. in breadth. — In
1774, a dispute having arisen between the pro-
prietors of Bic and Rimouski, it was determined
by the Court of Common Pleas that the middle of
the embouchure of the river Hatte should be the
boundary between the two seigniories. — This S.
has a few settlers on the coast only, but none on
the new road that traverses this S. from Trois
PistoUes to Mitis. The surface of this S. is very
uneven and mountainous ; the high mountains of
Bic and Cap I'Original are conspicuous objects to
the voyager as he sails up the St. Lawrence. —
The best land of this S. lies in the rear ranges
and in the intervals between the rocky ridges that
lie parallel with the St. Lawrence. The general

BIZ

B L A

qualities of the land and timber are similar to
those of the Rimouski portage^ which lies con-
tiguous. In the Bay of Bic small craft can lie
completely land-locked and on its borders are a
few settlers. The adjacent low lands produce fine
hay ; the high lands are rocky and the soil light
and stony.

Statistics.

Population
Corn-mills

90 Saw-mills . 1 Keel boats
. 1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

. 2

Bushels.
Wheat . 52
Oats . 10

Bushels.
Barley . 4
Rye . 100

Peas
Potatoes

Bushels.
. 16
. 90

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

26
29

Cows . 40
Sheep . 120

Swine

. 57

Title. — " Concession du 6me Mai, 1675, faite par Louis
de Buade, Gouvemeur, au Sieur de Vitri, de deux lieues
de front, le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud, a
prendre du milieu de la largeur de la riviere appele Mitis,

et qui s'appellera dorenavant la riviere en montant le

dit fleuve, et deux lieues de pvofondeur, ensemble I'isle du
Sic qui est vis-a-vis. — En 1774, dispute s'etant elevee
entre les proprifitaires du Sic et de Rimomky, la Cour des
Plaidoiers Communs rendit un jugement, confirme en
appel en 1778, qui determina, que le milieu de I'embou-
chure de la riviere Haiti seroit la borne entre les dites
deux seigneuries." — Insinuations du Conseil Superieur, let.
B. folio 14.

Birch Island, v. St. MauricBj r.

Bird Mountain, v. St. Maukicb, b.

BizASD, isle, is separated from the s. w. end of
Isle Jesus by the r. des Prairies. It is nearly of an
oval form, rather more than 4 m. long by 2 broad.
— No records relative to this property have been
preserved in the secretariat of the province ; but
when the present owner, Pierre Foretier, Esq.,
did fealty and homage on the 3d February, 1781,
he exhibited proof of its having been granted on
the 24th and 25th of October, 1678, to the Sieur
Bizard. — It is a spot of great fertiHty, wholly
cleared and cultivated. — A good road passes all
round it, near the river St. Lawrence, and another
crosses it about the middle : by the sides of these
roads the houses are tolerably numerous but there
is neither vUlage, church, nor mill. — Population

757.

Wlieat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels.

, 2,520 Barley . 95 Peas
, 4,300 Potatoes 16,002

Live Stock.

2161 Cows
218] Sheep

405 1 Swine
950

Bushels.

. 700

320

Title.—" Concession du 24me et 25me Octobre, ]67ffi
faite par le Comte de Prontenac, Gouverneur, et Duches-
neau, Intendant, au Sieur Bizard, de I'isle Bonaventure
(Bizard) ensemble les isles, &c. adjacentes."— Jieg^ire
des Foi et Hommage, No. ] 8, folio 90, le Stne Fevrier, 1781.
Cahiers d'Iniendance, Xfo. i, folio liil-

Black Bay, v. Onslow, t.

Black Bay, v. Lochaber Gtore.

Black Lake, v. Ireland, t.

Black River, in the co. of Saguenay, runs
through a very extensive and fertile tract of level
land, the greater part of which is on the King^s
Post side of the river, and on which about 200
families might gain a comfortable subsistence. —
This R. falls into the n. side of the St. Lawrence,
opposite Hare Island and about 20 m. above the
R. Saguenay. It forms the n. e. boundary of the
S, of Mount Murray.

Black River, v. Manicouagan.

Blainville (S.), v. Millb Isles.

Blairfindib (P. and v.), v. Longubuil, b.

Blanche, Grande Riviere, in the co. of Ot-
tawa, rises far in the interior and, traversing the
eastern quarter of Portland, runs through part
of Buckingham and entering Templeton, between
the 7th and 8th ranges, winds most singularly
upon that line as far as lot No. 11. Thence it
runs s. to J;he division- line between the 1st and
2d ranges, and, winding e . through the 2d range,
discharges itself at lot No. 3 into an arm of the
Ottawa, which connects that river with one of the
ponds. It is about 130 ft. wide and is navigable
for bateaux in the spring about 15 miles ; it then
becomes rapid ; its course is about 100 miles, and
it is well stocked with fish. — Certain lumber
dealers have destroyed the bridge, which had been
built over the River Blanche, for the purpose of
floating their rafts with more facility down that
river into the Ottawa.

Blanche, Petite Riviere, rises in the high lands
of Buckingham, in the rear of the 5th range,
winding n. w. it enters Templeton, where it
winds transversely through the two front ranges,
then re-entering Buckingham, at the s. w. ex-
tremity of the T., it falls into the Ottawa.

Blanche, river, copiously waters the t. of
Lochaber and its 3 principal branches unite ra-
ther more than 1 m. from its junction with the

Ottawa, in the centre of the front of the t It

is about 130 ft. wide and is navigable for bateaux
in spring only, for about 5 or 6 m. from its mouth.
It is weU stocked with f>sh

B L A

B L O

BlanchBj. river, rises in the rear of Kildare t.
and enters the 3d range of Rawdon, where it
joins the n. b. branch of the Riviere Rouge.

BiiANDPORD, township, in the co. of Nicolet, is
bounded s. e. by the River Becancour, n. w. by
Maddington and Gentilly, n. by Livrard, and
N. E. by the aug. to Deschaillons. — This t. was
erected, by letters patent, in 1823, and contains
54,131 acres. — There are 13 ranges of concessions
subdivided into 214 regular and 72 irregular lots.
— The principal grantees of the crown are Louis
Lagueux, Jean Langevin and Charles Langevin,
Esqrs.j&c. — The land is generallylevel with many
savannas and the soil, for the most part, good. —
The soft wood consists of fir, spruce, pine, sapin,
cedar, wild cherry, ash, maple, alder, elm, white
;Wood, walnut, &c. — There are some hUls, from
30 to 40 ft. in height, running from n. e. to s. w.
This T. is watered by the GentiUy, the Little
du Chene, lake St. Louis, lake St. Eustache,
and many smaller lakes. In all of them there
is fish. — The grant of this township being so
jecent there is no road, except a good winter
road from Gentilly to the river Becancour, 15
miles in length, which traverses the township ; a
branch of this road, 4 or 5 miles long, leads to
iSt. Pierre ; there is also a similar communication
between Gentilly and the river Becancour, run-
ning between Blandford and Maddington, from
.12 to 13 miles in length. — About 600 acres have
been cleared, a saw-mill erected, and a patent
hand-miU. for grinding corn, imported from Eng-
land by the principal proprietors, the great utility
of which has already been experienced by the in-
habitants of this and the neighbouring townships.
— The price of labour is 2s. 6d. a day without
board, and Is. 8d. with board. — Much of the land
in this T. is, probably, adapted to the cultivation
,Df hemp and flax. — There are about fifty or sixty
■settlers on the crown lands along the river Be-
cancour, six leagues from the St. Lawrence. The
principal grantees of Blandford have expended
about 250/. on the promotion of settlements, and
^ving them means of communication, but all that
.has been thereby attained is a winter road of no
,iise in summer. The settlements and clearings
along the river Becancour have extended con-
jsiderably, and the only check which restrains the
jrouth of the neighbouring seigniories, who are in
want of land to form settlements, from coming

forward, is the want of a communication with the
settlements in the seigniories.

Animals and Poultry in Slandford.

Horses

. 7

Heifers and

Sheep .

. 14,

Bulls .

. 2

calves

Hens .

. 156

Oxen .

. 23

Pigs .

Ducks .

. 4

Cows .

. "27

BiiEURiB, river, rises in a lake in the S. of
De Lery and running s. falls into Jackson's
Creek, nearly opposite Isle aux Noix in the k.
Richelieu.

Bleurie, seigniory, in the co. of RouvUle, is
bounded n. e. by the SS. of East Chambly and
Monnoir, s. by the S. of Sabrevois, and w. by the
river Richelieu. — Granted, Nov. 30, 1750, to
Sieur Sabrevois de Bleurie and is now the pro-
perty of Gen. Christie Burton. — According to
the terms of the original grant it ought to be 3 1.
in front by 3 in depth ; but as the grants of the
adjoining seigniories are of a prior date, and as
such an extent could not be taken without in-
fringement upon others, it now forms a triangular
space of much less superficial extent. Although
lying generally low, with large swamps in many
places, there are some tracts of very good land
and also some fine timber ; the spots that are cul-
tivated lie chiefly upon the Richelieu, and bear
but a small proportion to the whole. — A liew
road, called the Bedford Turnpike, crossing it
diagonally to the river, opposite Fort St. John,
•has been traced and measured- in the field and is
now proceeding upon. A joint company has un-
dertaken it and obtained an act of the provincial
parliament for the purpose: when completed it
will greatly enhance the value of this and the
other properties through which it passes, by open-
ing a shorter communication with Montreal and
by rendering the intercourse with distant places
much more easy.

Tille. — " Concession du 30me Oct. 1750, faite par le
Marquis de la Jonquiere, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot,
Jntendant, au Sieur Sabrevois de Bleuri, de trois lieues de
terre de front sur trois lieues de profondeur, le long de la
riviere Chambly, bornee du c6te du Nord par la Seigneurie
du Sieur Hertel, et sur la mdme ligne ; du c6te du Sud a
trois lieues de la dite Seigneurie par une ligne tiree Est
et Quest du monde ; sur le devant par la rivifire CliamUy et
sur la profondeur a trois lieues joignant aux terres non-
coneedees. — Rigislre d' Intendance, No. 9, folio 72.

BliONDELLE, de la, river, in the S. of Cote de
Beaupre, rises near the s. bank of the k. Ste.
Anne and crosses the road to St. Paul's Bay j

BON

after being joined by a smaller stream about 3 m.
from its mouth, it turns a miU. It falls into the
N. side of the St. Lawrence.

Blueberry HillSj in the co. of Saguenay^
are between Commissioners L. and Bouchette r.,
on the Guiatchouan communication.

Blueberry Plains, v. Bbauharnois, S.

Bois Brule (L.), v. Sbtteington, t.

BoiscLBRE, riverj rises near the source of the
R. Huron in the aug. to the S. of Lotbiniere ;
being joined by some little streams it enters the
S. of Lotbinierej and, near the rear line, joins the
R. du Chene.

BoisvBRT, river, runs iiito Lake St. John,
in the co. of Saguenay. This r. has been ex-
plored for about ^ m. from its mouth ; it was then
found too narrow and too much obstructed for far-
ther progress. Aspin, white spruce and white birch
form the principal part of the timber, and the soil
consists of a mixture of clay and sand.

Bolton, township, in the co. of Staustead, on
the w. side of lake Memphremagog, is bounded
N. by Stukeley and Oxford, s. by Potton, w.-by
Brome. — This is one of the first townships that
was laid out. — The surface is uneven and rather
mountainous, being crossed diagonally by an irre-
gular chain of heights, wherein several rivers
have their sources, and which divides the waters
that fall into the Yamaska and other large rivers
to the northward, from those flowing into lake
Memphremagog and the Mississqui in the oppo-
site direction. The lands on the low parts are
tolerably good, but those to he b. are the best and
present some fine settlements, well cultivated and
producing every sort of grain. On the streams that
intersect this part are several com and grist-mills.

Statistics.

Population 1008
Churches, R. C. 1
Curates . 1
Schools . 4

Com-mills . 1
Saw-mills . 5
Potasheries . 3
Pearlasheries 3

Shopkeepers . 2
Taverns . 2
Artisans . 11

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels,
Wheat . 14,890
Oats . 1.3,400
Barley . 1,300

Bushels.
Peas . 3,000
Buck-wheat 300

Bushels.
Indian corn 2,010
Potatoes 20,000

Live Stock.

Horses . 460
Oxen . 610

Cows . 901
Sheep . 2,200

Swine . 605

Bona venture, county, in the inferior district
of Gaspe, is bounded e. and n. by the co. of Gasp6,
and consists of such part of the inferior district of

Gasp6 as is included between the co. of Grasp6 and
the district of Quebec, including aU the islands in
front thereof, in whole or in part, nearest to the
CO., which comprises the Seigniory of Shoolbred,
the Indian Village of Mission and the settlements
above and below the same on the north of the
river Ristigouche, the townships or settlements
of Carlton, Maria, Richmond, Hamilton including
Bonaventure, pox including the town of New
Carlisle, Hope including Paspebiac, La NouveUe
and Port Daniel. — The length of this co. in front
is 166 m., its greatest depth 47, and its narrowest
part, at Seminac river, is 21, and it contains 4014
sq. m. — The centre on the r. Ristigouche is in
lat. 48° 3' N., Ion. QG" 35' w.— It sends one mem-
ber to the provincial parliament and the places of
election are Richmond and Hope. — The popula-
tion is a mixture of Arcadians, English, Irish,
Scotch and Canadians. — The extensive front of
this CO. stretching from Point Macquereau on the
B. to the Cross near the rise of the s. branch of
the B. Wagansis on the w., affords considerable
advantages : the bay of Chaleurs and the r. Ri-
stigouche, with the numerous bays and coves with
which they are indented, supply numerous and
productive cod-fisheries, for which the d. of Graspe
is particularly noted. — There is much land in this
CO. well adapted for the cultivation of grain in
general and also for hemp and flax. — The land on
the Bay of Chaleurs, from Port Daniel to New
Richmond, a distance of more than fifty miles,
extending, on an average, two miles inland, is
a rich soil consisting of red clay covered with a
thick coating of vegetable mould, easy of culti-
vation and producing the finest crops. The tim-
ber upon it is black birch and maple, interspersed
with white birch of large growth, pine, spruce,
fir and white cedar. On the Ristigouche are some

fine spots of meadow and interval lands. The

settlers have cleared, upon an average, about 15
acres upon their lots, which consist of 100 acres
upon a front of 3 acres ; the old French custom.
The lots in the proposed new townships are di-
rected to be laid off in farms of 105 acres upon
fronts of 20 chains, which is considered a very
great improvement. Towards the front the lands
are generally low and gradually rise to the high
table land, that spreads over the interior of the
peninsula formed by the St. Lawrence and Cha-
leurs Bay. From this high land descend the

BON

rivers ttat fall into the St. Lawrence and the
bays of Gaspe and Chaleurs. This part of the
interior, however, has never been explored; our
knowledge of it is founded on the reports of In-
dians and hunters. — This co. is abundantly wa-
tered by numerous rivers : the principal are the

Ristigouche
Matapediach
Great Cascapediac
Little Cascapediac
Bonaventuie
Great NouveUe
Little NouveUe
East NouveUe

Semiiiac

Mistoue

Gad uamgoushout

Goummitz

Pscudy

Wembrook

Great Wagansis

Little Wagansis.

The principal bays, &c. in the front are

Port Daniel
Larger NouveUe
New Carlisle Harbour
Paspebiac Cove
Bonaveuture Harbour
Bay of Good Fortune

Black Cove
Cascapediac Bay
Richmond Harbour
Traquadigach Bay
Carleton Basin
Ristigouche Bay.

The timber is tolerably good, with large quan-
tities of pine fit for masting merchant vessels, but
too small for ships of the line. — The only road of
communication is along the front, and its improve-
ment has been advanced by the judicious expendi-
ture of a sum of money voted by the colonial le-
gislature for that purpose. Much benefit will
arise to this co. and the whole district of Gaspe
from the continuation of Kempt Road, which
runs from the Ristigouche, along the Matapediach
river and lake, and extends to the n. bank of the
St. Lawrence through the S. of Mitis. As this
road joins the former, a communication is thus
opened from Quebec, vM Mitis, to Douglass town
on the shore of Gaspe Bay.

Statistics of the County of Bonaveuture.

Population 5110
Churches, R. C. 10
Presbyteries 3
Curates . 1
Towns . 1

Court-bouses 1
Gaols . I

Villages . 2

Houses in do. 138
Just, of peace 8

Shopkeepers 19
Artisans . 34>
River-craft 49
Tonnage . 3675
Keel-boats 297

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce.
Peas

Bushels.
11,1.S0
13,095

Bushels.
■ 1,600

Bushels.

Potatoes 57,710

Live Stock.

4271 Cows
951 1 Sheep

1086 1 Swine
34421

3220

BoNAVENTURB, isle, in the co. of Gaspe, lies
between Cape Despair and Mai Bay, in the Gulf

of St. Lawrence, and is a little more than 1 m. from
Percd Rock on the main land. This isle is little
better than a barren rock, yet a few persons are
hardy enough to winter there for the sake of re-
taining possession of the fishing places they occu-
pied during summer.

BoNAVENTURB, river, rises in high lands near
the centre of the t. of Cox. It runs s. w. and,
entering the t. of Hamilton, falls near the di-
vision-line into the Bay of Chaleurs, forming an
excellent harbour for vessels of any size.

BoNAVENTURB, seiguioiy, was forfeited to the
Crown in 1785 in consequence of its never having
been taken possession of by the original grantees.
It now forms a part of the townships of Hamilton
and Cox.

Title — '• Concession du 23me Avril, 1697, faite par
Lotiis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendaiit,
au Sieur de la Croix, de la riviere de Bunavunture, avec
deux lieues de terre de front, savoir; une demi lieue d'un
cote de la dite riviere au Sud-ouest, en allant vers Kisca-
biriac, et une lieue et demie de I'autre au Nord-est, tirant
vers Paxp^Mac, sur quatrc lieues .de profondeur, avec los
isle.s, islets et battures qui se trouveront dans la dite eten-
due; le tout situc dans le fond de ]a,Buie des Chaleurs." —
Rigistre d'Intendance, JVo. 5, folio 14.

BoNAVENTURB (V.), V. HAMILTON, T.

BoNSECOURS (P.), V. Petite Nation, S.

BoNSECouRs, seigniory, in the co. of L'Islet,
fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded, n. k. by
the S, of Islet, s. w. by the S. of Vincelot and its
augmentation and by waste lands in the rear.
It is 74 arpents broad by 2 leagues deep. —
Granted to Sieur VUleneuve, Apr. 16, 1687- —
This S. diflTers but little from that of Vincelot,
which joins it, in soil and timber. About one
half may be under cultivation and is very well
inhabited. The system of agriculture is good and
well adapted to the land, which towards the river
lies low, with the exception of a trifling ridge that
runs nearly from one side to the other : in the
rear it is rough and mountainous. — Some good
timber, particularly pine, is produced in the back
part of the grant. — It is principally watered by
the Bras St. Nicholas, the other streams being
very insignificant. — This S. forms part of the
parish of L'Islet or Vincelot. — Under the autho-
rity of the provincial parliament a road was made
in 1829, from the front road of the third concession
in this S., west of the church of L'Islet, to the
unconceded lands of the crown. It extends 175
arpents s., including about 7 arpents in the crown

BON

B O U

lands. The width of the road has been made,
wherever practicable, 24 ft. wide. 49 bridges of
various sizes and substantial workmanship have
been constructed on this road. The total expense
amounted to about £.450. The soil of the coun-
try through which the road passes is generally
good and fit for cultivation, with the exception
of certain hills or mountains hereafter specified,
viz., a high rocky hill at the beginning of the
third concession, at which the road commences
and over which it passes ; a high hill facing the
south, at the distance of 94 arpents from the be-
ginning of the road, at the foot of which the Bras
Riche crosses the road ; and another hill, at the
distance of 111 arpents from the beginning of the
road, lying south of the Bras de Nord Est, and
rising gradually towards the s. e.

Title. — " Concession du 16me Aviii, 1687, faite par
Jacques dc Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jeaa Bovhart, Intend-
ant, au Sieiir Villeneuve, de la quantity de soixante et
quatorze avjjens de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du cote
du Sud, sur deux lieues de profondeur, en cas qu'elle ne
soit conccdee k d'autres. Les dits soixante et quatorze
arpens tenant d'un cote aux terres des Dames Religieuses
Ursulines, et d'autre cote a la veuve Duquet," — Cahiers
(Tlntendance, 2 o 9, folio 295.

BoNSECOURS, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere,
between Desplaines and Ste. Croix, is bounded in
the rear by the former and contains about 1^ 1.
in breadth by 2 in depth. Granted July 1st,
1677, to Francois Bellanger. The banks of the
K. St. Lawrence are here high but the rise is
gradual. — This S. is abundantly supplied with
timber of good quality, and large quantities are
annually felled for firewood and sent to the Que-
bec market. — There is scarcely any water — The
S. forms part of the parish of St. Antoine.

Title. — " Concession du ler Juillet, 1677, faite par
Jacques Douchesnaux, Intendant, au Sieur Francois Bel-
langer, des terres qui sont le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du
cote, Sud,,entre celle qui appartient a la Demoiselle Ge-
nevieve Couillard, en remontant le dit fleuve, jusqu'a celle
de la Demoiselle veuve Amiot; contenant le tout une
lieue et demie, ou environ, de front, avec deux lieues de
profondeur." — Insinuations du Conseil Supirieur Icttre, B,
folio 88.

BoNSECOUiis, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu,
lies between the S. of Sorel and the river Ya-
maska, having the S. of Yamaska for its N. e.
boundar)'. Granted, August 8, 170^, to Sieur
Charon and is now possessed by Mrs. Barrow . The
same kind of land prevails generally through this
and the adjoining seigniories, of which but a small

part can be deemed of superior quality. Much
the largest proportion of this grant remains co-
vered with natural wood; but little good tim-
ber can be found, though the inferior kinds are
abundant enough.

Title. — " Concession daSme Aofit, 1702, faite au Sieur
Charon, jiar Hector de Coliere, Gouverneur, etJean Bochart,
Intendant, de deux lieues de terre ou environ de front, sur
pareille profondeur, le long de la riviere Yamaska, icelle
compris i. prendre vis-a-vis celle accordee au Sieur Rent
Fizeret, bourgeois de Montreal, tirant d'un cote a la Seig-
neurie du Sieur Petit, et de I'autre aux hcritiers du feu
Sieur Bourchemin, avec les isles, islets, prairies et battures
adjacentes." — Rigistre d'Jnlendance, No. 5, folio 35.

Bouchards, i.sles, lie in front of the SS. of

Vercheres and Contrecoeur, in the St. Lawrence.

— Granted, Nov. 3, 1«72, to Sieur Fortel.— The

largest is about 5 m. long and j m. broad. The

land, excepting some good meadow and pasture, is

covered with wood and produces some very fine

timber. The soil is excellent. These isles are in

the p. of St. Sulpice.

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Fortel,^es isles contenues
dans la carte figurative que le Sieur de Bccancour a donnee
et qui sont eottees A, reservant de disposer en faveur de
qui il plaira au Roi de celles cottes B." — Registre c[In-
tendance, Mo. I, folio 2.3.

BOUCHERVILLB (F.), V. StB. MARGUERITE, S.

BoucHERViLLB. seiguiory, on the s. side of the
St. Lawrence, is in the co. of Chambly; bounded
w. by the fief Tremblay, e. by the S. of Varennes
and by Montarville in the rear. 114 arpents
in front by two leagues in depth. Granted, 3d
Nov. 1672, to Sieur Boucher and now belongs
to Madame Boucherville. — The quality of the
land, if not of the first class, is far above medio-
crity, being for the most part a lightish mould
inclining towards sand, and, with careful hus-
bandry, by no means deficient in fertility. Nearly
the whole is under cultivation, and generally

produces very good average crops of all sorts.

The wood remaining is inconsiderable in quantity
and only of inferior kinds. — Two small rivulets
that fall into the St. Lawrence partially water this
S. towards the front, one of which works the seig-
norial mill. There is no stream in the lower part.
— A main road leads from the village of Boucher-
ville to the Richelieu and thence to Chambly:
several other roads, well kept up, pass through all
the settled parts of the S. — All the lands in this
S. were conceded prior to 1759, and have been
subdivided among a great number of inheritors.

B O U

whose mode of concession has not been unifornij
nor have their conditionSj rents, &c., been equal ;
for the particulars of these differences it would
be necessary to examine the contracts of each fief.
— The village of Boucherville is most agreeably
and conveniently seated on the bank of the river
St. Lawrence : it contains from 90 to 100 houses,
a church and parsonage-house, a chapel and a con-
vent or rather a residence for two or three of the
sisters of the congregation of Notre Dame at Mont-
realj who are sent here from the chief establish-
ment as missionaries for the education of females.
There is likewise a school for boys. In this place
many famihes, who still retain some of the titles
of the ancient noblesse of the country, have fixed
their residence and formed a society, in which
much of the ceremony and etiquette that used to
characterise the titled circles of the French nation
is still observable ; diminished indeed in splendour,
but unabated in precision. Many of these re-
sidents have built some very good-looking houses,
rendered rather- conspicuous by forming a strong
contrast with the major part of those belonging to
the other inhabitants, which are by no means cal-
culated to attract notice, for symmetry and pro-
portion seem to have been as much set at defiance
in their construction as regularity has been neg-
lected in the laying out of the streets. This omis-
sion, however, detracts little or nothing from the
general amenity of the situation. — The draining
of Boucherville Swamp, very properly, excited the
attention and public spirit of the provincial par-
liament and a sum of money, sufiicient for the pur-
pose, was accordingly voted. The commissioners
ascertained that it was the excess of water from
the S, of Montarville which overflowed the swamp,
and that it was impossible the water could be
made to pass off through that seigniory, although
it could readily do so through Varennes and
Longueuil. Proper water courses therefore have
been made, which, being established by law, will be
of great advantage to these seigniories ; lands of the
best quality having been rendered useless by the
sudden and frequent inundations which could not
be prevented. The whole of the parts of Boucher-
ville and Varennes (from the sources of the waters
which run eastward) lying near Montarville and
Beloeil, are now protected against the Montarville
waters, and may be cultivated with the greatest
advantage; the more so because the lands are

of the best quality. — The parish of Boucherville
comprehends all this S. and part of the S. of Mon-
tarville.

Statistics of the Parish of Boucherville.

Population 2,800
Churches, R. C. 1
Curates . 1
Presbyteries 1
Convents . 1

Schools . 1

Villages . 1

Corn- mills 2

Just, of Peace 2

Medical men 3

Notaries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans

2
2

2
21

Annual Agricidiural Produce.
Bushels.

Wheat 20,800 I Oats

Bushels. I Cwts.

18,340 I Maple sugar 27

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

1,206 I Cows
670 I Sheep

1,690 I
5,100

Swine

1,310

I'itk. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, 'par Jean
Talon, Inteiidant, au Sieur Boucher, de cent quartorze
arpens de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre
sur le tleuve St. Laurent, bomee des deux cotes par le
Sieur de Varennes; avee les isles nominees Percees." —
Cahicrs d'Litcndance, No. 4, folio 153.

BoUCHBTTB (L.), V. OqIATCHOUAN, R.
BOUCHBTTB (L ), V. CHATHAM, T.

BouLEAu (R), V. Whitb Birch, K.

BouLEAUX, Petite aux, v. Sagubnay, r.

BouRCHBMiN, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu,
is bounded s. w. by the SS. of St. Hyacinthe and
St. Ours, by St. Charles, Yamaska, and de Ramzay
N. B., and by Sorel n. w. — 1^ 1. in breadth on
each side of the river Yamaska, and 3 1. in depth.
Granted, 22d June, 1695, to Sieur Jacques Fran-
cois Bourchemin and is now the property of Mrs.
Barrow. — The part intersected by the Yamaska
is better settled than the neighbouring seignories,
but cultivation has not made a very favourable
progress and there is much woodland.

Title. — " Concession du 22me Juin, 1695, faite par Louis
de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au
Sieur Jacgices Francois Bourcliemin, d'une lieue et demie
de terre de front de chaque cote de la riviSre Yamaska,
icelle comprise, a prendre une demi lieue au-dessous du
ruisseau dit Salvayle, et une lieue au dessus, en lieu non-
concedp, sur pareille profondeur, courant Nord-ouest et
Sud-est, avec les isles, islets et prairies adjacentes." — R'e-
gistre d'Intcndance, JVo. 4, folio 27.

Bourdon, Isle, opposite the mouth of the r.
L'Assomption, was once remarkable for an ele-
gant bridge erected by — Porteus, Esq. over the
R. des Prairies, and which extended from the S.
of L'Assomption across this isle to Bout de I'lsle
at the N. B. extremity of the island of Mont-
real. This bridge was shortly after its erection

B O U

BRA

carried away by the waters and ice in the riverj
after the breaking up of the frost in the spring.

Titk. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, a Mr. de Repentigny, des deux isles
dites Bourdon." — Rigistre d'Intendance, JVo. 1, folio 6.

BouRGLOuis, seigniory, in the co. of Portneuf
and in the rear of Pointe aux Trembles, is bounded
s. w. by D'Auteuil, n. e. by Faussembault, and
in the rear by waste lands.— 2 J leagues in front
by 3 in depth. Granted, May 14, 1741, to Sieur
Louis Fornel. This grant still remains in its na-
tural state and no part is cultivated, although the
soil is tolerably good, especially on the K. St.
Anne, being principally a strong loam. — The tim-
ber is various and ash, beech, birch, pine, and
maple are found of good quality and large di-
mensions. — It is watered by the river Ste. Anne
towards the rear and by many small streams which
rise in the mountains s. of that river and fall into
the Portneuf.

Title. — " Concession du 14me May, 1741, faite par le
Marquis de Beanharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles tlocquart,
Intendant, au Sieur Louis Fornel, de deux lieues et trois
quarts, ou environ, de terre, sur trois lieues de profondeur,
derritre la Seigneurie de Neuvillc, appartenant au Sieur
Demiloise, bornee sur le front par la ligne qui s^pare la
dite Seigneurie de Neuville des terres non-concedes, au
Nord-est par la ligne de profondeur du lief St. Augustin
prolongee au Sud-ouest par une ligne parallele i la precc-
dente, a prendre sur la ligne du tief de Bilair aussi pro.
longee, et par derriere aux terres non-concedees." — Re-
gistre d^Intendance, No. 9, folio 8.

BouRGMAKiE, East, seigniory, in the co. of
Yamaska, is situated in the rear of the seigniory
of Yamaska and is bounded w. by the river of
that name, s. by St. Charles, and e. by De Guir.
It extends 50 arpents in front by nearly 2 leagues
in depth. Granted, Aug. 1, 1708, to Marie Fe-
zeret and is now the property of Mrs. Barrow. —
This tract is what the Canadian farmers term
very good land : in fact it is of rather a superior
quality, and, if moderately well managed, would
yield abundant crops of grain : at present about a
third part of it is under cultivation. It produces a
little good timber with abundance of the infer^r
sorts such as basswood, spruce fir, hemlock, and
cedar. — Besides the navigable river Yamaska it
is watered by the river David, that winds a very
mazy course and turns a grist-mill ; on each side
of this river there is a road, and another that skirts
the Yamaska. — The church has no resident curi,
and the duties are performed by the minister of
St. Michael de Yamaska.

Statistics.

Population

Churches,

Corn-mills

. . 371

R. C. . 1

Saw-mills . . .1
Potasberies . . .1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats
Earley .

Bushels.

3,003

2,900

200

Bushels.
Potatoes 2,995
Peas . 1,000
Rye . 60

Bushelb
Buck wbeat 100
Indian corn 120

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 137
. 14.1

Cows
Sheep

. 210
. 790

Swine . 298

Title. — " Concession du ler Aout, 1708, faite par Mes-
sieurs de Faudreuil, Gouverneur, et Baudot, Intendant, a
Marie Fiziret, etant un reste de terre non-concede d'en-
viron cinquante ai'pens de front sur deux lieues, moins un
arpent, de profondeur sur la rivifire Yamaska, tirant au
Nord-onest, dans la profondeur, joignant au Sud-ouest la
ligne de la Seigneurie Botirgchemin ; au Nord-est la ligne
des terres conc^dees au Sieur Charon; et au Nord-ouest
les profondeurs de la Seigneurie de Sorel, dans IMtendue
de la dite concession." — Registre des Foi et Hommage,
No. 112, folio 6'k.—Cahier d' Intend. 2 a 9, folia 2.S5.

BouRGMARiE, West, seigniory, in the co. of
Richelieu, extends from the rear of the S. of
Sorel to the R. Yamaska ; bounded s. w. by
Bourchemin and n. b. by Bonsecours ; about 60
arpents in front and 1^ 1. in depth. — Granted,
Aug. 1, I7O8, to Marie Fezeret and is now the
property of Mrs. Barrow.

Title. — " Et aussi au Sud-est de la dite riviere un autre
reste de terre non-concede d'environ soixante arpens de
front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, tirant au Sud-
est aux terres non-concedees, joignant au Sud-ouest le fief
St. Churles, appartenant au Sieur Fezeret, son pere, et au
Nord-ouest la Seigneuries de Lavalliire." — Bigislre des
Foi ct Hommage, Mo. 112, folio 64.

BouRG Royal, v. Notre Dame des Anges.

BoYER, river, rises in the rear part of Lauzon
S., and traversing the fiefs Martiniere, Livau-
diere and the augmentation to Beaumont, enters
St. Michel S., and, cutting off the western angle
of St. VaUier S., runs into the St. Lawrence
nearly opposite St. Jean in the island of Orleans.
This small river is about 30 paces wide sind so
obstructed by sand-banks, trees, &c., that the
lightest canoe cannot pass j but at its mouth it is
navigable, at high water, for small vessels of 30
tons. There is a bridge of wood over this river
free from toll.

Brandon, township, in the co. of Berthier,
adjoins the aug. to the S. of Berthier s. e. and
is bounded n. w. by waste lands of the Crown,
s. w. by the S. of De Ramsay, and n. k. by the
S. of Maskinong^: its n. e. limits are irre-

BRA

gular because Lake Maskinonge being in the S.
of that name no part of this township extends to
the lake. It is in other respects similar in its di-
mensions to other inland townships. It has been
surveyed and laid out in ranges and lots, and the
greater part of the lands numbered were granted
to the officers and privates of the Canadian militia
who served during the last American war. Some
few emigrants have been located in this t. and
12,000 acres have been granted, under patent, to
Edmund Antrobus, Esq., where at present there
are no settlements : in fact there are no settlers in
the T., with the exception of one English family
that arrived in the spring of 1820. The lands, up
to the 9th range, are generally of excellent quality,
and from the 9th range towards the n. w. the
surface is uneven and mountainous. — A road has
been made to the front line of this t. from the
rear of the last concession of the S. of Berthier,
4^ m. in length, under the authority of the pro-
vincial parliament. The road is good and prac-
ticable and is 18 feet wide, except in two places
where, from the great difficulties arising from
granite ledges which required blasting, the road
has been left 12 ft. wide. In aU situations where
the land was low or marshy ditches have been
made along both sides of the road. The country
traversed by this road is generally hiUy with easy
acclivity and descent, and although many ledges
of rock are to be met with the land is generally
fit for cultivation. The sum of £.300, appro-
priated for the making of this road, has not been
sufficient to enable the commissioners to give it
that degree of perfection which would be required
to ensure it from early repairs and give per-
manency to its advantages, although it now pre-
sents a smooth and easy surface with twelve
bridges of excellent and substantial structure :
the bridges must be materially injured and the
road much obstructed whenever passing tempests
shall uproot the contiguous trees, an event of
almost monthly occurrence. In addition, there-
fore, to the propriety of giving a greater per-
manent width to the road, it would be advisable
and highly advantageous to cut down the trees on
both sides for the space of -25 feet at least, to add
ditches where they might serve as drains, and to
blast the obstructing rocks; for these improve-
ments a further sum of £.150 might be sufficient.
It will be found absolutely necessary to continue
this road up to the centre of the townships, as the

only possible means of bringing it to that degree
of usefulness and general benefit that must have
been contemplated by the pecuniary grant of the
government, especially as it ends in the midst of an
impervious forest. It might be continued to Lake
Maskinonge for £.300, and, in a direct line, to the
front line of the 8th range for £.500, which would
be of still greater importance. — The t. jof Bran-
don contains an area of 40,000 acres of excellent
land ; the crown and clergy reserves being among
the best suited to European settlers. A portion
has been located to the select and embodied militia
who served during the last American war, and
these grantees, or most of them, will be so ex-
hausted by the expenses incident to their grants,
that they wiU not have it in their power to open
and complete this road of entry, without which
the labour and expense bestowed upon their lots
will be lostj whereas the following advantages
must inevitably result from the completion of it.
— 1st. The speedy settlement of a valuable town-
ship. 2d. Easy access to the crown and clergy
reserves. 3d. Immediate relief to the settlers
abeady established on the n. w. side of the lake
and now totally excluded from all communication.
4th. A great facility to the militia for the per-
forming of their location duties and their securing
to themselves the bounty of his majesty. — The
timber of this t. is generally of good quality and
many places abound with pine fit for masting.
Maple is also abundant and leases are granted
for the purpose of making sugar from that tree.

Statistics.

Population

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats .

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels.
■ 156
. 100

10 1

Bushels.
Peas . 10
Indian corn 90

Bushels.
Potatoes . 2000

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

291
20

Swine

Bras, le, river, rises in the parish of St. Gervais,
and traversing the aug. to St. Michel S. where
it divides the 5th and 6th concessions, falls into
the Riviere du Sud about half a league below a
grist-mill in the S. of St. Vallier. It is about 30
paces wide in the aug. to St. Michel, and so much
obstructed by sand-banks, trees, &c., that it is not
navigable even for the lightest canoe. Over this
R. is a wooden bridge free from toll.

B R O

Bbas de L'EsT, riverj in the S. of L'Islet,
about 11 yards wide.

Bbas du Oubst^ river, in the t. of Tring. A
road has been recently opened from this b. to
Craig's Road in Leeds.

Bbistol, township, in the eo. of Ottawa, is be-
tween Onslow and Clarendon and is bounded in
front by the H. Ottawa. It is but thinly settled
and has no regular roads.

Statistics.

Population

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats .

Bushels.
. 75
. 40

Indian corn
Potatoes

Bushels.
. 400
. 300

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen .

Cows
Swine

5
. 10

BromEj township, in the co. of ShefFord, is
bounded b. by Bolton, w, by Dunham and Fam-
ham, s. by Sutton, and n. by Shefford. — Some
part of the land is good, but other parts so moun-
tainous and rocky as to be unfit for culture ; the
best will produce grain of most sorts and hemp
and flax might also be grown in several places. —
On the N. w. side, where it is rugged and high,
some good timber is found and also great quan-
tities of good bog and mountain iron-ore. — Near
Lake Brome, about nine miles in circumference, a
few settlements have been made, that afford a fa-
vourable specimen of what may be done upon the
lands that are at all susceptible of tillage. Several
small rivers fall into the lake, upon which some
grist and saw-mills have been erected. The po-
pulation on the L. is about 600.

Statistics.
Population 1,314 1 Houses in do.

Churches, R. 0. I
Curates . 1
Schools . 5
Villages . 1

Corn-mills
Saw-mills
Potasheries
Distilleries

Just, of Peace 1
Medical men 1
Shopkeepers . 3
Taverns . 3

Artisans . 20

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

14^000

18,000

3,200

Bushels.
. 7,508
Buck wheat 2,096
Indian corn 3,390

Bushels.
Potatoes 28,200
Maple sugar,

cwts. 28

Live Stock,

550 I Cows
702 I Sheep

1,016 I Swine
2,650 I

813

BROMrTON, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is irregular in figure, bounded n. b. and n. w.

by the t. of Melbourne, s. by Orford, B. by the
river St. Francis and w. by Ely. In the u,
part and by the river the land is of a very fair
quality, fit for cultivation and likely to produce
good crops of wheat or other grain. The superior
sorts of timber consist of elm, maple, beech, bass-
wood and birch. The s. part is uneven, rough and
rocky and, generally speaking, useless, untracta-
ble land. — It is watered by several brooks and
streams and by a lake covering several lots in
the tenth and eleventh ranges and spreading into
Orford. — On the b. St. Francis, contiguous to
Melbourne, some settlements have been formed
on which are a few well-ciiltivated farms. —
The portages occasioned by the great and little
Brompton Falls are on the west side of the river
within this township. — The population amounts
to about 255. The principal landholders are Mr.
William Bernard and his associates, the original
patentees.

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

, 3,750

. 2,800

155

Rye
Peas
Potatoes

Bushels.

1,200

890

3,750

Bushels.
Buck wheat 180
Indian corn 900

Live Stock.

190 I Cows
200 I Sheep

300 I Swine
560

210

Bboughton, township, in the co. ofMegantic,
though somewhat mountainous contains much
land of a good quality. Many of the inferior
swells, if cultivated, would produce wheat and
other grain. Some parts are well calculated for
hemp and flax, and many other parts are tolerably
good natural grass lands. — Well stocked with
beech, maple, birch, elm, and other useful timber
besides abundance of wood of inferior quality. —
Watered by several branches of the Becancour,
some rivulets flowing into the Chaudiere and by
one or two small lakes. The n. w. half, consist-
ing of 22,000 acres, was granted to Messrs. Jen-
kins and Hall and is now the property of the
latter, who has made some progress in forming a
settlement and in cultivating a part of it and has
erected some mills. From this settlement to
the S. of St. Joseph, on the Chaudiere, there is
a moderately good road and another, under the
authority of an act of the provincial parliament,
has been opened from the r. Bras du Ouest in
Tring to Craig's Road in Leeds, 24 m. 43 chains

BUG

and 20 links. The whole extent has been opened
12 ft. wide and the stumps cut close to the ground ;
no ditches have been made at the sides nor has
any considerable bridge been made. The country
traversed by the road is mountainous but fit for
cultivation, and in some parts excellent soil ; there
are seven steep hills over which the road has been
necessarily carried. The road runs mostly through
the waste lands of the Crown and which are of a
description to encourage settlement. The sum of
£.300 currency has been expended in the exploring,
surveying and opening of the road; and £.150
more would cover the expenses of constructing a
bridge over the river Becancour (thfe only consider-
able stream, being one chain wide) and of cutting
the steep hills on the road. — The population is
about 75. — Ungranted and unlocated, 12,400 acres.

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats .

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels.
. 650
. 610

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.

. 100

1,050

Bushels.
Mixed grain 200

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

55 I Swine
110

BuuLEES Isles, v. Lauzon, S.

Bkuno (F.), v. Maskinongk, S.

Buckingham, township, in the co. of Ottawa,
is bounded w. by Templeton, e. by Lochaber,
in front by the river Ottawa and by the waste
lands of the Grown in the rear. — It is divided
into twelve ranges and each range into 28 lots
of 25 chains 71 links in breadth by 81 chains
QQ links in depth, making a superficies of 200
acres, exclusive of the usual allowance of five
per cent, for' highways. The first four ranges
and one-half of the fifth were surveyed and
marked in the field in 1802 with the exception
of the late Gapt. Robertson's 2000 acres, which
were laid out on either side of the river au
Lievre two years antecedent to that period. The
land in Buckingham is similar to that of the neigh-
bouring townships except from the fourth range
N., when it becomes more bold and conspicuous
and, rising to a greater elevation, is in various
places steep and abrupt. From the fourth range
s. to the borders of the Ottawa the surface is low
and generally level, occasionally rising and falling
in gentle slopes of fertile land, covered with large
and well-grown timber. The major part of the
first range is overflowed in the spring and fall

by the rise of the Ottawa, which copiously irri-
gates the soil and leaves, when the waters recede,
most wholesome and rich pasturage. The sur-
veyed part of this t. is most abundantly watered by
the river au Lievre and numerous inferior rivers,
streams and rivulets, which meander through
the T. in various directions and discharge their
waters into the Ottawa and river au Lievre. — n.
of the basin into which the r. au Lievre dis-
charges itself is a most propitious site for a vil-
lage ; but here the lands granted to the late Gapt.
Robertson are left in an absolute state of nature.
The next eligible position for a village is the
crown reserve. No. 10, in the second range, in the
proximity of the basin, half of which has recently
been located to an individual who might probably
surrender his claim if proposals were made and
compensation tendered. In that case the nearest
crown reserve to No. 10 would be appropriated
for the church and other objects. Mr. Bigelow,
the actual proprietor of a large portion of the
granted lands in this t., has commenced the erec-
tion of a saw-mill on the r. au Lievre and cleared
several acres adjacent. In 1827 he had cleared
above 400 acres ; 300 of which were, the year
preceding, in crops of grass, grain, potatoes, &c.
He commenced his improvements in 1824, and in
three years erected several houses, bams, stores,
&c. &c., and was stiU animated with a laudable
desire to make additional improvements for the
benefit of himself and other settlers in this and the
neighbouring townships. — Of the part of this
township that has been surveyed 16,940 acres
were granted under letters patent, in 1799 and
1803, to Gapt. Robertson, Elias Hawley, Wades,
Dunning and others. — The roads are bad.

Population
Corn-mills
Saw-mills

266
1
2

Statistics.

Potteries
Potasheries

Tavems
Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Rye

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

, 1,555

300

Bushels.
Potatoes 3,725
Indian corn 2,428

Hay tons 142
Maple sugar,

cwts. 25

Live Stock.

16 I Cows
20 I

26 I Swine

BucKLANi>, township, in the co. of Belle-
chasse, is bounded n by St. Gervais, La Mar-

B U C

B Y

tiniSre and Mont-a-Peinej n. w. by Jolliet and
Frampton and in other places by the waste lands
of the Crown. — The surface is much varied, in
many places rising into considerable swellsj with
intervals rather swampy but the soil is in general
excellent ; even the wet lands are by no means of
a bad quality. Every species of grain and grass,
besides hemp and flax, might be produced in great
abundance. — Principally timbered with beech,
birch, maple, ironwood, basswood and elm with
a great deal of cedar, spruce fir and black ash. —
Completely watered by several large streams and
branches of the Etchemin and many rivulets, on
nearly all of which are very eligible situations for
mills and much good meadow land along their
borders. — Large quantities of maple-sugar are
made here by the inhabitants of St. Gervais. —
Only i of the t. has been surveyed, which is now
the property of William Holmes, Esq. of Quebec.
— The rear concessions and the s. e. ends of the
central concessions are almost, if not entirely, un-
fit for agricultural purposes and impracticable for
roads being everywhere rocky, uneven, moun-
tainous and barren ; the hills bare of trees or ver-
dure are in general in the form of sugar-loaves,
perfectly precipitous on all sides, and so close to-
gether that the space between their bases rather
resemble ravines than valleys, and are covered
with rubbish, rocks, moss and decayed small
stunted trees. — The highest part of this hiUy
country is a ridge of lofty mountains rising gra-
dually from the s. angle of the t. and pursuing
a N. B. direction, after traversing the head waters
of the R. du Sud, terminates near the source of
the N. w. branch of the main stream of St. John.
In April, 1825, the average depth of the snow
on this ridge was ascertained to be 9 feet, while
in the t. of Frampton, at its base, it was hardly
20 inches — St. Roonaes Hill is a very high moun-
tain in the t. of Buckland about 2 m. n. e. of the
Crapaudiere Mountain in the S. of Frampton, and
is the highest land between the St. Lawrence and
the St. John in that direction. — Population about
30. — Ungranted and unhealed 20,000 acres.

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Hoi'ses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 49

. 75

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.
. 130
. 100

Bushels.
Indian corn 20

Live Stock.

Bullet Rivek rises near the n. b. side of the
T. of Ireland, and, running n. w., passes through
Craig's Road into the t. of Inverness, where, being
joined by other streams, it forms the k. Clyde.

BrjLSTHODE, township, in the co. of Drum-
mond, joins Stansfield n. b., Warwick in the rear,
Horton s. w. and the river Becancour n. w. —
The land is level and low with many swamps
and numerous brules, particularly towards the
centre ; near the river, and also towards the limits
of Warwick, the land rises a Uttle and is of a
moderately good quality: the swamps and low
lands are in some places of a sandy soil and in
others a black mould. On the highest situations
the timber consists of beech, maple and black
birch ; in the swamps cedar, hemlock and tamma-
rack. This t. is well watered by the main branch
of the Nicolet, and by several rivulets running
into the Becancour.' — One-half was granted to the
late Patrick Langan, Esq. and is now the pro-
perty of his heirs. — The only settlement is on the
R. Becancour, opposite to the t. of Blandford, and
contains about 40 souls.

Live Stock.

Horses

Cows

Sheep
Oxen

5 I Pigs
2

4i I Cows
1 1 Sheep

20 I Swine

131

BURTONVILLB (V.), V. Db LeRT, S.

BuKV, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is
irregular in its figure and bounded n. by Dudswell,
N. E. by Lingwick, n. w. by Newport and West-
bury. One quarter only has been surveyed, but
the land in general is of a moderately good soil,
very susceptible of cultivation and to all appear-
ance would furnish good crops of grain of most
sorts. — The timber is butternut, maple, beech,
ash, birch, cedar and basswood. — Many little
streams water it. — An intended road into the state
of Vermont striking oflF from Craig's Road, at a
place called Kemp's Bridge in the t. of Ireland,
will pass through it ; this route has been already
marked and blazed in the field and mile-posts are
iixed along the whole distance. — Ungranted and
unlocated 18,658 acres.

Bustard Bav, in the co. of Saguenay, on the n.
shore of the St. Lawrence, lies immediately below
the R. Belsiamite.

Bustard, river, in the co. of Saguenay, falls
into Bustard Bay, below Jeremie, on the n. side
of the St. Lawrence.

By Town, v. Ottawa, r.

C A C

C A M

Statistics.

Cabineau or Namjamscutcook, river, rises
in Long Lake in the co. of Rimouski and taking
a N. B. course enters the S. of Madawaska and s.
of the portage, 3 m. from Long's, falls into Lake
Temiscouata, a little below the v. of Kent and
Strathern. It is said to be 30 ft. wide but of no
great depth.

Cabinot (R.)^ 'V' Cabineau.

Cachee, river, rises near the s. w. corner of La-
naudiere, and traversing through the n. w. angle
of Carufel joins the Little Maskinongd R. in the
S. of Dusable.

Cachee, river, in the S. of Blainville, rises s.
of the Chemin du Grand St. Charles and near
the adjoining S. of Riviere du Chene. It runs s.
and falls into r. Jesus.

Cacona or Kacouna, fief, in the co. of Ri-
mouski, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded
N. E. by Villeray, s. by the Riviere Verte and
waste lands, s. w. by the S. of Riviere du Loup.
One eighth df this fief is in rocks and savannas ;
the whole is conceded and divided into 5 conces-
sions, which diminish in number of settlements in
proportion to their distance from the St. Law-
rence. In the first concession^ the soil is light
with a clay bottom, the ridge or highlands being
a mixture of sand and gravel. More than one half
is cultivated. The soil of the 2d and 3d conces-
sions is stronger and more clayey and is traversed
by a ridge of highlands susceptible of culture;
the lower part in the 2d concession presenting
the appearance of a valley. Several savannas or
plains are in both concessions and one-third of
each is cultivated. The 4th and 5th concessions
are more level and one-fourth of the 4th and one-
eighth of the 5th are cultivated. The 4th con-
cession is divided into two parts by the Riviere
Verte. — The wood on the highlands is birch and
maple and in the lower parts sapin, white thorn,
beech and cedar. — As there is no corn-mill, the
inhabitants are obliged to carry their com to the
Riviere du Loup mill. As horses only are used
in ploughing, the number of oxen is small. One-
fourth of all the agricultural produce and one-
third of the cloth and linen are sold : cloth at 2s.
3s. 6d. and 5s. per yard and linen at Is. 6d. to
Is. 8d. Every farmer on an average makes an-
nually SOOlbs. of butter, of which two thirds are
sold.

Population
Corn-mills
Saw-mills

1,169
. 1
. 3

Shopkeepers 1
Taverns . 1
Artisans . 23

River craft
Tonnage
Keel boats

. 30

. 2

Annual AgricuHural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats

Bushels.
7,900
5,800

Bushels.

Barley . 1,000
Mixed gr. 1,810

Hay .

Tons.
3,449

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 4^8
. 114

Cows . 1,055
Sheep . 5,800

Swine

687

Caille, a la, river, rises in the S. of St. Thomas,
near the boundary line of Berthier, in the co. of
Bellechasse, and running n. e falls into the St.
Lawrence about 1-J m. n. of the mouth of the R.
du Sud.

Caille, a la. Petite, river, rises in the S. of
St. Thomas, and runs into the St. Lawrence about
I m. from the mouth of r. du Sud.

Calamy, v. Calumet, b.

Caldwell Manor, ». Foucault, S.

Callemant, v. Calumet.

Calumet, Calamy or Callemant, river, in
the CO. of Two Mountains. The source of this b .
is unexplored, but it descends in two streams from
the unsurveyed part of Grenville ; one called the
Calumet, the other its east branch : they form a
junction about the centre of the fourth range in
Grenville, whence their united waters are dis-
charged into the R. Ottawa at lot 16 in the second
range. Its general course is s., the eastern arm
running neai-ly parallel to the river Kingham.
It is about 60 or 70 ft. wide and very rapid, and
is navigable to a short distance only. It runs
about 40 m. and makes fine falls for mills, and
near it are quarries said to be of marble. It
abounds with fish.

Calvaiee, lake, in the S. of Desmaure, is about
1|- m. long and lies between the Riviere du Cap
Rouge and the St. Lawrence. It will always ob-
tain a large share of admiration when viewed from
the surrounding heights, where it presents a rich
and diversified prospect, the margin being charm-
ingly varied by cultivated lands, here and there
broken by small woods and numerous clumps of
trees, rising by gradations from the water's edge
one above the other. This pretty little lake dis-
charges itself by a small stream into the St. Law-
rence 1 m. B. of the church of St. Augustine.

Camouraska, v. Kamouraska.

CamdSj river, in the S. of Berthier and co. of

CANALS.

Bellechasse. The Ruisseau Camus rises behind
the highlands in the front of the S. and runs
N. w., then turning suddenly to the N. it empties
itself into Ance de Berthier, on the s. shore of the
St. Lawrence.

Canals. — The advantages to agriculture and
commerce to be derived from the facilities offered
by artificial water communications are duly appre-
ciated by the legislature of this province, and va-
rious sums of money have been voted and applied
to this object with a liberality worthy of the im-
portant results that may be expected to flow from
such useful labours. Of these sums, amounting
to £ 180,000, about £ 130,000 have been expended
in the progress and completion of the Lachine
Canal, a fact that must prove more honourable to
the public spirit of the colonial government than
the most just and eloquent eulogium. The innu-
merable rivers of Lower Canada will facilitate,
and their numerous natural and impracticable ob-
structions will render necessary, a large number
of canals, in order to develop the almost infinite
agricultural resources of this increasing colony.
The experience of the past proves that these ne-
cessary labours have been successfully begun ; and,
as the prosperity and population of the country
increase, these enterprising efforts wiU become
more numerous and extended. The rivers and
lakes will ultimately connect the remotest town-
ships, and convey their produce into the broad
bosom of the St. Lawrence. Some canals have
been completed, some are in progress, and many
are in contemplation.

The Lachine Canal has been completed under
an act, passed in the 1st George IV., for making a
navigable canal from the neighbourhood of Mont-
real to the parish of Lachine. The commence-
ment of this canal, at first a private undertaking,
will be ever memorable in the commercial history
of the province ; for though it is not quite eight
miles in extent, its advantages are of the first im-
portance to the navigation of the St. Lawrence, on
which the prosperity of Upper and Lower Canada
most particularly depends. By means of this canal
two very great obstructions in the river are avoided,
Sault St. Louis and Sault Norman ; and had the
canal been continued a little farther to the N. E.,
so as to have entered the St. Lawrence below the
current of St. Mary, its benefits to the navigation
would have been still greater. As it is, however,
there can be no doubt of its immense utility, and.

notwithstanding the enormous sum expended in
its completion, its eventual profit. Although the
cost has far exceeded the original expectation, yet
the execution is such as to do credit to those who
effected the several departments of the work. The
rock and other excavations are well and neatly
done, and the locks and bridges are handsome and
made with a view to durability, being superior to
any in America and inferior to none in Europe.
It will hardly be credited, although strictly true,
that the gunpowder expended upon the rock exca-
vation by the contractors cost them above 10,000
dollars. — The length of the river basin and of the
adjoining. wharf is about 350 yards: the latter is
formed of stout timber placed obliquely on end,
well tied behind and carefully filled up with
earth, but it is impossible to speak decisively about
the effects of its pressure until it is tried. The
fences have been a source of heavy but Unavoid-
able expense ; therefore a railing of cedar, on a
more durable plan, being thought the most eco-
nomical, the commissioners have erected a very
strong and neat railing of that material along the
N. w. side, from the banks above the canal wharf
up to the bridge of the lower Lachine road,
which, besides being ornamental, wiU protect the
canal and allow of an excellent public walk in sum-
mer. Trees are here planted, which, if they suc-
ceed, will add to the appearance and form a shel-
ter from the sun ; these trees have been procured
and planted by means of voluntary contribution.
As repairs will always be occasionally necessary, the
canal commissioners still continue their services,
which however are given gratuitously. These
repairs are indispensable from causes produced by
the severity of the climate, which no artificial
means can thoroughly guard against ; but a great
eventual saving will arise from immediate repairs
being made when needful. These repairs, how-
ever, will be chiefly confined, for many years, 1st,
to the holes caused by the percolation of the canal
water through the banks where they are raised
above the level of the solid ground : 2d, to the
tunnels which convey under the bed of the canal
the natural streams : for when the thaw is sudden
these tunnels cannot at once discharge the accu-
mulation of water thereby produced, and a breach
may be the consequence if they are not properly
attended to. 3d, The passage of the Little Lake
or river Saint Pierre, across the cour.se of the canal,
cannot be avoided and must, every spring, be a

CANALS.

source of danger to the banks and of expense in
their repairs, which no art can thoroughly guard
against, as no tunnel for its passage under the
canal could possibly have been made of a magni-
tude to deliver, at once, the quantity of water
which collects in the low grounds between the C6tes
Saint Pierre and Saint Paul at the breaking up
of the winter. This tunnel is 5 ft. in diameter.
— The eventual profit that will arise from this
spirited enterprise is placed beyond doubt by the
following account of the progressive increase of
the tolls which have been annually received :

Amount of the Tolls collected on the Lachine Canal.

In 1821
1825
1826

£10 4
1260 10
2029 18

In 1827
1828

i£3051 16 6
3442 18 lOi

Abstract of the act passed (Mar. 14, 1829) to
establish certain rates, tolls and duties on the
Lachine Canal, and to provide for the care and
management of the said canal.

" ]. From and after the passing of this act the following
rates, tolls, &c. shall be payable on boats, &c. passing
through the canal ; which said rates shall be paid for tha
whole distance between Lachine and Montreal in ascend-
ing or descending the said canal, and so in proportion for
each and every mile of the said distance that any such
boat, &c., or merchandise or effects, may pass or be con-
veyed upon the said canal :

s. d.

Timber . . . per ton 3

Firewood in rafts . . per cord 1

Ditto, in boats or scows . . ditto 6

Boat or vessel, 5 tons and under each 6 3

Ditto, between 5 and 20 tons each 8 9

Ditto, . between 20 and 60 tons each 12 6

Ditto, above 60 tons . each 13

Merchandise and liquors . . per ton 1 9

Ashes . . . per barrel 5

Beef and pork . . ditto 3

Salt . . . . per ton 9

Flour or rice . . per tierce 4

Ditto . . . per barrel (• 2

Ditto . . . per J do. 1

Persons in a boat, not of the crew each 6

Horse, mare, bull; ox, &c. . each 6

Hog, goat, sheep, calf, or lamb . ditto 1 4

Wheat or other grain per bushel or minot Of

Stone , . . per toise 2 6

Lime . , . per hhd. 3

Shingles , . per thousand 3

Standard pipe staves . . ditto 15

Bundles of hay . . per hundred 1

" 2. Fractions of a mile to be considered a whole mile.

" 3. Boats, &c. passing below lock No. 4, to pay the
like tolls as if they had passed all the locks.

" 4. Boats and scows laden solely with firewood or
other timber, having passed down the canal and paid the
rates, exempted from toll in ascending, if unladen and
empty.

" 5. Governor authorized to appoint commissioners for
superintending and keeping in repair the canal, and to ap-
point a secretary, treasurer and toll-collector.

" 6. Commissioners not entitled to any remuneration
for their services.

" 7. Commissioners declared a body corporate. A sum-
mons served on the secretary, in any action against them,
sufficient to compel them to appear.

" 8. Commissioners may employ lock-keepers and other
assistants, and allow a reasonable remuneration for their
services.

" 9. Rates and duties to be paid to such persons, and at
such places near the canal and in such manner, as com-
missioners may direct and appoint.

" 10. In cases of damage done to the canal or to the
bridges, &c. by any boat, &c., such boat may be seized and
detained until the injury is repaired.

"11. Commissioners authorized, where the pro\'ince
ought by law or equity to bear the charge of making, &e.
fences along the canal, to agree with the proprietorsot
land, on which the fences are, to allow a reasonable in-
demnity for the trouble of making and keeping the same
in repair.

" 12. Tolls to be paid over quarterly to the receiver -
general.

" 13. Salary allowed to secretary, treasurer and toll-
collector, not exceeding 2001.

" 14. Secretary, treasurer and toll-collector, before en-
tering into the duties of his said office, to enter into bond
to his majesty for the faithful discharge of his duty.

" 15. Commissioners to render an account to the legis-
lature.

" 16. Continuance of this act not to exceed Dec. 31,
1831."

Chambly Canal. — Commissioners have been
chosen to carry into effect this important under-
taking, so necessary to the general interests of the
province, and particularly to all the settlements
near the n. Richelieu and the districts of Quebec
and Three Rivers. Its line of communication is
to run along the Richelieu from the Chambly
basin to the village of St. John in the barony of
Longueuil, a distance of 11 miles. A sum of
money has been appropriated for this purpose by
a vote of the Assembly, Mar. 22, 1823, and it
was then decreed that the undertaking should be
commenced as soon as the Lachine Canal was
completed. That enterprise was finished in au-
tumn, 1826 ; but no steps have as yet been taken
to open the Chambly Canal, excepting those of
surveying and tracing out the line. — It is sup-
posed that the objects of this canal might be at-
tained by a much shorter line and at a much less
expense than what will be required by the pre-
sent plan ; and it has been suggested, that if some
improvements were made in the navigation of the
K. Richelieu, a canal of five miles only would
be sufBcient. The improvements suggested to be
made in the b. St. John, or Richelieu, have been
thus detailed: — "Commencing at the rapids of
St. John, a channel 60 or 80 feet wide for crafts
drawing 4 or 5 feet water could be made over
these rapids by simply forming a dyke the lengtli

CAN

of the rapids. A bank answering for a towing-path
might be made of the stones and rocks in the rapids,
at the head of which an elbow might be carried out
the distance required to throw into that channel
ii sufficient quantity of water. From the foot of
these rapids to the head of Chambly rapids, there
is no other obstruction than a few scattered rocks
at the Mille-roches and a shallow place at St.
TheresBj each about six acres in length, and both
of which could be, at a trifling expense, made na-
vigable for a vessel drawing four or five feet of
water; the first by removing the rocks, the se-
cond by the junction of the two islands at St.
Therese. By this junction, the great body of
water which now passes over to the e. between the
two islands would be retained in the w. channel,
which would, it is believed, give a sufficient depth
of water. Should, however, the junction of the
islands not raise the water sufficiently, by putting
out an elbow from the head of the main island to-
wards the east, as much water as could be required
might be brought into the west channel, which
channel, being confined to a narrow space by the
island alluded to above and the main land, could
be raised to any height, as it would altogether
depend on the length of the elbow. — These im-
provements, as simple as they may appear to some,
and which it is believed would not cost above
5 or £6000, would undoubtedly give a navigable
river from St. John to the head of Chambly
rajjids, a distance of about seven miles out of
eleven, leaving only between four or five miles
of obstruction, viz., the length of CJiambly ra-
pids. From the head of Chambly rapids to the
basin, the river may perhaps ofifer but few advan-
tages. Should it therefore be found necessary
to cut through the land there, there is a fine
head of water ; and, it is said, by going back a
few acres, there is a ravine running through a
barren part of this section of the country, which
would offer many advantages to such an under-
taking. At all events, should it be found neces-
sary to avoid both ravine and river at these ra-
pids, it would be a work of minor consequence
when compared with the Herculean task proposed
by Mr. Price's fourteen miles plan, which, besides
the additional expense of making a canal seven
miles longer than necessary, would involve the
undertaking in an unavoidable and enormous ex-
pense for the purchase of the land, for the making
and keeping in repair the numberless bridges

that would be required and the fences that would
be necessary on each side of the canal."

Gremille Military Canal extends from the ba-
sin to Greece's Point, in the t. of Chatham, more
than 6 miles. It was opened by the two com-
panies of the royal staff corps belonging to the
military establishment immediately contiguous to
Grenville basin. This important work was con-
ducted under the immediate superintendence and
direction of Major Duvernet. This officer having
sailed for England with his company, the com-
mand at the Grenville station devolved upon
Captain Read. The canal is cut through the
solid rock in various parts, forming an aggregate
length of about 4 miles of rock excavation, to an
extreme depths in some parts, of 30 feet. Its
average width at bottom is from 25 to 30 feet,
and at top from 35 to 40, and the depth of water
is computed at from 5 to 6 feet. The object of
the Grenville Canal is to connect the navigable
sections of the Ottawa River interrupted by the
impetuous Long Sault rapid and other inferior
rapids below it, especially that in front of Mr.
M'Robb's property, at the foot of which he has
very judiciously laid out a village, now eaUed
Davis Village.

The Cascade Canal, in the S. of Soulange, has
been made in order to avoid the danger of passing
the cascades at the entrance of the St. Lawrence
into lake St. Louis. It is usually called the Mi-
litary Canal, and is constructed across a point of
land through which all boats now make their way
to the locks at Le Buisson. It is 500 yards in
length and is furnished with the necessary locks.
On each side, land 100 ft. wide has been relin-
quished by the proprietors of Soulange and Vau-
dreuil, which is reserved for public purposes. At
the entrance to the canal from lake St. Louis is a
guard-house, where a small party of military is
always stationed.

Cananshing (L.), v. O Cananshing.

Canards, aux, or au Caneau, river, is near
the B. extremity of the S. of Mount Murray. On
this little R. mills might be erected. It falls into
the St. Lawrence and its mouth forms a safe har-
bour for boats and small craft. The battures op-
posite extend about 8 or 9 m. and, being without
any useful vegetable production, they continue to
be the resort of immense collections of water-fowl.
— At Echavffaud aux Basques, near its mouth, are
large masses of iron ore in wide veins.

CAP

Caneau, au, V. Canards, n.

Canie, island, in the gulf of St. Lawrence
near the Saguenay coast, between the rivers Ma-
chigabiou and Chimepanipestick.

Canot, au, V. Toledo, r.

Cap a I'Aigle, v. Isle aux Coudres.

Cap a 1' Est, v. Saguenay, jr.

Cap Brulb, in Cote de Beaupre, S.

Cap de 1' Abatis, in Cote de Beaupre, S.

Cap de la Gribannb, in Cote de Beaupre, S.

Cap de la Magdelaine, seigniory, in the co.
of Champlain, is bounded s. w. by the river St.
Maurice, n. b. by the S. of Champlain and its
augmentation and by the St. Lawrence in front.
— The breadth is 2 leagues and its depth 20, ex-
tending N. into the interior. — Granted Mar. 20,
1651, to the order of Jesuits and has now de-
volved to the crown. — It contains 17,707 arpents
in concession and the greater part of the lands
conceded, as well as of the lands unconceded, are
not susceptible of cultivation. There is, however,
one concession of 40 arpents wholly settled, and
one of 20 arpents partly settled with 5 or 6
houses on the St. Maurice, below the Forges. A
small number of the non-conceded lands have been
enclosed, but there is no road to them. 800 su-
perficial arpents were conceded prior to 1759, at
the rent of un copre per arpent, at which rent
they still continue. — The few young persons who
take new lands prefer taking them near their re-
latives or friends, however inferior in quality they
may be ; and the soil of almost the whole of this
S. is a white sand. — The timber towards the in-
terior has attained a very fine growth. — Com-
pared with the great extent of the grant, a small
portion only is under cultivation, which lies prin-
cipally on the St Lawrence and on the St. Maurice
almost up to the Falls of Gabelle. The settle-
ments, however, are not remarkable for very good
management; the wheat and other crops, there-
fore, are but indifferent on land that might be
made to yield abundantly ; for the situation of the
farms on the banks of the rivers and the quality
of the soil are both favoui-able to agricultural im-
provement. — The Quebec road passes, almost close
to the St. Lawrence, by the ferry over the St.
Maurice to the town of Three Rivers. This ferry,
by which the established post-road is continued,
is nearly 2 m, across. The price demanded from
each person is 2*. Qd. and in like proportion for
horses and carriages; but about li m. higher up

the river there is another, where the charge is
only 3rf. each person, and 1 s. 3d. for a horse and
carriage. By the side of this road stands the
church with its presbytery. — At the mouth of
the St. Maurice are the islands Bellerive, au
Cochon, St. Christophe, La Croix and L'Abri;
they are low and almost covered with wood of
the inferior sorts, but afford some very good
grazing land. It was once in contemplation to
throw a bridge across this river opposite to Isle
St. Christophe: it would prove of great public
utility and, on a route so much frequented, such
an undertaking could hardly fail of being profit-
able. — Between Isle Bellerive and the main land
there is a very good situation for laying up river
craft during the winter, where they remain secure
in about 8 feet water, and escape injury from the
breaking up of the ice in the spring.

Population 572
Churches, R. C. 1
Curates . 1
Presbyteries 1
Corn-mills . 1

Statistics,

Saw-mills
Tanneries .
Shopkeepers
Taverns

Artisans
River craft
Tonnage
Keel boats

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxea

Bushels.

. 3,900

. 8,000

100

Bushels.
Peas . 1,200
Potatoes 7,900
Buck wheat 200

Bushels.
Indian corn . 60
Mixed grain 100

Live Stock.

180 1 Cows
135 1 Sheep

3601 Swine
720

270

Title.—" Concession du 20me Mars, 1651, faite par
Mr. de la Ferte, aux reverends peres Jhuites, contenaut
deux lieues le long du fleuve St. Lament, depuis le Cap
nomme des Trois Rivieres, en descendant sur le grand
fleuve, jusqu'aux endroits ou les dites deux lieues se pour-
ront etendre, sur vingt lieues de profondeur du cote dn
Nord, et compris les bois, rivieres et prairies qui sont sur

le dit grand fleuve et sur les dites Trois Rivieres." Re-

gistre d'Intendance, No. 2 u 9, folio 131.

Cap Chat, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, lies near
the N. w. point of the division-line between the
districts of Quebec and Gaspe and is bounded in
front by the St. Lawrence. — The harbour must
be approached with the greatest precaution, or
the mariner will be exposed to imminent danger.
As shipwrecks have frequently occurred here, the
provincial legislature has granted £150 per ann.
to establish a depot of provisions at the k. Ste.
Anne, below and near Cap Chat, for the relief
of shipwrecked mariners and others. A salary of
£50 is allowed to the guardian of the depot, who

CAP

is ordered to keep a register of the persons re-
lieved, the quantity of provisions furnished and
the names of the vessels vvrecked.

Statistics.
Population 29 [ Shopkeepers 1 | Keel boats . 4

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. I Bushels. I Bushels.

80 Potatoes . 250 1 Peas . 25

Oats

Horses
Oxen

Live Stoclc.

4 I Cows

5 I Sheep

7 I Swine
13

Cap Chat, river, in the e. part of the d. of
Quebec, cutting the division-line, runs into the co.
of Gaspe and soon falls into the St. Lawrence.

Cap D'Espoir, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, be-
tween Mai Bay and Little Pabos.

Statistics, including Ance d, Beaufils.

Population . 184 | Keel boats . 40

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels. I Bushels. I

600 1 Potatoes 3,700 1 Peas

Live Stock,

3 1 Cows
30 1 Sheep

301 Swine
80

Bushels.
350

Cap Maillard, w. Cote de Beaupke.

Cap Tourmentb, v. Cote de Bbauprb.

Cap Rosier, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
about midway between GriiBn's Cove and the ex-
treme point of Cape Gaspe, at the entrance of
Gaspe Bay. — Population 54; keel boats 4; an-
nual produce of potatoes 75 bushels ; agricultural
stock 1 horse, 1 ox and 3 cows.

Cap Rouge, river, rises in the highlands near
the rear boundaries of the S. of Desmaure. In
the serpentine course it describes in passing dia-
gonally through the S. it receives many small
streams froiri the right and left ; its banks are
elevated, but the eminence is attained by a very
gradual slope, or it may be said more correctly,
that it flows through a narrow valley abounding
in natural beauties of the most picturesque kind,
and possessing all the charms that can be looked
for in the most skilful landscape composition.
This r. enters the S. of Gaudarville and gra-
dually bending s. falls into the St. Lawrence near
the s. w. angle of that seigniory. Its course in

C A P

general is eminently beautiful and picturesque.
In Gaudarville it feels the attraction of the ebb
tide of the St. Lawrence so strongly, that at low
water its bed is, nearly dry, and can be crossed
with the utmost ease without the assistance of
the ferry-boat ; but at high water boats of con-
siderable burthen can enter it and ascend as high
as the mill, about | of a mile from the St. Law-
rence. At its mouth is an established ferry, where
boats and scows are always ready though not
always necessary.

Caps, des, river, in the S. of Blainville and
Lachenaye, rises in the concession Bouchetteville
and runs into the St. Lawrence opposite the most
eastward island of the cluster called The Pilgrims.

Cap St. Glaude, rivulet, in the S. of Vin-
cennes, rises in the plains that extend from the S.
of Montapeine and discharges itself into the St.
Lawrence. It works five mills ; one for carding,
one for fulling, another for sawing and two for
grinding corn. Near its mouth is a fall of about
150 ft., at the bottom of which is one of the com-

miUs.

Cap St. Ignace, fief, in the co. of I'lslet, is
bounded N. E. by the S. of Vincelot, N. w. by
Gagne fief, in the rear by the S. of Ste. Claire
and in front by the St. Lawrence. It is i 1. in
front by 1 league in depth and is the property of
Mons. Vincelot. No document relating to this
grant has been found among the records lodged
in the surveyor-general's office. — Well watered
by the Bras St. Nicholas, which runs transversely
through the middle of the fief.— Very little tim-
ber remains. — 3 concessions have been granted,
and 2 of them are settled. — This fief is moun-
tainous and rocky, except in the front concession
which, however, is not entirely without rocky
places and hillocks. Some rushes that grow here
are good food for cattle, and without which the
horses could not be supported. The horses are
generally of the Norman breed and with little or
no improvement. Orchards are more numerous
here than in other parts of the district. AU the
inhabitants living w. of the church carry their
corn for grinding to the Moulin a Carde in the S.
of St. Thomas, which is a loss to the seignior of
Cap St. Ignace. — The parish of St. Ignace com-
prehends the fief of that name with Goose and
Crane Islands (Isles aux Oies and aux Grues),
which are the property of Mr. M'Pherson and
contain several settlements, which with the salt

CAP

CAR

marshes are very valuable ; the proprietor has an
extensive farming establishment and rears a large
stock of cattle : the excellent butter which he sends
to the Quebec market in considerable quantities is
sold for Id. or 2d. per lb. higher than any other.

Statistics of the Parish of Si. Ignace, including

Goose and Crane Islands.
Population 1,803 | Churches, R. C. 1 ( Presbyteries 1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels

13,500

9,100

1,060

Bushels.
Potatoes 18,000
Peas . 1,222
Rye . 509

Bushels.
Indian corn 100
Mixed grain 1,000

Live Stock.

699 1 Cows
390 1 Sheep

905 I SwiHe
3,690 1

1,350

Cap St. Michel or La Trinitb, seigniory,
in the co. of Vercheres, joins Varennes s. w., the
fief Guillaudiere n. e. and is bounded by the aug-
mentation to Beloeil in the rear and by the St.
Lawrence in front. One league in front by H 1.
in depth. — Granted, 3d Nov., 1672, to Mons. de
St. Michel and is now the projierty of Jacques
Le Moine Blartigny, Esq. — A diversity of soil
prevails, the greater part of which is good, being
either a fine black or a grayish mould that proves
fertile when tolerably well managed. The whole
S. is under cultivation. — The rivers St. Charles
and Notre Dame run across it, and are sufficiently
deep to be navigable for boats of burden. — The
uncleared lands, scarcely half a league square,
afford hardly any other wood than the spruce fir,
a species of very trifling value. — On the rivers
are two corn-mills and one saw-mill. — Part of
the S. is divided into four small fiefs, held by
Messrs. Delette, Beaubien, Gautier and Monde-
lette, containing together -^ league in breadth by
^ 1. deep. — Two islands in the St. Lawrence, lying
in front of this grant, are appendages to it ; each
nearly ^ m. long and from 8 to 10 arpents broad ;
cattle are sometimes pastured on them.

Title. — " Le titre de cette Concession n'a pas ete trouv6
dans le Secretariat. Par un acte de Foi et Hommage,
Bendu le 3rae Aoflt, 1676, devant Mr. Duchesneau, alors
Inteiidant, il paroit que ce fief doit avoir une lieue de front
sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, situe sur le fleuve
St. Laurent, entre les concessions de Mr. de Varennes et
Laurent Barney, Sieur de Grandmaison, avee deux petites
isles vis-a-vis de sa devanture." — Rdgistre des Foi et Hom^
Mage, No. 7,1, folio 182, le lOme Fevrier, 1781.

Cap Sante (P.), v. Pobtneuf, B.

Cabiboo Mountain, v, St. Maurice, h.

Caribou, river, falls into the Saguenay a league
below the Chicoutimi on the opposite side of the
R., at a place called les Prairies, meadows that pro-
duce the hay that is consumed at the post of Chi-
coutimi. This R. is inconsiderable and for -^ mile
inland is one arpent wide. It runs from the hills
to the N. w. and forms a good harbour at its
mouth.

Cableton, township, in the co. of Bonaven-
ture, is bounded N. E. by the t. Maria and Cas-
capediac bay, s. by the bay of Chaleurs, w. and n.
by waste lands of the crown. — The land rises into
lofty mountains. — This t. contains two villages
and is watered by two rivers, the G. and L. Nou-
velle, and in its front lies Tracadigash bay. The
lands fit for cultivation are occupied and amount
to one or two concessions only.

Statistics.

Population 576 1 River craft . 18 I Keel boats . 2
Shopkeepers 4 1 Total tonnage 1350 |

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
2,352 1 Oats

Bushels. [ Bushels.

2, 100 1 Potatoes 15,400

Live SlocJc.

83|Covi's .
146 I Sheep .

200 I Swine
612 I

690

Carlisle, New, v. Cox, t.

Carupel, fief, in the co. of St. Maurice, lies
in the rear of the first part of the S. of Mas-
kinonge between Dusable and fief St. John. — 141
arpents in front by 2 l^gues in depth. Granted,
March, 1705, to Jean Sicard, Sieur de Carufel,
and is now possessed by L. A. Duchestiay, Esq. —
The land is good and fertile mixed here and there
with a reddish clay and sand. — Almost every
kind of good timber is found and some of the pine
grows to large dimensions. — The k. Maskinonge
traverses this S. from the n. w. by which the
timber felled here is sent down to the St. Law-
rence. — The part under cultivation contains some
very respectable farms and good houses by the
side of the main road. — This fief contains three
concessions, each having a road kept in good order,
and it forms part of the parish of St. Joseph de
Maskinonge. — 230 lands or farms are conceded
in 5 ranges, called, 1st, Ste. G6nevieve,- 2nd, n. e.
of the Ruisseau de Louniere ; 3rd, s. w. of ditto ;
4th, N. E. of the Ruisseau du Bois Blanc ; 5th,

CAS

C A X

s. w. of ditto. — About 12,000 arpents are in a
state of cultivation and about 9,000 unconceded,
the greatest part of which is fit for agricultural
improvement. — There is a superb quarry of lime-
stone ; also a species of potter's earth fit for paint-
ing. — The cattle is generally good, and the in-
habitants carefully attend to its improvement. —
The fief Marie-Anne is in this S. to the n. e.
of the R. IMaskinonge and enjoys the right of
hanaliti over the entire S. The rear joins the
S. of Lanaudiere. In Carufel are one private
school, 5 sawr-miUs, many limekilns, 3 blacksmiths,
many carpenters and wheelwrights and 10 or
12 joiners. — This S. produces from 20 to 25,000
bushels of wheat, 15,000 bushels of oats and as
much peas and barley.

Title. — " Concession du mois de Mars, 1705, faite par
Philippe de Rigmid, Gouverneur, et Frmifois de Beauhar.
nois, Jntendant, au Sieur Jean Sicard, Sieur de Carufel,
de I'espace de terre qui reste dans la riviere de Masqui-
nongi, dans le lac St. Pierre, depuis celle qui a, ete ci-
devant accordSe au Sieur Legardeur, jusqu'au premier sault
de la dite riviere, ce qui contient deux lieues ou environ
de front sur pareille profondeur." — Rigistre d' Intendance,
JVo. 5, fulio 40. Cahiers d' Intend, more authentic.

Cascade Canal, v. Canals.

Cascades, des (V.), v. Soulangb, S.

Cascapediac (G.), river, in the co. of Bonaven-
ture, rises in the rear of the t. of Richmond and
traversing over a great part of that t., enters the
adjoining t. of Maria near its s. e. angle, where
it falls into the bay of Cascapediac and forms an
excellent harbour for vessels of every size.

Cascapediac (L.), river, in the co. of Bonaven-
ture, rises in the rear of the t. of Hamilton and
running s. w. enters the t. of Richmond, where
it empties itself into Cascapediac bay about 6 miles
from the mouth of the Greater Cascapediac.

Cassimaquagan, river, runs from the e. into
the R. Matapediac, aflFording at its mouth a favour-
able site for a mill and an excellent situation for
settlers. It is said to be navigable for many miles
and abounds with valuable pineries.

Castor, island, at the n. w. end of l. St. Peter
and at the mouth of the b. Bayonne, is between
Randin and Isle Dupas.

Casupscull or Cosupsooul, river, in the co.
of Rimouski, rises in a l. towards the s. boundary
of the CO. It runs s. w. for the greater part of
its course, then taking a sudden turn more to the
w, soon enters the e. side of the Matapediac, and
is the largest stream that empties itself into that
river being navigable for 60 or 60 miles.

Cat, river, so called in Algonquin, meaning
Pole Cat, is a small stream running into the
western bank of the St. Maurice above the Upper
Matawin island.

Catherine's Town, v. Beauharnois, S.

Caudie, Grande, river, rises in a lake at the
N. E. angle of the T. of Dorset, running s. to near
the centre it takes a sudden turn e. and in the
5th range leaves the t. for that of Shenley, where
it falls into the R. Chaudiere near the s. angle of
that t.

Cawoqd, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, is bounded e. by Shorn, w. by Mansfield,
s. by Litchfield and n. by waste lands of the
crown.

Caxton, towliship, in the co. of St. Maurice,
is bounded s. e. by lands belonging to the Forges
of St. Maurice, s. by St. Etienne and Dumontier,
s. w. by Hunter's Town and N. by waste lands of
the crown. — Here are only a few settlers, although
a large number of acres were granted to the oflBcers
and privates of the Canadian militia who served
during the last American war. The t. is abund-
antly watered by numerous rivers and lakes,
among which are Lac O Cananshing and Lac des
Perchaudes. — As the value of the townships is so
much accelerated and increased by the formation
of new roads, the anxiety of the legislature of this
province ought, in that respect, to be duly appre-
ciated. The following extract from the report
of the commissioners appointed to open a road of
communication from the old settlements of Ya-
machiche to the t. of Caxton will prove that such
undertakings are easily executed, and will afford
some interesting information relative to this va-
luable though unsettled township. — The report is
dated Feb. 1, 1830: — "We proceeded to open
and complete the said road by day labour. Be-
ginning on the road of Picdure, about 12 acres
from the River du Loup, we opened a new road
across the concession of Picdure, beginning in_the
division line of one Gilmet and Lachance, and con-
tinued Northward to the next concession of Belle-
chasse, distance 24 arpents. The land in this
route is low with some hills intervening and
thickly wooded ; one arpent of which was cause-
wayed, five high hills reduced and made accessible,
and ten bridges built none of which above 18 ft.
long ; widening and completing the road on the
concession of Bellechasse (which had been opened)
to the land of one Callier, distance about 6 arpents.

C H A

From Bellechasse, on the line of Callier's landj to-
ward St. Joseph concession, a new road is opened
and completely finished to the concession road of
St. Joseph, a distance of 52 arpents, through a
thickly wooded country : in the course of this road
nine hridges were built, none of them above 18 ft.
long ; five hills reduced and made accessible and
2^ arpents of road causewayed. Arriving at St.
Joseph at lot No. 48, the road, which was merely
opened to the t., we completed by widening and
extracting all the stumps to lot No. 69, at the
township line, distance 42 arpents, in which eight
bridges were erected, none above 18 ft. ; six steep
hills reduced and made easy of access and nearly
one arpent of savanna causewayed, making in all
about 4^ miles. The whole of the road is 18 ft.
wide and where necessary ditched ; the stumps
are every where extracted and the whole line has
a beautiful appearance. Came to the place of be-
ginning and continued the road to the bank of the
River du Loup, below all the chutes and rapids ;
thus giving a communication from the township
of Caxton to the St. Lawrence by the river du
Loup, which from this place is navigable for
boats and rafts, and also a communication to Ma-
chiche by the roads of St. Joseph, Bellechasse and

Picdure A road was opened through the

1st and 2nd ranges of the t. to the distance of 52
acres, and also across the first six ranges and be-
tween the 3rd and 4th ranges lo lot No. 19; and
another road along the front line of the t. from
the 2nd to the 5th range, making in all, including
the road first mentioned, 15 miles. Throughout
the whole extent the land was found to be of the
best quality, the wood consisting of maple, birch,
beech, ash, &c. In some places the land is low,
where the woods are cedar, spruce, &c. These
places required to be causewayed or ditched, which
has been partially done. About £100 would
finish all the roads in this t. We believe that
with £150 we might be able to go over the
whole line, and complete what yet remains to be
done on the 6th and 7th ranges ; and also to open
a road between the 5th and 6th ranges to the
Great Lake, which would open a large tract of
very fine land."

Cbdrbs, des (V.), v. Soulangb, S.

Chaffers Brook rises in two streams near
the s. line of Inverness and towards the centre of
that T. joins the R. Clyde.

Chalburs Bay mav be called an arm of the

gulf of St. Lawrence and is bounded on the N.
by the counties of Gaspe and Bonaventure and
on the s by New Brunswick. The entire N. coast
of this extensive bay from the gulf to the river
Ristigouche, which discharges itself into the w.
extremity, is in Lower Canada. — This bay ex-
tends from E. to w. about 88 m. and its greatest
width is about 20. The navigation of the bay is
perfectly safe and the anchorage, every where,
so good that neither ship nor fishing-boat was ever
known to be lost. Storms are not more frequent
in this bay than at Quebec, and, although they
occur here oftener than at Perc6 and in the bay
of Gaspe, the air is more humid and colder;
about the same difference exists between the air
of Quebec and Montreal.

Chaloupb, G. and L., two rivers that rise in
the S. of Lanoraye and its augmentation. The
greater river rises in two branches w. of the church
of St. Elizabeth, and after receiving the Little
Chaloupe, increased by St. Charles Brook, it takes
in the s. w. branch and enters the S. of Berthier,
where it falls into the St. Lawrence nearly 1 m.
above the v. of Berthier opposite Isle Randin.

Chambly, county, in the district of Montreal,
is bounded n. w. by the river St. Lawrence ; s. b.
by the river Richelieu or Chambly, together with
all the islands in the rivers St. Lawrence and
Richelieu nearest to the co., and in whole or in
part fronting it ; s. w. by the n. e. boundaries of
the seigniories of Laprairie and De Lery, and n. e.
by the co. of Vercheres ; it comprehends the seig-
niories of Boucherville, Montarville, Longueuil,
fief Tremblay, Chambly West and the barony of
Longueuil. — It is 33 m. long and averages in
breadth ll^- m., and contains 211 sq. miles. Its

centre is in lat. 45° 28' 30", Ion. 73° 17' 30"

The population is 12,932, of which ^^ths are na-
tive Canadians and the remainder English, Irish,
Scotch, and Americans. — It contains 5 parishes
and part of the p. of Blairfindie, 4 villages and
the town of Dorchester (erroneously inserted in the
CO. of Acadie). This co. sends two members to
the provincial assembly, and the place of election
is Longueuil. — In agricultural produce and po-
pulation this CO. vies with most in the province,
and the quality of its soil is inferior to none.
The surface in general is extremely level with
the exception of the mountain of Boucherville,
remarkable for its conspicuous appearance and
height: on its summit are two beautiful small

C H A

lakes and a corn and saw-mill at the source of a
small river that runs s. w. and falls into the H.
Montreal about 1 m. w. of Chambly Basin: both
these rivers turn several corn-mills. The little
K. Montreal winds prettily through the co. in an
E. direction and falls into Chambly Basin. Be-
sides these rivers this co. is abundantly watered
by the h. Richelieu and the beautiful Basin of
Chambly, by which it is bounded on the b. and
N. s. — Numerous roads traverse this co. in every
direction : the principal are those along the rivers,
the BoucherviUe road, the Chemin k la Grande
Savanna and the Laprairie road. — Almost the
whole of this co. presents good and flourishing
settlements and lands in a good state of cultiva-
tion.

Statistics.

Population 12,932
Churches, Prot. 2
Parsonage-ho. 1
Churches, R.G. 6
Cures . 6
Presbyteries 6
Wesleyan chap. 1
Colleges . 1
Convents . 1
Schools . 3
Towns . 1

Villages . 4
Gaols . 1
Corn-mills 15
Saw-mills . 5
Carding-raills 4
Fulling-mills 3
Tanneries . 2
Potteries . 1
Breweries . 2
Distilleries . 1

Founderies . 1
Ship-yards . 2
Medical men 3
Notaries . 6
Shopkeepers 22
Taverns . 25
Artisans . 190
River-craft . 4
Tonnage . 21
Keel-boats . 5

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley .
Peas .

Bushels.
121,166
75,440
12,910
12,500

Bushels.
Rye 4,508
Buck \yheat 2,500
Indian corn 1,985
Mixed gr. 4,115

Bushels.
Potatoes 247,157
Hay, tons 30,029
Flax, cwts. 368
Butter,Gwts. 1,986

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 4,492 Cows . 6,466 Sheep . 9,872
. 2,852 Young cattle 2,437 Swine . 2,760

Domestic Manufactures.

Cloth
Flannel

Ells.
38,872
24,600

EUs.

Linen . . 31,100
Looms . . 307

Acres in Cultivation.

Under crop . . . 30,925
Fallow and meadow land . 60,580

Total in (

•ulture

91,505

Chambly (R.), v. RicheI/Ieu, r.

Chambly, East, and Chambly, West, in
the cos. of Rouville and Chambly divided from
each other by the b. Richelieu. — The extent of
each seigniory is 3 leagues in length by one league
in depth ; and both were included in one grant
to M, de Chambly, Oct, 29, 1672.

Chamhly, East, is in the co. of Rouville, and
is bounded s. e. by Monnoir; n. e. by Rouville
and Beloeil ; s. w. by the barony of Longueuil. —
The land, nearly level, is generally equal in qua-
lity to any in the d. of Montreal and is, nearly all,
under a very favourable state of cultivation: — This
part of the original grant now belongs to the heirs
of the late Lieut.-col. de Salaberry, C. B. and to
Lieut.-col. de Rouville. — The k. Richelieu or
Chambly, whose entire course in this S. is navi-
gable, by passing through the original grant, di-
viding it into E. and w,, affords many advan-
tages.

Chambly, West, in the co. of Chambly, is bounded
N.w. by the seigniories of Longueuil and Montar-
ville and s. w. by the barony of Longueuil: it
now belongs to Samuel Hat and Henry Bender,
Esqs. — There are no lands unconceded, and two-
thirds were granted prior to the conquest. The
concessions extend 3 arpents by 30 and the rent
is 1 sol tournois and a quart of wheat. — The
greater part of the youths in this parish are de-
sirous of forming new settlements; a few are
in a condition to do so and others are equally
desirous but want the means, and yet none will
settle in the townships. — The surface, like that
of E. Chambly, is level and the land is good, well
settled and cultivated.

Chambly Basin is a beautiful expansion of the
river, nearly circular, and about 1\ m. in diameter :
it is embellished by several little islands, covered
with fine verdure and natural wood, as ornamentally
disposed as if regulated by the hand of art. Three
of them lie at the mouth of the river Montreal ;
some smaller ones, called the Islets St. Jean, are
spread in a very picturesque manner, at the de-
scent of the rapid of Chambly j the dark-hued fo-
liage of the wood, that nearly covers them, forms
a pleasing contrast to the bnlliant whiteness of the
broken current. When rowing on this magnificent
sheet of water, in a fine day, the prospect is truly
enchanting. The three steeples of Chambly, Can-
ton and de la Pointe, nearly represent the ex-
tremities of a triangle, whose sides are bordered
with objects which by their size, beauty and
variety, most agreeably interest the beholder. —
On the rapids above the Basin are the elegant and
extensive corn-miUs belonging to H. Bender and
S. Hat, Esqrs., seigniors of East and West Cham-
bly respectively. These mills, 7 in number, work
24 sets of stones and are never in want of water :

C H A M B L Y.

their excellence tempts the inhabitants from every
part of the surrounding country, to a considerable
distance, to bring their wheat thither yearly; the
more so, as they are destitute of such an advan-
tage in their own parishes, owing to the want of
proper water-courses ; this is particularly the case
below the Chambly basin, where the comparative
stiUness of the river precludes the possibility, with
any prospect of advantage, of building mills of this
description.

1 Chambly Fort is on the w. side of the basin which,
when seen from a distance, has some resemblance
to an ancient castle : it was built (of stone) by
Mons. de Chambly, some years previous to the
conquest of Canada by the English, and is the only
one of the kind within the province ; its form is
nearly square, containing several buildings and all
the requisite means of modem defence which have
been put into substantial repair; the approaches
to the fort are not protected by any out-worksi nor
is there a ditch round it. Before the late hostilities
with America only a small detachment of about
two companies formed the garrison, but, when the
war began, the advantageous position and proxi-
mity to the enemy's frontier pointed it out as a
strong point d'appui, where troops might be as-
sembled and an extensive dep6t formed : during
the season for operations, in the years 1812, 1813,
and 1814, there was always a considerable force
encamped on the plain near it, which in the last-
mentioned year exceeded 6000 men ; during this
period additional storehouses and other buildings
were erected on the ground that has always been
reserved by government for such purposes.

Chambly Village,\]mh on one of the most beau-
tiful spots in Lower Canada, is in West Chambly
and on the bank of the Richelieu, not far from
the fort : it contains 90 or 100 houses, chiefly built
of wood, forming one principal street ; many of
the houses are elegantly built and shaded by lofty
poplars. At the s. end of the village are some
large and valuable mills close to the rapid of
Chambly, and near the mills stands a good manor-
house. This place is a great thoroughfare, as the
main road from Montreal to the American states
passes through it, which, with the continual re-
sort to the mills, occasions a good deal of activity
among the traders and mechanics, and contributes
very much to its cheerfulness as a place of re-
sidence ; among the inhabitants are reckoned many

of the most respectable families of the district, in-
vited hither by its agreeable situation. The land-
scape of the surrounding country is rich and well
diversified, aflbrding several very beautiful points
of view; and there are many spots whence they
may be seen to great advantage. The regular
and venerable fort, the mills, the little elegant
church of St. Joseph, houses dispersed among well
cultivated fields, the various woodland scenery
near and remote, the distant point Olivier with its
village and beautiful church, the more distant
mountain of Chambly or Rouville, the continual
change of objects on the basin and river, with the
singular appearance of unwieldy rafts descending
the rapid with incredible velocity, will amply
gratify the spectator's admiration.

Chambly College is in the village and is a flou-
rishing establishment, founded by Mr. Mignault,
the cure, aided by the principal inhabitants of
Chambly. The zeal and liberality of that gentle-
man on this interesting occasion, have been uni-
versally acknowledged. — This edifice is at present
only a one-sided building, to which two wings
will be added when circumstances require the ad-
dition ; it is 60 French feet long inside the walls
and 50 ft. broad. There are two stories above the
ground floor, which contains the kitchen, the re-
fectory and domestic ofiices ; the first story com-
prises the hall of recreation, 35 ft. by 25, a parlour
and the room of the principal ; and at the back are
the school-roomj the French school, the house-
keeper's room and a corridor. On the second floor
are the dormitory, 60 feet by 25, four chambers
for the tutors and scholars and a corridor. The
college is built on ground a little higher than
the street and is isolated from all other buildings.
The following inscription by desire of the founder,
Mr. Mignault, is to be inscribed on the building :

Fliimina saepe vides parvis e fontilaus orta.

The foundation stone was laid June 12th, 1826,
and the building was finished by the 1st of Feb.
following. It already contains 74 scholars who
receive an elementary, mercantile or classical edu-
cation. Boarders pay 20/. per annum and day
boys a piastre per month.

The Parish of Chambly, by a regulation con-
firmed by a royal decree. Mar. 3, 1722, extends
3 leagues in front along the k. Richelieu and one

C H A

league in depth on each side of that river ; the
frontage extends one league ahove and two leagues
below Chambly Fort.

Statistics of the Parish of Chambly.

Population 4.210
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1

Presbyteries 1

Corn-mills
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills

Founderies

Taverns

Artisans

1
3

Annual Agricultural Produce.
Wheat

Bushels.
38,000

Title. — " Concession du 29me Oct. 1672, faite par Jean
Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Chambly, de six lieues de
terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a prendr'e sur
la riviere St. Louis (Chambly) savoir trois lieues au Nord
de la dite riviere (deux lieues en deja du Fort que y est
bati et une lieue au dela) et trois lieues au Sud de la dite
riviSre." — R^gislre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 10.

Chamouchouin (L.), v. King's Posts.

Champlain, county. The boundaries of this
CO., as prescribed by the recent act of the pro-
vincial legislature, are found to be impracticable.
The act directs that it shall be bounded n. b. by
the CO. of Portneuf ; s. w. by the b. St. Maurice;
s. E. by the St. Lawrence, and n. w. hy the
northern boundary of the province. The a. St.
Maurice had not been so far explored, before the
passing of the act, as to enable the legislature to
foresee the difficulty that would arise in carrying
this part of it into execution. Since that period
the St. Maurice has been explored far into the
interior by the deputy surveyor-general, who has
discovered that its course runs so much more to
the N. E. than was expected that it entirely crosses
the CO. of Champlain and enters that of Portneuf.
By this unforeseen winding of the r. it is impos-
sible that the co. of Champlain can be bounded
both by the St. Maurice and the province line;
it is therefore more than probable that the course
of the St. Maurice will be preferred, being a na-
tural boundary and rendering the county more
compact than it would be if bounded by the pro-
vince line, which boundary would create confusion
in the administration of justice and be an inex-
haustible source of inconvenience between the
inhabitants of the counties of Champlain and St.
Maurice. Taking for granted that this co. will
be bounded by the course of the St. Maurice from
the St. Lawrence to Portneuf, it will be 66 m.
in depth by 23 in breadth and contain 783 sq.

miles. — Its centre on the St. Lawrence is in
lat. 46" 28' N., Ion. 73" 17 30" w.— By the act
above mentioned this co. contains the SS. of Ste.
Anne and its augmentation, Ste. Marie, Batiscan,
Champlain and Cap de la Magdelaine ; it also in-
cludes all the islands in the St. Lawrence nearest
to and in front of the county. It contains 5
parishes and the population is entirely Canadian.
The principal town or village is Ste. Anne. This
CO. sends two members to the provincial parlia-
ment ; the place of election is at the ferry nearest
to the St. Lawrence on the n. e. side of the R.
Batiscan. — This co. is exceedingly well watered by
rivers and lakes; the principal rivers are the Ba-
tiscan, the St. Maurice, the Champlain, part of
the R. Ste. Anne, and their tributary streams.
These rivers traverse the county in every direction.
— The land in the front of the co. is in general
level and the soil light,' but, towards the interior,
the surface is uneven, occasionally traversed by
ridges of hills, and the soil stronger with much of
it lit for cultivation.

Population 7,300
Churches, R. C. 5

Curfe
Presbyteries
Schools .
Villages
Corn-mills

Statistics.

Saw-mills
Tanneries
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries
Medical men
Notaries

Shopkeepers .
Taverns
Artisans
River craft .
Tonnage
Keel boats .

9
45

5
73

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Peas

Rye

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
41,773
68,300
608
10,390
1,100

Bushels.
Buckwheat 1,760
Indian corn 640
Mixed grain 4,380
Potatoes 238,516

Cwts.
Flax . 79

Butter . 2,432
Maple sugar 386
Hay, tons, 21,177

Live Stock.

2,3531 Cows
2,422 1 Sheep

5,7491 Swine
10,9481

3,482

Domestic Manufactures.

Cloth
Flannel

Ells.
7,040
5,443

Linen
Looms

Ells.

6,446
136

Champlain, river, rises in the S. of Cap de la
Magdelaine and taking a course n. e. traverses the
Aug. to Champlain and enters Batiscan where it
turns s. and after becoming the boundary be-
tween that S. and Champlain, falls into the St.
Lawrence.

C H A

Champlain and its Augmeijtation, in the
county of Champlainj lie between Cap de la
Magdelaine and Batiscan. The seigniory is li 1.
in front by 1 league in depth and was granted
Sept. 22, 1664j to Etienne Pezard, JSieur de la
Touche. The Augmentation, of the same breadth
as the seigniory and 3 1. deep, is bounded in the
rear by the t. of Radnor and waste crown lands ;
it was granted Apr. 28th, 1697, to Mad. de la
Touche, and the present proprietors are Mr. Munro
and Mr. Poole. — In the front of the S. the soil
is a yellow loam mixed with sand; in the rear
it is stronger and better, in many places so good
for the cultivation of flax, that it is to be re-
gretted that so profitable and important an article
is not attended to. — The timber is various and,
though not of first rate quality, is not too much
mixed with the inferior sorts. — This S. is watered
by the little river Champlain and by many small
streams, which rise at a short distance in the in-
terior and, winding down the gradual descent to
the St. Lawrence in little rivulets, cross the main
road, agreeably diversifying the meadows and cul-
tivated grounds along the front. The R. Cham-
plain works a corn and a saw-mill. — About one
third of this seigniory is cultivated in a neat style
and, by the side of the Quebec road, displays many
good houses with thriving farms almost wholly
cleared of wood. — A very small proportion of the
aug. is under cultivation; the remainder conti-
nues in a state of woodland producing some ca-
pital timber. — The narrows of the rivers supply
abundance of the fish called petite morue in the be-
ginning of winter, and in the spring considerable
quantities of eels are taken. The corn grown here
is consumed by the inhabitants, who sell a little
hay. The horses are, generally, of the Canadian
breed.

The Parish of Champlain, by a regulation con-
firmed by a royal decree. Mar. 3, 1722, extends
2^1. along the St. Lawrence, viz. from Batiscan
to fief TArbre k la Croix, from Champlain to fief
de Marsollet and from I'Arbre a la Croix to Cap de
la Magdelaine, comprehending the depths included
in these boundaries. — A few years since, the in-
habitants of the V. Hayotte in the p. of Champlain
were alarmed by the following extraordinary oc-
currence : a tract of land, containing a superficies of
207 arpents, was suddenly moved about 360 yards
from the water's edge and precipitated into the

river Champlain, overwhelming in its progress
bams, houses, trees and whatever lay in its course.
The earth thus removed, dammed up the river for
a distance of 26 arpents. The effect was instan-
taneous and accompanied by an appalling sound ; a
dense vapour, as of pitch and sulphur, filled the
atmosphere, oppressing those who witnessed this
awful convulsion almost to suffocation. A man
named Dube, who was on the ground at the time,
was removed with it to a considerable distance,
and buried up to the neck, but was extricated from
his perilous situation without sustaining any serious
injury. The course of the river being thus ob-
structed, the waters were swelled to a great height
by this extraordinary event. Dube lost an island
of 5 arpents, which he had on the river. Another
inhabitant, named Hamelin, also suffered a loss of
land, wheat and hay ; and a third, named Francis
Gossett, had his hay and grain destroyed. — The
parish church and parsonage-house are near the
road.

Statistics.

Population 75.5
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . 1

Presbyteries 1
Villages . 1
Coin-mills 1

Saw mills
Tanneries .
Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

2
12

1
15

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

10,400

240

242

Bushels.
Potatoes 173,500
Peas . 1,300

B ushels.
Mixed grain 1,300

Live Stock.

Cows . 475 1 Swine
Sheep . 1,440 1

360

Title.—" Concession du 22me Septembre, 1664, faite
par Mr. de Mesy, a Etienne Fezard, Sieur de Latouche,
d'une lieue et deniie de terre de front a prendre sur le
grand fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la riviere Champlain eu
montant sur le dit fleuve, vers les Trois Rivih-es, sur une
lieue de profondeur dans les terres ; la dite riviere Cham-
plain mitoyenne, avec ceux que occuperont les terres qui
sont de I'autre c6te d'icelle, avec tous les bois, pres, rivieres,
ruisseaux, laes, isles et islets, et gSneralement de tout le
contenu entre les dites bornes. — Les Jesuites ayant par
leur titre anterieur de Batiscan, un quart de lieu au Sud-
ouest de la riviere Champlain, cette Concession ne pouvoit
s'etendre jusques-la, mais avant I'annee 1721, Us cederent
a M. Latouche Champlain, ce quart de lieue compris entre
leurs borne etla dite riviere; et c'est ainsi que la Seigneurie
est actuellement bornee." — Insinuations du Conseil Supe-
rieur, Bigistre B. folio 7.

Augmentation. — " Concession du 28me Avril, 1697,
faite par Louis de Buade, Comie de Frontenac, Gouverneur,
et Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Madame de Latouche, de
trois lieues de terre en profondeur, joignant la derri^re de
sa Seigneurie de Champlain, sur tout la largeur d'icelle ;
tenant d'un cote au fief de Batiscan, et de I'autre au fief du

C H A

Sieur Hcriel. — Hertel ii'est qu'un arri^re fief, concede par
les r6v6rends PSres Jesuites dans leur Seigneurie du Cap
de Magdeleine." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 16.

CHAKLESBonRG, fief, village and mountains, v.
Notre Dame des Anges, S,

Charleston (V.) v. Hatley, t.

Chateauguay, river, in the co. of Beauharnois,
rises in several branches descending from the State
of New York into Hinchinbrooke, where it forms
the boundary line between that t. and Godman-:
Chester; whence it traverses the S. of Beau-
harnois separating Jamestown from Ormstown,
South Georgetown from North Georgetown, and
Williamstown from Annestown; it then enters
the S. of Chateauguay, waters the settlements of
St. Jean, and at the n. e. angle of the S. falls into
the St. Lawrence, washing two sides of Isle St.
Barnard. About the middle of the third con-
cession of Ormstown the Chateauguay receives
the river Outarde and, near the n. w. angle of
Williamstown, the united waters of North Creek,
Black River and other tributary streams. The
Sturgeon river, from the rear of the S. of Chateau-
guay, falls into it about 1 J m. below the church in
the Canadian settlements of Williamstown. The
Chateauguay is navigable to a considerable distance
above its mouth for bateaux, the smaller sort of
keel boats and canoes. Large quantities of timber
were formerly conveyed in rafts down this river
from Godmanchester and Beauharnois, but the
trade of this article has much diminished since the
settlements have increased.

Chateauguay, seigniory, in the co. of Laprairie,
joins Beauharnois, s. w., Sault St. Louis, n. b.
and La Salle in the rear ; the front stretches 2 1.
on the St. Lawrence by 3 in depth. — Granted
Sept. 29th, 1673, to Mr. Le Moine, Sieur de
Longueuil, and at present belongs to the commu-
nity of Grey Sisters at Montreal. — Through the
whole of this property there is very little variation
in the land, which lies nearly on a level and is
generally of good quality; the arable producing
very fair crops of grain of all kinds. — All the
lands or farms are conceded; about 100 were con-
ceded in 1 759, each, measuring 3 arpents in front
by 30 in depth, paying 1 sol tournois per super-
ficial arpent and a capon for each front arpent. —
There are some good ranges of settlements along
the borders of the St. Lawrence, on both sides of
the rivers Chateauguay and St, Regis and also in

the intermediate spaces, which may be reckoned
about one half of the whole grant and they
are under pretty good cultivation. This S. has
one village and on the west side of the Chateau-
guay, near its discharge, stands the church de-
dicated to St. John and on its banks are also a
corn-mill and a saw-mill. At the mouth of this
R. is Jsle St. Bernard, sometimes called Nuns
Island, about one superficial mile in extent and
very well cultivated. This isle is an appendage
to the grant and contains a house usually deno-
minated a convent, a term certainly misapplied,
for it will in no way answer the description of
such an establishment, unless the residence of
two members of the order to which the property
belongs may be allowed to convert it into a man-
sion of that description. — The r. Chateauguay
crosses this S. diagonally and is navigable as far
as the S. extends. The Sturgeon river rises in
the rear of the S. and in a winding course runs
through the w. division line into the S. of Beau-
harnois. The first waters of the river St. Regis
rise in the b. part and immediately leave this S.
for that of Sault St. Louis.

Population 4396
Churches, R. C- 1
Cures . 1

Statistics.

Presbyteries .
Convents

Villages
Corn-mills

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

28,000

22,000

5,000

Bushels.
Rye . 3,800
Potatoes 60,000

Bushels.
Peas . 14,100
Indian com 6,500

Live Stock.

1,219 1 Cows
1,450 1 Sheep

2,700 1 S\vine
7,500 I

2,600

Title. — " Concession du 29me Septembre, 1673, a Mr.
Le Moine, Sieur de Longueuil, de deux lieues de terre de
front, k commencer dix arpens au-dessous de la riviere du
Loup, en montant dans le lac St. Louis, du c6t6 duSud;
et de profondeur trois lieues, ensemble Wsle St. Bernard
qui est a I'embouchure de la dite riviere."— Fot et Horn-
mage, No. 48, folio 214, le 9,lme Fivrier, 1781. Cahiers
d" Intend. No. 10 a 1"], folio 425.

Chateau Richer, (P.), v. Cote de Beauprb,
S.

Chatham, township, in the co. of Ottawa,
joins GrenviUe, w., the S. of Argenteuil e., and
is bounded in front by the Ottawa river and
in the rear by Wentworth. This t. is 9 m. in
breadth and 12 in depth; its dimensions, divisions

CHATHAM.

and subdivisions are with few exceptions the same
as other river townships, some of its original
grants having been made in compact tracts or
blocks, which were subsequently laid out so as to
meet the exigency of the actual settlements made
previous to the survey. in 1803. The local po-
sition of Chatham is highly favourable, and the
lands may be divided into two classes. The first
embraces the lands comprised between the Ottawa
and the seventh range, which are generally level,
risingin some parts into gentle acclivities commonly
called maple ridges, and, in other places, falling by
easy slopes that terminate in extensive natural
meads that afford rich and excellent pasturage. In-
termixed with these are many small cedar swamps
which are not, however, of any material disad-
vantage. The land in this part of the t. is cal-
culated to produce hemp and flax and every va-
riety of grain raised in Lower Canada. The
lands composing the second class are compre-
hended between the seventh range and its rear out-
line and are higher and more uneven and broken,
being traversed in various parts by mountains and
high rising grounds, which are generally inters
mixed with intervals of rich soil. The hills are
in some places barren, particularly on the borders
of Grenville. Of this section of the t. -J may be
said to be fit for cultivation, and the lands to that
extent were located to Scotch emigrants in 1814,
who have since that period improved and culti-
vated a large portion. — The timber in this t. is of
a superior description, and, though considerable
quantities have been felled and disposed of, much
valuable pine and oak with some elm are still to
be found, also beech, birch, maple, &c. — This t.
is watered' by the North river, which enters at
the 5th concession on the e. side and returns to
Argenteuil at the 3rd concession ; and also by
the West river, an arm of the North river, which
strikes into this t. near the Argenteuil Chute
com and saw-mills, and runs through the centre
in a s. direction, and is navigable nearly 6 miles
through the Chatham lots, where, in the 11th and
12th ranges, it breaks into several lateral streams
and irrigates the surrounding country. The lots
are finely watered by the number of streams di-
verging from the extreme point of this river.
In the rear part are 8 or 9 small lakes, the largest
from 40 to 50 acres. By the Riviere du Nord the
timber felled in this and some of the adjoining

townships is floated down to the Ottawa. — The
•Grenville canal begins about 3 m. within this t.
— 34,669 acres are granted under letters patent
to various individuals : the following proprietors,
in 1806 and 1812, obtained lands in separate com-
pact tracts in the first four ranges uninterrupted
by reserves, viz. the late Col. Robertson, the late
Mr. McDougal, Dr. Simon Fraser, Lauchlan
McLean, John Robertson, and Daniel Sutherland,
Esq. with others of his family. The lands in the
5th, 6th, 7th and the greater part of the 8th
range, are also under patent and were granted
mostly to the persons above-named and to Wm.
Fortune and the late P. L. Panet whose patent
for 2,200 acres bears date as far back as 1799.
About two thirds therefore of the lands have been
granted within the last 30 years, when the -first
settlements in Chatham commenced. — 8,000 acres
are under cultivation. — The first range of this
township exhibits most prosperous and flourishing
settlements, with good houses and well cultivated
farms, especially along the public road. In the
second range neat farm-houses and extensive im-
provements are likewise to be seen, but they are
more scattered over the country. Beyond thefourth
range the vast tracts of granted lands, up to the
eighth range (in which are situated several blocks
of crown and clergy reserves) remain almost a
total wilderness, checking the advancement and
prosperity of the new emigrant settlement in the
rear third of Chatham, whose inhabitants are in-
dustriously contending against the disadvantage
of the want of roads to the Ottawa.* This new
settlement has, however, the advantage of an
easy outlet through the S. of ArgenteuU. — There
is a good road across the front continuing, along
the Ottawa, the main route from Montreal to the
upper townships on the bank of that river ; two
other roads lead towards the rear, one as far as
the 4th range and one as far as the 12th which
ends at Chute mills; another road lies between

the 9th and 10th ranges In this t. are two

public schools under the direction of the Royal
Institution, each attended by about 50 pupils and
conducted by male teachers. — Two saw-mills are
built on small brooks, one on the bank of the Ot-
tawa and the other in the 2nd range. — The cattle
are chiefly of the English and American breeds.
■^ — Linen cloth is made here to some extent, but
the principal articles of commerce are timber and

CHATHAM.

potashes. — The village is called Davisville and
contains

21 Dwelling-houses
2 Merchant stores
4) Taverns

I Blacksmith's shop

1 Tailor's shop

2 Carpenters and joiners.

The population is 1073 ; and the total quantity of
grain raised, chiefly Indian corn, is above 20,000
bushels, one third of which is sent up the Ottawra
to supply persons engaged in the timber trade.
— The inhabitants of the old jiatented lands in
Chatham are English, Scotch, Irish, Americans
and a few Canadians. The lands held under mi-
litary locations are chiefly settled by emigrants
from Scotland and compose the new settlements.
Scotch emigrants were located to lots of 200 acres,
which covered the residue of ungranted lands
in 1819, but 48 have forfeited their lots from
various causes. — The handsome and well situated
settlements on the front of Chatham, combined
with the prospect of the majestic Ottawa, together
with the flourishing settlements and neat villas
on the opposite shore, especially the village at
Point Fortune, form a coup d'oeil truly interesting,
particularly when it is remembered that all thir is
the work of about 30 years. — In front of the t.
are some small islands that form several rapids.

Chatham Gore. — The emigrant settlements in
the Gore in the rear of Argenteuil are chiefly
established on the borders of a fine lake about
1 m. in length by ^ m. in width. The land com-
posing this tract or Gore is in general fit for cul-
ture, and the front part has been recently surveyed
and divided into 4 ranges containing several beau-
tiful lakes, on the borders of which are the houses
of the new settlers. The surface is mountainous
and the soil rocky, but not so much as to prevent
the establishment of excellent farms. The soil is
a clayey sandy loam, for the growth of wheat and
Indian corn not to be surpassed, and is generally
fit for any other grain. The timber is chiefly
maple and beech, but there are many other va-
rieties of useful wood : the maple affords large
quantities of sugar. 1500 acres and upwards
are under cultivation : the annual produce per
acre is 20 bushels of wheat, 30 of Indian corn
and other grain in proportion. The average price
of labour is from 2s. to half a dollar a day, but in
summer agricultural labourers are scarce at any
price, the diflferent canals employing at high wages
all the superfluous population. Hemp could,

doubtless, be cultivated to great advantage and
flax is already grown on most farms. — Three
roads lead from the S. of Argenteuil, but they
do not afford a comfortable conveyance. If the
contemplated road to the Rideau should ever be
cut, it would of course tend materially to improve
this part of the country. — A meeting-house has
been lately erected, and the rector of St. An-
drew's performs service at stated periods. The
settlers in the Gore are all Irish and exclusively
of the church of England. — A school-house has
also been lately erected, and the scholars are from
30 to 40. — One of the proprietors of lands in the
Gore is Mr. Perkins, a naval ofBcer, whose re-
sidence is near lake Bouchette. Here are several
potash factories but no corn-mill ; the inhabitants
are obliged to take their grain for grinding and
their timber for sawing to the Argenteuil seig-
norial mills, a distance of 6 or 7 miles. — Here are
about 300 head of neat cattle, chiefly of a mixed
breed between the American and Canadian ; if
they are not so profitable as the new breeds they
are, at least, useful and hardy animals. — Several
beautiful lakes in the t. and the Gore abound
with trout, pickarel, eels and other varieties of
fish. The waters of lake Bouchette are clear as
a diamond and afford abundance of fine salmon-
trout : it is about one mile in circumference, and
is bounded by Chatham, Wentworth and the
Gore. These lakes, when the country becomes
more clear of timber, with the fine diversified hill
and dale scenery, will afford one of the most pic-
turesque and romantic spots in the province. —
When it is considered that only a few years ago
this whole tract of country was a dense forest, se-
veral miles from the residence of a human being,
it must strike every one with surprise that so
much has been effected by poor .settlers without
capital or any other resource but their labour.
Branches of each family having been in the habit
of working during the summer on the canals, they
have, by saving the produce of their industry, been
able to cover this extensive tract with their herds
and flocks. These people left their native land
with trifling resources, without patronage, guides
or protectors, and are now living in comparative
plenty without excepting, perhaps, a single fa-
mily ; and there is not a finer looking company
of militia in the province than the settlers of the
Gore.

C H A

Statistics of Chatham and the Gore.

Population 1,473
Churches, Prot.
Saw-mills
Potasheries .
Potteries
Tanneiies

Medical men
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Blacksmiths ,
Millers .
Millwrights .

Carpenters

Shoemakers

Weavers

Tanners

Masons

Tailors

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels.

13,500

9,000

Bushels. I
Potatoes 16,500 Maple siig.
Indian com 1,400 1

Cwts.
. 93

Live Stock.

226 1 Cows
325 1 Sheep

600
1,000

Swine

Chats, des, (L.), v. Ottawa, r.

Chaudibbe Falls, v. Ottawa, b.

Chaudiere or Kettle Lake, v. Ottawa, b.

Chaudiehe, river, in the cos. of Beauce and
Dorchester, derives its origin from the springs
and streams that feed Lake Megantic, which
separates the t. of Maiston from Ditchfield ; it
flows N. from this lake 46 m. to the s. of Aubert
Gallion and then n. w. into the St. Lawrence, a
distance of 61 m., making its whole course 102 m.
from Lake Megantic. — The first stream of any
magnitude which falls into the Chaudiere is the
K. Eugenie in the projected t. of Gayhurst; it then
forms the e. boundary of the t. of Dorset, where it
receives numerous tributary streams. The Chau-
diere is joined by the Grande Coude near the s.
angle of the t. of Shenley, and after receiving
many rivulets it becomes the partition boundary of
the S. S. of Aubert Gallion and Aubert de I'lsle,
receiving near the s. w. angle of the latter the b.
du Loup ; hence it proceeds to the s. of Vaudreuil
which it divides into two nearly equal parts with-
out being much increased, the small stream Touf-
fre des Pins being the only b. it receives in that
S., excepting perhaps one near its n. division
line, which is at present unexplored ; after this it
enters the S. of Ste. Marie which it traverses, be-
coming the partition boundary of the S. S. of St.
Etienne and Jolliet, and in its course receives nu-
merous additions but no waters of any note. It
then traverses the S. of Lauzon and, about 4 m.
from its estuary, receives the r. Beaurivage and
still nearer its mouth takes in le Grand Ruisseau
and then disembogues itself into the St. Law-
rence, about 6 m. below Quebec on the opposite
side of the river. — Although the Chaudiere is not
navigable throughout for boats or even canoes, on
account of its numerous rapids, falls and other

impediments, yet it maintains a character of some
importance, being equal if not superior in mag-
nitude to the St. Francis. — The length of country
which it traverses is about 100 mUes, and the
breadth probably not much less for the most part
than 30 ; the extent of land, therefore, which it
clears from redundant waters must be from 2,500
to 3,000 square miles. In breadth it varies from
4 to 600 yards, and its stream is frequently divided
by islands, some of them containing many acres
and covered with timber-trees : the banks in ge-
neral are high, rocky and steep, rather thickly
clothed with wood of indifferent growth ; its bed
is rugged and much contracted by rocks jutting
from the sides, which occasion violent rapids. The
descent of the stream over the different shelves oc-
casions falls of considerable height, one of which
is particularly celebrated for its beauty and sur-
rounding scenery, but the cause, which contributes
so much to the grandeur of its appearance, ren-
ders it unserviceable as a water communication. —
Although of no utility as a water conveyance, yet
the Chaudiere traces out a route whereby an easy
access may be had into the American territories,
during the whole year. From Quebec, along the
E. bank, there is an excellent road for about 50 m.
and thence a tolerably good one in continuation as
far as b. du Loup, where the Canadian settlements
at present terminate. — The most celebrated of the
Chaudiere Falls are about 4 m. from its mouth.
Narrowed by salient points extending from each
side, the precipice over which the waters rush is
scarcely more than 130 yds. in breadth and the
height from which the water descends is about as
many feet. Huge masses of rock rising above the
surface of the current, just at the break of the fall,
divide the stream into three portions, forming
partial cataracts that unite before they reach the
basin which receives them below. The continual
action of the water has worn the rock into deep
excavations, which give a globular figure to the
revolving bodies of brilliant white foam and
greatly inci^ase the beautiful effect of the fall.
The spray thrown up, being quickly spread by the
wind, produces in the sunshine a most splendid
variety of prismatic colours. The dark-hued
foliage of the woods, which on each side press close
upon the margin of the river, forms a striking
contrast with the snow-like effulgence of the fall-
ing torrent : the hurried motion of the flood, agi-
tated among the rocks and hollows as it forces its

CHE

way towards the St. Lawrence, and the incessant
sound occasioned by the cataract itself form a
combination that strikes forcibly upon the senses,
and amply gratifies the curiosity of the admiring
spectator. The woods on the banks of the river,
notwithstanding its vicinity to the capital, are so
impervious as to render it necessary for strangers
who visit the falls to provide themselves with a
competent guide. Few falls can be compared
with this for picturesque beauty. The best view is
to the left from a ledge of rocks that project into
the basin, from this spot the scene is surprisingly
grand ; the next point of view is from a parallel
ledge behind the former ; there is also another good
view from the ledge of rocks above the fall, look-
ing down and across the fall and up the river.

Chawgis or OcAU Droushta, a large lake
N. N. w. of Lake St. John. It is on the r. St.
Maurice.

Chenb, du, v. Du Chene.
ChehtseYj a projected township in the co. of
TAssomption. In this t. is a chain of mountains,
beyond which are 3 leagues of rich meadows on
which some persons, without any right whatever,
have mown upwards of 6,000 bundles of hay. On
these mountains are two or three lakes abounding
with fish ; beyond which for upwards of 6 leagues
the land is very fit for cultivation and produces
hard wood, oak, pine and a great quantity of
maple from which 50,000 lbs. of sugar are made
annually. — At the outlet of the lakes many saw-
mills might be erected. — Good roads are opened
as far as this t. — Some of the inhabitants of St.
Sulpice settled here before 1821 ; but, having lost
their settlements by means of persons who obtained
grants from the Crown, they declined settling
there.

Chbsham, a projected township in the co. of
Sherbrooke.

Chester, township, in the co. of Drummond,
lies between Tingwick and Halifax, and is bounded
N. w. by Arthabaska and s. e. by Ham and Wolfes-
town. This t. has great advantages in point of
locality with a soil, in every respect, fit for all the
purposes of agriculture though still remaining
almost unbroken by the plough. The timber is
mostly beech, maple, pine, birch, elm, basswood,
butternut, cedar, spruce and hemlock. — Watered
by large branches of the Nicolet and Becancour,
which wind through it in various directions. —
The whole t. has been surveyed and two quarters

CHI

of it were granted in 1803, one to the late Joseph
Frobisher, Esq. and the other to various indi-
viduals; the other two quarters have been located
to the officers and privates of the Canadian mi-
litia who served during the last American war.
Two or three farms are settled along Craig's
Road which traverses this t. diagonally. — Un-
granted and unlocated 4,975 acres.

Statistics.

Population . 10

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 40
. 30

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.
. 10
. 230

Bushels.
Indian com 18

Live Slock.
Cows

5 I Swine

Chevrotiere, v. La Chbvrotiere.

Chibouet, river, rises in the recesses of the
forest in the co. of St. Hyacinthe ; it waters the S.
of De Ramzay and, running in an irregular course,
falls into the R. Yamaska near the w. angle of
that seigniory.

Chichester, a projected township fronting the
Ottawa and lying between Sheen and Whatham.
It is watered by a stream called the Black River.

Chicot, fief, v. Dupas, F.

Chicoutimi Post, i^_King]s Posts. >

Chicoutimi, river, or Shekutimish which
means " farther out it is still deep," forms the s.
boundary of the peninsula near Lake St. John in
the CO. of Saguenay. It rises in Lakes Ouiqui
and Kenwangomi, between which and its fall into
the Saguenay, about 74^ m. to the s. w., are 6 or
7 portages, otherwise the Chicoutimi would be na-
vigable for bateaux ; but on account of the cascades
and rapids which render these portages necessary,
canoes only can pass up the r., with which the
inhabitants of the Post maintain a traffic with
those of L. St. John, the more direct communi-
cation by the Saguenay, through the Grande De-
charge, being impracticable. — Soon after the Chi-
coutimi has left L. Kenwangomi it fells 15 ft.
into a basin surrounded by high mountains, and
this fall causes the first portage, called Portage
des Roches or Assini Caputagan, which extends
200 yards and leads over the rocks which in
spring are covered by the h. The basin here
formed by the Chicoutimi is nearly | m. in length.
This R. then runs down with considerable swift-

CHICOUTIMI.

ness for about 1^ m. and is embanked by high
rocky hills rising to about 200 feet; there the
mountains terminate, resting about the region
of L. Kenwangomi, The land on the banks then
becomes level and appears to improve being tim-
bered vyith spruce, fir, pine, a few elms and cedar.
Occasionally on the left, when the fire has burnt
up the vegetable mould, the soil is discovered to
be rocky and barren. — About 3^ m. below the
Portage des Roches is the Portage de I'Islet, ox
Ministouki Caputagan, so called from an islet in the
middle of the k. ; this islet is longer than the
portage which is about 700 yards and lies through
good land, a rich dark loam timbered with black
birch, spruce, pine and ash. The river is then
divided into two channels by a large island ; the
s. W. channel is broken by cascades and rapids, and
the N. E. is a long rapid, which is frequently passed
down by canoes. — ^From the foot of this portage
to the Beau Portage, or Milow Caputagan, is two
miles ; the riyer averages about 80 or 90 yards
wide, its right bank being high and rocky, while
its left is good soil timbered with elm, ash, spruce,
birch and pine. On approaching the Beau Portage
which lies on the right bank the land is a light,
coarse, yellow loam possessing a great proportion
of sand and is timbered with spruce, white birch,
pine and some elm. Beau Portage, about 250
yards long, lies through tolerable land, chiefly
sandy loam timbered with white birch, red pine,
poplar and spruce and avoids the cascades about
20 feet in elevation. — 7i mUes hence is the Port-
age de r Enfant, or Washkow Caputagan ; the banks
of the B. exhibit in this distance much improve-
ment in soil and timber, the former generally an
argillaceous loam and the latter spruce, elm, ash,
fir, pine, black and white birch and some cedar.
The river, which varies from 4 to 6 chains in width,
is occasionally interspersed with well-timbered
islands, most of which are alluvial. The general
course of the river between Beau Portage and the
Portage de I'Enfant is about n. n. w. ; between
these portages the latest explorer met a canoe con-
taining an Indian family"; their astonishment at
beholding a canoe of strangers was singularly ex-
pressed by a smile or rather a silent laugh, for
which peculiarity the Montagnais nation is di-
stinguished by the Indian name Papinashuah,
which signifies laughers or sneerers. Four miles
from Portage de I'Enfant is Isle au Sepulchre,
which derives its name from having been the

burying-place of two persons who were drowned.
The Portage de I'Enfant, about 200 yards long,
is so called from an accident which occurred about
50 years since to an Indian, who, in passing this
portage, left a young chUd in his canoe which
was carried ofi" by the current and passed over a
very considerable fall without upsetting, to the
great surprise of the father and of aU who have
seen the place. The Falls of I'Enfant are between
40 and 50 ft. taking the cascades collectively. The
portage lies over tolerably good land, a yellow
loam timbered with spruce, ash, cedar, poplar,
elm and pine. From the lower landing it is but
20 chains across the basin at the foot of the falls
to the Portage du Chien, on the right bank of the
river. — The Portage du Chien also about 200 yds.
in length, leads over very good ground and avoids
a cascade of about 15 feet in height; it is tim-
bered with cedar, fir, birch, red spruce, white and
red pine. The land down the k. preserves that
character of fitness for settlement which it more
or less exhibits from the Portage de I'Islet, and a
few streams discharge themselves on both sides.
— 1^ m. farther down is the landing at the Port-
age de la Poussiere or Meia Caputagan, vulgarly
called Ka-Ka, at the head of a high fall which
at its edge is divided by a small island. The
portage is nearly 200 yds. long and the falls about
45 ft. — At the Portage of Chicoutimi, above the
falls, the river contracts to less than 25 yards while
opposite the portage it is about 120. This port-
age is about a mile below Ka-Ka. The land in that
distance is of an excellent description and the tim-
ber is elm, ash, pine, fir and some white birch. The
Portage of Chicoutimi or Shekutimish Caputagan,
2 m. in length on the left bank of the river, is
very level with the exceptten of a gulley formed
by a small rivulet near its s. w. end. — The Falls
of Chicoutimi are about 40 or 50 ft., tumbling
through a contracted channel over the rocks that
interrupt its rapid course into the basin that forms
part of the harbour of Chicoutimi. — From an
eminence, which overlooks the harbour, the noble
stream of the Saguenay is seen to flow in majestic
silence towards its confluence with the St. Law-
rence. Although not possessing the bold features
of L. Kenwangomi, the great breadth of the river,
the striking scenery, the group of buildings in the
foreground and the small solitary chapel on the
adjacent eminence, form a combination of most
interesting objects. — The banks of the Chicoutimi

C H O

C L I

are not above 30 feet in height near the E., but
at the distance of about 10 chains on each side there
is a second bank about the same height. The
timber and soil are the same as in the peninsula
formed by this r., the Grande Decharge and the
s. E. side of Lake St. John. — However safe the
harbour of Chicoutimi may be as to winds and
moorings, it cannot accommodate ships of consider-
able draught without their grounding at low water ;
for vessels that draw more than 1^ fathom cannot
reach the basin of the Chicoutimi River, on account
of the narrow channel between the shoals that set
out from Pointe aux Trembles and the Chicoutimi
Point, and in the channel the water is at most
but two fathoms. Outside of the shoal, which ex-
tends about 300 yards into the stream of the Sa-
guenay, vessels can anchor in 3, 4, or 5 fathoms.
Hearing Cape St. Francis about a mile below the
post. Vessels are also exposed to a very strong
current at the ebb tide, which would require their
being moored to the shore, besides the anchor.
The tide rises between 16 and 18 ft. perpendicular
in 4i hours flood. — The harbour and this part of
the Saguenay are frozen over from the 1st or 5th
of December to the 10 or 1.5th of May.

Chibns, aux, river, in Blainville, rises in a
small lake or pond about midway of the line that
divides that S. from the S. of Riviere du Chene.
It runs N. E. past the v. of Ste. Therese and with
a gentle inclination s. discharges itself into the r.
St. Jean or Jesus.

Chien, au, a small stream that runs into the
B. Saguenay.

Chigoubiche, river and lake, in the Saguenay
country. The River forms the lake and has two
branches forming an angle like that of the rivers
Richelieu and St. Lawrence. — The Lake is about
3 1. long and is shallow though deep enough to
carry large boats. It is separated by one carrying-
place only from Lake Chuamoushuane.

Chimepanipestick, river, in the co. of Sa-
guenay, runs into the mouth of the St. Lawrence
about 16 m. above the bay of Seven Islands.

ChINOUAGOMI (L.), V. KiGUAGOMI, L.

Chinouagomishish (L.),«.Kiqoagomishish.

Chipiloginissis, v. East Lakes.

Chissouematou, river, rises in the highlands
8. of Mistissinnys Lake and running n. w. falls
into the Assuapmoussoin not far from the l. in
which that r, rises.

Chomonchoan, lake, in the Saguenay coun-

try, not far n. from the l. in which the K. As-
suapmoussoin takes its rise.

Chossb, k la, river, runs into Lake St. John
from the n. w.

Christie Manor, v. Noyan, S.

Chuamoushuane Post, v. King's Post.

Chuamoushuane, river and lake. The river
runs into L. St. John and is navigable for large
bateaux for many leagues and farther up for
bark canoes; on the right and left are several
small lakes. Lake Chuamoushuane is formed by an
expansion of the r. ; it is nearly 7 1. long and is
shallow though deep enough to carry large boats.

Chub, river, runs into the St. Maurice from
the N. e , between the Iroquois rapids and the
mouth of Ribbon River.

Cinqs, des, river, falls into the R. St. Mau-
rice opposite Lower Matawin Island.

Clarendon, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is
bounded s. by Bristol, w. by Lac des Chats, n. by
Litchfield and e. by waste lands of the crown. —
It possesses numerous small streams, including
Prendergast river, all running into Lac des Chats
and the Ottawa ; and on the boundary-line sepa-
rating the 8th and 9th ranges are two small
lakes called Lake Irien and Decoy Lake. — This
township is but thinly settled in front and ha§ no
regular roads. It is the last t. settled on the n.
bank of the Ottawa and is 150 m. from Montreal.
—Ungranted and unlocated, 31,729 acres.

Population
Saw-mills

Statistics.

98 I Cora-milts .
1 I Potasheries .

1 1 Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen ,

Bushels.
. 430
. 4,50

Potatoes
Peas .

Bushels.

3980

Bushels.
Indian corn 1380
Map. sug. cwts 18

hive StocJc.

5 I Cows
14. 1 Sheep

111 Swine

Clifton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
joins Compton w., Auckland B., Eaton n.. Bar-
ford and Hereford s. The surface is mountainous
and broken ; the soil good and generally clothed
with birch, maple and beech interspersed with
spruce, fir, and a small proportion of pine and
poplar. The settlements are chiefly on the road
to Eaton in the 2d and 3d ranges, and in the
corner of the T. on Salmon river. The soil, which
is unexceptionable, would produce grain of every
kind abundantly. Some swamps covered with

C L O

COM

cedar and black ash spread in different directions
and might be drained with the greatest facility. —
The timber is spruce, beech, ash, maple, birch and
basswood; the spruce greatly predominating. —
Watered by 2 or 3 rivers and by many less consi-
derable streams, aU of which ultimately fall into
the St. Francis ; it is also watered by some small
lakes in which are trout, succors, chub, perch and
eels. — Though large grants have been made to
several persons since the year 1799, they have at-
tracted but few settlers. — The roads improve but
slowly, and there is one bridge. — At a private
school from 12 to 15 scholars are instructed. — The
population in 1827 was 60 and is now 83. — Un-
granted and unhealed, 1,000 acres.

Statistics,
Population . 83 1 Corn-mills . 1 ] Potasheiies , 2

Schools

■ 1|

Saw-mills . 1

Pearlasheries 1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 1,286
. 1,020

Bushels.
Barley . 90
Potatoes . 1,510

Bushels.
Peas . . 90
Indian corn 310

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 51
. 02

Cows . 78
Sheep . 170

Swine . 65

Clinton, townsliip, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is a small tract, only equal in dimension to the
quarter of a township. It is most agreeably situ-
ated at the s. extremity of Lake Megantic, joining
Marston N. and in other directions surrounded by
Chesham and unsurveyed wastes. The soil in
general is of the very first quality, exhibiting
inany large patches of luxuriant pastures. The
timber is pine, beech, maple, birch, fir, spruce and
cedar. — It is watered by the river Arnold and
some other streams falling into the lake. No part
is settled, although the t. abounds with numerous
excellent situations, where the land is fit for every
species of agriculture.

CiiORiDON, seigniory, in the co. of Bonaven-
ture, fronts the R. Ristigouche. The boundaries
of this S. were formerly settled by an agreement
between the heirs of R^ne d'Eneau and Mr. de
Fronsac. This S. extends from the mouth of the
R. Perccpic up the r. Ristigouche. — It has never
been settled and is now the property of the crown.
An historical account of it and its extent are in-
cluded in the title.

Title " Par Acte de Foi et Hommage rendu le 3me

Juin, 1736, par Jean Claude Louet, au nom i.' Anne Morin,
son epouse, veuve de Rini d'Eneau et au nom du Capi-
taine Rent d'Eneau, sou fils, pour le fief d'Eneau 11 paroit

qu'il exhiba uije ordonnance de Mr. de Cluimpigny, In-
tendant, du 28me Mars, 1691, annex^e a une rcquete,
faite par feu le dit Sieur d'Eneau, exposant que ses litres
lui avoient kit enlev^s par les Anglois, et demandant
d'etre maintenu dans sa possession de la riviere Ristigouche
avec huit lieues de terre de front sur pareille profondeur,
le long de la dite riviSre, et les isles et battures qui se
trouveront devjint de la dite ^tendue, avec droit de chasse,
peche, &c. La susdite ordonnance accordant le contenu
de cette requete, sauf seulement les oppositions que pourra
faire Mr. de Fronsac, Seigneur de Miramichi. De plus
un accord entre les hMtiers du dit feu Sieur Reni d'Eneau
et Mr. de Fronsac, par lequel Cloridon fut borne comme
suit, savoir, commenfant d Fentree de la riviere au Porcppic,
qui tombe dans celle de Histigoucbe, en montant la dite ri-
viire Ristigouche ; et que les rumls de vent des ierres du dit
Sieur d'Eneau soient Mord-est et Sud-ouest pour la pro-
fondeur, confortn^ment d ceux du dit Sieur de Fronsac, et a
I'igard du front ou largeur Sud-est et Nord-ouest." — Itls.
Con. Sup. lettre J), folio 53.

Ci/YDE, river, rises in Lake William in the t.
of Halifax, whence, through the line that divides
that T. from Inverness, it enters Lake Lomond,
taking an e. course. After running through that
t. it is soon increased by the Black River from
the N. and the Bullet River from the s. After
receiving Chaffer's Brook it runs to the division-
line of Inverness, near which it enters the r. Be-
cancour in the 14th range of the t. of Nelson.

CoATicooK or Kawatikouck, river, in the co.
of Sherbrooke, rises in the state of Vermont and
a little below the v. of Norton enters the rear line
of the T. of Barford at its s. w. angle ; then run-
ning along the boundary-line it enters the 7th
range of the t. of Compton and running through
that T., bearing to the N. b., enters the ^ik range
of the T. of Ascott, where, near the v. of Len-
noxville, it empties itself into the R. St. Francis.
— In Compton it turns Conroy's mills in the 5th
range and Pennoyer's mUls in the 2nd. It is so
much obstructed by falls, which form good sites for
mills, that its only advantage for transport is the
running of logs to the different mills.

CoLBKAiNB, a projected township in the. co. of
Megantic, bounded n. by Thetford and Ireland,
B. by Tring, s. by Winslow and w. by Garthby.
Watered by lake St. Francis and some small lakes
and streams.

Columbia Falls, v. Ottawa, r.

Columbia Pond is a small lake in the t. of
Hull at the e. extremity of the 5th range. It is fed
by a stream that rises in the 7th range, which passes
through the lake and conducts its waters to the Ot-
tawa a little s. of the estuary of the Gatineau.

COMEATHIBUB, (R.), V. KaCUATHIEUE.

CoMMissiONBRs' Lakb, in the co. of Saguenay,
is on the r, Ouiatchouan and is separated from

COM

CON

Bouchette L. by Blueberry hills. It receives se-
veral rivers, among which are Red river from
the N. w, and the rivers Davis and Gouldie from
the w.

CoMPTONj township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
joins Ascot n. w., Barnston and Barford b. e.,
Hatley s. w. and Clifton n. e. and is in no re-
spect inferior to Ascot. In various parts it has
many wide spreading but gentle rises of most ex-
cellent land thickly covered with pine, maple
and beech timber of fine quality and large size.—
Completely watered by the rivers Coaticook and
Moose, the former connecting with Lake Tome-
fobi and both with the St. Francis, besides many
less considerable streams near which are some
fine breadths of luxuriant meadow and pasture.
—An industrious population, about 1200 souls,
inhabit numerous settlements on the banks of
the rivers, where most of the farms appear to
be in a very thriving and excellent condition,
generally producing crops of wheat of excellent
quality, and in quantity far beyond the home
consumption. Many large patches of land might
be very beneficially employed in the culture of
flax and hemp. The principal rivers work se-
veral mills and there are some manufactories of
pot and pearl-ash. — Through the most cultivated
parts roads have been opened and bridges thrown
over the rivers, all kept in good repair, by which
a communication is formed with the main road to
Quebec and with the state of Vermont. — There
are a few traders and artisans, who, in following
their respective trades, create something like the
first rudiments of commerce and confer a com-
parative importance upon this increasing settle-
ment. This township was erected by patent in
1802, when 26,460 acres were granted to Jesse
Pennoyer, Esq. and several associates, much of
which was immediately cleared and is the best
settled and best cultivated part of the t. ,• the
greatest portion of this grant is at present held
by various settlers, M. Pennoyer having retained
no more than a sufiiciency for his own use. In
the year 1810, 13,110 acres in the easternly part
were granted to Sir Rob. S. Milnes, Bart., and
several lots of it are now in an advanced state of
cultivation ; the whole, from the general quality
of the soil, by a little industry and good manage-
ment, might be turned to a very profitable ac-
count. — 'The common price for clearing lands in
this T. is from 10 to 12 dollars an acre.

Population 1202
Churches, Pro. 1
Schools . 1
Corn-mills . 2

Statistict.

Saw-mills
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Potasheriea .

Fearlasheries
Shop-keepers
Taverns
Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.
Bushels. Bnehels. Bushels.

Wheat . 17,510 Rye . 2,000 Peas . 5,100
Oats . 13,160 Buck wheat 1,911 Potatoes 22,800
Bailey . 1,313 Indian com 4,130

Live Stock.
Horses . 803 1 Cows . 1 ISO | Swine

1270

Oxen

926 1 Sheep

2420

CoNNBCTicuT Lake, in the t. of Drayton,
forms part of a large k. of the same name that
runs into the state of Vermont. ,

CoNTRECCEUH, seigtuory, in the co. of Ver-
cheres, is bounded by BeUevue and Cournoyer
s. w., St. Ours N. E. and by St. Denis in the
rear. — Two leagues in front by two in depth.
-—Granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur de Con-
trecoeur and is now the property of the heirs of
Monsieur de Laperriere. — The land is rich and
fertile, in some few places flat and low but
almost every where in a favourable state of cul-
tivation ; it produces good crops of grain of ex-
cellent quality. So much of this S. issettled that the
tracts of woodland are insignificant, in proportion
to the whole extent, and in these tracts timber of
large dimensions is scarce. — The Ruisseau La
Prade, rising about the middle of the S., and
several smaller streams contribute to the fertility
of the soil and in their course work some mills.
— AU the lands are conceded and most of them
prior to 1759, on the royal terms. There are
five ranges of concessions of different depths, se-
parated by as many public roads intersected by
others running from the Saint Lawrence, and also
by the main road extending from St. Denis and
St. Antoine, on the r. Richelieu, to the St. Law-
rence, a distance of 2 1. whence there is a ferry
to La Valtrie on the opposite shore; the fare
is 2s. for a foot passsenger and 7s. 6d. for a
horse and carriage. In the second range of con-
cessions is the Brflle St. Antoine and in the
fourth Le Grand Bi-^6 : these places derive their
appellations from the method, sometimes adopted,
of clearing the lands by burning the wood upon
the ground where it is felled, after such parts of
it as are wanted for immediate use are removed ;
or else by setting fire to the trees and underwood
while standing : when once fairly on fire, they

COT

will often continue to bum for weeks before the
flames are subdued. How far the conflagration
has spread is shown by the blackened and scorched
appearance of the contiguous woods, and by the
many half consumed trunks and roots that remain
for years in the ground, being extirpated only as
the farmer's leisure offers convenient opportunities.
Accidental fires sometimes occur in the forests,
which, being spread by the wind, and no means
taken to extinguish them, occasion brfiles to a
great extent. — There are two neat churches and
parsonage-houses in this S. but no village; the
houses however are numerous, distributed along
the different roads in the concessions and towards
the banks of the St. Lawrence. — The group of
small islands in front, called Les Islets de Con-
trecoeur, is an appendage to the S.

Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par •
Jeati Talon, Intendant au Sieur de Contrecceur, de deux
lieues de terre de front sur autant de profondeur; a
prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis les terres du
Sieur de St, Ours, jusqu'a celles du Sieur de Villeray."—
Cahiers d' Intend. 2 d 9, folio 190.

Coo Coo Cash, river and lakes, in the co. of
Quebec, are between the rivers Flammand and
Vermilion which fall e. into the St. Maurice
above the North Bastonais river.

Copps Village, v. Stanstead, t.

CoKiBOu, river. This small stream runs into
the Saguenay just below Cap St. Frangois.

CosupscouL (R.) V. Casupscull. •

Cote de Beauprb, seignory, in the cos. of
Saguenay and Montraorenci, joins Beauport s. w.
and reaches to the r. du Goufire n. b. extending
16 leagues on the St. Lawrence by 6 in depth.
— Granted Jan. 15th, 1636, to Sieur Cheffault
de la Rlgnardiere ; now the property of the eccle-
siastics of the seminary of Quebec. — This very
extensive seigniory is more mountainous than any
other in the province, yet it contains a large pro-
portion of rich and fertUe land. The nature of
the soil varies much ; on the low grounds along
the front, from Beauport to Cap Tourmente, is a
dark-coloured mould of good quality, occasionally
mixed with sand, clay and marl ; on the higher
lands is for the most part a strong black earth,
which, as it approaches the mountains, gives place
to a yellowish loam. — Beech, maple, birch, pine,
hickory and basswood are very abundant, also the
inferior kinds, cedar, spruce fir, hemlock, &c.— •
From the N. e. extremity of this S. to Cap Tour-
mente, rather more than 22 m., is a strip of land

varying in breadth from -J- m. to 1 m. bounded n.
by an eminence of considerable elevation : the part
of this space not under tillage is very excellent
meadow land ; the outer margin, at low water, is
a continued marsh of not much less than 1 m. in
width visited by wild-ducks, snipes and plover in
amazing numbers. Beyond this level the ground
continues to rise by gradations until it reaches the
lofty mountains in the rear. Cap Tourmente is a
bold bluff point, rising 1892 ft. above the St. Law-
rence and a very prominent object; hence to Cap
Maillard, another bold promontory about 5 1. down
the river, there is a continuation of capes and
projecting points, which, varying greatly in their
size and height, rise abruptly from the beach;
at their base is the route called Le Chemin des
Caps, which is the only means of communication
between the two places and not passable at high
water. From Cap Maillard to Cap de la Baie,
nearly 3 1., is a narrow space between the river
and the rising ground in the division called La
Petite Riviere, similar to that westward of Cap
Tourmente, which is very well cultivated. Pro-
ceeding by the Bay of St. Paul and the river
du Gouffre, the country is exceedingly moun-
tainous ; but the soil is good, thickly inhabited
and well cultivated. — This seigniory is watered
by a great many streams running into the St.
Lawrence and the river du Gouffre ; the more
considerable are —

Montmorenei

Du Sault k la Puce

Au Chien

Ste. Anne

Du Domaine

Du Sault au Cocbon
Bras du nord-ouest

Gouffre
Des Mares
Hemus, &c. &c.

The corn-mill, formerly on la Petite Riviere, is
now erected on the river du Sault a la Puce.
The old mill on the r. Remus was on the e. of
the road; the new one is built on the w. side about
1|- arpent from the old site. — This seigniory is
divided into 8 parishes, viz. —

Ange Gardien
Chateau Richer
Ste. Anne
St. Joachim

St. Fireol
La Petite RiviSre
Baie de St. Paul
St. Urbain.

In each of these parishes are one church, one
parsonage-house, one corn-mill and several saw-
mills. — The best cultivated and most populous di-
visions of the seigniory are Ange Gardien, Chateau
Richer, Ste. Anne, St. Joachim and the settlements
of St. Fereol. Between the settlements of St. Fe-
reol and those of La Petite RiviSre a barren tract

COTE DE BEAUPRE.

intervenes 5 1. in length, which has always proved
most injurious to the progress of the settlements
ahout St. Paul's Bay, there being no means of
communication between the two settlements, ex-
cept by water and the uncertain route of Le
Chemin des Caps. — The roads in this important
S. have undergone considerable improvements
latterly. The road traced in 1815 by the Dep.
Grand Voyer, Chevalier D'Estimanville, which
runs circuitously along the front of the S., being
found inconvenientj a new one has been opened by
order of the legislature and money for its com-
pletion voted. This road was opened in 1818 by
Mr. Foumier, under the direction of the commis-
sioners of roads appointed by the Assembly; it ex-
tends from the N. w. end of the Route de St. An-
toine to the r. Ste. Anne, 29f miles. The sum
of 1000/. having been voted for the purpose of
making settlements on this road, 13 settlers were
established previous to the 8th Jan. 1830, and a
house was then being built for a settler at the
14th or last post The mean depth of the cul-
tivated lands in this S., measuring from the front,
is as follows :

Arpents.
Ange Gardien 30
Chateau Richer 30

Arpents.
Ste. Anne 40
St. Joachim 25

Arpents.
St. F^reol 30

The height of the most elevated parts of the S. is
as follows :

Cap Tourmente . 1892 feet, measured.

Montagne Ste. Anne ] 900 feet, supposed.

Cap Maillard . 2200 feet, supposed.

Mountain Remy from 6 to 700 feet.

The Parish of Ange Gardien, by a regulation of
Feb. 20, 1721, confirmed by a decree of Mar. 3,
1722, extends \\ 1. along the St. Lawrence and
is bounded w. by the r. Montmorencij e. by the
R. du Petit-Pre which separates it from the p. of
Chateau Richer ; it comprehends the whole depth
of that part of the S. All the farms in this p.
were conceded previous to 1759, each extending
3 arpents in front by 1 1 league in depth, at the
rate of 20 sols for each front arpent. This parish
is populous and well settled and the main road,
passing along the eminence almost fronting the
river, presents a number of very good houses on
each side, which, with those on the rising grounds
more in the interior, have a most picturesque eflFect.
Many young agriculturists have left this p. and
that of Chateau Richer and settled in the districts
of Montreal and Three Rivers ; but none go to
the townships.

The Parish of Chateau Richer, by a regulation
confirmed by a royal decree of March 3, 1722,
in which it is called la Paroisse de la Visitation
de Notre Dame, extends w. from the R. du Petit-
Pre, which separates it from the parish of Ange
Gardien, to the r. au Chien e. which divides it
from the p. of Ste. Anne. It runs 2^ 1. along the
shore of the St. Lawrence and comprehends the
whole depth of that part of the S. In this p. are
the ruins of a Franciscan monastery, built at the
beginning of the last century, on a little rocky
promontory on the bank of the St. Lawrence ; its
destruction took place at the time the British army,
under General Wolfe, was encamped on the e. side
of the river Montmorenci: the exterior walls and
part of an adjoining tower still remain. On a
rising ground, in the rear of these ruins, stands
the parish church, rather a handsome structure
with two spires : from this spot a wide-spreading
and beautiful prospect unfolds itself, comprehend-
ing a large portion of the river. Cap Tour-
mente, the Island of Orleans, Cape Diamond and
the intermediate scenery of well-cultivated ti-acts
bounded by distant mountains to the n. and s.
About 1 league from the church is a charming
cascade on the river Sault a la Puce. — All the
farms in this parish were conceded before 1 759,
each 3 arpents in front by 1^ league in depth,
paying a quit-rent of 20 sols for each front arpent.

The Parish of Ste. Anne, by a decree of the
council of state. Mar. 3, 1722, which confirmed
a regulation of Feb. 20, 1721, extends one league
in front along the St. Lawrence and is bounded
w. by the P. of Chateau Richer and e. by the
p. of St. Joachim from which it is separated by
the R. Ste. Anne, and stretches to the rear line of
the S. — All the lands or farms in this P. were
conceded prior to 1759, each extending 3 arpents
in front by 1^ league in depth, subject to the
moderate payment of about 2 livres old currency
for each front arpent as a kind of quit-rent.

The Parish of St. Joachim, by a regulation
made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by a decree of
the council of state, March 3, 1722, extends
\\ leagues along the St. Lawrence from Cap
Tourmente b. to the r. Ste. Anne, w. and n. —
This is one of the most beautiful parishes in Lower
Canada; it is thickly inhabited and the lands are
of good quality and in high cultivation, pro-
ducing wheat and other grain very plentifully;
it contains also some very luxuriant pasturage.

COTE DE BEAUPRE.

Nearly all the farms in this parish were conceded
prior to 1759, each extending 2 or 3 arpents in
front by 1-J- league in depth, subject to a quit-
rent of about 2 livres old currency per front ar-
pent; for the small number of farms conceded
since 1759 the seigniors must pay very moderate
reiits, for the farmer, who pays most, is annu-
ally charged for his farm only 9s. 9^d. in money
and a quarter of a bushel of wheat ; the greater
number pay much less. The farms in this pa-
rish are very unequal in extent and much di-
vided ; many on the St. Lawrence are 1-| league
in depth by 1, 2, or 3 arpents in front ; others
are bounded n. w. by the river Ste. Anne, s. e.
by the St. Lawrence and the road called Trait-
carri and some on that road by a concession
called St. Elzeard ,• so that the depth of these
farms varies from about 25 to 75 arpents. Be-
sides the farms of a uniform breadth, there are
others varying from a quarter of an arpent to
15 or 20 arpents. The only part of all these
farms fit for cultivation is that extending from
the St. Lawrence to the foot of the hills ; it would
be useless to attempt to turn the other parts to
profit. These farms are so much divided that a
farmer sometimes possesses land in 5 or 6 different
places. The farmers, in general, rear their fa-
milies in rustic respectability and nothing more.
All the lands fit for cultivation are occupied;
many are unconceded n. e. of St. Fereol, but
the climate is there so severe that corn cannot
generally be grown to advantage; the farmers,
therefore, instead of breaking up new lands, have
neither the courage nor the means of cultivating
the lands conceded between 1740 and 1750. —
The new road communicating from St. Paul's
Bay to this parish traverses some good lands
lying N. E. of St. Joachim parish and n. w. of
la Chaine des Caps, extending from Cap Tour-
mente to Cap Maillard. — The parochial church has
nothing remarkable in its exterior, but the in-
terior is decorated in the most elegant manner,
and it would be difficult to select a parish in all
the province whose inhabitants excel those of St.
Joachim in social, moral, and religious duties. —
In this parish, delightfully situated on a rising
ground, at a short distance from Cap Tourmente,
is a charming country residence called le Coteau
Fortin, with a chapel and various outbuildings,
belonging to the seminary of Quebec, to which
many of the superiors retire every year during the

summer. — From 150 to 200 barrels of eels are
caught by the inhabitants in this p. and at les Caps.

The Parish of St. Fereol lies n. w. of the parish
of St. Joachim and is about 2 1. in front. The
settlements range chiefly along the w. bank of the
B. Ste. Anne for about 6 m. ; and the cleared lands
commence 5 or 6 arpents e. of the Riviere a la
Rose. Some of the inhabitants are sufficiently
rich, but many of them are poor and receive cha-
ritable assistance from the inhabitants of the ad-
joining V. of St. Joachim.

The Parish of Petite Riviere, by a regulation
of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by a decree of the
council of state, Mar. 3, 1722, extends one 1 in
front along the St. Lawrence. The road through
the settlements of this parish is, for about 6 miles,
well settled on each side, the houses neat and the
farms in a respectable state of tillage. The road
continues to La Martine, a settlement about 3 m.
in the interior, whence it goes through Cote St.
Antoine and C6te St. Gabriel, as far as the R.
Remus, about 10| miles. At short intervals
through this route are houses and farms in a
flourishing state. From 8 to 900 barrels of eels
are annually caught by the inhabitants in this
parish and at des Caps in the neighbourhood.

The Parish of Baie de St Paul, by a decree of
the 3rd of March, 1722, which confirms the re-
gulation of Sept. 20, 1721, includes the S. of du
Gouffre, 3 1. ou the St. Lawrence s. w. and the
Isle aux Coudres, In St. Paul's Bay and along the
river du Gouffre the settlements are girted by a
loftyrange of mountains, stretching n. from the St.
Lawrence and enclosing a valley about 13 m. in
length and from 1 to 1^ m. in breadth, the greatest
part of which is numerously inhabited and very
well cultivated, notwithstanding the land is in
many places very rocky and uneven : several spots
on the sides of the hills, being difficult of access
from their elevated and precipitous situation, are
tilled by manual labour and are extremely fertile
in grain of most kinds. On this tract the houses
of the inhabitants are nearly all of stone, very
well built and whitewashed on the outside, which
greatly adds to the gaiety of the general prospect
of the settlement, as well as to the neatness of
their individual appearance. Several small streams
descend from the mountains, and after meander-
ing through the valley fall into the Riviere du
Gouffre, turning in their way several saw and
com-miUs. The main road passes at the foot of

c o u

the bounding heights to the extremity of the cul-
tivated land in Cdte St. Urbain, and on each side
presents many neat and interesting farms and set-
tlements in a very improved state. The church
of St. Pierre is situated on the bank of the Riviere
du Gouffre.

The Parish of St. Urbain, by a decree dated
Sept. 8, 1827, extends about 9 miles along the k.
du Gouffre by about 9 miles in depth. — This p. is
watered by two arms of the du Gouffre. — The soil

is sandy. — Several saw-mills are about ^ 1. from
the chapel ; and on the rivulet Remy is seated the
new seignorial mill at a short distance from the
old one. In this p. is a considerable quantity of
iron ore and a magnetic ore, a large specimen
of which the author laid before the literary society
of Quebec with specimens of white lead : this ore
was found in the vicinity of the lower corn-mill
at St, Paul's Bay.

Statistical Table of the Seigniory of Cdte de Beaupri.

Parishes.

g
1

1
1
1
1
1

3
a

be
S

2
3

1
1

31
33

s
%

>
'a

i
1

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stock. 1

SJ5

s
w

1652
720
250

1638
344
480

2270
7354

Ange Gardien
Chateau Richer
Petite Riviere
Sainte Anne
St. F^reol
St. Joachim
St Paul and >
St. Urbain 5

Total . .

701
1037
.337
692
519
689

2628
6603

1
1

4.
30

2
6

4,1

187

247

6500
10920
2132
93M
2288
9360

18500

4572
3000

750
5200
1560

650

2340

130

740
260
156

130

2600

520

780

910

5200
54S0
2850
6500
3500
6200

18206

676
740
520
650
130
390

607

4S
130
61
49
67

105

236
360
100
234
168
240

683

354
540
171
1521
258
360

1365

590! 1888
900 2880
210 450
1755 1872
430 1376
600 1920

1810 3664

59080

18072

4016

■2210'45936

.3713

2015

4569629514050

Title. — " Concession du 15me Janvier, 1636, faite par
la Compagnie, au Sieur CheffauU de la Regnardiere, situee
du cdte du Nord dufleuve St. Laurent, contenant I'ctendue
de terre qui se trouve depuis la borne du c6t6 Sud-ouest
du dit fief, qui le s^pare d'avec celui ci-devant appartenant
au Sieur Giffard, en descendant le dit fleuve St. Laurent,
jusqu'a la rividre du Gouffre, sur six lieues de profondeur
dans les terres ; avec les isles du cap brulf, I'islet rompu
et autres islets etbattures au devant de ladite Seigneurie."
— lUgUtre d'Intendance, No. 10 a IT, folio 667.

CouDEE, Grande, river, rises in and runs
through waste lands belonging to the crown, and
empties itself into the r. du Loup, opposite the x.
of Jersey in the co. of Beauce.

Coughnawa6a (V.), V. Sadlt St. Louis, S.

CouLANGE (L.), V. Ottawa, r.

CoULEs DBS Roches, river, in the island of
Montreal, rises in the C&te de St. Leonard, and
running n. e. for about 3 m. turns N. and falls
into the r. des Prairies opposite the n. e. end of
Isle Jesus.

Coui/Buvres, des (L.), v. l, St. John.

couhcelles (i.), v. dorval,, i.

CouRNOYER, fief, in the co. of Nicolet, lies
contiguous to Dutord and is bounded n. b. by
Gentilly. — J 1. in front by 3 1. in depth, but the
original title has not been discovered. It now be-
longs to Etienne Le Blanc, Esq. — Towards the
rear the land is higher but in all other respects

precisely similar to Becancour, and the timber is
nearly of the same species that prevails there.
Two-thirds of the land is well settled and in a
superior state of cultivation.

Title. — " Situe au Sud du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant
une demi lieue de front sur trois lieues de profondeur,
tenant du cote du Nord-est au fief de Gentilly et du cote
du Sud-ouest au def de Dutort, appartenant aux benders
de feu Sieur Linctot. — Par le reglement des paroisses fait
par le Gouveriieur et I'lntendant, cet fief est dti pour
avoir deux lieues de front sur trois de profondeur." — Ri-
gistre du papier Terrier, folio 204, le 2me Mars, 1725.

CouHNOTER, seigniory, in the co. of Vercheres,
is bounded n. w. by Vercheres and Bellevue ; s. w.
by BeloeU; n. e. by Contrecoeur and in the rear
by the r. Richelieu. — 1|^ leagues in front by 2 in
depth. Granted March 1st, 1695, to Sieur de
Cournoyer, and is now possessed by Joseph Tous-
saint Drolet, Esq.— All this S. is conceded and
settled and the land is nearly similar to that of
Vercheres and Contrecoeur, chiefly of good qua-
lity, producing wheat and other grain in abund-
ance. The best cultivated part is on the bank of
the Richelieu and towards Contrecoeur; the quan-
tity under management is about two-thirds of the
whole. The uncleared lands are chiefly at the
N. w. angle, and afford wood of inferior kinds
only.— It is watered by the Richelieu and the

c o u

cox

Ruisseau Gaudete. — The roads are generally good
and an excellent one leading from the village of
Vercheres, close to the St. Lawrence, and follow-
ing the Richelieu joins the main public road to
Chambly, &c. — Although there is no village there
is one school for boys. — Oxen as well as horses are
used in agricultural labour. One-half of the wheat
grown is consumed in the S., the other half is sold
either as corn or flour. — Three ferries over the
Richelieu. — Three concessions in front, of an
irregular shape, are in the Parish of St. Mark ;
the church, 120 ft. by 50, is on the bank of the
Richelieu.

Statistics of the Parish of St. Mark.

Population 1173 Schools . 1

Churches, R. C. 1 Corn-mills . 5
Presbyteries 1 Tanneries . 1

Shopkeepers 1
Taverns . 2
Artisans . 13

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

. 15,600

. 9,100

200

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

21,500
4,000
2,600

Bushels.
Indian corn 100
Mixed grain 910
Maple sug. cwt.28

Live Stock.

420 1 Cows
380 1 Sheep

620 1 Swine
2,400 (

380

Title. — " Concession du ler Mars, 1695, faite par Louis
de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au
Sieur de Cournoyer, de deux lieues de terre de front sur
pareille profondeur du cote du Nord de la riviSre Riche-
lieu, a commencer a la Seigneurie du Sieur Joseph Hertel,
en descendant la dite miiTe."-~R6gistre d'Intendance,
No. 1, folio 19.

CouRYALj seigniory, in the co. of Yamaska, is
in the rear of Baie St. Antoine or Lefebvre and
extends to the t. of Wendover. — 2 1. in breadth
by 3 in depth. Granted Sept. 25th, 1754, to Sieur
Cresse and is now possessed by — Badeam, Esq.
— But little of this grant is cleared; the land how-
ever is much above mediocrity : in a few swampy
places is found the timber usual on a wet soil ; the
uplands produce beech, maple, birch and pine. —
This S. is watered by the s. w. branch of the
Nicolet and by the St. Francis, on which is a
corn-mill belonging to the seignior. — The settlers
are established upon the banks of the two rivers
and have improved their farms very fast ; their
number would have been greater if the rents im-
posed were more easy. — The only road is that from
St. Antoine to the new townships.

Title. — " Concession du 25me Septembre, 1754, faite
au Sieur Cressi, par le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et
Frarifois Bigot, Intendant, de deux lieues de front sur

trois lieues de profondeur, situSe au bout de la profondeur
de la Seigneurie vulgairement nommC-e la Baie St. Antoine
ou du Felvre, au bord du lac St. Pierre, laquelle Seigneurie
a deux lieues ou environ de front, sur deux lieues seule-
ment de profondeur, et se trouve enclavfee entre le fief du
Sieur Cressd pere, au Nord-est, et un autre fief apparte-
nant au Sieur Lussaudiire au Sud-ouest."— ii^^s^re d'In-
tendance, No. 10,/oHo 19.

Covey's Hill, v. Hbmmingfohd, t.

Cox, township, in the co. of Bonaventure, is
bounded e. by the t. of Hope; s. by the bay of
Chaleurs; w. by the t. of Hamilton and N.by
waste lands of the crown. — It is watered by the
R. Bonaventure and contains the town of New
Carlisle and the village of Paspebiac. — New Car-
lisle is partly in Cox and partly in Hope, but the
greater part is in Cox. It is a small fishing town
and is laid out with a view to future compactness
and regularity. It is centrically situated on the
Bay of Chaleurs ; the houses are built of wood
and a gaol, a court-house, a custom-house and a
school have been erected. The situation is very
healthy, and the adjacent lands rank among the
most fertile in the district. Numerous settlements
extend on each side, occupying nearly the whole
front of the townships of Cox and Hope, and
which, including the town, contain nearly one-
half of the whole population. These settlements
are in a much more improved state than any of the
others. The want of corn-mills is seriously felt
by the inhabitants, and greatly retards the pro-
gress of agriculture : there are good mill sites on
a river that takes its source in a small lake in
the T., and which runs near these settlements.
In front there is an excellent beach, where the
fish is cured and dried. — The Village of Paspebiac
is s.w. of New Carlisle, and is seated on the mar-
gin of the Bay of Chaleurs. This village is the
principal commercial depot of a company of mer-
chants trading under the firm of Robins and Co.
The Company made its first establishment at Pas-
pebiac in 1767 and was obliged to abandon it,
from the autumn of 1778 to the spring of 1783,
on account of the depredations of the Americans.
Since that period they have continued it unre-
mittingly to the present day. They have built
20 square-rigged vessels, which carry 3790 tons,
besides a number of small ones, for the coasting
trade, of 30 to 65 tons each. Their establishment
comprises 8 dwelling-houses, 10 store-houses, with
a sail-loft, rigging-loft aod mould-loft for ship-
builders and 1 1 sheds. The annual amount of out-
fits and supplies imported from Europe is upwards

C R A

D A U

of £ 10,000 sterling. They export annually from
22 to 27,000 quintals of dried codfish, about 100
barrels of pickled fish and 30 to 50 tons of cod-liver
oil. Besides this establishment the company have an
extensive fishing-post at Perce, one at Grand River
and one at New Port, where the ships' crews and
a number of servants from the parishes in the en-
virons of Quebec, in all about and sometimes above
350 men, are employed from the beginning of May
to the latter end of August, and about half that
number tiU the close -of the navigation in the latter
end of Nov. The trade they carry on in the district
of Gasp6 supports about 800 families, which are
supplied by the Company with all necessaries for
the fisheries, wearing apparel, &c. &c.

Statistics,

comprehending Paspehiac and part of Carlisle in

Hope T.

Population 667
Churches, R.C. 1
Presbyteries 1
Court-houses 1

Gaols .
Villages
Artisans

. 1
. 1
. 18

River craft . 6
Tonnage . 450
Keel boats . 37

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat .
Oats

Bushels.
1,800
1,620

Bushels.
Potatoes . . 7,050
Peas ... 400

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

57
133

Cows
Sheep

. 149
. 374

Swine . 325

Title of Paspebiac.

" Concession du lOme Novembre, 1707, faite par Ri-
gaud, Gouverneur, et Ruiidot, Intendant, au Sieur Pierre
Leymar, de la pointe de Paspibiac, dans la Bate des
Chaleurs, avee unelieue de front du cdt6 de I'Est de la
dite pointe et une lieue du cote de 1' Quest, avec les isles
et islets qui se trouveront au devant de I'^tendue de la dite
concession, siur trois lieues de profondeur." — Insinuations
du Conseil SupSrieur, lettre C, folio 38.

Craig's Road, v. Roads.

Cranbourne, township, in the co. of Eeauce,
is bounded n. by Frampton, b. by Standon and
Ware, s. by Watford, w. by Aubert de I'lsle and
Vaudreuil, and is 45 m. from Quebec. — The lands
are surveyed and divided and are with few ex-
ceptions of good quality. The part, between the
main branch of the R. Etchemin and the lake of
that name, consists of an excellent upland soil
well calculated for settling. The price for clear-
ing land in this t. is 60s. per acre. — Cranbourne
is watered by numerous streams and several lakes,
the principal of which are the rivers Des Pleurs
and Guillaume, Lake Etchemin and Petit Lac. —
Ungranted and unlocated 40,000 acres.

Crawford Lake, in the first lot of the 3rd
range of Chatham Gore, between Lakes Nesse
and Bouchette, near the boundary line of Went-
worth.

Crbux, rivulet. — The Ruisseau Creux is a small
stream that rises in the S. of Terrebois ; it runs
N. B. into the S, of Riv, du Loup.

Croche, a name given to the North Basto-
nais R.

Crombr Lake, v. La Noraye, S.

Crooked Lake, v. N. Bastonais, r.

Cross, the, v. Wagansis, r.

Crossways, lake, is an expansion of the earlier
waters of the r. St. Maurice; it lies between
lakes Chawgis and Oskelanaio.

CuLOTTB, la, lake, lies in the centre of a range
of lakes forming the first waters of the river aux
Lievres.

Cumberland, fief, in the S. of Aubert de
I'Isle, fronts the R. Chaudiere and is bounded n.
by Vaudreuil.

Cushcouia, bay, v. Baddbly, r.

Cutiatendi (L.), v. aux Pjns, r.

Daaquam, river, rises in the t. of Ware and,
running b. through waste lands of the crown,
enters the co. of L'Islet ; being increased by the
waters of the Eseganetsogook river and lake it
soon after falls into the k. St. John.

D'AiLLEBOUT D'Argentbuil, seigniory, in
the CO. of Berthier, is bounded in front by the
river L'Assomption ; s. w. by the t. of KUdare ;
N. E. by the S. of De Ramzay and in the rear by
waste crown lands.— l^league in front by 4 leagues
in depth. Granted, Oct. (5, 1736, to Sieur Jean
D'AUlebout d'Argenteuil and now belongs to the
heirs of the late Hon. P. L. Panet. — It contains
about 40 houses along the road near the front.

Title. —" Concession du 6me Oct., 1736, feite par
Charles, Marquis de Beaiihamois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean d'Aillebout d'Argrntenil,
d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur quatre lieues de
profondeur, derriere la Seigneurie de Lanauraie, laquelle
sera bornfee pour la devanture par la rive du Nord de la
riviere de VAssomption ; du c6te du Sud-ouest par la ligne
de la continuation de la Seigneurie de Lavaltrie ; d'autre
cote, au Nord-est par une ligne paraUele, tenant aux terres
non-concedi'BS, et dans la profondeur par une ligne paral-
l^le & la devanture; joignant aussi aux terres non-con-
cidi'es." — Registre d'Intendance, No. ^ folio 14.

Dahtigny (S.), v. Villeray, S.

Dauphin, river, in the island of Orleans, is a

DAW

DEL

small stream formed by three rivulets. It turns a
mill at its mouth on the s. e. side, opposite Isle
Madame.

D'AuTEUiL, seigniory, in the co. o^Portneuf,
is in the rear of the augmentation to Belair and
is bounded N. e. by Bourglouis ; s. w. by the s. of
Jacques Cartier; N.w.by waste crown lands. — Half
a league in breadth by 4^ 1. in depth. Granted,
Feb. 19, 1693, to the Sieur d'Auteuil.— This
mountainous tract is still in a state of nature, and is
indeed likely so to remain. It produces some good
timber and, judging from the different kinds, the
soil may be considered above mediocrity. — The k.
Ste. Anne traverses it near the middle.

Title. — " Concession du 15me F^vrier, 1693, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur D'Auteuil, d'un reste de terre non-conc^de, qui
a pour de front la ligne de profondeur du Sieur Toupin
Dusault ; au Nord-est la ligne du Sieur Dupont, au Sud-
ouest celle du fief du dit Sieur D'Auteuil; et au Nord-
ouest la ligne qui sera tir^e au bout de quatre lieues et
demie ; ensemble les rivieres et ruisseaux et tout ce que
s'y trouvera compris." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. ii, folio
10.

Dautke (F.), v. Lanorayb.
David River, in the co. of Saguenay, runs
from the north and empties itself into the right
bank of the R. Peribonea, 3i miles from l. St.
John ; it appears to be navigable for canoes for a
great distance and continues about 10 chains wide
as far as the first portage, which is about 9^ miles
from its mouth.

David River, in the co. of Yamaska, is formed
by the Ruisseau des Chenes and other small
streams rising in the t. of Upton, which meet
in the S. of Deguir and that of Bourgmarie East,
where this r. waters the domain of J. Wurtell,
Esq. and turns the mills belonging to that gen-
tleman ; it soon after enters the S. of Yamaska
and falls into the R. of that name a little above
Isle Joseph.

Davis River, in the co. of Two Mountains, is
formed by the waters of several lakes in Chatham
Gore, and running s. into the S. of Argenteuil
falls into the North River.

Davis River, in the co. of Saguenay, runs into
Commissioners' Lake from the w. opposite Blue-
berry Plains.

Davis ■( v.), v. Chatham, t.

Dawson's Lake, in the Gore of Chatham, lies
in the 2nd and 3rd ranges and in the centre of that
part in front, which has been surveyed.

Dbadman's Isle, v. Magdalen Islands.

Debartch (S.), v. St. Hyacinthe, S.

Decoy Lake, in the t. of Clarendon, lies e.
of Erien Lake, near the centre of the t., between
the 9th and 10th ranges.

Deep River, in the co. of Quebec, runs
through waste lands s. w. into lake Quaqua-
gamack.

Deguir, seigniory, in the co. of Yamaska,
bounded n. and n. e. by Pierreville and St. Fran-
cois; s. and s. E. by the township of Upton; s. w.
by Bourgmarie East and N. e. by Courval. — Its
figure is irregular, the greatest length being 2^ 1.
but its extent does not agree with the original
grant, which specifies 2 1. of front by 2 1. deep. —
Granted, Sept. 23, 1751, to Sieur Josephe De-
guir, called Desrosiers ; the property now be-
longs to Josias Wurtell, Esq. who has about 300
settlers. — In many places the land is low but, if
cleared, fit for productions of every sort common
to the country. The timber is generally of a su-
perior class. Several branches of the river David
water it and along them are dispersed a few set-
tlers, who have their farms in a forward state of
cultivation. — Were a critical revision of the boun-
daries to take place, some of these tenants now
holding from the seignior of Deguir would prove
to be located within the township of Upton. — The
road to Drummondville (v. Grantham) is now
finished ; a better road to the borough of Sorel is
much wanted, the present one being long, very
winding and passing over a great many hills,, it
would be advisable to give it a straighter direction
towards the h. Yamaska at some place fit for the
erection of a bridge. The cost of this alteration
has been calculated at about £400.

Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1751, faite
par le Marquis de la Jonqniere, Gouverneur, et FranfOis
Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Joseph Deguir, dit Desrosiers,
de deux lieues de terre de front ou environ, sur deux lieues
de profondeur, a prendre au bout de la profondeur de la
Seigneurie Si. Franfois, bornee d'un cot^, au Nord-est, a
la riviere St Francois, au Sud-ouest a la Seigneurie de
la Dame Petit, sur le devant au trait quarre de la dite
Seigneurie de St. Fraiifois, et dans la profondeur aux
terres non-concedSes, ensemble la riviSre David qui se
trouve dans I'entendue du dit terrein." — Rigistre d'Intend-
ance, No. Q, folio 82.

De Lery, seigniory, in the co. of Acadie,
bounded n. e. by the barony of Longueuil; w.
and N. w. by the t. of Sherrington and the S. of
La Prairie de la Magdelaine ; s. by the S. of La

DEL

D E R

Colle and e. by the k. Richelieu. — 2 1. in front
by 3 in depth. Granted, 6th April, 1733, to
Chaussegros de Lery and is now the property of
General Burton. — The whole of this tract is low,
having in many parts cedar swamps and marshes
that spread over a large space : where the land is
dry a good black soil generally prevails, which,
when cultivated, proves very fertile. The pro-
portion settled is much less than that in the
adjoining grants, a large part still remaining in
its natural state of woodland. — The river Mont-
real runs through this S., and the r. Bleurie and
Johnson Creek rise and fall in it. A small lake,
near the middle, frequently overflows the sur-
rounding low lands and makes a marsh to a con-
siderable distance; but neither the marshes nor
swamps are so deep as to prevent draining, which,
judiciously performed, would in a short time ren-
der the land iit for the plough or convert it into
excellent meadows ; however, while there remains
so much land of a good quality to be granted, which
comparatively requires so little trouble to clear
and improve, it is most probable that these tracts
will long continue in their present condition. The
best settled parts are about the woods of Acadie,
and by the road leading to the state of New York,
which, with a few other dispersed settlements,
may amount to about one-third of the whole seig-
niory. The road that passes through the woods
of Acadie, being the military route to the fron-
tiers and the line of march for troops moving in
that direction, has been benefited by some sub-
stantial repairs and has, in many parts, been cause-
wayed for the passage of artillery and heavy bag-
gage. — Near the boundary of La Colle is a small
place called Burtonville, composed of a few houses
distributed without regularity on each side of the
main road. — In the Richelieu, near the mouth of
the Bleurie, is Isle aux Noix, formerly the property
of the late General Christie but now belonging to
the Crown ; it is a flat, a little above the level
of the river, containing only 85 acres; it lies
\0\ miles from the boundary-line, in an excel-
lent situation to intercept the whole communi-
cation by water from Lake Champlain ; it is, con-
sequently, a most important military station and
has been fortified with all the care its command-
ing position deserves. In this isle is a place for
building ships, where the Confiance of 32 guns
was launched.

Statistics.

Population
Churches, R. C.

. 1,531 Presbyteries
1 Saw-mills .

. 1
. 1

Annual JgricuUural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 27,000
Oats . 30,000
Barley . 4,900

Bushels.
Potatoes 83,000
Peas . 8,000
Rye . 1,000

Bushels.
Buck wheat 2,000
Indian corn 1,980
M. sugar, cwts. 38

Live Stock.

Horses . 1,910
Oxen . 2,118

Cows . 3,010
Sheep . 9,060

Swine

. 3,000

Title " Concession du 6me Avril, 1733, faite par

Charles, Marquis de Bcauharnois, Gouvemeur, et GUla
Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Chaussegros de LSry, de
deux lieues de front le long de la rividre de Chambly, sur
trois lieues de profondeur; les dites deux lieues de front
i prendre depuis la borne de la Seigneurie du Sieur de
LongueuU, qui va au Nord-ouest, en remontant vers le lac
Champlain, i une ligne tiree est et ouest du monde, et
joignant la profondeur aux terres non-concedees." — jRe-
gistre d'Intendance, N'o. 7, folio 13.

De l'Isle, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce (vide
Auhert GalUon), bounded n. by Vaudreuil; w. by
the Chaudiere, which separates it from Aubert
Gallion ; e, by Watford ; s. by Jersey and waste
lands. — It is 2 leagues square. Granted, in 1736,
to Sieur Gabriel Aubin de L'Isle and now belongs
to M. de Lery. — This fief is watered by the rivers
Chaudiere, du Loup and la Famine. In the
vicinity of R. du Loup are many extensive tracts
of excellent meadow land.

Title " Concession du 24me Septembre, 1736, faite

par Charles, Marquis de BeauTiamois, Gouvemeur, et
Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Gabriel Aubin, De
L'Isle, d'un terrein de deux lieues de front sur deux lieues
de profondeur, du cote du Nord-est de la riviere du Sault
de la Chaudiire, avec les isles et islets qui sont dans la
dite riviere du c6te du Nord-est; a commencer a la fin
d'autres trois lieues concid^es au Sieur Joseph Fleury de
la Gorgendiere et finir aux terres non-concedees."— ^-
gistrc d'Intendance, No. 8,Jblio 12.

De Pbiras, v. Mitis.

De RamzaYj seignioiy, in the co. of Berthier,
joins d'AiUebout and is bounded n. e. by the t.
of Brandon. — 11 1. in front by 4 1. in depth.
Granted 7th Oct., 1736, to Dame Genevieve de
Ramzay, widow of Sieur de Boishebert, and is
now the property of the heirs of the late Hon.
P. L. Panet. — This grant, as weU as d'Aillebout,
consists of good rich land in the lower part, but
in the rear, approaching the mountains, the soil
is either a hard unfruitful clay, upon which the
farmer's labour would be thrown away, or irre-
gular and broken strata of rock; it is however

D E R

D E S

tolerably well timbered with beeclij birch, maple,
some oak and a little pine, besides the common
sorts for fuel — A small range on the w. bank of
the 11. L'Assomption is all that is under culture. —
The village lies on the main road that leads to-
wards Berthier from the a. L'Assomption; it
consists of 25 or 30 houses, of which the most con-
spicuous is that of Mrs. Panet. The highlands
stretching across the S., in the rear of the v.,
produce a very pleasing effect.

Title " Concession du 7me Octobre, 1736, faite par

Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouvemeur, et Gillea
Hocqiiart, Intendant, a Dame Geneviive deSamzay, veuve
du feu Sieur de Boishibert, d'une lieue et demie de terre
de front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, bomde sur la de-
vanture par la rive du Nord de la riviSre de VAssomption,
du e6te du Sud-Ouest par la ligne de la concession nou-
vellement accordfe au Sieur d'Argenteuil; d'autre, au
Nord-Est par une ligne parallele, tenant aux prolongation
de la Seigneurie d'Antaya ; et dans la profondeur par une
ligne paralUle a la devanture, joignant aussi aux terres
non-concedtes. " — Rigistre d'Intendance, Ifo.S, folio 15.

De Ramzay, seigniory, in the co. of St. Hya-
cinthe, is bounded s. w. by the S. of St. Hyacinthe ;
E. and N. E. by the t. of Upton ; s. w. by St.
Charles Yamaska and Bourchemin. — 3 1. in front
by 3 in depth. Granted 17th Oct. 1710, to Sieur
de Ramzay and is now the property of the heirs
of P. Langan, Esq. — Very little of this S. is cul-
tivated, or even cleared. Judging of the quality
of the land from the timber, there is every reason
to suppose that it might be brought into use with
very good prospects. Towards the N. e. are
some swamps thickly covered with cedar and
spruce fir, the certain indication of such a soil ;
the woods on the higher parts are of much better
kinds and, in some places, show the ground to be
of a strong and good quality. This S. is watered
by the river Chibouet.

Population 3(
Churches, Pro.
Cures

Statistics.

Corn-mills .
Saw-mills
Medical men

Notaries
Taverns
Artisans

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.

3,189

2,900

100

Bushels.
Potatoes 3,820
Peas . 1,005
Rye . 20

Bushels.
Buckvrheat 100
Indian corn 119

Live Stock.

143
123

Cows
Sheep

368 1 Swine

778

221

Title, — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1710, faite au
Sieui de Ramzay, de I'etendue de trois lieues de terre de
front sur trois lieues de profondeur, savoir, une lieue et
demie audcssous de la riviere Scibouet, qui tombe dans la
riviere Yamaska, et une lieue et demie au dessus, courant
du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, avec les isles et islets qui se

trouveront dans la dite riviere, vis-d-vis de la dite con-
cession : et donnant a la dite concession le nom de Ram-
zap," — IKgistre des Foi et Horrwiage, No. 96, folio 62, le
2me Janvier, 1781. Cahiers d'Intendance, No, 2 2 9,
folio 358.

Derry, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, lies b. of Portland and n. of Buckingham
and Lochaber.

Deschaillons, isle, in the r. Richelieu and
in the centre of the S. of St. Ours. The Ruis-
seau la Prade falls into the Richelieu n. w. of
this isle, and the v. of St. Ours is about 1 m. to
the s. E.

DisscHAiLLONs (S.), V. St. Jean Deschail-

liONS, S.

Deschambault, seigniory, in the co. of Port-
neuf, is bounded n. b. by the barony of Portneuf ;
s. w. by La Chevrotiere ; by the St. Lawrence in
front ; by waste lands of the Crown in the rear. —
One 1. in breadth by three in depth. Granted
Mar. 1, 1652, to Demoiselle Eleonore de Grande
Maison and now belongs to Louis de la Gorgen-
diere, Esq. and the Hon. Juchereau Duchesnay.
— This, in almost every respect, is a very valuable
property ; the soil is of unexceptionable quality,
being a mixture of good clay with a little sand,
a fine yellow loam and in many places a rich
black mould, which in the vicinity of Point Des-
chambault has a stratum of rock beneath it. The
surface is uneven, and from being a fine level
flat near the river, it rises in small ridges mount-
ing, by gradations, one above another nearly to the
rear limits of the seigniory. From the w. also
there is a gradual acclivity from the plain to the
height of Point Deschambault ; on this plain the
land is every where fertile ; the greater part
being in an excellent state of cultivation, the nu-
merous farms on each side of the main road, with
their substantial houses and every requisite ap-
pendage, afford pleasing evidence of the industry
and good husbandry of the proprietors. In this
S. are 6 ranges of concessions, 4 of which are oc-
cupied in farms and another is in progress of being
settled. On the ranges towards the interior msiny
of the lots display an equal share of good manage-
ment, which is the case With nearly aU the land
under tillage, amounting to a full third of the
whole seigniory. — The timber is of a moderately
good quality and is mostly beech, maple and
pine: there is, however, some wood of inferior
descriptions. — The rivers Ste. Anne, crossing the
rear. La Chevrotiere, Belleisle and a few smaller

DESCHAMBAULT.

streams contribute to the luxuriant fertility of the
soil. In the n. Ste. Anne, which is rapid every-
where in this Sij is a fall of about 130 ft. At
the mouth of the Belleislej when the tide flows,
the water is 10 or 12 ft. deep and admits boats
and schooners, which are there protected from the
ice during winter. It meanders through this S.,
where it is remarkable for its subterranean chan-
nel of about 7 or 8 arpents in length ; and in the
line, that separates the lands of Joseph Baronet
and Joseph Morin, this n. runs under a rock by
means of holes formed by nature and thus tra-
verses the lands of the latter s. e. A little short
of the place where the water rises out of the
earth is a crevice in the rock, which seems to
have been occasioned by an earthquake. In this
crevice many attempts to catch fish have been
made unsuccessfully j but about an arpent lower
down is a second crevice, about a foot wide and
60 ft.- long, where very fine trout have been
caught and even eels — The Point of Descham-
bault has a considerable elevation, and stretches
boldly into the river to the Richelieu rapids ; the
face of it appears a firm clay and sand without
any interposition of rock or stone. On this point
the church of Deschambault is built, and on the
summit of the salient extremity is a very beauti-
ful grove of pine-trees, remarkable rather for re-
gularity and equality of size than for individual
magnitude. A little below the church, on the
sloping side of the point, is the manor-house of
Monsr. de la Gorgendiere. The river St. Law-
rence forms a large curve between Cap Sante and
Point Deschambault, and either in ascending or
descending the combination of objects that it pre-
sents is highly interesting and agreeable. The
point was formerly a sort of military post, as the
French, in 1759, had a battery upon it for
the purpose of defending this pass of the river
against any force that might have been sent up-
wards; indeed, this situation with the superior
height of Platon, on the opposite side, might easily
be fortified so as completely to command the pass-
age either way, and, together with the difficulties
of the Richelieu rapid, would render any attempt
to force it very disastrous. — In this S. is one vil-
lage, consisting of 15 houses of wood, 1 inn,
4 dealers, 2 shoemakers, 2 blacksmiths, 1 miller.
— The eel-fisheries in front of the S. are pro-
ductive and almost every inhabitant has a fishery ;
besides eels, dor6, carp, achigan and a number

of sturgeon are caught ; in autumn the epland
abounds and in the winter the petite morue, a spe-
cies of small codfish. In the R. Ste. Anne salmon
and salmon-trout are taken in abundance. From
July to the beginning of October the salmon is
caught by the light of a torch. In the winter
bears and wild deer are hunted. — The parish
of Deschambault is 2 1. in front by 3 in d^th,
and is divided into two seigniories; the more
considerable, belonging to Mr. Louis Fleury de
la Gorgendiere, is 1^ 1. in front by 3 deep ; the
other, belonging to Mr. Louis Garriepy, is half
a league in front and 3 leagues in depth, and
is to the s. w. The church, by virtue of a de-
cision, May 14, 1731, the seignior of Descham-
bault, who offered to furnish land to build a church,
upon which the copyholders of the S. were obliged
to build a presbytery and provide for the expense
pro rata. This judgment, which gives the right
of patronage to the seignior, was made by virtue
of an edict of May, 1679 — The presbytery is
prettily described in the following verses sent to
the author, with information relative to the parish,
by Mr. J. B. B. — C. P.

Sur un mont escarpe que cent beaux pins eouronnent,
De leur feuillage epais les ombres f environnent.
Les vapeurs et les vents conduisent les vaisseaux
Sur un fleuve a tes pieds qui deploie ses eaux.
Sur toi sejour heureux soufle le doux zephire;
Pour Tomer avec I'art la nature conspire.

Near the church is a little village of 12 houses
only, and in the second range of concessions are 2
other little villages of 12 or 15 houses each in a
tolerable state. The church is agreeably situated on
Cap Lauzon in the first range. There are 2 public
schools in which reading, writing and arithmetic
are taught ; there are also 2 private schools. — The
cattle are generally good and their different breeds
carefully attended to, particularly sheep and swine :
every farmer, one with another, winters 12 to 15
sheep, about 3 pigs, 5 cows, 3 calves and 2 or 3
horses. — All the wheat and peas grown are con-
sumed in the p., and about 1730 bushels of oats
are annually sold. — The roads are sufficiently good,
with the exception of some which are in a bad
state. There are no bridges of consequence. — The
soil in general is congenial to the growth of hemp,
and every farmer makes on an average from 25
to 30 lbs. of flax ready for spinning. — In several
places are quarries of stone, but the best is in the
concession called St. Frangois. — There are two

D E S

mineral springs ; one on the farm of Louis Delisle,
the other on the farm of Pierre Perrault. — Each
family makes, on an average, ahout 15 ells of
flannel stuff annually. — Horses are generally used
in husbandry, oxen very seldom. — In the parts
'bordering on the St. Lawrence a great number of
small codfish, petites morues, are caught from the
middle of Dec. to the middle of Jan. They always
come at the same time of the year, and, passing all
the rivers as far as Three Rivers without entering
any of them, come up the St. Lawrence for the
purpose of spawning, and always ascend through
the first channel of Three Rivers. — In this p. are
4 shipyards, in which 5 vessels have been built,
varying from 40 to 160 tons each.

Statistics of the Parish of Deschambault.

Population 1570
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . 1
Presbyteries 1
Schools . 4
Villages . 1

Corn-mills . 2
Carding-mills 1
Saw-mills . 5
Ship-yards . 4
Medical men 1
Notaries . 1

Shopkeepers 5
Taverns . 1
Artisans . 25
River-craft . 13
Tonnage . 537
Keel-boats . 2

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 10,400
. 11,300

Bushels.
Barley . 1,450
Potatoes 13,300

Bushels.
Peas . 6,500
Indian corn 100

Live Steele.

Horses
Oxen

. 720
. 480

Cows . 1,44.0
Sheep . 6,000

Swine . 960

Title.—" Concession du ler Mars, 1632, faite par Mr.
de Lauzon a Demoiselle Eleonore de Grandmaiso7i, situee
au Nord du fleuve St. Laurent, contenant une lieue de
front sur trois lieues de profondeur, tenant du c6re du
Nord-est au fief de Portneuf, appartenant au Sieur
Croisilk, et du cot^ du Sud-ouest au fief de la Chevre-
ti^re." — Rigistre d' Intendance, No, 10 a 17, folio 392.

Desmauhe or St. Augustin, seigniory, in
the CO. of Portneuf, is bounded n. e. by Gaudar-
ville ; s. w. by Pointe aux Trembles ; in the rear
by Guillaume Bonhomme and Fausembault; in
front by the St. Lawrence. — No ofiicial record
has been found relative to this grant, consequently
its original date and precise dimensions are not
known. Les Dames Religieuses of the General
Hospital of Quebec, to whom the property belongs,
in performing fealty and homage, 19th Mar. 1781,
produced as their title an act of adjudication, dated
Sept. 22, 1733 ; but which was indecisive of the di-
mensions of the S., no notice whatever being taken
of the extent. By the regulation of the parishes of
the province, it is designated as containing 2^ 1. in
breadth by If 1. in depth. — With a surface -varied

and uneven this S. possesses a rich and fertile sioil,
which on the large swells and high lands is a
lightish loam, but in the hollows and valleys, lying
between them, it is generally a good black mould.
The situation is so favourable for all works apper-
taining to agi'iculture, that full three-fourths of
the whole seigniory is under tillage ; the farms,
and indeed the major part of the concessions, ap-
pear to great advantage and display many favour-
able specimens of careful husbandry. In propor-
tion to the increase of cultivation the quantity
of timber has diminished and little of superior
quality is standing ; the common kinds are not in
much greater abundance. — It is watered by the
Riviere du Cap Rouge, between which and the
St. Lawrence is Lac Calvaire. — The land border-
ing the St. Lawrence is the highest in the seig-
niory, whence there is an alternation of ridges
and valleys, the former diminishing in height as
they approach the rear boundary, composing to-
gether a most agreeable undulation in the per-
spective scenery. This property is very conveni-
ently crossed by roads, in almost every direction,
and most of them are kept in good repair ; that
along the front is called the post road ; another,
passing in the rear to Jacques Cartier bridge, is de-
nominated the stage road ; on each side of the
Riviere du Cap Rouge a road leads to the S. of
Pointe aux Trembles, with several intermediate
roads in connexion ; by the sides of each are many
fine settlements, the houses well built and the
farms showing every appearance of comfort and
even aifluence. The church, seated on a point
projecting into the St. Lawrence, a corn and a
saw-mill upon a little branch of Riviere du Cap
Rouge, between two lofty banks where it dis-
charges into the St. Lawrence, compose a pleasing
point of view either from that river or the emi-
nence just above the mills. On both sides of
the mouth of the Cap Rouge are the extensive
timber establishment and ship-yard belonging to
Messrs. Atkinson, who hold a government con-
tract and furnish timber and masting for the use
of the royal navy. An extensive shoal, or rather
reef of rocks, bounds the whole front of the sei-
gniory: the Islets Donbour lie upon this reef,
opposite the s. w. boundary. This S. is in the
p. of St Augustin, with the exception of La Cdte
St. Ange in the 3rd concession, which is served
by the curfe of Vielle Lorette to whom it pays
tithes.

D E S

D I S

The Parish of St. Augustin comprehends parts
of the SS. of Desmaure, Fausembault and Be-
lair^ and belongs to the ladies of I'Hotel Dieu at
Quebec. It contains 4 concessions, those nearest
the St. Lawrence the most populous, -^ths of the
p. are under cultivation and |-th in wood. There
is one school, supported by the parish, in which 60
scholars are instructed in French and English.
Near the church, 130 ft. by 52, built on a point
projecting into the St. Lawrence, is the small but
pretty village of St. Augustin, consisting of 14
houses including an inn, through which the post
road passes. The horses are of the Canadian
breed and though small sufficiently good. Nearly
all the grain grown is consumed in the p. The
roads are not kept in good repair, and there is one
bridge over the r. Cap Rouge. Both horses and
oxen are used in agriculture. Some surplus ma-
nufactured articles are produced for sale. Although
the soil is not generally adapted to the growth of
hemp, yet it is in some degree cultivated. — The
lands in this p. were all conceded prior to 1759.

Statistics of St. Augustin P. including St. Catherine
of Fausembault.

Population 1,993
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . 1
Presbyteries 1

Schools . 1
Villages . 1
Corn-mills . 1

Saw-mills . 2
Notaries . 1
Artisans . .19

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
11,309
13,000

Bushels.
Potatoes . 18,000
Peas . 3 000

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

424.
848

Cows
Sheep

. 1,060

. 2,334,

Swine . 636

TiUe. — " L'Enregistrement de cet octroi n'a pas ^te
trouvfe jusqu'ici au Secretariat de la Province. Les Dames
religieuses de I'Hopital, qui possSdent actuellement ce
fief, en rendant Foi et Hommage le 19me Mars, 1781,
n'ont produit qu'un Acte d'adjudication en date du 22me
Septembre, 1733, dans lequel ni les dimensions iii le nom
du concessionnaire de cette concession ne sont mentionn^s.
— Par le reglement des paroisses de cette province, I'eten-
due de cette Seigneurie se determine a deux lieues et
demie de front, sur une et demie de profondeur." — Ri-
gUtre desFoiet Hommage, No. 64,/oKo 168, le I9me Mars,
nSl.—Iiis. Con. Sup.

Desplaines, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere,
is bounded e. by Tilly and Gaspe; w. by Bonse-
cours and Ste. Croix and by St. Giles in the rear.
— Granted in two parts : the first, 1 1. in front by
3 leagues in depth from the rear of fief Maranda,
to Demoiselle Charlotte Lagardeur, 4th Jan. 1737;
the second, about 74 arpents in front by 1 league

60 arpents in depth, being the space between the
preceding grant and the 8. of Ste. Croix, to the
same person; the whole intended to form only
one seigniory.

Title. — Partie Nord-EH, — " Concession du 4me Jan-
vier, 1737, faite k Demoiselle Charlotte Lagardeur par le
Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilks Hocquart,
Intendant, de trois quarts de lieue de terre de front ^ la
c6td du Sud du fleuve St. Laurent, sur trois lieues de pro-
fondeur, a prendre au bout des profondeurs du fief Ma-
ramda ; bom^e d'un c6tc, au Sud-ouest, a la Seigneurie de
Bonsecours, d'autre au Nord-est a eelle de Tilly, et par
derriSrc aux teiTes non-conc^dees." — Rigistre (Flntend-
ance. No. S, folio 19.

Partie Sud-Ouest. — " Concession du 26me Mars, 1738,
faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et GiUei
Hocquart, Intendant, h Demoiselle Charlotte Lagardeur,
d'une augmentation de teirein d'environ soixante et qua-
torze arpens de front, qui se trouve non-coneede, et en-
clave entre la concession i elle faite le 4me Janvier, 1737,
et la Seigneurie de St. Croix, tenant par devant au fief dc
Bonsecours et Amiot, et par derrifire aux terres non-con-
cedees, sur une lieue et soixante arpens de profondeur,
pour les dits soixante et quatorze arpens ajoutes ne faire
avec sa premiere concession qu'une meme Seigneurie." —
Rigistre d'lntendance. No. 9, folio 2,

Desplaines, seigniory, in the co. of Terre-
bonne, bounded N. and s. by the S. of Terrebonne
and its augmentation ; B. by Lachenaye and w. by
Blainville. It is watered by the Mascouche and
the St. Pierre Est.

Deverbois (S.), v. Terhebois, S.

Districts. The province of Lower Canada is
divided into 5 districts. The three superior di-
stricts are calleAMontreal, Three Rivers and Quebec,
being so named from the principal town in each
district. The two inferior districts are called St.
Francis and Gaspi. The districts are the judi-
cial divisions of the province having courts of
superior and inferior jurisdiction sitting at pre-
scribed terms, which are generally the same as
those in England. In the superior districts the
jurisdiction of the Court of King's Bench is un-
limited; but in the inferior districts the civil ju-
risdiction is, in some degree, circumscribed by the
power of appeal in certain cases, and all prose-
cutions for capital crimes must be carried on in
the courts of the superior districts. The seats of
jurisdiction are as follow :

Districts.

Quebec

Montreal

Three Rivers

Inf. D. of St. Francis

Inf. B. of Gnspe

Seats of Jurisdiction.

City of Quebec
City of ilontreal
Town of Three Rivers
Sherbrooke, in the x. of A scot
New Cailisle, in the T. of Cox

Provincial Court of Appeals Established by the .31th

Geo. III. c. 6, § 23, for the hearing of all appeals from

DISTRICTS.

the Courts of King's Bench of Superior Jurisdiction in
the province.

Court of King's Bench Established by the 34 Geo. III.

c 6, § 2, as a court of original jurisdiction, in all matters
over £10 sterling, or relating to any fee of office, duty,
rent, revenue, or other sum payable to his Majesty, titles
to lands and tenements, annual rents, or such like matters
and things, where the rights in future may be bound, ex-
cepting those purely of Admiralty jurisdiction. An in-
ferior tribunal of the same court is also held for the trial
of all cases where the subject of contest is £10 sterling
and under. The Court of King's Bench has also cog-
nisance of all criminal pleas.

Provincial Court of Three Riven — Established by 34)
Geo. III. c. 6, for the trial of all matters amounting to
£10 sterling or under, in which the provincial judge sits
alone and gives judgment, from which there is no appeal.

Provincial Court for the Inferior District of Gaspi. —
This court, established by 34 Geo. III. c. 6, § 14, and its
powers extended by subsequent enactments, has cognisance
of all matters of £100 currency and under, with an appeal
to the Court of King's Bench, Quebec, in all matters
above £20. At New Carlisle an Inferior Court for sums
under £20 sterling is held, and a Superior Court for the
sums above :£20.

Provincial Court for the Inferior District of St. Francis.

Established by the 3 Geo. IV. c, 17, has cognisance of

all matters amounting to £20 and under, with appeal to
the Courts of King's Bench, Montreal or Three Rivers,
according to the situation in the Superior District of the
place of action.

The names of the counties, seigniories, fiefs and
townships included in each district being given in
Vol. I. p. 179, and each of them being parti-
cularly described under their respective names in
this dictionary, it will be here necessary to give
only a general and brief view of each district, par-
ticularly as many of their important features are
described in the general description contained in
the preceding volume.

The District of Quebec extends, on the north
side of the St. Lawrence, from the n. e. boundary
of the S. of Ste. Anne, or s. w. boundary of the
county of Portneuf, to Anse Sablon on the La-
brador coast. On the s. of the St. Lawrence this
district extends from the n. e. boundary of the
S. of Livrard or St. Pierre les Becquets, or n. e.
boundaries of the cos. of Nicolet, Drummond and
Sherbrooke to Cap Chat, where it is met by the
w. limit of the Inferior District of Gaspe. On the
N. w. this district is bounded by the Hudson's
-Bay territory or East Maine; and on the s. e.
by the province of New Brunswick and the state
of Maine in the U. S. This part of the boundary
is, however, at present still unsettled, the govern-
ments of Great Britain and the United States
being equally dissatisfied with the decision of the
King of Holland. This subject is treated more at
large in the 1st Vol., under the head of Bounda-
ries, to which the reader is referred. — This di-

strict embraces the most magnificent portion of
the great St. Lawrence and many of its valuable
islands, the important river Saguenay, and the
whole extent of lands known by the name of the
Saguenay Country, large sections of which have
been recently explored, and are described at length
in the 3rd section of Vol. I. — The general feature
of this district is bold and mountainous, presenting
a range of high lands on each side of the St.
Lawrence, particularly on the north ; from these
ridges, in many places, is a considerable extent of
fine land gradually sloping to the river, and from
Matane to Quebec, in particular, the shore of
the proud St. Lawrence is fringed with beautiful
settlements, adorned with the most interesting and
picturesque scenery. Although the general cha-
racter of this district is uneven and mountainous,
especially in the interior, the quality of the soil is
not inferior to that of any other district. It is
traversed in every direction by roads and enriched
with flourishing settlements, especially along and
near the St. Lawrence, and on the borders of the
rivers generally. The roads more particularly de-
serving notice are — the Mitis or Kempt road, re-
cently traced and opened, which offers a convenient
route of communication from the St. Lawrence
to the Bay of Chaleurs and the w. and s. parts
of the district of Gaspe ; the Temiscouata Portage
road leading to New Brunswick ; the Kennebec
road communicating with the U. S. ; Craig's
Road; and the new and useful communication
from St. Joachim to St. Paul's Bay, known by
the name of Commissioners' Road, or Chemin
Nouveau de la Bate St. Paul (vide Cote de Beanpri).
This district includes the city of Quebec, the
capital of the province, from which it derives its
name, and is abundantly watered by numerous
and important rivers and lakes ; the more con-
siderablp of which are as follow :

KIVERS

North oftlie St. Lawrence.

Ste. Anne
Jacques Cartier
Batiscan, part of
St. Charles
Montmorenci
Gouffre
Mai Bay
Black River
Saguenay
Belsiamite
St. John
Ste. Anne, L.
Portneuf

South of the St. Lawrence.

Chaudiere, part of

Etchemin

Du Sud

Du Loup

Green River

Rimouski

Trois Pistoles

Mitis

Tartigo

Matane

Madawaska

St. Francis, part of

St. John, part of.

DISTRICTS.

LAKES

rivers, streams and lakes, the principal of which
are as follow :

North of the St. Lawrence.
St. John

Commissioners' Lake
Quaquagamack
Wayagamack
Bouchette
Kajoualwang
Ontaretri
St. Charles
Chawgis
Assuapmoussoin
Shecoubish

South of the St. Lawrence.

Temiscouata

Matapediac

Mitis

Abawsi squash

Long Lake

Pitt

Trout

William

St. Francis, part of

M'Tavish

Macanamack.

KIVERS

The District of Montreal is bounded e. by the
N. E. boundary of the fief Dusable or Nouvelle
York, on the n. side of the St. Lawrence ; w. by
the CO. of St. Maurice ; s. by the counties of Ya-
maska, Drummond and Sherbrooke ; w. and s. w.
by the province of Upper Canada, the river Ot-
tawa, and the most western limits of the province ;
s. by the province line, lat. 45 n. from St. Regis
to the river Connecticut, and thence by that river
to its source in the high lands ; thence by the n.
boundaries of the states of New York and Ver-
mont The general character of this district is

low and level, especially the settled parts, with
the exception of a few isolated mountains in the
s, section; the land, however, rises towards the
province line and assuming a bolder outline is in
some parts even mountainous, particularly in Hem-
mingford and Bolton and the vicinity. On the n.
.side of St. Lawrence the range of high-lands, so
remarkable in the district of Quebec, traverses this
district about 6 or 7 leagues n. of the Lake of
Two Mountains, and stretching w. to the Grand
Calumet on the Ottawa traverses that river, n.
of this ridge the country is more or less uneven
and mountainous and meets the range of high-
lands that divides the waters running into Hud-
son's Bay from those that empty themselves into
the St. Lawrence. — The soil, which is in general
excellent and offers the greatest advantages to
agriculture, is traversed in every direction by nu-
merous public roads and by-roads, thickly settled
and presenting well cultivated farms. The climate,
locality, soil and other advantages, render this
the richest and most populous district of the pro-
vince. It contains the city and island of Mont-
real and the towns of William Henry and Dor-
chester, besides numerous flourishing villages. —
This district is bounded by the Ottawa or Grand
River for 335 miles, and is amply watered by other

North of the St. Lawrence.

Gatineau
Lievres
Petite Nation
Riviere Blanche
Riviere du Nord
Mascouche
Achigan
L'Assomption
Lachenaye
Berthier
Chaloupe
Du Chene

North of the St. Lawrence.

White Fish

Sables

Kilarney

Temiscaming

Lievres

La Roque

Rocheblave

Pothier

Nimicachinque

Papineau

MaskinongS

South of the St. Lawrence.

Richelieu

Sorel

Yamaska and its numerous
branches

Pyke

Montreal, L.

Cbauteauguay and its nu-
merous branches

LacoUe

Magog

Coaticook

Missiskoui, part of.

South of the St, Lawrence.

Memphramagog

Tomefobi

Missiskoui Bay

Scaswaninepus, part of

Yamaska Bay

St. Louis

Two Mountains

St. Francis.

Chaudiere

Chats

AUumets.

The District of Three Rivers is bounded n. b.
by the boundary of fief Dusable ; e. by the N. e.
boundary of the S. of Ste. Anne ; on the n. side
of the St. Lawrence : on the s. side of that r.
this district is bounded by the w. boundary of the
S. of Yamaska and the n. b. boundary of Livrard
or St. Pierre les Becquets ; s. w. by the boundaries
of the counties of Berthier, Richelieu, St. Hya-
cinthe, Shefford and Stanstead ; n. b. by the s. w.
boundaries of the counties of Portneuf, Lotbini6re
and Megantic, the river Chaudiere, Lake Megan-
tic and Arnold River ; n. w. by the Hudson's
Bay territory or n. w. limits of the province;
s. E. partly by the province line lat. 45" N., the
Connecticut and the high-lands stretching from
the head of that river eastward. — The surface of
this district is, n. of the St. Lawrence, level in
the vicinity of that river, and farther in the in-
terior it assumes a bolder aspect and, becoming
mountainous, partakes of the character of the
Quebec district. South of the St. Lawrence it
is level until it approaches the townships in the
neighbourhood of Ascot, where it rises into large
swells and is in many parts mountainous. The
soil in this section of the district is excellent, but
on the borders of several of the rivers and nearer

DISTRICTS.

to the St. Lawrence it becomes light and sandy ;
towards the border of the province it is infinitely
better. The soil n. of the St. Lawrence is de-
cidedly light and sandy but susceptible of the ad-
vantages of good cultivation, and in the interior
of the country it is stronger and stony. This
district is traversed by numerous roads in every
directiouj for although n. of the St. Lawrence the
roads do not extend above 5 or 6 leagues, on the
s. side they extend as far as the province line,
branching off into the southern townships. — The
old settlements or seigniories in this district ex-
tend along both sides of the St. Lawrence and up
each side of the principal rivers. The townships
chiefly lie in the s. section extending from the
province line northward. Several villages are in
this district : Machiche and Riviere du Loup on
the N., and Nicolet on the s. side of the St. Law-
rence J also Sherbrooke and Stanstead in the town-
ships ; besides these is the town of Three Rivers
from which the district derives its name. — This
district is exceedingly well watered by numerous
rivers, streams and lakes ; the principal of which
are as follow :

Ncnih of the St. Lawrence.
St. Maurice and its numerous

branches
Batiscan, part of
Chaniplain
Du Loup, G. and L.
Maskinonge
Machiche

North of the St. Lawrence.

O'Cananshing

Matawin

Goldlinch

Shasawataiata

Montalagoose

Oskelanaio

Crossways

Perchaudes

Black Beaver

Bewildered

South of the St. Lawrence.

St. Francis and numerous

branches
Nicolet and numerous

branches
Becancour
Gentilly
Yamaska, part of.

South of the St. Lawrence.

Nicolet

St. Francis, part of

Megan tic

St. Paul

Outardes

Back Lake

Connecticut

Weedon '

Scaswaninepus, part of

St. Peter.

Inferior District of St. Francis. — This district
was established by an act of the provincial legis-
lature, chap. 77 of the 3rd year of Geo. IIL, and
is in the form of a parallelogram, more than 50 m.
in width from w. to e., and upwards of 100 m.
from N. to s. Its superficial extent is supposed to
cover 3,000 sq. miles or 2,000,000 of acres.—
Although this district is included in that of Three

Rivers and is therefore described with it, except-
ing a small part in the district of Montreal con-
taining 4 townships and part of a 5th, a farther
notice of it is deemed proper as it is perhaps the
most fertile tract of the province. It extends
from the s. bounds of Wickham, Simpson, War-
wick and Arthabaska to the s. boundary of the
province ; its w. limits are Lake Memphramagog
and a line traversing Bolton between the 22nd
and 23rd ranges, and extending along the e.
boundaries of Stukely, Ely and Acton ; on the e.
it extends to the w. bounds of the cos. of Megantic
and Beauce. The general surface of this district
is rather level, but towards the boundary line, in
lat. 45° N. and the r. Connecticut, by which the
district is bounded s., it rises into large swells and
is rather mountainous. It is most abundantly
watered by numerous rivers, streams and lakes,
and is traversed by many roads on which are new
but flourishing settlements. Its chief villages are
Sherbrooke and Stanstead and the court-house is
at the former place. The chief and most interest-
ing settlements lie in the first three ranges of
townships from the province line. — This district
contains about 3,500 square miles, in which are
thirty-eight townships and part of another, which
are particularised in the list given for the district
of Three Rivers and marked with an asterisk: Vide
vol. 1, page 183. — The population is about 13,500.
The Inferior District of Gaspe lies on the e . ex-
tremity of the province and on the s. side of St.
Lawrence. It is bounded w. by the district of
Quebec; e. and n. e. by the river and gulf of St.
Lawrence, and s. by the province of New Bruns-
wick and the Bay of Chaleurs. The land in ge-
neral, which is of an excellent quality, abounds
with a variety of timber, as maplej beech, birch,
spruce, &c. &c. and almost inexhaustible pineries,
which, together with the cod and salmon fisheries,
supply the staple commodities for exportation.
The whole district is remarkably well watered
with numerous streams, which take their rise in
the mountains that bound the k. St. Lawrence
and run in various directions to the bay of Cha-
leurs and into the gulf and n. St. Lawrence ;
they abound with various kinds of fish, and most
of them traverse tracts of land clothed with im-
mense pineries. Notwithstanding its advantasres
in richness of soil, &c., the district of Gaspe is ob-
viously backward as respects agriculture. This
may in some measure be attributed to the exten-.

DOM

DOR

sive fisheries and lumber trade^ which form the
chief occupation of its inhabitants. Between Cap
Rosier and Cap Chat the coast is mountainous
and barren. The industry of the inhabitants is
chiefly employed in the fisheries, regulated by an
act of the assembly of the 47th of Geo. 3rd; they
also carry on a trifling trade in peltry and build on
an average one ship and 3 or 4 small vessels an-
nually. — The communication between Gaspe and
Quebec may be kept up by three different routes :
one by pursuing the coast of the gulf and river
St. Lawrence ; the second by following the course
of the R. Ristigouche as far as the r. Matapediac,
and along it as far as l. Matapediac ; thence by
Kempt road to the St. Lawrence near the com-
mencement of the old settlements : the third route
is by proceeding along the Ristigouche river nearly

up to its source, whence there is an Indian foot-
path or portage road of 9 miles to the k. Ouiauk-
squaek, which runs into the river St. John, 15
miles above the Great Fall, whence the traveller
proceeds in the road of the Temiscouata portage ;
this is the least difficult of the three, and the
distance by it from New Carlisle to Quebec is
390 m. ; this may be shortened 18 or 20 m,, by a
road that has been blazed from the k. Wagansis
to Green River, which descends into the k. St.
John in the Madawaska settlements. — The prin-
cipal town is New Carlisle. — This district, from
its peculiar situation as a peninsula, the capabilities
of its soil, its abundant and valuable timber and
its extensive fisheries, is susceptible of being made,
at no very distant period, equal to any other di-
strict in Canada.

Districts.

Between the
parallels of
latitude.

Between ttie
dfgrees of
iongitude.

i
1

■U

V-

s
c

1.3

19
6

1
.5

Superficial extent of the
Seignorial Grants.

More or less
unfit for cul-
tivation in
seigniories
ind fiefs.

Grantcd&loeated
in free and com-
mon Eoccage in
the province up
to Sept. 1830.

ArpenU.

Acias.

Acret.

Acres.

Quebec, including 'i
Anticosti and other >-
islands 3

Montreal, includ- }
ing islands J

Three Rivers, in- 1
eluding St. Francis ^
and islands y

Gaspe, including >
islands J

' "

45 0„
52

45
49 30 0*^-

45 0^
49 O"-

47 18 0„
49 12 O"*-

' "

57 50 0^

72 4, 0^-

72 54
80 6

72 4 o;,
72 54 0*^-

64 12
67 53 0^-

360
310
320
200

826 1

110 j

59 «
tm

80 <

127,949

54,802

15,823

7,289

79
63
25

12
6
9
6

38
59
53
10

6,639,319
3,269,966
1,220,308
1,547,086

5,656,699
2,786,011
1,039,707
1,318,117

2,600,000
500,000
400,000
600,000

About Iths of the whole
may be said to be com.

, prified -rtdthin the di-
stlicta of Montreal and
Three Rivers.

Total

205,863

12,676,679

10,800,534

4,100,000

3,179,694

DiTCHPiELD, a projected township in the co. of
Beauce, borders the b. side of Lake Megan tic and
is bounded s. by Woburn and n. e. by Spalding.

DiTTON, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is bounded w. by Newport ; e. by Marston and
Chesham ; n. by Hampden and s. by Emberton.
The surface is irregular, in several places rising
into large eminences, but in general of a mode-
rately good soil timbered with beech, birch, bass-
wood and maple, intersected by some large streams
that fall into the St. Francis. The s. w. quarter
has been surveyed and granted, but no part settled.
— Ungranted and unlocated, 33,000.

DoMAiNE, du, river, in the S. of Cote de Beau-

pre, rises in two lakes in the rear of Cap Tour-
mente, at least 800 ft. above the level of the St.
Lawrence, into which this r. falls.

DoNBOUR, isles, in the r. St. Lawrence, are
3 islets lying off the S. of Desmaure, midway be-
tween St. Augustin and Pointe aux Trembles.

Dorchester, county, in the district of Quebec,
bounded n. e. by the co. of Bellechasse; s. b. by
the CO. of Beauce; s. w. by the co. of Lotbini&re
and N. w. by the r. St Lawrence. It consists of
and comprises the S. of Lauzon only, to which S.
the reader is referred for additional particulars re-
lative to this CO. It is 18^ m. in length by IS* in
depth and contains 342 sq. miles. Its centre on

DOR

the St. Lawrence is in lat. 46° 38' long. 71° 16'.
It sends two members to the provincial parliament;
the election is held at the place nearest to the k.
Etchemin, between the parishes of St. Henry
and Pointe L^vi, and at St. Nicolas.

Population 1 1, 138

Churches, Pro.

Parsonage-ho.

Churches, R. C

Cur^s

Presbyteries

Villages

Statistics.

Towns

Schools

Corn- mills .

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Ship-yards

Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans
River craft .
Tonnage
Keel boats .

12
]3

Annual Agriculturtil Produce,

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Peas

Rye

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
55,000
43,300

6,430
19,000

4,058

Bushels,
Buck wheat 145
Indian corn 7,040
Mixed grain 5,300
Potatoes 93,100

Cwts.
Maple sugar 1,810
Flax . . 355
Butter . 3,331
Hay, tons 29,100

Live Stock.

3,709 I Cows
2,923 I Sheep

6,7951
21,902

Swine

7,756

Dorchester (V.), v. LongueuiI/^ b.

D'Oksainvii-lBj fief, in the co. of Quebec,
N. E. of I'Epinay, is a small grant containing only
a superficies of 3575 arpents made May, 1675, by
Letters Patent, to the Religieuses of the General
Hospital of Quebec from whom it has never been
alienated. — The soU is a light sandy earth in-
termixed with clay about the front: proceeding
inwards it changes to a black mould, and in the
vicinity of the mountains it is a good yellow loam.
From the river St. Charles the surface is uneven
and continues ridge above ridge to the rear, where
it is still more abrupt and broken. Near the
river are fine meadows and pastures. About
one-half of the arable is in a state of very good
culture, producing wheat and other grain abSnd-
antly, also garden vegetables in great quantity
and variety. The lower parts are but scantily
timbered ; but on the rising grounds and the
skirts of the mountains there is a profusion of
fine beech, maple, birch and other woods of the
best description. The little river Jaune and
several small streams, all flowing into the St.
Charles, amply and conveniently water the culti-
vated lands.

Titk — " Concession du mo's de May, 1675, faite par
Lettres Patentes de Sa Majesti, aux Dames religieuses
del'Hopital General, du Comte A'OrsaiiiviUe, contenant
en superfieie trois mille cinq cens soLxant et quinze.arpens.

et de la profondcur de quatre lieues ; a prendre du bord
de la riviere St. Charles, sur diflFSrentes largeurs, tenant
par devant a la dite riviSre et par derrifire aux terres non-
cMces, d'un c6te, au Sud-Ouest \ un fief appartenant au
Sieur de VEpinay par une ligne qui va au Nord- Ouest
quart de Nord de la profondeur des dites quarte lieues, et
du cote du Nord-Est au fief de Notre Dame des Anges;
le Comt^ i'Orsainville, et la Seigneurie de Notre Dame
des Anges etant sfepar^s, a commeiicer par le front du dit
Comt6, par le ruisseau de St. Michel, suivant ses contours
et serpentemens jusqu'a environ quinze arpens de profon-
deur, oii le dit Comte &'OrsainvUle commence a. etre de
onze arpens de front, jusqu'a la hauteur de trente-cinq
arpens du bord de la dite riviere St. Charles par une ligne
qui court Nord- Ouest quart de Nord, au bout desquels
trente-cinq arpens commence une autre ligne qui court au
Nord- Ouest la longueur de quarante arpens, au bout des-
quels la dite ligne fait un tour d'^querre de trois arpens,
au bout desquels reprend une nouvelle ligne laquelle
forme la largeur des dits onze arpens, laquelle ligne va au
Nord- Ouest quart de Nord, jusqu'au surplus de la pro-
fondeur des dites quatre lieues." — Papier Terrier, No. 71,
folio 324, le 24me A-oril, 1781 — Cahiers d'Intendance, 10 cL
n, folio 730.

Dorset, township, in the co. of Megantic, on
the w. side of the river Chaudiere, joins Shen-
ley N. and is encompassed on the other sides
by unsurveyed, lands. This is a large township,
consisting chiefly of fine rises of good land, very
fit for tillage and almost every where favourable
for the culture of hemp and flax, though no set-
tlements have hitherto been made in it ; the most
inferior part is along the rocky bank of the river
Chaudiere. It is well stocked with basswood,
birch, maple, beech and elm timber : some of the
swamps are covered with cedar and hemlock. Ad-
mirably well watered by large lakes and a num-
ber of rivers that wind through the t. ; the more
remarkable are Lakes M'Tavish, Oliveira and
Marguerite, and the k. M'Tavish : the waters of
all the rivers, streams and lakes faU into the Chau-
diere : on their banks are found some fine breadths
of excellent meadow land- The whole was granted
to Mr. John Black, but now belongs to the heirs
of the late Simon M'Tavish, Esq.

DoRVAL, isle, in the S. of Becancour, divides
the mouth of the R. Becancour into two parts ; it
lies about 1 m. n. of the v. of Becancour.

DoHVAr^ or Isles Courcklles, in Lake St.
Louis, lie on the s. w. side of the island of Mont-
real, opposite the mouth of a r. of the same name.

DoKVAL, river, rises in Cote St. Frangois in
the island of Montreal; this small stream runs s.
in a very irriguous course, and falls into Lake St.
Louis in front of Isles Courcelles.

DoRVIIiLIER (F.), V. AnTAYA.

DoRviLLiEB, fief, in the co. of Champlain, is
bounded n.b. by FranchevUle ; n. by the first aug.

D R U

D U

to Ste. Anne ; s. w. by the S. of ^te. Marie and s.
by the St. Lawrence. — It is ^ league in front by
1 league in depth and belongs to the Hon. James
Cuthbert.

Douglas, town, in the co. of Gasp6, is at the
entrance of the r. St. John and on the s. side
of Gaspe Bay. This town was laid out about the
year 1785 and named after Adm. Sir Charles
Douglas, then commanding on the Canada station,
the father of the present Sir Howard Douglas. —
For Statistics, vide Gaspe Bay.

Drayton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
lies E. of Hereford, in the rear of Auckland and
Emberton, and is bounded s. by the main branch
of the R. Connecticut. This t. has not been sur-
veyed and subdivided and no grants have been
made, although a tolerably large settlement has
been formed on Indian Stream and r. Connecticut
by persons from the U. S., who affect to have
commenced their settlement, in 1 792, under the
auspices and by virtue of a proclamation of Sir
Alured Clark, at that time governor in chief.
This settlement consists of 20 families, who have
made extensive improvements and are respect-
ably settled. The lands which these persons oc-
cupy form one of the points in dispute between
his majesty's government and that of the United
States. The population is about 60 ; the principal
settler is Dr. Taylor, who occupies 1,000 acres
of which 100 are cleared; this gentleman has a
good house and a distillery. This t. is watered
by Indian Stream and Hall's Stream, also by Back
Lake and other small lakes, all of which contain
trout, succors, chub, perch, eels, &c. Over the
rivers two bridges have been built, but the roads
improve slowly. At a private school from 12 to
15 scholars are instructed.

Annual Agt icuUurul Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley-

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 400
. 360
. 30

181
19

Bushels,
Rye . . 23
Mixed grain 180

Potatoes
Peas .

Bushels.
. 560
. 130

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

28 1 Swine

Drummond, county, in the d. of Three Rivers,
bounded n. by the cos. of Yamaska and Nicolet ;
E. by the co. of Megantic; s. by the co. of Sher-
brooke ; w. by the co. of Shefford. It contains the
townships of Aston, Bulstrode, Stanfold, Artha-

baska, Chester, Ham, Wotton, Tingwick, War-
wick, Horton, Wendover, Simpson, Kingsey,
Durham and Gore, Wickham, Gfrantham, Upton
and Acton, together with all the gores and aug-
mentations of those townships. — Its extreme length
is 66 m. and its breadth 47|^, and it contains 1,674
sq. miles. Its centre, on the St. Lawrence, is in
lat. 46°. 0'. long. 72°. 0'. — It sends one member to
the provincial parliament and the place of election
is DrummondviUe. — The surface of this co. is
very diversified and there are considerable swamps.
— The principal rivers are the Becancour, which
bounds the co. n. b., the St. Francis, the main
branches of the Nicolet, and their tributary streams.
The only lake of any magnitude is Lake Nicolet
in the augmentation to the t. of Ham. — The chief
roads are those along the R. St. Francis, one from
Three Rivers to Shipton called Bureau's Road,
Craig's Road, and the road recently opened from
DrummondviUe to Sorel. These roads are tole-
rably good in the more settled parts of the co., but
quite the reverse in other parts, where the lands
are in a state of wilderness, on account of the dif-
ficulty of keeping them in repair.

Population 1,857
Churches, Pro. 1
Parsonage-ho. 1
Churches, R.C. 1
Cures . 1

Schools . 2

Statistics.

Villages
Corn-mills .
Saw-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Paper-mills .

Tanneries

Potasheries .

Pearlasheries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

4
4
4
6
20

Anmial Agricultural Pi educe.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Peas

Rye

Horses
Oxen

Bushels

18,080

14,503

1,994

2,931

1,2.30

716
912

Bushels.
Buck \:'heat 170
Indian corn 8,.S31
Mixed gr. 5,100
Potatoes 27,330

Cms.
Maple sugar 306
Flax . . 52
Butter . 827
Hay, tons 17,900

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

1,286 I Swine
3,362 1

1,375

Drummondville (V.), V. Grantham, t.

Du Chkne or Pointe du Chbne, river, rises
in a lake in the fourth range of the aug. to Gren-
vUle. It runs e. to another small lake and turn-
ing suddenly s. directs its course to the Ottawa
which it enters at the s. extremity of the division
line that separates the t. of Grenville from its
augmentation.

Du Chene (G.) or Belle Riviere, rises in
the aug. to the S. of Lac des Deux MontagneSj

DUD

andj penetrating the division line of the S. of
Riviere du Chene near the n. w. angle, runs
through and nearly across the seigniory to the v.
bf St. Eustache where it falls into the Ottawa.
This R. is ahout 60 or 70 feet wide and is not
navigable. It turns several mills and abounds
with fish.

Du ChbnEj river. Petite Riviere du Chene
jises in the p. of St. Benoit in the S. of Lac des
Deux MontagneSj and running n. e. receives the r.
au Prince one mile below the church ; continuing
in the same direction for about 2 miles it joins the
greater Riviere du Chene.

Du ChbnEj river. Petite Riviere du Chene
rises in the t. of Blandford, and running n. and
N. E. traverses the S. of Livrard and enters the
S. of Deschaillons where, at the n. e. angle, it
falls into the St. Lawrence. — Navigable for canoes
and rafts below the saw-mills.

Du Chene (S.), v. Riviere du Chene.

Du Chene (V.), v. Riviere du Chene, S.

Duck Lakes, in the co. of Quebec, are small
and lie between Lake Kajoualwang and Crooked
Lake.

, DuDSWELL, township, in the co. of Slierbrooke,
is bounded by Westbury and Stoke s. w. ; by Wee-
don N. E. ; by Wotton n, w. and by Bury s. e. —
The land where it is level is applicable to the
culture of grain : in some places it is uneven and
from the sixth range rises into a considerable
mountain that stretches westward into Wotton;
its top is flat table land and, from its being wholly
free from trees or underwood, derives the name
pf the Bald Mountain. In this t. is a great va-
riety of timber, beech, maple, birch, basswood, but-
ternut, elm and some oak, pine, spruce and cedar.
— The St. Francis with many small streams pro-
vide an ample and complete irrigation. — Only one
quarter has- been laid out,' which was granted to
Mr. John Bishop and others ; he is now the prin-
cipal landholder : on this part some farms have
obtained a very respectable state of prosperity. —
This T. will doubtless he much benefited by a line
of road now in progress, pursuant to an act of
the legislative assembly granting a sum for that
purpose, which was passed Mar. 14, 1829. The
extent of road to be made under this act is 21
raUes, commencing at the north line of Duds-
well and terminating at the district line of Quebec
and Three Rivers. This road has been opened by

contract, the whole distance, 11 feet wide. The
surface of the country generally traversed by this
road is good and suitable for cultivation and, with
the exception of a few lots, will make excellent
farms ; there are on this route but few hiUs, and
none which would offer any great obstruction;
the most considerable is about 11 m. north of
Dudswell. To bring this road into use and make
it answer the intended purpose, the following ad-
ditional improvements should be made. 1st. The
road heretofore opened but now grown up with
bushes, from Craig's Bridge in Ireland to the
Dudswell road, about 10 miles, should be re-
opened and completed, which would require about
£50 per mile. This section of the road is mostly
very good land for settlement and the hills not
bad ; the lands on these 10 miles are nearly all
granted. 2nd. A road should be opened from
Dudswell line to the settlements in Dudswell,
about 5 miles, which would also require £50 per
mile ; this distance is through ungranted lands, or
mostly so, which are of the first quality for settle-
ment and there are no bad hills ; the whole of the
lands on this route are well watered, and there is
an excellent mill site about 10 miles north of
Dudswell line, and another near Nicolet lake about
8 miles north of that line. 3rd. From the settle-
ments in Dudswell a road has been opened through
Westbury, Eaton, Clifton and Hereford, to the
province line, about 50 miles ; the land through-
out is good, but, the settlements being few and
scattered, the road has been but little used and
is in a bad state. The completion of this road
would be highly beneficial in promoting the settle-
ment of that section of the province, and would
thus render a direct communication from the pro-
vince line at Hereford to Quebec practicable, the
distance being about 140 m. As part of this last-
mentioned road includes the settlements of Duds-
well and Eaton, the expense of completing it
would be £50 per m. for 30 m. 4th. A road has
been opened from Lennoxville in Ascot, up the St.
Francis R., through the settlements in Westbury
and intersecting the Dudswell iroad, 17 m; this
road is important for the convenience of Ascot,
Compton, Hatley, Bamston and Stanstead, being
the most direct route to Quebec, and its com-
pletion is an object of the utmost importance ;
there are a few settlers upon this road, which runs
through good lands and would probably also re-

D U M

quire £50 per mile to complete it; upon this
route the lands are all granted. 5th. The road
from Ascot to Eaton should be completed, about
five miles unsettled and the road extremely bad ;
it would require £250; in some parts of this road
the lands are poor, but it connects extensive settle-
ments in Ascot and Baton.— Ungr anted and zm-
located, 18,663 acres.

Population

Saw-mills

Statistics.

166 I Potasheries
1 Pearlasheries

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

. 2,620

. 1,740

300

Bushels,
Rye . 28

Indian corn 600

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

2,100

300

Live Stock.

90 I Cows
98 I Sheep

145 I Swine
3101

150

Du Loup, river, in the cos. of Kamouraska and
Eimouski. The course of this k. has never been
explored: it is supposed to take its source near
the s. angles of the townships of Ixworth and
Woodbridge ; whence running N. e. through the
T. of Bungay, it enters the S. of Lachenaye and
afterwards traversing the S. of Terrebois it enters
the S. of Riviere du Loup at Du Loup bridge; it
then forms an acute angle, turning suddenly to
the s. w., and again touching the boundary line
of Terrebois for a moment strikes off to the
N. N. B. and in a mazy course passes Caldwell's
mills ; about 2 m. from which it runs between
the manor-house and the village and is turned
suddenly to the n. w. into the St. Lawrence by a
point of land jutting into that b. in the form of a
crescent.

Du Loup, (S.), v. Riviere du Loup.
DuMONTiER, seigniory, in the co. of St. Mau-
rice, is bounded s. by Grosbois; e. by Gatineau;
N. by Hunter's Town; w. by Grandpre. — 1^-1.
in front by 3 1, in depth. Granted to Sieur Du-
montier, Oct. 24, 1708, and is now the property
of the Hon. Louis Gugy. — The soil is similar to
that of the contiguous seigniories, Grosbois and
Grandpre ; and the S. is principally watered by the
B. du Loup and partially by the Grande Riviere
Machiche, on both of which are some settle-
ments.

DUN

Title.—" Concession du 24me Octobre, 1708, faite an
Sieur Dumontier, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front
sur trois lieues de profondeur, a prendre au bout de la
profondeur de la Seigneurie de Grosbois, bornce de cbaque
cote aux terres non-concfedees." — RSgistre des Foi et Horn,
mage. No. 10, folio 52, le 26me Janvier, 1781. Cahiers
d'Intendance.

Dundee (V.), v. Indian Lands.
Dunham, township, in the co. of Missiskoui,
between the S. of St. Armand and Farnham, ad-
joins Sutton and Brome b. and Stanbridge w.
The situation and quality of the land render it a
valuable tract. It has plenty of timber, such as
maple, beech, birch, elm, butternut, iron-wood,
white and black ash; also good oak and pine.
The upper lands are rather hilly, having many
horizontal seams of rock lying a little below the
surface; but on the more level parts the soil is
generally a rich black mould with, here and there,
a mixture of sand. This t. yields all sorts of grain
in abundance, and, in many places, is peculiarly fit
for the growth of flax and occasionally for hemp.
Swamps, not very extensive or numerous, are
covered, generally, with cedar and tamarack;
but they might be drained without much trouble,
and cleared to great advantage. — Watered by se-
veral branches of the Yamaska, by Pyke River
and two beautiful little lakes, the largest spread-
ing over about 600 acres in the 6th range. Here
are a greater number of roads, mostly kept in good
repair, than perhaps will be found in any other
T., leading through Farnham to the Yamaska
and also to the state of Vermont. The Pyke
River and some of the smaller streams work
several mills. This was the first t. erected, in
Lower Canada, by letters patent, bearing date
1796; it was granted to the late Hon. Thomas
Dunn, whose heirs are at present the greatest
landholders. Nearly the whole is settled, and
many extensive farms are worthy of notice for
their flourishing and improved state, producing
great quantities of wheat, barley and oats, besides
most other articles peculiar to the country. Per-
haps no tract of land of similar extent, through
the whole of the province, is better calculated for
a judicious experimental farmer to demonstrate
how much the present stock of agricultural know-
ledge among the Canadian husbandmen may he
inci'eased. — In this t. are several pot and pearlash
manufactories, a church, a methodist chapel and
25 houses called Frost Village.

D U R

Statistics.

Population 2,121

Corn-mills

Churches, R.C. 2

Carding-iiiills

Cures . 1

Fulling-mills

Presbyteries 1

Saw-mills

Schools . 1

Potasheries .

Villages . 1

Pearlasheries
Breweries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans .

2
1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

22,100

33,000

2,800

75,000

Maple sugar .

Peas .
Rye .
Buck wheat
Indian corn
. 112 cwts.

Live Stock.

1,1741 Cows
1,605 1 Sheep

2,1201 Swine
6,900 I

Bushels.
9,800
3,000
6,800

15,000

1,400

DuPAs including ChicoTj seigniory^ in the co.
of Berthier. This S. contains the Isle Dupas and
extends L 1. ahove and helow the k. Chicot and
1^ 1. in depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur
Dupas. The rents of the S. are 4 French livres
for each farm. Isle Dupas, which is a long nar-
row island, lying nearly parallel with the n. shore
of the St. Lawrence, hetween the S. of Berthier
and Sorel, is an arrierefief, '2 1. long hy 16 acres
broad ; one-half belongs to the Hon. Jas. Cuth-
bert, the other half to Mrs. Eneau and is subject
to the annual payment of a nosegay to the sei-
gnior of Berthier. Mrs. Eneau is also proprietor
of fief Chicot. All the lands in Isle Dupas are
conceded and the greater part prior to 1759.

Statistics.

Population . 477 1 Churches, R. C . 1

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.
. A800
. 8,500
. 100

Bushels.
Potatoes 8,500
Peas . 800

Live Stock.

Bushels.
Rye . 200
Indian corn 90

Horses
Oxen

. 193
. 170

Cows . 405
Sheep . 1,002

Swine . 371

Title " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par

Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Dupas, de Visle Ditpas et
adjacentes, ensemble un quart de lieue audessus et un
quart au dessous de la riviere de Chicot, sur un lieue et
demie de profondeur, suppose que cette quantity ne louche
pas a celle accordfe a Mr. Legardeur, fils." — JUglstrc d'ln-
tendance, iVo. 1, folio 35.

DdrboiSj river, in the S. of Ste. Marie.

Durham, township, in the co. of Drummond,
on the west side of the river St. Francis, joins
Wickham n. w.; Melbourne s. e.; Acton and Ely
s, w. The land is generally good, presenting se-
veral extensive and improvable tracts that might

be turned to advantage. Beech, maple, birch,
butternut, pine, ash and cedar are found in great
plenty ; there is some oak but it is less abundant.
— Watered by numerous small rivulets. — The
principal proprietors are the heirs of the late
Thomas Scott, Esq. The Abenaqui Indians of
the village in the S. of St. Franqois hold 8160
acres by letters patent. — The Drummondville Road
runs through this t. above 10 m. Near the centre
is a new bridge built over the Black River and
another over a ravine, 210 ft. wide, in which the
high waters of the b. St. Francis rise to 8 feet.
The old bridge over the Black River, built 12
years since and cost £75, had only one pier and six
stringers; the new bridge has 3 piers and 61
stringers, with a solid causeway of logs covered
with earth and sand 200 ft. in length. The
bridge over the ravine is a cross log bridge, ex-
cept two piers to let the water of a small brook
pass; the whole built of large hemlock timber.
The extent of road made is 4 m. and it is opened
to 40 ft. and more ; 3 miles of it are ditched and
drained, and the width between the ditches is from
18 to 20 feet, having 16 small bridges or drains to
let the water pass from one ditch to another across
the road, with nine large bridges, from 20 to 100
ft. in length over brooks and ravines. The line of
the Drummondville road through this t. is partly
settled, and it runs nearly between the 3rd and
4th ranges, until it comes to the large bridge over
the ravine at lot No. 8 in the 4th range, where it
approaches the river St. Francis. The soil is good,
with hardly a bad lot in the whole line. There
are several steep hills over which the road has
been carried in the upper part of the t. £125
have been expended and to complete the road
through the t. a further sum of nearly £400 wDl
be necessary. — This t. is considered one of the
best amongst the eastern townships, having nine
of its ranges fit for actual settlement, and being
well watered with good springs and small brooks.
There are most superior miU seats on the Black
River.

Statistics.
Population . . 367 | Saw-mills . . 2

Annual Agricultural Produce.
Bushels.
. 300
4,390

Live Stock.

Cows . 210 I Swine .
Sheep . 512 |

M 2

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 3,908
. 2,920

127 I
153

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.
Peas . 700
Indian corn 1,460

250

D U T

E A R

DusABLB or NouVBLLB YoRK, seigtiiory, in
the CO. of Berthier, is in the rear of Mastinonge
between Berthier and Carufel — 1 league in front
by 3 in depth. Granted, Aug. 15, 1739, to Louis
Adrien Dandonneau Dusablej now the property
of the Hon. Ross Cuthbert. — A small ridge of
rising ground crosses this grant, a little north
Of the road to Quebec, which seems to separate
the fertile from the barren parts ; south of it the
Soil is rich, productive, well settled and under
good cultivation ; but on the opposite side of the
height it is very indiflFerent and thinly settled by
a few farmers, who are compelled to exert their
utmost industry to procure a living. The whole
tract is almost free from wood, the little remain-
ing only fit for fuel. A small stream, called
Riviere Cachee, runs through the lower part and
works one corn and one saw-mill. — This S. is in
the parish of Maskinonge.

Title. — " Concession du 15me Aoilt, 1739, faite par
Charles^ Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Louis Adrien Dandonneau
Dusabli, d'une ctendue de terrein d'environ une lieue de
front sur trois lieues de profondeur; laqiielle sera bornee
pour la devanture au bout de la profondeur de la conces-
sion aceordee par Mr. Talon au Sieur Jean Baptiste Le-
gardeur le 3me Novembre, 1672, appartenant aujourd'hui
au Sieur Petit Bruno; au Nord-est par les terres con.
cedees par le dit Sieur Talon, le 29me Octobre, 1672, aux
Sieurs Pierre et Jean Baptiste Lcgardeur, dont le dit Sieur
Petit est aussi proprietaire, et parlaligne de la Seigneurie
du Sieur Sicard de Carufel ; au Sud-ouest au fief du Chicot,
et continuation du dit fief; et par derriJre aux terres non-
conc^dees." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 8, folio 30.

DuTORT or LiNCTGT, fief, in the co. of Nicolet,
IS bounded n.e. by Cournoyer ; s. w. by Becancour;
in the rear by the t. of Maddington and it fronts
the mouth of the R. Becancour opposite Isle Dor-
val. The original title of this concession has not
been found, therefore its date and dimensions, as
granted, are both uncertain ; it is however at pre-
sent a quarter of a league in front by nearly 3
leagues in depth, and is the property of Mens.
BeUefeuille. — The soil and timber are similar to
those of Becancour.

Title. — " On n'a pu trouver le titre de cette Concession
ni dans le Secretariat ni dans le bureau du Papier Terrier,
de sorte qu'on ne connoit ni I'ttendue de son front ni le
nom du concessionaire originaire. EUe est plac6e sur la
carte d'aprSs les lumi^res qu'on a pu tirer des litres des
concessions voisines. — Par le rfgleinent de I'etendue des
paroisses I'ait par le Gouverneur et I'lntendant, cet fief
paroit avoir un quart de lieue du front du precedent fief
de Becancour qui devoit avoir deux lieues et trois quait
de front. "

Eagle Lakes, called by the Indians Chipi-
logimssis, in the co. of Rimouski, consist of five
or six lakes, connected with each other by a
line of water running from n. to s. Their accu-
mulated waters run n. w. into the h. St. John,
with which these lakes are also connected by an
Indian line of communication branching into two
portages, one leading to the r. a little below the
mouth of the r. Marienequacktacook, and the
other opposite the mouth of the r. Madawaska :
another portage connects one of these lakes with
a stream that flows into the r. Restook,

Eardly, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is
bounded b. by Hull; w, by Onslow; n. by
waste lands of the Crown ; s. by Lake Chaudiere.
Its breadth is the same as that of other river
townships, but its lateral lines, running mag-
netically N., differ widely in their depth, the b.
line being 1,099 chains, the w. line only 325,
owing to the curves in the shore of the lake,
which runs about n. w. and presents a diagonal
front to this township of 14 miles, from its e.
boundary in the 1st range to the w. limits of the
9th. This T. is indented by two large bays : the
first lies above a small river which falls into the
Lake at lot 8 ; the second extends from lot 21 to
the w. bounds of the t., and in this bay two
other small rivers discharge their waters, which,
with several inferior streams, fertilize the front
ranges. The soil, in many places suited to the
cultivation of hemp and flax, does not yield in
fertility to Hull. This t. is well timbered with
elm, beech, maple and pine, and may be said to
possess every local advantage met with in the
townships below it. From the foot of the hiUs,
which lie along the 6th range, to the margin of the
lake, the country is generally level or rising into
rich and gradual swells of excellent land. — This t.
is but thinly settled and in front. It is well watered
by small lakes but contains no considerable rivers,
and has no regular roads. — A tract of 6,411 acres
of the E. section of this t. was granted, in 1805,
to the Sandford and Lukin families and others
the greater part of which has been since conveyed
to other individuals; subsequently, 2,600 acres
were patented to the Maclean family ; these two
grants occupied nearly the whole of the front.
Large tracts of excellent land are yet ungranted;

E A T

EAT

whichj if placed under the superintendence of an
active agent, may in time become a settlement of
interest and consequence. Out of the prosperous
colony of Hull the settlements of Eardly may
be said to have originated; they are chiefly in
the E. quarter and are traversed by the Hull
road, which extends to the 14th or 15th lot ; many
neat and well-cultivated farms are on this part
of the road as well as a school-house, which is
attended by 20 to 25 youths of both sexes.— i7B-
gr anted and unlocated, 19,590 acres.

Statistics.

Population . . 136

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley .

Bushels.

770

. 2,030

. . 2,430

Maple sugar

Peas .
Rye .
Indian corn .
36 cwts.

Bushels.

260

710

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 21 Cows
18 Sheep

34 Swine
. 34

. 104

Eaton, river, is formed by two streams which
water the townships of Ditton, Newport and
Auckland, and meet in the t. of Eaton about
2 m. N. E. of the church. The r. then winds a n.
course into the t. of Westbury, where it falls into
the St. Francis in the 14th lot of the 2nd range.

Eaton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is
bounded e. by Newport; w. by Ascot; N. by
Westbury and s. by Clifton. — The w. half, of
which a great part is settled, was granted in 1800,
to Mr. Josiah Sawyer and others. The farms by
care and industry are brought into good condi-
tion, assuming a very flourishing aspect. This
tract is of a uniform and favourable quality,
generously repaying the farmers wherever it is
under tillage. The n. w. part generally is low
and swampy ; the other parts may be called hiUy,
being a series of bold swells whose bases may be
traced by the courses of the streams. The soil in
general is stony and occasionally sandy. Towards
the N. w., at an angle with the horizon of be-
tween 60 and 70 degrees, masses of granite are
occasionally met with on the surface, as well as
large masses of alluvial rocks, some having the
appearance of vitrifaction. Slate of excellent
quality for roofing is abundant, and black-lead
ore has been found. The rocky strata are inva-
riably argillaceous. — The timber is more remark-

able for diversity of kind than excellence of qua-
lity; pine, birch, basswood, spruce and hemlock
are plentiful ; tJiat which covers the summits
of the ridges is' generally hard wood, viz. maple,
beech, birch and basswood; on the slopes is a
mixture of spruce with occasional patches of cedar
where the land is very wet. — This t. is not wa-
tered by any stream of magnitude, but intersected
by numerous small rivulets and brooks. On the
principal river, called Eaton River, are several
good mill sites, of which some are occupied, and
two bridges. Several corn and saw-mills have
been erected on some of the streams. — Flax suf-
ficient for domestic use is grown ; and though
hemp has not yet been tried there is no doubt of
its answering, particularly in places. The annual
produce per acre, which might be increased under
a better system, is, wheat 15 bushels, oats 20, rye
15 to 20, potatoes from 250 to 300. Indian corn
is not much grown. — A considerable number of
horses and fat cattle are sent annually to market.
The cattle, in general, are of the breed common to
the eastern townships, and are considered good of
their kind. The wages of agricultural labourers
2s. 6d. a day, and the highest wages in harvest-
time 3s. 4d. There is a fair proportion of artisans,-
but they do not follow their trades separately from;
farming pursuits, but when they are employed in
mechanical trades they receive 5s. a day. — A large
quantity of pearlashes is produced. — This t. is di-
vided into two parishes by a line through the 6th
range of concessions : the n. portion is called St.
Peter's, the s. part St. Paul's. There is a church
in each parish. There is one school, provided by
the Royal Institution, in which are 50 scholars on
the average; there are likewise 2 or 3 private
schools. — The roads are not good though in an
improving state. — About 9000 acres are cleared.
— Ungranted and unlocated, 3100 acres.

Statistics.

Population 803 Fulling-mills 1 Pearlasheries 1

Churches, Pro. 2 Saw-mills . 6 Distilleries . 1

Corn-mills . 3 Tanneries . 1 Taverns . . 2

Carding-mills 1 Potasheries 1 Artisans . 10

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce,
Bushels.
Potatoes 19,100
Peas . 4,500

Bushels.

16,820

9,300

350

Bushels.
Rye . 3,100
Indian com 1,600,

Live Stock.

562 1 Cows . 924 1 Swine
6161 Sheep . . 1,540 1

770

E B O

Eau Chaudb, de 1', river, at the s. e. angle
of Buckland, is a large, deep and rapid stream
and fordable during one or two months in the
y6ar.

EbouIiEmbns, lbs, seigniory, in the co. of Sa-
guenay, fronts the St. Lawrence and lies between
the seigniories of Le GoufFre and Murray Bay and
is bounded in the rear by waste crown lands. — 3 1.
in breadth by 2 in depth. — No record of this grant
has been preserved but it appears by an act of
fealty and homage performed Apr. 3d, 1723, by
Pierre Tremblay, then proprietor, that he pro-
duced a concession of this tract made to Pierre
Lessard, but the date was not quoted. It is now the
property of Marc P. de Sales La Terriere, Esq.
M. P. P. — The name of this seigniory indicates
convulsions of nature of which we have only some
very loose traditions. According to the history
of Canada by Charlevoix, some violent shocks
of an earthquake were felt in 1663 throughout
the whole of Labrador to the Bay of St. Paul.
Others say that, before 166.3, this part of the coun-
try had experienced shocks of earthquake, and they
believe that Jacques Cartier, in his first voyage to
Canada, sailed up the St. Lavvrence from the
north without meeting any obstacle ; and that on
his second voyage, wishing to follow the same
track, he was stopped between the Isle aux Coudres
and the north by a considerable renversement des
terres, and this diplacement has ever since been
called la Grande Pointe des Eboulemens, which
forms almost an island considerably serrated by
the R. St. Lawrence. The traditions prevalent
among the oldest inhabitants support this opinion
and also the idea, that the creeks formed near the
point were formerly only one, or that the passage
followed by the first explorers of the country has
undergone some change. This coast has been
subject to frequent shocks of earthquake; the
most alarming in the memory of the oldest inha-
bitants was in Jan. 1757. when the earth cracked
in many places without any accident except the
fall of some chimneys. During the winter of
1791 this part of the country was again agitated
by shocks that continued during 40 days, but they
were less violent than the former. These extra-
ordinary efforts of nature are still often felt every
year, and occasion sudden transitions from heat to
cold and vice versd. The shocks are more per-
ceptible in winter than in spring or autumn, and

those in summer are the least felt. From these
natural causes without doubt this seigniory has
derived its name. The laterabparts of the great
Pointe des Eboulemens, which is almost an island
of 14 square arpents, form two large creeks into
which many little rivers discharge their waters,
which at high tide are sufficiently deep to receive
vessels of above 100 tons and which there ride in
safety in all weathers. These rivers are fordable
at low water and wind across 10 to 12 arpents
of breakers, which produce an abundant pasturage
and a quantity of d'herbe salU. This seigniory,
particularly the beautiful settlements whose ver-
dant fields crown the summits of the sloping
hills which rise amphitheatrically from the St.
Lawrence, and all the coast extending from St.
Paul's Bay to Malbay affijrd the most agreeable
and picturesque variety and are comprehended
in one view. The face of this seigniory is in
general excessively mountainous ; but the soil is
not inferior to that about St. Paul's Bay, and is in
many parts equally productive. The shore of the
St. Lawrence is here very lofty, especially about
Cap aux Oies ; but the edges of the bays, between
the different projecting points, afford some good
patches of meadow and pasture land : from the
elevated bank of the river the ground continues
to rise ridge over ridge until it reaches the moun-
tains in the rear, which are at least 1800 ft. above
the level of the sea. In the concessions called
Godefroi, Dorothee, St. Joseph, and St. George,
some very good settlements, in an improved con-
dition, present themselves on the slopes of the
high lands and in the intervals : the whitewashed
cottages and farm-houses, frequently embosomed
in thick clumps of trees, have an appearance sin-
gularly picturesque. The inhabitants are chiefly
settled in 3 ranges of concessions ; the iirst range
occupies the borders of the river and comprehends
a ridge of land of the greatest fertility, producing
com, roots and all the fruits grown in Lower
Canada, to a degree of perfection only to be ac-
counted for by its favourable situation, which is
at the base of mountains that protect it from the
inclemencies of the north. The second range is
on the highest elevation, where the road from St.
Paul's Bay to Malbay passes over a distance of 9 1.
The inhabitants have built extensively in stone and
wood, and, in spite of the unavoidable diflficulties
of the mountainous situation, the roads are good

EBOULEMENS.

and passable for every description of carriage. The
valley that contains the villages of St. Joseph and
St. Godefroij on one side of which is seated the
parish churchj is at least 3 leagues in circum-
ference and the churchy 120 ft. by 60, presents
one of the finest prospects. From this eminence
the view commands the Isle aux Coudres, sepa-
rated from the land by a channel one league in
breadth, and all the country, on the opposite side
of the St. Lawrence, from Kamouraska to the en-
virons of St. Thomas and even to the lower part
of the Island of Orleans. The manor-house is
in the centre of this valley on the bank of the
little river, Ruisseau du Moulin, near which is
built the seignorial mill which never ceases to
work in the driest summer, being constantly sup-
plied with water from the river which is fed by
two small lakes. On this river, which conveys the
purest water to the door of every house, is another
corn-mill and also two saw- mills, in which a large
quantity of timber is cut for exportation. The bene-
ficence of the Creator, every where apparent, seems
to have united in this S. numerous benefits as a
counterpoise to the disadvantages of a mountainous
region. The different valleys on the sides of the
mountains present nearly the same picture. — In
the second range the soil is a light yellow, more or
less mixed with marl, and extremely fertile. The
climate, in consequence of the varied exposure of
the lands, is very various and the difference is
even perceptible in going from one farm to an-
other ; nevertheless, corn and leguminous roots of
all kinds prosper as well here as in the first range,
although sown and harvested fifteen days later.
In the first range the autumnal mists dissolve in
rain, in the second they descend in snow. The
north and north-west winds are frequent. — A large
portion of the third range is cleared from wood,
and the soil is less flinty and generally more level
than in the second range. This part of the seig-
niory is behind the front chain of mountains that
bounds the St. Lawrence and extends over a plain
from 6 to 7 leagues in depth to the great chain of
mountainous rocks. The newly settled inhabit-
ants of this range produce an abundance of corn
from their lands, which are cultivated with the
hoe. The autumnal frosts are later here than in
the second range, which causes the belief that the
surplus population, which migrate to this conces-
sion and multiply rapidly, wiU find abundant means

of subsistence. In spite of the local disadvantages,
which entail on the inhabitants laborious modes
of cultivation, instances of emigration to the plains
are rarely known. Their well aired climate and
their vigorous corporeal powers appear, as it were,
identified. This little colony of Canadian moun-
taineers may be compared to the inhabitants of
Switzerland, or the Scotch highlanders. — This S.
is watered by several streams, but principally by
the rivulets du Moulin, du Mouton, de L'Eglise
and du Cap aux Oies, which descend from the
rear and wind between the different ridges in a
manner truly decorative. — On the du Moulin,
near its discharge into the St. Lawrence, are
seated an excellent corn-mill and saw- mill ; at a
short distance from which stands the manor-house,
a large and substantial stone building, with nu-
merous appendages. — Several roads lead along the
St. Lawrence, where the ground is practicable,
and in other places over the ridges ; they are in
general tolerably good but frequently ascend some
very long and fatiguing hills. The want of a road
to Quebec is one of the greatest disadvantages of
this and the adjoining seigniories. The industrious
inhabitants are, as it were, imprisoned during six
months of the year, and can only export their sur-
plus provisions while the navigation is open. The
different sums appropriated by the House of As-
sembly for the purpose of opening a communica-
tion between St. Joachim and St. Paul's Bay have
been expended chiefly in searching for a convenient
line of route, and have been totally lost by aban-
doning the road opened in 1815 or 16 by the
Chevalier D'Estimanville, at that time assistant
chief overseer of roads. The sum of iE1900 ex-
pended since, under the management of com-
missioners, was only sufficient to open a com-
munication of 9 leagues across difficult places,
where there are many expensive cotes and bridges
to make. This road can never be finished without
the intervention of the legislature, the inhabitants
being insensible to every thing to which they
have not been habituated, and without this road
this interesting part of the country will remain
for a long time neglected. This S. and those of
Le Gouffre and St. Paul's Bay, being denied ac-
cess by land with other seigniories, owing to the
intervention of a barren tract in C6te de Beaupre,
the principal part of the disposable produce is
transported to Quebec by water, in which trade

E B O

ECU

many schooners are almost continually employed
during the season of navigation : their cargoes
consist chiefly of grain, live cattle and poultry,
besides large quantities of pine planks. — In the
bays are some good banks for fishing, which is
resorted to as a means of livelihood. Great abund-
ance of excellent fish and large quantities of her-
rings are caught, besides loche, cod, sardenne,
I'eplans, caplans, pilchards, eels and some salmon.
The porpoise, which was formerly taken in abund-
ance near the coast, is now become more rare;
nevertheless, there is still oil made sufficient for
the consumption of the inhabitants. —All the front
of this S. contains limestone ; the more elevated
peaks are granite and there are many quarries
of freestone of superior quality. — The timber is
of vigorous growth ; the woods contain but little
maple and much wild cherry, birch, pine, spruce,
poplars, cedar and in general all the dwarf trees
usually found in the forests of Canada. — Sul-
phureous springs of various strength and aggrega-
tion are very common ; there are also many fer-r
ruginous springs, but their medicinal qualities are
not sufficiently appreciated by the inhabitants. —
Ten schooners and four chaloups, carrying nearly
.300 tons, continually ply to and from the port of
Eboulemens to Quebec, and the chief articles of
trade are deals, hoards, firewood and some wheat.
— In the S. are many potters, 2 joiners, 2 ship-
wrights and 5 blacksmiths. — Each of the 3 corn-
mills drives 4 pairs of stones. — The horses are ge-
nerally of the original Canadian breed and, though
small, are extremely docile and willing. The
horned cattle which the late Colonel Nairne, the
seignior of Malbay, imported from Europe have
multiplied and bring greater prices than any
others, and, notwithstanding the degenerating in-
fluence of the long Canadian winters, they pre-
serve the shape and qualities of their superior
breed. Sheep are reared in great numbers, hut
the inhabitants pay no attention to selection. —
The number of farms conceded in this S. is 284,
containing 24,607 arpents. 17,729 arpents re-
main unconceded. — This S. is in the parish of
Notre Dame de Bon Secours, which also includes
a small portion of the S. of Murray Bay. The
population of this p. amounted, in 1826, to
1800, although, by an error in the census taken
in that year, the number is said to have been only
1400.

Statistics
of the Parish of Notre Dame de Bon Secours.

Population J,632
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1

Corn-mills . 3

Fulling-mills 1

Saw-mills . 7

Artisans . 10

River craft ,
Tonnage ,
Keel boats
Ship yards

225

. 4,

. 2

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

> Bushels.
9,000
3,500
1,000

Bushels.

Potatoes

13,000

Peas

900

Rye

150

Cwt».
Maple sugar 62
Hay, tons . 138

Live Stock.

31b I Cows
750 1 Sheep

500 I Swine
50001

1500

Title. — " Le titre de cet octroi n'a pas encore etc trouve
au Bureau du Secretariat, mais il paroit par un Acte de
Foi et Hommage, rendu le 3me Avril, 172.3, par Pierre
Tremilay, alors proprietaire de ce fief, qu'entr'autres litres
il produisit une concession faite a Pierre Lessard, portant
que toutes les terres en Seigneuries qui se trouvent depuis
la Seigneurie, du Sieur Dwpr4, jusqu'a celle du Sieur de
Comports, noramee la Malhaie, demeureront et appartien-
dront a I'avenir au dit Pierre Lessard (Pierre Tremblay,
probablement.)" — R6g. Foi et Hommage, folio 55, April 3,
1723.— Caftjer* ff Intend. No. 2 o 9, folio 3, April 5, 168-3.

ECHAUPFAUD AUX BASQUES, V. CaNARDS, R.

Echo Lake, in the b. part of the t. of Aber-
cromby, is one of the sources of a nameless stream
that descends to New Glasgow and joins the
Achigan.

EcuREUiLs, i/Es, or Belais, audits augmen-
tation is a seigniory in the co. of Portneuf. It
fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded s. w. by
the S. of Jacques Cartier; n. b. by Point aux Trem-
bles and in the rear by D'AuteuU. — It is i 1. in
breadth by 1 league in depth. Granted Nov. 3rd,
1672, to the Sieurs Toupin. The augmentation,
of the same breadth as the seigniory and 2 1. in
depth, was granted Jan. 20th, 1706, to Marie
Magdelaine Mezerai, widow of Jean Toupin. —
Though composed of a soil nearly similar to the
front part of the seigniory of Jacques Cartier,
B.elair cannot vie with that property in fertility.
— The lands are all nearly conceded and most of
them settled. Many of the concessions were granted
before 1759, and those that have been granted
since are held on the same terms as the former.
There are some neat and well managed farms.
The unconceded lands are of indifferent quality,
and many of them totally unfit for agricultural
purposes — The river Jacques Cartier crosses the S.
diagonally, and it is also watered by the Riviere
aux Pommes, a pretty winding stream that flows

ECU

E S H

into the former. The timher has been nearly all
cleared off, and what remains is very inferior both
in kind and value. — Several roads cross this grant
and one, intersecting them at right angles, runs
from the banks of the St. Lawrence to the Jacques
Cartier. — The augmentation is generally moun-
tainous, but the land is not of a bad quality ; it
is only partially cultivated near the seigniory and
is tolerably well timbered with beech, ash, maple,
pine and birch, and is watered by the River Port-
neuf and some of its branches. The road from
Jacques Cartier bridge crosses it, on each side of
which there are a few neat settlements. — The
Parish of St. Jean Baptiste- des Ecureuih is divided
into three fieft, belonging to Messrs. Deschenay,
Hart and Alsop. The church, though small, is
large enough for the congregation. The parish
contains 60 families, three-fourths of whom, appre-
ciating the advantages of education, supply the
means of supporting a public school to which all
the children of the parish can easily have access ;
in this school the elements of the French, Latin
and English languages, arithmetic, &c. are taught.
: — There is no want of tradesmen in the S. This
p. was for a long time celebrated for the quality of
its corn, but for some years this reputation has been
on the decline. The presbytery is spacious and
very commodious. The church, though small, is
large enough for the congregation, and the pa-
rishioners are inspired with an extraordinary zeal
in its decoration ; their contributions for this pur-
pose have frequently been surprising.

Statistics.

Population 512
Churches, R.C. 1
Presbyteries . 1
Corn-mills . 1
Carding-mills 1

Fulling-mills
Saw-mills .
Shopkeepers
Taverns

Artisans
River craft
Tonnage
Keel boats

10
1

19
1

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels.
4^.563
5,120

206
190

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.

. 5,100

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

5101
1,035 1

Peas

Swine

Bushels.
3,100

309

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Interidant, aux Sieurs Toupin, Pere et Fils,
d'une demi lieue de front, sur une lieiie de profondeur, k
prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, moitie au dessus et
moilie au dessous de la pointe Bouroila {aux Ecureuils)
aboutissant des deux cotes aux terres non-concedecs."— ^
R6gistre d'Intendance, No. l,';foZfo-3J^'»''

Augmentation. — " Concession du 20me Janvier, 1706,
faite par Philippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Francois
de Beatiharnois, Intendant, a Marie Magdelaine Mezerai,

veuve de feu Jean Toupin, d'une demi lieue de terre de
front sur deux lieues de profondeur derriere la Seigneurie
de B6lair, le front a prendre immediatement k une lieue
du fleuve St. Laurent." — Registre d'Intendance, No, 5,
folio 41.

Edward (L.), v. Batiscan, b.

Edwakds-town, ti. Beauharnois, S.

Ely, township, in the co. of Shefford, bounded
E. by Melbourne and Brompton ; w. by Roxton ^
N. by Acton and s. by Stukeley. The whole of
this T. has been surveyed and the s. e. quarter
granted. The laud is good and, if cultivated,
would prove fertile ; the low land, though rather
wet, is not unfit for tillage and produces some
of the best kinds of hard, black woods. — This T.
is watered by branches of the Yamaska and other
streams. — Here are very few settlers. — 950 acres
were purchased by Mr. Wm. Hall of Quebec for
£100. — Ungranted and unlocated 2,800 acres.

Emberton, a projected township, in the co. of*
Sherbrooke, is bounded by Ditton, Auckland and
Drayton, and is watered by the R. Margalloway.

Enfant Jesus, de 1' (P.), v. Montreal.

English Bay, on the n. shore of the St. Law-
rence, in the co. of Saguenay, lies between St.
Panovace and Manicouagan Bay.

English River, in the S. of Beauharnois,
rises in several springs in the rear of William's
Town and, winding to the front, joins the Cha-
teauguay nearly 1 m. above the church.

Ennibs, des, river, rises in waste lands in the
rear of the 2nd aug. to Ste. Anne, in the co. of
Champlain, and watering the rear part of the S,
of Batiscan falls into the k. of that name.

Entry (I.), v. Magdalen, I's.

Erien Lake, in Clarendon, lies near the centre
of the T., between the 9th and 10th ranges and
E. of Decoy Lake.

Escoumaine, river, in the co. of Saguenay,
falls into the n. shore of the St. Lawrence about
10 m. below the R. Grande Berzeronne.

Esbganetsogook, river and lake, in the co. of
rislet. The river rises in the mountainous and
waste country lying s. of the rear boundary of the
T. of Ashford ; running s. it receives one stream
from the n. e. and another from the n. w., both
descending from small lakes. The R. then forms
the lake of the same name and, taking a s. w. di-
rection, joins the Daaquam about 6 m. above the
junction of that river with the R. St. John.

EsHBR, a projected township, fronts Lake des
AUumetSj in the co. of Ottawa, and lies between

ETC

the projected townships of Hastings and Sheen.
In Esher the Hudson's Bay Company have a Post.
Etchbmin, lake, is in the cos. of Bellechasse
and Beauce and lies in the angle formed "by the
junction of the townships of Ware, Standon and
Cranbourhe ; it supplies one of the main branches

of the K. Etchemin No part of the District of

Quebec is better calculated to be the centre of an
extensive and flourishing settlement than the vi-
cinity of the Lake Etcheniin ; no inland situation
could be selected better adapted for the site of a
village than the margin of this beautiful sheet of
Water, which is somewhat more than 4 m. long,
navigable from one end to the other and abound-
ing with fine fish. The shores of the lake, without
assuming the appearance of rocks, are bold and
picturesque and the margin in most places either
pebbly or composed of the finest sand ; it is sur-
rounded by excellent land, presenting on all sides
a moderate and gradual ascent from the water
and three or four good mill-streams enter the lake
at different points. On a small peninsula on the
N. side is every appearance of an extensive mine
of iron ore : bog ore has been found in great
abundance not far from the s. w. side, and indeed
on all sides, for many miles round the lake, there
are strong indications of this valuable mineral.
This lake is in a most central situation ; at the
head of a considerable branch of the r. Etchemin,
and within a mile or two of the head waters of the
River St. John and of considerable streams com-
municating with the Chaudiere ; it is in the direct
line of the nearest and only practicable route of
communication with the River St. John, and is by
nature appointed the great highway between Que-
bec and the lower provinces ; it is also in the line
of the nearest road to the State of Maine and
enjoys, moreover, the advantage of proximity to the
road lately dpened to the Kennebec settlements,
wherefore the distance by that road may be short-
ened by descending in a direct line down the valley
of the Etchemin to Pointe Levi, in lieu of the cir-
cuitous route by the Chaudiere : so situated, few
inland places in the province possess superior ad-
vantages as a commercial entrepot to the Lake
Etchemin. A village in this situation, commu-
nicating with Quebec at the short distance of six-
teen leagues, would, when the country in the vi-
cinity has somewhat advanced in settlements, ofier
sk most convenient place of deposit for the produce
of the neighbouring country, as well as for that of

the St. John district and the state of Maine : being
in the high road from the capital, at the distance
of a short day's journey, it would also form an in-
termediate point of departure for aU the extensive
countries lying to the south, south-east, east and
north-east. The value of an easy and safe inland
water communication with the lower provinces
must be obvious, and will ever be an object of the
utmost importance to the inhabitants of the British
North American colonies.

Etchemin, river, in the cos. of Beauce and
Dorchester, rises on the s. e. boundary of Stan-
don, and, having the T. in a direction at right
angles with its general course, it enters Cran-
bourne and, sweeping along the s. w. base of the
mountains, again returns n. e. before it enters
Frampton, forming in its course a rocky penin-
sula of 6 m. in length by half that in width :
a good water communication exists round this
peninsula, the Etchemin being deep and navigable
from lot 19 to lot 28, but not lower, for it he-
comes a wide and shallow stream on a rocky bed;
the rapids in the 10th range extend only a short
distance. After -watering the t. of Frasnpton
and the S. of Jolliet, it enters Lauzon and tra-
verses the whole of that S. to the St. Lawrence,
into which it falls between the domain and fief
Ursuline. — When the extensive country through
which this r. runs, now wholly uninhabited, has
been settled and brought into a state of improve-
ment capable of reimbursing the cost, an inland
water communication from Pointe Levi to Ma-
dawaska, and perhaps eventually even to the
Bay of Fundy and the distant Atlantic, would
neither be doubtful as to its beneficial result
nor Very costly in the execution, by simply im-
proving the bounty of nature furnished by the
rivers St. John and Etchemin. — At the Upper
Falls of the r. is an Indian carrying-place and
the remains of a canoe have been there found,,
which indicate, perhaps, a nearer route to the na-
vigable waters of the St. John than that disco-
vered by Mr. Ware. From Lake Etchemin to
the Middle Falls the descent is very trifling, so
that, it is believed, the dicharge du Lac might by
embankment be made navigable for boats : the
descent at the falls is not more than twenty feet,
and the ground is favourable for the construction
of locks : from the falls to Ware's River, at the s.
angle of Buckland, eight miles, the Etchemin is
narrow, deep and navigable, flowing through an

V AU

F A U

alluvial valley : from the last-mentioned place to
the Bridge of Ste. Claire, 18 m.,is over a hilly tract
of country, but in a gradual slope, affording numer-
ous and considerable streams as feeders to a canal ;
and, lastly, from the Bridge of Ste. Claire to Pointe
L§vij about 21 m. is over a fine level country very
favourable for the excavation of canals, so that the
whole length of the canal connecting Pointe L6vi
with the River St, John would not, in all proba-
bility, exceed fifty milesj if so much. Perhaps
the bed of the Etchemin, above the Lower Falls,
mightj by embankment, be made navigable for a
great part of the distance, the fall being in most
places very inconsiderable.

Eugenie, river, rises in l. Oliveira in the t.
of Dorset, in the co. of Megantic, and taking a s.
course enters the t. of Gayhurst, through which
it winds gracefully in a gentle current until it falls
into the Chaudifire near Pointe Ronde.

Famine, la, river and lake. The river rises
in several branches, in the t. of Ware, which
unite with other branches, one of which descends
from Lake la Famine in the t. of Watford, and
running into the S. of Aubert de L'Isle falls into
the Chaudiere near the w. angle of the P. of St.
Barbe. The lake is iii the extensive swamp lying
in the rear of Ware and Watford.

Fabnham, township, in the co. of Shefford, is
bounded n. by the t. of Granby and the s angle
of the S. of St. Hyacinthe ; s. by Stanbridge and
Durham ; b. by the t. of Brome, and w. by the
aug. to the s. of Monnoir. It is watered through-
out by the first branches of the k. Yamaska. The
land is of good quality, generally similar to that
of Stanbridge though perhaps with a greater pro-
portion of indifferent tracts ; in the n.w. parts are
wide-spreading swamps. — The best parts are tim-
iiered principally with beech, elm and maple ; on
the marshy parts are the usual inferior sorts. —
Watered by large branches of the river Yamaska,
on which are many corn and saw-mills. — Several
roads cross in every direction. Along the banks
of the streams are some good patches of settle-
■ments. .Nearly all the land is granted. In 1798,
Mr. Samuel Gale and others obtained a large por-
tion and stiU continue the greatest landholders :
in 1805, a grant was made to the family of the
late Colonel Cuyler, and in 1809 the westemly

part, being the "rest and residue of Famham,"
was laid out and 10,176 acres granted to John
Allsop, Esq. and others, his associates, who still
retain the property. — Ungranted and unlocated
1272 acres.

Slatistics.

Population 835
Churches, Pro. 2
Curates . 1
Schools . 6
Villages . 1
Corn-mills . 4
Carding-mills 3

Fulling-mills 3
Saw-mills . 13
Tanneries . 1
Hat manufact. 1
Potteries . 2
Potasheries 4
Pearlasheries 9

Breweries . 1
Distilleries . 2
Medical men I
Nptaries . 1
Shopkeepers 3
Taverns . 4
Artisans . 18

Aunual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 6,010
Oats . 9,150
Barley . 1,300

Bushels.
Potatoes 25,000
Peas . 4,950
Rye '. 100

Bushels.
Buck wheat 5,800
Indian com 5,460
Map. sug, cwt. 35

Live Stock.

Horses . . 322
Oxen . . 395

Cows . 660
Sheep . 8,355

Swine . 780

Fausembault, seigniory, in the co. of Port-
neuf, is bounded N. e. by Guillaume Bonhomme
and St. Gabriel ; s. w. by Neuville and Bourglouis ;
s. by Desmaure and n. by waste lands. This S.
is irregular in front and depth ; its superficial ex-
tent about 12 1., one-third of which is in lakes,
rivers and mountains. From the S. of Desmaure to
the R. Jacques Cartier it is only a narrow slip of
land, f 1. broad, and 2i- 1. deep ; beyond that river
it spreads to a breadth of 8 m. with an additional
depth of 3 1. granted Feb. 20th, 1693, to Sieur de
GaudarvUle and now the property of Juchereau
Duchesnaye, Esq. The front of this S. is 3 1. from
the St. Lawrence and its first two ranges of con-
cessions are settled by natives of the country; a
third range is conceded to natives but is not settled.
The principal settlements are on the Jacques Car-
tier, consisting of about 80 farms on each side of
the R. ; there is also another settlement more to
the N. besides those on Lac St. Joseph, on the
discharge of which are an oatmeal mUl, a saw-mill
and a bridge 60 feet by 18. A great part of the
lands were conceded before 1759, and more recent
concessions have been made which are held under
the ancient tenure. The land that remains un-
conceded is of very indifferent quality, and much
of it is totally unfit for agricultural purposes. That
part of the seigniory lying between GaudarviUe
and Guillaume Bonhomme, though rather moun-
tainous particularly towards the river, is of good
quality; the land rising gradually affords many

F iLU

F O U

opportunities for cultivation ; the soil is either a
middling sort of loam or a layer of black earth, of
no great depth, upon a stratum of sand : the farms
exhibit good tillage and are by no means defective
in fertility. — There is a tolerable variety of tim-
ber ; the maple, beech and birch are particularly
good : inferior \vood is in great abundance. — Se-
veral roads lead to the adjoining seigniories on
each side, and one from Desmaure up to the
Jacques Cartier, but there is scarcely a stream to
be met with until reaching that river; thence
northward, this S. is mountainous, continually
rising until it approaches the great N. w. ridge,
and is very well clothed with timber but it is ge-
nerally unfit for cultivation. — This S. is watered
partially by the r. Jacques Cartier, by Lac St.
Joseph and Lac Bonhomme besides some smaller
lakes in the ravines, and also by several little
branches of the R. Portneuf which rise in the
skirts of the mountains. — Part of this S. is in the
parish of St. Augustin and part in the p. of Ste.
Catherine, which lies behind it and is served by
the same cure. {Vide Gaudarville, and for sta-
tistics of Ste. Catherine, p. vide Desmaure.)

Statistics
of the Settlement of St. Patrick.

Population 283

Arpents under cultivation , .310

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Rye

Horses

Bushels.

1,172

Bushels.
Barley . 54-
Peas . . 76
Potatoes 19,340

Bundles.
Hay, &c. . 250
Butter cwts. 18

Live Stock.
10 I Horned cattle 64 | Swine

4,9

Title.—" Concession du 20me Fevrier, 1693, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur de Gaudarville, de trois lieues de profondeur au
derri^re du fief de Gaudarville, ensemble toutes les terres
attenantes qui sont derriere les fiefs des Sieurs Desmaures
et Guillaume Bonhomme, et jusqu'i la profondeur de la
merae ligne du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, qui terminera les
dites trois lieues, ensorte que tout ce qui est compris en
la prcsente concession sera born6 d'un bout, par devant,
au Sud-est, par les lignes qui terminent les profondeurs
des dits fiefs de Gaudarville, Bonhomme et Desmaure, et
par derriere au Nord-ouest par une ligne courant uussi
Nord-est et Sud-ouest qui terminera la profondeur des
dites trois lieues par derriere le dit fief de Gaudarville, ct
sera prolongee droit jusqu'au fief de Neuville, et par un
c6t^ au Nord-est, d'une partie des terres du fief de Sillery,
4'une partie de celles de Gaudarville, et des terres du dit
Bonhomme ; et de I'autre c6t6, au Sud-ouest, born(5e des
terres du fief de Neuville." — Rigistre d'Jntendance, No. 4
folio U,

Femmbs, ruisseau des, a small rapid stream
descending into the N. shore of the r. Saguenay,
nearly opposite Ha Ha bay. The Descente des
Femmes forms a good harbour for vessels.

Fere, river, rises in a small lake behind the
high lands near the rear line of the S. of St. Roch
des Annais, and taking a w. course washes the
boundary line of that S. and Reaume, where it
receives a small rill from the s. and turns a mill,
from which it strikes off to the n. and running to
the village in St. Roch des Annais falls into La
Grande Anse in the r. St. Lawrence.

Ferme, petite, river, rises and falls in the s. of
C6te de Beaupre; it runs through the domain
of St. Joachim into the St. Lawrence about 4 m.
from the mouth of the R. Ste. Anne.

Ferre, river, rises in several lakes in the waste
lands in the rear of the S. of Bourglouis ; it runs
s. w. through the S. of Perth uis into Long Lake
which is the source of the R. Noire.

Fitch's Bav is a long sheet of water in the t.
of Stanstead emptying itself into Lake Memphra-
magog. It receives the waters of a considerable
lake that cuts the division line of Stanstead and
Hatley. At the mouth of this bay is a small
island.

Flammand, river, runs into the h. St. Mau-
rice above the n. Bastonais r.

Fi/EUH, la, river, in the Island of Orleans, rises
in the high lands, and taking a s. w. direction runs
through the fief Mons. Foulain into the south
channel of the r. St. Lawrence.

Forges of St. Maurice, v. St. Etiennb, p.

FoucAULT or Caldwell Manor, seigniory, in the
CO. of RouviUe, is bounded n. by the S. of Noyan;
S. by the state of Vermont ; e. by Missiskoui Bay,
and w. by the r. Richelieu. Granted, Ap. 1, 1738,
to Sieur Foucault ; 2 1. in front by 2\ 1. in depth.
— The line of boundary between Lower Canada and
the United States runs through this S., by which a
great part of it is placed within the state of Ver-
mont — The face of this S. is generally level, though
slightly undulating and regularly interspersed with
swamps and gently rising grounds; the land though
low is superior in quality to the other low lands on
the east bank of the Richelieu, and may be cultivated
with the greatest success ; but this superiority, joined
to the benefit of having water communication at
its east and west boundaries, has yet attracted but
few settlers, who are chiefly American farmers,
and are settled in different parts of the S. — Apple

F O U

FOX

orchards flourish well in this S. and various kinds
of the plum and cherry are cultivated with success.
The forest timher consists of white pinej white oakj
cedar, ash, elm, maple, beech, hemlock, larch and
fir. — The roads are mostly in good repair ; 5 prin-
cipal roads are established by law, 4 of which lead
from the province line N. through the s. and one
from Missiskoui Bay w. to the river Kichelieu;
these are intersected by several shorter roads. —
There is a ferry over the Richelieu at the province
line, where the river is one mile broad ; the rates
of ferriage are, for a waggon drawn by two horses
3s. 9d., a waggon with one horse 2s. 6d., a foot
passenger Is. — This S. and that of Noyan ad-
joining are divided into 2 parishes ; the w. parish,
which includes the protestant episcopal church of
Foucault, is called St. Thomas ; there is no parson-
age house nor public school, but there are 4 private
seminaries in each of which are taught, on an
average, 25 scholars. — Foucault is about equally
and unifohnly settled in every part. The popu-
lation in 1825 amounted to 1051; the number is
now increased. About ^ths of the land are under
cultivation, and the soil is highly favourable to the
growth of hemp and flax j the latter is cultivated

by every family for domestic use The average

com produce is about 20 bushels per acre: wheat,
rye, Indian corn, oats, barley and buck-wheat
are raised in abundance, and peas are cultivated
to a considerable extent. The annual consumption
of wheat, rye and Indian corn, for food, is about
8400 bushels of each ; and of Indian corn, peas,
buck-wheat and oats, for fattening cattle and pigs
and feeding horses, about 9000 bushels. — One
corn-mill and one saw-mill have been erected on
Wolf Creek by Captain John Taylor, which, from
the smallness of the stream, can work only about
4 months in the year. There are 4 permanent
potash factories and several private ones of minor
importance : there are also 2 tanneries. — Potash,
lumber, beef cattle, pork and grain are the prin-
cipal articles of traffic, which are exchanged for
merchandize. — The price of agricultural labour is
2s. 6d. a day; and a mechanic earns 5s. — Among
the tradesmen are 1 saddler, 1 wheelwright, 3
blacksmiths, 3 cordwainers, 1 hatter. — Milch cows
and labouring oxen prosper well, and sheep are
reared in sufficient numbers to supply each family
with wool for winter clothing. — Although no mine
nor mineral has been discovered, some specimens
of rock crystal, garnet and emerald have been

found, also various petrifactions on the shores of
the Richelieu. — This S. is watered by Wolf Creek
that flows into South River, also by Missiskoui
Bay on the e. and by the r. Richelieu on the W. ;
these rivers abound with fish of delicious flavour.

Title " Concession du 3me Avril, 1738, faite par

Chatles-t Marquis de Beaitharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Foucault, de deux lieues de
terre de front, bornces du c6te du Nord par la Seigneurie
nouvellement concedee au Sieur de Noyan, et surla meme
ligne, et du c6te du Sud iv deux lieues de la dite ligne par
une ligne parallSle tiree Est et Ouest du monde ; sur le
devant par la rivielre Chambly, et sur la profondeur par
la Baie de Missisquoui." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 7,
folio 9.

FouQUBT, a small stream in the S. of Grand-
ville and Lachenaye; it turns a corn-mill at its
junction with Riviere des Caps.

FouRCHE, grande, river, runs through the C8te
de la Grande Fourche across theTemiscouata Port-
age into the n. w. branch of the R. Trois Pistoles.

FouRCHB, petite, river, connects the small lake
that receives the waters of h. des Sangues with
the s. w. branch of the k. Trois Pistoles. It runs
across the Temiscouata Portage, s. e. of the k.
Grande Fourche.

Fourche, la, a river in the S. of St. Giles.

FouRNiBB, fief, in the co. of L'Islet, fronting

the St. Lawrence, is bounded s. w. by L'Epinay;

N.B. by Gagnier and Ste. Claire; in the rear by

waste lands of the crown. — 30 arpents in breadth,

by 2 1. in depth. Granted Nov. 3rd, 1672, to Sieur

Fournier. — It is watered by the Bras St. Nicholas

and two other streams, besides a fourth which rises

in a small lake near the s. w. angle.

Title. — " Concession du 3me Nov. 1672, faite par Jcaii
Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Fournier, de trente arpens de
terre sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre sur le fieuve
St. Laurent; tenant d'un c6te au Sieur de I'Epinay, et
d'autre aux terres non-concedees." — Rigistre d'Intendance,
No. 1, folio 28.

Fox, rivers. Great and Little Fox rivers are
about 2 m. from each other, both falling into the
gulf of St. Lawrence, between Grifiin's Cove and
Little Vallee in the co. of Gaspe. Great Fox
river runs through the s. angle of fief Anse de
I'Etang.

Statistics of Great Fox River.
Population . . 57.

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Potatoes

Oxen
Cows

Bushels I

200 I Peas
Live Stock.
16 I Sheep
20 Swine

Bushels.
. 100

18
17

FRAMPTON.

Frampton township, in the co. of Beauce, in
the rear of the SS. of St. Joseph and Ste. Marie,
on the river Chaudiere, hounded n. e. by the t. of
Buckland ; s. w. by the S. of JoUiet and s. e. by
the T. of Cranbourne. This township is situated
at the commencement of the mountainous tract of
country separating the waters of the St. Lawrence
from those of the St. John, and consequently pre-
sents, on its near and farther sides, very different
appearances. The s. b. side, from about No. 16 to
28, is intersected from s. w. to n. e. by a chain of
elevated mountains, in many places impracticable
for roads, frequently rocky and otherwise unfa-
vourable for immediate settlement. Like the other
parts of the township the elevated portions are,
however, very much superior to the valleys, which
are generally swamps covered with stones and
producing inferior descriptions of timber such as
Sapin, spruce, some birch and cedar. — As far as is
now known, neither this nor any other portion
of the T. contains any limestone or sand. — The
N. w. half of the t., although also hilly, is much
superior to the opposite side ; all the hills may
be cultivated to their summits, the valleys are in
general good soil or cedar, alder and ash swamps.
The land is every where stony, but the stones are
loose and on the surface. The soil is a strong
white or yellow clay, producing very superior
crops of wheat and other grain, potatoes, turnips,
&c. The grass, in the cultivated valleys, is very
fine and is thought to be the cause of the su-
perior quality of the butter made in Frampton.
The uplands are timbered principally with maple
and birch with a mixture, more or less, of ash,
spruce, iron wood, beech, hemlock, &c. In the
valleys and alluvial points on the river are cedar
in great abundance, alders, elm, ash, spruce, pine,
with many other kinds of soft timber, and occa-
sionally also birch and maple, but there is no
white birch. — In the valleys are found consider-
able quantities of potter's earth. — The whole of
the township is uncommonly well watered, and
there are a great many very excellent mill seats
on the various branches of the R. Etchemin, as
well as on the waters communicating with the
Chaudiere. — This township will be costly in
bringing into cultivation from the number of
stones on the surface ; but, once cleared, it will
become a very valuable and productive settle-
ment, particularly to graziers. — The most con-
spicuous mountain is called the Crapavdi^re ; it

is in the 9th and 10th ranges. No. 15 to 20,
and is only a link of others as high or higher,
extending from it to the n. e. and s. w. — The
N. E. half of the t. is traversed by the river
Etchemin in its whole extent. There are two
small lakes in the 3rd range, abounding with
excellent trout; both communicate with Pyke
River, a branch of the Etchemin. — Roads have
been opened and made passable for wheeled car-
riages in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 9th and 11th ranges,
nearly half way through the t. ; and a cross road,
in very tolerable order, has been made between
lots No. 2 and 3, from the front to the rear the
whole way. The road in the 9th range is opened
and passable for 7 miles, and that in the 3rd
nearly as far. Other roads are projected and in
progress, and a road in continuation of that in the
9th range has been traced to the river St. John
(distant from the s. e. side of the T. 17 miles) by
order of government. — There are no bridges or
ferries established over the Etchemin in this T.,
but it has now become absolutely requisite that a
bridge should be built over that river, as the com-
munication between the inhabitants is often cut
off by floods, &c. — This t. has not been erected
into a parish yet, and there is only one place of reli-
gious worship, a Roman Catholic chapel, recently
erected in the 3rd range, where service is occa-
sionally performed. From the situation of this
township it ought to be divided into two parishes,
for the N. E. and s. w. sides ought to be distinct.
On the south side an appropriation of crown lands
has been made for the support of the school ; on
the N. E. side there is no reserve for this purpose
or any other of the kind. The s. w. side of the
T. in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th ranges has been
settled from 1816, and at present contains the
greatest population, about 170. The settlement
on the N. E. side was begun in 1823, 7 years
later than the other side; the total number of
souls on the n. e. side is 101. — The chief pro-
prietors in this township, enumerated accord-
ing to the extent of land they respectively hold,
are, Mr. Gilbert Henderson, Colonel Jacques
Voyer, Mr. P. E. Desbarats, Hon. Mr. Justice
Pyke, Mr. Wilb'am Henderson, Hon. James Ir-
vine, heirs of Labruere, Colonel Vassall, Colonel
Armstrong, besides several other persons who pos-
sess from 100 to 800 acres each. — In the n.e. side
900 acres of forest are cut down, of which 618 are
cleared and cultivated. On the s. w. side it is sup..

FRAMPTON.

posed that the quantity of land improved is ahout
one- third more than on the n. e. side. — There is
no village although there may he ahout 60 houses
in the township, and no trade is as yet carried on.
—The average annual crop of wheat produced on
an acre of new land is 20 hushels, potatoes from
18 to 25. The produce on the n. e. side of the
T. was nearly as follows, in 1827, and very much
under an average crop.

4,R00 bushels of potatoes
530 ditto turnips
415 ditto wheat
730 ditto oats

50 bushels of barley
80 ditto peas
165 ditto rye
2,500 bundles of hay

The total produce is more than is required for the
consumption of the growers ; the surplus is, how-
ever, in great demand for new settlers (many of
whom had no land cultivated in 1827), and in
the adjoining seigniory. It is supposed that the
produce of the s. w. side was more than double
the above, as there are fewer new settlers, and
also a greater surplus for sale out of the town-
ship. The seasons for sowing and reaping are
about a fortnight earlier than in the vicinity
of Quebec. On the s. e. side Mr. Desbarats
has erected a saw-mill, corn-mill and oatmeal-
mill : on the n. e. side Mr. G. Henderson has
a saw-mill, corn-mill and oatmeal mill. — There
are many tradesmen, particularly masons, brick-
layers and joiners, who, in most instances, work all
summer in Quebec while their families look after
their farms. There are also shoemakers, weavers,
cattle doctors, wheelwrights, blacksmiths and other
mechanics settled in both sides of the township. —
The average price of agricultural labour is from 2s.
to 2s. 6d. per day, the labourer boarding himself,
or from Is. 6d. to 2s. with board. — There are ap-
pearances of iron ore in several places; the stones
are clay slate interspersed with a few boulders of
granite, and some few detached pieces of porphyry
have also been seen; quartz and quartzstone
day slate is very common. — Flax grows well but
hemp has not been tried, although there is no
doubt of its growth; hops are found indigenous
in several places. — The neat cattle hitherto in-
troduced are of the common Canadian breed,
which, perhaps, with some improvement by ju-
dicious crossing, are the best calculated to thrive
in a hUly country. — There is scarcely any part of
the T. where the stumps have as yet rotted out

from the cleared lands, consequently very little
ploughing is performed, and when it becomes ne-
cessary it is probable that oxen will he used ex-
clusively. The average price for clearing is from
£2 10s. to £3 per acre. This sort of clearing
leaves the stumps on the land, but it prepares it
for seeding. Considerable quantities of saw-logs
were cut on the n. e. side previous to the lands
being granted ; in fact, the land was in general
stripped of all the pine and spruce timber fit for
logs ia the vicinity of the river. This illegal con-
duct has been very injurious to the interests of the
grantees, who have thereby been deprived of the
only immediate source of commerce to enable them
to carry on their settlements. — Out of the money
granted for the improvement of internal commu-
nications the sum of £300 was here expended. The
opening of the projected road to the R. St. John
would be of the greatest advantage to the t. gene-
rally, especially if carried on to the United States,
to which it would then be the direct road from
Quebec. — This t. is considered decidedly superior
in soil and situation to Buckland, Cranbourne and
Standon ; and, of all the settlements in the rear of
the French grants below the k. Chaudiere, it is
the most forward in improvements and population.
It has been occasionally visited by a great many
bears, which destroyed some cattle and lacerated
others; active measures, however, have been taken
by the settlers to prevent the future intrusion of
such troublesome visiters. — As the progress of
settlement in this part of the province mainly, if
not entirely, depends on the state of the roads
through this t., the House of Assembly has wisely
contributed sums of money for the purposes of
opening new roads and the erection of a bridge
over theEtchemin. Commissioners were appointed,
whose judicious and faithful discharge of their im-
portant duties is alike honourable to themselves
and the assembly which selected them. They
were appointed under the provincial act, 9th
George IV. chapter 13, " to open and make two
roads in the county of Dorchester, whereof one
shall lead from the oM settlements east of the
River Chaudiere as far as Lake Etchemin, and the
other from the settlements in the ninth range of
the township of Frampton, as far as Lake Etche-
min on the north-east side of the River Etche-
min." The 1st road is that from the r. Chau-
diere towards l. Etchemin, through the t. of
Cranbourne, about 33 miles, viz.

F R A M P T O N.

Miles.

1st, From St. Joseph Mill on the ChaudiSre to
rear line of St. Joseph, or front line of Craiihoume 6

2nrt. From the end of said road to the inter-
section of road number three, carried through 5th
range of Cranbourne . . . . 3|

3rd. From 4fth range of Frampton to 8th range
of Cranbourne, carried through between lots 14 and
15 of Cranbourne • . . . 6|

4th. From end of last-mentioned road to inter-
section of the rear line of Cranbourne, between
the 7th and 8th ranges . ..74

Sth. From termination of road carried through
Frampton on the north-east side of River Etche-
rain to Lake Etchemin, carried on, as nearly as
possible, the rear line of Cranbourne . . 9

Total . 33

Of the above roads, the first three have been
opened about IGi miles fit for winter roads. There
are no ditches, and no stream requires a bridge
above 6 or 8 feet span, but no bridges have been
made. The width of road opened is 10 feet.
The whole of this part of the country is hilly and
extremely well watered, but no portion of it is
mountainous; the road is not carried over any
steep hills, nor are there any streams requiring
public bridges ; but the portion of the road leading
from the Chaudiere as far as the crown lands in
Cranbourne is extremely swampy, and could not
be made passable for carts without a very heavy
expense. The timber on the adjoining lands has
been mostly destroyed by accidental fires, and the
quality of the soil is entirely unfit for settlement.
The remainder of the road is on the crown lands,
which are every where tolerably good, and in some
places excellent and very fit for settlement. The
remainder of the road proposed to be opened passes
entirely on the crown lands, which, with the ex-
ception of a small portion in the peninsula in the
N. E. corner of Cranbourne, are of good quality
and well adapted for settlement, when the roads
from Frampton, by which alone they can be ad-
vantageously approached, are made good. There
are no hills to impede this road, nor any swamps
of any extent to increase the expense of making
it, but there are two considerable streams to cross,
which will require public bridges, viz., one over
the main branch of the rfver Etchemin, and the
Other over the outlet of the lake of that name.
These roads lead directly to a very valuable por-
tion of the waste lands of the crown (exclusive of
those they more immediately pass through) in
Standon, Ware and Watford, all of which are of
a description to encourage immediate settlement
when roads are made to them — The other road

is from the 9th range of this t. on the N. e. side
of the K. Etchemin to the n. angle of the t. of
Cranbourne. The whole extent of this road is
about 9\ miles, commencing on lot No. 10 in the
9 th range of Frampton, and thence following the
general course of the B. Etchemin. It has been
opened and made passable for carts as far as the
river de I'Eau-Chaude at the s. angle of the t. of
Buckland 5\ miles. There are one large and two
smaller bridges built over streams in this space;
but the road has not as yet been ditched, although
it will require it in many places. It has been
opened 11 feet wide and in places where no
settlements are commenced, the wood has been
cleared to the distance of a chain on each side.
A considerable portion of this road, and more par-,
ticularly the first two miles, runs through low land
and requires logging at an expense of from £50 to
£60 a mile. The country traversed by the road,
so far as it is made, is all good soil and mostly in
progress of settlement; there is only one steep
hill, beyond which the road is excellent ; it is at
the commencement and does not exceed an acre in
descent. That part of the road which remains to
be opened traverses a fine tract of country on the
s. side of a gentle slope, forming one side of the
valley of the Etchemin usually called Les Aul-
naies. There is only one hill to ascend, which
may be done gradually, and a space not exceeding
1 mile of low land requires logging and ditching;
one large bridge and five smaller ones will be
required before the road can be travelled. No
road in this ; part of the country can be more
important fhan this, it leads and indeed passes
through in one place the unsettled lands in Buck-
land, and passes through the first range of Stan-
don, at the distance of from | to f m. from the
most valuable portion of the crown lands in Stan-
don, and thence directly to Cranbourne Road now
opening ; which until this road is completed will
be entirely useless, and the only road by which
the waste lands of the crown in Standon, the
N. E. part of Cranbourne, the fine tract of country
on the T. of Ware surrounding Lake Etchemin,
and a considerable portion of Buckland, can be
approached. — The bridge over the k. Etchemin
in this T, is erected on lot 2 in the Sth range.
The length is 321 ft. with two arches of 64 ft.
each arch 17 ft. high in the centre by 13 at top;
centre pier 50 ft. long by 20 wide at base ; the
abutments from 34 to 45 ft. wide. The expense

F R A

GAD

of building this bridge has been about £435,
viz.—

Voted by the House of Assembly . ^SOO
Approaches and homologation, aiout . 80
Subscribed by the settlers, about . , 55

Total expense of the bridge . J!ii35
In rendering an account of their proceedings to
the House of Assembly the commissioners very
justly remark that no similar work could be con-
structed in the province for less money. It is
here not improper to observe that the long ex-
perience of the author, as surveyor-general of this
province, and the evidence of facts prove how ju-
diciously the commissioners for the opening and
improving of the internal communications are
chosen; the economical and judicious manner in
which they direct their important labours, par-
ticularly the personal supervision which they be-
stow, ensures promptness of execution and con-
fines the expenses within the limits of the esti-
mates ; therefore the sums voted for such pur-
poses are never exceeded without attaining an
adequate and generally an unexpected beneiit.
The money expended on these roads and bridges
has, exclusive of the object in view, been of the
greatest possible advantage to the adjoining coun-
try, both seigniories and townships, and a small
additional sum granted for improving the roads in
this valuable t. would have the immediate effect
of settling the principal main roads up to the
boundary of Cranbourne, and thereby open the
most valuable portion of the lands in that t. for
immediate settlement, which cannot otherwise be
effected. The commissioners strongly recommend
the opening and making passable, for summer car-
riages, three main roads in this t. leading to-
wards the waste lands of the crown beyond, and
traversing a tract of excellent country offering
every inducement for immediate settlement : viz.
1st, a road on the n. e. side of the b. Etchemin;
2nd, a wheel-carriage road on the s. w. side of the
K. Etchemin, from the new bridge to Cranbourne,
about ten miles. This road will open a direct com-
munication with the upper valley of the Etchemin,
called Les Aulnales des Mines, and lead directly to
the best lands in Cranbourne ; 3rd, improving the
present main roads in the 3rd and 4th ranges of
this T., by which alone the road at present opened
in the s. w. part of Cranbourne can be approached,
and the communications from the parish of Ste.
Claire through Frampton and Cranbourne to the
K. Chaudiere, opened for carts.

The author cannot conclude this account of
the T. of Frampton without publicly expressing
his acknowledgments to Wm. Henderson, Esq., a
large landed proprietor, whose public spirit and
enterprising talents render him a most valuable
member of the Literary Society of Quebec, and
are highly useful to the prosperous advancement
of the best interests of this part of the province.

Population
Corn-mills

Statistics.

263 I Potasheries .
1 Pesirlasheries

2 I Tayems
I

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Bailey
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

830

, 2,500

. 100

9,600

Bushels.
. 260
Rye . 330

Indian corn 160

Bushels.
Mixed grain 20
M. sugar, cwts. 31
Hay, tons 19

Live Stock.

18 1 Cows
65 1 Sheep

108 1 Swine
68 1

172

Fkancheville, fief, in the co. of Portneuf.
This small P. fronts the St. Lawrence and is
bounded N. b. by La Tesserie; n. w. by Reste des
Grondines and n. by the r. Ste. Anne.

Fkancheville (F.), v. Grondines, S.

Francheville (F.), v. La Tesserie, S.

FRELITZBOURft (V.) V. St. ArMAND, S.

Frbnes, des, river. Ruisseau des Frenes rises
in a concession of the same name in the S. of Mur-
ray Bay, and passing through the n. b. angle of
the Concession called la Riviere Malbay falls into
the R. of that name.

Friponne, la, river, in the S. of C6te de Beau-
pre, rises in Petit Lac in the p. of St. Joachim
and, running first n. w. and then s. w., enters the
St. Lawrence nearly 6 m. below the mouth of the
K. Ste. Anne.

Front Brook rises from several springs and
a lake in the 5th range of the t. of Clifton and,
running N. through the w. angle of Eaton, falls
into the e. Salmon in the first range of Ascot.

Frost Village, v. Dunham, t.

Gabelle, Falls of, v. St. Maurice, S.

Gaduamgoushout or Gaduamgouicham, river,
rises in two lakes in that part of the district of
Quebec which borders on the n. w. angle of the co.
of Bonaventure, and, running through that part
of the CO., becomes one of the chief sources of the
B. Ristigouche.

GAS

GagnibKj fief, in the co. of L'Islet, is bounded
N. E. by Cap St. Ignace ; s. w. by F'ournier ; in the
rear by Ste. Claire, and in front by the St. Law-
rence. — 10 arpents in front by one 1. in depth.
Granted, Sept. 3, 1675, to Sieur Louis Gagnier.
— The soil is tolerably rich, productive and in good
cultivation, particularly along the St. Lawrence
where the surface is level ; the rear part is rugged
and mountainous. — Well watered by the Bras St.
Nicholas and another river from the e.

Title " Concession du Sme Septembre, 1675, faite par

le Covite de Frmienac, Gouverneur, a Louis Gagnier, dit
Belleuvance, de dix arpens de terre de front, a commencer
depuis sa concession, en montant le fleuve St, Laurent,,
dans les terres non-concedees, separant icelle et ce qui
appartient au Sieuv Fournier, avec une lieue de profondeur,
pour etre unie a sa part du fief Lafrenay, qui lui a 6te
concede conjointement avec le Sieur Gamache, part qui
lui appartiendra." — Registre d'ltitendance, No. 2, folio 15.

Gagnon, river, rises in the lakes of Abercromby
in the co. of Terrebonne and falls into the Riviere
du Nord or North River.

Gagnon, river, in the S. of Riviere du Loup.

Gagouchigaou or Gagouchigaoumy, river,
falls into the s. bank of the k. Ristigouche.

Gamache (F.), v. Cap St. Ignace.

Gaknbt, river, in the waste lands in the co.
of St. Maurice, runs w. into Lake Kempt.

Gaethby, a projected township in the co. of
Sherbrooke, lies n. b. of Weedon. The Lake
St. Francis severs this tract into two nearly equal
parts.

Gaspe Bay, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on
the s. B. side of the co. of Gaspe, lies between
Cape Gaspe and Whale Head; it runs about 16
ftiiles into the land and is about 5 miles broad :
from its extremity two inlets, called the n. w. and
s. w. arms, penetrate a considerable distance into
the interior and receive the waters of several
streams that flow from the mountains : the bay
itself is deep and well sheltered ; the shores are
lofty and the settlers are nearly all fishermen.
The basin is said to be one of the best and most
commodious harbours in America, and is capable
of containing more than 300 vessels in the most
perfect security. It is easy of access and may
probably become of importance, as a rendezvous
for the homeward and outward-bound fleets. At
present, it is frequently resorted to by ships on
their way to and from Europe, meeting with tem-
pestuous and adverse weather in the Gulf. This
place deserves attention from persons skilled in
nautical affairs, and competent to give a correct
view of the advantages it possesses as a port. Ap-

plications have been made for grants of water lots
in the basin, which it might be expedient to grant
under cert?iin conditions, such as the immediate
erection of wharfs and store-houses for the con-
venience of shipping and trade, taking care, how-
ever, to make suitable reserves for public purposes,
such as laying up and repairing vessels, &c. The
whale fishery is carried on with some success by
a few active and enterprising inhabitants, who are
almost exclusively employed in this kind of fishery.
Four or five large schooners, manned each with
from eight to twelve able and skilful persons, are
occupied in whaling during the summer months.
This business yields about 18,000 gallons of oil,
which is principally sent to Quebec. The num-
ber of hands employed in reducing the blubber to
oil, preparing casks and other incidental labour,
may amount to about 100. In summer the bay is
refreshed by a sea-breeze which commences about
nine in the morning and lasts till sunset, and
is succeeded by a land-breeze that continues tiU
the morning. The singular reflection of objects
on the shore during calm weather is remarkable
in this bay ; the whole face of the shore, opposite
to that on which the spectator stands, suddenly
appears to change and presents the most fantastic
appearances, which continually vary untU, by de-
grees, the whole disappear and leave nothing to be
seen more than the natural appearances. — Grande
Greve is a tongue of land projecting into the gulf
that forms the E. shore of the entrance into Gaspe
Bay. This place, with its environs, is settled
by fishermen. The population amounts to 352.
The live stock is 3 horses, 21 oxen and 25 cows. —
VielleFemme or the Old Woman is a rock contiguous
to the cape and is evidently a fragment or section
of it, the space between them having been evi-
dently worn and carried away by the sea, or
broken off" from the cape by some convulsion of
nature. In fine weather this remarkable rock
offers to the eye of the spectator at Douglas t.,
15 leagues off, the appearance of a ship doubling
the cape with a fair wind : this appearance is ren-
dered still more striking by the reflection on the
rock, on which appear shades of colours that look
like the flags of a ship streaming in the air. — Se-
veral rivers empty themselves into Gasp6 Bay :
the principal are called the n. w. and s. w. arms
of the bay and St. John's river. The s. w. arm,
in particular, affords good anchorage and an easy
resort for vessels during the most violent tempests,
which prevail in the gulf at certain seasons of

GAS

GAT

the year. — On the n. side of Gasp6 Basin is the
O'Hara establishment, commenced in 1764 by
Felix O'Haraj Esq. late judge of the District
of Gaspe : this gentleman, who was most de-
servedly and highly esteemed, emigrated from

Ireland and was the first person who settled here
for agricultural purposes; he was the father of
the present Lt.-Col. Edward O'Hara, who has
been created a Companion of the Bath for his
meritorious public services.

Statistics of the Settlements of Gasp6 Bay.

Settlements.

•1
1

a
1

1
■<1

Annual AGricuItural Prod, in bush.

Live Stock. 1

•1

Gaspe Basin
Haldimand .
Douglas Tovra
Grand Greve

Total .

277
103
164.
352

7
2

525
160

294

54,

290

720

120

900

100

256

200

30
3
6
3

180

125

8
54
25

260
25
51

187
23
58

896

1 1 5

675

111

64.8

890

1306

200

250

212

336

270

Gaspe, county, in the Inferior District of Gasp4
is bounded s. w. by a line commencing at Point
Maquereaux on the north side, and at the entrance
of Chaleurs Bay, running thence n. w. 47 miles,
then south, 69 degrees west, until it intersects
a line running from Cap Chat on the St. Law-
rence, due s. E. ; on the w. by the last-mentioned
line, and N. E. by the river and gulf of St. Law-
rence, including the island of Bonaventure and
all the islands in front, in whole or in part nearest
the same, as well as the Magdalen Islands. It
comprises the fiefs Ste. Anne, Magdaleine, Grande
Vallee des Monts and Anse de I'Etang, the Bay
of Gaspe and settlements therein. Point St. Peter,
Malbay, Perce, Anse a Beaufils, Cap D'Espoir,
Grand River, Little River and Pabos, and New-
Port.— Gaspe may be esteemed among the most
eligible situations for commerce in British Ame-
jica, from its numerous harbours, wherein vessels
of any burden can lie in perfect security j two in
particular — the south-west arm of Gaspe Bay and
the Bay of Ristigouche.

Statistics.

Population 2,567
Churches, Prot. 2
Churches, R. C. 9
Curates . 1
Schools . 1
Court-house 1
Gaols , 1

Villages . 1
Corn-mills 5
Saw-mills . 3
Ship-yards . 4
Just, of Peace 3
Medical men 1
Notaries . 1

Shopkeepers 9
Taverns . 6
Artisans . 7
River-craft . 15
Tonnage 1,125
Keel-boats . 441

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.
Wheat . 878
Oats . 3,803
Peas . 1,205
Indian com 198

Bushels.
Mixed grain 520
Potatoes 162,610
Maple sugar

cwts. 260

Flax .
Butter
Hay, tons

Cwts.
. 4
. 610

6,800

Horses . 962
Oxen . . 596

Live Stock.
Cows . 600
Sheep . 1,154

Swine

785

Gaspe District, v. Disteicts.

Gaspe, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere, in
the rear of the S. of Tilly, is bounded n. e. by
Lauzon ; n. w. by Desplaines and St. Giles. —
1^ 1. in breadth and depth. Granted, Mar. 25,
1738, to Dame AngeUque Legardeur, widow of
Aubert de Gaspe. — There is not an acre of tillage
in this S., and it is scantily supplied with water,
although it gives rise to 5 or 6 streams besides th^
Riviere Noire and Ruisseau Gosselin in the s. e,
angle.

Title " Concession du 25me Mars, 1738, faite par le

Marquis de Beauliarnois, Gouverneur, et GUles Hocquart,
Intendant, a Dame Angelique Legardeur, veuve du Sieur
Aubert de Gaspe, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front, der-
riSre la Seigneurie de TiUy, appartenant aux heritiers de
feu Sieur Legardeur ; a prendre le front au bout de la pro-
fondeur et limite de la dite Seigneurie de Tilly; tenant
d'un cote a la Seigneurie de Lauzon, et d'autre a celle ae-
cordee a Demoiselle Legardeur sa sosur, par concession
du 4,me Janvier, 1737, et par derriere aux terres non-con.
ctdees," — R^gistre d'Iniendance, No. 9, folio 1.

Gatinbau, river, rises in some large lakes far
in the interior of the country, between the rear of
the T. of Hull and Hudson's Bay : these lakes
have been visited by the Indians only. It enters
Hull at lot 23 of the 16th range and traverses
the T. diagonally, varying in width from 10 to
20 chains, and finally disembogues into the Ottawa
in the t. of Templeton, about half a mile below the
E. outline of Hull. — Steam-boats have ascended
this K. for 4 miles, and it is navigable for the
heaviest bateaux and other small vessels for 5
miles from the Ottawa : then it becomes rapid for
about 15 miles and turns two mills. It is navi-

GAT

G A U

gable for canoes, it is said, for above 300 miles ;
and the Indians ascend this e. when they go into
the back country for the purposes of trade. It is
a large, wild and rapid stream, and above 5 miles
from its mouth is so obstructed by falls and rapids
that timber cannot be brought down it — at least
the experiment, it is believed, has never been tried.
It abounds in views of the wildest and most ro-
mantic scenery. At its confluence with the Ot-
tawa in lot 27 of the front range of Templeton,
this K. is nearly 20 chains wide. It is well
stocked with fish and the usual sorts are bass,
pike, pickerel, maskinong6,. cat-fish, sturgeon, egls,
&c. On the e. bank is a hiU which may become
ail object of notice in a military point of view from
its shape and commanding position. Ascending the
R. beyond this point, cascades and rapids are not
unfrequently to be met with, some of which are
remarkable for their beauty and variety, environed
as they are by a rather picturesque scenery, par-
ticularly in the 7th range of Hull where a small
saw-mill, situated at the foot of a rapid, breaks
into view. The agitated waters, flowing fast be-
tween a small island and the main bank, which,
on this side as on the other, is much elevated above
the bed of the river, produce a fine effect. This
river, though well worthy of research, is remark-
ably little known. It is the largest of the Ottawa's
tributaries and joins it 3 miles below the Chau-
diere Falls, nearly opposite the Rideau, discharg-
ing at least five times as much water as that river.
Our ignorance of it is partly explained by the
common report of its course ; because, for up-
wards of 100 miles before it joins the Ottawa,
it flows parallel with and but a short distance
from it, so that no Indian traders have found
it worth their while to make establishments on
it. This river has been wholly unfrequented by
the lumber-dealer on account of the great rapids
and falls near its mouth, at one spot said to be
100 feet perpendicular. It is supposed that the
Gatineau will present one of the finest pieces of
river navigation in Canada, after passing the
heights from which it descends near its mouth.
The variety of minerals known to lie on the
banks of this r. renders it an object of still higher
interest.

Gatineau and Augmentation, seigniory, in the
CO. of St. Maurice, is bounded w. by Grosbois; e.
by Pointe du Lac ; in the rear by the t. of Caxton

and in front by the St. Lawrence. — 1 1. in front
by 1-1 1. in depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to
Sieur Boucher, junior. The augmentation, of a
similar breadth and 41. deep, was granted, Oct.
21, 1750, to Demoiselle Marie Josephe Gatineau
Duplessis. — The land is of rather a lighter soil
than that of the adjoining grants, but it is equally
fertile and under nearly the same mode of culture.
— Watered by the two rivers Machiche, whose
banks for a considerable distance upwards display
some good and thriving settlements, which are
connected by many good roads besides the public
road that crosses them.

Title " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par

Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Boucher, fils, de trois
quarts de ■ lieues de terre de front sur une lieue de pro-
f'ondeur, a prendre sur le Lac St- Pierre, depuis la conces-
sion du Sieur Boucher son pere, jusqu'aux terras rion-con-
ciiees." —Rigiitre d'Intendance, 2Vo. 1, folio 37.

Augmentation. — " Concession du 21aie Octobre, 1750,
faite par le Marquis de la Jottquiere, Gouvenieur, et
Franfois Bigot, Intendant, a Demoiselle Marie Josephe
Gatineau Duf testis, de quatre lieues de profondeur der-
liire le fief Gatineau, situe sur le Lac St. Pierre, et sur le
nieme front d'icelui." — Rigiatre ctlntendance, No. 9, folio

Gaudarville or GuardarvilIiE, seigniory,
in the co. of Portneuf, is bounded N. E. by Sillery
and Notre Dame des Anges ; n. w. by Desmaure
and Guillaume Bonhomme ; in the rear by the R.
Jacques Cartier and in front by the r. St. Law-
rence. — 45 arpents broad by 4 leagues in depth.
Granted, Feb. 8th, 1652, to Louis de Lauson, Sieur
de la Citiere. The present proprietor is Juchereau
Duchesnay, Esq. — This grant consists of nearly the
same species of soil as Desmaure and the lower
part of Fausembault, but superior in fertUity and
good cultivation. For nearly 3 1. from the St.
Lawrence it is entirely settled; thence it be-
comes mountainous with scarcely any part under
tillage, though many patches appear to be tolerably
good arable land. — The front being thickly inha-
bited has but little timber, but further on good
beech, maple and pine are found in plenty. — Its
general fertility is aided by several little streams
that trace a mazy course through it and run into
the B. St. Charles, and also by the lower part of
the Riviere du Cap Rouge. On the west side of
this river, near its discharge, there is a gradual
slope from the high bank down to a delightful
and well-cultivated valley extending almost to the
E. St., Charles, and joining the level tract of low
land that spreads for a great distance in the rear

G A U

GEN

of Quebec. — This S. is intersected by numerous
good roads in all directions : the main one, along
the St. Lawrence, ascends several steep acclivities,
especially in the vicinity of Cap Rouge, of which
travellers seldom fail to feel the effect, particularly
in the summer.

The following account of the new settlements in
Guadarville and Fausembault was given before a
committee of the House of Assembly in 1823, by
Lieut.-Col. Duchesnay, the proprietor. — " These
settlements, mostly of Irish emigrants, were com-
menced in Oct. 1820. The number of grants
amount to 232 ; and there are about 225 resident
proprietors, about 80 children or more, and about
70 or 80 labourers employed. Very few of the
settlers had any capital to begin with, most of them
had hardly any thing ; they were, therefore, ob-
liged to overcome the difficulties incident to new
settlements and the want of capital by great pri-
vation, extreme economy, occasionally labouring
for money to provide provisions, working industri-
ously while provided, and when unprovided re-
peating the same means. — ^During the summer
many of the settlers obtained employment as
tradesmen or labourers in the king's works in
Quebec; others could not, from the number wanted
being supplied. The wages to tradesmen were
from 4s. to ,5s. a day, and to labourers from 2s. to
2s. 6d. a day. To these settlers the Quebec
Society of Emigrants gave five pounds currency
in provisions for the use of those in urgent ne-
cessity, and lent to others 101. currency for the
purchase of seed. Provisions were besides given
to 4 or 5 families and some of the women were
assisted by the Quebec Benevolent Society. Some
clothing was also charitably given by Mr. Le
Franfois, cure of St. Augustin, to some of the
men, women, and children. In order to assist the
settlers, the proprietor (Col. Duchesnay) liberally
advanced to them provisions and seed, opened roads
and procured work for some and employed others ;
and the sum of 251. currency was expended by the
commissioners for the internal communications to
assist in making a road to tbe settlement.-^The
rents are 30s. currency per lot of 90 arpents, de-
ducting the usual charges for the difference of
money {argent tournois), wheat, capons, corvees,
&c. ; for nearly 4 years no rent was required.
Above 670 arpents of land have been cleared
(1823)' in St. Patrick settlement; 1 For clear-
ing out the -Stumps, 50s. per square arpent are

generally paid. — ^^As no capital is required tt) ob-
tain lands, and as no rent is paid for the first
3 or 4 years, the settlers are highly pleased with
their lands and the tenure ; and if there were more
lands in the seigniories similarly situated there
would be no difficulty in obtaining more settlers :
the only obstacle now (1823) is, the lands to be
conceded are at a greater distance, which however
would cease to be an impediment if roads were
made," &c.

Title. — " Oontenant quarante-cinq arpens de front sur
quatre lieues de profondeur ; tenant du c6te du Nord-est
au fief de Sillery, appartenant aux reverends pSres J^suites,
et du c6t6 du Sud-ouest au fief de Desmaure, appartenant
au Sieur Auhert. — Cette concession a pour date le 8 de
Fevrier, 1632, et fut aeeord^e au Louis de Lauson, Sieur
de la CitiSre." — See Cahiers d'Intendance, No. 10 d 17,
foUo 638.

Gauthieb, river, rises in the lakes of the t. of
Abercromby and falls into Riviere du Nord.

Gayhubst, a projected township in the cos. of
Megantic and Sherbrooke, lies between the t. of
Winslow and the R. Chaudiere and is bounded
N. E. by the t. of Dorset. The s. b. angle of this
tract is watered by the R. Eugenie and by another
K. whose precise course is unknown ; both rise in
the w. angle of Dorset.

Gbntilly, river, rises in Lake St. Louis and
several other sources in the t. of Blandford. It
runs w. into the t. of Maddington, where it has
many branches. Below the saw-mill in Blandford
it is navigable for canoes and rafts. From Mad-
dington it runs in a serpentine course through the
S. of Gentilly from s. to n. and falls into the St.
Lawrence about a mile N. e. of the church.

Gentilly, seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet,
fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded n. b.
by Livrard; s.w. by Cournoyer; in the rear by
Maddington and Blandford. — 21- 1. in front by 2
in depth. Granted, Aug. 14th, 1676, to Michel
Pelletier, Sieur de la Perade, and now the property
of Messrs. de Lery. — For a great distance the s.
bank of the St. Lawrence is low, in many places
but little above the water's level ; it here assumes
a different character, rising high and steep, whence
there is a gradual descent towards the rear. The
soil in front is a sandy loam and good clay, but
further back it changes to a strong black mould
very favourable to agriculture. The first and se-
cond ranges of concessions near the St. Lawrence,
and on the river Gentilly, exhibit judicious ma-
nagement : the land in cultivation amounts to
about ^ of the S. — 4 ranges are conceded, 3 of

GENTILLY.

wliich are in a great degree inhabited : the grantees
of the 4th labour industriously, each on his re-
spective farm. The farms in the 1st concession,
viz. those that front the river St. Lawrence, ex-
tend 40 arpents in depth ; those of the other ranges
extend to only 30. — There are no roads across the
non-conceded lands, nor are they surveyed. The
seignior lays out a range, and, when aU the lands
or farms of this range are conceded, he lays out
another, and as soon as possible the grantees apply
to the grand-voyer to open the necessary roads. —
The lands conceded before 1759 were granted in
lots or farms of ^ or ^ league in front, 40 arpents
in depth, and oftentimes the depth was only li-
mited by the extent of the seigniory : since that pe-
riod, an arrangement being made with the grantees,
such lands have been reduced to 40 or 30 arpents
in depth, and were charged by the seigniors with
very moderate rents, which have not been in-
creased. — The youths are in general desirous of
making new settlements. The fathers take in con-
cession as much land as they are able, in order to
provide for their children who settle as near as pos-
sible to their relatives and friends. There are still
about 2 ranges of 30 arpents in depth unconceded.
Among these there are, as in every other part of
the S., good and bad lands : the latter are generally
taken by the grantees for wood. — Nothing in this
S. retards the establishment of new settlements,
which are increasing fast, and the seignior de-i
mands moderate rent only. — The timber on the
banks of the Gentilly is of the best kind and qua-
lity, but that in other parts is only fit for fire-
wood, and, for that purpose, large quantities are
cut and rafted down to Quebec. — This property
is watered by the river Gentilly and two or three
smaller streams, which work one corn and one
saw-mill.

Road from the S. of Gentilly to the R. Be'can-
cour. This important road has been commenced by
commissioners chosen for the purpose by the pro-
vincial assembly, as its general utility to the town-
ships on the B6cancour is most obvious, particu-
larly to Blandford, Maddington, Bulstrode and
Standon, which will thereby be connected with
the old settlements on the St. Lawrence : it will
also become in a short time, if it be continued to
Somerset and Nelson, part of the line of com-
munication between the St. Lawrence and Craig's
Road. Notwithstanding the care and attention
to economy evinced by the superintendant, the

commissioners have been unable to make this road
but in a very imperfect manner, on account of the
nature of the ground over which the road passes.
From the St. Lawrence, as far as the rear of the
S. of Gentilly, the ground is tolerably favourable
to the opening and making of a road; but from
the point last named to the river Becancour the
land is for the most part low, wet and diificult to
drain, unless some labour be spent in clearing and
opening the rivers and water-courses which cross
the road. The timber on almost the whole of this
ground is of large size and consists of cedar, hem-
lock, ash, larch, &c. — an evident proof of the fer-
tility of the soil, as well as of the difficulty of
clearing the road and freeing it from stumps and
roots, which must nevertheless be taken out before
the work can be made durable. These difficulties
inevitably made the performance of the work now
done on the road tedious and expensive, at the
same time that they convinced the commissioners
that when once well made the road in question
would yield to none in the province in facility of
repair or in goodness. The commissioners caused
the part of the road first commenced to be cause-
wayed and ditched. Perceiving in a short time
that the funds placed at their disposal were insuf-
ficient, they thought it their duty to open this
communication from one end to the other, even in
an imperfect manner, rather than complete a part
and leave the remainder unopened. They were,
however, able to do no more than to cause the
timber to be cut down, the roots and stumps to be
taken out, and 18 ft. in the middle of the road to
be levelled, leaving uncausewayed and without
ditches a multitude of places which it becomes
every day more and more difficult to pass with
safety. The last-mentioned inconvenience has
been in part diminished by the work done on the
road by the owners of lands in the t. of Bland-
ford, by the causeways they have made, and by
their clearing out the river Gentilly and two of
the principal water-courses. — Of the sum appro-
priated (£470 currency) there remains in the
hands of the commissioners £24. Is. 2|-rf. To pre-
vent the total loss of the money already expended,
it would be necessary that a further sum should
be appropriated for the completion of the work
already commenced, and for making the necessary
ditches, bridges, causeways and clearings. Inde.^
pendently of the work which remains to be done
in order to complete this road to Blandford, it

GOD

would be desirable that the legislature should grant
to the persons, to whom lands have been conceded
in the back concessions of the S. of Gentilly, an
aid to enable them to finish more promptly a road
which was verbalized in 1828 and in great part
opened by them. £175 currency would be suf-
ficient to finish this road together with that to
Blandford, and thus an easy and uninterrupted
communication would be established between the
new settlements on the river Becancour, in the
townships above mentioned, and the settlements on
the St. Lawrence from which they are distant
about 17 miles.

Title. — " Concession du 14me Aout, 167C, faite par
Jacques Duchesneau, Intendant, a Michel Pdletier, Sieur
de la Perade, de la Seigneurie de Gentitly, contenant deux
lieues et demie de front sur lefleuve St. Laurent, a prendre
aux terres du Sieur Hertel en descendant, et deux lieues
de profondeur." — Registre d'Intendance, No, 2, folio 11.

Georgetown, i;. Beauharnois, S.

Gborgeville (V.), V. NOYAN, S.

Glaisbs, aux, river, in the S. of Pointe du
Lac, falls into Lake St. Peter between the rivers
St. Charles and aux Loutres.

GoDBRET, river, in the co, of Saguenay, falls
into the mouth of the St. Lawrence between Cap
St. Nicholas and Cap des Monts Peles.

GoDEPKOi, river, rises in Lake St. Paul, of
which it is the main outlet into the St. Lawrence.
Its whole course is short, not above 2 m., and forms
the division line between Becancour and Gentilly.

GoDEFROi, river, rises near the front of the
S. of Roquetaillade and running n. e. traverses
Godefroi, and near the n. e. angle of that S. falls
into the St. Lawi'ence.

Godefroi, seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet, is
bounded N. e. by Becancour and the most n. ex-
tremity of the T. of Aston ; s. w. by Roquetaillade ;
in the rear by Aston and its aug., and in front by
the St. Lawrence. — |- 1. in front by 3 1. in depth.
Granted, Aug. 31, 1638, to Sieur Godefroi and is
now the property of Etienne Le Blanc, Esq. and
Mons. Loiseau. — Estimated generally, the land is
valuable ; in the front, indeed, it is rather light
and sandy, but it soon loses that character and
towards the interior improves into a fine black
mould ; in the rear it lies low and has one or two
small swamps and, perhaps, as many brules : a
little draining would, in a short time, convert the
first into fine meadows, and the latter might be as

easily improved into good arable land. — Wood is
plentiful, although there is little of first-rate qua-
lity. — The rivers Ste. Marguerite and Godefroi,
with many small rivulets, wind through this S.
and water it completely. — About two-thirds are
settled and partly in a state of superior cultiva-
tion, particularly on the road or Chem'm du Village,
as it is called, that goes from Becancour to Nicolet,
the Cfiteaux Vuide Poche, Beausejour, St. Charles
and C6te du Brule. Between the difierent ranges
there are roads leading to the Route de St. Gre-
goire, which communicates with the main road
near the ferry across the St. Lawrence. The
church of St. Gregoire, surrounded by a few well-
built houses, is situated on the east side of the
route near the Chemin du Village. The e.
boundary of Godefroi is supposed to pass down the
middle of the river Godefroi from Lake St. Paul.

Title.—" Concession du 31me Aoflt, 1638, faite par
Charles Huot de Monimagny, au Sieur Godefroi, de trois
quarts de lieues de terre le long du ileuve St. Laurent, sur
trois lieues de profondeur dans les terres ; et sont les dites
terres bornees du cote du Sud-ouest d'une ligne qui court
Sud-est et Nord-ouest, au bout de laqueUe, du cote du
Nord, a 6te enfouie une grosse pierre avec des briquetons
auprfis d'un sicomore, sur laquelle une eroix a ete gravf'e,
le tout pour servir de marque et temoignage, et du cote
du Nord-est de la riviere nommee la riviere du Lac St. Paul,
sans ntanmoins que le dit Godefroi puisse rien pretendrS
en la propri6te du tout ou de partie de la dite riviere, et
icelle y etant, ni du Lac St. Paul, encore bien que la dite
ligne s'y rencontrasse."— > Ctf Aio- d'Intendance, No. 2 a 9,
folio 151.

GoDMANCHESTER, township, in the co. of Beau-
harnois, on the s. side of Lake St. Francis, is
bounded in the rear by the b. Chateauguay, that
separates it from Hinchin brook ; by a small part of
the province line that divides the British from the

American dominions, and by the Indian lands

This T., in situation, climate, local advantages,
soil and timber may be considered as one of the
most valuable tracts in Lower Canada. It is
1 4i m. in front by an average depth of 7 miles,
and is divided into six ranges, each being sub-
divided into 61 lots, averaging 107 chains in
depth by 19 chains in bi-eadth, and a space, one
chain wide, is left between the ranges for a road.
This T. is watered by l. St. Francis, Dead Creek
and the rivers Chateauguay and a la Guerre. The
generality of the lands on the borders of the lake
are low, but the soil is good and in many parts
affords excellent meadows. Most of the lands
along the river Chateauguay may also be said to

GODMANCHESTER.

be low and of a good quality. Towards the in-
terior the country throughout ascends and forms
large swells of hard timbered land, traversing the
township nearly in a parallel direction with the
front and intermixed with tamarack and alder
swamps, which are more extensive in the e. part.
The soil generally is a yellow loam mixed with
various sorts of sand, clay and marl and in some
places stony. The timber is chiefly beech, birch,
maple, ash, elm, some pine and the remains of
oak: the swamps are principally timbered with
tamarack, cedar and spruce. — This t. was sur-
veyed in 1788, when the greater part was allotted
and located to the Canadian corps employed in the
first American war ; since which the greater part
has been granted, under patent, to sundry in-
dividuals who had purchased these lands of the
original locatees.-^The settlements in this town-
ship may be divided into parts, viz. the first, em-
bracing the whole front of the township, extends
along the lake, and is chiefly settled by Canadians,
among whom are intermixed a few more recent
settlers, principally Scotch emigrants ; the second
part, called the Irish Emigrant Settlement, is
more immediately towards the centre of the
township, w. of the Riviere 5 la Guerre and the
road traversing to the Chateauguay — they occupy
lots in the 2ndj 3rd and 4th ranges; the third
settlement is that which extends along the banks
of the Chateauguay, composed of American and
Scotch emigrants. Many of the American settlers
along the river have settled without authority
since the last war. The fourth and last settlement
consists of the lands of Edward Ellice, Esq. M. P.
and are chiefly occupied by Americans. In various
parts of the t. a few persons hold permits of
occupation, but the majority have settled with-
out leave or any sort of authority whatever. — The
Canadian settlements along the borders of the lake
have improved since 1820, but in no degree pro-
portionate to those of the Americans and emi-
grants who have settled since that period. It ap-

pears obvious, that, before that time, the old Ca-
nadian settlers chiefly depended for their support
upon the resources of fishinig, hunting and the
cutting and rafting of timber; the last resource
has been carried on extensively for many years,
and in consequence timber of a large size, prin-
cipally oak and pine, has becbme rather scarce
in the vicinity of the lakes, rivers and creeks.
The road which extends along the borders of
the lake is in many parts very indifl^erent. — Mr.
Wm. Hall, of Quebec, purchased 700 acres in
this T. for £120, and the whole has been settled
without his permission. The lots in the first
range (all of which border upon the Lake St.
Francis) are, by means of the windings of the
shore and the headlands and points which pro-
ject into the lake, considerably augmented in their
length, and their superficial contents are much
beyond the portion of 100 acres assigned by go-
vernment. Although the quantity of land in this
T. actually under improvement is very limited,
but a small number of the lots remain ungranted,
unoccupied or unclaimed. — The Village of God-
manchester is at the second fork of the k. a la
Guerre and is built on government land : it con-
tains 82 persons in 16 families, who are traders,
mechanics or labourers. — The rapidly increasing
population and importance of this t., the general
fertility of the soil and its favourable situation
between the St. Lawrence and the province
boundary line, render it extremely probable that
in a few years it may become the channel and
centre of an extensive commercial intercourse with
the inhabitants of the United States.

The following statistical tables give an interest-
ing view of the progressive advancement of the
settlements in this township. — In 1828 there
were 240 families, viz. 71 Irish, 69 Scotch, 60
Canadian, 30 American, 7 English, 3 German,
making a population of 1413; and the land im-
proved was 2505 acres.

Year in which
the account
was taken.

■3

Live Stock. 1

5 flj

1820
1827

2298^

739
2036^

333

880

182
471

151
409

1827
1830

110
250

563
1340

183

1505

399

780

G O U

Population 1,340

Corn-mills . 1

Saw-mills . 5

Potashcries . 3

Stalistks.

Pearlasheries
Distilleries .
Notaries

Shopkeepers 2
Taverns . 3
Artisans . 15

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats

Barley .
Potatoes

Bushels.

10,830
6,200
1,000

33,700

Bushels.
Peas . 6,500
Rye . 6,000
Buck wheat 1,000

Bushels.
Indian corn 3,900
M. sugar, cwts. 13
Flax, cwts. 150

GossELiN, river. The Ruisseau Gosselin rises
in the rear part of the S. of Gaspe, in the co. of
Lothiniere, and running into the S. of Lauzon is
joined by the Riviere Noire and falls into the k.
Beaurivage.

GouFFKE, DV, or St. Paul's Bay River, in the
CO. of Saguenay, rises partly in several streams
running s. from the rocky hills called Mont des
Roches and partly from others that run n. from
the centre of the t. of Settrington. These streams
unite in the waste lands N. of Settrington and
form the Gouffrej which winding s. divides the p.
of St. Urbainj in Cote de Beauprc, from Racour-
cie, and descending towards the St. Lawrence
receives the waters of several rivers, particularly
from the n. w., and enters that R. nearly opposite
Isle aux Coudres. This river may be considered
as one continued rapid, though of moderate vio-
lence : the only obstacles to its free navigation
arise from an accumulation of boulders in several
parts of its channel, over which it is difficult for a
canoe to pass without striking. It is in most
places shallow, but its shallowest places might be
easily rendered navigable, and without doubt for
bateaux by removing only such of the boulders as
are most in the way of the channel. To drown
these boulders would not be easy and would occa-
sion a great loss of excellent land, unless ex-
pensive banks were formed to retain the waters.
This river is surprisingly circuitous, considering
the rapidity of its current, and is perhaps one- third
longer than the road between St. Urbain's parish
and the bay. Although the b. is not easily
ascended, being full of rapids, the excellent road
on its right bank renders this inconvenience lighter.
— In the parish of St. Urbain and in Racourcie,
on both banks of the river, are mines of ore ex-
tending from 100 yards to 2 miles; the ore is of
that excellent quality called by mineralogists mag-
netic oxide of iron and by miners rock ore. There
is also bog ore in the low grounds adjacent to this
B., in the beautiful valley through which it cir-

cuitously takes its course. The valley commences
in the parish of St. Urbain and continues 6 or 7
leagues to the St. Lawrence, and is perhaps half
a league wide. There is also a cross valley on
the left bank of the r., which is said to communi-
cate with the valley of the Malbay river. These
valleys are exposed to injurious frosts on account
of the north winds that rush down them early
in the fall. — It appears that the river is rapidly
gaining on the w. bank and receding from the
eastern, owing to the alluvial section that the
former presents in many places, while the latter
forms in general a gradual slope to the foot
of the mountains, which on the eastern side is
much nearer the river than on the western. The
spring torrents rush with such impetuosity as to
tear away a portion of the feeble barrier op-
posed to them, particularly at the sudden bends of
the river where their efiect is greatest. These
torrents by undermining the bant soon make it
top-heavy, and the superincumbent mass falling is
gradually removed to the bay, where a species of
delta is forming. The height of the banks on
each side of this b. varies from 1 to 50 ft., and
near its entrance into the bay one small limestone
rock lifts its head above water in mid-channel.
The sandy nature of the soil at the mouth opposes
little resistance to the action of the current, which
when strongest steals upon the shore contiguous,
leaving a proportionable space dry on the opposite
side, and in this way one proprietor of lands finds
himself possessed of the property of his neigh-
bour. When property in this place becomes more
valuable, and this natural encroachment more
aggravated, it will probably become a subject of
litigation. The estuary of this river, with the
exception of its bed, is almost dry at low water,
but it aflFords a convenient strand for river-craft
and boats.

GouFFKE, du, river. Bras du Nord-ouest, in the
S. of C8te de Beaupr6, rises in a lake in the P. of
La Petite Riviere and takes a n. e. course' until
it reaches the concession St. Gabriel, when it turns
to the s. E. and soon enters the k. du Gouffre,
about 1 m. above the ferry that lies near the mouth
of that E.

GouFFBB, le, seigniory, in the co. of Saguenay,
fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded w. by the
B. du Gouffre; e. by the S. of Les Eboulemens,
and in the rear by waste crown lands — It is about
^ 1. in front by 4 1. in depth along the r. du

G R A

Gouffre. Granted, Dec. 30th, 1682, to Pierre
Dupre and is now the property of Madame Dra-
peau. — This S., on the b. side of the river, is
nearly the counterpart of the opposite settlement in
C&te du Beaupre, possessing almost the same kind
of soil and cultivated in a similar manner. — The
capes Corbeau and LaBaie, projecting into the St.
Lawrence, are of great height and rise abruptly
from the water's edge : they are connected with
the chain of mountains that ranges along the R.
du GoufFre far into the interior ; diverging at first
a short distance from it, leaving an intermediate
tract of good land, but afterwards drawing quite
close upon its bank. — The first concession, border-
ing upon St. Paul's Bay and coasting the river,
shows a range of settlements where agriculture
has obtained no small degifee of improvement :
some trifling degree of amelioration has also been
obtained in the rear of this range. Prom the
capes, that form the exterior points of the bay on
either side, the ridges of high lands describe a cir-
cuit before they close upon the river : their lofty
and craggy summits form a grand amphitheatric
back-ground to the picturesque and highly ro-
mantic situation generally known as the St. Paul's
Bay Settlement. — There are several routes or
.concession roads that lead into the interior to the
concessions of St. Ours, St. Croix and the village
of St. George.

Title.—" Concession du SOme D^cembre, 1682, faite
;par Lefebre de la Bane, Gouverneur, et De Meulles, In-
tendant, a Pierre Dupri, d'une demie lieue de terre de
front sur quatre lieues de profondeur, joignant douze arpens
de terre qui sont depuis la borne de Monseigneur I'Eveque
de Quebec, en descendant vers le cap aux Oks: le tout
concede a titi'e de fief et Seigneurie, avec le droit de
chasse et de peche ; pour la dite concession et les douze
arpens plus haut mentionnts (a lui concedes par Mr. de
Froiitenac) ne faire qn'une seule et meme Seigneurie." —
InsiiiTuitions du Couseil Sup4rieur, Lettre B, Julio 19.

GouMMiTZ, river, rises in the s. angle of the co.
of Bonaventure and runs into the R. Ristigouche
between the rivers Gaduamgoushout and Pscudy.

Grais la (Falls), v. St. Maurice, r.

Graisse, a la, river, in the seigniories of Vau-
dreuil and Soulange, traverses C6te St. Louis and
appears to connect the waters s. of Isle Perrot with
those N. of Grande Isle.

Granbv, township, in the co. of Sheffbrd, is
bounded n. e. by Milton ; b. by Sheffbrd ; s. w. by
Farnham and n. by the S. of St. Hyacinthe. — The
land is generally of a useful quality, principally
composed of a blackish loam, over which, in some
place.s, there is a layer of fine vegetable mould.

from which good crops of wheat and other grain
might reasonably be expected; many parts are
particularly eligible for the growth of hemp and
some for flax. The timber consists of beech, elm>
butternut, maple, pine and a little oak. The parts
laid out were granted in 1785 to officers and pri-
vates of the British militia, who served during the
blockade of Quebec in 1775-6. — Watered by vari-
ous streams running into the n. w. and s. branches
of the B. Yamaska.

Grand Calumet (I.), v. Ottawa, r.

Grande Coudee (b.), v. Coudeb.

Grande Dechahge, v. Saguenay, r.

Grande Grevb, v. Gaspe Bay.

Grandpond, du, river, runs w. into the r. Sa-
guenay above Chicoutimi.

Grande Isle lies between l. St. Louis and l.
St. Francis and fronts Catherine's Town and part
of Helen's Town in the S. of Beauhamois. — It is
4|- m. long by nearly 11 m. broad. On the s. side
a redoubt was thrown up and a road made across
the isle to communicate vrith C6teau du Lac, in
the S of New Longueuil, by Col. de Lotbiniere
in 1813. This isle, with 2 or 3 smaller ones ad-
joining, are appendages to Beauhamois. The
Grande Isle divides the stream of the St. Law-
rence into 2 channels ; that on the s. side is called
the Beauhamois Channel, in the course of which
are the rapids Croche, Les Faucilles and De Bou-
leau, the latter both intricate and dangerous to

Grand Lac, v. Lac St. Joachim.

Grande Mere (Falls), v. St. Maurice, r.

Grand Pabos, seigniory, in the co. of Gaspe,
extends along the entrance of the Bay of Chaleurs
2^ leagues b of the river of Grand Pabos, and
half a league w. of it towards the river of Little
Pabos — Granted to Sieur Rene Hubert, Nov. 14,
1696. — On the w. side of the bay is the little v.
of Pabos and on the opposite side on an eminence
are what the fishermen generally call their sum-
mer-houses. Slany currents of water descend into
this bay from a chain of numerous small lakes on
the s. w.

Statistics.
Population . . 49 | Keel-boats . . d

Annul

il Af;iicultural Produce.

Potatoes

•

Bushels.!

500 1 Indian corn

Live Stock.

Bushels.
50

Horses
O.xen

2 Cows

8 Sheep

G R A

. Title. — " Concession du lime Novcmbre, 1696, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jemi Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieuv Reni Hubert, de la rividre du Grand Pahos, autre-
tnent dite la riviere Duval, situee dans la Baie des Chaleurs,
avec deux lieues et demie de front du cote de I'Est de la
dite riviere, et demi lieue du c6te de 1' Quest, en tirant vers
la rivifire du Petit Pahos, icelle comprise sur pareille pro-
fondeur." — R4gistre d'Intetidance, No. 5, folio 3.

Gkandpre or Madrid, seigniory, in the co.
of St. Maurice, is on the n. side of Lake St. Peter,
between the Aug. to Riviere du Loup and the SS.
of Groshois and Dumontier. — One league in front
by 3 in depth. Granted, July 30, 1695, to Pierre
Boucher, Sieur de Grandpre and now helongsrto
the Hon. Louis Gugy. — This seigniory is singu-
larly overlaid by that of Riviere du Loup, which,
from being a prior concession and the term of the
grant expressing half a league on each side of the
river, leaves but a small irregular frontage on the
lake for Grandpre. This tract, in ^oil and tim-
ber, strongly resembles that of Riyiere du Loup,
but it is by no means so well settled; there is,
however, every probability of its becoming, in a
few years, an estate of considerable value.

Title. " Concession du SOizie Juillet, 1695, faite par

Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
a Pierre Boucher, Sieur de Grandpre, d'une lieue de terre
de front dans le Lac St. Pierre, tenant d'un cote aux terres
conc^dees de la riviere Yamachiche, et de I'autre a celles
de la Riviere du Loup; ensemble les isles, islets etbattures
adjacentes." — Rigi^lrc d' Intendance, No. is, folio 18.

Grande Riviere or Quiaoksquack, rises
near the Portage of Wagansis and the extreme
point of the co. of Bona venture, near the first
waters of the Ristigouche j it runs s. w. into the
B. St. John about 5 m. above the G reat Falls. This
river would be navigable for canoes if cleared of
trees. The greatest part of its borders is covered
with maple, building wood and mixed wood. The
land through which it runs appears fit for culture,
for its whole course, 8 leagues, is through good
land, and the people on the Madawaska settle-
ment have commenced other settlements near the
mouth of this r. which promise well. The navi-
gation is in many places obstructed by jambs of
drift-wood, torn away by the floods in the spring
which form dams across the R. and which, gradually
filling up with soil, sometimes divert the course of
the river into new channels.

Grande Riviere, seigniory, in the co. of
Gaspe, lies in the Bay of Chaleurs and extends
11 1. in front by 2 1. in depth. It is between the
S. of Grand Pabos and Cap D'Espoir towards Isle
Perc^e.

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

2 Cows . 33 Swine
. 33 Sheep . 101

Statistics.

Population . . 148 ( Keel-boats . . 20

Annual Agricultural Produce.
Bushels. I Bushels. I Bushels.

Oats . 130 1 Potatoes 2,680 ] Indian corn 68

Title. — " Concession du 31me Mai, 1697, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur Jacques Cochu, de la Grande Riviire, situee dans
la Baie des Chaleurs, avec une lieue et demie de terre de
front sur deux lieues de profondeur, a prendre depuis la
Seigneurie du Grand Pabos, appartenant au Sieur Ren(
Hubert, en tirant du c6t6 du Cap Espoir, vers I'isle Percie,"
— Rigistre d' Intendance, No. 5, folio 18.

Grand Ruisseau rises near the s. w. boundary
line of Lauzon, and running n. e. falls into the
R. Chaudiere about 2 m. from its mouth.

Grand Ruisseau, river, rises in two small
streams in the S. of Riviere Quelle. These little
streams, at whose confluence and between the forks
are some settlements, unite near the boundary line
of Ste. Anne, and in that S. run a short course
into the St. Lawrence.

Grande Vallee des Monts, seigniory, in the
CO. of Gaspe, lies between Anse de I'Etang and
Magdalen, on the s. side of the St. Lawrence. —
2 1. in front and 3 1. in depth. Granted to Sieur
Fran9ois Hazzeur, Mar. 23, 1691. — It is 21. from
the r. Magdelaine and 4 1. from L'Etang. — A
river of the same name divides this S. into two
nearly equal parts. — This S. also includes the isles
and islets in front and in the r. Grande Vallee
des Monts.

Title " Concession du 23me Mars, 1691, faite par

Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur Franfois Hazzeur, d'une Stendue de terre de deux
lieues de front, au lieu appelc la Grande ValUe des Monts
Notre Dame, dans le fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud,
a deux lieues de la riviere Magdelaine, et quatre lieues de
VEfang, en descendant vers GaspS, avec la rivifire qui se
rencontre a la dite Vallee des Monts, qui sera dans le
milieu des dites deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de
profondeur dans les terres, avee les isles et islets qui pour-
ront se trouver sur la devanture des dites deux lieues, et
dans la dite riviere sur la profondeur des dites trois lieues."
— R^gistre d'Intendance, No, ii,- folio 3.

Grand Village, v. Lauzon, S.

Grandville, seigniory, in the co. of Kamou-
raska, is bounded n. b. by the S. of Islet du
Portage; s. w. by the S. of Kamouraska; in front
by the St. Lawrence ; in the rear by the unsur-
veyed t. of Bungay.— |- league in breadth by 4
1. in depth. Granted, Oct. 5, 1707, to Marie
Anne de Grandville, widow of Sieur de Soulange.

G R A

One half now belongs to Mr. Tache and the other
half to Mr. Joseph Fraser. — 4 ranges are con-
ceded and subdivided into 126 lots or farms. One
quarter of the S. is unfit for agricultural purposes.
The parts under cultivation are, all the two front
concessions, three-fourths of the 3rd and the front
road of the 4th — In this S. are pineries.

Title — " Concession du Sme Octobre, 1707, faite a
Dame Marie Anne de Grandville, veuve du Sieur de Sou-
lange, d'une lieue ou environ de front sur le fleuve St.
Laurent, a conirnencer joignant le Sieur de Foulon, dont
la concession commence a deux lieues audessus de la
riviere de Kamouraska et finit une lieue audessous, et en
descendant au Nord-est, joignant son ancienne concession,
ayec les isles et islets, bancs et battures qui s§ trouveront
vis-a-vis icelle, laquelle sera incorporee et jointe avee la
dite ancienne concession, pour des deux n'en f'aire qu'une."
— Rig'istrc des Foi et Hommnge, No. 107, folio 107, 2me
Aout, 1781. Cahiers d' Intcndance, 10 a 17, folio 594.

GkandvilI/B and Lachenayb, seigniory, in
the CO. of Kamouraska, fronts the St. Lawrence :
it is bounded s. w. by Islet du Portage and the
unsurveyed lands of Bungay ; n. e. by the S. of
Terrebois ; in the rear by the t. of Bungay and
waste lands. — 2 leagues in breadth by 3 in depth.
Granted, June 2nd, 1696, to Sieur de Grand viUe
and de la Lachenaye. — There are some very fer-
tile patches of land ; a small portion of the S.
is cultivated, but it is not at present in a very
flourishing condition. The best farms are near
the main road that passes close to the river. —
Timber is sufiiciently plentiful and some is of the
best kinds. — This S. is but sparingly watered by
a few small streams that descend into the St.
Lawrence, and possesses nothing worth notice:
there are indeed ranges of concessions marked out
which bear the names of St. Andre, Bouchette-
ville, Marie Louise Adelaide, Ste. Rachel and
St. Theodore : of these St. Andre only is in a
good condition ; in the others the ground has
Scarcely been broken. A corn-mill is seated on
the Riviere des Caps at its junction with the
little stream called Fouquet. — The Parish of St.
Atidre comprises, besides this S., the SS. of Islet
du Portage and Grandville. In this parish is a
considerable extent of land unconceded, although
it is very fit for cultivation ; there is no road
across these lands and but few liave been even
laid out. It does not appear that any of the con-
cessions were granted previously to 1759; it is
difficult to discover why some farms extend 40
arpents in depth while others extend to 30 only,
and why 40 sols were at first exacted per arpent
and the rent afterwards increased with the addi-

tion, in many instances, of a sugar rent, sugar
being very often the only return made from the
new lands. A considerable number of persons are
both willing and able to make new settlements ;
and a great number of farms remain unoccupied
in the neighbourhood, some of which are of very
good quality. The principal obstacle that retards
the settlement of these lands is the want of roads
across them. The church is seen to emerge very
prettily behind two or three hills, and, combined
with the Pilgrim isles to the northward, forms
an interesting subject for a sketch. Mr. Marquis,
a very respectable landholder at this place, is the
first who has yet tried the use of embankment of
low land in this province to prevent its being in-
undated; he has found the principle to answer
perfectly, and means to extend his labours to other
inundated parts of his estate. Two leagues be-
low St. Andre is the entrance to the Temiscouata
Portage, and about 14 acres west of it stands a
comfortable inn kept by Madame Pirron.

Statistics of the Parish of St. Andre.

Population 1903
Cliurches, R. C. 1
Curos . . 1
Presbyteries 1

Corn-mills .
Saw-mills
Shopkeepers
Taverns

Artisans
River-craft
Tonnage
Keel-boats

185

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

"Bushels.

. 11,371

. 3,500

1,250

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

27,600
. 600
. 300

Bushels.
Indian com 2,000
Maple sugar,

cvvts. 134

Live Stocfc.

460 1 Cows
230 I Sheep

920 1 Swine
4^600 1

920

Title. — " Concession du 2me Juin, 1 696, faite par Louis
de Buade^ Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean
Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur dc Grandville et de la La-
chenaie, de deux lieues de terre de front, sur trois lieues
de profondeur en lieux non-concedfs, joignant d'un c6t6
la terre du dit Sieur de Grandville nommee I'islet du Port-
age, et de I'autre la Seigncurie de Terrebois, appartenante
au dit Sieur de LacUenaie, represeutant Dautier, situ^es les
dites concessions sur le fleuve St. Luurmtt, du c6t6 du Sud,
audessus de la riviere du Loup." — Registre d:' Intcndance,
No. 5, folio 1.

Grantham, township, in the co. of Dmmmond,
fronts the w. side of the r. St. Francis : it is
bounded s. by Wickham ; n. and vr. by Upton.
On the St. Francis the ground is high and broken
by several deep ravines. — Much iron ore is found
in the neighbourhood.— Large extents produce fine
luxuriant natural grass, which, after coming to ma-
turity, dries upon the ground and is little inferior

GRANTHAM.

to good meadow hay. — The principal proprietors
are the heirs of the original grantee^ the late
William Grant, Esq. About one half of the
clergy reserves are leased and have been rapidly
improving since the terms have been rendered
more favourable. The front ranges are the most
settled, some as far as the 9th range. The chief
proprietors in the township of Grantham are the
Hon. John Richardson of Montreal, Lieut.-Col.
Heriot of Drummondville, Major Ployart, Capt.
Steigar and the heirs of the late Col. De Cham-
bault. Mr. Richardson has about 30 Canadian fa-
milies improving land for themselves which they
have purchased from him at 5s. per acre upon
credit. Col. Heriot has built a large house, round
which he has cleared about 200 acres of land. A
corn and saw-mill are now in operation, and a
stone corn-mill is erected at the Drummondville
Falls. That gentleman has likewise several lots of
land with clearings which are cultivated by others
on shares, i. e., he receiving one half of the produce
in lieu of rent. There are two bridges of note
in this T.; the Prevost Bridge over the Prevost
river near its mouth, on the high road from
Three Rivers, where Col. Heriot has mills ; and
Richardson Bridge, two miles above, upon the
Yamasta road lending to Sorel. — The average
produce per acre is from 16 to 20 bushels of wheat,
and every kind of grain is raised. The cattle is
of the American breed, and good breeds of sheep
and swine have been introduced by Col. Heriot.
The price of agricultural labour is, with board,
£2 a month during harvest and 30s. at other
times; young men £12 per annum. — The post-
road passes through this t. and Wickham, and the
mail goes through once a week from Quebec to
Boston. There is also a road from Drummondville
to Sorel and to Long Point in the adjoining t. of
Wickham. The provincial legislature has ex-
pended £200 in making a road from Drummond-
ville ferry to the upper line of Wickham, joining
Durham, 16J m., which, when completed, will
be the best communication from the eastern town-
ships to Sorel and Montreal: an additional ex-
penditure of £700 will be requisite to complete
the road in a manner which will enable the back
Settlers, who are poor and few in number, to keep
it in repair. The commissioner has cleared the
road of trees, underwood and windfalls about 36
feet wide, and has in general felled all the leaning
trees and most of the dry trees close to the road :

he has erected two large bridges and several smaller
with squared timber coverings ; he has also made
several new causeways and repaired the old, cover-
ing them with earth although not deep enough :
he has also made several ditches on each side of
the road in the wettest places, and has cleared of
stumps and roots about one-third of the breadth.
The face of the country through which the road
passes is, in general, flat and sandy, very fit for a
road but not for cultivation, except a few lots on
the last 2 m., where the land becomes good and is
settled. The continuation of the road through
Durham, Melbourne and the townships on the
side of the St. Francis to the province line, is
well settled and traverses good land, capable of
maintaining an immense population. — The road
from Drummondville to the S. of Deguir has also
experienced the enlightened liberality of the pro-
vincial legislature. The sum of £900 has been
voted towards its improvement and £827 16s. 3c?.
expended : the additional sum of £400 will be
required to finish it. As the public utility and
convenience of this road are unquestionable, no
doubt can be entertained of the liberality of the
provincial assembly, more especially as without
■ this additional grant the money expended wiU be
entirely lost. Had the soil over which this road
runs been any other than what it is, the sum
voted for the purpose would have been sufficient ;
but the country being very low and flat, and the
soil a deep black earth intersected by many swamps
of greater or less extent, the waters having no
outlet spread over a great part of it and the
ground adjacent, which created a vast deal of
additional expense and labour. The road being at
first made only 33 ft. wide was liable to be blocked
up by trees blown across it, whenever the wind
was high, as well as to other accidents; it has
therefore been opened throughout its whole length
to the breadth of from 106 to 110 feet, leaving
about 20 feet clear of every obstacle that might
impede the traveller. A bridge across the river
Prevost, which crosses the road near the village
of Drummondville, has been built in a more sub-
stantial manner with the heaviest and most durable
wood of the neighbourhood : it cost £45 18s. The
length of the road is 16L miles. Until this road
is completed, the inhabitants of Drummondville
are obliged to transport their produce to Sorel
either by the k. St. Francis or by the present cir-
cuitous route, a. distance of no less than 17 L*

G R A

G R E

while Drummondville is only 9 1. distant from
Sorel in a straight line and across a fine level
country, most suitahle for a road, having no hills
and but one river to impede the progress of any
carriage, while the present mode of conveyance is
attended with innumerable inconveniences from
the unevenness of the road, ferries, &c. if the
goods are sent by land, and by many rapids,
portages, &c. if conveyed by water, together with
the great distance of the journey, which consi-
derably increases the expenses of transportation.
— The Parish of Drummondville extends over the
township of Wickham as well as Grantham and
contains two churches, both situated in the village
of Drummondville : one is attended by members
of the Church of England and the other by Roman
Catholics. The village is on the b. St. Francis
and was built under the direction of Lieut.-Col.
Heriot, C. B. for the accommodation of disbanded
veterans. It was destroyed by fire June 22, 1826.
Its chief trade is in grain and pot and pearl ashes ;
it carries on an extensive traffic with Sorel as well
as with the neighbouring townships and those more
in the interior to the south. It contains 2 schools,
one public and the other private, in each of which
20 scholars are instructed. The settlement of
Drummondville was commenced in 1816, during
the administration of Sir George Drumraond. It
is particularly indebted to Col. Heriot, member
of the provincial parliament for the co. of Drum-
mond, for its original establishment and progressive
advancement. That gentleman has been at con-
siderable expense in building several corn and saw-
mills : his house and establishment, erected on an
eminence at the n. w. extremity of the village,
add materially to the beauty of the scenery when
viewed from the opposite bank of the St. Francis.
— Ungranted and unhealed, 13,315 acres.

Statistics of the Parish of Drummondville.

Population 389
Churches, R. C. 2
Cur^s . 1
Schools . 2
Villages . 1

Corn-mills . 2
Carding-mills 1
Fulling-mills 1
Saw-mills . 3
Tanneries . 4

Potasheries

Pearlasheries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

. 4

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 3,763
Oats . 4,000
Barley . 590

Bushels.
Potatoes 5,500
Peas . 510

Bushels.
Rye . 200
Indian corn 600

Live Stock.

Horses . 175
Oxen . 240

Cows . 310
Sheep . 480

Swine

290

Green Island, v. Isle Vertb, S.

Green Point, v. Ouiatchouan, r.

Green River discharges into the r, St. John,
6 leagues below the church in the settlements of
Madawaska.

Green River or Quamquerticook, in the
CO. of Rimouski, rises n. e. of Middle Lake, and,
running s. through the country, receives the
waters of several smaller streams ; it passes w. of
the Quamquerticook mountains and joins the R.
St. John about 3 m. below the church belonging
to the Madawaska settlements.

Grenvillb, township, in the co. of Two
Mountains, with its augmentation, is bounded in
front by the Ottawa; b. by Chatham; in the
rear by the waste lands of the crown and by
La Petite Nation. It possesses many local ad-
vantages besides the Military Canal. The front
was surveyed and subdivided in iJ88, in 1807
the s. E. section was laid out and subdivided,
and in 1821 and 2 the survey was extended to
the 7th range. The lands thus surveyed are not
of a very favourable description, being bold, abrupt
and mountainous, in many parts divested of soil
yet ofiering at the foot of frequent mountains
rich, fertile and in some places extensive intervals,
composed of a sUiceous earth very fit for cultiva-
tion. The hills and clifis are chiefly of a condensed
granite of various colours. The most conspicuous
ridge of highlands rises not far from the St. Law-
rence at the s. w. angle of the t., and, extending
N. B., traverses it obliquely as far as the 6th range,
where it enters Chatham. The meadow-land, which
lies at the base of these hills in the front, is over-
flowed in the spring of the year by«the Ottawa,
from lot No. 8 to the w. line of the t. This part
and the remainder, comprehended between those
highlands and the St. Lawrence, form a trian-
gular space of fine level and well irrigated soil,
which was at the time of making the old grants
considered by the grantees as the only cul-
turable section of the t. Proceeding northward,
from the Grenville heights to the 7th range, the
face of the country presents only a succession of
ascents and descents, abrupt hUls and stupendous
mountains, interspersed, nevertheless, with rich
vales whose fertility is almost an adequate com-
pensation for the many sterile and unarable parts
of the T. On the banks of the Calumet lime-
stone of a superior species is to be found in
abundance, also stone of various colours with

GRENVILLE.

which mantelpieces have heen made ; and in No.
10 of the 5th range a black-lead mine is worked.
The surface of this t. is in general mountainous
with many small valleys of excellent soil, and
some of the hiUs afford good land for tillage. The
soU varies from the richest clay loam to the poorest
fox-landj and in many places would produce hemp
and flax. The mountains in the t. are more pro-
minent about the centre, drawing towards River
Rouge, but in the aug. they prevail most on the
E. side towards the s. of Petite Nation, rising to
great heights in cliffs and broken surface, ap-
proaching a great lake in the 10th range, then
stretching b. crossing the line to the r. Rouge.
An extensive valley embraces the b. part of the
augmentation from about the 4th range, and
spreading along the Beaver Meadow Creek from
the B. Rouge on the b., and embracing variously
from No. 1 to 3 in the augmentation until it
reaches the base of the mountains in the 9th
range, still bounded by the r. Rouge, from which
there is an easy and gradual ascent, generally,
throughout the whole extent. The soil in that
valley is chiefly argUlaceous, sometimes becoming a
surface of strong yellow loam mixed occasionally
with a siliceous rock, timbered with elm, maple,
birch, tamarack, some cedar and ash, pine and
hemlock, and is particularly watered by large
rivers and their tributary waters flowing to the
Rouge. The numerous valleys, particularly the
one just mentioned, offer the best situations for
settlers in the township and its augmentation. —
This T. is abundantly watered by many rivers,
rivulets, small lakes and ponds, which traverse it
in every direction. The principal rivers are the
Kingham, the Calumet and the river Rouge.
Many of the lakes are well stored with trout.
West of the river Rouge, and in the 3rd and 4th
ranges, are five small lakes, into which flow many
rivulets and inferior streams that rise in the upper
part of the t. ; the waters of the lakes, issuing by
several small channels, meet and are discharged
into the Ottawa between the front lots Nos. 24
and 25. On the Kingham is the only saw-mill
in this T. ; it belongs to Mr. Kaine. — The south
and only surveyed half of this township is tra-
versed by several roads, the principal of which
being that opened at the expense of the province,
which runs almost parallel to the n. bank of the
Ottawa, entering Grenville at lot No. 1, above
the canal j passing through the military depot at

the basin, it crosses the Kingham over which
there is a good bridge, and thence continues w. to
the B. boundary of La Petite Nation. This road
appears to have been marked out with little judg-
ment, as a comparatively trifling deviation from
the existing line might, in more than one place,
have rendered it much bettei%, and the necessity of
so many bridges and causeways would have been
avoided. This high-road is good as far as the 7th
lot, after which it becomes impassable. Along the
Kingham there is a tolerably good road, leading
to Mr. Kaine's residence and saw-mill. The
rivers generally in this t. present numerous mill-
sites which must ultimately prove highly advan-
tageous. Westward towards the river Calumet,
over which there is a bridge, the road is tole-
rably good and has many new settlements with
some well cultivated and prosperous fields; but
the habitations and barns are by no means cal-
culated to impress the traveller with an idea of
ease and comfort. A few such settlements are
scattered along the remainder of the road to the
division line, between the S. and the augmenta-
tion of Grenville. Along the road w. of the Ca-
lumet bridge to the lofty ridge of highlands are
excellent patches of good land clothed with hard
timber, which are, however, by no means so ex-
tensive as to make up for the stony and uncul-
turable parts of the t. This road continues,
though very bad, along the b. branch of the Ca-
lumet, and, passing occasionally by the door of
a solitary settler, terminates in the 7th range. It
should be observed, in justice to the inhabitants
of these parts, that they have surmounted, with
the most industrious and praiseworthy persever-
ance, the various obstacles presenting themselves
in regions so hilly and forbidding, and have suc-
ceeded in the attainment of a degree of rustic en-
joyment beyond what might have been reasonably
anticipated to exist in the 4th, 5th and 6th ranges
of Grenville at so early a period of its settlement.
Several other by-roads communicate with the in-
terior settlements and are more or less of the same
description. The best settlements are in the east
section, most of which is granted under letters
patent. — This t. appears to be particularly adapted
to the breeding of cattle of all kinds, for all that
have been introduced have thrived amazingly.
The extent of land under cultivation is 970 acres
and 100 of pasture. The average produce per
acre is, wheat 10 bushels, Indian corn 15, and

G R E

G R O

oats 20. Wages vary from 8 to 10 dollars a
month. — The village contains 50 inhabitants and
is built in No. 7 of the 2nd range^ and in 1788 one
square mile was set aside for the purpose, and 400
acres allotted to the church and other public insti-
tutions. In 1821 the s. half of lot 7 was surveyed
and laid out in streets and in two-acre lots of 4
chains in breadth by 5 in depth. Not more than
6 or 8 houses have been erected, and these with-
out the least regard to regularity. Locations are
made to those who are desirous of settling here,
and will contract to clear their lot and build a
house within one year from the date of their
location ticket. In the village is one school at-
tended by 40 scholars. — The Military Establish-
ment chiefly consists of the staff corps. The dwell-
ings of some of the soldiers and labourers are scat-
tered on each side of the GrenvUle Canal, and
others live in tents. The houses of the officers are
new, neat and comfortable. This important canal
has been chiefly cut, blasted and excavated through
solid rock : it is nearly completed, and the work
is solid and durable. (For farther particulars of
this canal see " Canals" and voL i. page 1.55.)
— The principal landholders in this t. are Archi-
bald M'Millan, Esq., the heirs of the late Col.
Taylor, Major Hitter, and Capt. John M'Gil-
livray, besides several others who hold grants to an
inferior extent. Mr. M'MiUan obtained in 1808,
for himself and others, 1230 acres under letters
patent and subsequently a grant of lot No. 8, in
the 2nd range, which it is to be regretted was not
reserved for the use and disposal of the Crown on
account of its contiguity to the village. — Ungranted
and unlocated, in the t. 10,200 acres, in the aug.
10,130.

Statistics.

Population
Schools
Villages
Corn-mills

1,875
1
1

. 1

Saw-mills . 3
Potteries . 1
Potasheries . 3
Medical men 1

Notaries . 1
Shopkeepers 3
Taverns . 3
Artisans . 30

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats

Bushels.
9,497
2,280

Bushels. Bushels.
Barley . 150 Peas . 100
Potatoes 15,000 Indian corn 2,000

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

59
64>

Cows . 500
Sheep . 250

1 Swine . 375

It is \^ chain wide and in places very rapid;
the banks are low and the soil on each side sandy
but very level. It appears to run nearly parallel
to the river Terres-Rompues. At 3-^ m. from its
mouth there is a fine little cove on the left, and, a
few chains higher up, another on the right. One
mile from this is a portage, 2 miles long, that runs
towards the n. b., leading to lake Patispiscasmetche,
which is altogether irregular, and round which
are first seen small and very low rocks, extend-
ing but a small distance from the banks. Having
passed these, the land becomes level and sandy.

Gkifpin's Cove, in the co. of Gaspe, lies N.
of Gaspe Bay, between Great Fox river and Cap
Rosier.

Statistics.
Population . 53 | Keel-boats . 4
Annual Agricultural Produce,
Potatoes . . 300 bush.

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

Cows
Sheep

21
5

Swine

Grey Pine, river, runs into the Grande De-
charge that connects the Sag. a. with h. St, John.

Gkondines, les, seigniory, in the co. of Port-
neuf, is bounded s. w. by the S. of Ste. Anne
and its augmentation; n. e. by La Tesserie; in
the rear by the projected i. of Alton and waste
lands of the crown ; in front by the St. Law-
rence. — Granted in three parts, viz. the w. part,
one league in front by ten in depth, 20th Mar.,
1638, to the Duchess d'AiguiUon for Les Dames
Hospitalieres of the Hotel Dieu of Quebec; the
E. part, f 1. in front by 3 1. in depth, 3rd Nov.,
1672, to the poor of that hospital; the aug.
to the E. part, 2 1. in depth by -J 1. in front,
25th Apr., 1711, to Louis Hamelin: the whole
is now the property of Mr. Charret. — Through-
out the greater part of these grants the soil is in-
different ; a thin layer of poor earth upon a solid
bed of stone : here and there a few patches of
better quality may be found, and all the known
lands on the Grondines' side of the rapid of the
R. Ste. Anne are of good quality. — Five conces-
sions have been conceded and part of another; the
first 4 are cultivated and the first 3 settled. — A
small ridge extends across the S. near the front,
between which and the St. Lawrence there is very
good meadow land. — The timber is of inferior qua-
lity. — The principal settlements lie on the main
road just beneath the ridge and on the r. Ste.

G R O

Anne. The soil and timber in general are barely
above mediocrity, yet there are some well cul-
tivated farms, owing to the industry of the oc-
cupiers rather than to the fertility of the soil.
Somewhat more than a fourth part is under cul-
ture. — This S. is very well watered by the Ste.
Anne, the Blanche, and the Batiscan which tra-
verses its N. extremity, also by a small rivey in the
front that falls into the St. Lawrence ; the last
turns a corn and a saw-mill. — This S. has a church
and a parsonage-house, but the service is performed
by the cure of a neighbouring parish, — The main
road crosses the S. near its front : a road ascends
the Ste. Anne on each side and another leads
to the back concessions. In the St. Lawrence
the extensive shoal, called Les Battures des Gron-
dines, stretches along the front. There are two
stnall fiefs in this S. called Francheville, which, by
default of inheritance, have reverted to the crown.

Title. Partie Quest — " Concession du 20me Mars,

1638, faite par la Compagnie, a. Dame Duclv.sse d'AguiL
ton, pour les Dames Hospitalieres de I'Hotel-Dieu de
Quebec, de la Seigneurie des Grondimes, contenant una
lieue de terre en largeur sur le grand fleuve St. Laurent,
sur dix lieiies de profondeur ; savoir : est, depuis la pointe
de I'ance des Grondines, du Cote du Nord-Est, un quart
de lieue audessous de la dite pointe, en tirant vers le Cap
de Lauzon, born^ par une route qui court Sud-Est et
Nord-Ouest ou environ; et d'autre coti au Sud-Ouest
trois quarts de lieue, borne aussi par une route qui court
Sud-Est et Nord-Onest, d'un bout au Nord-Ouest par
une route qui court Sud-Ouest et Nord-Est." — RSgistre
des Foi et Hommage, folio 47. Aussi Reg. S Intendance,
et Cahiers d'Intendance.

Partie Est " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672,

faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, aux Pauvres de I'Hopital,
de trois quarts de lieues de terre sur trois lieues de pro-
fondeur, k prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, au lieu dit
les Groiidines, tenant d'un c6t^ a la Concession appar-
tenante aux religieuses du dit H6pital, de I'autre aux ter-
res non-conc^d4es ; tirant eu descendant le fleuve vers
Chavigny." Rdgistre dUntendance, No. 1, folio 34.

Augmentation A la Partie Est " Concession du25me

Avril, 1711, faite par Raudot, Gouverneur, et Vaudreuil,
Intendant, k Louis Hamelin, de la continuation de deux
lieues de profondeur sur le front de trois quarts de lieue
non-concede, 6tant au bout des trois quarts de lieue de
front sur la profondeur de trois lieues, en quoi consiste
r^tendue de la dite Seigneurie des Grondines; borne d'un
c6ti aux terres du Sieur de la Chevrotiere et d'un cote a
celles du dit Sieur Louis Hamelin." — Rigistre des Foi et
Hommage, folio 47.

Grosbois or Machiche, seigniory, in the co. of
St. Maurice, on the n. .side of Lake St. Peter, is
bounded n. b. by Pointe du Lac and Gatineau ;
s. w, by Riviere du Loup and Grandpre and in
the rear by Dumontier. — 1^ 1. in front by 2 1. in
depth. Granted Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Boucher
and is now the property of the Hon. Louis Gugy,
Mr. Johnstone and Mr. Dumoulin. — This S. is

rather low towards the front, but retiring from
the lake there are some few rising grounds. The
soil and timber are very similar to those of Riviere
du Loup and Grandpre. — Watered by the r. du
Loup and the great and little rivers Machiche,
over which, where they are intersected by the
main roads, are bridges substantially built of tim-
ber and possessing a light and pleasing appear-
ance. About f ths of the S. are conceded and the
settlements, in front and on the banks of the ri-
vers, are very flourishing; the houses and farm
buildings, well constructed, prove their proprietors
to be very industrious and in easy circumstances.
On the east side of the main or Quebec road,
that here resumes its course close to the b. St.
Lawrence, are the church and presbytery of Ma-
chiche with a cluster of houses, forming a small
neat village.' — The interior is traversed by many
roads leading to the seigniories in the rear, as well
as to those ou each side. — On the difierent streams
are some good com and saw-miUs.

The Parish of Ste. Anne de YamacJdche com-
prehends Gatineau, Pointe du Lac and the front
part of Grosbois or Machiche. Some lands in
the P. are still unconceded, and, although not
of a rich quality, they are susceptible of cultiva-
tion. About one-third of the concessions in this
p. were granted before 1759 and generally mea-
sured 3 arpents by 40 and were let at low rents,
viz. 2 or 3 capons and a crown in money. — AU
the young persons are desirous of settling either
at home or abroad, but would universally prefer
settling near their relations, particularly as it
would be the least expensive. — Here are two
schools, one for boys and the other for girls, both
supported by the parish ; the number of scholars
is 28 boys and 30 girls, who are instructed in
English and French. — The p. contains 2 villages,
one near the church on the k. Petite Machiche,
the other on the Grande Machiche; each con-
tains about 30 houses. — The church is 120 ft. by
40, besides which there is a chapel. — There are
3 corn-mills ; 2 of them on the Grande Machiche,
which are built of stone and are 2 stories high,
the other is on the R. du Loup. — One-fourth of
the grain grown in the parish, in good seasons, is
sold in meal or flour and much provision is sent
to the Quebec market.

The Parish of St. Leon comprehends the rear
part of Grosbois and Machiche and the whole of
Dumontier and Grandpre. In this p. are 6 con-

G U E

GUI

cessions and 400 farms ; the 2nd concession w, of
the K. du Loup is the most inhabited. This P. is
watered by the Ruisseau Chakouna and by the R.
du Loup, which is very rapid and in general na-
vigable for bateaux, A little village surrounds
the church; the houses are built with wood and
the church is 120 ft. by 52. There are several
saw-mills, one on the k. du Loup, 2 on the Cha-
couna and 2 in the ravines. — In this p. are some
non-conceded lands susceptible of cultivation, in
different places, amounting altogether to 1 league.

including lands kept for the purpose of wood only.
Over these lands there is no road, but the grantees
form roads as they are wanted. — The non-con-
ceded lands are not surveyed, and no concessions
were made, within the precise limits of this p.,
before 1759. — The number of persons desirous
and able to make new settlements would be con-
siderable if they could procure farms in the non-
conceded lands, which would supply 60 farms of
a tolerable quality.

Statistics of the Parishes of Ste. Anne de Yamachiehe and St. Leon.

Parishes.

•3

1
1

a
1

i
1

3
5

1
2

i
s

1
1

M
8

20
13

Ste. Anne de )
Yamachiehe 5
St. Leon . .

3376
1792

1
1

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

-Livestock. 1

Ste. Anne de >
Yamachiehe J
St. Leon . .

19800
10400

23400
7800

3250
260

27080
15500

3380
1300

180

1300
130

900
413

850
275

2000

825

4500
2200

1260
550

TitU. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Pierre Boucher, de Grand-
pri, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front, sur deux de
profondeiu', a prendre, savoir, trois quarts de lieue au des.
sus de la riviSre k Marciu (Machichej et autant audessous
de la dite riviere." — JftSgistre d'Intendance, iVo. 1, folio 39.

Gbos Ruisseau, a rivulet, in the S. of Murray
Bay, rises in the concession St. Jean, and running
s., dividing concession Joyeuse from the 2nd con-
cession of Terrebonne, it divides the 1st concession
of Terrebonne into two nearly equal parts, and
then falls into the St. Lawrence.

Grosses Roches, des, is a rivulet that runs
from the n. e. and joins the Saguenay near Bay
St. Etienne ; about 14 m. from the St. Law-
rence.

GuEHRE, a la, river, in the township of God-
manchester, rises about the middle of the 2nd
range, and running n. w. falls into Lake St.
Francis. At the upper forks of this r. is built
the V. of Godmanchestcr. The navigation of this
B. and its branches is of material advantage to the
inhabitants of that township. This r. is navi-
gable for canoes for some little distance above the
Forks ; but as there is a sand bank or bar at its

mouth, with only 18 inches of water, it is there
navigable only for flat-bottomed boats. About 30
chains from its mouth are two small farm-houses
on the B. bank, opposite to which is a chantier.
The depth of the water from the lake to the first
forks varies from 5 to 8 ft. and thence to the
second forks from 3 to 4 ft.

GuiLLAUDiEBB, fief, in the co. of Vercheres,
fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded n. e. by
St. Blain ; s. w. by Cap St. Michel and in the rear
by the aug. to Belceil — 30 arpents in front by a
league in depth. — Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Lau-
rent Borney, Sieur de Grandmaison, and now be-
longs to Hertel, Esq.

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, a Laurent Borney Sieur de Grand-
maison, de trente arpens de front sur une lieue de pro-
fondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis les
terres du Sieur de St. Michel, en descendant vers les terres
non-concedies." — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. 1, folio 28.

GuiLLAUMB BoNHOMMB, seigniory, in the rear
of Desmaure, is bounded n. e. by Gaudarville ;
s. w. by Fausembault and n. by the k. Jacques
Cartier, — One league in breadth by two in depth.

HAL

HAM

Granted Nov. 24th, 1682, to Guillaume Bon-
homme. — This tract is uneven and mountainous ;
near Desmaure, the lowest and most level part,
the soil is a black mould, but, receding towards
the Jacques Cartier, a light-coloured loam pre-
vails much covered with loose stones : only a
small portion of the land is in cultivation. The
timber is both abundant and good, particularly on
the high grounds towards the rear. Scarcely a
stream or rivulet traverses the interior.

Title. — " Concession du 24me Novembre, 1082, faite
par Lefelre, Gouverneur, et De MevUcs, Intendant, a Guil-
laume Bonhomme, des terres qui sont au bout de celles de
Mr. Juchereau de la Ferli, tirant vers la riviere Jacques
Cartier, bornfes d'un cdt^, au Sud-ouest, de Mr. Dupont,
Conseiller, et de I'autre a Mr. de Mesner, Greffier, au
Nord-est; d'un bout, sur le dit Sieur de la Ferti au Sud ;
et de I'autre au Nord-ouest I la dite riviere : la dite terre
contenant environ une lieue de front avec deux lieues ou
environ de profondeur dans les dites terres." — Insimmtions
du Conseil Supirieur, Lettre B. folio 26.

Ha Ha Bay, or Baib des Has ! v. Sague-

NAY, R.

Ha Ha, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is
between Trois Pistolles and Bic. It is but thinly
settled.

Hail Bay, in Commissioners Lake, s. w. of
Lake St. John.

HaldiJiand, a town in Gasp6 Bay, situated on
■ a tongue of land formed by the estuaries of St.
John's River and the s. w. arm of Gaspe Bay. —
This town was named after General Haldimand,
who, about the year 1785, was Governor of Ca-
nada, which at that time was called the Province
of Quebec.

Halifax, township, in the co. of Megantic,
between Chester and Inverness, bounded n. w. by
Arthabaska and Somerset, and s. b. by Wolfes-
town and Ireland. — The soil is generally excellent
and would yield abundantly under almost any
system of agriculture, and in many places would
produce hemp and flax : in the N. e. part, which is
low, are a few swamps, which might be easily re-
claimed by ditching ; in the opposite dirfection the
land is uneven and rises as it inclines towards the
s. — The timber is similar to that of Wolfestown and
'Ham. — Watered by some small rivers and streams
and the picturesque little Lake Pitt. The s. b.
half has been laid out and granted, but none of it

is cultivated : Craig's Road passing through a part
of it may be, perhaps, the means of attracting some
settlers. The principal landholders are the heirs
of the late Joseph Frobisher, Esq. and Mrs. Scott
and family. — Ungranted and unlocated 7200 acres.

Statistics.

Population . 15

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
50
55

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.
. 15
. 350

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

1 Cows
. 5 Sheep

9 Swine
. 8

Hall's Stream rises in the t. of Auckland ;
running s. through the N. w. part of Drayton it
enters Hereford at the 6th range, and continuing
in the s. e. quarter of that t. joins the k. Con-
necticut on the boundary line. On this stream
are good sites for mills ; but as its course is ob-
structed by ffills it is of no other navigable advan-
tage than for the transport of logs to the miUs.
Its middle branch waters the n. e. quarter of
Hereford and its N. w. branch circulates about the
centre of that t.

Ham, township, in the co. of Drummond, be-
tween Wotton and Wolfestown, joins Tingwick
and Chester n. w. and Weedon s. e. One half
has been granted among several individuals. The
land might be brought into cultivation with great
advantage, and would produce wheat or other
grain, and many parts are fit for flax and hemp.
The surface is diversified'by many large swells of
inconsiderable elevation, covered with wood and
some few places in the valleys are rather swampy.
— The timber is maple, beech, basswood, birch,
hemlock and cedar. — Watered by part of the river
Nicoletj which here has its source in the beautiful
lake of the same name, near which the road com-
municating with Craig's Road is designed to pass.
— Ungranted and unlocated 18,500 acres.

Hamel Lake, called by the Indians Assini-
gaashtets, " a rock that is there," is the largest
lake on the R. Pastagoutsic, which runs from
Lake Kenwangomi s. b. of Lake St. John.

Hamilton, township, in the co. of Bonaven-
ture, lies between Cox and Richmond, and is
bounded in front by Chaleurs Bay and in the rear

H A R

HAT

by waste lands. — The Village of Bonaventure is
pleasantly situated on the w. side of the harbour
of the same name. The land on each side of
the town is level and good and produces great
quantities of grass for cattle. The soil is a fine
gray earth on a clayey sub-stratum, which appears
fit for the cultivation of hemp and flax ; but the
season is supposed to be too short for the growth
of grain, the frost generally commencing in the
beginning of September and continuing to the
middle or end of May. This village or town is
advantageously placed for the cod-fishery, and is
susceptible of great improvement. The bank on
which the fish are generally cured is very extensive
and is divided into 95 lots, each extending 40 ft.
in front and 120 ft. in depth, sufficient space for
curing the fish taken by one shalloup. A vacancy
of 10 ft. is left between the lots for the purpose
of piling up the fish when cured; and 100 ft.
is appropriated, at the point of each beach, for a
public landing-place. In the roadstead there is
good anchorage for shipping, and the common
tides rise from 7 to 8 ft. The town lot consists
of 60 acres ; and 1040 ft. of ground divided into
36 lots, each 240 ft. square, to be subdivided
into 8 divisions, each 60 ft. in front by 120 in
depth, with 200 acres adjoining for the benefit of
the town. This v. is only a small place, contain-
ing about 25 houses and a church : its whole de-
pendence is in the fishery.

Hampden, a projected township in the co. of
Sherbrooke, is an irregular tract of land lying
between Marston, Ditton, Lingwick, Stratford,
and Gayhurst.

Hare Island lies nearly in the middle of the
St. Lawrence, and fronts the S. of Rividre du
Loup and that of Terrebois : it is nearly 8 m. in
length by an average breadth of about half a mile.
It is low and flat, extending in a direction nearly
parallel to the shores of the St. Lawrence. The
soil is good, but wholly uncultivated. At each
extremity are long and dangerous shoals stretch-
ing from it. On the s. e. side lie the three small
islands called the Brandy Pots : on the w. side is
placed the telegraph No. 13, the last in the chain
from Quebec.

Harrington, a projected township in the co.
of Two Mountains, lies between Wentworth and
Ponsonby and is bounded in front by Grenville.
Its s. w. angle is watered by the r. Rouge.

Hastings, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, fronting Lake des Allumets and lying w/
of th T. of Esher.

Hatlby, township, in the co. of Stanstead, is
bounded s. by the t. of Stanstead; n. by Ascot;
B. by Compton ; w. by the Lake Memphramagog,
a branch of the river St. Francis, and Lake Sca-
swaninepus. The surface is irregular, in some
places hilly, and the quality of the land very
variable. The soil e. and n. e. is good and most
kinds of grain might be grown ; and w. it is rather
superior ; the middle very indifferent, rugged and
swampy. On the best lands beech, elm, maple
and ash grow in abundance ; in the swamps spruce
fir, cedar and alder. Towards Ascot and Compton
are some extensive settlements, where the houses
and out-buildings are substantially constructed, the
farms cultivated with industry and much ability
and well stocked with cattle. On the border of
Lake Memphramagog is another range of im-
proving settlements. — Watered by several lakes
besides Lake Tomefobi, which is entirely in this
T., and by some small rivers and streams, which
as they wind through the cultivated lands turn
corn and saw-mills. Many roads lead to the ad-
jacent townships, and others communicate with
main roads leading to the states of Vermont and
New Hampshire. One of the most extensive
landholders is Henry Cull, Esq., lieut.-col. of the
militia ; a gentleman highly esteemed for his public
spirit and the industry and good-will with which
he encourages every species of improvement. The
first settler in the t. was Capt. Eb. Hovey.

The Parish of Charleston commences on the
line between Stanstead and Hatley, and on the
line between the 8th and 9th ranges of Hatley ;
thence N. on the same line it crosses Lake Tome-
fobi ; thence on the w. shore of the lake n. until
it intersects the line between the 4th and 5th
ranges ; thence n. on the same line to the n. line
of Hatley ; thence b. on the same line to the line
between the 2nd and 3rd ranges of Compton, and
s. across that t. to the line between the 2nd and
3rd ranges in Barnston, and then w. to the w.
line of that t., and then n. to its n. w. corner ;
thence w. to the place of beginning. — In this
parish stands the Village of Charleston, near the
N. B. corner. It is very pleasantly situated on the
main road leading from Sherbrooke to Stanstead
Plain ; it contains about 20 neat houses and 115

HEM

inhabitants : it has a protestant episcopal church,
a school-house, a brewery and a distillery. The
site of the v. is in Nos. 5 and 6 of the 1st and
2nd ranges. — Robt. Vincent, Esq. was the first
inhabitant and settled here about 20 years since.
— Ungranted and unlocated 12,041 acres.

Population

Churches

Curates

Schools

Villages

Corn-mills

Cardlng-mills

1,573
1

Statistics.

Fulling-mills
Saw-mills .
Tanneries .
Hat-manufact.
Potteries
Potasheries .

Pearlasheries

Distilleries .

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

5
1
1
3
2
17

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

18,030

26,500

3,865

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

29,420

4,063

825

Bushels.
Buck wheat 80
Indian corn 5,020

Live Stock.

760 1 Cows
914, 1 Sheep

1,5981 Swine
3,169 1

830

Hautbvillb (V.), V. Kamouraska, S.

Hayotte (V.), V. Champlain, S.

Helbnstown, v. Beauhabnois, S.

Hbmison, river and lake : the n. rises in the
T. of Buckland and partly in the lake ; taking a
s. w. course, it enters the t. of Frampton and
joins the B. Etchemin a little below Papa Isle.

HbmmingfobDj township, in the co. of Beau-
harnois, is on the boundary line between the pro-
vince and the United States, having n. w. the S.
of Beauharnois and n. b. that of La Colle. This
township has been laid out for close settlements,
that iSj to be granted by single lots to persons,
upon condition of immediately taking possession
and beginning to improve them ; a large portion
of the T. is settled and some of the farms are in a
thriving state. There are five complete ranges
of 200 acre lots, and the remainder of the t. is
divided in a similar manner to Hinchinbrook ; but
a proportion of these reservations has been let
under lease. Although the surface is very un-
even and several high ridges rise in various di-
rections, with many large seams of flat rock a
little below the surface, there are many tracts of
superior quality fit for the growth of grain, hemp
and flax. On the N. b. and n. w. sides are some
swamps covered with cedar, spruce fir, tamarack,
&c. On the high lands the timber is beech, maple,
elm, birch, &c. : along the 2nd range are some
oak and pine of large dimensions and good qua-

H E M

lity. — This T. is well watered by the a. Montreal
descending to the Richelieu, and by many small
streams that descend from the heights to the Cha-
teauguay. — There are many roads, but most of
them very indifferent, and practicable only in
winter when rendered firm and solid by the frost.
— There is only one com and saw-mill in this t.
built in the 5th range. — The population consists
of 150 families, of whom 70 are from Ireland, 24
from the United States, 19 from England, 11
from Scotland, 10 American loyalists and 3 from
Germany. Of the population 345 souls are on
the crown reserve without any title. — ^This t.
consists of 58,600 acres ; about 6067 acres are
under improvement, of which 4242 are among
the granted lands, 1,320 on the crown reserves and
505 on the land located by the agent. — Hemming-
ford Mountain or Covey s Hill has about the same
perpendicular elevation as the Rouville cone and
commands an extensive horizon. This mountain,
from its conspicuous height, is worthy of notice.
It occupies a space of about 3^ miles in length by
2 in breadth and rises by gradations, almost about
1,100 feet from the level of the St. Lawrence.
The ascent on the n. side, though rather abrupt,
is notwithstanding easy of access, but on the e. it
is more gradual ; on the s. side it rises out of a
low swamp in the vicinity of 2 small lakes, and
rises nearly 200 feet in a perpendicular cliff.
From the top of this mountain can clearly be di-
stinguished the mountains of Montreal, Pinacle,
Mansfield and Camel's Rump, and a most com-
manding view of the surrounding country.

Population . 980
Churches, R. C. 1
Corn-mills . I
Carding-nalls 1

Statistics.

Fulling-miUs
Saw-mills
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries

Distilleries . 1
Shopkeepers . I
Taverns . .1
Artisans . 10

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.

. 7,000

. 6,000

100

Potatoes 3.3,000
Peas . 4,000

Bushels.

Buckwheat 1,000
Indian com 3,000

Comparative Statement of Increase.

III

lis

i
1

Live Stock. |

s
en

1820
1825
1829

.3206
6067

2550
2591

358
616
980

171
331

187
285

97
273

588
1372

426
1300

.377
598

HER

H I N

Hemmingway Brook joins the r. Connecticut
near the most s. point of the t. of Drayton on
the houndary line.

Henrtvillb (V.), V. NOYAN, S.

Hereford, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is bounded n. by Clifton and Auckland ; w. by
Barford; b. by Drayton and s. by the boundary
line. The greater part may be called tolerably
good land and generally applicable to any kind of
agriculture : the surface is uneven and, approach-
ing the river Connecticut, rather mountainous. —
The s. part of the t. is partially settled, 1600
acres being under cultivation : most of the settlers
are on the banks of Hall Stream and Leech Stream
and the lands between them. — There is only one
reserve under lease; it is in No. 7 of the 7th
range and belongs to the clergy. — The timber is
various and in general good, consisting of maple,
beech and birch, mixed with spruce fir and a
small proportion of pine and poplar. — In the year
1800 the southern half was granted to James
Rankin and others ; but a very small progress
has been made towards its settlement : a few
farms, however, are in a tolerably good condition.
— This T. is well watered by several branches of
the Connecticut, aided by many small streams de-
scending from the high lands. The branches of the
Connecticut are called Hall's Stream on which 16
families are settled, and Leech Stream on which
10 families reside, and on both streams are good
sites for mills ; it is also watered by Leech's Pond
and other small lakes, in which are trout, suc-
cors, chub, perch, eels, &c. — There are 4 bridges,
two king's highways and 2 or 3 cross-roads : one
of the highways extends from line 45 to Eaton
through Clifton, the other from line 45 through
Barford to Compton. — The Hereford Mountain is
in the 5th and 6th ranges and in the n. w. part
of the T. — The land under crop averages 180 acres
and about 500 acres are annually mowed. Flax
of excellent quality is produced, and hemp grows
luxuriantly but is liable to the eflfects of early
frosts; wheat is the staple commodity and its
produce from new land is from 15 to 20 bushels
per acre and other grain in proportion. The an-
nual consumption of wheat is about 750 bushels
and that of other grain 1000 bushels. — This t.
is well adapted for grazing and rearing neat stock,
horses and sheep, and also for dairy farms. Some
of the settlers keep 30 head of neat cattle, besides
horses and sheep. Agricultural labour is high;

from 1 to 1^ dollar a day without board, with
board from 10 to 12 dollars a month, or f ths of a
dollar per day in summer and 6 to 8 dollars in
winter, or 2s. 6d. a day .i— During haymaking
wages are 3s. 4rf. a day, at other times from 8 to
12 dollars a month. Mechanics are paid one dollar
a day. — The articles of trade or rather traflBc con-
sist in beef, cattle, butter, cheese, pork, pearlash
and grain. — In this t. are two private schools:
in each from 12 to 15 scholars are instructed. —
Ungranted and unlocated, 16,200 acres.

Statistics.

Population .
Pearlasheries

160 Com-mills
I Saw-mills

1
2

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 1,500
Oats . 1,280
Bailey . 200

Bushels.
Potatoes 2,210
Peas . 210

Bushels.
Rye . 45
Indian com 580

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

64
70

Cows . 120
Sheep . 300

Swine

. 128

Hertel, fief, fronts the St. Lawrence and lies
N. E. of Champlain and s. w. of Batiscan. It has
one corn-mill on the R. Champlain, which waters
it through its whole extent. It belongs to les
Chartiers.

Hertbl, rivulet, in the S. of Champlain, turns
one flour-mill.

HiNCHiNBROOK, towuship, in the co. of Beau-
hamois, is bounded s. by the boundary line ; n. e.
by Beauharnois and is separated from Godman-
chester by the R. Chateauguay. This t. contains
38,000 acres, of which 18,850 have been granted
by letters patent: from II to 12,000 acres were
granted to non-resident persons in 1821, many of
whom were then residing in the United States ;
soon after these lands were granted some of the
grantees died, and some left the country and were
never afterwards heard of: on this tract are some
few families without titles to the lands they oc-
cupy. This T. is divided into 8 ranges and every
range into lots of 200 acres each. From the pro-
vince line N. are three full ranges, but the re-
mainder is more irregularly divided and is appro-
priated to crown and clergy reservations, in large
portions or blocks as they are technically termed.
The surface is somewhat uneven but the soil,
although rather light and in many places stony, is

H I N

H O R

good, excepting only a very few swampy tracts
which are covered with cedar, spruce fir and hem-
lock trees. The large knolls, or rising grounds, are
thickly clothed with good timber. Towards the
Chateauguay, in some places, the surface subsides
into valleys and gentle slopes, where there are
large breadths of fine meadows well watered by
several branches of that k. The settlers are ge-
nerally near the river's side and in eligible situ-
ations along the frontier, in which direction
there are several roads passing into the state of
New York. The roads are in many parts bad,
but are nevertheless frequented by loaded wag-
gons. An immense stock of fine timber still re-
mains in this township, although, for years past,
vast quantities have been cut and rafted down the
Chateauguay to Montreal and Quebec. — In this
T. are 225 families, of which 79 are from Scotland,
78 from Ireland, 22 from the United States, 15
from England, 12 American loyalists and 5 from
Germany ; making an aggregate population of 1214
souls. 5549 acres are claimed under orders in
council, of which 2595 are under improvement.
16,.S25 acres are settled upon under the authority
of the agent, of which 3044 are under improve-
ment. — The Village of Hinchinbrook, called Hunt-
ingdon, is built on each side of the r. Chateau-
guay ; the portion in Godmanchester on govern-
ment ground and the other side on the property of
Wm. Bowron, Esq. acquired by purchase. The
village is laid out in 3 rows on lots 1 and 2 in the
front range of this t. in extensive village plots of
from 10 to 20 acres each, which have been mostly
located ; and those in the 1st and 2nd ranges, bor-
dering on the river, are nearly all settled upon or
occupied. The village lots Nos. 4 and 5, in the
front of the front range, are reserved for public
purposes, where the inhabitants are about to erect
a schoolhouse. The village of Huntingdon, lying
partly in Hinchinbrook and partly in Godman-
chester, is connected by a strong bridge across the
river Chateauguay, made of timber and stone,
240 feet in rlength, which cost the inhabitants
£250. This village is inhabited by Irish emi-
grants and. contains a population of 125 souls; and
although the number is not so great as it was
some time ago, yet the present residents appear to
succeed, in their different occupations and are likely
to become permanent settlers : they are composed
of small farmers, mechanics, traders, &c. — Vacant
lands, 19,150 acres.

Statistics.

Population 1,214 1 Caidlng-mills 1

Villages . 1 Fulling-mills 1

Corn-mills . 2 1 Saw-mills . 7

Distilleries
Artisans .

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Annual Agricultural Produce

Bushels. Bushels.

. 6,225 Potatoes 30,000

. 5,360 Peas . 2,000

3,000 Rye . 1,050

Bushels.
Buck wheat 800
Indian com 2,050

Comparative Statement of Increase.

Ill

•sl

Live Stock. 1

•Si

t"^

3i 3

ajo

!>.3s

1820

545

143

1825

2238

2170*

5.36

294

242

358

268

1829

3044 ■

920

268

1246

1280

600

Hope, township, in the co. of Bonaventure, is
bounded s. by Chaleurs Bay ; w. by Cox ; b. by
the settlements of Port Daniel and n. by waste
lands. It is watered by the Lower b. Nouvelle,
and a part of the town of New Carlisle and its
settlements range along the front from the s. w.
angle to the r. Nouvelle.

Statistics.

Population 674
Artisans . 9

River craft . 2
Tonnage . 150

Keel-boats . 33

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 1,050
Oats . 1,450

Bushels.
Potatoes . 7,000
Peas . . 100

Bushels.
Indian com 200

Live Stock.

Horses . 20
Oxen . 80

Cows . 99
Sheep . 272

Swine . 197

HoBTON, township, in the co. of Drummond,
is bounded s. by Warwick; n. w. by Simpson and
Wendover and n. e. by Aston and Bulstrode. —
This small, irregular tract has been surveyed and
granted to the militia, but it at present contains
only one settler. The main branch of the Nico-
let runs through the centre and its e. branch
waters the n. e. angle of the t.

Statistics.

Population

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 15
. 40

Potatoes
Indian com

Bushels.
. 100
. 25

Live Stock.

1 I Cows
2 1 Sheep

3 I Swine

H U L

HowARDj a projected township in the co. of
Two Mountains, is bounded n.e. by Abercromby;
in front by Wentworth; in the rear by waste
lands.

Hubert^ seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, is in
the rear of St. Gabriel and St. Ignace, and other-
wise bounded by waste crown lands. Two leagues
in breadth and depth. Granted June 10th, 1698,
to Sieur Rene Louis Hubert. — Being far north of
all the cultivated lands, the quality or worth of
this S. is wholly unknown ; even the timber
seems never to have been an object of inquiry.
It is watered by the r. Talayorte, which tra-
verses it from the n. b.

Title. — " Concession du lOme Juin, 1698, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur Rin^ Louis Hubert, fils, de deux lieues de terre
de front sur pareille profondeur, situfie au derriSre des
seigneuries nommdes Sf, Gatriel et St. Ignace, appartenant
aux fives J^suites et aux religieuses Hospitalieres de
Qudbec: le dit terrein tirant au Nord-Ouest, borne d'un
bout des dites Seigneuries, d'autre bout et des deux cotes
des terras non-concedees." — Registre d' Intendance, iVi). 3,
folio 23.

HuDDERSFiELD, a projected township in the
CO. of Ottawa, is bounded s. by Clarendon ; e. by
Bristol and Aldfield ; n. by Shorn and Cawood ;
w. by Litchfield.

Hull, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is bounded
E. by Templeton ; n. by Wakefield ; w. by Eard-
ley and s. by the river Ottawa. It contains 82,429
acres, and was surveyed and subdivided in 1801
under a warrant of survey issued in favour of
Philemon Wright, Esq., two of his sons and seven
associates, who obtained a grant of 1 2,000 acres
under letters patent in 1806. The order of coun-
cil was granted Mar. 22, 1800. The grant to
Mr. Wright, &c. embraced the whole front of
the township and comprehends the ranges 1, 2, 3
and parts of 4, 5, 6, with 2 lots in the 7th range,
through which the R. Gatineau runs. The as-
sociates in this grant reconveyed, as was the prac-
tice at that time, the greater part of the lands to
their leader, as an indemnification for expenses in-
curred in the survey and for patent fees on the
grant, by which means Mr. Wright became the
principal and almost sole proprietor of the lands
thus granted, upon which it appears he and his
sons have made improvements to the considerable
extent of 4703 acres in culture, 24 houses, &o. —
This T. extends 16 ranges in depth ; each range
being subdivided into 28 lots of 26 chains in
breadth, by 80 chains 80 links in depth. Such

are the authorized dimensions of the lots of land
in river townships throughout the province, ex-
cepting, of course, the lots broken and indented
by the sinuosities of the river or lake upon which
they front, as in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranges of
this T. — Hull is 120 miles from Montreal and
is in the centre of a fertile country, possessing
every agricultural advantage in soil and climate.
The general features of Hull are mountainous :
a range of hills, named by the Indians Perguatina,
runs through the middle from e. to w. ; the highest
part is not supposed to exceed 900 ft. above the
level of the Ottawa : on each side of this range
and occasionally upon it are tracts of excellent
land and the' swamps are comparatively few and
of small extent. The front of the t. is, generally,
a plane undulated by gradual swells as far back
as the highlands in the 6th range, which traverse
the T. in a curvilinear direction almost parallel
with the Ottawa. Beyond these the surface rises
into more frequent and abrupt slopes, though by
no means unfit for tillage, and becomes a rich
pasturing and grazing country, much prized as
such by the inhabitants. The soil in the level
parts and in the intervals frequent in the hilly
sections is excellent, and, when under proper cul-
tivation, produces in abundance wheat, rye, bar-
ley, oats, potatoes, &c. In the immediate vi-
cinity of the Chaudiere or Columbia Falls the
soil is poorer, being very rocky and sandy; but
at a little distance this inferiority disappears and
the soil becomes a strong loam. — This t. is tra-
versed by several roads; the principal begins at
the steam-boat landing, passes through Wright's
Village and running along the front strikes the
Chaudiere Lake between the 2nd and 3rd ranges ;
thence it follows the margin of the lake and en-
ters Eardley : this road is very good and on it is
the greater portion of the most flourishing settle-
ments of Hull. This road is called Britannia
Road and extends 7 m. Being the first road made
in this T., the mode of forming it may be inte-
resting as well as useful ; Mr. W. first marked it
out as far as the lake, then ploughed it on each
side and threw the earth to the centre to form
it oval; he then levelled the hills and laid the
stuff from the top into low places, built bridges
and paved the road, where necessary, with broken
stones; he also built stores at each end for the
deposit of different kinds of goods for the ac-
commodation of the upper country. — From Co-

HULL.

lumbia Farm two roads branch off in different
directions. One, passing along the edge of Co-
lumbia Pond, leads to the Gatineau Farm, re-
markable as being the spot selected by Mr. Ph.
Wright in 1801 for his first and original habita-
tion, and as such is not divested of interest,
being, as it were, the parent of the actual flourish-
ing settlement of Hull. The other road direct-
ing its course w. winds suddenly at lot No. 8,
and rejoins the main front road; meanwhile the
Columbia Road continues towards the n. until
it meets the River Gatineau in the 7th range,
where Mr. Christopher Wright's new farm is
situated. A road from Chaudiere Lake, cutting
at right angles the Britannia Road, leads into
the back settlements, where, of course, no good
roads can at present be expected : on this road
few settlements are to be seen beyond the 4th
and 5th ranges, from which to the 3rd range
the farms progressively increase and towards the
Chaudiere Lake the road passes apparently through
an old-settled country. The road communication
from Hull to Montreal is bad and in 1821 was
impracticable for any horse or team. A road,
16 ft. wide, has been cut by the government
commissioners, over 64 miles, to the head of Long
Sault and 71 bridges built. There are 4 places
where either ferries must be established or large
bridges built and the ravines or gullies filled
up to enable teams to pass. The remaining 60
miles to Montreal are passable. Mr. Ruggles
Wright, the postmaster of this t., in his evidence
as to this road, said, that the inhabitants and tra-
vellers of every description have suffered great in-
convenience for the want of a road, that there
have been several mails lost and horses drowned
by attempting to transport the mail on the ice
early in the fall and late in the spring (there
being no land road), and that not a year has passed
for the last twenty-five years back that accidents
have not occurred either in the loss of property or
men's lives, as there are about four weeks at these
seasons of the year, between the opening and closing
of the boat navigation, when the river is not pass-
able, owing to the ice at the Chaudiere breaking
up 15 days earlier than it does 60 miles below, and
that this is the only possible communication they
have to and from a market. Mr. Wright has,
with some assistance, opened all the roads to make
it possible for his people to pass and repass. One
stone causeway,inparticular,costhim above£1000.

The total sum expended by him and some of his
neighbours upon these roads, during the 20 years
after he first obtained the property, amounted
to £2211 17s. 6d. besides £955 expended by
the government commissioners making a total of
£3166 17s. 6d. The extent of roads made with
this money is about thirty miles. — This t. abounds
with excellent timber, which is chiefly beech,
birch, maple, pine, elm and some oak, basswood
and hemlock ; the oak is fit for naval purposes and
much of the pine for masts of large dimensions.
Of the oak there are 4 species : the white, rock,
scarlet and red. Of the pine kind there are 10 :
the white spruce fir, balsam fir, shrub pine, hem-
lock spruce, yellow pine, American larch or tama-
rack, black spruce fir, pitch pine, red or Norway
pine and white pine. Of the birch 5 sorts : the
yellow, black canoe, white and dwarf birch. Of
the maple 6 : the soft or white maple, black sugar
maple, red or hard maple, sugar maple, striped
maple or morsewood, and another species for which
there is no English name. Of the beech 2 spe-
cies, and also of the ash 2 species, the white and
black. The walnut, the hickory and the butter-
nut, a species of the walnut, and red and white
cedar. Of the cherry there are 3 kinds ; of the
willow 6; of the basswood 2; of the elm 2, the
common and slippery elm: &c. There are in
all, as far as have been observed, 42 species of
forest trees and upwards of 60 shrubs. — Hull is
abundantly watered by rivers, lakes and numerous
tributary streams ; the Gatineau is the principal
river, and in a large and rapid stream runs dia-
gonally through the t. from n. e. to s. w. and is
only navigable for canoes. In the chain of high-
lands are a great many lakes, some of which are
exceedingly beautiful and abound with excellent
trout. The principal lake lies in a transverse po-
sition from lot 23 in the 11th range to the com-
mencement of lot 28 in the 13th range; it is 3 m.
in length by |- m. in breadth and forms a narrow
pass of about 16 chains wide on the division line
between the Jlth and 12th ranges, which inter-
sects a small island situate about midway from shore
to shore ; its shape is extremely irregular and at lot
28 it branches offintoEardley ; its waters discharge
into the Gatineau at the line between the 15th
and 16th ranges, thus running in a contrary di-
rection to the current of that river — a singularity
occasioned by the highlands which stretch across
the 8th, 9th and 10th ranges, and form a natural

HULL.

division of the waters flowing north and south. —
The Columbia Pond is a small lake lying at the
extremity of the 5th range; its waters fall into
the Ottawa a little south of the estuary of the
Gatineau. — An iron bed of great richness has been
discovered in the townshipj but it has never been
worked. There is also a lead-mine on the Gati-
neau River, known only to the Indians, who have
brought down quantities of it ; but the situation
has not been precisely ascertained, owing to the
reluctance which the Indians have to communi-
cate discoveries of this nature. Marble of the
finest quality is abundant : there is a very fine bed
of this mineral on the Gatineau River, near the first
rapid, about 400 yards above the still water, where
a steam-boat may float with ease and safety. This
bed of marble is supposed to be of immense ex-
tent ; it appears in the neighbourhood of the iron-
mine and the Lac des Chats abounds with it ; that
which appears at the surface is of inferior qua-
lity : this quarry forms a precipice one mile in
length and 60 or 70 ft. high and is of a remark-
ably white appearance ; it is a fair species of white
marble without vein. There is limestone of the
best quality on the borders of the Gatineau, and also
a lead-mine in the 10th or 12th range. Granite is
found in the interior, on the ranges of rocks or
mountains. — In this t. are several excellent and
well-cultivated farms, and Mr. Wright has from 5
to 6,000 acres under cultivation ; his son, Mr. T.
Wright, has two establishments in the 7th and
8th ranges on the b. bank of the Gatineau ; his
lands are advantageously situated and in a high
state of culture, affording excellent pasture. — The
Columbia Farm is situated in the 4th range, about
14- mile from the Ottawa and w. of Mr. Wright's
house. The extent, position, and culture of this
farm deserve to be particularly commended. The
convenient and judicious subdivision and economy
exhibited in the management of this farm are
truly meritorious, and reflect great credit upon
the enterprise and judgment of the proprietor.
All kinds of grain are produced in abundance and
hemp and flax may be cultivated with great suc-
cess. Mr. Wright one year raised a very con-
siderable quantity of hemp and sent a very fine
.specimen, measuring 14 ft. in length, to the Hemp
Committee of Montreal; he also sent two samples
of the seed with two bundles of the hemp to
the Society of Arts at Quebec, and was compli-
mented in return with a silver medal; from a

certificate which he received from the Hemp Com-
mittee it appeared that he raised, that year, 11
parts out of 13 of the total raised in the pro-
vince. Although this is a very fine country for
the growth of hemp, Mr. Wright was obliged to
discontinue growing it on a large scale on account
of the expense of preparing it for market, the
hemp-peelers charging him one dollar per day, or
one bushel of wheat, labourers being very scarce :
he saved nearly 100 bushels of seed, which he sold
in Montreal at a fair price, and was obliged
to send the hemp to Halifax in Nova Scotia for
sale. He now grows only small quantities for his
own use. — The expense and process of clearing
and fencing an acre of wild land, its usual pro-
duce, and the process of clearing, according to
Mr. Wright's evidence before the Committee, are
as follow : — The process of clearing consists in
three things : cutting down the under brush at
7*. 6d. per acre ; chopping down the wood in rows,
two rods wide, at 25*. per acre ; firing; burning,
and branding fit for the harrow, at 27*. 6d. per
acre, after which the work is done. The total
expense of clearing is therefore £ .3 per acre, and
the common price of putting in the crop is 10s.
per acre. The poorer settlers find themselves oc-
casionally constrained to adopt a more imperfect
mode of clearing : they first cut out the brush
and small trees, leaving the larger trees standing,
which shade the land so that they do not get
more than half a crop. The produce per acre is
from 2 to 400 bush, of potatoes, 25 bush, of oats
or wheat, 30 bush, of Indian corn, 200 bush, of
turnips. — Mr. Wright's constant aim to improve
the breeds of cattle has been attended with much
success; he brought over from England, many
years past, at great expense, some of the best
Herefordshire and Devon breeds, by way of ex-
periment; these cattle crossed produced a breed
justly celebrated, which also, crossed with the Ca-
nadian breed, produce excellent cattle. — W^rig^t
Village is pleasantly situated at the e. e. angle of
the T. occupying the front of lots No. 2, 3 and 4 in
the 3rd range ; it contains a handsome church,
68 ft. by 28 ft. with a steeple 121 ft. high, it
stands on an eminence facing the river, decorated
with much taste and surmounted by a neat spire.
Nearly in front of the church, close by the high-
way, stands a stone house of two stories, where
an hotel establishment is carried on, aflPordino'
comfortable accommodations. Opposite to these.

HULL.

on the other side of the main road and on the bank
of the riverj are the corn and saw-millsj a black-
smith's forgBj stores, &c. and a spacious and con-
spicuous stone edifice with a cupola, often mis-
taken for a church from its singular construction.
The mill-dam projecting out upon the reef of
rocks, towards the rapid, is remarkable for its ex-
tent and solidity, w. of the mill are the long
causeway and bridge, over which the public road
is continued. On the first rise of the hill, w. of
the bridge, is the handsome and comfortable ha-
bitation of Philemon Wright, Esq. There is also
a post-oifice. As the present village is exclusively
the property of Mr. Wright and his sons, compe-
tition in trade is not so active as perhaps the ge-
neral interests of the t. require. It might there-
fore be expedient to establish a government vil-
lage, open to emigrants settling there ; and lot 21,
in the 2nd range, appears to be a very propitious
site for that purpose, on account of its contiguity
to the Chaudiere Lake, an expansion of the Ot-
tawa; lot 14 in the range also affords an advan-
tageous site for a village, which might be built at
the junction of two roads, near which there is a
saw-mill and also a tolerably well-cultivated farm.
Mr. Wright carries on the timber trade to great
extent and has a large manufactory of pot and
pearlashes. His first export of timber was to Mont-
real, and, in 1807, he arrived at Quebec with the
first timljer ever sent there from the hanks of the
Ottawa. The expense of conveying timber to
Quebec being less than to Montreal is the reason
why, in 1823, above 300 common cargoes were
sent to Quebec and not one to Montreal through
the same channel : in a few years, without doubt,
this quantity of timber sent to the Quebec market
will be quadrupled, and the exports from this t. of
various other articles, such as flour, beef, pork, &c.,
will be increased in the same ratio. — In this t. are
3 schools attended by about 150 scholars, who are
instructed in reading, writing and arithmetic;
they are supported by voluntary contributions and
two of them are under the patronage of the Royal
Institution in Canada. The t. at present con-
sists of one parish, in which are a protestant epis-
copal church and a methodist episcopal chapel, but
there is no parsonage-house. — The population is
constantly and rapidly increasing and, with the
exception of the rising generation, is almost en-
tirely American. The inhabitants in 1824 were
placed under the superintendence of Mr. Wright,
who has adopted various means to excite the in-

dustry and secure the comfort and happiness of all
classes of his little colony; and perhaps in no part
of the province will be found more industry and a
better understanding among the settlers, for they
seem universally to enjoy a degree of ease and
comfort seldom to be met with in settlements of
such recent date : every thing exhibits a degree of
aifluence and social prosperity not reasonably to
be expected in settlements formed within 30 years ;
— neat dwelling-houses, many of them two stories
high, extensive bams, &c., well-cultivated fields
and enclosures, numerous cattle grazing, large
flocks of sheep wandering over a grateful soil and
cropping an abundant pasturage, — these objects,
happily combining the pleasures and advantages
of rural and pastoral life, not only delight the oc-
casional visiter, but are calculated to inspire the
emulation and encourage the hopes of many a de-
sponding emigrant. The reader will not fail to
ask, " From whom are all these benefits derived .''
Whose persevering talent and enterprising spirit
first pierced the gloom of these forests and con-
verted a wilderness of trees into fields of corn ?
Whose industrious hand first threw into this na-
tural desert the seeds of plenty and prosperity.^" —
The answer is, Mr. Philemon Wright, an humble
American from Woburn in the state of Massachu-
sets: through hardships, privations and dangers that
would have appalled an ordinary mind, he pene-
trated an almost inaccessible country, and where he
found desolation and solitude he introduced civili-
zation and the useful arts; by his almost unaided
skill and indefatigable industry the savage paths of
a dreary wilderness have been changed into the
cheerful haunts of man ; the gloomy upland forests
have given way to smiling corn-fields; the wet
and wild savannas, sinking under stunted spruce
and cedar, have been cleared and drained into
luxuriant meadows ; the perilous waterfall, whose
hoarse noise was once the frightful voice of an
awful solitude, is rendered obedient to the laws of
art, and now converts the majestic tenants of the
forest into the habitations of man and grinds his
food ; the rivers and lakes, once fruitful in vain,
now breed their living produce for the use of
human beings, and, with deep and rapid current,
transport on their smooth and glassy surface the
fruits of his industry ; the deep recesses of the
earth are made to expose their mineral treasures,
from the birthday of time concealed. In fine,
the judicious and persevering industry of one suc-
cessful adventurer has converted all the rude ad-

HULL.

vantages of primeval nature into the germs of
agricultural, manufacturing and commercial pros-
perity. Mr. Wright, however, has been amply re-
warded for his honourable exertions; his private
fortune has been increased in proportion to the good
he has created, and the liberal conduct of the pro-
vincial government towards him has been un-
bounded : 9,145 acres have been granted to him
and his family in Hull and Lochaber, under letters
patent ; 7.000 acres in Hull have been reconveyed
to him by his associates and not less than 5,000
acres in Templeton, making altogether 21,145
acres. The proceedings of Mr. Wright in form-
ing the extensive and important settlements of
Hull have been detailed by him, and are highly
interesting and useful; interesting as developing
the successful exertions of an enterprising and
indefatigable settler, and useful as being well
adapted to guide and encourage others in forming
settlements in a country as remote from civiliza-
tion as from assistance. After having visited the
extensive tract which was destined to become the
theatre of his exertions and the reward of his use-
ful enterprise, he returned with his two companions
to his native home, Woburn, in the state of Mas-
sachusets, having determined on the measures
proper for him to pursue. After hiring about
25 men and providng himself with mill-irons,
axes, scythes, hoes and all other tools thought by
him to be the most useful and necessary, together
with a number of barrels of clear pork (pork freed
from the bones), he commenced his journey with
14 horses, 8 oxen, 7 sleighs and 5 families. This
emigration took place on the 2nd of Feb. 1800.
On the 1 0th of the same month Mr. Wright ar-
rived at Montreal and then proceeded towards
Hull, travelling generally among the old settle-
ments only 15 m. a day for the first 3 days, be-
cause the sleighs were wider than those used in
that country and because it w^as necessary that the
horses and oxen should go abreast. During these
3 nights he stopped with the hahitans, and arrived
on the 4th day at the foot of the Long Sault,
which was the extremity of the travelled roads in
that part of Lower Canada. From this place he
was still 80 miles from his place of destination ;
and there not being any road and the snow deep,
he was obliged to halt and alter the teams so as to
go singly, while a part of his men proceeded for-
ward to cut a road through the snow. After
these necessary preparations he proceeded on for
the head of the Long Sault, observing in due

time to fix upon some spot near water to en-
camp for the night, particularly observing that
there were no dry trees to fall upon them, and if
there were to cut them down. Then he cleared
away the snow and cut down trees for fire for the
night, the women and children sleeping in covered
sleighs and the men with blankets round the fire
and the cattle made fast to the standing trees ; in
this situation about SOpersons spent the night. Be-
fore he retired to rest he prepared suflScient food for
the next day so as to lose no time when daylight
appeared, always observing to keep the axemen
forward cutting the road and the foraging team
next the axemen, and the families in the rear ; in
this way he proceeded on for 3 or 4 days, observing
to look out for a good place for the camp, until
he arrived at the head of the Long Sault. From
that place he travelled the whole of the distance
upon the ice until he came to the intended
spot, about 65 miles. The guide whom he had
taken with him on his first journey was as much
unacquainted with the ice as the whole of the
party, not one of them having ever travelled up
this ice before. Their progress was ver}' slow and
impeded by their fear of losing any of the cattle,
and the axemen in the front were obliged to try
every rod of ice, which, being covered with snow
about a foot deep, it was impossible to know
whether it was safe without sounding it with the
axe. On his journey up the river, the first day,
Mr. W. met a savage and his wife drawing a child
upon a little bark sleigh, who gazed at the party
with astonishment, more especially at the cattle ;
as if they had come from some distant part or from
the clouds; their astonishment appeared to in-
crease as they walked round the teams, the party
having halted ; and they tried to hold a conversa-
tion concerning the ice, but not a word could be
understood. The Indian pointed to the woods, as
if giving directions to his squaw to go there and
make herself comfortable ; she immediately went
off and he proceeded to the head of the company
without the promise of fee or reward, with his
small axe trying the ice every step he went, as if
he had been the proper guide or owner of the
property. They passed on until the approach of
night ; when, the banks of the river being hio'h,
about 20 feet, it was found impossible to ascend
them with the sleighs ; they therefore left them
on the ice and ascended the banks of the river,
and clearing away the snow cut down large
trees as usual to make a fire, carefully observing

HULL.

that no stooping or dead trees could fall upon
them, and after cooking supper and getting regular
refreshment they spread their bedding round the
fire and made themselves as comfortable as they
couldj having nothing over them but large trees and
the canopy of the heavens. Before daylight they
cooked their breakfast and provisions for the day
andj as soon as daylight appeared, they v?ere ready
to proceed. The Indian, who had behaved with
uncommon civility during the night, having taken
his regular refreshments, proceeded to the head
of the company as he had done the preceding day
with uncommon agility. All being under weigh as
soon as daylight appeared, they proceeded as usual
withoutmeetingwith any accident; when nightwas
approaching they did the same as the night before
and began their march early in the following
morning, the Indian taking the lead as before.
Owing to the deepness of the snow, it took them
about 6 days in passing up this river, about 64
miles, when they all arrived safe at the township
of Hull. After some little trouble in cutting the
brush and banks, they ascended the height, which
is about 20 feet from the water. The Indian,
after he had seen them safe up the bank and spent
the night with them, intimated that he must re-
turn to his squaw and child ; and after receiving
some presents for his great services, he took his
departure for his squaw, having to go at least 60
miles. The party thanked him in the best manner
they could make him understand, and three times
huzzaed him ; and he left in great spirits, being
well pleased. Mr. Wright arrived Mar. 7th and
immediately, with the assistance of all hands,
felled the first tree, for every person who was
able to use the axe endeavoured and assisted in
cutting; after which they commenced cutting
down and clearing a spot for the erection of a
house, and continued cutting, clearing and erecting
other buildings for the accommodation of the fami-
lies and men. As soon as they commenced cutting
and clearing, the chiefs of two tribes of Indians
wlio live at the Lake of the Two Mountains came
to them and viewed aU their tools and materials
■with astonishment and would often hoop and
laugh, being quite unacquainted with tools or
things of that nature. They also viewed with
astonishment the manner in which the oxen and
horses were harnessed. They seemed to view all
things with great pleasure. Some of them fetched
their children to see the oxen and horses, having
never seen a tame animal before, being brought

up near the great lakes to the westward : they
would also ask the liberty of using one or two
axes to see how they could cut down a tree with
them, as their own axes are very small, weighing
only half a pound and Mr. Wright's axes weighed
from four to five pounds. When they had cut
down a tree they would jump, hoop and huzza,
being quite pleased with having cut down the tree
so quickly. They received a glass of rum each
and returned to their sugar-making in the greatest
harmony. They continued very friendly to pass
backward and forward for about ten days, often
receiving small presents, for which they made re-
turns in sugar, venison, &c. Their chiefs assem-
bled together and procured an English interpreter,
George Brown, who had an Indian wife and
family and who spoke both languages. They re-
quested him to demand of Mr. W. by what au-
thority he was cutting down their wood and taking
possession of their land. To which he answered
— by virtue of authority received at Quebec from
their great father, who lived on the other side of
the water, and from Sir John Johnston, the agent
in the Indian department, through whom they
receive their yearly dues from government. They
could not be made to believe that their great
father or other persons at Quebec would allow
them to cut down their timber and clear their
land and destroy their sugaries and hunting-
ground without consulting them, as they had been
in the peaceable and quiet possession of their lands
for generations past : and in this part of the
country were their chief hunting-grounds, su-
garies, fishei'ies, &c. ; and they were afraid the
settlers would destroy their beaver, their deer and
their sugaries. After a long conference, carried
on with good temper on both sides, and with
sound argument on the side of the "poor Indians,
it was agreed to leave the question to the decision
of the proper authorities at Quebec, which after-
wards decided against the Indians, because their
ancestors had been compelled to cede their country
for certain annual presents, which the Indians con-
ceived to be an inadequate compensation; they,
however, submitted to the decision with good faith
and almost without a murmur. They then agreed
that Mr. W. should be a brother chief; and if any
difficulty occurred, it should be settled among the
chiefs. They then proceeded to crown him in their
usual manner as a brother chief; after which they
dined together and kissed each other's cheeks, and
a number of other ceremonies passed too numerous

H U L

I N D

to mention^sucli as burying the hatchet and a num-
ber of other usual Indian formalities. After this
ceremony the settlers and the Indians often as-
sembled together in the greatest harmony in both
villages upon various occasions and always with
the greatest friendship and good understanding,
without having to revert to one question for the
law to decide. The judicious and just eulogium
which Mr. Wright has passed on the Indians
ought not to be omitted : — " I must acknowledge
that I never was acquainted with any people that
more strictly regarded justice and equity than those
people have for these twenty years past" — After
having arranged with the Indians, IMr. W. con-
tinued cutting down and clearing a spot for the
erection of a house and other buildings for the
accommodation of the famijies and men. — Thus
were the important settlements of Hull com-
menced ; and it is to be regretted that the plan
and extent of this work will not allow the author
to trace their gradual increase and improvement
to the present date ; for a more ample account
would prove very beneficial to all who are de-
sirous, by imitating Mr. Wright's laudable ex-
ample, to obtain affluence and happiness through
the medium of emigration — unfortunately so ne-
cessary at present to the superabundant popula-
tion of the mother country. — Ungranted and un-
located 21,250 acres. — The following statistical
statements, made in the years 1820 and 1828,
will show the increasing prosperity of the settle-
ments in Hull.

Statistics.

Population
Churches, Pro.
Curates, Epis.
Schools
Mills
Corn-mills
Carding-mills
Saw-mills
Mills for grind-
ing bark
Taimeries

1820.

703

3
5

1828.

1066
1
1
3

Lime-kilns

Looms

Brick-kilns

Potasheries

Pearlasheries

Breweries

Distilleries

Postuiasters

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce^ in bushels.

Wheat ,

Oats

Barley

Potatoes

Peas

Beans

Horses
Oxen .
Cows .

1820.

6,111
5,170

47,375

1,284.

521

1828.

16,000
19,980

1,100
25,000

5,600

1820.

Rye . 3,019

Indian corn 8,24)5
Map. sug. ewts. .
Hay, tons 2,237
Flax, lbs. 780

1828.
12
13
2
2
2
1
2
1
4,
2
5

1828.

7,500

24,000

1820.

123
4,18
503

Live Stoeh,
1828.

330
060
683

Sheep
Swine

1020. 1828.

558 1,047
5C5 8£,9

HuMGUiN, river, in the co. of Rimouski, runs
into the s. w. side of the k. Matapediac, about
3 m. below Lake Matapediac.

Hungry Bay, in Lake St. Francis, expands
into the w. side of Catherine's Town in the S. of
Beauharnois. A canal is projected to extend from
this bay to the first waters of the b. St. Louis.

Hunter's Brook, at the s. w. extremity of
Drayton t., joins the r. Connecticut between
HaU's Stream and Indian Stream.

HuNTERSTOWN, township, in the co. of St.
Maurice, in the rear of Riviere du Loup, Grand-
pre and Dumontier : bounded e. by the projected
T. of Caxton ; w. by lands claimed by the late
Charles Lanaudiere, Esq. as belonging to the S;
of Maskinonge ; n. w. by waste crown lands. —
A tract of very little value, being a continued
stratum of rock lying very near the surface ; to-
ward the rear it rises into broken and almost
mountainous ridges. Pine and maple are abundant,
but cedar, spruce and hemlock much more so. —
The Riviere du Loup with some small lakes and
little rivulets water it very well. 24,620 acres
were granted in 1800 to Mr. John Jones, the
present proprietor.

Huntingdon (V.), v. Hinchinbrook, t.

HuNTSBUBGH (V.), V. St. AbMAND, S.

Huron Village, v. St. Gabriel, S.

HuRONS, des, river, rises in the S. of St. Charles,
in the co. of Rouville, and running s. w. traverses
the S. of Rouville, where it receives a small stream
that rises in a lake on the summit of the Rouville
Mountain and then striking into Chambly East it
receives the united waters of the rivers Barre and
du Rapide : after this increase it runs more to the
W. and loses itself in Chambly Basin. The course
of this R. is only 20 miles, although it is of con-
siderable magnitude: it not only contributes to
the fertility of the soil, but by its sinuous mean-
ders forms a strong feature of embellishment.

Indian Lands and Indians. Adjoining God-
manchester on the west is a space reserved for the
use of the domiciliated Indians of St. Regis and
commonly known by the name of the Indian
Lands : it forms a triangle bounded by Lake St.
Francis, Godmanchester and the line of 45° : its
side on the lake is about 10 miles and that on the
line ] 2^ miles. The land is, generally, of supe-i

INDIAN LANDS AND INDIANS.

rior quality and well furnished with fine timber.
Of ihe 17,320 acres of leased lands in this settle-
ment, there are upwards of 4000 low and unfit
for cultivatiouj except at a great expense; on
these grow black ash, elm, cedar, pine and tama-
rack. There are besides about two thousand acres
of open' marsh, not leased, which grow nothing
but coarse grass, bushes of various kinds, wil-
lows and alders. — These open marshes were of
considerable use to the settlers on their first ar-
rival in furnishing winter food for neat cattle,
but now that the inhabitants have all got part of
their farms sown with tame grass, these marshes
are comparatively of little value and are likely to
remain so for generations to come, as nothing but
the lowering of the Coteau du Lac rapid can make
them fit for cultivation. This, if not done by the
hand of man, but left to the gradual operations of
the stream of the St. Lawrence, will take a longer
time than is easy to be calculated. — The remain-
ing part of the leased land consists of rising grounds
of no great elevation, which, if cleared, would look
like so many islands in the midst of those swales.
Where the ridges are highest the land is rather
stony, but taking the dry lands on an average the
soil is good and fit to raise any sort of crops, with
respect either to quality or quantity, that will grow
on any other part of Lower Canada. The timber
growing on these ridges consists of maple, birch,
beech, basswood and occasionally some hemlock;
and these ridges once produced considerable quan-
tities of white pine and oak. The only stream of
consequence in the settlement is Salmon River,
which, from its mouth to the province line, a di-
stance of four miles and upwards, is navigable for
vessels not drawing more, than four feet of water:
this R. is a great thoroughfare for the admission of
American produce. — Among the various obstacles
to the improvement of the settlement, the want
of roads is not the least. The difficulty and ex-
pense attending the bringing of the Grand Voyer
to such a distance has, no doubt, been one of the
causes of the want of roads.in this place ; and now
that part of the difficulty has been surmounted
and a road laid out, there remains a still greater,
vi^. the doing the necessary work. Owing to a
great proportion of the St Regis Indian reserva-
tion being low and swampy marshes, it is neces-
sary to pave the way over which the line of road
runs with logs, which makes the labour neces-

sarily so heavy, that unless some legislative aid
is obtained, it must be a long time before any
road can be in such a state as to render travel-
ling comfortable. Although the marshes in this
tract are neither few nor small, there is not the
slightest vestige of any of the diseases which
usually attend such places. In fact there is not
a more healthy people on the whole continent
of America.

Statistics, including the Dundee Settlement on part
of the Indian Lands.

Acres.
Land paying rent . , . . . 17,320

Land cleared . . . . . 3,638

Land paying rent, but low and unfit for cultivation 4, 1 91
Marsh meadmv, unfit for cultivation and not

rented ..... 2,000

Total population

Protestants

The others chiefly Roman Catholics.

Potash kettles .
Pot and pearl asheries

70 I Houses in Dundee
2 Distilleries

27,149

1,493
420

147
1

Live Stock,
exclusive of the Stock of the Indians.

Horses
Working oxen
Milch cows .

132
200
341

Young cattle

. 374

Sheep

. 1,104

Swine

. 835

The Indians, who were the aboriginal inha-
bitants of the province of Lower Canada, have
not been nearly exterminated without leaving
materials for melancholy reflection. Even tribes
of savages cannot be swept away from the earth
without creating a sentiment of regret and a moral
derived from the mutability of every thing human.
Their extinction having been principally effected
by the thirst of dominion and the hunger of ava-
rice, assisted by superstition, leaves no enviable
trace of the milder virtues of the christians. The
few remains of these persecuted tribes are scat-
tered about the province and peaceably submit to
the slow and gradual amelioration of more civilized
habits. Their rude principles of unenlightened
faith are already supplanted by the doctrines of
the Roman Catholic creed, to which they uni-
versally subscribe; and if a greater number of
schools were established among them, it is pro-
bable that in a few years their origin would be
only known by their colour The names of the

INDIANS.

existing tribes and tlieir places of residence in
this province are as follow :

Iroquois or Mohawks,

Algonquins andNipissin-

gues.

Abenakis.

r St.

'• ) in Sa'
CdesI

Hurons.

Micmacs,
Amalecites,

MaUcites or

Montagnais.

Places of residence.
St. Regis at the head of
Francis ; Coghnawaga
lilt St. Louis; and Lac
Deux Montagnes.

Lac des Deux Montagnes.

Village of St. Fran9ois ;

the S. of B^eancour; from

the E. St. Francis to the

"j Chaudiere; and at the

mouths of the Ristigouche

[and the Madawaska.

Village of Jeune Lorette.
Towards the Gulf of St
Lawrence.
5 Lake St. John and the
l Saguenay country.

Indians of the Algonquin and Tete de Boule na-
tions hunt along the b. St. Maurice. The fa-
milies that occupied the hunting-grounds between
the rivers Ste. Anne and St. Maurice are entirely
extinct.

The Abenaki Tribe reside in the Indian Village
in the east side of the r. St. Francis, in the S. of
St. Francois. The village consists of about 40
cabins or houses of wood indifferently built. These
converted Indians subsist upon their own lands in
that seigniory by raising, in their peculiarly care-
less manner, some Indian corn and potatoes, and
by rearing poultry and pigs : they sometimes in-
crease these means by fishing and sometimes by
hunting parties : the latter is but a precarious re-
source, as they are compelled to go to an immense
distance before they can meet with game to repay
their labour; for as the habitations of civilized
men have spread over the province, the animals
that were the prior occupants have fled for pro-
tection to the recesses of more distant forests.
This V. contains a church and a parsonage-house,
at which the missionary who superintends the re-
ligious concerns of the tribe always resides. An
interpreter also has a permanent residence among
them. Some of this tribe inhabit an Indian v. in
the S. of Becancour, which is a little below the
V. of Becancour and consists of some houses of
wood, ill-built, or rather cabins. The manners
and occupations of these Indians are precisely the
same as those of the v. of St. Fran9ois. They
have also a village in the co. of Rimouski, at the
confluence of the rivers Madawaska and Sf. John;

and another at the mouth of the R. Ristigouche,
in the co. of Bonaventure, called the Indian Vil-
lage Mission. — The Abenaki Indians of the v. of
St. Frangois liold, by letters patent, 8150 acres in
the T. of Durham.

The Algonquins and Iroquois Tribes inhabit an
Indian village in the S. of the Lake of Two
Mountains, which is agreeably seated on a point
of land projecting into the lake and consists of
about 60 houses, a church and a parsonage-house,
where a missionary always resides. The Indians
of this village are the descendants of a tribe that
inhabited or frequented the lands bordering upon
Lake Huron; the few who survived the mas-
sacre of that race by the treachery of their ene-
mies effected their escape, and their progeny now
occupy 2 or 3 small villages in different pftrts of
the province. Those of the village of the Two
Mountains are become civilized and have adopted
many of the manners and customs of the Canadians
and acquired a knowledge of the French language,
which they use fluently : they are quiet and inof-
fensive and preserve the greatest harmony among
themselves and civility towards the other inha-
bitants. They place an implicit confidence in the
resident minister, whose influence over them is
unbounded. Some lands are assigned to them near
their village, which they cultivate vsdth wheat,
Indian corn and other grain ; of late years they
have also planted potatoes in considerable quan-
tities : from these sources, increased by the pro-
duce of the chase, which a part of the men follow
during the winter season, a subsistence is derived
which, apparently, they enjoy with some of the
comforts of civilization.

The Montagnais or mountaineer nation, called
in the Cree language Papinashuah, which means
" laughers or sneerers,'' are descended from the
Algonquins and frequent the immense tract of
country lying from the mouth of the St. Law-
rence northward to the Hudson's Bay territory ;
they are generally a harmless people without any
fixed habitations, wandering in the limits assigned
among themselves as hunting-grounds, their only
means of living being by hunting and fishing. In
1804 there were about 1000 of these Indians,
women and children included, between the River
St. Maurice, King's Posts, Mingan Seigniory and
coast of Labrador. In 1809 their number had dimi-
nished to about 800 and in 1824 it amounted to only

INDIANS.

700 at mostj owing to starvation, small-pox, fevers
and the inordinate use of spirituous liquors. When
they go on board of vessels rum is their principal
object, by which they get so much intoxicated that
often in getting ashore they upset and many are
drowned. When in a state of intoxication they
often sleep in damp places, by which they get
their death. During summer they subsist on fish,
fowl and eggs, of which they have great plenty ;
and in winter on beaver, deer, partridges and porcu-
pines ; and, when they are near lakes, by cutting
holes in the ice, they get trout and white fish :
the former they take with hooks, the latter with
nets ; but. as this is a kind of laborious work, the
ice being from 3 to 4 feet thick, they seldom try it
except when in a state of starvation. They have
a great repugnance to agricultural labour and have
no traditions among them besides a faint idea of
the order of the Jesuits, who taught them the first
principles of religious worship, and, having the
greatest influence over them, converted almost all
of them to Christianity. When the Jesuits first
settled among them, in the reign of Louis XIV.,
on the borders of Lake St. John, the Montagnais
nation was in its greatest prosperity. The num-
ber of Indians in the vicinity of l. St. John is
now very inconsiderable; there are only 10 fa-
milies on the border of the lake, about the same
number in the Chicoutimi country, and about 15
families on Lake Chuamouchouan, which is 50 1.
w. of Lake St. John and the last post in the
Saguenay country. Their numbers have also
greatly diminished in the wretched country round
Lake Mistassinni, which abounds with peltries of
various kinds, since the time when the North-
West Cojnpany held the King's Post, and more
particularly of late years, since ardent spirits have
been introduced among them. Their number
has also been reduced by the small-pox, brought
from Europe in the apparel and blankets given
to them in exchange for their furs : with this dis-
ease from 50 to 100 have died in a day. There
are now only 50 or 60 families who trade at the
posts of the company: without these causes of
mortality the number would have been at least
500. Their number has also been decreased by
starvation, from the want of those animals which
were once used for their sustenance and which
they first began to destroy in too great profusion
many ages ago. The Company of the Indie.s,

which had an exclusive right to the trade, having
greatly enhanced the value of elk-skins, which
then abounded in this country, induced the na-
tives to destroy that animal merely for the sake of
its skin; thus that improvident people destroyed
almost totally the species of animal which sup-
plied their chief subsistence. From that time
their numbers gradually decreased. Whenever
one of the members of a Montagnais family dies,
a victim to want, he is buried on the spot by the
others, who immediately afterwards remove their
camp to another place and so on until only one
remains, when he abandons the place altogether
and rushes heedless through the woods till he him-
self drops, the last victim of despair and starva-
tion. — The dress of the females of this tribe is
singularly varied in colours, and it usually con-
sists in a loose piece of blue cloth trimmed with
scarlet for their lower garment and a mantle of
printed calico. Their hair is rolled up on each
side of the head and twisted round with red tape,
or with ribbon, to which they are very partial ; a
cap of a conical shape made of red, blue, green
and white cloth, is generally worn, from beneath
which a long queue of hair, twisted round with red
tape, hangs down their back. The women smoke
and drink spirits like the men. The usual dress
of the men is very slovenly; it consists, gene-
rally, in an old blue coat or frock, or calico shirt,
with linen trousers. The whole native popula-
tion now does not much exceed 300; in a few
years the race will be extinct, for the chase is
continually diminishing. — Mr. Peter Chasseur, a
mineralogist of Quebec, in his communication to a
committee of the House of Assembly, speaks of
the present condition of these destitute human
creatures in the following affecting terms : — " In
mentioning White Birch Point I should add, that
the tract is of no value to the Company of the
Northern Posts, because it can in fact be useful
only to those whose intention it is to render the
productions of the soil profitable, instead of spe-
culating upon the imbecility and ignorance of a
tribe which is kept in a state of dependence pro-
bably as revolting to humanity as the slave-trade
in another hemisphere. The visitant of that wil-
derness, which is in our immediate vicinity, can-
not fail to experience the most afflicting senti-
ments on observing the natives of the soil, whom
the weight of years prevents from gratifying the.

I N D I A N S.

excessive avidity of a foreign master^ contesting
for the remains of the most worthless animal
which I had Stripped of its skin. The slave
knows that laWs exist which at least protect his
existence, but of that our Indian has not the
slightest idea. The number of those unfortunate
persons who die of hunger and want would be
yet more considerable if the humanity of the ser-
vants of the Company of the Posts did not fre-
quently supply their wants."

The Iroquois or Mohawks live in the villages of
St. Regis, at the head of Lake St. Francis, and
Coghnawaga, in the S. of Sault St. Louis, of
which seigniory they are the proprietors, as well as
of a tract in the neighbourhood of St. Regis called
Indian Lands. — Coghnawaga is on the banks of
the St. Lawrence and consists of a church, a
house for the missionary and about 140 other
houses, principally buUt of stone, formed into 2
or 3 rows, something resembling streets, but not
remarkable for cleanliness or regula;rity: their
occupants may be about 900, who chiefly derive
a subsistence from the produce of their corn-fields
and the rearing of some poultry and hogs, some-
times assisted by fishing and hunting, which how-
ever they do not, as in an uncivilized state, con-
sider their principal employment. This tribe, the
most numerous of any brought within the pale of
Christianity in Canada, has long been settled within
a few miles of their present village. That the
fierce and restless spirit of the wandering savage
can be, in a great degree, civilized, these Indians
are a proof: some of the men of this village and
of the village of the Two Mountains were em-
ployed in the British army, and no difficulty was
found in bringing them under strict discipline, or
in confining their operations within the laws of
modern warfare. — The Village of St. Regis, also
inhabited by the Iroquois tribe, is in a rich and
beautiful country and well situated at the western
extremity of the Indian Lands. The boundary
line between Canada and the United States passes
through it. About 50 houses or rather hovels, a
church, a chapel and a house for the catholic mi-
nister, who is a missionary from the seminary of
Quebec, compose the village. The habitations are
poor, ill-built and more than commonly dirty ;
attached to them are small gardens or rather
enclosures, where Indian corn and potatoes are
planted, which, with what they raise on the Petite

Isle St. Regis and some* other isles in the St. Law-
rence near the village, all of which are their own
property, added to the produce of their fishing and
sometimes hunting parties, constitute nearly their
whole means of subsistence ; for indolence, mis-
taken for the spirit of independence, destroys every
idea of improving their condition by the profits
of agriculture. — A reservation of land has been
made for them by the American government simi-
lar to the tract called Indian Lands.

Statistics 'of the Village of St. Regis.

British Indians . 332
American Indians . 369
Houses . .110

Churches, R.C.

Shopkeepers

Artisans

. 1
. 1

. 4

Annual /IgHcultural Produce.

Peas
Kye

Bushels.
. 1,220
. 1,000

Indian com .
Potatoes

Bushels.
. 800
. 4,800

The Hurons, or Yendat Tribe, in industry and
a genius fruitful of resources, in bravery and
eloquence, always surpas.sed all the other tribes
of this part of the North American continent.
Charlevoix accuses them of consummate treachery,
and says that they united higher virtues with
greater vices than any of the Indian tribes ; his
testimony, however, should be viewed with suspi-
cion, for the historian of an invading and extermi-
nating enemy is not the best evidence to prove a
want of good faith in a cheated and ruined race.
When the French first settled in Canada, the
Yendat nation comprised 40,000 souls and occu-
pied the fairest portion of the North Ame-
rican continent. This once powerful tribe were
treacherously destroyed by the Iroquois, who, un-
der the specious pretence of alliance, obtained the
confidence of their opponents, and by ai^ indiscri-
minate massacre nearly extirpated the whole race :
the few who escaped fled towards the habitations
of civilized man and established themselves in the
rear of Quebec, many hundreds of miles from
their native country on the borders of Lake
Huron. In the year 1642 their celebrated chief,
Ahatsistari, was baptized and the Yendat war-
riors soon followed the example of their favourite
chieftain. The melancholy remains of this war-
like race are chiefly living in a village in the S.
of St. Gabriel called La Jeune Lorette, where they
live by the chase and by fishing, drawing no part
of their subsistence from the regular pursuits of
agriculture. The Indians of this village are the

INDIANS.

descendants of the Huron Indians formerly domi-
ciliated at SUlery. They are a quiet, peaceable,
honest, industrious people and loyal subjects ; have
always been very faithful and devoted to his ma-
jesty's service when required, although on one
occasion their answer to the governor was misre-
presented. They are extremely useful both in
peace and war, being always ready to go on pub-
lic duty. Their number has been so much reduced
that it is now become quite inconsiderable; in
1821 the population of La Jeune Lorette was 137,
including only 32 heads of families, 3 unmarried
young men above 21 years of age and 2 unmarried
young women above 18; in the preceding 10 years
there were 45 baptisms, 8 marriages and 29 burials.
In 1824, the priest says, there were 28 or 29 families
and about 70 communicants ; by another account it
appears the families amounted to about 35 and 20
persons were absent. — March 13, 1651, a grant of
2j 1. in the S. of St. Gabriel was made to these
Indians, and the settlement at La Jeune Lorette
was made in 1697 ; this Indian village is between
8 and 9 m. from the city of Quebec and is seated
on the B. side of the B. St. Charles, on an emi-
nence commanding a charming view of the river
tumbling and foaming over the rocks and ledges
to a great depth ; the prospect is also in other re-
spects most interesting, varied and extensive, com-
prising the beautiful city and environs of Quebec
and extending wide and far over the southern
shore of the St. Lawrence, terminated by the
softened forms of the distant southern mountains.
The number of houses in the v. is between 40
and 50, with something like the appearance of
neatness in their exterior; they are chiefly built
with wood and a few of them with stone. The
church was built in 1730 at the expense of the
Jesuits, the Indians working at the building and
defraying part of the cost in furs : in 1824 the
church and parsonage-house were much in decay,
but, since the extinction of the order of Jesuits,
the Indians have been no longer able, on account
of their poverty, to make the necessary repairs.
A Huron schoolmaster is supported partly by the
•government, but chiefly at the expense of the poor
inhabitants. The miU was built in 1731 by the
Jesuits out of the revenues, as the Indians suppose,
of the estate belonging to the Huron nation.
When the mill was first erected the Jesuits
allowed the Indians a bushel of wheat annually to
each family, but this allowance did not continue

long ; it was soon reduced to one-half, that is, the
Indians paid half-price for it: for the last 46
years they have had none of this allowance ; the
schoolmaster however had, tiU the death of the
last of the Jesuits, an allowance of one bushel of
wheat per month ; the commissioners now allow
him 5s. a month in commutation. The Indians
know not on what account the Jesuits discon-
tinued the allowance of wheat, but when it ceased
they began to ask the Pere Giroux for their lands
at Sillery. The allowances at present made to
the Lorette Indians by the military government
consist in annual presents in clothes for the war-
riors, women and children and eight days' rations ;
they are also allowed arms and ammunition as
warriors always ready for mUitary service : these
allowances were formerly made by the French to
the Indian tribes. Mr. Berthelot, agent to the
Jesuits' estates, demanded rents of the Indians,
but they refused ; he threatened to prosecute, they
wished him to do so, but no prosecutions have taken
place. The articles manufactured in the village of
Lorette and carried to market, or out of the village
for sale, are mocassins, snow-shoes, sashes, baskets,
Indian sleighs, fur caps and mittens, collars of
porcupine quills, purses, reticules, bows, arrows,
paddles, small canoes and little figures of Indians.
The bows and arrows and mocassins are very
neatly finished by the squaws. For these articles
they occasionally find a sale, but at half the price
they formerly obtained, and are often obliged to
barter them for merchandise. Some of these In-
dians are joiners and house-carpenters and others
are obliged to work as day labourers, there being
much poverty; and four families, consisting of
about 20 persons, are reduced to absolute want.
The greater number have no land, but merely an
emplacement; 40 arpents, however, are allotted to
them in common, and some plant a few potatoes
and sow a little Indian corn and a few oats on
some little pieces of land, which they have re-
ceived from their parents or purchased. Hunting
and fishing, by which they support themselves,
are very precarious modes of living. The Huron
nation had, formerly, for their hunting and fishing
limits the country extending from the k. Chicou-
timi as far as the mouth of the r. St. Maurice ;
they used also to hunt and fish on the south shore
of the St. Lawrence as far as the river St. John.
Before that time the Hurons had no limits for
hunting and fishing, and were masters of the

I N: D I A ST S.

country as far as the great lakes ; their ancestors
permitted no one to hunt or fish on their lands,
and in former times if a nation came to hunt upon
the lands of another nation, their so doing became
a cause of war. Nearly 200 years ago the Seven
Nations made an alliance with each other, to live
in peace and in common, that is to say, that they
were to eat with the same spoon, micoine, out of
the same porringer ; which signified that they were
all to hunt together on the same lands to avoid all
disputes with each other. For the last 50 years
the Abenakis of the river St. John, the Micmacs
and the Malecites have hunted over the lands of
the Hurons and destroyed all their chase. When
the Hurons had their chase entirely to themselves,
it was a law among, them to kill full-grown animals
only, and to spare the young ones. Beaver they
did not kill from June to August, because neither
the fur nor the flesh was good for any thing at
that season ; the infringement of this law was
considered murder; nor did they kill partridges
during that season, because they were sitting.
The other nations, who came to hunt on their
lands, were not so considerate ; those foreign In-
dians killed both the full-grown animals and the
young, and especially the beaver which always re-
sides in the same place. In consequence of this
lawless conduct the chase has been destroyed and
the Hurons reduced to want ; for they cannot, as
their ancestors did, kill the strangers who intrude
on their lands. The Hurons complain that even
the Canadian peasantry take upon themselves to
hunt and fish and destroy every thing, spreading
snares for wild pigeons. The Indians frequently
complain of want of means to suppress the dis-
orders frequently occasioned by white people re-
sorting to their village, and say, that they can
easily keep their own people in order, but that they
have no authority over the whites. The Lorette
Indians now hunt as far as the sources of the Ste.
Anne and the Batiscan. They take beaver, otter
and martin, though these animals are less nu-
merous than formerly. Their hunting season
begins iibout the 25th March and towards the
end of May they return. Some hunters begin
about Michaelmas and return when the rivers are
frozen. When the Indians meet with ravines, if
they are not too wide, they cross them by means
of a tree which they fell for the purpose ; when
they are too wide to be passed in that manner,
they use small rfifts. The moose-deer or elk, for-

merly very common round Quebec, is now very
scarce ; it was once one of the chief sources of the
wealth of the numerous savage tribes. It is only
in the fine days of spring, when the snow-shoes
are easily borne up, or when in the early part of
the day, after the usual frost of the night, large
tracts of the country can be visited on the hard
even substance without this encumbrance; and
when the open rapids are the resort of water-
fowl, and the lakes afford an ample supply of fish ;
that the vast solitudes, in which the moose-deer is
found, can be advantageously visited : these soli-
tudes are diversified by scenes of the wildest gran-
deur. The moose is the largest quadruped of the
continent, often standing seven feet high ; its im-
mense palmated horns, its downcast head and short
body give it a savage aspect, but it is of a timid
character. It weighs as much as 10 and 12 cwt.
and its flesh is of the most delicate flavour and
considered very nutricious. It is not gregarious
like the other species of the deer, but generally
the male, female and one or two fawns accompany
each other. In summer its swiftness makes its
pursuit almost hopeless, and it is only in deep
snows that it becomes a prey to the hunter. Its
hoofs, unlike those of the rein-deer, are much
sharper and more stiff, and during the whole sea-
son at each step it sinks to the ground. It cannot
therefore travel far in the winter, and it early se-
lects with its mates a spot for its beat where the
bark and tender shoots of the hard wood abound ;
the formation of its teeth and its huge powerful
upper lip, are well calculated to strip the bark from
the trees, which in summer it does to the height
of 40 or 50 feet. At each new fall of snow the
party tread it carefully down throughout their
beat. If surprised by the hunter they will some-
times not flee, but with the stupid defiance of the
sheep paw the snow and threaten; resistance ; if a
dog approach them, the male, with a blow from
his foreleg which he uses very dexterously, will
lay it dead at his feet : in this case they easily fall
a victim to the gun. Generally, however, their
acute senses of hearing and smelling apprise them
of the approach of the hunter, and they run off
at great speed, until overpowered by their own
timorous efforts they sink. When the hunter ap-
pears on his snow-shoes he finds them out of
breath, floundering in the snow and turning a
very piteous look towards him, claiming his kind-
ness. They however often again suddenly take

I N D

IRE

new life, and turning round several times on the
same spot, beat a soUd place to give combat ; the
gun soon despatches them. If they continue to
run the hunter pursues, and coming up cuts with
his tomahawk the tendons of the hind legs and
soon secures the prize. The skin is made into
shoes, and the hair of the mane is dyed and em-
ployed in the elegant ornaments of bark work,
shoes, &c. : the hair is now so highly prized that
as much as can be held in the hand sells for a
dollar. The extension of the settlements and the
incursions of other Indian tribes upon the hunting
grounds of the Lorette Indians, to prevent which
all their applications have failed, have so com-
pletely destroyed their chase that it is with the
greatest difficulty they contrive to get a bare sub-
sistence. These reasons induced them, in 1824,
to subscribe a sum sufficient to defray the expenses
of some of their chiefs, who undertook to cross the
Atlantic in order to petition the king to redress
their grievances. The object of their petition
was principally to obtain the possession of the sei-
gniory of Sillery, near Quebec, which was granted
to their ancestors in 1651 and to which they be-
lieve they have a just right. The grand chief,
the second chief, the chief of their council and the
chief of the warriors arrived in England and were
introduced to his majesty George IV. and had the
honour of a long conversation with him, each
wearing a gold medal which had been presented
by the king. They appeared in their grand na-
tional dress : their faces were painted and their
hail", long and ilowing, was decorated with fea-
thers and with the taUs of various animals. To
their ears were appended large silver rings of rude
and fantastical workmanship; their noses were
decorated with similar ornaments and they wore
silver plates on their arms. They were armed
with tomahawks and scalping knives, which they
wore in ornamental belts. The kind reception,
condescension and gracious manners of the king
tended much to alleviate the severity of their dis-
appointment by being referred to the Canadian
government, whose duty it was to examine into
their claims. The Notes of Mr. Neilson on the
attorney-general's opinion on these claims, a copy
of which is in the hands of the author, seem to
prove much in their favour ; but these Christian
Indians are poojr and friendless; it appears that
Providence alone can help them. — For Statistics
of Lorette, vide St. Gabriel, S.

Indian Stream, in the t. of Drayton, is

formed by 3 branches descending from the t, of
Auckland ; the eastern is called the Rapid Branch,,
the western is named the West Branch ; all of
them meet in the a. angle of that t. and their
united streams immediately enter the t. of Dray-
ton, where, continuing a s. course, this r. entirely
traverses the t. and in its s. w. angle joins the r.
Connecticut. On this r. are good sites for mills,
but as it is obstructed by falls, the only navigable
advantage it affi)rds is the transport of logs to the
different saw-mills.

Industry, Village of, v. Aug. to La Val-

LIBRB.

Interior Village, v. Shipton, t.

Inverness, township, in the co. of Megan-
tic, lies between Halifax and Nelson and is
bounded N. w. by Somerset and part of Nelson ;
s. B. by Leeds. The land in the s. quarter is of
superior quality, and in the other parts generally
above mediocrity, except an extent of swamp of
about 8000 acres to the northward, which is
covered with hemlock, spruce 6i and cedar. On
the dry lands, timber is in great abundance and of
an excellent description. — Watered by Lake Wil-
liam, and several small rivulets. — The s. w. part
was granted to the late Joseph Frobisher, esq. and
now belongs to his heirs. — The settlements have
been rapidly increasing during the last few years.
— Ungranted and unlocated, 15,500 acres. In
1828 there were

Under cultivation
Cleared but not cultivated
Cut down but not cleared

Acres.
. 213
14
131

.So8

Statistics.

Population . 117 Saw-mills . 7

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.

. 564

.320

Bushels.
Potatoes 700
Peas . 100
Rye . 40

Bushels.

Buck wheat 10
Indian com 25
Hay, tons 70

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

4
. 22

Cows . .30
Sh?ep . 28

Swine . So

Ireland, township, in the co. of Megantic,
joins Halifax and Inverness n. w. ; Wolfestown
s. w. ; Leeds and Thetford n. b. — The n. w. part
consists of land of an unexceptionable quality and
fit for the growth of grain of all kinds, hemp and
flax. The s. b. part is not arable, being only a series
of rugged mountains running to a considerable dis-

I S L

I S E

tancej with many small lakes and swamps in the
intervals. The n. w. quarter, the only one that
has been surveyed and granted, now belongs to the
heirs of Joseph Frobisher, esq.: this is a fertile
spot, and inhabited by a few families, forming
what is called Lord's Settlement.— Beech, maple^
birch and many other sorts of timber, are found in
great abundance. — Watered by several rivulets and
by Trout Lake. — Craig's Road passes through this
T. and crosses the Becancour at Kemp's Bridge.
The corn and saw miUs are found of great utility
in this interior part of the country. The settle-
ments have rapidly increased of late years. — Un-
granted and M«?oc«terf, 14,614 acres..

Population
Corn-mills

181
. 1

Statistics.

Saw-mills
Shop-keepers

.Taverns
Artisans

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.

365 Barley . 50 Peas . 90

390 Potatoes 376 Indian corn 29

Live Stock.

71 Cows
25 1 Sheep

33 1 Swine
20 1

Isi/A Wateb, a stream that rises in Buckland
and enters Frampton where it joins the Etche-
min.

Isle aux Coudres, seigniory, about 2 m.
from the n. shore of the St. Lawrence, nearly op-
posite to the Bay of St. Paul, is in the co. of
Saguenay. — 5 m. in length by 66 arpents in
breadth and 5 leagues in circumference. Granted
Oct. 29th, 1687, to the ecclesiastics of the semi-
nary of Quebec, to whom it still belongs. — Com-
pared with the neighbouring mainland, the island
is low, though near the centre are some few rising
grounds: the shore in one or two places rises
abruptly from the water, and is covered with
thick creeping shrubbery, but in general the ascent
is gradual and easy. The soil throughout is of a
good, prolific quality and nearly all Under tillage,
producing grain of all kinds far beyond the con-
sumption of the seigniory : there are a few mea-
dows and pasture grounds. The farms, 400, are
divided into two divisions, called Cote du Cap a
la Branche and C6te de la Baleine, which are
very little watered by streams of any description ;
in the former, which is at the w, of the island, the
soil is light and the farms are 50 arpents by 2 or
3; in the latter or east end the farms are 33
arpents by 2 or 3 ; the centre of the island is a

strong black soil, but its general character through-
out is light. The hay grown on the beach is rich and
abundant, and about 63,000 bundles are made an-
nually. The price of oxen is 30 dollars, sheep 6s.,
pork Is. per lb., turkeys and geese 5s,, fowls from
Is. to Is. 6d. — North of the island there is an-
chorage for shipping. — Alex. Tremblay, a miller,
has erected a stone mill, 36 ft. by 30, on Riviere
Rouge, which works 2 pairs of stones. A small
quantity of wood of very inferior kinds still remains
on the high ground, about the middle of the island.
— There is one parish, in which are a church and
a parsonage-house, and the inhabitants live in neat
well-built houses on each side of a good road that
makes a complete tour of the island. — The bat-
tures and shoals near its low and sandy shore are
very productive fishing-banks ; the little bays are
the rendezvous of numerous small craft, employed
in transporting to Quebec the surplus produce of the
island and of the opposite seigniories. — The prin-
cipal mineral production of this island is the garnet
of Cap a I'Aigle which is there found in as great
abundance and in as much purity of colour as at
any other place in the known world : — This beau-
tiful island Charlevoix represents as having been
detached from the main land by a violent earth-
quake, but it exhibits no other symptoms of such a
catastrophe than a whirlpool between it and the
opposite shore; this channel, at low water, is
dangerous for boats and canoes, which are liable to
be thrown on the limestone rocks to the right of
the entrance into St. Paul's Bay. It is, however,
more probable that this island, which is formed on
a rocky basis and covered with alluvial soil, has
obtained its present appearance from the gradual
accumulation of alluvial soil brought from the
mountains by the r. Gouflfre and other streams in
their rapid descent into the bay, where the water
is turbid and discoloured ; the whirlpool naturally
concentrates this constant efflux of soil and forms
the island.

Population 652
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . 1

Presbyteries 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills

Saw-mills . 1

Medical men 1

Taverns . 1

I Artisans . 4

River craft 2

Tonnage . 49

Keel boats 17

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.
Wheat . 6,200
Oats . 720

Bushels.
Barley . 676
Potatoes 4,680

Bushels.
Peas . 208
Map. sug. cwt. 22

Live Stock.
Horses . 163 1 Cows , 400 1 Swine . 550
Oxen . 327 1 Sheep . 1,050 1

I S L

Title. — « Concedce le 29me Octobre 1687, par le
Marquis de Brisay, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart In-
tendant, au Seminaire de Quibec, avec les battures qui
sont autour d'icellc." — Rigistre d'Jntendance, No. 3, folio

Isle aux Noix is in the river St. Maurice.
The land is of good quality and contrasts strongly
with the banks of the river, which discover, par-
ticularly on the w. side, nothing but hills and
barren cliffs of granite.

Isle aux Reaux, in the St. Lawrence, lies off
the N. E. end of the Island of Orleans. It is
about half a league long and about 8 arpents
broad. It was given to the Jesuits, Mar. 20,
1638, by Mr. de Montmagny.

Title.—" Concedce le 20me Mars, 1638, par Mr. de
Montmagny, aux reverends pSres Jesuites." — Cahiers d'ln-
tend. 2 a % folio 71.

Isle Jesus, seigniory, in the co. of Terrebonne,
in length 21 m. and 6 at its greatest breadth ; it
lies N. w. of the island of Montreal, from which it
is separated by the Riviere des Prairies, and from
the main land by the Riviere St. Jean or Jesus. —
Granted, with the Isles aux Vaches adjacent, 23rd
Oct. 1689, to the bishop and ecclesiastics of the
seminary of Quebec, by whom it is still possessed.
The original name was L'Isle de Montmagny;
but soon after its grant the proprietors thought
proper to bestow on it the appellative it now bears.
— In size this island is second to Montreal. The
land is every where level, rich and well cultivated :
on the s. e. bordering the river, are some excellent
pastures and very fine meadows ; the other parts
produce grain, vegetables and fruits in great per-
fection and abundance. Almost every corner being
turned to agricultural uses, very little wood re-
mains, except what is left for ornament on the
different farms. There is one road entirely round
the island, and one runs through the middle
lengthways ; these are connected by others, that
open an easy communication between every part
of the island. There are 3 parishes, St. Vincent
de Paul, St. Rose and St. Martin. The houses,
mostly built of stone, are dispersed by the sides of
the roads ; now and then a few are placed close
together, but nowhere in sufficient number to be
called a village. Around the island are several

corn and saw-mills on the two large rivers ; in the
interior there is no stream of sufficient force to
work either. The saw-mill on the Riviere des
Prairies is never stopped for want of water, but
sometimes by a superabundance. About midway
of the Riviere des Prairies is the strong rapid
called the Sault au RecoUet. The rafts of timber
that are brought down the Ottawa from the upper
townships descend this river into the St. Lawrence
at the Bout de L'Isle. The communication be-
tween Isle Jesus and the islands of Montreal and,
Bizard and the main land is kept up by several
ferries in convenient situations for maintaining a
continual and sure intercourse. — The farms being-
all occupied, some persons are desirous of making
new settlements but have been deterred by the
high rents demanded by the seigniors and by the
free and common soccage tenure of the townships.

The parish of St.\ Vincent de Paul is in the
centre of the s. part of the island, and the farms
are conceded, some of them prior to 1759; the
rates on which they are held are, 1st. 2 sols for
each superficial arpent, and 1 sol as quit rent for
each front arpent. — 2nd. 2 sols tournois for each
superficial arpent, and 1 sol as quit rent for each
front arpent. — 3rd. 1 sol tournois for each super-
ficial arpent, half a bushel of wheat for every 20
superficial arpents, and 1 sol as quit rent for each
front arpent.

The parish of St. Rose is in the n, w. part of
the island, and all the farms are conceded.

The parish of St. Martin lies in the s. w. part of
the island. All the farms are conceded, some
prior to 1759, on the same terms, viz. 2 sols for
each superficial arpent or 1 sol tournois for each
superficial arpent, and half a bushel of wheat for
every 20 superficial arpents, or 2 sols tournois for
each superficial arpent : the quit rent has always
been the same, viz. 1 sol for each front arpent.
The church, 126 ft. by 40, is IJ m. from the r.
des Prairies. The soil of this p. is not very fer-
tile nor is it turned to the best advantage. Blany
of the inhabitants carry fire-wood to Quebec mar-
ket. — (For a farther description of Isle Jesus, vide
vol. i. p. 211.)

I S L

IS L"

Statistics of

f Ae Seigniory

of Isle Jesus.

Parishes,

u
pi

f
4

1
2

St. Martin

2711

Ste. Rose

2470

- 1

' ,

St. Vincent
de Paul

1690

■

•

1 ■

6871

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural produce.

Live stock. 1

e .

•go

[/>

St. Martin .
Ste. Rose
St. Vincent )
de Paul . J

11284
16250

1S600

14952
18200

9100

1300
46002

1100

200
300

100

3120
1560

5200

49000
36000

500

390
508

401

100
100

200

854
1008

684

1200
1108

780

1281
1890

1290

6405
6100

5600

1281
1199

ipso

43130

42252

48406

600

9880

85000

500

1299

400

2546

3088

4461

18105

3570

■Title. — " Concession du 23me Octobre, 1689, faite par
Hector de Calliere, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intend-
ant, a I'Evique de Quebec et Messrs. du Simmaire, de
Viile Jisus, des isles aux Vaehes et autres adjacentes."^
Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 62, folio 289, le \9me
Mara, 1781.

Isle Mokan, on the s. side of Lake St. Peter,
lies at the estuary of the r. Nicolet, dividing its
stream into two channels. — Granted, Oct. 29,
1672, to Sieur Moran, now the property of Mr.
Beaubien.

Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intcndant, au Sieur Moran, de I'isle dite
Moran, qui se trouve a I'embouchure de la riviSre Nicolet,
au bord du fleuve St. Laurent. — Reglstre d'Intendance,
No. 1, folio 16.

Isi/E St. Christophek, about one-eighth of a
league from the Cape of the Three Rivers, and
about the same distance from that called Cape de
la Magdelaine; it contains about 80 superficial
arpents and was granted to the Jesuits, Oct. 20,
1654.

Isle St. Paul, seigniory, in the St. Lawrence
a little above the city of Montreal. — A grant of
two-thirds of this island was confirmed to Mr. le
Ber, April 23, 1700. The grant of the other
third was made July 18, 1676, to Claude Robutel.

Title — " Confirmation du 23me Avril, 1700, par le
Roi, d'une concession faite a Mr. le Ber, des deux tiers
de I'isle de St. Paul. Plus concession de I'nutre tiers fait
k Claude Rohutel, Sieur de St. Andri, \e 18me Juillet,
1676."— Com*. Cahiers d'Inlend. 2 d 9, folio 282, et Rat.
d'Ins. Cons. Sup. Lettre B, folio 131. — Cahiers d'Intend-
2.« 9, /o/io 331.

Isles and Islets. — Those not included in the
following alphabetical list are inserted under their
specific names. — Birch Island, in the r. St. Mau..
rice and in the t. of Radnor. — Brandy Pots,
several small islets in the St. Lawrence, lying s.
off the N. E. end of Hare Island ; on the largest
a Telegraph is erected — Crane Island or Isle aux
Grues, opposite Cap St. Ignace, S. — Des Cinqs
Island, in the r. St. Maurice. — Esquimaux Isles,
near the coast of Saguenay in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. — Fox Island, near the n. b. extremity
of the Saguenay coast in the Gulf of St. Law-
rence. — Goose Island, in the e. Ottawa, midway
between the t. of Templeton and the opposite
shore, about 3^ m. below the mouth of the R.
Rideau — Another, v. Cap St. Ignace, S. — Grande
Isle, V. rivers Batiscan and Saguenay. — G7-osse
Isle, one of the Kamouraska Islands. — A small
island in Lake St. John. — Hamilton Isle, in the R.
Ottawa, lies off the i. Lochaber, about one mile
long; near it N. e. is another isle of smaller
size. — Hare Island, lies off the e. end of Mount
Murray, S. — Holt's Isle, in Lake Memphra-
magog; this little islet lies within 1^ m. of
the commencement of the r. Magog and is in
the 14th range of the t. of Hatley. — Hospital
Island, in the r. Richelieu below Ash Island, and
between the SS. of Foucault and LacoUe. — Isle i
I'Aigle, at the mouth of North Channel, where it
enters Lake St. Peter. — Isles A la Rasade, in the
St. Lawrence, lie off the n. e. angle of the s. of

ISLES AND ISLETS.

Trois Pistoles. — Isle au Canot, in the St. Law-
rence, lies N. of Crane Island and is about 1^ m.
long. — Isles au Cerf, in the R. Richelieu, between
the SS. of St. Charles and Beloeil. — Isle au Chat,
in the mouth of Lake St. Francis, off the s. w.
angle of Grande Isle. — Isle au Foin, v. An-
taya, S. — Isle au Heron, a.i the Sault St. Louis,
at the mouth of Lake. St. Louis. Isle au Rai-
son, at the entrance of Lake St. Peter, lies
between the isles La Pierre and Du Moine, and
is on the s. side of South Channel. — Isle (m
Sepulcre, v. Chicoutimi r. — Isles aux Basques, in
the St. Lawrence, lying off the mouth of the r.
Trois Pistoles. — '-Ish aux Chutes, in the k. du
Nord, about one mile from Davis, v. in Chatham.
— Isle aux Cochons, in the St. Maurice, lies op-
posite the mouth of the R. St. Maurice. — Isle aux
Corne'dles, one of the Kamouraska Islands. — Isles
aux Fraises, in the r. St. Maurice, is a fine island
near |- mile long. — Isle aux Grues, v. Crane
Island. — Isle aux Harangs, lies off Cap au Diable
in the s. of Kamouraska. — Isle aux Herons, in the
St. Lawrence, n. w. of Crane Island. — Isle aux
Noix, in the R. Richelieu, at the mouth of John-
son's Creek. — Isle aux Dies, v. St. Ignace, I. —
Isle aux Pommes, lies off the s. of Isle Verte to
which it belongs. — Isle aux Raisins, in Lake St.
Francis, at the mouth of the r. aux Raisins. —
Isles aux Sapins, in the R. Chaudiere, is in the S.
of St. Marie. — Isle aux Tetes, v. La Colle, S. —
Isles aux Tourtes, two small islands in the Lake of
Two Mountains, between the s. w. extremity of the
Island of Montreal and the S. of Vandreuil. — Isle
Baraboult, near the estuary of the Ste. Anne, di-
vides that R. into two streams. — Isle Beller'me, the
largest islet in the mouth of the R. St. Maurice. —
IsleBic, in the St. Lawrence, lies off the s. of Bic in
the CO. ofRimouski. — Isle Biquette,m the St. Law-
rence, N. of Isle Bic. — Isle Bouquet, v. Laprairie,
S. — Isle Brulee, in the St. Lawrence, lies nearly
opposite the mouth of the Kamouraska; on this isle
a Telegraph is stationed. — One of the Kamouraska
islands. — Isle Carillion, at the entrance of the Lake
of Two Mountains, lies off Argenteuil, in which
S. it is included. — Isle Cascades, in the s. w. chan-
nel of Lake St. Louis, lies about midway between
Isle Perrot and Mary's-town in the S. of Beau-
harnois. — Isle Chareau, v. Isles Communes. —
Isles Communes or Isles Perdes, consist of Isles
St. Joseph, i la Commune, Chareau, and two
others without names ; this range of isles extends

along the front of the S. of Boucherville on the s.
side of the St. Lawrence, and are included in the
grant of that S. ; the largest is about Jm. in breadth ;
they are quite flat and level; some of them
afford good meadow, and others common pasturage
made use of by the inhabitants of the village
of Boucherville. — Isles de Contrecceur, on the s.
shore of the St. Lawrence, lie off the S. of Contre-
cceur to which they belong. — Isle de Grace, in the
St. Lawrence, lies nearly midway between the S.
of St. Thomas and the parish of St. Joachim in
the S. of Cute de Beaupre. — v. St. Ignace Isle.
— Isle de Gramont, a little islet lying s. w. of the
v. of Kamouraska in the S. of that name. — Isle de
la Providence, one of the Kamouraska islands. —
Isles de la Valtrie, on the n. shore of the St.
Lawrence, lie off the S. of La Valtrie to which
they belong. — Isles des Sables, several islets lying
N. B. of Isles aux Oies and at the entrance of Lake
St. Peter. — Isles Deschaillons, in the R. Richelieu,
at the mouth of Ruisseau la Prade in the S. of St.
Ours. — Isles des deux Tetes, in the St. Lawrence,

N. w. of Crane Island. Isle des Peiras, in the r.

Yamaska, about IJ- m. above the mouth of the r.
David. — Isles Donbour, 3 small islets lying off the
front of the S. of Desmaure, in the St. Lawrence. —
Isle du Grande Decharge, at the N. b. side of Lake
St. John, fronting Grande lsle.-~Isle du Labri, in
themouth of the r. St. Maurice. — Isle du Milieux, a
small isle in the mouth of the river St. Maurice. —
Isle du Moine, at the entrance of Lake St. Peter,
lies s. w. of the mouth of the r. Yamaska. — Isle
du Portage, lies at the n. e. end of the Island of
Montreal, a little below Isle Ste. Therese, and
is of no value. — Isle du Sable, off the n. shore
of the St. Lawrence, near the front of fief
Dorvillier in the co. of Champlain. — Isle Fou-
quet, V. Laprairie S. — Isle Jalobois, in the r. Ya-
maska, a little above Yamaska church. — Isle
Joseph, in the r. Yamaska, nearly one m. below the
mouth of R. David, in the S. of Yamaska. — Isle la
Peche, in the r. St. Maurice, lies at the n. e. ex-
tremity of the rear of Batiscan. The Indians and
the inhabitants of the post of La Tuque frequently
resort to this little island for the purpose of fish-
ing, and an abundance of white fish, dore, carp,
bass, pike and eels are caught every year. — Isle la
Pierre, at the entrance of Lake St. Peter, lying
on the N. side of South Channel.— 7s?e laPorcier,
in the R. Yamaska, a little below the church of
Yamaska. — Isle Madame, in the St. Lawrence,

ISLES AND ISLETS.

lies s. off the n. e. point of the Island of Orleans,
about 1^ m. by -J- m, broad. — v. St. Ignace Isle. —
Isle Patience, in the St. Lawrence, lies n. of Isle de
Grace. — Isle Perches, 3 islets in the St. Lawrence,
lying off the s. of Riviere du Loup. — v. Isles
Communes. — Isle Plate, at the entrance of Lake St.
Peter, lies midway between Bale St. Francois and
Maskinonge Bay. — Isle Randin, in the St. Law-
rence, lies between the S. of Berthier and the
s. w. end of Isle Dupas. — Isle Ronde, v. Isle St.
Ignace. — Isle St. Alexandre, in the R. Etche-
min, and in the S. of JoUiet. — Isle St. Barnahe,
in the St. Lawrence, lies off the S. of St. Barnabe
opposite to the mouth of the n. Rimouski. — Isle
St. Bernard, or Nun's Island, on the s. E. side of
Lake St. Louis, lies at the mouth of the Chateau-
gua}', dividing that k. into two streams. — Isle Ste.
Catherine, in the R. Etchemin and in the S. of
JolUet. — Isle St. Elzear, in the r. Etchemin and
in the S. of JoUiet. — Isle St. Ignace, the largest
isle at the mouth of the R. Ste. Anne, — v. St Ignace
Isle. — Isle St. Jean, in the R. Etchemin, and in the
s. of Jolliet. — Another, in the S. of Yamaska, is
formed by the two branches of the r. Yamaska,
one running into Baie St. Frangois and the other
into the Bay of La VaUiere. — Isle St. Joseph,
in the R. St. Francis, near its mouth> lies in the
N. angle of the S. of St. Frangois. — v. Isles
Communes. — Isle Ste. Marguerite, 3 isles in the
St. Lawrence, one at the mouth of r. Ste. Anne,
another, n. w. of Crane Island, and the 3rd
is the smallest islet in the mouth of the r. St.
Maurice. — Isle Ste. Marie, in the r. Etchemin
and in the S. of Jolliet. — Isle St. Pierre, in the
R. Etchemin, and in the S. of Jolliet. — Isle Ste.
Susanne, in the R. Etchemin, and in the S. of
Jolliet. — Isle Ste. Therese, in the k. Richelieu,
between the four connecting angles of the b. of
Longueuil, e. and w. by Chambly and Bleurie. —
Another at the lower end of Montreal Island —
Isle St. Thomas, in the r. Etchemin, and in the
S. of Jolliet. — Isle Smidt, in the K. Yamaska,
opposite the church of Yamaska. — Isle Vaudreuil,
in the Lake of Two Mountains, lies near the S. of
Vaudreuil to which it belongs. — Isle Verte, v.
Verte. — Kettle Island, in the r. Ottawa, lies off
the T. of Templeton, a little more than 2 m. below
the mouth of the R. Rideau. — Knight's Island, in
the Beauharnois Channel, between Grande Isle
and the n. b. angle of Catherine's Town. — La
Croix Isle, v. Cap de la Madaleine, S. — Long

Island, in the co. of Ottawa, is in the R. aux
Lievres at the head of Lake Mistake. — Murr
Isle, near the coast of Saguenay, in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. — Matdwin Island, in the h.
St. Maurice, is about \ mile in extent and the
land is very good. — Lower Matawin Island, from
this island there is a route by 5 lakes and 4
portages to the great Lake Matawin. — Murr
Isles, in St. Lawrence Gulf — Nun's Island, v.
Isle St. Bernard. — Old Fort Isles, near the n. e.
extremity of the Saguenay coast in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. — Papa Island, an islet in the
R. Etchemin in the t. of Frampton. — Petite
Isle, in the R. Yamaska, a little above the s.
point of Isle St. Jean. — Pine Island, in the r.

St. Francis, between Wickham and Upton

Prison Island, in the mouth of Lake St. Francis,
lies about midway between the w. part of Grande
Isle and the estuary of the Riviere de I'lsle. — Pro-
vince Island, in Lake Memphramagog, near the
province line and between Stanstead and Potton.
—Red Island, in the St. Lawrence, lying about 6
m. N. of Green Island. — St. Mary's Isles, near
the Saguenay coast in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
opposite the mouth of the r. Watagaia. — St.
Regis Isle, in front of the mouth of the r. St.
Regis, belongs to the Indians of the v. of\ St.
Regis. — Traverse Isles, in the r. Ottawa, lying
off the s. w. line of Lochaber Gore, are several
small isles between Black Bay and the n. w.
angle of the t. of Plantagenet in Upper Ca-
nada. — Washmisker Isles, near the Saguenay coast
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — White Island,
in the St. Lawrence, extends down the r. at the
N. E. end of Hare Island : about 5 m. long and
i m. broad. — Wolf Island, near the Saguenay
coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near South-
aker ledge.

Islet du Portage, seigniory, in the co. of
Kamouraska, is bounded n. e. by Lachenaye;
s. w. by Granville ; in front by the St. Lawrence.
—One league in front and one in depth. Granted,
Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur de Granville.— Isle du
Portage forms part of this seigniory.

Title. — '■'■ Concession du 29me Oetobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendaiit, nu Sieur de Granville, de I'lsle
nomm^e du Portage sur le fleuve St. Laure?if, avec une
demi lieue de terre en de^il ct une autre au dela de la dite
Isle, sur une lieue de profondeur." — Higistre d'Intendancc,
No. 1, folio 14.

Islet du Portage, v. Chicoutimi, r.
Islettes aux Jones, v. Laprairie, S.

J A C

Isle Verte (S), t;. Verte.

IwASHEGA or TwASHEGA, river, runs from the
N. w. into the b. Assuapmoussoin.

IxwoKTHj township, in the co. of Kamouraska,
is an irregular tract in the rear of the S. of Ste.
Anne and the Aug. to the S. of Riviere Quelle.
No more than 1200 acres have been surveyed,
which were granted to Matthew O'Meara, the
whole of which is most excellent land : it joins
Ste. Anne and some part of it is in a very forward
state of cultivation : on the remainder of the t. is a
large quantity of excellent pine timber, much of
which is transported by the Riviere Quelle to the
St. Lawrence and thence to Quebec. — Ungranted
and unlocated 32,000 acres.

James-town, v. Beauharnois, s.

Jacques Caktier, river, derives its name from
the celebrated navigator, who discovered the
country and wintered in the estuary of this b.
in 1536. It takes its source from several small
lakes in the exterior near the parallel of lat. 48° N.
and about Ion. 71° 20' w. After running a very
circuitous course through a mountainous country
that is but little known, it reaches the townships
of Tewkesbury and Stoneham; passes through
them and runs in a s.s. w. direction about 46
m. through St. Ignace, St. Gabriel, Fausem-
bault, Neuville, Belair and the fief Jacques Car-
tier, where it falls into the St. Lawrence. From
the townships its stream displays a character of
great wildness; grand and impetuous, hurrying
through valleys between the lofty mountains, and
frequently dashing with violence over the pre-
cipices and immense fragments of rock that op-
pose its progress. The bed being extremely rocky,
the great number of falls and rapids and the ve-
hemence of the torrent, particularly in the spring
and after the autumnal rains, render it generally
impassable for canoes or boats of any description.
The banks are exceedingly high, and at intervals
for considerable distances, are formed of strata of
limestone, or of granite rock, in many places lofty,
rugged and majestic, partially displaying a few
stunted pines in the interstices, or covered with
creeping shrubbery, and in many parts presenting
only the frowning aspect of huge barren masses

heaped perpendicularly one upon another. From
the heights on each side of the river spread ex-
tensive forests, through which are various paths,
kept open during all changes of season by the In-
dians, and chiefly by those of the village of Lo-
rette, who consider the lands to an immense di-
stance northwards as their hunting-grounds. The
general view along the course of the river is va-
ried, picturesque and extraordinary, presenting a
thousand combinations of unrivalled grandeur,
beauty and wild magnificence. In its course
through St. Gabriel it approaches within 16 m.
of Quebec ; about nine miles before it reaches the
St. Lawrence is the highly interesting and ro-
mantic new bridge of Jacques Cartier. The
stream is here precipitated over many large frag-
ments of granite that occasion a perpendicular fall
of considerable height, the effect of which is greatly
increased by the incessant roar of the torrent, as it
forces its way through the hollows and excava-
tions which it has made in its rocky bed and in the
sides of the channel. This bridge is worthy of no-
tice for the lightness and solidity of its construc-
tion ; the natural high bank of the river on each
side is finished with masonry into solid piers, whence
the arch, entirely of timber, forms a handsome
and lofty segment ; near the w. end is a small,
well-built cottage, most romantically situated, in
which the collector of the bridge-tolls resides.
From this bridge the river continues its impe-
tuous character until its waters are lost in the
current of the St. Lawrence. The river Jacques
Cartier, viewed with a military eye, forms a most
powerful natural barrier and may be termed one
of the outworks to the city and environs of Que-
bec: the velocity of the stream would make it
extremely dangerous to attempt fording it; the
.height of the banks renders them inaccessible, ex-
cept in a very few places, and those could only be
ascended with much difficulty by a small number
of persons at a time, which, with the numerous
advantageous positions along the whole range of
the river for posting a defensive force, would al-
together constitute it a complete line of security :
the French, after they were expelled from Quebec
in 1759, retired behind this river. Qn the eastern
side of the river, at a short distance before its con-
fluence with the St. Lawrence, where its high
bank, receding considerably froni the margin,
leaves a rather extensive flat a little above

J A C

J E R

the water's level, are some corn-mills and several
stores belonging to the heirs of the late Mr. All-
sop of Quebec. They are the remains of a much
greater and more valuable establishment. — This
highly interesting and romantic river appears to
run a course of about 50 miles and to collect its
waters from a space of 20 to 30 miles in breadth,
comprehending about 1250 square miles. — This
celebrated river was formerly the terror and often
the grave of travellers. — For some years past it
has become the object of public attention ; three
bridges have been erected over it, and the citizens
of Quebec visit it at proper seasons in parties of
pleasure. It abounds with fish, especially salmon,
works numerous mills and a distillery, and is
particularly remarkable for the sudden swelling
of its waters after rain ; almost the least shower
produces an instantaneous effect. Many of the
more majestic features of the scenery on this R.
are seen to the greatest advantage in winter, when
the severity of the congelation exhibits the banks
and the bed of the stream in every variety of fan-
tastic appearance, and when its frozen artificial
pendants in all the diversity of figure and size re-
semble the stalactics of the richest natural grotto.
Jacques Cartieh, seigniory, in the co. of
Portneuf, fronts the St. Lawrence and is bounded
s. w. by the b. of Portneuf; n. e. by Belair and
its aug. and in the rear by waste crown lands. —
It is J- league in breadth by 5 1. in depth. Granted
Mar. 29, 1659, to Dame Gagnier, widow of Jean
Clement de Wauls, Chevalier, and Seigneur de
Monceaux. Now the property of Messrs. de Lery
and Mr. Allsop. — Although the surface is very
irregular and broken, the land in general is of a
moderately good quality ; in some places the soil
is light and sandy, in others a layer of black ve-
getable mould upon a stratum of limestone, and
to the rear, where it becomes rather mountainous,
a good light loam ; each of these different kinds
is sufficiently fertile and several ranges of con-
cessions are in an excellent state of cultivation,
containing many productive and valuable farms.
The timber is various both in kind and quality ;
the maple and birch are good, and, along the
banks of the rivers, are some superior pines : the
common sorts are very abundant, — The Rivers
Ste. Anne and Portneuf cross this S., but the
principal R. by which it is watered is the Jacques
Cartier, The main road passes along the front of

the S. and crosses the Jacques Cartier by a ferry
about 300 yards broad, where, on account of the
violence of the stream, the boats are traversed
from side to side by means of hawsers stretched
across ; the charge for a foot-passenger is 3d., for
a horse' 6d., a horse and carriage 9d. and Is. 3d,
for a carriage and two horses. The road, as it
passes in the vicinity of the river and winds up
the lofty banks, is exceedingly steep ; but never-
theless it is much frequented, although there is
another road from Quebec that passes over Jacques
Cartier bridge and which is rather shorter and by
which almost all the inequalities of the ground

are avoided ^Less than one-third of this S. is

cultivated; some of the best farms are near the
road that passes along the St. Lawrence, and, on
the s. w. side, near the road leading from the bridge
to the barony of Portneuf. — Jacques Cartier fief
is included in this S. and lies on the s. w. side,
extending to the entire depth of the S. It has a
frontage of about ^ m. on the r. Jacques Cartier.

Title. — " Concession du 29me Mars, 1659, faite par la
Compagnie, a Dame Gagnier, veuve de feu jean Clement
de. Wauls, Chevalier, Seigneur de Monceaux, d'une demi
lieue de large sur le bord du fleuve St. Laurent, avec cinq
Ueues de profondeur de terre en tel endroit qu'il plaira a.
Mr. i)'.<ij/feioMt,Gouverneur. — Ensuitede cette concession
est une copie d'un certificat du Sieur Bourdon, du 3dme Oe-
tobre, 1639, que la Dame de Monceaux lui ayant remis la
concession ci-dessus, par ordre de Mr. Z)'^iaeSo«<,lorsGou-
verneur, pour prendre par la dite Dame possession de la dite
demi lieue ; avec demande de lui aeeorder la dite concession
depuis la riviere Jacques Cartier, jusqu'a la concurrence de
la dite demi lieue, descendant en bas, par lequel ceitifieat
il lui donne acte de diligence, comme elle prenoit le dit
lieu pour I'emplacement et le choix de sa dite concession."
— Papier Terrier, page 96, I5me Juin, 1781. Cahiers
d'Intcndance.

Jeremib Isles, in the mouth of the St. Law-
rence, lie near the Saguenay coast, about 9 m.
above Belsiamite r. and Pointe. Near these isles
is a north-west post that derives its name from
them. The northern shore of the St. Lawrence,
here and at Belsiamite, is not so high as the
southern shore opposite, which may be distinctly
seen from the n. shore. The soil of the Saguenay
coast, hereabout, is composed of a white and yel-
low sand and presents to the view, from the river,
a pleasing succession of white cliffs intersected with
forest trees. Belsiamite Pointe is a low sandbank
extending far into the St. Lawrence and is over-
grown with spruce and sapin : on its s. shore are
a few Indian wigwams inhabited by some of the

JESUIT S' ESTATES.

Montagnais tribes who traffic in seals and fur-
skins when ships arrive near the coast and the
weather allows them to go on board for that
purpose.

Jersey, a projected township in the co. of
Beauce, is a triangular ti'act lying between the
rivers Chaudiere and Du Loup and is bounded s.
by Marlow. A small part in the s.e. angle has
been surveyed and granted. — Ungranted and un-
located, 33,000 acres.

Jesuits, des (F.), v. Lauzon, S.

Jesuits' Estates. — The Jesuits, in this pro-
vince, were at first only missionaries ; they after-
wards obtained a patent which enabled them to
purchase lands and hold property as in France.
The property they afterwards possessed in this
country was very considerable and was acquired
by grants from the kings of France, by gifts or
donations from individuals and by purchase. On
the death of Father Casot, the last of the order,
in March, 1800, their property became vested
in the English crown. — Their very extensive pos-
sessions in this province may be inferred from
the following description of part of their property.

Batiscan. — :By deed. Mar. 13, 1639, James de
la Ferte, abbot of Ste. Mary Madeleine of Cha-
teaudun and canon of the king's chapel in Paris,
gave this seigniory irrevocably, and in the strong-
est terms imaginable, to the Fathers of the Com-
pany of Jesus settled in New France, and their
successors. — The depth of this seigniory seems to
have been omitted in the original deed through
error, but it was afterwards ascertained to be 20
leagues. — This seigniory was given to the reverend
fathers settled in New France for them and their
successors, to be held as an absolute iief with the
right of holding high, inferior and petty courts of
justice and subject to fealty and homage to the
said James de la Perte and his heirs, according
to the usage and customs of fief in the provostship
of Paris, subject also to the payment of a silver
of the value of sixty sols at the end of every
twenty years to the same James de la Ferte and
his heirs, from such time as these lands should be
cultivated, to be possessed by the fathers Jesuits,
or applied and transferred to savages or others
becoming christians, and in such manner as the
fathers shall think proper, so that these lands shall
not be taken out of their hands while they shall
think proper to hold and possess them. — Motives

and considerations. — This seigniory was given for
the love of God.

Belair, or Bonhommes Mountain. — By deed of
Nov. 24th, 1662, Messrs. Lefevre de la Barre
and Demeuilles, governor-general and intendant
of New France, granted this seigniory to William
Bonhomme, to be held as a fief and seigniory with
right of holding high, inferior and petty courts of
justice, together with that of hunting and fishing,
but subject to fealty and homage. — By deed
April 15 th, 1684, the above grant was confirmed
by the king. — This seigniory was purchased in
different parcels by the reverend fathers of the
Company of Jesus (with the right of holding
high, inferior and petty courts of justice, and that
of hunting and fishing within the limits thereof)
subject to fealty and homage, from some of the
descendants of William Bonhomme, and from
other persons who had purchased some parts of his
descendants.

Cap de la Madeleine. — By deed March 20th,
1651, James de la Ferte, abbot and canon, gave
this seigniory as a gift irrevocable to the reverend
fathers, together with the right of seigniory and
privileges that he had and might have in and to
the lands so conveyed, which were granted to him
by the New France Company; with the re-
servation, that all former grants made and signed
by him should from that time forward be de-
pendent of said seigniory, and held under the
same reverend fathers, Jesuits of Canada, in the
manner they were before held under the same
James de la Ferte, which lands appear to be
two arriere fiefs, Marsolet and Hertel. — Motives
and considerations. — This seigniory was given to
the reverend fathers in Canada for their colleges
and houses, to be by them held in the; same man-
ner as they were before that time possessed by
the donors, to be enjoyed, done with and disposed
of by the fathers, Jesuits, and their successors in
New France, as they shall think proper for the
benefits of the savages converted to the christian
faith, and in order to help towards subsisting the
Jesuits in the said county ; the whole conform-
able and according to the customs and consti-
tutions of the Company of Jesus without any civil
obligation.

Isle auw Reaux. — By deed Mar. 20, 1638, the
New France Company granted these islands to
the reverend fathers Jesuits and their svic-

JESUIT S' ESTATES.

cessors as a seigniory. — Motives and considera-
tions. — This island was given to the religious
order of Jesuits and their successors for ever
for the purpose of feeding cattle for their
houses^ in consideration of their exposing their
persons to the greatest dangers that can be en-
countered among the savages^ in endeavouring to
bring them to a knowledge of the true God and to
lead a civilized life, and on this sole condition,
that the Jesuits should acknowledge to hold the
same under the New France Company and report
the state of the culture and improvement of this
island at the end of every twenty years.

Laprairie de la Madeleine. — By deed April 1st,
1647, Francis de Lauzon, king's councillor in the
court of parliament of Bordeaux, gave and granted
this seigniory to the religious order of the Com-
pany of Jesus. — Motives and considerations. — This
seigniory, including the islands of Bouquet' and
Pouquet and the small islands called Islettes au
Jones, was given and granted to the religious
order of the Jesuits, on condition that they should
send such persons as they might think proper to
cultivate the lands, and that the donor should
be a partaker of the benefit of their prayers and
holy sacrifices, and in consideration of the assist-
ance given by that religious order to the inhabit-
ants of New France, and of the dangers to which
they daily exposed themselves in bringing the
savages of that country to a knowledge of the
true God.

Notre Dame des Anges. — By deed. Mar. 10,
1626, Henry de Levis, duke of Ventadour, vice-
roy of New France, granted this fief and seigniory
to the religious order called Jesuits.

By an edict of the French king for the esta-
blishment of the New France Company, all
gifts and grants made prior thereunto were re-
voked.

By deed Jan. 15, 1637, tte same lands under
the same description given of them in that by the
Duke of Ventadour, were given by the said com-
pany to the said religious order with this excep-
tion, " the river of Notre Dame de Beauport ex-
cluded;'' but adding such meadows, lakes, rivers,
ponds and quarries as may be found within the
said lands."

By deed Jan. 17, 1652, John de Lauzon, go-
vernor of New France, granted to the said reli-
gious order, the same lands specified in the pre-

ceding deeds to be held en Franc aleu, with
all the seignorial and feudal rights, and with
these conditions j " The right of fishing on the
rivers opposite to their said grant, to the exclusion
of all other persons, and granting also to them the
meadows that were covered and uncovered by the
tides." — Motives and considerations. — This seig-
niory was granted to the fathers of the Company
of Jesus and their successors, to be by them en-
joyed for ever as their property en Franc aleu,
with all the seignorial and feudal rights, on con-
dition, that in appeals from the decision of the
judges by them to be established in said seigniory,
resort shall be had to the grand senechal of New
France, or his lieutenant at Quebec, in considera-
tion of the services they rendered as well to
the French as to the savage inhabitants of the
country.

Isle St. Christopher. — By deed October 20, 1654,
John de Lauzon, governor and lieutenant-general
of New France, gave this island to the reverend
fathers of the Company of Jesus, in Franc Almoin.
— Motives and considerations. — This island was
given to the reverend fathers, by them to be held
in Franc Almoin for ever as a fief, with power to
concede the same or such parts thereof as they
may think proper, to tenants subject to cens et
rentes, but without being themselves subject to
any charge or condition whatever, in consideration
of the zeal manifested and the care taken by the
said reverend fathers, and the benefit that religion
receives from them in the conversion and instruc-
tion of the savages, which could not be sufficiently
acknowledged.

St. Gabriel, or the Two Lorettes: — By deed
November 2; 1667, Robert Giffi)rd and Mary
Renouard, his wife, gave to the reverend fa-
thers Jesuits the seigniory of St. Gabriel, with
the benefits and prerogatives thereunto belong-
ing, excepting half a league in front by the
whole depth of this seigniory, which they had
on the same day given and granted to the
hospital of nuns settled in the city of Quebec,
and now composes the fief called St. Ignatius. —
Motives and considerations. — It was given to the
reverend fathers, in consideration of the great
friendship that subsisted between them and the
donors, and in order to reward the said fathers
for the many good and agreeable services they had
rendered to the donors.

JESUIT S' ESTATES.

Seigniory of Sillery. — By deed October 23j
1699, Messrs. de Callieres and Bochard, general
and intendant, granted this seigniory to the re-
verend fathers Jesuits. — Motives and considera-
tions. — This seigniory was granted to the re-
verend fathers Jesuits, by them to be enjoyed for
ever as their property, Wfith the same rights and
privileges with which the same lands were given
to the savages by deed from the New France
Company, bearing date 13th March, 1651, viz. :
as a freehold {en Franc aleu) with all the seig-
norial rights that the said New France Company
had, or pretended to have in them ; together with
that of fishing in the river St. Lawrence along
the front of the lands so given to them, to the
total exclusion of all other persons without their
leave and permission ; together with all the mea-
dows, herbage, &c. lying along the said river, and
those that are covered and uncovered by the tide.
In fine, with all the rights and privileges that a
seigneur can enjoy ; together with the right of
holding high, inferior and petty courts of judi-
cature. — Motives and considerations. — In consider-
ation of the great spiritual and temporal assistance
given by the said reverend fathers to the savages
of this country, and the enormous expense they
had been at in supporting the missions to the said
savages for whom they had purchased lands in
several places at a great expense.

Three Rivers — Fief PacMngny. — By deed Oct.
23, 1699, Hector de Callieres, governor, and John
Bochard, intendant of North France, granted this
fief to the fathers Jesuits with the rights and
privileges annexed to the seigniory of Sillery,
both of which are comprehended in the same deed.
— This fief consists of four perches of land in
front by eight in depth and twenty toises square
added thereto, bounded n, e. by St. Louis-street
and s. w. by St. Anthony's-street ; in front by
the street that divides this fief from the in-
closure of the town of Three Rivers and in the
rear by Notre Dame-street. — Motives and con-
siderations. — This fief was granted to the reverend
fathers Jesuits, to be enjoyed by them as their pro-
perty for ever, according to the customs of Paris. It
was given to them in consideration of the spiritual
and temporal assistance they rendered daily to the
savages of this country, and of the great care they
took and the enormous expense they had incurred
in supporting the missions to the said savages. — By

deed of Feb. 15, 1634, the New France Company
granted this fief and seigniory to the reverend
fathers of the company of Jesus. This deed con-
tains a direction to Mr. de Champlain, then com-
mandant of the New France Company, to put the
said fathers into the possession and enjoyment of
the 600 arpents of land so granted to them, at or
near the place called the Three Rivers, where the
New France Company was then forming a settle-
ment ; but Mr. de Champlain having died before
this mandamus came to hand, the following was
obtained.— By deed, Aug. 26, 1637, M.deMont-
magny, the king's lieutenant in New France, by
order of a mandamus of the 26th Feb., 1637, to
him directed by the said New France Company,
put the company of Jesus in New France into the
real and actual possession of a tract of land,
which he then caused to be bounded and limited in
the following manner : 1st. By erecting a waU at
the N. B. side, near the said brick manufacture,
to serve as a boundary mark, under which he
caused coals and bricks to be put, which wall and
boundary runs from the s. e. to the N. w. back
into the country. On the s. w. side he caused
another wall to be erected, running also -from
s. E. to N. w., from the extremities of which he
caused a line to be drawn along the road leading
along the river St. Lawrence to serve as a boun-
dary line along the front, which measured 190
perches ; that is to say, from the wall or boun-
dary at the N. B. and near the brick-kiln to the
rivulet called St. Magdalen's, that falls into the
river St. Lawrence at the point of the Iroquois,
150 perches; and from that rivulet to the end of
the other wall or boundary at the s. w. side 40
perches. N. B. The depth from the front to the
rear is not mentioned in this deed, but it is found
to be no more than 25 arpents in depth ; it was
therefore erroneously stated in this deed as con-
taining 500 square arpents, because 19 arpents in
breadth by 25 in length make only 475.^ — -By
deed, Aug. 15, 1648, the reverend fathers of the
company of Jesus gave Ij arpent in front by 25
in depth to serve as a common for the inhabitants'
cattle, reserving to themselves the right of pasture
therein for 18 head: and by deed, June 9, 1650,
the Jesuits transferred for the same purpose 14
arpents of land in front by 25 in depth, the above
arpent and a half included, making 350 square
arpents, out of which they reserved 35, the real

JESUIT S' ESTATES.

amount is therefore 315 ; 5 arpents in front by
25 in depth, making 125, above and joining the
common, 35 square arpents joining the rear of
the common, which they reserved. They also
made a temporary grant of 16 arpents, which
have since been united to the common. They
also reserved soine land back of the common within
the same lines above the hill, which did not belong
to this parcel, and does not therefore cause any
diminution of the 315 given for the common. —
By the same deed Mr. de Montmagny gave to the
reverend fathers 14 arpents of land in front, join-
ing to the 5 arpents by 25 that remained to them
at the s. w. side of the said 5 arpents in front.
By deed Mr. de Mezy, governor, and Francis
Delaval, bishop of Quebec, granted to the reverend
fathers of the company of Jesus 4 arpents in front
by 25 in depth, above the 14 arpents given them in
lieu of what they gave to the common and joining
to them at one side ; the side lines of which also
run s. E. and n. w., making 100 square arpents
given them as a gratification on account of the
lands they gave being of greater value by their
contiguousness to the settlement than those they
got, which lay at a greater distance. This parcel
now consists of 23 arpents in front, running along
the river St. Lawrence, by 25 in depth, joining
on one side to the common, from which it is di-
vided by a line running s. e. and n. w., and the
other side of the second rivulet that runs into the
river St. Lawrence in the way to lake St. Peter,
making 525 ; and 2j arpents in breadth between
the rear of the common and the hill, and thence
running along the whole back line of said com-
mon, making 35 square arpents, out of which they
reserved 5 arpents in front by 25 in depth, making
125 above and joining the common, 35 square ar-
pents joining the rear of the common which they
reserved. They also reserved, or rather made tem-
porary reservations of 16 arpents, which have since
been united to the common within the same lines
above the hill, which did not belong to this parcel
and does not therefore cause any diminution of
the 315 given for the common. By the same deed
Mr. de Montmagny gave to the reverend fathers
14 arpents of land in front, joining to the 5 ar-
pents by 25 that remained to them at the s. w.

side of the said 5 arpents in front By deed,

Aug. 8, 1664, Mr. de Mezy, governor, and Francis
Delaval, bishop of Quebec, granted to these re-

verend fathers- 4 arpents in front by 25 in depth,
above the 14 arpents given them in lieu of what
they gave to the common joining to them at one
side, the side lines of which run also s. e. and
N. w., making 100 square arpents given them as
a gratification on account of the lands they gave
being of greater value by their contiguousness to
the settlement than those they got, which lay at
a greater distance. This parcel now consists of
23 arpents in front, running along the river St.
Lawrence, by 25 in depth, joining at one side
to the common, from which it is divided by a line
running s. b. and N. w., and at the other side of
the second rivulet that runs into the river St.
Lawrence in the way to lake St. Peter, making
525 square arpents. — By deed, Aug. 26, 1637,
Mr. de Montmagny put the reverend fathers into
possession of 96 arpents of land at a place called
Coteau de la Descents, lying n. w. behind the
fort or habitation which he the same day caused
to be laid out by John Bourdon, engineer, &c.
This parcel consists of 96 square arpents of land
joining on one side to the road that runs along
the said Coteau de la Descente, bearing e. quarter
s , and at another side by a wall then erected,
under which he put coal and bricks, running w.
a quarter n. w. or thereabouts ; at another side
by a little hUl, which they then named Coteau de
St. Louis. — By the same deed and on the same
day, Mr. de Montmagny put the fathers into pos-
session of 4 arpents and 8 perches, or thereabouts,
lying very near the habitation or fort of Three
Rivers, on the N. e. side of it, which he then
caused to be laid out by the same engineer, by
erecting a wall at the part most distant from the
fort or habitation, running in a straight line from
s. E. to N. w. ; and on the opposite side, next the
fort or habitation, by erecting another wall run-
ning also s. E. and n. w. The distance between
the end of these two walls being 1 1 perches, and
the depth of the lot running back from the line
of 11 perches, 34 perches from the road that then
went along the river St. Lawrence and thence
running back into the country. This parcel is
erroneously stated in the deed as containing 4
arpents 8 perches, because in describing the boun-
daries to be a square of 1 1 perches in front, be-
tween two parallel lines running back 34 perches,
it will make the real contents only 3 arpents and
74 perches.

J O L

K A M

Grants made to the Jesuits for religious Purposes.

Names of the principal Grants.

Leagues in
length and
breadth.

Square
arpcnts.

Batiscan . ' .

2 by 20

282,240

Bonhomme

1 by 2

14,112

Cap de la Madeleine

2 by 20

282,240

Isle aux Reaux

, ,

360

La Prairie de la Madeleine

2 by 4

56,448

Notre Dame des Anges

1 by 4,

28,224

Isle St. Christopher

St. Gabriel

104,850

Pachigny

585

La Vacheric (Quebec) .

St. Nicolas in Lauzon .

1,180

Sillery ....

8,979

Tadoussac

N. B Besides other min

or grants, an

d valuable pro-

perties in the cities of Qu(

;bec and Montreal and the]

town of Three Rivers.

Johnson's Creek, river, in the s. angle of the
S. of De Lery, runs into the H. Richelieu.

JoLLiET, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, is in
the rear of Lauzon, separated from St. Etienne
by the Chaudi^re, and bounded on its other sides
by Frampton, Buckland and the S. of Ste. Marie.
— It is of an irregular figure ; its greatest length
Eilong the rear line of Lauzon is about five leagues,
occupying a space of about \\ league in width along
the Chaudiere, and is in depth along the b. line of
the S. of Ste. Marie about 3 leagues. — Granted,
Apr. 30th, 1697j to Sieur Louis Jolliet, and is
now the property of the Hon. Thomas Taschereau,
one of the judges of the Court of King's Bench at
Quebec. — This seigniory, in soil surface and qua-
lity of timber, bears a great affinity to the rear
part of the adjoining seigniory of Lauzon, being
much diversified, by hill and dale and in many
parts rocky, especially near the borders of the
Chaudiere. It is most abundantly watered by
numerous rivers and streams which traverse it
diagonally, the chief of which is the Etchemin
that crosses the S. from rear to front. Along the
borders of these rivers are situated flourishing and
well cultivated farms with comfortable dwellings.
The roads are numerous and have been judiciously
laid out at the suggestion of the seignior, who de-
votes much attention to those and other objects
(particularly the bridges erected over the various
rivers) tending to the comfort of the inhabitants
as well as to the general advancement of his S.
and other properties which he holds in its vicinity.
The road of communication from Quebec to the
United States runs through the western extremity;

a road also traverses the centre to the Etchemin,
and many other roads communicate with the ad-
joining seigniories.

Statistics of the Parish of Ste. Claire.

Population 1,600
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries , 1
Corn-mills . 1

Saw-mills . . 8
Potteries . , 1
Brick-kilns . I
Custom-houses 1

Notaries .
Shopkeepers
Taverns .
Artisans .

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 7,800
. 5,.300
. 3,900
, 21,200

Bushels.
Peas . 3,801
Rye . 80

Indian com . 50
Mixed Grain 80

Cwts.
Maple sugar 312
Hay, tons . 1,022

Live Stock.

456 I Cows
368 I Sheep

. 728 I Swine
.8,100 I

1,150

Title. — " Concession du SOme Avril, 1^97, faite par
Levis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur Louis Jolliet^ des islets qui sont dans la riviere
des Trechemins, au dessus du premier sault, contenant
trois quarts de lieiie ou environ, avec trois lieues de terre
de front sur pareille profondeur a prendre demi lieue au
dessous des dits islets en montant la dite riviere, tenant
d'un cote a la Seigneurie de Lauzon, et de I'autre aux terres
non-concedees." — Rigistre d'Intendance, iVo. 5, folio 15.

JuGLERS, River of, runs into the r. St. Mau-
rice below the k. Pisnay.

Jupiter River, runs into the St. Lawrence
and is on the s. side of the Island of Anticosti.

KaCOUATIMI, KaCUATHIEUE OrCoMEATHIEU,

river, runs into l. St. John. It is the only r.
between the grand outlet of that lake and the
R. Peribonea. It is of very little consequence and
its stream is so much obstructed that its ascent is
very difficult if not impracticable.
Kacouna, v. Cacona.

KaCUATHIEUE (R.) V. KaCOUATIMI.

Kamouraska, county, is bounded n. e. by the
CO. of Rimouski ; s. w. by the n. e. boundary line
of the S. of St. Roch des Aulnets, prolonged to
the southern boundary of the province ; N. w. by
the St. Lawrence, together with the islands in
that river nearest to the county and in whole or
in part fronting the same ; s. e. by the southern
boundary of the province. This county comprises
the seigniories of Terrebois, Granville and La-
chenaye, I'lslet du Portage, Granville, Kamou-
raska, St. Denis, Riviere Quelle and its aug. and

K A M

Ste. Anne ; also the townships of Bungay, Wood-
bridge and Ixworth. Its extreme length is 1 68 m.
and itsbreadth 40 ; it contains 4320 square mUes ;
its centre is in lat. 47° 3' n. long 69° 12 w. : it
sends 2 members to the Provincial Parliament and
the place of election is at Kamouraska. — The sur-
face of this CO. is uneven and mountainouSj par-
ticularly in the s. b. section. The soil is in many
places excellent and such as may be expected in a
tract so much diversified with hills and dales.
The principal mountains are the Machagos, the
Esockominoc, the Bunjauohen, the Ootaquisque-
gamookj the Machios, the Upquedopscook and the
AUagash. This county is exceedingly well wa-
tered by rivers and lakes ; the chief rivers are the
Kamouraska and the St. John, which traverses the
centre of the county from s. w. to n. e., present-
ing excellent lands for new settlements : farther
in the interior are the rivers Allagash and Aroo-
stook with their various branches. The most re-
markable lakes are the Chipitogmisis, the Panta-
guongamis and part of Eagle Lakes. — The front
of this CO. along the St. Lawrence exhibits hand-
some and flourishing settlements. The roads in
general are very good, and the scenery is highly
diversified and interesting. — It contains 5 parishes
and 2 extensive and beautiful villages.

Population 13,744
Churches, R. C. 4
Cures ■ 4

Presbyteries 4j
Convents . 1

Colleges . 1
Schools . 6
Villages . 2

Corn-mills
Saw-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Tanneries .
Potteries
Hat-manufac.
Medical men

Notaries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans
River-craft
Ship yards .
Tonnage .
Keel-boats

3
11
12
95
14

377

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat •
Oats
Barley ,
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

109,191
41,400
32,675

241,050

Bushels.
Peas . 22,840
Rye . 10,275
Buckwheat 1,200
Indian corn 5,060

Bushels.
Mixed gr. 12,100
Maple sugar,

cwts. 1211
Hay, tons 32,914

Live Stock.

3,658 1 Cows
2,852 1 Sheep

8,955 I Swine
26,490 I

4,558

Kamouraska, river, is formed by the junction
of two considerable branches called the Grand Bras
and the Petit Bras, the latter rising in the S. of
Riviere Quelle and the former in the waste lands
in the rear of that seigniory : these arms run n. e.
and meet in the 4th concession of Kamouraska.
The united streams run through the centre of that

S. in a very circuitous course and fall into the St.
Lawrence opposite to Kamouraska Islands. The
seignorial mill is on this b. nearly 1 mile w. of
the church of St. Pascal.

Kamoukaska, seigniory, in the co. of Kamou-
raska, is bounded in front by the St. Lawrence ;
N. B. by GranviUe ; s. w. by St. Denis ; in the rear
by Woodbridge and part of Bungay. — 3 leagues in
depth by 2 in breadth. Granted, July 15, 1674,
to Sieur de la Durantaie ; now the property of
Pascal Tache, Esq. — This very valuable and pro-
ductive seigniory is remarkable for its salubrious
climate, its population, the fertility of its soil and
its delightful scenery. In the vicinity of the river
the land is rather low, forming an extensive plain
broken here and there by a few singular hillocks
or rather rocks, crowned with a few dwarf pines
and low underwood : it abounds with rich natural
meadows and excellent pasturage that sufficiently
account for the quantity and quality of the Ka-
mouraska butter, so much esteemed in the Quebec
market. The soil, in the front part generally, is
excellent, being either a rich black mould, a yel-
low loam, or a mixture of clay and sand : towards
the rear it gradually becomes less fertile and one-
fourth of the S. is occupied by ridges of rocks un-
fit for cultivation. — Four concessions and part of
the 5th are settled, and some of the redundant po-
pulation occupy a portion of the waste lands to-
wards the rear. The number of farms is 495. —
There is not much timber except in the moun-
tainous parts, which produce fine beech, birch,
maple, basswood and pine. — This S. is watered
by the h. Kamouraska, which runs from the rear
through the centre to the St. Lawrence, and
also by some small streams. — Several roads lead
into the adjoining grants and many others open a
communication with the difierent concessions, on
which are numerous farm-houses in the midst of
fields of most luxuriant fertility : the road leading
from the church in the 3rd concession is particularly
fine andbeautiful,skirtedby houses and agricultural
buildings kept in the best order. — About one half
of the S. is under cultivation and agriculture has
made great progress : wheat and all kinds of grain
seldom fail of abundant harvests ; but these are
not the only dependence of the farmer, for here
are some of the best dairies in the province. —
19,000 bushels of wheat are sold out of the S. in
grain and flour. Poultry is scarce. There is one
corn-mill that drives 4 sets of stones ; it is built

KAMOURASKA.

of stone, 2 stories high, and stands on the R.
Kamouraska, in the 3rd range. The rent in ranges
1, 2 and 3 is Is. 8d. per front arpent, and 2s. 6d.
in the 4th range. — The Parish o/'' Kamouraska
includes the whole of this S. and half of the S. of
Granville. There is no place in the county where
flax is more cultivated than in this and the adja-
cent parish — so much so that the inhahitants, above
20,000j make sufficient linen cloth for their use.
The site for the new church of St. Pascal is 10 ar-
pents in superficial extent, of which 4 were liberally
given for the purpose by Mr. Robertaille and 6 were
sold by that gentleman for £60, much under the
value. — The Village of Kamouraska is in a pleasant
situation on the main road near the St. Lawrence.
It consists of a church, a presbytery and about
60 houses, mostly of wood, but a few are built with
stone in a style much superior to the others.
Some families of great respectability have fixed
their residence here, also some very reputable
shopkeepers and artisans; it can likewise boast
of one or two inns, where travellers may be well
entertained. During the summer this village is
enlivened by numerous visitors, who come hither
to recruit their health, as it has the reputation of
being one of the healthiest spots in the province ;
it is also the watering-plaxie, where many people
resort for the benefit of sea-bathing. The manor-
house, which is the residence of Mr. Tach^, is eli-
gibly situated near the river, at a short distance from
the village. — There are only 2 schools at present
in this rich and populous S. ; one, supported by
the Fabrique, is attended by about 30 scholars,
including 10 girls ; the other, under the auspices
of the Royal Institution, has about 40 scholars,
including 10 girls : in the latter the English lan-
guage is taught. A petition for the erection of a
college in this parish was recommended to the
House of Assembly by one of its committees, but
without success. Mr. Tache, with his usual li-
berality, offered to give a piece of land on which
it might have been erected. — This seigniory is not
without commercial advantages, besides its pro-
ductive fisheries; and the Kamouraska schooners
are well known at Quebec for the large quantities
of provisions they are laden with, such as grain,
live stock, poultry, butter, maple sugar, &c., be-
sides considerable freights of deal planks and other
timber. — The Kamouraska Islands, in front of the
seigniory, not only embellish the landscape but are
highly useful as the sites of the fisheries, which

are here carried on to a considerable extent, par-
ticularly the herring fishery : they are appendages
to the S. and are almost bare rocks, of great utility
as they afford a safe shelter to small vessels, of
which great numbers are always passing to and
from the numerous coves in the vicinity. The
names of these small islands are Isle Brulee, on
which stands a telegraph, Grosse Isle, I. au Patin,
I. de la Providence, I. la Plaudre, I. aux Corneilles.
There are 6 fisheries, viz.

2 at I. aux Corneilles
1 at I. aux Harangs
1 near Cap au Diable.

1 at I. au Patin,
1 at I. BruUe.

The fish caught are herring, shad, salmon, sardine,
flounders and smelts, and the average annual pro-
duce, besides what is consumed by the inhabitants,
is —

Barrels.

Herring

s, about

. 370

Sardine, about

. 300

Shad

. 150

Salmon

. 150

The prices at which these fish are generally sold
are —

Herrings, at from 12j. 6rf. to 17*. 6d. per barrel.
Shad . . 20j. to 25*. ditto.

Salmon . 10 to ] 2 dollars ditto, containing

from 26 to 30.
Sardine . 24*. ditto, containing 8 tinettes.

The fishing-seasons are during the months of May
and June, and from the 15th of Aug. to the 15th
of Oct. ; the best fish are caught in the autumnal
season. i

Statistics.

Population 5,495

Carding-mills

Churches, R. C. 1

Fulling-mills

Cur«s . 1

Saw-mills .

Presbyteries 1

Hat-manufact

Schools . 2

Medical men

Villages . 1

Notaries

Corn-mills 1

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

6
4

347

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Bai'ley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
39,000
18,300
15,600

Bushels.
Potatoes 110,000
Peas . 9,100

Bushels.

Rye . 5,600

Mixed grain 5,000

Live Stock.

1,650 1 Cows
1,650 1 Sheep

2,5501
6,650 1

Swine

1,598

Title. — " Concession du ISme Juillet, 1674, faite par
le Comte de Fronienac, Gouvemeur, au Sieur de la Duran-
taie, qui eontient trois lieues de terre de front, sur le
fleuve St. Laurent, savoir deux lieues au dessus de la
riviSre appelee Kamouraska et une lieue au dessous, icelle
comprise, avec deux lieues de profondeur dans les terres ;
ensemble les isles fitant au devant des dites trois lieues." —
Registre d'' Iniendance, Let. B. folio 30 et 31.

K I G

KANASHEGOMicHEjlake, is on the N. e. side of
the H. St. Maurice, into which its waters run.
It lies at the s. w. end of the Iroquois portage,
which leads from it to the upper part of the h.
Windigo.

Kaoissa, river, rises in l. "Wiscouamatche and
runs into l. St. John; it is l^ chain wide and
runs from e. to n. ; the stream is very rapid and
is hounded on each side hy high rocks.

Kawatikouck (R.), v. Coaticook.

Kempt Road, v. Roads.

Kennebec Road, v. Roads.

Kent and Strathbhn (V.), v. Temiscouata
Portage.

Kenuagomi (L.), v. Kiguagomi.

Kenuagomishish (L.), v. Kiguagomishish.

Kenwangomi (L.), v. Kiguagomi.

Kenwangomishish (L.), v. Kiguagomishish.

Kesikau, river, falls into the St. Maurice
above Mont au Chene, ahout 300 m. above Three
Rivers. The head of this ii. is connected by port-
ages and lakes with the r. Assuapmoussoin.

Ketti^e Lake, v. Chaudiere, l.

Kickandatch, river and lake. The r. runs
through waste lands from the north into the head
of the lake, which is the last of the chain of lakes
that supply the first waters of the St. Maurice.

Kiguagomi, or Long Lake, called also Ke-
nuagomi, Kenwangomi, Kinogami, Chinouagomi,
Tsiamagomi and Tshnuagami. This beautiful lake
lies on the left of the Chicoutimi and 7 leagues up
that river. Its length is variously represented by
travellers as from 5 to 9 leagues long and from
half a mile to two miles in width, with an average
breadth of nearly a mile. It is navigable for vessels
of 60 or 80 tons, and by some accounts for vessels
of at least 100 tons. An explorer, who states its
length as only 5 or 6 leagues, says that it is so
narrow that it resembles a river more than a lake.
It is separated from another lake called Kigua-
gomishish by a species of dividing ridge, about a
mile or 1^ mile long and half a mile wide, which
separates the waters flowing southward directly
into the Saguenay from those which, by pursuing
a northernly course, first enter Lake St. John, a
topographical feature of rather unusual occurrence;
but it is said that this is not, strictly speaking,
the case, because a small stream falls from Lake
Kiguagomishish into Lake Kiguagomi. Although
unusual, this is not a physical impossibility, with-
out, indeed, as has been asserted, the waters of the

latter are higher than those of the former. — Sur-
rounded by high rocky hiUs, some of which have
barren cliffs about 200 ft. high. The southern
borders rise into hills of about 300 feet high,
timbered with spruce, white birch and aspen ; the
land is so rocky, and the cliffs appear in so many
places, that this side of the lake is quite unfit
for culture. The northern side, although not
so mountainous, frequently rises in perpendicular
cliffs of granite, whose base is bathed by the
waters of the lake: their summits are clothed
with cypress and a stinted description of pine,
sometimes called Norway pine. The prevailing
timber is white birch and there is neither ash
nor elm — Pointe au Sable, or Sandy Point, is a
low bank of alluvial soil stretching into the lake
from the northern shore. It lies at the entrance
of a river and would be an excellent situation for
a village. Opposite to it on the south side a
small stream falls into the lake from between the
high mountains which form its bed, and the
cascade at its entrance affords a good site for a
mill and similar establishments. About 4 miles
from Pointe au Sable is a dry green bay, which
appears to enter deep into the northern shore
and to be free from mountains and rocky pre-
cipices for some distance. It is the only place
between Portage de I'Enfant, on the R. Chicou-
timi, and the portage of Kiguagomi, where land
fit for farming might be expected to occur in any
considerable extent. — Little can be said of Lake
Kiguagomi in an agricultural point of view, but
its sublime and beautiful scenery is highly extoUed.
Its length, its numerous rocky capes and bays, and
its precipitous shores, cause it to resemble the Sa-
guenay, but its mountains are neither so high nor so
barren. — The Portage Kiguagomi, also called In-
sula Formosa or Belle Isle, is 96 chains in length
and Lies on the height of land which separates Lake
Wiqui from Lake Kiguagomishish.

Kiguagomishish, or Little Lake, called also
Kenuagomishish, Kenwangomishish, Kinogamishish,
Chinouagomisliiche, Tsiamagomishish and Tshnua-
gamitshish. This lake, though 9 miles long if fol-
lowed in its windings, is only 3 miles in a straight
line, and varies in width from 220 yards to one
mile. It is navigable for vessels of 30 or 40 tons.
The narrow outlet that connects it with Belle
Riviere, by which its waters are conveyed to Lake
St. John, winds through alders and is called
Riviere des Aulnais. This lake is about half a

K I L

K I N

league from Lake Kiguagomij with which it is
supposed to be connected by the R. Baddel}'. Its
shores are low, interspersed with elm and ash and
fit for cultivation, particularly the northern side.
Although the immediate shore on its s. side is
low, on retiring back from it the lands become
ultimately as elevated as those on the northern
shore of Lake Kiguagomi, of which they are pro-
bably a continuation.

KiLDARB J township, in the co. of Berthier, lies
in the rear of the aug. to La Valtrie and is bounded
N. E. by D'AiUebout, D'Argenteuil and the aug.
to Lanoraye and Dautraye; s. w. by Rawdon
and St. Sulpice ; in the rear by waste lands. —
This tract is less than the half of a full inland
township and was divided into 12 ranges, each
of which is subdivided into 12|- lots. 11,000
acres were originally granted, under letters patent,
to the late Mons. de la Valtrie, and recently a
tract of 3,600 acres was granted to the Pastorus'
family, leaving consequently, after deducting from
the whole extent of the township 2-7ths as the
reservations for the crown and the clergy, which
are laid out in blocks, but a small quantity of
land for the military locations, still reduced by
Major Colclough's grant of 1,800 acreSj at present
under letters patent. This t. is most eligibly
situated and contains excellent lands, which are
as far as the 9th range generally level ; beyond
this it assumes an uneven and mountainous ap-
pearance. Most of the lands are susceptible of
cultivation ; there are some rocks, and the soil is
a gray earth and clay covered with black mould ;
some parts are yellow and sandy but fit for agri-
culture. The portion granted to the late Mr.
Vondenvelden has been about 20 years settled.
The timber is chiefly hard wood, and the t. is
watered by the rivers L'Assomption, Rouge, and
Blanche. — The road traversing this t., between
the 5th and 6th ranges, is in high order and well
settled on both sides by Canadians ; it is the lead-
ing road into Rawdon. The Canadian settle-
ments in the 4th, 5th and 6th ranges, particularly
the 5th and 6th, are in a flourishing condition.
The new emigrant settlements, placed under the
care of Major Colclough in 1821, have made
much progress and contain a neat village built
near the n. b. line ; it is approached by a fine road
that traverses the greater part of the t. between
the 7th and 8th ranges, having good bridges and
from the village it leads into Berthier. All the
Canadian settlements are worthy of particular

notice, in consequence of the domestic happiness
and rural comforts of the inhabitants and the good
state of their roads and bridges. — The lands are
conceded on terms similar to those of the seignio-
ries. — In this T. is a great natural curiosity, a
cavern discovered by two young Canadian pea-
sants while hunting the wild cat. — Ungranted and
unlocated, 874 acres.

Kilkenny, township, in the co. of Lachenaye,
is bounded n. e. by Rawdon ^ s.w. by Aber-
cromby; in front by the S. of Lachenaye and the
aug. to Terrebonne ; in the rear by waste lands.
Although it has the usual breadth of an inland
township, it contains a less than usual superficial
extent on account of the obliquity of the rear
lines of the seigniories in its front. The general
feature of this t. is mountainous and uneven;
and in some places it rises in gradual swells, in
other parts the surface is broken and rocky. The
most mountainous part seems to traverse the 9th
and lOth ranges ; thence n. the land descends by
easy slopes beyond the rear outlineandforms a valley
through which it is supposed North River flows,
fertilizing the lands on each side, which are reputed
to be excellent. Notwithstanding the unevenness
and irregularity of the surface, the soil generally
is by no means unfit for the plough, though in-
ferior to that of Rawdon and Kildare. — This t.
is abundantly watered by rivers and numerous
lakes. The River Achigan rises here in a great
number of small streams issuing, chiefly, from the
lakes on and near the rear boundary line ; the w.
branch of the r. Petit Esprit also rises in the
N. B. part of this t. The principal lakes are
called Killarney ; they lie in the n. w. angle ; the
largest is studded with islands and extends 6 m. in
length and its extreme width is 1^ m. — There
are no roads, not even one to the settlement of New
Glasgow, lying less than l-J m. from the s. e.
boundary. — The Rev. Mr. Burton, who resides in
Rawdon, has the agency of this township, but
from its having been only recently surveyed, little
or no progress has been made in respect of settle-
ments, except by a few Irish emigrants, who have
without any legal authority settled, promiscuously,
in various parts of the t.

KiNGHAM, river, rises in 2 small lakes in the
6th range of Grenville, and winds to the s. w. to
its junction with the Ottawa at the basin, about
8 chains above the w. extremity of the canal.
This river is not of great magnitude, but it is ex-
tremely rapid down to the 2nd range.

KIN

KiNGSEY, township^ in the co. of Drummondj
lies on the e. bank of the k. St. Francis and is
bounded n. w. by Simpson; s. e. by Shipton and
in the rear by Warwick. A line drawn from w.
to B. would nearly separate the two qualities of
land that compose this t. The front and the side
next to Shipton are of the best quality, and
produce beech, birch, maple, butternut, bass-
wood and oak timber. The parts adjoining
Warwick and Simpson are low and swampy,
covered with cedar, spruce fir and similar woods.
— Several branches of the Nicolet water it advan-
tageously enough ; on the banks of these streams
a few settlers have established themselves, but the
greatest appearance of cultivation is in front, on
the St. Francis, where some industrious farmers
have made great progress ; their successful ex-
ample will be likely to attract other settlers of
similar habits, and in a few years, from the na-
tural fertility of the soil, aided by their exertions,
this in all probability will become a populous and
thriving township. The principal proprietors are
the heirs of the late Major Sam. Holland, late sur-
veyor-general, and the heirs of the late Dr. Geo.
Longmore: a small proportion is held by the
family of Donald Maclean. — Ungranted and un-
located, 12,100 acres.

Statistics.
Population . 306

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

fiushels.

4,700

3,060

850

Bushels.
Potatoes 6,500
Peas . 670
Rye . 1,000

Bushels.
Buck wheat 100
Indian corn 700

Live Stock.

183 1 Cows
244. 1 Sheep

303 1 Swine
610 I

300

King's Posts. — The extensive tract of ter-
ritory known by the name of the King's Posts
commences at the cape and river of Cormoran on
the N. E., and extending due n. strikes through
the highlands and divides the Hudson's Bay ter-
ritory from the province of Lower Canada ; thence
following the course of the highlands it strikes
across Lake Mistassini, and thence following the
division of the waters of the St. Maurice, Lake
St. John and Batiscan to the n. w. angle of the
S. of Batiscan ; then it runs e. along the rear of the
seigniories to the Black River, or eastern limits
of Mount Murray, and follows the course of that

river to the St. Lawrence, and descending the
northern shore of the gulf reaches to Cape Cor-
moran. The frontage of this immense tract on the
St. Lawrence and the gulf is 140 leagues and the
SS. of Portneuf and Mille Vaches, which lie in this
extent of coast, are excepted. — The country of the
King's Posts is leased to Mr. M'Doual for £1200
per ann. — In the posts and fisheries 4.50 men are
employed and 500 in the Indian trade. 300 tierces
of salmon are annually sold ; and 2 schooners, 80
boats and 15 canoes are engaged in the fisheries.
— The animals in the country commonly called
the King's Posts are, caribou, beaver, bear, lynx,
fox, wolverine, porcupine, otter, hare, ground-hog,
polecat, and the elk which has nearly disappeared.
— The timber is white, yellow and red pines;
white, red and gray spruce ; elm, white and black
birch, maple, poplar, ash, linden and cedar. —
There are 7 trading posts, at each of which about
30 men are employed on an average. — The prin-
cipal posts of the company are at the following
places :

Tadoussac
Chicoutimi
Lake St. John

Necoubau

Mistcissinoe

Papinachois

Muskapis
Moise, R.
Seven Islands.

Lake Chamachouin is the last of the Saguenay
Posts, where about 15 families live. It is 50 L
w. of Lake St. John.

The Post of Assuapmoussoin is on the R. of that
name. The land near the post is low and swampy.

The Metahetshuan Post is near the mouth of a
R. of that name and situated on an alluvial bank
at the most southwardly point of Lake St. John.
The establishment consists of a dwelling-house
for the resident clerk, a store, a bakehouse and
stables or barn, with a spacious garden yielding
abundance of vegetables, particularly potatoes. It
is situated on the site where the Jesuits, in the
16th century, had an establishment. The fur-
rows made by the plough are still seen in the
lands near the garden : these lands, which at that
period were entirely cleared, are now overgrown
with spruce, aspin, fir, beech and pine ; some part
of it, however, produces timothy hay. The apple
and plum-trees, which existed in the memory of
persons now living, have disappeared. At this post
the company of the King's Posts carry on the In-
dian trade. The soil and climate must be good,
because not only corn and various vegetables, but
cucumbers and melons grow to perfection.

The Chicoutimi Establishment, about 58 m. from "/..

KIN

LAB

Tadoussac and 67 m. 68 chains from l. St. John,
is at the e. extremity of the peninsula at the con-
fluence of the Rivers Chicoutinni and Saguenay-
It is a factory of the King's Posts' Company and
the only trading post on the Saguenay. It con-
sists of a dwelling-house for the clerk or agent, on
a rising ground, commanding a view of the Sa-
guenay and the harbour, a store judiciously placed
near the landing, a bakehouse, stables and barn:
several pieces of tilled ground furnish various ve-
getables, particularly potatoes, and even some luxu-
ries for the table. The chapel, erected by the Je-
suit Labrosse in 17^7 > stands on a rising ground
projecting into the basin at the foot of the falls :
it is about 25 ft. long and 15 wide: the altar,
which is plain, as well as the pictures or engrav-
ings, evidently betray the hand of time : the tomb-
stone with a long inscription, recording the death
of Father Cocar in the last century, is broken in
several places and the Latin inscription can with
difficulty be understood. A Catholic missionary
visits the post twice a year and teaches the natives
the first principles-of the Catholic religion, of which
the Jesuits framed a catechism in the Cree lan-
guage and circulated it among them. The house
at the post was built in 1794-5. At the distance
of 170 ft. from the banks is a rock 11 ft. high and
the tide rises 5 ft. above it ; to leap upon it was
a favourite amusement of the people of the post a
few years since ; this encroachment of the river has
been made within the last 40 years. — Only 10
families live in the neighbourhood of the Chicou-
timi post. — The hay consumed at the post is cut
from considerable prairies bordering 5 leagues of
the R. Sagutenay from Rocky Point to Terres Rom-
pues; these prairies or meadows are 9 m. below
the post. The tide rises here 16 ft. perpendicular
at spring tides. — The climate is favourable tti ve-
getation and it has been found by experiment that
grain will ripen much sooner at Chicoutimi than
at Quebec. Vegetables of all kinds and cucum-
bers succeed very well, and strawberries were eaten
by Mr. de Sales Laterriere, who visited this part
of the country in 1827, on the 17th of June.
The frost regularly sets in at the latter end of
October and continues till the end of April or
beginning of May ; it always freezes here 10 or
12 days sooner than at Lake St. John. The views
round Chicoutimi are sufficiently pleasing and the
land, with the exception of some rocks scattered
here and there, is fit for cultivation. Chicoutimi
is the only place on the Saguenay where the soil

is fertile; it is a blue clay too little mixed with
loam or sand and produces an abundance of timber
of excellent growth. The greatest impediment to
the population of this tract is its distance from an
inhabited country, for, as soon as the navigation is
closed by the frost, all intercourse with the rest of
the world is entirely cut ofi". The distance to Mal-
bay, in a straight line, is 60 m., and the journey has
been accomplished on snow shoes in two days. If
the government, or rich proprietors, would be at
the expense of forming a military route (in the
manner of the Romans,) to Malbay, or Baie St.
Paul, it is supposed that a numerous population
would settle here in a few years : vidthout this
facility it is probable that all the advantages
offered by the Saguenay country will remain for
a long time unenjoyed.

KiNLEPAHiRAN, is part of the BeUe Riviere,
which runs into Lake St. John.

KoTACHAU, river, falls into the w. angle of l.
St. John, near the mouth of the Assuapmoussoin.

KUSHPAHIGAN (R.), f • BbLLE RiVIEKE.

KusPAHiGANiSH Or Knoshpygish, liver, runs
into the s. side of lake St. John. On this small
river is a grove of maple, where the sugar used at
the Post of Chicoutimi is made. The Deputy
Surveyor General ascended this h. about 7 mUes,
and found its banks composed of an alluvial clayey
loam; and where the banks are at all elevated
the clay lies beneath a stratum of light loam and
the vegetable mould. The land is, in general,
excellent, and is timbered with elm, ash, black
birch, basswood, maple and fir : on the higher
lands the timber is, chiefly, pine, spruce, fir, white
birch, cedar and balsam : the white and red pine
are of good quality. — The current is rapid, and
its ascent obstructed by large trees that fall across
the river and prevent the traveller from proceed-
ing more than 7 miles, where the river becomes
very narrow and the passage completely impeded
by the fallen trees. The numerous tracks of the
beaver and otter prove that this river is but little
frequented by the Indian hunters.

Labadie, fief, in the S. of Ste. Marguerite, in
the CO. of St. Maurice, extends along the St. Law-
rence 1 league in front by 1 league in depth, lying
between the grant made to Mr. Severin Haineau
and Bouoherville fief. — Granted, Nov. 3, 1672,
to Sieur Labadie.

LAC

Title " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par

Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Ldbadie, d'un quart de
lieue de front sur une demi lieue de profondeur, i prendre
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la concession de Mr.
Severm Haineau, tirant vers celle du Sieur Pierre Boucher. "
— Rigistre d'lntendance, No. 1, folio 27.

Lac DBS Deux Montagnes (S.), v. Lake of
Two Mountains.

LACHENArEj county, in the district of Mont-
real, is bounded N. e. by the co. of L'Assomp-
tion ; s. w. by the co. of Terrebonne ; in the rear
by the province line; in front by the St. Law-
rence. It comprehends the parishes of Lachenaye,
St. Henry de Mascouche and St. Roch, and the
townships of Kilkenny and Wexford. Its extreme
length is 39 miles and its breadth 13, containing
299 square miles; its centre is in lat. 45° 43' n.
long. 73° 30' w. It sends two members to the
Provincial Parliament and the place of election is
at St. Roch. The principal rivers are the Achi-
gan, Mascouche and St. Esprit, and it contains
the Killarney and several minor lakes. The sur-
face, generally, is level, except in the township of
Kilkenny, where there are a few rising grounds.
Statistics.

Population 14,875
Churches, R. C. 4
Churches, Pro. 1
Cures . 4

Presbyteries 4

Schools
Villages

Corn-mills .

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Potasheries .

Pearlasheries

Just, of Peace

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

100

Annual Agricultural Produce.

bushels.

48,100

43,930

6,130

Potatoes 201,579

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
Peas . 21,588
Rye . 3,910
Buck wheat 700
Indian corn 9,000

Live Stock.

4,815 1 Cows . 8,253 1 Swine
5,580 1 Sheep . 20,5001

Bushels.
Mixed grain 4,900
Maple sugar,

cwts. 491
Hay, tons 33,100

8,550

Lachenaye, seigniory, in the co. of Lache-
naye, is bounded n. e. by L' Assomption ; s. w. by
Terrebonne, Desplaines and the augmentation to
Terrebonne ; in the rear by the t. of Kilkenny ;
in front by the r. St. Jean or Jesus. — The original
extent included the fief L' Assomption, and was
granted April 16, 1647, to Pierre Legardeur,
Sieur de Repentigny, and contained 4 leagues in
front by 6 in depth : this tract was afterwards
equally divided into the present seigniory and fief,
and the former is the property of Peter Pangman,
Esq. — The quality of the land is various, hut
tolerably good : the usual sorts of grain and other
produce are cultivated here with much success;
and many places are well suited to the growth of
flax, which might be raised to a considerable ex-

tent. On the borders of the St, Jean, Achigan,
Mascouche, Ruisseau des Anges, St. Pierre and
other streams, are nine ranges of concessions, con-
taining together 456 lots, nearly equal to one half
of the seigniory ; of this number rather more than
400 are cleared, well settled, and much improved.
The rivers Achigan and Mascouche, with several
smaller streams and rivulets branching from them,
water the S. very favourably ; and, although
neither of these rivers is navigable for boats, tim-
ber is brought down them to the St. Lawrence :
in spring and autumn their waters greatly increase,
and in these seasons some rapids in them are very
violent ; but even in the usual periods of drought
there is seldom any want of a sufficient supply to
keep the mills at work. On the Achigan is a corn-
mill, and on the Mascouche a com and a saw-mill.
Over the different rivers are good bridges, and
from Lachenaye church are two ferries, one to the
Riviere des Prairies, where Is. Qd. is charged for
each person, the other to Isle Jesus, where lOrf.
is charged for each passenger. About 1 mile from
the B. St. Jean is a fief of 18 acres in front, that
runs into the S. of L' Assomption as far as the limits
of St. Sulpice, which belongs to Mrs. Deviene.

The Parish of St. Henri/ de Mascouche extends
from the church n. e. about 2 leagues ; by the
Grand Coteau s. one league; w. and n. w. li
league; and e. IJ league, comprehending the
Cabanne Ronde. In this P. the lands conceded
prior to 1759 are charged at the rate of one pint
of wheat and 1 sol for each superficial arpent, and
3 sols, tournois, quit rent, on each concession, with
other usual charges and reservations. The present
rents are at the rate of 2L bushels of wheat and 4
livres 10 sous, for each farm of 3 ai"pents by 30, ex-
cept in the C6te de Grasse, where the rent is 4^-
bushels of wheat and one pistole. In this parish
6000 arpents fit for cultivation remain unconceded ;
these lands have no road, and have not been sur-
veyed. There are a sufficient number of persons
both willing and able to settle on these non-con-
ceded lands, and the causes that retard their settling
are supposed to be the high rates required by the
seignior for each concession, and the preference
given by him to strangers, particularly the Ame-
ricans.

In the Parish of Lachenaye, which occupies the
front of the S., all the lands are conceded and have
been surveyed , The rents of the concessions granted
before 1759 are the same as those charged at that
time for the lands in the parish of St. Henry.

LA LA

Statistics of the Parishes of St. Henry de Mascouche and Lachenaye.

Parishes.

1
o

1
1

1
o

1
1

■§

1
a.

1
1

C
O

1
]

2
3

£
1

1
1

s
1

■i

1
1

2
4

30
20

St. Henry deMascouche
Lacbenaye . . . .

2357
124..9

3606

Parishes.

Annual Affr'Cultural Produce, in bushels. 1

Live Stock. |

A
1

C/>

St. Henry deMascouche
Lachenaye . • . .

13100
7000

10400
3500

2600
250

7800
1588

1530
720

1950
800

3000
1005

6000
.3000

2500
11-00

20100

13900

2850

9388

2250

2750

4005

9000

3900

Title. — " Concession en date du 16me Avril, 1647, faite
par la Compagnie, k Pierre Lcgardeur, Sieiir de Repentigny,
de quatre lieues de terre a prendre le long du iieuve St.
Laurent, du cotfi du Nord, tenant d' une part aux terres ci-
, devant concedces aux Sieurs Cherrier etLeroyer, en mon-
tant le long du dit fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la borne qui
sera mise entre les dites terres des Sieurs Cherrier et Le-
royer et celles-ci a present concSdees, jusqu'au dit espace
de quatre lieues, auquel endroit sera mise une autre borne ;
la dite itendue de quatre lieues sur six lieues de profon-
deur dans les terres." — Cahiers d' Intend. No. 10 <J 17,
folio 414.

La Chevrotiehb, riverj is formed by the
junction of three streams^ two of which rise in
the S. of Deschambault, and being united receive
the third in the S. of La Chevrotiere and run
into the St. Lawrence.— It is navigable for boats
about 5 m. up to the seignorial mill. Near its
mouth it turns a mill, below which it is about 10
or 12 ft. deep when the tide flows, where it admits
boats and schooners to load and unload, and protects
them from the ice during the winter.

La Chevrotiere or Chavigny, seigniory, in
the CO. of Portneuf, is bounded n. b. by Descham-
bault ; s. w. by La Tesserie ; in the rear by waste
lands of the crown ; in front by the St. Lawrence.
— One league in front by 3 in depth : the date of
the grant is uncertain, as the original title has
never been found among the records of the pro-
vince, or among the registers of fealty and homage;
but, from the tenor of the grants of La Tesserie
and Deschambault, it appears to have been con-
ceded some time before the year 1652, to M.
Chavigny de la Chevrotiere : it is now possessed
by M. de la Chevrotiere, a lineal descendant of the
person who first received the grant. — The soil
generally possesses considerable fertility, and is

well suited to the produce of wheat and other
grain, though not more than one third of it is
under tillage, The surface is uneven. The banks
of the St. Lawrence in this S. are high, the beach
rocky and irregular, and the battures or shoals run
out to a considerable distance. — Beech, maple, and
some excellent pine timber are found close to the
river. — The S. is watered by many small streams
besides the river Ste. Anne, that crosses it near
its rear limit, and the Chevrotiere, that winds
along the middle about 6 m. ; this little river rolls
its slender stream between two banks of con-
siderable elevation, and, after crossing the ridge
in front, descends into the St. Lawrence through
a valley, in which by the side of the main road
are a dwelling-house, a corn and a saw-miU,
most delightfully situated. On the west bank of
this river the road is rather difficult, from its steep-
ness and circuitous course ; but, on the opposite
side, the rise is gradual and easy of ascent to the
top of the eminence along which it passes onwards
to Quebec : besides this main road, there are
several others running in different directions. On
the summit of the elevation, and on each side of
the highway, are many handsome farfns, in a good
state of improvement. — Many of the inhabitants
are either sailors or shipwrights, and 3 or 4
schooners, and sometimes a brig of 200 tons, are
built within the year.

Title " On n'a pu trouver le titre de cette concession

au Bureau du Secretaire, ni dans le Registre des P^oi et
Hommage. 11 paroit seulement par les concessions voi-
sines de Deschambault et de la Tesserie, qu'eUe fut faite
avant nnil six cent cinquante-deux, a un Mr. Chavigny de
la Chevrotiere, qui, ou ses ayant-causes, la ceda au propria-

L A

taire de Deschambault, 4 laquelle elle est restee reunie sous
le nom de cette demiere. Suivant les arpentages que nous
avons de cette partie, ces deux concessions reunies occu-
pent deux lieues de front sue trois lieues de profondeur."

Lachine Canal, v. Canals.

Lachine (V. and P.), v. Montreal, S.

Lac Mitis (S.), v. Mitis.

La Colle or Beaujeu, seigniory, in the co.
of Acadie, is bounded n. by De Lery, s. by the
state of Vermontj in the rear by Hemmingford,
in front by the R. Richelieu. — 2 leagues in breadth
by 3 in depth. Granted March 22, 1743, to Sieur
de Beaujeu, and is now the property of General
Christie Burton. — Towards the front the land is
rather low, with some few swampy patches, which
excepted, the soil is in general good and very well
timbered : in the rear the land is much higher,
and, although partially intersected by strata of
rocks and veins of stone, lying a little below the
surface, the soil is rich and perhaps superior to
the lower lands. On these upper grounds there
is much beech, maple and elm timber ; the wet
places afford abundance of cedar, tamarack, spruce
fir and hemlock. Although the greatest part of
this S. is very eligible for the purposes of cul-
tivation, and would produce all sorts of grain
abundantly, besides being peculiarly well suited
to the growth of hemp and flax, there is not more
than one third settled — The river La Colle,
winding a very sinuous course from west to east,
intersects it and fi^lls into the Richelieu. — A
number of houses, situated oh each side of the
road that runs along the ridge from the state of
New York, about 21^ miles towards La CoUe,
have obtained the name of Odell Toivn from Cap-
tain Odell, who was one of the first and most
active settlers in this part : he is an American by
birth, and so are the greatest part of the other
inhabitants, but they are now in allegiance to the
English government. The effect of the activity
and good husbandry, natural to American farmers,
is much to be admired in this small but rising
settlement: the fields are well tilled and judi-
ciously cropped, the gardens planted with economy
and the orchards in full bearing; above all, the
good roads in almost every direction, but par-
ticularly towards the town of Champlain, attest
their industry ; and it is likely, from its vicinity
to the thickly inhabited townships on the American
side of the boundary, the small distance from
Champlain, Plattsburgh and Burlington, the easy

access to the Richelieu for expeditious water car-
riage, and especially from the persevering labour
of its population, that Odell Town will advance
in agi'icultural improvement and become wealthy
and flourishing. — This S. is divided into 9 con-
cessions, which are all settled. — The village of
Burtonville is one mile s. w. of the road leading
from Montreal to Champlain. — Lacolle Parish
includes all the seigniory only, and the church is
on the Montreal road 2 miles from the province
line. — Near the mouth of the river La Colle is
Isle aux Tetes, or Ash Island, on which there is
a redoubt commanding the whole breadth of the
Richelieu. This little spot and the flotilla moored
between it and La Colle, in July 1814, formed
the advanced naval position towards Lake Cham-
plain, at which period the American flotilla was
stationed at Pointe au Fer and Isle a la Motte,
about ten miles distant.

Population 1,981
Corn-mills . 1
Carding-mills 1
Fulling-mills I
Saw-mills . 4

Tanneries

Statistics.

Hat-manufaet.
Potteries
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries
Distilleries .

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

1 Just, of Peace 1 Keel-boats . 3

Annual Agticultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 19,000
Oats . 16,000
Barley . 3,000

Bushels.
Potatoes 29,000
Peas . 2,020
Rye . 280

Bushels.
Indian corn 2,300

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

9901 Cows
1,0001 Sheep

1,5501 Swine
1,900 1

1,080

Title. — " Concession du 8me Avril, 1733, faite par
Charles Marquis de Beanharnois, Gouvemeur, et Gilles
Hocguarl, Intendant, au Sieur Louis Denis de la Ronde,
de deux lieues de terre de front sur trois lieues de profon.
deur, bornei du c6te du Nord par la Seigneurie nouvelle-
ment conc6dee au Sieur Chaussegros de L(ry, et sur la
meme ligne ; et au Sud par une Ugne tiree Est et Ouest
du monde; sur le devant par la riviere Chambly, et sur le
derriSre a trois lieues joignant aux terres non.conc£d6es,
et en outre la petite isle qui est audessus de I'isle aux

TStes Cette concession est accordte de nouveau au Sieur

Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu, par titre dat6 22me Mars, 1743.
Voyez Reg. d'Intend. No 9, folio 10." — Rdgistre d'lntend-
ance, No. 7, folio 16.

La Colle, river, in the S. of La Colle, winds
a very sinuous course from w. to e. and falls into
the K. Richelieu opposite to Ash island. It is not
navigable even for canoes. Odell Town is built
near its southern source, and La Colle mill is
erected about one, mile from its mouth. At the
numerous rapids on this R. are many excellent
situations for mills.

L A

L A K

Lac Ouakbau, v. Ouareau.

Lac Vkrt, near Lake St. Johiij is called by the
Indians Kasushikeomi, the " lake of clear water^"
a name very well applied, as the waters are so
clear, that the bottom of the lake can be discovered
at the depth of several fathoms ; possessing, at the
same time, a green tinge that has given it the
French name : the waters of this L. contrast
most singularly with those of Lake Tsiamago-
mishish, which are of a whitish colour, not pos-
sessing any degree of transparency. Lac Vert is
about 1y m. long and about | m, broad, exhibit-
ing on its borders a boldness of scenery peculiarly
attractive. A succession of high mountains ranges
from the west along the south borders of the lake,
leaving but a very narrow strip of culturable
ground between it and the foot of the mountains,
which are clothed with spruce, fir and pine. On
the north side there is but a narrow tongue of
land, which divides Lac Vert from L. Tsiamago-
mishish, on which is some tolerably good red pine,
some white pine, spruce and white birch. The
west end of the lake is low and level for some
considerable distance, the land is of good quaKty
and well timbered with spruce, birch, cedar,
fir and some pine. In the channel between the
two lakes, during a late survey, a piece of
bark folded, and set in a particular direction on
a pole, was seen, on which was delineated by
some Indian hunters the course that they had
taken up some particular river, and which had
most probably been left there as an information
for some other Indian hunters who were about
to join them. This is a mode of rendezvous used
by the Ahenaquis and Algonquin nations, who
very likely had visited this place, and were then
returning towards their own grounds, as appeared
by the direction of the rivers.

La Durantaie, seigniory, and augmentation,
in the co. of Bellechasse, front the St. Lawrence.
Bounded s. w. by Beaumont; n. e. by Ber-
thier ; in the rear by the T. of Armagh and the
S. of St. Gervais. — 2 leagues in breadth by 2 in
depth. Granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur de la
Durantaie : the augmentation, of the same dimen-
sions, was granted to Sieur de la Durantaie, May

1st, 1693 The grant and augmentation are now

divided in equal proportions into the two seigniories
of St. Michel and St. Vallier, to which the reader
is referred.

Title.—" Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de la Durantaie de deux
lieues de terre de front sur autant de profondeur, i prendre
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, tenant d'un cott a demi arpent
au dela du Sault qui est sur la terre du Sieur Desiskta, et
de I'autre le canal Bellechasse, icelui non compris, par-
devant le fleuve St. Laurent, et par derriSre les terres non-
concedces. — Le canal de Bellechasse etoit si peu connu au
terns de cette concession, que les parties y intfressees ne
pouvant eonvenir de leurs homes, des experts nommcs par
la Cour determinSrent que la pointe de Bellechasse s6pare-
roit les deux Seigneuries de la Durantaie et de Berthier."
— Regietre d'Iniendance, No. 1, folio 7.

Augmentatim.—" Concession du ler Mai, 1693, faite
au Sieur de la Durantaie, par Louis de Buade et Jean Boc-
hait, Intendant, de deux lieues de terre de profondeur a
prendre au bout et ou se termine la profondeur de son fief
de la Durantaie, sur pareille largeur du dit fief, qui a en-
viron trois lieues de front, borne d'un cote au Sud-ouest
aux terres de Beaumont et au Nord-est aux celles de Ber-
thier. — La Durantaie differe, quant au front de celui de
I'augmentation : ce front, est sur le terrein de deux lieues
cinquante arpens. Par ordre de la Cour cette Seigneurie
avec son augmentation a ete divisee en deux parties egales
connues aujourd'hui, savoir, celle du Sud-ouest sous le
nom de St. Michel, et celle du Nord-est sous celui de St.
Valier." — Rigistre d'Intendance, Let. T). folio 13.

La Fresnay, fief, in the co. of L'IsIet, was
granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieurs Gamache and
Belleavance. f league in front by 1 league in
depth along the St. Lawrence, between a conces-
sion granted to Demoiselle Amiot and that of Sieur
Fournier.

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, aux Sieurs Gamache et Belleavance,
d'une demi lieue de terre sur une lieue de profondeur, a
prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la concession
de la Demoiselle Amiot, tirant vers celle du Sieur Fourr
nier." — Registre d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 26.

Lait, au, a small stream that falls into the
s. w. side of the r. St. Maurice, above the N.
Bastonais, r.

Lake Temiscouata (S.), v. Madawaska.

Lake op Two Mountains, seigniory and aug-
mentation, are bounded w. by Argenteuil and
Chatham Gore; b. by Kiviere du Chene; in the
rear by aug. to Milles Isles and waste lands; in
the front by the lake of Two Mountains — This
S. and its augmentations were granted at three
separate periods ; the S. was granted Oct. 17,17173
and contains, as by title, 31 leagues in front by 3
in depth. The 1st augmentation was granted
Sept. 26, 1733, and contains about 2 leagues in
front of the lake. The 2nd augmentation was
granted Mar. 1, 1 73511 containing 3 leagues in
depth and in the rear of the former grant. The
entire property was granted to the ecclesiastics of
the seminary at Montreal, from whom it has never
been alienated. — The soil is very favourable, in

LAKE OF TWO MOUNTAINS.

many parts consisting of a fine strong loam with
a mixture of rich black earth. The surface is
uneven but never varies into prejudicial extremes ;
bordering on the lake, in the vicinity of the Indian
village, it is of a moderate elevation, thence w. to
the Ehotdis it gradually sinks into a flat, from
which it rises again near the boundary of Argen-
teuil : E. of the village, nearly to the S. of Riviere
du Chene, runs a low heath having a large bay
on one side of it. At a short distance from the
front are the two conspicuous mountains that give
the name to both seigniory and lake ; one of them
is called Mount Calvaire, on whose summit are
the remains of some buildings which have long
borne the appellation of the Seven Chapels. To-
wards the interior the gi'ound declines below the
level of the front; further to the rear are some
ranges of heights that assume rather a moun-
tainous character, but in the spaces between them-
are many excellent situations for settlements. —
This S. is very well watered by the Grande and
Petite Riviere du Chene, the Riviere du Nord
and the Riviere au Prince, which in their course
work several corn and saw-mills. — The influence
of the reverend proprietors in promoting industry
and directing it towards useful labours is strongly
exemplified in the flourishing state of their pro-
perty, as upwards of three-fourths of it is divided
into 661 lots or concessions, by much the greater
number of them settled upon and well cultivated,
producing grain of all sorts, pulse and other crops,
with a sufiicient quantity of good meadow and
pasture land. About 400 farms are unconceded,
of which about 150 are on the mountains and are
generally considered unfit for cultivation ; there
are no roads over these lands and they are not yet
surveyed. No farms were conceded prior to 1759,
the first concession being made in 1783. — The
rivers are small and are called La Grande Bale,
which never wants water for the mill, Le Ruis-
seau Glaise and Le Ruisseau des Nigres, all well
adapted for mills. The augmentation in the rear
is traversed by the Riviere du Nord. — Some oak
and pine timber are found in .some places, but beech,
maple, birch and other inferior kinds are plentiful
in the woods. -^In this S. are two Indian villages,
one inhabited by the Algonquins, the other by
the Iroquois. The former contains 76 houses, the
latter 56 ; 3 leagues are reserved for the use of
the Indians and the whole is fit for culture, ex-

cept the summit of the mountains, which is in
pinery and contains perhaps half a league square.
Besides the grounds where they cut beech hay, the
Indians have grazing land, extending -J- a league
in front by 15 arpents in depth, from the mission
farms. — The Indian population amounts to 887,

Missionary establishments

Iroquois

Algonquins

Chiefs of Iroquois
Chiefs of Algonquins
Women

Girls

250

282
355

887

.383
144
123

The village of the Algonquins is a little lower
down than that of the Iroquois. Of the two
tribes the Iroquois are the more agricultural and
industrious; but the Algonquins, though more
indolent, are more addicted to hunting. They
cultivate patches of land in different parts of the
S., selecting other places for tillage after culti-
vating those for a few years. There are 132 con-
stantly resident, each of whom may be said to cul-
tivate 3 acres, which are cropped with Indian
corn, peas and potatoes and a few oats. The
priests are entitled to tithes of the Indian corn. —
This mission was originally placed on the moun-
tains of Montreal, afterwards transferred to Sault
les Recollets, and lastly to this place. The mis-
sion consists of 3 priests and 2 sisters of the con-
gregation; the latter are occupied in imparting
religious instruction to the Indian children : the
priests are a superior and 2 missionary priests, one
for each tribe. There is one chapel in each vil-
lage, and 6 houses, including the seminary and
nunnery, are built of stone. The Calvaire con-
sists in 7 chapels placed on the summit of the
mountains ; they are built of stone, about 6 ar-
pents from each other except the last three, which
are together : the principal chapel, where the Cal-
vaire is, may be about 25 ft. by 15, the others
about 12 ft. by 10. There are 6 mission farms,
which are very productive, all at the foot of
the Calvaire, or Seven Chapels; some of them
are 22 arpents in front by 30 in depth, others 3
arpents in front by 25 in depth. They are all in
high cultivation, and §rds of the total are under
crops and |rd in good meadows along the moun-

LAKES.

tains. The priests have a corn-mill on the river
of the Great Bay^ ahout 2 m. from the village^ and

2 farms are attached to itj each 3 arpents in front
by 15 in depth.

Statistics of the Parishes of St. Benoit and St. Scholastique.

Parishes.

■c
a

■3
o

■s

j»

2
2

1
i

8
8

2
2

fi.
CO

2
2

1
5

1
1

17
13

St. Benoit .
St. Scholastique

4664
3042

7706

1
1

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stock 1

i
ft

St. Benoit .
St. Scholastique

20800
11700

23400
14^00

520
260

9100
5200

1300
650

910
650

1560

1200
600

1600
800

4000
1200

1200
800

32500

37700

780

14300

1950

1800

2400

5200

2000

Tj^fe — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1717, faite par
Philippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Michel Bigon, In-
tendant, aux EccUsiastiques du Siminaire de St. Sulpice,
etabli a Montreal, d'un terrein de trois lieues et demie de
front, a commencer au ruisseau qui tombe dans la grande
bale du Lac des Deux Mmitagnes^ et en remontant le long
du dit Lac des Deux Montagues et du fleuve St. Laurent,
sur trois lieues de profondeur." — RSgistre SInteniance,
JVo. 6, folio 9 — Cahiers d'lnteud. Rat. de la Concession.

" Vu brevet de ratification de I'octroi immediatement
siiivant, en date du ler Mars, 1735, accorde une augmen-
tation de trois lieues dans les terres faisant ensemble six
lieues de profondeur pour cette Seigneurie."

Autre AugTnentation au Lac des Deux Montagues

" Concession du 26me Septembre, 1733, faite par Charles
Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hocqvart,
Intendant, aux Ecclesiastiques du Seminaire de St. Sul-
pice, de Paris, d'une ^tendue de terre non concMee, entre
la ligne de la Seigneurie appartenante aux representans
les feus Sieurs de Langloiserie et Petit, et celle de la Sei-
gneurie du Lac des Deux Montagues, appartenante au dit
Seminaire sur le front d'environ deux lieues sur le Lac
des Deux Montagues, le dit lac aboutissant a un angle
forme par les deux lignes ci-dessus, dont les rumbs de
vent ont ete regies savoir, celle de la Seigneurie du Lac
Jes Deux Montagues, Sud quart de Sud-ouest et Nord
quart de Nord-est par arret du Conseil Superieur du
5rae Octobre, 1722 ; et celle des Sieurs Langloiserie et
Petit, Sud-ouest et Nord-ouest qui est le rumb de vent
regie pour toutes les Seigneuries situces sur le fleuve
St. Laurent, par reglement du dit Conseil du 26me Mai,
1676, Art. 28; avec les isles et islets non concedes et
battures adjacentes a. la dit etendue de terre." — Registre
d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 22.

Lakes. — Those not included in the following
alphabetical list are described under their specific
names. — L. Barnston, in the t. of Barnston, near
the rear line, is the expansioii of a considerable
stream that runs into Lake Tomefobl. — L. Benoit
lies on the N. e. side of the K. Saguenay and dis-

charges its waters by a small stream into that k.
nearly opposite Ha Ha Bay. — L. Bewildered, w.
of the B. St. Maurice and on the route towards
Great Goldfinch Lake. — Black Lake, in the 5th
range of the t. of Ireland, a small part of it lying
in the waste lands between that t. and Coleraine.
Its waters are supplied by many small streams
from Thetford and by several lakes in Coleraine
and the intermediate waste lands. It gives rise
to Black Stream, which runs into Trout Lake. —
L. Bonhomme, in the S. of Fausembault. — L. a Ca-
poche, in the S. of St. VaUier, is one of the sources
of a small stream that runs into the n. b. side of
the R. du Sud. — L. of Clear Water lies near the
N. E. end of L. Oskelanaio. — L. la Culotte, in
shape something like the article of dress from
which it appears to be named, is part of the chain
of lakes that supply the first waters of the r. aux
Lievres. — L. Cutiatendi, v. Aux Pins, a. — L.
D'ahaouilo, v. Noh-oui-loo. — L. Equerre, in the
T. of Buckland, is one of the sources of the Riviere
des Abenac[uis. — h. H Gendron, in the concession
Ste. Marguerite, in the S. of St. VaUier; the
source of a small stream that runs into the n. e.

side of the R. du Sud. L. Goldfinch, the first

of the chain of lakes that supply the n. e. branch
of the R. aux Lievres. — Grand Lac, v. Lac St.
Joachim. — L. of the Graves, in the waste lands of
the CO. of Berthier, lies near the district Une and
s. of Lake Kempt, into which it empties itself. —

LAKES.

L. des Hiirons, in the S. of St. Vallier, gives rise to
the N. branch of a small stream that falls into the
N. E. side of K. du Sud. — Indian Grave Lake, in
the CO. of St. Maurice, near the head waters of
the B. Matawin. — L. Irion, nearly in the centre
of the T. of Clarendonj divides the division line
between the 8th and 9th ranges. — L. John, near
the s. w. angle of the aug. to Monnoir, is the
source of South- West River : on the front line of
Chatham Gore it discharges its waters into Davis
River. — L. Kajoualwang,v. North Bastonais, r.
— L. Kasushikhmi,, v. L. Verte. — L. Kawashganish,
near the s. w. bank of the St. Mauricej into which
its waters runj a little below Rat River. — L.
Kempt, a large lake with numerous islands, be-
tween the head waters of the r. aux Lievres
and Matawin r. and lake. — L. Kenuagomi, v. Ki-
GUAGOMi. — L. Kenuagomishish, v. Kiguagomi-

sHiSH. — Kettle Lake, v. Chaudiere, l L. Ki-

larney, v. Kilkenny, t. — L. of the Lievres, a chain
of lakes running from n. to s., forming the com-
mencement of the N. w. branch of the b. aux
Lievres. — Little Lake, in the S. of Madawaska,
empties itself into Lake Temiscouata by a small
stream that crosses the Portage. — Little l. Ste.
Marie, towards the rear of the S. of Malbay ; it
empties itself by a stream into the r. Malbay. —
L. Lomond, in the s. w. part of the t. of Inverness,
is fed by the waters of several streams and lakes
descending from Halifax, and discharges itself into
the R. Clyde. — Long Lake, s. w. of the S. of Ma-
dawaska, is about 16 m. long and its average'
width about a mile. It is the source of the r.
Cabineau. v. Kiguagomi. v. Bastonais, r. — L.
Macanamack, in the t. of Woburn, is of a very
irregular shape ; it discharges itself into L. Me-
gantic. — L. Mantalagoose, near the head waters
of Ribbon River: its shape is singularly irre-
gular. — L. a Maria, in the S. of St. Vallier, dis-
charges itself into the Riviere Noire. — L. Matawin,
between lakes Kempt and Shasawataisi, gives rise
to a short river of the same name. — L. a Michel,
in the rear part of the S. of Berthier ; one of the
sources of the Riviere Noire. — Middle Lake, v.
Necsiwackiha. — L. Mistake, an expansion of
the R. aux Lievres just below Long Island —
L. Morin, in the concession St. Louis, in the
S. of St. Vallier, discharges its waters into the
N. B. side of the r. du Sud. — L. Naime, of a
circular form, cuts the rear of the S. of Murray
Bay : it receives the waters of l. Anthony and

empties itself by a stream that runs into the R.
Malbay. — L. Necouta, v. Assuapmoussoin, i,. —
L. Necsiwackiha or Middle l., one of the sources
of the R. Toledo. — L. des N4iges, the source of the
B. Montmorenci. — L. Nekoaba, v. Askatiche, e.
— L.NemicachinqtJ, a long lake extending n. and s.
containing several small islets, between lakes Cu-
lotte and Goldfinch, forms part of the chain of
lakes at the n. e. source of the r. aux Lievres.—
— Nesse Lake, in Chatham Gore. — L. Nixon, 30
chains from the R. Baddely on the same side of
L. Kiguagomishish ; 36 chains long and 10 wide :
its banks do not exceed 25 ft. in height ; the

land is of a strong and superior quality L. Noh-

oui-loo, V. Pbribonea, b. — L. O'Cananshing, in
the T. of Caxton; its N. w. end penetrates the
county division-line separating Champlain from
St. Maurice. It empties itself into the r. Sha-
wenegan. — L. Ontaritzi or St. Joseph, in the S.
of Fausembault, receives the little e. aux Pins
and discharges itself into the r. Jacques Cartier.
— L. Orsale Wallagamuch, v. Abawsisquash. —
L. Oskelanaio, the source of the r. St. Maurice,
is 27 m. long from n. e. to s. e. and 4 m. wide. —
L. Papineau, is a large lake lying partly in the aug.
to Grenville and partly in the S. of La Petite
Nation. It gives rise to the main branch of the
R. Petite Nation. — L. Patitaouaganiche, v. Aska-
tiche, R. — L. Peakquagomi or Peakuagami, the
Indian name for Lake St. John. — L. des Per-
chaudes forms the s. w. corner of the t. of Cax-
ton; it is about 1 m. nearly square. — L. Pitt, in
the t. of Halifax, about 5 m. long and 1 m. wide,
extends nearly from the 6th to the 10th range
and communicates by a small channel with l.
William, whence the waters discharge into the r.
Clyde. — L. Pothier, one of the lakes that supply
the n. b. branch of the R. aux Lievres. — L. Pre-
vost is near the N. b. angle of the S. of Eboule-
mens ; its waters supply a small stream that runs
into the Little r. Malbay. — Pake's Lake is a
small lake on Pyke's Settlement, in the t. of
Frampton,— Z<. Quaquagamack and l. Quaquaga-
macksis, v. Ouiatchouan, e. — RedPine Lake, one
of the sources of the middle branches of the r. aux
Lievres. — L. Rochehlanc lies between lakes Po-
thier and la Roque, both of which are among the
first sources of b. aux Lievres. — L. des Roches, in
the S. of Beauport. — L. la Roque, the head of one
of the smaller branches that supply the first waters
of the b. aux Lievres. — Round Pond, near the s.

LAM

LAN

boundary of Embertonj empties itself into Con^
necticut l. — L. des Sables, an expansion of the
B. aux Li^vres ; near its lower end the Hudson's
Bay Company have a post. — L. St. Eustache, in
the T. of Blandfordj is about 100 acres in super-
ficial extent and discharges itself into the k. aux
Originaux. — L. St. Joachim or Grand Lac, in the
S. of C6te de Beaupr^, discharges itself into the
R. Ste. Anne. v. Ontaritzi. — L. St. Louis, in the
T. of Blandfordj about 100 acres in superficial ex-
tent, forms one of the sources of the r. Gentilly.
— L. St. Pierre, a narrow lake about li m. in the
S. of Riviere Quelle. — L. Scaswaninepus, in Orford
and Hatley, is a large expansion of the b. Magog,
about 5 m. long and from \ m. to a mile broad. —
L. Sebastian, in the S. of Notre Dame des Anges,
is an expansion of a small stream that joins with
the B. Jeanne in its way to the n. St. Charles. —
L. Segamite, in the S. of Notre Dame des Anges,
is an expansion of the E. Jeanne, which runs into
the B. St. Charles. — L. des Sept Isles, in the S.
of Fausembault. — L. Shapaigan, in the highlands
above the source of the St. Maurice. — L. Shasa-
wataisi, of a long and very irregular shape, col-
lects the waters of the Matawin and other lakes
and discharges them by a connecting stream to the
St. Maurice near the mouth of Ribbon River. —
L. Squatteck or Last L., one of the sources of the
B. Toledo. — L. Temiscaming, the source of the e.
Ottawa. — L. a la Tortus, in the concession Ste.
Catherine in the S. of St. VaUier, discharges itself
into the Riviere Noire. — Trout Lake, in the 4th
range of the t. of Ireland, receives the waters of
Black Stream and many other rivulets in that t.
Its waters are conducted through Halifax and
Inverness by several lakes and connecting chan-
nels into the R. Clyde. — L. Tsiagomi, v. Kigua-
GOMi. — L. Tsiagomishish, v. Kiguagomishish. —
L. Wayagamack, G. and L., v. Bastonais, e. —
White Fish Lake, N. w. of the e. aux Lievres,
empties itself into that e. by a small stream fall-
ing into it a little below l. des Sables. — L. Wil-
liam, in the t. of Halifax, discharges i£self
through ly. Lomond into the r. Clyde. Another
in Chatham Gore, discharges itself by a small
stream into Lake St. John. — l. Young, in the co.
of Saguenay, near the e. Baddeley, is a small
lake about 660 yards long and about 220 wide.

Lamaetinieee, fief, in the co. of Bellechasse,
is bounded s. w. by Lauzon ; n. e. by Montapeine ;
in the rear by the t. of Buckland ; in front by the

St. Lawrence. — In breadth only 32 arpents, but
6 leagues in depth. Granted, Aug. 5, 1692, to
Sieur de la Martiniere and is now the property of

Reid, Esq. of Montreal. — The soil is nearly

similar to that of Lauzon and is in a forward state
of cultivation, two-thirds of it being settled upon.
It is well watered by the river Boyer and some
inferior runs of water. On the Boyer is a corn-
mill.

Title. — " Concession du 5me Aoflt, 1692, faite par
Lonis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Boehart, Intendant,
au Sieur rfe la Martiniirc, de I'espace de terre qui se
pourra trouver, si aucun il y a non-coneedc, entre la
Seigneurie de Lauzon et celle de Mont-a-peine, ou le fief
du Sieur Vitre, sur la prof'ondeur semblable a la Seigneurie
de Lauzon, si personne n'en est proprietaire. — N. B. Ce

fief sur les lieux a treiite-deux arpens de front." lUgistre

d^Iniendance^ No. i, folio 7.

Lanaudieeb (S.), v. Maskinonge.

Lanohaye and Dautbe with their augmenta-
tion. These two fiefs form only one seigniory,
which lies in the co. of Berthier, and is bounded
N. E. by the S. of Berthier ; s. w. by Lavaltrie ;
in the rear by D'Aillebout and De Ramzay ; in
front by the St. Lawrence. — Lanoraye is 2 1.
broad and 2 deep and was granted, April 7, 1688,
to Sieur de la Noraye. Dautre was granted in
two portions ; the w. part, ^ league broad by two
leagues deep, to Sieur Jean Bourdon, Dec. 1st,
1637; the e. part, of the same size, Apr. 16,
1647, to Sieur Jean Bourdon also. The aug-
mentation, under the title of Derriere Dautre
and Lanoraye, being the breadth of the two
former (three leagues) and extending to the Ri-
viere L'Assomption, about 4 leagues, was granted,
4th July, 1739, to Sieur Jean Baptiste Neveu.
The whole is now the property of the Hon. Ross
Cuthbert. — The extensive tract included in these
grants contains a vast quantity of excellent arable
land, that lies in general pretty level. The soil
is various, in the front a light reddish earth with
some clay, and towards the rear it grows stronger
by the mixture of different loams and becomes a
strong, rich, black earth. — The timber embraces
almost every variety, with much of a superior
quality and some very good oak and pine. — It is
conveniently watered on the s. w. side by the
rivers St. Joseph, St. John, and the little Lake
Cromer ; a little westward of the St. John is an-
other small lake connected with that river by a
short canal that always ensures to it a permanent
stream. The rivers La Chaloupe and Bayonne
cross the N. e. side into Berthier, and turn several

LAP

good corn and saw mills. — In the rear, towards
the R. L'Assomption, is an eminence called Castle
Hillj commanding a diversified and beautiful pro-
spect over the surrounding country. — In this S.
cultivation is in a very advanced state, about two-
thirds being thickly settled, of which the parish
of St. Elizabeth in the rear, the banks of the St.
Lawrence, the c6teau St. Martin and that of Ste.
Emily are perhaps the most flourishing. There is
no village ; but good houses, with substantial and
extensive farm-buildings, are dispersed over it in all

parts. — Some of the concessions were granted prior
to 1759, on the usual seignorial terms. — Some of
the unconceded lands are good, but the greater
part are of bad quality, and there is no road leading
to them. — In this S. are many persons desirous
of making new settlements. — In the Parish of Ste.
Elizabeth the extent of ungranted lands is sup-
posed to be equal to 50 farms, without a road and
unsurveyed. The lands granted under French
tenure are held at 4 livres per arpent.

Statistics of the parishes of St. Joseph and Ste. Elizabeth.

Parishes.

§
1

1
A,

tan

s
s

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stock. |

■0

St. Joseph
St. Elizabeth

1233
4371

1
1

i
1

1
1

3
3

1
1

]

10400
23900

15600
33000

1500
3001

22500
32000

3000
6005

200
100

300

310
615

923

750
1751

2501

100
520

620

80O
3200

1000

2600
9600

12200

750
2400

5624

.34300'4S600

4501

54500

9005

3150

Titles — Partie ouest de Dantri " Concession du ler

Decembre, 1637, faite par la Compagnie, au Sieur Jean
Bourdon, du &ei Dautre, contenant une demi lieue de terre;
a pren:1re sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur deux lieues de pro-
fondeur en avant dans les terres ; a prendre en lieu non-
concede." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 10 d \1, folio 435.

Partie est de Dautri. — " Concession du 16me Avril,
1647, par la Compagnie, au Sieur Jean Bourdon, d'une
detni lieue de terre, a prendre le long du grand fleuve St.
Laurent, ducote du Noi'd, entre le Cap L'Assomptinn etles
Trois Riviires, i I'endroit oil le dit Sieur Bourdon habitue,
suivant pareille concession il lui ci-devant faite, en 1637,
et de proche en proche icelle, sur pareille profondeur, re-
venant I'une et I'autre a une lieue de front sur deux lieues
de profondeur." — Rdgiatre d'Intendance, No. 10 a 17, folio
437.

La Noraye. — " Concession du 7me Aviil, 1688, faite
par Jacques de Brimy, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In-
tendant, au Sieur de La Noraye, de I'etendue de terre de
deux lieues de front, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, et deux
lieues de profondeur; i prendre entie les terres du Sieur
Dautre et celles du Sieur de Lavaltrie tirant vers Mont-
rial." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 3, folio 16.

Derriire Dautri et La, Noraye. — " Concession du 4me
Juillet, 1739, faite par Charles, Marquis de Bcauharnois,
Gouverneur, et Gilles Ilocqnart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean
Baptiste Neveu, d'un terrein non-concedo, k prendre depiiis
la ligne ^ui borne la profondeur des fiefs de La Noraye et
Dauiri, jusqu'a la riviere de i'./4«»oOT/;(ion, et dans lameme
etendue en largeur que celle des dits fiefs; c'est-a-dire,
born^e du c6te du Sud-Ouest par la ligne qui separe la
Seigneurie de Lavaltrie, et du c6t6 du Nord-Est par une
ligne paralUle, tenant aux prolongations de la Seigneurie
A'Antaya; Icquel terrein ne fera avec ehacun des dits fiefs
de La Noraye et Dautri qu'une seule et meme Seigneurie."
— Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 8, folio 29.

Laprairie, county, in the district of Montreal,
is bounded n. w. by the St. Lawrence ; s, B.,by

the township of Sherrington, and part of the
barony of Longueuil ; n. e. by the co. of Chambly;
and s. w. by the S. of Beauhamois; and com-
prehends the seigniories of Laprairie de la Mag-
deleine, Sault Saint Louis, La SaUe and Cha-
teauguay, and the isles in the St. Lawrence,
nearest to the county, and either wholly or in
part opposite. Its length is 18^ miles and its
breadth 13|, containing 238 sq. miles; its centre
is in lat. 45° 19" 36' n., long. 73" 36' 30' w.
This county sends two members to the pro-
vincial parliament, and the place of election is at
St. Constant. — The soil is equal, if not superior,
to any in the province, as is sufficiently proved
by its population and produce. The surface, ge-
nerally, is low and level, exhibiting a great ex-
tent of pasture and meadow land. It is watered
by numerous rivers and streams, whose borders
present lands calculated to support flourishing
settlements; the chief rivers are the Chateau-
guajr. La Tortue, St. Regis, St. Cloud, St. Lam-
bert and part of the Montreal. — It contains 6
parishes and the villages of Coghnawaga, La-
prairie, and others of minor extent ; all of which
add to the beauty and prosperity of the county.
— Of the numerous roads which traverse this
county the main route or stage road from the
V. of Laprairie to St. John's is the most deserving
of notice.

LAPRAIRIE DE LA MADELEINE.

Population 16,621

Churches, R. C. 5

Curts

Presbyteries

Convents

Schools

Villages

Corn-mills

Statistics.

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Tanneries

Potteries

Potasheries .

Pearlasheries

Distilleries

Just, of Peace

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat 151,800
Oats 111,600

Barley 9,900

Potatoes 133,500

Bushels.

Peas . 58,260
Rye 21,900

Buckwht. 1,000
Ind. corn 20,910

Bushels.
Mxd grain 4,910
Maple sug.

cvvts. 1,054.

Hay, tons 34,567

Horses
Oxen

5,963
6,902

Live Stock.

Cows . 12,329 1 Swine
Sheep . 40,369 1

9,639

Laprairib DE LA Madbleinb, Seigniory^
in the CO. of Laprairie, is bounded N. e. by Lon-
gueuil ; s. w. by Sault St. Louis ; in the rear by
the barony of Longueuil; in front by the St.
Lawrence — 2 leagues in breadth by 4 in depth.
Granted, 1st April, 1647, to the order of Je-
suits, whose possessions were once so large and
valuable in this province. On the demise of
the last of the order settled in Canada, it devolved
to the crown, to whom it now belongs. — This
grant is a fine level of rich soil, with some of the
best pasture and meadow lands in the whole di-
strict, always yielding most abundant crops of good
hay. The arable part is also of a superior class,
upon which the harvests, generally speaking, ex-
ceed a medium produce. In Cote St. Catherine
there is an extensive bed of limestone. The
ranges of concessions contain about 300 lots of the
usual dimensions, in general settled and in a very
favourable state of cultivation, almost entirely
cleared of wood, and possessing very little timber
of good dimensions. Numerous rivulets cross this S.
in every direction, and it is watered by the three
rivers La Tortue, St, Lambert and La Riviere
du Portage, all of which traverse it diagonally
from s. w. to n. e., and have bridges over them ;
neither of them is navigable for boats to a greater
distance than half a league from its mouth, and
that only during the spring freshes ; they afford,
however, always sufficient water to work several
corn and saw mills. There is a bridge at Mouille-
pied which separates the parishes of Laprairie
and Longueuil.

The position of this S. is extremely favourable
on account of the numerous roads that pass through
it in several directions, and particularly from

being the point where an established ferry from
Montreal communicates with the main road lead-
ing to St. John's, and thence by Lake Champlain
into the American States : the general route for
travellers between the capital of Lower Canada
and the city of New York. In the point of view
before alluded to, viz. encouraging the transit of
produce from the countries bordering on the fron-
tiers to the ports of the St. Lawrence, the seig-
niories adjoining this line of communication are
most eligibly situated ; and if measures having that
object in contemplation should be encouraged,
they would indubitably attain some eminence in
commercial .importance. These objects have at-
tracted the attention of the colonial legislature,
and during the last year -commissioners were
appointed to manage and superintend the ex-
penditure of two thousand pounds currency,
appropriated by a provincial act of the 10th
George IV. to be employed in repairing and
improving the road between St. John's and La-
prairie; but considering the inadequacy of that
sum to repair the road in its whole extent, it
ought to be applied in repairing the parts in the
worst state and those that are at the charge of
the public, called by-roads fchemins de month et
de descenlej, which are not front roads. The sum
so voted is notoriously insufficient to make that
road solid, hard and of permanent utility. The
length of the road from Laprairie to St. John's
is six leagues ; and about 180 arpents are
by-roads at the charge of inhabitants residing
in a distance of one to five leagues; these by-
roads are no more than 15 to 25 ft. wide, not
being front roads. — ^There is another part of about
80 arpents, called Chemin de la Savanne, which,
though a front road, is not more than 18 to 24 ft.
in width, and is edged on each side by water-
courses of 7 to 8 ft. in width by 4 to 5 ft. in depth,
which renders it dangerous to travellers, espe-
cially in very dark nights; and it is almost im-
possible, or at least it would be very expensive, to
widen it, on account of those water-courses on
each side, unless such ditches were filled up, and
new ones opened at a greater distance from the
road, for the water-courses undermine the road
every year, and make if narrower. The sum of
2000/. currency will scarcely suffice to make
partial repairs in the parts that are in the worst
state, and which repairs cannot be of any dura-
bility on account of the remoteness of the residence

LAPRAIRIE DE LA MADELEINE.

of the persons bound to keep them in good order,
the great traffic on the road, and the quality
of the soil. To render the road of pernranent
utUity and durability, it should be macadamized
from end to end, widened at some places and
turned in its direction at other places, which
would cost at least 15,000/. ; or it should be con-
verted into a turnpike road, either at the expense
of the province, or by granting that privilege to
private individuals; otherwise it will ever be
bad and dangerous ; for there is not in the province
a road more frequented by carriages and tra-
vellers, and at the same time more necessary. As
long as this road is to be kept up by the inhabit-
ants, it will be bad and dangerous — The n. and
E. parts of the parish of St. Phillip are in this
S., the w. part is in La Salle, the s. part is
in the t. of Sherrington. The lands or farms
in this parish, conceded prior to 1759, were
each 3 arpents in front by 30 in depth, and
at first were charged with the payment of two-
thirds of a quart of wheat and a sol tournois
per arpent, or 1^ bushel of wheat and 4 livres
10 sols, old currency, for a farm of 90 superficial
arpents : afterwards the rates were a quart of
wheat and 1 sol tournois per arpent, or 2i bushels
of wheat and 4 livres 1 sols tournois for a farm
of 90 arpents. The quit rent was in proportion
to the extent of the farms. In Laprairie, 30
sols were exacted for the privilege of turning
cattle on the common called the Commune de
Laprairie de la Madeleine. There are two roads,
St. Phillip and St. Barthelemy, which commu-
nicate with the townships. Many persons in
this parish are desirous and able to form new
settlements, but the parts of the parish that lie
in the seigniories are already conceded, and
these persons object to settle in the townships.
In the Parish of Laprairie, or La Piniere, all the
lands were conceded prior to 1759, with the ex-
ception of two concessions, one of which. La Pi-
niere, forms part of the line s. s. w. of the b. of
Longueuil, and the other, I'Ange Gardien, be-
longing to the S. of Laprairie. The usual size
of the farms was 3 arpents by 30, with the ex-
ception of some continuations whose depths were
irregular ; the usual rent was a capon, valued at
20 sols, for each front arpent by 30, and 2^
bushels of wheat for every 90 square arpents.
Many persons in this p. would make new settle-
ments if there were any non-conceded lands very

near them, but a few only leave the parish to
settle in the townships. — In this parish and in
front of the seigniory is the Village of La Natwite
de Notre Dame, or Laprairie, formerly called
Fort de la Prairie, from having once had a rude
defence, honoured with that name, thrown up to
protect its few inhabitants from the surprises or
open attacks of the five native tribes of Iroquois,
who possessed the country in its vicinity. Such
posts v/ere established at many places in the early
periods of the colony, while the Indians remained
sufficiently powerful to resist and often repel the
encroachments of the settlers, although at present
none of them retain a vestige of their ancient
form, and very few even the name by which
tbey were originally known. Laprairie is now a
flourishing handsome village of 200 well-built
houses; some of them are two stories high and
built with stone, in a very good style and covered
with tin, giving an air of neatness and respect-
ability to the whole. This village has the ad-
vantage of any other in the province in trade and
population; its streets are more defined and its
buildings more contiguous. Tradesmen of every
order, mechanics and shopkeepers are to be seen
in every direction, and all appear to be thriving.
The constant arrival and departure of steam-boats
and stages contribute to enliven the place and
produce an almost ceaseless bustle and novelty of
scene. Here is a catholic church and also a con-
vent of the sisters of Notre Dame, missionaries
from the community formerly founded at Mont-
real by Madame Bourgeois, where aU. the ne-
cessary and some ornamental branches of female
education are conducted upon a very good system
with a success highly creditable. This village is
the principal thoroughfare between Montreal and
St. John's and the landing-place for the northern
trade of Lake Champlain. Its population is about
1800, including about 30 artisans, 2 notaries, 4
merchants and 4 justices of peace. This v. is
distant from

Leagues.

The churches of Blairfindie and Chambly 5
The presbytery of St. Luc, and the little hill

des Hetres . ... 4

The churches of liongueuil and Sault St Louis 3

The churches of St. Phillip and St. Constant 2

Montreal . . . . . 2|

— Isles Pouquet and Bouquet with Islettes aux

Jones, lying in the St. Lawrence opposite, were

given to the Jesuits along with this seigniory,

April 1, 1647.

L A

Statistics.

Parishes.

1
g

■g
•g

•g

•<

u
I

fc,
1

Laprairie .

3068

St. Philip

1075

•

■

•

2
10

6
14.

10
45

7143

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural produce.

Live Stock.

o
0,

Laprairie .
St. Philip

20800
34200

16800
19800

2000
4flOO

37000
60100

4,160
19000

100
8000

2010
5900

1000
1750

700
2200

1665

3268

3996
9010

999
2800

55000

36600

6000

67100

23160

8100

7910

2730

2900

4933

13006

3799

Title — " Concession du ler Avril, 1647, faite par le
Sieur de Lauzon aux reverends peres Jesuites, de deux
lieues de terre le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du cole du
Sud, a eomraencer depuis I'isle Ste. Hiliiie jusqu'a un
quart de lieue au dela d'une prairie dite de la Madelaine,
vis-a-vis des isles qui sont proches du Sault de I'isle de
Montreal, espace qui contient environ deux lieues le long
de la dite riviSre St. Laurent, sur quatre lieues de pro-
fondeur dans les terres, tirant vers le Sud." — Rigistre
d'Intendance, No. 2 (J 9, folio 125.

Labge, Isle du (F.), in the St. Lawrence,
off the S. of Ste. Anne in the do. of Champlain.
These isles lying at the mouth of the b. Ste.
Anne were granted, Apr, 6, 1697, to the widow
of Sieur de Lanaudiere.

Title. — " Concession du 6me Avril, 1697, faite par
Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean
Bochart, Intendant, a la veuve du Sieur de Lanaudiere.
des isles qui se trouvent devant sa terre de Ste. Anne, et a
I'entree de la riviere et entr' autres celle oil est son moulin,
appelee VIsle du Large." — Rigistre d'Intendamcc, No, 5,
folio 12.

La Salle, seigniory, in the co. of Laprairie,
consists of two portions of land adjoining the rear
boundaries .of Chateauguay and Sault St. Louis,
enclosed between the lateral lines of Beauharnois
or Villechauve and Laprairie de la Madeleine;
both pieces extend 1^ league in depth, bounded in
the rear by the t. of Sherrington. — Granted, Apr.
20thj 1750, to Jean Baptiste Le Ber de Senne-
ville, and is now the property of Ambroise San-
guinet, esq. — Very little difference is perceptible
between this S. and that of Chateauguay and the
lower part of Sault St. Louis, with respect to
the quality of the land. The river La Tortue,
La Petite Riviere and Ruisseau St. Jacques run
through both divisions of the S. — The road called

the Black Cattle Road is only a winter road for
timber-carriages, and it is impossible for any
wheel carriage to pass on it in the spring, not
even over that part which lies in this S. If this
road was put into proper repair, it would not only
materially benefit the adjacent farms, but prove
generally useful. — The church of the Parish of
St. Constant is near the r. La Tortue in the
N. B. division of this S. At least one-half of the
lands of this parish were conceded before 1759
on the following terms, viz. each farm, measuring
3 arpents by 30 or thereabouts, was rented at 1,
11 or at most 2 bushels of wheat, with 40, 50,
60, or 80 sols tournois, according to the length,
breadth or even the situation of the conceded
lands. Many inhabitants of the parish are de-
sirous and able to erect new settlements, provided
they could obtain lands near their relatives and
friends or not far distant from them ; the greater
part of these young persons, instead of travelling
in the spring to other countries, and living during
the winter like vagabonds, spending the produce
of their travels at public-houses in default of
better occupation, would prefer taking farms in
the seigniories and would zealously attach them-
selves to the cultivation of their lands ; and there
are certainly excellent lands fit for the purpose
in the vicinity, for the S. of Beauharnois and
the townships of Godmanchester, Hinchinbrooke,
Hemmingford and Sherrington do not yield in
quality of soil to any other places in the district.

More than 100 families belonging to this
parish have settled in the t. of Sherrington,

L' A S

holding lands on conditions similar to seignorial
tenure.

Title.—" Concession du 20me Avril, 1750, faite par le
Marquis de la Jonquiire, Gouverneur, et Franfois Bigot,
Intendant, au Sieur Jean Baptiste Le Ber de SenneviUe,
d'un terrein non concid^, situ6 au bout des profon-
deurs des Seigneuries du Sault St. Louis et Chateauguay,
et qui se trouve enclave entre la Seigneurie de Pille-
chauve et celle de la Prairie de la Madelaine, sur une
lieue et demie de profondeur." — Rdgistre d'Iritendaiice,
No. 9, folio 5H.

L'AssoMPTioN, county, in the district of
Montreal, is bounded n. e. by the co. of Ber-
thier; s. w. by the co. of Lachenaye; in the
rear by the province line; in front by the St.
Lawrence. It comprehends the parishes of Saint
Sulpice, comprising Isle Bouchard, Repentigny,
L'Assomption, and St. Jacques and the townships
of Rawdon and Chertsey. Its extreme length is
39 miles and its breadth 11, containing 208 square
miles; its centre on the St. Lawrence is in lat.
45" 47' N. long. 73° 23' w. It sends two mem-
bers to the provincial parliament and the place of
election is at St. Pierre de L'Assomption. This
county is abundantly watered by the River L'As-
somption and its numerous branches. The surface
is level except in the township of Rawdon.

Population 10,146

Churches, R. C. 3

Cures

Presbyteries

Schools

Villages

Corn-mills

Saw-milts

Slatlstics,

Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Tanneries .
Potteries
Potasheries
Pearlasheries
Breweries .
Distilleries -.

Just, of Peace

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

Keel-boats .

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 36,780
. 39,330
. 1,117

161,000

Bushels.
Peas . 15,.3.33
Rye . 3,000
Buckwheat 500
Indian corn 5,600

Bushels.
Mixed grain 5,200
Maple sugar,

cwts. 362
Hay, tons, 25,900

Live StocJc.

3,643 I Cows
4,160 I Sheep

7,961 1 Swine
22,485 1

9,739

L'Assomption, river, is supposed to rise in a
large lake in the unconceded lands far beyond any
actual settlement and 200 miles from its mouth ;
it may be called a large river, and after bound-
ing the augmentation to Lanoraye and intersect-
ing the augmentation to Lavaltrie, where it is
broad and shallow, it traverses the parish of St.
Pierre in the S. of St. Sulpice in a serpentine
direction nearly from n. to s., and after severing

an angle of the S. of L'Assomption, discharges
itself into the St. Lawrence above the village of
Repentigny, and where the united waters of the
rivers Jesus and Des Prairies enter the St. Law-
rence. The H. L'Assomption runs through much
rough and mountainous country, and is navigable
for bateaux to a considerable distance, and much
timber is sent down it to the Quebec market in
the spring. Its breadth at the village of L'As-
somption is about 500 ft. and it is so far navigable
for crafts at certain periods ; but as its current is
obstructed by many battures, the navigation is dif-
ficult. This R. abounds with fish.

L'Assomption, seigniory, in the co, of Lachenay e,
is bounded n. b. by St. Sulpice; s. w. by the S.
of Lachenaye ; in the rear by KUkenny and Raw-
don ; in front by the St. Lawrence. It formerly
formed part of the land granted, 16th April,
1647, to Pierre Legardeur {vide the Title of
Lachenaye) ; it now belongs to the heirs of the late
P. R. de St. Ours, Esq., except a small portion
which is the property of General Christie Burton.
This fief possesses many local advantages, and a
variety of soil favourable to cultivation. In the
rear the land is higher than in the front, con-
sisting chiefly of a yellow loam, mixed in some
places with sand, which when tiUed is very fer-
tile, but still perhaps something inferior to the
lower parts, where there are many exceedingly fine
tracts. Very few grants exceed this property in
the proportion of cultivated land, four- fifths being
cleared and well settled ; the number of farms
• conceded is 929, equal to 4173 arpents; 300
lots are in woodland. The most improved settle-
ments are those situated on the banks of the two
large rivers. On the uplands, birch, beech and
maple are found in great perfection, with some
pine of a good growth; but in the valleys the
wood is inferior. — The principal rivers by which
this S. is abundantly watered are the L'Assomp-
tion, the Achigan and the St. Esprit; the upper
part is intersected by some smaller streams that
contribute greatly to its fertility, and are no less
ornamental. The L'Assomption and Achigan may
be called large rivers, but neither of them is na-
vigable, although both are made use of to convey
the timber felled in the upper parts of the ad-
jacent seigniories and townships. The Achigan
turns 2 corn-mills and 1 saw-miU. — The Parish
of St. Esprit is in the rear of the fief. The first
settlement is on the n, branch of the h. St. Esprit

L' A

L A

and encroaches on the patented lands in the
neighbouring township; it is about one league
N. of the church, with which it communicates by
an excellent road. The second settlement is on the
N. w. branch of the same river and also encroaches
upon the t. of Rawdon, particularly on the crown
reserve. No. 2 in the 1st range: the settlers are
Canadians who have possessed this tract for many
years. — The Parish ofSt.Roeh occupies the centre
of the fief; its handsome church and a few well-
built houses round it are seated on a beautiful and
well-chosen spot in a bend of the r. Achigan ;
this small village contains a good public school,
for the establishment of which M. Raizenne, the
cure, expended 500/. in the space of 10 years,
endeavouring, not without success, to prove to his
parishioners the advantages of education. Nearly
half the lands in this p. are of indifferent quality.
There is a mineral water, on the farm of L6vy
Martel, which has been known for more than

half a century as only a saline spring ; the salt
extracted from it is as pure as that of Liverpool ;
it is said to be medicinal, and many respectable
persons, who pretend to have tasted the waters of
Saratoga and who have also drank of this spring,
declare that there is no difference in the taste :
it still increases in reputation. — The Parish of
Repentigny or Notre Dame de rAssomption is
nearly in the shape of a Presq' Isle in the front of
the fief ; it extends to the s. w. limit of St. Sul-
pice, and is otherwise bounded by the rivers L'As-
somption and St. Lawrence, including the settlers
on the N. bank of the former river and Isle
Bourdon at its mouth. All the lands in this p.
are conceded; those granted before 1759 are
charged with the payment of a pint of wheat and
1 sol argent tournois per superficial arpent; the
front lands are also charged with the payment
of a capon for every 20 arpents.

Statistics.

Parishes.

1
o

&G
C

3
1

e
5

g
6

1
1

1
s

1
T"

t
o

6
5
1

■g
<

25
15
10

St. Roch

St. Ours du Grand J
St. Esprit . I
Repentigny

4036
2870
1632

1
1

2
2

1
1

Totals.

8538

Parishes.

\nnual rXfrrieultLira! Hroduce.^i bush.

Live 8mck. )

t
si

20750
9300
4150

s
■»

St. Roch

St. Ours du Grand >
St. Esprit . I
Repentigny

13000

15000

8500

780

2500

307

5300
6900
1905

1100
1795
1876

1400
1430
1500

2100
2150
2300

5700
9040
7000

2000
2650
2050

Totals.

36500

34200

3587

14105

4771

433

6550

21740

6700

La Tesserie, fief, in the co. of Portneuf, is
bounded s. w. by Grondines ; n. e. by La Che-
vrotiere or Chavigny; in front by the St. Law-
rence. — Half a league in breadth by 3 leagues in
depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Demoiselle de
la Tesserie. — The land greatly resembles that of
Grondines, although, perhaps, a little better in
quality. Three concessions are settled and a fourth
conceded. — The rear part is traversed by the

K. Ste. Anne, and on the R. Chevrotiere or Tes-
serie is a corn-mill, 2 stories high, built of stone,
having 3 sets of stones; but one pair only can
work when the water is slack : the mill is prettily
situated in a picturesque valley formed by the
course of the river. Captain Carispi lives on the
w. bank below the mill and schooners come up
nearly to his door. — This fief is in the parish of
Deschambault,

LAV

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite
par Jeaii Talon, Intendant, a Demoiselle de la Tesserie,
de la quantite de terre qui se trouvera entre la concession
faite aux pauvres de rH6pital de Quebec, jusqu'a celle de
Chavigny, sur pareille profondeur que celle du dit CAo-
vigny." — RSgistre d'ltttendance, Ifo. 1, folio 35, — Registre
Foi et Hormiiage.

La Trinitb (S.), v. Cap St. Michel.

Latuque, a small stream or outlet of a lake a
few miles N. e. of the post of La Tuque. It runs
into the n. Bastonais k.

La Tuque (Post), v. St. Maurice, k.

La ValIiIERE, v. Yamaska, S.

Lavaltrie and its augmentation, seigniory,
in the co. of Berthier, is bounded n. b. by La-
noraye and its augmentation ; s. w. by St. Sul-
pice; in the rear by the T. of Kildare; in front
by the St. Lawrence> — The original grant con-
sisted of 11 league in breadth and depth, and was
made, Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur de Lavaltrie : the
augmentation, of the same breadth and 2-| leagues
in depth, was granted to Sieur Marganne de La-
valtrie, April 21, 1734. Both grants remain in
the possession of the heirs of the original grantee.
— This is a very valuable property ; the land is
generally level from the rear to the St. Lawrence,
whose banks here are rather low. The quality of
the soil varies a little, but the major part is good
and productive, and is either a light-grayish earth,
a yellowish loam, or clay mixed with sand ; nearly
the whole is under culture, and yields ample
crops under a system of husbandry in several
respects creditable to the farmers. Wheat and
grain form the chief part of the disposable produce
of this tract, and good hay in great abundance is
made from some very extensive and excellent
ranges of meadow land. The R. L'Assomption
winds its broad but shallow stream through the
upper part of the seigniory, and the lower portion
is watered by the rivulets Point du Jour and St.
Antoine and the little river St. John, which turns
a corn and saw mill near the St. Lawrence into
which it falls. — The original grant forms the
parish of St. Antoine de Lavaltrie. The 2nd
grant or augmentation forms the parish of St.
Paul de Lavaltrie, and the church and the chapel
are in the concession s. of the rivulet St. Pierre,
over which is a bridge, near the church, com-
municating with a little village, from which a
good road leads to the Village of Industry. This
seigniory contains 1 6 ranges of concessions, divided
into 746 lots, and about 32,000 acres are under

good cultivation. Houses are spread among the
concessions, and thickly placed by the sides of the
roads that lead along the St. Lawrence; the
presbyterian church, the parsonage, a chapel, the
manor-house, with a few others, are situated a
little E. of the r. St. John, and at no great di-
stance from the wood of Lavaltrie ; which, even in
Canada, is worthy of notice for its fine, lofty and
well-grown timber-trees of various kinds. — The
main road from Quebec to Montreal passes through
this wood and along the St. Lawrence, presenting
for several miles a succession of beautiful and
romantic scenery. Besides the main road, there
are several that lead into the populous seigniories on
each side, which are intersected by others running
at right angles into Kildare, and opening a most
convenient and easy intercourse with the neigh-
bouring townships. The rear boundary line of
this seigniory had not, until the year 1811, been
accurately measured; when it was discovered, that
in addition to its proper depth of four leagues,
there was still a space of about a mile in breadth
between it and Kildare, which had always been
supposed to form part of the grant, and many
persons had settled thereon with titles frpm the
seignior of Lavaltrie ; this extra space is very well
cultivated and has a church with a great many
houses, which were built under the belief which
all the parties entertained that they were within
the just limits of the grant: under these circum-
stances a compromise was made, and an order
passed the governor and council, in 1812, to grant
•the cultivated part to the present proprietors of
the seigniory, and to reserve the remainder for the
use of the protestant clergy and future disposal of
the government. — The Village of Lavaltrie is in
the P. of St. Antoine, and is seated at the foot of
a small declivity on the verge of the bank of the
St. Lawrence, which is at that place very low. —
From the appearance of the settlements in the
vicinity the inhabitants appear to be in easy cir-
cumstances. — In the Parish of St. Paul all the
lands are conceded and surveyed, but none of them
were conceded prior to 1759. The roads in this
parish arc very indifferent. — The Village of In-
dustry, about 3 m. from the church and village of
St. Paul, is prettily seated on the right bank of
the R. L'Assomption and near a waterfall, many
feet in height, the noise of which is heard at a
considerable distance. Only a few years ago the
site of this v., before the miUs were built, was

L A U

covered with forest : there is now much land in
cultivationj and 40 house? have been builtj besides
two fine mansions inhabited by Messrs. JoKette
and Leodle, who are the joint proprietors with
their brother-in-law, M. de Lanaudiere, the
seignior of Lavaltrie. It is to the spirit of enter-
prise evinced by these gentlemen that all the im-
provements in this place must be attributed ; the
most curious and the most worthy of the traveller's
attention is the mill, which was begun by the
proprietors June 1, 1823 : it is solidly built with
stone, three stories high, 120 ft. long and 45 ft.
wide ; it contains 3 sets of stones for grinding

wheat, besides others for grinding barley; also
conveniences for carding, fulling and sawing, and
machinery for raising timber into the mill. The
river L'Assomption supplies the mill with water,
and, near the mill-head, it is of immense depth ; and
at the distance of a few feet is a chain of pebbles,
scarcely covered with water, forming the fall of
the mill, which is thereby most advantageously
situated : the mUl-dam is remarkable for its size,
construction and solidity. — In front of the S. are
the two Isles de Lavaltrie, appendages to the
grant.

Statistics of the Parishes of St. Paul and St.

Antoine.

Parishes.

1
1

i
1

en
2
2

>
1
1

1
1

§
d
h

1
1

2
1

2
2

i"
&

2
2

g
S

1
1

2
4.

6
3

■?

70
11

St. Paul . .
St. Antoine

2563
1033

1
1

3596

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. 1

Live Stock. 1

1150
700

1850

180

775

i 1

13804600
37504200

St. Paul . .
St. Antoine

H292
15400

14012
10408

1780
4000

95
100

500
200

5001
6900

20000
19006

1380
1050

29692

24420

5780

195

700

11901

39006

955

51308800

2430

Title.—" Concession du 29me Octobve, 1672 ; faitepar
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Lavaltrie d'une lieue et
demie de terre de front sur pareille profondeur; a prendre
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, boniee d'un c6te par les terres
appartenantes au Seminaire de Montreal, et de I'autre par
cetles non-concedfees ; par devant par le dit fleuve et par
derrigre par les terres non-conc6dees, avec les deux islets
qui sont devant la dite quantite de terre, et la riviere St.
Jean comprise." — Rigistre ff Intendance, No. 1, folio 6.

Augmentation " Concession du 21me Avril, 17.34,

faite par Charles, Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et
Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Marganne de Laval-
trie, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front sur deux lieues
et demie de profondeur, a prendre le dit front au bout de
la profondeur et Umite de la lieue et demie de profondeur
du fief de Lavaltrie ; pour etre la dite prolongation en
profondeur unie et jointe au fief de Lavaltrie, et ne faire
qu'une raeme Seigneurie, laquelle, par ce moyen, se trou-
vera etre d'une lieue et demie de front sur quatre lieues
de profondeur." Registre d'Intendance, No. 7, folio 24.

Lauzon, seigniory, forming the co. of Dorches-
ter, is bounded N. e. by La Martinierej s. w. by
Tilly, Gaspe and St. Giles; in the rear by St.
Etienne and JoHiet. — 6 1. in breadth by 6 in depth.

Granted Jan. 15th, 1636, to M. Simon Lemaitre.
— The soil throughout this extensive property,
which contains the whole co. of Dorchester, is
generally of a superior description ; it includes
almost every variety, but a rich lightish loam pre-
dominates, and, in situations lying rather low, a
fine dark mould. In the front but little timber
remains; in the interior and towards the rear
some oak and beech, maple, birch and pine in great
plenty ; of the inferior sorts, cedar, hemlock and
spruce are very abundant. — It is watered by the
rivers Chaudiere, Beaurivage, Etchemin, Boyer,
and by several other inferior rivers and streams.
The Chaudiere and Etchemin traverse the S. s.e.
and the Beaurivage s. w. Neither is navigable for
boats or even canoes to any distance, on account of
the great number of falls and rapids : their banks,
but most particularly those of the Chaudiere, are
lofty and steep, presenting in many places almost

L A U Z O N.

perpendicular rocky cliffs. The banks of the St.
Lawrence are also high and steep, covered with
trees of small growth in some places, hut cleared
and cultivated in others: the beach is sandy, con-
siderably encumbered by rocks, with almost a re-
gular reef stretching along the low water line ;
from the top of the bank the land rises by ridges
and small hillocks (many of which are rocky) gra-
dually to the rear. — There are two extensive do-
mains, several small fiefs, and four churches dedi-
cated to St. Joseph, St. Nicolas, St. Henry and
St. Anselme. The cultivated land, which amounts
to one third of the whole, is divided into nu-
merous ranges of concessions, besides five ranges
of -concessions in wood-lands towards the rear.
The most thickly settled and best cultivated parts
of this valuable property are situated along the
front and towards the interior, throughout which
may be seen a succession of fine arable land under
a very good system of husbandry, rich meadows,
good gardens and orchards; but the produce of the
latter is not of a very superior kind ; the farm and
other houses are neat and substantially built. In
the other concessions agriculture is not so far ad-
vanced; on the Chaudiere the best lands lie at
some distance from the banks, nearly the same is
the case with those on the Etchemin, the margins
of both being generally flat rock with only a shal-
low covering of soil. Almost all the ranges are
intersected by roads, and the main roads are very
good and kept in excellent repair. Nearly op-
posite to Quebec, and on a little river which dis-
charges itself into the St. Lawrence, are the ex-
tensive and valuable premises called the Pointe
L^vi Mills, and farther w., at the mouth of the
Etchemin, the no less important establishment
called the Etchemin Mills, from both of which
large exportations of flour are annually made.
From Pointe des Peres to the h. Chaudiere, the
beach is almost wholly occupied as timber grounds.
From Pointe des Peres and other places, in front
of the S., are ferries to Quebec. — This S. is very
populous : its quota of militia is large, and well
disciplined.

In the Parish of St. Henry de Lauzon the lands
granted before 1759 were 3 arpents in front, by
30 and some by 40 arpents in depth : 20 sols per
arpent were paid, with one sol quit rent, and a
reservation of sufiicient timber was made for the
purposes of building mills, churches and other
public edifices. — The unconceded lands in this

parish are considerable, and all fit for cultivation ;
but there is no road across them, and the greater
part has been surveyed. Many young parishioners
are both willing and able to make new settlements
if they could obtain lands near home, or at a little
distance, and there are more lands than could be
required to satisfy this demand, and those lands
are in general of good quality.

The Parish of St. Joseph de la Pointe Levi, by
the regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an
order in council. Mar. 3, 1722, extends 3f leagues
and 4 arpents ; viz. 21 arpents in Mont-a-peine,
beginning at the house of Joseph Turgeon, fief de
Vitre 10 arpents, Martiniere 15 arpents. and 3
leagues of Lauzon to the k. Chaudiere. At least
one half of the lands in this p. were conceded be-
fore 1759, each containing from 4 to 12 arpents in
front by 30 or 40 in depth. These lands were
granted on the conditions of paying to the seignior
annually one sol for each superficial arpent, and to
give for each land of 3 arpents in front, two days
de corvees and some capons, with a reserve of oak
timber for the building of ships and miUs. A con-
siderable number of persons are desirous and able
to make new settlements if they could obtain lands
in the vicinity of their parish, or at a little distance
from their parents or friends ; and there are, near
the limits of the parish, a certain extent of lands
that are considered to be of good quality. — No one
goes hence to settle in the townships. — Some of
the youths who leave this parish settle in the
neighbouring parishes, and others leave their homes
to undertake long voyages, from which few return.

The Town of Auhigny, near Pointe L6vi, was
so called in honour of the late Duke of Richmond,
and was laid out by Sir John Caldwell in 1818.
It is built opposite the city of Quebec, to which
steam and other boats ply almost every minute.
It contains from 40 to 50 houses and a Protestant
church ; some of the houses are built with suf-
ficient taste to entitle them to the appellation of
elegant cottages. The streets and building-lots
are regularly laid out and of sufiicient size ; but
the place has not increased in buildings and po-
pulation so much as might have been expected, on
account, chiefly, of the high price demanded for
building-ground. The site of this little town is
very elevated, the bank of the St. Lawrence being
there very high. Below the town is a row of
handsome cottages with an hotel, carried on by
Mr. M'Kenzie in a very elegant and superior

LEE

style : here the citizens of Quebec have their
country-houseSj to which they retire not only for
recreation but convenience, as the river is crossed
in 15 minutes.' In the rear of Aubigny are the
heights of Pointe L6vi, where batteries were erected
by the Americans. A little below Mr. M'Kenzie's
hotel and between it and Pointe aux Peres is the
place where the Indians chiefly encamp every
summer when they repair to Quebec for the pur-
pose of receiving their anaual presents, and, the
weather being fine, a concourse of visitors from
Quebec is attracted to view the Indian camps and
to enjoy the country. Aubigny may be considered
almost a suburb of Quebec. The episcopal church
is remarkable for its commanding position and is a
neat edifice of wood. A great number of ferry-boats
ply to tad from Quebec at a fixed moderate price.
The watermen, in all seasons, are ready with their
canoes, which are large, very strong and made out

of a single trunk of a tree and often out of two
trunks strongly united together; they are ma-
naged with much dexterity and sometimes carry
as many as 8 passengers each, besides 3 or 4 men
employed as rowers.

The Parish of St. Nicolas, by the regulation
of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an order in coun-
cil of Mar. 3, 1722, extends 3 leagues and 17 ar-
pents in front from the R. Chaudiere to fief Bau-
douin in the S. of Tilly ; and by the same order
the church, cemetery, presbytery and garden for
the cure were directed to be placed, pursuant to
the wishes of the inhabitants, on two superficial
arpents, given for the purpose by Jacques Beau-
fort ; besides which Sieur Charest voluntarily gave

4 arpents in front by 40 in depth In this S.-are

several fiefs abutting on the St. Lawrence, among
which are those called Ursuline, Jesuits, Vilmai
and Maranion.

Statistics of the Parishes of St. Henry, St. Anselme, St. Joseph and St. Nicolas.

Parishes.

§
1

.a 1

S.
1
1

4
3

3
3

St. Henry & St. Anselme
St. Joseph . . . .
St. Nicolas . . . .

4269
3698
2044

1
1

1
1
1

1
1

« *

1
1

1
2

2
2

10011

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Live Stock. |

i
s

1
S

580
535

178

3002
2520
1868

7180

St. Henry & St. Anselme

St. Joseph

St. Nicolas . . . .

13700
18900
15900

11700
11000
14100

2600

1950

900

33000
30000
20100

3600
7200
5000

30
30

95
95

780
650
400

1830

200
150
100

450

1253

1260

816

800
900
825

2400
2004.
1601

8002
7100
4500

3500
2401
1205

48500

36800

5450

83100

15800

1293

a329

2525

6005

19602

7106

Title. " Concession du ]5me Janvier, 1636, faite par

la Compagnie, a Mr. Simon Lemaitre, de la cote de Lauzon,
contenant I'etendue de terre ainsi qu'il suit savoir; la
riviere Bruyante, (^Chaudiere) situee au pays de la Nouvelle
France, avec six lieues de profondeur dans les teries et
trois lieues k chaque cot^ de la dite riviere." — BSgistre
d'Intendance, No. 2, folio 37.

Leech Ponds, v. Bastonais (R.)

Leeches Pond and Stream, in the t. of

Hereford. This small stream rises in Walls Pond

and is obstructed by falls, making good sites for

miUs; its only advantage of transport is the running
of logs. The pond, in the s. w. angle of the x.,
adjoins the province line ; it is nearly 2 miles long,
and above half a mile broad.

Leeds, township, in the co. of Megantic, is
bounded n. b. by St. Giles; s. w. by Ireland;
N. w. by Inverness, Nelson, and Ste. Croix ; s. e.
by Thetford and Broughton. — Except in theN.w.
quarter, where the land is poor and very jstony.

L E P

the soil is generally of excellent quality, fit for
the growth of all kinds of grain, flax, hemp, &c. —
This T. is well stocked with various timber, as
beech, birch, maple, basswood, elm, ash, ironwood,
spruce fir and hemlock. — It is very well watered
by the Becancour, which divides itself into several
branches, and by many small streams. — In the
last few years cultivation has made considerable
progress, and the settlements have increased, par-
ticularly along Craig's Road and in its vicinity.
One quarter of the t. was originally granted to
Mr. Isaac Todd, but at present that tract belongs
to the heirs of Joseph Frobisher, Esq. Several
individuals have obtained grants, and George
Hamilton, Esq., of Quebec, holds 8000 acres by
purchase from government, as lands were sold for
the purpose of defraying some of the expenses in-
curred in constructing Craig's Road. — Ungranted
and unlocated 5,225 acres.

Statistics.

Population . 173 1 Saw-mills . . 2

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 1,0.36
. 4^0

Bushels.
Barley . . 100
Potatoes . 5,400

Bushels.
Peas . . 50
Indian corn 40

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 8
. 30

Cows . 45
Sheep . 30

Swine . 32

Le Gouppkb (S.), v. Goufpre.

LbnnoxviI/LE (V.), V. Ascot, t.

Lepage and Tibiergb, seigniory, in the co. of
Rimouski, is bounded n. b. by Pachot; s. w. by
Lessard; in front by the St. Lawrence. — This S.
and its augmentation appear to have been granted
at two difierent times, with an interval of a few
months only: the S. was granted Nov. 14, 1696,
and the augmentation on the 7th of May follow-
ing. The grantees were the same in both in-
stances, viz. the Sieurs Louis Lepage and Gabriel
Tibierge. The title to the first grant represents
it to extend from Pachot to Lessard, with a depth
of one league ; the grant of augmentation was for
2 leagues in depth, adjoining the rear of the first
grant and extending, on one side, to the grant of
Sieur Pachot and on the other to the grant of
Sieur Lessard, comprising the breadth of both,
with the isles and islets, in that extent. As there
can be no isles and islets in the augmentation, pro-

bably it was granted in lieu of the original con-
cession, particularly as the dates are so nearly
coeval. If this idea be correct, the ambiguity will
cease and the depth of the S. be easily proved to
be 2 leagues from the St. Lawrence and not from
the original grant, and its width, in front, from Pa-
chot to Lessard, and in the rear from the N. B. line
of the former to the s. w. line of the latter. Thus
the rear line wiU run as far back as the first lake
in the B. Mitis.

Title " Concession du 14me Novembre, 1696, faite

aux Sieurs Louis Lepage et Gabriel Tibierge, d'un terrein
qui se trouve entre la concession du Sieur Pad/iot, et celle
du Sieur Lessard, situee au lieu dit Rimousky, sur le fleuve
St. Laurent, du c6te du Sud, sur une lieue de profondeur."
—Rigistre d'Intendanee, No. b, folio 3.

Augmentation " Concession du 7me Mai, 1697, faite

par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In-
tendant, au Sieur Louis Lepage et Gabriel Tibierge, de
deux lieues en profondeur, joignant le derriere de la eon-
cession a eux deja accordee, situee au lieu dit Rimomiky,
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud, tenant d'un cote
a la terre du Sieur Pachot, et de I'autre a celle du Sieur
Lessard, sur toute la largeur d'icelle, avec les isles et islets
qui se trouveront dans la dite etendue." — RigiAre d'In-
tendanee, No. b, folio 16.

L'Epinay, seigniory, in the co. of L'Islet, lies
in the rear of St. Thomas ; 3 leagues in breadth
by 1 J in depth on an average. Granted, Apr. 7th,
1701, to Sieur de L'Epinay. — The soil is good,
being a yellowish loam, or a good black earth ; in
front the surface is rather irregular, and towards
the rear it becomes mountainous. The part ad-
joining St. Thomas is thickly settled and there
cultivation has made considerable advances; but
this portion is small compared to the extent of
the S. The timber consists of maple, birch and
beech in profusion, with some very good pine,
besides a great plenty of inferior sorts. — Watered
by a few small streams descending from the moun-
tains and running into the Riviere du Sud. — In
the rear of this S. are some fine valleys, parti-
cularly at the distance of about 8 leagues.

Title. — " Concession du 7me Avril, 1701, faite par Hec-
tor de Calliire, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur de I'Epinay, du peu de terrein qui se trouve entre
la Seigneurie de Jean de Paris et celle de la liviere du Sud,
prfis de Quibec, lequel terrein se termine en triangle au
fleuve St. Laurent, et tient d'un bout aux terres non-con-
cidees, et de I'autre par la pointe au dit fleuve ; ensemble
que le dit terrein sera born^ k la hauteur de la concession
du dit Jean de Paris, par une ligne parall^le qui sera tiree
Nord-est et Sud-ouest jusqu'4 celle de la petite riviere du
Sud." — Rigistrc d'Intendanee, No. 5, folio 32.

L'Epinay or St. Joseph, seigniory, in the co.

L E S

LEV

of Quebec, joins St. Ignace and is bounded by the
R. St. Charles in front and the t. of Stoneham in
the rear. Eleven arpents in breadth by four leagues
in depth. Granted, on the last day of February,
1626, to Louis Hebert. — The soil is light and
sandy, intermixed with clay about the front; pro-
ceeding inwards it changes to a black mould'
and near the mountains is a good yellow loam.
Near the river St. Charles are fine meadows and
pastures.

Title. — " Concession du dernier jour de Fevrier, 16^6,
faite par Mr. le Due de Vantadour, a Louis Hebert, d'une
lieue de terre de front, prds de la ville de Quttee, sur la
riviere St. Charles; sur quatre lieues de profondeur."—
Papier Terrier, No. 15, folio 73, 3 Fevrier, 1781.—" This
fief is said to contain but one quarter of a league in front
upon four in depth, by a certificate of examination of the
title of Concession; as also by mention in the act of dona-
tion of this fief in marnage with Demoiselle Chavigny to
Sieur de I'Epinay. N. B. This fief, by actual measure-
ment, only eleven arpents in front." — Cahiers d'Intend. 10
<J 17,/o/io 377.

Lessard, seigniory, in the co. of L'Islet, is
bounded n. e. by the augmentation to Ashford;
s. w. and in the rear by waste lands ; in front by
the S. of L'Islet. — One league square. Granted,
June 30, 1698, to Pierre Lessard, and now be-
longs to Andrew Stuart, Esq. — This small tract
is valuable though uncultivated, and lies on the
brow of the ridge of rising grounds extending
more or less along the rear of the seigniories front-
ing tlie St. Lawrence. Although the surface is
broken and uneven, the soil and timber are unex-
ceptionably good ; the timber is maple, beech,
birch, ash, pine, &c. — It is well watered by a
branch of the R. du Sud called Bras St. Nicolas
and by minor streams running into it from several
small lakes in the S. — Should the road from
L'Islet to St. John's be opened it would ma-
terially encourage the making of new settlements
here and in the adjacent country.

Title. — " Concession du 30me Juin, 1698, faite par
Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouvemeur, et
Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Pierre Lessard, d'une lieue de
terre de front, sur pareille profondeur, situ^e sur le fleuve
St. Laurent, proche I'lslet St. Jean, au derriSre de la
Seigneurie de Mademoiselle Dutartre; tenant d'un c6t^
a la terre du Sieur de la Chenaie, et de I'autre a celle de
Franfois Bellanger ; d'un bout a la Seigneurie de dite
Demoiselle Dutartre, et de I'autre aux terres non-con-
ccdees." — Rigistre dlntendanee, No, 5, folio 23.

Lessard, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is
bounded n. e. by Lepage; s. w. by St. Barnabe;
in front by the St. Lawrence. — 1-| league in front

by 2 leagues in depth. Granted, Mar. 8, 1696,
to Pierre Lessard. — At Father Point, at the n. w.
angle of this S., the St. Lawrence pilots reside,
in the enjoyment of a competent degree of ease
as a reward for the perils they encounter and the
responsibility for which they are held.

Titk. — " Concession du 8me Mars, 1696, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Boehart, Intendant,
a Pierre Lessard, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front
sur deux lieues de profondeur, situ^e au lieu dit le Bic,
le dit front 4 prendre depuis la pointe aux Peres, appar-
tenant au Sieiu: R&ne IdCpage, a cause d'un ^change fait
avec le Sieur de la Cardoniire, et continue le dit front au
Nord-est en allant le long du fleuve St. Laurent, tant que
la dite lieue et demie pourra s'6tendre." — Rigistre Sin-
tendance. No. 4, folio 28.

Letrard or St. Pierre lbs Becquets,
seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet, is bounded in
front by the St. Lawrence; n.e. by the district
line between Quebec and Three Rivers ; s. w. by
the S. of Gentilly : in the rear by the t. of Bland-
ford. — 2 leagues in front by 4 in depth. Granted,
together with Isle Madame below the Island of
Orleans, Apr. 27, 1683, to Sieur Levrard, and is
now the property of A. Lanaudiere, Esq. and the
Honourable F. Baby.^ — This seigniory is but very
little settled, although the soil is fertile and yields
good crops of grain. The soil is generally a fine
clay mixed with a rich black mould. This S. is
plentifully stocked with timber, some of which is
of the best description, but much the greater pro-
portion is cut for firewood, which is sent in large
quantities to Quebec. It is watered by part of
the Riviere du Chene and some small streams. In
the first and second ranges of concessions are a few
farms in a very improved state. The church of St.
Pierre, the parsonage and a chapel are situated
on the bank of the St. Lawrence, along which
the Bhain road passes.

Population 1 ,633
Churches, R.C. 1
Cures . . I

Statistics.

Presbyteries
Corn-mills

Saw-mills
Artisans

1
16

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 8,930
Oats . 4,800

Bushels.
Potatoes 6,000
Peas . 2,000

Bushels.
Rye . . 100
Indian com 15

Horses
Oxen

Live Stock.

660 1 Cows . 1,3201 Swine
3001 Sheep . 3,300 1

630

Title. " Concession du 27me Avril, 1683, faite par les

Sieurs Lefetvre de la Barre, Gouvemeur, et de Meulles,
Intendant, au Sieur Levrard, d'une ^tendue de terre de

L I E

LIS

deux lieues ou environ de front siir le fleuve St, Laurent,
du c6t4 du Sud, et gcneralement tout ce qui se rencontre
entre la Seigneurie de Gentilly et celle de Deschaillons,
avec les isles et batures qui sont dans le dit fleuve, au.
devant du dit espace; aussi I'isle appel^e Madame situie
au Sud de I'isle et comte de St. Laurent, d'une lieue de
tour ou environ." — Rigistre d'Intendance, Let. 'R,J'oUo 38.
— " Acte du premier Avril, 1731, fixe la profondeur de la
Seigneurie qui se trouve entre Gentilly et Detehaillons
{Levrard) a quatre lieues." — H4gistre d'Intendance, No. 9,
folio 78.

LiEVKES, aux, riverj rises in numerous lakes
lying far in the waste lands in the rear of Buck-
ingham and Portland. It is a large, wild and
rapid stream, remarkable for the peculiar sin-
gularity of its bends and the varieties of its width.
Its source is near that of the Gatineau, with which
it runs parallel for a considerable space. It tra-
verses Buckingham in a general course from n. to
s., winding variously and forming, at intervals,
several bays and spacious basins, until it reaches
the middle of the first range, where it divides into
two principal channels, that of the s. e. running
towards the Ottawa, while the other running
s. w. disembogues into an extensive pond lying
parallel to the Ottawa and extending from lot
No. 15 to 22. This pond communicates with the
Ottawa through the entrance of the Lievres, whose
width at its juncture with the former is about 5
chains. About 2 miles up the river, and upon
the division line between the 1st and 2nd ranges,
is a basin nearly circular perfectly accessible by
the steam-boat, which plies between GrenviUe and
Hull : fbr about 4 m. above the basin the rapids
impede all navigation, after which, for 30 m., it
is navigable for bateaux and the water is very
smooth : about 90 m. up this k. is Lake des Sa-
bles, at the head of which this k. is still navigable
for a great distance to other lakes. The Indians
who trade in the back country ascend this R. in
canoes. Along the first thirty miles of the aux
Lievres, as far as the Falls de Montague, there
appear to be considerable tracts fit for settlement,
but after ascending the ridge which occasions these
falls and following the northern waters of the K.
upwards of 150 mUes, or perhaps about 80 miles
in a direct line, it appears to be almost entirely
what is called a good hunting country, which may
be interpreted a very bad settling country, being
rocky, swampy and hilly, with but little good soil
which is confined to the valleys here and there.
The hills frequently rise abruptly to a height of

400 or 500 feet above the general kvel, and there
are abundance of small lakes well stocked with the
finest trout. — The banks of this b. are elevated
and afford many very excellent mill-sites, besides
those in the 4th range of Buckingham, where the
mills of Mr. Beaumont and Mr. Bigalow are
erected. — This r. is well stocked with fish.

LiNGWiCK, township, in the co. of Megantic,
is bounded n. e. and in front by the unsurveyed
townships of Stratford and Hampden; 8. w. and
in the rear by Bury and Weedon. — This tract is
very similar in quality to the level district of
Dudswell : the timber is also of nearly the same de-
scription. — Watered by several streams of tolerable
size that run into the St. Francis. The w. half has
been surveyed and granted to divers individuals.

LiNCTOT (F.), V. DUTORD, F.

L'IsLB, de, river, rises in the t. of Roxborough,
in Upper Canada, and, traversing the t. of Ken-
yan, enters the lower province at the s. w. angle
of the T. of Newton, and running for some distance
near its s. boundary traverses the location of Lt.-
col. de Longueuil ; then intersecting the n. angle
of NewLongueuUit enters theS. of Soulange and
falls into the St. Lawrence at Coteau du Lac a
little below Lake St. Peter.

L'ISI/E DE LA FoURCHE, V, NiCOLET, S.

L'Isi/ET, county, in the district of Quebec, is
bounded n. b. by the co. of Kamouraska; s. w.
by a line parallel thereto running from the w.
angle of the S. of the river du Sud, prolonged to
the s. boundary of the province ; n. w. by the St.
Lawrence, together with all the islands in the St.
Lawrence nearest to the county, and in the whole
or in part fronting itj and s. e. by the s. boundary
of the province. — It comprises the seigniories of
St. Roch des Aulnets, Reaume, St. Jean Port
Joli, Islet, Lessard, Bonsecours, Vincelot and its
aug.. Cap St. Ignace, Gagnier, Ste. Claire, Ri-
viere du Sud and Lepinay. — Its extreme length is
82 miles and its breadth 37-J^, containing 3034
square miles ; its centre is in lat. 46° 40' 30" n.
long. 69" 52' w. It sends two members to the pro-
vincial parliament and the place of election is at
L'Islet. — The surface of this county is uneven and
mountainous, being traversed by detached rocky
ridges which appear from the St. Lawrence like a
continued range of mountains, presenting a back-
ground to handsome and flourishing settlements.
The scenery in many places is varied aftd inte-

L I S

L 1 V

resting. The county is abundantly watered by
rivers and several beautiful lakes j the principal
rivers are the Riviere du Sud and its various
branches, the Trois SaumonSj Port Joli and Ri-
viere Ferr6, all of which descend to the St. Law-
rence. In the rear it is most beautifully watered
by the R. St. John and its large and wide spread-
ing branches : this river runs an average course of
about 50 miles from the St. Lawrence in a pa-
rallel direction towards the n. e. ; the land on
its borders and in its vicinity is of good quality
and fit for settlement. Although this county
appears mountainous it presents many tracts
of good arable land. The houses and cultivated
farms in the front grants, particularly on the
shore of the St. Lawrence, are remarkable for
handsome villages and churches, which consider-
ably heighten the beauty of the scenery : the
most conspicuous is the village of St. Thomas in
the S. of Riviere du Sud, which, from its size,
the elegance and magnitude of its conspicuously
situated church, its handsome houses and edi-
fices, and the bridges, called the Regent and the
Prevost, over the du Sud and the Bras St. Ni-
colas, deserves the particular admiration of the
traveller. The population consists of French Ca-
nadians.

Population 12,777

Churches, R. C.

Curts

Presbyteries

Schools

Villages

Corn-mills .

Statistics.

Saw-mills .

Carding-miUs

Fulling-mills

Tanneries

Medical men

Notaries .

Shopkeepers

Taverns
Artisans
Ship yards .
River craft
Tonnage
Keel boats

107

12
193

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Peas

Rye

Bushels.
93,806
73,500

5,714
15,824

8,669

Bushels.
Indian corn 4,560
Mixed grain 6,568
Buck wheat 2,100
Potatoes 247,137

Live Stock.

Cwts.
Maple sugar 982
Flax . 343

Butter . 3.965
Hay, tons 41,033

Horses . 3,201 1 Cows . 7,855 1 Swine . 9,990
Oxen . 2,910 1 Sheep . 30,805 1

L'IsLBT, seigniory, in the co. of L'Islet, is
bounded by the St. Lawrence in front ; by Lessard
in the rear, and lies between Bonsecours and St.
Jean Port Joli. — One league in breadth by two
in depth ; granted May 17th, 16773 to Demoiselle
Genevieve Couillard. — The front is low, but re-
ceding from the river towards the mountains the
land rises gradually ; the soil in general is good,
producing grain of all kinds ; in the rear it is a

light-coloured loam that continues up to the high
lands. About one-third is under occupation and
is tolerably managed and thickly inhabited.— Wa-
tered by a continuation of the Bras St. Nicholas
and by several small runs of water. — Beech, birch
and maple are the prevailing kinds of timber, but
there is likewise some pine of very good growth.
— The church and parsonage-house are close to
the St. Lawrence, near a point of land on which
is placed the telegraph station. No 7- At high
water this point is completely insulated, from
which circumstance it derives its name of Islet de
St. Jean. — This S. is divided into 4 ranges of
concessions; the 1st and 2nd are settled, and the
3rd and part of the 4th are fit for settlement.
Almost all the land in the 3rd and 4th ranges
belongs to proprietors of land along the St. Law-
rence, who thence derive their fire-wood, which
circumstance in some degree prevents the settle-
ment of those ranges. In consequence of there
being no other lands to concede, many of the
youths desirous of settling quit the seigniory.

Title.—" Concession du 17me Mai, 1677, faite par
Louis de Buade, Comte de Fronienac, Gouverneur, d
Demoiselle Genevieve Couillard, d'une lieue de terre de
front le long du fleuve St. Laurent, du cote du Sud, a
commencer depuis les deux lieues promises a N'oel
Langlois^ en remontant le dit fleuve, vers celle qui appar-
tient k la Demoiselle Amiot, avee deux lieues de pro-
fondeur, ensemble un islet etant dans le fleuve, au devant
de la dite lieue de front, contenant quatre a cinq arpens ou
environ." — Insinuations du Conseil Sup&rieur, Let. B.
folio 39.

L'Islet, Notre Dame de (V.), v. Bonse-
cours, S.

L'IsLBTTEj rivulet, runs into the R. Saguenay
above Ha Ha bay.

Litchfield is a projected township in the co.
of Ottawa ; it is a triangular tract bounded w.
by the R. Ottawa where it forms the island of
Grand Calumet. This t. will become a subject
of considerable interest on account of the Falls of
the Grand Calumet which are in its front.

Little River, in the co. of Bonaventure,
falls into the mouth of the Bistigouche. n. e. of
this R. and at the head of Ristigouche bay is an
Indian village mission, which has a church and is
a small fief.

Little Village, v. Notre Dame des Anges, S.

LiVAUDiERB or Dbschenaux, in the co. of
BeUechasse, is bounded in front by Vincennes ;
N. E. by the augmentation to Beaumont ; s. w.
by Mont-a-Peine ; in the rear by St Gervais.—

L I V

LOG

About ^ of a league in front by 3 leagues in
depth. Granted, Sept. 20, 1734, to Sieur Pean
de Livaudiere — Upwards of one-third of this
tract is in a very high state of cultivation. The
soil, rich and fertile, produces large crops of grain,
&c. ; the surface is somewhat uneven, but not to
such a degree as to cause serious impediments to
agriculture, except near the rear boundaries where
the elevation is abrupt. There is a great quan-
tity of beech, birch and maple ; from the latter,
considerable quantities of sugar are made every
year. — All the lands are conceded and the farms
are 4 arpents in front, but the grantees pay for
only 3 because they are not 40 arpents in depth,
and the rent is 40 sols per front arpent and 1 sol for
quit-rent. This S. is well watered by theriver Boyer,
each side of which presents some of the best cul-
tivated land in the diflferent concessions : towards
Vincennes are also many specimens of very good
husbandry. Roads, generally kept in thorough
repair, pass through the S. to the main road on
the river Etchemin. — The Parish of St. Charles is
bounded by the 2nd concession of Beaumont; s. e.
byanarmofthcK.duSud; N.E.by St. Michel; s.w.
by Lauzon. All the lands are under cultivation, and
those parts that lie in Beaumont, Livaudiere and
Martini^re are supposed to have been conceded, at
least the greater part, before 1759. The extent of
each farm is 3 arpents in front by 40 in depth, pay-
ing 1 sol quit-rent and the annual rent of 2 or 3
livres, argent tournois, for each arpent, with an'
obligation of grinding their corn at the seignorial
mill, and a reservation of timber materials for
works of public utility, such as churches, presby-
teries, and manor-house, also the right of retraite
and the obligation de tenirfeu et lieu dans Van et
jour; a breach of covenant occasions the forfeiture
of the land. The church and parsonage are on
the N. w. bank of the Boyer.

Statistics of the Parish of St. Charles.
Population . 2,?86 | Churches, R. C. . 1

Annual Agricultural Produce.
Bushels.
40,000
2,080

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.

. 11,400

, 21,600

260

Potatoes

Peas •

Rye
Hay, tons

Bushels.

520

18,000

Horses
Oxen .

800
800

Live Stock.
Cows . 1,600 1 Swine

Sheep

4,800 1

4,500

Title. — " Concession du 20me Septembre, 1734, faite
par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gillei
Ilocquart, Intendant, au Sieur /"com de Livaudiire^Ae trois
quarts de lieiie de front ou environ, sur trois lieues de

profondeur; bornce par devant au bout de la profondeur
de la Seigneurie de Vincennes, d'un cotfi au Nord-est a la
ligne de la Signeurie de Beaumont, d'autre cote au Sud-
ouest ^ la Seigneurie de Mont-d-peine, et par derrifire aux
terres non conc^d^es, pour la presente concession ne faire
neanmoins qu'une seule et meme seigneurie avec la moiti^
de celle de la Durantaie dont le dit Sieur Pean est pro-
pri^taire." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 9, folio 25.

LocHABER and Gore or augmentation, some-
times called SuppoiiK, in the co. of Ottawa, is
bounded n. b. by La Petite Nation; s. w. by
Buckingham; in the rear by waste lands; in
front by the r. Ottawa. — This x. Is equal if not
superior in fertility of soil to Hull, Templeton, or
Buckingham, and is well timbered. 13,261 acres
were granted in 1807, to Archibald M'Millan and
others, emigrants from Scotland ; of this portion
very little has been cultivated. Along the front,
the river forms several deep bays, in which direc-
tion the land is so low that it is frequently over-
flowed; but if the settlements, should become
more numerous, embankments might be raised to
repress the incursion of the waters; this part
would then become good meadow, and, at a short
distance towards the interior, much of it would
be good arable. Proceeding to the rear, the land
is broken and rugged up to the ridge of moun-
tains, beyond which there is no part improvable,
at least in their vicinity. Much of the timber,
both oak and pine, is fit for naval purposes. Se-
veral rivers and streams wind through the town-
ship, but neither of them is navigable for boats,
though timber may be floated down them to the
Ottawa, which here expands greatly in breadth,
and has several islands all well covered with
wood; the largest is a mile long, and about a
quarter of a mile broad. The Blanche, which is
the principal river, spreads into 3 branches, rather
more than a mile from its junction with the
Ottawa into which it falls near the centre of the
front of the t. — Black Bay which lies in front of
Lochaber Gore is about 4^ m. long and its ex-
treme width is 1^ mile. — Ungranted and unlocated
in the t. 17,600, in the Gore 3,388 acres.

Population
Saw-mills

148'

Statistics.

Potasheries .
Pearlasheries

Shopkeepers
Taverns

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce,
Bushels. Bushels. | Bushels.

496 Potatoes 1,890 Indian corn 930
300 Rye . 250 [Hay, tons . 125

Live Stock.
19 I Cows
37 I Swine

43
79

L O N

LoMBRBTTBj river, in Cote de Beaupre, rises
in the s. w. extremity of the parish of La Petite
Riviere, and traversing the p. of St. Joachinij
crosses the road to St. Paul's Bay and joins the k.
Ste. Anne.

LoNGUEUiLj seigniory and barony, in the co.
of Chambly. — The seigniory is bounded n. k. by
Tremblay and Montarville; s. w. by La Prai-
rie ; in front by the St. Lawrence ; in the rear
by the barony and West Chambly. — 2 leagues
in breadth by 3 in depth. Granted, January
26, 1700, to Sieur Lemoine de Longueuil and
is now the property of Madame Grant, baroness
of Longueuil. — This tract from front to rear is
quite level, the soil generally a fine black mould,
very congenial to the growth of grain and most
other agricultural produce; towards the middle
is a swampy patch, caUed La Grande Savanne,
and at a little distance from the front is another,
called La Petite Savanne; but a good system of
drainage has proved so beneficial, that they are
both nearly converted into good fertile land.
Almost the whole of the S. is conceded, and full
two-thirds are in a good state of cultivation ; it is
more sparingly watered than, perhaps, any other
seigniory on the banks of the St. Lawrence, as the
little rivulet St. Antoine near its front, and another
equally insignificant that crosses the lower corner
into the R. Montreal, are the only streams. Many
good roads cross it nearly in all directions ; but
the most public are, one leading from the village
of Longueuil to Fort Chambly and Fort St. John's;
the middle road of Cote Noir to Longueuil ferry ;
and the upper road from Laprairie to the same
place. One-third of the annual produce, except
peas and potatoes, is generally sold. The S. is
divided into seven concessions, which are settled as
follows :

1. Rang du Fleuve

2. Coteau Range and Ruisseau St. Charles

3. Tremblee and Savanne

4. Gentilly
5- Grand Ligny, or Cote Noir

6. Chemin de Chambly

7. Isle Ste. Marguerite

Families.
. 69
. 24
. 38
. 20
. 61
. 114,
3

329

The Village of Longueuil is on the shore of the St.
Lawrence and near the rivulet St. Antoine; it
contains 65 houses including a parsonage and 2
schools, at each of which 16 scholars are in-
structed. Near the village was the ancient fort

of Longueuil, one of the many formerly raised as
barriers against the Iroquois nation ; but its site
is now covered by a very handsome well-built
church, 130 ft. by 55, which stands on the west
side of the road to Chambly. The situation of
this little place and its vicinity is so pleasant, that
many persons of the first respectability reside
hereabout; it was long the favourite retreat of
the late catholic bishop of Quebec, M. Deneaux,
who when raised to that dignity would not for-
sake the spot he so much admired. The Isle Ste.
Hflene, which belongs to government, lying
nearly in front of Montreal, Isle Ronde with
several of smaller size, and Isle au Heron, are
appendages to this S. St. Helene, being rather
high, commands a view of the city of Quebec in
its most favourable point ; it is very fertile, ex-
ceedingly well cultivated and embellished by some
very fine timber. On this island are the exten-
sive mills called Grant's Mills.

The Barony of Longueuil is hounded n. e. by
Chambly; s. w. by Laprairie and De L6ry; in front
by the Richelieu ; in the rear by the seigniory. —
3 leagues in front. Granted July 8, 1710, to the
Baron de Longueuil and is now the property of
Madame Grant, baroness of Longueuil. — This is a
very level and exceedingly fertile tract, well set-
tled and cultivated ; it is traversed by the great
southern road and by several other roads. — The
concessions made prior to 1759 were granted on
the terms which the grantees now pay, viz., 4
livres 10 sols and 2L bushels of wheat for each
farm of 3 arpents in front by 30 in depth. — This
barony is watered by the Richelieu, and is con-
veniently situated for water-carriage. It contains
the town of Dorchester and Fort St. John. Dor-
chester scarcely merits the name of a town, but
will probably in a few years rise to some import-
ance, from being so favourably situated as to be-
come an entrep6t for merchandise in its transit,
either by land or water, between this province
and America, both in summer and winter : during
the latter season a very brisk intercourse takes
place by means of sleighs travelling upon the
frozen surface of the lakes and rivers. Before
the last war the timber trade was carried on here
to a great extent. A large proportion of the in-
habitants are American emigrants, who have sworn
allegiance to the British government; some of
them keep the best inns in the place, and are pro-
prietors of the stage coaches that travel regularly

L O N

to Laprairie and to the states of Vermont and
New York. — Fort St. John, on the w. bank of
the RichelieUj is of an irregular figurej and is an
old frontier post ; but little can be said in favour
of its construction^ or of the defences that surround
it, as they are merely field works strengthened by
palisades and picketings ; within the fort are 20

houseSj including public storehouses, magazines,
&c. The British naval force employed on Lake
Champlain has its principal station and arsenal
here, where vessels mounting from 20 to 32 guns
have been built. — The seigniory and barony are
within the limits of the parishes of St. Antoine,
St. Luc and Blairfindie.

Statistics of the Parishes of Blairfindie, St. Antoine and St. Luc.

Parishes.

d
1

3
U

1
1

1
1
1

4
2

i
1

§
1

.—
E

■%

1
1
1

1
1

5
3

10
19
5

15
24
11

Blairfindie
St. Antoine
St. Luc

5870
3495
34C4

1
1

1
1
1

12829

Parishes.

AniiUHl Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Livestock. 1

3360

1770J

lOOOj

Blairfindie
St. Antoine
St. Luc

42000
39384
31200

23000
19100
30500

5000
2100
3910

80000

3200

30500

21780

9800

18500

10000

180

2000

7500
2300
4050

2350

1045

920

3552
1302
1211

6065

4096
1906
1450

1270
5128
5100

112584

72600

11010

113700

50080

12180

13850

6315

8052

11498

6130i

Titles to seigniory and larony. — " Lettres du 26me
Janvier, 1700, faite par sa MajestS a Mr. Lemoine de
Longueuil, erigeant en Baronie la Seigneuiie de Longueuil,
situee dans le district de Montreal eontenant deux lieues
ou environ de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur trois
lieues et demie de piofondeur. Autre concession du 8me
Juillet, 1710, faite par Mr. de Vaudreuil, Gouvemeur, et
Raudot, Intendant, au Baron de Longueuil, de trois lieues
de front, ayant profondeur jusqa'a la riviSre Chambly,
savoir, la continuation d'une lieue et demie de front au
bout de la profondeur de la Baronie de Longiceuil, devant
s'etendre jusqu'a la dite rivifire Chambly avee une autre
lieue et demie de meme front au Sud-ouest de la pre-
miere, s'fetendant pareillement jusqu'i la rivifire Chambly,
sur le rumb de vent des autres Seigneuries du pays ; etant
les dites concessions en augmentation de la Baronie de
Longueuil." — Rigistre desFoi et Hommage, No. 20, folio99,
6me Fimler, 1781. — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 5,folio25.
— Insinuations du Conseil Supirieur, lettre B. folio 131.
—Cahiers d'Intend. No. 2 a 9, folio 210.

LoNGUBUii., New, seigniory, in the co. of
Vaudreuil, is separated from Upper Canada by the
province line which forms its s. w. boundary ; ex-
tending along the N. shore of Lake St. Francis it
is bounded n. b. by Soulange, and is separated on
the N. from the t. of Newton by the location of
1000 acres granted to the late Lieut. Col. de
Longueuil. — 2 leagues in front by 3 in depth.

Granted to the Chevalier de Longueuil, April 12,
1734, and now belongs to Saveuse de Beaujeu,
Esq. — This tract lies rather low; on the n. k.
side part of a great swamp spreads over a large
space covered with cedar, spruce, fir and hemlock,
the usual tenants of such a soil, but which re-
quires only draining to become good and profit-
able land. To the s. w. the ground rises much
above the level of the opposite side, and abounds
with many spots suitable to the production of
grain, hemp and flax. — The woods afford abund-
ance of fine trees, but beech and maple most pre-
dominate. — The rivers Delisle and Baudet, on
which are 2 bridges, a corn-mill and two saw-miUs,
water this S. very conveniently : the first crosses
it diagonally from Upper Canada, where it has its
source, into the S. of Soulange ; and the latter, at
the s. w. angle, descends from the upper part of the
T. of Lancaster to Pointe au Baudet : neither is
navigable, though on the latter, whose banks are
much higher and current stronger, large quan-
tities of staves and timber felled in its vicinity are

L O N

LOT

floated down to the St. Lawrence in the spring,
when the stream is swelled by the melted suow
and ice; they both turn some good corn and saw-
mills. — The front of the seigniory, along the St.
Lawrence, between Anse aux Bateaux and Pointe
au Baudet, is very low, and overflowed so fre-
quently as to make it impracticable to maintain a
proper road ; but in winter, the route upon the ice
along this part, and on the north side of the lake
into Upper Canada is preferred, as being shorter
than the road leading by the side of the river
DeUsle: this road is, however, called the prin-
cipal one between the two provinces, but it will
require much amendment to render it so con-
venient as it ought to be for the increasing inter-
course between these parts. — The greatest part of
the concessions are near Anse aux Bateaux and
Pointe au Baudet; on each side of the river
DeUsle ; and stiU farther to the rear in the Cdtes
St. George and St. Andre, where a number of
Scotch families are settled, whose industry has so
far benefited their lands, that they are now among
the best parts of the seigniory, although the other
conceded lots are in a very fair state of agricul-
tural improvement. The male inhabitants are
mostly voyageurs, a name given to the persons em-
ployed in the n. w. fur trade, whose wandering
mode of life, toilsome and laborious in the ex-
treme, has more charms for them than the more
regular and profitable pursuits of husbandry. —
All this S. is fit for cultivation, audit is supposed
there are about 200 farms unconceded which
would be soon taken if they were surveyed and
the terms not too severe ; these n on -conceded
lands, which for the most part are behind at the
ends of the farms of 20 arpents, would be pre-
ferred by the inhabitants provided their lands
were thereby increased to 40 arpents. There
is no road across the non-conceded lands, and
all the lands on the C8t6 north of the r. De-
Jisle have been conceded, which extend only 20
arpents, but at the end of these 20 arpents the
lands have neither been conceded nor surveyed ;
these lands the grantees ardently desire to have
in concession, in order to lengthen their farms,
although all the wood has been cut down and
removed. — No lands were conceded previous to
1759. — The Parish of St. Polycarp is co-exten-
sive with the S., and contains a chapel and about
500 families; although there is no village, this
p. contains blacksmiths, joiners, carpenters and

tanners — There are 5 small isles in front which
are appendages to the S.

Population
Chapels

Cures
Corn-mills

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

2,754

. 1

Statistics.

Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills
Potasheries

Pearlasheries 3

Shopkeepers 3

Taverns . 2

Artisans . 19

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels.

. 15,900 Barley . . 950

. 11,300 Potatoes . . 78,600

Live Stock.
784.1 Cows , 1,176 1 Swine . 1,190
790 1 Sheep . 2,001 1

Title.—" Concession du 21me Avril, 1734, faite par
Charles Marquis de Seauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocquarif Intendant, a Joseph Lemoine, Chevalier de
Longueuil, de I'fetendue de terre qui se trouve sur le bord du
fleuve St. Laurent, au lieu appele les Cascades, depuis la
borne de la Seigneurie de Soulange jusqu'a la Pointe du
Baudet inclusivement; faisant environ deux lieues de front
sur trois lieues de profondeur; avee les isles, islets et
batures y adjaeentes." — Kigistre d'Intendance, No. 7,
folio 24:,

LoNGUE Pointe, la (P.), v. Montreal, S.

LoKBTTB (V.), 11. St. Gabriel, S.

LoRMiERE, river, rises in the rear part of
Carufel, and after intersecting the s. w. angle of
Maskinong6 joins the Ruisseau du Bois Blanc,
and their united waters fall into Lake St. Peter a
little s. w. of the mouth of the b. Maskinonge.

LoTBiNiEBE, county, in the district of Quebec,
is bounded n. b. by the s. w. boundary line of
the seigniories of Lauzon, St. Etienne, and Ste.
Marie, to the south angle of Ste. Marie ; s. w.
by the south-west boundary of the S. of St. Jean
d'Eschaillons and its augmentation; s. e. by the
rear lines of the seigniories of St. Giles, Ste.
Croix, and the augmentation of the seigniories of
Lotbini^re and St. Jean d'Eschaillons ; s. w. by
the St. Lawrence. It comprises the seigniofies
of Tilly or St. Antoine, Gaspe, St. Giles des
Plaines,Bonsecours, Ste. Croix, Lotbiniere and St.
Jean d'Eschaillons, and their augmentations. —
Its extreme depth is 34 miles, and its breadth 29,
containing 735 square miles ; its centre is in lat.
46" 28" N. Ion., 71" 37' 30 ' w. It sends two
members to the provincial parliament, and the
place of election is at Ste. Croix. — The surface is
generally level, rather low in the centre, and in
some parts swampy. The lands near the St.
Lawrence are, however, elevated and ; bold, and
towards the s. b. extremity of the co. rise into
large swells of hard timbered land. The soil is
generally excellent, and fit for the cultivation of

LOT

every species of grain. On the elevated grounds
the timber is beech, maple, birch, hickory and
pine ; on the low parts spruce, basswood and fir.
This CO. is not so abundantly watered as the
generality of the counties in the province. The
rivers which traverse it are the Grande and Petite
Riviere du Chene, the Beaurivage and Riviere du
Moulin. The Grande Riviere du Chene runs
through the western section, and the Beaurivage
traverses the S. of St. Giles, and spreads its
branches over the rear part of that seigniory. —
The chief settlements are along and in the vicinity
of the St. Lawrence partly on the Grande Riviere
du Chene, and along the whole extent of the h.
Beaurivage, near which passes the main route
leading to the southern townships which connects
with Craigs Road in Leeds ; another road traverses
St. Giles, and enters the S. of Ste. Marie; the
main road, along the borders of the St. Lawrence,
exhibits flourishing and well cultivated farms with
substantial and comfortable dwellings; several
other roads traverse this co. in various directions.
Much of the fire-wood consumed in the city of
Quebec is cut in this county, and conveyed away
in rafts.

Statistics.

Population 7,713
Churches, R.C. 5
Curts . 4.

Presbyteries 4
Schools . 3

Corn-mills
Saw-mills
Just, of Peace
Medical men
Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

6
6

Annual Agricultural Pi oduce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
, 59,700
, 4.2,250
.. 1,991

30,440

. 2,802
1,694,

Bushels.
Peas . 11,000
Rye . 2,4)90
Buck wheat 1,000
Indian corn 1,885

Live Stocli.

Cows . 5,684 1 Swine
Sheep . 17,4321

Bushels.
Mixed grain 4,-330
Maple sugar,

cwts. 64,7
Hay, tons, 22,218

6,355

LoTBiNiBRB, seigniory, with its augmentation,
in the co. of Lotbinifere ; bounded e. by Ste. Croix;
w. by Deschaillons and its augmentation ; in the
rear by the townships of Somerset and Nelson ;
in front by the St. Lawrence. — This S. was

granted in several parcels, viz. — Nov. 3rd, 1672,
half a league in front by 1-J. in depth, on the w,
side to the Sieur Marsolet. Nov. 3rd, 1672, 2|
leagues in front by 2 in depth, adjoining Ste,
Croix, to Sieur de Lotbiniere. April 1st, 1685,
half a league in front by 2 leagues in depth to
Sieur de Lotbiniere ; being the vacant space be-^
tween the two former grants. The augmenta-
tion, 3^ leagues in front by four in depth,
25th Mar. 1693, to Sieur de Lotbiniere. The
whole, being 3^ leagues in front by 6 in depth,
is now the property of Gustave Joly, Esq. —
The soil in general is excellent and so advan-
tageously varied, that every production of the
country may be raised. It is well stocked with
fine elm, ash, maple, beech, plane, wild cherry
and other timber : the banks of the rivers du
Ch^ne, Huron and Boisclere produce pine of first
rate growth. This S. is very well watered by
these three rivers : the first is navigable at all
times as far as the place called ih.a portage, distant
about two miles from the St. Lawrence ; but the
two latter only during the rise of the waters in
spring and autumn. Notwithstanding the superior
fertility of the soil, about one-sixth part only of
the grants are settled. There are seven ranges of
concessions parallel to the St. Lawrence, and one
perpendicular to it, which contain 580 farms, of
3 acres in front by 30 in depth ; of this num-
ber, 46.5, under the management of industrious
tenants, who are good cultivators, yield abundant
crops of grain, &c. Near the middle of the front
stand a handsome stone church and parsonage-
house, and near to them a few neat and well-built
houses. On the e. side, near the St. Lawrence,
is a small domain of only twelve acres, whoUy un-
cultivated, thickly clothed with timber-trees of a
superior description, and containing the seignorial
mill. On the different streams are six saw-mUls,
and five manufactories of potash, — All the roads
in the S., as well as the main road along the St.
Lawrence, are always kept in excellent repair.

Statistics of the Parishes of Lotbiniere and St. Antoine.

Parishes.

1
I

i
1

(fi

1
1

1
u
2

i
1

4
1

1
2

2
2

■i

-<!

19
17

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. ]

Live Stock. |

1
o

1
1

CL.

800
760

I. 560

55C
4UI

900

Lotbiniere .
St. Antoine .

2406
2092

18800
18400

8900
11500

1001

350
540

2900
2800

1500
10800

60
100

1600
1750

5900
4940

1900
1900

4498

3700020400

1001 890

5700

12400

160

■350

10840

3800

L U S

MAD

, Title. — Premiere Partie " Concession du 3me No-

yembre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur
Marsolet d'une demi lieue dc front sur une lieue et demi
de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis
la graiide riviere du Chine, jusqu'aux terres non eoncedees,
tirant vers les terres de St. Croix." — Cahiers d'Intend. No.
10 a \7, folio 4.92.

Seconde Partie. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672,
faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Lolblniire, de
I'etendue de terre qui se trouve sur le iieuve St. Laurent,
depuis la concession du Sieur Marsolet jusqu'a celle des
Eeligieuses Ursuliiies {Ste. Croix), sur deux lieues de
profondeur." — Cahiers d'Intend. No. 10 A 17, folio 4)94.

Troisieme Partie. — " Concession du premier Avril, 1683,
faite a, Mr. de LotWniere de trois quarts de lieue ou environ
de terre non conc^dee, a. prendre d'un bout le long du
fleuve St. Laurent, a la grande riviere du CA^jje, joignantle
commencement de la demi lieue de concession, fkite au
Sieur Marsolet, et de I'autre en remontant vers la petite
rivifire du Chine, aux terres du Sieur St. Ours, avec deux
lieues de profondeur." — Registre des Foi et Hommage,
No. 42, Page 183, le 23me Fivrier, J 781. Cahiers d'ln-
tendance. No. 10 d IT, folio 502.

Quatrieme Partie, ou Augmentation. — " Concession du
25me Mars, 1693, faite par Louis de Buade, Gouverneur,
et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur de Lothiniere, de trois
lieues et demie de front avec quatre lieues et demie de
profondeur, a prendre au bout et oi se termine la profon-
deur du fief de Lothiniere, et celui appele la petite riviere
du Chine (les trois concessions preccdentes a lui apparte-
nante) ensemble tous les bois, pres, isles, rivieres et lacs
qui s'y trouvent." — Cahiers d'Jntendance, No. 9, 10, & 17,
folio 510.

Loup, du (R.), in the S. of Riv. du Loup, v.
Du Loup.

Loup, du, (S.), v. Riviere du Loup.

LouTRES, auxj river, rises in the s. w. part of
the fief St Etienne, and traversing the s. of Pointe
du Lac runs into the N. side of Lake St. Peter.

Lussaudiere, seigniory, in the co. of Yamaska,
is hounded n. e. by Baie St. Antoine ; s. w. by
St. Francois ; in the rear by Pierreville ; in front
by the St. Lawrence. — One league square. Con-
ceded Oct. 22, 1672, to Sieur de la Lussaudiere,
and after it had lapsed to the French crown it was
granted, July 26, 1683, to Sieur de Lamotte de
Lud^re. — The land is generally of abetter quality
than that in the adjoining seigniory of Yamaska,
with less of a sandy description : the front is so
low as to be overflowed in the spring by Lake St.
Peter, and consists of very tine meadow and good
pasturage: towards the rear the ground rises
gradually, with some patches of fair arable land.
The timber is not of the best kinds, particularly
in front. About one-third of the seigniory is cul-
tivated, and the most improved settlements are
contiguous to the main road on either side, where
some of the lots and farms denote a favourable
state of husbandry.

Title. — " Concession du 26me Juillet, 1683, faite par
Messrs. Lefetvre de la Barre, Gouverneur, et de Meultes,
Intendant, au Sieur de Lamotte de Lueiere, de la terre et
seigneurie de la Lussaudiere, conccdee par Mr. Talon, In-
tendant, le 22me Octobre, 1672, au Sieur de la Lussaudiere,
et reunie au domaine de sa Majeste par I'Ordonnance du
26me Mai, 1683, consistant en une lieue de front sur une
de profondeur, a prendre depuis les terres du Sieur Cre-
vier, en descendant vers la riviere Nicolet, le chenail tardif
y compris." — Cahiers d' Intendance, No. 2 a 9, folio 305.
Insinuations du Conseil Supirieur, lettre B. folio 125. Ri-
gistre d' Intendance, No. 4, folio 22.

LussoN, seigniory, in the co. of Saguenay, lies
along the St. Lawrence and extends 1 league in
front, and is f league s. w. of the little river be-
tween EchafTaud au Basque and the r. Saguenay.
Granted Nov. 7j 1672, to Sieur de St. Lusson.

Title. — " Concession du 7me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de St. Lusson, d'une lieue
de terre de front sur (en blanc) de profondeur, a prendre
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, savoir, une demie lieue en deja
de la petite rivifire qui est entre I'EcJwffaud au Basque, et
\e Saguenay, et une demie lieue au dela ; ensemble I'isle
nommie I'isle au Sieur." — Rigistre d' Intendance, No. 1,
folio 45.

Machiche, rivers, in the co. of St. Maurice.
The Grande Riviere Machiche, or Riviere a Mar-
cin, rises in a large lake near the N. w. extremity
of the rear boundary line of Caxton, and running
s. through that t. traverses the rear part of Ga-
tineau and enters Dumontier ; where, meandering
on the boundary line of those seigniories, it pene-
trates the N. E. angle of Grosbois or Machiche, and
in that S. taking a sudden turn to the s. w. falls
into Lake St. Peter.— The Petite Riviere Ma-
chiche rises in several small lakes in the t. of
Caxton also, and, running s. through the lands
belonging to the Forges of St. Maurice and part
of fief St. Etienne, intersects the n. w. angle of
Pointe du Lac and traverses the front of Gatineau ;
it then enters Grosbois and soon after falls into
Lake St. Peter one mile s. of the church. — These
two small rivers are about 18 m. from the r. St.
Maurice and are of sufficient force to drive miUs
but are not navigable, the Greater Machiche being
capable of carrying bateaux only as far up as the
mill, half a mile from its mouth ; down this n.
however lumber has been floated.

Machiche (S.), v. Grosbois, S.

Madame Dkapeau, fief, in the S. of Eboule-
mens, fronts the St. Lawrence, opposite Isle aux
Coudres.

aa2

MAD

Madame Dbapeau, fief, in the Island of Or-
leans near the s. w. end.

Madame Reid, fief, in the S. of Livaudiere.

MADAWASKAandTEMiscouATA, fiefs and settle-
ments, in the co. of Rimouski, extend along Lake
Temiscouata and the b. Madawaska, and are likely
to become of considerable importance on account
of their situation on the only land-route of com-
munication between Quebec and Halifax in Nova
Scotia; they must therefore become the medium of
intercourse between the sister provinces. The soil
of these tracts is considered to be generally good
and is timbered chiefly with maple, birch, beech,
and the several species of pine, of which the white
and yellow predominate. Numerous small rivers
present advantageous sites for mills, and both the
rivers and lakes are well stocked with superior
fish of various kinds. Limestone and iron ore
have been found in abundance. The scenery in
that part lying near the lake is bold and beautiful ;
the gentle slope of the land verging to the water's
edge, the broad expanding lake bounded on the
opposite shore by abrupt cliffs and stupendous
hills, at the base of which several streams dis-
charge themselves into the lake, form a tout en-
semble in the highest degree interesting. This
large portion of these extensive settlements has
made some progress since Alex. Fraser, Esq., a
gentleman of known wealth and the chief pro-
prietor of these fiefs, has established his residence
at the village of Kent and Strathern, which is at
the s. B. extremity of the portage on the borders
of the lake. The inhabitants of this settlement
are not numerous, and almost all of French ex-
traction and Catholics. Near the Little Falls of
the K. St. John the Madawaska settlement begins
and continues, by intervals, on each side of the R.
St. John for about 25 miles ; it consists of about
200 families of Acadians and Canadians. The
cottages are for the most part neatly built, and
both fields and gardens well cultivated. On the
east side of the k. at the beginning of the settle-
ment are a church and parsonage-house ; there
are also 2 corn-miUs. From the termination of
this little colony to the Great Falls of the k. St.
John. the distance is 15 miles, where there is a
military post, or more properly speaking a few old
houses occupied by a non-commissioned ofiicer and
a £ew privates, detached by some of the corps
jserving within the province of New Brunswick.
From this post down to Presqu' Isle is 52 miles.

MAD

where there is a similar establishment. — The pre-
sent proprietors of these extensive properties are
Col. Alex. Fraser, Dan. Sutherland, Esq. and Fr.
Languedoc, Esq.

Statistics.

Population . 65 ] Corn-mills . 1 | Saw-mills . 1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
400
200

Bushels.) Bushels.

Barley . 25 Peas . 100
Potatoes 4)50 1 Mixed grain 100

Live Sloclc.

5 I Cows
10 1 Sheep

15 I Swine
181

Title. — " Une autre concession de Mr. Le Febvre, de la
Barre et de MeuUes, Gouverneur- General et Intendant,
en ce pa'iie, en datte du 25me Nov. 1683, par laquelle sut
la representation du Sr. Aubert de la Chesnaye, j'ac-
cordent et concedent ^ Antoine Aubert et Marguerite
Angelique de la Chesnaye, ses enfans, une etendue de
trois lieues de terre le long de chacun det deux bord
de la riviere nommie Madouiska, proche la Rivi&e St.
Jean, avec le lac appelle Oumiskousta, et deux lieues de
profondeur dans les terres, le tout a litre de fiefs et
seigneurie haute, moyenne et basse justice, avec droit de
chasse de pesche dans I'etendue des dits lieux, pour en-
jouir eux, leurs hoirs, et ayans cause a la charge de la foy
et hommage au rendre au chateau St. Louis de Quebec.
Regu a foy et hommage aux fiefs et seigneuries, RiviSre
du Loup, Fief Madouiska, circonstances dependances a
laquelle nous I'avons regus, &e." — Registre dea Foys et
Hommages pour lesjiefs du Canada, Fev. 1723.

Madawaska, river, in the rear part of the co.
of Rimouski, rises in Lake Temiscouata, and run-
ning s. falls into the k. St. John at the head of
the Madawaska settlement. The land on both
sides of this e., from its source to its confluence
with the B. St. John, 10 leagues, is of excellent
quality. This R. is navigable for canoes and flat-
bottomed boats, excepting where there are falls
which occasion portages. Above the Little Falls
to Lake Temiscouata the current is gentle and
the navigation easy and periodically fit for steam-
boats. The banks are generally low and the lands
fit for settlements ; some indeed are now in pro-
gress near the Trout and Birch rivers, and the
settlers are composed of disbanded veteran soldiers.
In this R. the waters rise considerably in spring
and autumn, and there are shallow places but no
rapids. Its breadth varies from 90 to 150 yards,
and in many parts is so very shallow during the
summer that it is not navigable for any thing
larger than a canoe ; it is, however, possible that
it might be navigated by very flatly constructed
boats even during that season, bpt the strength of

MAD

MAG

the current would make it difficult to get them
up again ; in the spring, it is said, large rafts of
timber descend this river. The Little Falls, which
are near its junction with the St. John, render a
portage from 50 to 100 yards necessary even with
a canoe. — There is a great abundance of the usual
varieties of tish in this river, as well as in the
Bouleau, Perche and Trout rivers, all of which
mingle their waters with the Madawaska. — The
lands on the banks of this river and its tributary
streams are considered to be, in most places, of a
superior quality. — A road from Long's, at the end
of the portage to Degele, passing near the edge of
the lake, is very much wanted; the distance is
about 15 miles : it would connect the portage
with a road opened a few years past by the pro-
vince of New Brunswick, which cost 300^. and
extends 28 miles and is 12 ft. wide. — Every part
of both sides of this r. would be without doubt
soon settled if good roads were made.

Maddington, township, in the co. of Nicolet,
is bounded n. b. by Blandford ; n. and n. w. by
the seigniories of Gentilly, Cournoyer, Dutort
and Becancbur; it fronts s. and s. w. on the R-
Becancour, which separates it from the townships
of Bulstrode and Aston. — The land is level in the
interior and towards the s., but more elevated to-
wards the w. and s. w. in the direction of the R.
Becancour. There are many savannas and the soil
in general is tolerably good; in some places of a su-
perior quality, in others rocky and very inferior.
Some parts would produce hemp and flax. In the
surveyed parts, lying contiguous to the river, the
land is of the same nature and quality as that of
Aston, andequally capable of being turned to good
account in the hands of able farmers. On the
higher grounds some excellent timber may be
found, but on the lower parts only the indifferent
assortment of cedar, hemlock, and similar kinds.
This T. is watered by the Gentilly and the Be-
cancour, and the latter, which winds in a circular
direction from the s. b. to the n. w. angle,
presents several very eligible situations for the
erection of mills. — The principal proprietors are
Mr. Allsop and the heirs of the Hon. Jenkin
Williams. — ^A winter road traverses this t. and
communicates from the village St. Antoine, in
Becancour, to the river of that name, about 12 m.
in length. — There is only one settlement near the
river Becancour, on the side of Blandford, on
which are 12 persons.

Statistics.
Population

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

. 30
. 40

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

. 55

, . 15

Bushels.
Indian com 20

Live Stack.

2 1 Cows
3 1 Sheep

4) I Swine
12

Madrid (F.), v. Grandphb.

Magdelaine, fief, in the co. of Gaspe, is
bounded e. by the S. of Grande VaUee des Monts ;
w. and s. by waste lands ; in front by the St.
Lawrence. — One league in breadth by 2 leagues
in depth. Granted to Sieur Riverin, March 28,
1689.— This F. is traversed by the r. Magdelaine.

Title.—" Concession du 28me Mars, 1689, falte par
Jacques de Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur Riverin, de la riyi^re de U Magdelaine, etant aij
dessus des monts Notre Dame, du cotfe du Sud, ensemble
demi lieue au dessus et demi lieue au dessous de la dite
riviere, le long du fleuve St. Laurent, avec deux lieues de
profondeur." lUgistre d'Intendance, No. 3, folio 26.

Magdelaine, river, rises in waste lands in the
CO. of Gaspe, and traversing the S. of Magdelaine
falls into the St. Lawrence.

Magdalen Islands are in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, between the paralleb of lat. 47" 30'
and 47° 38' N. and the degrees of Ion. 61° 27' and
62" w. from the meridian of Greenwich. — -These
small islands are in a cluster and are 11 in num-
ber, and are included in the co. of Gaspe. Five
of them are inhabited. They are called

Magdalenlsland, IsleRoyale,

or Coffin's Island
Brion, or Cross Island
Bird Isles, two
Shug Isie

Saunder's Isle
Wolfe's Isle
Entry Isle
Deadman's Isle
Amherst Isle.

Magdalen Island (n. e. point) is in lat. 47° 37' 37"
N. and in Ion. 61° 26 51" w., the variation of the
compass being 22° 25' w. This island, which is
also called Isle Royale and Coffin's Island, is ifei
general barren and mountainous. It contains
some settlements and is 17 leagues in length ;
in some places it is about 1 league wide, while
in other places it is only one arpent wide. In
the lower parts the land is sandy and soft, com-
prising a number of quicksands, occasioned by
several small channels that originally had a com-
munication with the sea, but which have since been
filled up by the violence of the winds. It is iini-

MAGDALEN ISLANDS.

versally declared by the old inhabitants that into
the largest lake^ which is near the k. point, they
have seen ships of 3 masts and tolerable burthen
go in and out with safety, though the entrance is
at present dry at low water.

Brian Island, containing about 60 or 70 square
arpents, bears n. by the compass and is about 10
miles from Magdalen Island. It is nearly sur-
rounded with high capes, and on the n. side is
some clear land of tolerably good quality. Its
lat. (n. e. point) is 47° 48' 8' w.

Bird Islands, northernmost, in lat. 47° 50' 28"
and in Ion. 61° 12' 53 " w., are two in number and
contain about 4 square arpents each and consist
of two rocks, elevated above the water upwards
of 100 feet ; their flattened summits, each not ex-
ceeding in circumference 300 paces, exhibit a re-
splendent whiteness produced by the quantities of
ordure with which they are covered from im-
mense flocks of birds, which, in summer, take
possession of the apertures in the perpendicular
cliffs, where they form their nests and produce
their young ; when alarmed they hover above the
rocks and overshadow their tops by their numbers.
The abundance of their eggs affords to the in-
habitants of the neighbouring coast a material
supply of food.

Entry Isle contains nearly 100 square arpents,
— The population of these islands, although it
does not exceed 1000, has considerably increased
since 1763, when, it is said, there were only 10
families. In 1791 there were 13 heads of fami-
lies; in 1797 the population amounted to 500;
in 1798, when Sir Isaac Coffin took possession of
these islands by virtue of a grant from the British
crown, there were 100 families, the descendants
of Acadians or Canadians; in 1821 the number of
families had increased to 133, and now amounts
to 153,' the present population being about 1000,
chiefly French Acadians, among whom there are
5 Irish families and 11 English women. They
are all catholics, except 4 or 5 families. The in-
habitants, who derive their subsistence chiefly from
the fisheries, are in general remarkably hale and
healthy, with light complexions and flaxen hair.
They are cheerful in character, and the females
remarkably modest and ingenuous. The inhabit-
ants sufier great inconvenience from the ship-
wrecks which frequently happen on these islands,
when each family is sometimes obliged to support
3 or 4 persons, who would perish without such

succour; this indispensable charity, added to their
remoteness from any provision market, frequently
creates a scarcity of provisions, more especially as,
for 6 or 7 months in the winter, their communi-
cation with every other part of the world is cut
ofF. So frequent have shipwrecks been on these
islands that Capt. Fougire, for 10 successive years,
brought off these islands annually about 200 ship-
wrecked persons, who, without the charitable
assistance of the poor native inhabitants, would
have perished. — The houses are built with timber
only, and are in size from 26 to 30 ft. by 18 to
20 feet wide ; the chimneys are built of clay or
earth of a reddish colour. — There are but few
roads in these islands, and to pass through the
woods on the high capes is very difiicult. — The
quality of the wood is very inferior and chiefly
consists of sapin, red and white epinette, and birch.
— There are no minerals of any consequence in
these islands, although in some places are found
plaster of Paris and ochre of various colours, red,
yellow, white and some bordering on sky-blue,
and Entry Isle produces fine red. — These islands
are totally unfit for the general purposes of agri-
culture, or, at least, that means of subsistence is
wholly neglected, the inhabitants relying entirely
on the profits of their fisheries ; potatoes, which
however generally fail, are the only produce of
the soil, with the exception of forage grown on
the natural meadows and pastures, with which a
tolerable proportion of live stock are sustained.
Some fowls are bred but no geese, and bustards
are to be met with in spring and autumn. That
agriculture ought not to be so entirely neglected
may be reasonably inferred from the fact, that
every season produces a great quantity of juniper
berries, strawberries, raspberries, &c. — No reptiles
of any kind are to be found in these islands,
and the only wild animals are rabbits and a great

number of foxes of a silver or gray colour.

There are two churches and a presbytery for
the resident missionary ; one church is 50 ft. by
30, the other 55 ft. by 33 ; the presbytery, which
is built of wood, is 36 feet by 26 and has the
convenience of a stable and garden. The tithes
payable to the missionary consist in half a quintal
of fish from each family, which is generally sold
at I0«. per quintal. — The fisheries constitute the
only wealth of these islands and the sole means of
subsistence for the inhabitants. The fisheries are
chiefly for seal, herring and cod; eels are caught

MAG

M A L

with the harpoon, fine trouts are also harpooned
in the rivers at the flamheau ; and flattans, a fish
measuring ahout 3|- ft. long hy 7 or 8 inches, are
caught and also macrow lobsters, which are con-
sumed by the inhabitants. Codfish, valued at
14s. per quintal, is exchanged for pork valued at
7^- per barrel, and when it is sold for cash it
brings 10s. per quintal. 300 quintals of codfish
and 3000 seals are caught annually, and each seal
generally produces 7 gallons of oil. Some of the
fisheries are conducted on shares, which are divided
among 5, 6 or 7 men, who are employed in one
vessel; the fish caught are divided among them
equally after reserving one share for the owner
of the vessel. The fisheries were described, in
1821, to have been reduced to one-third of what
they were 15 or 16 years before that period. The
inhabitants earn their living chiefly by the cod
fishery, and in the spring some of them go in
pursuit of seals. Formerly the sea-cow abounded
here and a considerable trade was carried on in
the sale of that animal ; but it is no longer found
and the trade has ceased for nearly 40 years.
The sea-cow is an unwieldy amphibious animal,
resembling in figure and colour the toad, with
a head bearing some resemblance to that of the
ox. The sea-cow fishery has ceased to be prac-
tised in the Magdalen Islands, very probably on
account of their being frightened away by unskil-
ful fishermen, the too frequent approach of boats,
or an indiscreet use of tire-arms in shooting them
in their echouages or strands, where they were
formerly taken by 300 or 400 together. The
sea-cow fishing was an object of considerable in-
terest from its immense produce, and it is much
to be lamented that so valuable a branch of the
St. Lawrence fisheries should have been thus dis-
continued. In order to protect the fisheries, French
vessels are not permitted to approach these islands
nearer than 3 leagues. The Americans, however,
fish there and anchor in the harbours, and about
20 vessels come every year and sometimes aU of
them arrive in the space of 8 days, viz. between
the 8th and 16th of May. — There are about four
harbours on the Magdalens, viz. that of Jupiter,
Amherst, Basque and Haywood. The harbour
of Jupiter has most water upon the bar. At
Amherst harbour, which is esteemed the second
best, the proprietors have their house and carry
On the cod fishery ; the harbour of Haywood has
only 6 feet at low water upon the bar. Three of

these are very safe for such vessels as can enter
them. Basque harbour was formerly very good,
having had three channels into it and a great
depth of water ; but at present it is so choked up
with sand, which the sea has thrown up, that
there is not above 3 or 4 feet of water at the en-
trance, and it is, consequently, impracticable for
any thing but shallops or boats. — The Magdalen
Islands were granted to Sir Isaac Cofiin as a re-
ward for his naval services. — The inhabitants are
very dissatisfied and have required by petition the
repossession of their fishing-grounds; and say, that,
instead of being discouraged by annual rents, they
ought rather to receive encouragement to remain,
and that stores ought to be established in the islands
on account of the shipwrecks which annually occur,
these islands producing absolutely nothing. — There
are no crown reservations in these islands, although
there are clergy reservations.

550
360

Statistics.

Population . 1000

Horses . . 100
Cows . . 316
Oxen . . 140

Sheep
Swine
Some fowls and bustai

Home-made cloth . 1275 yards.

Shallops . 30 from 25 to 30 tons each.
Fishing-boats . 100.

Magog, river, in the cos. of Stanstead and
Sherbrooke, rises in Lake Memphramagog, from
the N. E. extremity of which in the t. of Hatley
it issues, and running through Lake Scaswani-
nepus forms^ the boundary line between Ascot
and Orford, and falls into the r. St. Francis at
the village of Sherbrooke, where it constitutes
the Forks of Ascot commonly called the Lower
Locks. — It runs about 14 mUes from the Lake
Scaswaninepus.

Maheu, river, rises near the centre of the
island of Orleans, and running s. falls into the
St. Lawrence. It drives a mill near its mouth.

Mailloux, river, in the S. of Murray Bay,
rises in the concession of Lisle, and running s. E.
traverses the concession of St. Charles, and falls
into the St. Lawrence. It drives a saw and a
corn-mill near its mouth.

Malbay, river, rises in the Montagnes des
Roches in the co. of Saguenay. It runs s. to the
St. Lawrence between the seigniories of Murray
Bay and Mount Murray.
' Malbay (S.), v. Murray Bay.

MAR

Mal BaTj in the co. of Gasp^, lies s. w. of
Gaspe Bay. It is about 6 miles deep and 6 miles
wide at its entrance. Very near its southwardly
point is a remarkable rock rising about 200 feet
out of the water and of about 1200 feet in length,
in which there are three arches completely wrought
by nature ; the centre one is sufficiently large to
admit a boat under sail to pass througlt it with
ease: from this rock, round Malbay to Point
Peter, there is an excellent beach for fishing, part
of which is named La Belle Anse, or Lobster
Beach : close to this place is the house of the late
Governor Coxe. — Mai Bay River empties itself at
the head of the bay; its estuary, with the ex-
ception of the bed of the river, is almost dry at
low water and affords a convenient strand for
river craft and boats.

Manicouagan or Black River, rises in the
territory of Labrador and entering into the n. e.
part of the co. of Saguenay falls into the St.
Lawrence. It is a considerable stream. The
Manicouagan Shoal advances from the n. shore of
the St. Lawrence upwards of 2 leagues, and de-
rives its name from the river.

Manigousito (R."), v. Shawenegan.

Mansfield, a projected township fronting the
N. channel of the Ottawa, which divides the t.
from the Island of Grand CaUumet. Midway of
the frontage of this t. are the Little Falls of the
Grand CaUumet. The n. w. angle is watered by
the R. Coulonge.

Mahais, des, a small river running into the r.
Saguenay.

Maranda, fief, in the co. of Lotbiniere, fronts
the St. Lawrence for three quarters of a league,
lying between the seigniories of Tilly and Bon-
secours. It was granted in equal moieties to the
Sieurs Duquet, father and son, Nov. 3rd, 1672. —
This fief is watered by the r. ViUeu.

Title — Partie nord-est — " Concession faite au Sieur
Duquet, PSre, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon,
Intendant, de trente arpens de terre de front siir einquante
de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis
la concession du Sieur Duquet son fils, jusqu'aux terres
non-eonc6dees." — Registre d'Iniendaace, iVb. \, folio 25.

Partie sud-miest. — " Concession faite au Sieur Duquet,
fils, le 3me Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant,
de trente arpens de terre de front sur einquante de pro-
fondeur, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la riviere Vilieu
jusqu'aux terres non-conc«ddes." — Rigistre d'lntendance,
JVo. 1, folio 25.

Maranion (F.), v. Lauzon.

Mares, des, river, in the S. of Cote de Beau-

pr6, rises in the rear of the concession St. Gabriel
which it traverses, and, in the concession of Mare
a la Trinite, it runs into the r. du Gouffre. Near
its mouth it turns a saw-mill.

Maria, township, in the co. of Bonaventure,
fronts the Bay of Chaleurs and is bounded b. by
Richmond, w. by Carleton, and in the rear by
waste lands. The front of this t. forms the w.
side of an open bay caUed Cascapebiac, where the
anchorage, even for vessels of the smallest bur-
den, is a mile from the shore, on account of the
shoals at low water. In this t. are lofty moun-
tains.

Statistics.

Population
Shopkeepers

522 River-craft 3 Keel-boats
8 Tonnage . 225

Annual Agricultural Produce.

i . 18

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
1,760 Potatoes
2,680

Live Stocks

Bushels.
ia,800

Horses .
Oxen

70 Cows . 181 Swine .
146 Sheep . 612

272

Marie Anne (F.), v. Carufel, S.

Maribnequatacook, or " The beautiful land
turtle," river, in the co. of Rimouski, rises in two
lakes, one n. b. and the other s. of Long Lake,
with which they are connected by portages. It
runs s. E. into the R. St. John.

Marigean, river, in fief Lepinay in the co. of
Quebec.

Marlow, township, in the co. of Beauce, ex-
tends N. E. and s. w. from the r. du Loup to the
K. Chaudi^re, and is bounded on the other sides by
Jersey and Risborough.

Mahsolet, fief, in the S. of Cap de la Made-
leine, is half a league in front on the St. Law-
rence and 2 leagues in depth.

Marsolettb, river, in the p. of St. Joachim
in C6te de Beaupre, falls into the St. Lawrence
opposite the n. b. point of the Island of Orleans.

Mabston, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is bounded s. by Clinton and Chesham, n. by
Hampden, and fronts the w. side of Lake Me-
gantic. The whole of this t. has been surveyed,
but only one quarter of it granted and no part
settled. The land is irregular, hilly and fre-
quently very stony, but mostly of a moderately
good soil, and many spots present eligible situa-
tions for the culture of hemp and flax. The

MAS

M AS

timber forms but an indifferent mixture of maple^
fir, hemlock, cedar and spruce. — Watered by
several streams and small lakes, besides Lake Me-
gantic, near which are some very excellent mea-
dows. The scenery in the vicinity of the lake is
beautifully picturesque, as the land rises gradually
fi'om its borders clothed with a rich verdure, and
embellished by large groups of stately trees rang-
ing above each other until they crest the summit,
and exhibit a most enchanting variety of foliage.
The waters abound with excellent fish, and the
country around this sequestered and romantic spot
is the resort of almost every species of game. —
Ungranted and unlocated, 43,996 acres.

MarteLj fief, is in the S. of L'Assomption ; its
centre is about 4 m. from the R. L'Assomption.
In this small fief rises the Ruisseau de la Cabanne
Ronde, which runs into the r. Mascouche.

Marystown, v. Beauharnois, S.

Mascouche (R.), v. Ste. Anne, r. in the S.
of Lachenaye.

Mascouiane Lake is connected with Lake
Wiscouamatche by a short portage. It is 1 1 m.
wide and about 4 m. long; it is very deep and
abounds with excellent fish. There are several
islands in this lake on the east side, and on that
side the mountains rise to an extraordinary height.

MaskinongBj river and lake. — The river rises
in the lake which lies in the n. angle of the t.
of Brandon. It runs through much rough and
mountainous country, and 200 miles from its
source falls into the St. Lawrence. After leaving
the lake, this r. directs its course s. e. and then s.
passing through the S.of Lanaudiere, then through
fief Carufel, and lastly through the S. of Mas-
kinonge, where it falls into the bay of that name
and loses its waters in the St. Lawrence. About
8 miles from its mouth it is navigable for boats
and canoes as far as the Great Rapids, where
there is a great fall of more than 300 ft. The
banks of this r. are from 10 to 18 ft. high, and
over it a new bridge has been erected near a
small village that contains a church, a few taverns
and some shopkeepers. — Along this r. are many
mill-sites, particularly at its mouth, where there
are, for about 12 arpents, cascades and rapids
which offer successively the most advantageous
situations for the erection of mills. In the vicinity
of its fall is a number of iron mines, where forges
might be established at little expense. — Mas-
kinonge Lake is about 4 miles long, 1^ m. broad

and 9 m. in circumference. It is well stocked
with various kinds of excellent fish, particularly
that called Maskinong6, and around it is a consi-
derable extent of marshy ground producing wild
hay. The surrounding scenery possesses many na-
tural beauties of a wild and sublime description,
presenting an amphitheatre of rising grounds and
lofty hills, backed by the magnificent ridge of
mountains running westwardly from Quebec, and
many other bold features of a romantic country.

Maskinongb or Lanaudiere, seigniory, in
the CO. of St. Maurice, lies in the rear of Carufel.
It is 2 leagues in front and extends in depth so far
as to comprehend Lake Maskinonge. Granted,
Mar. 1, 1750, to C. F. T. de Lanaudiere, and is
now the property of the Hon. T. Pothier.—This
seigniory includes Lake Maskinonge, by which it
is watered as well as by some small lakes, but
principally by the river Maskinonge. — No part of
this S., except the fief Marie-Anne, is conceded,
and there is no road across the non-conceded
lands, which were partly surveyed in 1804. The
number of concessions is, therefore, small in pro-
portion to the extent of the S.

Statistics.

Population

199 1 Saw-mills
Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 380
Oats . . 500

Bushels.
Potatoes 3,900
Peas . 200

Indian

Bushels,
com 100

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

39
19

Cows . 78
Sheep . SO

Swine

Title. — " Concession du premier Mars, 1750, faite par
le Marquis de la Jonquiere, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot,
Intendant, au Sieur Charles Franfois Tarieu de Lanaudiere,
de deux lieues ou environ de front, a prendre au bout du
fief Carufel, sur la profoudeur qui se trouve jusqu'au lac
Maskinongb, le dit lac compris dans toute son Stendue,
avec les isles, islets et batures qui se trouveront en icelui."
— Rigistre d'Intendance, JVo. 9, folio 48.

Maskinonge, seigniory, in the co. of St. Mau-
rice, is bounded n. e. by the S. of Riviere du
Loup ; s. w. by Berthier ; in the rear by Dusabl^
and Carufel; in front by Lake St. Peter. It
contains two separate grants : that of the n. e.
part, 1^ league in front by the same depth, was
made, Nov. 1672, to Peter and John Baptiste
Legardeur, Sieurs de St. Michel; and the s. w.
part, a league in front by a league in depth, on
the same day to 'Sieur John Baptiste Legardeur.
The soil is rich, and in some places would be ex-

MAS

cellent for hemp and flax. The land in general
is rather flat^ and towards the front is so low as
to be sometimes overflowed in the spring; but
this only serves to enrich the fine meadows and
good pasture-grounds that border the river. The
timber has been very much thinned. This S. is very
well watered by some small streams and the large
. river Maskinong6j which winds through the centre
and is navigable for boats and canoes for several
miles up. — About two-thirds are in cultivation.
Thebestsettlementsare on theborders ofChenaildu
Nord, on both sides of the road leading to Quebec,
and on the east bank of the Maskinong^, over
which there is a bridge. There is no village in
the seigniory, but it has a church and parsonage-
house, one corn-mill and one saw-miU. At the
entrance of the Maskinonge there are two or
three large islands, forming difierent channels
into it; they are all flat and low, but covered
with various sorts of inferior wood. Timber from
Carufel, &c, and the townships in the rear, is
brought down the Maskinong6 into the St. Law-
rence. — The fief Petit Bruno lies at the s. w.
angle of this S. ; it is nearly square, and fronts the
North Channel, which separates it from Isle Dupas.
— The Parish of Maskinonge, by an Order in
Council, dated Mar. 3, 1722, extends 21 leagues
in front, viz. \^ league square n. b. and 1 league
square s. w., including Carufel. Many farms in
this p. near the river Maskinonge were conceded
before 1 759 and measured 4 arpents by about 90
in breadth, each paying to the seignior an annual
rent of one pistole.

Statistics.

Population 3,770

Fulling-mills

Churches, R. C

Saw-naills

Cur^s

Tanneries .

Presbyteries
Schools

Potasheries

Pearlasheries

Villages .

Distilleries .

Corn-mills

Just, of peace

Carding-mills

Medical naen

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

20,900

27,800

3,900

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

^9,200

4,000

Bushels.
Rye . 200

Indian corn 73

Live Stock.

750 1 Cows
805 1 Sheep

1,8901 Swine
5,000

l,4flO

Title — Partie nord-at. — " Concession du 3me Novem-
bre, 1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, h. Pierre et

MAS

Jean Baptiste Legardeur, Sieurs de St. Michel, d'une lieue
et demi de terre de front sur pareiUe profondeur; a pren-
dre sur le Chenail du Nord du fleuve St. Laurent, savoir:
trois quarts de lieue au dessous de la riviSre Maskinonge,
et autant au dessus ; la dite riviSre comprise." — Registre
d'lutendance, No. 1, folio 24.

Pm-tie sud-ouest. — "Concession du 3me Novembre,
1672, faite par Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Jean
Baptiste Legardeur, d'une lieue de terre de front sur une
lieue de profondeur, a prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent,
depuis les trois quarts de lieues accordes au Sieur Le-
gardeur de St. Michel, sur trois audessus de la riviiire de
Maskinongi." — Rigistre d'Intendance, JVo. 1, folio 34.

Massiwippi, lake, in the co. of Stanstead.
Commissioners were appointed in 1829 by the
House of Assembly to superintend the making
and repairing the road from Lake Massiwippi to
Yamaska Mountain in the S. of St. Hyacinthe,
and the sum of =£'1,500 was voted to carry the
necessary measures into effect. As this road is
the grand thoroughfare to Montreal for the town-
ships of Hatley, Barnston, Stanstead, Ascott, Or-
ford, Eaton, Newport, Compton, Hereford and
the country east of Lake Memphramagog, it must
be regretted that the sum appropriated is not ade-
quate, according to the report of the commission-
ers, to meet the expense any farther than Stuke-
ley line, which leaves Shetford and Stukeley
without any assistance, a distance of more than 20
miles. The mode in which this sum of .£1,500
has been expended is as follows :

£ >. d.
On the 74 miles of wilderness from Lake 'i

Massiwippi to the outlet of Lake Mem- C 693 10

phramagog . . . ^

55 rods w. of Orford Mountain . . 25

90 rods round the base of Orford Mountain 187 10

600 rods in the T. of Granby . . 175

Expended in day labour on the road from ~)
the outlet of L. Memphramagog to >
Stukeley line . • • J

1,081
419

1,500

The sum already granted appears to be very in-
adequate to the end proposed, especially as more
than usual difficulties occur in Shefford on account
of the disproportionate extent of crown and clergy
reservations in that township. The commissioners
report that an additional sum of at least £2,000
will be required to effect the object in view.

Massiwippi, river, rises in Lake Tomefobi in
the T. of Hatley, and after traversing the 1st, 2nd
and 3rd ranges runs through the n. w. angle of
Compton to Ascot, where it joins the Coaticook
at the s. extremity of the 7th and 8th ranges.
The junction of these rivers is remarkable for

MAT

having been the site of the first settlements formed
by Mr. Hyatt.

Matane, river, rises in the rear of the Paps of
Matane in the t. of St. Dennis, and taking a cir-
cuitous course enters the S. of Matane at the s. w.
corner, and in the middle of the front of that S.
falls into the St. Lawrence. — A sand-bar across
the mouth of the river obstructs its navigation at
low water, but schooners ascend about 40 or 50
yards up to the manor-house at high tide. Far-
ther up are the rapids, which offer a propitious
situation for a mill, and also contribute to the
embellishment of the scenery, which is by no
means uninteresting. Theise rapids are stated by
Indians to be the only impediment to the naviga-
tion of the river, for above them the course of the
K. is uninterrupted.

Matane, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is
bounded n. e. and in the rear by the t. of St.
Dennis ; s. w. by the t. of Matane ; in front by the
St. Lawrence. — This S. with its augmentation is,
according to title, 2|- leagues square; and was
originally granted to Sieur Damour, June 26,
1677. — The soU is excellent and consists, gene-
rally, of a thin stratum of sand on a rich sub-
stratum of marl. The principal settlejnemts
occupy both banks of the k, Matane, and extend
about a ;3iile above its mouth ; they cover a super-
ficial extent not exceeding 600 acres of cultivated
land, and their population is about 300. A church
built of wood stands a few perches e. of the
manor-house, and, at some distance below it, is
built the seignorial mill on a little creek too small
to work it eflfectually. These settlements are but
partially seen from the St. Lawrence, being in-
land and, in some degree, concealed by the blufi"
point or mound, that rises singularly abrupt and
isolated w. of the mouth of the K. Matane. — The
Parish of Matane lies about 30 miles below
Mitis. The intermediate distance being a total
wilderness, without a road of communication
traversing it ; the intercourse between these places
is iept up by water, and, sometimes, with
difficulty, by the beach; which, being a beau-
tiful firm sand, is used as the high way at
low water; the accumulation of drifted timber
and rubbish above high water mark render-
ing the communication by land impracticable at
any other time— A few wretched habitations are
scattered along the beach to the eastern extremity
of the seigniory. The fisheries in this S. and its

MAT

vicinity are worthy of encouragement, and might
produce very considerable advantages to the in-
habitants. The cod fishery, which is the principal,
may be said to commence at Matane. The seasons
vary considerably in their productiveness, and it is
not at all times that the fishing boats can be sent
out on account of stormy weather, and even in a
productive season the result is but casual. The
produce of the Matane cod fishery is salted and
dried, and disposed of on the spot to the inhabitants
of the neighbouring parishes and settlements, and
for home consumption. No fish is taken to
Quebec, though much might be sent, owing to
the want of encouragement in the Quebec markets.
From 9*. to 10*. is the price offered for it there,
per cwt., which does not reward the curer for his
labour and expense. He would not be satisfied
under 12*. 6d. to 15*. The fisheries of Cape
Chat and Ste Anne, particularly that of Cape
Chat, are considerably more productive in cod
fish than the Matane fishery. — The produce of
those fisheries, like that of Matane, is generally
sold in parishes above them, after being bartered
for dry goods and liquors. There are salmon
fisheries at all these places, which, with encourage-
ment, might be rendered much more productive
than they are : only about 6 to 8 tierces are taken
to market from Ste. Anne's, and as many from
Cape Chat ; from Matane about 10 tierces. The
average price of salmon per tierce is 4/. The
river Matane abounds with trout of from 4 to 7
lbs. weight, which is an excellent fish when pro-
perly cured, but it is an article not much attended
to from the little sale it meets with. With
judicious encouragement all these fisheries might
be made much more productive, and prove a
source of advantage both to the seller and buyer.

Population 245 i Presbyteries . 1 1 Saw-mills . 1
Churches, R. C. 1 Corn-mills . 1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

780

. 1,010

500

10,000

57
SO

Bushels.
Peas . 400
Rye . 50

Indian corn 60
Mixed grain 50

Live Stoclc.

Cows
Sheep

Cwt.
Maple sugar 72

Hay

98 I Swine
320

Tons.
118

102

rafe.—" Concession du 26me Juin, 1677, faite par
Jacques Duchesneau, Intendant au Sieur Damour, d'une
lieue et demie de terre de front, sur une lieue de prof'on-

bb2

MAT

deur, savoir, une demi lieue au de5a et une demi lieue au
dela de la riviere Matane, et par augmentation une autre
lieue de terre de front, aussi sur une lieue et demie de
profondeur, y joignant, a prendre du cotfi de la riviere
MUis." — Insinuations du Conseil Superieitr^ Let. 3. folio 9.

Matane, township, in the co. of Rimouski, is
bounded N. b. by the S. of Matane ; s. w. and in
the rear by waste lands; in front by the St.
Lawrence. It is about 9 m. in breadth, 11 miles
in depth, and is well watered. The principal
rivers are the Grande Riviere Blanche and the
Matane. At the mouth of the Blanche is an ex-
cellent mill site. — Ungranted and unlocated 55,556
acres.

Matapediac Lake lies in the co. of Rimouski,
and in the rear of the crown lands between the t.
of Matane and the S. of Mitis. This spacious
lake is in the high lands that separate the waters
running into the St. Lawrence from those that
run to the bay of Chaleurs. — A grant of this lake,
and one league of land round it, was made May
26, 1694, to Sieur N J. Damour : it now belongs

to Grant, Esq. and others. — The lake is

from 15 to 16 miles long, and not above one
league in its greatest breadth ; it is about 21 m.
from the St. Lawrence, and lies s. s. e. of the S.
of Mitis. The surrounding lands form a valuable
tract of country, and would doubtless become by
due encouragement to settlers a flourishing part
of, Canada, as the lake, with other advantages,
possesses abundance of salmon, trout and white
fish, and is navigable for rafts of all kinds of
timber, with which- the banks of the noble river
Matapediac are in various parts thickly covered.
— Lake Matapediac presents a charming combina-
tion of scenery ; the face of the country is elevated
and bold, composed of a succession of hiUs, rising
from the waters and terminating in distant ridges
to the northward: the centre of the lake is
diversified by a cluster of islands, which, with the
extensive surface of water, the projecting points
of the lake, and the grandeur of the surrounding
scenery, attracts the attention of the traveller.
The land on both sides of the lake is covered with
pine, birch, beech, maple and a variety of other
trees. The western shore appears rather more
level as the mountains recede from the lake to
the s. w. Besides the cluster of islands, there are
S or 4 other islands mostly dispersed along the
eastern shore ; on which side a few small streams,
particularly the Wagansis, fall into the lake, and
on the other side one or two streams enter it

from the interior of the country. — The portage,
or Indian path, which communicates from the
head of the lake to the St. Lawrence, is traversed
by one or two prominent ridges of mountains ; the
one near to the lake called Les Montagnes de Notre
Dame, commands a view of the whole country to
the southward, which appears to extend tolerably
level for many miles. The other is situated
about half way across the portage, between the
rivers Tuctigoo and Tuctigooshiche ; but the most
remarkable highlands are those which bound
the St. Lawrence. The land throughout the
portage is commonly good for cultivation, with
the exception of a few spots of swamp and a few
steep mountains, which, however, could be easily
obviated by making a circuit of the mountains, or
causewaying the swampy portions. The portage
is at present merely an irregular Indian path. A
road along this tract has for many years been
thought an object of the first importance, not only
to the improvement of the country, but to the
immediate interest of government, as promising
great advantages in the safe conveyance of the
mails from Quebec to Halifax, and as the means
of conveying troops from the R. Ristigouche to
the settlement of Rimouski^ which would be
an eligible route of five or six days' march. A
projected road has been traced from Mitis to
the lake, at the expense of Mr. M'Niders, the
seignior of Mitis ; it takes an eastwardly course,
winding occasionally, until it reaches the lake. —
The land, except immediately passing the high-
lands, is reported generally level and fit for cul-
tivation, and requiring very few bridges or
causeways; the distance is twenty-seven miles
from the St. Lawrence to the lake. More than
eight townships might be laid out on this com-
munication ; at least, the front of townships might
be marked in laying out the road. The report
of the exploring party, appointed under an act of
the provincial legislature, states that it will require
the sum of 3260/. to form a good road along this
portage, and extending to the New Mission Point
at Ristigouche, about 18 miles from the head of
Chaleur Bay. To this point from the St. Law-
rence is about 98 miles.

Title — " Concession du a6me Mai, 1694, feite par ^fnn
Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Nicholas Joseph Damour, du
lac appel^ Matapediach, avec une lieue de terre tout autour
d'icelui." — Rlgistrc d'Intcndance, No. i-, folio 17.

Matapediac, river, in the cos. of Rimouski
and Bonaventure.— The river rises in the lake of

MAT

MEG

the same name, whence it traverses in a s. s. b.
course through a valuable country till it disem-
bogues into the R. Ristigouche, about 3 leagues
above the Indian village called New Mission Point.
The numerous and extensive tributary streams
falling into this R., particularly the Piscamineau,
the Cassimaquagan, the Casupscull and iheHumquin
rivers, water and enrich a large tract of excellent
country. From the mouth of the Matapediac to a
small creek on the east side, the land rises gradually
into steep and lofty mountains ; about a mile and
a half above this creek at a sudden bend the range
of hills, which commences at Mr. Adam's and runs
thence in a n. e. course, bears a prominent appear-
ance,- the principal mountain, called Pectianook,
rising from the river about 300 feet. — The
western shore also bears a bold aspect and
gives to the waters an apparent tinge of obscu-
rity. — This mountainous appearance, however, is
not so prevalent on the eastern shore, towards
the R. Piscamineau. From this river on both
sides of the Matapediac the land, with little ex-
ception, although mountainous, is fit for agricul-
ture to the river Cassimaquagan, which is navigable
and abounds with valuable pineries; within 4
miles above this river are two handsome and
navigable streams, also Hned with extensive pine-
ries. The banks of the Matapediac, from the river
Cassimaquagan upwards, rise boldly, timbered
with maple, birch, and pine ; and though the
river is frequently interrupted by rapids and
strong currents', its navigation is not obstructed.
— The islands are numerous, and some of them
are of handsome extent. The soil in general,
from the quality of the timber, is of a dark yellow
loam, sometimes consisting of a subordinate bed
or stratum of clay, which seems to predominate
only in the valleys and intervals. From the Cas-
simaquagan to the river Casupscull, the largest
river that flows into the Matapediac, the general
surface of the land seems to present also excellent
spots for cultivation, as the land commonly descends
by gradual swells to the banks, which are clothed
with almost all the varieties of timber peculiar to
the growth of that part of the district of Gaspe.
From the Casupscull the land is level, appearing
to be in some parts swampy and low, until ap-
proaching the lake Obstchquosquam, where it rises
in gentle slopes to the mountains. The surround-
ing scenery of this lake is beautiful, and forms

a happy relief to the sameness of the river.
About one mile higher up is a handsome stream,
on the western side, about 20 yards wide, said to
be navigable. About half a mile higher the Ma-
tapediac is interrupted by a great rapid, called the
Casupscull Rapid. — From the Obstchquosquam.
lake to the chain of the Obswantel lakes, about 4
miles, the Matapediac is constantly winding in a
very irregular manner, and is more frequently im-
peded by rapids. Leaving these small lakes, the
Matapediac is found to issue from a beautiful lake
to which it gives name. The rapids in some
places of the river, although of magnitude, will
cause no injury or impediment to rafts going down
to the Ristigouche, while canoes can ply for more
than 7 months of the year between the Portage
and the Indian Village. The country is in the
greatest part wild and barren ; the soil and timber
are, however, of the best quality. The scenes
which present themselves along the shore of the
Matapediac are in some places of a romantic de-
scription, and in others beautifully picturesque.
The river is in many places diversified with
numerous islands and handsome windings ; some-
times its waters are contracted between stupendous
mountains, and at other times expanded to a great
extent between a fine open country. This r. in
spring and autumn is navigable for small vessels,
of 10 to 20 tons, with the greatest safety and
facility.

Matawin, river, rises in a lake in the co. of
St. Maurice, and running s. and then s. e. joins
the R. St. Maurice in the S. of Cap de la Made-
leine, in the co. of Champlain.

Mattouin, river, runs from w. to e. and falls
into the w. side of the St. Maurice about 23
leagues above Three Rivers. It is of considerable
length and about one quarter of the size of the
St. Maurice. It is navigable for canoes.

Mecatina Isles, in theGulf of St. Lawrence,
are two small islands lying off the coast of Sa-
guenay.

Megantick, county, in the District of Quebec,
is bounded n. w. by the s. e. boundary lines of
the augmentation of Lotbiniere and part of St.
Jean d'Eschaillons to the River Becancour, being
the s. B. boundary lines of the co. of Lotbiniere ;
N. E. in part by the west lateral lines and rear
lines of the seigniories of Ste. Croix and St. Giles ;
w. by the east bounds of the township of Stanford,

MEG

then easternly along the N. w. bounds of the town-
ship of Arthahaska to its intersection with the n. w.
outline of the township of Halifax, thence s. w.
along the N. w. bounds of Halifax to the n. angle
of Chester, thence s. e. along the n. b. bounds of
the townships of Chester to the most easternly
angle of that township thence N. e. along the
N. w. outline of the township of Wolfstown to
the most northernly angle of the said township,
thence s. e. along the n. e. boundary line of that
township to its easternly angle, thence s. b. to the
river Chaudiere or Lake Megantick. This co.
comprehends the townships of Somerset, Nelson,
Halifax, Inverness, Ireland, Wolfstown, Leeds,
Thetford, Broughton, Coleraine, Tring, Shenley,
Oulney, Winslow, Dorset, and Gayhurst. Its
extreme length is 651 miles and its breadth 28,
containing 1465 sq. miles. Its centre is in lat.
46° 5' 30" north ; long. 71° 12' 5" west. It sends
one member to the provincial parliament, and the
place of election is at Leeds. The surface of
this CO. is mountainous and broken, presenting,
however, large swells of excellent land and mea-
dows, and, notwithstanding the irregularity of
its surface, it possesses considerable advantages
in its soil and timber. It is most conveniently
watered by numerous rivers, streams and lakes.
The K. Becancour spreads its large and nu-
merous branches over the n. w. section of the
county; and the s. b. section is traversed by a
number of rivers that wind from the interior in
various directions, and faU into the Chaudiere,
the chief of which are the Bras Grand Coude,
Mactavish, Eugene, &c. There are also many
lakes, and those in Thetford, Coleraine and Dorset,
are most worthy of notice. Lake Megantick, by part '
of which this co. is bounded, is remarkable for its
size and its beautiful scenery, and for its giving
name to the county. It is traversed by Craig'sRoad,
on which, and in its vicinity, are the chief settle-
ments, and which are principally in Leeds, In-
verness and Ireland, where the timber is unex-
ceptionable. The township of Broughton, which
is well settled, communicates by roads leading to
St. Joseph on the Chaudiere and to Leeds. There
are no seignorial grants in this co., and the popu-
lation is therefore English, Irish, Scotch and
American, without any native Canadians,

Population
Corn-mills
Saw-mills

626
. 2

. 6

MEL

Statistics.

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

, 3,965
1,575

. 595
8,117

51
116

Bushels.
Peas . 2«)
Rye . 940

Buckwheat 518
Ind. corn . 122

Bushels.
Mxd grain 1,200
Maple sugar,

cwts. 175
Hay, tons • 270

Live Slock.

I Covis
I Sheep

185 I Swine
196 1

266

Megantick Lake, separates the townships of
Wobum and Ditchfield from Marston, in the cos.
ofBeauce and Sherbrooke.' It is 9 miles long
and averages 2 miles in breadth and forms several
bays in the t. of Marston. Around it, generally,
are excellent meadows. — This lake still retains its
Indian name.

Melbourne, township, in the co. of Sher-
brooke, is bounded n. e. by the k. St. Francis;
N. w. by Durham ; s. w. by Ely and part of
Brompton; s. by Brompton. This t. is well
furnished with good maple, beech, elm, pine and
oak timber. Several rivers and streams spread
over it in every direction and fall into the St.
Francis. Large settlements have been made, and
considering them as lands but newly redeemed
from a state of nature, great advances in cultiva-
tion are perceptible. The soil is so good that it
requires but little aid to become uncommonly fer-
tile, and in several parts flax and hemp could be
raised in great quantities. Pot and pearl-ash are
made here, and with wheat form a principal part
of the traffic carried on ; there are, how^ever, se-
veral saw-mills in almost constant work. A com-
munication by roads in various directions has been
opened with the adjacent townships. In the h.
St. Francis there are several small islands along
the front of this tract, and, although they are
rather obstructive to the navigation, their beauty
and the picturesque variety, exhibited by the fo-
liage of the different species of trees with which
they are covered to the water's edge, almost
atone for that inconvenience. A large extent of
this valuable land is the property of the Hon.
John Caldwell. Considerable progress has been
made in forming that part of the DrummondviUe
and Brompton Eoad which lies in this t. The

MET

MIL

entire line, with the exception of one bridgej is
now passed with sleighs, although there is but
one mile as yet completed of the requisite width.
Ditches on both sides of the road have for short
distances been made, but generally only on one
side. Seven bridges have been erected, two of
which are eleven perches each, with about 70 or
80 rods of causeway. The land bordering on the
road is favourable for settlement, and, with the
exception of four or five lots, is actually settled.
Many of the rear lots in the north half of the
township are also actually occupied. Nearly all
the south half, originally granted to the late Hon.
Henry Caldwell, is in a state of wilderness ; but,
being susceptible of extensive settlements, they
would, if this road should be properly finished, be
immediately settled. In order to complete the road
throughout the entire breadth of this township,
10 miles, and to render it such a road as the eastern
townships require along the River St. Francis to
William Henry and Three Rivers, a further sum
of at least £400 currency will be required to be
judiciously expended.

Statistics.

Population

.526

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 9,600
Oats . 8,400
Barley . 390

Bushels.
Potatoes 10,600
Peas . 1,810
Rye . 100

Bushels.
Buckwheat 100
Indian corn 2,000

Horses
Oxen

Live Stack.
4.24 1 Cows . 603 1 Swine . 512

460 I Sheep

1,0111

Meltallabetine, river, near the source of
the St. Maurice.

Memphkamagog, lake, is in the co. of Stan-
stead, stretching its southern extremity into the
state of Vermont. It separates the townships of
Stanstead and Hatley from those of Potton and
Bolton. It is of a semicircular shape, 20 miles
long and very narrow. It empties itself into the
K. St. Francis by means of the k. Magog, which
runs through Lake Scaswaninepus. — In this lake
are several kinds offish, particularly salmon-trout.

Metabetshuanb Post, v. King's Posts.

Metabetchouan or Metabitshuan, river,
enters the s. side of Lake St. John near the King's
Post. The Metabetchouan or " The place where
the course of the water ends," is in lat. 48° 23' 12"
and is a fine broad stream, deep at its mouth as

far as a large basin, spreading to the foot of the
rapids, where the surveyors who explored this part
of the Saguenay country landed and ascended the
summit of the hUls that lie about 3 miles from
the post. The land was found to be of a tolerably
good quality, being chiefly a red loam mixed with
very small gravel, and olay not far from the sur-
face. The prevalent timber is spruce, black and
yellow birch, basswood, fir, pine, poplar and some
maple. On the bank of this r. at the post are a
variety of marine shells and other organic remains,
many valuable specimens of which were collected
by Mr. Davis and Mr. Baddeley, the companions of
the deputy surveyor-general who explored Lake
St. John, &c. Mr. Baddeley, an officer of the
Royal Engineers, volunteered his services on that
occasion in pursuit of his favourite science, geology.
— The B. bank, as far as the rapids, forms an al-
luvial ridge from 50 to 80 ft. high ; the w. side
of the R. is low. — This b. is navigable for many
leagues for bateaux and farther up for bark canoes.

Metabitshuan, t>. Metabetshouan.

Metgbbmette, river, rises in the Metger-
mette mountains, on the boundary line, in the co.
of Beauce : after it receives its n. w. branch it
crosses the Kennebec road and joins the r. du
Loup, by which its waters are carried to the r.
Chaudiere.

Metinac, river, runs into the b. bank of the
St. Maurice, about 11 miles from the Grand
Pilles. It communicates by portages and lakes
with the post of La Tuque.

Metis, v. Mitis.

MiCKiNACK, river, falls into the St. Maurice
on the east side, about 19 leagues from Three
Rivers. — It is navigable for canoes.

MiGEON, river, runs through Quebec suburbs
near the t. of Montreal into the St. Lawrence.

MiLiNCH KiLOOK, river, rises in waste lands
and ruus n. e. into the h. Matapediac above the
FaUs.

Mill Brook runs into the s. side of Lake
Kiguagomi, nearly opposite Pte. au Sable.

MiLLE Isles and Augmentation, in the co. of
Two Mountains and Terrebonne, lie on the n.
side of the river St. Jean or Jesus, The original
grant was 4^ leagues in front by 3 in depth.
Bounded s. w. by the S. of the Lake of Two
Mountains; n. b. by Terrebonne and in the rear
by the t. of Abercromby : granted, May 5, 1714,
to Sieurs Langloiserie and Petit.

MILLE ISLES.

The Augmentation is bounded in front by the
original grant ; in the rear by the t. of Aber-
cromby; w. by the augmentation toLaie of Two
Mountains; n. e by Terrebonne. Granted, Jan.
20, 1752, to Eustache Lambert, Sieur Dumont,
and is now the property of Eustache Nicolas
Lambert Dumont, Esq. and the heirs of Antoine
Lefebvre de Bellefeuille, Esq., represented by
Eustache Antoine Lefebvre de Bellefeuille, Esq.,
both of them descendants in a direct line from the
grantee. — The title of concession gives the same
extent of front to the augmentation as to the
original grant, viz. 4i leagues in front by 3 leagues
in depth; but, as the grant of M. M. de St. Sul-
pice of their augmentation to the Lake of Two
Mountains was anterior to this grant, they, in
taking their grant, cut through this seigniory dia-
gonally and reduced its front nearly 2 leagues.
Messrs. Bellefeuille and Dumont pretend that
they ought not to be restricted by the precise
words of the title of concession as to the extents
of front and depth, but to the superficial extent
which the King intended to grant, and this prin-
ciple has been frequently recognised by the courts
of justice in this province; consequently they de-
mand an indemnity in depth for their loss in front.
This question is now pending in the superior court
of King's Bench for the district of Montreal. —
These grants are well watered by an innumerable
number of rivulets and springs, and especially by
the river Du Nord or Ste. Marie : the rivers
Gauthier and Gagnon also contribute to the suc-
cess of the establishments. The surface in general
is much intersected by mountains, hills and ravines;
the soil, being always kept in a certain degree of
humidity by the numerous springs that descend
from the little mountains, is very fertile, and this
property cannot fail to become very important.
It is covered with every description of wood that
grows in the province, especially cedar and pine ;
it also abounds with natural meadows, first made
by the beavers, that have left marks of industry
worthy of the imitation of those who settle on
uncleared lands. The lakes, particularly those in
the rear of the seigniory, contain superb salmon-
trouts from 6 to 20 ft. in length, and other kinds
of fish ; there are also bustards, wild ducks and
huards in abundance, and the gray eagle inhabits
the mountains in the vicinity of the lakes, on
whose surface are seen some beautiful swans.
These mountains are pregnant with mines and

minerals. The proprietors possess, on the river
du Nord, an excellent corn-miU with 3 sets of
French stones and a good saw-mill. Mr. de
Bellefeuille, who has for a great number of years
rented the part belonging to Mr. Dumont, has
built a carding and fulling-mill and has also esta-
blished a stocking-manufactory. Besides the very
extensive domain belonging to the proprietors, on
which a church and a presbytery have been built,
Mr. de Bellefeuille possesses, opposite the mills,
some valuable lands, on which may be seen beau-
tiful deserts and meadows as well as the best
kinds of cattle. The money he has expended on
this establishment, which he has had in his pos-
session only a few years, and the roads which he
has opened at his own cost, have been veiy bene-
ficial to the industrious poor and to the neighbour-
ing establishments, while the example which he
has given, by following the most approved systems
of husbandry, cannot fail to be extensively useful
to agriculture, tlie knowledge of which is so uni-
versally useful and necessary. The original grant
and augmentation are now divided into 2 distinct
seigniories, which lie in the 3 parishes of St. Eu-
stache de la Riviere du Chene, Ste. Therese de
Blainville and Ste. Anne de Mascouche.

JJu Chene, the first division, is in the co. of
Two Mountains and belongs to Eustache Nicolas
Lambert Dumont, Esq. and to the heirs of the
late Antoine Lefebvre de Bellefeuille, Esq. This
seigniory joins the S. of the Lake of Two Moun-
tains and is 2| leagues in front by 3 in depth.
The land is good and in general fertile, and the
soil being of a various nature is proper for the
cultivation of all kinds of grain, flax and hemp,
and for artificial meadows. It is extremely well
watered by the rivers Du Chene and Chicot and
by an infinity of smaller streams and rivulets that
in fertilizing the lands and favouring the farmer,
in a thousand ways enrich the proprietors. These
rivers and streams turn 6 corn-mills with 11 sets
of stones, 5 saw-mills, a carding-mill and a fulling-
mill, which belong to the proprietors, who are the
lineal descendants of the original grantee, Mr.
Petit. This property, all of which is conceded,
supplies the inhabitants with beech, spruce, pine,
ash, elm, oak, maple and the wild cherry-tree.
It is divided into 23 ranges or concessions and
contains a population of about 5,000 souls, equi-
valent to one soul to every 10 arpents. Three-
fourths of the proprietors and farmers are in easy

MILLE ISLES.

circumstances and pay a considerable amount of
tithes to the cure. At the mouth of the river Du
Ch&ne is the village of St. Eustache, one of the
handsomest and most populous in the province, as
well as one of the most salubrious. It contains a
large, handsome church, a spacious presbyterian
chapel and about 150 houses, some of which are
remarkable for situation, size and elegance. This
village, seated on an elevated spot fronting the
grand domains of the seigneurs, presents a
thousand charming prospects : the fine, well-
stocked settlements on Isle Jesus, the superb
basin terminated by the rapid Spenard at the dis-
charge of the Lake of Two Mountains, the nu-
merous and well-diversified isles with which the
river is studded and the magnificent curtain of the
distant forests, present altogether one of the hap-
piest specimens of the picturesque. At each ex-
tremity of the village is a bridge over the river
Du Chene that does honour to the inhabitants of
the parish. The population of the village amounts
to about 1,000 souls, among whom are many mer-
chants carrying on a lucrative commerce, a brewery,
a potash-work, a pottery, two tanneries, a manu-
factory for cigars and tobacco in great repute, one
for hats and another for chairs, all enjoying con-
siderable reputation. Joiners, turners, blacksmiths
and other artisans, amounting in number to 25,
enjoy an easy and honest livelihood. Mr. Dumont,
having obtained the consent of the Assembly, is
now building a superb bridge with 4 arches, 60 ft.
each, over the river Jesus in front of the village,
to which it will prove an ornament and of great
utility to persons travelling to the settlements on
the Ottawa and who do not wish to go by water.
Blainville, the 2nd division of Mille Isles,
extends 2^ leagues in front by 3 in depth
and is subdivided into two equal parts, belonging
to Donteuil Lacroix, Esq. and to the heirs of the
late Hon. William Claus. This seigniory differs
much from that of Du Chene in soil, local varieties
and in timber ; it contains more hills and less low
land than the S. Du Chene; it is less covered
with bo'is franc, but produces a larger quantity of
pine and red epinette, which are of great utility to
the inhabitants for building. Nearly all this
seigniory is conceded in lots of the usual extent,
3 arpents by 20 or 30, in 10 ranges or conces-
sions; and all the land is under cultivation, ex-
cept one-third which is retained in woodland, and
which is of too bad a quality for cultivation and

is under water nearly all the year. Although in
many parts of this S. the land is light and sandy,
it can be rendered very fertile by means of the marl
which is found in many places. In this S. is Ste.
Therese, 21 miles from Montreal ; it is a consi-
derable village of 90 houses and enjoys an ex-
tensive commerce. A whisky distillery, a strong
beer brewery on a large scale belonging to James
Porteus, Esq., and a little distillery established
by Dr. Buchanan, bring hither a great number
of farmers from the adjacent seigniories, where
they find an excellent market for the sale of
their barley and rye, and can purchase various
articles necessary for the use of their families.
This village also contains 4 stores, an extensive
potash work, a pretty church 120 ft. by 48, a
handsome presbytery advantageously situated on
an eminence, and a large school-house, all built
with stone ; the resident cxxx'e, the Rev. Mr. Du-
charure, has in a great degree contributed to the
erection of the last two edifices ; he supports the
school at his own expense, and shows for the ad-
vancement of education and the amelioration of
the manners of his parishioners a zeal which does
him much honour, and which must be productive
of the greatest good. Besides the edifices built
for the Roman catholic worship there is a pretty
chapel for protestants, which is attended by a mi-
nister of the Scotch church. The protestants,
who are almost all cultivators, cannot but be ad-
vantageous to the improvement of agriculture, for
the system they practise is so good that their
Canadian neighbours cannot long delay to adopt
it, at least in part. There are also in this village
two potash works, tanneries, and good artisans
whose industry is recompensed by an easy und
honest subsistence. At some distance from the
village and seated on a well-chosen spot is the
country-house of Mr. Lacroix, one of the pro-
prietors, who, frequently during the year, resides
there with his family. The gardens, the inclosures
and the plantations, which surround this pretty
residence, are so many specimens of the good taste
of the owner, while the money he expends in im-
provements proves a strong incentive to industry
and is of great assistance to the labourers and
artisans. — This seigniory is watered by branches
of the river Mascouche, the river aux Chiens,
and also by the small stream Ste. Marie or r.
Cachee, which drive one corn-mill and 6 saw-mills
belonging to the proprietors and other individuals.

C c

MILLE ISLES.

— This seigniory contains 400 families, amounting
to 2800 soulsj and two schools under the super-
intendence of the priest. — Buckwheat is grown
and also potatoes in great abundance, and the soil
is adapted for flax and hemp. — The cattle, chiefly
of the Canadian breed, average 3 horses, 4 oxen,
12 sheep and 3 pigs to each farmer' and one
person has 100 sheep. — A considerable quantity
of cloth, both woollen and linen, is made for
market besides what is consumed in the seigniory.
— A road leads from Terrebonne to Ste. Therese
and thence to the Belle Riviere; and there is a
ferry over the River Jesus in front of the seigniory.
— Much the largest proportion of Blainville is
conceded in lots of the usual extent ; the greatest
number of these are settled, and appear to be
under a very beneficial system of management. On
the banks of Riviere St. Jean, from Terrebonne to
Du Ghene, the whole of the ground is occupied,
besides some large ranges of settlements along the
banks of the Mascouche, forming together a valua-
ble and highly improved property.

The Parish of St. Eustache de la Riviere du
Chene was erected in 1769 and 1770. All the
lands are supposed to be conceded and generally
in farms of 3 arpents in extent by 30 in depth,
on conditions similar to those in other seigniories.
All the young men would be desirous of forming
new settlements if there were lands for them ;
the greater part of them wait for the assistance
of their parents, being too poor to acquire pro-
perty in any other way — For an account of the
Village of St. Eustache, v. vol. 1, p. 210.

In the Parish of Ste. Therese de Blainville
about 2^ leagues of land are non-conceded and
unfit for cultivation, having, for the most part, a
substratum of barren sand. They have not, in

general, been surveyed, but there is a road across
them. Some concessions were granted previously
to 1759, measuring 3 arpents by 20, and paying 2
sols each arpent, or 6 francs for every 60 arpents and
5 sols quit rent. It is supposed that if new lands
could be obtained on terms similar to those granted
in the ancient seigniories, that many of the inha-
bitants of this parish would gladly avail them-
selves of the opportunity. Although the lands
that remain unconceded in this p. are but little
fit for cultivation, they would soon be taken (at
least those which could be turned to any utility)
if the seignior would concede them on the ancient
terms; but it is said, that he demands double
and more than double the price stated in the
ancient contracts of concession.

The Parish of Ste. Anne Desplaines, or Sie.
Anne de Mascouche, covers a part of this S. and
fronts the N. side of the r. Mascouche. The
cure emphatically says, in his report to the special
committee of the House of Assembly — " Four
seigniors divide among them my desert." The
non-conceded lands, fit for cultivation, are not of a
greater extent than is required by the population
of the parish ; and the parishioners were surprised
to see, in 1820, from 60 to 80 Scotch families
who came to settle on the unconceded lands of
this parish. There is no road across these
unconceded lands, and it will be impossible to
make one in some places on account of the hi eh
mountains; these lands have not been surveyed.
No farms were conceded previously to 1759. By
far the greater part of the youths in this parish
are desirous of making new settlements in the
neighbouring seigniories, where there still remain
lands to be conceded although most of them are
of inferior quality.

MIL

Statistics.

Parishop.

5
o

1
1

1
£

1
1

b
en

2
6

>
1

1
2

tj
2

1
3

1
i

be
q

1
o

.S
3

I
1

i
■c

c
1

£
1

i
1

fl.

3
6

1
2

3
5

1
n

1
1

2
2

g
1

1
1

1
2

1
3

7
17

1
10

8
J8

30
66

St. Eustache de la >
Riviere du Chene J

Ste. Anne de Ma- i
scouche . C

Ste. Theresa de^ >
Blainville

5177
3600
3000

1
1
1

12077

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stock. j

7800
208
1300

ll
n s

3900

510

425

200
90

D.
%
CO

St. Eustache de la >
Riviere du Chene 5

Ste. Anne de Ma- >
scouche . f

Ste. Thetese de i
Blainville . ^

26000
12300
13000

20800

1350

15600

15600
1560
1300

13000
70000
58000

13000
2600
7800

1595
1315
1200

1610
ISOO
1600

.3001
2300
1600

6800
7200
4800

2308
2105
1250

53.300

37750

18460

141000

23400

9308

3900 935

290

4110

4710

6901

18800

5663

Title. — " Concession du Sme Mai, 1714, faite par Phi-
lippe de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Michel Bigon, Jntendant,
aux Sieurs de Langloiserie et Petit, des terres qui sont i.
commencer oil finit la Concession du Sieur Dautier Des-
landes, dans la riviere Jesus, jusqu'^ trois lieues au dessus,
en montant la dite riviere, et trois lieues de profondeur,
avec les isles, islets et batures qui se trouveront au de-
vant des dites trois lieues de front ; en outre d'une aug-
mentation des teiTes qui sont depuis la dite concession
jusqu'a la riviere du CMne, icelle comprise, qiu est environ
une lieu et demie de terre de front, sur pareille profon-
deur de trois lieues, pour Stre la dite lieue et demie jointe
a la dite concession, et les deux n'en faire qu'une; la
premiere partie de cette concession faite au feu Sieiur
JDugay, le 24me Septembre, 1683, mais rSunie au Do-
raaine du Roi, suivant I'Ordonnance du ler Mars, 1714."
— Rigistre d'Iniendance, iVo. 6, folio 4.

Augmentation. — " Concession du 20me Janvier, 1752,
faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiere, Gouverneur, et Fran,
qois Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Dumont, de quatre lieues
et demie de front sur la profondeur de trois lieues, a
prendre au bout de la profondeur, et sur le meme front de
la concession accordee aux Sieurs de Langloiserie et Petit,
situ^e et bornee a commencer ou finit la concession du
Sieur Dauiicr Deslandes, dans la riviSre Jesus, jusqu'a la
riviere du Chine, icelle comprise." — Rigistre d'Iniendance,
No. W, folio 1.

MiLLE Vaches, seigniory, in the co. of Sa-
guenay, is near the river Portneut 10 leagues
below the Saguenay ; it extends 3 leagues along
the St. Lawrence by 4 leagues in depth. Granted
Nov. 15th, 1653, to Robert Giffard, Esq.

Statistics.

Population . 80

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 84
. 100

Bushels.
Barley . 300
Potatoes . 700

Peas
Map. sug.

Bushels.
. 150
cwts. 9

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

Cows . 51
Sheep . 500

Swine

. 350

Title.— "Concession du ISmeNovembre, 1653, faite par
Jean de Lauzon, Gouverneur pour la Compagnie, a Robert
Giffard, Ecuyer, Seigneur de Beauport, de trois lieues de
front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du c6te du Nord, audes-
sous de Tadoussac, et de grandes et petites Bergeronnes,
au lieu dit Mille Faches, avec quatre lieues de profondeur,
tenant par devant au dit fleuve et des trois autres cotes
aux terres non-concedees." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage,
No. 86, folio 31. — Cahiers d'Iniendance, No. 10 & 17, folio
771.

Mill River, runs into the r. Saguenay be-
tween Ha Ha Bay and Chicoutimi. It forms a
good harbour and the timber on its banks is of
various kinds.

Milton, township, in the co. of Shefford, is

bounded N. e. by Roxton; s. w. by St. Hya-

, cinthe ; in front by Granby ; in the rear by Upton.

The soil is not so good as that of Granby, as it

cc2

MIS

lies lower and in many places runs into swamps,
which would require much perseverance in a good
system of draining to be rendered of any utility ;
but while there remain so many thousands of acres
to be granted, not needing this operation, it is
not probable that it will be undertaken. There
is however abundance of very fine grass-land.
The timber is a mixture of beech, pine, cedar and
tamarack. The parts laid out were granted, in
1 785, to ofBcers and privates of the British mi-
litia, who served during the blockade of Quebec
by the Americans, in 1775 — 6.

MiNGAN or Tekka Firma de Mingan, seig-
niory, extends from Cape Cormorant, along the
northern shore of the Labrador channel, to the R.
Goynish. Granted Feb. 25th, 1661, to Sieur Fran-
5ois Bissot. From Cape Cormorant to Anse Sablon
is the only part now contained in the province of
Lower Canada and is in the co, of Saguenay. The
land is very indifferent and wholly uncultivated,
indeed unfit for agriculture. The group of islands
lying off the shore, called the Mingan Islands,
are advantageously situated for carrying on the
fisheries and were conceded. Mar. 10, 1677j to
Messrs. Lalande, jun. and Louis Jolliet. — This is
one of tlie king's posts, and is let for 500/. per
annum.

Statistics.

Dwelling-houses .

. 1

Bake-houses . . 1

Stores, &c. .

. 3

Schooners from 50 to

Forges

. 1

60 tons. ... 2

Cooperages .

. 1

Keel-boats . . .10

Title. — Terra Firma de Mingan " Concession du

23me Fevrier, 1661, faite par la Compagnie au Sieur
Fravfois Bissot de Is Riviere de la terre ferme de Mingan ;
a prendre depuis le Cap des Cormorans a la cot^ du Nord,
jusqu'a lagrande ance vers les Esquimaux, oil les Espagnols
font ordinairement la peche, sur deux lieues de profon.
deur." — Registre des Foi et liommage. No. 18, folio 333.

Isles et Islets de Mingan " Concedes le lOme Mar^,

1 677, a Messrs. de Lalande fils et Louis Jolliet. " 114-

gistres des Foi et Hommage, JVo. 78, folio 365, le 2Sme
Mai, 1781.

MisKAHOusKA, lake and river, discharge their
waters into Lake Assuapmoussoin.

MissiQuiNiPi, Terjbes Rompues or River
OF Broken Lands, is in the co. of Saguenay.
The lake of that name empties itself by an outlet
into the Grande Decharge. The R. rises in a lake
in the interior and runs into the Saguenay nearly
opposite Chicoutimi and is of inconsiderable ex-
tent, being similar to the St. Charles near Quebec.

MissisKOUi Bay, between the seigniories of
St. Armand and Foucault, is at the extremities of"
the cos. of Rouville and Missiskoui, on the pro-

vince line. It is an arm of Lake Champlain and
bounds Foucault on the e.; it is 15 miles long
and on an average 3 m. broad. It is navigable
in every part for vessels that sail the lake, and
abounds with fish of delicious flavour, vi^. pike,
pickerel, Maskinong^, bass, white fish, perch and
various kinds of the sucker. — In this bay, or near
it, some mineral waters have been discovered,
which have been highly extolled.

Missiskoui, Missisquoi or Missisqui, county,
in the district of Montreal, is bounded N. and
N. e. by the co. of Shefford j s. e. by Stanstead ;
a. w. by Rouville; s. by the boundary line. It
contains the townships of Sutton, the seigniory of
Saint Armand, and the townships of Dunham
and Stanbridge, together with all the gores and
augmentations of those townships. — Its extreme
length is 30 miles and its breadth 14^, containing
360 sq. miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 6' 30" n.,
long. 72° 43' 15'' w. It sends two members to
the provincial parliament, and the, places of elec-
tion are at Dunham and Frelitzburg. The prin-
cipal rivers are the Pyke and Missisqui. The
surface of this county towards the province line is
broken and mountainous, and the most conspicuous
mountain is the Pinnacle Mountain in the S. of
St. Armand : towards the n. w. it becomes more
level and the soil is very luxuriant, being generally
composed of a rich black mould with here and
there a mixture of sand. This county yields all
sorts of grain in abundance. The prevailing
timber is maple, beech, birch, elm, butternut,
iron- wood, white and black ash, also good oak and
pine. It contains 7 villages, the chief of which
are the villages of Phillipsburg, Dunham and Fre-
litzburg. It is traversed by many roads present-
ing numerous and very flourishing settlements.

Population 7,666
Churches, Pro. 6
Curates
Presbyteries
Schools
Villages
Corn-mills .
Saw-mills

Statistics.

Carding-mUls

Fulling-mills

Tanneries

Hat-manufact.

Potteries

Potasheries .

Pearlasheries

Breweries

Distilleries

Just, of peace

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels. Bushels.

86,833 Peas . 33,700
93,700 Rye . 6,000
12,000 Buek-wt. 20,300
232,000 Indian corn 36,706

Live Stock.
. 3,266 1 Cows . 7,140 1 Swine
. 5,131 1 Sheep . 21,703 1

Bushels.
Mixed grain 4^000
Maple sugar,

cwts. 381
Hay, tons 28,200

4,600

M I S

M I T

MissisKOUi or MissisQUi, river, rises in the
T. of Bolton, and traversing through the centre
of the T. of Potton receives innumerable small
streams; then it enters the t. of Sutton, inter-
secting its s. E. angle; after which it crosses the
boundary line into the United States in a s. w.
direction; then turning suddenly it empties itself
into Missiskoui Bay.

MissisQui, V. Missiskoui.

MissisQuoi, V. Missiskoui.

MiSTAssiA, river, runs into Lake St. John. It
is navigable for large boats for many leagues, and
farther on for bark canoes.

MiSTASSINI, MiSTISSINNYS Or MiSTASSIN,

lake, is on the highlands between Hudson's Bay
9nd Lake St. John. It empties itself into Hudson's
Bay by means of the B. Rupert and another
outlet. The extent of the lake is but very imper-
fectly known ; the Indians say that it takes three
days to cross the narrowest part of it from island
to island ; between which and the main shore the
distance is supposed to be not less than 30 miles,
the lake, therefore, would appear to be about 90
miles wide in that place ; they also state that it
takes the whole of the summer season and part
of the spring and fall in voyaging from the mouth
to the head of the lake : hence it is supposed that
its dimensions are not inferior to Lake Ontario.
Pike, white-fish and pickerel of considerable size
and excellent quality are taken in this lake, which
is very deep ; also a kind of trout, called by the
Aborigines mingoache, which weighs as much as
two large salmon. The mode of transport practised
by the Hudson's Bay Company, in conveying their
goods to Mistassini, is generally in barges con-
ducted by regularly disciplined men, most of
whom are half bred : the barges are drawn across
the portages on rollers. Cedar-bark canoes are
used in ascending small rivers, when in search of
the Indians who sell furs, for birch-bark fit for
canoes cannot be found in that country.

Mistassini, river, runs into the n. w. side of
Lake St. John about 3 miles from the e. Assuap-
moussoin. The Mistassini, or " The Large Rock,"
has also been deservedly called the Riviere de Sable,
or Sand River, on account of its sandy banks,
and the sand-shoals at its mouth which extend
considerably into the lake. This river has been
explored as far as 10 miles from its mouth, and
the same sandy appearance continued on each side,
and sand-banks in several places were found to

cross its channel. It is about 3 miles wide at its
mouth, including a group of islets, between which
are a number of channels calculated to mislead
the voyager; above and below these little islets
the channel leading up the mouth of the r. is not
less than \^ mile in width. The sands which are
brought down by the r. into Lake St. John render
the lake so shallow that there is scarcely 3 ft. of
water for 3 miles from the shore opposite its
mouth, which is in lat. 48" 40'. — This r. is ex-
tremely shallow, which, with the wretched soil on
each side, seems to be in some degree compensated
for by the beauty of its width, its islands and its
woods, which have induced a traveller to caU the
Mistassini "a, magnificent river." The timber
close to its banks consists of spruce, cypress,
white birch and a few elms. — From the testimony
of Mr. Verraultj it would appear that the tract
of land between the course of this R. and that of
the Assuapmoussoin is unfit for cultivation; but the
deputy surveyor-general of the province has since
visited this R., and thinks, from the proximity of
those rivers, and from the general aspect of the
country, that there is, nevertheless, a considerable •
proportion of land in that tract susceptible of cul-
tivation. — The Mistassini is formed by the junction
of two rivers, the Washieamiscou and the Kakis-
sagan, and receives the Patshikamistick river.

MiTis Lake or Lac Mitis, seigniory, in the
CO. of Rimouski, lies near the n. angle of the co.
of Bonaventure and is bounded on all sides by
waste lands. The lake, which is an expansion of
the R. Mitis, 9 leagues from the St. Lawrence, is
5 miles long and nearly 3 miles in its greatest
width. The seigniory extends one league round
it. This grant was made, Feb. 10, 1693, to Sieur
Louis Rouer.

Title. — '^ Concession du lOme Fevrier, 1693, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur Louis Rouer., du lac appele Mitis, avec une lieue
de profondeur tout autour d'icelui, qui est eloigne environ
douze ou quinze lieues du fleuve St. Laurent." — Registre
d'Inteniance,No. 4, folio 9.

Mitis, river. — Two rivers of this name fall
into the St. Lawrence in the S. of Mitis. — The
greater river, called the Grande Mitis, rises near
the N. w. angle of the county of Bonaventure, and
penetrating the county of Rimouski soon enters
Lake Mitis, which is an expansion of the river,
and running n. forms another considerable ex-
pansion a few miles distant from the former ;
when continuing its N. direction it passes through

MIT

Waste lands into the s. b. section of the S. of
Lepage, and thence into the S. of Mitis, where it
discharges itself into an expansive estuary called
Anse aux Snelles, which is very easily forded at

low water This river is navigable for boats up

to the falls, and will admit of timber being floated
down from the interior of the country. — Mr.
L'Arrive's dwelling-house and establishment stand
at the mouth of the river, across which booms are
extended to receive the deals from the saw-mills
which are about 2^ miles up the river on a most
advantageous site. — The Little Mitis river rises in
waste lands in the rear of the S. of Mitis, and,
after traversing the seigniory to its front, falls
into a small bay called Little Mitis Harbour.

Mitis or Dk Peiras, seigniory, in the co. of
Rimouski, is bounded n. b. and in the rear by
waste lands ; s. w. by Pachot ; in front by the
St. Lawrence : 2 leagues in breadth by 2 in depth:
granted. May 6th, 1675, to the Sieur de Peiras.
The surface is generally mountainous and broken
along the front, affording but little good soil for
the purposes of agriculture. In the interior, and
by the sides of the rivers, are a few patches of
tolerable land with some meadows and pastures.
The front is settled, and there are some tolerably
good farms. Mr. M'Nider has erected mills and
stores, arid dwelling-houses intended for the re-
ception of travellers. He has built a schooner to
ply to Quebec; and one or two square-rigged
vessels have been also built. The chief settle-
ments are at Little Mitis, on a point formed by
the St. Lawrence and a deep bay to the s. b .,
which receives the waters of the k. Little Mitis.
— The lands in the vicinity of this bay, although
of a rather light soil, are rendered extremely fer-
tile by the genial moisture of the sea air, and the
eificacy of the sea weed which abounds on the
shores and is used as manure. This S. abounds
in timber of good quality. — The road from Quebec
to this S. is perfectly practicable all the way for
carts and calashes, and settlements have been made
throughout. From Grand Mitis to Little Mitis,
5 or 6 miles, the road on the beach is passable ;
from Little Mitis to Matane the route is very
difficult, no road having been traced. The
seignorial mills are about 1 mile below Grande
Mitis. The corn-mill is of the best description,
and in excellent order, but it is little worked as yet,
and the saw-mill, which stands near it, has been
of late much neglected. — Mr. L'Arrive's mill lies

at the base of a hiU of from 80 to 90 ft. elevation,
about mid-height of the fall which supplies the
mill with water. Below the mill the river forms,
at the foot of the falls, an expansive basin, bounded
by a perpendicular rock of 150 to 200 feet in
height, and high woody ground to the b., the side
the mill stands upon. The dams appear to be
solidly and judiciously constructed ; the deals are
thrown into an aqueduct, which conveys them
over the point to the gentle current below the
rapids, along which they are conveyed to the
booms at the mouth of the river, where about 10
or 12 men receive them, saw their ends and pile
them up ready for loading. The wages average
from 3s. to 4s. per day, besides board and lodging.
— 40 families were settled here in 1823, consist-
ing of English, Scotch and Canadians, but prin-
cipally Scotch ; the settlement commenced in 1818.
The first settlers were without capital, and were
provided with provisions. Sec, for the first two
years by Mr.M'Nider, the proprietor; after which
the produce of the soil fully supported them, and
the more industrious produced a surplus for sale ;
many of these settlers (the most industrious) re-
fused assistance after the first year. The assistance
rendered by Mr. M'Nider was as follows : — Each
family of five persons had 1-^ barrel of pork, 6
quintals of flour, 2 quintals of biscuit, 10 bushels
of potatoes, 10 lbs. of butter, 1 lb. of green tea,
6 lbs. of sugar, 1 cwt. of dried cod-fish, and 1
carron stove and pipe; also each man had one
axe, one hoe and one spade, and one grindstone
was allowed to each four families ; also 3 pair of
blankets, one counterpane and 2 pair of mocassins
to each family : necessary coarse clothing was
provided, and paid for in labour. The expenses
of each family, including the clothing, were from
15/. to 20/. ; and a number of Canadians were
willing, in 1823, to settle in this seigniory, pro-
vided the proprietor would advance 10/. per annum
to each for two years. The first two years the
settlers pay no rent, after which a money rent of
12s. 6d. for each lot of 140 to 200 acres. In 1823
Mr. M'Nider gave the following account of his
improvements :— " I held two farms in my own
hands, of which I cleared about 70 acres : I built
2 dwelling-houses, 2 barns, 2 stables, a cooperage,
a salt-house, alarge cooking-house for the fisheries,
a corn-mill, and a saw-mill. The labourers em-
ployed in these works were paid half in money
and half in goods, at the rate of 3s. a day. Cutting

M I T I S.

and burning cost 3 dollars per acre, and rooting
and preparing the land for the plough 12 dollars
per acre. The buildings cost about 1200/., at the
rate of 300/. per annum. The goods were fur-
nished to the settlers at 5 per cent, commission
upon selling-prices, provisions at first cost and
without commission." — Many of the pilots remain
in Mitis Bay to watch the vessels coming up the
River St. Lawrence, and it sometimes occurs that
tempestuous weather prevents their venturing
out to the vessel putting out signals for a pilot,
whereas if the vessel were to come in the way
the pilots would easily get on board, and many a
vessel might thus be saved from shipwreck. The
N. easternmost point of the Mitis reef of rocks
presents an important and convenient post for a
lighthouse ; and another beacon being lighted on
the Ball, an island so called towards the depth of
the bay, the outlines of the harbour would be so
distinctly marked out that at all hours vessels
might put into it. The anchoring- ground is a
mixture of sand and clay, uniformly uninterrupted
by rocks. It is the opinion of experienced pilots
that any ship may ride with safety in this bay,
and they would fearlessly pilot them if authorized
by the Trihity House. — At Anse aux SneUes,
although much exposed, the anchoring-ground is
very good, and vessels may ride there with
tolerable safety. From the distance, however,
that vessels must lie out from the shore, much in-
convenience is suffered in loading, which is effected
by means of a flat-bottomed schooner built for that
purpose. Anse des Morts is a deep cove about 4
m. in: circuit. There is a fishing-ground about a
mile from the shore for cod, halibut and ling ;
and an extensive salmon and herring fishery is set
up in the bay, on the s. b. side of the point, which
at proper seasons yields abundance of both articles,
which are cured, salted or pickled after the Scotch
manner, and brought to Quebec, where they are
generally preferred as being more saleable in the
West India market. It is stated by Mr. Hay,
that with a sufficient number of men to cure the
herring taken in his fishery, 1500 barrels could
be packed in one season ; but it frequently occurs
that large quantities are damaged and lost on the
beach from the inadequacy of the establishment
to take advantage of the immense produce of the
fishery: halibut and cod-fish are also taken off
and in the bay, where seals are to be seen in great

quantities at ebb tide, basking on rocks in all
directions.

The following statement wUl show the im-
portance of the fishing-establishment at this place,
conducted by Mr. Hay ; it was drawn up for the
year I8283 and the profit is rather underrated.—

£ s. d.

Dk.

Four men from 1st May to 1st December, at

50*. per month each
Ditto ditto board for ditto, at 30s. per month
Eight men at herring, &e. 4 months, at 50s.

per month each ....
Ditto ditto board 4 months, at 20s. per month
Extra hands employed, and board
Three coopers for 6 months, at 70s. per month

each ....

Six months board, at 20s. per month each
1000 bushels salt

1000 barrels, &c. . . .

Extra expenses, &c.
Two boats complete
Mr. Hay's salary
Mrs. Hay's salary
Captain M^Cawan's salary .
Archie M' Cawan's salary
Housekeeping
Clerk's wages ....

Cr.
Return of the fishing for 1828, to be passed to the credit of
the Posts when disposed of at Quebec.

■ 70

h 42

. 80

h 32

. 20

. 63

. 18

. 50

. 40

. 50

. 70

. 60

. 15

. 50

. 30

. 100

. 30

£820

750

. 400

. 60

. 100

£1510

Little and Grand Mitis will make up 1000

barrels of herrings at 15s.
Sixteen trips by the boats (two monthly), for

six months, at 25Z.
Kitted salmon .
MSple and birch
Fall fishing
Profit and loss on goods sold

Nett profits £690

Some interesting information relative to the
waste lands in the vicinity of this seigniory has
been derived from a surveyor employed to trace a
road from it to Lake Matapediac. He traced a
road from the bay of Little Mitis on a s. s. b.
course to Craig's Mountain 3 miles, and found
fine land and timber, and continued on that course
4 miles more through hard wood land, and thence
directed his course s. two miles, then s. four miles
through fine timber and excellent land ; thence
s. s. B. two miles to theR.Tartigo; thenw. for two
miles to a small beaver lake, the apparent source
of the Tartigo, at the head of which discharges a
little stream ; thence s. by e. over a fine country
covered with oak timber; thence b. s. b. four

M I T

M O N

miles near the River Blanche ; — here from the top
of several mountains a few scattered hills of no
material consequence were seen on each side of
the River Blanche, and also an abundance of
black and yellow birch in the vicinity ; — then two
miles s. s. e. over the river, where a mountain,
called Blue Mountain, is on the right, from which
the country appears to be favourable for the
opening of a good road, and the lands in every
respect fit for settlement. The surveyor then
returned to his camp, and afterwards set out on a
s. E. course 6 miles, and met with fine land and a
level country; thence he continued e. by N. six
miles, and came to the borders of Lake Matapediac,
at the head of which is a swamp producing cedar
of an extraordinary large size ; its southern bank
presents the finest place for settlement, and on
the N. w. are some hills, between which and the
R. Blanche are extensive valleys of fine land : he
found all the country lying between these moun-
tains and the St. Lawrence in every respect fit
for cultivation ; and this tract, and even as far as
the R. Ristigouche, consists of good and valuable
lands, well watered by numerous lakes and rivers,
and fit for settlements. The timber is, generally,
sapin, cedar, poplar and bastard maple in the
front up to the mills ; then the timber is found to
be elm, ash, maple, black birch, yellow birch, and
pine; and this fine hard timbered land is inter-
mixed here and there with small swamps, which
are, however, of little consequence : this descrip-
tion of land and timber extends to the Tartigo
River, 2 leagues west of River Blanche. The
third concession of the S. of Mitis affords, gene-
rally, a correct specimen of the land and timber of
this tract. — The quality of the land and timber
between Mitis and the S. of Matane is generally
like that of Mitis, and both, especially in Sandy
Bay, may be said to be rather superior, and the
whole fit for settlement. From Mitis line, in
Sandy Bay, to Tartigo river, 5 leagues, the lands
are fit for settlement ; farther in the interior the
lands are even better, and are all maple land ; 3
miles still farther is a ridge of hardwood land,
that extends from Grand Mitis all the way down
to Tartigo r., and still more in the interior there
is supposed to be better land. All the rivers
and brooks in this tract afford fish ; small trout
and considerable quantities of salmon are in the
rivers Tartigo and Blanche.

Population
Corn-mills
Saw-mills

110
1
1

Statistics.

Ship-yards

Shopkeepers

Artisans

I River craft
I Tonnage
Keel-boats

Ammal Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 1,200

. 1,200

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.

300

4,080

Rye

Live Stock.

19 I Cows
25 Sheep

54 1 Swine
971

Bushels,
. 300

Title " Concession du 6me Mai, 1675, faite par le

Comte de Frontenac, Gouvemeur, au Sieur ie Feiras,de
deux lieues de front le long du fleuve St. Laurent du cote
du Sud, a prendre du milieu de la largeur de la riviere

appelee Mitis et qui s'appellera dorenavant la riviere

en descendant le dit fleuve, et deux lieues de profondeur,
ensemble les trois isles et islets appelees St. Barnaii.'''' —
Registre d'Intendance, No. 2 a 9, folio 370. Ins. Con. Sup.
B. folio 3.

Moisi or jMoosb, river, in the co. of Saguenay,
runs into the St. Lawrence nearly opposite the
Seven Islands.

MoNNOiR, seigniory, and its augmentation, in the
CO. of Rouville, are bounded n. e. by Rouville and
St. Hyacinthe ; s. w. by Bleurie ; in the front and
rear by East Chambly and the t. of Famham. —
Two leagues in front by 3 in depth. Granted,
Mar. 25, 1708, to Sieur de Ramzay: the aug-
mentation, equal in extent to the seigniory, was
granted, June 12, 1739, to Sieur J. B. N. Roc de
Ramzay : the whole is now the property of judge
Jean Roche Roland, Esq. — Throughout this tract
the land, though various in its nature, is of a
moderately good quality, and where it is under
management produces very good crops of grain ;
many parts, not yet broken up, would prove very
favourable to the growth of flax : the upper di-
vision, adjoining Chambly, is nearly aU cultivated,
as well as an extensive range on the left bank of
the Yamaska and on both sides of a rivulet near
the T. of Farnham ; towards the w. boundary it
is somewhat low and rather inclining to swamp :
the land in the interior is generally level and
superior to that in the front. The upper part is
watered by several streams descending from the
interior of the S. to the r. des Hurons. On the
uncleared land is a tolerable abundance of wood,
mostly of the inferior sorts, with here and there
some good timber of large dimensions.

The Parish of Ste. Marie is at present the only

M O N N O I R.

one in tliis S., but it is necessary to divide it into
two, and the most proper site for a new church
would be the Mountain of Ste. Therese, lately
called Mount Johnson, for the accommodation of
the southern side of the seigniory, whose inha-
bitants are too distant from the present church,
which is on the rivulet St. Louis, nearly a league
from Cordon de Rouville. A new church on the
south of the mountain, at the place above de-
scribed, would be at a similar distance from Cor-
don de Sabrevois, and that part to the s. w. is
already inhabited, with the exception of a small
number of lands, which will also, without doubt,
be inhabited in a few years. On the Riviere du
Sud-Ouestj or South- West River, there is a con-
siderable settlement, consisting, chiefly, of Irish
catholics, who could be for many years under
the care of the cure of this new parish ; and all
the southern part of the seigniory, comprising
the Riviere du Sud-Ouest, would be at present
capable of providing for a cure, whose parish
would extend li league along the Cordon du
Chambly to the rear of the seigniory. The cli-
mate of the southern side of the mountain is de-
lightful, and a village would in a little time be
built there, for it is the way by which the in-
habitants of the tov^nships pass, and a mill is
already erected.

In the first range of concessions, in the western
half of the seigniory, are 518 lots conceded, known
by as many numbers ; the other half of the sei-
gniory comprehends 491 lots, of which two- thirds
are inhabited, and the remainder are conceded and
the clearing proceeds rapidly. There is a lake
called Lake John, surrounded by a savanna or low
ground, which admitting of an easy drainage has
been lately conceded. It is of an oval shape and
is supposed to cover at least 800 arpents, being
not less than a mile across in its narrowest part.
The lake supplies a considerable current of water
that forms the Riviere du Sud-Ouest. — The num-
ber of farms or inhabited lands may be computed
at two-thirds of the whole, that is to say, between
6 and 700. The finest ranges are on the rivulets
Ruisseau Barre, Ruisseau St. Louis, la Branche
du Pin Rouge, la Branche du Rapide, le Rang
double du Grand Bois, without omitting the two
sides of the Riviere du Sud-Ouest, whichj in the
sequel, will be one of the finest places in the coun-
try. The lands are fertile and, generally speak-
ing, there is but little sterile land in the whole

seigniory. From the Cordon du Chambly to the
north of the mountain there is a strip of strong
land,' about a league broad, extending from east
to west across the seigniory, which is not excelled
in any part of the province for the growth of
corn. Three-eighths of the seigniory are sup-
posed to be under cultivation, and the remainder
in wood, which is, in general, pine, spruce, birch,
ash and cedar. — The Riviere des Hurons runs
across the n . w. part of the seigniory, and in con-
sequence of receiving a great number of runs of
water that issue from the Lac de la Montague de
Rouville and from their natural springs, it is well
supplied with water, especially in the spring and
during rains. On this river is a corn-mill which,
if rebuilt, would be highly useful. The R. des
Hurons runs at this place, and even to its mouth
in the basin of Chambly, over a rocky bed with
many falls and a sufficient degree of rapidity ; it
is never dry, even in the greatest drought, and
swells considerably after every fall of rain. On
the Riviere du Sud-Ouest, not far from the Cor-
don de Debartzch, is a fine saw-mill, which, by
means of a dam made to keep up the water, is ca-
pable of being worked all the year round. A
corn-mill might be built here with advantage,
especially by conducting, by means of a drain 15
or 20 arpents long, the water of a considerable
rivulet known by the name of la Petite Riviere
du Sud-Ouest, which runs from the east ; the site
of this mUl being in the midst of roads that tra-
verse it would give rise to an establishment as im-
portant as a village, and a spot of land is already
reserved for the purpose. — In this seigniory there
is only one fief called fief St. Joseph, containing
3 concessions, each 3 arpents by 40 and in the
possession of farmers. — The number of houses is
supposed to be about 1000, including the settle-
ments. At present there are only 3 schools, one
of which is a royal foundation, but many others
are in contemplation. There is only one village,
which is rather considerable ; it is near the church
and contains only one inn, but five others are
scattered about the seigniory. There is only one
church, one water corn-mill and one windmill,
newly built, for grinding corn. The water-mill
is on the Riviere des Hurons. The wind-mill is
near Mount Johnson. There are potash works
in different parts of the seigniory. — The roads
throughout may be said to be in a good state;
even those that cross the lands lately cleared are

M O N

generally good. The road that extends from the
mountain Ste. Theresa, in an angular direction, to
the line of road that divides the seigniory into two
parts and thence for 2 leagues in a straight line to
the T. of Farnham, crossing a savanna, is much
frequented and promises to be of considerable
utility. — 'The mountain called Mount Johnson co-
vers about 500 arpents ; it is not much wooded
at the summit, which is nearly all rock, but it is
surrounded with a wood of lofty forest-trees, and
the land in its environs is fertile: it is high
enough to be conspicuous for many miles round ;
it is however not so remarkable as several others
of the same isolated nature in some of the adjoin-
ing seigniories. — Monnoir contains 84,000 super-
ficial arpents, of which 65,000 are conceded ; the
remainder, over which there is one I'oad, is fit for
cultivation, but not surveyed. — No concessions
were granted prior to 1759. — There are persons
in this S. willing and able to make new settle-'
ments on lands of good quality and susceptible
of cultivation.

Population 4!,369
Churches, K C. 1
Cutes . 1

Presbyteries 1
Schools

Statistics.

Cofn-mills .
Saw-mills
Tanneries .
Potteries
Potasheries

Just, of peace 1

Medical men 1

Notaries . ]

Shopkeepers 5

Taverns . 6

Villages . 1 Pearlasheries 2 Artisans . SO
Aiitiual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Peas

Bushels.
70,000
15,000

Bushels.
Oats . 23,000
Barley . 6,000

Potatoes
Linseed

bushels.

20,000

. 1,000

Live Stoclc.

Horses
Oxen

. 780
. 1,005

Cows . 1,560
Sheep . 6,000

Swine

. 1,050

Title — " Concession du 25me Mars, 1708, faite par
Messieurs de Rigaud, Gouverneur, et Baudot, Intendant,
au Sieur de Ramsay, de deux lieues de front sur trois
lieues de profondeur de teiTes non-corlc6d6es, le long de la
riviSre des Hurons, joignant d'un c6t6 la Seigneurie de
CMmbly, et de I'autre c6te aux terres non-concidces, cou-
rant du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, avec les isles et islets qui
pourroient se trouver dans la dite riviere, vis-sl-vis la dite
concession, la dite concession portant le nom de Mon-
noir."— Riglstre d'Intcndance, JVo. 2 5 9, folio 333.

Augmentation. — " Concession du 12me Juin, 1739, faite
par le Marquis de Beauharnoia, Gouverneur, et Gillea
Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Jean BapHsie Nicolas Roc
■de Ramzay, de deux lieues de front sur trois lieues de pro.
fondeur, au bout de la Seigneurie de Monnoir, concld^e
le 25me Mars, 1708, situ^e prSs Chamlly le long de la ri
viere des Hurons, en eourant Nord-est et Sud-ouest le
long de la continuation de la Seigneurie de nouviUe
joignant la dite Seigneurie au Nord-est et celle de Salre-
votg au Sui-oueBf—R^stre d'Intcndance, No. 8,/)«o2B

Mont-a-Pjbinb, fief, in the co. of Bellechasse,
is bounded n. e. by Vincennes and Livaudiere ;
s. w. by La Martiniere ; in the rear by Buckland ;
in front by the St. Lawrence. — Granted in two
parts ; the first, 10 arpents broad by 40 deep, to
Mr. C. Dennis, Sieur de Vitre, on the 24th Sep.,
1683 ; the augmentation, of the same breadth, and
completing the depth of the whole to 6 leagues,
was granted, June 18th, 1749, to Claude Antoine
de Berment, Seigneur de la Martiniere ; it is now
the property of Fereol Roy, Esq. This fief pos-
sesses a soil nearly similar to the S. of Lauzon
and is in a forward state of cultivation, two-thirds
being occupied. The most flourishing settlements
are near the St. Lawrence and on each side of the
river Boyer. The timber is various, but that of
an inferior kind is most prevalent. It is well
watered by the Boyer and some inferior runs of
water.

Title.—" Concession du 24me Septembre, 1683, faite a
Mr. Charles Denis, Sieur de Vitre, de dix arpens de terre
de front, sur quarante de profondeur, pour en jouir, lui
ses hoirs et ayans-cause a titre de fief et Seigneurie a
toujours. N. B. Cet extrait ne mentionne nullement la
situation de ce fief qui n'est connu que par son augmenta-
tion et la concession prfecedente." — Registre des Foi et
Hommage, No. 4,6, folio 207, 21 me Fivrier, 1781.

Augmtntaiion " Concession du 18me Juin, 1749, faite

par Roland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et Franfois Bigot,
Intendant, a Claude Antoine de Berment, Seigneur de la
Martiniere, d'un restant de terre qui se trouve au bout de
la profondeur du fief de Vitre, et qui est enclave entre les
fiefs de Vincennes et de Livaudiere au Nord-est, et celui
du dit Berment de la Martiniere au Sud-ouest, jusqu'si
r^ale profondeur de six lieues que contient le fief du dit
Sieur Berment de la Martinilre." — Registre d'Intendance.
No. 9, folio 4,1. '

MoNTARViLLB, scigniory, in the co. of Cham-
bly, lies between Boucherville and West Chambly
and is bounded n. e. by the augmentation to Be-
loeil and s. w. by Longueuil.— One league and 30
arpents in front by 1| league in depth. Granted,
Oct. 17, 1710, to Sieur Boucher, and is now the
property of Reng Labruere and X. Beaubien^
Esqrs. The land is good, producing grain and
vegetables of all the sorts common to the country
in great abundance; about two-thirds are under
a very favourable system of husbandry. The wood
that remains is chiefly of the inferior sort used for
fuel, with but very little timber. Towards the
N. B. angle is the Boucherville Mountain, on whose
summit are two small lakes, whence descends
the only rivulet that waters the S., which, in its
course down the declivity, turns two corn-mills;
the first is agreeably and singularly enough situated

M O N

M N

on the brow of the mountain.— One road leads from
the St. Lawrence to the Richelieu and several
others in a transverse direction.: — A portion of
this S. is included in the p. of Boucherville and
was partly conceded before 1759 ; the concessions
made since that period are more heavily rented
than those of an older date. Part of the conceded
lands are capable of affording good settlements,
though still covered with standing wood, which
the proprietors retain in this state in order to
supply themselves with the necessary wood for
fuelj enclosing and building ; and this appears a
wise precaution, because wood in general is daily
becoming more scarce in the neighbouring sei-
gnories.

Population
Corn-naills

Wheat

Statistics.

308 1 Carding-mills
2 I Fulling-mills

1 I Saw-mills
ll

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels.

l;i,500| Oats . . 10,000

Title. — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1710, faite par
Messrs. de Vaudrmil, Gouverneur, et Baudot, Intendant,
au Sieur Boucher, d'une lieue et trente arpens de terre de
front sur une lieue et depiie de profondeur, a prendre dans
les profondeurs entre les Seigneuiies de Boucherville et de
Chambly; joignant au Nord-est la Seigneurie de Varennet,

et au Sud-ouest la Seigneurie de Tremblay." R6gistre

d'Intendance,No^d 9, folio 169.

Mont Iiouis, river, in the co. of Gaspe, runs
into the St. Lawrence about 8 miles w. of fief
Magdeleine.

JMoNTMORENCi, county, in the district of Que-
bec, is bounded s. w. by the co. of Quebec ; n. b.
by a line run from Cap de I'Abatis on the St.
Lawrence on a course n. w. parallel to the boun-
dary line of Beauport to the n. boundary of the
province ; n. w. by the n. boundary of the pro-
vince; s. E. by the St. Lawrence. — It compre-
hends the parishes of St. Fereol, St. Joachim, Ste.
Annej Chateau Richer and I'Ange Gardien, —
Its extreme length is 240 miles and its breadth
32^, containing 7)396 square miles. Its centre
on the St. Lawrence is in lat. 47° 10' n.. Ion.
70" 53' 10" w. It sends one member to the pro-
vincial parliament and the place of election is at
Ste. Anne. The principal rivers are the Ste.
Anne and Lombrette. The surface of this co. is
extremely mountainous and rocky, particularly
along the coast of the St. Lawrence. The most
settled parts extend from St. Joachim, westward.

exhibiting a range of thick and flourishing set-
tlements, and along the banks of the St. Lawrence
is a good front road. — For a farther description of
this CO. vide Cflte de Beaupre.

Statistics.

Population 3,638 1 Saw-miUs . 2 1 Shopkeepeis . 4
Corn-mills . 1 1 Carding-mills 1 1 Artisans . 20

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat .
Oats

Barley ,
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels,
38,44-8
14,982
1,136
21,380

Bushels.
. 2,586
Rye . 1,300
Indian com 5,800

Bushels.
Mixed grain 1,000
Map. sug.ewts.187
Hay, tons 18,650

Live Stock.

1,232 1 Cows
3,033 I Sheep

4,275 1 Swine
9,934 1

4,834

MoNTMORpNci river, in the co. of Mont-
morenci, rises in Lac des Neiges and, traversing
the s. w. side of the S. of Cote de Beaupre, enters
the S. of Beauport and falls into the St. Law-
rence, 8 miles N. B. of the city of Quebec. This
river was named after a marechal of that name,
who was a viceroy of New France previous to
the conquest. Its course from the n. b. is of con-
siderable extent, and the first settlement through
which it passes is called La Motte, situated on
the northern extremity of a sloping ground, which
gradually descends from the mountains to the
northern shore of the St. Lawrence. This river
is said to be a torrent from its source to its mouth,
and is ascertained to be so for many miles from
the St. Lawrence. In its earlier course through
an almost continued forest its stream is of trifling
consequence, unless when swelled by melting snow
in spring or by autumnal rains ; it runs over an
irregularly broken rocky bed until it arrives at
the celebrated cataract called the Falls of Mont-
morenci, where its breadth is from 1 6 to 20 yards.
A little declination of the bed before it reaches
this point gives a great velocity to the stream,
which, being impelled over the brink of a per-
pendicular rock, falls in an extended sheet of
water, of a whiteness and fleecy appearance nearly
resembling snow, into a chasm among the rocks.
An immense spray rises from the bottom in curl-
ing volumes, which when the sunshine displays
its bright prismatic colours produce an eflect in-
conceivably beautiful. At the bottom of the fall
the water is restrained within a basin formed by

i)d2

M O N

M N

the rocks, whence^ after its impetuosity is sub-
dued, it flows in a gentle stream into the St. Law-
rence, a distance of about 300 yards. These justly
celebrated Falls are visited by all travellers, who
arrive at Quebec with the means and the leisure
to gratify their inclination for the beauties of
nature. When the St. Lawrence is at full tide,
these Falls constitute the most magnificent object
in the province. Close to the falls stands a house
which was the residence of his late Royal High-
ness the Duke of Kent, but now in the possession
of J. Patterson, Esq., who is the proprietor of the
extensive saw-mills at the foot of the Falls ; it
was near this place that General Wolfe made his
first attempt and was repulsed with the loss of
700 Hessians. From the opposite bank of this
gentleman's house is the best view of the Falls,
as it embraces the village of Beauport and the
City of Quebec. The road to it is over a wooden
bridge thrown across the river Montmorenci,
which here rushes down with considerable im-
petuosity; on the opposite side of this bridge,
and at the foot of a hill, stands in a romantic
situation a house for the reception of travellers.
Another good view of the Falls may be taken
from the top of the aqueduct. These celebrated
Falls are nearly 250 ft. high, being 100 ft. higher
than the Falls of Niagara. The next place worthy
of attention is the extraordinary appearance of the
bed of the r. Montmorenci, which is there formed
on a considerable angle of depression, having on
either side banks of stratum presenting the form
of natural steps and surmounted by woods.

Montreal District, v. Districts.

Montreal, island, seigniory and county. —
For a description of the city, soil, climate, SfC. Ssc,
vide Vol. I: p. 212. — Montreal is the most con-
siderable island in the province, and its superior
fertility has acquired for it the distinguished ap-
pellation of the Garden of Canada. This island
is divided into 9 parishes besides that of the town
of Montreal. Its extreme length is 32 miles and
its breadth 10^, containing 194 square miles. Its
centre is in lat. 45 31' n., long. 73° 40' w.— The
county comprises the whole of the Island of Mont-
real, together with all the nearest islands which,
in the whole or in part, lie in front of it. It
is divided into several seigniories which are in
the following parishes : Montreal, Ste. Anne,
Ste. Genevieve, Pointe Claire, Lachine, Sault des
Recollets, St. Laurent, Riviere des Prairies, Pointe

au Trembles and Longue Pointe. It sends 6 mem-
bers to the provincial parliament, and the places of
election are, at St. Laurent for the county which
sends 2 members, and at Montreal which sends 4
members for the city.

The Parish of the Town of Montreal, by a re-
gulation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an
Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, comprehend.s the
following c&tes: de la Visitation, St. Joseph,
Notre Dame des Neiges and St. Pierre; also
parts of St. Paul and Ste. Catherine, together
with Isle St. Paul, at the mouth of the R. St.
Pierre, and Isle au Heron lying off C8te des
Argoulets. — The road through Cote des Neiges
is well settled, and many of the buildings present
the appearance of an American village : a chapel
is erected n. of the road.

The Parish of St. Laurent by a regulation
made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in
Council, Mar. 3, 1722, contains the c6tes St.
Michel and St. Laurent, with one half of two
ranges of Notre Dame des Vertus. At some dis-
tance from Cote des Neiges is the pretty village
of St. Laurent, containing a neat parish churdi
with two spires, and seated on the east side of
the road.

The Parish of Ste. Genevieve is situated at the
n. w. extremity of the island, opposite to Isle
Bizard. All the lands were conceded prior to
1759, and the farms measured 3 arpents by 30 to
40, and pay annually 2 J- bushels of wheat and 2
livres 5 sols, ancient currency. No land remains
to be conceded unless it be the domain of the seig-
nior of Isle Bizard, which is 60 superficial arpents
in extent.

The Parish of Sault au Recollet is handsomely
situated on the borders of the Riviere des Prairies;
it contains a small village, a fine church and pres-
bytery, and valuable corn and saw-mills. In front
of the village of Sault au Recollet are several
small islands which add to its picturesque scenery.
— There are no unconceded lands in this p. and
the domain is of very small extent. The greater
part of the lands was conceded previously to 1759,
and the farms measure 3 arpents in front by
30 or 40 and some 20 in depth, each paying one
bushel of wheat and a livre for every 20 arpents :
the greatest extent held by any one tenant is 281
arpents.

The Parish of Pointe Claire, by a regulation
made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in

MONTREAL.

Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends from COte de Ste.
Anne to C6te St. Rami, and includes the lower part
of Isle Perrot. The greatest extent of land pos-
sessed by any one person is 328 arpents. All the
lands are conceded and on terms similar to those
in the p. of Ste. Anne.

The Parish of Lachine, by a regulation made
Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in Council,
Mar. 3, 1722, comprises 2^ leagues along the St.
Lawrence from C6te des Argoulets to Pointe Claire,
part of COte St. Paul, and half of two ranges in
Cdte de Notre Dame des Vertus. All the lands
are conceded, and some previously to 1759. The
rent of each farm is 10s. and half a bushel of
wheat for every 20 arpents. The greatest extent
held by any one tenant is 245 arpents. — The La-
chine canal is of vast utility in connecting the
navigation above Sault St. Louis with the port of
Montreal; it is an ornament to the island and
attracts numerous visitors. For an account of it,
vide Canals.

The Parish of Pointe aux Trembles, by a regu-
lation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order
in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends along the St.
Lawrence, from the upper end of Isle Therese to
the boundary of the parish of Longue Point, in-
cluding the C6te de la Pointe aux Trembles and
part of C6te de St. Leonard. Pointe aux Trem-
bles is a small village containing 30 or 40 houses ;
there are several taverns for the reception of
strangers, being on the main route between Mont-
real and Quebec. This village is also frequented
as a place of recreation by the citizens of Mont-
real.

The Parish of Longue Pointe, by a regulation
made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in
Council, Mar. 3, 1722, includes part of Cdte St.
Martin n. b., and extends n. to the king's high-
way which runs through the centre of the island,
containing about one league and 17 arpents.

The Parish of Riviere des Prairies, by a regu-
lation made Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an
Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, contains only the
Cote de St. Joseph, and extends two leagues
along the Riviere des Prairies from the lower part

of the island. All the lands in this P. were con-
ceded previous to 1759, and consist of 8226 su-
perficial arpents. In 1821 there were 108 houses,
of which 92 were inhabited by farmers and 16 By
occupiers of small plots of ground, called emplace-
mens. The greatest extent occupied by any one
person is 320 superficial arpents.

The Parish of Ste. Anne, by a regulation made
Feb. 20, 1721, coniirmed by an Order in Council,
Mar. 3, 1722, was erected at the upper end of the
island, and contains the extent between the r. de
rOrme N. and the Cote de Pointe Claire s., and
also the upper part of Isle Perrot. The greatest
extent of land possessed by one person is 360
arpents. All the p. is conceded, and the greater
part previous to 1759, and the portion conceded
since, in farms of 3 arpents by 30, pay the same
rent, viz. one sol per front arpent and half a
bushel of wheat for every 20 superficial arpents.

With the exception of the mountain, which rises
to the north-west on the skirts of the city, the ge-
neral surface of the island is level, notwithstand-
ing the existence of gentle ridges called cdteaux by
which the complete uniformity of the level is not
unfrequently and agreeably varied. The mountain
itself is a very conspicuous object, independently
of its altitude above the surrounding country. It
consists of two distinct hills, one of which to the
eastward is called the greater and the other the
lesser mountain, between both of which passes
one of the leading avenues into the city, which
communicates with roads by which the circuit of
either mountain may be made, and this, indeed,
from the many charms of its scenery, is a very
favourite drive. The slopes of the mountain are
wooded nearly from their base to the summit, but
towards the base the forest-trees have been suc-
ceeded by orchards that produce apples, pears,
peaches and plums of the choicest flavour; and it
is worthy of remark, that although the fruit of
the island is universally excellent, still all parts
of it yield to the vicinity of the mountain in the
luxuriance of the orchards and the deliciousness
of the fruits they produce.

M O U M O U

Statistics of the Island and County of Montreal, in 1827.

Parishes.

1
g

ti
o

6
12

§•

1365
30

Names of the churches.

Montreal town
St Laurent
Ste, Genevieve
Sault au RecoUet
Pte. Claire
Luchine

Point aux Trembles
Longue Fointe
Riviere des Prairies
Ste. Anne

238S5

2426

1790

lfi82

1543

1410

1071

803

800

625

i
i

240
3

221
6

3
3

Notre Dame.

St. Laurent.

Ste. Genevieve.

Oe la Visitation.

St. Joachim.

Des Saintes.

L'Enfant Jesus.

St Frangois D'Assize.

St. Joseph.

Ste. Anne.

Totals.

36014

4 1243

233

1395

Parishes.

Annual Agriuulcurai produce, in buah.

l^iveaujek. ]

g
o

Montreal town

5200

3900

260

100

850

St Laurent

20800

18200

2000

2260

985

990

1480

3888

1550

Ste. GeneviSve

16900

11700

2200

1000

1050

740

720

1290

2800

1250

Sault au RecoUet .

11960

8060

1100

4000

1500

720

728

1260

2880

1080

Pte. Claire

13000

10400

2600

300

1000

536

538

910

2008

790

Lachine

10400

566

800

580

565

890

2000

750

Point aux Trembles

13000

10400

600

3600

2000

428

426

652

1680

610

Longue Pointe

9100

5200

1560

2000

1600

365

.322

53.T

1300

510

Riviere des Prairies

14560

10400

1300

3000

2000

360

320

520

1280

480

Ste. Anne

5720

5200

500

1000

255

250

300

1014

500

Totals.

120640

93800

13686

16500

14050

4949

4859

7927

19850

7520

Title. — " Lettres patentes, en forme d'Edit, donn^es
ipar sa Majestfe tres Chretienne, en Juillet, 1714, qui con-
firment la concession de la Seigr.eurie de Tisle de Mont-
real, isles Courcellea et dependances, a titres onereux
d'amortissement des dites terres, aecordees Si Messieurs
du Seminaire de St. Sulpice, par lettres patentes du mois

de Mai, 1677, avec les droits d'echange." Bigistre des

Foi el Hommage, No. n,folio 81, leSme Fevrier, 1781. —
Ctthiers d'Intend. No. 10 d 17, folio 5.35.

Montreal, river, rises near the boundary line
in the t. of Hemmingford, and striking through
the s. angle of Sherrington enters the S. of De
L6ry which it traverses n. e., and watering the
w. angle of the b of Longueuil and the e. angle
of Laprairie, runs to West Chambly and falls into
the Richelieu a little below Chambly Basin.

Moose Riveb, rises in the n. e. section of
Barford, and traversing the t. of Compton, joins
the R. Coaticook above Pennoyer's mills.

Moulin, au, river, runs into the r. Saguenay
about 2 miles below Chicoutimi Posts.

Moulin, du, river, a small stream that rises in
the rear part of the S. of Matane, and running to
the front falls into the St. Lawrence.

Moulin, du, rivulet, in the S. of Eboulemens,
runs through C6te St. Joseph into the St. Law-
rence, opposite the n. e. end of Isle aux Coudres.
It forms a beautiful cascade near the manor and is
seen as the traveller descends towards the St. Law-
rence ; it falls into a basin extending across the
lands and rocks, and is in some places from 4 to
600 ft. deep. It turns a corn-miU and two saw-
mills, besides the seignorial or banal mill.

Moulin Baude, in the co. of Saguenay, is a
little river at the bottom of a small bay, and enters
the St. Lawrence about 4 miles below the post of
Tadoussac. This place is remarkable for a quarry
of statuary marble of excellent quality and in
considerable quantity; it is said not to be inferior
to the marble extracted from the mines on the
Hudson and Lake Champlain. The marble is in
a rent of about six to eight feet in breadth; the
rent rises almost vertically to the top of the bank,
150 feet high. The marble is therefore abundant.
It is, generally speaking, solid, and masses suf-
Bciently large to form the pillars of a fine public

M O U

M U R

building might be quarried at a trifling expense.
The parts which have not been exposed to the
action of the air will probably take a good polish,
and as chimney-pieces, tables, &c. would make
beautiful ornaments. The rent is washed by the
tide, and a vessel of sixty tons might strike it, with
her keel. The rivulet that runs over the bed of
this quarry is sufficiently copious to turn a mill for
sawing and cutting the marble in the quarry itself.
The marble is of the purest white, and Mr. P.
Chasseur has a lamp made of it, which may be
seen in his museum at Quebec. The muddy bay,
into which this small river runs from the quarry,
is dry at low water, and, aiFording a protected har-
bour, admits at high water vessels drawing six or
eigh-t feet. A vessel of the former draught might
indeed touch the bed itself with its keel. The
entrance from the St. Lawrence is not difficult ;
and it is not more than 48 hours' sail from Quebec
with a light fair wind.

Moulin, du, river, runs through Cfite du Mou-
lin in the S. of C6te de Beaupre into the St.
Lawrence, a little above the r. du Gouffre. It
turns a corn-mill near its mouth.

Moulin, du, river, in the S. of le Gouffi-e, runs
into the k. du Gouffi:e and turns a corn-mill near
its mouth.

Moulin, du, river, waters the n. b. section
of the S. of Lotbiniire and runs into the St. Law-
rence.

Mount Johnson, v. Monnoir, S.

Mount Murray, is a British grant en fief et
seigneurie, in the co. of Saguenay ; it reaches from
the north side of the r. Malbay, along the bank
of the St. Lawrence, as far as the River Noire or
Black River, and is 3 leagues in depth. Granted
Apr. 27th, 1762, to Lieut. Malcolm Fraser, and
is now the property of Malcolm Fraser, Esq. This
seigniory is separated from Murray Bay by Mal-
bay river, and contains only a very small propor-
tion of cultivated land in comparison to its size.
The general surface is mountainous, but in some
places the soil is moderately good : timber of all
kinds is plentiful and very fine, particularly pine.
The lands under the best state of improvement are
those along the k. Malbay for about six miles. A
tolerably good road passes through these settle*
ments, on which are many farm-houses and neat
dwellings. The manor-house, belonging to Co-
lonel Fraser, called Mount Murray, is well situ-
ated at the entrance of the bay on the east sidfej and

is surrounded by a large tract of well- cultivated
lands. This grant is watered by several streams,
whose waters are not more than sufficient to work
the mills. — From the River Noire, along the bor-
ders of the St. Lawrence, and as far into the in-
terior as the country has been explored, are only
mountains of stone almost without the slightest
vegetation. — Limestone is abundant in this S. The
chief articles of trade are deals, boards, fire- wood
and some wheat : the salmon caught between the
River Noire and Malbay are sold at Quebec.

Statistics.

Population .
Corn-mills .

. 1087 Saw-mills
1

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.
Wheat . 8,500
Oats . 2,200
Potatoes 8,000

Bushels.
Peas . 600
Rye . 100

Maple sugar,
ewfs

Live Stock.

Horses . 305
Oxen . 636

Cows . 848
Sheep . 2,400

Sviine . I

1,300

Title.—" Grant of the 27th of April, 1762, by the
Honourable James Murray, Esq. Governor of Quebec,
to Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser, of His Majesty's 78tli
Regiment of Foot, of all that extent of land lying on the
North shore of the river St. Lawrence, from the North
side of the River of Malbay to the River N'oire, and for
three leagues back, to be known hereafter, at the special
request of the said Lieutenant Malcolm Fraser, by the
name of Mount Murray, together with the woods and
rivers or other appurtenances within the said extent, right
of fishing or fowling, within the same, included. All
kind of traffic with the Indians of the back country hereby
specially e\ceptei."— English Register, Letter E, folio

Murray Bay or Malbay, seigniory, in the
CO. of Saguenay, is one of the three grants en
fief et seigneurie, which have been made by the
British government; it extends from the S. of
Eboulemens, along the St. Lawrence, as far
as the river Malbay that divides it from Mount
Murray. — 4 leagues in front by 3 in depth.
Granted Ap 27th, 1762, to Captain John Nairn,
and now belongs to Mrs. Nairn. This seigniory
contains but a very small portion of cultivated
land in comparison to its size. The best settle-
ments range along Malbay river for about 6 miles.
It contains a church, parsonage-house, corn and
saw-mills, and a well-built manor-house belonging
to the proprietor of the seigniory. — The rivers are
only sufficient to work the mills. The principal
lakes are called Nairn, Anthony and Ste. Marie,

M U R

N E t

and are in the rear of the S. Lake Nairn is on
the rear boundary line^ and Lake Anthony, which
is much smaller and discharges itself into it, is
near its n. b. side. Little Lake or Lake Ste. Marie
is s. B. of the others about 1^ mile. — No lands
were conceded previous to 1759, and the non-con-
ceded lands are not surveyed, and have no road
through them. 9^ arpents is the largest quantity
of land possessed by one individual, and 12 persons
hold lands of the seignior of 6 arpents and above :
98 possess lands of less than 3 arpents, an exact
classification of which would be very difficult;
these lands being very high, are for the most part
dry and of middling quality. — The valleys in this
S. on account of the north winds that rush down
them early in the autumn, are exposed to in-
jurious frosts. — The Bay enters deep into the north
shore, and the greater proportion becomes dry at
low water. The land which encloses the bay is
rather elevated and rocky, but, between it and
the high water-mark on the western side, there is a
flat or gently undulated alluvial soil, most of which
is sandy. — This S. and its neighbourhood have
long been remarkable for the frequency of earth-
quakes. Shocks are most frequent in January
and February ; their direction appears to be n. w. ;
the duration of the movement is about one minute,
and notice of the coming motion is generally
given by a noise like a chimney on fire, sometimes
accompanied by two distinct blows. The weather
is sometimes sultry, previously at other times
cold; in the former case, the weather becomes
cold after the shock, and in the latter, mild : in
short, a shock is always accompanied by a change
of weather. Shocks occur about nine or ten times
a year, and are more generally observed in the
night than in the day. When they happen in
foggy weather it clears up subsequently. About
37 years ago the shocks were much more violent.

Statistics.

Population 1,875 I Corn-mills
Churches, R. C. 1 | Saw-mills

2 I Carding-mills 1
15 I FulUng-mills 2

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels

12,188

3,800

. 500

Bushels.
Potatoes 15,500
Peas . 730

Rye . 200

Maple sugar,

cwts, 41

Live Stock.

469 I Cows
924 I Sheep

1,252 I Swine
5,200 I

1,585

Title " Grant of the 27th day of April, 1762, by the

Honourable James Murray, Esq. Governor of Quebec, to
John Nairn, Captain of his Majesty's 78th Regiment of
Foot, of all that extent of land lying on the North shore
of the River St. Lawrence, from Goose-Cape, boundary of
the Seigneurie of Eboulemms, to the River Malbay, and
for three leagues back, to be known hereafter, at the
special request of the said Captain John Nairn, by the
name of Murray Bay, together with the woods and rivers
or other appurtenances within the said extent, right of
fishing and fowling on the same therein included. All
kinds of traffic with the Indians of the back country are
hereby specially excepted." — English Register, Letter E,
page 700.

Musk Rat, river, is a branch of the b. Peri-
bonea which runs into Lake St. John. It derives
its name from the number of musk rats with
which it abounds. It is said to form a good har-
bour for small vessels.

Namjamscutcook, or Namgamskdtesck,
river, in the co. of Rimouski, runs out of Long
Lake into l. Temiscouata and is about two chains
wide ; its current is gentle, and said to be navi-
gable for boats and canoes. — This r. is the same
as the Cabineau, which vide.

Namgamskutesck, v. Namjamscutcook.

Nativitb db la Ste. Vierge and De St.
Pierre (P.), v. Becancoub, S.

Nekoaba (R.), v. Askatichb, l.

Nelson's Bay, in the front of the t. of Gren-
ville. This bay, with the exception of a shoal about
1 mile long and a i mile in average breadth, part
of which is dry in summer, offers a safe harbour
and good anchorage for the steam-boat or other
vessels. These vessels when in the bay are shel-
tered by the high lands that extend n. and n. w.
of the basin and descend almost to the margin of
the river Ottawa, except near the river Calumet,
where the hills rise from a small but beautiful
meadow.

Nelson Rivrr, rises in a smaU lake on the
s. w. boundary line of St. Ignace, and, winding in
the S. of St. Gabriel in nearly a semi-circular
course, joins the B. St. Charles about 1 mile above
the V. of Jeune Lorette.

Nelson, township, in the co. of Megantick, is
bounded n. e. by Ste. Croix ; s. w. by Somerset ;
in the rear by Inverness and Leeds ; in front by
the augmentation to Lotbiniere. It was granted
in April, 1804, to officers and privates of the
Canadian militia.— The land is rather low, but of

NEUVILLE.

tolerably good quality and fit for the production
of most kinds of grain. Towards the s. k. end
are some rising grounds^ much superior to the
part which adjoins Lotbiniere. The timber is
chiefly beechj maple, birch and pine ; on the low
and moist ground, basswood, cedar, spruce and
hemlock abound. — This t. is well watered by the
rivers Cecancour and Du Chene, and by many
small streams falling into those rivers. — No part
is under cultivation.

Neuville, or Pointb aux Trembles,
seigniory, in the co of Portneuf, is bounded in
front by the St. Lawrence ; s. w, by Belair and
its augmentation; n. b. by Desmaure and Fau-
sembault ; in the rear by Bourglouis. — 2 J leagues
in front by 4 leagues in depth. Granted Dec. 16,
1653, to Jean Bourdon, and is now the property
of the Rev. Mr. Descheneaux, Grand Vicar. — This
seigniory is of great value. The lands are all con-
ceded, and many were granted previous to 1759,
and those granted since are held on the same
terras. Above two-thirds of the S. are under
cultivation and very productive. The surface, as
is the case almost invariably within several leagues
of Quebec, is very uneven, rising from the St.
Lawrence in a series of irregular ridges to the
elevated banks of the Jacques Cartier: beyond
which it is mountainous and abrupt. The soil in
front is a lightish mixture of sand and black
friable earth, but towards the n. w. it becomes
much stronger, and soon changes to a fine loam,
in some places rather thickly strewed with stones :
large masses of granite lie about in different
directions as if rolled down from the heights,
although there is scarcely any trace of rock south of
the R. Jacques Cartier. The timber is, generally,
very good ; but between the rivers Jacques Car-
tier and Aux Pomraes not in great plenty, as the
whole of that space is laid out in fruitful settle-
ments ; farther back, beech, maple, pine, ash and
birch are found in abundance. — This S. is watered
by several branches of the K. Portneuf, by the
Riviere aux Pommes in a beautiful, meandering
course, and by the impetuous Jacques Cartier,
besides many rivulets descending from the sides
of the different ridges, the whole amply providing
for the irrigation, particularly of the settled parts.
— Of the many roads that intersect the S., the
one in front of the St. Lawrence, one in the
direct line from Quebec by the village of Capqa
to Jacques Cartier bridge, and another striking

from the St. Lawrence, about midway between
the viUage of Pointe aux Trembles and Belair, to
the same place, are the principal ; the others open
a convenient communication between the different
concessions. — The commissioners, acting under
the authority of the provincial parliament, during
last year (1830) made two roads from this S. to
Bourg Louis. One commences at the free bridge
over the h. Jacques Cartier, (commonly called
Graves' Bridge), and ending at the commence-
ment of the seigniory of Bourg Louis, of which
about 50 acres are finished. This part of the
road passes through the Grand Brul6, and
finishes as the law directs. The remaining part
of this road, being about 116 acres, has been
rendered passable for loaded carts. The latter
part of this road is only half the breadth required
by law, and is only drained by ditches where it
was found absolutely necessary, and where they
could not be dispensed with. About 18 acres of
the road nearest to Bourg Louis remains un-
finished, the wood only being cleared on the line
of the road. In the line of this road a long bridge,
70 ft. in length by 20 ft. wide, has been thrown
over an arm of the n. Portneuf; it is covered
with 3 inch plank, and has a strong hand rail on
each side substantially drawn together with ties.
The other road commences at Route des Com-
missaires, leading to the concession St. Jacques to
the River Portneuf, about 70 acres of which is
completed according to law, having in this dis-
tance six bridges placed over ditches for draining
the road. At this point of the road is a very
steep hill of about three acres long, at the bottom
of which is the River Portneuf, over which is
erected a bridge 60 feet long, buUt with cedar
and covered with three inch plank, having a
strong hand-rail on either side, the whole very
substantially built, and drawn together with suf-
ficient ties. After passing this bridge the road
ascends by a hill two acres loijg, and is only half
made for about 55 acres, with ditches whenever
they were positively required ; but the whole of
this distance is passable for loaded carts, leaving
a space of about 38 acres to be made nearest to
and adjoining Bourg Louis, which could not be
performed for the want of means. Near the r.
Jacques Cartier is a deep ravine about 14 feet
wide, over which a bridge is constructed. The
distance between the rivers Portneuf and the
Jacqpes Cartier ig about 32 acres | the latter

E E

N E U

NEW

is approached by a hill about three acres long ;
the breadth of the river is about 10 feet, over
which is constructed a bridge. The road then
ascends a hill of about 2 acres, and from the
river Portneuf to the end of the road, which is
about half iinishsd, 9 small bridges have been
constructed over rivers and brooks. The land on
' this road is generally good ; the latter part of it
which remains to be commenced, will be more
expensive and more difficult to linish than the
part that has already been done, in consequence of
there being several hills to pass, and a small river
which meanders thtough the intended line of the
road 3 or 4 times, over which bridges must be
thrown, arid to finish this road properly from the
river Portneuf to feourg Louis will require .at
least 150/. On the line of these two roads partial
settlements were formerly made; but now the lots
are nearly all taken up since the roads have been
made, and several of the settlers are now getting
materials and building houses, now that the means
of communication are afforded ; building materials
are very easy to be obtained, there being good
building stone in the vicinity, also a corn and saw'-
miU about 3 miles from the concessions St. Jean
and Ste. Marie, and about 4 miles from that of
St. Charles. These two roads form the com-
munication to the church, mills and town, for the
few settlers now in Bourg Louis. By the accounts
rendered to the inspector-general of public ac-
counts, the sum voted for the service was 200/.,
out of which no balance remains. With this sum
the commissioners have made 9 miles and 4 acres
of new road through a new country, bridges, &c.,
and paid 25/. to the grand voyer, and ten pounds
for the commissioners' fees. On the east side of
the concession St. Charles, separated by the River
Portneuf, there is a fine tract of land, commonly
called Ste. Madaleine, which is of the best
quality ; timbered with every description of wood,
with fine sugaries : a road to it is highly recom-
mended by the commissioners ; it would cost about
100/. — The distance from the end of the two
above-mentioned roads to waste lands of the crown
is exactly nine miles, through a very good country
for settling. The lands on the boundaries of the
river Ste. Ann are also good. The north branch
of the river Ste. Ann descends from the crown
lands into the main river at the point where the
two roads would reach that river. If the road
from the free bridge should be continued to the

river Ste. Ann, for the purpose of reaching the
waste lands of the crown, it would be of great
utility to new settlements ; this road would cost
350/., and it would be a great encouragement to
the settling of the waste lands of the crown.
■ — The Village of Pointe aux Trembles is exceed-
ingly well seate'd on a projecting point of the same
name, rising but a few yards above the level of
the St. Lawrence; it is backed by an amphi-
theatre of gently rising hills, cultivated to their
very summits and embellished with farm-houses,
mostly built with stone, which are surrounded
by gardens and extensive orchards, affording in
every direction, but from the St. Lawrence
particularly, a rich, variegated and pleasing
coup d'ceil. This village contains thirty-seven
houses, a neat church, 1 00 ft. by 50, a chapel, a
parsonage house, and what is called a convent,
where from 40 to 50 scholars are instructed ; also
a French school, supported by the inhabitants.
Blany of the houses are of stone, and their in-
habitants are industrious and wealthy, which is
also the case with most of the habitafis of this
seigniory. The convent is an establishment for
female education, conducted by two sisters of the
congregation of Quebec, who reside in it as
missionaries for disseminating religious and
useful knowledge.— Oxen are generally used in
agricultural labour, and English carts by many.
The inhabitants are clothed in stuffs of home
manufacture. — From the point, reaching nearly
down to the S. of Desmaure, runs a shoal, called
La Batture de la Pointe aux Trembles, thickly
beset with rocks, that are uncovered at low water.

Population 1,521
Churches, R.C. 1
Curis . . . 1
Presbyteries 1
Convents

Statistics.
Schools
Villages
Corn-mills .
Saw-mills . .

Notaries .
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans .

3
3

7
22

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
11,910
10,400

Barley

Bushels.
. 75

Peas

Live Stock.
602 I Cows . 1,415 1 Swine

Bushels.
. 2,600

905

850 1 Sheep . SJSOO I

r«fc.-" Concession du 16me Dfecembre, 1653, feite
par la Oompagme, it Jean Bourdon, conteuant deux lieues
trois quarts ou environ de front, sur quatre lieues de oro-
iondeur, tenant ducflt^du Nord-est aufief de Desmureet
du cote du Sud.Ouest au fief de Bilairef par devmiUe
flcuve St. Lm.reni,et par derri^re les terres non-concW^es "
—Rigiitre d' Inlendance, JVo. 10 o 17, folio 660.

New Bristol Riveu rises in the t. of St.

NEW

NIC

Dennis, and, traversing through the centre of the
S. of Matane, runs into the St. Lawrence.

New Glasgow, ahout 1 mile from the s. w.
comer of the t. of Kilkenny. This settlement
was established in 1820," and, considering the
numerous impediments, deficiency of mills, want
of practicable roads, &o., much progress has been
made by the industry and perseverance of this
little colony.

Newport, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is between Eaton and Ditton, and is bounded in
the rear by Auckland, in front by Bury. Although
the land in many parts is uneven, the general
tendency of the soil is good, and the swampy land
is fit for culture. Beech, maple, birch, spruce,
basswood and fir are the prevalent sorts of
timber. The North River runs nearly through
the middle of the t., and the land rises gradually
from it in a series of gentle swells to the n. and
s. Numerous small streams, after traversing this
T., find their way to the North River and New-
port River in the s. w. comer. The extreme
parts of the s. w. and s. e. comers are more hilly,
particularly in the s. b,, where the hills attain a
considerable altitude. None of the rivers are
navigable. Several roads, generally in a bad state,
passing to the adjacent settlements intersect it, as
does the intended new one from Craig's road. —
From 900 to 1000 acres cleared, and this t. re-
sembles Eaton in its agricultural produce, the
state of the mechanics, price of labour and descrip-
tion of cattle. — Good flax is produced for domestic
use, but as yet no hemp. — Black lead ore has
been found in this t., and slate for roofing is pro-
duced in abundance. — Vngranted and unlocated,
15,000 acres.

Statistics.

Population . 91
Corn-mills . 1

Saw-mills . 1
Potasheries . 1

Pearlasheries . 1
Artisans . 11

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 1,018
Oats . 1,140
Barley . 105

Bushels.
Potatoes 1,.330
Peas . 290
Rye . 1,100

Bushels.
Indian corn 4)10

Live Stock.

Horses ... 5'!
Oxen ... 57

Cows . . 95
Sheep . .192

Swine. . . 93

' Newton, township, in the co. of Vaudreuil,
and its augmentation, rbe-tween the seigniories of
Rigaud, Soulange, and New Longueuil, is of an
irregular figure and very advantageously situated.

contiguous to the settlements in the Upper Pro-
vince. On the w. side the land is of a very
superior quality, and will produce all sorts of
grain; many pjirtS also might be employed to
great advantage in growing hemp and flax. The
E. side is much lower, inclining here and there,
for short distances, tp be marshy : there is, how-
ever, no actual swamp ,• and if the low grounds,
that are rather wet, were carefully ditched and
drained, they would prove most excellent land,
and furnish luxuriant meadow and pasture as
well as good arable land. On the most elevated
parts, the principal timber is maple, beech and
birch ; on other parts, cedar, red spruce, alder,
and hemlock. As the grants are all recent, only
a few of the lots are yet cultivated, but the good-
ness of the situation and other local advantages are
likely soon to induce settlers in much greater
numbers. In that part which is in the p. of St.
Polycarpe are 48 souls. The greatest landh6lders
are the heirs of the late Hon. A. C. de Lotbiniere,
Saveuse de Beaujeu, Esq., Mr. John M'Nider,
and others.

Nixon Lake, in the peninsula near Lake St.
John, is a small lake N. of l. Kiguagomishish,
with which it is connected by a small channel of
about three chains in length, and about one chain
in width. There is deep black land covered with
alder all around this lake, and upon the banks,
about 25 ft. above the water, to the distance of at
least a mile, the land is unbroken and level, and
the soil an excellent loam ; the timber is sapin,
black birch, spruce and some white birch. The
lake is 36 chains long, lying s. w. and n. e., and
about ten chains wide. — Named after Mr. Nixon,
a late explorer of Lake St. John.

NicoLET, county, in the district of Three
Rivers, is bounded e. by the co. of Lotbiniere ; w.
by the seignorial line between the seigniory of
Nicolet and the seigniories La Baie du Febvre
and Courval; towards the n. by the River St.
Lawrence ; s. by the River Becancour, being the
boundary of the S. of Blandford and Maddington,
by the rear line of the seigniory of Becancour ; w.
of that river by the division lines between the
township of Aston and its augmentation, and the
seigniory of Godefroy, Roquetaillade and the
augmentation of Nicolet ; and lastly by the rear
line of the augmentation of Nicolet. It compre-
hends the seigniories of Nicolet and its augmenta-
tion, Roquetaillade, Godefroy, Becancour, Cour-

£ e 2

N I C O L E T.

noyer, Gentilly, Livrard, FiefDutard, and the
townships of Maddington and Blandford. It con-
tains five parisheSj viz. — Nicolet, St. Gregoire,
Becancour, Gentilly and St. Pierre ; and also the
villages of Nicolet and St. Gregoire.— Its breadth,
or front, on the St. Lawrence is 32-|- miles, and its
depth 20, containing 475 square miles ; its centre
is in lat. 46° 20' n., long. 72" 17 30" w. It sends
two members to the provincial parliament, and the
places of election are Gentilly and St. Gregoire.
— The surface of this co. is level and composed
of light soil, sandy in many places, especially along
the banks of the rivers, but in the interior the soil
is stronger and more productive. It is tolerably
well watered by rivers and streams, and by Lake
St. Paul. The chief rivers are the Nicolet, Be-
cancour and Gentilly, with their branches. The
flourishing state of the settlements is evinced by
its population and produce : the chief settlements
are to be seen along the rivers St. Lawrence,
Nicolet, Becancour and Gentilly. — It is traversed
by a number of concession roads, besides those
along the borders of the chief rivers. Two roads
pass through this co., leading from the ferry op-
posite to Three Rivers to the southern townships,
the Aston road, and that through Nicolet to Bale
St. Antoine : new roads are also opened leading
from GentiUy and St. Pierre to Blandford, and
up to the new settlements on the Becancour. —
In many parts there are highly cultivated farms
and good dwelling-houses.

Population 12,59.3

Churches, R.C. 5

Churches, Pro.

Cures

Presbyteries

Colleges

Villages

Statistics.

Corn-mills

Saw-mills .

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Tanneries

Potteries

Just, of peace

Medical men
Notaries .
Shopkeepers
Taverns .
Artisans

2
3

Annual Jgrkultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley
Potatoes

Bushels,
76,330
47,109
, 3,200
66,620

Bushels.
Peas . 17,620
Rye . 4,283
Indian com 310
Mixedgrain 3,500

Maple sugar,

cwts. 936
Hay, tons 38,100

Horses
Oxen

Live Stock.

5,250 1 Cows . 7,4,90 1 Swine . . 7,155
2,638 1 Sheep • 25,500 1

Nicolet, lake and river, in the cos. of Drum-
mond and Nicolet. The Lake is in the s. b,
comer of the t. of Ham and gives rise to the
river. This beautiful sheet of water, about 2^ m.
long and one broad, contains several small islands.

which are the resort of vast numbers of wild-fowl.
The surrounding country possesses every trait of
wild romantic beauty. The lake is environed by
rising grounds clothed with trees, in some places
thickly clustered together, and in others irregularly
dispersed over the acclivities ; beyond the first
heights are seen in the distance the softened and
fantastic forms of a much more elevated chain. —
The River, which rises in the lake, consists of
two principal branches, distinguished by the names
of eastern and western. The distance in a straight
line, from the source to the mouth, seems to be
about 60 miles; and the breadth of the space
which it waters about 12. It collects therefore
the waters of about 720 square miles. It tra-
verses the townships of Ham, Chester, Artha-
baska, Warwick and Horton, where it meets its
eastern branch that rises in Wolfstown and de-
scends through parts of Chester, Halifax, Stans-
fold and Bulstrode; their united waters divide
Wendover from Aston, and traversing the aug.
to Nicolet enters that seigniory, and a little above
the village receives the waters of the western branch
which rises in Weedon; this branch, traversing
th rough the centre of W otton, partially waters Ting-
wick and Shipton, then running through Kingsey,
Simpson and Wendover, it enters the S. of Courval,
whence it hastens through the s. w. section of the
S. of Nicolet and joins the main branch at what
is called the second forks. The Nicolet having
thus received its accumulated waters runs near
the s. w. side of the village and soon after empties
itself into Lake St. Peter, where, at its mouth, it
divides into two streams and forms Isle Moran.
The banks, in the interior townships, are high
and generally covered with woods down to the
water ; but in the lower part of its course the banks
diminish very much and are less woody : from the
village downward are several small islands covered
with trees that form very pleasing groups. In the
upper part of the river there are rapids with fre-
quent intervals of gentle current ; these rapids
the Indians frequently ascend and descend in
canoes. In the spring, when the stream is in-
creased by the freshes, small decked vessels can
sometimes get up from the St. Lawrence as high
as the village; but this cannot be depended upon,
as the entrance is obstructed by a sand-bar, upon
which craft drawing 2 ft. water frequently strike
in the summer or dry season : this bar is called
the Batture aux Sables. The scenery on both

N I C O L E T.

banks of the main river is varied and beautiful in
many places^ but on the n. e. side it is particulariy
interesting. In the S. of Nicolet this river adds
considerably to the beauty of the scenery and the
fertility of the lands. The banks of the main
branch are cut by frequent ravines of consider-
able size. Both sides of this river for about 4
leagues from its mouth are embellished by settle-
ments.

Nicolet, seigniory and augmentation, in the
CO. of Nicolet, is bounded n. b. by Roquetaillade ;
s. w. by Bale St. Antoine ; in the rear by the t.
of Wendover ; in front by Lake St. Peter. — The
original grant is 2 leagues in front by 2 in depth.
Granted Oct. 29th, 1672, to Sieur deLaubia:
the augmentation, 2 leagues in breadth by 3 in
depth, with Isle de la Fourche, was granted Nov.
4th, 1680, to Sieur de Cresse. Both are now
the property of Kenelm Connnr Chandler, Esq. —
The soil is not remarkably good, but industry has
in some degree counteracted its natural defects.
Towards the lake the land is poor, of a light sandy
nature, but more in the interior it is stronger and
better; it lies rather low and in general level;
near the village the soil, though not of the best
description, is calculated to repay its industrious
occupants ; more towards the rear it improves
greatly and in some places, particularly on the
banks of the rivers, it is equal in fertility to any
in the province. Three-fifths of the S. are under
cultivation and the remainder in woodland and
unconceded, of which not more than 300 farms
could be formed on account of the large circuits
made by the r. Nicolet and its s. vv. branch,
the main river traversing the entire seigniory
lengthwise ; these circuits form excavations and
enormous ravines, which deprive the farmer of
much land. There are 1 1 ranges of concessions
containing 850 farms, 400 of which are well peo-
pled. Some of the concessions were granted as far
back as 171 6, and were in thefront range; each farm
measuring 12 to 15 arpents by 30 in depth, was
conceded at a moderate rent. The subsequent
concessions, prior to 1759, were rented, for 3 ar-
pents in front by 25, 30 or 40 in depth, at 1 or 2
sols tournois per arpent and 1 or 2 capons for each
farm. The concessions opened during the 30 years
previous to 1821, were rented at a quart of wheat
and 2 sols per arpent. — It appears that the want
of roads, the augmentation of rents, and the ex-
penses of drainage necessary to make the non-

conceded lands convertible, have been the principal
obstacles to the establishment of new settlements;
and in this S. the settlements were retarded, pre-
vious to 1821, by unfortunate speculations in
wood, which were disastrous to many of the in-
habitants by draining them of their ready money,
and to others they proved utter ruin. — The tim-
ber is not remarkable for superior quality or
growth ; on the borders of the lake it is generally
bois franc and on the banks of the s. w. branch of
the R. Nicolet it is spruce and sapin with many
considerable pineries. — The roads are very good,
with the exception of that which runs along the
main branch of the river into the interior ; the
main road to William Henry passes through the
village and crosses the river at a ferry where the
toll is 3d. for each person, 9d. for a horse, and
Is. 3d. for a horse and carriage ; several other roads
intersect the S. in different directions. There is
no road over the unconceded lands although they
have been surveyed. — This S. is well watered by
the R. Nicolet and its s. w. branch ; on both are
built corn and saw-mills. The corn-mills have
three sets of stones each, abundantly supplied
with water all the year round, and are of great
advantage, not only to the inhabitants of this S.
but to those of the neighbouring parishes. A
carding-mill is attached to the corn-mill on
the N. E. or main branch of the river, and also
another to the corn-mill on the s. w. branch.
Salmon abounds in the river and large quantities
offish in the lake. — One-third of the grain pro-
duced is generally sold, and the wheat is of such
excellent quality that it is generally sold for seed
to other parishes. The time of sowing is later
than at Montreal, but rather sooner than at
Quebec. An abundance of hay is grown on the
borders of the lake and the St. Lawrence. The
breed of horses is Canadian, and though small they
are good. — The inhabi^nts are chiefly catholics,
for out of a population of 4000 only 500 are pro-
testants. — The Village of Nicolet is pleasantly situ-
ated on the banks of the river, about a mile from its
mouth ; its appearance, whether approached by the
river or by either of the roads, is calculated to at-
tract the notice of a traveller, andoffersinducements
for visiting it sufficient to repay an ordinaryjourney
to the admirers of nature's favoured spots. — This
village, containing about 90 houses with a church
in the centre, as remarkable for its beautiful situ-
ation on the side of a gentle acclivity, covered

N I C

N O I

with some majestic oaks (the best timber in the
seigniory) and crested with a tuft of lofty pines.
Besides the Roman catholic church, 140 ft. by 50
ft., decorated with some valuable paintings, there is
a neat well-built protestant episcopal chapel, 50 ft.
by 25 to 30 ft. In this village, about the begin-
ning of the present century, a college for the edu-
cation of youth was founded under the auspices
of the then catholic bishop of Quebec, It stands
on a spot well calculated by the natural beauties
of its situation to assist the views of so excellent
an establishment. The building is on a simple,
unostentatious, but convenient plan, possessing all
requisite accommodation for the director, masters,
and seventy pensioners. The success and reputa-
tion of this institution obtained for it a royal char-
ter in the reign of George the Third. The ori-
ginal building having been found inadequate to
the accommodation of the increased number of
students, a new edifice of considerably enlarged
dimensions was commenced in 1827 and is now
far advanced towards completion. It is calculated
to accommodate 200 students. In the beauty and
salubrity of its situation the College of Nicolet
cannot be surpassed and is perhaps altogether un-
equalled. The establishment is endowed with
lands and is managed by a body corporate. The
scholars wear an appropriate dress and the terms
are made suitable to its general utility, being
about 201. per annum for board and instruction
in the usual branches of education. This vil-
lage has also the advantage of a market twice
a week. — Mr. Chandler the seignior has made
valuable improvements in this seigniory, parti-
cularly in mills, in opening new roads, in the
importation of improved breeds of animals and
in the introduction of agricultural implements. —
There is perhaps no place where an English emi-
grant of moderate capital or income might fix his
residence with more advantage and comfort than
in the S. of Nicolet, for many of the old settlers
will sell their farms on moderate terms in order
to make new clearances, which they of course can
do with less difficulty and expense than a foreigner.
Thus would the emigrant avoid the real difficulties
of forming a settlement in distant uncleared wood-
land and be surrounded by at least a portion of
his countrymen and accommodated with house
and outbuildings suited to the climate. — From
Lake St. Peter and its entrance into the St. Law-
rence the front of the seigniory presents a prospect

peculiarly pleasing, for bordering on that river the
wood is tolerably thick, with several clear in-
tervals through which the settlements and the
village are seen in diflFerent points of view to the
greatest advantaige. The views in the S. are in
general truly pleasing and beautiful and impresr
sively convey a sense of the peace and happiness
of an industrious rural life. — Isle d la Fourche
forms a part of this S.

Population 4,000
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Colleges . 1
Villages . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills ,

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Saw-mills

Tanneries

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

2
3

4.
3

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

20,100

14,900

1,600

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

23,120

3,120

Bushels.

Rye . . 550
Indian com 25

Live Stock.

1,100 1 Cows
1,6001 Sheep

2,000 1 Swine
8,000 1

1,200

Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean. Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Laubia, de deux lieues
de front sur autant de profondeur, a prendre sur le lac
St. Pierre, savoir; une lieue au dessus et une lieue au

dessous de la riviere Nicolet, icelle comprise." RegUtre

d'Intendance, iVo. I, folio 15.

Augmentation — " Concession du 4me Novembre, 1680,
par le Comte de Frontenac, G6uverneur, et Duchesneau,
Intendant, au Sieur Cressi, de I'isle de la Fourche, etant
dans la rividre Cressi, ensemble les isles et islets qui sont
dans la dite riviere, jusqu'au bout de la dite isle ; avec trois
lieues d'augmentation dans la profondeur des terres qui
sont au bout de toute la largeur de sa Seigneurie." — lU-
gistre d'l7itendance, No. 2, folio 21.

NoH-oui-LOO, Na-d'haoui-lo or D'ahaouilo,
lake, forms part of the r. Peribonea which runs
into Lake St. John. It is about 4 miles long and
1 wide. There are many islands at its entrance
and beautiful points of flat land on the s. e. side.
It is about 19 miles from the mouth of the river.

NoiRB, two rivers in the co. of L'Islet. The
Grande Riviere Noire is commonly called Lake
Ktacasy River or outlet. It is about 25 yards
wide and about 18 inches deep. It runs rather
rapidly over a fine smooth bed of black stones.
The banks are level and unbroken and the river
contains several small islands. It runs near five

small mountains called the Sugar Loaves. The

Petite Riviere Noire. Mr. Gamache, who in 1829
surveyed part of the waste lands in the rear of
the S. of L'Islet, towards the e. St. John, struck

NOR

NOT

upon this river and found its north bank to be
about 20 ft. perpendicular and formed of sandy
earth and level on its south side : the bed of the
B. is strewed with black stones. Ascending a tree
on the N. bank, he discovered nothing buf a flat
country covered with mixed timber.

NoiRBj river, in the co. of Saguenay, is the
boundary line between the 8. of Mount Murray
and the King's Posts. It is supposed that on the
bank of this k., lying within the King's Posts
domains, there is a very considerable extent of
good land, and that a tract equally good extends
across the country to Chicoutimi, a distance of
two days' journey, or 40 to 50 miles. The tim-
ber on this R. is very well adapted for sawing
into deals, and a powerful saw-mill has lately been
erected near the outlet of the river at Port au
Persil by Messieurs M'Leod and Duberges. There
is a footpath from Malbay across the country,
but it would be difiicult to make a road for car-
riages.

NoiRE> la Riviere, rises in the rear part of the
S. of Gaspe, in the co. of Lotbiniere, and passing
through the s. w. boundary line of the S. of Lau-
zon it is joined by the Ruisseau Gosselin and soon
after falls into the s. w. branch of the k. Chaudiere.

Noire, la Riviere, v. Prbvost, r.

NoHD-OuBST, bras du, river, in the S. of C6te
de Beau'pre. This stream is thus named because
it is the N. w. branch of the r. du Goufire. It
rises in a small lake in the p. of La Petite Riviere
and taking a n. b. course enters the p. of Bale de
St. Paul, where it joins the r. du Gouffre about
one mile from its mouth.

North Channel, one of the connecting
branches of the St. Lawrence that conducts its
waters into Lake St. Peter, It extends from Isle
au Foin, opposite Fief DorviUier to Isle a I'Aigle,
near Maskinong6 Bay.

North River, in the co. of Sherbrooke, rises
in various springs in the townships of Ditton and
Emberton and traversing Newport it enters Eaton
where it joins Eaton River.

North River or Riviere du Nord, in the
cos. of Terrebonne and Two Mountains, rises in
waste lands n. w. of Abercromby, and entering
that T. at lot 6 in the 11th range, traverses it
and enters the aug. to Mille Isles, where turning
to the s. w. it crosses the aug. of Lac des Deux
Montagues and Argenteuil to the forks at Chute
Mills, where it receives the West River, and after

watering the lower part of the n. e. section of
Chatham it winds over the s. w. angle of Argen-
teuU, where it turns a paper-miU near the village
and soon after falls into the Ottawa at the head
of the Lake of Two Mountains. Its mouth is
divided by an islet into two channels and the
width of the river up to the bridge at the village
of St. Andrews may be from 6 to 8 chains. Boats
and river craft ascend to the village notwithstand-
ing the rapid.s and rocks that impede its naviga-
tion, which might be improved so as to admit of
the ascent of steam-boats calculated to draw but
little water. Above the bridge there is a rapid
near which stands the old mill: thence to the
chute (or falls) the river averages from 5 to 6
chains wide and is in that interval obstructed by
6 or 7 rapids, including the waterfall of La Chftte,
where Major Johnson's seignorial corn and saw-
mills are situated. From this place this beautiful
river is navigable for boats and craft almost to
Abercromby, a distance of twenty-five or thirty
miles, and may be found to admit of being na-
vigated much farther, thereby presenting as it
were a second navigable front, ofiering important
facilities to the internal settlements of that section
of the country. Ascending this river and viewing
on either side the neat habitations of the farmer,
his extensive improvements and well cultivated
fields, a stranger might easily fancy himself tra-
velling in the old settled parts of the province. —
The farms and estates entitled to particular no-
tice are those of Captain Barron, J. M. Perkins,
Esq., Mr. Gatton and Mr. Hutchinson, who have
considerably forwarded these settlements. — The
course of this r. is about 100 miles over an un-
equal bed, making many beautiful falls. It is
well stocked with iish and the water is of a very
yellow colour, indicative of the soil through which
it runs.

Notre Dame (R.), v. Cap St. Michel, S.

Notre Dame de Liesse (P.), v. Riviere

OUELLE, S.

Notre Dame de Misbkicorde (P.),v. Beau-
port, S.

Notre Dame des Angbs, seigniory, in the
CO. of Quebec, is between D'Orsanville and Beau-
port, bounded in front by the rivers St. Charles '
and St, Lawrence and in the rear by the t. of
Stoneham. — One league broad and four deep.
Granted, 10th Mar., 1626, to the Order of Jesuits,
and, like their other properties, now reverted to

NOTRE DAME DES ANGES.

the crown. — The land is generally extremely fer-
tile and in the front is a good rich earth mixed
with clay or sand; more in the interior a fine
black mould, much drier and more friable than
the former; in the rear a good loam prevails.
The surface is uneven, and, from a fine flat near
the river, rises into ridges by easy gradations to
the rear boundary, and there becomes broken,
rough, and mountainous. About two-thirds of
the whole are in the best state of cultivation and
exceedingly well inhabited. The flat space near
the St. Lawrence is called la Canardihe, and is
wholly in meadow and pasture and produces
abundant crops of hay of superior quality. The
arable lands are very fruitful in grain of all kinds
and a considerable extent is in garden ground,
where vegetables of every description and of great
excellence are raised for the supply of the capital.
The most cultivated parts are sparingly timbered,
presenting only occasionally reserves of wood,. where
the trees are of inferior dimension and of little
value, but they embellish the country agreeably
enough ; in the rear wood is abundant and the
land is conceded to the inhabitants in small por-
tions for the purposes of fuel and other domestic
uses, of which, exclusive of their own consump-
tion, they continually supply large quantities for
the use of Quebec. The beach of the St. Law-
rence in front of the seigniory is occupied as tim-
ber-ground and furnished with extensive booms
and every necessary means of securing the timber.
The Village of Cliarlesbourg is pleasantly and con-
spicuously situated on a rising ground of consider-
able eminence about 4 miles n. of Quebec, and
consists of about 70 houses, well built and mostly
of a respectable appearance, to each of which a
good garden and small orchard are attached. This
village is one of the oldest and most interesting
settlements in Canada. It has two churches, one
lately buUt, the other, tliough smaller and less
commodious, is far more interesting, having be-
come the centre of the surrounding farms, whence
they all radiate. — The reason of this singular cha-
racter in the surrounding allotments arose from
the absolute necessity to create a neighbourhood,
for which purpose each farm was permitted to
occupy only a space of three acres in front by
thirty in depth. This contiguous and continuous
neighbourhood had its peculiar advantages. Po-
pulation was scanty and labour difficult to be pro-
cured ; by this arrangement the facility to keep

up a road in front of each farm (which it was the
duty of every proprietor to preserve) was ren-
dered more easy.— The other advantage and not
the least which this singular position afforded,
was the proximity to the church, which became
the signal of alarm whenever hostile attempts
were made by the Indians, and was the centre of
defence around which the inhabitants all rallied
whenever the bell sounded the alarm to defend
their possessions. Here the elections of the mem-
bers of parliament for the county are always held.
— A little below the village of Charlesbourg, on
the skirts of a small rising ground on the north
side of a concession or cross-road, stands a small
group of handsome houses, usually called the
Little Village, which does not yield in beauty of
situation to Charlesbourg. — Of two roads leading
from Dorchester-bridge, one on the left is called
Le Chemin de Charlesbourg and the other La
Canardiere or Le Chemin de Beauport; on the
latter is a succession of good houses, excellent
gardens and farms in a high state of cultivation.
Two houses of superior elegance, one belonging to
the heirs of the late Doctor Stewart and the other
to the heirs of the late John Jones, Esq., usually
attract notice for their good style of architecture,
excellence of situation, beautiful gardens, and sur-
rounding shrubberies and plantations. There is
also a very spacious house belonging to the eccle-
siastics of the seminary of Quebec, generally di-
stinguished by the appellation of La Maison des
Pretres ; it is retained in their own hands as a
farm and also serves as a place of recreation for
all the members of the establishment once a week.
— Part of this seigniory is in the parish of Notre
Dame des Anges and part in that of Charlesbourg.
The Parish of Notre Dame des Anges is very small
and contains from 50 to 55 houses and an hospital
with very few inhabitants, who are all artisans
or labourers. — The Parish of Charlesbourg or St.
Charles Boromee, by a regulation confirmed by a
royal decree. Mar. 3, 1722, extends 3 leagues and
18 arpents in front and comprises the Little Vil-
lage, the Gros Pin, St. Jerome called Lavergne,
Bourg Royal, Bourg la Reine, Charlesbourg, St.
Claude, St. Pierre, St. Joseph, St. Bonaventure,
St. Bernard, St. Romain, St. Gabriel, St. Jacques,
Pincourt, le Petit St. Antoine, and le Grand St.
Antoine. In this parish are the highlands called
the Charlesbourg Mountains, situated in the rear
of the villages of Charlesbourg and Bourg Royal.

N O Y

Statistics.

Population 1,508
Churches R. 0. 1
Curds . . 1
Presbyteries .

Schools . . 1
Villages . . 1
Houses in do, SO
Corn-mills . 1

Saw-mills . . 3
Shopkeepers 1
Artisans . .10

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 18,200
Oats . 30,060
Bai-ley . 2,000

Bushels.
Potatoes 60,200
Peas . 4,500

Bushels.
Rye . . 201
Indian corn 456

Live Stock.

Horses . 602
Oxen . 610

Cows . 1,202
Sheep . 3,612

Swine . 903

Title. — " Concession du lOme Mars, 1626, faite par la
Compagnie aux reverends peres Jesuites ; de la Seigneurie
de Notre Dame des Aiiges, contenant une lieue de front
sur quatre lieues de profondeur, joignant du cotS du Nord-
cst la Seigneurie de Beauport, et au Sud-ouest le Comtd
d^ Orsaiiiville ; par devant le fleuve St. Laurent et la petite
riviere jSi. Charles; et par derriere au bout de la dite con-
cession les terres non-concedees." — Cahiers d'Intendamce,
No. 2d 9, folio S5.

Notre Dame des Nbigbs, river, in the Island
of Montrealj rises near the centre of the island
and passing near the church of St. Laurent in a
N. course falls into the r. des Prairies ahout one
mile s. w. of the church of Sault au RecoUet.

NouA'^ELLEj east, river, rises in the t. of Maria
and running s.w. over the s.e. angle of Carleton
falls into the upper part of Chaleurs Bay.

NouvELLE, west, river, rises in vraste lands
s.w. of Carleton and running s.e. into that t.
falls into Chaleurs Bay ahout 3 miles from the k.
Little Nouvelle.

NouvELi/E York, v. Dusable, 8.

NovER, river^ in Laprairie, S.

NoYANj seigniory, in the co. of Rouville, is
bounded n. by Sabre vois; b. by Stanbridge; s.
by Foucault ; w. by the R. Richelieu or Chambly.
— 2 leagues in front on the river, and .3 leagues
in depth. Granted July 8, 1743, to Sieur Cha-
voye de Noyan, and is now the property of Gen.
C. Burton, in honour of whom it is sometimes
called Christie Manor. — Isle aux Tetes, or Ash
Island, in the Richelieu, near the confluence of the
R. La CoUe, is included in the grant. — The face
of this seigniory, the quality of its soil, the varieties
of timber, the price of wages, and the kinds of
grain, cattle and sheep, are similar to those of
Foucault, to which seigniory the reader is referred
for those particulars. The soil is low and swampy,
but the parts that are cultivated, or susceptible
pf cultivation, are of a rich and fertile quality,

abounding with fine timber of various kinds, par-
ticularly pine. Near the s. w. corner of the
seigniory, and from Georgeville to HenryviUe,
and on the Montreal road, are the best settle-
ments, though most of the lands are conceded,
which will soon give nearly an equal settlement
over the whole. — There are no large landowners,
as the land is held by Gen. Christie Burton in
seignorial tenure. Population about 1800. — The
principal stream is the Petite Riviere du Sud, or
Little South River, which falls into the Richelieu
a little below Isle aux Noix ; it waters the S. very
conveniently, and is navigable for boats and canoes
for about 6 miles ; it here divides into two
branches, one of which is called Wolf Creek, and
each turns a saw-mill. Were a canal to be cut
to connect Missiskoui Bay and the r. du Sud
(about 2|^ or 3 miles), it would be most eminently
serviceable, not only to the settlers of the neigh-
bourhood, but to the new townships on the Cana-
dian frontier. The principal bridges are three ;
one over South River on the road from George-
ville to HenryviUe, and one over each branch of
South River on either side of HenryviUe on the
Montreal road ; another is to be immediately built
over South River on the road from GeorgeviUe
to Jones' Tavern. There is a ferry across the
Richelieu to the Isle aux Noix, where the charge
for a foot passenger is 3(?., and another at Capt.
Vaughan's, three miles above, across the same
stream to La CoUe, where a waggon with one
horse is charged Is. Qd. The principal high-
ways leading through this seigniory are two ; the
first, leading from Missiskoui Bay to St. John's,
in a N. w. course, is a grand thoroughfare from
the eastern townships bordering on the province
line, and from the n. part of Vermont to Montreal;
and the second, leading from GeorgeviUe directly
north, intersecting the former at Jones' Tavern,
Sabrevois, receives the principal travel from Noyan,
Foucault, and Grand Isle County in Vermont.
The Montreal road is also intersected near Henry-
viUe by one from Pike River lower faUs, one from
GeorgeviUe, and one from the mouth of South
River : there are also three roads which lead to
the Isle aux Noix, and one along the western shore
of Missiskoui Bay. By the road from Missiskoui
Bay to R. du Sud, produce, after being brought
from PhUUpsburg by the ferry, is conveyed in
waggons to be embarked and sent down the
Richelieu to St. John's and other plaees. — The

F p

N O Y

O N S

annual consumption of grain is: — wheat, 6800
bushels; Indian corn, 3400 bushels ; rye and buck-
wheat, 3400 bushels; — for feeding neat cattle,
hogs and horses, 10,000 bushels of Indian com,
peas and oats,— The average produce per acre is
the same as that of Foucault. — The Village of
Georgeville is w. of Wolf's Creek, and about a
mile from Taylor's mill, erected on that stream ;
it contains a church, a school-house, 2 small stores,
a tavern, 20 dwelling-houses and 160 souls., —
The principal articles of traffic are potashes, and
the various kinds of agricultural produce.— Henry-
ville, at the n. part of the seigniory, contains 2
stores, 3 taverns, 1 schooUhouse, 2 saw-mills, 30
dwelling-houses and 240 souls. — Articles of traffic
are the same as at Georgeville, with the addition of
lumber. A part of this seigniory, and a part of
Foucault, constitute the parish of St. George.
At Georgeville, near the south line of this seig-
niory, and at an equal distance from Missiskoui
Bay on the je. and the Richelieu on the w., there
is a neat and commodious protestant episcopal
church, 40 by 50 ft., with a steeple and good bell.
There is no parsonage house. — The two parishes,
St. George and St. Thomas, are at present united
in one cure. — There are no publie schools in the
S., but there are nineprivate ones, and the average
number of scholars to each may he twenty-five.

Statistics of the Parish of St. George.

Population 2,014
Churches, R. C. 1
Schools . ■ 1
ViUages . . 2
Corn-mills . 1

Saw-nulls
Tanneries
Hat-manu&ct.
Potteries
Potasheries .

Pearlasheries 2
Shopkeepers . 2
Taverns . 1

Artisans . . Id

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .

Oats

Potatoes

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels ,
14,140
15,800
36,000

Bushels.
Peas . . 3,500
Rye . . 1,801
Buck-wheat 1,620

Bushels.
Indian corn 7,500
Maple sugar,

cwts. 31

Live Stock.
790 1 Cows . . 1,3501 Swine

800 I Sheep

3,900]

1,250

Title. — " Concession du 8me Juillet, 1743, faite par
Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilks
Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Chavois de Noyan, de deux
lieues de front le long de la riviere ChamWy, sur trois
lieues de profondeur, laqueUe sera born^e du c6te du Nord
a un quart de lieue au Nord de la petite rivitoe du Sud,
par une ligne courant Est et Quest, du c6t4 du Sud en
remontant le lac C/iamplain, a une lieue trois quarts de la
dite riviere, joignant par une ligne parallele a celle ci-dessus
au terrein concede au Sieur Foucault, le premier Mai der-
nier, avec I'Isle aux Teies, Want dans la dite riviere Chamhly,
avec les isles et islets qui se trouveront vis-a-vis le front,
de la dite concession." — Riglstre d'Intendance, No. 9,
foHo 19.

Obstchquosquam Lake, near the r. Matape-
diac. The surrounding scenery is delightful and
symmetrical, and the land has every appearance of
being fit for cultivation. This lake contains salmon,
trout, pike, eels and white fish of a large descrip-
tion. It is about 3 miles in length, nearly one
mile in breadth, and very deep.

Obswantel Lakes, in the district of Gaspe.
This chain of small lakes, some of which are one
mile long and | mile broad, afibrds many delightful
seats for cultivation, and besides excellent soil and
timber possesses peculiar advantages.

Odell Town, v. La Colle, S.

OiiD PiEHRisH, river, rises in waste lands and
runs s. w. into the R. St. Maurice below the r.
Windigo.

OiiiVEiRA, lake, in the eighth range of the t.
of Dorset, is environed with beautiful and pic-
turesque scenery ; its surrounding lands are rich,
and when cultivated prove generous ; its waters
clear, pure and salubrious, abound vtith fish of
various kinds.

Onslow, township, in the co. of Ottawa, is
bounded E. by Eardley; w. by Bristol; in the
rear by waste lands ; in front by Lake Chaudiere,
an expansion of the Ottawa. The whole has
been surveyed, and, in 1802 and 1803, the first
five ranges were subdivided, and granted to Bos-
well Minor and his associates, with the exception
of 1200 acres, embracing the Hudson's Bay trading
post at Point Mondion, on lot No. 7 in the 2nd
range, which were patented to the Hon. John
Richardson and John Forsyth, Esq., jointly. From
lot No. 9, in the 1st range, the shore of the lake
runs nearly due north to the 4th range, which it
bounds in front. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ranges,
are traversed by ridges of massive rock, amidst
which are several small lakes, one of which
is distinguished by the appellation of Long Lake,
and is used as a reservoir for timber, through
which, also, boats and canoes pass, and are carried
over from its western extremity into Lac des
Chats. This t. is traversed by many streams, and
well watered by small lakes ; but the generality
of the lands are not, as far as the surveys have
extended, esteemed of a quality likely to induce
emigration in that quarter. This t. has no regular

O R F

O R L

roads, and is but thinly settled in front. There
was only one settler in 1820. — At the w. end or
comer is Black Bay, and also one of the many
rapids of the Ottawa, called Rapide des Chats. —
TJngranted and unlocated 31,400 acres.

Population

Statistics.
31 1 Saw-miUs

Oats

Horses
Oxen

Anmial Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. I Bushels. I Bushels.

40 I Potatoes . 430 1 Indian corn 280

Live Stock.

2 I Cows
2 Swine

Ontarietsi Lake or Lac St. Joseph, in
the S. of Fausembault, is about 5 miles long.
It receives the little river Aux Pins, and dis-
charges itself into the u. Jaques Cartier.

Orford, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, is
bounded e. by Ascot and the e. Magog; s. by
Hatley ; w. by Stukeley ; n. by Brompton. —
But Kttle can be said of this township, and that
little not very favourable. It is mountainous,
rough, and almost unfit for tillage, but it contains
some good timber and some large lakes, one of
which, about 4 miles long and | of a mile broad,
stretches into Brompton. Part of the village of
Sherbrooke stands on the 8th lot of the &cst range
of this T. — North of Orford Mountain, where a
road is now being made, there is a high chain of
mountains, stretching to the n. for ten mUes;
thence almost to the river St. Francis, it is in-
terspersed with small lakes and swamps and unfit
for cultivation : on the s. and s. e. of this chain
lie other mountains and the whole body of Lake
Memphramagog, which is impassable for two to
three weeks every spring and fall. The road,
which the commissioners are empowered to make
near this mountain, must ever be the grand
thoroughfare for the settlements east of Lake
Memphramagog. — Ungranted and unlocated29,403
acres.

Statistics.

Population . . 212

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
pats

Bushels.

800

. 860

Bushels.
Potatoes 2,466
Peas . 40

Litie Stock.

Bushels.
Rye . . 190
Indian com 400

Horses
Oxen

. 47
. 53

Gows . 69
Sheep . 25

Swine . 200

Orleans Island or Isle St. Laurent, about
4 miles N. E. of Quebec, divides the River St.
Lawrence into two channels. — 19 miles long and
5| broad, containing 69 sq. miles ; its centre is in
lat. 46° 56' n., long. 70° 57' 30" w. It sends 2
members to the provincial parliament, and the place
of election is at St. Jean. — Granted as a seigniory
15th Jan., 1636, to the Sieur Castellon. — It is at
present divided into three distinct properties, be-
longing to Madame Drapeau, Monrs. Poulain, and
Monsr. Le Comte Dupr6. It is also a county of
itself, and lies in the district of Quebec, and com-
prehends aU the islands nearest to it, and which
in whole or in part front it. It contains the
parishes of Saint Pierre, Saint Jean, Sainte Fa-
mille. Saint Laurent, and Saint Fran9ois, and the
Islands of Madame and Reaux. — This island is
next in size to that of Montreal, and approaches
it in fertility and richness of soU more nearly
than any other part of the district of Quebec : its
western extremity is only 4 mUes from Cape Dia-
mond. The shores incline gradually to the beach,
and in some places are a few rocky cliffs, but not
of great extent or elevation : from the foot of the
slopes are large spaces of low meadow, sometimes
intersected by patches of excellent arable land.
Bordering the North Channel the beach is flat
and muddy, with reefs of rocks running along it ;
but on the southern side it is a fine sand, with
only a few pointed rocks sticking up here and
there. The highest part of the island is by the
church of St. Pierre, about four miles from the
western extremity, and almost fronting the falls
of Montmorenci; and also just above Patrick's
Hole, nearly abreast of St. Pierre, on the south
side, on which is placed the second telegraph of
the chain from Quebec to Green Island. The
centre part is thickly wooded, but without pro-
ducing any timber of superior growth. The soil
is highly fertile in almost every part ; on the high
lands it is generally a light good earth, either
mixed with sand, or sand and clay ; in less elevated
situations there is a fine black mould, which, as it
nears the shores, is likewise blended with sand.
This delightful spot is but scantUy watered by the
little river Dauphin, the rivulet Maheu, and a few
other trifling streams, all of which in summer-time
fail of a sufiioient supply to work the only two
miUs that are built upon them. The parishes of St.
Pierre and Ste. FamiUe on the north, St. Laurent,
St. Jean, and St. Frangois on the south, each of

F F 2

ORLEANS ISLAND.

which has its church and parsonage-houscj embrace
the whole circuit of the island : St. Jean and Ste.
Famille are more populous than the others, and
their inhabitants are wealthy and substantial
farmers. Four curates perform the clerical duties
of the five parishes, the incumbent of Ste. Fa-
mille serving St. Frangois. A good road encom-
passes the whole island, and several others cross
it. The churches of St. Laurent and St. Jean
are situated close upon the southern shore: the
distance between them is six miles over excellent
and well cultivated lands, richly diversified with
orchards and gardens ; the ground rising with an
easy slope from the road displays the industry of
the farmers to very great advantage. Along the
road side are houses at short intervals from each
other throughout the whole distance. Patrick's
Hole, a little westward of St. Laurent, is a safe
and well-sheltered cove, where vessels outward-
bound usually anchor, and wait their final in-
structions for sailing. At Anse au Maraud was
lauiiched the immense ship called the Columbus
of 3700 tons register admeasurement, 301^ ft. in
length, 50 ft. 7 in breadth, and 29 ft. 4 in. in
depth ; she was built at the expense of a Scotch
company by a Mr. Wood from Glasgow, and
cairried four masts. On the western point is a
group of very neat houses ; at several of which
the inhabitants furnish accommodations to the
numerous persons who visit the island for amuse-
ment or curiosity, both in summer and winter.
The fertility of this spot is so great, and the
habitans such good cultivators, that large quan-
tities of grain, and most sorts of provisions,
are continually furnished for the consumption of
Quebec; among the fruits, apples and plums
attain a much greater degree of perfection than in
any other place in the lower district j but they do
not equal the productions of Montreal. In Ste.
Famille there is a large stone building, where
several nuns reside and keep a seminary for the
education of females. — This island contains 5
parishes.

The parish of Ste- Famille, by a regulation of
Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an order in council,
March 3, 1722, extends 2 J leagues along the
North Channel, from the house of Louis Guerard,
which separates it from the parish of St. Pierre,
to the rivulet named Pot du Beurre. The farms
range along the north channel of the St. Law-
rence, and extend in depth one league to the

middle of the island, and abut on the farms of
the parish of St. Jean. One farm, only, belongs
to the nuns, including which there are 67 farms
in this P., and all are under tenure and inhabited,
besides which there are 12 emplacements. The
size of all the farms, excepting four, is from 2 to
2i front arpents ; one is 7 front arpents, and three
others are 6 arpents in front. The quality of the
soil is but middling. There are more of the maple
and cherry than of other trees. Here is a convent
but no other school, for, the girls who are in-
structed in the convent, amounting sometimes to
60, are generally employed when at home in in-
structing others of the family, by which means all
are educated without the necessity of erecting
schools. In this p. there is neither village, inn,
nor house, deserving of much notice, although
almost all the houses are built with stone. Be-
sides wheat, oats and peas, very little grain is
grown. The breed of swine is worthy of remark,
but that of other animals is much the same as in
other parts of the province where no particular
attention has been paid to it. There is only one
road, but that is a very good one. About 50 ells
of linen, and the same quantity of etoffes du pays,
are made annually on an average by each family.
Oxen as well as horses are used in agricultural
labour. — All the farms have been conceded, for
more than a century, on the terms usual at the
time, and all of them have been frequently sur-
' veyed. When there are too many individuals in
a family, some of them leave the parish for the
purpose of learning trades or taking farms.

The Parish of St. Franfols de Salles, by a re-
gulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order
in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, situated in fief Argen-
tenay, is 3 leagues in extent, 1 ^ league along the
South Channel, beginning at and including the
house of Louis Gaulin descending to the lower
end of the island, and \\ league along the North
Channel ascending from the n. e. end of the
island to the house of Charles Guirard, including
all the intervening lands. — This parish is the pro-
perty of Mr. Dupr6. The size of the farms is
nearly the same with two exceptions ; one indi-
vidual possesses a farm of 10 front arpents, that
of another is about 6 arpents, all the others
amounting to 52 are between 2 and 3 arpents.
All the farms have been conceded long ago ; they
are all susceptible of cultivation and have been
accurately surveyed. The inhabitants who quit

O R L

O T T

the parish, leave it for the purpose of following
some trade, which appears to he their only wish.

The Parish of St. Jean Baptiste, hy a regulation
of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order in
Council, Mar. 3, 1722, is 2^ leagues along the
South Channel, extending from and including the
house of Andre Terrein to Riviere Maheu, com-
prehending aU the lands in this space to the
middle of the island. — In this parish are farms of
various sizes, from 3 front arpents down to half
an arpent, but none so large as six front arpents
by 30 in depth. All the lands were conceded be-
fore 1759, and there being none unoccupied, many
persons, who are desirous of making new settle-
ments, are prevented from doing so near their re-
latives and friends, and would therefore settle else-
where if they had the means. Not a single pa-
rishioner has migrated to the townships, for the
mode of concession there practised is not agreeable
to them. The old farms are too much divided,
and the number of small emplacemens on barren
soils are continually increasing; and their occu-
piers carry on trades without a knowledge of
scarcely the first elements ; they bring up families
lof wretched beings destined to increase the num-
ber of mendicants.

The Parish of St. Laurent, by a regulation,
Sept. 20, 1741, confirmed by an Order in Council,
Mar. 3, 1722, is 2^ leagues from the river
Maheu, along the South Channel to the house of
Pierre Gosselin, including all the lands within
these limits to the centre of the island. — The ob-
servations made relative to the parish of St. Jean
apply equally to the parish of St. Laurent.

The Parish of St. Pierre and St. Paul, by a
regulation, Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an Order
in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, is 2| leagues along the
North Channel, from the river Pot du Beurre
to the s. w. extremity of the island, including all
the lands within those limits as described in the
contracts of concession; but should any of the
inhabitants, whose grants extend entirely across
the island, choose to reside on the opposite or
south side, then they are to become parishioners
of St. Laurent, and pay tithes to the cur6 of that
parish accordingly. — All the lands were conceded
prior to 1759, and are now, as much as possible,
under cultivation. About half the farms extend
rather more than two arpents in front, the others
are of less extent.

Population
Churches .
CurSs .
Presbyteries
Convents .

4,078
. 5
. 4
. 5
. 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills .

Saw-mills

Ship-yards

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns
Artisans
River-craft
Tonnage
I Keel-boats

8
4.7

2
28
13

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
31,924
20,896
2,605
106,065

1,044
1,690

Bushels.
. 16,500
Rye . 3,165
Buck wheat 2,500
Indian com 315

Bushels.
Mixed grain 2,195
Maple sugar,

cwts. 162
Hay, tons 16,122

Live Stock.
Cows . 2,098 j Swine

Sheep

6,905

4,810

Title, " Lettres d'affranchissement et de reglement de

la Seigneurie Ae Beaupri et de VIsle (TOrlians, du 28me
Mars, 1674, rapportant une conce.ssion du 15me Janvier,
1636, de risle i'OrUans, au Sieur Castillon." —Rigistre
des Foi et Hommage, No. 100, folio 80, le Idmejuin, 1781.
—CaUers d'Intend. 10 a. 11, folio 758, 759.

Obms-town, v. Beauharnois, S.

Okoquois, river, runs into the u. Madawaska
near the Madawaska settlement.

OssGOOD, river, rises in the t. of Thetford,
whence it runs n- w. into the t. of Leeds, where
it joins Sunday River and soon after falls into the
H. Becancour.

Ottawa, county, in the district of Montreal,
is bounded s. b. by the s. e. boundary line of the
S. of La Petite Nation, running N. along that line,
from the Ottawa River, to the depth of the sei-
gniory, and thence the same course continued to the
N. boundary of the province ; on the west by the
N. and w. bounds and limits of the province ; and
on the south-west by the Grand or Ottawa River,
in its whole extent to Lake Temiscaming, and
from the head of that lake, by a line due north
to the boundary line of the Hudson Bay territory.
It includes all the islands in the Grand or Ottawa
River and in Lake Temiscaming, nearest to the
county and in the whole or in part fronting it.
This county so bounded comprises the seigniory
of La Petite Nation, and the following townships
on the H. Ottawa: Lochaber and its augmentation,
Buckingham, Templeton, Hull, Eardly, Onslow,
and all the townships in the above-described
limits, on the north of the Ottawa River. — This
extensive county is situated between the parallels
of lat. 45" 34' 30" and 47° 54' n., and between,
the degrees of longitude 74° 47' 30" and 80° 6' 10"
w., from the meridian of Greenwich. Its length
is 299 miles and breadth 129, containing 34,669
square miles. In soil, surface, climate, and local

O T Y

situation, it presents numerous advantages. It is
only separated from the eastern section of Upper
Canada by the Grand or Ottawa River, and com-
municates therewith by the conspicuous line of
bridges at HuU and By Town ; for the description
of which and of this entire section of country, vide
1st vol. page 187.

Population 2,438
Churches, R.C. 2
Cuxis . . 10
Presljyteries 2
Schools . 3
Corn-mills . 4

Statistics.

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Tanneries

Potteries

Potasheries .

Pearlasheries

Breweries

Distilleries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

Annual Agricnltural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 22,846
Oats . 24,760
Barley . 1,250
Potatoes 42,803

Bushels.
Peas . 6,810
Rye . 8,166
Buck wheat 7,000
Indian cornSl, 833

Bushels.
Mixed grain 4,200
Maple sugar,

cwts. 500
Hay, tons, 6,537

Live Stock.
Horses . 569 1 Cows . 1,983 1 Swine

1,433

Oxen

848 I Sheep

5,320

Ottawa or Grand River. — This magnificent
and important river is so amply described in the
first volume, that a reference to the pages that
contain a description of its more remarkable fea-
tures is aU that is necessary in this place. These
places are annexed in alphabetical order as follow :

Chenaux, les, p. 189.

Coulange Fort, p. 188.

Grand Calumet, p. 188.

Lac des Chats, p. 189—201.

Lake Chaudicre,-p. 191.

Long Sault, p. 193.

Mondion's Point, p. 190.

Ottawa, p. 187, et seq.

Point Fortune, p. 197-

Portage du Fort,^. 188.

Rapide du Fort, p. 189.

Union Bridges, p. 192.

Ottek, river, runs into the K. Saguenay half
a league above the Prairies, that produce the hay
consumed at Chicoutimi Post.

Oty, fief, in the co. of Rimouski, is thinly
settled and mountainous, and the soil is very light
and sandy ; the first and second ranges are, how-
•ever, well settled. The road along the shore of
the St. Lawrence is very good to Anse au Coq,
the distance of 5 leagues ; it then becomes heavy
until it reaches Mitis.

GUI

Ouareau or Lac Ouareau, river, rises in
waste lands in the rear of the t. of Rawdon,
through the centre of which it traverses to Man-
chester MiUs on the front line; it then intersects
the N. angle of the S. of St. Sulpice, and entering
the aug. to Lavaltrie joins the R. L'Assomption
about 3 m. below the church pf St. Paul. — On
this R. are 9 falls, 4 of them in Rawdon and the
others above 6 miles higher up the stream and not
far from each other; the first and second falls are
the highest. In Lavaltrie this R. is broad and
shallow, and much timber is sent down it to the
Quebec market. The navigation of this a. be-
tween its falls in Kildare is perfectly safe for
boats of the largest size ; and its borders are fit
for settlement.

OUATSHOUAN, V. OulATCHOUAX.

OuELLE, river, in the cos. of L'Islet and Ka-
mouraska. The Riviere Ouelle rises in the range
of mountains in the t. of Ashford, and taking a
N. B. course winds down to the St. Lawrence
through part of Ixworth and the S. of Rivi&re
OueUe. This R. feels the efiect of the tide for
some distance up, and is so far navigable for
vessels of 25 tons burden, many of which are con-
stantly employed in transporting to Quebec the
produce of the seigniory, consisting of grain,
butter, poultry, live stock, and a coarse species of
woollen cloth.

OuEiiLE (S.), V. Riviere Ouelle.

Ouiatchouan,OuiguatshouaNjOdatshouan
or WiATSHUAN, which mean in the Cree languages
" Do you see the falls there," is a river that rises
7 miles above Lake Quaquagamacke and empties
itself into the s. w. corner of Lake St. John, after
running a course of 59^ miles. — The deputy sur-
veyor-general had lately the good fortune to ex-
plore this river with great success. Endeavouring
to discover the first waters of the Ouiatchouan,
after having explored Lake Quaquagamacksis and
the adjacent parts, he ascended a high rocky
mountain called Mount Discovery, the foot of
which is bathed by a river which falls in a suc-
cession of cascades. From the summit of the
hill he discovered to the s. w. an extensive low
country, resembling a sea in its great expanse.
From this mountain he descended into a tamarack
swamp to a dead-water stream, apparently the
effect of unusual rains ; this stream led him to the
river Ouiatchouan, which there traverses an ex-

OUIATCHOUAN.

tensive alluvial tract susceptible of agricultural
improvements. Here rushes grow to a consider-
able height, some of which were pulled and
brought up black earth of a clayey nature with the
roots. A few mountains were observed on ap-
proaching the great Lake Commissioners, which is
about 2^ miles below the portage of the mountain.
The lake at the entrance of the K., which is half
a league broad, lies in a course n. 30° e., which
was followed, taking the centre of the lake ; the
land on its borders is bold and mountainous, tim-
bered with fir, pine, spruce and white birch in
several places; the shores are steep and rocky, and
their aspect unfavourable for settlements, although
the valleys might be found good. After passing
a small bar of alders which choked up the passage
between an island and the shore, and veering
northward round Pointe a I'Aviron, he beheld a con-
tinuation of Commissioners Lake. The landscape
here exhibited in boldness and grandeur the mas-
terly touch of the great designer Nature. The
shores rise craggy and steep and to considerable
elevation, above which tower two considerable
capes, 350 to 400 feet high, on the eastern borders.
Having reached the foot of the southern cape and
landed on the rocks, he ascended their abrupt face,
and crossed over with much difficulty to the
northern cape, the woods having many years
past been burnt on their summits, leaving the
rocks to discover their barren nature and naked-
ness of vegetable mould. From the cape was dis-
covered, for 20 or 30 miles to the westward, a
hilly, broken and mountainous country, showing
in a few places the white summits of hills similar
to that on which he stoodj contrasting with the
universal character of the country, which is wooded
with fir, spruce, tamarack and pine. A stream
of some magnitude appeared to enter s. w., with
an alluvial flat at its mouth ; this b. descends
from the breaks of the hills which form its bed.
Looking N. up the lake, which is diversified by
several islands, he noticed a large bay to the n. e.
He then descended the capes to the canoes and
continued his survey of the lake, passing the
islands which are rocky but well timbered with
birch, fir and spruce. He then got under the lee
of Sandy Point and encamped for the night. The
next day he passed several barren craggy hills
exhibiting a vvild and wretched aspect of country,
particularly on the eastern side ; the opposite side
has not been ravaged by fire, and the rocks are

clothed with fir, spruce, birch, &c. growing on
a thin layer of vegetable mould. He then reached
the Blueberry Hills, which are a succession of
barren capes similar to those below Sandy Point,
but possessing yet greater height and a peculiar
wildness of aspect, and are remarkable for several
perpendicular clifis which face the lake : these hiUs
are destitute of trees and the bottom of the cUifs is
covered with blue berries of very large size, from
which the Hills derive their name. Having taken a
transient view of the country from a neighbouring
cliffy he resumed his course and reached a deep
bay into which enters a considerable stream.
Having landed on a barren rock or island, he ob-
served the sun's meridian altitude, lat. 48° 17', n.
and thence proceeded to the head of the lake,
which he found to be near 7 leagues long, and its
average breadth from Pointe a I'Aviron about a
mile. Finding no outlet, he determined to return
to Hail Bay, the first large bay he had observed
from the cape, which proved to be the entrance of
the Ouiatchouan River. He immediately came
to the head of a small cascade, where he effected
a portage of 440 yards in length ; and half a mile
below, another portage on the s. E. bank of 223
yards, whence he reached a small lake which
opens u^on Bouchette Lake. The general direc-
tion from Hail Bay to Lake Bouchette is about
B. N. E. 2|- miles through broken and hilly land,
the difierence of level between that lake and Lake
Commissioners being between 50 and 60 feet.
Bouchette lake is about 4 miles long, and round
it the land rises, discovering a very sandy light
soil. He then entered Lake Ouiatchouan, about
If mile long and 1 mile broad. Searching for
the outlet, he made the tour of the island that
lies at the end of it, where the land appears of
better quality and continues so for some distance
along the Ouiatchouan River, which runs with
a very swift current to the head of a rapid
which occasions a portage of 550 yards on the
western bank. Here the elm, black birch, pine,
fir and spruce are found intermixed, and growing
on an argillaceous loam beneath a rich vegetable
mould. Leaving this portage, the river acquires
considerable magnitude, being about 60 yards '
wide, and the land offers great susceptibility for
settlement; the timber growing on its banks is
ash, black birch, elm, spruce, fir, balsam, and some
white pine. The general course of the river is
about N. N. w. to another portage below a few

O U I A T C H O U AN.

small rapids, which he shot down ; here a little
stream that rises in a small lake^ which is seen
from the river, enters the e. bank. This portage
is on the eastern hank, and is 660 yards in
length, a furlong below which is a rapid divided
into two channels by an island. The river then
takes a n. course and runs down with great swift-
ness, frequently interrupted by rapids, which were
generally shot down by the voyagers, his compa-
nions, on which occasions they exhibited such
dexterity and adroitness in the management of the
canoe as always excited his astonishment. On
arriving at a rapid, Vivier, the bowman of his
canoe, would generally land and examine the state
of the rapid before venturing down : if his deci-
sion was for landing, a portage was effected; if for
shooting the rapids, the deputy surveyor could
always rely upon his experience, for he had un-
dergone many trials in the service of the cele-
brated traveller and navigator, Captain Franklin,
in his last expedition for a north-west passage.
The motions of the helmsman are entirely
regulated by those of the bowman, who watches
the course of the water, or, as it is called, " fil
d'eau." On coming to high surges (bouillons),
the paddles are suspended^ and the canoe in its
passage frequently takes in a sea; when the chan-
nel is to be regained, the bow and helmsman draw
with their paddles on the same side, which is
termed " rembarrer."—A peculiar display of na-
tive coolness and dexterity was exhibited by the
guide in the descent of a rapid; the facility and
at the same time the degree of indifference, accom-
panied with a knowing smile, with which he
managed the paddle at the helm was truly
characteristic; the wildness of the surrounding
objects, his flowing black lank hair playing in
the wind, and the general stillness and silence of
the remaining hands, who anxiously watched the
countenances of the two active characters in the
scene, excited a degree of interest that cannot
be described.— Another portage was afterwards
effected on the eastern bank, 440 yards in length,
where the river is divided into two channels
by a large island. Thence he came to a portage
where a small carrying-place of 20 yards "is
crossed upon the island, on which an abundance
of berries of various descriptions are found, wild
currants, blue berries, &c. The land now ceases
to offer that favourable appearance for settle-
ment, being in many places rocky and hilly, and

in others low and swampy; here the prevalent
timber is spruce, tamarack , fir and some white birch.
About half a mile below the last portage he came
to the Great Fall, where a carrying-place is crossed
on the western bank of 600 yards to the lower
landing and basin. The rocks are all granite and
of irregular inclination, and the land is very poor
and rocky, producing chiefly only the tamarack
and fir. Having launched the canoes below the
fall, about 50 feet in height, he left this portage,
and about 3 furlongs below it came to another
on the s. b. bank. On leaving the landing he
ascended a high mountain, from which a similar
one was observed on the opposite side of the river ;
after which he again returned to the river, which
there runs as usual very rapidly. The portage
proved -J of a mile long and traversed a very rocky
rugged countiy, in which he frequently lost the
path which was but little beaten. The river here is
about 250 ft. under the level of Lake Ouiatchouan.
The rapids follow each other in quick succession,
rendering the navigation for canoes almost im-
practicable in ascending the river, but many of
them can be shot in descending. Having en-
camped for the night, at break of day he again
embarked his canoes at the foot of the rapids, where
the river is interspersed with several islands, and
came to a portage on the n. bank, which avoids
a considerable rapid, but which, however, was shot
by the canoes without loading, each being manned
with the bow and helmsman. The portage, half
a mile long, is partly at the foot of high hiUs
and partly over them, whence the river runs n.
to some rapids which were shot down as far as
the Long Rapids of the falls, so called on account
of a small stream falling from the summit down the
abrupt face of the hills which form the banks of
the river. About a mile below these rapids he
effected another portage, where, reaching the
summit of a hill, to his inexpressible joy he beheld
a prospect of Lake St. John, which appeared much
like a sea in the distance or a cloud resting on
the horizon. In descending the river the land for
some distance gradually assumes quite a different
character, being timbered with black birch, spruce,
pine aTid some maple. The day makes its ap-
pearance upon the surface, which is irrigated by
several streams intersecting the path, that here
appears well beaten and daily frequented. Having
descended about 250 feet into the aUuvial land at
the foot of the hills, he found the soil of an ex-

O U I

P A C

cellent quality, being what is frequently called
terre grise, producing maple, fir, ash, pine, spruce
and some cedar. He then passed a large stream,
^ of a mile beyond which he came to a superior
growth of cedar on the borders of Lake St. John,
and soon viewed with peculiar delight the ex-
pansive sheet of water presented by that beautiful
lake. All was calm at the moment save the breeze
that rippled upon the surface of the lake. The
islands in the distance and the boundless view
beyond them enhanced the interest and admira-
tion the lake excited, and displayed, as it were,
a new atmosphere before the voyagers, who had
been so much confined by the comparatively
limited sphere of rivers, swamps, hills, ponds
and inferior lakes. — Having made choice of an
encampment, beneath pendent cedars, on the
sandy beach or alluvion of the lake, the deputy
surveyor-general divided the remaining store of
spirits among his companions and men: the
health of the king was given, in honour of the
success that thus attended the first expedition
fitted out under the auspices of the provincial
legislature to explore this hitherto little known
portion of the province. — The Great Falls of the
Ouiatcliouan are about a mile from its mouth, and
descend 236 ft. From Lake St. John to these
magnificent falls no smooth water is met with, the
river being one continued rapid. These falls rival
those of Montmorenci in height, and far surpass
■them in the distribution of the water as it de-
scends over the pendent rocks. These beautiful
and splendid falls can be seen from the opposite
side of the lake, and have given to this river its
name. — The fishing-season for white fish in the
Ouiatchouan commences at its mouth about the
15th of October ; in one day in 1827 the fishermen
caught 300, and in the whole season above 1700,
which, being preserved by freezing, subsisted the
people of the Post and Indians till spring, each
fish on an average weighing from 1^ to 2 lbs.
The season for the fish called awenanish is from
the 15th May to about the 20th or latter end
of June ; they are chiefly taken with the hook and
weigh from two to three pounds each.

OUIATCHOUANITOH Or LiTTLE OuiATCHOUAN,

river, falls into Lake St. John about 3^ miles
from the Ouiatchouan. It descends to the lake
at the bottom of a bay whose shores as well as the
bed of the river are composed of limestone. The

land near its mouth, as seen from the lake, into
which it descends as a rapid, appears to be good
and level.

OUIGUATSHOUAN, V. OuiATCHOUAN.
OUIQUI (L.), V. WlQUI.

OuLNEY, a projected township in the co. of
Megantio, stretches from the n. w. corner of
Dorset to the s. angle of Tring.

OuBS, a r, river, runs into the R. Chuamou-
shuane. It produces salmon.

OuTAKDES, lake, in the S. of Becancour, con-
nects with Lake St. Paul and participates in the
general amenity of the situation ; it derives its
name from the immense quantities of birds of
that species (bustards) that formerly frequented
its borders, although now one of them is rarely
seen, the increase of settlements having long since
driven them to more solitary situations.

Odtabdes, Riviere aux, falls into the Sague-
nay about midway between Ha-Ha Bay and Chi-
coutimi, on the opposite side. Its banks are in
meadow for 15 arpents upwards and perhaps
farther. It is an inconsiderable stream and nearly
similar to the St. Charles near Quebec.

Pabos, at the entrance of the Bay of Chaleurs,
and in the co. of Gaspe. The bays of Great and
Little Pabos, about 5 miles from each other. He
about midway between Cap D'Espoir and Point
Macquereau. On the w. side of Great Pabos
Bay is a small village, and on the e. side, on a
projecting point, stand the summer habitations of
the fishermen, as they are usually termed: several
streams descend into this bay from a numerous
chain of small lakes to the north-westward.

Pachot, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski, is
between Mitis and Le Page, and bounded in front
by the St. Lawrence. It is, by the title, one
league in breadth and one league in depth, and
extends half a league on each side of the e.
Mitis. Granted, Jan. 7, 1689, to Sieur Pachot.
— The surface of this small tract is generally
mountainous and broken along the front, and
affords but little good land for agricultural pur-
poses.

Title " Concession du 7me Janvier, 1689, faite par

Jacques de Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intend-

PEL

PER

ant, au Sieur Pachot, de la riviere de MUis, dans sa de-
vanture, sur le fleuve St. Laurent, jusqii'a une lieue de
profondeur et une lieue de terre sur le fleuve St. Laurent,
moitie audessus et moitife audessous de la dite riviSre sur
semblable profondeur d'une lieue." — Registre d'Intetidance,
No. 3, folio 21.

PaspebiaCj v. Cox, t.

Pastagoutsib, river, rises in Lake Kiguagomi
near Sable Point, and is one of the outlets of that
lake by which it discharges its waters into the Sa-
guenay about 11 miles n. w. of Chicoutimi. It
is said that it passes under a mountain in its
course, but that circumstance has not been satis-
factorily proved. It runs through a series of
beautiful lakes, one of them of considerable ex-
tent, to which Mr. Hamel's name has been given.
— On this R. is a hill 400 ft. above the level of
the water, whence the traveller perceives a fall,
the sound of which he hears for some time in de-
scending. He then reaches six succeeding falls,
each on an average ten feet high ; at the highest
of them the rock is so perpendicular that any
person can walk without receiving much damage.
From these he ascends to the great falls, about
240 feet, which in spring, when the waters are
high, are magnificent. It is supposed that these
falls, being heard at a very great distance in spring
and being very near the Saguenay, are what gave
rise to the famed falls of the Saguenay which every
one has heard of but no one seen, particularly as
the Indians affirm that there are no great falls in
that river but a succession of great rapids. The
ground is rocky, but where there is soil it is a
fine mould: the timber consists of black and gray
birch, a few white pines, epinette, fine cedars,
white spruce, and in one place a considerable-sized
sugary of small maple. It is said, on the au-
thority of Indians, that there are higher falls
than those above-mentioned, which they also call
rapids. This r. retains its name through its en-
tire course from Lake Kiguagomi to the Sague-
nay; on it are 6 portages, 4 .short and 2 very
long, one of which is longer than the other. At
the rate of a white man's travelling, it would take
six days to walk from Lake Kiguagomi alongside
of the river to its junction with the Saguenay,

Peikas (S.), v. Mitis.

Pellbtier or Peltier, river, runs from the
N. E. into the river Saguenay nearly opposite Ha-
Ha Bay and below Pointe aux Roches. The
Ruisseau Peltier descends rapidly between the

crag^ high hills that form its bed. At its mouth
is a bay called Peltier's Cove, a good harbour for
vessels, where this stream is 80 links wide.

Peltier (R.) v. Pblletier.

Peninsula, v. Lake St. John.

Pepin, river, in the S. of Champlain. On the
Ruisseau Pepin is one saw-miU.

Pbpsiaquack, river, in the co. of Bonaventure,
runs into the n. e. side of the n. Matapediac about
6 miles from its mouth.

Pepsiaquasis, river, in the co. of Bonaventure,
runs into the s. w. side of the R. Matapediac about
8 miles from its confluence with the Ristigouche.

Perce, in the co. of Gasp6. This remarkable
place is situated on the extremity of the s. shore
of Malbay, The village is seated on a rising
ground and contains about 70 houses, principally
inhabited by fishermen ; and, like New Carlisle
the chief town, has a court-house and a gaol : the
beach in front is very convenient for the curing of
fish, and some of the best banks for catching them
in Malbay lie off this part of its shore. The ap-
pearance of the land behind Perce and its imme-
diate neighbourhood, approached by sea from the
N. E. or s. w., is that of the enormous ruins of
some ancient fortress of more than human con-
struction. The Table Roulante, a rock of fright-
ful height placed on the summit and leaning over
the side, seems to totter and threaten in its fall the
village which lies beneath near the promontory
of Mont Joli and Perce rock. This singular frag*
ment is pierced (whence is derived the name of
Perce) by two arches, which resemble at a di-
stance the portals of fortifications in ruins, and
appears like the remains of some enormous wall
which have survived the disaster that destroyed
the adjacent works. The spectator may approach
it at low water from Mount Joli without wetting
his feet. The distance between the mount and
the rock is about 50 ft. When the rock is ap-
proached for the first time, the spectator trembles
lest it should fall upon him ; its height is at least
300 ft. and it is about 30 yards in its widest part,
but its breadth above the arches is not more
than 20 ft. Besides the two great arches, there
is a lateral arch on the n. b. side scarcely per-
ceptible from the water. However high this rock
may be, it is low in comparison with the adjacent
capes N. w. of the village of Percd, which rise one
above the other as if mountains piled on moun-

PER

tains had been cut through the middle and one
part had fallen into the seaj while the other part
remained a naked and frightful chain of precipices
of unequal height. The Island of Bonaventure,
rather more than a mile from the main land, ter-
minates this picturesque scene, not to be exceeded
by any other on the American continent. The
great number of mountains and precipices in this
place renders it very subject to sudden storms and
violent gusts of wind, which has induced some to
call it Terre des Tempetes, the Land of Tempests.
In fact it is an astonishing place, and the fertile
fancy of romance would choose it above all others
for the scene of marvellous histories and super-
natural adventures, visions, spirits and enchant-
ments. Until within a few years this steep rock
was considered inaccessible and its only inhabitants
were the sea-gull and the cormorant ; here they
laid their eggs and reared their young in perfect
security. A young man of Perce, full of mirth
during a holiday, undertook to ascend this rock
by means of the lateral arch : his first attempt
was unsuccessful — his heart failed him and he de-
scended; but after a minute or two he made a
second attempt and to the great astonishment of
all the spectators he succeeded, apparently with
much ease. He placed a little flag on both ex-
tremities of the summit and, by means of ropes
and ladders, many others were induced to ascend,
partly out of curiosity and partly for the eggs and
hay which were there found. The sea-birds being
disturbed in their retreat abandoned it, and their
departure was considered a public loss, for the
fishermen returning from sea in dark and stormy
weather were always, if out of their course, guided
safely home by the cries of the birds heard from
their rocky dwelling ; the bold feat of this young
man deprived the fishermen of this advantage and
the poor of the food which these birds afforded.
A police regulation, therefore, with the consent
of all the inhabitants, has prohibited any one
from ascending this rock during a certain part of
the year ; this has had the beneficial effect of in-
ducing the birds to return to their ancient ha-
bitation, where they now live and multiply under
the protection of the law. — Two miles n. it is
said that two men-of-war belonging to the squad-
ron that attempted to take Quebec in 1721 were
wrecked. — The settlement of Perce derives its
name from the rock which the French Canadians
call Roc Perce.

Statistics.

Population 381
Churches, E. C. 1
Villages . 1

Corn-miUs . 1
Shopkeepers 7
Artisans . 2

River-craft . 4
Tonnage . 300
Keel-boats . 107

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Oats
Potatoes

Bushels.
1,375
6,900

Bushels.
Peas . . 500

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen .

. 3
. 120

Cows
Sheep

129
167

Swine • 173

Perchaca, river, runs into Lake St. John and
is navigable for large bateaux for many leagues
and higher up for bark canoes.

Perche, i la, river, in the S. of Madawaska,
runs into the R. Madawaska near the head of
Lake Temiscouata. It is from 20 to 30 ft. wide
and greatly abounds in fish of the usual varieties.

Pbribaudraichb, river, that falls into the v/.
bank of the Peribonea, is now called DaueW River,
in memory of David Stuart, Esq. The land on
each side, as far as the first portage, which is
about 6 chains long and about 9J- miles from the
mouth, is generally low, and, though light, being a
mixture of sand and clay, is tolerably susceptible
of cultivation. The timber is white birch, spruce,
pine, sapin, with a little elm, ash and willow. Vide
David River.

Peribonea, river. " The Singular or Cu-
rious River." — The mouth of this river is on
the northernmost point of Lake St. John, viz. in
latitude 48° 42' 47", and its course is from the
B. N. B. ; it is about 45 chains wide and the cur-
rent is moderate as far as the falls, which are
about nine miles from its mouth. These falls
are three in number and above them is the Lake
D'Ahaouiloo or Na-d'haoui-lo, about 4 miles long
and one wide. — This river may be said to be the
most beautiful, and that which offers the most ad-
vantageous site for a settlement, of all the rivers in
that part of the country. Its banks are level and
wooded with a mixture of aspen, white birch, red
and white spruce, sapins and scattered red and
white pine, with cypress. The higher this R. is
ascended, the better the land appears to be.

Perrot, island and seigniory, lies off" the s. w.
end of the Island of Montreal and is included in
the CO. of Vaudreuil. It was named after the first
governor of Montreal, to whom it was granted
Oct. 29, 1672. — The seigniory of Isle Perrot

gg2

PER

PET

also includes the Isles de la Paix, that lie in front
of Chateauguay and Beauharnois. — Granted to
Sieur Perrot Oct. 29, 1672, and is now the pro-
perty of Amable Dezery, Esq. — Isle Perrot is
about 7 m. in length and nearly 3 in breadth at
its widest part: it contains 143 farms, of which
rather more than one half are settled and tolerably
well cultivated; the soil is generally light and
sandy ; in some places an uneven surface of rock.
The wood is not yet entirely cleared, and of what
reniains beech and maple constitute the chief part.
The houses are scattered near the roads, but there
is no village ,• there is one church and only one
windmill. Two fiefs are in this S. . one, called
Fief Brucy, 10 acres in front by 30 in depth, is
the property of the representatives of Ignace Che-
nier; the other, named La Framboise, is of an
irregular figure, containing 180 superficial acres,
and belongs to Francois Freinch. There are four
ferries from Isle Perrot : the first to Ste. Anne, in
the Island of Montreal, for which the charge is
two shillings; one to the main land above the
rapid of Vaudreuil, and another to the foot of the
same, one shilling and eightpence each ; the fourth
is to the canal at Pointe des Cascades, for which ,
the demand is three shillings and fourpence each
person. The Isles de la Paix serve for pasturage
only. {Vide vol. I. p. 212.)

Population 853
Churches, R.C. 1
Cures . 1

Presbyteries . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills .
Saw-mills .
Just, of peace

I Shopkeepers
Taverns

Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 7,800
. 5,200

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.

. 190

18,000

Live Stock.

2971 Cows
2801 Sheep

, 5061
1,200

Peas

Swine

Bushels.
3,960

395

Title — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, de I'isle Perrot et autres adjacentes,
comprises I'lsle de la Paix, I'lsle aux Pins, I'lsle Ste. Ge.
nevieve et I'lsle St. Gilles."—R,!gistrc d'Intendance, No. 1,
folio 5.

Perky's Stream, rises in the T. of Emberton
and running s. traverses the T. of Drayton, and
piercing the province line enters the H. Connecti-
cut a little above the Great Falls.

Perthuis, seigniory, in the co. of Portneuf, is

bounded in front by the barony of Portneuf and
on the other sides by waste lands. — 1 J- league in
breadth and nine leagues in depth. — Granted,
Oct. 11, 1753, to Sieur Perthuis. From the
boundary of Portneuf the land rises in a broken
and irregular series of heights towards the rear,
where it falls in with the N. w. ridge of moun-
tains : the soil for a league or two in the interior
is a light loam or clay, sometimes covered with a
^ thick layer of fine black mould; these spots, if
brought under cultivation, would no doubt prove
very productive : of the quality more to the rear
nothing has yet been ascertained. No part of the
grant is appropriated to agriculture. The timber
is in general very good and abundant, consisting
of the best kinds found upon a dry good soil, as
maple, beech, ash, birch and pine. The lower
portion of the S. is watered by the r. Ste. Anne,
which runs across it, but in the other parts there
are only a few small streams that break from the
sides of the mountains.

Title. — " Concession du 1 Irae Octobre, 1753, faite par
le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot, In-
tendant, au Sieur Perthuis, d'une lieue et demie de front,
sur neuf lieues de profbndeur, 4 prendre au bout des trois
lieues de profondeur de Portneuf." — Reffistre d'Intendance,
No. 10, folio 17.

Peshikaouinamishushihi (R.), v. k. Des

AuLNAIS.

Pesquiaman, river, in the co. of Bonaventure,
runs into the s. w. side of the R. Matapediac about
9 miles from its mouth.

Petite Ferme, river, in the parish of St.
Joachim, in the S. of C6te de Beaupre, runs
through the Domaine into the St. Lawrence.

Petite Isle, v. l. St. John.

Petite Nation, river, winds through and
traverses the S. of the same name from n. e. to
s. w. and running through a mountainous country
finally discharges its waters into the Ottawa w.
of the neck' of land that unites the peninsula with
the main land near the head of an arm of the
Ottawa. It is about 3 chains wide and is na-
vigable for bateaux nearly the whole year as far
as the mills, 5 miles from its mouth ; above this
the R. is rough and rapid. It issues from a num-
ber of lakes about 100 miles in the interior well
stocked with fish, one of which is named Lake
Papineau.

Petite Nation, seigniory, in the co. of Ot-
tawa, is bounded n. e. by Grenville; s.w. by

PET

Locliaber Gore ; iri the rear by waste lands ; in
front by the r. Ottawa. — 5 leagues in front by
5 in depth. Granted, May 16th, 1674, to Mes-
sire Frangois de Laval, Bishop of Petree, the first
Bishop of Quebec. It is now the property of
the Hon. L. I. Papineau, the Speaker of the
House of Assembly. The Ottawa indents the
front with several bays and large ponds, towards
which the land is low but of excellent quality.
The land, to a great distance in the interior, is fit
for the cultivation of every species of grain, hemp,
flax and grasses of all descriptions. On the mar-
gin of the rivers large tracts of fine natural mea-
dows and pastures at present enrich only the earth
with their exuberant plenty. The inlets and ponds
abound with fish in great variety and the neigh-
bouring grounds with game, duck, teal and other
wild fowl in great quantities. Penetrating deeper
into the seigniory, the land has a gradual ascent
and is clothed with timber of the best kinds ; the
oak is of superior quality and of the largest di-
mensions fit for ship-building. The main ridge
of mountains, that takes a westernly course from
Quebec until it falls upon the Ottawa, crosses
La Petite Nation about the middle ; beyond this
intersection the remainder of the grant has been
only partially explored aiid the quality appears
to be much inferior to that of the south, although
the various sorts of timber seem to retain their su-
periority, or are at any rate but very little inferior.
From the range of heights and the upper lands
several small streams have their sources, whence
in various directions they water the valleys in
their way to the Ottawa, but they are too incon-
siderable for other purposes than irrigation and
working of mills. — About one-tenth of the sei-
gniory is conceded, and the first contracts of con-
cession, 8 or 9, were made in 1810. AU the
lands in the front are conceded, and 3 new con-
cessions, called St. Frangois, St. Charles and St.
Amedee, extending backward to the h. La Petite
Nation, are made, and only one- tenth part of each
is as yet under occupation. The farms are un-
usually large for French grants, being 5 arpents
by 40, each of which pays 4 bushels of wheat and
2 French crowns annually. — The road opened by
the commissioners for internal communications
runs across the front of the S., having settlers on
each side who keep it in constant repair. The sum
of 3,000/. was voted by the provincial legislature
in 1827 for the improvement of this important

route, which connects the^new settlements on the
Ottawa with the more settled parts of the district
of Montreal. — A small river runs through the
middle of the first front concession and drives a
corn-mill with 2 sets of stones and also a saw-
mill having only 4 saws. These are sufficient
for the wants of the seigniory. At the faUs
of the K. La Petite Nation is a saw-mill which
annually cuts for exportation from 45 to 50,000
thick planks and deals, besides which a great
quantity of shingles are made. The sawn tim-
ber, as soon as cut, is put into a canal made of
wood extending 2,400 ft., from the mill to the
bottom of the falls, where it is immediately rafted
for the Quebec market. — The population now
amounts to 800, which constitute above 140 fa-
milies, of which more than 80 are catholic : al-
most all the inhabitants reside on the first con-
cession in front. Although the improvements are
progressive and will become more rapid from year
to year, the settlers are as yet too poor to effect
much without the assistance of the seignior, who,
encouraged by the last act of the legislature in
favour of education, intended last year to build a
school-house with stone ; and about 9 years ago a
church, 90 ft. long, was built with wood.

Title. — " Concession par la Compagnie des Indes du
16me Mai, 1674, a Messiie Francois de Laval, Eveque de
PHrte, et premier EvSque de Quebec, de cinq lieues de
terra de front sur cinq lieues de profondeur, sur le fleuve
St. Laurent dans la Nouvelle France, environ quarante
deux lieues au dessus de Montreal; a prendre depuis le
Sault de la Chaudiere, vulgairement appeU La Petite Na-
tion en descendant le ileuve sur le chemin des Outa'was.'"
— Cahiers d' Intendanoe, 10 a \1, folio 682. — Rigistre des
Foi et Hommage, No. 142, fage 238.

Petite Riviere, in the S. of La Salle, runs
N. within half a mile of the church of St. Con-
stant into the r. La Tortue.

Petite Riviere (P.), v. Cote de Beauphe.

Petit Lac, le, in the S. of Cote de Beaupre,
has two discharges, one by the Riviere de la Fri-
ponne, the other by a little rivulet called Decharge
du Lac, B. of Cap Tourmente, which is dry in
summer except after rains.

Pbtit-Pre, du, river, in the S. of C6te de
Beaupre, separates the parishes of Ange Gardien
and Chateau Richer. It was formerly called Ri-
viere Laval. There are two handsome mills on
this R., one for grinding corn and the other for
sawing. This r. has been considerably increased
by the junction of another r. which formerly dis-

P I L

POM

charged itself into the R. Montmorenci. The Ri-
viere du Petit-Pre falls into the St. Lawrence
opposite the centre of the Island of Orleans.

Petit Village, v. Riviere du Loup, S. —
V. Kamoukaska, S.

Phillipsburgh (V.), V. St. Akmand.

PiCKOUAGAMIS, V. AsSUAPMOUSSOIN, R.

PiERKEViLLBj Seigniory, in the co. of Ya-
maska, is in the rear of St. Frangois and is
bounded s. and s. w. by De Guir. — 1|- league in
front by one league in depth. Granted, Aug. 3,
1683, to Sieur Laurent PhiUippe and is now the
property of Mr. de Montenac. — A tolerably
good soil is the general characteristic of the
grant, which in some parts lies low, but there
are no swamps. The best land is on each side of
the St. Francis, where are the principal settle-
ments and the best cultivation; the quantity
under hand amounts to one-third of the whole or
a little more. The river St. Francis runs through
the S., dividing it nearly into two parts, and af-
fords the advantages of easy and expeditious con-
veyance, as its current hereabouts and towards the
St. Lawrence is very rapid. An inferior descrip-
tion of timber prevails ; enough, however, of the
better sorts is found to supply the wants of the
inhabitants. The river turns a corn and a saw
mUl, and forms two or three small islands covered
with trees of no real value, although exceedingly
decorative.

Title. — " Concession du 3me Aoilt, 1683, faite par
Lefebvre, Gouverneur, et De Meulles, Intendant, au Sieur
Laurent PhiUippe, d'une lieue et demie de terre de front
sur ure lieue de profondeur, joignant du cote du Sud-
ouest les terres non-conc6d6es, d'autre cote au Nord-ouest,
d'un bout sur la Seigneurie du Sieur Cremere, d'autre
aux terres non-concedees, avec les isles et islets qui se
rencontreront dans la dite profondeur, la riviere St. Fran-
cois comprise dans icelle profondeur, ensorte qu'elle fut
au milieu de la dite profondeur."— CaAJCM d' Intendance,
No. 2 a 9, folio 281.— Ins. Con. Sup. lettre B. folio 129.

PiBRREviLLE, a village in the S. of Berthier,
in the co. of Berthier. It contains 25 houses, in-
cluding one inn.

PiERRisH, Old, river, runs into the n. e. bank
of the St. Maurice below the k. Windigo.

Pilgrims, four islands lying about 1^ mile off
the S. of Granville and Lachenaye, stretching
nearly its whple breadth ; they are only piles of
rock covered with low brushwood and a few small
trees : the westernly one is the station of the tele-
graph No. 12.

PiLLES, V. St. Maurice, r.

Pins, aux, river, rises in Lake Cutiatendi, in
the mountains of Fausembault, near the S. of
St. Gabriel, and taking a s. course empties itself
into Lake Ontarietsi or St. Joseph. The average
breadth of this small river is about one perch
and its course .5 leagues.

PiscAMiNBAU, river, runs into the B. Mata-
pediac; it turns a saw-mill, and the adjacent
country affords immense quantities of pine, which
can be floated down to the mills with facility for
many miles in the interior of the country.

PiSNAY, river, runs s. w. into the b. St. Mau-
rice between the rivers Kisikan and Juglers.

PissAouTicHE, river, runs into the Saguenay
and is an inconsiderable stream resembling the
B. St. Charles near Quebec.

Plante, la, river. Ruisseau la Plante tra-
verses the S. of St. Ours s. w. and runs into the
Richelieu.

Pocatairb, Pocadierb, or Pocatiere, v.
Ste. Anne, S. in the co. of Kamouraska.

PoiNTE aux Bouleaux, V. Saguenat, e.

PoiNTE aux Trembles, v. Montreal.

PoiNTB aux Trembles, v. Neuville, S.

PoiNTE AUX Vaches, on the n. shore of the
St. Lawrence, between the rivers Saguenay and
Bergeronne: this is the only .spot where persons
might at present be induced to settle. It derives
its name from the walrus, an animal once common
in the Saguenay country.

PoiNTE Claire, v. Montreal.

Points du Chbne (R.), v. Du Chbne.

Points du Lac (S.), v. Tonnancoub.

Pointe Levi, v. Lauzon, S.

Point St. Peter, fief, in the co. of Gaspe,
juts out from the main land and separates Gaspe
Bay from Mai Bay.

Population

Statistics.
148 I Keel-boats

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Horses
Oxen

Bushels. I
. 60 Oats

Bushels. I
. 220 Potatoes

Live Stock.

3 1 Cows
18 I Sheep

26 I Swine
33

Bushels.
. 430

PoMMES, aux, river, in the S. of Neuville,
runs a beautiful and meandering course, and is
lower down the S. than the b. Jacques Cartier.

P O R

PoNsoNBY, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, bounded b. by Harrington,- w. by Rip-
pon ; in front by La Petite Nation ; in the rear
by Amherst.

Portage, du, river, descends from the parish
of St. Constant, in the S. of Sault St. Louis, where
it takes the name of Riviere da St. Pierre, and
runs before the church of that parish. It dis-
charges itself into the St. Lawrence in the Cote
Ste. Catherine, 5 miles from the village of La-
prairie. The Riviere du Portage is partly dry in
summer and never navigable.

Portage, du, river, one of the early tributa-
ries of the K. Batiscan.

Port Daniel, seigniory, in the co. of Gaspe,
lies a little w. of Pabos, in the Bay of Chaleurs. —
Sj^ leagues in front, beginning half a league e.
of the cape formed by one of the sides of a bay
called Port Daniel and extending westward, by
one league in depth. Granted, Dec. 12, 1696,
to Sieur Rene d'Eneau. — The bay forms a snug
inlet.

Title. — " Concession du 12me Ddcembre, 1696, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur Rene d'Eneau, de trois lieues ct demie de terre
de front, au lieu dit le Port Daniel, dans la Baie des Cha-
leurs, le dit front a commencer denii lieue a I'Est du cap
qui fait un des cotes de I' Ance du dit Port Daniel, a eonti-
nuer les dites trois lieues et demie a I'Ouest, sur une lieue
de profondeur; avee les ruisseaux, rivieres et etangs, si
aucuns se trouvent dans la dite.etendue." — Registre d'ln-
tendance, Mo. 5, folio ii.

Port Joli, river, rises near the rear line of
St. Roch des Annais, and running n. w. traverses
the S. of Reaume, and through the S. of St. Jean
Port Joli it reaches the St. Lawrence.

Portland, township, in the co. of Ottawa,
and in the rear of Templeton and Buckingham.
The eastern quarter was surveyed and subdivided
in 1805. It is watered by the River Blanche,
and is reported to be mountainous and rocky, but
perhaps a more accurate survey would lead to a
more favourable report.

Portneup, barony, in the co. of Portneuf, is
bounded n. e. by the S. of Jacques Cartier; s. w.
by Deschambault ; in the rear by Perthuis; in
front by the St. Lawrence. — 1-J league in breadth
by 3 in depth. Granted, April 16th, 1647, to
Sieur de Croisille ; it now belongs to the convent
of the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec, but is let on a long
lease to Messrs. Coltman and Co. — This is a fine and
valuable estate, the land fertile, and the part under

tillage in a good state of cultivation : the soil is a
light sandy earth mixed with clay, and in many
places a good black mould upon a bed of clay. —
The timber in the rear is a mixture of the middling
sorts, but along the banks of the River Portneuf
some very good pine may be collected. This river
and several small streams water the property. At
a small distance up the h. Portneuf, on the w.
side, are the valuable corn and saw miUs of Ed-
ward Hale, Esq., most conveniently and agreeably
seated near the main road, whence the ground
rises almost in the form of an amphitheatre ; on
the gentle acclivities are several fine settlements
and many good houses, which greatly enliven a
prospect naturally beautiful. From the mills the
exportation of flour is very great, and, with the
almost constant shipments of timber, create a
bustling scene of business. So much trade in
these articles is here carried on by the proprietors,
that almost a small fleet of vessels is sometimes
seen lying at anchor ofi" the mouth of the R. re-
ceiving their freights on board, besides those that
usually anchor here in their passage up or down
the river, on account of the Richelieu rapid. Pro-
ceeding eastward from the mills, the bank of the
St. Lawrence takes a gradual rise as far as the
church at Cap Sante, and thence it almost imme-
diately rises to more than 150 feet above the level
of the river by a very steep ascent up what is
called the C6te du Cap Sant6. From the front
to the rear of this tract there are many rising
grounds, generally of a very good soil, between
which the hollows are in some places swampy
and covered with cedar and hemlock. The lands
within I of a league of the River Ste. Anne are
remarkably flne, and considered by Edward Hale,
Esq., to be superior to any of the old conceded
lands in the barony. — The Parish of Cap Sante
comprehends the S. of Portneuf, the S. of D'Au-
teuil, and parts of Jacques Cartier and Neuville.
In this parish are 6 ranges of concessions in dif-
ferent directions. With the exception of Anse de
Portneuf, the land of which is excellent, the soil
of this parish is of indifferent quality. The roads
are in general good. Horses chiefly are used in
agriculture. There are 3 schools, 2 pubUc and
1 private, each having from 20 to 30 children. —
The small Village of Cap Sante is built at the
foot of a hiU on the shore of the St. Lawrence ;
it contains about 25 houses, and the church, standing
nearly on the point of the cape, is a handsome

P O R

building, usually attracting a stranger's notice by
its exterior ornaments as well as interior decora-
tion. To vessels coming down the river the clump
of trees on Point Deschambault and this church
serve as sailing-marks ; thelatter,by its three spires^
is distinguishable at a great distance. Near the
church is the parsonage-house and a group of other
houses surrounding it, forming almost a tolerably-
sized village. Along each side of the Quebec
road the houses are numerous, and being sur-
rounded by neat gardens and extensive orchards
afford, particularly during the spring, a most en-
chanting appearance. — In this parish there is no
want of young persons who would be proper for
making new settlements, but some have not the
means and others have not the inclination. To
facilitate the settlement of the ungranted lands,
through which there is no road, it would be re-
quisite for the seigniors to give as many facilities
as possible for the new settlements^ and that roads
should be opened in the new concessions; and,
moreover, the lands should be conceded according
to ancient usage, paying a moderate seignorial
jent. — From Cap Sant6 the large shoal called
Batture du Cap Santi stretches almost down to
the entrance of Jacques Cartier River; it is
thickly beset with rocks that are uncovered at low
water.

Population 2,829
Churches, R.C. ]
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Schools , . 3

Statistics,

Villages .
Corn-mills .
Saw-mills .
Just, of peace
Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

10
18

1
18

Animal Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

19,](i9

2,000

Bushels.
Barley . 200
Potatoes 25,100

Live Stock.

1,020 1 Cows
920 1 Sheep

2,0401
5,1001

Peas

Swine

Bushels.
, 5,000

1,600

Title. — " Concession du 16me Avril, 164i7, faite par
la Compagnie au Sieur de Croisille, situee au bord du
fleuve St. Laurent, du c6t6 du Nord, contenant une lieue
et demie de front sur trois lieues de profondeur; le front
joignant au Nord-Est au fief de Monceau, et du cflt6 du
Sud- Quest au fief Deschambault, dans laquelle se trouvent
comprises les rivieres de Jacques Cartier et de Portneuf."
RSgistre d'Intendance, No. 2 d 9, folio 215.

Portneuf, county, in the district of Quebec,
is bounded n. e. by the s. w. boundary line of the

seigniories of Sillery and St. Gabriel, and by a
prolongation of that line; on the s. w. by the
N. E. boundary line of the seigniory of Ste. Anne
and its augmentation, and by a prolongation of the
same line; on the n. w. by the northern boundary
of the province; on the s. e. by the St. liawrence.
This county comprises the seigniories of Gaudar-
ville; Fausembault; Desmaure or St. Augustin;
Guillaume Bonhomme ; Neuville or Pointe aux
Trembles; Bourg-Louis; Belair and its aug-
mentation ; D'Auteuil ; Jacques Cartier ; barony
of Portneuf; Perthuis; Deschambault; Lache-
vrotiere ; La Tesserie ; Prancheville ; Grondines,
reste des Grondines, and their augmentations —
Its length is 240 miles and its breadth 351, and
it contains 8,640 square miles ; its centre on the
St. Lawrence is in lat. 46° 41' n., long. 71° 30"
w. It sends 2 members to the provincial parlia-
ment, and the places of election are Deschambault
and St. Augustin. The surface of this county is
mountainous and uneven and is traversed by se-
veral ridges of highlands. The land on the bank
of the St. Lawrence and receding therefrom is
high and bold, but the soil is rich and fertile,
being composed of a light sandy earth mixed with
clay. It is abundantly watered by numerous rivers,

streams and lakes. The chief rivers are as follow

the Jacques Cartier, conspicuous for the rapidity
of its stream and the elevation and boldness of its
banks, and otherwise remarkable in the history of
Canada, having been named after the enterprising
Jacques Cartier; the Portneuf, La Chevrotiere,
and the Ste. Anne and their several branches ; also
the Batiscan spreading its numerous branches in
the interior, the Bastonais or Riviere Croche, and
farther in the interior the St. Maurice and its
various eastern branches. The chief lakes are
the Wayagamack, Edward, and several other
large lakes near the Height of Land. The whole
front of this county, to the depth of 7 or 8 miles
from the St. Lawrence, exhibits well-cultivated
farms and flourishing settlements, especially along
the St. Lawrence and on the borders of the chief
rivers, along which are good roads, besides nu-
merous concession roads. The post route from
Quebec passes by the Jacques Cartier bridge, and
thence along the St. Lawrence. — This countv
contains the parishes of St. Augustin, Pointe aux
Trembles, Les Ecureuils, Cap Sante, Descham-
bault, and Grondines, and includes the new Irish
settlement of St. Patrick.

P O R

POT

Statistics.

Population 16,542
Churches, R. C. 6
Cures . . 6
Presbyteries . 6
Convents . 1
Schools . 11
Villages . 4

Corn-mills 14
Saw-mills . 43
Carding-mills 3
Fulling-mills 2
Potasheries . 2
Medical men 3
Notaries . 8

Shopkeepers 27
Taverns . 25
Artisans . 147
Ship-yards . 4
River-craft . 16
Tonnage . 504
Keel-boats . 5

Annual Agriciilturul Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 94,354
Oats . 84,740
Barley . 6,829
Potatoes 340,458

Bushels.
Peas . 28,603
Rye . 4,500
Buck wheat 4,060
Indian corn 2,730

Bushels.
Mixed grain 3,150
Maple sugar,

cwts. 1,053
Hay, tons 42,205

Live Stock.

Horses . 5,016
Oxen . 5,354

Cows . 11,425
Sheep . 23,631

Swine . 7,373

PoRTNEUP and Millbs Vaches, in the co.
of Saguenay, lie 10 leagues below Tadoussac.
These two contiguous seigniories front the St.
Lawrence, and form together 6 leagues in front
by 4 in depth. The S. of Portneuf belongs to the
heirs of Messrs. Dunn, Stuart and Blackwood. —
In both these seigniories the lands are excellent ;
and hay might be cut in Milles Vaches for at
least 1,000 heads of cattle, which would be very
advantageous to settlers as fodder, particularly at
their first commencement: the land, in fact, is
cleared naturally all around the bay and the tim-
ber is of good growth, consisting of white pine
and spruce. The country on the east side of the
bay is level for a considerable distance, at least 9
leagues, and there is a stream of water in the
bottom of the bay that will admit of building a
miU of 6 saws and also a corn-mill. The bay is
very accessible to small craft. Portneuf Post has
an excellent harbour, but it is only to be entered
at high water by small craft. The soil is as good
as that of Milles Vaches, but it is on higher
ground and the timber inferior. There is a river
running close by the house forming the harbour,
and it is sheltered to the southward by a high
bank of sand which is not covered at high water.
The small settlement at Portneuf consists of a
church, 70 feet by 30, a wood-built chapel, the
agent's house, stores, &c. and 2 or 3 other habita-
tions. Its aspect from the K. is extremely pleasing
in bright weather as contrasted with the deserted
state of the adjacent country. Potatoes and oats
are the chief products of the land ; wheat, on
account of the coldness of the climate, will not
arrive at perfection.

PoBTNEUP, river, rises in a small lake in the

S. of Fausembault, and passing through Bourg-
Louis, NeuviUe, the aug. to Belair, and Jacques
Cartier, falls into the St. Lawrence near the s. w.
corner of the S. of Portneuf. This river is not
navigable for either boats or canoes. The banks
on each side are high and very weU wooded ; its
stream is precipitated through so many rapids and
along a broken rocky bed with such violence as
to render it impassable for any sort of boat, how-
ever light. At the mouth of this river the land,
for a short space, is low, and extremely well cul-
tivated on each side ; and schooners or river-craft
ascend as far as the main road.

Pot au Beukre, river. There are 3 of this
name in the S. of Sorel and all fall into the s.
shore of Yamaska Bay.

Pot au Bburre, river, in the Island of Or-
leans, rises about the centre of the island, and
runs into the north channel of the St. Law-
rence.

PoTTON, township, in the co. of Stanstead,
joins the eastern boundary of Sutton, and extends
along the province line as far as Lake Memphra-
magog. Though the surface is mostly hilly and un-
even and the land in general indifferent, there are
good situations for raising all sorts of grain, as well
as most other productions. — Watered by the river
Missiskoui, and a great number of tributary streams
running from the hills in almost every direction,
and by many others that fall into the lake. — The
timber consists of elm, beech and maple, with all
the common sorts. — There are some thriving set-
tlements on the banks of the k. Missiskoui and
the margin of the lake, where the land is par-
ticularly good. In this t. bog and mountain iron
ores are found. A few roads lead into the neigh-
bouring townships, but they are not very good.

Population 804
Corn-mills . 3
Carding-raills 1
Fulling-mills . 1
Saw-mills . 4

Statistics.

Tanneries

Potteries

Potasheries

Pearlasheries

Breweries

Distilleries . I

Shopkeepers 2

Taverns . 1

Artisans . 10

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.; Bushels.

5,3801 Peas . 2,900

, 7,900 Rye . 89

500 Buck-wheat 1300

16,6001

Bushels.
Indian corn 2,380
Maple sugar,

cwts. 40

Live Stock.

212 I Cows
340 1 Sheep

521 1 Swine
1,204 1

600

PRO

PouLAiN (S.), V. Orleans Island.

PkAde, river. Ruisseau la Prade rises in the
S. of Contrecoeur, and running n. b. into the S. of
St. Ours falls into the a. Richelieu opposite Isle
Deschaillons.

Praikie, grande, river, in the Island of Mont-
realj rises in C6teau St. Louis and traversing Cote
Ste. Marie falls into the St. Lawrence.

PSAiRiESj des, river, divides Isle Jesus from
the Island of Montreal. It is improperly called a
river, for it is one of the channels of the St. Law-
rence, extending from Isle Bizard to the N. b.
extremity of the Island of Montreal. Over this
river are several ferries.

Prairies, des, river, in the S. of St. Sulpice.
Ruisseau des Grandes Prairies runs s. w. into the
R. Mascouche.

Prairies, les, v. Saguenay k. and Chicoutimi
Post.

Prendbrgast River, rises in the t. of Cla-
rendon and runs s. into L. des Chats.

Presentation (V.), in Montreal Island.

Prevost River, or Riviere Noire, tra-
verses the T. of Wickham in the 8th range and
then runs down through the t. of Grantham, and
empties itself into the St. Francis near the v. of
DrummondviUe more than 3 miles above the ferry.
Over this river is a bridge near its mouth, which,
though partially repaired, is not safe for heavy
teams ; a new one would cost about £100.

Prince, au, river, in the S. of Lake of Two
Mountains, runs n. e. and joins the Petite Riviere
du Chene.

Propre, river, one of the early tributaries of
the R. Batiscan.

Province op Lower Canada, lies between
the parallels of the 45th and 52nd degrees of north
latitude, and the meridians of 57° 50' and 80° 6'
west longitude from Greenwich. It is bounded
N. by the territory of the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany or East Maine ; e. by the Gulf of St. Law-
rence and a line drawn from Anse au Sablon, on
the Labrador coast, due north to the 52° of lati-
tude ; s. by New Brunswick and part of the ter-
ritories of the United States j w, by a line which
separates it from Upper Canada, commencing at
a stone boundary on the north bank of Lake St.
Francis, at the cove west of Pointe au Baudet,
and running first between the t. of Lancaster
and the S. of New Longueuil, and then between
the townships of Lochiel and Hawkesbury on the

N. w. and the t. of Newton and the S. of Rigaud
on the s. B., until it strikes the Ottawa river;
the boundary Hne then ascends that river into
Lake Temiscaming, and from the head of that
lake it extends due north until it strikes the
boundary line of Hudson's Bay, including all the
territory to the westward and southward of the
said line to the utmost extent of the country com-
monly called or known by the name of Canada.--'
Lower Canada is not only the most important of
the British North American provinces, from its
situation and extent, but the most populous, its
inhabitants being to those of the sister provinces
of Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick, in the respective ratio of 8.11 and 19 to 3,
or, in other terms, nearly in the proportion of the
numbers 32, 11, 8, 5 ; therefore the population of
Lower Canada alone constitutes about 4-7ths of
the total population of the four provinces, and
about 2-5ths of that of the whole of the domi-
nions of Great Britain in North America.— In
salubrity no climate can perhaps be found to excel
that of Canada ; although the atmosphere is im-
pregnated with a considerable degree of cold in
winter, and its frigidity is of much longer pre-
valence than would naturally be inferred from
the geographical position of the country. The
summers are warmer and the vrinters colder than
in European countries in the same latitude. Pro-
ceeding up the St. Lawrence, the climate becomes
considerably milder and adapted, by degrees, to
the growth of fruits that thrive only in warm
atmospheres. Wheat, barley, rye, maize, oats,
and in fact almost every species of grain, are cul-
tivated with every possible success, the climate
being well calculated to bring them to maturity.
— The prevailing winds are the north-east, north-
west, and south-west. The s. w. wdnd is the most
prevalent, but it is generally moderate and ac-
companied by clear skies ; the n. b. and b. winds
usually bring with them continued rain in sum-
mer and snow in winter ; and the n. w. is re-
markable for its coldness, dryness, and elasticity.
Winds from due north, south, or west are not
frequent. The azure of Canadian skies is beau-
tifully transparent and pure, and the starry con-
stellations are remarkably luminous and bright.
Fogs are almost unknown in Canada, but the
morning dew sometimes rises in a light vapoury
cloud, which is almost suddenly dispelled by the
first solar rays that gUd the horizon. In winter.

PROVINCE OF LOWER CANADA.

however, when the cold is intense, a thick vapour
is frequently seen on the unfrozen surface of the
St. Lawrence, driving heavily before the wind
amidst masses of floating ice. The winter com-
mences about the 25th of Nov. in the regions
about Quebec, and lasts until about the 25th of
April, when agricultural operations are resumed.
In the district of Montreal the permanent cold
sets in generally 2 or 3 weeks later, and the spring
is probably as much earlier, although these advan-
tages are subject to frequent vicissitudes. In sum-
mer the electric phenomena of the atmosphere, as
displayed in the vividness of lightning and the
burst of loud thunders, are sometimes appalling
in the extreme and have, in numerous instances,
been attended with very serious consequences. —
Lower Canada is divided into 5 districts, which
are subdivided into 44 counties, 2 of which are
confined to cities and 2 to towns, viz.

Quebec
Montreal
Three Rivers

Acadie

Beauce

Beauhamois

Bellechasse

Berthier

Bonaventure

Chambly

Champlain

Dorchester

Drummond

Gaspe

Kamouraska

Jjachenaye

Lapralrie

L'Assomption

L'Islet

LotbiniSre

Megantic

Missiskoui

JVtontmorenci

Montreal

Montreal, City

Districts.

Inferior District of St Fran-
cis
Inferior District of Gaspe.

Counties.

Nicolet

Orleans

Ottawa

Portneuf

Quebec

Quebec, City

Richelieu

Rimouski

Rouville

Saguenay

St. Hyaeinthe

St. Maurice

Shefford

Sherbrooke

Stanstead

Terrebonne

Three Rivers, Town

Two Mountains

Vaudreuil

Vercheres

William Henry, Town

Yamaska.

The counties consist of feudal grants called sei-
gniories and of modern grants called townships
which are held by free and common soccage tenure.
The seigniories contain about 10,000,000 acres,
about half of which are in a state of nature and not
conceded. In the townships are about 6,300,000
acres. — Of the total quantity of lands held by both
species of tenure about 3,000,000 of acres are
under actual cultivation ; to which amount may be
added about 200,000 acres which are in that pro-
gressive state provincially termed en abatis, having
merely undergone the preliminaries of agricultural
improvement. Of the lands in culture it may be
said that one-third, on an average, yield grain
crops for consumption and export, the other two-
thirds being either in fallow or in pasture and
meadow. Those parts of this beautiful province
that are yet in a primitive state of nature are di-
versified by hni, plain and valley, though, in some
sections, mountainous and bold, and the land is in
general richly covered with a sturdy growth of
valuable forest-trees. Two-thirds at least of these
wilds are likely, in process of time, to be brought
under cultivation ; the remaining third may be
considered as unsusceptible of tillage, being in a
great measure composed of rugged steeps, barren
hills, sterile morasses and swamps. — For other
particulars vide Vol. I.

Statistical statement of the province of Lower Ca-
nada, calculated for December, 1827-

Population in 1827
Magdalen Islands

Number of men employed in the king's posts and
Mingan ....
Voyageurs employed in the Indian trade

Emigrants since 1827

Natural increase since 1827 about

Population.

. 471,876

900

400
300

473,476

28,000
59,575

Total 561,051
Exclusive of the British military and the aborigmes
wandering in the interior.

Progressive increase of Population.

Year

1676

1683

1700

1706

1714

1759

1784

1825

1831

Souls

8,415

11,249

15,000

20,000

26,904

65,000

113,000

450,000

561,051

hh2

P Y K

QUA

Districts, including the Inferior District of St. Francis in the Superior Districts.

Districts.

3
1

i
1

T—

o
IS

s
o

i
1

6
3
1

3
2

Total number

of houses in

towns and

villages.

2
1
2
2

1
2
2

178

273

185

324

i 1
1 1

200 58

28823

7210

5 .

565 91

be
a
■£

61
18
10

2
1

IH
s
p

26
2
3

14
4
1

2
2

1
1

46
11
17

38
5
3

1
1

■-5

■s

•3

Montreal .
Quebec
Three Rivers
Gasp^

268681
143761
51657

7777

23
3

3
1

7
1
3

78
73
21
19

71
64
19

10
9
1

114

10230

3290

957

198

148

173

106. 69

2 57

19 17

178

171

461

168

540

382

1016

541

322

935

2916

2^29

401

10
30

141
12
64

490
4570

291
4800

36
277

14
738

471876

191

144

154

14775

19' 4

127 '145

5587

237

1151

1065

Districts.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stock. |

11
at

•1^

1
in

a
s

Montreal .
Quebec .
Three Rivers
Gasp^

1752386

793872

362974

12008

1379856

627053

317722

16898

213672

123604

25841

546783

192469

81261

2805

134809
52933
29801

94603

20073

6721

272266

36977

23509

398

95162

6I747

26590

1170

4121721

1848404

606365

219820

692988

348875

169337

10867

11489

8331

3728

781

6633

3422

1762

85582

42096

17353

933

145964

81199

39022

18822

1389

88631

35498

19344

1539

147324

78797

32218

1676

482810

248042

93674

4696

120906

86596

30228

4005

2931240

2341529

363117

823318

217543

121397

333150

184659

6796310

1228067

24329

1 1729

140432

145012

260015

829122

241735

Districts.

Domestic Manufactures, in French ells.

Laud in cultivation, in acres. |

111

■3 I'm

Montreal .

Quebec

Three Rivers .

Gaspe

658168

352264

135243

7998

456234

253250

94746

4010

594961

300893

161932

910

6756

4315

2073

580006

291403

125902

4887

1081966

612443

244878

6100

1661972

903846

37078O

9987

1153673

808240

I0o8aq6

13243

1002198

1944387

2946565

PscupYj riverj rises in the s. side of the co. of
Rimouski and traverses the s. w. angle of the co.
of Bonaventurej and is one of the early tributaries
of the B. Ristigouche.

Pykb RivbKj rises in several small streams that
meet near the v. of Frelightsburg, in the S. of St.
Armand ; hence it runs to a village nearly in the
centre of Stanbridge and, keeping its very irre-
gular course southwardly, to Bedford village,
where it soon regains its n. w. direction, in
which it continues tUl it reaches the 9th range,
where it receives a considerable branch from
Famham and turning suddenly southward again
it keeps near the w. boundary line tiU it falls
into Missiskoui Bay. At the breaking up of the
ice in the spring great numbers of fish are taken

in the mouth of this k. viz., dore, maskinonge,
mullet, pike, perch and suckers. — Pyke river turns
5 corn-mills and 6 or 8 saw-mills.

Pyke's River, in the t. of Frampton, rises in
Pyke's Lake, and running n. e. through Pyke's
Settlement falls into the k. Etchemin.

QuAMQUBRTicooK (R.), V. Green Rivkk.

QuAQUAGAMACK, lake, one of the first waters
of the H. Ouiatchouan.

QuAQUAGAMACKsis, lake, a few miles s. of
Lake Quaquagamack ; the land around it is in
every respect wild and desolate, as the timber
has been destroyed by fire and is succeeded by a

QUEBEC.

growth of aspen, poplar, small fir and white hirch,
and the soil is very rocky and sandy.

Quebec, county, is bounded n. e. by the s. w.
bounds of the seigniory of Cote de Beaupre until it
meets the s. e. boundary line of the t. of Tewkes-
bury, thence n. e. along that boundary line to the
S. K. angle of the township, thence n. along the
N. E. ^undary or lateral line of that township to
its depth, and thence by the prolongation of the
said line s. w. by the county of Portneuf ; n. w.
by the northern boundary of the province ; and
s. E. by the river St. Lawrence. — It comprises the
seigniories of Beauport, Notre Dame des Anges,
D'Orsainville, Lepinay, Fief St. Ignace, Fief Hu-
bert, the seigniories of Sillery and St. Gabriel,
the townships of Stoneham and Tewkesbury,
the parishes of Beauport, Charlesbourg, St. Am-
broise, Jeune Lorette, part of Ancienne Lorette
and Ste. Foi, and the parish, city and suburbs of
Quebec, and all other parishes in the whole or
in part comprehended within the above-described
limits. — Its breadth in front is llf miles, in the
rear 100, and its depth is about 240, containing
about 13,200 sq. miles. Its southern extremity is
in latitude 46" 46' 30" n., longitude 71° 18' w.
Althoy^ its surfa(^is mountainous and l»oken
and traversed by severS. ridges of high land, yet
many parts are fit for cultivation, and large patches
of rich natural meadows are found on the borders
of the numerous rivers, streams and lakes, which
most abundantly water the co. — The chief rivers
are the St. Charles, Jacques Cartier, Ste. Anne,
Batiscan, Bastonais, Schecoubish and a part of
the Montmorenci, with their various branches.
The principal lakes are called Commissioners,
Kajoualwang, Bouchette, Quaquagamack, Sche-
coubish, Assuapmoussoin, St. Charles: there are
also many others not distinguished by names.
The scenery about several of these lakes is beau-
tiful and picturesque. — This co., in population,
ranks the 2nd in the province and comprehends
within its limits the City of Quebec, the capital
of Lower Canada, from which it takes its name.
It contains a population of about 36,000 souls,
28,000 of whom may be said to compose the City
and Banlieus of Quebec. It is singular that this
dense population is contained in a space not ex-
ceeding 180 square mUes, and of the cultivated
parts only 150. Beyond Lake St. Charles (noted
for its beautiful scenery and as a place of recrea-

tion and resort for the inhabitants of the city),
there are only a few scattered settlements. The
great valley of the St. Charles and the Canar-
diere present a most luxuriant field of culti-
vated lands and meadows, and thence to the n. w.
the land rises gradually presenting a well settled
and cultivated country with villages, which at-
tract notice and are relieved by a handsome back-
ground presented by the Charlesbourg Mountains
and the more distant heights. From Dorchester
Bridge over the St. Charles to Montmorenci, is
seen a thick range of settlements and well culti-
vated farms, several gentlemen's country-seats,
neat and handsomely constructed: on one side
of the road are seen the village and settlements
of Beauport and the celebrated falls of Mont-
morenci, adding to the highly interesting pano-
ramic view of the Basin of Quebec; the villages
of Charlesbourg and Jeune Lorette tend to en-
hance the beauty of the scenery, whether viewed
from the Basin or the City of Quebec. — This co.
sends two members to the provincial parliament,
and the place of election is at Charlesbourg.

Statistics.

Population 30,954

Towns

ChurcheB, Pro.

Villages

Wesleyan chap

Corn-mills .

Churches, R.C.

14,

Saw-mUls .

Cures

Carding-miUs

Presbyteries

Fulling-mills

Convents

Tanneries

Colleges

Hatmanufact

Schools

Potteries

Court-houses

Breweries

Gaols

3
7
15
4.
2
3
. 1
2

Distilleries

Ship-yards

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

216

176

1,250

2,020

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley ,
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

59,214,
152,615

14.,240
331,627

Bushels.
Peas . 25,775
Rye . 4,,851
Buck-wheat 2,4,50
Indian corn 3,198

Bushels.
Mixed grain 2,465
Maple sugar,

cwts. 354,
Hay, tons 34',598

Live Steele.

4,,941 1 Cows
3,291 1 Sheep

7,51 3 1 Swine
19,700 1

5,272

Quebec City. For description, i;i(?e vol. i.p.239.
It may, however, be stated here that Quebec
is the capital not only of the province of Lower
Canada, but of the whole of the British dominions
in North America, and as such it is the place of re-
sidence for the governor in chief and commander
of the forces in those colonies. Its natural po-
sition, strongly fortified by regular works, renders

RAM

RAN

it almost impregnable ; and its citadel is not un-
usually mentioned as a parallel in strength with
the fortress of Gribraltar. The population of the
city now exceeds 30^000 souls ; but the following
tabular exhibit will best show its statistics as
taken in the year 1825. Quebec is also the most
important seaport of British America, except-
ing, probably, Halifax. Its harbour, situated up-
wards of 400 miles from the sea, in the gulf, is
perfectly safe and calculated to receive the largest

fleet. The average of British shipping seen an-
nually in port exceeds 500 sail, and* indeed more
than 600 sea-going vessels have been known to be
entered inwards in the course of one year. There
are an archdeacon and curate for the church of
England and one curate for that of Scotland.
Among the number of convents one only is a
nunnery-school, in the lower town. In the total
number of schools as stated in the table the prin-
cipal only are included.

Statistics, 1825.

City of Quebec.

o
.s

o
i

6
1

{

•i

S-c

1
1

Upper Town
Lower Town
Banliene

Suturls.
St. Roch .
St. John & St. Louis

4445
4187
1767

6691
6127

■

1
1

2
1

1
1

7
4

23517

Quebec Distbict, v. Districts.

QuiAUKSQUACK (R.), V. Gkandb Rivierb.

QuiNCHiENj river, in the S. of Vaudreuil, runs
N. E. and near the vUlage of Vaudreuil and falls
into a bay that lies between Isle Perrot and the
Lake of Two Mountains.

Ramctsque, river, a small stream in the S. of
Gouffre, runs into the k. du Gouffre.

Ramzay, seigniory, in the co. of St. Hyacinth,
is bounded e. and n. e. by the t. of Upton ; s. w.
and N. by the S. of St. Hyacinth and St. Charles.
— 3 leagues in front by 3 in depth, viz. li league
above and below the river Scibouet, which runs
into the R. Yamaska. Granted, Oct. 17, 1710,

to Sieur de Ramzay, and now belongs to

Martigny, junior, esq. — There are 4 concessions
running from s. w. to N. e. which have the usual
parallel roads, besides which, two roads extend
from N. w. to s. B.

Statistics.

Annual Agricidtural Produce.

Population 386

Corn-mills .

Notaries

. 1

Churches, Pro. 1

Saw-mills

Taverns

. 1

Curates . J

Medical men

Artisans

. 6

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

. 3,489

. 2,900

100

Potatoes

Rye

Bushels.

3,820

1,005

BushelB.
Buck-wheat 100
Indian com 119

Live Stock.
143 1 Cows . 368 1 Swine . 221

123 1 Sheep

778 1

Titk. — " Concession du 17me Octobre, 1710, faite au
Sieur de Ramsay, de I'etendue de trois lieues de terre de
front sur trois Ueues de profondeur, savoir, une Ueue et
demie audessous de la riviere Scibouet, qui tombe dans la
riviere Yamaska, et ime lieue et demie au dessus, courant
du Nord-est au Sud-ouest, avec les isles et islets qui se
trouveront dans la dite riviere, vis-a-vis de la dite eon-
cession : et donnant ^ la dite concession le nom de Ram-
my."—Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 96, Jblio 62, le
2me Janvier, 1781.— Caliiers d'Intendance, No. 2 a 9, folio

Ramzay, Louise de, in the county of Riche-
lieu, is a small piece of land, about 1^ league
superficial, lying in the rear of the S. of Sorel
and between those of St. Ours, Bourchemin, and
Bonsecours. Granted, June 18, 1739, to the De-
moiselles Angelique, Louise, and Elizabeth de
Ramzay.

Randin, fief, in the S. of Berthier, in the co.
of Berthier, extends from Antaya or Dorvillier
fief, one league in front of the seigniory by half

RAW

a ],eague in depth. Grantedj Nov. 3, 1672, to
Sieur Randin. This grant includes Isle Jlandin,
which lies opposite to it, and it seems, by the
title, to have been increased by a grant made,
Apr. 27, I674, to Sieur Berthier, which is half
a league in front by one league in depth and Hes
adjoining the rear of the original grant.

Title. — " Concession faite au Sieur Randin, le 3me
Novembre, 1672, par Jean Talon, Intendant, d'une lieue
de front sur le fleuve St. Laurent, sur une demi lieue de
profondeur, a prendre depuis le Sieur de Comport^, jus-
qu'aux terres non-conc6dees ; ayec I'isle nommSe de son
nom de Rmdin — N. B. Dans le R^gistre du Secretariat
le mot une a ete sustituS a la place du mot demi qui a He
raye." — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. 1, folio 21.

Augmentation, — " Concession faite au Sieur Berthier,
le 27me AvrU, 1674, d'une demi lieue de terre de front
sur une lieue de prqfondeur, a prendre derriSre et joignant
la concession du Sieur Randin, du 3me Novembre, 1672."
—Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 38, fe 26me Janvier,
1781.

Rapidb, du, river, in the S. of Monnoir, joins
the Ruisseau Barre and runs into the k. des
Hurons.

Raquette, k la, river, rises in the e. side of
the S. of Rigaud, and, after making a short detour
into the S. of VaudreuU, returns through the fief
Choisy; and, passing through Nouvelle Lotbiniere
at the N. E. angle of Rigaud, falls into the Lake
of Two Mountains. This stream is not navigable.

Rats, aux, or Rat River, falls into the w, side
of the St. Maurice about 81 miles above Three
Rivers. It is a broad stream, between which and
the Little Rat River, on an alluvial flat formed by
those rivers at the foot of the high mountains, is
situated a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany ; it consists of a store, two dwelling-houses
and a very good garden which furnishes the Post
with the necessary vegetables : a dwelling-house
is building for the resident agent.

Rawdon, township, in the co. of L'Assomption,
is bounded n. e. by Kildare ; s. w. by Kilkenny;
in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the seig-
niories of St. Sulpice and L'Assomption. It is
singular that, notwithstanding the limits between
these seigniories and Rawdon have been established
and marked in the field by actual survey, the
seignior of L'Assomption has considerably en-
croached upon the first range of Rawdon, where
he has placed censitaires under seignorial titles :
these encroachments extend to the crown and
clergy reservations in thait range, as well as to the

tract granted under letters patent to the Bru-
veres. — This t. has been divided into 11 ranges,
and each range into 28 lots of 200 acres. The
new system of laying out the crown and clergy
reserves in blocks has been extended to this t.,
except in the first range and a part of the second,
which were previously granted under patent and
the reserves appropriated. The face of this town-
ship is uneven, and in many parts mountainous,
from the 4th range northward. The soil gene-
rally is fit for the cultivation of grain, and in
various places for the growth of hemp and flax.
The population is chiefly composed of emigrants
from Ireland, and the settlements are in a state
of tolerable advancement. The inhabitants derive
much advantage from Mr. Dugas's excellent com
and saw-mills in lot 24 in the first range, whence
the road winds into and traverses the interior of
the township up to the 7th range. From the
Manchester mills one mile s. of Dugas's mills,
the road leading to Kildare is circuitous and to
the emigrant settlement 20 miles long, while, by
traversing that township and part of Rawdon,
the distance is about 8 miles, of which one-third
is a footpath. — Few townships are so well wa-
tered as this, which has no less than 4 rivers
besides smaller streams. The rivers are the Oua-
reau, the Rouge, the Blanche, and a branch
of the St. Esprit, In all these rivers there is
good trout-fishing, but they are so obstructed by
falls and rapids that they are not navigable for
craft of any kind. The lakes are as numerous as
the streams, and vast quantities of trout are
taken in them by Canadians from St. Jacques
and St. Esprit during the winter, and some of
them weigh upwards of 20 lbs. each. Every
river is crossed by one or more bridges, all free
from toll: the largest, over the Ouareau, cost
9*. 6d. on every 100 acres. There are 5 bridges
in all, which were built by the settlers. There is
a strong chalybeate spring in the n. e. side of the
4th range near the k. Blanche, which is resorted
to for almost all kinds of disease; there is also
a spring of a different kind near the Ouareau
bridge on the property of Mr. JeflPeries, being a
cure for bowel complaints. — On the uplands, the
greater part of the timber is maple, beech and
birch; in the lower parts, cedar and spruce fir
abound. — The Grand Voyer has laid out several
roads from the front to the rear of the township.

R E A

R I C

aU of which are at present passahle for carts;
the line roads are likewise cleared of timher,
hut from the nature of the country it will take
some time before they are all made passable. A
road is opened from this t. to Berthier, through
the Grand Rousseau Kildare : it passes through
the second range to lot 24 ; thence through the
same number of the first range to the parish of
St. Jacques : from the level nature of the country
through which this road leads, and the advantage
it gives to persons travelling to the west, there is
no doubt of its soon becoming a general road to the
Ottawa section of Upper Canada : persons going
to that quarter will at least save 30 to 40 miles
by it, and the country through which it passes
is as thickly inhabited as any other part of Lower
Canada. — Considerable quantities of maple sugar
are produced in this T. and flax has been culti-
vated with some success. The neat cattle are,
generally, of the small Canadian breed. Agri-
cultural wages, without board, 2s. 6d. per day.
There are several corn and saw-miUs, at intervals
of one and two leagues, on the road to the Emi-
grant Settlement in Kildare. — Lead ore is found
in the 3rd range. — In this t. is one public school,
and a village has been laid out. The best mode of
effecting connected settlements in this t. would be
the establishment of settlers on the borders of the
river Lac Ouareau, which presents many advan-
tages; viz. the excellent quality of the soil; many
natural meadows which are of primary necessity
in new settlements; the navigation between its
falls, which is perfectly suitable for boats of the
largest dimensions ; and the vicinity of Manchester
Road, which is practicable for carts and waggons.
Lots, 100 acres each, should be laid out fronting
the river and proper allowances made for its
sinuosities. — The principal proprietors are Dr.
Selby, Rev. J. E. Burton, and Mr. John Jefferies.
— Ungranted and unlocated, 10,400 acres.

Statistics.

Population
Corn-mills

850
3

[ Saw-mills
Potasheries

Ray, la, a little river crossing the road to
Charlesbourg from Quebec. In 1829 a new bridge
was built over this stream and cost 273?. 16s. 3d.
currency, of which sum 20/. was raised by sub-
scription and 40/. received from the magistrates.

Reaume, fief, in the co. of L'Islet, is a small

strip of land between St. Jean Port Joli and St.
Roch dps Aulnais. — Half a league broad by two
leagues deep. Granted, March 16th, 1677, to
Demoiselle de Lacombe. — The soil and timber
are similar to those of St. Jean Port Joli, and
about one-third of the fief is well cultivated and
thickly inhabited. A few trifling rivulets supply
a very scanty irrigation. The main road crosses
it, besides which there are some concession roads.

2'jife. — "Concession du 16me Mars, 1677, faite par
Jacques Duchesneau, Intendant, a Demoiselle de Lacombe,
d'une demi lieue de terre de front le long du fleuve St.
Laurent, k prendre depuis celles qui appartiennent au
Sieur de St. Denis, son pere, en remontant le dit fleuve,
avee deux lieues de profondeur." — ImnnuatUms du Conseil
Supirieur, lettre 3, folio 16.

Recollbts, aux, a village in the Island of
Montreal.

Red Carp (R.), v. Ashratsi, l.

Red River, runs into Commissioners Lake n.
of Blueberry HiUs.

Remie, river, in Cote de Beaupre, runs through
the concessions St. Jerome and St. Lazare. It
turns several mills in its way to the r. du Goufire.

Rbpbntigny, v. L'Assomption, S.

Ribbon River, runs into the k. St. Maurice.

Richard Rioux, seigniory, in the co. of Ri-
mouski, is bounded N. e. by Bic ; s. w. by Trois
Pistoles ; in front by the St. Lawrence ; in the
rear by waste lands. — 3 leagues in front by 4 in
depth. Granted, Apr. 6, 1751, to Sieur Nicholas
Rioux. The great north-easternly ridge here
ranges so close to the St. Lawrence as to leave only
a narrow slip between it and the shore. This space
possesses a moderately good soil, upon which there
are a few settlements under a respectable state of
husbandry; there are also several patches of good
land more in the interior, lying in the hoUows
between the ridges. Close by the river side is a
very good road. This S. is very scantily watered,
but very well covered with timber of various kinds
and good growth.— fiemowsfti or Nine Leagues
Portage was so called from its being but par-
tially settled, and the rugged aspect of the rocky
ridge to the north and south of it, which forms a
valley whose breadth at its western entrance may
be nearly 2 miles and at its eastern extremity not
more than about 3 furlongs. It is 27 miles in
length and runs over the bold and broken moun-
tains of Bic, where it is excessively hilly, the view
presenting few other objects besides abrupt cliffs

R I C

and craggy hills, well calculated to inspire awe
but not pleasure.

Statistics.
Population . 100

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

. 3,120

Bushels.

Barley . 225
Potatoes . 410

Bushels.

Peas . 277
Mixed grain 299

Live Stock.

29 1 Cows
30 1 Sheep

53 I Swine

iisl

Title " Concession du 6me Avril, 1751, faite par le

Marquis de la Jonquilre. Gouverneur, et Frmifois Bigot,
Intendant, au Sieur Nicholas Rioux, du terrein qui se
trouve non-concede entre la Seigneurie de Trois Pistolles
et les terres appartenantes aux representans de feu Mr.
de Lachenaie, ce qui peut faire environ trois lieues de front
sur quatre lieues de profondeur, avec les isles, islets et
battures qui se trouvent au devant du dit terrein.'' — Ri.
giitre d' 1 ntendance, No. S, folio 81.

RiCHE, river. The Bras Riche is in Bonse-
conrSj in the co. of L'Islet.

RicHELiEUj county, in the district of Mont-
real, is hounded hy the n. b. line of the S. of
Contrecoeur as far as the r. Richelieu or Chamhly,
thence by that river to the s. w. line of the S.
of St. Charles, thence hy that s. w. line as far as
the line of the depth of that seigniory, thence by
the said depth line as far as the n. e. line of the
said S. of St. Charles, thence hy the said n. e.
line as far as the depth line of the S. of St. Denis,
thence by the said depth line as far as the line
between the seigniories of St. Hyacinthe and St.
Ours, thence by the aforesaid line as far as the
river Yamaska, thence by that river as far as the
place where the continuation of the rear line of
the S. of St. Charles d' Yamaska would terminate
at the said river, thence by the said depth line as
far as the n. e. line of the said S. of St. Charles,
thence by the said n. e. line of St. Charles as far
as the river Yamaska, thence by part of that river
which is between the said n. b. line of St. Charles
and the n. b. line of the S. of Bonsecours, thence
by the said n. e. line of the S. of Bonsecours as
far as the Bale de la VaUiere, thence by a line
through the middle of the said bay as far as its
outlet into the river St. Lawrence, and thence up
that river as far as the n.b. line of theS. of Con-
trecoeur. — It comprehends the seigniories of St.
Ours and its augmentation, St. Denis, St. Charles
on the river Richelieu, Sorel, Bourchemin and
Bourgmarie west of the river Yamaska, and

Bonsecours and St, Charles on the same river ;
comprehending also the following isles in the
St. Lawrence, viz. Cochon, Madame, Ronde, De
Grace, Aux Ours, the isles commonly called Bat-
tures S la Carpe, also isles du Sable, du Moine, and
du Basque, and also the isles in the b. Richelieu
or Chambly nearest the county, and being in the
whole or in part fronting it. — Its extreme length
is 25 miles and its breadth 20, containing 367
square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45" 50' 15" n.,
long. 72° 68' w. It sends two members to the
provincial parliament, and the place of election
is at St. Ours. The principal rivers are the Ya-
maska and the Richelieu. — The surface of this
county is invariably level and the soil in many
parts is of an inferior quality. The timber is
very abundant, but little can be said of its su-
periority. The roads, which are very numerous,
are principally along the borders of the rivers,
and concession-roads also communicate with the
adjoining seigniories. Along these roads are dis-
persed numerous well cultivated farms, and dwell-
ing-houses, which are generally neat and com-
modious. Within the limits of this county are
five parishes and the borough of WiUiam Henry;
the principal parish is that of St. Ours which has
a handsome village.

Population 16,967

Churches, Pro. 1

Parsonage-house 1

Churches, R. G. 5

Cures

Presbyteries

Schools

Villages

Court-houses

Gaols

Statistics.

Corn-mills

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Tanneries .

Hat-manufact.

Potteries

Potasberies

Pearlasheries

Just, of peace

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft .

Tonnage

Keel-boats

. 3

. 50

. 4

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.
92,300
83,419
4,341

Potatoes 156,790

Bushels.
Peas . 24,600
Rye . 5,490
Buck-wbeat 3,000
Ind. corn 3,260

Bushels.
Mixed grain 5,800
Maple sugar,

cwts. 554
Hay, tons 43,200

Live StocJc.

Horses
Oxen

5,3631 Cows
4^521 1 Sheep

9,736 1 Swine
34,4101

7,899

Richelieu, river, also called Chambly, St.
Louis, and St. John, rises in the United States
and enters the province between the seigniories
of La Colle and Foucault, and descending to the
St. Lawrence divides the counties of Acadie,
Chambly and Vercheres from those of Rouville

RICHELIEU.

and Richelieu, where it falls into the St. Law-
rence at the town of William Henry in the sei-
gniory of Sorel. — Of all the rivers that fall into
the south side of the St. Lawrence within the
hounds of Lower Canada, the largest, in respect
of quantity of water, is the Richelieu, and it is
also the best known. The principal origin of its
waters is in the United States ; and if we estimate
the whole length of country from which it col-
lects theiil, from the south point of Lake George
to the terinination of the river at Sorel, it can-
not be less than 160 miles. The breadth of the
same tract varies from 10 to 60 miles ; taking it
at the medium of 30 miles, the extent of country
from which its waters are collected must be at
least 4800 square miles. Only a small portion of
this, however, lies within the province. From
the province line to the mouth of the river the
distance appears to be about 70 miles, and there-
fore the space, from which it collects the waters
within the province, being a triangle of 30 mUes
base, will be 1050 square miles in extent, or one-
fourth of the whole expanse which it drains. Its
capabilities and defects as a water communication
are well known. The improvement of the na-
vigation of this river was considered by the legis-
lature a matter of so much importance, that of the
sum of £2,800 which the act directed should be
laid out in the county of Richelieu, it was by the
act specially provided that the sum of £1,500
should be applied " for the improvement of the
river Richelieu between Sorel and Chambly."
This sum seems to have been found insufficient
for the purposes which the legislature had in view,
for we find that in 1826 an act was passed (6 Geo.
IV. c. 33) " to facilitate the execution of the act
of the 57th Geo. III. c. 13, inasmuch as it relates
to the appointment of commissioners for the im-
provement of the navigation of the river Richelieu,
and to appropriate a sum of money therein men-
tioned for that purpose.'' By the last-mentioned
act it is provided that the before-mentioned sum
of ,£1,500, " or such part of the said sum as may
remain unexpended, shall be applied for the afore-
said purpose, and as provided for by the said act,
under the superintendence of the commissioners,"
&c. And the act then goes on to say " that it
shall be lawful for the governor, Heut.-governor,
or person administering the government, for the
time being, to advance and pay for the purpose
herein above mentioned, by a warrant or warrants

under his hand, from such of the unappropriated
moneys in the hands of the receiver-general of the
province, a further sum not exceeding two thou-
sand four hundred pounds currency, which said
sum shall be applied by, and accounted for, as
and in the same manner and by the same per-
sons as provided and enacted with respect to the
aforesaid sum of money remaining unexpended."
It is much to be lamented that this law has
not yet been carried into effect. It is of a nature
to have the most beneficial consequences. Why
it has hitherto been allowed to remain as a dead
letter in the statute-book we have no means of
conjecturing; it is to be hoped, indeed to be ex-
pected, that it wiU not continue to be so. The
Richelieu, affording a quick and easy water com-
munication from the American territory into the
very centre of the province, is entitled to consi-
deration in more than one point of view. As a
medium of commerce between the fertile districts
of each country it merits attention, and it has a
forcible claim to consideration from being a main
inlet into the British territory, through which
hostile operations might be directed with an alarm-
ing rapidity and perhaps for some time with serious
consequences before they could be repelled or
checked. Its banks are generally between eight
and twelve feet high, diversified on each side by
many farms and extensive settlements in a very-
high state of improvement ; on or near it are some
neat, populous and flourishing villages, handsome
churches, numerous mills of various kinds, good
roads in all directions, and every other characteristic
of a country inhabited by an industrious population.
The navigation is carried on by boats, canoes and
other craft of large dimension and burden, and by
rafts. From its junction with the St. Lawrence,
decked vessels of one hundred and fifty tons may
ascend from twelve to fourteen miles. This river
is remarkable for being much narrower at its dis-
charge than at the lake whence it flows, and for
the gradual diminution of the breadth of its bed.
At its mouth it is about two hundred and fifty
yards wide, which it preserves, with the exception
of one or two expansions occasioned by some small
islands which greatly increase the beauty of its
scenery, up to the Basin of Chambly; hence to
the Isle du Portage the breadth is five hundred
yards; beyond this it spreads to double that di-
stance, and continues to widen still more up to
St. John's, whence there is a ship navigation to

R I C

RIG

the towns on Lake Champlain. From the basin
down to the St. Lawrence the current is regular
and gentle, and although there are some shoals
and flats, they do not disturb the smoothness of its
course ; but from Lake Champlain the stream is
hurried, in some places rather violent and in
others broken by rapids. The passage downwards
for loaded boats, &c. is in general quick and un-
attended with the smallest difiiculty, except what
is occasioned by the rapids. Upwards to Chambly
nothing more than ordinary care is required to
avoid the shallows, but thence to St. John's the
ascent is attended with more labour. The num-
ber of river-craft, canoes, &c. with their various
ladings, and the immense quantities of timber
composing the numerous rafts that are continually
descending, and upon which many hundred tons
of pot and pearl ashes and large cargoes of flour
are brought down every summer, exclusive of what
is conveyed by the boats, unequivocally point out
the value and importance of this communication.
The Richelieu between La CoUe and Foucault is
about 1 mile broad and abounds with fish of de-
licious flavour, viz. pike, pickerel, maskinonge,
bass, white fish, perch, and various sorts of the
sucker. — The principal islands in this r. are Ash
Island, at the mouth of the K. La CoUe ; Isle aux
Noix, at the mouth of Johnson's Creek in the S.
of De Lery; Ste. Therese Island, between the b.
of Longueuil and Monnoir; Grande Isle, at the
lower part of Chambly Basin ; Isles au Cerf, be-
tween Bgloeil and St. Charles ; and Isle Deschail-
lons, in the S. of St. Ours.

Richmond, township, in the co. of Bona venture,
is bounded B. by Hamilton; w. by Maria; in the
rear by waste lands ; in the front by the Bay of
Chaleurs. It is well watered by the two rivers
Cascapediac. — Isle du Basque lies off this t.

Statistics.

Population .
Shopkeepers

581 Artisans . . 7 Tonnage
4 River-craft . 6 Keel-boats

Annual Agricultural Produce.

. 450
. 29

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 1,318
. 2,050

Potatoes

Bushels.
2,600

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

41 Cows
133 Sheep

1,37 Swine .
. 408

358

Richmond (V.), v. Shipton, t.

RiGAUD, seigniory, in the co. of Vaudreuil, is
bounded e. by the S. of Vaudreuil; w. by the
province line ; in the rear by the t. of Newton ;
in front by the Ottawa and the Lake of Two
Mountains. — 3 leagues in front by 3 in depth.
Granted, Oct. 29, 1/32, to Sieurs de Cavagnal and
Rigaud: the present proprietor is W. Bingham,
Esq. — A very fertile soil runs through the whole
of this grant, and where cultivated is found well
adapted to grain and pulse of all sorts. Two-
thirds of the S. are settled, and the remainder is
in standing wood. There are 9 concessions, con-
taining 266 farms ; 5 concessions are in the upper
end of the S., 3 in the lower end, and one in the
intervening space : there are also 35 emplacemens.
The farms are 3 and 4 arpents by 16 and 20. The
unconceded lands are not surveyed, and have no
roads across them. This S. is watered by the
rivers ^la Graisse and Raquette ; the former is at
all times navigable from the Ottawa up to the fall,
which greatly contributes to the advantage of the
settlers on each side of it ; the latter is not
navigable. — The timber is maple in the front, and
on the Rigaud Mountain beech, birch and poplar,
on its summit pine and hemlock ; in the rear of
the S., maple, ash, elm and poplar, with some
white oak and white pine. — On Rigaud Mountain,
supposed to be about 300 ft. high, is a singular col-
lection of stones and rocks, generally called by the
inhabitants La Piece des Guirets, from its re-
semblance to ploughed land ; its extent is about
12 acres by 6. The stones are not similar in
quality to the rocks, and are heaped together
without the least admixture of earth. — The road
from the village of Rigaud over the mountain to
Cote double de la Madeleine, is extremely rough
and bad; after which for about 2 leagues it is
tolerably good and level ; it then branches off into
the T. of Newton. — The traverse, or ferry, from
St. Andrew's, in Argenteuil, is one league above
the village of Rigaud. — Rigaud Parish is of late
erection, and is already very extensive, but capable
of great augmentation; it extends to Schniders,
1-| league in the S. of Vaudreuil. It contains 8
houses built of stone. The village consists of 17
houses, a church and a spacious presbytery. The
men are chiefly voyageurs, active, resolute and
enterprising : those who follow agricultural pur-
suits are comparatively few. One-third of the
produce of the S. is consumed by the inhabitants,
the other parts are sold.

ii2

Population 3,821
Churches, R.C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Villages . . 1

RIM

Statistics.

Corn-mills
Saw-mills
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries
Just, of peace

Medical men . 1
Shopkeepers 5
Taverns . . 11
Artisans . . 27

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
10,400
9,.500

Barley
Potatoes

Bushels.

2,000

90,000

Peas

Live Stock.
Horses . . 532 1 Cows . . 1,064.1 Swine

Bushels.
. 6,500

1,330

Oxen

1,0641 Sheep

2,128 1

Tiile. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 17.32, faite par
Charles, Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocquart, Intendant, aux Sieurs de Cavagnal et Rigaud,
freres, d'un terrein le long du fleuve appele La Grande
Riviere, en tirant vers le Long-sault, de trois lieues de front
sur trois lieues de prof'ondeur, avec les isles, islets et
battures adjaeentes -. le dit terrein, joignant la Seigneurie
qui leur est echue par succession de feu le Marquis de
Vaudreuil, situee au lieu dit La Poinie aux Tourtes." — Ri-
gistre d'Intendance, No. 7, folio 3.

RiMousKij county, in the district of Quebec,
is bounded b. by the inferior district of Gasp6;
s. by the s. w. boundary line of the seigniory of
Riviere du Loup prolonged to the s. bounds of
the province ; n. w. by the Saint Lawrence, in-
cluding all the islands in that river in front of the
county and in whole or in part nearest it. This co.
comprises the seigniories of Riviere du Loup, Isle
Verte, d'Artigny, Trois Pistoles, Rioux des Trois
Pistoles, Bic, Rimouski, Barnabcj Lepage, Ti-
vierge, Mitis, and Matane, and all other sei-
gniories and lands comprised within the above
limits. — Its extreme length is 152 miles, and its
breadth 116, containing 8,840 square miles. Its
lat. at the n. w. angle of the co. of Bonaventure
is 48° r N., long. 67° 51' 30" w. It sends two
members to the provincial parliament, and the
places of election are at Rimouski and Isle Verte.
The principal rivers are the Matapediac, the Ma-
dawaska and the St. John. There are numerous
lakes, the chief of which are the Temiscouata,
Matapediac, Long Lake, and Eagle Lakes. The
general character of this co. is mountainous and
abrupt, being traversed by a succession of moun-
tains, rising grounds and rocky ridges^ notwith-
standing which the soil is, in many parts, tolerably
good and productive. The prevailing timber is
maple, beech, birch and pine. — This co. contains
the great Temiscouata Communication and that
from Mitis to the River Ristigouche, called the
Kempt Road Communication. The roads are
chiefly in front along the borders of the St. Law-

R I M

rence, which are but partially settled : this county
contains five parishes.

Statistics.

Population 7,935

Corn-mills .

Shopkeepers

Churches, R. C. 6

Saw-mills .

Taverns

Curfe . 3

Ship-yards .

Artisans

Presbyteries 6

Just, of peace

River-craft .

Schools . 1

Medical men

Tonnage

313

ViUages . 4

Notaries

Keel-boats .

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . .34,528
Oats . 14,460
Barley . 10,793
Potatoes 19,460

Bushels.
Peas . 6,073
Rye . 6,110
Buck-wheat 1,000
Indian com 60

Bushels.
Mixed gr. 15,864
Maple sugar,

cwts. 726
Hay, tons 16,457

Live Stock.

Horses . 2,601 1 Cows . 4,655 1 Swine . 3,751
Oxen . 2,098 1 Sheep . 12,127 1

Rimouski, riverj rises in two considerable
branches descending from the waste lands in the
rear of the S. of Rimouski and St. Bamabe. It
runs through Rimouski, and falls into the St.
Lawrence in Fief Pachot. — Navigable for small
craft as far as Mr. Trudel's ; and at its mouth,
which is 30 arpents wide, it can carry vessels of
80 to 100 tons, and craft of 30 and 40 daily go in
and out.

Rimouski, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski,
is bounded n. e. by St. Bamabe ; s. vr. by Bic ;
in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the St.
Lawrence. — 2 leagues in front by 2 in depth.
Granted, April 24, 1688, to Sieur de la Cordoniere.
— The settlements, well dispersed, are effectually
sheltered from n. winds by the extensive island
St. Bamabe, which is in front, opposite the r.
Rimouski, and is included in the grant of this
seigniory. — There are 8 fisheries in this S. — The
salt marshes extend from the church to Pointe
aux Peres, where many of the farmers manure
their potatoe-fields with sea-weed.

Population 2,094
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . . 1
Presbyteries . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills .
Saw-mills .
Notaries
Shopkeepers .

Taverns
Artisans

1
10

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels.

416 Potatoes . 100

20 Peas . 95

. . 20 Rye . 300

Maple sugar,

cwts. 619

Live Stock.
315 I Cows . 1,080 I Swine
400 I Sheep . 1,558 1

605

R I S

Title. — " Concession du 24me Avril, 1688, faite par
Jacques Rmi de Brisay, Gouverneur, au Sieur de la Car-
doniere, d'une 6tendue de deux lieues de terre, pr& et bois,
de front, sur le fleuve St. Laurent ; a prendre joignant
et attenant la concession du Bic, appartenant au Sieur de
Vitri, en descendant le dit fleuve, et de deux lieues de pro-
fondeurdans les teiTes, ensemble la riviere dite de Rimouski
et autres rivieres et ruisseaux, si aucuns se trouvent dans
la dite etendue, avec I'lsle de St. Barnabi et les battures,
isles et islets qui se pourront rencontrer entre les dites
terres et la dite isle." — Registre d'Intendance, No. 2, B,
folio 24.

RippoN, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, is bounded n. e. by Ponsonby ; e. and
s. B. by La Petite Nation; s. by Lochaber; w.
by Derry ; n. and n. w. by waste lands.

RiSBOROUGH, a projected township in the co.
of Beauce, between Marlow and Spalding.

RisTiGOUCHEj river, divides about half the co.
of Bonaventure from the province of New Bruns-
wick. It rises in many sources in the co. of
Rimouski, and falls into the Bay of Chaleurs,
forming at its mouth a considerable expansion
called Ristigouche Bay. The Indian village,
called New Mission Point, is about 5 leagues up
this river, at the head of the ship navigation, to
which schooners and even larger vessels can
ascend. From the Indian village the river is
much interrupted by shoals during the dry season
of the year to Mr. Adams's, a neat establishment
and the last settlement in the district. The river
forms between those two points a deep bay, along
which are settled from six to eight families, much
on the same system as that of the Canadian farmers.
At Mr. Adams's the river is divided into numerous
channels by islands, some of which are one to three
miles long ; the southern channel is however the
most navigable at all seasons. On the New
Brunswick side flourishing settlements are to be
seen, which, with the small church of the Mission
in the distant perspective, and the prominent
mountains to the south-east, combine to enhance
the beauty of the landscape. Proceeding upwards
in a west by south course from Mr. Adams's be-
tween several islands, which contract the channel
about the distance of one mile and a quarter, the
river is interrupted by a considerable rapid, which
is however easily surmounted by the surprising
skill of the Indian in the management of his canoe,
so peculiar to the Micnac tribe which inhabits this
part of the country. At this place, on the south
shore, there is a good road that runs along the
Bay of Ristigouche, on which are settled, upon
lots of two hundred acres each, about forty families,

The land, which assumes a highland appearance,
descends in a gentle slope to the river, and is thus
rendered more practicable for a road and eligible
for settlers. From this place the river takes a
western course to the mouth of the Matapediac,
interspersed with several small islands : its banks
are clothed with mixed timber, amongst which,
however, quantities of pine may be clearly di-
stinguished. The country on this k. is generally
mountainous, from the Indian village to near the
portage on the Wagansis, and with little exception
the hills advance to the edge of the water, appear-
ing for the most part unfit for the purposes of
agriculture, being in general stupendously high
and steep, and in some places almost precipitous :
there are, however, small intervals of alluvial land
in some places; but they are not very frequent,
nor suflBciently extensive for any considerable set-
tlements. The face of the country near the k. Wa-
gansis, and on the Ristigouche for some distance
below it, is more level than in the lower parts of
the latter river ; but a settlement hereabout would
labour under many disadvantages, arising from the
distance of other settlements and the difficulty of
approaching it. The borders of the river Risti-
gouche are covered with very fine timber for
building, a great deal of which is taken for pur-
poses of commerce. This river is remarkable for
its salmon fishery, which formerly amounted to
3000 barrels; at present the whole amount of the
salmon fishery in the district of Gasp6 is estimated
at only 2000 barrels per annum : the salmon is
exported to Quebec, Halifax and the West Indies.
This majestic river and its numerous tributaries
branch over more than 2,000 sq. miles of New
Brunswick and Canada. The inhabitants at what
may be considered the harbour of Ristigouche, and
those at the thinly inhabited settlements at Nou-
velle Tracadigash and Cascapediac, consist of a
mixed population of English, Scotch, Irish, Ame-
rican and Acadian French, who employ them-
selves in the different occupations of fishing,
hewing timber, and farming on a very humble
scale. Eight miles up the Ristigouche is an In-
dian chapel, where the Indians occasionally form
a small village of wigwams, which, after a few
weeks, they soon displace, and packing up these
portable habitations with all their stock, embark
with them in their canoes for some other part of
the country. The trees, particularly the fir tribes,
grow to an immense height and size, and a great

R I V

R IV

timber country may be opened on this river.
The quality is in great repute among the timber
dealers in England, especially in the port of
Liverpool, and considered equal to that imported
from Miramichi. The best timber groves are in
the valleys behind the mountainous ridges which,
in most places, follow the winding of the streams.
The indefatigable lumberers overcome natural ob-
stacles that would stagger the resolution of other
people; they cut the timber and hand it, in
winter, to places where there is often no water in
summer or winter, but which they well know
wiU be overflown when the spring thaws dissolve
the snow on the mountains and in the woods.

Statistics of the r. Ristigouche and its environs.

Population
Shopkeepers

319 River-craft . 3 Keel-boats . 1
3 Tonnage . 225

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
210

385

Bushels.
Potatoes . 2,400

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen .

16 Cows
66 Sheep

69 Swine . 128
. 134

River op Bboken Lands, v. Tbrres Rom-

PUES, R.

River Oty (S.), v. Oty, S.

Riviere db Sable (R.), v. Mistassini, r.

Riviere des Prairies (P.), v. MoNTREAii.

Riviere des Savannes, v. Yamaska, r.

Riviere du Chene (S.), v. Mille Isles.

Riviere du Loup (R.), rises in the rear of
Hunter's Town, through which it descends into
Dumontier and thence into Grosbois, then, taking
a sudden turn to the s.w., it winds through the
seigniory of Riviere du Loup and falls into Lake
St. Peter. The Great Fall, in the parish of St.
Leon, is from 80 to 100 ft. This h. is navigable
for a few miles for boats, and early in the spring
for river-craft.

Riviere du Loup (R.), in Kamouraska and
Rimouski (v. Du Loup, r.J. This is the largest
river which crosses the Temiscouata Portage. Its
breadth at the bridge is about 80 or 90 yards, and
it is so very shallow that it is scarcely navigable
for a bark canoe ; the bridge is flat and built with
wood, and is apparently well constructed and in
good repair. The banks on both sides of this river
are high and steep until within about f of a mile

of its mouth, where they become low and flat.
Vessels of 25 tons may ascend it a little more
than half a mile. Fraser Lodge, the residence of
the seignior, is situated on the n. side of its
mouth. — The little Riviere du Loup runs in a
southerly direction and is about 12 or 14 feet
wide; it is very shallow and is merely a branch
of the great Riviere du Loup into which it falls
■ above /a bridge.

Riviere du Loup, seigniory, in the co. of Ri-
mouski, is bounded in front by the St. Lawrence;
s. w. by Granville ; n. B. by the S. of Isle Verte ;
in the rear by waste lands of the crown. Nearly
5 leagues in breadth by 2 in depth. Granted
April 5th, 1689, to the Sieur Villerai for Sieurs
d'Artigny andLachenaye : Alexander Fraser, Esq.
is now the proprietor. — The general appearance
of this S. is uneven and mountainous, but it con-
tains some extensive patches of good arable and
very fine meadow land, which are divided into
several ranges of concessions, bearing the names
of St. Andre Riviere du Loup, St. Patrick Riviere
du Loup, FraserviUe, Nouvelle Ecosse, St. George
or Cacona, St. Anthony, St. Andrew, and St.
Jacques : the first, a great part of the second, and
a little of the third, are in a very good state of
cultivation and well inhabited. — The whole seig-
niory is abundantly timbered with beech, maple,
birch, and large quantities of pine. — It is watered
by several streams, but the principal is Riviere du
Loup. — The roads are level and are all fine winter
roads. The main road passes close to the River
St. Lawrence, except near the church of St.
Patrick, where it makes a detourhy a risingground,
up to the bridge over Riviere du Loup, and after-
wards descends again to the bank of the St. Law-
rence, and so continues through the remainder
of the grant. By the side of this road are
many ranges of well cultivated fields, that yield
abundant crops of all kinds of grain, numerous
farm-houses with large and substantial outbuild-
ings, also a great many dwelling-houses. Every
farmer, on an average, makes 300 lbs. of butter,
two-thirds of which are sent to market. — Through
the whole of this extensive property there is but
one church : in the concession of St. George, near
Cacona, is a chapel for those to whom distance
denies a regular attendance at the church. Cacona
is almost an island, being separated from the main
land by a salt marsh, which in the spring always
presents a luxuriant pasturage : on the point of

RIVIERE DU LOUP.

Cacona are several inhabitants. — The timber con-
cern established at Riviere du Loup is worthy of
note, from the extent to which it is carried on, as
well as for the sums that appear to have been
laid out in the establishment. The saw-mill is
buUt on the r. du Loup, about 1^ mUe from its
estuary, whither the deals are conveyed from the
mill by means of a dalki remarkable for its length
and solidity, and it is in some places at an elevation
from the ground exceeding 30 feet. Several
vessels have been loaded there with timber for the
British market, but the loading is attended with
much inconvenience, and the vessels are not in a
very secure anchorage. The vicinity of the bridge
is very picturesque, and exhibits that busy life
which attends on commerce and particularly the
timber trade. — All the lands fit for cultivation are
conceded and surveyed and have the advantage of
roads of communication. Part of the concessions
were granted prior to 1759, and generally at the
rent of 1 sol per superficial arpent, and occasionally
a capon on each concession. — The inhabitants of
this S. are wealthy.

Population 1,371
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Schools . . 1
Villages . . 1

Corn-mills
Saw-mills .
Ship-yards
Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers

Taverns .
Artisans .
River-craft
Tonnage
Keel- boats

203

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
9,100
3,640
6,500

630

464 i

Bushels.
Peas . 2,;J40
Rye . 4,160
Mixed grain 3,005

Butter,

cwts, 68,700

Live Stoctc.

Cows . 1,009 1 Swine
Sheep . 3,200 1

775

Title of Riviere da Loup and Isle Verte. — " Concession
du 5me Avril, 1689, faite par Jacques de Srisay, Gouver-
neur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Villerai, pour
le Sieur d'Artigny, et au Sieur Lachenaie, de I'etendue de
terre qui peut se rencontrer entre leurs concessions, avec
deux lieues de profondeur; de laquelle ilsjouiront moiti6
par moitie, et des isles et batures qui se peuvent rencontrer
vis-a-vis la dite Stendue, a cause de la grande quantite de
terras inhabitables qui se rencontrent sur les concessions
a eux ci-devant faites, savoir, au Sieur de Villerai poiu" le
dit Sieur d'Artigny, depuis la riviere Verte jusqu'a deux
lieues en descendant le fleuve St. Laurent ; et au Sieur de
Lachenaie, savoir trois lieues et demie, savoir, une lieue
au dessus de la riviere du Loup, el deux lieues au dessous
de la dite riviSre." — Registre d'l7itendance, No, 3, folio 27.

RiviKRE DU Loup, seigniory, in the co. of St.
Maurice, is bounded s. w. by Fief St. Jean and in
front by Lake St. Peter. — One league in front, viz.

half a league above and below the river Du Loup,
by 4 leagues in depth. Granted, April 20, 1633,
to Sieur Lechasseur. It now belongs to the Ur-
suUne Nuns, at Three Rivers. — This seigniory
surpasses in value, perhaps, every property of
similar extent in the province ; its soil is generally
a light reddish earth, a little sandy, sometimes
mixed with clay ; and in many places it is a fine
yellow fertile loam, producing abundant crops of
grain, and some parts are' particularly eligible for
raising hemp and flax. It is generally level, but
towards the margin of Lake St. Peter it is flat
and low, consisting chiefly of excellent meadow
and grazing land. About the front there is no
timber of superior growth remaining, and indeed
not much of any other ; but towards the rear are
many spots where some pine and oak of the largest
size are to be found. — The Grande and Petite
Rivieres du Loup, on which are 3 corn-mills and
2 saw-mills, and some inferior streams water this
S. extremely well ; the fromer crosses it diagonally
and by its serpentine course greatly heightens the
other natural attractions of the place. — A variety
of good roads lead in every direction. The Quebec
road is embellished on each side by many good
houses and farms in a very improved state. Nu-
merous settlements and roads extend on each side
of the two Rivieres du Loup, whose banks for
several miles upwards are lofty and agreeably
varied with woodland and landscape scenery,
which, combining with the luxuriance of the well
cultivated fields, leaves very little to be desired
with respect to prospect. On the w. side of the
greater river is the Village du Loup, containing
about 40 houses only, but the settlements on each
side of the road are so thickly inhabited that they
may almost be considered an extension of it to a
great distance. In the village, fronting the road,
is a new church, 130 ft. by 52, remarkable for its
size and the good taste of its interior decoration ;
of 3 steeples that surmount it, the 2 in front are
covered with tin, which renders them conspicuous
objects at a considerable distance ; it also contains
4 inns and 2 schools, one English and the other
French, supported by the parish. Near the village
the Grande Riviere du Loup is crossed by a very
fine bridge, handsomely and solidly constructed of
timber. The population and wealth of this place
are considerable ; many trades are carried on, and
many shops kept open for the sale of all kinds of
manufactured goods and produce ; large quantities

R I V

of grain are collected here for exportation, and
deposited in store-houses kept for that purpose.
The whole of the seigniory and part of the aug-
mentation are cultivated. On the rivers are some
corn and saw mills. — The Parish of St. Antoine,
in this S., by a regulation of Sep. 20, 1721, con-
firmed by a decree of the Council of State, March
3, 1722, extends 2J I, including the space be-
tween Grosbois and Maskinonge.

Statistics.

Population 3,740

Fulling-mills

Churches, R. C. 1

Saw-mills

Cures . . 1

Tanneries

Presbyteries . 1

Potteries .

Schools . . 1

Potasheries

Villages . , 1

Pearlasheries

Corn-mills . 3

Medical men

Carding-mills 1

Notaries .

Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans
River craft
Tonnage .
Keel-boats

27
1

20
1

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

21,800

23,400

3,120

Bushels.
Potatoes 28,300
Peas . 3,.380
Indian corn 40

Bushels.
Mixed grain

13,000

Live Stock.

850 I Cows
800 I Sheep

1,930 1 Swine
4,400 1

1,290

Title — "Concession du 20me Avril, 1633, faitepar Mr.
Lefebre, et de Menlles, Intendant, au Sieur Lechasseur,
d'une lieue de terre de front sur quatre lieues de profon-
deur, sur le lae St. Pierre, demi lieue audessus et demi

lieue audessous de la Riviere du Loup, icelle comprise."

Insinuations du Conseil Superieur, Rigistre R. folio 46.

Riviere du Nord, v. North River.

Riviere du Sud (R.), v. Sud.

Riviere du Sud, seigniory, in the co. of I'lslet,
is hounded n. b. by Fournier; s, w. by Berthier ;
in front hy the St. Lawrence. — li league in
hreadth, viz. one league above the mouth of
the E. du Sud and half a league below it, by 4
leagues in depth. Granted, May 5, 1646, to
Sieur de Montmagny.— The original dimensions
of this seigniory have been the subject of much
litigation and were, at length, fixed by an order
from the Court of King's Bench of the province,
according to the line of boundary traced upon the
topographical map, giving an average depth of about
aleague and a half: it is now the property of Monsr.
Couillard. — In proportion to its extent, this is one
of the most valuable possessions in the whole pro-
vince ; it lies generally low, with the exception
of a small ridge or two that separate the settle-
ments on the St. Lawrence from those on the r.
du Sud. The soil is so rich and highly productive.

particularly in grain, as to obtain for it the di-
stinguishing epithet of the granary of the Lower
District. No part of it is neglected, and the
whole is in a state of excellent cultivation. Very
little timber remains. It is advantageously watered
by the R. du Sud, its large branch called Bras
St. Nicholas, the Riviere a la Caille and by many
rivulets. In every part of the S., particularly
near the St. Lawrence and on each side of the K.
du Sud, are many good houses, in the midst of
fertile well-stocked farms, surrounded by fine
gardens and good orchards, which convey an im-
posing idea of the affluent circumstances of their
owners. — Commissioners have been appointed by
the provincial legislature to open and form a road
from the neighbourhood of Rocher de la Chapelle,
in the parish of St. Thomas, to the waste lands
of the crown. The St. Thomas Road begins
at a line dividing the lands of the first concession
from those of the second, s. of the e. du Sud,
and extends with a few windings as far as the south
hank of that river, where it is generally believed
that the waste lands of the crown begin ; it is 11
miles and 18 acres in length. In that extent are
15 hills of a remarkable height, of which seven
only are to be ascended or descended. There are
also eight bridges to be constructed, viz. : — two of
thirty-six feet, three of twenty-five feet, one of
fifteen and two of ten feet or thereabouts. There
is also a small bog, of 135 to 145 ft., which it will
be necessary to pave with logs. The lands, on
each side to a considerable distance, are generally
destitute of soil. Of this road, 3 miles and
about 7 acres are completed, with the exception
of a few large rocks and some small chains of
rock which still remain to be undermined and
levelled. The first eight hiUs, which are the most
elevated, are also finished, and can be ascended
with the heaviest loads. Two of the bridges of
25 feet and one of 10 feet are also completed
and solidly constructed. The bog is also solidly
paved. The St. Pierre Road, which begins about
24 acres from the division line between the lands
of the first and second concessions, to the south of
the R. du Sud, also extends as far as that river,
where it is believed that the waste lands of the
crown begin, and is 1 1 miles and about ^ acres in
length. There are in that extent 12 hills; the
first is of considerable height and length, the others
are small hills with a gentle acclivity. There are
ten bridges to be constructed, one of eighty feet.

RIVER DU SUD.

two of fifty feet, and the other 7 to 15 feet. The
greater part of a hog of ahout three acres requires
a causeway. The lands adjacent to, as well as
those at a great distance from each side of this
road, are generally destitute of soil ; and fine
wood and lands fit to he cleared are to he found
only hy advancing through the crown lands. Of
this road five acres only are completed, but at one
of the most rugged parts, called Les Cotes, where
there was a great deal of undermining to he done,
are 35 acres on which the trees are rooted out
and the stones broken. The frames of the bridge,
of 80 feet are also begun, and the timber is
squared and carried to the spot. Both roads run
almost in their whole length over ground very
uneven, paved with rocks and large stones, which
in great part require to be undermined, broken
and levelled. The sum of 1000/. was voted for
the forming of these roads, arid it is stated that an
additional grant of 350/. will he required. — The
seigniory contains two parishes, St, Thomas and
St. Pierre. The Parish of St. Thomas is 3 leagues
in front, and is bounded s. w. by Berthier ; n. e.
by Lepinay ; s. hy the depth of the first range for
ahout one league, being b. of St. Pierre church
half a league below it ; the rear of the p. is only
2 leagues broad. Almost the whole of this p. is
settled, particularly 3 ranges of concessions, and the
soil is generally stony. As there is no corn-mill in
the P. the inhabitants go to St. Frangois null in Ber-
thier. The Village of St. Thomas contains about 90
houses, exclusive of store-houses and granaries; it is
most delightfully situated at the confluence of the
K. du Sud with the St. Lawrence. The houses are

nearly all built of wood, generally whitewashed,
and disposed into streets with something like
regularity; most of them have gardens and or-
chards attached, and in many instances form de-
sirable residences. There are several shopkeepers
and artisans, with some inns as they are called,
though they have no great claim to distinction for
the good accommodation they afibrd to travellers.
A few highly respectable families have fixed their
habitations here, and form among themselves a
select and pleasant society. When viewed from
Chapel Hill, which lies about 3 miles to the s. w.,
this village has very much the appearance of a
small town, and gives additional interest to a
prospect in every respect beautiful. The church
is 175 ft. by 78, and the wall 40 ft. high. It
was built in 14 months, ending Oct. 1822. It is
superior in magnitude and elegance to any in the
province, excepting the cathedral churches of Que-
bec and Montreal ; its length is 178 feet, its width
78 feet, and its height of wall. 40 feet ; the steeple
and spire, 116 feet. — Crane Island and Goose Island
were originally appendages to the seigniory of
Riviere du Sud, being granted with it on the 5th
May, 1646; hut they have since been dismem-
bered from it and are now the property of Mr.
M'Pherson. They are connected with each other
by a marsh, and altogether make four leagues in ,
length : they are inhabited hy about forty families, .
and well cultivated, producing wheat much beyond
their own consumption. The marshes are peculiar,
for the abundance of fine hay they produce, and
their, pastures are sufiicient for three thousand
head of cattle.

Statistics of the Parishes of St. Pierre and St. Thomas.

Parishes.

g
%

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels. ]

Live Stock. .[

T3 .

St. Pierre . .
St. Thomas . .

1199
3172

1
1

13000
18200

7800
15400

156.0
1040

15000
12005

1520
520

100
2000

100

1000

3000

5500

375
1050

350

700

1050
2800

3000
8750

600
2100

4371

31200

23200

2600'27006

2040

2100

100

1000

3000

5500

1425

1050

3850

11750

2700

Title. Avec les Isles avx Grues et aux Oies.— "Con.
cession du 5me Mai, 1640, faite par laCompagnie, au Sieur
(/e Monimagny, de la riviere appelee du Sud, k I'endroit o4
elle se decliarge dans le fleuve St.Laurent, avec une lieue de
terre le long du dit fleuve St. Laurent, en montant de la dite
riviSre vers Quebec, et demi lieue le long du dit fleuve, en
descendant vers le golfe; le tout sur la profondeur de
quatre lieues en avant dans les terras, en cotoyant la dite

riviere de part et d'autre, et icelle comprise dans la dite
^tendue ; et de plus les deux isles situees dans le fleuve
St. Laurent, proche du dit lieu, en descendant le dit fleuve,
I'une appelee I'isle aux Oies, et I'autre appelee I'isle aux
Grues, avec les batures qui sent entre les deux, le tout
contenant quatre lieues ou environ de longueur sur le dit
Aeuve."— R^gistre d'Iniendance, No, 10 a 17, folio 572.

RIVER OITULLE.

RiviEKE OuELiE or BoTjTEifiiiBisrE and aug-
mentationj seigniory, ill the Co. of Kamwuraska,
is bounded n. b. % St. benis ; s. w: by Ste. Anne ;
itl the rear by Ixvv'ortli ; in firottt by the St. Law-
rence. — 2 leagues in breadth by H in depth.
Granted, Oct. 29th, 1672', to Sieur de la Bou-
teillerie. The augmtntation, 2" leJtgues in front
by 2 in depth, was granted', Oct. 20th, 1750, to
Dame Genevieve de Ramzay, widow of Sieur de

Boishebert : they are now the property of -^

Casgrin, Esq.— ^f of this S. are under cultivation
and f in a state of nature ; ^ is rendered unfit
for cultivation by mobntains and ridges of rocks.
The soil, s. of the rivet Ouelle, is in general a yel-
lowish loam mixed with sand, and in the front it
is alluvial except the ridges which are sandy :
most of the lands under cultivation are of a su-
perior quality. The lands in the rear are tra-
versed by a small ridge and in the 5th range is a
large cedar swamj) ; the soil and timber, however,
improve towards the fief St. Denis.-^There are
7 ranges of concessions in the S. and the whole
as far as the 5th range is conceded and nearly the
s. W. half of the 6th. The chief settlements are
on both sides of the river OueUe, as far as the 4th
range inclusive, and along the main road near the
St. Lawrence. The rents are, for the 1st range
and the greater part of the 2nd, is. 3d. per ar-
pent, for the 3rd' range about Is. 6d. per arpent,
the 4th range 3s. 4d., and 5s. per arpent for the
new concessions. The greater part of the land
bespeaks a superior state of husbandry ; the arable
yields grain of good quality in abundance, the
meadow and pasture lands are very l&xuriaHt,
and the produce of the dairies forms no incon-
siderable portion of the farmer's wealth. The
farmhouses and other dwellings are generally ac-
companied by well stocked gardens and good
orchards, their irlhabitantsi enjoying, from all ap-
pearance, every comfort that industry can procure
among a people wholly cultivators. In the front
part of the seigniory there is but little timber ; in
the rear, however, there is a profuse variety of
the best kinds, but chiefly white pine, some black
birch, maple, spruce, hemlock, &c. and cedar in
the swamps — This S. is admirably watered by the
R. Ouelle, many small streams, and by Lake St.
Pierre. The tide flows up this k. three leagues
over a muddy bar at its mouth, where the water
is 10 to 12 ft. deep at higli tide, 4 to 5 ft. at low
tide, and during spring tides from 14 to 16 ft.

Schooners might ascend 2 miles above the bridge.
In this R. salmon and bass are raither plentiful.—
In this S. there are two fisheries m the St. Law-
rence, one for porpoises, the other for herrings
The porpoise fishery is deserving of a short de-
scription, on account of the facility with whicL
that unwieldy inhabitant of the deep is takem.
It consists in a line of boughs and small poplair
treesj stuck in the mud at low water 2 or 3^ ft.
asunder and extending several humdireds of
yards into the stream, forming at its &rthest ex-
tremity a J circular crescent. The porpoises Ae>-
scending the river with ebb-tide, alarmed at the
agitation of the boughs and trees, which are shaken
by the current or the wind, dare not venture
through the line they might so easily de^roy, and
therefore unwarily remain within the crescent,
where they are harpooned and brought to shore.
They often measure 10 ft. in length and 6 ft. in
ciseiamference and many of larger size are taken.
— The Parish of Notre Dame de Liesse, by an
Order of Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends 2a 1.
along the St. Lawrence, including the fief St
Denis one league to fief la Pocataire called la
Grande Anse, li league. In this parish 261
heads of families, landowners, derive their sub-
sistence chiefly from their farms; 142 heads of
families possess small portions of land; others
hold building plots under the tenants, from which
they raise a little corn ; others live by trade or
daily labo&r, and many by mendicity, particularly
in winter. The number of hired agricultural la-
bourers residing with the farmers scarcely amounts
to 60 or 70; the holders of lands having, for the
most part, numerous families, make use of their
children from the age of 9 or 10 in various em-
ployments on the farm. They nevertheless em-
ploy those who have only building plots or por-
tions of land, too small to support them, in all the
more laborious duties and in harvest-time.— In
1792 there were 25,896 superficial arpents in
concession, and many proprietors possessed from
350 to 500 superficial arpents half cleared and
half covered with standing wood. Since that
period the lands have been divided among children
and part of them sold, so that there are now about
60 persons only who possess farms of 4 arpents
in front by 30 in depth, or 3 arpents by 40; the
others do not possess more than 2 arpents or lA
by 30, 35, or 40 in depth. There remain but
very few lands to concede in this parish, which

RIVER QUELLE.

js composed of Bouteillerie and St. Denis; but
the lands last conceded have not been turned to a
profitable account, the rocis and mountains and
an indifferent soil rendering them unfavourable to
cultivation ; they, however, supply wood for fuel,
which in a few years the inhabitants will have
to seek for in the townships, and those of the first
range are now obliged to seek for it as far as the
5th and even to the 6th range, which is the most
distant. There is nevertheless between the first
and second ranges of Bouteillerie, on the seigno-
rial line and to the n. b., a plain of about one
square league, which, with much labour, might in
the sequel become culturable ; but it seems that
the seignior has no desire to concede these lands.
A road has been opened by the mountains to ex-
tend to the 5th and 6th ranges of Bouteillerie,
which have been conceded by Pierre Casgrain,
Esq. since he became the seignior, but this road
is not yet finished as far as the end of the 6th .
range. No road has yet been opened to the last
concession of St. Denis. The few lands which
I'emain to be conceded are, for the most part, sur-
veyed. The ranges 1, 2, 3, and 4 in both sei-
gniories were granted before 1759, and since that
time there hav^e been but few lands to concede,
except those which had been before conceded and
reunited to the seignior's domain, with the excep-
tion of );he 5th and 6th ranges in both seigniories,
whicl} were granted some years past. In St.
Dejds the farms in the first range are from 2
tp 3 arpents by 40 in depth. In the 2ndj 3rd,
4th, &c. only 30 arpents in depth. In Bouteil-
lerie the first concession is partly 30 and partly
35 in depth, the irregularity being caused by the
course of the river Quelle that bounds it; the
2nd is still more irregular, on account of the con-
tinual windings of the river ; and the 3rd, 4th,
5th, and 6th concessions are generally from 2 or
3 arpents in front by 40 and 42 in depth. Before
1759 the ordinary rate at which the lands were
conceded did not exceed one sol iournois for every
superficial arpent, a quit-rent of a sol and a capon
for every front arpent, the fines on alienation, re-
trait and banmlite. Since the conquest of the
country by the English the rates, at which new
concessions have been granted in this p , have
increased to a crown iournois, and even to 6 francs
per, front arpent by 40 and even 30 in depth. In
St. Denis the seignior has obliged those who
take new concessions to pay, moreover, the 10th

pound of sugar out of the quantity they may make.
It would not be difficult to find in this parish
150 to 200 young persons of 18 years and up-
wards who would, by their own means or by the
assistance of their relations, take lands in conces-
sion, provided farms fit for cultivation could be
found near or even at the distance of a few leagues.
A great many fathers in this parish, capable of
providing their children with live stock and pro-
visions, have settled them from 20 to 30 leagues
hence, at Riviere du Loup, at Cacona, at Trois
Pistoles and even at Rimouski. During the last
30 years a great number have been settled on
lands favourable to agricultural purposes. Those,
who were unable to furnish their children with
the means of settling so far off, have divided their
farms with them. Qthers have been settled on
building plots, and have increased the number
of poor families. None of the inhabitants take
lands in the townships erected in the rear of the
seigniories that compose this parish, because the
rear lands are not yet cultivated, and, there being
no good road, the inhabitants have not applied for
any of those lands, but they must, in a, few years,
resort to them for fuel.

Population 3,672
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Convents . 1
Schools . . 1

Statistics.

Villages

Corn-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Saw-mills

Tanneries

Potteries

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

2
1
i
3
29

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

29,900

13,000

7,800

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

70,000

1,040

Bushels.
Rye . . 1,815
Mixed grain 3,000

Live Stock,

1,215] Cows
546 1 Sheep

2,0101 Swine
4,200 1

1,105

Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par.
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de la Bouteillerie, de deux
lieues <Je front sur une lieue et demie de profondeur, a
prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, savoir une lieue audessus
et une lieue au dessous de la riviere Quelle, iceUe com-
prise." — Registred'Intendance, Nb.ltfolio 6.

Augmentation. — " Concession du 20me Octobre, 1750,-
faite par le Marquis de la Jonquiere, et Franfois Bigot,
Intendant, a Demoiselle Gdnevieve de Ramaay, veuve du
Sieur de Boishebert, de deux lieues de front sur deux lieues
de profondeur, a prendre au bout de la profondeur de la
lieue et demie que contient la Seigneurie de la Bouteillerie,
pour faire, avee I'ancienne concession de 1672, une seule
et meme seigneurie, au lieu appel^ la riviere Quelle."—
Rigistre d'Intendamce, No, 9, folio 70.

kk2

ROADS.

Roads and Internal Communications. —
The following statistical account of the public
money, voted by the legislature of Lower Canada
for the formation and repair of roads and canals
from 1813 to the present time, will prove how
desirous the provincial government is of advancing
the increasing prosperity of the colony.

From 1814 to 1827, both inclusive, 14 years, in- 1

eluding 25,000i for the Welland Canal in V 284,172
Upper Canada 3

From 1827 to 1831, both exclusive, 3 years, } jqq qqq
above J '

^384,172

In 1829 the sum of 35,2^01. was voted by
the legislature for these purposes, and, as a sum-
mary of the appropriations and a brief abstract of
the act may be generally useful, the author here
inserts them.

Appropriation of 35,2'JOl. for Internal Communica-
tions, voted 1829.

iJOl. — To open a road from the Seigniory of GentiUy
to the River Becancour.

400J. Do. from Yamachiche to the Township of Caxton.

470Z To assist in opening the road from St. Francois

Nouvelle Beauce, to the West Arm, and from
thence to open a road to the middle unconceded
Crown Lands at the head of Lake St. Francis
to the Dudswell road.
500/. — To open two roads, one from the last settlement
to Lake Etchemin to the eastward of the River
Chaudiere, and the other from the last settle-
ments to the east of the River Etchemin.
3000/. — Above the sum already granted to open a road
from Mitis to the Mission of Ristigouche.

800/. To repair the Timiscouata Road and Bridges

thereon.
500/. — To open a road between the parish of Kamouraska
and River Quelle.

500/. To open a front road from the third range in the

Seigniory of Bonsecours to the west of I'lslet
ChurchJ
500/. — To open a road from Rocher de la Chapelle to the
imconceded Crown Lands.

500/. To open a road between the last settlements at

St. Pierre, Riviere du Sud, across the High
Lands.

1500/. To repair and complete the road from the head of

Lake Massiwipie to Stukely and Granby, lead-
ing to Yamaska Mountain.
1600/. — To complete the road from Shipton to Leeds.
900/.— To improve the road already commenced from
Drummondville to the Seigniory of Utguire.

500/. To improve the road from Drummondville to

Brompton.
1000/. — For a road between Shipton and St. Gr^goire.
500/. — Above the sum already granted to open the Ken-
nebec Road.
1000/. — To open a road from Dudswell in the District of
Three Rivers, to meet the road already opened
on the line in the District of Quebec.
300/. — To open a road from Tring to Leeds, through

Broughton.
3090/.— For a road from Hull to Grenville.

SOO/.— To explore the country between the nvers St.

Maurice and Ottawa.
200i— To open a road from Beloeil to Vareimes.
300i-To open a road from the last settlements of Ber-
thier, in the District of Montreal, to Brandon.
2000/.-For the road between St. John and Laprame.
1000/.-For the Coughnawaga road, and the road between
Beauharnois and St. Regis. i. ■,„^ „„

200/.-TO open two roads from the new free bridge on
the river Jacques Carrier, across the lands jn
Neuville to Bourglouis, and to buUd two
bridges over the river Portneuf.
1000/.— To improve the road from I'Anse des Meres, in

the Lower- Town to Sillery.
3000/.— For the Ste. Foi, Lorette, Chailesbourg and

Beauport roads. .

1000/.— To improve the roads which lead from the viUage

of Longueuil to Chambly.
200/.-TO assist in opening a water course in the Bou-
cherviUe swamp across the Seigniory of Mon-
tarville, in the Parish of BouchervUle only.
2000/.— For the roads in the vicinity of Montreal.
1000/.— To assist in draining off the water of the MUe
river which divides the town of Montreal from
the St. Lawrence suburbs.
600/.— To improve the road from Three Rivers to Pomte

du Lac. , /-,,,,_

500/.— To open a road from Stoneham to Charlesbourg.

250/.— To open a road from ValcaiUer to Lake bt

Charles. .

300/.— To improve the St. Claire and Muire loads, m

the Parish of Chariesbourg and St. Ambroise.

200/.— To indemnify A. G. Douglass for advances made

by him on the road from St. Gregoire to Long

Point. , „ , .,,

250/._To assist the inhabitants of Frampton to build a

public bridge over the river Etchemin, in the

said township.
1200/.— To complete the St. Paul's Bay road.
350/.— To open a road from Douglas Town to Point St.

Peter ( G«spe).
150/. To assist in improving the road from the head of

the Basin of Gaspe to Douglas Town, through

Haldimand.
330/. — To open a road between New Port and Port

Daniel in the Bay of Chaleurs.
150/. To improve the road between Port Daniel and

La Riviere Nouvelle in the Bay of Chaleurs.
150/ To assist in improving the road between Bona-

venture and New Richmond in the Bay of Cha-
leurs.
500/. To complete the exploring of the lands between

the rivers Saguenay and St. Maurice, and to

pay the balance due on what has already been

explored.

£35,270

Abstract of "An Act to make more effectual
provision for the improvement of the Internal
Communications," passed in 1829.

I. — The Governor to appoint Commissioners.
II. Commissioners to require the Grand Voyers to

examine places where the voluntary consent of

proprietors cannot be obtained for laying out

roads.
III. — Commissioners to report to the Governor their

proceedings and to have his approbation before

applying the money.
IV. — After approbation of the Governor is obtained.

Commissioners to proceed.
V.^Governor to advance the money necessary to pay

labourers, and superintendents their wages.

ROADS.

VI. — Commissioners to render an account of the money
expended.

VII Commissioners allowed acertain sum for managing

and superintending the work.
VIII. — Two years after the passing of this Act no con-
tract for work to be entered into.
IX. — Commissioners to report to the Legislature the

improvements made under this Act.
XII. — Application of the money to be accounted for to
His Majesty.

No account of the following roads being in-
serted in any of the seigniories or townships
through which they pass, a description of them is
here given. The roads of minor extent are de-
scribed in the respective seigniories^ &c. to which
they belong.

Craig's Road extends from the bank of the St.
Lawrence, through the S. of St. Giles, to the t.
of Shipton, whence a road had previously been
made to the river St. Francis, and thence to the
boundary line. This road completed would open
a flourishing country to its natural market, and
cause a large influx of settlers on good lands which
are now lying waste. The lands are good along
this road, and it is perhaps the most favourable place
for settlement of any in British America, but the
inhabitants and settlers must labour under many
difficulties until an effectual road law is made, and
enforced ; for the present road laws as they affect
the townships are easily avoided, and the dif-
ficulty of enforcing them prevents their being
obeyed. This road was originally devised to open
a direct communication between Quebec, the town-
ships on the frontiers, and the adjacent American
States; but its completion has been retarded by
many difficulties, more apparently originating in
a want of determined enterprise, than in any
natural impediments. It was originally traced
out by Mr. Joseph Kilborne, Dep. Prov. Surveyor,
in ] 800, at the expense of Joseph Frobisher, Esq.,
and other landholders in the townships through
which it passes. In 1805, Mr. Wm. HaU, of
Quebec, advanced 130?. to assist in opening this
road. In 1809, Sir James Craig made a farther
opening as far as the river St. Francis ; afterwards
the commissioners for internal communications for
the district of Three Rivers spent a considerable
sum on this road, and opened it as far as the back
part of Shipton. The commissioners for the county
of Dorchester made this road to the district line
of Three Rivers on two points, got the same ver-
balized by the grand voyer, and requested the com-
missioners for the district of Three Rivers to meet

that road on one or both points, so that the people
in the eastern townships might have a direct com-
munication with Quebec. During the administra-
tion of Sir James Craig, detachments of troops
were employed in clearing and making the road,
and in erecting bridges of timber over the rivers
wherever they were found necessary. The object
in view was so far obtained as to enable a stage to
travel with tolerable despatch, though not without
inconvenience to the passengers from the want of
proper places to stop at, and houses for refresh-
ment ; as there is no accommodation of that kind
from the last settlement on the R. Beaurivage to
Shipton, about 60 miles. At Kempt's Bridge,
Palmer's inn was at one time opened; but it
neither answered the expectations of the public,
nor produced benefit to the proprietor. Notwith-
standing inducements were held out to encourage
settlers, by granting them a patent for any lots
they might occupy, on condition of clearing a cer-
tain portion of land, and building a house (of
timber) of given dimensions contiguous to the
road ; these terms were accepted only in two or
three instances, and even these were of no utility
in advancing the work, or of advantage to the in-
dividuals who undertook them. At the com-
mencement of the late war very little progress had
been made, but considerable improvements have
been since effected. The several bridges over the
rivers are named after the military officers who
commanded the detachments employed on this
service, and these officers obtained lands adjacent to
the road ; but military men have seldom the leisure
or the means of becoming permanent cultivators.
Kempt Bridge, about 150 ft.; the Grenadier's
Bridge, about 100 ft. ; Miller's Bridge, also about
100 ft., and 40 other bridges of inferior sizes, and
causeways, built about 1809, had never been
repaired up to 1823, except some little temporary
repairs which the few inhabitants performed; their
bad state was therefore complained of to the House
of Assembly, in a memorial from the landholders
of Ireland, Inverness and Leeds. The legislature
two or three years since voted 400Z. for completing
this road, but the smallness of the sum, and the
impediments which'are thrown in the way by the
act itself, have prevented that sum from being laid
out. As the road is to be ditched for 30 miles, and
as fourteen bridges, each above 20 feet long, and
three bridges above 80 feet long, besides causeways,
are to be erected, 2000/. at least will be necessary

ROADS.

to make that 30 miles a passable carriage road;
and as the road from the township of Ireland to
Mrs. Stocking's, a distance of 30 miles, would re-
quire lOOOZ. more ; it will be seen that to com-
plete Craig's road to Shipton would require at
least 3000/. On Craig's Koad, Ireland, Leeds and
Inverness are the most populous and improved
townships; and on the St. Francis (Road, Shipton,
Melbourne, Wickham, Grantham and Upton. The
main and only roads leading from the heart of
these townships to the older settlements are,
Craig's Road, which, from its intersection of the
St. Francis in Shipton, is open to the settlements
of St. Giles ; and the East and West River Roads
of the St. Francis, leading from Sherbrooke to the
Baie St. Antoine on Lake St. Peter : the road
through Hatley, Stanstead, Bolton, Sutton, St.
Armand, Dunham and Stanbridge, to the settle-
ments of the H. Richelieu has previously opened
several entries into the State of Vermont, with
which constant intercourse is kept. Craig's Road
is very little frequented on account of the obstacles
whichnumerous swamps and windfalls throw in the
way of travellers, particularly in the distance be-
tween the settlements of Leeds and Shipton. Of
the road along the St, Francis, that on the eastern
bank is best and most generally used in summer,
the other is practised preferably in winter. The
worst parts of the summer road are between Cour-
val and Spicers, 6 miles. Of these, four are
called the savanne, which in the wet seasons is
dangerous, and frequently impracticable. The bogs
in the southern quarter of Simpson are another
impediment to the traveller's progress for about
half a league, but it is ascertained not to be perilous
from the firmness of the substratum of the swamp ;
of the last road, that part traversing Potton and
Sutton is the most rugged, broken and bad. The
minor public roads, connecting the settlements of
the townships circumjacent to Ascot, are numerous
and generally much better, having the advantage
of receiving more frequent repairs from the settlers
to be found in greater numbers in this quarter of
the tract than in any of the lands in Shipton.

Temiscowata Portage Road- — About 4-} miles e.
of the Riviere des Caps this important com-
munication commences, which, being the only
route by land from Quebec to Halifax, 627 miles,
is of great importance. It was tirst opened, in
the year 1783, by General Haldimand, at that
time governor of the province : the British mail is

always conveyed by it, when landed from the
packet at Halifax. From the main road of the
St. Lawrence, where the portage road branches
off, to Long's Farm on the bank of Lake Temis-
couata, the distance is 36 miles 16 acres: the
direction of the road is generally eastward, but it
has numerous turns and windings to avoid several
very lofty and rugged hills, or deep swamps ; as
it is, about 24 miles of the distance is over a suc-
cession of mountains, many of them rough and very
steep : this road might be rendered as good and con-
venient for travelling as can be reasonably expected
in a wild and unsettled country. From the bank of
the St. Lawrence, up to Cote's Ferry, on the k. du
Loup, about five miles, the road is as good as can
be desired, and by which carriages of burthen may
proceed to the ferry, or to BaUentine's Mills, a
little to the left: the remainder of the way to
Lake Temiscouata has been much improved:
several soldiers, with their families, were settled
in 1814 upon lands allotted to them at convenient
intervals, under the personal direction of the sur-
veyor-general of the province. These few settlers
are not, however, suificient wholly to answer the
intended purpose, and most probably others wiU
hereafter be placed on proper places, of which
many may be found, where there are large portions
of good land and some extensive bruits, which
might very speedily be brought into a state of
moderate fertility. This portage abounds with
the necessary materials fit for the making of roads,
either upon the old plan of the country or accord-
ing to the system of M'Adam, and has now been
much improved by the grant of money made by
the Legislature. The usual mode of passing the
road in summer was by shafts only. The present
improvements have enabled nine wheel carriages
to pass the whole length ; and although a hilly
road, a box of window glass in one of the carts
was found without one single pane broken. There
is no doubt, however, that the permanent repair
of the Temiscouata portage, and the opening of
the continuation of the post route to Fredericton
and St. John's, must in a great measure depend
on the progressive advancement of the settlements
at the lake extremity of the 12 leagues portage, b)'
which the thoroughfare would be increased, the
communication familiarized, and the roads kept iu
better repair. At this end of the portage road, on
the w. bank of Lake Temiscouata, is situated the
Village of Kent and Stralhem, so called in honour

ROADS.

of the late Duke of Kent. On a small stream,
called LiStle River, com and saw mills have heen
erected ty Col. Fraser which afford many advan-
tagea.r-Capability of Settlement; ahout 100,000
acres of culturahle land could be found contiguous
and along the whole extent of the portage road
from the s. of Riviere du Loup to fief Temiscouata.
The land is generally good, but there is one tract
near the River St. Francis where it will be utterly
impossible to place settlers ; it extends 3 or 4
miles on each side of the portage, and is one entire
bed of shivered stone. It is said that, although
the vegetable productions appear to he the same
as those in the neighbourhood of Quebec, the
country is more subject to frosts in autumn, which
sometimes destroy the potatoes ; perhaps when a
greater space is cleared this evil will be in a great
measure removed. On the right and left of the
portage, as far as 3 leagues, the general appearance
of the country is very uneven, beingacon tinned suc-
cession of mountain^ separated by cedar swamps,
extending in many instances from 1 to 2 leagues.
Those swamps, when cleared and drained, would
prove valualde as meadow lands> the soil being in
many places very deep; the mountainous parts,
with little exception, are very rocky and gravelly,
and therefore little suited to the purposes of
agriculture ; there are, however, occasionally spots
of some extent covered with sugar maple and other
hard wood, well worthy of attention. The timber
is, chiefly, cedar, sapin, pine, hemlock and bass,
interspersed with a few groves of maple and a
^winkling of beech or birch. The trees are of an
unusual size, particularly the cedars and a few
pines and hemlock. — The principal Rivers on the
portage are the b. du Loup, Riviere Verte or
Green River, and Trois Pistoles, which fall into
the St. Lawrence, and the St. rran9ois, that falls
into the r. St. John. Besides these there are the
Great and Little Fourche, the Riviere des Sangues,
Little River, and many smaller streams varying
from 10 to 15 ft. in width, aU very shallow, and
in general supplied with trout and other small
fish. — The principal Lakes near the portage are, a
small lake north of the road, about 3 miles in cir-
cumference, and averaging about J of a mile in
breadth ; 2 lakes on the south side, one about 3
miles, the other from 5 to 6 miles in circumference;
these 3 nameless lakes are said to abound with
fish, and the land about them appears in many
places fit for cultivation. There are also 2 lakes

on the north side of larger dimensions, about 3 ■
leagues frcwn l. Temiscouata, and nearly the same
distance from the portage road.— TAe principal
Mountains over which the road runs are, the St.
Frangois, Cote de la Grande Fourche, St. Jean
Paradis, la Montague de la Riviere Verte, and du
Buard. — The Animals,, formerly numerous in this
region, viz. bears, deer, rabbits, beaver, martin,
otter and musc|,i!iash, are not now very abundant
and are evidently decreasing in number. — The
following account of the repairs done on the
Temiscouata road, in 1830, under the superintend-
ence of Mr. Wolf, is abstracted from his Report,
— The bridge over the K. dm Loup, 395 ft. by 20,
was repaired, as well as the bridge over the E.
Little du Loup ; the former, when first built, cost
about 1,800/., a third part of which was expended
needlessly. Much labour was expended in repair-
ing the road between k. du Loup and R. Verte,
5 miles. The bridge over b. Verte, 70 feet in
length, and the causeway, were repaired. The
road between Riviere Verte and Ruisseau Mor-
neau, being in a very bad condition, was repaired ;
the causeways were decayed, broken down, and in
some places carried away by the waters which
caused deep ruts in the road. Several large rocks
that obstructed the road were removed by making
fires upon them and breaking them to pieces
(water thrown on the heated rocks would have saved
this labour) ; in other places, where the position of
the rocks required it, the ground was levelled up
around them with earth and fragments of rocks.
The bridge over Ruisseau Momeau and la Savane
des Roches being also in bad. condition was repaired.
On the Savane des Roches the repairs made in
1826 were extended by making fires upon the
rocks, and breaking them in pieces, levelling the
road with their fragments and covering it (to the
width of a cart) with earth and gravel. The
bridge beyond la Savane des Roches, over the
Ruisseau des Savanes, being decayed, it was re-
paired with tamarac, no cedar being to be had in
that neighbourhood. There was a bad causeway
close to the bridge over the R. St. Francis, which
was also repaired. The bridge over the k. St.
Francis, being very weak and decayed, was re-
paired, and a new Garde-de-Corps on each side of
the bridge constructed. On the n. w. side of the
St. Francis Mountain the water, having worn a
deep channel, was running down the middle of
the road ; here ditches on each side were made.

R O ADS.

and an outlet cut into tte woods 2 acres in length,
the channel which the water had made being
filled up. In 2 places a new road was made on
one side to the extent of 2 acres ; several large
rocks were removed. The causeways also between
the St. Francis and Grande Fourche, being in the
same bad state as the others, were repaired,
ditches and outlets made and the earth thrown
upon the causeways. The n. w. end of the
Grande Fourche Bridge having given way, it was
raised and repaired j thence to the foot of the
mountain, new causeways were laid and ditches
and outlets made to draw off the water from the
road ; and as the whole of that part appeared to
be constantly inundated, gravel with earth was
used to raise the centre, and this labour was re-
quired throughout the whole part of the road
thence to la Petite Fourche. As the bridge over La
Petite Fourche was in a very dangerous situation it
was repaired; the road at the n. b. end of the bridge,
which was very deep with mud, was also repaired.
The part of the road commencing about ^ mile
beyond La Petite Fourche, being very bad on ac-
count of the great number of springs and the na-
ture of the land not admitting water to pass, was
thoroughly repaired by laying causeways and
digging ditches and outlets. — The bridge over
Mare Sangsue having been destroyed by the spring
flood was repaired; between this place and the
foot of the Buade Mountain is a causeway I mile
in length, part of which was floating ; here drains
were opened, outlets made and the causeways
covered with earth, and the road was widened to
12 feet. The bridge at the Bottom of Buade
Mountain was repaired — Mr. Wolf, at the end
of his report, observes, " That this road is so long
and the nature of the ground so very unfavour-
able, that, although a few hundred pounds be laid
out to the greatest advantage in repairing it, there
still remains ample scope for further improve-
ments; moreover, as long as there are no persons
living on the road to clear the ditches and attend
to other necessary particulars, the most judicious
repairs most rapidly fall into a state of decay.
Colonel Fraser was informed that a better road
could be found out, in which scarcely any hill
would be met with and which would require but
one bridge ; consequently, if this road was under-
taken it would prove, in every respect, preferable
to the present, for only six leagues bush would be
traversed, and if it were once opened it would re-

quire but a small annual expense for maintenance
and improvements, whereas the present, without an
immense sum being expended thereon, will never
prove a good road." In consequence of these ob-
servations, Mr. Wolf was instructed to explore ,
the proposed line of road. He entered it at the
Ha-Ha, one league distant from Lake Temis-
couata, proceeded in a n. e. course for one league,
leaving the Ha-Ha Mountain on the left, then
changed his course and proceeded n. n. b. for
about two miles through a fine valley, good land,
wood, elm, cedar and spruce ; arrived at a small
river about 15 feet wide and 3 deep, after cross-
ing which he changed his course to the north and
proceeded for about 3 mUes,- good land, hard
wood, a small stream about 2 feet deep and 10 in
breadth, level land with hard timber. The whole
of the distance above referred to is surrounded
by small mountains ; this course he followed for
two miles farther and found a small lake, about
half a mile on his left, 18 acres in length and 2
broad. The second day he continued his course
north (to avoid falling on the Grande Fourche
Lake, which is about 2^ leagues in length and 15
acres broad), when, having proceeded about six
miles, he found another small lake at the distance
of four acres on his left, which lake is about six
acres long and one broad; he then reached a
rising ground with a gradual ascent and descent,
about H mile in length ; thence he arrived at the
K. Little Fourche, in breadth at that place 12 ft.
and 3 deep ; the land all that distance generally
covered with hard timber ; he then changed course
to the N. N. w. and came to another rising ground
covered with a fine sugary, ascent and descent
gradual; thence he arrived at the discharge of
La Grande Fourche, which forms here a rapid
river 20 ft. broad and 6 deep. The third day he
changed course to the n. w. in a direct line to the
Village de la Plaine, one mile below the saw-mill
on the Green River. (Two or three small lakes
and some high mountains were seen between the
H. Grande Fourche and this place, all at some
distance from the line on the left, none of which
interfere with the proposed line of road.) He
then came to a circular mountain covered with a
sugary and desired his guide to ascend a high
tree, to ascertain whether it might not be avoided ;
the guide said that he observed a valleyround it, and
that it was not of such a nature but that the road
might be laid over it in a zig-zag way, and it would

ROADS.

have an easy ascent and descent. After leaving
this mountain he found a lake on the left, about
^ mile (called Lake Ibert), of the same size as that
of Grande Fourche ; at a farther distance of about
two miles he found another called PouillaCj six
acres in length and two broad, on the same side ;
he then met a swamp of about one acre in length
which would require paving. The land in general
is good and fit for cultivation ; there are a few
inconsiderable hills, but so situated as to prove no
obstacle to the road should it be undertaken. The
fourth day he proceeded the same course (n. w.)
and found the land level and the timber good ; at
five o'clock p. M. hb arrived at the St. Lawrence,
in front of the Village de la Plaine, in the fourth
concession of Cacona, to which place from the
point he set out from is reckoned 9 leagues, and
in that distance only 4 bridges would be required.
After having made this survey, Mr. Wolf arrived
at the following conclusion : That a good road
could be made, in every respect preferable to the
present one, at the expense of about £3,000
currency, and that the country through which it
would pass is of good quality and fit for settle-
ment. The present Portage Road is 36 mUes, and
the intended road, from Cacona to the lake, 30
miles, but following the main road from St.
Andrew to the Village de la Plaine, about 12
miles more, it would be six miles longer from
Quebec to the lake ; but the advantages which
the intended road would possess over the present
would far outweigh this consideration. In Mr.
Wolf's opinion the advantages of this road over
the present would be very great, as from the
nature of its soil and timber it is certain that it
would be soon settled, and would not require so
much labour and expense to keep it in repair.
Mr. Wolf seems to be decidedly of opinion that
the proposed road would be more advantageous in
every respect than the present ; and after enu-
merating the diflBculties and inconveniences of the
latter, he concludes by saying that " it may be
fairly divided as follows; one-third mountains,
another bridges and causeways, and the last con-
sisting of nothing but rocks of different dimensions,
which occupy such a breadth as to render it im-
possible to avoid them."

Kennebec Road. — In 1830 the extent of this
road to be made was 28 miles from the seignorial
Jine of St. Charles Belle Alliance to the province
line. Of this road 8 miles and 7 acres were in

that year made a good wheel-carriage road, 18 feet
wide, with ditches at the .sides of sufficient depth
and breadth. The country through which that
part of the road passes is rather hilly, but fit for
cultivation and settled in different places; there
are nine steep hills which were cut in thbse places
where the road was necessarily carried. The
country through which the remainder of the road,
then unmade, was carried and opened as a path
road to the province line, is more level and in
general of a better soil, on which five consider-
able bridges were made, 6 steep hills cut and 3
miles of it cleared of windfalls. The lands on each
side of the road were surveyed and are of a de-
scription to encourage a quick settlement : £1,600
would be required to make this part of the road,
being 19 miles and 21 acres. The commissioners
were convinced that, if the Kennebec Road was
perfectly opened as well as it is now made on the
American side up to the lines, a line of diligence
or post might be established from Pointe-Levi to
Portland, the nearest sea-port from Quebec, or to
Boston. The Quebec market would be provided
with cheaper provisions ; the public revenue raised
considerably, especially if duties were drawn from
live stock; and the American settlers near the
lines would take produce in exchange instead
of specie. The Kennebec Road is now opened,
owing to the indefatigable exertions of Charles
Taschereau, Esq., one of the commissioners. Se-
veral American gentlemen from Boston and dif-
ferent parts of Maine have come through with
their waggons and gigs on a pleasure excursion to
the s. of Ste. Marie, where they remained a few
days, delighted with the romantic appearance of
that part of the country. For several years Ame-
rican produce has been sent through Kennebec,
viz. cattle of every description, fish, poultry,
honey, &c. The distance from Pointe-Levi to
the province line by this road is 31 leagues. The
mail ought to be sent through this route to the
United States, being the most direct communi-
cation.

Kempt Road is a new communication recently
surveyed and opened. It commences from the
St. Lawrence, near the mouth of the river Grand
Mitis, and is carried s. e. to the head of Lake
Matapediac, about 30 miles ; it then runs along
the E. bank of that lake and follows the river
Matapediac to its confluence with the river Risti-
gouche, more than 50 miles; at this place it

Ii L

R O A

R O U

meets the Ristigouche Road that leads to the In-
dian mission at the head of Ristigouche Bay.
This important line of communication is produc-
tive of two great advantages/ 1st. It connects
the settlements on Chaleurs Bay with those on
the s. shore of the St. Lawrfence, and forms a
useful means of communicatioil with the county of
Gaspe and the province of Ne^ Brunswick. 2nd.
It presents a large field for eiiiigrant settlements,
as it passes through extensive tracts of land gene-
rally susceptible of cultivation^ although in many
places uneven and mountainous. The sum of
=£3,000 has been voted by the provincial legis-
lature for the purpose of opfening this road, —
The following information rblative to the best
and cheapest mode of opening a road thrdugh
wild lands is supported by the testimony of John
Neilson, Esq. — Employ 3 trusty Indians, or others
accustomed to the woods and country work, by
the day, to explore and mark out the easiest and
nearest place for a road, avoiding steep hills and
morasses, by which a common horse and cart
might transport a burthen of 5 cwts. without un-
loading. The road should be cut ] 2 French feet
wide and the whole width cleared off; the stumps
taken out and cut below the level of the road and
the black earth, or six inches below the general
surface ; the high places to be levelled down and
the hollows filled up, so that a common horse
could travel it in the wettest seasons with a cart
loaded with five cwts., at least, without unloading.
Logging, paving with logs, and draining where
necessary, are of course included in the contract ;
the price to be so much per arpent, advance of
one-third on furnishing two good securities and
commencing the work, one-third when completed,
and one-third on report of approval by experts ;
the time at which the work will be ready for de-
livery to be stated. It might be proper, perhaps,
to divide the whole into numbered lots of 30 ar-
pents, each commencing from the opening of the
road, receiving proposals for either of the num-
bers. The manner in which the road is to be
made to be carefully expressed in the advertise-
ments to contractors, for the price depends upon
the manner in which the work is to be done as
well as the decision of the experts. Unless a
legal road is made at once 36 French feet wide,
and the trees cut down half an arpent on both
sides, it is not necessary to make a first cart road
in the woods wider or better than above described.

for 20 or even 60 feet wide would not prevent it
being encumbered with falling trees ; indeed, when
the , road is wide they are more apt to fall, and,
the sun getting in, the brush grows up sooner and
snow-drifts form in winter. If a cart road is
made, immediately after it is done there ought to
be a proves verbal of it by the grand voyer, deter-
mining the manner and by whom it is to be made
and kept up in future.

Roche Coupe, v. Twashega, k.

Roches, des, river, in the S. of Cote de Beaupr^.
This little ii. joins the Ste. Anne.

Roches, Portage des, v. Chicoutimi, k.

Rock River, in the t. of St. Armand, runs
into Missiskoui Bay, where its mouth forms a part
of the province line. It turns a corn-mill and a
saw-mill.

RoQUBTAif^L ADE, Seigniory, in the co. of Nicolet,
is bounded N. E. by Godefroi; s. w. by Nicolet j in
the rear by Aston ; in front by the St. Lawrence.
— About half a league in front by 3 leagues in
depth. Granted, Apr. 22, 1675, to Sieur Pierre
Godefroi de RoquetaUlade.

Title. — " Concession en date du 22nne Avril, 1675, faite
au Sieur Pierre Godefroi de RoquetaUlade, par Louis de
Buade Comte de Frontenac, des terres qui sont le long du
fleuve St. Laurent, contenant une demi li.eue ou environ
de front, a prendre depuis ce qui est concede au Sieur de
Godefroi son pere, au dessous des Trois Rimeres, en
montant, jusqu'aux terres de la Seigneurie de Nicokt,
avec trois lieues de profondeur." — Cahiers d' Intendance,
No. 2d. 9, folio 152.

Rose, a la, in the S. of Cote de Beaupre.
This little b. joins the Ste. Anne.

RouEKT, river, in the S. of Lauzon. Riviere
Rouert is formed by the junction of Ruisseau des
Prairies with several small streams, and running
through the n. w. angle of the S. it faUs into
the St. Lawrence in the front of the first range.

RouGBMONT, mountain, v. St. Hyacinthe, S.

Rouge Riveh, in the co. of Ottawa, rises in
some lakes north of the t. of Grenville, about 40
or 50 miles from its mouth. It traverses Gren-
ville to its front range, where, at lot 22, it falls
into the r. Ottawa about 1 1, mile above the r.
Calumet. Its bed lies amidst abrupt mountains
and rocky cliflTs, and its waters consequently rush
down with tumultuous rapidity. It is about 4
chains wide and not navigable except for the ca-
noes of the Indians, who go into the back country
for the purposes of trade. It is well stocked with
fish.

R O U

Rouge, river, in the S. of Lauzon, rises in the
S. of Gaspe, and runs into Lauzon, where it enters
the Beaurivage in the concession called Ste. Eliza-
beth.

Rouge or Red River, rises in the rear part
of Rawdon, and in the front of that t. is joined
by the r. Blanche descending from the t. of Kil-
dare ; it then turns Dugat's mills ; after which it
takes a small circuit in Kildare and enters the aug.
toLavaltrie, where it falls into the R.L'Assomption
a little above the r. Lac Ouareau, from which it
is not separated above one mile for 18 miles above
its mouth. On this r. is a place called Les Dalles,
from a singular contraction of the river, whose
banks, for some distance on each side, are perpen-
dicular rock 30 to 40 ft. in height. The current
necessarily glides through these narrows with un-
usual rapidity and is much increased, in the spring
and fall of the year, by the additional volume of
water which passes down, with the precipitancy
of a cataract, until it bursts from its fetters at the
foot of i\i6 Dalles and meanders along its more
natural bed.

RouviLLE, county, in the district of Montreal,
is bounded n. w. by the river Richelieu or Cham-
bly, together with all the islands in that river
nearest to the county; e. and n. E. by the coun-
ties of Missiskoui and Richelieu ; and s. by the
s, boundary of the province. It comprises the
seigniories of Rouville, Chambly East, Monnoir
and its augmentation, Bleury, Sabrevois, Noyan
and Foucault. — Its extreme length is 42 miles
and its breadth 9, containing 384 square miles.
Its lat. on the river Richelieu is 45" 18' 30" n.
Ion. 73° 15' w. It sends 2 iftembers to the pro-
vincial parliament and the place of election is at
Ste. Marie de Monnoir. — This county, in soil and
surface, resembles the county of Chambly and is
generally level, with the exception of the two
conspicuous mountains of Rouville or Mount
BeloeU and Mount Johnson. — This co. is chiefly
watered by the R. Chambly, which forms its w.
boundary, and by the Riviere des Hurons, Ruisseau
Barre, Riviere du Rapide, and South River. — It is
traversed by numerous roads presenting handsome
and flourishing settlements, especially along the
banks of the rivers. The most worthy of notice
are Kempt Road, leading from St. John's to St.
Armand, and another road that leads through
Philipsburg into the United States. — This co, has

many corn and saw-miU establishments and is
highly productive in grain of every kind. The
northern section is peopled by Canadians and its
southern is chiefly inhabited by Americans, Scotch
and Irish. It contains the parishes of St. Hilaire,
Pointe Olivier, St. Jean Baptiste, Henryville,
Georgeville, and St. Thomas.

Population 16,159
Churches, Pro. 2
Parsonage-house 1
Churches, R.C. 4.
Cures . 4

Presbyteries 4p
Villages . 3
Schools . 15

Statistics.

Corn-mills .
Saw-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Tanneries
Hat-manufact.
Potteries
Potasheries .

Pearlasheries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats .

104

1
13

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats
Barley
Peas

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
167,216
89,740
28,200
39,900

Bushels.
Rye . 8,220
Buck-wheat 3,020
Ind. corn 16,975
Mixed grain 4,910

Bushels.
Potatoes 14fl,300
Maple sugar,

cwts. 642
Hay, tons 45,600

Live Stock.

5,363 1 Cows
4,521 1 Sheep

9,736 1 Swine
34,410 I

7,899

Rouville, seigniory, in the co. of RouviUe, is
bounded N. e. and e. by St. Charles and St. Hya-
cinthe ; s. w. by East Chambly ; in front by the
R. Richelieu. — 2 leagues in front by 1^ in depth.
Granted, Jan. 18th, 1694, to Jean Baptiste Hertel,
Sieur de Rouville and is now the property of J. B.
M. H. de Rouville, Esq. — This tract contains land
of so good a quality that nearly the whole of it is
in a very advanced state of improvement, princi-
pally in tillage. The concessions are divided into
8 ranges, all running nearly parallel to the r. :
they are watered by several small streams, he-
sides the Riviere des Hurons, which is one of
considerable magnitude : these ranges are sub-
divided into 380 farms. Some parts of the S.
are favourable to the growth of hemp. All the
lands are conceded with the exception of certain
pieces situated in the rear of the conceded lands,
and of suflacient extent to increase the depth of
those lands 30 arpents, and the proprietors have
the liberty of purchasing them, but they are not
calculated for new settlements. No concession
was granted previous to 1759. — The principal
rivers are the Richelieu, the Riviere des Hurons
and the Ruisseau de la Montagne, on which the

ll2

ROUVILLE.

mills are built ; there are also many small streams,
one of which is so rapid as never to be frozen in
winter. Col. de Rouville's mills on the slope of
the Rouville Mountain are of much use to several
of the neighbouring parishes. There are 3 ferry-
boats over the Richelieu and 8 sols are charged
for every description of carriage. — The roads
alona; the bank of the Richelieu and on both
sides of the k. des Hurons are good ; there are
also two that take a southernly direction and open
a direct communication with the river Yamaska.
The cattle is of the Canadian breed, and agri-
cultural labour is performed with oxen as well as
horses. — Mount Rouville, sometimes called St. Hi-
laire, Chambly or Beloeil Mountain, is between
the 2nd and 3rd ranges and is well worthy of re-
mark on account of its height, its form, its extent,
and the points of view afforded from its summit.
It is composed of seven mountains and extends
over nearly 2| leagues square. On the south
side the acclivity is gentle, but in the opposite
direction it is very steep and abrupt. On the
summit of this mountain there is a beautiful little
lake of fine clear water about one league in cir-
cumference, from which a rivulet flows in a pretty
winding stream into the Riviere des Hurons.
The slopes of the Mount are in many places broken
by woods that greatly increase its picturesque
beauty. The table rock at the summit of the

cone has been ascertained to be 1,100 feet above
the level of the river. Its access is extremely
tedious and difficult, but none wUl look back to
their fatigues with regret when they behold, from
this exalted point, the most extensive scope of
country that can be embraced at one view from
any spot in Lower Canada; soaring as it were
above the magnificent valley, from which the
mountain rises, the tourist catches at a glance all
its numerous beauties, traces the Richelieu from
its outlet from Lake Champlain to its confluence
with the St. Lawrence, which is also discerned
at various points, till its surface is distinctly seen
before Montreal. The city and the mountain
could almost be sketched, so clearly are they vi-
sible from the cone. To the eastward the pro-
spect is partially intercepted by one of the hills
forming the group. It is said that in very clear
weather, with the aid of a telescope, the town
of Three Rivers can be discovered to the n. e.,
and to the s. the settlements of Burlington, on
Lake Champlain, in the State of Vermont. —
This S. is divided into two parishes ; the Parish
of St. Hilaire belongs to Mr. Rouville, and the
church stands in front of Mount Rouville. — The
Parish, of St. Jean de Baptiste is s. of the Mount
and its church is nearly in the rear of it. It has
a village containing 25 houses. This parish is
more numerously settled than that of St. Hilaire.

Statistics.

Parishes.

1
>

B
g

-.a

a!'
■s

■A

1
1

St. Jean Baptiste
St Hilaire

2098
1038

1
1

3136

1 I 2

Parishes.

Annual /Vgricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stocli. 1

1
St

o
S

1
u

St. Jean Baptiste
St. Hilaire

20800
7800

7800
2600

5000
4000

9100
1300

3900
520

500
400

1050
980

1300
1840

1705
300

8300
8000

1405
1350

28600

10400

9000

10100

4420

900

2030

3140

2005

16300

2755

S A B

SAG

Title " Concession du 18me Janvier, 1694, faite par

Louis de Buade, Gouvenieur, et Jean Bochart, Intendaiit,
au Sieur Jean Baptiste Hertel, Sieiir de Rouville,. de deux
lieues de terre de front avec une lieue et demie de pro-
fondeur, joignant d'un cote la terre de la Seigneurie de
Chambly, en descendant la riviere Richelieu; de I'autre
cote les terres non-conc^dees du cote du Sud de la dite
rivifire Richelieu" — Rigistre d'lntendance. No. \ folio 13.

Rovek's Water, a stream in the t. of Stan-
don. It runs into M'Carthy's River.

RoxTON, township, in the co. of Shefford, lies
between Milton and Ely and is bounded in the
rear by Acton and in front by Shefford. — The
southern moiety has been surveyed and granted.
-The land is good and if cultivated would prove
fertile. The low land is rather wet, but not un-
fit for tillage, as it produces some of the best spe-
cies of hard, black wood. Branches of the Ya-
maska and several other streams water this town-
ship, which contains only a very few settlers. —
Ungrantcd and unlocated, 12,000 acres.

Rum River, near Lake St. John, is a pretty
little stream, that empties itself n. w. into Lake
Noh-oui-loo, an expansion of the h. Peribonea.
The timber on the banks of Rum River is white
birch, red and white spruce, and a few pines. The
banks are low and covered with wild hay in great
abundance.

Rupert River empties itself into Hudson's
Bay, carrying the waters of the great L. Mis-
tassin or Mistissynis. This river is considerably
larger than the Saguenay.

RUSSEI/L-TOWN, V. Beauharnois, S.

Rynbat Lake, lies in the s. w. corner of the
T. of Stoneham; its waters are discharged into
Lake St. Charles by a connecting stream.

Sable Lake, or Lac dbs Sables, is about
90 miles up the r. aux Lievres. Here a private
fur-trading post is established, and at the out-
let the Hudson's Bay Company have also a post.
From the outlet of the lake to the entrance of the
au Lievres, 25 miles, several clearances and settle-
ments have been made, and mills have been erected
by Mr. Bowman. Here a Mr. Fisher has a farm
and is doing well : he purchased of Mr. Wright,
about the year 1818, a bull, a cow and a heifer,
which he drove from the t. of Hull to his farm
on the borders of this lake which is large, na-
vigable, and in much repute for fishing.

Sable, au, river, in the S. of Pointe du Lac,
runs in a very devious course into the St. Law-
rence after watering the village of Pointe du Lac.

Sable, au, river, runs into the n. side of the
Saguenay.

Sabbevois, seigniory, in the co. of Rouville, is
bounded e. by Stanbridge; w. by the b. Riche-
lieu; N. by Bleuriej s. by Noyan. — 2 leagues in
front by 3 deep. Granted, Nov. 1, 1750, to Sieur
Sabrevois, and is now the property of Gen. Christie
Burton. Between this S. and that of Bleurie
there is a great resemblance in situation and
quality of land; the swamps are perhaps rather
more extensive in Sabrevois than in Bleurie, but
here and there some patches of fertile good soil
are met with, and many of greater extent might
be added by draining, which could in several
places be performed with little labour or expense.
— The Village of Henryville contains about 20
houses, 10 of which are two stories high ; there is
also a saw-mill.

Statistics.

Population 584
Schools . 1
Saw-mills . 1

Potasheries . 1
Pearlasheries 1
Shopkeepers 1

Taverns
Artisans

. 1
. 6

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 4il00
Oats . 2,.340

Bushels.
Potatoes 10,700
Peas . 2,000

Bushels.
Indian corn 1,180

Live Stock.

Horses . 234
Oxen . 400

Cows . 560
Sheep . 1,300

Swine

. 500

Title. — " Concession du ler Novembre, 1750, faite par
Marquis de la Jonquiem, Gouvemeur, et Francois Bigot,
Intendant, au Sieur de Sabrevois, de deux lieues ou en-
viron de front, sur trois lieues de profondeur, bornee du
cflte du Nord par la Seigneurie eoncedee au Sieur de Sa-
brevois de Bleuri, le 30me Octobre dernier, sur la meme
ligne; du c6t6 du Sud a deux lieues ou environ sur la
dite Seigneurie par une ligne tir^e Est et Ouest du monde,
joignant aux terres non-conc6d4es ; sur la devanture par la
riviere Chambly et sur la profondeur a trois lieues joignant
aussi aux terres non-conced6es." — Rigistre d'lntendance.
No. 9, folio 13.

Saguenay, county, in the district of Quebec, is
bounded s. w. by the co. of Montmorency; n. e.
by the n. e. boundary of the province; s. e. by
the St. Lawrence, including all the islands in
that river nearest to the county and in whole or in
part fronting it ; n. w. by the northern boundary
of the province.. It comprises part of the S. of

SAG

Beaupre, the seigniories of GoufFre, Eboulemens,
Murray Bay and Mount Murray and the town-
ship of Settrington. — Its extreme length is 547
miles and its depth 240, containing 72,700 square
miles. Its western extremity at Cap L' Abatis is
in lat. 47° 12' 30", Ion. 70° 24' 30" w. and its
eastern extremity is in lat. 51° 30' 0" n.. Ion.
55° 20' 0" w. — It sends two members to the pro-
vincial parliament and the places of election are
at Bay St. Paul and Murray Bay. This county,
in territorial extent, ranks the first in the province,
but only the 33rd in agricultural importance and
the 26th in population. It embraces a vast space
of country traversed by numerous rivers and lakes.
— The chief rivers are the Saguenay and its nu-
merous tributary streams, the Grand Decharge,
the Chicoutimi, Belle Riviere, Peribonea, Gouffi-e,
Mai Bay, Black Biver, Portneuf, • Belsiamitis,
Bustard and Manicouagan. Of the numerous
lakes those most worthy of notice are Lake St.
John, Kiguagomi and the Kiguagomishish, which
are separated by short portages and which, with
the rivers Chicoutimi and Belle Riviere, form
the communication from Chicoutimi to Lake St^
John. An incredible number of other lakes spread
over the surface of this co., which are known only
to traders and Indians. — The face of the country
is uneven and mountainous and the land inferior
in quality; yet explorations in 1828-9 have esta-
blished the existence of arable tracts, and some
valuable timber in the vicinity of Lake St. John,
the peninsula, &c. — This county contains nu-
merous trading and fishing posts and stations on
the St. Lawrence. It comprises within its limits
the Island of Anticosti as being in front and
nearest thereto. — Vide vol. I.

Population 8,366
Churches, R. C. 6
Cures . . 4
Presbyteries . 6
VUlages . 3

Schools . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills .

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans
Shipyards
River craft ,
Tonnage
Keel boats

690

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

56,734,

16,735

5,336

Bushels.
Peas . 4,135
Rye . 3,4S0
Buck wheat 2,000

62,736 1 Indian corn 3,297

Bushels.
Mixed grain 3,200
Maple sugar,

cwts. 296
Hay, tons 26,500

2,148
3,162 1 Sheep

Live Stock,

Cows . 5,1431 Swine,
17,306 1

8,105

SAG

Saguenay, river, called by the Indians PitcM-
tauichetz, is formed by two outlets of Lake St.
John, the Orande Decharge and the Petite De-
charge, which are separated by Dalhousie Isles
and Grande Isle, which lie at the eastern ex-
tremity of the Lake. The junction of these out-
lets, 3 leagues from l. St. John, supplies the first
waters of the important b. Saguenay, which runs
eastwardly to the St. Lawrence, into which it falls
at Pointe aux AUouettes, about 5 miles below
Tadoussac and 35 leagues below Quebec, after a
course of between 50 and 60 leagues. The Sa-
guenay is interrupted in its course by abrupt pre-
cipices, over which it dashes its foaming current,
and being bounded by banks of great elevation, is
remarkable for the depth and impetuosity of its
flood, which runs through a section of rocks from
200 to 1000 ft. in height.— The width of the Sa-
guenay is always considerable, though, like other
rivers, it varies; for 10 leagues above Ha-Ha
Bay it is a quarter of a league wide, below Ha-
Ha Bay to Tadoussac it averages half a league,
and at its mouth it is from 60 to 70 chains. —
The depth of the Saguenay at its mouth in mid-
channel has not been ascertained; Capt. Martin
could not find bottom with 330 fathoms of Une.
At the distance of one hundred fathoms from the
shore vessels anchor in twelve or fourteen fathoms,
and the bottom is good. About two miles higher
up it has been repeatedly sounded from 130 to 140
fathoms ; and from 60 to 70 miles from the St.
Lawrence its depth is found from 50 to 60 fa-
thoms. — The impetuous torrent of the Saguenay
when the tide is low is sensibly felt in the St.
Lawrence, which for a distance of many miles is
obliged to yield to its impulse, and vessels, ap-
parently going their course, have thereby been
carried sidelong in a different direction. — Above
30 rivers pour their tributary waters into the Sa-
guenay, twelve of which at least are navigable for
canoes and some of them for large boats. — The
navigation of the Saguenay is a subject of great
importance to the future settlement of the ex-
tensive section of country watered by it and its
numerous tributary streams. Its course, notwith-
standing its magnitude, is rendered very sinuous
by the many points that project from the shores.
In winter the river is frozen from Chicoutimi to
the Isles St. Louis from Dec. 10 to the 10th or
20th of May, and the navigation closes about
the end of Oct. : the port of Tadoussac is open

SAGUENAY.

2 or 3 weeks earlier than that of Quebec and
closes as much later. The general bearing of
the Saguenay from its mouth is w. n. w. On
leaving the harbour of Tadoussac to enter the Sa-
guenay the most common course is n. n. w. ; above
the islands of St. Levyis a w. n. w. course is to be
followed. From the harbour of St. John to reaich
Cap a I'Est to the river Caribou the course is
north, thence to La Riviere du Moulin which is
half a league from Chicoutimi the course is w. s. w. ;
leaving this place for Chicoutimi the course is n.
The Saguenay is navigable for vessels of any size
for a distance of about twenty-two or twenty- three
leagues to Ha-Ha Bay^ which is a good harbour ;
and thence for five or six leagues to Chicoutimi
the river is navigable at high water for vessels of
large dimensions. Relative to the navigation of
the Saguenay Mr. Nixon says, " That not more
than ten sail can ride in safety in the harbour
of Tadoussac; at low water a ship can be brought
close in shore, for it descends at once. At spring
tides the bank is quite dry; the water rises at
the highest eighteen feet in spring and fall tides,
but commonly twelve in the summer. In I'Ance
& Catharine there is a distance of three quarters
of a league formed by the point or Battures aux
AUouettes and the point of the Saguenay ; this
forms St. Catharine's Cove which is from two
to thirty fathoms deep. Thirty sail can ride in
safety from the Westernly winds : one-third of the
tide out, there runs in a pretty tolerable swell
with a south-east wind. Ships of the line can
sail up as far as Rocky Point, which is four leagues
from Chicoutimi ; at low water they can beat up,
although the wind may be contrary, having the
flood in their favour; but there are only two
places of anchorage for them, between St. Catha-
rine and Rocky Point, and between St. John's Bay
and Ste. Marguerite ; the former six, the latter five
leagues from Tadoussac. There are many har-
bours for schooners from sixty to eighty tons, and
they can carry their fastenings ashore should they
not find anchorage. Vessels of eighty tons can
sail uj) at high water and anchor close to the Big
Rock at Chicoutimi : they must tide it up from
Point aux Roches, owing to the rapids and shoals
of that part of the river. The harbour for ves-
sels at Chicoutimi is to the westward of the Big
Rock, opposite to the landing-place: they can
drop their anchors and haul the vessels dry ashore.
From Ste. Marguerite upwards the current is hardly

perceptible in high waters in spring and fall. The
tide runs up to the foot of the falls of Terres
Rompues, which is about two leagues farther
than Chicoutimi : it rises about fifteen feet. The
Big Rock is at least twelve feet high, and the
waters have been seen to be three feet above it."
— The Grande Decharge, on the eastern side, is
a rapid stream navigable only for canoes, and
even in these dangerous to all but the most ex-
perienced canoemen — The prevailing winds on the
Saguenay are the n. b. and N. w. ; and the most
common is the n. w., which sometimes blows with
frightful violence. The N. w. is the best wind for
coming down the river ; to ascend it a N. e. wind
is wanted. It is said that other winds are im-
perceptible.

Soil, climate, and capability of settlement. — The
desire of the provincial government to effect set-
tlements in the Saguenay country has been evinced
by the latei explorations of the river Saguenay and
Lake St. John, and by the evidence which was
called for by the committees appointed by the le-
gislature for that purpose. The result of all these
inquiries has produced a knowledge of the capa-
bilities of the country and of its probability of set-
tlement, hitherto unattainable. It is now nearly
three centuries since the first exploring survey of
the river Saguenay took place. The expedition con-
sisted of eight barks and 70 men, under the com-
mand of Mons. Roberval, at that time the French
king's lieutenant-general in the countries of Ca-
nada, Saguenay, and Hochelaga ; they sailed from
Quebec 7th June, 1543. All that is known of
this voyage is, that eight men and one bark were
lost. The recent surveys have been made, for-
tunately, with complete success and in perfect
safety. The marvellous and astonishing tales re-
lated of the Saguenay have been disproved; its
unnavigable current, its immeasurable depths, its
tempestuous hurricanes, its inaccessible and dan-
gerous rocks, its destructive eddies and whirlpools,
have been clearly proved to be fabulous. The
whole tract of the Saguenay country has been
sufficiently explored to warrant the assertion that
it is, in numerous places, susceptible of settlement
and offers a wide and promising field for agricul-
tural speculation, particularly if undertaken on a
large scale, for ths immediate settlement of the Sa-
guenay can be undertaken only by government or
by individuals of colossal fortunes, for, without con-
siderable advanceSj such persons as those by whom

S A G U E N A Y.

new settlements are generally formed could not
plant themselves therCj notwithstanding the ad-
vantages which the territory offers. The eventual
settlement of this section of the province will,
however, he effected, even without the aid of go-
vernment or companies, although its progress must
be very gradual and slow, for since rival trading
companies have got to he neighbours, the trade is
of little value, to any one except the Indian, per-
haps, who in consequence receives less harsh treat-
ment and often a higher price for his furs from
the party most anxious to traffic with him. The
whole Indian population will soon be extinct,
and the trader finding no occupation will be
forced to take to the plough in order to raise
corn enough for his support, a change which is
already visible at several of the posts. — The cli-
mate of the Saguenay is good and similar, if not
better, than that of Quebec, although the au-
tumnal frosts are felt there earlier: the climate
is, however, inferior to that of Lake St. John,
•where the frost is said to commence from 15 to
20 days later. At Chicoutimi the land is fit for
tillage in May, and strawberries have been eaten
there on the 17th of June. — The soil in the im-
mediate vicinity of the Saguenay is various, and
the banks, which rise in many places perpen-
dicular with the surface of the river, are fre-
quently very rocky and immensely high, being
from 170 to 340 yards above the stream. From
Tadoussac to Ha-Ha Bay a continuous chain of
high mountains incloses the river on both sides,
occasionally presenting capes and promontories
projecting into the river. The n. shore of the
Saguenay seems to afford but little land sus-
ceptible of culture. From Tadoussac to la Boule,
about 2 leagues, the land is high, rocky, barren,
and the banks nearly perpendicular. From Half-
way Bay to 4 leagues above Cap a I'Est is an
iron-bound shore embanked by a succession of
rocky barren hills, exhibiting fractures seldom
equalled for boldness and effect, which create
constant apprehension of danger, even in a calm.
The lands decline in height and are level and of
the best quality from Rocky Point, three leagues
below Chicoutimi, as far as the Point of Broken
Lands about two leagues higher up. The lands
in the rear are level for the distance of 6 leagues.
From the Point of Broken Lands as far as lake
St. John, 25 leagues, the land is level and of
the best quality. From Rocky Point as far as

the Point of Broken Lands there are five leagues of
beach bordered by considerable meadows called Les
Prairies, where the inhabitants of Chicoutimi cut
their hay : here the soil is chiefly clay, but on ap-
proaching the hills, which are rocky and unfit for
settlement, there is a rich vegetable mould. The
extent occupied by the inhabitants of the Post is
about 15 or 1600 acres, on which there is very
little timber, and at least 20,000 bundles of hay
might be annually made. — The southern shore
is more fit for agricultural purposes than the
northern side. From Trinity Bay to the Petite
Saguenay, 15 miles, and thence to Ha-Ha Bay,
the hills are abrupt and barren, but not so ele-
vated as those on the opposite shore. The two
most promising places of settlement, however, are
Chicoutimi, which is described in its proper place,
and Ha-Ha Bay : the latter appears to be destined
by nature as the principal seat of the commerce,
trade and agriculture of all the Saguenay country,
for the following reasons: 1st. For the extensive
tract of level land, that lies about it and extends
to Lake Kiguagomi and Chicoutimi. 2dly. For
the harbour it affords for the largest vessels of the
line, which can sail directly into the bay with
nearly the same wind by which they ascend the
Saguenay, and anchor in the second bay, which
is in the shape of a basin and which would be a
fit site for a mart of trade. 3dly. The facility
that is afforded of opening a road to Chicoutimi or
direct to the head of l. Kiguagomi ; and the easy
practicability of a water -communication between
it and that lake, which would render unnecessarv
the intricate and circuitous route of the Chicou-
timi River, the difference of level not exceeding
250 feet in a distance of 4^ to 5 leagues through
the level tract that lies between these places. It
is protected by Cap a I'Est and the prominent
hills that form its entrance, while the former,
rising to about 500 feet in height, commands a
view of about 12 miles down the river, and
guards, with West Cape, the entrance into the
upper part of the Saguenay. The environs of
Ha-Ha Bay are lower and more level than the
coast downwards to Trinity Bay and are capable
of receiving a certain degree of population : the
highest land does not exceed 150 feet above the
river, and its acclivity is scarcely perceptible.

The soil is composed of blue and gray marl.

From Pointe Brul6e to Chicoutimi, 15 miles,
the land is good and lev^l and is watered by 3

S A G U E N A Y.

beautiful little rivers^ called a THettSj au Mou-
lin, and aux Rats Musques. At Chicoutimi
the land is good and fit for cultivation, and for
2 leagues upwards the shore, to the depth of half
a mile, exhibits an horizontal surface and land
of excellent quality. At the mouth of some of
the small rivers which fall into the Saguenay and
in some of the bays are desirable spots for good
farms ; also for a short distance above and below
the mouth of the Saguenay, on the St. Lawrence,
under the high lands there is good soil for about
150 farms, with the advantage of salt, wild hay,
fish, wild fowl and other game.

Timber. — All the old timber on the northern
shore was destroyed by fire 50 years since, and
the new vegetable colony has not yet attained to
full growth. The tiipber on that side as far as
Pointe aux Roches, and on the south side as far
as Ha- Ha Bay, is only small, stunted red pine,
growing here and there, of which no use can be
made. At Ha-Ha Bay the timber is maple,
cherry, ash, elm, poplar, pine, spruce, &c. On
the marly shore of the Saguenay, in the vicinity
of Chicoutimi, no timber is to be seen, although a
better soil is not easily met with. For 2 leagues
above Chicoutimi the timber grows on a clayey,
loamy soil, and consists of spruce, black birch,
pine, fir, cedar, ash, and elm.

Minerals. — Moulin Baude is remarkable for its
statuary marble. In the small eminence on which
Tadoussac stands are layers of iron-sand, and at
the mouth of the Riviere des Vases some fine
specimens of red marble have been found.

Animals. — The quadrupeds are exceedingly rare,
much more so than in the settled parts of the coun-
try. The Indians, having long hunted for the fur
instead of the carcass, have destroyed almost every
living animal. The porcupine and the white fox
are the only quadrupeds not commonly met with
about Quebec. Several years have elapsed since
the carcass of a beaver has been brought to Ta-
doussac. For many years after the discovery of
this country the walrus was common about the
Saguenay, but it is not now to be seen in the
gulf or river : from this animal the Pointe aux
Vaches, about a mile from Tadoussac, takes its
name.

Birds. — The land birds are rare ; a variety or
two, not common at Quebec, have been seen.
The perdrix blanche (the ptarmigan), which
changes its colour like the Canadian hare, is oc-

casionally met with on the hills. Water-fowls
are extremely numerous, particularly those of the
diver kinds ; among them is the Petit Bonhomme,
a beautifully shaped duck not much larger than
the snipe. The Batture aux Allouettes is the re-
sort of large flocks of the different species of oxbirds.
Fish. — The fish in the Saguenay are the gibard,
porpoise, sturgeon, seal, salmon, salmon-trout,
pike, white fish, pickerel, trout, cod, several
kinds of herring, smelt, &c. The gibard or bot-
tle-nosed whale of a small size never ascends
above Cap a I'Est; it generally swims within a
few rods of the Post of Tadoussac, and some of
the larger species are sometimes harpooned op-
posite, but the occupation of taking them is nearly
abandoned, and only two or three schooners have
visited the river for the purpose in as many years.
A considerable number of porpoises ascend the
river as high up as Pointe aux Roches. The seal
is still frequently seen, but it has much diminished
in numbers and has become wild ; about 200 were
killed by the Indians of the Post of Tadoussac in
the winter of 1826 : there are six or seven va-
rieties of these amphibia on the coast ; one is said
to grow to the enormous length of 14 feet. The
number of salmon taken is much less than for-
merly; only 3,500 are annually caught in the
whole extent of the King's Posts, including the
Saguenay and its tributaries as far as Chicoutimi.
June and July are the months for the salmon-
fisheries, which are established at the mouths of
the rivers in the bays of Ha-Ha, Ste. Marguerite,
St. John, and St. Stephen. The codfish, once so
common, is now seldom caught and then only at
Tadoussac. The trout taken in deep water are
very small.

Bays, Coves and Harbours. — Anchoring Groundis
a fine bay, about 6 m. below the R. Belle Fleur and
affords shelter from the w. and s. w. winds. The
depth of water varies from 25 to 40 fathoms.
The bottom is supposed to be sandy. — Aitse a la
Barque, on the s. side of the river, about 2 miles
from its mouth, is a good harbour for boats. —
Anse des Femmes. The river is here about half a
league broad and its shores are formed of high
abrupt rocky hills ; near the Ruisseau des Femmes
they rise in conical shapes to near 400 to 500 feet
elevation, thinly clothed with the stinted spruce,
white birch and red pine. — Baie d I'Aviron is a
good harbour, opposite La Trinit§. — Baie h la
Grosse Roche is a good harbour for shipping, —

SAGUENAY.

Bale des Cascades. Tlie river has been measured
at this place and found to be about 50 chains
wide. — Bale dei Echaffauds or Basques, near Pointe
aux Bouleaux, ii about a mile deep and surrounded
by hills. At its entrance are two rocky islands,
the largest thinly timbered with fir and white
birch. —Bale dds Foins, a little below the Post of
Tadoussac, is a natural meadow of several acres,
lying at the baie of the mountains which here re-
cede for a short distance from the river. The soil is
a clayey alluviutti and, as its name indicates, wild
hay grows upon it, which is annually cut. — Bale des
Rochers. A considerable shoal and reef of rocks ren-
der its entrance dangerous at low tide ; a small
stream enters it from between the mountains. —
Baie du Rude, a Very good harbour. — Big Rock
Cove, opposite St. Stephen's Cove, is a good har-
bour for vess els, &c. — Descente des Femmes is a bay
on the N. E. side of the river, at the head of which
is a small rivulet. It forms a good harbour for
ships and lies about 42 miles from Tadoussac. It
derives its name from the melancholy adventure
of some Indian hunters, who, being reduced to
the last extremity by hunger, sent their squaws
in search of assistance and the women issued from
the woods at this place. It lies in lat. 48" 22' 9''
and Ion. 70' 11', and the tide rises about 17 feet.
— Ha-Ha Bay or Bate des Has, called by the In-
dians Heskuewaska, is on the s. side of the river
and so perfect in its resemblance to the main
channel of the Saguenay, that voyagers are often
misled by its appearance. There are various
opinions as to the origin of its name, but the most
prevalent opinion is, that it is thus called on ac-
count of the sudden bend here formed by the
river ; this unexpected detour induces the voyager
to exclaim Ha-Ha ! being struck with surprise at
seeing the opening of a new prospect. This bay,
the point being doubled, is about 7 leagues from
Chicoutimi, from which it is separated by a tongue
of land 15 miles in breadth ; it is 19 leagues from
the mouth of the river. The outlines of this bay
form a basin 2^- leagues in width and about 7j or
as some assert 9, miles inland. The anchorage,
which is very good, varies from 15 to 35 fathoms,
and the bay forms a harbour in which vessels of any
size would find complete shelter from all winds.
The land in its vicinity is good and fit for culti-
vation, and the bay is bordered by prairies of con-
siderable extent. Into the head of the bay the
rivers Wipuscool and Vasigamenk6 run from the

north. In the middle of the bay is a small rock
which forms a little promontory on the north side.
Ha-Ha Bay is supposed to be destined to become,
in course of time, the entrepot of the Saguenay.
— Hay Cove, or Anse aux Foins, a little above Ot-
tapeminche Cove, is a good harbour for schooners.
— Ottapeminche Cove, a little above Big Rock
Cove, is a good harbour for boats. — Paddle Cove,
on the s. side of the river, lies opposite the Tri-
nity and is a good harbour. A league higher up on
the same side is Little Paddle Cove, a good harbour
for canoes. — PassS Pierre, about 3 leagues from
Tadoussac, is a good harbour for schooners, shel-
tered from the N. w. and s. w. and is a good fish-
ing station ; nearly opposite are some small islands.
— Pelletier's Bay, at a place called The Portage, the
Saguenay is here 2 miles wide. In the w. part of
this bay are 2 small islands, and on the n. e. side is
the mouth of the R. PeUetier. It is a good harbour
for vessels. — Ste. Catherine's Cove, in the mouth
of the river and on the s. shore, would hold
50 vessels, which would be sheltered from all
winds except the west. — St. Johns Bay, on the s.
side of the river, is 9 mUes from the K. Ste. Mar-
guerite and 21 from Tadoussac. It is about 3
miles wide at its mouth and extends 2 miles in-
land ; its width at its head is very little less than
one mile. In the w. part of it is a small island,
and in the w. part of the head of this bay the an-
chorage is very good and there is good shelter
from all winds; there are also several hattures
on which 6 or 700 bundles of hay might be cut.
The land here appears susceptible of some cul-
tivation, and the environs produce hay. There
may, on its banks, be about a league in depth of
culturable land (the slope of which is sufficiently
gradual) lying between the bay and the highest
part of the mountains. The soil consists in great
part of blue and gray marl. About 16 or 18 miles
in the interior there are considerable tracts of
maple land, and the land appears very fit for cul-
tivation and sufficiently level. A river from 2 to
3 chains wide falls into the b. side of this Bay;
it is very rapid and runs in a rocky channel, wind-
ing through a valley of about one mile wide, lyin<»
between two rocky banks, nearly parallel to each
other. The soil in this valley is very good. The
general course of this small river is from the s. w.
In this bay is a fishing station. — Ste. Marguerite
Bay is on the N. side of the river ; a reef of rocks
is seen to stretch across its mouth at low water :

SAGUENAY.

at high water it is a safe harbour for schooners.
There is but a small space of culturable land on
the N. side of the bay, part of which crumbles down
upon the beach and forms long battures of sand.
Leaving the bay the river contracts to less than
a mile. — St. Stephen's Cove, about 2 leagues from
La Boule and 3 from Tadoussac, is a good harbour,
sheltered from the n. w. It is about 1| mile wide.
The lessee of the posts has established a salmon
fishery here. About 20 families might find means
of subsistence in the neighbourhood of the cove.
The sun-shine glistens on the surface of the rocks
which surround it. — Tadoussac Harbour is on the
N. E. side of the mouth of the river; it is shel-
tered from almost every wind and is very deep.
It is situated in Ion. 69" 13' w. and lat. 480 q 44"
The capaciousness of this harbour is variously re-
presented; some persons think that it could not
contain above 5 or 6 vessels and even these would
be under the necessity of carrying anchors ashore ;
while others assert that it is capable of afibrding
shelter and anchorage for a number of vessels of a
large siise, and that 25 ships of war might ride
in safety. The highest tide rises 21 feet. The
company holding the King's Posts have a post
here for carrying on their trade with the Indians ;
it comprehends nine buildings employed as stores,
shopSj &c. besides the post-house, which is 60 feet
by 20, and a chapel of 25 feet by 20. A mis-
sionary visits this post every year and passes some
time. The only place of residence here is erected
on a bank of sandy alluvium, elevated about 50
feet above the river, forming a flat terrace at the
base of the mountain which suddenly emerges
at a short distance behind. This residence is a
neat one-story building of commodious size, having
a very tolerable garden, which, with other culti-
vated spots about the place, produces the vegetables
for the inhabitants of the post. The scenery of
the post, as viewed from the river in coming up
the harbour or doubling the point of L'Islet, is
particularly pleasing. The traveller beholds with
pleasure the red roof and spire of the chapel
with the surrounding buildings, and the range of
small field-pieces on the edge of the plain which
extends to the foot of the mountains that rise to
a considerable height, in many places discovering
the naked rocks, or exhibiting the destructive
effects of the fire that has thinned the woods which
clothed their summits, leaving occasionally the tall
pine clipped of its branches soaring above the

dwarf growth of spruce and birch that has suc-
ceeded to the loftier timber. He likewise -sees the
beautiful growth of fir trees rising in as many
cones upon the terrace, which was once the seat of
the fortifications of the French, situated on the
west side of the creek which runs down from the
hills, whose craggy summits contrast with pe-
culiar effect with the firs below. The harbour is
formed by the peninsula or L'Islet, which sepa-
rates it from the Saguenay on the s. w. and the
main shore on the n. e., about a third of a mile
across and near half a mEe in depth at low water,
which rises 21 feet perpendicular in 5^ hours tide.
The beach, on which there are extensive salmon
fisheries, extends out a considerable distance, ma-
terially contracting the dimensions of the harbour ;
it is, however, secure and under shelter by the
surrounding hills from most winds generally pre-
valent in the St. Lawrence, except the southemly
gales which may affect vessels at flood tide, as the
small White Island and Batture-aux-Allouettes
are then covered and which shelter them at ebb
tide. The entrance of the channel to the harbour
of Tadoussac, or to the Saguenayj is intricate at
the ebbing tide and for vessels descending the
St. Lawrence, which must come almost abreast
of the Kght-house on Green Island, bearing s. e.
from the harbour, and then pass to the north of
White Island at the extremity of the Shoal-aux-
AUouettes and clear at the same time the shoal
which sets out some distance from the N. e. point
of the harbour: it is far less intricate for vessels
coming up from below. A light-house placed
upon Red Island would very essentially facilitate
the entrance into the harbour of Tadoussac, and
would at the same time indicate the course to
make the north channel of the St. Lawrence.
The harbour is open for vessels and free from ice
from May until the middle of December. At
Tadoussac there is nothing calculated to arrest the
eye of the agriculturist. Previous to the esta-
blishment of a colony in Canada, this place was
frequented for the purpose of carrying on the fur
trade. The ice forms here much later than at
Quebec and disappears much earlier, which is
occasioned by the extreme depth of the waters
which are much more salt than to the southwards,
and by the prevalence of n. w. winds in spring
and fall, which drive to the southwards all the
broken ice which is formed at the mouths of the
fresh water rivers. Vide Vol. I. p. 291. — Trinity

M M 2

SAGUENAY.

Bay, 14 miles below Cap a I'Est, extends \^ mile
inland and is about one mile wide at its mouth
and A mile wide at its head ; it is bounded w. by
very high rocks and e. by rocks of less elevation.
This bay is a safe harbour in all winds and the
anchorage is very good ; the depth of water varies
from 10 to 30 fathoms. Near it is some cul-
turable land, the hills sloping gradually to its
margin. At its entrance Cap la Trinity rises to
an elevation of not less than 800 feet, and part of
it is cut perpendicularly with the surface of the Sa-
guenay and its summit juts considerably over its
base. Here the tide rises 21 feet perpendicular.

Capes. — Cap a I'Est or East Cape, is about 18
miles below Chicoutimi. Its base in some places
presents the abrupt face of the cliff, and at others
the broken masses of granite rock that crumble
from the summit and are irregularly heaped to-
gether, among which a few dwarf spruce and
white birch attain a stunted growth. — Cap a
V Quest or West Cape, is opposite Cap a I'Est ; here
the width of the river is contracted to 48 chains.
— Cap de la Triniti, 3 miles above St. John's
Bay, is so called from 3 small peaks on its
summit. It is at least 700, and Mr. Lateriere
says 1800, feet high and its top very much over-
hangs its base, and few travellers can pass under
its impending dome without feeling the insig-
nificance of man when compared with such enor-
mous masses poised on a just equilibrium by a
power that forcibly awakens the idea of a divinity.
Between this cape and another to the s. is a pretty
little bay, into which runs a river one arpent wide,
where the proprietor of the Posts has a salmon
fishery, but where the culturable land is not
sufficiently extensive to induce the laborious agri-
culturist to settle. — Cap Diamant or Diamond
Cape, is nearly opposite St. John's Bay. — Cap St.
Francois is a good harbour Ij mile from the
mouth of the R. Caribou. — Cap St. Joseph is 2^
miles from Cap St. Frangois and is a good har-
bour.

Islands. — Barthelemy Isle, also called Cocquert
Isle, in honour of the missionary whose tombstone
is still in the church at Chicoutimi, is half a
league above the mouth of the Little Saguenay
river and forms a good harbour — Isle St. Louis,
half a league above the r. Ste Marguerite and
about 7 leagues from Tadoussac, is on the s. side
of the river. It is a large oblong mountain with
no traces of vegetation, except moss and small

trees that grow in the crevices. It is about one
league long and about a quarter of a league wide.
It is said to be the first place that affords an-
chorage from Tadoussac, affording a safe harbour
under shelter of the hill, where vessels may be
moored in perfect security. Half a league to the
N. w. is another circular rock 'surrounded by the
waters of the Saguenay, also called Isle St^ Louis,
on which there is not a single tree. Some per-
sons assert that there are 3 islands of this name,
all lying together, and say that the one nearest to
the mouth of the Saguenay is the largest and is
about half a mile in length, on the s. side of the
river, and that its s. e. end is about 13^ miles
from the mouth of the river ; and that the two
others are much smaller and lie near the N. shore.
The Saguenay is here about If mile wide.

Points. — Pointe aux Bouleaux or White Birch
Point, lies on the s. w. side of the river, about 4
or 5 mUes from Tadoussac. It is a piece of low,
level and exceedingly rich land, forming the w.
bank of the Saguenay at its junction with the St.
Lawrence. It is bounded N. w. by the little ri-
ver aux Canards or Duck River, on which mills
might easily be erected, and a brook empties itself
N. E. into St. Catherine's Cove ; this tract is other-
wise well watered, and a small lake fed by a
spring lies a few arpents from the St. Lawrence.
The point forms an irregular square, extending i
of a league in front by one in depth, where it is
bounded by the most desolate and arid mountains.
The interior of this point is marshy and the tim-
ber, with the exception of its borders, is nothing
but small gray spruce ; on the borders are white
birch, from which the point derives its name, also
sapin, cedar and ash of tolerable size. This spot
certainly offers very strong inducements to the
settler, such as would instantly secure its occu-
pation if granted. The principal plot of culturable
ground may be said to be about 9 miles in super-
ficies, on which 60 or 70 families or 400 souls
might find subsistence and comfort. In its pre-
sent condition an Indian family of 4 or 5 persons
forced to stay upon it for three months succes-
sively, at any season of the year, would most cer-
tainly starve. The soil overlies a bed of clay and
is composed of the usual vegetable mould, a rich
loam and sometimes of a bed of sand, which to-
gether give an average depth of soil of 12 or 15
inches. This place is remarkable for the quality
of its clay and its iron ore, chiefly magnetic iron

SAG

S T

ore. The clay at Pointe aux Bouleaux and Pointe
aux VacheSj the two outermost tongues of the banks
of the Saguenay at its mouth, occurs in immense
bedSj of which that at the first place is about 30 or
40 feet in thickness above ground, and. that at the
last place probably 200 feet ; both together extend-
ing in superficies apparently 10 or 12 miles. This
clay is extremely fine in its texture, and contains
a good deal of lime and some iron. It has the pro-
perty of crumbling when water is thrown upon it,
as unslacked lime does, and might, by merely being
spread out and exposed to the falls of rain, be-
come an excellent manure for a soil having an ex-
cess of acids, such as that of swamps, &c. &c. It
is very probable that this clay will be successfully
used in the manufacture of crockery and earthen-
ware, and the abundance of it, the vicinity of
fuel, and the advantages of good harbours for ex-
port at the door of the manufacturer, would make
it extremely valuable. The reef of rocks that
projects from Pointe aux Bouleau runs about two
miles out .and forms a kind of half moon open to
the eastward. In spring tides these rocks are
entirely covered, but there is always a surf about
them. At the end of these rocks there is a small
sandy island never covered by water; this and
the rocks are called Pointe et Battures aux Allou-
ettes. The Battures are the resort of large flocks of
the different varieties of ox-birds. Fish abounds,
particularly salmon. — French Point is a good har-
bour for boats, &c. and is sheltered from the n. w.
— Great Point is a good harbour. — Long Point is
a little below Rocky Point. — Pointe aux Roches is
3 leagues below Chicoutimi. — Rocky Point is a
good harbour for canoes.

Rocks. — La Boule or The Ball, a large rock or
mountain, is so called from its shape and remark-
able for its height and form. It is 3 miles n. e.
of the mouth of the Saguenay and about 6 miles
from Tadoussac. It forms a good harbour for
vessels against the n. w. winds, and projecting
much into the river its gigantic base straitens it
and causes, when the tide ebbs, a strong cur-
rent and counter eddy. The tide rises 18 feet
perpendicular and the lowest waters never leave
the foot of these natural ramparts, where the
depth of the water is so great that there is no an-
chorage. The banks of the river are here steep,
and Mr. Laterri^re says from 15 to 1800 ft. high
and are of primitive granite. — Pictures, 4 leagues
below Ha- Ha Bay, are so called because the sur-

face of the rocks is smooth and, at a distance,
these rocks look like pictures. Prom the mouth
of the Saguenay to li mile above Barthelemy
or Cocquert Isle, the banks of the Saguenay are
formed of high and steep rocks, almost all of which
are of a round shape. Vide Vol. I.

Saguenay, Petite, river, empties itself into
the s. side of the Saguenay, about 4 miles below
St. John's Bay. Though the Petite Saguenay is
an inconsiderable stream, similar to the St. Charles
near Quebec, it forms a good harbour at its mouth,
well sheltered from all winds; the anchorage,
however, is very dangerous on account of large
stones scattered here and there. In the western
part of the bay or harbour are two small islands,
and a river which runs between two high rocks
and falls into the bottom of the bay. Here is a
fishing station.

St. Ambeoise (V. and P.), v. St. Gabriei,, S.

St. Andkb (V. and P.), v. Riviere du
Loop, S.

St. Andrews, a village in the seigniory of
Argenteuil (vide Argenteuil, S.), is allowed by all
travellers to be beautifully situated and requiring
only a few touches from the hand of art to render
it truly delightful. It is seated on the North
River that flows through it and is navigable for
steam-boats as far as the village, which is already
become extensive and contains 2 churches, and
the erection of another for Roman catholics is in
contemplation. There are several schools, a com-
missioner's court, numerous tradesmen and me-
chanics of every description, several well-stocked
stores and commodious inns. The natural advan-
tages which this village possesses, with the beauty
of its situation, conspire to make it a place of
great promise ; and as the country in general in-
creases in prosperity it will, without doubt, rise
in riches and consequence. Nine public roads
centre in this village, four of which lead direct to
Montreal, viz. the St. Benoit, the Riviere Rouge,
the Cote St. Pierre, the Rigaud, and Brown's Val-
ley; two roads lead to the Ott^vra.; and the Beach
Ridges and Chute roads communicate with the
settlements on the North River. All these roads
point to the village of St. Andrews as the most
central place of that part of the county. This
village is also remarkable for possessing the first
paper-mill built in the British provinces of North
America; it was commenced by a joint-stock
company in 1804, and in the following year busi-

STB

S T E

ness was commenced with very little prospect of
success : a few years afterwards the present pro-
prietor, James Brown, Esq. of Montreal, took the
concern upon himself and with difficulty main-
tained it. The principal building is about 80 ft.
long and is beautifully situated on a platform op-
posite the bridge which joins the two parts of the
village and the mail road leading to the settle-
ments on the Ottawa.

St. Ange Gardibn (P.), v. Cote de Beao-
PBEj S.

Stb. Anne (P.), v. Cotk de Bbauprb, S.

Stb. Anne (P.), v. Montreal,.

Stb. Anne (P.), v. Vabennes, S.

Stb. Anne Desplaines (P.), v. Mille Isles.

Ste. Anne de Yamachiche (P.), v. Gkos-

BOIS, S.

Stb. AnnEj river, in the counties of Portneuf
and Champlain, rises in the rear of Stoneham,
in the co. of Quebec, and forms in the first part
of its course the river Talayorle. It descends s.
across the rear part of the S. of Fausembault ; it
then traverses Bourglouis, receiving there a con-
siderable increase from a stream that descends in
a parallel direction from fief Hubert ; it then tra-
verses across D'Auteuil and Jacques Cartier and,
cutting oif the s. e. angle of Perthuis, it waters
the rear portions of Deschambault and La Che-
vrotiere to La Tesserie, where it receives the Ri-
viere Noire, which descends from a lake abounding
with fish called Long Lake. The Ste. Anne then
runs diagonally across Grondines and enters the
S. of Ste. Anne, where it falls into the St. Law-
rence, forming several islands at its mouth. Its
course being about 70 miles and the extension
of its branches about 25 miles, the river Ste.
Anne may be said to drain about 1750 square
miles. The course of this river is rapid and
through a very mountainous country. The land
near the banks of the river, following its windings
and not in a straight line, is susceptible of cul-
ture for about 7 or 8 leagues ; but the timber is
not very good, except at some points of the river
where there are some elms. — In a little isle, on
which is the boundary of the fief Gorgendiere in
the S. of Deschambault, and at the foot of a
cataract about 28 or 30 ft. high a prodigious
number of trout, of astonishing voracity, are caught
with the hook and sometimes with the dart.
Salmon fishing in the Ste. Anne is also very con-
siderable and might be improved to great profit :

this fish is caught with a dart by the light of a
torch placed on the prow of the boat, but as it is
principally found above the rapids the fishing is
dangerous. — At the mouth of this river, in flood
tide, the water is about 400 yards wide and 10 or
12 ft. deep and easily admits boats and schooners
to load and unload ; these craft are there protected
from the ice duriug'winter. Higher up, this b. is
interrupted by many falls and rapids, by which
and the shallowness of the water it is rendered
unnavigable. The banks are low near its mouthj
but farther up they are much higher and in some
places rocky, but generally covered with fine
timber.

Stb. Anne, river, in the co. of Kamouraska,
rises in the t. of Ashford and intersecting theE.
angle of St. Roch des Aulnais enters Ste. Anne ;
then running to the middle of the rear line it
traverses the centre of that seigniory circuitously
and falls into the St. Lawrence.

Ste. Anne, river, in C&te de Beaupre, rises
and runs through unexplored waste lands into that
seigniory, where being joined by the e. Lom-
brette it divides the parishes of St. Joachim and
St. Fereol and falls into the St. Lawrence at the
E. corner of the parish of Ste. Anne. A bridge
has lately been erected over this river. The Rapids
of Ste. Anne are swift and shallow, and offer se-
rious impediments in ascending the river. There
are several falls in the river, but the most cele-
brated are 2 miles above the village of Ste. Anne.
As the traveller proceeds to visit these interesting
falls, and as the road ascends a part of the way up
the mountain, there are seen splendid prospects of
Quebec and the adjacent country ; but without a
glass, from the distance, the scenery in the back
ground is rather indistinct. Having attained the
level, a rough path for nearly l^ mile conducts
the visitor, after a sudden descent, into a most
solitary vale of rocks and trees, almost a natural
grotto, through the centre of which the stream
rushes until it escapes by a narrow channel be-
tween the rocks, and continues roaring and tum-
bling with augmenting velocity. From below
there is a striking view of the cataract, which
combined with the natural wildness and extra-
ordinary features of the scenery defies description ;
the painter alone could convey to the mind the
representation with effect.

Stb. Anne or Mascouche, river, in the cos.
of Terrebonne and Lachenaye, rises near the par-

S T E. ANNE.

tition line of Blainville and Riviere du Ch^ne.
It runs through a part of Desplaines and Ter-
rebonne and traverses the S. of Lachenaye to
L'Assomption, where it makes an immediate and
sharp turning backwards and re-enters Lachenaye,
where it waters the village of St. Henry, and after
a very meandering course in that S. falls into the
K. St. Jean, or Jesus, at the n. e. corner of the
S. of Terrebonne.

Ste, Anne, seigniory, in the co. of Cham-
plain, with its 3 augmentations, is bounded n. e.
by Les Grondines; s. w. by Ste. Marie and Ba-
tiscan ; in the rear by waste lands and in front
by the St. Lawrence. — This property was granted
as follows :

ste. Anne, S.

Breadth and depth.

Date of grant.

To whom granted.

Contents
in square
leagues.

Original Grant .
1st Augmentation
2nd Ditto
3rd Ditto

IJ leagues by 1
2 Ditto 3
2 Ditto If
2 Ditto 3

Oct. 29, 1672
Mar. 4, 1697
Oct. 30, 1700
Apr. 20, 1735

Sieurs Sueur and Lanaudiere
Marguerite Denis, widow of Lanaudiere
Thomas Tarieu, Sieur de la Perade
Thomas Tarieu, Sieur de la Perade

16i

The original grant extends in front from Les
Grondines to the mouth of the river Ste. Anne ;
the augmentations extend in breadth from Les
Grondines to Batiscan, equal to the breadth of the
original grant and that of the S. of Ste. Marie.
This property now belongs to the Hon. John
Hall. The front of this seigniory is so low as to
be inundated in the spring by the rising of the St.
Lawrence, but this temporary inconvenience con-
tributes greatly to the luxuriance of the fine mea-
dows that border the river. The soil is sufficiently
fertile, and consists of a light sandy earth on a
reddish clay about the front, but towards the
rear it is a mixture of yellow loam and black
mould ; altogether it is very productive in grain
of all kinds, and most other articles of general
growth. The quantity of land under cultivation
amounts to nearly 300 lots or farms, somewhat
irregularly dispersed along the b. Ste. Anne and
at the descent of a small ridge, that stretches across
theS. a short distance from the front. Very little of
the augmentations is cultivated ; they are almost
entirely in woodland, producing timber of all kinds
and some of excellent growth and great value :
the quality of the land, as indicated by the various
kinds of wood growing upon it, is very good. —
Watered by the rivers Batiscan and Ste. Anne,
with a few other streams of not much conse-
quence ; both these rivers are large but scarcely
at all navigable. On the east side of the b. Ste.
,Anne and near the St. Lawrence is the Village of
Ste, Anne, containing about 40 houses, a neat
church 140 ft. by 60j a parsonage-house and a

chapel ; here are also a few shopkeepers and an
inn with good accommodations, where the stage-
coaches put up, and also a post-house. At the
village is a ferry, where canoes and scows are
always to be had for transporting travellers, car-
riages, &c. the river is here so shallow that large
boats are shoved across with poles : the charge for
each person is three-pence and one shilling for a
horse and carriage. The property of this ferry
was granted in perpetuity by letters patent to the
late Hon. C. de Lanaudiere, his heirs, &c. Owing
to the inundation during the spring, the main
road from Quebec is farther retired from the bank
of the St. Lawrence at this place than at most
others; it passes along the ridge or eminence
until it arrives near the village, where it resumes
its usual direction. On both sides of the river Ste.
Anne there are roads that follow its course through
several seigniories to the north-east. The manor-
house, agreeably situated near the point formed
by the Ste. Anne and the St. Lawrence, is sur-
rounded by excellent gardens and many fine groups
of beautiful trees. — There is one stone-built corn-
mill which drives 2 sets of stones. — The Parish of
Ste. Anne, by an order in council of Mar. 3, 1722,
which confirms the regulations of Feb. 20, 1721,
extends 2^ leagues fronting the St. Lawrence, in-
cluding the S. of Ste. Anne, 1|- league, and | league
of the S. of Ste. Marie, from which it extends in
a straight line to the S. of Batiscan. — There is no
road across the non-conceded lands in this S., nor
are they surveyed. The concessions granted before
1759 were generally rented in com and money.

S T E

and the amounts varied. — At the mouth of the
Ste. Anne lie the isles, St. Ignace, Ste. Margue-
rite, du Large, and du Sable, which belong to the
S. ; they are low but yield fine pasture and some
good meadow land ; being well clothed with wood
they afford several very pleasing prospects.

Statistics.

Population 2,436
Churches, R. C. I
Cures . . 1
Villages . • 1
Com.mills . ]

Carding-raills 1
Saw-mills . 5
Potasheries . 2
Medical men 2

Notaries . 3
Shopkeepers 5
Taverns . 2
Artisans . 25

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley .

Bushels.

13,320

19,500

200

Bushels.
Potatoes 20,000
Peas . 2,100

Bushels,
Buck-wheat 1,560
Indian corn 580

Live Stock.

Horses .
Oxen

800

872

Cows . 2,100
Sheep . 4,360

Swine . 1,200

Title " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par

Jean Talon, Intendant, aux Sieurs Sueur et Lanaudiere, de
I'etendue de la terre qui se trouve sur le fleuve St. Laurent,
au lieu dit des Grondines, depuis celle appartenante aux
Religieuses de THfipital de Quibec, jusqu'a la Riviere Ste.
Anne, icelle comprise, sur une lieue de profondeur, avec
la quantite de terre qu'ils ont acquis du Sieiur Hamelin."
— Rigistre d'' Intendance, No. i, folio 15.

Augmentation. — " Concession du ime Mars, 1697, par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
faite ^ Marguerite Denis, veuve du Sieur de Lanaudiere,
de trois lieues de terre de profondeur derriere la terre et
Seigneurie de Ste. Anne, sur toute la largeur d'icelle, et
celle des Sieurs de Sueur et Hamelin, avec les isles, islets
et batures non-conc^dees qui se trouvent dans la dite
fitendue; la dite profondeur tenant d'un cote a la Sei.
gneurie des Grondines, et d'autre cote a ceUe ie Batiscan,"
^.^Rigistre d* Intendance, No. 5, folio 5.

Autre Augmentation — " Concession du 30me Octobre,
1700, par Hector de CallUre, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart,
Intendant, au Sieur Thomas Tarieu de la Perade, de I'espace
de terre qui se trouve au derriere de la Seigneurie de Ste.
Anne, lequel espace contient environ deux lieues de front
entres les lignes prolongees des Seigneuries de St. Charles des
Roches (les Grondines) et Batiscan, sur une lieue et demie
de profondeur ; ensemble la riviSre qui pent traverser le

dit espace, et les islets qui peuvent s'y rencontrer." Ri-

gistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 37.

Troisiime Augmentation " Concession du 20me Avril,

1735, faite par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et
Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, a Mr. Thomas Tarieu, Sieur
de la Perade, d'une dtendue de terre de trois lieues de pro-
fondeur, k prendre derriere et sur la meme largeur de la
Concession du 30me Octobre, 1700." — Rigistre d'Intend-
ance, No. 1 folio, 31.

Ste. Anne, seigniory, in the co. of Gasp6, ad-
joins the N. E. angle of Cape Chat. It is half a
league in front on the St. Lawrence by one league
in depth, extending a quarter of a league above
and below the h. Ste. Anne. It was granted,
Nov. 28, 1688, to Sieur Riverin.

STE

Statistics.
Population . . 43 1 Keel boats . . 4

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels. Bushels.

Oats . . . 20| Potatoes . . 150

Live Stock.
Cows ... 2

Title. — " Concession du 28me Novembre, 1688, faite
par Jacques de Brisay, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In-
tendant, au Sieur Riverin, de la riviere Ste. Anne, situee
aux monts Notre Dame, dans le fleuve Si. Laurent, avec
une demi lieue de front sur le dit fleuve, moitie audessiis
et I'autre moitie audessous de la dite riviere, icelle non
comprise dans la dite etendue, sur une lieue de profondeur
dans les terres." RSgistre dintendance, No. 3, folio 19.

Ste. Anne de la Grande Anse or La Po-
CADiEBE, seigniory, in the co. of Kamouraska, is
bounded n. b. by the S. of Riviere OueUe ; s. w.
by St. Roch des Aulnais ; in the rear by Ixworth ;
in front by the St. Lawrence. — This seigniory is
one of the least in extent and wealth on the south
side of the St. Lawrence. It is about 11 league
in breadth, and IJ league in depth. It was
granted, Oct. 29, 1672, to Demoiselle Lacombe,
and is now the property of Monsr. Schmidt. It is
divided into 3 ranges of concessions, and all the
lands susceptible of cultivation are conceded. All
or the greater part of the first range of concessions
was granted before 1759. The ordinary extent
appears to have been from 2 to 4 arpents by 42 in
depth, at the rate of a shilling and 8 deniers per
arpent, with the usual fines on alienation, of
which it is customary to remit a part when the
purchaser pays in ready money. The soil is very
fertile and produces grain of all sorts ; most of
the concessions are under a good system of agri-
cultural management, and thickly inhabited : the
land approaching the mountains is of good quality,
but none of it is under tiUage. Among a variety of
fine timber, abundance of capital red pine is pro-
duced, also white pine, maple, black birch, epinette,
and sapin. — This S. is watered by the rivers Ste.
Anne and St. Jean, and by several minor streams.
Riviere Ste. Anne turns 4 saw-mills, one corn-
mill with 3 sets of stones, and one fulling-mill.
The Riviere St. Jean turns one corn-mill with 2
sets of stones, which can only work in spring and
autumn. — Besides the main road, there are some
others branching off in different directions into
the seigniories of Riviere OueUe and St. Roch,
all of which are in good order. — In this S. geese

S T E

S T

and turkies are in abundancej although they are
scarce in Kamouraska, and not very numerous in
Riviere Quelle : the inhabitants sell their poultry
at Quebec. — The church, which is 120 ft. by 50, is
surrounded by several houses, pleasantly situated ,•
and there are two schools, each having 80 scholars,
in which the Latin, French and English languages
are taught, also accompts, &c. The college of Sie.
Anne is about 25 leagues from Quebec, and is well
situated in regard to the northern parishes of
Lower Canada. It is built one arpent from the
church, in a romantic solitude, in the midst of a
grove in the vicinity of a fine mountain ; and,
perhaps it is no exaggeration to say, that there is
not in all Canada a place more healthy nor more
convenient, in every respect, for the purposes of
such an establishment. The building is 100 ft.
by 43, three stories high, and built with stone. —
Of the 283 families in this S. 121 live solely on the
produce of their farms, and 100 are desirous and
capable of cultivating lands if any were provided for
them, and not too far off. Nevertheless none of the
inhabitants emigrate to the townships conceded in
free and common soccage, although the town of
Ixworth is so near and there is a very convenient
road to it ; and although it is separated from the
seigniory by the last line of houses only, no one
will leave home to settle there. — In this S. six
fisheries are carried on, principally by companies.
They extend far into the St. Lawrence and pro-
duce bass, sturgeon, herrings, some salmon, and
a large quantity of eels are taken on the mud.
This S. is the last eastward on the south shore
where herrings are caught. — When the author was
in this S., the inhabitants had killed 3 bears
during the week : these bears had destroyed 40
sheep in that year.

Population 2,546
Churches R. C. 1
Curts . . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Colleges . . 1

Statistics.

Schools . . 2

Corn-mills . 1

Notaries . 1

Shopkeepers . 2

Artisans
River-craft
Tonnage
Keel-boats

Annual Agricultural Produce.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.

Wheat . 28,600 Potatoes 33,000 Mixed grain 2,000
Oats . 6,500 Peas . 13,000 Maple sugar.
Barley . 7,800 Rye . 1,560 lbs. 4,,14.0

Title « Concession du 29me Oetobre, 1672, faite par

Jean Talon, Intendant, a Demoiselle Lacombe, d'une lieue
et demie de terre de front sur autant de profondeur, a
prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, tenant d'un cote a la
concession du Sieur de St. Denis ; d'autre aux terres non-
concedees." — jRigistre d' Iniendance, No. I, folio 9.

St. Antoinb, parish, in the S. of Contrecoeur,
extends 2 leagues in front and 100 arpents in
depth. It contains 3 concessions entirely settled.
The village consists of 22 houses, including an
itin ; and there is one school, which is supported
by the inhabitants. The church is 100 ft. by 40.
All the mills are turned by wind, and there are
6 for grinding com, 4 of them in the front con-
cession and 2 in the second ; there are also two
saw-mills. The cattle is of the Canadian breed,
and agricultural labour is chiefly performed with
horses, and the English cart is used. One third
of the grain produced is sold, and also some manu-
factured stuffs, the inhabitants making more than
sufiicient for their use. The land and the roads
are generally good.

Population 1,970
Chinches R. C. 1
Cures . . I
Schools . . I

Statisttcs,

Villages .
Corn-mills
Saw-mills . .

Shopkeepers
Tavt;rns
Artisims .

2
14

Wheat .
Oats
Barley .
Potatoes

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.

Peas . 1,500

Rye . 900

Indian corn 300

Bushels.
13,000
10,200
130
33,500

Bushels.
Mixed grain . 800
Maple sugar,

lbs. 3,000

L'lve Stock.

Horses . 700 1 Cows . 1,000 1 Swine
Oxen

400 1 Sheep . 4,000 j

600

St. Antoine (P.), o. Lavaltbie, S.

St. Antoinb (P.), v. Lotbiniere, S.

St. Antoine (V. and P.), v. Riviere du
Loup, S.

St. Antoine (S. V. and P.), v. Tilly, S.

St. Antoine de Pebade (P.), v. Lon-
gueuil, B.

St. Ahmand, seigniory, in the co of Missiskoui,
is bounded e. by Sutton ; w. by Missiskoui Bay ;
N. by Stanbridge and Durham ; s. by the province
line. — Granted, Sept., 1748, to Sieur Nicolas Rene
Levasseur, and is now the property of the heirs of
the late Hon. Thomas Dunn. According to the
terms of the original grant, this seigniory ought to
have an extent of 6 leagues in front by 3 in depth ;
but as the boundary line of the United States in-
tersects it, there is not now more than 11 league
of it in that direction within the British territory.
The greater part of the land is of a superior qua-
lity, affording good situations and choice of soil
for every species of cultivation; the surface is
irregular, and in some places, particularly towards

N N

ST. A R M A N D.

Sutton, ridges rise to a considerable height and
many large swells approach almost to mountains,
covered with heech, birch, maple and pine tim-
ber. The shores of the hay south of the village
are rather high, with a gentle slope down to the
water's edge ; but they subside to the general level
on advancing towards the head of the bay. As
the soil near the bay is generally considered better
adapted to corn than pasture, wheat is there par-
ticularly cultivated. Here are several fine apple
orchards from which cider is made, and it may
be useful to remark, that young apple-trees are
planted on the farms in general in the eastern
townships. — This property is well situated for im-
provement, as it adjoins the state of Vermont,
with good roads in every direction, besides the
main road that runs through PhiUpsburg to
Albany by Burlington and Vergennes, and which
is the most direct line of communication with
New York. The high roads leading to the
United States, and even the cross-roads, are all
good: on the county-road, leading from Fre-
lightsburg to St. John's, called Kempt Road,
£2000 have been expended by the commissioners ;
10 miles of it leads over a bad swamp, and on the
road various bridges are erected. — The first settle-
ment was made in 1785 by some Dutch loyalists. —
This seigniory is not well timbered with pine and
oak, but other kinds are plentiful. — The principal
stream is Pyke River, on which and other minor
streams are many corn and saw-miUs. — There are
4 villages in St. Armand, Frelightsburg, Phi-
lipsburg, Huntsburg, and Martin Village. Fre-
lightsburg stands in the 13th range, on the s.
side of Pyke River, delightfully situated at a
short distance w. from the base of St. Armand's
Mountain, in a picturesque valley. It consists
of a church and 50 dwelling-houses, one quarter
of which are brick, and as many two stories high.
The village and the mountain embellish each
other reciprocally, the view from the pinnacle
borrowing much interest from the gay settle-
ments below it, and this village is beautifully set
off by the lofty bill that rises magnificently from

it. From the summit of Pinnacle Mountain -the
prospect s. is peculiarly remarkable, whence the
Vermont Hills and settlements are traced to their
union with the mountains and settlements of
Lower Canada, with which they are blended, as
it were, under the eye of the observer, being
merely divided by an imaginary line of latitude
that defines the dominions of the respective
powers. The situation of this village, being the
centrical point from which no less than 6 im-
portant public roads diverge, marks it out as the
proper place where a court-house and gaol should
be erected. Frelightsburg being so near the pro-
vince line is much resorted to by insolvent debtors.
Its name is derived from its original founder, Mr.
Frelight, who established it in 1800, and whose
family hold the com and saw-mills and also the
carding and fulling machine, which are situated
in the centre of the village, on Pyke River. Two
annual fairs are held in this village, one on the
first Wednesday in JTarch and the other on the
last Wednesday in September. — The Village of
PhiUpsburg is conveniently situated on the edge
of the bay, about one mile from the province line ;
it is a handsome place, containing about 30 houses
exceedingly well built with wood, many of them in
the peculiar style of neatness common to the Dutch
and the others more in the fashion of the American
than the Canadian vUlages : some regard has been
paid to regularity in the formation of the principal
street,. which has a lively and agreeable appear-
.ance ; between this street and the bay are many
storehouses, with wharfs for landing goods at a
short distance from them. Many of the inha-
bitants are employed in trade and mercantile pur-
suits, besides artisans, and perhaps more than a
due proportion of tavern-keepers. On the south
side of the road, leading from the village to the
eastern part of the seigniory, is a handsome church
built with wood and a good parsonage-house;
there are also two baptist meeting-houses, a pub-
lic free-school, and several private schools ; from
the wharfs there is a ferry to the opposite side of
the bay, about 4 miles.

S T

Statistical account of the Villages of Frelightshurg and Phllipshurg.

ViUaset.

1
1

■s

50
30

60
50

110

80
4.

9
4

1
1

2
3

3
3

i
1
1
I

4
2

•i

•c

1
1

Frelightsburg
Philipsburg

280
240

S20

1
1

]
1

Marfis Village is 7 miles east of Philipsburg,
and Huntsburg is almost on the province line.
— The Pinnacle Mountain covers about 600 acres
and rises in a conical shape to a considerable height;
it is seen at a great distance in the surrounding
country. Betvyeen Philipsburg and the boundary
line is a high ridge of landj on which General
Macombe encamped in March, 1813, when he
made an incursion into the province and held
possession of the village iox some time. — Among
the inconveniences, under which this prosperous
part of the province labours, may be enumerated
the want of courts of justice, the want of a direct
road to Montreal, its vicinity to the province line,
with no means of bringing offenders to immediate
justice, and, lastly, the inadequate remuneration
allowed to those who endeavour to convey of-
fenders to Montreal, in consequence of which
many escape.

Population 2,919

Churches, R. C. 3

Cures

Schools

Villages

Corn-mills .

Carding-mills

Statistics.

Fulling-mills

Saw-mills .

Tanneries .

Hat-manufact.

Potteries

Potasheries

Pearlasheries

Breweries

DistilleTies .

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

2
3
2
2

15
9

Animal Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
41,976
45,000
, 6,000
90,000

1,502
1,906

Bushels.
Peas . 11,000
Rye . 500
Buck wht. 10,000

Bushels.
Ind. com 18,000
Maple sugar,

cwts. 2,000

Live Stock,

Cows . 3,200 1 Swine
Sheep . 8,005 1

1,700

Title " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1748, faite

par Holland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et Fraufois Bigot,
Intendant, au Sieur Nicolas Rene Levasseur, de six lieues
de terre de front sur trois lieues de profondeur le long de
la riviere de Misaiskoui, dans le lac Champlain, les dites
six lieues a prendre k huit arpens au dessous de la pre-
mi6re chute qui se trouve a trois lieues de profondeur de
la dite riviere, en remontant la susdite riviere de Missis-
koui." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. % folio 35.

St. Augustin (S. P. andV.), v. Dbsmaurb, S.

St. Aulnes, river, crosses Montapeine and
Martiniere and runs into Lauzon.

St. Bakbb (P.), V. Lake of Two Moun-
tains, S.

St. Barbe (P.), in the r. of Aubert de L'Isle.

St. Barnabb, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski,
is bounded n. e. by Lessard ; s. w. by Rimouski;
in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the St.
Lawrence. — 1^ league in front by 2 leagues in
depth. Granted, Mar. 11, 1751, to Sieur Le-
page de St. Barnabe. — This grant includes Pointe
aux Peres or Father's Point, with the isles and
islets in front of it, excepting the island of St.
Barnabb, which belongs to the S. of Rimouski.
In this S. are some settlements in as favourable
condition as the soil and climate will admit. The
Rimouski Portage road runs along the front. Tim-
ber of good quality is abundant.

Title. — " Concession du lime Mars, 1751, faite par le
Marquis de la Jonquiire, Gouverneur, et Francois Bigot,
Intendant, au Sieur Lepage de St. Barnabe, de cinq quaits
de lieue de terre de front, sur deux lieues de profondeiu",
avec les rivieres, isles et islets qui se trouveront au devant
du dit terrein, a prendre depuis la concession accordee au
feu Sieur Rouer de la Cardonilre, en descendant au Nord-
est, jusques et compris la pointe de L'Isle aux PSres, de
maniere qu'il se trouvera avoir trois lieues et un quart de
front, sur deux lieues de profondeur, qui seront bornees
en total a la concession des representans de feu Sieur de
VitrS au Sud-ouest, et au Nord-est a la pointe de L'Isle
aux Pirea" — Rigistre d'Intendance, No, 9, folio 77.

St. Bbnoit (P.), V. Lake of Two Moun-
tains, S.

St. Blain, fief, is a dismembered part of the
S. of VerchereSj and is 2'i arpents in front by 2
leagues in depth. Divided from Vercheres by an
act of partition, Sept. 1686. It now belongs to
Madame de Boucherville. The soil is generally
a blackish friable mould, which, moderately well
managed, is productive. About i of this f. is
under tillage.

Title. — " Ce fief est une partie demembree de la Sei-
gneurie de Vercheres, comme il paroit par un acte de Foi

N N 2

S T

et Hommage rendu devant Mr. Began, alors Intendant, le
13me Fevrier, 1723, fonde sur iin acte de partage du 15me
Septeinbre, 1C86, suivant lequel le front de ce fief com-
mence a la ligne de separation entre les Seigneuries de
Vercheres et de St. Michel, et contient vingt-trois arpens
de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, sur le rumb de
vent ordinaire des concessions de la Seigneurie de Ver-
cliire." — Rdgistre des Foi et Hommage, folio 3, datie 30me
Janvier, 1723.

Ste, Catherine (P.), v. Fausembault, S.
Ste. Catherine's Bav, v. Saguenay, R.
St. Cesaire (P.), v. St. Hyacinthe, S.
St. Charles (P.), v. LivaudierBj S.
St. Charles Boromee (P.), v. Notre Dame

DES AnGES, S.

St. Charles Brook, in the S. of Lanoraye,
is a small stream that rises in Lavaltrie and
running n. e. joins the Little Chaloupe.

Sr. Charles, river, in the S. of Pointe du
Lac, is a small stream running into Lake St.
Peter.

St. Charles (R. and L ) The river, called by
the Indians Cabir Coubat on account of its windings
and meanderingSj is formed by the union of several
streams that rise in the s. section of the t. of Stone-
ham, in the co. of Quebec. It then descends into
the fief St. Ignace, where it expands into a beautiful
lake, to which it lends its name. Soon after it
has issused from this lake it receives the united
Tvaters of two small streams that run from lakes
Segamite and Sebastian, with this addition it
bends suddenly to the s. and takes in the tributary
stream of Nelson River. It then passes the In-
dian Village and rolls over a steep and irregular
rock 30 ft. high, forming a beautiful and romantic
cataract. In passing a mill which is under the
fall the current becomes extremely narrow, and
for the space of 3 miles is bounded by woody banks,
on which are frequent openings cut through the
trees, disclosing the rushing waters. The ra-
pidity of the stream opposed by rocks produces a
quantity of white foam upon its gloomy surface,
accompanied by murmuririg sounds. The water-
fall with the smaller cascades above it, the mill,
the bridge, the village and the distant hills form
an agreeable landscape. From this cataract the
river descends in numerous and graceful curva-
tures to the St. Lawrence, into which it falls a
little above the City of Quebec, forming an estuary
which is almost dry at low water, with the ex-
ception of the bed of the river, and offers a con-
venient strand for river craft and boats. — Lake St.
Charles, fibout 13 miles fi^om the City of Quebec,

and nearly 6 miles from Lorette, is a sweetly re-
tired spot and an enchanting picture,, and, though
lying in a low flat country, is surrounded by
mountainous forests highly picturesque and ro-
mantic; as it abounds in fish it is doubly in-
viting. Its outline is very irregular ; its length
rather more than 4 miles and its greatest breadth,
does not exceed one mile: a narrow strait pro-
jects nearly across, dividing its waters into almost
equal parts. This lake affords one of the most
exquisitely picturesque scenes in the province.
The margin presents an appearance at once wiltf,
romantic, and delightful; the devious course of
the low banks forms numerous little bays and
headlands, where the trees to the water's edge
complete, by the variety of their foliage and gra-
dation of size as they rise upon the different
slopes, one of the richest views that can delight
an admirer who prefers a prospect adorned only
by the hand of nature. This charming panorama,
during the spring and summer, is frequently visited
on account of its arcadian beauty : the road lead-
ing to it from Quebec passes all the way by the
side of the river St. Charles, and by its embellish-
ments greatly heightens the satisfaction of those
who make the excursion, and whence no one re-
turns without ample gratification.

St. Charles, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu,
is bounded n. e. by St. Denis ; s. w. by Rouville ;
in the rear by St. Hyacinthe ; in front by the river
Richelieu. It contains 2 square leagues and was
granted. Mar. 1, 1695, to Sieur Hertel de la
Fresniere; it is now the property of the Hon.
P. D. Debartzch — The land, generally, is not
surpassed in fertility by any that surrounds it:
the soil most prevalent is a fine strong loam ; in
some places there is a rich vegetable mould upon
a stratum of clay, and in others a mixture of clay
and sand: an inconsiderable proportion remains
uncultivated. The mode of husbandry is very
fair, and is generally rewarded with abundant
harvests. The population of the settled parts is
somewhat above the numerical ratio in proportion
to their extent. — The lower part of the seigniory
is watered by the Riviere des Hurons, and the
north-east or upper angle is crossed by the little
river Miot. — The houses are scattered about the
concessions, but there is no village, although there
are a few houses round the church, which is de-
dicated to St. CharleSj, which, with the parsonage-
house, stand on the bank of the Richelieu, about

S T-E

midway between the lateral boundaries ; and near
the same spot is a haiidsome manor-housej where
the proprietor resides. At the western extremity
of the front the Richelieu, by a sudden turn, spreads
to a breadth of more than half a mile, in which ex-
pansion there are two small islands, caUes les Isles
aux Cerfs, which form part of the seignorialproperty .
All the lands are disposed of^xcept 5 concessions,
of which two extend 3 arpents by 40 each, two, 3
arpents by 30 each, and the 5th measures from 10
to 12 arpents in depth; each of these concessions
has its road excepting the end of the 5th. The
rent of the old-conceded lands is 1 sol per super-
ficial arpentj and the rent of the more recent con-
cessions is one quart of wheat per superficial ar-
pent. The obstacles that retard the settlement of
non-conceded lands in this S. are stated to be the
expensive process necessarj^ to make water-courses,
the difficulty of conveying the necessary materials
on account of the badness of the roads, and the
want of money.

Population 1,621
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Schools . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills
Hat manufact.
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries
Just of peace

Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans . .

1
1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

15,600

6,500

2,600 1

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

26,000

2,600

Bushels.
Rye . . 90
Indian corn 350

Live Stock.

GT2
680

Cows
Sheep

1,210 I
-.3,400 1

Swine

950

Title. — " Concession du ler Mars, 1695, faite par Louis
de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant, au
Sieur Hertel de la Premiere, de deux lieues de terre de
front sur autant de profondeur, a coramencer du cote du
sud de la riviere Pichelieu aux terres du Sieur RouvUle, les
dites deux lieues de front suivant et cotoyant la dite ri-
viere, en descendant du cote de Snrel, et les dites deux
lieues de profondeur courant du e6te du sud." — J}^gistre
d'Intendance, No. 4, folio 20.

St. Charles d'Yamaska, seigniory, in the
CO. of Richelieu, is bounded n. e. by Bourgmarie
JEast; s. w. by St. Ours; in the rear by De Ram-
zay; in front by the Yamaska, comprising the
isles, islets and battures in front of the S. in that
river. Granted, Aug. 14, 1701, to Sieur Rene
Fezeret, and is now the property of Mrs. Bar-
row. The best and only cultivated part lies along
the bank of the river, and extends only a short

distance from it, producing .grain in Inoderatfe
abundance. With the exception of this tract the
S. is nearly all woodland, in some places bearing
the appearance of a soil that might be made pro-
fitable if cultivated with industry and a Httle
skill.

Titk — " Concession du Mme Aoflt, 1701, faite par
Hector de Calliire, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In-
tendant, au Sieur Ilen6 Fiziret, d'une lieue et demie de
terre en superficie dans la riviere de Yamaska, icelle com-
prise, a prendre du Cote du sud de la dite riviere, tirant
sud-est, tenant d'un bout a la Concession du feu Sieur
Bourchemin, et de I'autre aux terres non-concedees, avec
les isles, islets, prairies et battures adjacentes." — RSgistre
d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 33.

Ste. Claire, seigniory, in the co. of LTslet,
is bounded n. e. by the aug. toVincelot; s.w. by
Fournier and waste lands ; in the rear by waste
lands; in front by Gagne and Cap St. Ignace. —
About 1 league in breadth by 2 in depth. Granted,
Mar. 17, 1693, to Rene Lepage. The land is very
uneven, but moderately good; the timber is of
great variety and superior quality. Population,
1600.

Title.~." Concession du 17me Mars, 1693, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
a Rene Lepage, d'une lieue de terre de front a prendre k
une ligne qui sera, tiree au Nord-est et Sud-ouest, pour
terminer la profondeur de la concession du Sieur Couillard
de I'Epinay, situee k la riviere du Sud, avec deux lieues
de profondeur, joignant d'un cdtfeau Nord-est la prolonga-
tion de la ligne qui fait la separation des terres du dit
Sieur de I'Epinay, d'avec celle du Sieur Amiot de Vince-
lot; d'autre cote, au Sud-ouest, les terres non-conced^es;
d'un bout, au Nord-ouest, la dite Ligne qui termine la pro-
fondeur de la terre da dit Sieur de I'Epinay, et d'autre
bout au Sud-est une autre ligne paralUle qui terminera
les dites deux lieues de profondeur."— iJe^sire d'Intend-
ance, Lettre D. No. /is, folio 12..

St. Cloud, river, is a small stream that rises
in the s. w. part of the S. of Laprairie, and run-
ning N. crosses the road from St. John and soon
after joins the k. St. Lambert.

St. Constant (P.), v. La Salle, S.

Ste. Ckoix, river, in the S. of Goufire, rises in
the concession St. Croix and runs into the k. du
Gouffre. It turns a saw-mill.

Ste. Croix, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere,
is bounded n. e. by Bonsecours, Desplaines, and
St. Giles ; s. w. by the S. of Lotbiniere and its
aug. and the t. of Nelson ; in the rear by the t. of
Leeds ; in front by the S t. Lawrence. — The original
title of this concession has not been found; but it
appears, from the registers of fealty and homage,
that a declaration, exhibited by a notary, proved
that the Dames Religieuses Ursulines possessed

g T

S T

the seigniory of Ste. CroiXj containing one league
in front by ten iii' depth, which was granted to
them 16th Jan., 1637, and confirmed by M. Lau-
zon, the governor, 6th Mar., 1652: it still re-
mains the property of the convent — On the high
and steep bank of the St. Lawrence the soil is a
light-coloured loam, greatly improved by a very
superior style of cultivation. Receding thence,
the land decreases in height and the soil changes
to a rich dark mould, which continues for some
miles and then declines into extensive swamps,
covered with cedar, hemlock, black ash and spruce
lir : with the exception of the wet lands, the whole
seigniory is abundantly clothed with fine timber of
all sorts. No stream of magnitude is to be met with
throughout the whole tract. The extent of non-
conceded lands susceptible of cultivation is21eagues
by 7-j. There is no road across these lands, nor have
they been surveyed. The farms granted before 1 759
were 2 or 3 arpents in front by 30 or 40 in depth,
paying one sol for quit-rent, with fines on aliena-
tion, according to the custom of Paris, besides 20
sols and a capon for each front arpent. — A con-
siderable number of persons are in a state to make
new settlements in this S., and the quality of the
lands is in general excellent. It is thought that
the lumber trade retards the settlement of land in
this S. No one goes to settle in the townships,
there being at present an abundance of uncon-
ceded lands in the S.

Statistics.

Population
Churches,
Cures .

1,556
R.C. 1
. . 1

Corn-mills , 1
Saw-mills . 1
Notaries . 1

Shopkeepers . 2
Taverns . . 1
Artisans . 18

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats
Barley .

Bushels.

9,-200

5,650

490

Bushels.

Potatoes 5,800
Peas . 1,500

Bushels.
Rye . 200
Indian com . 50

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 560
. 289

Cows . 1,160
Sheep . 3,640

Swine . 1,400

Title " Le titre de cette concession n'a pas iti trouvd

au Secretariat; il paroit seulement par le R^gistre des
Foi et Hommage une declaration faite par Pierre Duquet,
Notaire Royal, au nom des Dames Religieuses Ursulines
de Quebec, propri^taires de la Seigneurie de Ste. Croix et
autres lieux, devant Mr. Duchesneau, Intendant, qui dit,
que les dites Dames possident un iief et seigneurie au
lieu nommfe Platan Ste. Croix, contenant une lieue de
front sur le fleuve .S*. Laurent, sur dix lieues de pro-
fondeur, born6 d'un ct)ik au Sieur de Lotbiniire et d'autre

aux terres non encore haWtres, aux dites Dames Reli-;
gieuses appartenant par titre de I'ancienne Compagnie,
en date du 16me Janvier, 1637, et confirme par Mr. de;
Lauzon, Gouverneur, le 6me Mars, 16£>2."—Rigistre de»
Foi et Hommage, No. 69, folio 312, le^Ame Avril, 1781-

St. Cuthbebt (P. and V.), v. Bebthibr, S.
in Berthier, co.

St. Cuthbert, pver, in the co. of Berthier,
rises in small lakes behind the seigniories of Ber-
thier and Dusable. It is deep and navigable for
loaded boats for 4 or 5 miles, higher up it breaks
into rapids and falls.

St. Damas (P.), V. St. Hyacinthb, S.

St. David, river, in the co. of Yamaska, rises
in the t. of Upton, and running w. through the
s. angle of the S. of De Guir is joined by the
Ruisseau des Chenes; it then enters Bourgmarie
East, where it turns the corn-mill of J. Wurtell,
Esq , and running into the S. of Yamaska falls
into the E. Yamaska about one mile above Isle
Joseph.

St. Denis, seigniory, in the co. of Kamou-
raska, is bounded n. e, by the S. of Kamouraska;
s. w. by the S. of Riviere OueUe; in the rear by
the unsurveyed t. ofWoodbridge; in front by
the St. Lawrence. — About 1 league in breadth
by 4 in depth. Granted May 12th, 1679, to
Sieur de St. Denis, for, and in the name of Jo-
seph Juchereau, his son, and now belongs to the
heirs of Dr. Blanchette. — The soil is not much
inferior to that of Riviere OueUe, but the surface
is more overspread with small detached ridges,
and it is crossed by the high chain of mountains
near the middle of its depth. About a quarter of
the grant is under culture and produces good
wheat and other grain. The timber is excellent
and plentiful, among which is pine of fine growth.
— The principal streams are the Discharge of Lac
St. Pierre and two arms of the R. Kamouraska. —
The best cultivated lands are by the sides of the
roads that cross the seigniory. On a rising ground,
close by a little inlet called St. Denis Cove, is the
telegraph station No. 10. — In the 9th year of
Geo. IV. the provincial legislature enacted that
£500 currency should be appUed to the making of
a road between Kamouraska and Riviere OueUe
to the waste lands of the crown. This road was
commenced in 1830, at the uncultivated lands
in the fourth range of St. Denis, at about 24
arpents from the road of La C&te de Beaubien,
and continued through the waste lands of the

ST. DENIS.

crown beyond St. Denis, upwards of 4 miles.
This road is opened in length 16 miles from north
to south, its width 15 feet; it is passable for
wheel carriages, and is cleared 15 feet on each
side ; it crosses several brooks and five rivers of a
good size. On each of those rivers good and sub-
stantial bridges have been constructed, the lengths
of which are as follow : —

1 . Discharge of Lake St. Peter . 26 feet

2. Petit Bras (with a pillar iu the middle) 104

3. Grand Bras ... 63

4. River du Loup . . . 70

5. Discharge of a lake whose name is unknown 14

Ditches have been dug in several parts of the
road, on a width and depth adequate to the drain-
ing off the water, making altogether a length of 16f
arpents. The ground crossed by this road in the
S. of St. Denis is generally good ; beyond that S.
on the waste lands of the crown, it appears to
be of a better quality still ; the whole is proper to
encourage industrious and enterprising young men
to settle there, those lands being in no way in-
ferior to several of the best country parts in the
district. There being in St. Denis 7 mountains,
the road has been turned, but without much in-
creasing its length ; and the hills offer no obstacle
worth mentioning tothe passing of wheel- carriages.
There are but few hills on the crown lands s. of
St. Denis, and the few there are offer no difficulties.
It appears, that, from the farthest extremity of the
road opened to the river St. John, there is a very
rich soil, generally level and capable of making
fine settlements. Between the road of La C8te
de Beaubien and the spot where the above-men-
tioned road was begun are about 24 arpents, where
a road is yet to be made ; the ground being swampy,
it will require paving and ditching. The probable
expense of making this piece of road, including
compensation to the proprietor and the charges
of the Grand Voyer, is in the opinion of the
commissioners £95, making altogether £595 ; and,
if it were the intention of the legislature to con-
tinue that road as far as the river St. John, a
farther sum of £1,000 currency should be added.

This S. forms part of the parish of Notre Dame

de Liesse.

THle.—" Concession du 12me Mai, 1679, faite par le
Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, au Sieur de St. Denis
pour et au nom de Joseph Juc/iereau, sons fils, des terres
qui sont du cote du Sud, entres celles du Sieur de Ladu-
rmtaie et du Sieur de la Bouteilkrie,. le long du fleuve St.
Laurent, contenant une lieue de front ou environ, sur
quatre lieues dans la profondeur de la dite lieue." — Insi-
nuations du Conseil Supirieur, Lettre JR. folio 36.

St. Denis, seigniory, in the co. of Richelieu,
is bounded n. e. by the aug. to St. Ours; s. w. by
St. Charles and Cournoyer ; in the rear by St. Hy-
acinthe; in- front by Contrecoeur. — It is 2 leagues
in breadth and depth, and it includes the isles and
islets in the n. Richelieu as far as the S. extends
up that river. Granted Sept. 20, 1694, to Louis
de Ganne, Sieur de Falaise. It now belongs to
Madame Fleury Deschamhault. — The lands are
fertile and the whole of the S. is conceded and
peopled. There are 5 ranges of concessions, con-
taining 250 farms, all under cultivation. Flax is
raised generally and the soil is in many places fit
for hemp. The lands for many leagues in this
neighbourhood are considered the most productive
in the district of Montreal. The sterile lands in
this S. have been left covered with standing wood,
and the parts that have been cleared have been
abandoned. Timber has beenreserved on good lands,
but not in sufficient quantities, which has obliged
many to procure lands in the adjoining parishes
of La Presentation, St. Ours, &c. which they keep
covered with standing wood. All the lands are
conceded en roture. The two ranges of conces-
sions nearest the river were granted prior to 1759,
at 6 livres and 1 sol quit rent for each 90 arpents ;
the rents of the concessions subsequently granted
are from 15 to 20 livres. It is said that none of
the proprietors ever saw their contracts of con-
cession. — On the s. bank of the Richelieu is the
Village of St. Denis, containing from 90 to 100
houses and a very fine church, 130 ft. by 50, the
whole tolerably well built in an agreeable and
pleasant situation, which, when seen from the
opposite side of the river, where some of the best
houses and the church, with its three handsome
spires, present a front view, exhibit a favourable
specimen of picturesque beauty : between the main
street and the river are some capacious store-
houses, chiefly used as granaries, in which large
quantities of corn are collected from the adjacent
seigniories for exportation. Many of the houses are
built with stone, and the largest is the residence
of M. de St. Germain. At a school, conducted by
two sisters of the congregation, 25 scholars are
instructed; and there is one French school for
boys supported by the cure, where there are 40
scholars. There is also another school. In the
river, nearly fronting the village, is the Isle de
Madere and a smaller one ; from this place there
is a, seignorial ferry to the opposite seigniory of

S T

Gontrecoeur J 15 sols are charged for a carriage.
It is remarkable that there are neither saw nor
corn-mills on either of the streams ; there are,
however, 9 wind-mills for grinding corn, 5 of
which are in the front range, 1 in the second
and 3 in the third. — The cattle are of the Cana-
dian breed and though small are strong. — Much
poultry is reared. — The timber is chiefly maple,
cherry and epinette. — In proportion to the super-
ficies of this seigniory it is very well inhabited.—
The public roads in all directions are numerous
and generally good ; the principal are those by
which the communication between the rivers St.
Lawrence and Yamaska is kept up. — This S. is
watered by the Richelieu, which runs across the
front, and by the little river, or rather rivulet,
named Le Miot or L'Amiot, which rises in the
4th concession and, running diagonally across the
2nd and 3rd, discharges itself into the Richelieu in
the S. of St. Charles. — There is a considerable
number of persons willing and able to form new
settlements, even at some distance from their re-
latives; and there is, beyond the S. of St. Hya-
cinthe, a large extent of fertile land, at least fer-
tile in appearance, on which these persons would
settle with alacrity and joy, if it was conceded on
terms similar to those of this seigniory. Scarcely
any one leaves this p. to settle in the townships.
— Fief Cascarinette is in the lower part of the S. ;
it is 16 arpents in breadth and extends the whole
depth of the S. ; it now belongs to the seignior.

Population 3,100
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Convents . 1
Villages . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills .
Tanneries
Hat manufact.
Potteries
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries

Just, of Peace
Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers
Taverns ,
Artisans

2
1
1
9

2
19

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

, 18,200

. 7,800

260

Bushels.
Potatoes 30,000
Peas . 5,200

Bushels.

Rye . 200

Indian corn 610

Live Stock.

1,1501 Cows
1,200 1 Sheep

1,3001
6,500 1

Swine

1,750

Title. — " Concession du 20me Septembre, 1694., faite
par Louis du Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bochart, In.
tendant, a Louis de Ganne, Sicur de Falaise, de deux lieues
de terre de profondeur derriere la terre et Seigneurie de
Contrccaur, sur toute la largcur d'icelle, qui est de deux
lieues, laquelle profondeur passera en partie uu deli de la
iivifire ChamWy, et couna les niemes rumbs de vent que

la dite terre de Contrecceur ; avec les isles et islets qui se,
trouveront dans la dite riviere Chambly par le travers de la
dite profondeur." — Rigistre d' Intendance, No. 4, folio 17.
•—Rigistre i'lntendance, 9, folio 61i

St. Dennis, township, in the co. of Rimouski,
is bounded n. b. and s. b. by waste lands; a. w.
by the t. of Matane ; n. and n. w. partly by the
St. Lawrence and partly by the S. of Matane.
The hiUs, called the Paps of Matane, are in this
township, which is well watered in front by
various small streams, and in the rear by the r.
Matane. — Ungranted and vnlocatcd, 40,000 acres.

Stb. Elizabeth (P.), v. Lanoraye, S.

St. Esprit (P.), v. L'Assomption, S.

St. Esprit, river, is formed by two branches
that rise in Rawdon and Kilkenny and meet a
little within the rear line of L'Assomption, which
S. the Riviere St. Esprit partly traverses in its
course to the S. of St. Sulpice, where it joins the
R. L'Assomption.

St. Etibnnb (P.), v. Beaumont, S.

St. Etienne, river, discharges itself into the
Saguenay on the w. side, about a mile below the
Ruisseau des Grosses Roches.

St. Etienne, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce,
joins the s. angle of the rear line of Lauzon and
is bounded N. b. by the r. Chaudi^re; s. w. by
St. Giles; s. and'E. by Ste. Marie. It is 3
leagues by 2. Granted, Oct. 7, 1737j to Frangois

Etienne Cugnet, and is now the property of

Pozer, Esq. — In soil and timber this seigniory is
very similar to the rear part of Lauzon. — At a
little distance from the Chaudiere are some ranges
of settlements tolerably fertile and apparently well
managed.

Title — "Concession du 7me Octobrc, 17S7, faite par
le Marquis de Beauharnois, Goiiverneur, et GUlcs Hoe-
quart, Intendant, au Sieur Franqois Etienne Cugnet, d'un
terrain restant i. concSder vis-a-vis la Seigneurie apjiarte-
nante aux h^ritiers Jolliet, sur la riviere du Sault de la
Chaudiere, du c6t6 du Sud-ouest, depuis le bout de la pro-
fondeur de la Seigneurie de Lauzon jusqu'a celle nouvelle-
ment conc^dee au Sieur Taschereau, contermiit environ
trois lieues de front sur la dite riviere du Snult de la
Chaudihe, au Sud-ouest de la dite riviire, sur deux lieues
de profondeur, ensemble les isles et islets qui se Uouve-
ront dans la dite riviere dans I'espace du dit terrein du
cole du Sud-ouest, suivunt qu'elles se trouveront situees
au devant du dit terrein, et les lacs qui se trouveront
situ6s sur les dites ten-es."—Registrc d'Intendance, No. 8.
folio 20. ^

St. Etienne, fief, in the co. of St. Maurice.
Granted, Apr. 13, 1/40, to the Company of the
Forges at St. Maurice. 3 leagues deep by 2 broad.
It belongs to the crown, and is let, with other pre-

S T

perty, to Messrs. Munro and Bell. It is btit little
cultivated, although it has a mixture of marl and
in many places a rich black vegetable earth ; the
ground is irregular, as in the S. of St. Maurice,
but rising into stronger ridges on the north-vrest.
This fief has several divisions or c&tes called Rouge,
de Grand Pont, Croche, Turcotte, de 14 Arpens,
and St. Jean. The upper lands are well covered
with maple, birch, beech, and ash ; but on the low
grounds, which are wet in some places, there are
only the usual inferior kinds, but these in great
abundance. In this grant are several pineries
which produce trees of a superior growth, par-
ticularly the one a little below and on Pigeon
Island. — Iron ore, which at one time was found
plentifully in several parts of this fief, is now
only met with in the rear. Quarries of lime-
stone, a good gray stone, and some other hard
species fit for building are opened on the banks
of the St. Maurice, near the falls of Gros and

those of Gabelle a little below Wood for the

purposes of the forges is produced in abundance ;
great quantities of it are felled and carried by
sleighs every winter to the furnaces, where it is
made into charcoal for the use of the smelting-
houses : it was in consequence of the great de-
mand, from the continual consumption of this
article, that the additional tract of crown land
was granted on the renewal of the lease. — The
foundery of St. Maurice is situated in this fief,
in a beautiful valley, at the confluence of a small
stream with the St. .Maurice, about eight miles
above the town of Three Rivers ; here the high
banks of the river, embellished with every va-
riety of fine trees in groups on each side, the
dark hue of the large pineries and immense
surrounding forests, and the more distant and
softened shades of the lofty mountains that bound
the view, form together a bold and magnificent
prospect when viewed from the place where the
road ascends the brow of the ridge that over-
looks the valley. The foundery itself is replete
with conveniences for carrying on an extensive
concern; furnaces, forges, casting-houses, work-
shops, &c. with the dwelling-houses and other
buildings, have altogether the appearance of a to-
lerably large village. The articles manufactured
here consist of stoves of all descriptions that are
used throughout the provinces, large caldrons or
kettles for making, potashes, machinery for mills.

with cast and wrought iron work of all denomii
nations ; large quantities of pig and bar iron are
exported : the number of men employed is from
250 to 300; the principal foremen and persons
engaged in making models, &c. are either En-
glish or Scotch ; the workmen are generally Ca-
nadians. In the early establishment of this foun-
dery, about 1737^ the ore was found in great
abundance near the surface, of a quality not in-
ferior to many of the best mines of Europe for
pliability. At first the mode of working the dif-
ferent veins was managed with very little skill,
but in 1739 an artisan was brought from France
who combined a knowledge of the different branches
of manufacturing wrought and cast iron with a
competent .skill in working the mines ; from this
acquisition great improvements took place, which
have progressively increased, and the establishment
is now carried on with almost as much ability, and
on the same principle, as similar concerns in Eng^
land and Scotland. It is singular that neither of
the provinces produces sand proper for the pur-
poses of casting iron ; the proprietors of these
works, therefore, import from England all they
use in that operation. Since the year 1806 Messrs.
Munro and Bell have occupied these valuable pre-
mises; previous to that period the annual rent
was £800 : on the termination of their former
lease they were very reasonably entitled to the
consideration of the government in reletting them>
and therefore their rent was reduced 50 per
cent.

St. Eustache, lake, in the t. of Blandford,
discharges itself into the k. Origuaux. It is about
100 acres in superficial extent and contains fish.

St. Eustache (P. and V.), v. Riviere du
Chbne in MiLLE Isles.

Ste. Famille (P.), V. Orleans Island.

St. Ferbol (P.), V. Cote de Beaupre, S.

St. Francis, Inferior District of, v. Districts.

St. Francis, lake, in the townships of Garthby
and Coleraine, is of considerable size, and being
divided into two parts forms two sheets of water,
which are connected by a short river or channel.
One of these parts is 12 or 14 miles in length and
very irregular in breadth ; the other is about half
that length. The lake is surrounded in every di-
rection by lofty wood-covered mountains, approach-
ing each other so close on either side of the little
river as almost to cut off the communication of the

ST. FRANCIS.

waters between the two parts of the lake : these
mountains contain iron ore in many places.

St. FranciSj river, in the co. of Beauce, is a
small stream in the S. of Vaudreuil; it turns a
corn-mill and runs into the k. Chaudiere near the
church.

St. Francis, river, in the cos. of Rimouski and
Kamouraska, rises in a small L. of the same name
in the highlands and falls into the R. St. John in
a s. E. direction. This is the only river on the
Temiscouata Portage that runs constantly in a
south direction.

St. Francis, river, in the cos. of Sherbrooke,
Drummond, and Yamaska, tises in l. St. Francis
and in several streams descending from the southern
townships. From Lake St. Francis in Garthby
and Coleraine this river rilns about 30 miles in a
s. w. direction to the t. of Ascot, and then taking
a course nearly n. w. it runs about 70 miles and
discharges itself into Lake St. Peter. The whole
length of this river cannot be less than 100 miles.
The country from which it collects its waters is
of a triangular shape, each side being about 60
miles, the vertex being at the embouchure into
Lake St. Peter, and the base a line extending from
the south point of Memphramagog to the easterly
point of Lake St. Francis. The area will there-
fore be about 1500 square miles, or equal to 15
ordinary townships. In the north its shape is
very narrow. From Lake St. Francis it traverses
the T. of Weedon, where it makes an expansion
called Lake Weedon ; it then waters the s. angle
of Dudswell and the w. angle of Bury, after
which it divides the triangular t. of Westbury
into two nearly equal parts and enters the t. of As-
cot, where it takes a sudden turn to the n. w., and
passes the villages of Lennoxville and Sherbrooke,
at each of which places it receives a great acces-
sion of waters that originally come from the United
States, descending by the rivers Coaticook and
Magog. The confluence of the united waters of
the rivers Massiwippi, Coaticook, and Salmon Ri-
ver, with the R. St. Francis, near Lennoxville, is
called the Upper Locks; and the junction of the
K. Magog with the St. Francis at Sherbrooke Vil-
lage is called the Lower Locks. A little below
Hyatt's Mills there is a very singular high rock in
the river, on the pinnacle of which stands one
solitary pine-tree of large dimensions ; the rock
and the tree form an object extraordinarily unique.

From Ascot the b. St. Francis becomes the boun-
dary line of 12 townships, separating Brompton,
Melbourne, Durham, Wickham, and Grantham,
on the west bank, from Stoke, Windsor, Shipton,
Kingsey, Simpson, and Wendover, on the east
bank : after this it divides Upton from the S. of
Courval and becomes the n. e. boundary of De
Guir ; it then divides Pierreville into two parts
and enters the S. of St. Frangois, where it washes
the Indian Village, and dividing into several
branches, which form various islands, loses itself
in the waters of Lake St. Peter — The River St.
Francis is one of the communications by which a
considerable and increasing traffic is carried on
between the S. of St. Frangois and the southern
townships, and also the United States. The na-
vigation is difficult and exceedingly laborious,
owing to the great number of rapids and falls ;
but as the river presents a direct route for send-
ing the produce of these districts to a certain
market, these obstacles are resolutely overcome
by the industrious settlers on each side of the
boundaries, and large quantities of pot and pearl
ashes, and various other commodities, are every
summer brought down by it into the St. Law-
rence for Quebec. Great quantities of British
manufactured goods are also sent upwards to the
United States. The navigation from Lake Mem-
phramagog to the St. Lawrence is opposed by
many and powerful natural obstructions. From
the outlet of the lake to the place where the
stream joins the St. Francis is about 19 miles, in
which distance there is a singular alternation of
violent rapids and still water where the current
is most tediously slow ; about f of a mile before
it enters the river there is what is termed a. fall —
not indeed from a perpendicular height, but the
bed of the river being very much contracted, and
the current broken by high ledges of rock, it is
impossible for boats to pass it ; even single sticks
of timber are seldom sent down it, as experience
has proved that they never escape without being
much bruised, if not absolutely shivered to pieces :
in this short distance the whole descent is from
170 to 180 feet. At this place the scows and
boats are unloaded, their contents carried to the
end of the fall, and there re-embarked in other
craft ready to receive them ; hence they are borne
down by a gentle current about six miles to the
Great Brompton Falls, about two miles in length :

S T

as empty boats can run down them on the west
side only^ the cargoes are again taken out and con-
veyed to the foot of the falls, where the boats are
reladen and proceed about seven miles farther to
the Little Brompton Falls; a repetition of the
former labours must again take place, as they can
be passed by nothing but light craft : at this point
the portage is no more than 250 yards. A mile
or two farther on is Dutchman's Shoot, where
the river is narrowed by a ledge of rocks and two
small islands forming a rapid, through which, with
much care and some difficulty, loaded boats can
pass. After this a current, rapid and slow in
succession, continues, without impediment, for 15
miles to Kingsey Portage ; this is a confined part
of the river, with a large rock in the middle of it,
which is covered when the water is very high,
and at which time only the loaded boats are able
to pass it ; the current rushes through the channel
with great impetuosity and retains its violence
for more than a mile beyond it. Hence no ma-
terial obstacles present themselves until arriving
at Menue Falls, about 20 miles ; these are f of
a mile long and only practicable for empty boats.
Lord's Falls, about 2 mUes farther down, and
about the same length as those of Menue, are
subject to the same inconvenience or even greater,
for unless the water be very high they cannot be
passed by the light boats. At 6 miles below this
fall is the commencement of a very rapid current
that continues for 15 miles, and when passed all
difficulties are overcome and the river is free into
Lake St. Peter. From the upper part to the
lower part of the k. it varies in breadth from 100
yards to nearly a mile, and about 16 miles from
its mouth it is only about 30 ft. wide and very
shallow. Notwithstanding this troublesome med-
ley of land and water carriage, the trade now car-
ried on is very considerable, as more than 1500
barrels of ashes only have been brought down
in one summer. — In Wickham and Grantham the
St. Francis abounds with bass, salmon, pickerel,
sturgeon, and pike.

St. Fkancois (P.), v. Batiscan, S.

St. Fkancois (P.), v. Bbrthiee, S.,in Belle-
chasse, co.

St. Francois (S.), v. Orleans Island.

St. Francois, seigniory, in the co. of Ya-
maska, is bounded n. e. by Lussaudiere ; s. w. by
Yamaska ; in the rear by De Guir ; in front by

Lake St. Peter. — li league in front by nearly 2
in depth. Granted, Oct. 8, 1678, to Sieur Cre-
vier, and is now the property of M. Le Gendre
and some families of the Abenaqui Indians. This
S. is low towards Lake St. Peter. The Bay of
St. Francois and some others indent it rather
deeply and occasion large tracts of marsh land
along their shores ; at a short distance from them
are some very fine meadows, and farther to the
interior the soil is good, in most parts rather light
and sandy. The timber is but of indifferent qua-
lity, and chieily consists of spruce fir, hemlock,
and cedar; on the driest land there is a little
maple and beech. The river St. Francis, with a
few smaller streams, water it very well. — About
one half of this grant is in a state of cultivation ;
the best settled and most improved parts lie on
each side of the St. Francis. At the descent of
this river into the St. Lawrence are several islands
attached to the grant ; the largest is nearly four
miles long, and is partly cultivated and very
well settled; the church and parsonage-house
belonging to the seigniory stand on this island,
where canoes are always in readiness to convey
travellers to William Henry at the rate of five
shillings each person, although there is not an
established ferry : this passage is generally pre-
ferred in summer to the post roads. The other
islands are low, some affording a little meadow
land, but they are principally covered' with wood.
— There are several roads; the main road, from
the eastward to William Henry, crosses the river
at a ferry near the Abenaqui village, where 3d.
is paid for each person and Is. for a horse and
carriage. By the river St. Francis a consider-
able and increasing traffic is carried on with the
southern townships, and also with the United
States. — The Parish of St. Frangois Zavier, by
the regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an
Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722, extends from
Bale St. Antoine to Yamaska, and includes Kus-
sodiere or Lussaudiere, Pierreville, and St. Fran-
9ois, with the exception of that part which be-
longs to the Indian Mission. — All the lands in
this parish are conceded, and many of the con-
cessions were granted before 1759 at a very low
price, viz. at half a sol or one sol per arpent, each
land or farm extending from 2 to 3 arpents in
front to 30 or 40 in depth ; the concessions made
subsequently to 1759 were granted on nearly the

oo2

same conditions.— l^'or an account of the Abenaqm
Village, SfC. vide Indians.

Population 2,920
Churches, R. C. 1
Cur^s . 1

Villages . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills .

Saw-mills

Notaries

Shopkeepers 2
Taverns . 1
Artisans . 1 4

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Bai'ley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

18,,SO0

14,000

1,000

995
750

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

11,900

5,000

Bushels,
Rye . . 215
Indian corn 250

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

1,600 1 Swine
5,500 1

■2,001

Title.—" Concession du 8me Octobre, 1678, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, au Sieur Crevier, de la Sei-
gneurie de St. Franfois, contenant une lieue de profondeur
en montant dans la riviere de St. Frangois; ensemble les
isles et islets qui sont dans la dite profondeur, et une lieue
de large d'un cote de la dite riviere au Nord, a prendre au
bout de la terre et Seigneurie du Sieur de la Lussaudiere,
ensemble les terres qui se trouveront de I'autre cote de la
dite riviere au Sud ; k commencer au bout de la terre et
Seigneurie de St. Francois et jusqu'aux homes du Sieur
de Lavaliere." — Rigislre d'Intendance, N'o. 2 a9, folio 146.

St. Francois des Salles (P.), v. Okleans
Island.

St. Fkancois Zavibr (P.), v. St. FrancoiSj
in Yamaska, co.

St. Gabriel, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec,
is bounded n. e. by St. Ignace; s. w. by Gau-
darviUe, Faussembault and waste lands ; in front
by Sillery ; in the rear by fief Hubert and wasj;e
lands. — 2 leagues in front, but as the lateral
boundaries do not run parallel, its breadth in the
rear is more than four leagues ; its depth is ten
leagues. Granted, Apr. 16th, 1647, to Sieur
Giffard, and is now the property of the crown. —
Of this tract, 2i leagues were granted. Mar. 13th,
1651, to the Hurons- inhabiting the village of
La Jeune Lorette, and the remainder transferred
by donation, Nov. 2, 1667, to the Order of Je-
suits, by Sieur GifiFard. — The lower part of this
seigniory is good fertile land, the soil in general a
fine black mould ; near the first mountains, and
in the vicinity of Lake St. Charles, it is a light
loam ; the remainder, and much the largest por-
tion of the grant, is so extremely rough and
mountainous, as to be wholly unfit for agricul-
tural purposes. The lands on the farther side of
the R. Jacq. Cartier, in this S., are mountainous ;

some settlements might nevertheless be made in
the neighbourhood of Lake Tsonnontonan, where
there is good hard wood. — Timber about the front
is rather scarce, of inferior size and little value ;
but on the sides of the rising grounds, and in the
interior, beech, maple, and birch are abundant and
there is some pine, and in some places a little good
oak may be found. — The river St. Charles bends
a most picturesque course from n. w. to s. b. for
nearly two leagues along the lower part of the
seigniory, and receives the waters of several small
tributary streams that completely answer the pur-
poses of irrigation. The rivers Jacques Cartier,
St. Anne, and Batiscan cross it at diflFerent points
between the mountains. — As far as about six miles
from the front, all the land is in a flourishing
state of cultivation, every where interspersed with
well-built houses, good gardens and well-stocked
farms : beyond this, a wilderness spreads on every
side, dreary and untrodden by human beings,
except by the Indians in their hunting-excur-
sions. — The church and parsonage of St. Am-
broise, the church of La Vielle Lorette, the
church and village of La Jeune Lorette, are all
within this grant. Roads in every direction com-
municate with Quebec and the surrounding seig-
niories. A road might he made through the
gorges of Mount Tsonnontonan, to the river
Aux Pins, but it would be necessary to re-
move a large quantity of stone. — The church ot
La Vielle Lorette is pleasantly situated on the w.
side of a little branch of the river St. Charles, on
a rising ground, and nearly surrounded by a grove
of small but handsome pine trees. The parsonage-
house is the residence of Mr. Deschenaux, the
grand vicar and cure of the parish : this gentle-
man, who is well known and highly esteemed, has
exerted his good taste to great advantage upon the
gardens and other embellishments of the place.

The mountain called Tsounonthouan is on the
N. bank of the R. Jacques Cartier, and is about
24 miles n. w. of Quebec. It forms the most
southern angle of the vast body of granitic moun-
tains, which extends from the coasts of Labrador
along the north shore of the river St. Lawrence
to Quebec, and thence to the Ottawa, the northern
banks of Lakes Huron and Superior, and cover
nearly the whole country to the north, with the
exception of the valley of the Saguenay, to Hudr
son's Bay. Its elevation is about 2,000 feet

ST. GABRIEL.

above the level of the St. Lawrence. It is di-
vided into two parts forming two distinct sum-
mits, and is remarkable for presenting, on all
sides, an appearance nearly similar, and for the
extent of space which it covers, which has en-
titled it to the name given to it by the Indians,
and which means the " Great Mountain." — Al-
though the distance from Quebec is so incon-
siderable, it is only within the last eight years
that there have been any settlements nearer to
this mountain than twelve miles; the whole
valley of the river Jacques Cartier, above the
bridge for about 30 miles in length, and varying
in breadth from 10 to 20 miles, having remained
entirely unsettled, owing to the expensiveness of
forming roads over the swampy grounds in the
rear of the old settlements and the difficulty of
obtaining grants. This mountain until lately was
perhaps never ascended by any persons except
Indians. In 1826, five inhabitants of Valcartier
visited the summit of this mountain for the first
time. After leaving the settlement on Dr. Blan-
chet's grant, and after ascending for some time,
they arrived at a level along the bank of the tor-
rent which divides the mountain on the s. e. side,
and in half an hour they reached an old Indian
cabin on the western bank of the same torrent.
Quebec and the surrounding country were occa-
sionally visible through the trees, of high growth,
which cover the mountain. On leaving the tor-
rent the ascent became very rugged and steep ;
in about ten minutes the party reached a beautiful
spring issuing from under a rock, which they de-
nominated the Holy Well; in fifteen minutes
they were stopped by immense masses of granite
forming insurmountable walls, but found to the
left a narrow regular passage between two per-
pendicular masses, which they called Hope Gate ;
at a quarter past eleven, after passing several
caverns and rents in the rock of great apparent
extent and depth, they reached the summit of the
south-eastern angle of the w. top of the mountain,
and selected, for a station at this point, a large
mass of granite elevated about five feet from the
general level of the ground, with an even and
nearly circular surface of between 20 and 30 feet
in diameter. On the n. of this rock they erected
a British flag, on the top of a high spruce tree,
and deposited in the ground, in a glass bottle, a
piece of the copper coin of his late Majesty.
Some trees were felled at this station to open

the view of the country to the s. e. of the moun-
tain. The party then proceeded to explore the
s. side of the summit of the mountain. It is level
and of great extent, covered with a deep soil of
light loam, over which there are several inches
of the white soft sand, so frequently met with
throughout the country in virgin ground beneath
the black mould of decomposed leaves. The
timber is white birch of large growth, of the sort
of which the bark is used by the Indians for
bark works. In the centre of this point of the
mountain is a hollow, partaking something of the
nature of a swamp. Generally, the earth and
vegetable growth indicate a more moist atmosphere
than on the low grounds. To the south of the
station there is a vast square block of granite,
under which there is a well of living water.
More to the w., the top of the mountain offers the
most interesting appearance. At the summit the
descent commences by a semicircular wall of
granite, of great extent, about 30 feet in height ;
below this there is an extensive semicircular and
level terrace, about 150 feet wide, at the outer
edge of which the descent continues by a perpen-
dicular wall of solid granite, of about 100 feet
in height. To these parts of the mountain, paths
were marked out. The view from this top of the
mountain is extensive and grand beyond concep-
tion, no other country perhaps afltbrding equal
advantages in this respect to the valley of the
St. Lawrence at this particular part of it, where
it begins to open out into the level country on
both banks, which is included within the ranges
of the northern mountains, and the southern
chains, extending from the mouth of the St. Law-
rence to the White mountains in n. Hampshire,
and the Green mountains in Vermont. The ob-
jects comprised in the view from the s. b. angle
of the w. summit of Tsounonthouan, extend over
a space of about 3,600 superficial miles, of which
the surface of the St. Lawrence alone occupies
about 200 miles, it being visible in its length, at
intervals, upwards of 90 miles. Looking towards
the E. the most distant view includes about 40
miles in depth of the mountains in the rear of
Cape Torment, and extends to the sources of the
Jacques Cartier and the mountains on the w.
waters of the Saguenay ; over the Charlesbourg
Mountains, the mountains on the s. shore behind
the river Quelle are distinctly visible, and are
followed by the eye without interruption to the

ST. GABRIEL.

Highlands, between the sources of the rivers St.
John, Penobscot, Kennebec, Connecticut, Etche-
min, Chaudiere, Becancour, and Nicolet : on the
N. shore the southern edges of the northern moun-
tains begin to be visible at the St. Maurice, and
thence rise gradually to the mountains of the Lake
of the Seven Islands and the sources of the Port-
neuf ; in the middle ground the St. Lawrence
is visible from St. Vallier to the Point of Cham-
plain, although occasionally concealed by the high
grounds of Quebec, St. Augustin, Jacques Cartier,
and GrondineSj close to the northern bank. Que-
bec, and the whole of the open and settled country
on both banks, from Beaumont to Grondines, are
distinctly seen. In the foreground, and as it were
under the feet of the spectator, lies the whole
valley of the Cartier, from the Nuns' Hill to the
bridge, with its lakes, swamps and patches of
opening settlements, the river, its islands and falls,
at intervals, opening from behind the natural
forest, which yet covers nearly the whole of its
banks ; to the left. Lake St. Charles is visible, and
to the right, Ontarletsi, or Lake St. Joseph,
shows its broad expanse partially concealed by the
skirt of the Great Mountain. Time did not admit
of a view from the northern side of the mountain,
over the valley of Pine River and Lake Tantare.
It is known to be one uninterrupted continua-
tion of mountains, to the valley of the Saguenay.
From the general clearness of the atmosphere
in North America, and the facility of perceiving
objects relieved by the sky, it is probable that,
with the aid of good glasses, signals at this moun-
tain would communicate with Chambly Moun-
tain by only one intervening station on the s.
shore ; one or two intervening stations would also
communicate with the White Mountains, which
are visible from the Atlantic ; four or five inter-
vening stations from Chambly would probably
communicate with New York, making only six or
seven stations between Quebec and New York,
through which intelligence might be communi-
cated in a few minutes, and at a very small ex-
pense.

The settlement of Valcartier was commenced
in August, 1816; the first clearings were two
leagues from the last Canadian settlements. Pre-
vious to the commencement of this settlement
there was no road passable for a cart, or even for
a single horse, in the interval between the last
Canadian settlements and the new establishment.
This tract, two leagues wide, was rendered im-
passable in summer by morasses and small streams,
which, however, being frozen in winter, the
Canadian settlers were enabled to go a distance of
1-1 league for the purpose of procuring wood. — A
road, two-thirds of a league, was made by the
grantees. — All the persons settled in the 5th con-
cession, excepting one Canadian, are emigrants
from Scotland and Ireland, 5 of them are Irish
and 4 Scotch; most of them arrived in 1818.
With industry and honesty they have a fair
prospect of becoming landholders and capable of
supporting their families with the produce of their
farms. — The following table will show the pro-
gressive increase of this settlement.

Fopulatioa

1821

1824

1828

182

312

338

ChUdren .

Servants

Horses

Oxen

Cows

118

130

Swine

193

In the Parish of St. Ambroise, all the lands fit
for culture are conceded, and even those not fit for
agricultural purposes are conceded but not sur-
veyed. The want of means prevents the youths
of this p. from making new settlements ; if they
were furnished for one or two years with pro-
visions, utensils, and the necessary live stock,
there would not be so many living on emplacemens
where they exist miserably. — For an account of the
Hurons, 8fc. vide Indians.

S T

Statistics.

Parishes.

M
1
1

■g
s

■E

Ancienne Lorette
Jeune Ijorette
St. Ambroise
Valcartier

74,1

165

1613

338

1
1

1
T

1
1

2
3

4
4

5
15

Totals.

2857

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live Stock. 1

%
o

Ancienne Lorette
Jeune Lorette
St. Ambroise
Valcartier

8667

11700
402

12410

26500

4900

1000

2000
500

950

1000
100

2300

3500

1800

26200

60100

15600

500

327
150

100
200

lis.

1887

147

296

644

300
16

659
60

592
13

1740

8500
370

444

1030

193

Totals.

20769

43825

3500

2050

7618

101970

977

300

2792

1007

1035

1987

10810

1732

Title " Concession du 16me Avril, 1647, faite par la

Conipagnie au Sieur Gifard, de la Seigneurie de St.
Gabriel, a prendre au meme endroit que sa pr6sente con-
cession. (Beaufort) rangeant icelle de proche en proche,
autant qu'il se pourra faire, sur dix lie-ues de profondeur
dans les terres vers le Nord- Ouest.

Par le papier Terrier, Tome 2e, Folio 655, le susdit
fief avoit originaircment deux lieues de front. Cette
concession ne joint pas Beauport, parce que la concession
de Notre Dame des Anges, qui est entre les deux est plus
ancienne." Cahiers d'Intendance, No. 2 d 9, folio 73.

St. Gabhhil (V.), v. St. Michel, S.

St. George (P.), v. Noyan, S.

St. George, river, in the S. of St. Sulpice.
Ruisseau St. George rises near the boundary line
of L'Assomption, and taking a n. e. direction runs
into the R. L'Assomption.

St. George (V.), v. Settrington, t.

St. Genevieve (P.), v. Batiscan, S.

St. Genevieve (P.), v. Montreal.

St. Genevieve (V.) v. St. Michel, S.

St. Gervais, seigniory, in the co. of Belle-
chasse, is hounded N. b. by the t. of Armagh;
s. w. by the s. of Montapeine ; in the rear by the
T. of Buckland; in front by the augmentations of
Beaumont and St. Michel and the S. of Livau-
dj^re. — 2J leagues in breadth, by the same in
depth. Granted September 20th, 1752, to Sieur
Michel Jean Hugues Pean de Livaudiere.— On
account of the irregularity and mountainous na-
ture of its surface, one half of the S. is unfit for
cultivation, although the soil itself is not bad.

being principally a light-coloured loam. It
abounds in timber of the best species, and is wa-
tered by the rivers du Sud, le Bras, Ruisseau du
Moulin, &c. besides 4 lakes and sheets of water
of minor size. — One of the principal occupations
of the inhabitants during the spring is the manu-
facture of maple-sugar, of which they contrive to
send considerable quantities to market. — There
are 8 ranges of concessions, 7 of which are con-
ceded ; the first which contains the church is the
most settled, and three-fourths of the first and se-
cond concessions are under cultivation ; about lialf
of the third and fourth, and one- fifth of the fifth
concession are cultivated. — The village contains
30 houses. — Some veins of stone are found in the
first range. — The apparel of two-thirds of the
inhabitants is made of Canadian cloth, neverthe-
less, more of English manufacture is used here
than in any of the seigniories lower down the St.
Lawrence.— The Parish of St. Gervais extends 6
leagues in front, from St. Vallier to the concession
east of the r. Etchemin, comprehending the whole
of the S. of St. Gervais, part of Lauzon, and the
fief belonging to Mrs. Reid. In this parish few
or no lands remain unconceded, though in some
parts there are no roads, none even surveyed. —
Many young men in this p. are desirous of set-
tling on lands near their parents and friends;
their only opportunity is in the S. of JolUet,

s r

where the number of lands is insufficient. No
one leaves the parish to settle in the townships or
in the neighbouring crown lands.

Statistics of the Parish of St. Gervais.
Population . 1,147

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats

Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
6,500
6,700

i,ooa

10,000

Peas
Rye
BuckT-.wheat
Indian corn

Bushels.
4,000

50
210

Bushels.
Mixed grain . 50
Maple sugar,

cwts. 357
Hay, tons . 828

Live Stock.

380 1 Cows . 790 1 Swine . 650
400 1 Sheep . 2,300 1

Title. — " Concession du 20me Septembre, 1752, faite
au Sieur Michel Jean Hugues Pian de LivaudUre d'un
terrein non-concede derriSre la Seigneurie de Beaumont,
et qui se trouve enclavS entre les lignes des Seigneuries
de St. Michel au Nord-est et de Livaudiere, au Sud-ouest,
ce qui compose deux lieues de front sur una lieue seule-
ment de profondeur, laquelle lieue de profondeur joint la
ligne du trait-quarrS des profondeurs des dites Seigneuries
de St. Michel et de Livaudiere, et en outre quatre lieues
et un quart de front ou environ (ce qui est appelc St.
Gervais sur la Carte) sur trois lieues de profondeur, ^
prendre au bout des profondeurs de St. Michel des deux
lieues ci-dessus concedfies et de la Seigneurie de Livau-
diere, laquelle ^tendue de terrein de quatre lieues et un
quart de front, ou environ, sera bornee par devant au
trait-quarr^ des lignes de profondeurs de St, Michel,
des deux lieues ci-dessus concedees, et de Livau-
diere; par derriere par une ligne droite et parallele joig-
nant aux terres non-concedees ; au Nord-est par la con-
tinuation de la ligne de separation des dites Seigneuries de
St. Valier et de St. Michel, et au Sud-ouest fegalement par
continuation de la ligne de separation de la dite Seigneurie
de Livaudiere, a celle nouvellement couc6d6e a Mr. de la
Martiniire ; lesquels terreins de deux lieues de front sur
une lieue de profondeur et de quatre lieues et un quart de
fi'ont ou environ sur trois lieues de profondeur ci-dessus
d^signiSs ne feront avec les Seigneuries de St. Michel et de
Livaudiere, appartenant dfeja. au Sieur Pean qu'une seule
et rafime Seigneurie." — RSgistre d'Intendance, Ifo. 10,
folio 9.

St. Giles, seigniory, in the co. of Lotbini^re,
is bounded' n. b. by Lauzon, St. Etienne, and
Ste. Marie ; s. w. by Ste. Croix and the t. of
Leeds ; in the rear by Leeds and the N. angle of
Broughton ; in front by the seigniories of Gaspe
and Desplaines. — 2-| leagues broad by 6 deep.

Granted Apr. 1, 1738, to Rageot de ; the

present proprietors are the heirs of the late Judge
Davison. — This seigniory is of very irregular fornij
the greatest length being about 18 miles and
breadth 8. It contains about 160,000 acres, and
is watered through its whole length by the Beau-
rivage, which is swelled by the accession of nu-
merous smaller streams. Craig's road runs along

the banks of this river for 12 miles. The number
of concessions is 22, containing 524 lots. — No
parish has been formed in this seigniory. It is
considered as a part of St. Nicholas, the cure of
which occasionally says mass within the limits of
St. Giles. — The most populous and best settled
parts are those which lie upon Craig's road, and
that which leads from this road to Ste. Marie.
The other parts are but partially settled, but fresh
lots are in daily demand. — Two of the most
northernly concessions lying on the river Noire and
west of the Beaurivage are low, fiat land, with
some swamps and some patches of hard wood
consisting of birch and maple. The other kinds
of timber are chiefly cedar, ash, elm, spruce and
red epinette. — The next four concessions lying
along the river Beaurivage, principally on the
east side but partly on the west, are in general
sandy ; with the exception of the points, as they
are called, of alluvial soil lying next to the river
and on a lower level than the rest of the land.
Each lot has some point land, more or less, from
2 to 30 arpents. The timber on the points con-
sists of elm, ash, maple and butternut. The re-
mainder of these concessions contain spruce, red
epinette and black birch, with some pine and a
little maple and cedar; in some places there are
considerable swamps. — The south-eastern part,
lying between the Beaurivage and the branch called
the Fourchet, is named the Mountains. There
are 12 or 14 concessions in this part. The soil is
here much better than in the low parts of the
seigniory. Almost all the new settlers prefer it ;
and many of the inhabitants of the lower parts,
finding the lands there poor, have left them and
gone to the mountains. The soil here is sandy,
but produces very good crops. The wood on the
hills consists of maple, beech, hemlock, basswood,
elm and spruce ; and in the hollows between the
hills it consists of spruce, sapin, hemlock, cedar and
some ash. The banks of the rivers are in genei-al
steep, with little point land. The land is for the
most part stony. — The cleared land in the whole
seigniory may be estimated about 10,000 acres,
the uncleared about 150,000. Perhaps one-eighth
of the whole consists of swamps, one-half of flat
land, and the remainder hilly and rocky. — The
timber, both of the hard and soft kinds, is very
good : there is, however, but little good pine. Mr.
Caldwell has, for the last 6 or 7 years, bought
annually about 20,000 spruce saw logs for his

S T

mills at St. Nicholas. The trees in general are
not very large^ hut the wood is of excellent qua-
lity. There has heen a good deal of very fine red
epinette, and there yet remains some hard wood
of which the hirch and maple are the hest. — With
respect to the waters of this seigniory, every hrook
is believed to run either into the Beaurivage or into
some branch of it. Except this river, there is none
of any importance, and its source as well as that of
the Fourchet is unknown. The general opinion
among the inhabitants is, that they are outlets of
lakes in the township of Broughton. The branch
called Le Bras is believed to have its rise in a
small lake in Lauzon. The Black River runs
out of a large swamp in the rear of the most
northernly concession. The Beaurivage is nowhere
navigable ; the rapidity of its descent is very con-
siderable, and in the spring and fall the stream is
very powerful. In the heat of summer the waters
are very low, and sometimes insuificient to turn a
grist-mill of one pair of stones. In the upper
part of the seigniory the bed of the river is prin-
cipally solid rock and the descent rapid. — With re-
gard to the population, it appears there are about
12 men above 60 years of age, 270 between 16 and
60, 170 women and 280 children. Three persons
have received licences to keep taverns. — Education
here is in a very low state, there being no school
of any kind in the seigniory. There is one school-
house, however, nearly finished, and another
partly subscribed for ; but the people, though very
anxious to have schools, are as yet too poor to be
capable of supporting them. In so great an ex-
tent less than three schools would be insufficient,
and that number could not at present be main-
tained without assistance. — There is at present
one church or chapel, and another is to be com-
menced on the St. Mary's road. — Of cattle there
are some fine oxen and the Americans have good
cows, but much attention does not appear to be yet
paid to the choice of cattle for breeding. There
are many horses, but few of them are good. Of
domestic animals homed cattle are the most nu-
merous and thriving. At present there are very
few sheep, yet the mountain lands are well adapted
for feeding that animal, and in a few years may
be ex,pected to be well stocked with it. There
are some good pigs, and the inhabitants begin to
find out the value of the different breeds. — All
the grain raised in the settlement has hitherto

S T

it, the constant arrival

been consumed within

of new settlers creating a demand for the surplus
raised by the old ones. A great quantity of po-
tatoes are raised on the mountains; these and
wheat form the principal crops, though grain of
every kind is grown.— Most of the Canadian
farmers raise a little flax for their own use; but
neither the European settlers, nor those from the
United States, attempt it; it seems to answer
very well on moist lands, but only a very small
proportion of the land in this neighbourhood is fit
for it.— The only roads that deserve to be men-
tioned here are Craig's Road and that of St.
Mary's; the former is good through the whole
settlement, the latter for one-half. The other
roads in the seigniory are barely passable.— There
are no lakes nor waterfalls, nor any mountains
that deserve the name. Limestone is found, but
not in great quantities. No mines have yet been
discovered, nor any indications of them observed.
—Salt is made in this S. — There is only one fief
called Beaurivage, which was reserved at the time
the S. was sold, and is still possessed by one of
the family of the original proprietor.

Statistics.

Population

Chapels

Schools

732
1
1

Com-miUs . 2
Saw-mills . 5

Taverns . 3
Artisans . . 21

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 7,800
Oats . 9,400
Barley . 500

Bushels. Bushels.
Potatoes 8,400 Rye . 200
Peas . 2,500 Indian com 1,590

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

420
305

Cows . 650
Sheep . 1,400

Swine . 700

St. Geegoikb (P.), v. Godeproi, S.

St. Grbgoire (V.), v. Nicolet, S.

St. Helen's Island, in the St. Lawrence,
lies off the city of Montreal, formerly the pro-
perty of the Barons of Longueuil it now be-
longs to the crown. Fortifications and stores
have been erected on this island and a military
garrison is there stationed.

St. Henry (P.), v. Lauzon, S.

St. Henry (V.), v. Lachenaye, S.

St. Henry de Mascouche (P.), v. Lache-
naye, S.

s t

St. Hilairb (P.), v. RouviLle, S.
St. HyAciNTHEj county, in the district of
Montreal, is bounded by the depth line of the S.
of St. Charles on the river Yamaska, beginning
at the eastern angle of that S. prolonged until it
reaches the river Yamaska, thence by that river
as far as the s. w. line of the aug. of the S. of St.
Ours, thence by the said line as far as the depth
line of the S. of St. Denis, thence by the said
depth line as far as the N. B. line of the S. of St.
Charles on the river Richelieu, thence by the
said N. E. line of St. Charles as far as the depth
line of the said seigniory, thence by the said depth
line as far as the n. e. line of the S. of RouviUe,
thence by the said n. e. line as far as the depth
line of that seigniory, thence by the said depth
line as far as the line between St. Hyacinthe and
the aug. of the S. of Monnoir, thence by the
aforesaid line as far as the s. angle of the S. of
St. Hyacinthe, thence by the western line of part
of the T. of Farnham to the s. angle of the S. of
St. Hyacinthe, thence easternly by the w. outlines
of part of Farnham and then by the towns of
Granby and Milton, as far as the N. w. angle of
Milton, thence by the N. line of Milton as far as
the w. line of the t. of Upton, thence by the said
w. line of UptoSi as far as the s. w. line of part of
Upton, and thence by the said s. w. line of Upton
as far as the eastern angle of the S. of St. Charles
on the river Yamaska. It comprehends the sei-
gniories of De Ramsay, Bourchemin east of the
river Yamaska, and St. Hyacinthe. — Its extreme
length is 41 miles and its breadth 19, containing
477 square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 32' 45" n.
Ion. 72° 54' w. — It sends two members to the pro-
vincial parliament and the place of election is at
St. Hyacinthe. — The principal river is the Ya-
maska. — With the exception of two large and
conspicuous mountains, Rougemont and Yamaska,
the face of this county throughout is level. It is
traversed by numerous roads, and well settled.
It ranks the 17th in population and the 9th in
agricultural produce. As the seigniory of St.
Hyacinthe comprises by far the greater part of
this interesting county, the reader is referred to
the description given of that seigniory, from
which he may infer the general character of the
county, the principal features of tlie other parts
of the county beiiig similar to those of that
seigniory.

Population 12,846
Churches, Pro.
Churches, R. C,
Cures

Presbyteries .
Convents
Colleges

S T

Statistics.

Villages . .
Schools .
Corn-mills .
Saw-mills
Carding-miUs
Fulling-mills

Tanneries
Potasherics
Pearlasheries
Shopkeepers
Taverns .
Artisans .

I
3

3
11
15
59

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bnshels.

114,771
95,400
13,706
69,110

Bushels.
Peas . 17,072
Rye . 3,220
Indian com 1,844
Buck-wheat 5,107

Busbelb
Mixed grain 5,250
Maple sugar,

cwts. 610
Hay, tons 50,600

Live Stock.

7,042 I Cows
6,215 1 Sheep

10,135 1 Swine
32,828 1

7,351

St. Hyacinthe, seigniory, in the co. of St.
Hyacinthe, is bounded n. e. by St. Ours, Bour-
chemin and De Ramsay ; s. w. by the aug. to
Monnoir and the t. of Farnham ; n. w. by Rou-
viUe, St. Charies, and St. Denis; s. e. by MiltoA
and Granby. — 6 leagues in front by 6 in depth»
being 3 leagues on each side of the b. Yamaska.
Granted Sept. 23, 1748, to Sieur F. Rigaud, sei-
gneur de Vaudreuil, and now belongs to Mons.
DesoUes and the Hon. P. D. Debartzch. — The
local situation of this extensive grant renders it a
most valuable and highly improvable property.
So great an extent naturally embraces many va-
rieties of soil, but the best kinds predominate, and
the proportion below mediocrity is very trifling.
The least improvable is towards the n. and n. e.
sides, where the land is low and in some places
swampy ; approaching Granby it rises and pre-
sents a valuable tract of rich dry soil. In many
parts are lands admirably well adapted to the pro-
duction of hemp and flax in large quantities ; and
to the growth of all the grains peculiar to the
country no part of the district is more congenial.
The banks of the Yamaska and other streams
afibrd plenty of good meadow land ; in fact, the
difierent classes of arable, meadow and pasture are
nearly all of first-rate quality. — There is much
fine beech, maple and bass wood timber; cedar
and spruce-fir are abundant on the low wet lands ;
oak and pine are found in tolerable quantities and
of large scantling towards Granby and Farnham.
The part on the n. w. side of the Yamaska is
nearly all employed in agriculture ; the opposite
bank and the parts towards the s. b. extremity
also present many wide ranges of cultivated

ST. HYACINTH E.

grounds. — The Yamaska running along the middle
of this spacious property, being navigable for large
boats and rafts, affords ample means of speedy
conveyance for the produce of the field and the
gi-owths of the forfests. A branch of this river,
diverging to the eastward into the new townships,
and which receives several minor streams, plen-
tifully waters that division ; while the river Sal-
vayle, that has its rise near the boundary of St.
Charles, with some of less note, completely an-
swer the purpose of irrigation for the western
part. — The roads are well kept and are in almost
every direction ; those on each side of the Ya-
maska are the principal, by which the communi-
cation between Three Rivers, Quebec and the
state of Vermont is directly maintained ; and, in
consequence of the importance of this route, every
attention is paid by the proper ofiicers of the dif-
ferent districts to preserve it in the best possible
state. From these roads others of no less general
utility strike oflf into the new townships, and
whence in several ramifications to the state of
New Hampshire, &c. ; altogether forming the
means of intercourse invaluable to this part of
the province. — There are 5 parishes, St. Hya-
cinthe, St. Cesaire, St. Damas, La Presentation
and St. Pie. Although these parishes are tole-
rably well inhabited, there is only one village,
called St. Hyacinthe, which is most conveniently
situated on an angle, formed in the n. b. part by

a large bend of the Yamaska; it contains nearly
200 houses, many of them built with stone or
brick in a superior style, a large handsome church,
a good parsonage-house, and a college or rather
public school. Being in the main road, there, is a
continual influx of strangers travelling to and
from the frontiers, for whose reception there are
one or two respectable inns. The environs are
most agreeably diversified with flourishing or-
chards, gardens, meadows, pastures and inci-
sures. A market is held twice a week. — 5 miles
from the v. are the com, saw and carding-miUs of
Mons. St. Ours. — Near the boundary line of Rou-
ville is a mountain called Rougemont, which is si-
milar to that of Beloeil though inferior in elevation
and extent ; it is . adorned nearly to the summit
with beautiful woods containing some fine timber.
On the other side of the river, near the boundary
line of Milton and Granby, is the Yamaska moun-
tain, almost of the same form and magnitude,
clothed with woods, in which there is some ex-
cellent timber. — The increase of settlements in this
S. is retarded by the poverty of the grantees and
the di-Eculty of making water-courses. Some of
the inhabitants settle in the townships, although
the neighbouring seigniories are not entirely con-
ceded. — No lands were conceded prior to 1759,
and the last concessions were granted on higher
conditions than the preceding.

Statistics.

Parishes.

1
1

i3
S

■s

a
1

-1

i
s

St. Hyaointhe .
St. Cesaire
St. Damas
La Presentation

7939
1894
1818
1824

1
1
1

}

1
1
1

1
1

3
1

1
1
2

2
2

9
2
2
3

13475

Parishes.

Annual Ajirscultural Produce, in bushels. [

Live Stock. 1

i
1

Is
1°

o
o

S
en

St. Hyacinthe .
St. Cesaire
St. Damas
La Presentation

60000
14200
16000
15000

55740
7920

19500
6200

7500
2950
1005
2100

70350

23150
13000

1587
7400
5630
1250

1000

2200

100

3400

790

430

365

1595

3574
764
726
720

3490

1375

782

692

6148
1522
1600
1350

18100
6090
3700
3500

3351

1408
1089
1050

105200

89760

13555

106500

15867

5784

6339

10720

31390

6898

pp2

S T

Tith. " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1748, faite

par Rolland Michel Barrin, Gouverneur, et FranfOi$ Bigot,
Intendant, au Sieiir Francois Rigaud, Seigneur de Vaii-
dreuil, de sLx lieues de front, le long de la riviere Ya-
maska, sur trois lieues de profondeur de chaque c6te
d'icelle; les dites six lieues de front, a prendre a sept
lieues de I'embouohure de la dite riviSre, qui sont les der-

nieres terres conc^d^es." Rigistre d'Intendanee, No. 9,

folio 36.

St. Ignace Isle, in the St. Lawrence, at the
head of Lake St. Peter, lies a little s. of Isle Du-
pas. This and other isles near it consist princi-
pally of meadows and grazing land. Isle St. Ig-
nace. Isle Madame, Isle aux Oies, Isle Ronde,
and Isle de Grace belong to government. These
and some other isles to the eastward are very low,
with marshy strands, but clothed with good tim-
ber. They abound with all sorts of wild fowl, as
do the intervals between them with excellent fish
of various kinds. Isle Madame is one league in
length and half a league in width.

St. Ignace (P. and S.), v. Cap St. Igxace.

St. Ignace, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, is
bounded n.b. by L'Epinay and the t. of Stone-
ham; s. w. by Sillery and by St. Gabriel of
which it formerly formed a part ; in the rear by
Fief Hubert ; in front by the R. St. Charles. It
is half a league in front by ten leagues in depth.
Granted, Aug. 20th, 1652, to the community of
the Hotel Dieu to whom it still belongs. — In the
quality of the land and the peculiarities of the
soil there is a strong affinity between this and the
S. of St. Gabriel; the lower part is rich, fertile,
and well cultivated for more than two leagues
towards Lake St. Charles, in which tract many
farms are extremely productive in grain of all
kinds. On some of the farms flax is cultivated
with great success, and on the b. St. Charles the
pastures and meadows are so fine as scarcely to
be rivalled by any in the province : beyond the
lake the country assumes a mountainous and
barren character, affording no land upon which
agricultural industry could be exerted with any
hopes of success. On the lower part of the S.
the little timber that remains is of inferior dimen-
sions and confined to small woods and patches
here and there ; but in the vicinity of Lake St.
Charles and farther rearward a great abundance
of the finest sort is produced. The rivers Jacques
Cartier, Ste. Anne, and Batiscan cross it in the
intervals between the different ranges of moun-
tains, while the cultivated part is exceedingly well

watered by the river St. Charles and Lake St.
Charles aided by many small streams.

Title. — " Concession du 20me Aoilt, 1652, faite par
Monsieur de Lauzon, Gouverneur, aux Dames de I'Hfltel
Dieu, d'une demi lieue de terre de front sur la riviere St.
Charles, sur dix lieues de profondeur ; d^raembree du fief
St. Gabriel, par donation du Sieur Robert Giffard, Seigneur
de Bemiport, aux dites Dames; k prendre d'un cote aux
terres concedees sur la riviere St. Charles, au Sieur Guil-
laume Couillard, d'autre part a la ligne qui fait la separa-
tion des terres depuis peu accordfees aux Sauvages, d'autre
bout par derrifire aux terres non-concMees, et par devant
a la rivifire St. Charles." — Papier Terrier, No. Mi, folio 296,
\dtne Mars, 1781.

St. Jacques, river, in the S. of St. Gabriel.
This small stream runs into the b. St. Charles
about 2 mUes below Jeune Lorette.

St. Jacques, (R.), v. St. Lambert, r.

St. Jacques (V.), v. Islb Vbbte, S.

St. Jean, fief, in the co. of St. Maurice, lies
between the seigniories of Riviere du Loup, Mas-
kinonge, and Carufel. It is f of a league in front
by 2 leagues in depth. Granted, Oct. 13, 1701,
to the Ursuline nuns of Three Rivers. A con-
firmation of the grant with its augmentation. Mar.
27, 1 733, gives it one league more in depth. The
Ursulines stiU retain the property. The land is
good and productive, and nearly the whole of the
fief is cultivated, but very little of the augmenta-
tion. It has some fine timber.

Title. — " Concession du 13me Octobre, 1701, faite par
Hector de Calliere, Gouverneur, etjean Bochart, Intendant,
aux Dames Religieuses Ursulines, des Trois Rivieres, de
I'espace de terre concfed^e, qui se trouve dans le lac St.
Pierre au fleuve St. Laurent, du c6te du Nord ; condstant
d'envdron trois quarts de lieues de front entre le Sieur
Joseph Petit dit Bruno, Seigneur de MasJcinongS, et le
Sieur Trotier de Beaubien, Seigneur de la Riviere du Loup,

sur la profondeur de deux lieues." Rigistre d'Intendanee,

No. b, folio m.

Augmentation — " Confirmation du 27me Mars, 1733,
pai' sa Majesty, d'une concession faite le lOme DScembre,
1727, aux Dames Ursulines des Trois Rimires, d'un ter-
rein joignant du c6t^ du Nord-Est au fief de la Riviire du
Loup, appartenant aux dites Religieuses, et du c6t4 du
Sud- Quest au fief du Sieur Sicard, ayant environ trois

quarts de lieue de front sur trois lieues de profondeur."

Insinuations du Conseil Supirieur, Rigistre G, folio 42.

St. Jean, river, runs from the w. into a bay
opposite Cap Dimond on the r. Saguenay.

St. Jean, river, in the S. of Ste. Anne, in the
CO. of Kamouraska. This small stream rises s. w.
of Mount St. Barbe, and running n.w. joins the
B. Ste. Anne near the line that divides the 1st
and 2nd ranges of the S.

St. Jean de Baptistb (V. and P.), v. Or-
leans Island.

S T

St. Jean de Baptiste (P.), v. Ecureuils, S.
St. Jean de Baptiste (P.), v. Rouvillb, S.
St. Jean de Baptiste (y.),v. St. Michel, S.
St. Jean Deschaillons or Riviere du
ChenBj seigniory, in the co. of Lotbiniere. This
S. with its augmentation is bounded n. e. by the
S. of Lotbiniere and its augmentation ; s. w. by
Levrard and the t. of Blandford ; in the rear by
a small triangular piece of waste land that sepa-
rates it from the townships of Stanfold and So-
merset ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — The ori-
ginal grant is 2 leagues square and was made,
Apr. 25, I674, to Sieur St. Ours; the augmenta-
tion is 2 leagues fronting the rear of the S. and
4^ leagues in depth, and was granted, Jan. 25,
1752, to Roc de St. Ours, Sieur Deschaillons:
they are now the property of Charles de St. Ours,
Esq. — The soil in general is of a favourable qua-
lity, being either a good yellow loam or a fine
black mould ; but, notwithstanding these advan-
tages, cultivation has made but an indifferent
progress. On the bank of the St. Lawrence
there are two ranges of concessions containing
about 150 farm lots, the majority of which appear
to be under respectable management. Both the
original grant and the augmentation are thickly
clothed with wood of various species, better cal-
culated for firewood than for any other purpose,
and great quantities are supplied to the garrison
and city of Quebec. — The Petite Riviere du Chene,
which crosses the original grant diagonally and
falls into the St. Lawrence a little below Cap h.
la Roche, is the only stream that waters this
tract ; and it is not navigable at any season for any
thing larger than a canoe : about half a mile above
its mouth there is a good corn-mill. On each
side of this river are settlements with roads, which
traverse the seigniory and communicate with those
of St. Pierre les Bequets, and finally reach the
road, recently opened, leading into the t, of Bland-
ford up to the Canadian settlement of Messrs. La-
gueu, Langevin, and others, situated on the k.
Becancour. The aug. has scarcely any means of
irrigation. — A little distance upwards from Cap a
la Roche a very neat church is seated on the bank
of the St. Lawrence, which, along the whole
front, is a good deal elevated. The houses of
the tenantry are dispersed among the concessions
by the side of the main road that passes close to
the river ; they are mostly built with wood and
have a very neat appearance.

Population 658
Churches, R. C. 1
Cur^s . . 1

Presbyteries 1
Corn-mills . 1
Saw-mills . I

Shopkeepers 1
Artisans . 1 1

Annital Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels. I Bushels

. 6,200 Potatoes 3,940
. 6,800 1 Peas . 1,300

Bushels.

Rye . . 200
Indian com 85

Live Stock.

262 I Cows
140 I Sheep

524 1 Swine
1,572 I

655

Title. — « Concession du 25me Avril, 1674, au Sieur de
St. Ours, de deux lieues de terre de front le long du fleuve
St. Laurent, a commencer quatre arpens audessous de la
Rivifire du Chine en montant le dit fleuve, avec deux
lieues de profondeur dans les dites terres, nommee la
Seigneurie Deschaillons." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage,
folio &1. Cahiers d'Intendance, 2 a 9, folio 2'i3.

Augmentation. — " Concession du 25me Janvier, 1752,
faite par le Marquis de La Jonquiere, Goiiverneur, et
Frmifois Bigot, Intendant, k Roc de St. Ours, Sieur Des-
chaillons, dans la profondeur de la riviere du Chine sur le
meme front de la Seigneurie de la riviere du Chine a lui
d^ja eonctdfie, avec quatre lieues et demie de profondeur
4 prendre au bout des deux lieues que contient sa dite
Seigneiuie." — Rigistre d'Jntendance, No. W, folio 28.—
By this concession of augmentation, and by the ratifica-
tion of it, the first concession is said to contain only one
league and a half, as per the Rigistre, IVo. 10, folio 2, et
Ins. Con, Sup. Letter K, folio 7.

St. Jean Pout Joli, seigniory, in the co. of
L'Islet, is bounded n. e. by Reaume j s. w. by the
S. of L'Islet; in the rear by the augmentation
to the T. of Ashford ; in front by the St. Law-
rence. — 2 leagues in front and depth. Granted,
May 25, 1677j to Noel L'Anglois, and now be-
longs to — Gaspe, Esq. — The land in front is
rather low, but the uniformity is varied by a tri-
fling ridge and a few rising grounds : towards the
rear it is mountainous and rugged. The soil is a
mixture of light sandy earth and clay ; about the
high lands it is poor and indifferent. About one-
third of the tract is in a moderate state of cultiva-
tion, and the settlements, generally speaking, have
been brought by industry into a very respectable
condition. — All the lands are conceded and sur-
veyed. Many farms were conceded before 1759,
at the rate of 40 sols for each front arpent by 40 in
depth ; the farms conceded since that period were
granted on the same term.s, with the exception of
some, the rent of which does not exceed 3 livres per
arpent. There are 4 ranges of concessions : 2 are
settled, and 25 inhabitants are in the 3rd. The
1st is most settled and the soil is dry and sandy,
except in the higher and lower parts, where the

S T

soil is strong with a clay bottom. The 2nd con-
cession is all strong soil upon clay. On the 3rd
are maple and other hard wood, epinette, spruce, and
black birch, but not much cedar. The 4th range is
traversed by the mountain. The church, 120 ft.
by 40, has two steeples and is surrounded by 15
houses, including the parsonage-house; it is close
to the St. Lawrence, near which the main road
passes ; there are also several other roads to the
adjacent grants on each side. At the mouth of
the R. Trois Saumons the valuable mills and di-
stillery belonging to Mr. Harrower are very eli-
gibly placed : the latter is an establishment of
considerable magnitude, with every convenience
for carrying on an extensive business; at high
water decked vessels of twenty tons may come up
to the premises. Over the river there is a good
bridge. The beach at the mouth of the Trois
Saumons is flat and thickly covered with detached
rocks that run a good way out. From the St.
Lawrence the view of the mills and surrounding
objects, heightened by the pleasing natural scenery
of the environs, is very agreeable. — At the mouth
of the R. Port Joli vessels of 60 tons burden can
enter, although the port is not so advantageous
as that at the mouth of the Salmon River.—
Beech, birch, maple, and pine timber are in great
plenty, as well as most of the inferior kinds. The
rivers Trois Saumons and Port Joli have their
sources in the mountains at the back of the sei-
gniory, and, descending in a westemly direction,
water the S. very well : there are a few other
streams of inconsiderable note. — A great number
(rf persons in this parish have the means and are
willing to make new settlements in the place of
their birth and near their relatives, but there is
no land for them, all being already occupied.

Population 2,452
Churches, R. C. 1
Presbyteries . 1
Chapels . 1

Schools . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills
Saw-mills
Distillery
Merchants

Taverns
Artisans
Schooners
Keel boats

6
25

6
12

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

19,700

18,500

1,000

Bushels.
Potatoes 23,000
Peas . 3,000
Indian corn 112

Cwts.
Maple sugar 178
Hay, tons 3,500

Live Stock.

900 I Cows
530 1 Sheep

2,«)0 1 Swine
5,5001

1,650

Title. — " Concession du 23me Mai, 1677, faite par
Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et
Jean Bochart, Intendant, a Noll V Anglais, de la consist-
ence de deux lieues de terre de front, le long du fleuve
St. Laurent, du c6x,k du Sud, a commencer depuis les
terres qui appartiennent a la Demoiselle Lacombe, en re-
montant le dit fleuve, jusqu'a la concession de la De-
moiselle GeneviSve Couillard, avec deux lieues de pro-
fondeur." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 44, page
194, le 23me Sept., 1781. — Cahiers d' Intendance, No. 2 i
9, folio 301.

St. Joachim (P.), v. Cote de Bbaupre.

St. John, lake, in the co. of Saguenay, lies in
an immense valley, and is the reservoir or basin
into which numerous large rivers and streams
empty themselves, many of which rise in the high
lands that separate the Hudson's Bay territory
from Lower Canada. It is situated in lat. 48°
32' 37" N. and between long. 71° 29' and 720
9' w. It is 57j miles from Chicoutimi, about 35
leagues n. of Quebec and 60 leagues w. n. w. of
Tadoussac. It covers about 510 square miles and
is 90 miles in circumference ; in the widest part,
from the mouth of the Metabetshuan to that of
the Peribonea, it is about 30 miles, and in
the narrowest part, from St. David's Point to
Pointe Bleu, about 18 mUes. Lake St. John,
called by the Indians Peaquagomi which means
Flat Lake, is nearly circular and is remarkably
shallow. This lake has two outlets, called the
Grande Decharge and the Petite Decharge, which
issue from the n. e. side of the lake, about 2
miles from which they form a confluence and
take the name of Saguenay River. Besides the
communication with the St. Lawrence by means
of the R. Saguenay, from Lake St. John a water
communication, with portages, may be had through
Lake Mistassinis and Rupert's River with James'
Bay. A communication with the St. Lawrence
may also be had through the Batiscan River, and
another through the river St. Maurice or the Black
River. A water communication with the Ottawa
or Great River is also had through various streams
and lakes emptying themselves into Lake St. John
and the Saguenay, until the sources of the Ga-
tineau are reached, which is navigable for canoes
a distance of 300 miles. Such are the astonishing
facilities of internal water communication afforded
by the streams emptying themselves into Lake St.
John, that there is no portion of Lower or Upper
Canada to the successful defence or attack of which
the possession of that lake might not be conducive:
and this part of the province seems to be most
important in a military point of view, for the

ST. JOHN.

great valley of Lake St. John could not be at-
tacked by land, for no enemy could march over the
mountains by which it is on every side surrounded.

The Navigation of Lake St. John is subject to
some difficulties ; schooners of 30 or 40 tons may
sail on the lake, but not very near its borders,
which can only be approached by flat-bottomed
boats or bark canoes on account of shoals, par-
ticularly near the entrance of the rivers; its
depth varies from 6 to 40 fathoms from one to
two miles from the shore it is generally only 3 ft.
deep, and this extreme shallowness is common to
the lake (the depth of which in no part bears any
proportion to its extent), and is the cause of the
sea-like turbulence its surface assumes after the
least wind, occasioning a violent ground swell and
lofty breakers, to which, at a distance from the
shore, the hardiest voyageur is frequently unwill-
ing to expose himself. Upon placing the hand
in the water on these occasions it feels very de-
cidedly tepid. This shallowness and unusual tem-
perature, by occasioning a more rapid evaporation,
may account for a fact which might otherwise be
diflScult, viz. six tolerably large rivers and several
smaller ones fall into Lake St. John, while only
one of moderate dimensions runs out of it. With
the least wind from the north-west the waves
run prodigiously high, which renders canoe na-
vigation very dangerous here. The waters also
rise very rapidly in time of rain and fall almost
as suddenly, particularly when the wind is n. w.,
to which and the s. w. winds the lake is much
exposed when a heavy swell runs to the opposite
shore. In the autumn it is sometimes almost im-
possible to cross it on account of the broken swells.
Under the lee of the land there is no sea for some
distance off the shore, but it has been seen to be
one sheet of foam. The ice of the lake is not
passable in safety before the 10th of January ;
the first appearance of its forming on the lake is
about the 10th of November, and it begins to form
all over about the beginning of January, but in
consequence of the prevalentwindsit is not passable
at that time. The lake is navigable all round
but not in the centre about the latter end of April,
and all over by the 8th or 12th of May.

The Climate of Lake St. John is as mild or
mild«r than that of Montreal. There is a differ-
ence of 15 or 20 days between the vegetation at
the Post and Chicoutimi, for at the latter place
jiotatoe stocks, cabbages, and onions have been

frost-bitten about the 23rd of Sept., while the
potatoes at the Post on the lake remained in
flower and uninjured till about the 12th of Oct.
when they were dug up. This great difference
in so small a distance is supposed by Mr. Nixon
to arise from the low situation of the ground and
the vicinity to salt water at Chicoutimi. Every
thing that grows in the neighbourhood of Quebec
and even melons can be produced on the borders
of the lake, and the nights are less cold than in
the surrounding country. In 1828, when, on ac-
count of mildew, the crops almost entirely failed
in the district of Montreal, and generally through-
out Upper Canada, the little corn that was grown
at Lake St. John was of very good quality. The
lake is frozen over about the middle of November
and is clear of ice by the end of May; the interval
of vegetation is therefore short but is proportion-
ably more rapid. The ground wiU be in a state
fit for cultivation before the lake is clear from
ice, and will be free from frost, at least one foot
deep, on or before the 1st of May, at which period
10 gallons of peas have been sown which produced
more than 10 bushels, although from the wetness
of the season about one third of the crop was lost.
These peas were harvested on the 1st of Sept. and
among them were found nearly half a pint of wheat,
which, as an experiment, were sown about the 7th
of May, and when harvested on the 8th of Sept.
produced full half of a Winchester bushel ; two
of the ears, without selection, were examined and
found to contain, one 41, the other 46 grains of
com : the straw grew about 4 ft. in height. On
the 3rd or 4th of May half a bushel of-barley was
sown, and produced, Aug. 5, from 5 to 6 bushels.
A pint of Indian corn, sown May 10th, produced
at least 10 gallons, although much was destroyed
by worms. Not quite 8 bushels of potatoes, planted
in heaps, produced 300 bushels. These experi-
ments were made without manure.

Soil. — The shores of l. St. John abound with in-
exhaustible quarries of limestone and extensivebeds
of fine marl. The s. shore, from Pointe Bleue to
within about a league from the k. Metabetshouan,
is composed of day, slate, and carboniferous lime-
stone. The N. shore, from the Assuapmoissoin to
the Peribonea, is a sandy alluvium on a marly
clay ; from the Peribonea to the Kacouatimi it is
a sandy swamp, and from the Kacouatimi to the
Grande Decharge it is formed of syenite com-
posed almost entirely of a brilliant felspar. The

S T: JOHN.

shores of the lake are in many places very sandy,
and where no rock appears fine shining yellow
sand IS foundj and where rocks and sand appear
intermixed the former rise through the latter, as-
suming an isolated appearance. This sandy girdle,
is not confined to the margin of the lake, but
passes a short distance into the interior, bestow-
ing upon the land forming the borders of the lake
an infertility of aspect which vanishes upon pass-
ing these sandy limits. Between Chicoutimi and
the country immediately in its rear, on one
side, and Ha- Ha Bay and the waters emptying
into it, on the other, there is said to be
300,000 acres of culturable land. Proceeding
from Chicoutimi to Lake St. John by the western
route, it seems probable that the country is not
susceptible of culture to the westward of the river
Chicoutimi as far as the lower extremity of Lake
Kiguagomi. From Lake Kiguagomi to Lake St.
John there is, according to the report of traders
and Indians, a deep tract of level and fertile
country. The peninsula lying between Kiguagomi
and the grand outlet of Lake St. John is said to
contain 250,000 acres of level and fertile land.
On the s. w. side of Lake St. John the mountains
approach near to the lake, and beyond them the
whole country, lying to the westward, as far as
the river St. Maurice, is altogether unsusceptible
of culture, with the exception of a few patches
too inconsiderable to be particularised. The n. e.
side of Lake St. John contains much good land. —
Eight large rivers, besides minor streams, fall into
Lake St. John; these rivers are nearly aU of the
first class and are navigable for large bateaux for
many leagues, and farther on for bark canoes;
their names are the Peribonea, Mistassini, As-
suapmoussoin, Ouiatchouan, Ouiatchouanitch,
Metabetshouan, Kuspahiganish, and Kuspahi-
gan. The following is a table of the distances
to which the rivers which run into the lake have
been ascended.

River Peribonea .
Musk-rat River .
River David
Rum River
River Mistassini
Koucciatien River
River Baddeley
River Pastagoutin
Saguenayfrom Chicoutimi
to Terres Rompues

Miles.

Chains

4.0

7
6

00
00

Islands, Sfc. — Po'mte Bleue, about 64- miles n. by

E. from the r. Ouiatchouan, is a point of rock
covered with moss and a small growth of cedar,
from which the lake borders run w.n.w., describing
a very wide bay around which the land appears of
good quality, being timbered with ash, fir, balsam>
spruce and cedar, and it is level to a considerable
extent. Numerous small alder islands lie in the
bay. — Isle aux Couleuvres ox Snake Island, called by
the Indians Manitou-Miniatouhi, "the Evil Spirit's
Island," lies nearly opposite the mouth of the
Ouiatchouanish. Some voyagers have had the
greatest disinclination to visit this island on ac-
count of the number of snakes which were re-
ported to exist there, and many wonderful stories
of their forming festoons, knots, and lying toge-
ther like a string of sausages, were told; but
after traversing the whole island one shrivelled
skin only has been seen. Pears too (probably un-
der the guardianship of the snakes) were said to
be abundant with equal foundation. — Grosse Isle
is 1^ mile from Pointe a la Traverse; it is about
three-fourths of a league long and about 550 ft.
wide, and is said to belong to the Ursulines. It is
almost entirely a barren rock, but there is one
farm on it of 90 acres which is under cultivation
and the land is good ; the timber consists of spruce,
elm, pine and ash. On this isle are blocks
of granite. — Petite Isle lies at a little distance
N. w. of Grosse Isle. — Dalhousie Islands lie oppo-
site the outlets called Grande and Petite De-
charge. — Presq'ile or The Peninsula is formed by
the grand outlet on one side, and by the river
Chicoutimi, and lakes Kiguagomi, Kiguagomi-
shish. Alder River, BeUe Rivi^e, the Kushpa-
higan and part of Lake St. John, on the other
sides ; it lies between 70° 34' and yi" 29' west
longitude from Greenwich, and 48° 14' 38" and
48° 34' north latitude. The soil, which is a loam,
is in general well adapted for settlement. The
timber is red pine, cypress, white birch, sapin,
white spruce, black birch, &c., all of moderate
size, except the pines, which are scattered here
and there and are very large, but appear to be
generally of bad quality. The land beyond the
bank is level ; and if settlements were formed
here, beginning at Chicoutimi, which should al-
ways be the central point, a road might by de-
grees be opened, communicating with Lake St.
John ; this would be the more easy to make, as
there is but one river to cross, and which (except
during floods) may be forded. The Peninsula con-

ST. JOHN.

tains about 245,000 acres, and would consequently-
held 2,450 inhabitants, allowing 100 acres to each.
The climate is at least as mild as that of the
neighbourhood of Quebec, but the spring is about
15 days later than at the post at the Kiver Me-
tabetshouan, on Lake St. John. This beautiful

Peninsula is joined to the continent by an isthmus
or portage of only one mile in length. Through
the lakes and rivers, that bound the s. side of the
Peninsula, a communication is kept up between
Lake St. John and Chicoutimi, which is more
particularly explained by the following table.

Table of Distances from Lake St. John to Chicoutimi, bee/inning at the Mouth of Kushpahigan

or Belle Riviere.

Portage of Belle Rivitoe, 500 yaids.

37}

\0i

31;

50i

SOJ

52J

5;h

55J

44J

44i

464

47i

49;

Mouth of Riviere des Aulnais.

Falls of RiviSre des Aulnais and Portage, 700 yards.

Head of Lake Kiguagomishish or Portage of Kiguagomi.
Lake Ouiqui half a mile, Kiguagomi.
Portage'des Roches, 200 yards.
Portage de I'lslet, 440 yards.
Beau Poitage, 250 yards.

Portage de I'Enfant, 200 yards.

28*

43:

26^

39J

41,

42i

444

20^

33^

35|

36^

381

liJ*

32^

32i

34i

35^

371

13i

18:

12;
14|

124

Portage du Chien, 210 yards.
Portage Ka Ka, 200 yards.
Portage of Chicoutimi.

24 Chicoutimi.

Making a total distance of 55i miles from Lake
St. John to Chicoutimi, exclusive of minor port-
ages amounting to 2 miles.

Fish. — Lake St. John abounds with many kinds
of fish, particularly pike, carp, dor6, white-fish,
awenanish, chub, and a fish called la munie which
resembles the egl in colour, the dog-fish in shape,
and the cod-fish in the head but much flatter ; its
average length is 2j ft. : the Indians are very
fond of it boiled, but the white people make no
use of it except the liver, which is considered a
delicacy ; it is also used for bait during the winter
Season. The awenanish is said to be the most
delicious fresh water fish in the world. Great
quantities of fish are taken at the mouth of the
Ouiatchouan, which appears the most favourable
place for setting the nets, and where the fish is
found more abundant than in any other part of
the lake ; it is salted and put into barrels for the
use of the traders. The fish abounding between
Chicoutimi and the Kushpahigan are red trout,
watouche or chub-pike,, carp and dore ; the last

two are to be found only as far as the falls of the
Belle Riviere : the red trout is only to be met
with in Lake Kiguagomi and at the Portage de
rislet, except a few in lakes Ouiqui and Kiguago-
mishish, in which there are chub and carp in
great abundance. There are smelts in Lac Vert.
^For other particulars relative to Lake St. John
and the Peninsula, vide Vol. I., pp. 285 — 289,
and also King's Posts.

St. John (r.), v. Richelieu, r.

St. John, river, in the southern parts of the cos.
of BeUechasse, L'Islet, Kamouraska,andRimouski,
rises in three large branches called the South
Branch, the Main Branch, and the West Branch
which is also called the River Daaquam. The South
Branch rises in a lake near one of the sources of
the American river Penobscot ; the Main Branch
issues from a small lake called the Ahpmoojeene-
Gamook, in an extensive swamp near the province
line, and on waste lands in the rear of the t. of
Watford ; the West Branch or Daaquam has its
head waters from the boundary line between

ST. JOHN.

Standon and Ware, and within one mile of Lake
Etchemin. The country watered by the Southern
and Main Branches has not been sufficiently ex-
plored, and, therefore, no description of those
branches can be here given. The Western Branch
has been visited by experienced surveyors, and its
source is found to be separated from the rivers
Etchemin and du Sud by high lands which appear
to take a n. b. direction. This branch of the k.
St. John, after leaving the T. of Ware, takes a
N. E. course, and, after receiving on its left bank
another branch called the R. Eseganetsgook, soon
forms a junction with the Main Branch which
had previously received the waters of the South
Branch. From the confluence of these streains
the St. John becomes an important river, and after
receiving the R. St. Francis, which rises near
Temiscouata portage and descends through a part
of the counties of Rimouski and Kamouraska, it
hastens to its confluence with the river Mada-
waska, whence it directs its course s. e. to the
Great Falls, receiving in its way the Grande Ri-
viere and other tributary streams. Having en-
tered the province of New Brunswick, it runs for
many miles southwardly ,• after which it turns to
the south-east, and ultimately loses itself in the
Bay of Fundy. — The West Branch at its head is
55 links wide and runs rapidly over stones through
indifferent land that produces spruce and sapin.
The first part of its course iS very crooked and
runs between e. n. e. and E. and generally
through alders and meadows ; its banks are here
from 2 to 4 ft. high, and the land on each side for
half a mile from the banks flat and low; the
depth of the water varies from one or two feet, to
six or seven feet, and it runs in a gentle stream
over gravel or sand where the water is shallow,
and where it is deep over mud; the width varies
from 50 to 80 links during the first seven or eight
miles, and it is navigable for rafts without any im-
pediment. In this distance trout and other fish have
been caught in tolerable abundance. — The Main
Branch deserves particular notice on account of
its great extent and the various advantages it
offers in an agricultural and military point of
view : it runs nearly in a parallel direction with
the St. Lawrence to its confluence with the Ma-
dawaska, and at some places is only from 12 to 14
leagues therefrom, and about 22 to 25 from
Quebec ; it traverses the middle of this portion of
territory n. e. from its source to its junction with

the Madawaska, about 132 miles: it offers an
interesting field for a new line of settlements
of at least 36 townships in connexion with the
most flourishing and inhabited parts of the pro-
vince, and presents at no very distant period a
new and shorter line of communication to New
Brunswick by nearly 60 miles. — This river is said
to be navigable nearly from its source to its con-
fluence with the Madawaska, 25 to 30 leagues,
and its average breadth is from 10 to 20 chains
until it reaches Presqu' Isle, below which it
widens considerably, and at its confluence with
the Madawaska it is from 15 to 20 chains wide. —
Its water, which rises considerably in the spring
and fall of the year, is tolerably deep, but at a
short distance below the Forks, there is a rapid
where the water is very shallow. The current in
some places is very rapid and in others gentle, and
is navigable for canoes and large flat boats with
the exception of those parts of the river which are
obstructed by falls or rapids, where there are
short portages, the principal of which are at the
Great Falls of 75 feet, and at the Little Falls
near the confluence of this river with the Mada-
waska. From the rapid, a little below the Forks,
to the Great Falls the navigation is easy and fit
for steam-boats ; from the Green River, below the
faUs of St. John, to Presqu' Isle are a few inter-
ruptions by rapids, but they are not of much con-
sequence ; from Presqu' Isle to Frederickton, long
intervals are to be found where steam-boats may
ply ; and at Frederickton, vessels from 50 to 100
tons ascend from the sea. A steam-boat naviga-
tion might be effected from the source of the river
St. John, 50 or 60 miles from Quebec, at least
with few interruptions. The Indians ascend this
river in canoes at times and reach the river Et-
chemin by a portage in their way to Quebec, and
some Americans have gone down in canoes, by
making some portages, from the state of Maine. —
The advantages afforded by the river St. John
have been always admitted, for Charlevoix de-
scribed its borders to be covered, in his time,
with fine oak and other trees, particularly beech ;
and vines were found there which produced very
large grapes with a thick and hard skin, but of a
delicious flavour. This river may be said to be
generally deep, smooth and navigable from its
remotest sources, and running through a country
possessing every advantage of soil, climate and
water-communication. The tine and extensive

S T

valley of the St. John is every where worthy of
attention. In 'this fine river, nature has provided
a grand canal, traversing the richest portinn of the
province and aiFording an inland water-communi-
cation of several hundred miles in extent. — The
country on "this K., above the Madawaska settle-
ment, is rich and in every way suited to agricul-
ture. From the entrance of the Madawaska the
river St. John is settled on both sides down to the
Great Falls, about 40 miles, and exhibits flourish-
ing settlements. For the first 4 miles of the Ma-
dawaska settlement on this river, there is every
appearance of comfort, and the lands bordering
on the river are remarkably fine, and in the high-
est state of cultivation ; and the farms join each
other the same as those on the old settlements on
the banks of the St. Lawrence. The whole way
on both sides as far as the Great Fall is well
settled by a colony of Acadians, who appear to be
in good circumstances, and the land is a rich
loamy soil in general. The river in the spring
overflows its banks and leaves a deposit which
fertilizes the ground to an astonishing degree.
On either side of the river, the plat'ms or flat
grounds extending inland for some distance, pro-
duce abundance of hay and pasturage, and enable
the inhabitants to keep numerous flocks aud herds,
and these would, if they had any means of getting
them to market, be a source of great wealth to the
settlement ; but they have unfortunately no main
road, and use the river as such by means oi pirogues
or sm^ll wooden canoes, and this even from house
to house. Their communication with the St.
Lawrence is extremely difficult, and has never been
attempted with any produce or stock; and the
people feel the disadvantages under which in this
I respect they are placed. They have, in going to
the St. Lawrence, fifteen leagues of water-carriage
to perform up the River Madawaska and Lake
Temiscouata, before they get to the portage, which
is twelve leagues and entirely impracticable for
carriages. They are distant from Frederickton in
New Brunswick upwards of fifty leagues, and the
interruption of the Great Falls as well as a want
of roads in that direction also precludes them from
that market. — The only description of commerce
hitherto attempted on this river is the lumber
trade to the Bay of Fundy, and this trade might
be carried on most extensively.

St. John, river, in the co. of Saguenay, runs
into the s. w. side of the k. Saguenay. It is said

S T

that there is good anchorage at its mouth for all
sorts of vessels. On its banks and near its mouth,
is about a square mile of culturable land, which is
in Ion. 69° 42", lat. 48° 13' 15".

St. Joseph (F.), v. Monnoir, S.

St. Joseph (L.), v. Ontakietsi.

St. Joseph (P.), d. Lanokaye, S.

St. Joseph, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, is
bounded n. e. by Frampton ; s. w. by Broughton;
in the rear by Vaudreuil ; in front by Ste. Marie.
— 3 leagues in breadth by 4 in depth. Granted,
Sept. 23, 1736, to Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil;
and is now the property of the Hon. P. E.
Taschereau. The w. section belongs to Fleury
Delagorgondiere and the widow of the Hon.
A. L. Duchesnaye. The surface is uneven and
rocky in several places ; yet the land is tolerably
good, and in general very productive where it is
under culture. Timber of almost every descrip-
tion is found in great plenty. The River Chau-
diere passes through the centre, dividing the S.
nearly in equal proportions. On each side the k.
are settlements at a little distance from the bank,
where agriculture has been carried on with good
success. Besides these tracts, there are, in Ait-
ferent parts of the interior, a few concessions that
have also made considerable progress. The farm-
houses by the road side, on each bank of the river,
are numerous, neat and substantial, denoting the
ease and comfort of their occupants. Here is
scarcely any stream except the main river. — T^e
S. has a church and parsonage-house, and at the
lower part are valuable corn and saw-miUs.

Statistics.

Population 1,9.36
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . I
Presbyteries . 1

Schools

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Corn-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills .

Notaries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans

I
3

2
21

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.

13,000
7,900
6,500

20,000

Bushels.
Peas . 3,900
Rye . 100
Buck wheat 600
Indian corn 400

Maple sugar,

cwts. 473
Hay, tons 1,193

Live Stock.

598 1 Cows
370 1 Sheep

828 1 Swine .
3,740 1

1,150

Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite
par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouvemeur, et
Gilles Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil,
de trois lieues de terre de front et deux lieues de pro-
fondeur, des deux c6tes de la riviere du Sault de la Chau.
diere, en remontant, ensemble tons les lacs, isles et islets
qui s'y trouvent, a commeneer a la fin de la concession

0Q2

S T

accord^e aujourd'hui au Sieur Taschereclu." —Rigiatrc
d'Intendance, No. 8, folio 8.

St. Joseph (V.), v. Lauzon, S.

St. Joseph (V.), v. St. Michel, S.

St. Joseph (V.), v. Soulange, S.

St. Lambert, river, is a continuation of the
Ruisseau St. Jacques, which rises in the n. b.
extremity of the t. of Sherrington and runs n.
near to the church of St. Philip in the S. of
Laprairie, where it takes the name of St. Lam-
bert; it then descends towards the v. of La-
prairie, 20 arpents below which it falls into the
St. Lawrence, after having received the waters of
the little river St. Cloud. It traverses the com-
mon s. of the village and within A of a league of
it crosses the road from St. John. It is navigable
about half a league from its mouth, but only in
the spring.

St. Lawrence (I.), v. Okleans, I.

St. Lawrence, river, also called the Iroquois
and the Cataraqui. This noble river has been
so amply described in the first volume (vide page
156 e< seq.), that it is only necessary to insert here
some interesting information relative to its navi-
gation, which, although highly useful to those
who navigate it, was thought of too dry a nature
to interest the general reader, and was therefore
omitted in the first volume.

Abstract of the "Report and Evidence on the Chan-
nels of the St. Lawrence, printed by order of
the House of Assembly, 1829."

Pierre Bonneau. — I am a licensed pilot; there is a passage
between the south shore of the lie aux Coudres and Seal
Shoal which large vessels may ascend at high tide; the
bottom of the channel is sandy, and over it a few stones are
scattered ; it must be well known to proceed that way ; few
pilots are acquainted with it, and seven vessels having run
tbul of each other in a fog, the inhabitants of He aux Coudres
conducted them to Quebec by the north ; two of them ran
aground, and if the weather had been worse and a calm had
not come on, they would have been shipwrecked. — Among
the shipwrecks which have occurred in that passage, I recol-
lect that of a large vessel conducted by one Godebout ; that
shipwreck would not have taken place had he been acquainted
with that passage, and every pilot ought to be acquainted with
it, as notwithstanding their skill they may get into it ; the
north channel is deeper than the south channel and the tra-
verse opposite Cap Tourmente is a safe one, sufficient for the
passage of the largest vessels ; from Cap Mailiard to Cap
Tourmente the anchorages are very good ; that called ha
Prairie at the He aux Coudres is the best between Bic and
Quebec. A vessel may be hauled up there to be careened ;
the brig Hen, which was cast on shore on He Rouge and had
sustained much injury, was conducted under my direction to
the He aux Coudres to be careened. A vessel sustaining
damage on descending might be repaired at He aux Coudri.8
and pursue her voyage, whereas if obliged to go back to
Quebec she would be forced to winter there ; vessels which
do not sail until late in the autumn make niucli better pass-

S T

ages by the north channel, for by that course they avoid the
ice which collects in larger quantities in the south channel ;
and were 1 free to choose for myself between those two chan-
nels, having a vessel to conduct in the autumn, I should pre-
fer the north channel; from the Brandy Pots to Crane Island
there is no securer harbour, sheltered against strong winds,
than La Prairie at He aux Coudres, and all pilots ought to
know it.

Lieut-Col. Bouchetle, surveyor-general — From observa-
tions of the north channel, made in the summer of 1827, 1 am
of opmion that this channel is not only practicable, but of the
greatest service to the navigation of that part of the river,
and this opinion agrees perfectly with that of Capt. Bayfield
of the royal navy. I cannot account for this channel being
abandoned and neglected after it had been practised by the
French previous to 1759, and at that period also adopted by
the British fleet. I am fully of opinion that a perfect know,
ledge acquired of that channel would be of great utility for
the purpose of navigation — As far as relates to the sound-
ings, bearings, position of shoals and general course of the
south channel, I believe the maritime chart of Mr. John
Lambly to be correct, but not as to the configuration of
the land on both sides of the St. Lawrence and shape of the
islands.
Franfois Cloutier, of the parish of Ste. Anne, innkeeper.

I know the channel between the Cote de Beaupre and the

Island of Orleans ; I believe some benefit would result from
its being better known to the pilots, particularly with respect
to the ice in the autumn ; I know of no other reason why it
should not be generally frequented than that It is compara-
tively narrow in some places, and that there are shoals which
ctoss each other. A little below the upper end of the Island
of Orleans there is a sand bank, which runs about half a
league fromBeauprS, leaving only a channel of about 15 acres
wide ; there is another shod, which runs from the Island of
Orleans and stretches about half a league immediately below
the river Montmorenci; these two shoals cross each other
about 12 or 15 acres ; at the end of this shoal, which is gene-
rally called the Batturedu Pavilion, the channel is only about
5 acres wide for about 10 or 12 acres ; thence the channel is
pretty regular as far as the Islets du Chateau Riche. These
islets divide the channel into two ; that on the north is almost
impassable, that on the south is good and is about 12 acres
wide ; the least depth of water when the tide is out is about
5 fathoms. — The Sainte Famille shoal stretches about a quar-
ter of a league from the shore,, whence the channel is good as
far down as the church of Sainte Anne, where there is a shoal
which runs about 36 arpents, leaving also a good channel on
the north ; thence as far as the river Ste- Anne there is only
about five fathoms of water, and afterwards below the lower
end of the island the currents form a sand bank, which
stretches about a league and a quarter, leaving in the north
channel about six or eight fathoms of water : this channel can
only be occasionally used, for in some parts it is so narrow
that it would be impossible to tack a ship in it. Last spring
I took up a ship drawing 1 5 feet water by this channel, and
having a leading wind 1 experienced no difficulty ; the an-
chorage is every where good.

Henry Bayfield, Esq., commander in his Majesty's navy.
— During last summer I surveyed and sounded that part of
the river which is included between the city of Quebec and
He aux Coudres. The north and south channels of the St.
Lawrence have each their advantages and disadvantages. The
principal advantage which the south channel possesses is that '
the tides are not strong as in tlie north channel, excepting in
and near the traverse, ;o that a vessel can anchor immediately
wherever she may happen to be (excepting in the traverse),
in the event of a calm or change of tide rendering that mea-
sure necessary. But there is not so great a diifercnce between
the two channels in this respect as has been generally sup-
posed, for vessels may also anchor in most parts of the north
channel, and the tides are in a few parts of it stronger than
in some pans of the south channel near the traverse, where
vessels frequently anchor to wait for a change of tide. The
south channel possesses a valuable anchorage at Crane Island ;

ST. LAWRENCE.

its disadvantages are the dangerous pass of the traverse and
the shoalness of the water to the southward of Beaujeu's
Bank, off Crane Island. Here a large ship Could not pass
at certain times of the tide— I am aware that there is a deeper
channel between this shoal and Crane Island, but it is too
narrow for a vessel to beat through. The Avignon Rock, to
the southward of the Stone Pillar, is very dangerous to a ves-
sel beating in a dark night. The advantages of the north
channel are as follows : — its entrance between lie aux Cou-
dres and the main land is not nearly so dangerous as the tra-
verse, and there is a good roadsted at Laprairie, on the north
side of He aux Coudres, at its commencement, where a
vessel may safely ride in all winds. There is also good shel-
ter from the north-east gales to the westward of the island.
This channel is perfectly straight, requiring no change of
course, and entirely free from detached shoals all the way
from He aux Coudres to the old traverse off Cap Tour-
mente. This old traverse passes between sands which dry at
low water, and would be perfectly safe if it were buoyed as
the traverse of the south channel now is. The tide in this
old traverse is not very strong, the ground is good, and con-
sequently a vessel might anchor if becalmed in the channel
itself, which is impossible in the traverse of the south chan-
nel, both on account of the nature of the bottom and the
strength of the tide. This traverse would be unquestionably
less dangerous in every respect than the traverse of the south
channel if it were buoyed in the same manner. The prin-
cipal disadvantage in the north channel is the great depth of
■water in the channel immediately between lie aux Cou-
dres and the main land, and the great rapidity of the tides in
the same part. The former circumstance would render it
extremely difficult for a vessel to be held by her anchors if
suddenly becalmed ; and if she were becalmed in a certain
position just about St. Paul's Bay, with the ebb tide run-
ning, she would run great risk of being set ashore, but an
experienced pilot would be aware of this circumstance, and
would never attempt to run through between lie aux Cou-
dres and the main land with the ebb tide running, when there
appeared any chance of its falling calm : I may here remark
that there is the same danger of being becalmed near the tra-
verse of the south channel as in the part just before men-
tioned, so that the channels are not far from equal in this re-
spect. Having thus stated the advantages and disadvantages
of each channel, I shall give it as my opinion that these two
channels are equally good ; the one wUl be preferred by a
navigator equally acquainted with both under some circum.
stances, and the other under contrary circumstances of winds,
weather, season of the year, &c. ; consequently there must be
a great advantage in having two channels instead of one, and
therefore there cannot be a doubt that it would tend to im-
prove the navigation of the river if the pilots were by law
bound to make themselves equally acquainted with both chan-
nels, and indeed with every part of the river, as is the case in
other countries. — In the course of our researches last summer
we discovered a third channel which has never been before
noticed. It is not so good as either of the others, but ought
to be well known. The western entrances of this channel
are between the islands to the westward of Crane Island ; the
principal entrance being between He aux Reaux and Grosse
He, the whole of which have been represented as impassable
from shoal water in the most recently published chart of the
river ; passing to the northward of Crane and Goose Islands,
&c. this channel is divided into two branches by Seal Shoals,
the one branch passing to the southward of those shoals, and
between them and the Pillars, joins the south channel, pass-
ing, like it, through and out between the buoys of the tra-
verse This channel, between the Pillars and Seal Shoals, is

narrow and dangerous, but the other branch, which passes to
the northward of Seal Shoals, and between them and He aux
Coudres, is a wide channel, and has the advantage of avoid-
ing the traverse entirely ; but, on the other hand, I do not
think that it has more than three fathoms of water at low-
water during spring tides ; in one part, and for a short di-
stance between the Seal Shoals (la Batture aux Loops Ma-
lins) and He aux Coudres, the bottom in this channel is

good for anchoring and the tides not so strong as in the other
channels, but it possesses no good roadsted, and there are
many shoals. As the north and south channels are superior
to this middle channel, I do not recommend it for general
use, but as vessels have, in north-easterly gales and thick
weather, been frequently driven up between the Seal Shoals
and the Pillars, and also between the Seal Shoals and Cou-
dres, and in all probability will frequently be so again, I am
decidedly of opinion that the pilots should become acquainted
with this channel also, in order that they may be able to ex-
tricate a vessel so situated. — I think the dangers of the north
and south channels about equal. The anchorage at He
aux Coudres is a great advantage to the north channel. — The
short distance to which the shoal water extends off the north
coast is also an advantage, and so may be also the height of
that coast in some respects, but on the other hand its moun-
tainous character causes heavy squalls in north-west winds,
which however occur very seldom during the months of Sep-
tember and October, in which we were there, and in which
also that wind is most frequent ; the wind, in nine days out
of ten, is neither directly up or down the river. — In the chan.
nel between He aux Coudres and the north coast the water
is too deep and the tide too rapid for vessels conveniently to
anchor, but there is a small bay at Laprairie, on the north
side of He aux Coudres, where vessels may safely anchor
in all winds, out of the strength of the tide and in a moderate *
depth of water. They must anchor near the shore, but the
ground is excellent, and there is seldom or never any sea
which can affect a vessel. I am of opinion, if a pier were
constructed here, that this place would form an excellent
situation as adep6t for caulking, repairing, and loading ves-
sels, particularly late in the autumn, and that vessels might
sail with greater safety and later in the season from this place
than from Quebec, as they would by so doing have fifty miles
less of the most dangerous part of the river to pass through
than those from the latter place. — Laprairie Bay, on the north
side of Coudres, is the best sheltered of any roadsted between
Quebec and Hare Island, but the space in which large ves-
sels can anchor is small; I think that not more than ten large
vessels could ride at anchor there at the same time, but until
our charts are constructed I cannot speak positively as to the

exact number I am of opinion that vessels might in general

sail later in this season by taking the north channel instead
of the south, because the testimony of many of the inhabit-
ants, whom I have questioned, went to assure me that the
north channel remains for weeks in the autumn clear of ice
after the south channel has been completely filled by it. That
this report of the inhabitants is correct I have no doubt, as
the shoals, on which ice is first formed, are less extensive in
the north than in the south channel, and at the season of ice
northerly winds prevail much more than those from the op-
posite direction, so that the ice is driven to the southward — I
think the best means to render the pilots acquainted with the
north and middle channels would be, to cause a certain num-
ber of them at a time to sound completely the channels in ques-
tion in a small schooner, and select the necessaryleading marks,
&c. ; as soon as this certain number have become completely
acquainted, they should be succeeded by others until the whole
shall have become sufficiently qualified. I think two months
well employed, and in the finest season of the year, would
answer for each party of pilots so employed ; but tlie river
will never be safely navigated until accurate charts are made
of it. To ensure that the future pilots should be duly quali.
fied, I think that no apprentice pilot should obtain a branch,
vpho, upon examination, shall not be found qualified to tajce
a ship through every practicable channel in the river.— Mr.
Lambly's charts are incorrect in every respect, excepting the
soundings of the south channel and leading marks to avoid
the dangers therein. His directions are good as far as they go,
and I am of opinion that he deserves great credit for having
done so much as he has, when I consider that he has never
possessed the necessary instruments. The north channel was
always used by the French ; and Admiral Saunders' fleet, in
which were line of battle ships, passed up by the north chan-
nel and through the old traverse at the foot of the Island of

ST. LAWRENCE.

Orleans. 1 do not know for what reason this channel has
been abandoned. I have not yet examined tlie river below
the He aux Coudres.

Observations relative to the navigation of the St.
Lawrence between the seigniories of Soulange and
Beauharnois, and between Montreal and the south
shore.

A short distance from the Pointe des Cascades
lies Isle des Cascades, which, with 2 or 3 smaller
isles, break the current of the St. Lawrence at its
entrance into Lake St. Louis. A sudden declivity
in the bed of the river, obstructed by rocks in some
places and scooped into cavities in others, produces
a most singular commotion called the Cascades;
it is an extraordinary agitation of the waters pre-
cipitated with great velocity between the islands,
which being repelled by the rocks and hollows
'underneath, the waves are thrown up in spherical
figures much above the surface and driven with
the utmost violence back again upon the current,
exhibiting nearly the same effect as would be pro-
duced by the most furious tempest. — At a place
near Longueuil's Mill the bateaux, ascending the
St. Lawrence, are unloaded and their cargoes
transported in carts to the vUlage in order that
they may be towed up light through the Grande
Batture or Rapide du Coteau des Cedres: the
Rapide de Bouleau on the opposite shore is deeper
but not less difficult to pass ; their combined effects
make this the most intricate and hazardous place
between Montreal and Lake Ontario. — At Coteau
du Lac, just above the river Delisle, boats again
enter locks to avoid a very strong rapid between
Prison Island and the point abreast of it, where
a duty is collected upon wines, spirits, and many
other articles carried into Upper Canada. This
place has been always esteemed a military post of
some consequence, and works are erected and kept
in good repair which command the passage on the
north side of the river ; and if another was thrown
up on Prison Island it would render the pass so
difficult as to make it very improbable that any
enemy, however enterprising, would venture
through the outer channel between Prison Island
and Grande Isle. The stream is interrupted here-
about by several islands, between which it rushes
with great impetuosity, and is so much agitated
that boats and rafts encounter great inconvenience
in descending ; and to descend in safety they must
keep close under the shores of Prison Island. — The
current from Coteau du Lac to the Cedars is in

most situations so powerful that the bateaux-men
are necessitated to make use of their setting-poles,
which are about 7 feet. in length and shod with
iron. As the current impels the vessel towards
the shore, the men place themselves upon that
side which is inwards and push it forward by the
pressure of each upon his pole at the same in-
stant ; the bateaux by these united efforts is forced
up the stream, and the impulsive movement is
continued by thus setting the poles in the bed of
the waters and by a reiteration of the same exer-
tions. This operation, although fatiguing and
laborious in the extreme, they will prolong for
the space of several hours. When the current is
too powerful for the use of poles, the bateau is
dragged by a long rope, the men engaged in this
office walking along the banks of the river. In
the less rapid streams the oars are used, and when
the wind is favourable and the current not so
strong recourse is had to the sail. — The course
of the St. Lawrence from La Chine to Montreal
forms a considerable curve. The navigation is
very difficult, owing to the rapidity of the water
and the shallowness of particular parts. The cur-
rent is strong for some distance above Lachine.
The first rapid commences near the windmill, on
the high point of land between the upper and
lower village, and extends to the government
dep&t ; it is so rough that the boats take a long
time to haul up it ; hence to the miU- the water
is smooth but runs with a strong current. At the
mill Sault St. Louis commences, which is ex-
tremely rough : the rapid extends to about a mile
below the miU.. There are a number of large
beds of rock which render the navigation very
difficult during the dry seasons. The boats ge-
nerally pass up unloaded and take in their cargo
at Upper Lachine. After this to Montreal the
water is smooth and swift, with the same incon-
veniences of rocks and shallows. A strong cur-
rent, called St. Mary's, extends to 2 miles below
the town, at the foot of which vessels are de-
tained, frequently for weeks, till they get a strong
rough wind sufficient to enable them to stem the
current. — Between the island of Montreal and
the south shore, near Coghnawaga village, the
breadth of the St. Lawrence is contracted to about
half a mile; from this spot to the lower extre-
mity of Rapide St. Louis, nearly four miles, there
is a gradual shelving descent of its rocky bed.
In passing through this channel the stream ac-

ST. LAWRENCE.

quires an irresistible impetus, and towards the
lower part moves with a velocity of 18 miles an
hour, until it is separated by some small islands
below into several channels. The incessant roar of
the torrent, the inconceivable rapidity with which
unwieldy bodies are hurried on, as it were, to
inevitable ruin, and the agitated surface of the
vs^ater, present a scene at once extraordinary, ap-
palling and terrific. Boats and rafts coming down
the river are compelled to run through this tre-
mendous pass, which is never free from diflaculty
and imminent hazard, although the boats are
guided by experienced pilots, who are constrained
to keep as close as possible to the southern shore,
and should any mismanagement or error in steer-
age unhappily take place, certain destruction would
ensue : accidents, however, very rarely occur.

Observations relative to the navigation of the St.
Lawrence off the county of RimousM, and Gaspe
Bay in the Gulf.

Gaspe.— On. proceeding to Gaspe to report or
clear, it is not necessary to go farther up than
Douglas Town, about 6 miles below Gaspe, there
to anchor in 8 or 9 fathoms and go up in the boat.
At Gaspe there are almost regular sea and land
breezes : the sea breeze sets in about 10 o'clock in
the morning and continues till about sunset, and
about 10 o'clock at night the land breeze springs
up. This knowledge may frequently save a day,
as Mr. M'Connell, the collector, is exceedingly
desirous to spare captains any detention. The
rocks called the Seal 'Bocks, and laid down in the
charts about the centre of the bay, do not extend
above half a mile from the s. shore.

Mitis. — In proceeding up the St. Lawrence
for Great Mitis, after passing Cape Chat, the
first place of remark is Matane Biver, known by
a large square white house, &c. level at the top
and without a chimney. Ten leagues farther up
is Little Mitis, on a long, low, flat rocky point,
with several white houses extending about a
cable's length to the n. e. This is a guide for
the anchorage at Great Mitis, which is 6 miles
farther up to the w. On opening the bay close
on shore a square house is first seen, which is a
corn-mill near the water side. A mile farther
up to the w., in the s. w. corner of the bay, at
the same view is seen the upper part only of a
house, which is the establishment. The ship will

then close in with Little Mitis Point, into 6 or 7
fathoms water, and run for Great Mitis by the
lead in from 5 to 8 fathoms. If turning up on
the N. shore, or in the mid channel. Mount
CamiUe will be seen, which must be brought to
bear s. w. by s., which will lead from the sea to
the bay.

The following directions are useful for riding at
Great Mitis, and also for entering the basin within
the rock.

With a ship of great draught of water it will
be advisable to lie at 6 fathoms at low water, with
the house at the e. side of the ii. Mitis open to
the eastward of the island which is in the bay, so
that the r. may be seen between them. The high
land of Bic will then be just clear of Point Osnell,
on which there is a fishery ; some of the houses
at Little Mitis will then be seen and Mount Ca-
miUe will bear s. s. w. by compass. In such a
mooring the swell is broken before it comes in by
the shore, and vessels may be seen lying to while
the ship is quite snug at anchor. — A vessel of
easy draught of water may ride in safety in 5
fathoms with the house and island the same as
before laid down ; but the high land of Bic wiU
then be shut in and also all the houses at Little
Mitis : with these marks the ground will be found
excellent for holding, being clay. By laying one
anchor to the b. and another to the w. the ship
will ride safely. By riding thus it will also be
found that the quickest despatch will be insured
by the bateaux and schooners, for with a westernly
wind they can always reach the harbour after
leaving the ship, which is the most difficult part
in loading a vessel. The tide flows exactly at
one o'clock at fuU and rises from 12 to 14 feet. —
Vessels in the roads and bound for the basin at
Great Mitis, within the rock, must be guided by the
wind sea and the tide as to what time to weigh.
There are 5 buoys laid down : a red buoy for fair
way, 2 black buoys on the starboard and 2 white
buoys on the larboard side. — From the anchorage
steer directly for the fair way red buoy, which lies
at 14 feet in half-flood spring tides, with the house
at Point Osnell w. by s.. Little Mitis Point e. ;
also with the house on Great Mitis Point a ship's
length open to the eastward and Great Mitis
Rock, bearing s. by w. and n. by b., distant from
the rock about -J mile. The ground is all clear

S T

from the anchorage to the buoy and 3 or 4 cables
length B. and w. of it. From the fair way buoy
steer s. s. w. about 7 or 800 yards, which will
bring the ship equidistant between the 2 outer
buoySj then steer in a fair way between the 2
inner buoys (the tide is always setting out and no
tide sets in the channel). Having passed these
buoys, the westward of which lies 136 yards n.
by w. from the k. end of the island, not more
than 100 feet distant from the rock, and keep
close in to the s. side of the island as prudence
dictates ; the ground is all soft and clean. It may
he preferable to moor the ship's head to the east-
ward, as the vessel is more easily swung when
light, and her head would then be in a proper po-
sition for coming out again. There is plenty of
room for 2 vessels to moor head and stern of each
dther in the basin. — No ballast must be hove out
in the basin under any pretence; it should be put
into bateaux and carried to the westward.

Ships bound to the anchorage at Rimouski should
endeavour to close in with the land about Father
Point (Point au Pere), 6 or 7 fathoms water, and
steer thence due w. about 3 miles for the body of
Bamaby Island until the extreme easterly point,
which is a large round stone, bears by compass
w. N. w. about f of a mile, in 4^ fathoms at low
water. Rimouski church will then bear about
s. s. w., and a round bluff island between St. Bar-
naby and the main w. s. w., and Father Point b.
8i little northernly. — As the water shoals gradually
towards Barnaby Island, ships of light draught of
water may go nearer to it, taking care to allow
for 3 or 4 feet scud in the event of a N. e. gale;
with westernly gales, which generally prevail,
ships may ride quite smooth and secure there.
Ships intending to load there should moor n. w.
and s. E. with not less than 60 fathoms each way,
so as to have an open hawse to the N. b. — Off the
w. point of Barnaby Island is an excellent secure
anchorage from b. n. e. winds, in 4 fathoms at
low water, Barnaby Island bearing n. b. by n.
i a mile, and a small island within Barnaby Island
about -1 a mile e., the point of land from Bic at
w. by s., and the b. end of Bic Island at w. by n.
' — (For the navigation of the river at its entrance,
vide Anticosti.J

St. Laurent (P.), v. Montreal.

St. Laurent (P, and V.), v. Orleans, I.

S T E

St. Leon (P.), v. Grosbois, S.

St. Louis (Isles), v. Saguenay, b.

St. Louis, lake, is an expansion of the St.
Lawrence, and is between the s. w. end of the
island of Montreal and front parts of the counties
of Laprairie and Beauharnois. The principal
island in this lake is Isle Perrot that separates
it from the Lake of Two Mountains, which is an
expansion, or rather the estuary, of the Ottawa.
For many years Lake St. Louis was the limit of
the French colony towards the west.

St. Louis (P.), v. Kamouraska, S.

St. Louis (R.), v. Richelieu, r.

St. Loc (P.), V. LoNGUBUiL, b.

St. MaBC (P.), V. COURNOYBR, S.

Stb. Marguerite, isles, in the St. Lawrence,

lie w. of Goose Island and near Isle de Grace.

These isles, with 3 of smaller size, were granted

Nov. 5, 1698, to Sieur de Grand ville.

Title. — " Concession du Sme Novembre, 1698, faite par
Louis de Buade, Gouverneur, et Jeari Bochart, Intendant,
au Sieur de Grandmlle, d'une terre situee pres des isles
aux Oies, appelfee les isles Sie. Marguerite, consistant en
quarante arpens de front sur cinq de protondeur, avee trois
petites isles du cote du Sud, et la batture joignant les
dites isles." — R^gistre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 25.

Stb. Marguerite, river, runs into the n.
shore of the Saguenay, nearly 9 miles n. e. of La
Boule and about 6 leagues from Tadoussac. Al-
though it is the largest of the rivers that run into
the Saguenay between Tadoussac and Chicoutimi,
it is but an inconsiderable stream; it rises in a
chain of mountains that abound in lakes, near
those of the r. Terres Rompues. The course of
this river is very rapid and lies deeply buried in
abrupt mountains, which render its banks unfit
for the purposes of agriculture. There is only a
small space of culturable ground on the n. side
of the little bay which is formed at its mouth,
and part of it crumbles down upon the beach and
forms long shoals of sand on which the fishermen
stretch their salmon nets. It is navigable for
canoes about 20 leagues, there being throughout
that distance only 3 or 4 portages of little extent;
by this route it is possible to reach Portneuf on
the St. Lawrence. At its mouth, opposite to Anse
aux Foins, it is two arpents wide and forms a safe
harbour against all winds. Salmon go up it about
20 leagues, and then meet with falls that prevent
their penetrating farther.

Ste. Marguerite, river, in the co. of Nicolet,
rises in the augmentation to the S. of Nicolet,

STE. MARGUERITE.

near the boundary line of Roquetaillade. It runs
a very mazy course through the greater part of
this linej and then striking from it to the n. it
continues wholly in Roquetaillade, where it runs
into the St. Lawrence.

Stb. Marguerite, seigniory, in the co. of St.
Maurice, is hounded n. e. by the h. St. Maurice;
s. w. by Pointe du Lac ; n. w. by the S. of St.
Maurice ; in front by the small grants made to
the late order of Jesuits, Sieur de St. Paul and
others. About f of a league in front by one
league in depth. Granted July 27, 1691, to Sieur
J. Dubois de Boguinet. — Several fiefs Ue in the
immediate neighbourhood of this S. viz., Bou-
cherville, Labadie, Vieupont, grants made to the
Jesuits, Sieur St. Paul, &c. — The seigniory of
Ste. Marguerite is of a light sandy soil, mixed in
some places with clay, in others with loam; it
has some good timber and is watered by several
small streams, and the greatest part of it is well
cultivated. — The Parish of Three Rivers contains
the town of Three Rivers and several fiefs. The
town derives its name from the separation of the
mouth of the r. St. Maurice into three channels
by two islands ; in point of antiquity it is the
second settlement in the province, and is situated
nearly midway between Quebec and Montreal.
It covers an area of nearly 400 acres and forms a
front above 1300 yds. along the St. Lawrence, and
it stands on an exceedingly light, sandy soil. To
the hank of the St. Maurice the ground rises very
considerably, but in the opposite direction it sinks
almost to a level with the St. Lawrence. This
place ranks as the third town in the province,
but compared with either of the others it is small
indeed, containing only about 550 houses, with a
population not much exceeding 3500 souls. It
sends two members to the provincial parliament.
In the year 1618 some French colonists began
to build this place, with a view of making it a
dep&t whence the fur trade might be carried on
with the Indians to the northward; their plan
experienced at first many iiattering indications of
success, but after Montreal was founded and had
so increased as to be able to defend itself against
the attacks of the natives of the country, it was
supposed to be a situation better suited to this
improving traffic and was consequently preferred ;
from that period Three Rivers, being greatly
neglected, did not much enlarge either its extent
or population. About the beginning of last cen-

tury, however, it appeared about to rise into some
consequence by the opening of the iron mines at
St. Maurice ; but up to the present time its im-
provement has been upon a very moderate scale.
The trade carried on here is chiefly in British
manufactured goods, which are plentifully distri-
buted throughout the middle district. The exports
consist of wheat, timber and the produce of its
iron foundery added to that of the mines of St.
Maurice. Peltry in small quantities still continues
to be brought hither by the Indians from the
northward, and is received by the agents of the
H. B. Company. Several pot and pearlash fac-
tories, 2 or 3 breweries and an extensive brick
manufactory considerably increase the general
trade of the place. Many of the bark canoes
used in the n. w. voyages are buUt here ; and a
variety of ingenious and ornamental works and
toys are made. As a shipping port it is con-
veniently situated, there being a sufficient depth
of water for ships of large tonnage to lie close to
the wharfs and receive or discharge their cargoes
by a temporary stage from their gangways. The
town itself possesses little to attract a stranger's
notice, and the streets are narrow and unpaved.
The shops and store-houses are numerous, where
may be had British goods of all denominations ;
several inns afford to travellers very respectable
accommodations, s. w. of the town are the re-
mains of some military works thrown up for its
defence by the English army, during the first
American war, which are now honoured by the
inhabitants with the high-sounding title of An-
ciennes Fortifications. On the outside of these
works is an extensive tract of common land. The
principal public buildings in the town are the
Ursuline convent, the protestant and catholic
churches, the court-house, gaol and barracks.
The major part of the private dwelling-houses,
&c. are buUt with wood, the oldest only one story
high, and small gardens are attached to them;
those of a more recent date are in a much better
style, many of them higher than the old ones,
and have rather a handsome appearance. The
Ursuline convent was founded in 1677, by Mons.
de St. Vallier, bishop of Quebec, for the education
of youth, chiefly females, and as an asylum for
the sick and infirm poor. The establishment is
for a superior and 24 nuns, and includes a paro-
chial church and hospital. The old monastery of
the RecoUets, a stone building, is now dilapidated ;

S T E

near it is a powder magazine. The protestant
and catholic churches are good plain buildings.
The court-house and gaol are handsome modem
stone edifices. The building now occupied as bar-
racks is solidly constructed of stone. On the
eastern side of the town are several small fiefs
and separate lots of ground belonging to different
proprietorSj most of them in a good state of cul-
tivation. — This tovv^n has not essentially been
affected by the general prosperity and increase of
the settlements and population of the province.
Its advancement mUst materially depend on the
settling of the circuity acent lands, particularly the
vast waste tracts in its rear, together with certain
commercial advantages it might be made to enjoy
in common with Quebec and Montreal as ware-
housing ports.— (Fzrfe Vol. I. p. 206.)

Population 2,627
Banlieu, do. 483
Churches, R. C. 2
Cures . . 2
Presbyteries . ]
Convents . I

Statistics.

Schools .
Towns
Corn-mills
Medical men
Notaries

Shopkeepers
Taverns
River-craft .
Tonnage .
Keel-boats .

83
2

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.
13,500
27,000
2,000

Bushels.
Potatoes 29,600
Peas . . 2,060

Bushels.
Indian corn 150
Mixed grain SO

Live Stock.

1,020

Cows
Sheep

1,720 1 Swine
5,4,80 1

1,620

Title.—" Concession du 27me Juillet, 1691, faite par
Louis de Buade, Comte de Fronienac, Gouverneur, et Jean
Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Jacques Dubois de Boguinet,
de trois quarts de lieues ou environ de front, etant au der-
riere des concessions qui sont le long du fleuve St Lau-
rent, audessus des Trois Rivieres, appartenantes aux Rk-
vcrends Peres Jesuites et au Sieur de St. Paul; joignant
au cot^ du Sud-Ouest au fief Vieupont et au c6te du Nord-
Est au dit fleuve des Trois Rivieres; ensemble la pro-
iondeur qui se trouvera jusqu'aux fiefs de Tonnancour et
de St. Maurice."— R^gisire d'Intendance, No. i, folio 5.

" Les Registres qui coneernent cette partie de la Pro-
vince ne suffisant pas pour placer, sur la Carte, les dif.
f6rentes concessions, elles y sont posees d'aprgs un plan
du heu, sur lequel, dit-on, les proprietaires se r^glent
quant a leurs limites. Ces Ijmites en quelques cas ne
sont pas les memes que celles indiqu^es dans les litres
origmaires, difference qui peut avoir ete causae par des
eehanges ou cessions faites entre les concessionnaires pri-
mUifs ou leurs representans."

Ste. Mahie (P.), V. MoNNOiK, S.

Ste. Marie, river, is a small stream in the S.
of Blainville.

Ste. Marie, river, in the S. of Ste. Marie, in
the CO. of Beauce, is formed by two branches that

rise in the N. B. section of the S. It runs s. w.
into the n. Chaudiere.

Ste. Marie, seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, is
bounded n. e. by the t. of Frampton and the S.
of Jolliet; s. w. by St. Giles; in the rear by St.
Joseph ; in front by St. Etienne. — 3 leagues broad
and 2 deep, according to the title. Granted Sept.
23, 1736, to Sieur Taschereau. The principal
proprietors now are O. Perrault, Chas. Tasche-
reau, E. Taschereau, Geo. Taschereau, and

Fortier, Esqrs. — The land is uneven and rocky in
some parts ; an irregular ridge of broken heights
passes in a s. w. direction over the rear part of
the S., but the soil is generally good and pro-
ductive. The cultivated tracts and' numerous
intervals of gentle acclivities are very fertile,
although in general the soil is light and in some
instances rather stony. — In this seigniory are 10
concessions, 5 of which are on each side of the R.
Chaudiere ; the first 3 on each side are the most
numerously inhabited. Nearly two-thirds of the
S. are under good cultivation. The concessions,
made before 1759, extended 3 arpents in front by
40 in depth, at the moderate rent of 9 livres 18
sols and subject to all the usual seignorial rights
and dues. — The timber is abundant and consists
of maple, wild cherry, ^ beech, whitewood, fir,
cedar, sapin and spruce. — This S. is watered by
the Chaudiere, du Domaine, Le Bras, Noire, Dur-
bois, Belaire, Labbee and Lessard. — A road ex-
tends 2 leagues on each side of the Chaudiere,
and there is a road in front of each concession. —
In the parish of Ste. Marie are 43,020 arpents of
land unconceded and fit for cultivation ; over this
extent roads have been marked out and opened,
and a great part has been surveyed and allotted as
is usual in the seigniories. — The Village of Ste.
Marie is the largest and most flourishing on the
Chaudiere; it consists of 39 houses, including
the manor-house, two seignorial houses, a cus-
tom-house and two good inns; there is also a
church with a parsonage-house. At the convent,
a well-built stone edifice of 2 stories, 20 to 25
girls are instructed. There are two annual fairs,

one held in March and the other in Sept. In

this S. there are nearly 900 families. The num-
ber of persons both willing and able to make new
settlements is not considerable, as may be inferred
from the fact, that all those young persons who
have lately taken lands have not as yet erected
any buildings; the lands taken and those not

S T

taken are all of good quality. This S. is situated
on the public road from Quebec to Boston, by the
Kennebec road.

Population

Churches,

Cures

Convents

Schools .

Villages .

Corn-mills

4,600
R. C. 1

Wheat .
Oats .
Barley .
Potatoes

Annu

Bushels.

20,800

12,500

9,100

42,000

Statistics.

Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills .
Tanneries .
Potteries
Potasheries

Pearlasheries
Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers
Taverns . .
Artisans , .

1
1
1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Peas . 10,400
Indian com 1,000
Mixed grain 800

Maple sugar,

cwts. 759
Hay, tons 3,500

Horses
Oxen

1,495

Live Stock.
Cows . 2,418 1 Swine

868 I Sheep . 8,900 1

2,550

Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite
par le Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles Hoc-
quart, Intendant, au Sieur Taschereau, de trois lieues de
terre de front sur deux lieues de profondeur, des cStes de
la riviere dite Sault de la Chaudiire, en remontant, en com-
nien^ant a I'endroit VIslet au Sapin, icelui compris, en-
semble les lacs isles et islets se qui trouveront dans la
dite riviSre dans la dite etendue de trois lieues." — Rigistre
fflntendance, No. 8, folio 6.

Ste. Marie, seigniory, in the co. of Cham-
plain, is bounded n. b. by the b. Ste. Anne;
s. w. by the S. of Batiscan ; in the rear by the
first aug. to the S. of Ste. Anne ; in front by the
St. Lawrence. — -| league broad and ^ league
deep. 'Granted Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Lemoine
and is now the property of M. Boisvert. The
frpnt is inundated by the St. Lawrence in the
spring. Nearly two-thirds are under cultivation
on the river Ste. Anne. This grant is watered
by the rivers Batiscan and Ste. Anne, and pos-
sesses a corn and a saw-mill. — The manor-house is
agreeably situated near the mouth of the river
Ste. Anne.

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Lemoine, de trois quarts
de lieue de terre sur demi lieue de profondeur, a prendre
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis I'habitation des p^res J«-
siiites, jusqu'a, la riviSre Ste. Anne, supposfe que cette
quantite y soiV—Registre d'lntendance, No. 1, folio 32.

St. Martin (P.), v. Isle Jesus.

St. Maurice, county, in the district of Three
Rivers, is bounded n. e. by the co. of Champlain ;
s. w. by the n. e. boundary of the fief Dusahle or
York, to the depth of that fief, and thence by a line
on the same course prolonged to the n. boundary
of the province ; N. w. by the n. boundary of the
province ; s, e. by the St. Lawrence, together with

all the islands in that river nearest to the county,
and in the whole or in part fronting the same.
It comprises the Seigniories of Ste. Marguerite,
St. Maurice, Point du Lac, Gatineau, Grosbois or
Yamachiche, Riviere du Loup, Grand Pre, Fief
St. Jean and its augmentation, Maskinonge, Ca-
rufelj and part of Lanaudiere. Its extreme length
is 240 miles and its breadth 28|^, containing 9810
square miles. Its latitude on Lake St. Peter is
460 17' 30" N. long. 72° 42' 30" w. It sends two
members to the provincial parliament and the
place of election is at Yamachiche. The prin-
cipal rivers are the St. Maurice, Maskinonge, du
Loup, Grande Machiche and Petite Machiche;
the principal lakes are the Kempt, Matawin, and
Shasawataisi. The face of the country, along the
St. Lawrence and for several leagues in depth, is
generally level, and is composed of a light sandy
soil and clay ; in the interior the land is uneven,
and traversed by ridges of high lands. The prin-
cipal settlements are chiefly along and in the vici-
nity of the St. Lawrence ; and on each side of the
several rivers above named, ranges of fine cul-
tivated farms and handsome houses are to be seen
almost all along the whole route or post road, from
Three Rivers westward, leading through several
flourishing villages, the chief of which are Ri-
viere du Loup, Machiche, and Point du Lac; in
these villages are handsome churches, schools,
taverns, &c. The t. of Three Rivers is situated
within this co. at the entrance of the St. Maurice,
and there is a good road leading from it to the
forges of St. Maurice, about 9 miles n. w. of the
town. Of the numerous roads that traverse this
CO. in every direction, many require considerable
improvement.

Statistics.

Population 15,289
Churches, Pro. 2
Churches, R.C. 6

Cures

Presbyteries

Convents

Towns

Court-houses

Gaols

Villages

Corn-mills .

Saw-mills .

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Distilleries

Breweries

Foun denes .

Tanneries

Potteries

Potasheries
Pearlasheries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans
Ship-yards .
River-craft
Tonnage .
Keel-boats .

, 3
3

119

203

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat •
Oats

Barley ,
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
89,600
85,900
13,080
129,880

Bushels.
Peas . 14,640
Rye . 3,130
Buck-wheat 2,500
Indian corn 330

Bushels.
Mixed grain 4,280
Maple sugar,

cwts. 648
Hay, tons 32,660

Live Stock.
4,401 1 Cows . 7,565 1 Swine . 6,720
4^550 1 Sheep . 29,580 I

rr2

ST. MAURICE RIVER.

St. Maurice Rivbk, in the counties of Port-
neuf, Charaplain, and St. Maurice, is one of the
largest rivers that pour their waters into the St.
Lawrence, although its depth is inconsiderable;
it is inferior only to the Ottawa and the Sague-
nay. It drains an extent of country more than
140 miles in length and from 20 to 100 miles in
breadth, equivalent to about 8400 square miles.
It rises far in the interior of the country, near
the skirts of the n. w. ridge of mountains, in a
large lake called Oskelanaio. Its course is, gene-
rally, from N. to s. inclining a little to the s.
Its tributary lakes and streams are very numerous,
besides rivers of a large size capable of carrying
canoes. Among the latter may be enumerated the

Kasikan

North Bastonais

Pisnay

, Bastonais

Ribbon

Aux Bats

Windigo

Mattonin

VermUion

Shawenegan.

After passing the Falls of Shawenegan, the St.
Maurice turns again to the s., having run for
some distance w., and becomes the boundary line
between the S. of Cap de la Madeleine and the
lands belonging to the Forges of St. Maurice. It
soon after forms the N. e. boundary of the S. of
Ste. Marguerite, and falls into the St. Lawrence
below the town of Three Rivers, forming several
islands at its mouth. — The navigation of the St.
Maurice, whose banks are generally high and co-
vered with large groups of fine majestic trees, is
practicable for boats as far as La Tuque, with the
exception of 7 portages at the following places, the
shortest of which extends about two acres and the
longest about nine.

From Three Rivers to Portage Gabelle

From Gabelle to Portage aux Grais

From aux Grais to Portage Shawenegan

From Shawenegan to aux Hetres

From aux Hetres to Grand Mere

From Grand Mere to Petit Pille

From Petit Pille to Grand Pille

From Grand Pille to the Portage of La Tuque

Leagues.
5
Oh

H
]i

38
From Grand Pille to La Tuque the current of
the river is gentle and navigable for bateaux, with
the exception of a few small rapids. Above the
Post of La Tuque the a. is about half a mile
broad, and in the spring the waters rise near the
post to an extraordinary height, as evinced by the
roots of trees found on the top branches of large
trees in the meadows, &c. Near the mouth of the

II. Vermilion the St. Maurice becomes very much
interrupted by rapids, so much so that it is usual
with the traders to ascend the Vermilion and then
through a chain of small lakes with portages to
re-enter the St. Maurice. At Wemontichinque
the St. Maurice is divided into three branches :
at this place, situated in 47° 88' N., the Hud-
son's Bay and King's Post Company have trading
stations. Up one of these branches which runs
from the w. is a most extraordinary chain of lakes
and navigable waters which probably has not its
parallel in Canada or any other country. The
number of these lakes is stated at 23, varying in
size and depth, the greatest of which is called
Kempt Lake, after his excellency the late admi-
nistrator. In many places here the water is found
upwards of 40 fathoms.

Soil. — From the mouth of the river the soU,
particularly on the west bank, is very sandy
and clothed with white pine, spruce, and white
birch, and occasionally the sameness is diversified
with a few spots of rich foliage. Nearer the Forges,
which are about 9 miles above Three Rivers, the
banks rise more boldly and to a considerable height.
From Pointe a la Hache to the Falls of Gabelle,
about 6 miles, the land varies much in its quality ;
where the sandy loam prevails it is timbered with
pine, fir, aspin, spruce, and white birch; where
it is clayey the maple, beech, basswood, and yel-
low or black birch is generally interspersed. In
one place there is a white spruce or tamarac swamp,
a description of bog-shaking earth, in which are
generally found the ores used at the Forges. The
Falls of La Gabelle are interesting to the geolo-
gist, for besides the limestone that abounds there,
much sandstone and other minerals are to be found
in the vicinity ; the land about the falls is of arable
quality, containing, however, much gravel inter-
mixed with the loam beneath the vegetable mould.
At the Falls of La Grais the land exhibits very
favourable appearances for settlement to a con-
siderable extent. Beyond the Grais the land im-
proves and the banks of the r. present an ex-
cellent tract of country as is evinced by the rich
verdure of the foliage, particularly on approach-
ing Pigeon Island which partakes of the alluvial;
the elm, basswood, beech and birch are intermixed
with the spruce, balsam, pine and cedar. From
the R. Shawenegan to Snake Point, nearly 4 m.
from Portage des Hetres, the banks slope gently
to the river and present eligible seats for settle-

ST. MAURICE RIVER.

ment : the soil is generally a loam with a clay
bottom and is timbered with spruce, tir, cedar,
birch and pine, with occasionally some elm. In
the Portage des Hfitres the land, which is in some
places indifferent and somewhat stony, is timbered
with beech, fir, maple, pine, and hemlock, with
some birch and cedar. From this portage the
banks assume a bolder aspect and the right bank is
much broken and the soil is a light sandy loam
generally timbered with spruce, pine, birch, some
cedar, and balsam. The soil over the portage at
the Falls of Grande Mere is of indifferent quality
and is timbered with spruce, fir, white birch, and
pine. At the Petites Pilles the soil and timber
are similar to those below the Forges. At the
Grosses PiUes, about 4^ miles higher up, the land
becomes quite rugged and broken and the soil
sandy and unfit for the purposes of agriculture,
producing only, particularly on the b. side, a
stinted growth of birch and fir. From Isle aux
Fraises the land on each side assumes a moun-
tainous aspect and offers no fitness for agricultural
purposes or for settlement. From the h. Metinac
to the Rivieres des Cinqs the banks of the St. Mau-
rice, with few exceptions, are broken and moun-
tainous and unfit for settlement ; the only timber
is white birch, spruce, tamarac, small red pine,
some cedar and hemlock. In many places the
shores are iron-bound and the stream very rapid.
Opposite the mouth of the r. Batiscan the western
bank is particularly bold and abrupt and rises into
prominent capes about 200 feet high. About a
mile beyond the Trading Post of the Hudson's
Bay Company, which is between the two rivers
aux Rats, the hiUs rise to 300 feet, discovering fre-
quent cliffs which dip generally to the n. e. The
land below the mouth of the Bastonais is of a
better description, although the opposite bank is
still hilly and unculturable ; from the Bastonais
to La Tuque the banks, although hilly, are not so
broken and rugged as they are below that river :
the Portage of La Tuque is over a very sandy
soil, producing abundance of blue berries, and the
timber is red pine, spruce, and cypress. Above
the Post of La Tuque the land in the distance pre-
serves the same mountainous character as below
La Tuque, and appears in every respect unfit for
settlement. — By the preceding account of the soil in
different places on the St. Maurice, abstracted from
the Report of the Deputy Surveyor-General, the
following general description of the soil is sup-

ported. The lands, from the Forges of St. Mau-
rice for 15 leagues on each side of the r., are con-
sidered susceptible of cultivation; thence the coun-
try becomes rough and mountainous. Higher up,
beyond the 15 leagues, there are many spots sus-
ceptible of cultivation, but are too small to admit
of any considerable settlement. In the first 15
leagues the timber is maple, beech, elm, ash, but-
ternut, red pine, white pine, spruce, balsam, white
and black birch. The timber above this part of
the river and on the more rough and mountainous
parts consists, on the mountains, principally of
white birch and small red pine; on the more
even parts the timber is much the same as on the
first-mentioned 15 leagues. For the first 15 1.
the soil is various. On the smoothest and best
part of the country it is loam with a thin small
coat of black soil, and much the same as that in
the eastern townships. The hiUs are more rocky
than the lower lands. Above these 15 leagues
the soil, on the small culturable spots, is much the
same as below, but the mountains are rocky and
hardly culturable. From the river Mattouin up-
wards rocky mountains in many places extend to
the very shore of the St. Maurice, and some of
them are lofty. From the appearance of the soil
on both sides of the river for 15 leagues above
Three Rivers, it may be presumed that there is
an extent of land on both sides capable of admit-
ting large settlements.

Mountains. — On the eastern bank of the St.
Maurice are two mountains which are spoken
of by travellers. The Caribou Mountain rises
near 200 feet, showing the face of an abrupt
granite cliff, by the foot of which runs a very
swift current. About three miles above it is Bird
Mountain or L'Oiseau, as it is called, nearly 250
feet high, and the rocks of which the cliff is com-
posed recede about 40" from the vertical towards
the N. B, — The moose deer, beaver, otter and rab-
bits are so numerous, that Mr. Brownson's party
had not the least difBcultyin taking as many as
they wanted for 20 men. There are ducks also,
but they are not numerous.

Islands. — In the R- St. Maurice are at least 14
small islands from one to 50 acres in extent; about
one half of them consist of good land, and the soil
in the larger islands is better than that of the
smaller. Among the principal islands may be
numbered Bird Island, Isle du Cinq, la Peche,
and Pigeon Island.

ST. MAURICE RIVER.

Fish. — The St. Maurice abounds with fish, par-
ticularly bass, pike, pickerel, trout, and white fish
similar to that caught in Lake Ontario, and which
is not found in the St. Lawrence ; a species called
Ouatassa or Whahatoosee, weighing from 1 to 21bs.,
is peculiar to the part of the river near the Falls of
Grande Mere : most of the fish, particularly the
pickerel, are of superior quality and flavour. Fish
is so plentiful that Mr. Brownson's party found
no difficulty in catching what they wanted for
supper while the men removed their effects from
the canoes and lighted a fire. The Post of La
Tuque is amply supplied with very fine dore,
pike, and other fish at the mouth of the r. Bas-
tonais and at the island La Peche.

The Falls on the St. Maurice which have more
particularly attracted the notice of travellers are
chiefly in the lower part of its course. The Fa?/ 0/
the Grais is about J a league above the Fall of Ga-
belle, and can only be considered as a cascade whose
waters are separated into several channels by a few
islets clothed withrich foliage, and presenting effect
from the lower end of the portage. The Falls of
Gdbelle are about 25 ft. high and descend through
a partial contraction of the river, possessing little
of the picturesque. — The Fall of the Grosses Pilles
is merely a cascade of 15 or 20 ft., although it
renders a portage necessary of about 30 yards,
from which the right bank of the r. is seen to
rise into high perpendicular cliffs of 250 to 300
feet, one in particular much resembling Cape
Diamond. The rock of which the cliff is com-
posed is chiefly primeval granite, dipping about
45° N. B. A few shrubs grow in the crevices of
the rock, and its summit is thinly clothed with
fir, spruce, and small white birch. — The Fall of
the Petites Pilles can only be considered as a rapid
too dangerous for the passage of canoes, although
some voyagers have ventured down at great risk.
— The Falls of Grande Mere are about 2 leagues
above the Hetres. Nature, without giving to this
fall the sublimity or the height of the Shawene-
gan, has collected a pleasing continuation of ob-
jects to reward the traveller. Two islands occa-
sion three separate falls in the whole width of the
river, which is here about 15 chains broad, each
varying from the other. The eastern fall, and
the most considerable for the body of water
which falls perpendicularly about 30 feet, lies be-
tween the eastern shore and the large island
which is covered with spruce and fir, and is a

pretty curtain faU. The centre fall is the most
insignificant of the three, and falls down an
inclined plane receding about 20" from the ver-
tical, which together with the western fall or ca-
taract is undermining the second and small island,
which is a large mass of rock whose summit is
partly covered with spruce, fir and white birch. —
The Fall of les Hetres is more of a rapid than a
cascade, being frequently descended in large ca-
noes by expert bowmen, who are well acquainted
with the course of the channel, which the voyageurs
term fil d'eau. — The stupendous Falls of the Shawe-^
negan are about 6^- miles lower than the Hetres.
Few falls or places indicate the marks of some
extraordinary catastrophe or convulsion of nature
so much as the Shawenegan : for that its present
channel is the effect of some former event, or frac-
ture in the vertical strata, may appear almost cer-
tain. Above the falls the general course of the St.
Maurice is from the east towards the upper land-
ing, and the distance between this and the lower
landing is but 341 yards, forming a peninsula com-
posed of calcareous strata, with a thick surface of
clay and loam that could have been easily pene-
trated ; the river thence suddenly bends its course
towards the south-east, and, being divided into
two channels, precipitates itself near 150 feet per-
pendicular, and rushes with terrific violence against
the face of the cliff below, where the two chan-
nels are again united, and thus this great body of
water forces its way through a narrow passage
not more than 30 yards wide. It is probable that
in the course of time the small peninsula will form
an island, and that the St. Maurice will pour down
its waters near the mouth of the river Shawe-
negan. Art could effect a canal, at an expense
which would be trifiing in comparison with the ad-
vantages to be derived from it, in the event of an
extensive settlement being made upon the St.
Maurice. — The most remarkable place on the St.
Maurice is the Post of La Tuque, about 100 miles
from the town of Three Rivers ; it is separated
from the falls by a conical hill principally com-
posed of granite rock containing quartz, mica,
and feldspar. The post is in 470 18' 30" n. lat.
by observation, and longitude 73° w. by ac-
count, variation of the compass 11° w. It is
a place of trade for the King's Post Company and
the Hudson's Bay Company, who have respectively
an establishment here, which consequently excite
a spirit of opposition injurious, perhaps, to one or

S T

other of the pafties, and ultimately so to the na-
tives. The King's Post Company's establishment
consists of two dwelling-hous^Sj a store, &c. ; the
Hudson's Bay of a dweUing-house only, which is
however the best at the post. The winter com-
mences here about the end of October and the
snow disappears and the river is free from ice
about the end of May. The winter is exceed-
ingly cold, and in summer, which is excessively
hot, the sand-flies and Musquitoes are more nu-

Forges.

To Gabelle. 550 yards Portage.
Grais. 1034 yards do.

Shawenegan. 554 yards do.
Hetres. 6115 yards do.

S T

merous here than in other places on the St. Mau-
rice, which is occasioned, perhaps, by the extensive
low ground and marshes about the post and the
extensive meadows on the islands near it.

The following table of the distances of the re-
markable places on the St. Maurice, between
Three Rivers and the Post of La Tuque, is ex-
tracted from the Report of the deputy surveyor-
general, who lately made an exploring survey of
this tract and ascertained the extent of the portages.

28J

34i

37i

63J

73J

79i

28^

54,

64i

70J

95i

100

86|

27i

38i

71^

18.

47.

85*

83^

20,

31J

64J

78i

13i

24i

71^

Grande Mere. 336 yards do.

Petites Pilles. 200 yards do.

Grandes Pilles. 32 yards do.
Riviere Metinac.

Portages des Cinqs and Island.
L'Oiseau or Bird Mountain.

18i

614

65J

15:

48*

62^

21,

31,

53J

10|

20i

26^

42)

22)

32)

36)

12*

26)

Isle an Noix.

Post of Riviere au Rat,
Riviere Bastonais, N.
Post of La Tuque.

19J

For other particulars relative to the river St. Mau-
rice, see vol. I. p. 284.

St. Maukice, seigniory, in the co. of St. Mau-
rice, is bounded s. w. by Pointe du Lac; s. e. by
Ste. Marguerite ; n. w. by St. Etienne ; in front
by the R. St. Maurice. — One league in breadth by
11 league in depth: the original grant was 2
leagues in depth, but as the grant of Pointe du
Lac was of a prior date, so great an extent could
not be taken. St. Maurice was reunited to the
king's domain, 6th April, 1740, and on the
13th of the same month granted to the Company
of the Forges, with an additional piece of land, 3
leagues in depth by 2 in breadth, called lief St.
Etienne ; n. w. of St. Etienne is another tract of
the same dimensions annexed to the above grants,
as part of the lands belonging to the Forges. The
whole is the property of the crown, but let on
lease for 21 years, together with the forges, &c.

to Messrs. Munro and Bell, for ike sum of 500^.
per annum only. — The soil is light and sandy,
generally on clay or good marl ; the surface is a
continual alternation of gradual rise and fall ; in
the low parts are a few swamps, bearing much
hemlock and cedar; the acclivities are mostly
clothed with a general mixture of timber, but the
chief sort is pine of a middling growth. A very
smaU part only of this grant is cultivated. A fine
road from Three Rivers crosses it, leading mostly
through woods to the foundery. — The Forges of
St. Maurice are in St. Etienne at the confluence
of a small river with the K. St. Maurice, about 8
miles above the town of Three Rivers. The
elevated banks of the river embellished with a
variety of beautiful trees on all sides, the deep
tints of vast forests of fir, and the more distant
and softened shades of the lofty mountains that
bound the view, form a bold and magnificent per-

S T

spectivej as seen from the road that ascends the
summit of the hilly chain that commands the
valley. The establishment is furnished with every
convenience necessary to an extensive concern;
the furnaces, the forges, the founderies, workshops,
&c. with houses and other buildings, present the
appearance of a tolerably sized village. The prin-
cipal articles manufactured are stoves of all kinds
used in the province, large potash kettles, ma-
chines for miUsj and various kinds of cast and
vyrought iron ; also a great quantity of pig and
bar iron for exportation. The number of men
employed is from 250 to 300 ; the overseers and
persons employed in the construction of models
are English and Scotch, and the workmen are
generally Canadians. When this establishment
was first formed, about 1737, the mineral was
found in great abundance near the surface, and for
flexibility was not inferior to any in Europe. At
first, the veins were worked with very little skill ;
but in 1739 a French artisan was employed who
made great improvements, which have progres-
sively increased, so that now the establishment is
conducted on the same principles as those of Eng-
land and Scotland, and almost with equal ability.
It is singular, that neither of the provinces of
Upper and Lower Canada supplies sand fit to be
used in casting, therefore, what is used here is
imported from England. — The following summary
of the speech of Mr. Dumoulin, the representa-
tive of the town of Three Rivers in the provincial
parliament, clearly describes the present inutility
of the lands under lease to the lessee of the Forges.
" Here is an extent of land, from three to four
leagues broad and five leagues in depth, con-
taining with its dependencies from GO to 80
square leagues, which is wholly useless for the
purposes of cultivation, and by which the settle-
ment and town of Three Rivers is hemmed in at
the back, — not a single part of it has been con-
ceded to a cultivator, and those persons in the
small tract that adjoins Three Rivers, who wish to
establish their children in new settlements in their
own neighbourhood, are prevented from doing
any thing, by this unprofitable exclusive privilege
granted to the Forges. The whole of this pro-
duces only, to the crown, the trifling sum of 500Z.
rent per annum. He was ready to acknowledge
the great utility of the forges, but they had no
manner of occasion for this extensive territory,
which, if it were granted out in lots to cultivators,

would be ten times more valuable. If it be sup-
posed that the whole of this extent contained
mines of iron, and that these ought to belong to
the company who undertook the forges, aU that
need be done was to reserve, as he believed was
usual in most grants, the mines that might be
found for the crown or the company, and no
grantee would regret a mine being opened on his
lot, since it would double or treble the value of
his produce, by the increase of population and
consumption it would bring. It might be said,
that granting lands for cultivation would destroy
the supply of wood for fuel for the forges ; but, in
the first instance, it would increase it, for the set-
tlers would fell all the wood they could, and convey
it themselves to the forges, where they wouldget it,
under those circumstances, at a cheaper rate than
they do now by sending their own workmen or
contractors into the woods to get it. The evils of
this monopoly were further illustrated by a pro-
clamation the lessees induced Lord Dalhousie to
issue, prohibiting even the making of maple-sugar
on the land in question. This had been an im-
memorial source of advantage to the inhabitants
around, and, in the season, men were seen in aU
directions with their axes, proceeding to the
forests about 7 leagues beyond Three Rivers, to
make sugar, of which they made from 3 to
500,000 lbs. a year. Even the pretence of de-
struction to the fuel could not be made for this, as

tapping the trees did not destroy them as wood.

The lease would be out in March 1831." — For
other particulars relative to the Forges, vide St.
Etienne, f.

Title.—" Confirmation du 13me Avril, 17iO,parle Roi
de concession faite aux int^resses de la Compagnie des
forges, ^tablies a St. Maurice, du fief de St. Etienne, r^uni
au Domaine de sa Majesty, par oidre du 6me Avril pre-
cMent, et des terres qui sont depuis le dit fief ie St
Etienne, A prendre le front sur la riviere des TroUi Ri
■vih-es, en remontant jusqu'a une lieue audessus du Sault
de la Gahellc, ci-devant dit le Sault de la Verrauderic sur
deux lieues de profondeur, pour gtre le dit fief et les terres
qui sont audessus unis et incorpores au fief de St. Mau-
rice:''— Insinuations du Conseil Sufirietir,Rigistre H. folio

St. Michel D'Yamaska (P.), v. Yamaska, S.

St. Michel, seigniory, in the co. of Belle-
chasse, is bounded n. e. by La Valliere; s. w. by
Beaumont ; in the rear by St. Gervais ; in front

by the South Channel of the St. Lawrence.

This seigniory and that of St. Valliere have been
formed out of the seigniory of Durantaye and its

ST. MICHEL.

augmentation. About one half of the seigniory
of St. Michelj extending along the river, forms
the parish of St. Michel; the other half, being
the N. end of the seigniory, forms a part of the
parish of St. Gervais. — This seigniory is divided
into 6 ranges of concessions, each of which, almost
without exception, is 40 arpents, or nearly half a
league in depth ; they extend entirely across the
S. ; 5 of them in a rectangular direction, and one,
which is the 2d, being bounded on the s. by the r.
Boyer, is of a triangular shape, and consequently
is in extent, as compared with the others, only
half a concession. In 5 of these ranges are 195
lots of land inhabited and cultivated; the 6th
range, at the northern extremity of the seigniory,
being sterile and unproductive, is inhabited by
13 indigent families only, who can scarcely be
considered cultivators. The first, or river range,
possesses the greatest number of inhabitants, on
account of the village near the church and many
emplacemens. In one part of the 4th range, about
1-|- mile in extent, there are but few habitations
because' the land is of bad quality and marshy.
The other ranges, with the exception of the 6th
above described, are nearly equally inhabited.
The soil in the 1st and 2d ranges is, with little
exception, light and sandy and, consequently, in-
differently productive. The soil in the 3rd and
4th ranges is alluvial and rich with generally a
clayey substratum. The soil in the 5th range
varies in quality, but is generally sufficiently fer-
tile. The 6th range is covered partly with sand,
very fine and deep, and partly by an extensive
chain of enormous rocks. The 1 st, 2nd and 3rd
ranges of concessions produce maple, the small
cherry-tree, beech, fir and other soft wood, but
the quantity is inconsiderable and only enough for
fuel. The same kinds of wood are abundant in
the other ranges, but the pine, so much sought
after, is scarcely to be seen in any part of the
seigniory. About four-fifths of the lands in the
concessions, generally, are under cultivation, and
the other one-fifth is covered with forest. Two
small rivers run across this seigniory in almost a
parallel course ; one, called le Bras, divides the
5th and 6th ranges of concessions; the other,
called la Riviere Bo^er, runs between the 2nd
and 3rd concessions. The population of this sei-
gniory, in Jan. 1827, amounted to 2,002 souls.
1,026 were males, including 490 between the

ages of 16 and 60; the females amounted to
976. Here is neither college, convent, nor public
school; for 20 years the curate supported pri-
vate schools almost solely at his own expense,
but five consecutive years of bad harvests
forced him at last to withdraw his support, and
the schools went to decay. There is only one
village situated near the church, in which are two
inns ; it consists of 30 houses, all built of wood
except one belonging to Dr. Maguire, which is
two stories high, built of stone, and is far from
being an inelegant building. There is one church
only with two chapels of ease; there are four
saw-mills, worked only in spring and autumn
when the waters are more freely supplied by
springs and rain, but no other manufacturing esta-
blishment. The only corn-mill used by the copy-
holders of this seigniory is in the neighbouring
parish of Beaumont. — The agricultural produce,
of course, depends much upon the seasons; the
following account of the annual produce is about
the average of 5 consecutive bad harvests between
1821 and 1827; before 1821, the average growth
of wheat was much greater and that of oats much
less.

11,000 bushels of wheat.
13,000 do. oats.
1,500 do. peas.
800 do. barley and rye.

A very small number of individuals in this seig-
niory apply themselves to the improvement of the
different breeds of cattle ; and, in fact, few have
the necessary means. The cattle in general are
iU fed in the winter, which is the chief reason of
their inferiority. The introduction of American
horses into the province, is esteemed in this seig-
niory an injury to agriculture. — The corn produce
is entirely consumed within the seigniory, except,
perhaps, 2 or 3,000 bushels of oats sold in the
markets; and between 4 and 500 hogs, each
weighing about 200 lb. are consumed by the in-
habitants. — Four great roads, almost parallel, tra-
verse the entire breadth of this seigniory, and one
only half its breadth ; these are cut at right angles
by another road, extending from the St. Law-
rence to the southern extremity of the seigniory.
These roads are, generally, in indifferent repair. —
There are two bridges built of wood and without
tolls, one over Riviere Boyer, the other over le
Bras. — Between the 4th and 5th ranges is a

S T

muddy lake, extending into the seigniory of La
Valliere, through which the water runs diagonally,
and, intersecting the western angle of the S.
of Berthier, discharges itself into the St. Law-
rence. — The two chains of rocks in this seigniory
are of considerable height and might be called
mountains ; one chain runs across the extremity
of the 4th range, and the other is in the 6th
range. — There are no mines, and the soil does
not apparently present any natural phenomena ;
but the seigniory has not perhaps been sufficiently
explored by geologists. — The Parish of St. Mi-
chel extends over the half of the seigniory front-
ing the St. Lawrence; it is 1^ league in width,
and 2 leagues in depth. The farms in this parish
are generally 3 arpents in front by 40 in depth.
Correctly speaking, there are no large proprietors,
for the individuals, who sometimes acquire the
property of their neighbours or other properties
in the parish, purchase them for the sake of
settling their children and not with a view of
farming on a larger scale ; these acquisitions, there-

fore, are never permanent. All the lands are
conceded, and about seven-ninths of the parish
previously to 1759. These concessions, with few
exceptions, were granted on the condition of pay-
ing a quit-rent of 2 or 3 sols, fines on alienation,
and a perpetual annual rent of one sol for each
superficial arpent, and also with a clause com-
pelling the grantees to grind at the seignior's mill
the corn required for his family and for farming
pui-poses j the seignior, moreover, reserved to him-
self, in the event of a change of property, the
right of retraite and that of taking as much tim-
ber off the conceded lands as might be required,
hereafter, for the building of the mill, the seigno-
rial manor-house and the parochial church, and
also for their perpetual maintenance and repair :
there is also a farther stipulation for the annual
payment of some capons and a certain tax on all
fish caught in the St. Lawrence ; but the two last
conditions are commuted for a moderate rent in
money. — The Parish of St. Joseph is in the aug-
mentation. —

Statistics of the Parishes of St. Michel and St. Joseph.

Parishes.

o
si

1
1

o
Z

1
W

■a

>
S

St. Michel
St, Joseph

2135
360

1
1

2495

Parishes.

Anoual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live ijtock. |

c
s

St. Michel
St. Joseph

11000
2000

13000
1500

400
40

1800

1500
400

400
100

17500
6000

895
145

565
105

1780
361

4270
850

1250
280

13009

14500

440

1800

1900

500

22500

1040

670

2141

5120

1530

For title, vide La Durantaie.

St. Nicolas, bras, river, v. du Sud, r.

St. Nicolas (P.), v. Lauzon, S.

St. Ouks, seigniory, and its augmentation, in
the CO. of Richelieu, are bounded n. e. by Sorel
and Bourchemin; s. w. by Contrecceur, St.
Denis, and St. Hyacinthe; in the rear by the
H. Yamaska; in front by the St. Lawrence. — 2

leagues in breadth by 6 in depth. Granted, 29th
Oct. 1672, to Sieur de St. Ours, and is now in
the possession of the Hon. Charles de St. Ours.
The land in this extensive grant is every where of
a good quality, and variously adapted to almost
every .species of agriculture. — Some concessions
were granted prior to 1759, and they measured 3
arpents by 30; the rent was 1 sol per arpent, and

ST. OURS.

half a bushel of wheat for each 20 arpents. Down
to the year 1821, all persons desirous of taking
lands in the seigniory procured them on the
original conditions. — Nearly 700 farms are con-
ceded, and the concessions on the Richelieu are
the most populous and the best. Four-fifths of
the S. are under cultivation, and one-fifth is in
standing wood near the St. Lawrence ; the soil is
sandy halfway to theRicheKeu and therest is strong
land ; approaching the Yamaska the soil is lighter
but very fertile. — Every part is susceptible of
cultivation and the seigniory is remarkable for its
eveimess of surface. There are two fiefs, each about
14 arpents in front and extending the whole depth
of the S. ; one belongs to the heirs of Laperriere,
the other to Roch de St. Ours, Esq. — The principal
rivers are the St. Lawrence in front, the Richelieu,
the Salvayle, and the Yamaska which forms the
rear boundary line ; the principal rivers of smaller
size are the Ruisseau la Plante and Ruisseau la
Prade. The Richelieu, which traverses the upper
part diagonally, is navigable from the St. Law-
rence for craft of 150 tons burthen ; the Yamaska,
at the rear of the aug., is also navigable, by both
of which this S. possesses the advantages of ex-
peditious water conveyance in an eminent degree :
the other rivers are not navigable. There is a
large bridge over the Salvayle at Rochville. — The
roads are generally good, and the principal are,
the post road along the Richelieu that leads from
Sorel to Chambly, and another leading from Sorel
to Montreal. The road n. e. of the k. Salvayle,
leading to the v. of Grand Maska, does not appear
to be much used ; as it approaches the b. Yamaska
it becomes excessively bad, scarcely meriting the
name of road, running very circuitously through
the woods, and barely wide enough for a summer
vehicle ; and, in the driest season, it is so wet that
horses wade through an average depth of 14
inches of mud and water. — Some timber of the best
kind and largest dimensions stiU remains, and also
some of the inferior sorts. Along the e. Yamaska
and the Rousseau Salvayle the timber is maple,
cherry, beech, &c. at other places, pine, spruce,
epinette, &c. — Two-thirds of the grain grown is
consumed in the S., the other third is sold, and
chiefly without being ground. Hemp is not grown,
but every farmer sows about half a bushel of ilax
seed. In this S. are 3 corn-mills, 2 on the n.
bank of the Richelieu, which are turned by the

rivulets that there discharge themselves, the 3rd
is on the Yamaska ; each mill works 2 sets of
stones. There are also 3 wind-mills for grinding
corn, one on the bank of the St. Lawrence, the
others on the Richelieu. There are 2 saw-mills,
one on the Yamaska, the other turned by the Sal-
vayle. The farmers in general work with horses
and use the English plough. The horses are of the
Canadian breed and though small are strong and
good. — A great number of hired labourers, by saving
their wages, have been able to take lands and open
them by degrees, and are now become excellent
inhabitants. — This seigniory contains 2 parishes
and part of a 3rd, viz. St. Ours, St. Jude and
part of Contrecoeur. — The Parish of St. Jude is
lately erected and the church, 'JB ft. by 40, is
centrically situated on the s. bank of the k. Sal-
vayle, and near it is the v. of Rochville having
about 35 houses. All the lands in this parish are
conceded, and all the concessions have been made
since 1759, and are charged 2|- bushels of wheat
and 5 livres 4 sols whole currency for 3 arpents by
30. — In the Parish of St. Ours and in the part of
the parish of Contrecoeur lying in this S., all the
lands are conceded, and most of them prior to
1759, and were granted on the royal terms — On
the right bank of the Richelieu is the village
of St. Ours, consisting of about 90 houses, many
of them substantially and well constructed with
stone; in the centre are a handsome church, 120
ft. by 50, and a parsonage-house, and at a little
distance the manor-house: besides traders and
artisans, many persons of considerable property
reside here, who are corn-dealers and make large
purchases of grain of all kinds, produced in abund-
ance in this and the adjoining seigniories, which
is put on board large river craft in the Richelieu
and Yamaska and sent to Quebec for exportation.
There are 2 ferries at the v. St. Ours over the
Richelieu, where from 5 to 12 sols are charged
for a carriage. — The Island Deschaillons, a short
distance from the village, is full a mile long and
half a mile wide. In front of the seigniory there
is a group of islands belonging to it ; the largest
of them is called Isle Commune which has some
good pasture. — In population, extent, situation,
local advantages, quantity of land in cultivation,
and state of husbandry, there are few properties
in the province superior to this seigniory.

ss2

S T

Statistics.

Parishes.

1
1

'■i

1
1

3"
3

1
1

■<

St. Ours
St. Jude

3760
14.14.

1
1

2
2

25
25

5174

1 1

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Livestock. 1

St. Ours
St- Jude

2G200
18200

11340
7800

460
260

39000
14500

5200
5200

700
630

1350

1434
566

1230
366

2560
1)32

10200
3460

1650

849

44400

19140

720

33500

lOMO

2000

1816

3692

13660

2499

Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de St. Ours, d'une espace
de terre de front qui se trouve sur le fleuve St. Laurent,
depuis la borne de la concession de Mr. de Contrecceur jusqu'k
celle de Mr. de Saurel^ tenant pardevant le dit fleuve, et par
derriSre la riviere A'Ouamaska. Les isles qui sont vis-a-vis
de cette concession, accordees par le Comte de Frontenac,
Gouvenieur, au dit Sieur de St. Ours le 23me Avril,
1674." — Rigistre des Foi et Hommage, No. 80, folio 5,
28me Mai, 1781. — Cahiers d'Intendance, No. 2 d 9, folio
244.

St. Ours du Grand St. Esprit (P.), v.

L'ASSOMPTION, S.

St. Paul (P.), v. Lavaltrie, S.

St. Paul's Bay (P.), v. Cote de Beau-

PKEj S.

St. Paul's BaYj in the r. St. Lawrence, lies
at the entrance of the R. du GoufFre, which divides
the S. of Cote de Beaupre from the S.le Gouffre.
It runs ahout 3 miles into the land, and at its
entrance is ahout 2 miles wide, extending from
Cap de la Baie on the west side to Cap a Caheau
on the east. These capes are of considerable
height and of nearly perpendicular ascent. The
bay is of an amphitheatrical form, and with lofty
circuitous hills to the n. unfolds a very romantic
and agreeable scene. The church is a prominent
object, and the thickly clustered houses at the
head of the bay are in a semicircular form. The
hills behind are very precipitous, and their sum-
mits present a grand variety of appearance in
round bluffs and sharp cones, which terminate at
the capes at the head of the bay. The capes,
which are very similar, are partially covered with

stumpy evergreens, dwarfish pines, and shrubs of
the hardier kinds.

St. Paul's Lake, is in the S. of Becancour,
and almost divides it into two parts, extending
N. B. and s. w. It is nearly 5 m. long and i^ m.
wide. It is not very deep, hut abounds in fish of
many kinds : its waters pass by the channel of the
river Godefroi into the St. Lawrence. The mar-
gin is a perfect landscape set off by almost every
description of charming scenery ; well cultivated
farms, with their neat and good houses, are seen
in all directions round it ; and, in many places,
groups of fine trees, as decorative as they can be
conceived to be in a well preserved park, give to
the whole an appearance most beautifully pic-
turesque. — It receives the waters of Lake Out-
ardes, which lies between it and the St. Lawrence.

St. Peter, lake, between the counties of St.
Maurice and Yamaska. Lake St. Peter is formed
by an expansion of the waters of the St. Law-
rence, and extends from 15 to 20 miles in breadth
and 21 miles in length. It is, generally, of small
depth, many parts of the channel being not more
than 10 or 11 feet deep, and it sometimes occurs
that large vessels here run aground. The tide
scarcely extends as far up as the town of Three
Rivers which is nearly 2 leagues farther down
than the lake, and the current in the latter is ex-
tremely faint. Several small rivers here discharge
their waters, among which are the Slachiche, Du
Loup and Masquinonge on the n., and the Nico-
let and St. Francis on the s. On the south side

S T

of the lake commencing at the mouth of the b.
Nicolet are Batture au Sahle, Isle Moran^ Baie
du Febre, Batture a la Carpe, Baie St. Frangois
and the Bay of Yamaska ; on the north side, be-
ginning at Pointe du Lac, are the Batture de la
Pointe du Lac, Flats of r. du Loup and Maski-
nonge Bay. At the head of the lake are many
islands described in this work under their different
names including the Isles and Islets, granted,
Oct. 19, 1694, to Sieur Redison, and which are
more particularly mentioned in the title. — Lake
St. Peter abounds in fish, particularly maski-
nonge, dore, achigan, eels and sturgeon

2'iWe. — " Concession du 19me Octobre, 169i, faite par
Louis de Buadc Comte de Frontenac, Gouverneur, et Jean
Bochart, Intendant, au Sieur Redisson des isles, islets et
battures non-concedees qui se trouvent au haut du lac St.
Pierre audessus des isles conc^dees au Sieur Sorel, jusqu'au
chenail du milieu appele le chenail de I'isle Platte, les-
quelles isles, islets et battures contiennent environ trois
quarts de lieue de large sur autant de prof'ondeur." — Re-
gistre d'Intendance, No. i, folio 18.

St. Piebbb (P. and V.), v. Obleans, I.

St. Pibebe, river, or Little Rivkb, in the
Island of Montreal, rises in the parish of Lachine
and running n. b. falls into the St. Lawrence
opposite Isle St. Charles. With the assistance of
this stream the Lachine canal is formed.

St. Pibebe les Becquets, v. Levbabd, S.

-St. Regis, river, falls into the St. Lawrence
above Lake St. Francis, at the s. w. extremity of
the CO. of Beauhamois. A very small part of this
river is in the province of Lower Canada. The
Indian village of St. Regis is situated near its
confluence with the St. Lawrence, where it is
about 3 chains wide. It is navigable for boats to
a considerable distance.

St. Regis, river, in Sault St. Louis, rises in
two branches, descending from the S. of Cha-
teauguay. It runs n. to the St. Lawrence, and
near its mouth is increased by a small river that
runs past the church of St. Pierre.

St. Regis (V.), v. Indian Lands.

St. Roch (V. and P.), v. L'Assomption, S.

St. Roch des Aulnais, seigniory, in the co.
ofL'Islet, is bounded N. e. by Ste. Anne; s. w.
by Reaume; in the rear by the T.of Ashford; in
front by the St. Lawrence.— 3 leagues in breadth
by 2 in depth. Granted, April 1, 1657, to Ni-
cholas Juchereau de St. Denis, and is now the
property of Lieutenant- Col. Duchesnay.— In the
vicinity of the river the land is low and intersected
by some broken ridges of no great elevation, but

about the rear boundaries the mountains form a
close chain of considerable height. Near the
front the soil is excellent, consisting of a fine light
earth with a good deal of marl in various parts :
on the higher lands a yellow loam is prevalent.
— No lands fit for cultivation remain unconceded,
and one-fourth part is unfit for the purposes of
agriculture. — The entire range of concessions,
along the St. Lawrence, was conceded before 1759;
their usual extent was from 2 to 4 front arpents
by 42 in depth, paying 30 sols tournois for each
arpent in depth with the usual fines on alienation,
of which a part is remitted provided the fines are
paid immediately. There are 4 ranges of con-
cessions; and the farms in the first are generally
cleared; fths in the 2nd, and the 3rd is commenced.
— Several small rivers water this S. sufficiently,
and work 2 or 3 mills; the principal rivers are
the St. Jean and the Feree. On the land under
culture very little timber is left, but the other
parts are well stocked with the best kinds, and
among them is some pine of a valuable size. —
Many roads branch off in almost every direction
through the seigniory, but the one passing close
to the river is the main post road : they are kept
in good order as well as the different bridges. —
Some orchards are rising into perfection, and al-
though the apples are of a very inferior quality,
the plums are superior. 467,500 bundles of hay
including gorse are annually grown, and the island
hay is considered the best for cattle. There are
7 or 8 sugaries.. — The fisheries are not consider-
able ; and 3 schooners from 30 to 40 tons each,
and 5 keel-boats are employed. — The Village of
St. Roch is handsome and well situated at the
entrance of the e. Feree, about half a league east
of the Point of St. Roch, from which stretch ex-
tensive shoals that considerably narrow the deep
water channel, and form a traverse difficult to be
navigated. In the village, which consists of about
30 neat and comfortable houses, is one school where
35 scholars are instructed in French, English, and
Latin, supported by the funds left by Mr. Ver-
raux, late cure of this parish, who bequeathed his
property in equal proportions in favour of his re-
lations, charity and education, viz. one-third to his
family, one-third to the poor, and one-third to the
school. A little westward of the church is the
telegraph station. No. 8, and river-craft and boats
come up to the viUage. — This S. contains 390
families, of which, 186 only are supposed to live

S T

entirely on the produce of their farms, and 130
families have the means and would willingly cul-
tivate new lands if they had the opportunity,
particularly if they were not too far distant.

Statistics.

Population
Churches R. C.

2,624 Presbyt

eries . 1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 20,800
Oats . 10,000
Barley . 300
Potatoes 24.,373

Bushels.
Peas . 2,600
Rye . 2,600
Indian com 100

Bushels.
Maple sugar,

cwts. 89
Hay, tons . 2,300

Live Stock.

Horses . 723
Oxen . 200

Cows . 1,9S0
Sheep . 4,775

Swine . 1,800

Title. — " Concession du ler Avril, 1656, faite par Mr.
de Launon, Gouverneur pour la Compagnie, a Nicholas Ju-
chereau de St. Denis, de trois lieues de terre de front sur
deux lieues de profondeur, avec les isles et battures aude-
vant de la dite Concession." — Cahiers d'Intendance, No.
10ai7,/ofio665,

St. Roonaes Hili., v. Bcckland, t,
Stb. Rose (P.), v. Isle Jesus.

St. SCHOLASTIQUE (P.), V. LaC DBS DeUX

Mountains, S.

St. Stanislas (P.), v. Batiscan, S.

St. Steven's Cove, v. Saguenay, r.

St. SuI/Pice, seigniory, in the co. of L'As-
somption, is bounded n. b. by Lavaltrie with its
augmentation and the t. of Kildare ; s. w. by the
S. of L'Assomption ; in the rear by the t. of
Rawdon ; in front by the St. Lawrence. — Two
leagues in front by six in depth. Granted, 17th
Dec, 1640, to Sieurs Cherrier and Leroyer, and
is now the property of the seminary of St. Sul-
pice at Montreal. — More than three-fourths of
this seigniory is well cultivated, and for the good-
ness of its soil, the quality of the timber and state
of improvement it is not surpassed by any that
surround it. The whole seigniory is conceded and
contains 7^0 lots of different extents, generally
from 3 to 30 or 40 arpents each ; these lots are
divided into eleven ranges or c6tes. More than
three-fourths of the lots are built upon and set-
tled. The best ranges are those of St. Sulpice,
St. Esprit, Bas de la Grande, and a part of Bas
du Ruisseau. There is also much good land in
Point du Jour, in L'Assomption, and in the con-
tinuations. The other ranges are of middling
quality and generally sandy; the inhabitants,
nevertheless, live pretty well, because they cul-

tivate potatoes to a great extent, also Indian com
and rye, which grow abundantly on these sandy
soils. There is scarcely a single lot that can be
called entirely unproductive. — This S. is parti-
cularly well watered by the r. L'Assomption, the
Achigan, St. Esprit, Ruisseau St. George, Ruis-
seau Vacher, Riviere Rouge, Ruisseau Point de
Jour, and the River of Lake Ouareau, most of
them running into the R. L'Assomption after a
mazy course that in some parts, where the ground
is high and clothed with wood, present points of
view truly picturesque and beautiful. There are
3 corn-mills ; two on the river Achigan, near the
line of L'Assomption, and the third at St. Jacques,
on the river Jjac Ouareau, two leagues from the
church of St. Jacques. At these mills about 40,000
bushels of corn are ground annually. There are
also a great number of saw-mills, in consequence
of there having formerly been a fine forest of
pines towards the middle of the seigniory; but
the great trade carried on in converting the tim-
ber into planks, &c. has entirely consumed the
timber and left only inferior trees. As this sei-
gniory produces much rye and barley, many dis-
tilleries have been established. There are two
mills for carding wool and milling cloth ; one on
the Achigan, the other on the St. Esprit. A
third is lately established on the river of Lac
Ouareau, at a place called les Dales, because the
bed of the river is there confined between two
rocks, whence the water escapes as if it flowed
through a spout. — -Scarcely any timber remains,
and even firewood is becoming scarce. — This sei-
gniory contains 3 parishes ; St. Sulpice, St. Pierre
du Portage and St. Jacques, in which are 3 pa-
rochial churches and 3 presbyteries. — The Parish
of St. Jacques includes all the rear parts of the S.
and contains the Acadian settlement, the most
considerable in the S. The Village of St. Jacques
is nearly in the centre of the parish, and is two
leagues s. from the t. of Rawdon and four n. from
the St. Lawrence. A continuation of the public
road from its termination at the line of Rawdon
to the second range has been opened by Mr. Mar-
shall, but it is, as yet, impassable for any kind of
vehicle. Nine arpents of land only are uncon-
ceded, which will not repay the expense of cultiva-
tion. This parish has been settled within the
last 50 years, and no concession was granted pre-
viously to 1759. Besides more than 100 families
who have no lands there are 600 youths, above

ST. SULPICE.

and under 21, who are desirous of settling but
cannot obtain lands, even in the neighbouring
townships which would well answer their pur-
pose, on account of the number of strangers who
settle there. The church is large and handsome.
— The Parish of St. Pierre du Portage or L'As-
somption, is centrically situated and contains 6 con-
cession ranges, viz.

Le bas de L'Assomption

Le Point du Jour

Le Hautde L' Assomption

L'Achigan
La Presqu'ile
Le St, Esprit.

The soil is proper for the growth of hemp, and the
greatest part of the parish being under culture,
there is very little wood and that little only fit
for fuel. The river L'Assomption traverses the
parish, in a serpentine direction, nearly from n.
to s. and other less considerable streams run into
it in this parish, viz. the Achigan, the St. Esprit,
the Point du Jour, the Ruisseau St. George and the
Ruisseau Vacher, neither of which is navigable.
There are 3 toll-bridges near the village on the
K. L'Assomption, 4 on the Achigan, of which
two are free, and there is one free bridge over
the St. Esprit ; there are also 2 ferries over the
L'Assomption above the village. In this parish are
3 corn-mills, 2 saw-mills one of which is worked by
wind, 2 carding machines, one whiskey distillery,
one brewery, and many potash works of which 4 are
in the village. The cattle are numerous, but gene-
rally of an inferior quality. The Village of L'As-
somption is built on almost an island formed by
the beautiful river of that name ; it is also called
the Portage of L'Assomption, because, by travel-
ling over the little isthmus at the entrance of the
village about 2 or 3 arpents across, a long circuit
of about a league is avoided. This village is in a
beautiful situation, washed on all sides by the
river. It contains about 170 houses, including
12 inns, many of them built with stone two sto-
ries high and roofed with tin. The church is
quite new, elegant and very large, and as it is
built on the most elevated spot in the village,
-which it commands, the prospect from it is very
extensive. The population is between 1000 and
1100 souls. The church is one of the finest in the
province. There are 4 schools, 2 for boys and 2
for girls, besides masters for private tuition ; the
schools for girls are well attended and the children
are instructed in French grammar, geography.

history, embroidery, &c. All the roads of the
neighbouring parishes centre in this village, and
there is no other way to Montreal. The road
from St. Jacques passes the church of L'Assomp-
tion to that of St. Roch and 30 arpents farther.
This concentration of roads causes the village to
be the entrepot of all the parishes behind it, and
the only place of entrance and exit for the whole
county. This v. has a considerable trade. — The
Parish of St. Sulpice occupies the front part of
the S. from the p. of St. Pierre to the St. Law-
rence, extending 2 leagues along the river from
Lavaltrie to Repentigny. It was erected by virtue
of the Regulation of Sep. 20, 1721, confirmed by
an Order in Council, Mar. 3, 1722. All the
farms are conceded and cultivated, with the ex-
ception of the portions left for the growth of fire-
wood, and the settlements in the 1st concession
range are skirted with woods. All the farms are
conceded on permanent conditions and in no case
redeemable, paying quit rent, seignorial rent, with
all other seignorial rights, according to the cus-
tom of Paris ; each concession is charged with the
payment of 10 sols and half a bushel of wheat for
every 20 superficial arpents. All the concessions,
or nearly so, were granted before 1759. The tim-
ber consists of maple, cherry, elm, &c. There are
3 windmills ; one for grinding corn is built with
stone, the others are for sawing and are built
with wood. Agricultural labour is generally per-
formed with horses and oxen. One half of the grain
grown in this p., on an average, is sold at Mont-
real. The roads are good. — The Village of St.
Sulpice is built on the road leading to Lavaltrie
and running along the verge of the bank of the St.
Lawrence ; it includes about 100 dweUing-houses
besides numerous stores for the produce of the
country, considerable quantities of which are here
deposited. One half of the houses are built with
stone, and the church, which is very ancient, is 90
ft. by 45. There are two chapels and one is built
with stone ; one stands above and the other below
the church. There is one school in which 20 boys
and girls are instructed, and the French language
taught. — Isles Bouchards, which belong to Mr.
Pierre Baudez, are included in this p. ,• their soil
is strong and fertile, and the higher lands only are
inhabited, the lower are not on account of the re-
flux of the waters in the spring. There are 18
families containing 150 souls.

S T

Statistics.

Parishes.

a
f

1
1

1
n

i
1

2
1
1

St. Jacques
L'Assomption
St. Sulpice

4344
3862
1464

1
I
1

1
1

1
1
1

2
4
1

1
1

2
1

2
2

2
1

1
2
1

i 1

]

1
6

1
1

1
1
1

5
8
2

12
5

26
28
15

9670

1 1

Parishes.

Annual Agricultural Produce, in bushels.

Live !3tock. 1

|.2

St. Jacques
L'Assomption
St. Sulpice

15600
13500
13000

2100

20800

7280

520

6500
5200
3380

1900

1544

300

3744

1678

1495

200

2200

3088

500

7340

7720

1500

2200

2902

300

42100

30180

520

15080

3273

5788

16560

5402

Title.—" Concession du 17rae Deeembre, 1640, faite
par la Compagnie aux Sieurs Cherrier et Leroyer, d'une
grande partie de I'lsle de Montreal, &c. &c. &c. Plus une
etendue de terre de deux lieues de large le long du tleuve
de St, Laurent, sur six lieues de profondeur dans les dites
terres, a prendre du cote du Nord sur la menie c6t6 oH se
deeharge la riviere de I'Assomption dans le dit fleuve St.
Laurent, et a commencer a une borne qui sera mis sur
cette mSme cotf, h. la distance de deux lieues de I'em-
bouchure de la dite riviSre de I'Assomption, le reste des
dites deux lieues de front i prendre en descendant sur le
dit fleuve ^t. Laurent; tout ce qui est de la riviere des
Prairies, jusqu'a la riviSre de I'Assomption, et depuis la
dite riviere de I'Assomption jusqu'd la borne cidessus, r^-
serv6e I la dite Compagnie." — Ins. Con. Sup. — Pour le
reste de la dite isle par titre 21 Avril, 1659, voyez le
meme Registre, et pour les dites titres ratifications amor-
tissement, voyez Cahiers d' Intend.

Ste. Therese, isle^ lies between Chambly and
St. John's ; it is 2 miles long and about half a mile
broad, and with the smaller islands adjacent was
granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to Sieur Dugu6. Isle Ste.
Therese is flat and low and is partly covered with
small timber and brushwood, but where it is clear
there are some good meadows and fine pasturage
for cattle.

Title — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, de I'lsle
St. TMrhe avec les isles et islets adjacens, par Jean Talon,
Intendant, au Sieur Diigiitl, .saiif le droit de Mr- Rcpen-
tigny pour celles qu'il peut legitimement prdtendre, et qui
seront adjug^es a celui des deux auquel il sera estira* a
propos de les conceder." — Rigistre d'Intendance, No. 1,
folio 18. '

Ste. Therese (P. and V.), v. Blainville,
S. in MiiiLE Isles.

St. Therese, river, is a small stream that

rises in the S. of Blainville, and empties itself
into the Riviere Jesus, in front of the seigniory.

St. Thomas (L.), v. Stoneham, T.

St. Thomas (P.), v. Riviere du Bud, S.

Ste. Tbinite (P.), v. Contrecceub, S.

St. Urbain (P.), V. Cote de Beaupre, S.

St. Vallier, seigniory, in the co. of Belle-
chasse, is bounded n. e. by Berthier ; s. w. by St.
Michel ; in the rear by the t. of Armagh.-^ About
11 league in breadth and about 4 leagues in depth,
including the augmentation. It is the property

of de Lanaudiere, Esq. — This seigniory is

nearly as possible a counterpart of the adjoining
S. of St. Michel, the quality of the soil and the va-
rieties of the timber differing only in a very slight
degree ; but the bank of the river St. Lawrence
is much lower, and the rear part somewhat broken
and rugged. There are 10 concession ranges laid
out, 6 of which are settled, and 5 entirely, also
^ of the 7th. The whole is under cultivation ex-
cept the domain and patches here and there ; and
between the 5th and 6th ranges is a rocky place
called the Grand CotiS unconceded. — The soil in
the settled ranges is as follows : —

1st Concession.
2nd & 3rd do.
4.th do.
5th do.
Gth do.

AVhite strong clay.
Strong soil on clay.
White clay.
Yellow and black soil.
Strong yellow loam.

All the lands were conceded prior to 1759. The
timber is hard-wood, spruce, and epinette inter-

S A L

SAL

■mixed, and the roads- are good and numerous.
There is one iron mine. The fisheries produce eels/
salrtion, and shad. Frichette's fishery at the mouth
of the R. du Sud prevents the salmon from ascend-
ing that river ; he used to take, 8 years ago, 440
per ann. but at present he takes none. — This S. is
well watered by the rivers du Sud, le Bras, and
the Noire, which are supplied by numerous small
streams and lakes. — At Ville Hoche are 4 mills,
viz. one corn-mill with one set of stones, and 3
saw-mills. At Boissoneau's saw-mill on the R.
du Sud 13 saws are always at work and 9 men
daily employed. The site of the mill is highly
favourable, and near it are one store and 3 or 4
houses for labourers, 2 bams, &c. Mr. Boisso-
ileau has the toll-bridge, where a calash pays 4d.,
a cart 3|rf. and a man and horse l|rf. The vil-
lage Stands near the shore of the St. Lawrence.—
The parish of St. Vallier is co-extensive with the
seigniory. — At Four Corners are a church, 120
feet by 30, a chapel, and a presbytery built with
stone; near the church is a school, where 25
children are instructed.

Population 2,223
Churches, R. C. 1
Chapels . . 1

Statistics.

Presbyteries
Corn-mills .
Saw-mills

Taverns
Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

. 13,000
. 7,400

Bushels.
Potatoes 14.,000
Peas . 630
300

320 Rye

Tons.
Hay . . 26,000
Maple sugar,

cwts. 121

Live Stock.

714
1,228

Cows
Sheep

1,785 1 Swine
6,212 I

1,071

■For title, vide La Durantaib.

St. Vincent de Paul (P.), v. Isle Jesus.

Salmon or au Saumon River, in the co. of
Saguenay, runs from the w. s. w. into the R.
Assuapmoussoin, forming in the basin or bay at its
mouth a well timbered island f a mile long. The
average width of this r. is above ^ of a mile, and it
descends with a swift current. For 6 or 7 leagues
"Upwards its banks present excellent land and the
greatest inducement to make Settlements ; the soil
is principally a thick covering of argillaceous loam
over layers of white clay, producing timber of
fine growth, viz. elm, ash, spruce and red pine.
In several places, however, particularly on its b.

bank, the loam is mixed with much sand where
the timber is chiefly spruce fir, white birch, aspen
and cypress. Higher up, the land ceases to be
culturable and becomes swampy, presenting ex-
tensive plains that produce only the white sprucBi
and is the proper country for the hunting of the
caribou. The Dep. Sur. Gen., during his ex-
ploring survey of this part of the Saguenay*
country, spread his net at the entrance of this r.
and caught a pike, a few carp and a dore, all of
fine quality.

Salmon River, in the S.of La Petite Nation.
There are two rivers of this name in the same
seigniory, and both are about 2 chains wide and
fall into the Ottawa. The Great Salmon River
runs about 50 miles, and is navigable for bateaux
in the spring. The course of the Little Sal-
mon River is about 40 miles, and is navigable for
canoes only for a short distance. Both rivers are
well stocked with fish.

Salmoi^ River, in the co. of Sherbrooke, runs
through the t. of Clifton into the t. of Ascot,
where it passes Lennoxville ; and, about half a
mile below that village, it falls into the r. St.
Francis. This river forms good sites for mills,
but it is so much obstructed by falls, that its only
navigable advantage is the running Of logs to saw-
mills.

Salmon River, in the co. of Beauhamois,
descends from the United States across the pro-
vince line, and, watering the Indian lands, dis-
charges itself into the s. w. extremity of Lake St.
Francis. Its course in the province is about 4 or
5 miles. For about 1^ mile from' its mouth it
runs through low meadows and forms nearly a
semicircle. Its depth at its mouth is 9 ft. and it
gradually decreases as far as the town of Coving-
ton, where it is only 4 ft. This river is of great
importance on account of its immediate communi-
cation with the United States. — The town of
Covington, in the State of New York (more com-
monly known by the name of French Mills), being
so immediately contiguous to the province line,
may be considered as worthy of notice, although
seemingly unconnected with this work. It is
most pleasantly situated on the gradual slope or
descent of a high and commanding eminence on
the east side of Salmon River, at the first Forks,
and is intended to cover a surface of 400 acres,
including the ground between the two branches
of that river from their junction to the Chateau-

SAN

8 A U

guay road. It is divided into streets of about 60
feet in breadth, laid out at right angles, several of
which are named after the American officers who
served during the late war. The two bridges
over this k. are substantial and well constructed ;
the largest over the east branch (situated a short
distance above the mills) is 185 feet in length,
and the other over the west branch 135 ft. The
chief part of the town is on the east side of the
R. and contains a handsome church, a court-
house, a gaol and 5 or 3 taverns, forming alto-
gether about 40 edifices, chiefly of wood, tastefully
built, and generally painted white. The large
corn-mill from which this place was originally
named is situated on the west side of the k., and
opposite to it is a saw-mill. The bank of the r.
in front of the town is rather steep, and from 15
to 20 feet high; the depth of water just below
the mills is from 2-| to 3| feet, at which place
General Wilkinson's gun-boats were sunk in
1813. The population of this town is computed
at 200 souls, and it is only -f of a mile south of the
small village of Dundee, which is within the pro-
vince line, communicating with it by a most ex-
cellent road. Covington perfectly commands that
village by means of its high grounds and military
reserves. To the Americans this town is of the
more importance, as it communicates by good
roads, on which there are some flourishing settle-
ments, with the town of Malone, the Four Cor-
ners, Champlain Town, Plattsburg, St.- Regis and
IVIassina.

Salvayle, river, rises in the parish of la Pre-
sentation, in the S. of St. Hyacinthe, and, tra-
versing through the centre of the augmentation to
St. Ours, falls into the r. Yamaska. In the p. of
St. Jude a bridge is thrown over this small river,
at the base of two steep hills, between which the
stream runs.

Samagon, river, runs into the n. e. side of the
nver Matapedia, about 4 miles from its confluence
with the Ristigouche.

Sand River, v. Mistassini, r.

Sangues, des, river, rises in a small lake on the
B. side of Temiscouata portage, and communicates,
by means of a small lake and the r. Petite
Fourche, with the s. w. branch of the r. Trois
PistoUes,

SauIiT a la Puce, river, is a small stream de-
scending from the high lands in the rear of the
parish of Chateau Richer, in the S. of Cote de
Beaupre. It winds through a mountainous, and
woody country, and is entitled to notice for its
very romantic falls, where its stream is precipi-
tated from 3 declivities in succession; and far
the beautiful and truly sylvan scenery that de-
corates its banks, especially when the autumnal
foliage displays its multiplied variety of beauteous
tints. It waters the p. of Chateau Richer, and
falls into the St. Lawrence about -^ of a league e.
from the church, and at a little distance n. w. from
the public road.

Sault au Recoli/ET (P.), V. Montreal.

Saclt St. LoDis, seigniory, in the co. of La-
prairie, is bounded n. e. by the S. of Laprairie;
s. w. by Chateauguay and La t'alle ; in the rear
by the t. of Sherrington ; in front by Lake St.
Louis. — 2 leagues in front by 2 in depth. Granted
with the isles, islets and shoals lying in front of
this S. and that of Laprairie, May 29, 1680, to
the Jesuits. — An augmentation consisting of 1-|
league lies towards Chateauguay. — This S. is now
the property of the tribe of domiciliated Indians who
inhabit the Coghnawaga village. The situation
of this tract, between the seigniories mentioned as
its boundaries, will convey a sufficient idea of it
without farther description, as there is not much
variety through the whole of the level country,
from Laprairie to St. Regis. The rivers La
Tortue, St. Regis and du Portage, intersect it so
as to water it very completely. Nearly all the
half of the S. which lies towards La Salle is well
settled and cultivated by Canadian families ; from
the R. St. Regis towards the St. Lawrence, the
uncultivated parts are covered with wood of
aU the common kinds, except a small portion re-
served by the proprietors for their own use The

R. Chateauguay disembogues itself into Lake St.
Louis at the n. w. corner of the S. Its naviga-
tion is in many places interrupted by rocky shoals
and small rapids, particularly in the summer,
when it will hardly admit of the navigation of
canoes, but in spring and autumn it is perfectly
convenient for rafting down timber. — For an
account of the village of Coghnawaga, vide In-
dian Lands.

SET

Set

Statistics.

Parishes.

a
.2
3

■i

■c
i

1
1

■2

i
s

J
1

■g
1

1
1

s
s

%
1

2
6

»4
<.

10
20

.SO

Village of Coghna- >
waga . . \

Parish of St. Con- >
stant . . 5

1050
4120

1
1

1
_

2
5

5170

Parishes.

Annual rtgriculcural Hrnrtuce, in bushels.

Live.-iuiclt. 1

>•

■A
O

o
o

Village of Coghna- }
wuga . . J

Parish of St. Con-^
stant . . ^

31200

100
27000

8000

4500
80000

1200
16500

200

3400

450
8000

29
2550

2579

13
1600

36
3000

50
9200

loo

2400

31200

27100

8000

84500

17700

200

3400

8450

161.-i

3036

9250

2500

Tj«fe.r-" Concession du 29me Mai, 1 680, faite par sa
Majeste aux reverends peres Jesuites, de la terre nommSe
le Sault, contenant deux lieues de pais de front; k com-
njencer a une pointe qui est vis-a-vis le rapide St. Louis,
/en montant le long du lae, sur pareille profondeur, avec
deux isles, islets et battures qui se trouvent au devant et
joignant aux terres de la Prairie de la Magdelaine." — iJe-
gistre d'Intendance, iVo. 2 a 9, folio 122.

" Augmentation du dit fief d'une lieue et demie vers la
Seigneuriede Chateauguay." — Lemime R^gistre, folio 124<,

Saurel, v. Sorel.

SCIBOUBT (R.), V. ChIBOUBT.

SeminaCj river, is a small stream that runs into
the N. w. side of Ristigouche bay.

Settlements. The following information
is derived from the evidence given by John
NeUson, Esq. to a committee of the House of
Assembly, and is likely to prove beneficial to
land companies, and even to individuals who are
desirous of knowing the most advantageous mode
of exploring tracts of wild lands, with a view of
ascertaining the practicability of forming new
settlements. — New settlements can only be suc-
cessfully formed where there is a certain degree
of facility in communicating with the old — the
wants of an agricultural population are so exten-
sive and the means and support that they require
from external sources, before they can derive them
from the soil which they occupy, are so consider-
able, that no successful agricultural settlement
has ever been made in America without such
facility of corimunication. The ocean and navi-

gable rivers at first afibrded this facility, the
settlements made on the sea shore or on the banks
of navigable rivers having subsequently furnished
the external support to the new settlements in
the interior, by means of roads of communication
opened in the rear of successive settlements. These
are only practicable as a means of communication
to a certain distance, and where natural circum-
stances are favourable. For the purpose of form-
ing agricultural settlementSj it was not necessary
then to explore a country to any great distance
from existing settlements or navigable waters.
No new settlement can support itself far from the
beforementioned aids ; to attempt them is a dis-
advantageous waste of means which ought to be
more usefully employed. — It is necessary now
to explore a country to a considerable extent be-
yond the immediate site of an intended settlement,
in order to ascertain whether it possesses those
prospects of future prosperity, which in no small
degree depend upon its situation in respect to ad-
jacent tracts of land. — The inhabitants of a small
tract of the most fertile soil are never so thriving
as those even of an inferior soil, when surrounded
by extensive tracts of fertile latid, particularly if
the roads of communication of the latter to their
markets lie through the lesser tract. — The general
geographical knowledge of Lower Caiiada, show-
ing the existing settlements and the courses of the
rivers towards their mouths, is sufficient to point

T T 2

SET

out where exploring parties ought to he employed
with a view to the forming of new settlements.
The surveys of the townships have given much
information, and the topography of the country is
well known to its inhabitantSj although much of
it is in the way of being lost. The Indians,
whose knowledge of this sort exceeds that of any
other description of people, are disappearing ; and
the Vo^ageursaxii Coureurs de Jois, persons formerly
employed in trading with the Indians and who
traversed the country in every direction, are
nearly extinct. There are, however, in every parish
many persons employed in agriculture, who make
long excursions into the rear of the settlements at
<;ertain periods of the year for the purpose of
hunting and fishing, from whom much informa-
tion might be had of the nature of the country in
different directions, which is of great utility in
forming a judicious choice of places, and ought to
prevent useless exploring parties and fruitless at-
tempts, — An- exploring party should consist of 6
persons, viz. one intelligent person, well acquainted
with the inhabitants and the soil and climate of
Lower Canada and able to keep a journal, to act
as manager ,• three Indians who have frequented
the tract to be explored, and who are active
and sober, and of good character ; one Canadian
farmer who has made excursions into the country
to be explored; one American farmer who has
been accustomed to open new settlements, would
be sufficient for exploring any tract adjoining the
existing settlements in Lower Canada, that might
be thought worth the trouble and expense. The
entire cost, provisions included,' would be 40s.
per diem : viz.

1 Manager

3 Indians 5s.

2 Farmers 5s.

40j.

One month would be sufficient for exploring any
tract that it would be desirable to explore at
present with a view of opening new settlements,
and the expense would be about £60. — The
manager ought to be able to ascertain pretty cor-
rectly the latitude and longitude of the places
where he may happen to be ; and he ought to keep
a journal in which he should insert daily his
course and distance, with his observations on
1. The weather and temperature.

S H A

2. The timber and other productions of the
soil.

3. The face of the country, whether level,
broken, or gullied; the streams, swamps and
mountains ; extending the daily excursions of his
men to a breadth of several leagues, and taking a
daily view (if practicable) from the tops of trees
and in high situations, in order to form a judg-
ment of the adjacent country, particularly no-
ticing the sorts of timber beyond the excursions
of his assistants.

4. The nature of the soil, mentioning par-
ticularly the nature of the ledges of stone or rock
which may be discovered, and also the kinds of
stone brought down by the rivers and the nature
of the substrata along their banks.

5. On the most advantageous route for a road,
which ought as much as practicable to be his own
track. This track he ought to lay down on a plan
or sketch of the face of the country, showing every
day's march with the distances, the direction and
apparent course of aU streams he may have crossed,
their breadth, current, and the character of their
waters, and the composition of the soil through
which they pass. It would not be amiss for him
to blaze or mark on the trees his general course.
— A great many other things necessary to be done,
occasionally, will strike any experienced and in-
telligent manager who may be employed.

Settrington, township, in the co. of Sague-
uay, is an angular tract lying between the portions
of the seigniories of Murray Bay, Eboulemens,
and le Gouffre, Above 12,000 acres are settled
by native Canadians, as well as the village of St.
George, which is in the s. w. angle, the approach
to which is rocky and mountainous. — Ungranted
and unlocated, 20,000 acres.

Seven Islands, near the Saguenay coast in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, lie at the entrance of a
bay of the same name. They are included in the
territory of the King's Posts.

Shasawataisi, river, runs into the channel
that connects the lake of that name with the r. St.
Maurice.

Shawenkqan, river, or Manigousito, ». e.
the foot of a rapid, rises in the t. of Caxton and
running s. e. waters a small portion of the rear of
Cap de la Madeleine, when suddenly turning s, w.
it intersects an eastern angle of the lands belonging
to the forges of St. Maurice, and joins the river

SHE

of that name at the celehrated Falls of Shawe-
negan, for an actount of which vide St. Maurice,
The land on hoth sides of this k. is of excel-
lent quality. The timber is mixed, including
maple, beech, fir, pine, black birch, &c.

Shecoubish, river, rises in l. Shecoubish iij
the CO. of Saguenay, lying in lat. 49° 27' n., long.
73° 55' w. It receives the waters of the Riviere
du Grand which rises in a small lake near l.
Kickandatch. The Shecoubish, after passing se-
veral rapids, joins the Assuapmoussoin at the Falls
of Chaudiew.

Sheen, a projected township, fronting the k.
Ottawa and lying between Esher and Chichester.
In this T. are the falls of Petit AUumet.

Shepford, county, in the district of Montreal,
is bounded e. by Sherbrooke ; w. by St. Hyacinthe
arid a small part by Rouville ; n. by Drummond ;
?. by Missiskoui. It contains the townships of
Ely, Stukely, Brome, Shefford, Roxton, Milton,
Granby, and Farnham, with the gores and aug-
mentations of those townships. Its extreme length
is 30 miles and its breadth 30, containing 749
square miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 22' 16"
N., long. 72° 32' w. It sends one member to the
provincial legislature, and the place of election is
at Frost Village. The principal rivers are the
branches of the Yamaska.

Population 4,417

Churches . 2

Villages . . 3

Schools . 17

Corn-mills , 6

Statistics.

Saw-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Distilleries .
Potasheries .

Pearlasheries 6
Shopkeepers 6
Taverns . 6

Artisans . . 36

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats

Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
36,568
51,343
6,950
70,800

Bushels.
Peas . 21,608
Rye . 2,200
Buck- wheat 9,796
Indian corn 17,913

Bushels.
Mixed grain 2,300
Maple sugar,

cwts. 384
Hay, tons 13,316

Live Stock.

1,724 1 Cows
2,242 1 Sheep

3,019 I Swine . 2,424
8,486 j

Shepford, township, in the co. of Shefford, is
bounded b. by Stukely; w. by Granby; n. by
Roxton ; s. by Brome. The surface is uneven,
and towards the west mountainous; the soil in
most places is exceedingly rich, but the uplands
and high ridges are too stony to be of much value.
The timber is almost universally of the best spe-

cies. — It is watered by several branches of the Yf^,
maska and by other streams, and it is intersected by
many roads communicating with the neighbouring
townships. — The s. b. part is the best and most
populous, where some fine settlements present
themselves, that are, to the extent of their cul-
tivation, in a very flourishing state. The banks of
the rivers display many good breadths of meadow
and grazing land. This township is particularly
unfortunate in having one-seventh more than
any other township laid out in crown and clergy
reserves, and also in having three large bridges
to support across different branches of the Yei..
maska : the difficulty, and indeed the impossibility^
of getting roads made across the reserves, and the
lands owned by non-resident proprietors, must
be obvious. — Shefford contains two churches and
one resident minister. The village, containing
about 25 houses and 120 souls, is situated in the
E. part of the t. and is called Frost Village, being
built on ground belonging to Mr. Frost, to whose
exertions the advancement and prosperity of the
settlement is chiefly owing. — In the t. are several
corn and saw-mills. — Ungranted and unlocated,
a few hundreds of acres only.

Population

Churches

Curates

Schools

Villages

951
2
1
8
1

Statistics.

Corn-mills
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills
Potasheries .

Pearlasheries
Medical men .
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans

2
1
3
3
16

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

10,300

15,400

2,300

Bushels.
Potatoes 19,000
Peas . 4,003

Bushels.
Buck-wheat 3,000
Indian corn 3,900

Live Stock.

475 1 Cows
590 Sheep

780 I Swine
2,001 1

475

Shekutimish, v. Chicoutimi, r.

Shenley, in the co. of Megantic, an irre-
gular tract lying between Dorset and Tring, is
bounded n. b. by the S. of Aubert Gallion and
the river Chaudiere, and s. w. by the t. of Oulney.
The surface is irregular, in some places low and
swampy, but in others it is a moderately good
soil, that would doubtless be sufficiently fertile if
brought under the plough. On the dry lands
the timber consists principally of beech, maple
and birch; in other parts there is scarcely any

SHE

timber except cedar and spruce fir. — It is not
VBty well watered. — One quarter of the township
was granted to the late Mr. James Glenny, but
no part of that grant is cultivated. — Ungranted
and u'nlocated, 33^000 acres.

She RBKOOKBj county, in the district of Three
Rivers, is bounded e. by Megantic ; w. by Stan-
stead and Shefford ; N. by Drummond ; s. by the
province line. It contains the townships of
Garthby, Stafford, Whitton, Marston, Clinton^
Chesham, Lingwick, Weedon, Dudswell, Bury,
Hampden, Ditton, Emberton, Drayton, Auckland,
Newport, Westbury, Stoke, Ascot, Eaton, Here-
ford, Compton, Clifton, Windsor, Brompton, Ship-
ton, Melbourne;, and Orford, together with all
gores or augmentations of those townships. Its
extreme length is 68 miles and its breadth 57|,
containing 2,7H6 square miles. Its latitude on
the St. Francis at Westbury township, is 45" SCy
15" N., long. 71° 35' 15". It sends two members
to the provincial parliament, and the places of
election are Sherbrooke and Richmond. Sher-
brooke presents a more extensive surface of town-
ship lands than any other county in the province,
and it will ultimately be divided into several coun-
ties as the population increases : it is abundantly
watered by numerous streams and lakes. The
principal rivers are the St. Francis, the Magog,
the Coaticook, the Salmon, the Connecticut, the
Perry, the Indian, Hull, and Leech stream. Be-
sides these, there are several other similar rivers
that wind through the county and fall into the
St. Francis. The principal lakes are, the Wee-
don lakes, the Orford lakes which are part of Lake
Connecticut, the Megantic, and , the Scaswanini-
pus. The face of the country in the vicinity of
Eaton and eastward is generally level to the ridge
of highlands towards the head of the Connecticut;
to the west, in the vicinity of Orford, the land is
uneven and broken and presents ridges of high-
lands. The soil and timber, generally, are of good
quality, and the county in every respect possesses
considerable advantages from its locality and nu-
merous roads, along which are fine and flourishing
new settlements; the chief route from the St.
Lawrence to the United States passes through
the village of Sherbrooke, leading through Stan-
stead. This village may properly be called the
county town, and is the seat of the District Court
of St. Francis.

Population 5,421
Churches, Pro. 3
Parsonage-hous. 2
Churches, R.C. 1
Presbyteries . 1
Villages . . 3
Court-houses I

Statistics.

Gaols

Schools . .
Corn-mills .
Saw-mills
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Distilleries .

Tanneries
Potasheries .
Pearliisheries
Shopkeepers
Taverns .
Artisans .

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats .
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

80,871

62,910

3,619

103,119

Bushels.
Peas . 18,280
Rye . 19,04.3
Buck-wheat 2,291
Indian corn 13,260

Bushels.
Mixed grain 3,180
Maple sugar,

ewts. 709
Hay, tons 30,500

Live Stocjc.

3,161 1 Cows
3,872 1 Sheep

5,408 1 Swine
11,836 I

4^995

Shekbrooke (V.),v. Ascot, t.

Sherrington, township, in the co. of Acadie,
is an irregular tract, bounded e. by De Lery; s.
by Hemmingford and part of Beauhamois; w.
and N. w. by Chateau guay and Sault St. Louis.
The soil and timber of this t. are much diversified ;
the lands s. w. rise gently in many places into
considerable eminences and consist of several sorts
of soil, but almost the whole is unexceptionable
and plentifully covered with beech, elm, maple^
basswood and white ash. To the n. e. there
are many swamps, some of which are overgrown
with black ash, and others with cedar, &c.;
those covered with ash might soon be rendered fit
for culture and would, by ditching, become very
good meadow land. The river La Tortue vnnds
through the township and, with many smaller
streams, conveniently waters it; it is not navi-
gable for boats, but rafts are brought down to
La Tortue mills. The ranges 11, 12, 13, and
14, are settled by Canadians who had their titles
originally from Mr. Sanguinet, proprietor of the
S. of La Salle, under an erroneous belief that
those lands were within his boundary. About the
eighth and ninth ranges is a small settlement of
English families, who have made great progress
and have got their farms into a very thriving
state. The road from La Tortue into Hemming-
ford passes through Sherrington, and there is also
another road leading by the Douglas settlement.
— The principal land-owners are Fs. Languedoc,
Esq., holding 11,000 acres from the heirs of the
late Hon. H. Finlay ; the heirs of the late Bishop
Mountain; and the heirs of Mr. jM'Callum and

SHI

those of the late Hon. F. Baby. — The settlements
in this T. are rapidly advancing, and Mr. Lan-
guedoCj who has commenced the cultivation of
hemp on a liberal scale, has erected a hemp-mill.

Statistics.
Population . 3,125

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
15,000
12,000

Bushels.
Potatoes 57,500
Peas . 13,000

Bushels.

1,015

Indian corn 5,900

Rye

Live Stock.

1,0501 Cows
1,250 1 Sheep

1,875 1 Swine
6,800 1

2,005

Shiegash, v. Troublesome River.

Shikutimitsh, a name of the r. Chicoutimi.

Shipton, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is bounded n. b. by Tingwick; s. w. by Mel-
bourne and part of Durham; s. e. by Windsor
and N. w. by Kingsey. There are no extensive
landholders and the t. is therefore divided, chiefly,
between ov^ners of detached lots : Elmer Gushing
and Wm. Bernard are considered to be the prin-
cipal proprietors. — The t. is generally designated
as the Back and Front of Shipton as terms of divi-
sion. The front contains the space between the
R. St. Francis and the 8th range j the back con-
tains the first 8 ranges. — This township, equally
good in nearly all its parts, is of a very superior
quality and is decidedly the best of all the townships
within the district : cultivation of every descrip-
tion may be carried on with the greatest success.
Hemp has not yet been cultivated and flax only
for private use ; the wheat is scarcely surpassed in
goodness in any part of the province. Numerous
gradual rises are peculiarly fit for such productions
as require a rich dry soU. In this t. is good
stone for lime, and in the n. b. corner a low piece
of land contains a white soft earth that makes
excellent lime. — The timber is beech, oak, maple,
birch and pine, intermixed with a great abundance
of inferior kinds. — This t. is exceedingly well
watered by a large branch of the Nicolet, which
receives its waters chiefly from the 3rd and 4th
ranges, and by several small rivulets which rise
in the uplands and, after winding very sinuous
courses, descend into the St. Francis. The Ni-
colet is navig'able for boats and scows hence to the
St. Lawrence and, with the St. Francis, furnishes
water conveyance from nearly every part of the
township ; by which large quantities of pot and
pearl ash, made here, are transported to Quebec.

Flat-bottomed boats and scows, loaded from this
T., descend both these rivers to Three Rivers, hut
as they are occasionally rapid several portages are
made. A small lake in the 10th range empties
into the St. Francis, and another in the 2nd range
into the Nicolet; each, about one mile in extent,
abounds with white fish, trout, pike, pickerel, &c.
A strong free bridge has been built over the Ni-
colet, about 150 feet wide. There is an occasional
ferry to Melbourn over the St. Francis, where
the rates are, for a passenger 3d., a horse 7^d., a
carriage lOd. — Agriculture is pursued here with
great attention and over a large extent of land : the
farms are dispersed on the banks of the St. Francis,
the Nicolet and the rivulets, many of them dis-
playing an advanced state of improvement. The
average produce per acre, under fair cultivation, is.

Wheat

15 to 25 bushels

Oats

Indian corn

40 to 50 .

Barley

Potatoes

2 to 300 .

The cattle are chiefly of the English and American
breeds and which, particularly the sheep and the
Canadian cattle, thrive well. Here is a good breed
of English horses, which are rapidly increasing in
number, because the farmers find them profitable
as an article of trade. The wages of good agri-
cultural labourers are, in summer, from 3s. id. to
5s. a day, from 10 to 12 dollars a month and from
100 to 130 dollars per annum ; tradesmen are paid
from 5s. to 7s. fid. a day. — The roads have re-
cently received considerable improvements. On
the road from the parish of St. Gregoire to the vil-
lage of Richmond, 48 miles, the sum of 760Z. 5s. 5d.
has been expended in such a manner as to make
it easy and fit for travellers. 30 miles of it have
been completed in the following manner : most of
the causeways and all the small bridges are made,
more than half is ditched and the road opened from
40 to 50 feet in width, and the hills are dug down
so as to make the passing easy. This part of the
road commences at the parish of St. Gregoire and
extends to Long Point on the river St. Francis.
From Long Point to Richmond village, estimated
at 18 mUes, the road is open to the same width ;
stumps and roots are cleared out, and about one-
third of the ditches, causeways and bridges are
finished. The tract of country from Richmond
village to Long Point consists altogether of excels
lent land for cultivation, and is already inhabited
to some extent. From Long Point to St, Gregoire

S H I

dark timber prevails, and the country is very level
and the soil is such as is in repute among old Cana-
dian farmers. The whole of this distance will ad-
mit of an excellent road and must always command,
without any comparison, the greatest conveniences
for a general line of communication from the St.
Lawrence through the townships to the province
line ; on this route there is but one hill, and the di-
stance is at least 18 miles nearer than by any other
route which is or can be obtained from Three Rivers
■to Richmond. It will require, above the sum
already granted, 700/. currency to complete a good
carriage road from the parish of St. Gregoire to
the village of Richmond, exclusive of the expense
of two bridges over the two Nicolet rivers, which
will require a further sum of 1,5001. currency,
one of the rivers requiring a bridge of 235 feet
in length, and the other a bridge of 324 feet in
length. From the rear part of Shipton to Ireland,
through Craig's Road, is 27 miles and is a forest
of large timber, through which there is no road,
although one is absolutely necessary for the people
of the eastern townships to bring their produce to
market, inasmuch as it saves a distance of about
70 miles. There has been a grant of 400/. to open
that road, but nothing has been done from the in-
sufficiency of the grant ; it would require, at least,
in addition to this grant, 1000/. to make the road
passable for carriages ; within these 27 miles the
rivers Nicolet and Becancour pass, and make the
road much more expensive; if bridges were built
they would cost 500/. The lands are excellent
and might be easily settled, being one of the finest
j)arts of the country. A road leads from the rear,
intersecting the St. Gregoire road, and also an-
other to Kingsey. — This t. contains two villages,
and an episcopal church has been erected in the
village of Richmond, and the erection of another
free church is resolved upon, which is to be built
in the back part, 10 miles from the former. A
small Roman Catholic church, near the centre of
the T., is being built and is already roofed — Rich^
mond Village is on the river St. Francis, at the
intersection of Craig's Road; it contains about 12
houses and 80 inhabitants and is rapidly im-
proving ; it has 3 stores, 2 good taverns, 2 tan-
neries, a saw and grist-mill, and a pearlash fac-
tory which is its chief article of traffic. — The
other village, called Interior Village, is in progress
in the back part, about 1 1 miles from Richmond,
on Craig's Road, in which there are a store, a
tavern, a tannery, pearlash works, a saw and grist-

S H

mill, &c.; it consists of 8 or 10 houses and con-
tains 50 inhabitants.— In each settlement there is a
school, appropriated in summer to the instruction
of girls and in winter to that of boys ; at one
school in the back part, under the Royal Insti-
tution, about 200 scholars are instructed in winter,
and about 130 in summer. — Ungranted and un-
located, 1,800 acres.

Population

Churches Pro.

Villages

Corn-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

917
1
2
4
2
2

Statistics.

Saw-mills
Cloth-mills .
Hat manufact.
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries
Distilleries .

Tanneries .
Medical men
Shopkeepers
'faveras
Artisans

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

l.i,250

8,150

600

3601

732

Bushels. I Bushels.

Potatoes 18,500 Rye . . 3,000
Peas . 4,000 Back-wheat 400

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

1,098 1 Swine
1,830 1

935

Shoolbred, seigniory, in the co. of Bonaven-
ture. Part of this S. extends from Megoacha
Point, about 16 miles in length and about 1 J- mile
in breadth, and was granted in fief and sei-
niory, 4th July, 1788, to John Shoolbred, Esq. —
Although several parts of it claim notice as being
well adapted for settling upon, it yet remains
without a single individual, because the object of
the proprietor is not any partial concession, but
the disposal of the whole and probably only at a
future period.

Title " Grant in Fief and Seigniory to Jolm Shoolbred,

Esquire, made on the 4th July, 1788, by Lord Dorchester,
Governor General, of the follo\ving tracts and parcels of
land in the Bay of C/ialeurs, videlicet: — A certain lot or
tract of land lying at Bonavetiture, beginning at the south
extremity of the public road which leads from the haiboiu:
of Bonaventure to the settlement on the north bank,
thence running nearly north-east to the extreme point of
the said bank, and bounded by the course of the harbour,
thence still bounded by the course of the said harbour,
nearly novth-west 264 feet, thence south-west parallel to
the first course to the public road, thence south-east 264
feet to the first station : also a lot of land and a space of
ground whereon was built a storehouse, situate 444 feet
from the north-east point of the said bank, and east of
the public road, also an allowance of 13 feet on each
side and behind the space whereon the said store stood,
containing 5,0.35 square links. Also the lots of land and
space of ground whereon were built two other storehouses,
with 13 feet on each side, and behind each of the spaces
of ground whereon the said storehouses stood, the one
situate 240 feet from the south end of the bank and 1 60
feet west of the public road, containing 3,822 square links,
and the other situate 20 feet distant from the north-west
corner of the last-mentioned ground whereon the said
store formerly stood, containing 5,033 square links, the

S I L

said several lots or parcels of land above mentioned eon.
taining in the whole 1 acre, 1 rood and 21 perches. Also
a certain other tract of land lying at Perci, between the
Bays of Chaleurs and Gaspi, adjacent to the Island of Bo-
naventure, being the last fishing-post at present settled and
established on the north beach, leading to Mount Joli, at
Perci aforesaid, bounded on the west by a deep grive or
ditch adjoining to a fresh water brook, thence running
east 7 chains of 66 feet each along the bank, thence south
10 chains, thence west 7 chains, thence north parallel to
the second course unto the first station, containing 7 acres.
Also a certain other tract of land situate on the western-
most extremity of Chaleurs Bay, running up the river
Ristigouche, about 15 miles to the first point of land be-
low Battery Point, beginning at a boundary line ISO chains
east of the bottom of the easternmost h&y oi Nouvel Bason,
running north, 22 degrees east to the mountains, thence
bounded by their course at an average depth of 40 chains
from high water mark to their base, round Nouvel Bason
westward to a small cove, 300 chains west of the said first-
mentioned bay, bearing from the northernmost extremity
of MigoacliM Point, being a sand bank, south 84 degrees
north, 84. degrees west, the superficial content of the said
Jast described lands is 2,080 acres. Also a tract of land,
beginning at the aforesaid cove, and running the several
courses of Point Migoacha, to the western extremity of a
salt marsh, distant from a point where the inaccessible
coast begins, about 80 chains, thence to the said point,
containing 1,600 acres. Also a certain tract beginning at
the firstmentioned point, below Batter^ Point, north 1 9
degrees and a half east, 80 chains, thence south 88 degrees
east, 89 chains, thence north 33 degrees east, 80 chains,
thence north 83 degrees east, 69 chains, thence north 56
degrees east, 107 chains, thence south 80 degrees east, 23
chains, thence south 30 degrees east, 58 chains, thence
south 67 degrees east, 49 chains, thence north 68 degrees
east, 88 chains, thence south 66 degrees east, 37 chains,
thence south 65 degrees east, 84 chains, thence south 73
degrees east, 136 chains, thence south 39 degrees east, 95
chains, thence south 12 degrees east, 175 chains, thence
south 1 1 degrees east, 55 chains, thence south 56 degrees
west, 4.0 chains to Yacta Point, containing 6,550 acres,
more or less." — Book of Patents for Lands, Fol. 1. page 1.

Shorn, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, is bounded in front by Aldfield and Hud-
dersfield; w. by Cawood, and n. and e. by waste
lands of the crown.

SiiiLERY, seigniory, in the co. of Quebec, is
bounded n. e. by part of St. Ignace and several
small grants ; s. w. by Gaudarville ; in the rear
by St. Gabriel ; m front by the St. Lawrence, —
One league broad by 1^ league in depth. This
grant, originally forming part of the concession of
St. Gabriel, was ceded to the King in 1664 and
granted, October 23rd, 1699, to the order of Je-
suits : it is now the property of the crown. — The
bank of the St. Lawrence here is very high, and is the
most elevated part of the seignioipy,from which lies
a plain, varied with a few rising grounds, reaching
to the road of Ste. Foi, northward of which for a
short distance is an easy decHvity, terminated by
a steep descent into a vaUey that spreads nearly
to the boundary of St. Gabriel, where there is
another gradual elevation. The soil is very good

near the St. Lawrence, consisting of a light red-
dish sandy earth intermixed with clay, in some
places lying upon a bed of clay ; in the vicinity
of Ste. Foi there are many ledges of flat rock
covered with a coat of excellent mould, but of no
great depth ; from the latter place, on the slope
already mentioned, is a rich mould mixed with
sand, with large quantities of loose stones strewed
over the surface, and many massy fragments of
granite lying about in various directions. In the
valley and on the rising ground towards Vielle
Lorette there is some excellent meadow landj
nearly the whole of the seigniory is cultivated;
and extremely fertile in almost every variety of
the productions of the country. — Very little tim-
ber of a superior quality is now remaining, or in-
deed much wood of any description, except what
is found in Sillery Wood, and a few other patches
that appear to have been left in various parts as
much for ornament as for use. — Part of the river
St., Charles passes through the S., and it is also
watered by several small streams that wind along
the valley in a very pleasing manner. At the place
called Sillery Cove there is a plantation of hops,
in a situation finely sheltered from every injurious
wind, where the climate is propitious and the soil
admirably adapted to their culture, which has
been carried on for some years with great success ;
the produce is not inferior to what is imported
from England. Close by the plantation stand a
malt-house, a brewery and a dwelling-house, be-
sides many other appendages, the property of Mr.
HuUett, to whom the hop-grounds belong; the
malt-house and brewery are entitled to some re-
spect as being the venerable remains of an ancient
chapel and some other buildings, erected in 1637
by the Jesuits, for the residence of a mission em-
ployed in . converting the natives to Christianity.
Not far from this spot the natiotf of the Algon-
quins had a village and in Sillery Wood there
yet remain some of the tumuli belonging to their
burying-place, and some of their rude mementos
carved on the trees are still visible. In a hollow
a little to the westward of Sillery Cove, on a
gentle eminence nearly overgrown with brush-
wood and creeping shrubbery, are the remains of
a stone building, once the dwelling of a few de-
votees, who, in imitation of the Jesuits, applied
their religious enthusiasm to convert and instruct
the female savages. On the high bank to the w.
bounding this cove is an elegant well-built store-

u u

S I L

SIM

house, the property of Mr. M'Nider, of Quebec ;
the situation is commanding and agreeable, and the
style of the residence both in the exterior and
interior deserves notice. — Many roads, in almost
every direction, form an easy communication with
Quebec and all the surrounding seigniories; of
these the one leading by the river side, one by the
church of Ste. Foi and another by the v. of
Vielle Lorette are the principal. On both sides
of these roads are many well-built houses, with
various plantations and farms in a very advanced
state of improvement and strongly indicating the
good circumstances of the proprietors. The road
from L'Anse-des-Meres to the extremity of Sillery
Gove, about 4 miles, was last year (1830) improved.
The whole extent has been made passable for
carriages ; the breadth 20 feet, except the distance
between L'Anse-des-Meres and the middle of
Cape Cove, or L'Anse-des-Morts, 15 acres, the
breadth of which is about 15 feet only, in con-
sequence of the heavy expense that would have
been incurred in removing a number of houses at
Cape Blanc and in cutting down the bank at Cape
Cove ; ditches have been made at the sides of the
road, embankments raised and drains cut across
where required ; two bridges have been built, one
in Wolfe's Cove, the other over the brook that
divides Woodfield Beach from Spencer Cove. To
obtain the necessary breadth several houses were
removed and allowances made to the proprietors
to remove others. The road leads along the river
St. Lawrence, and has already been found of great
service to those concerned in the lumber trade.
Besides the 1,000/. appropriated by the legis-
lature, 124/. 18s. 5d. have been expended. Al-
though the road has been made passable, a further
sum of 500/. will be required to finish it properly
by Macadamizing it, and in keeping it in repair for
one year. — Tl* front of the seigniory is indented
by several coves, where, between the high bank
of the B. and the high- water mark, there are level
flats that afford most convenient situations for de-
positing, squaring and sorting timber and staves
of all descriptions, when prepared for exportation ;
and there are also beaches for receiving the rafts
as they are brought down the r,, which are called
Timber Grounds; the principal of them is Sillery or,
as it is now called, Hullett's Cove, that gentleman
having obtained from government a lease of the
beach from Pointe a Ruisseaux up to his present
establishment. At a, considerable distance from

the high-water mark, a long reef of rocks forms a
very convenient break water and prevents the strong
set of the current from reaching the logs, which
are otherwise prevented from drifting away by
means of booms secured at different places, either
by anchors and grapnels, or by being fastened to
ringbolts fixed in the rocks, as most convenient.
Westward of this place is another inlet called
Ritchie's Cove, and, to the eastward, is another
spacious timber-ground called Atkinson's, in each
of which are convenient booms and other securi-
ties : the former has the appearance of a small
village, from the numerous huts erected for the
workmen, &c. To these timber-grounds the rafts
are floated in at high- water through openings in
the reef of rocks and secured within the booms ;
they are then broken up and the timber is sorted
and drawn ashore to proper spots either for season-
ing, squaring or reducing to standard dimensions
for exportation. — In SiUery, 40,000 eels were
taken in 1647, from Aug. to Nov., and sold in the
market for one farthing per hundred.

Population 898
Churches, R. C. 1
Presbyteries . 1
Corn-mills . 1
Carding-mills 1

Statistics.

Fulling-mills
Saw-mills .
Ship-yards
Taverns

Artisans
River-craft
Tonnage
Keel-boats

10
1

20
5

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

3,075
10,200
2,000

358
360

Bushels. I Bushels,

Potatoes 29,800 Indian corn 710
Peas . 3,000 Hay, tons S85
Rye . 600

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

716
2,148

Swine

537

Title.—" Concession du 23me Octobre, 1699, faite par
Hector de Calliere, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, Intendant,
aux reverends peres Jesuites, de la Seigneurie de Sillery,
d'une licue de large sur le fleuve St. Laurent, et d'une
lieue et demie ou environ de profondeur, jusqu'a la Sei-
gneurie de St. Gabriel qui la termine par derriSre, cora-
men^ant du c6te du Nord-Est a la pointe de Puiseauje, et
du e6t6 du Sud- Guest a une ligne qui la separe du fief de
Gaudaryille, lesquelles lignes ont itl tirees I'une il y a en-
viron vingt-cinq ans, et I'autre il y a quarante ans." — Si-
giatre d'Intendance, No. 5, folio 26.

Simpson, in the co. of Drummond, between
Wendover and Kingsey, is on the east side of the
river St. Francis, and is bounded in the rear by
Warwick and Horton. The whole has been sur-
veyed and granted to officers and privates of the
Canadian militia, who served during the blockade
of Quebec, 1775-6. The land is low and level, with

S O R

very few swamps, and is of a good quality, and if
brought undercultivation would produce grainof all
sorts; it is in many places favourable to the growth
of hemp and flax. Good timber, principally beech
and maple, is partially found, but timber of little
value is in abundance. It is watered by several
branches of the Nicolet, and by some small streams
that fall into the St. Francis ; the former pre-
sent many excellent situations for the erection
Bf mills. A few lots, situated by the road side^
contiguous to the river, are settled upon, where
agriculture has already made some progress. —
Population 35.

SiNCiQUB, river, traverses Lockaber Gore, and
runs into the b. Petite Nation, a little above Ste-
phen's Mills.

SoBEGOLCH, river, is a small stream that runs
into the s. w. side of the r. Matapedia, near the
lake of that name.

SoiB, a la, river, rises in several branches in the
N. section of the S. of Lauzon, and runs into the
St. Lawrence in fief Ursuline, where it turns a
corn-mill at its mouth.

Som:5rset, township, in the co. of Megantic,
lies in the rear of the augmentations to Descbail-
lon? and Lotbiniere, and is bounded n. e. by
Nelson ; w. by Stanfold ; s. and s. b. by Halifax
and Inverness. This tract was granted April,
1804, to officers and privates of the Canadian
militia. The land lies rather low, but it is of a
tolerably good quality, and is fit for the production
of most kinds of grain : in many parts it is well
suited for the growth of hemp and flax. The
timber is chiefly beech, maple, birch and pine ; on
the low and moist grounds, basswood, cedar, spruce
and hemlock are prevalent. — Well watered by the
K. Becancour and numerous small streams.
SoHBii (R.), V. Richelieu, r.
SoKEL or Saurel, seigniory,in the co. of Riche-
lieu, is bounded n. and n. b. by the South Channel
of the St. Lawrence and the Bay of Yamaska ; s. w.
by St. Ours; s. and s. b. by Bourchemin, Bourg-
marie West, and Bonsecours ; n. w. by the St.
Lawrence. — 2^ leagues in front, viz. 1|- league
above the R. Richelieu by 2 leagues in depth, and
one league below the Richelieu by one league in
depth. This seigniory, with isle St. Ignace, isle
Ronde and isle de Grace, was granted, Oct. 21,
1672, to Sieur de Saurel. — The town of William
Henry or Sorel is agreeably situated at the con-
fluence of the Richelieu with the St. Lawrence,

SOU

and contains a Protestant and a Roman Catholic
church. On the site of this town, a fort was
constructed in 1665 by M. de Tracy, viceroy of
New France, as a defence against the irruption of
the Iroquois. M. de Saurel, a captain, superin-
tended its execution ; and from him this part of the
R. Richelieu received the name of Sorel or Saurel.
Before the t. the bank of the Richelieu is from 10
to 12 feet high, having near the point two small
wharfs or landing-places; the river is here 250
yards broad, with from 2^ to 5 J- fathoms of water.
On the opposite shore are convenient places for
building vessels, where some of large tonnage
have been constructed ; but latterly this branch of
trade has not been so much attended to here as it
used to be, notwithstanding the accommodations
for carrying it on.

Statistics of the Parish of Sorel, including the Town
of William Henry.

Population 4,193
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries 1

Corn-mills . 2
Towns . . 1
Notaries . . I

Shopkeepers . 8
Taverns . 16
Artisans . 27

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 15,200
Oats . 1,300

Bushels.
Bariey . 260
Potatoes 27,500

Bushels.
Peas . 3,000
Indian corn 710

Live Stock.

Horses . 1,100
Oxen . 183

Cows . 1,995
Sheep . 6,500

Swine . 1,510

Title.' — " Concession du 21me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Saurel, de deuxlieues et
demie de terre de front sur le Jleuve St. Laurent, savoir,
une lieue et demie au dela de la riviere de Richelieu sur
deux lieues de profondeur, et une lieue en deqa sur une
lieue de profondeur, avec les Isles St. Ignace, I'isle Ronde
et I'isle de Grace." — R^gisire d'Intendance, No. 1, folio 13.

SouLANGE, seigniory, in the co. of Vaudreuil,
is bounded s. e. by the St. Lawrence; s. by New
Longueuil; s. w. by Newton and Rigaud; n. by
the S. of Vaudreuil. — This seigniory with that of
Vaudreuil occupies the tongue of land formed by
the confluence of the Ottawa and the St. Law-
rence, at the upper extremity of lake St. Louis.
Soulange is 4 leagues in front, and was granted
Oct. 12th, 1702, to the Chevalier de Soulange,
and is now the property of Saveuse de Beaujeu,
Esq. — The soil is generally clay of good quality
though in some parts it is sandy, and it is so ad-
vantageously varied as to be fit for all the pro-
ductions natural to the country. In the s. w.
corner, the extensive swamp that runs into New

uu2

SOULANGE.

Longueuil spreads over a considerable space. — This
seigniory is entirely conceded, except a lot of land
which is not enclosed and is sufficiently extensive
to form a range of 28 farms, each measuring 3
arpents in front by 20 to 25 in depth ; there is no
road across this lot, and the soil is of middling
quality and would be difficult to drain. — About
60 farms were conceded prior to 1759, on the con-
dition of paying a rent of 40 sous, and 5 sous for
quit rent, argent tournois, for each front arpent
by 20 in depth ; continuations to a similar extent
having been since given, the grantees continue to
pay 14 francs of the present currency for each
farm of 3 arpents by 40, without any other
charge or service. — The whole extent of this pro-
perty, in front of the St. Lawrence, is very thickly
settled, and were the inhabitants as strongly
attached to husbandry as they are to the occupa-
tion of voyageurs, it might be improved into a
most excellent and productive tract; but even
now it is far above mediocrity. — This seigniory
contains one village, and the following concessions
are inhabited, C6te St. Louis, St. Dominique,
St. Hyacinthe, St. Jacques, and C&te Emmanuel,
also the C8te de la Riviere Rouge and that of
St. Gregoire. C6te Double de St. Jacques is not
settled. — This seigniory is conveniently intersected
by the rivers a la Graisse, Rouge, and Delisle; the
last is the largest, though no use can at present be
made of it for conveyance ; it might, however, be-
come navigable for boats to the distance of several
miles, merely by clearing its bed from the trtinks of
trees, which, with gradual decay, have for ages
continued to fall into and obstruct it. — On the k.
are 2 bridges, 2 corn-mills and a small carding-
mill. — Formerly there were much pine timber,
oak, maple, elm, ash and fir ; but now such tim-
ber is very rare or small. The main road and
those between the concessions, as well as 3 good
bridges over the rivers, are all kept in excellent
repair. — Agriculture is so much neglected here,
that it may be said to be in a deplorable state ;
consequently, the heads of families are, generally,
incapable of settling their children near them,
much less of sending them to a great distance un-
provided with provisions and agricultural imple-
ments. There are certainly many young per-
sons in this S. of a proper age, who are willing to
make new settlements, but the want of means,
and the high, and in some instances exorbitant,
rents required for new concessions interpose ob-

stacles diflScult to be surmounted, for none of the
inhabitants will settle in the townships, Onei-
fourth of the grain is sold at Montreal, but during
the winter the sales are confined to the seigniory.
Three-fourths of the farmers use English ploughs.
But little sugar is made and few persons make
their own cloth or linen. — The parish and sei-
gniory are co-extensive, and there is only one
church which is dedicated to St. Joseph. Two-
thirds of the population are catholics. — The Vili-
lage of the Cedars is charmingly seated on th^
bank of the St. Lawrence, 5 miles from Pointe des
Cascades, being the point of rendezvous for all
boats passing up or down the river, and, having an
established ferry to the opposite seigniory of Beau,
harnois, it is a place of great resort both for tra-
vellers and traders. — This pleasant village con-
tains a well built church and about 150 houses, of
which 6 are built with stone, and there are a
school and two corn-mills ; the mUl, called Lon-
gueuil's Mill, has ground 6,500 bushels of grain in
4 months. — The appearance of the waters and of
the rich and verdant islands around which they
wind their course, exhibits an assemblage uncom-
monly interesting, and the glistening rapids of the
Coteau du Lac give a lively termination to the
scene. — At Pointe des Cascades, where the steam-
boat lands passengers, are a few houses and stores
and a convenient corn-mill. The canal traverses
the point through which boats pass to avoid the Cas-
cade Rapids. Here stages are daily in readiness
to receive the passengers from the steamers to
convey them to the Village of the Cedars. The
view from the top of the hill is interesting; the
eye beholds a succession of foaming rapids, the
settlements of Isle Perrott, and those of Beau-
harnois on the opposite shore of the St. Lawrence.
A corn-mill is situated on the point projecting
over the Cascade Rapid. Singular as it may ap-
pear, here is the traverse over the Cascade Island
and to Beauharnois. The road leading to the
Cedars is generally very indifferent, being thick
clay and mud. The banks of the St. Lawrence
are here about 18 or 20 feet in height. — Isle des
Cascades and ten other isles and islets, which lie in
front, belong to this S., and there are islands and
a succession of rapids all along the front of Sou-
lange to Coteau des Cedres. — For an account of
this difficult part of the navigation of the St.
Lawrence, vide that river.

S T A

Population 3,914
Churches, R. C.
Cures

Presbyteries .
Schools . .
Villages

Statistics.

Corn-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Saw-mills

Tanneries

Potasheries ,
Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers
Artisans . .

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels. I Bushels,

18,200 Barley . 1,690
18,200 1 Potatoes 93,000

Peas

Live Stock.

1,200 1 Cows
1,200 [Sheep

1,800 I Swine
6,000 I

Bushels.
10.400

1,800

Title — " Concession du 12me Octobre, 1702, faite par
Hector de Callif.re, Gouvemeur, et Jean Bocharf, Intend-
ant, a Pierre Jacques Marie de Joytert, Chevalier de Sou-
hmge, de la moitii d'une langue de terre sise au lieu dit
les Cascade^, de quatre lieues de terre de front sur une
lieue et demie de profondeur au plus large de la dite
langue de terre, et une demi lieue au plus etroit ; k cora-
mencer a la Pointe des Cascades, en montant; joignant la
^te terre celle accordSe aux enfans de Mr. de Vaudreuil."
—Rigistre d'Intendance, No. b, folio 37.

South River, the principal stream in Noyan,
rises in the extensive swamps of that seigniory
and Sabrevois ; its general direction is from east to
westj and through a very serpentine course it dis-
charges its waters into the Richelieu^ one mile
below the Isle aux Noix; it is rather deep and
sluggish, and is unobstructed by rapids six miles
from its mouth to Henryville, to which place it is
navigable in the spring for batteaux and cribs of
timber, and for canoes during most of the season.
It there divides into two brancheSj on each of
which is erected a saw-mill. Its principal tri-
butary streams below Henryville are Wolf Creek
and Mud Creek, which have their sources in Fou-
cault. The principal fish are pike, pickerel, and
cat-fish.

South West River, v. Sud-Ouest, r.

Spalding, a projected township, in the co. of
Beauce, is bounded n. by Bisborough ; s. by Ditch-
field; w. by the R. Chaudiere; e. by the pro-
vince line.

SquibisKj river, rises near the w. boundary of
the CO. of Bonaventure, and running s. passes near
the Quamquerticook mountains in its way to the
K. Madawaska into which it falls.

Stanbridgb, township, in the co. of Missis-
koui, lies between the t. of Durham and the
S. of Sabrevois and Royan and is bounded n. by
Famham and s. by St. Armand. This t. presents
a great variety of land and timber ; the w. part

is low and rather marshy with much cedar, hem-
lock, tamarack and some white oak. Near Mis-
siskoui Bay and Pyke River the soil is chiefly clay
mixed with sand; to the e. it is higher and better,
and composed of rich black and yellow loam with
a little sand ; the timber is beech, elm, maple and
£ome fine oak, bearing only a small proportion to
the other sorts. The Pyke River and its nu-
merous branches water it very conveniently, and
work several saw and corn-mills. It is intersected
by many roads ; the principal are those that lead
s. through St. Armand into the state of Ver-
mont, and N. through Farnham and St. John's on
the Richelieu to Montreal ; whither the inhabit-
ants of these parts convey the greatest portion of
their disposable produce. A large tract of this
T. is settledj especially on the N. e. side, where,
on the elevated ridges, are many farms exceedingly
well situated, and in a state of cultivation that
denotes much practical knowledge of agriculture,
for the houses are weU buUt, the gardens and
orchards are well laid out, and the general ar-
rangements not unworthy of being imitated in
many of the townships more recently settled. —
Ungranted and unlocated, 152 acres.

Stanbridge, township, in the co. of Missiskoui,
is bounded e. by Durham ; s. by St. Armand; W.
by the seigniories of Noyan and Sabrevois ; n. by
Farnham. — This tract is well timbered and pro-
duces hard wood of every kind, with pine and
cedar in abundance. It is watered by Pyke River
and Rock River. Several roads traverse the t.
to Missiskoui Bay and the B. Richelieu, and there
is one now in progress which will afford a more
direct communication with Montreal and with
the United States through St. Armand. There is
a small village consisting of from 25 to 30 houses
with about 200 inhabitants but no church.

Population
Schools .
Villages .
Corn-mills

1,801
. 1
. 1

Statistics.

Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills
Potasheries

Pearlasheries
Shopkeepers
Taverns . .
Artisans . .

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

1.3,307

19,000

3.000

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

60,000
8,900
1,000

Bushels.
Buck-wheat 500
Indian corn 9,800

Lice Stock.

. 980 1 Cows
1,180 I Sheep

1,260 I Swine
3,800 I

1,000

S T A

• StandoNj township, in the co. of Bellechasse,
is bounded N. e. and s. b. by waste lands; s. w.
by parts of Cranbourne and Frampton ; n. w. by
Buckland. This tract is for the most part a rough
hiily country and very indifferent land. On the
8. E. bank of the Etchemin there is a good swell of
hard wood land extending to the n. e., which is
supposed to be by far the best land in the t. Those
parts of the first and third ranges that lie in the im-
mediate rear of Frampton are granted, and are in
general good land and fit for either grain or
gi-ass. The part between the Etchemin and the
•lake near the s. angle of the t. is excellent up-
land, well calculated for settling. — The hills sel-
dom exceed half a mile in diameter at their base,
but they are steep and rugged, and there is very
little level land between them. — The R. Etche-
min rises near the n. b. boundary line, and runs
s. w. through the centre of the T. to Cranbourne
and Frampton.

Stanford, township, in the co. of Drumniond,
is bounded E. by Somerset; w. by Bulstrode; in
front by the B. Becancour ; in the rear by Artha-
baska. Being very low and extremely swampy,
not much of the land is fit for cultivation. It is
traversed by some rivers and small streams that
fall into the Becancour. One half was granted
to the Hon. Jenkin Williams, the present holder.
— Ungranted and unlocated, 16,693 acres.

Stanstbad, county, in the district of Montreal,
is bounded b. by Sherbrooke ; w. by Missiskoui in
part and in part by Shefford ; s. by the province
line ; n. by parts of Shefford and Sherbrooke. It
contains the townships of Hatly, Barnston, Bar-
ford, Stanstead, Bolton and Potton, with all the
gores and augmentations of the said townships. —
Its extreme length is 30 miles, and its breadth 14|-
containing 632 square miles, Its centre is ih lat.
45° 9' N., long. 72° 4' w. It sends two members
to the provincial parliament, and the place of
election is at Copps Ferry. — The soil and timber
of this CO. are generally excellent, and its local
situation is advantageous. East of Lake Mem-
phramagog are large swells of land, and west of
the lake the surface is not only uneven but
mountainous. The most settled parts are Stan-
stead, Hatley and part of Barnston. Tiie chief
route to the United States passes through this
county. The principal rivers are the Missiskoui
and Coaticook. Of the numerous lakes in this
CO. the chief are the Memphramagog, Tomefobi
and Scaswaninepus.

Population 8,222
Churches, Pro. 4
Parsonage-hous. 1
Villages . 3
Corn-mills . 32
Saw-mills . 21
Carding-mills 12

Statistics.

Fulling-mills

Paper-mills .

Distilleries .

Breweries

Founderies .

Tanneries

Hat manufaet. 1

Potteries

Potasheries .

Pearlasberies

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

3
23
21
17
13
80

Annual AgricnUm-al Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.
90,620
85,700
14,000

Potatoes 136,100

Bushels.
Peas . 18,830
Rye . . 1,944
Buck-wht. 2,780

Bushels.
Mixed grain 2,600
Maple sugar,

ewts. 531

Indian corn25,332 Hay, tons 34,100

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

3,505 I Cows
4,470 1 Sheep

6,200 1 Swine
13,835 1

4,393

Stanstead, township, in the co. of Stansteadj
is bounded e. by Barnston ; w. by Lake Mem-
phramagog; N. by Hatley; s. by the province
line. This tract is certainly superior to any of
the adjacent townships in locality, excellence of
soil, and quality of timber. There are many
large swells of land, some of considerable eleva-
tion, clothed with oak, pine and nearly all the
best sorts of hard woods ; in the lower parts is
great abundance of common timber. The s.
•half of this township, granted in 1800, to Isaac
Ogden, Esq. is well settled and in a very thriving
state of cultivation, producing every species of
grain peculiar to the province, and the wheat is
of superior quality; many excellent situations
and a congenial soil offer opportunities for the
growth of hemp and flax to almost any extent.
The northernly half is not so well settled as the
easternly, but for no other reason than having
been granted later, viz. in 1810, as the land is
good and fit for every purpose of agriculture. It
is the property of Sir R. S. Milnes, Bart, being a
portion of the 48,000 acres granted to him by the
crown. This town contains about 350 lots, 200
acres each, on which were settled, in 1821, at
least 500 families, and the population was then
about 3,000. The settlements, along the bor-
der of the beautiful Lake Memphramagog, are
most delightfully situated and in a very forward
and promising state of improvement ; the houses
dispersed over them are well built, and are sur-
rounded by neat well stocked gardens, fine young
orchards, and every requisite convenience of rus-
tic life; their appearance conveys to the tra-
veller a very favourable opinion of the content

S T A

S T O

and happiness of their owners. — In 1821, Mr.
Charles Kilborn was proprietor of lots in the 8th
and 9th ranges, containing together 400 acres, of
which he had cleared about 100, the cost of clear-
ing and inclosing which was about 3/. per acre.
He then possessed upwards of 200 head of cattle,
including sheep, and had erected on his farm 3
dwelling-houses, two barns, a grist-mill, a saw-
mill, a fulling-mill, a carding-machine, and other
buildings, which cost him upwards of I,500Z. but
which he valued in 1821 at only about 750/. —
There were many persons whose farms were more
improved, who had a greater number of cattle,
and whose buildings were far more valuable than
Mr. Kilborn's. — This t. is well watered by rivers
and lakes. — The Village of Stanstcad is built near
the province line and consists of 23 houses and
200 souls ; the houses are in general neat and sub-
stantial; many of them two stories high and several
are built with brick. The style of building is very
different here and throughout the township to
what is practised in the seignorial settlements of
the province, and borders considerably, if not ab-
solutely, to the American style as practised in the
adjoining state of Vermont. The main stage road
from Quebec into the states of Vermont, New
Hampshire, &c. passes through it, from which, as
bringing a continual influx of strangers, some little
consequence is derived. — At Stanstead plain, one
mile N. of the village of Stanstead, is another
village delightfully situated on an extensive plain,
where are several traders' shops, a printing office
and mechanics' shops of almost every description ;
it is a place of increasing importance. — George-
ville, at Copp;s Ferry, on lake Memphramagog, is
a flourishing village in which there are, as well as
in Stanstead,, many tradesmen and mechanics. The
ferry is crossed in an excellent horse boat towed
by two horses, which passes from Stanstead to
Bolton, 21 miles, regularly three times every day;
the income of this boat has hitherto amounted to
7 per cent, of its cost which was nearly 400/.
This small profit would undoubtedly be in-
creased, were the roads, leading from the country
east of the lake towards Montreal, made more
effectuaUy passable for summer carriages.- April
16, 1823, a large mass of the rock, composing that
part of the mountain caUed Barnston pinnacle,
which at this place rises perpendicular about 300
feet, detached itself from its towering height, and
fell into the pond at its base with a tremendous

noise; two distinct reports quickly succeeded
each other, similar to the discharge of heavy ar-
tillery, which were heard more than twenty miles.
This mighty concussion shook the houses for
several miles within its vicinity.

Population 3,371
Churches, Pro. 1

Curates

Schools

Villages

Corn-mills

Carding-mills

Statistics.

Fulling-mills
Paper-mills .
Saw-mills .
Tanneries .
Potasheries
Pearlasheries
Distilleries .

Founderies

Just, of peace

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

1
1
1
1
8
5
29

Annual AgricultuTul Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels,

44,160

30,900

5,800

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

58,000

7,300

. 1,050

Bushels.
Buck-wht. 100
Indian corn 11,600

Live Stock.

Horses . 1,430 I Cows
Oxen . 1,950 I Sheep

2,320 . Swine

2,450

1,790

Stoke, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke, lies
on the east side of the river St. Francis, and is
bounded N. w. by Windsor ; n. e. by Dudswell ;
s. E. by Eaton and Westbury; s. by Ascot.
The land is of first-rate quaKty, and fit for all
the purposes of agriculture. Beech, basswood,
ironwood and maple, are the more prevalent
kinds of timber. A few swamps occur, but they
are neither extensive nor deep ; in fact, they are
scarcely more than common wet-lands, and require
only careful ditching to become very good mea-
dows, of which there are already, in different parts,
many large extents of the most luxuriant kind.
This T. is uncommonly well watered by several
rivers and streams, which, after winding in all
directions, fall into the St. Francis. In the 14th
range there is a small lake. On the banks of
some of the minor rivulets many good patches for
the growth of hemp can be found, and on the parts
that lie a little higher is a fine soil for the cul-
tivation of flax. Although a part of this t. was
granted in 1803 and 4, it may be said to have
been totally neglected until lately ; but as new
settlers are now encouraged to take lands, it is
to be expected that this fine tract will soon ex-
hibit productive farms and a thriving population.
— Ungranted and mlocated 7,000 acres,

STONEHAM AND TEWKESBURY.

Statistics.

Population

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 480
Oats . 400
Barley . 173

Bushels.
Potatoes • 300
Peas . 110

Bushels.
Rye . 25

Indian corn 200

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

201 Cows
17 Sheep

13 1 Swine

Stoneham and Tbwkbsbuhy, townships, in
the CO. of Quebec, are bounded n. and n. e. by
waste lands; s. w. by St. Ignace; s. b. by C&te
de Beaupr^ ; s. by Beauport and Notre Dame des
Anges. These townships lie contiguous to each
other and were surveyed and subdivided many
years ago, but they still remain very indifferently
settled. They have no line of division between
them and are distributed into lots and ranges as
if they were one township. — The surface is moun-
tainous and rocky, the larger part barren and
unfit for cultivation, with the exception of some
scanty patches in the vallies that are moderately
good and would bear tillage, and the part ex-
tending from the front to the river Jacques Car-
tier, where the land is chiefly arable and of a
yellow loamy nature. — It is watered by the large
rivers; St. Anne, Jacques Cartier and Batiscan,
running majestically between the lofty ridges of
mountains, by several rivers of inferior magni-
tude, and by some small lakes. The timber is
beech, maple, birch, and pine of good dimen-
sions. — The most valuable part was granted to
Kenelm Chandler, Esq. and is now the property
of Mrs. Brydon. — Many of the following par-
ticulars respecting these townships are extracted
from the journal of the persons who were
lately sent to report on the capabilities of these
tracts, and will, it is conceived, prove useful to
settlers. This examination was made between the
22d of June and 16th of July, and appears to
have been carried on with care and amidst no in-
considerable difliculties. — These two townships,
which appear to have been always conjoined, are
traversed by three separate streams which run in
a south-westernly direction. The river Huron
appears to issue from Lake a Hibou in the 17th
lot of the 6th range, which, leaving the township
in the 6th lot of the 1st range, falls into Lake St.
Charles so much noted for its beautiful scenery.

The Jacques Cartier river enters the township at
the 36th lot of the 2bth range, and leaves it at'
the 1st lot of the 7th range, watering a great
extent of excellent land, a great deal of which re-
quires only a road to render it fit for immediate
settlement. Two branches of the Ste. Anne, in
their course to the south-west, cross the t. in its
north-western extremity. — The nearest part of the
T. ascertained to be tit for cultivation extends from
Scott's clearance in lot 8, range 2nd, in a north-
emly direction, along the Indian path, by which
settlers may trace it as far as Lake a Hibou ; this
tract joins, at its northern extremity, another ex-
cellent piece of land, lying on the Jacques Cartier;
this section is about 3 or 4 miles in length. An-
other piece of land every way fit to be settled^
adjacent to the former, begins at Craig's clearance
in the 5th lot of the 2nd range, enclosing Lake
Durand and extending n. w. to three small lakes
in the 5th range. The longest extent of land re-
commended in the survey alluded to is found
along both banks of the Jacques Cartier, com-
mencing at lot 9 in the 7th range, and ending
about lot 30 in the 16th range; this portion includes
the valley of the Jacques Cartier for 13 miles' in
length and varying from 2 to 3 in breadth ; it is
in general bounded by mountains or by hilly and
rocky lands on both sides ; it possesses a rich soil
and is covered with elm, ash, black birch and
maple. Sugar may be made in abundance. The
river Jacques Cartier abounds with fish. The road
to this section, from the most s. part of the t.
nearest to Quebec, will be about 5 miles in length
and will pass through a part of that country that
can be easily opened. — Two small rivers, Cach§
and Epaule, fall into the Jacques Cartier from
the east, near the 23rd lot in the 8th range : the
banks of the latter consist of excellent land ; and
the timber which indicates the best soil is found
in abundance, and in addition to the trees men-
tioned above there are here very fine cedar and
spruce. The Epaule extends to the extremity of
the township and every where discovers the sam^
favourable symptoms, except in one place where
the mountains shelve down to the river side. To
the south of this tract is the other river, Cach6,
on which the land is much inferior but abounds
in good mill-sites, which in time will doubtless be
valuable. — In the 10th and 11th ranges, between
the 13th and 2lst lots, are situated three lakes,
named St. Thomas, St. Vincent and William. The

S T O

S U D

first two lie close together, the third is ahout half a
mile from the others. They all communicate with
each other, and send a considerable stream into the
north-west side of the Jacques Cartier. The land
ill the vicinity of these lakes, especially on the
east side, is well calculated for settlements and the
lakes swarm ivith fish, from which settlers might
derive great part of their subsistence. A road of
three mUes in length, but over a considerable hiU,
would connect this tract with that mentioned on
the Jacques Cartier, which river can here be con-
veniently passed by a ferry. The same tract ex-
tends to the eastward about 5 miles. — Another
tract of land of similar description lies to the east
of the Jacques Cartier, from a place in that river
called the Forks, along a line traced by an Indian
path and to the distance of three miles. — These
appear to be the most fertile portions of this town-
ship, and are those to which settlers ought first to
direct their attention. When these have been once
brought into cultivation the other parts of the di-
strict may also be found to be useful, but cannot
at present be settled to any advantage. — Beyond
the 12th range, between the two branches of the
Ste. Anne and on both sides of them, the land
appears to be much inferior ; it is mountainous
and rocky, occasionally covered with trees that in-
dicate the poorer kinds of soil, and in many places
is entirely destitute of timber of any kind. Here
also the frequent occurrence of what are called
windfalls indicates the prevalence of high winds
and storms. — The vicinity of these townships to
Quebec and their general fertility ought to make
them objects of attention in the present conspi-
cuous exertions that are making for the settlement
of the country; and it has already been announced
that a good road is about to be opened to supersede
the very inconvenient one now in use. From the
general improvement of the internal communica-
tions and from our improved knowledge of these
townships, and especially if a correct survey shall
be made, it may be expected that the prosperity
of Stoneham and Tewkesbury will increase with
rapidity. — The following statistical account was
taken in 1824, when 77| arpents were under cul-
tivation.

Statistics

in 1824.

Males
Females

. 41 Total population
. 29

Agricultural Produce.

. 70

Wheat
Oats
Peas
Potatoes

Bushels.

50
. 178

27
. 2120

Turnips
Hay, bundles
Cabbages
Butter, lbs. .

Bushels.
. 510
. 4000
. lOOO
. 340

Live Stock.

Horses
Cows

. 2
. 7

Pigs .

. 1

Stratford, a projected township in the co. of
Sherbrooke, lies between Winslow, Garthby, and
Lingwick.

Stukkley, township, in the co. of Shefford, is
bounded e. by Orford; w. by Shefford; n. by
Ely ; s. by Bolton. Although the surface of this
tract is generally uneven and broken, the land in
some parts is rather above the medium quality.
Beech, maple and basswood, with hemlock and
cedar in the hollows and moist lands, are the pre-
vailing sorts of timber. — It is watered by streams
falling into the Yamaska, which have their sources
among the hills stretching across it, and also by
some small lakes.

Statistics.
Population . 275

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

2,700

. ,3,900

210

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.
5,500
1,710

Bushels.
Buck-wheat 400
Indian com 1,120

Live Stock.

130 1 Cows
160 1 Sheep

2101 Swine
500

165

SuD, DU, river, in the co. of BeUechasse, rises
in the t. of Standon and runs rapidly between
steep mountains to the n. w. It then winds
round by St. Gervais for 8 leagues, where it leaves
the chain of mountains. This beautifully wind-
ing stream receives a branch descending from the
augmentation to St. Michel, and, from the con-
fluence of this branch with the main stream in
the S. of St. VaUier, the river meanders through
a fine plain in a north-eastemly direction to the
village of St. Thomas, where it forms a large
basin before it discharges into the St. Lawrence.
Its course is much impeded by shoals and it is not

X X

S U D

S ITT

navigable for any thing but canoes. A little below
the village its breadth is 150 yards ;, the level of
its bed is 20 feet above the St. Lawrence, which
occasions a fall that from the latter has a very
beautiful eiFect. On each side of it, just at the
break of the descent, are two saw-mi],ls in situ-
ations most advantageously chosen for ensuring a
continual supply of water. The basin is spacious
and well sheltered ; at high water vessels from 20
to 25 tons may run in for security against a gale,
by taking care to • avoid a muddy flat at its en-
trance: the channel, however, is hot difiicult.
The branch called Bras St. Nicholas has its source
in the high lands, in the rear of Bonsecoufs and
L'Islet, and runs parallel to the St. LaWrence,
but in an opposite direction, until it falls into the
K. du Sud at the village of St. Thomas. At its
confluence a handsome bridge, called Prevost
Bridge, was erected in 1812 by Jacques Alorrin;
it is 120 feet in length, 18 in breadth and 15
above the level of the water. Over the Riviere
du Sud there is. a much handsomer one, called
Regent's Bridge, built in 1813, by Francois Fri-
chette; it is 300 feet long, 20 in breadtli and 15
above the water's level ; it is built with wood and
supported by substantial neat piers with a very
handsome railing on the top. These bridges are
nearly together and almost at right angles, having
a very light and pretty appearance. The lands
near the source of this river are reported by the
hunters to be of the best quality, and the valley
through which it runs is a level, rich and fruit-
ful plain. The richness of the harvests in this
luxuriant valley formerly acquired for it the re-
putation of being the granaiy of Lower Canada,
but it is now supposed to yield in fertility to the
lands on the river Richelieu ; its scenery, how-
ever, is extremely soft and beautiful.

SuD-ouEST or South-west, river, in the oo. of
Rouville. There are two rivers of this name in
the augmentation to Monnoir : the Great South-
west River rises in Lake John and runs into the
E. Yamaska ; near its mouth it receives the Little
South-west River, which waters the Scotch settle-
ment. — Vide Monnoir, S.

-■ SuD-ouEST, Bras de, river, in the counties of
Megantic and Beauc6, is supplied by small lakes
ih the T. of Tring, from which it enters the S. of
Vaudreuil and discharges itself into the b. Chau-
diere. It is generally passable in canoes but not
in boats.

Suffolk oi- Lockabbr, township, in the co. of
Ottawa, vide Lochaber. — Besides the grant to Mr.;
M'Millan in 1807, a grant of 1945 acres was
made to Philemon Wright, Esq. in 1823.

Sugar Loaves, in the co. of L'Islet and south'
of the Grande Riviere Noire, are 5 small moun-
tains connected by ridges ; the diameter of their
bases is from 1 5 to 20 perches, and the length of-
their sloping sides from 4 to 5 perches. They
are rather stony and end in abrupt rocks covered'
with mixed timber. Most of them are close to
the bank of the river. — V. Grande Riviere Noire.

Sunday River, in the t, of Leeds, joins the
Ossgood River.

Sutton, township, in the co. of Missiskoui, is
bounded k. by Potton; w. by St. Armand; s. by-
the province line ; n. by Brome. The land is
generally very good and every branch of culti-
vation might he carried on to advantage, except
in some few marshy places which could, however,
be easily drained and converted into very good
meadow land. The timber is chiefly ash, elm,
maple and beech ; on the lower parts are the kinds
usually found on wet soils, viz. cedar, spruce, fir,
hemlock, &c. — It is watered by the River Mis-
siskoui, that crosses the s. e. comer, and by many
small rivers. — Several roads have been opened in
different directions towards Missiskoui Bay, the
other townships and the state of Vermont. — Set-
tlements to a large extent have been made and
agriculture appears to be carried on with spirit.
The principal settlements are on each side of the
K. Missiskoui and its n. branch. A road has
been laid out from Rickford in the United States
to the t. of Brome. On the streams that inter-
sect the cultivated parts are two grist and three
saw-mills. In this t. bog and mountain iron-ores

are found and an iron forge is established. About

3,000 acres are under cultivation.

Statistics.

Population 9251 Carding-mills 1

Schools . 1 Fulling-mills 1

Corn-mills . 1 Saw-mills . I

Shopkeepers 1
Ta\'erns . 1
Artisans . 15

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 6,900
. 6,700
. 1,000

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

27,000

6,000

1,500

, Bushels..
Buckwheat 3,000
Indian corn 4,900
Map. sug.cwts.44.

Live Stock.

•210 I Cows
460 I Sheep

560 1 Swine
2,000

500

T E M

Tadoussac, v. Saguknay, r.
- Talavohle, river, rises in a lake in the rear
of Stoneham and running s. w. traverses Fief
Hubert, and descending through Fausembault into
Bourglouis meets another river that rises in 3
small lakes at the n. w. corner of Fief Hubert.
The union of these streams forms the b. Ste.
Anne.
'- Tartigo, v. Turtigoo.

TabtigoshichEj v. Turtigooshiche.

Tascherbau River, in the t. of Buckland,
is one of the branches of the Riviere des Abena-
quis w^hich runs into the r. Etchemin.

Tbmipcaming Lake, in the co. of Ottawa,
about 400 miles n. w. of Montreal, is a large
•lake : the country about it is fertile and will
make good settlements hereafter. Mr. M'Kay,
jn the spring of 1818 or 19, planted 36 bushels
of potatoes on the borders of this l. and they grew
exceedingly well; he also sowed some peas and
other seeds with similar success. He likewise
purchased in Hull a bull, with some cows and
calves, for the use of his farm on this lake.

Temiscouata (F.), v. Madawaska, S.

Temiscouata Lake, in the co. of Rimouski,
is, by the lowest estimate, 22 miles in length, and
it varies from half a mile to 2|- miles in breadth,
and is sufficiently deep for vessels of considerable
burthen. It is encompassed by lofty mountains
gradually descending, and covered with thick
wood almost down to its- margin. Several large
rivers lend the aid of their copious streams to
swell the waters of this romantic and secluded
expanse : the principal rivers are called the Nam-
jamskutesek, the Toledo or Riviere au Canot, and
the Ashberusk. On the borders of the lake the
.soil is, in many places, light, sandy, and gravelly,
•^nd extensive pineries are found in its vicinity and
;along the rivers that run into it. The scenery is
remarkably various, beautiful and picturesque, but
the charms of the spring, the summer and the au-
tumn can scarcely compensate, in this spot, so far
removed from the comforts and the pleasures of
society, for the dreary solitude of the winter.
This lake abounds with iish of almost every de-
scription to be found in fresh water, particularly
.the toledo, the white fish, and the salmon-trout,
\vhich weighs from 10 to 20 lbs., and is frequently

'speared by the settlers. In 1824 Col. Eraser com.!
menced his settlements on this lake ; it then con-
sisted of about 4 houses, a saw- mill and from 70
to 80 acres cleared. Col. Eraser has discovered
a bed. of excellent lime on the borders of the lake.
A small steam-boat on this lake would materially
facilitate the intercourse between Canada and New
Brunswick — Vide Madawaska, F. and Temis-
couata Portage.

Temiscouata Portage, v. Roads.
Templeton, township, in the co. of Ottawa,
is bounded e. by Buckingham ; w. by Hull ; in
the rear by Portland ; in the front by the b. Ot-
tawa. Eight ranges were surveyed in 1805 and
the greater part of the lands thus laid out have
been found of an excellent quality, abounding
with meadows and rising from the front into fer-
tile swells, but some parts are stony. The land
approaching the Ottawa is rather low, but the
soil is tolerably good for the production of most
sorts of grain and many of the most useful suc-
culents; the back parts are not much inferior
to the front in soil and timber. Templeton has
the advantage of Hull. Norway white and yellow
pine are abundant; the rear ranges are chiefly
timbered with elm, birch, beech, maple and bass-
wood ; and the front with spruce, cedar, basswood
and balsam. It is exceedingly well watered by
the great and little rivers Blanche, the entrance
of the River Gatineau, and by many inferior
streams besides several ponds along its front, which
overflow in spring and autumn. A long narrow
pond extends across Nos. 26, 25, 24 and 23 of
Long Point Range, almost parallel to the shore,
and another of the same description stretches ob-
liquely across several lots w. of the r. Blanche in
the 1st range. — The south- westernly quarter of
Templeton was laid out pursuant to a warrant
of survey issued in the names of Mr. Philemon
Wright and associates. The settlements in this
township are chiefly in that quarter, and may, like
those of Eardly, be said to have grown out of
those of Hull. The s. e. quarter, or rather 13,650
acres, were granted to Mr. Alexander M'Millan
and others, in Mar. 1807; the greater number of
his associates have reconveyed their lands to him.
The road opened by the commissioners passes over
the front of this township, but owing to the want
of settlers to keep it in repair it is neglected and
has become almost impassable. In 1824 there were
156 acres under cultivation and 30 cleared, on

xx2

T E R

which were 7 houses and 4 haxns.—Vngranted
and unlocated, 40,807 acres.

Statistics.

Population
Fotasheries

60 Pearlasheries . 1
1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 200
Oats . 360
Potatoes 1,190

Bushels.
Peas . 30
Rye . 86
Indian corn 705

Cwts.
Maple sugar 2
Hay, tons 270

Live Stock.

Horses . . . 2(
Oxen . . . 2J

) Cows . . IS
i Sheep . . 15

Swine . . 21

Terra Firma of Mingan, v. Mingan.

TerreboiSj or Devebbois, seigniory, in the
CO. of Kamouraska, is bounded n. e. by the S. of
Riviere du Loup ; s. w. by Granville and Lache-
naye ; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by the
St. Lawrence.

Title.—" Cette concession ne se trouve ni dans le
bureau du Secretaire ni dans le R^gistre des Foi et Hom-
mage; son front etant inconnu elle occupe sur la carte
I'espace qui se trouve entre les concessions de Messrs.
de Graitdville et de Lac/iejiaie." — This concession was
originally granted to Fran. Dionis Bourgeois, 15 Nov.

1673, and was to consist of three leagues by three See

Cahiers d'Intendance, A^o. 2 a 9, folio 61.

TERRteBOKNE, county, in the district of Mont-
real, is bounded n. e. by the s. w. boundary line
of the S. of Lachenaye to the depth thereof, thence
westward along the rear boundary line thereof,
thence westward along the rear boundary line of the
aug. of Terrebonne to the s. w. boundary of the t.
of Kilkenny, thence along the said boundary n. w.
to the depth thereof, and thence on the same
course to the northern boundary of the province ;
s. w. by the co. of Two Mountains j n. w. by the
N. boundary of the province ; s. e. by the Riviere
des Prairies, together with the island and seigniory
of Isle Jesus, and all the islands in that river,
nearest to the county, and in whole or in part
fronting it. It comprehends the seigniories of
Isle Jesus, Terrebonne, Des Plaines, aug. of Ter-
rebonne, Blainville, part of Mille Isles and its
augmentation, and the township of Abercrombie.
Its extreme length is 290 miles and its breadth 14,
containing 3100 sq. miles. Its lat. on the River
St. Jean or Jesus is 45° 39' 20 ' north. Ion. 7.3" 20'
west. It sends two members to the provincial
parliament and the places of election are St. Rose
and Ste. Anne des Plaines. The principal rivers

are the St. Jean or Jesus, Ste. Anne or Mas-
couche. North River, Achigan, and au Chiens.
The soil and timber are of various qualities ; but
the soil, generally, consists of a mixture of sand
and clay. The centre of this county is traversed
by a species of dry plains, on which grows only
small underwood ; the front, especially below the
Grande Coteau, offers excellent land and presents
fine cultivated farms, and in the rear is found fine
hard- wood. This co. is traversed by numerous
roads, on which are the chief settlements presents
ing, in many places, well cultivated farms. The
chief roads are, those along the front and the r.
Mascouche, the Chemin de la Grande Ligne, in
Blainville, and that along the eastern seignorial
line of Terrebonne. The principal villages are
those of Terrebonne and St. Therese. — This co.,
like that of Two Mountains, is circumscribed in
its limits by the same cause — the difference ex-
isting in the bearings of the Ottawa county lines
from those on the St. Lawrence running due n.w.,
therefore its northern limit does not extend to the
N. w. boundary of the province, as above stated.

Population 16,905
Churches, R. C. 3

Cures
Presbyteries
Villages
Schools
Corn-mills .

Statistics.

Saw-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Distilleries
Breweries ■
Tanneries .

Potasheries .
Pearlasheries
Shopkeepers
Taverns . .
Artisans
Ship-yards .

101

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.
75,764
60,44.2

4,772

Potatoes 305,702

Bushels.
Peas . 22,170
Rye . 2,312
Buck-wheat 3,000
Indian corn 3,284

Live Stock.

Bushels.
Mixed grain 3,990
Maple sugar,

cwts. 312
Hay, tons 53,103

Horses
Oxen

5,6771 Cows . 8,947 I Swine
5,9981 Sheep . 37,4551

7,570

Terrebonne, seigniory, in the co. of Terre-
bonne, is bounded n. e. by Lachenaye ; s. w. by
the S. of Riviere du Chene and by Blainville ; in
the rear by Abercrombie and Kilkenny; in the
front by the r. St. John or Jesus. — Two leagues
in front by 6 in depth. Granted in 3 parts; the
1st part, Dec. 23, 1673, two leagues in front
and depth, to Mr. Dautier Deslandes ; the 2nd
part, called Desplaines, Apr. 10, 1731, of similar
dimensions, to Sieur Louis Lepage de St. Claire ;
the 3rd part, Apr. 12, 1753, also of similar dimen-
sions, to Sieur Louis de la Come. This S. is

TERREBONNE.

now tte property of the heirs of the late Simon
M'Tavish, Esq. of Montreal — The SoU towards
the front is as rich and luxuriant as any in the
province, and towards Desplaines it is generally
of first-rate quality, but the remote parts are
mountainous with a rough gravelly or stony soil.
The high lands produce abundance of beech,
maple, birch and elm timber ; in some few places,
that lie low and wet, there are cedars and spruce
firs. Full two- thirds of this property are con-
ceded, the greater part of which is under good
cultivation and is extremely productive. The front
is particularly well settled and exhibits every ap-
pearance of comfort and even affluence. — The
rivers Achigan and Mascouche, with 3 or 4 rivulets.
Water this S. completely; they turn some very
good corn and saw-mills, and those called the Ter-
rebonne mills are celebrated as being the most
complete and best constructed in the country.
The carding and fulling-mills are also of great
use. — The lands in the front of this seigniory
are rich and productive, but not so much so in the
augmentation to Desplaines, a tract so named on
account of its extensive plains of inferior soil co-
vered with brushwood : some parts of the aug-
mentation, however, are valuable and well settled.
— The 3rd augmentation, which presents, gene-
rally, rich and fertile land and good timber, is
settling fast, and comprises the new settlement
of New Glasgow, on the river Achigan. The
great number of roads which traverse this sei-
gniory and extend along the banks of the several
rivers are tolerably good and well settled. The
Chemin de la Grande Ligue, leading from the
village to New Glasgow, is considered of great
use, and offering a communication with the new
townships, and may ultimately prove as useful as
that which traverses Blainville by St. Therese. —
The Parish of Terrebonne forms scarcely a third
part of the seigniory. Three-fourths of it are
conceded and the remainder, viz. Le Grand Co-
teau, is in woodland, and being considered unfit
for cultivation has no road across it. Almost
all the lands fit for cultivation were conceded
previously to 1759. The extent of these con-
cessions was 3 arpents by 20, and the condi-
tions were 2 sols tournois per arpent or one sol
and one pint of wheat, and on a whole range 5
sols quit rent. Afterwards continuations were
added to the old concessions, but they were ge-
nerally of no use except for wood, the soil being

nearly a sterik sand; these continuations were
for the most part 20 arpents each. — The Village
of Terrebonne is pleasantly situated on a project-
ing point of land, having several beautiful islands
in front, which, by their varied and romantic
scenery, greatly contribute to embellish the pro-
spect. It contains about 200 weU-built houses
of wood and stone, besides the church and par-
sonage-house ; the seignorial-house is a well-
constructed mansion; indeed there are several
houses built in a very good style in this village,
it being a favoured spot where many gentlemen,
who have realised large fortunes in the n. W.
company fur trade, retire to enjoy the comforts
and luxuries of private life. A fair is annually
held at this village on the 3rd Tuesday in Sept.,
and it is also a place of some traffic, occasioned
by the continued influx of persons bringing grain
to the mills from distant parts, and by the large
exports of flour that annually take place ; in con-
sequence many of the residents are traders and
artisans, whose commercial concerns impose a de-
gree of consequence upon the village. In 1803
this seigniory was purchased by the late Simon
M'Tavish, Esq., to whose heirs it now belongs,
for 25,100/. currency; since that period many
large sums have been expended in making nu-
merous judicious and beneficial improvements.

Population 2,094
Churches, R. C. 1
Cur6s . . 1
Presbyteries 1
Convents . I
Schools . 1

Statistics.

Villages
Corn-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills

Tanneries .
Potasheries .
Pearlasheries
Medical men
Notaries

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

, 6,240

520

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

13,000

. 1,360

104

Bushels.
Indian corn 390
Mixed grain 100

Live Stock.

600 I Cows
630 I Sheep

800 1 Swine
3,000

680

Title. — " Concession du 23me Decembre, 1673, faite
par la Compagnie a Mr. Dautier Deslandes, de deux lieues
de terre de front sur la reviere Jesus autrement appelfee la
riviere des Prairies; a prendre depuis les homes de la
Chenaie., en montant, vis-i-vis I'lsle Jisus, sur deux lieues
de profondeur." — Registre des Foi et Hommage, No. 31,
folio 143, le I3me Fim-ier, 1781.

\me Augmentation " Confirmation du lOme Avril,

1731, de concession faite au Sieur Louis Lepage de St.
Claire, d'un terrein de deux lieues, a prendre dans les
terres non concedSes dans la profondeur, et sur tout le

TIL

■front de la Seigneurie de Terrebonne." — 'R£gistre des Foi
et Homm,age,No. SI, folio 14.3, Ic \3me Fdvrier, 1781.

2me Augmentation. — " Permission du ISme Avril, 1753,
4onnee par le Marquis Duquesne, Gouverneur, et Francois
Bigot, Intendant, au Sieur Louis de-la Come, de continuer
le difrichement dans la profondeur de deux lieues, au de-
lil des fiefs de Terrebonne et Desplaines." — Registre d'ln-
tendance, iVo. 10, folio 13.

TuBRfiS ROMPUES (R.), V. MiSSIQUINIPI.

• Tewkesbury, township, in the co. of Quehec,
is bounded w. by Stoneham ; in front by COte de
Beaupre ; in the rear by waste lands. The sur-
face is generally mountainous and rocky; the
greater part barren and unfit for cultivation,
though here and there some scanty patches of
better land Jie in the valleys, where the soil is
moderately good and would bear tillage. — It is
watered by the Jaques Cartier and some smaller
streams, and also by some small lakes. — The tim-r
ber is befech, maple, birch and pine of good dimen-
sions. — Vide Stoneham.

Thames, river, in the t. of Inverness.
Thetpord, township, in the co. of Megantic,
is bounded n. w. by Leeds; s. b. by Adstock, and
lies between Broughton and Ireland. — This town-
ship, though generally mountainous, has a few
intervals of good land fit for cultivation, on which
grain, hemp, and flax might be raised ; the s. E.
-part is very indifferent, and cpvered with a thick
moss, beneath which there is a bed of stone, with
not more than five or six inches of poor exhausted
earth upon it. The timber generally is not bad
and consists of beech, elm, birch and maple, with
plenty of hemlock, spruce fir, &c. — Watered by
two large lakes, a few moderate-sized rivers and
many small streams. — One-half of it is the pro-
perty of Dr. North. — Ungranted and unlocated,
22,000 acres.

Three Rivers (D.), v. Districts.
Three Rivers, town of, v. Stb. Mar-
guerite, S.

TiviERGB, V. Lp;pagb.

TiLiBi, river, runs into the k. aux Lievres.

Tilly or St. Antoine, seigniory, in the co.

. of Lotbiniere, is bounded e. by Lauzon ; w. by

Desplaines ; in the rear by Gaspd ; in front by the

St. Lawrence. — \\ league in depth. Granted

Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur de Villieu and is now the

property of Noel, Esq. — In this S. water is

scarce. — The Parish of St. Antoine, by an order in
council of Mar. 3, 1722, which confirmed the re-
gulation of Feb. 20, 1721, extends in front 3^
leagues, viz. 4 arpent? comprised in the fief of

TON

Dame Beaudouin. an! one "league- 38 arpents the
remaining extent of the S. of Tilly, also fief Mir
randa | of a league in front, and also f. Bonse-
cours one league, ascending as far as Ste. Croix. ;

Title " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par

Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Villieu, de I'etendue
de terres qui se trouveront sur le fleuve St. Laurent, de-
puis les homes de celles de Mr. Latizon, jusqu'a la petite
riviere dit de Fillieu, icelle comprise, sur une lieue et
demie de profondeur." — Reg. Ins. Can. Sup. lettre B,
folio 20.

TiNGWicK, township, in the co. of Drummond,
is bounded n. e. by Chester and s. w. by Kingsey.
It is watered by numerous streams that empty
themselves into the R. Nicolet. — Ungranted and
unlocated, 2,270 acres.

Statistics.
Population

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

905

, 1,000

Bushels.
Barley . 45
Potatoes 1,260

BusheU.
Peas . 300
Indian com 200

Live Stock.

451 Cows
541 Sheep

72 I Swine
180

Toledo or Riviere au Canot, derives its
source in a chain of small lakes to the n. e. of
Lake Temiscouata, into which it discharges itself;
although rapid, it is navigable for canoes. — The
Toledo trout is worthy of remark ; it is very like
a common-sized cod-fish and is taken in such
quantities at a particular season, that the inhabit-
ants of L. Temiscouata and others, even from the
Madawaska settlement, salt them for their use in
winter. It is the largest fish taken either in this
river or the lake, and is only found near the mouth
of the river. It is caught with the line and hook.

ToMEFOBi Lake, in the t. of Hatley, extends
diagonally from the 4th to the 9th range about 8
miles and its breadth 1 mile. The banks are beau-
tiful and picturesque, with landscape and wood-
land scenery as romantic as the most fertile genius
of an artist could well imagine. It abounds with
excellent fish and, like the other lakes in Hatley,
is the resort of innumerable wildfowl of various
descriptions. Its outlet unites with 2 or 3 other
streams, from Compton and Clifton, and falls into
the R. St. Francis in Ascot.

TOMISTICOBISH (R.), V. RiVIERB DES VaSES,

ToNNANCOUR or PoiNTB DU Lac, seignioryj

TON

T R E

in the co. of St. Maurice, is bounded n. b. by St.
Marguerite and St. Maurice ; s. w. by Gatineau ;
in front by Lake St. Peter and the St. Lawrence.
— It contains fiefs Normanville and Souvaget. —
1^ leagues in front by 2 in depth. Granted
Nov. 3, 1734, to Sieur Rene Godefroi de Ton-
nancour. It now belongs to Madame Montour. —
A reddish light soil on clay or marl spreads over
the greater part of this seigniory ; the front is
sandy, flat and low, but towards the interior it
gradually becomes better and higher, rising more
abruptly towards the rear: flax flourishes weU
and the land is congenial to the growth of hemp,
t— All the grant is conceded in 7 ranges, of which
3 are entirely settled and a fourth in progress.
The lands conceded prior to 1759 were rented at
20 sols per arpent and a capon. — The prevailing
timber is maple, beech, ash, birch and some pine.
— It is watered by part of the Petite Machiche,
by the Riviere au Sable which turns 2 saw-miUs,
by the r. St. Charles, on which are erected one
saw-mill and a corn-mill, 2 stories high with 4
sets of stones, and by the r. au Glaise which
drives a saw-mill and a carding and fulling-mill.
Neither of these rivers is navigable, but on their
banks are some good settlements, which with
those along the front embrace about one-half of
the grant — The roads are generally fine and
several pass through the interior ; the main one
crosses the front and runs along the St. Lawrence.
— The Pointe du Lac is a large projection from
the front of the seigniory, forming the n. b. ex-
tremity of Lake St. Peter : on this promontory are
some remains of barracks that were erected for the
accommodation of troops during the first American
war. On the east side of La Riviere de la Pointe
du Lac stands a good-looking church, a parsonage-
house and a chapel; not far removed from this
spot are Montour's Mills, large, commodious and
well-built, and near to them are some extensive
storehouses and dwellings; on the opposite side
of the road, a little above the mills, stands the
proprietor's manor-house, a very handsome build-
ing, finely situated and commanding a prospect
over a tract of country abounding in picturesque
beauties. — Agricultural labour is performed with
horses, and one-fourth of the wheat grown is sold
in flour, and half the hay produced is also sold. —
The iron-mine of St. Maurice extends into this
seigniory.

Population 1,062
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . 1
Presbyteries . 1
Villages . . 1

Statistics.

Corn-mills .

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Saw-mills

Shopkeepers

Taverns
Artisans .
River-eraft
Tonnage .
Keel-boats

2
16

1
10

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen .

Bushels.
. 5,200
, 6,500

Barley
Peas .

fiushelfi.
. 650
. 520

Bushels.
Rye . . 650
Indian corn 15

Live Stock.

500 1 Cows .
600 I Sheep

1,000) Swine
3,000

600

Title. — " Concession du 3me Novembre, 1734, faite
par Charles Marquis de Beaukarnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocquart, Intendant, au Sieur Ren4 Godefroi de Tonnan-
cour, d'une demi lieue de terre de front sur une lieue de
profondeur, a prendre le dit front au bout de la profon-
deur et limite du fief ci-devant de Normanville, pour etre la
dite prolongation en profondeur unje et jointe au dite fief
de Normanville pour ne faire ensemble avee le fief et Sei-
gneurie de Sauvaget qu'une seule et meme Seigneurie,
sous le nom de Tonnancour, laquelle se trouvera etre d'une
lieue et quart de front sur deux lieues de profondeur : le
rumb de vent courant pour le front Nord-Est et Sud-
Guest, et pour la profondeiur Nord-Ouest et Sud-Est." —
Registre d'lttteiidance, No. 7, folio 29.

ToRTUE, la, river, rises in Sherrington, and,
after a serpentine course in the parish of St.
Constant, runs to the upper part of the parish-
of St. Philip ; it turns some mills, but it is navi-
gable for a space of 12 arpents only from its
mouth.

ToupPE DEs Pins, river, in the co. of Beauce,
rises in Aubert de L'Isle and falls into the Chau-
diere, about 3^ miles above the church of St.
Frangois, in the S. of Vaudreuil.

Tough, river, rises in the n. angle of Pramp-
ton and runs s. w. into the Etchemin ; it turns a
mill at its mouth.

Tremblay, fief, in the co. of Chambly, is
bounded N. b. by Boucherville ; s.w. by Lon-
gueuU. ; in the rear by Montarville ; in front by
the St. Lawrence. — 28 French arpents in breadth,
and one league in depth. Granted, 29th Oct.,
I672, to Sieur de Varennes and is now the pro-i
perty of J. Dubai, Esq. and the heirs of E. Gray,
Esq. — In this small tract the land is of excellent
quality and nearly all under cultivation. It is
but indifferently watered.

Title. — " Concession du 29me Octobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Varennes, de vingt-huit
arpens de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a.
prendre sur le fleuve St. Laurent, bornee d'un eot^ a 1*
concession- du Sieur Si. Michel et d'autre celle du Sieur

T R I

Boucher ; et la quantite de terre qui se trouvera depuis le
Sieiir Boucher jusqu'^ la riviere Notre Dame, la moiti^
d'icelle comprise, siir pareille profondeur, avec deux isles
qu'on appelie Percics, et trois islets qui sont audessous
des isles." — Rigisire d' Intendance, No. I, folio 17.

Teing, township, in the co. of Megantic, is
bounded N. b. by Vaudreuil; s. w. by Adstock,
and lies between Broughton and Shenley. This
tract is, for the greater part, of a favourable qua-
lity and fit for tillage ; it would produce grain,
and in many places appears to be well adapted to
the growth of flax and hemp. The timber is as
good as the land, and much of the best kinds
might be collected. — Watered by a chain of five
beautiful lakes abounding with excellent fish and
discharging their waters into the r. Chaudiere
through a stream called the Bras du Sud-Ouest.
The s. B. part of this t. was granted to sundry
individuals, under patent, as far back as 1804,
and the other half was set apart for the militia.
Several locations were made by the agent of the
T.J the late F. Blanchet, Esq., who himself held
a location of 1,200 acres, for having served during
the late American war as superintendant general
of hospitals; he long and zealously served his
country also in the legislative assembly of the pro-
vince. — Ungranted and unlocated, 20,800 acres.

Statistics.
Population . 10

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 30 I
. 50

Barley
Potatoes

Live Stock,

• 1 I Cows
. 2 Swine

Bushels.
. 10
. 140

Trinitb, la, (S,), V. Cap St. Michel.

Thinitb, la, river, falls into the r. Saguenay ;
it is an inconsiderable stream similar to the St.
Charles near Quebec. It is on the s. w. side of
the Saguenay and derives its name from three
small hollows, or, as some say, from three large
headlands on the shore of the Saguenay and on
the north side of the place where it joins that
river. It winds along a valley and into a deep bay,
where there is a salmon-fishery. It is about half
way between Tadoussac and Chicoutimi ; where-
fore the bay which lies opposite to it, and which
was before called Le Ruisseau de la Trinite, has

T R O

been occasionally called " Half "Way Bay*' and the
" Trinity." It forms an excellent harbour and lies
2 leagues from St. John's Cove. The cliffs are
at least 1800 ft. high and overhang the water.

Trois Pistoles, river, in the co. of Rimouski,
is formed by two large branches that take their
sources s. of the Temiscouata Portage, which
they cross, and, running n. in a parallel direction,
meet about 2 miles above their confluence with
the r. Abawsisquash. The e. branch rises partly
in Lake la Petite Fourche, and the w. branch is
formed by the junction of two streams that de-
scend from Cote de la Grande Fourche. This b.
traverses the S. of Trois Pistoles from the rear to
the front and descends into the St. Lawrence.

Trois Pistoles, seigniory, in the co. of Ri-
mouski, is bounded n. b. by Richard Rioux ; s. w.
(according to title) by Dartigny or Villerai; in
the rear by waste lands ; in front by the St, Law-
rence. — 2 leagues in breadth and depth. Granted,
Jan. 6, 1687, to Sieur de Vitre. — Besides the isles
and islets in front, the Isles aux Basques are in-
cluded in this grant. — This seigniory is divided
into numerous fiefs. The surface is uneven, but
the soil is generally good ; in front it is light, and
in some parts sandy ; in the rear the soil is strong.
There are 3 ranges of concessions, 2 of which are
completely settled, and the third partially, having
only 20 settlers : the farms are 42 arpents by 3.
In the front range, which is most settled, two-
thirds of the farms are under cultivation, in the
2nd range one-third, and in the 3rd range only
20 farms are cultivated. — The principal rivers are,
the Trois Pistoles and its branches, the Riviere
du Moulin which turns a saw-mill, the Ruisseau
de I'Eglise which turns two saw-mills, and Riviere
des Coqs which also turns a saw-mill and dis-
charges itself into Bay des Coqs. — Maple, cedar,
birch and epinette are in abundance, and there is
also some pine. — There is only one house built
with stone ; all the others, as well as the church,
are built with wood. The Parish of Trois Pi-
stoles, although limited to 3 leagues in front,
comprehends the S, of Ha Ha in Rioux.

TWA

TWO

Population 1,744
Churches, R. C. 1
Cm-is . . 1

Statistics.

Presbyteries .
Corn-mills ,
Saw-mills

Shopkeepers
Artisans

2
13

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

6,240

683

1,600

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.

2,870

. 2,008

Bushels,
Mixed-grain 2,700
Maple sugar,

cwts. 29

Live Stock.

.393 I Cows
323 1 Sheep

632 I Swine
3,930 1

790

. Title. — " Concession du Ome Janvier, 1687, faite par
le Marquis de Brisuy, Gouverneur, et Jean Bochart, In-
tendant, au Sieur de Vitre, de deux lieues de front le long
du fleuve St- Laurent, du cote du Sud, a prendre depuis la
concession du Sicur Villerai, et descendant le dit fleuve,
la riviere des Trois Pistoles comprise, et les isles qui se
tronveront dans les deux lieues de la presente concession,
sur deux lieues de profondeur, meme celle au Basque, si
elle se trouve dans la quantite prSsentement concedee." —
Registre d'Intendance, N'o. 3, folio 2.

Tkois Saumons, river and lake, in the co. of
L'Islet. Tlie river rises in two branches; the
eastern branch has its source in Ashfordj and the
vrestern issues from a lake of the same name in
the aug. to that township. The branches join near
the s. B. angle of St. Jean, Port Joli, and crossing
that S. diagonally to the n. w. angle falls into
the St. Lawrence. The lake, which contains fine
trout, is 3^ miles long and its greatest breadth half
a mile.

Troublesome Rivek or Shiegash, falls into
the N. B. side of the r. St. John near the s. e. end
of the Madawaska settlement.

Trout River falls into the s. w. bank of the
R. Madawaska ; it is from 20 to 30 feet wide and
produces a great abundance of the usual varieties
of fish.

TsHNUAGAMrrSHISH(L ),V. KiGUAGOMISHlSH.
TUCTIGOO, V. TURTIGOO.

Tuque, la, v. St. Maurice, r.

TuRTiGOO, TucTiGOO, or Tartigo, river, rises
in the waste lands s. w. of Lake Matapediac and
runs N ; after receiving the waters of the Tucti-
gooshiche it continues its course to the n. w.
comer of the t. of Matane, where it enters the
St. Lawrence. — This r. abounds with salmon,

TuRTiGOOSHiCHB or Tartigooshichb, river,
rises not many miles from the Turtigoo, and taking
a similar course runs through the portage, or In-
dian path, from Mitis to Lake Matapediac.

Twashega, Iwashega or Roche Coupe (R^j
V. Iwashega.

Two Mountains, county, in the district of
Montreal, is bounded n. e, by the s. w. boundary
of the S. of Blainville and the augm. to Mille
Isles, by the rear line of the augm. to the S. of
the Lake of Two Mountains, by the rear line of
Argenteuil, the e, outline of the t. of Wentworth
continued to the s. w. bounds of the t. of Howard,
thence along the said bounds^ and continuing on
the same course, N. w. to the northern boundary
of the province ; w. by the co. of Ottawa ; s. and
s. w. by the r. Ottawa, including Isle Bizarre
and all the islands in the R. Ottawa nearest to the
county, in the whole or in part fronting or inter-
secting it ; N. and n. w. by the northern boundary
of the province. It comprises the seigniories of
Mille Isles or Riviere du Chene, Lake of the Two
Mountains and its augm., and Argenteuil ; also
the townships of Chatham^ Grenville, Wentworth,
Harrington, Arundel, and Howard ; and the
parishes of Saint Eustache, Saint Benoit, Sainte
Scholastique, Lake of Two Mountains, and Isle
Bizarre, and all the parishes, townships and lands
in the whole or in part comprised within the
above limits. Although the northern boundary
of this CO. is stated above to extend to the n. w.
boundary of the province, the difference of bearing
existing between the division line separating the
same from the co. of Ottawa with the western
boundary line of the co. of Lachenaye, is such
when prolonged as to intersect each other at the
distance of about 55 miles from the Ottawa, and
consequently reduces the superficies of the co.
as follows ; extreme length 86 miles, breadth 40,
contents 979 square miles. Its lat. on the Ot-
tawa is 45° 31 N., 74° 21' 30" w. It sends
two members to the provincial parliament, and
the places of election are St. Andre and St.
Eustache. — The soil and timber generally in this
flourishing co. are unexceptionable. — It is abund-
antly watered by the rivers Du Chene, Du Nord,
Rouge, Calumet, Kingham, Au Prince, Davis,
and their numerous branches. All these rivers
are more or less interrupted by rapids and falls
and consequently are not navigable, but the most
practicable at intervals for boats and canoes is
the Du Nord or North River. This co. embraces
a most extensive front on the Ottawa. It is tra-
versed by numerous roads on which are to be
seen flourishing settlements ; the chief post route
to the Ottawa traverses this co., passing through
the villages of St. Eustache, Grand Brul4 St.

TWO MOUNTAINS.

AndrewSj Davis Village and GrenviUe. This co.
comprises the Indian mission of the Two Moun-
tains and ranks the 3rd in point of population
and the 4th in agricultural produce.

Population 18,245
Churches, Pro. 2
Churches, R. C.
Cur^.s

Presbyteries .
Westleyan chap,
Convents . .
Villages .

Statistics.

Schools
Corn-mills
Saw-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Paper-mills .
Distilleries .
Tanneries

Hat-manufac. I

Potteries . . 2

Potasheries . 18

Pearlasheries 11

Shopkeepers 21

Taverns . . 34i
Artisans . . 232

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
91,350
73,880
19,275

167,000

Bushels.
Peas . 38,100
Rye . 29,750
Buckwht. 11,000
Ind. corn 33,760

BUshels.
Mixed-grain 3,730
Maple sugar,

cwtS. 857
Hay, tons 37,.300

Live Steele.

4,811 I Cows • 8,116 1 Swine .
5,498 1 Sheep • 26,130 1

6,628

Two Mountains, seigniory, has been already-
described, vide Lake op Two Mountains. The
following additional information will, how^ever,
be found important.

The Parish of St. Benoit is in the front of the
S., extending the whole width by about 3^ leagues
in depth. The soil is fertile and rich, arid in
many places fit for the cultivation of hemp. It
is nearly all inhabited.' — The timber that remains
is of good quality ; and the parish is watered by
the Belle Riviere, or Riviere du Chene, and by
two smaller rivers called St. Pierre and Du Prince.
There are two principal roads leading from St.
Eustache to St. Andrew's ; one of which passes
over the Belle Riviere and leads through the C6te
St. Louis to La Chute. In the front is the Indian
village, in the centre is the v. of Grand Brule,
and in the rear the v. of Belle Riviere, near the

front of the P. of St. Scholastique. In Grrand
Brule 3 houses are built with stone, the rest with
wood. In the neighbourhood of the Indian vil-*
lage is a saw-miU built with wood. — The graiii
principally grown in this p. consists of wheat,
oats and peas. The best farmers have 7 horses
and the poorest one.

The Parish of St. Scholastique is in the rear
half of the S., bounded in front by the village of
Belle Rivike, or near it ; w. by the p. of La
Chute; b. by the p. of Ste. Anne, near the small
chapel on North River, including the new settle-
ments in the n. of the S. peopled by Irish emi-.
grants. — This p. is watered by the North River,
which is navigable the whole width of the sei-
gniory, and by the Belle Riviere, a small stream
that takes its source in the parish. Here is one
small village, lately commenced ; it is situated on
the Belle Riviere, where the presbytery is built,
and contains about 10 houses, a stone corn-mill
and a saw-mill built with wood. The inhabit-
ants manufacture some wooUens and linen, about
sufficient for half of their consumption. The soil
is generally good, but n. of the North River it is
in some places rocky and of lighter quality, though
the timber is better. There is a good proportion
of soft timber in every part of the p. A saw-mill
is erected on a brook n. of North River into
which it runs; a saw-mill is also built on the
Belle Riviere near the presbytery. All the land
is conceded, but a great portion remains uncleared,
especially in the rear. The principal road leads
across the p,, from the parish of Ste. Anne to
that of La Chute,

The Parish of La Chute has been but lately
erected and the presbytery recently built. It
formerly formed part of the p. of St. Benoit.

Statistics of the Villages and C&tes.

Villages awl C6tes,

s
o

1 1
£ i

■z s,

i
1

B
C

o
f
en

s
■■J

Grande Brul^, V.
Belle Riviere V.
Cote Doubles .
C6te St. Joseph
C6te St. Pierre
C6te St. Etienne
Les Eboulis

•

50
10

]

1
1
•i

1
1

2
3
1

2
1
1

3
3

s
%

■

]

3 1

U P T

Statistics of the Mission.

PopiUation . 887
Churches, R. C. 1
Cures . . J

Wheat
Oats .

Horses
Oxen

Presbyteries
Convents ,
Schools . .

1 1 Villages
1 Corn-mills
1

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels. I Bushels.

. 2,850 Barley . . 800
. 1,080 1 Peas . . 800

Live Stock.

100 I Cows
50 Swine

Bushels.
Indian corn 2,200

150
4fl0

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

V A R

Statistics.
Population .... 277

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.

. 1,924

940

Bushels.
Potatoes 2,100
Peas , 110

Bushels.
Buck-wheat 50
Indian corn 100

Live Stock.

47 1 Cows
46 1 Sheep

74 1 Swine
157

133

Utsissagomo or Vomiting Lake, lies between
lakes Mistassinis and Chuamonshuane ; it is about
30 leagues in circumference, full of islands, and
abounding with fish.

Uakanatsi, The Lake op Crocked Moun-
tains, is about 10 leagues long by 3 broad ; it is
very deep and abounds with fish ; a single carrying
place separates it from the great l. Mistassinis.

Umqui, river, v. Humquin.

Uniatchouan or Viatchouan, and the Uni-
atchouanish, run into l. St. John, and are
navigable for large bateaux for many leagues, and
farther up for bark canoes.

UriKUBATCH, river, falls into Lake ICiguagonii,
forming a large bay ; it descends from a succession
of rapids. This river, for about one mile up its
N. E. bank, has been explored; this side was found
to be abrupt and broken, and the opposite bank
bounded by a succession of rocky hills. The
mouth of this k. is surrounded with rocky moun-
tains, and opposite to it is Pkesqu' Isle, nearly
half a league in length ; it is alluvial, and covered
with alders : between this Presqu Isle and the
sliore are 3 small islands of the same description.

Upton, township, in the co. of Drummond,
is of an irregular figure, extending along the
boundaries of De Ramzay and De Guir to the
river St. Francis ; it is bounded s. e. by Acton and
Grantham, and abuts s. upon Milton. The land
is flat and low, with many extensive swamps
covered with tamarack, alder and cedar. By the
side of the St. Francis, and other streams- that
intersect it, there are some few spots which, if
under cultivation, might produce good crops of
grain ; but the soil in general is not of a favour-
able description. Both sides of the road leading
along the Ruisseau des Chenes are well settled,
and the road is well made.

Vachbr, Ruisseau Vacheb, rises in several
springs near the v. of St. Jacques, in the S. of
St. Sulpice, and running e. falls into the b. L'As-
somption.

Vamn, a, river, rises in a small lake, and runs
into the n. bank of the k. Saguenay, half a league
below the r. Caribou. Half a league from its
mouth are falls, that would facilitate the erection
of nulls. It is an inconsiderable stream, and
nearly such as that of the St. Charles, near Quebec.
Valleb, Great and Little, rivers, rise in
the waste lands behind the S. of Grande Valine
des Monts, in the co. of Gasp6. Their courses are
parallel, and of similar length, both traversing
that seigniory into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Vallee des Monts, v. Grande Vallbe des
Monts.

Varbnnes, seigniory, in the co. of Vercheres,
between Boucherville and Cap St, Michel or La
Trinite, is bounded in the rear by the augm. to
Beloeil — 28 arpents in front by one league in
depth. Granted, 29th Oct., 1672, to Sieur de
Varennes, and is at present the property of Paul
Lussier, Esq. — The whole of this little grant is
good and fertile land, nearly all in cultivation and
pleasantly watered by two or three little streams.
The church, belonging to this property, surpasses
in beauty all those of the surrounding seigniories,
and its exterior and interior decorations deserve
notice : descending the river its three spires form
a conspicuous object, which may be seen from
Montreal, a distance of five leagues : a very good
parsonage-house stands near it. There is also a

YY 2

V A.R.

V A U

neat chapel. — It is watered by the St. Charles
and other small streams. — Many of the houses of
the tenants are well builtj and dispersed through
every part ; but nowhere in sufficient number to
form a village. — All the lands are conceded, and
the greater part previous to 1759. — On a farm in
this parish is a mineral spring, which, though
known to be such for a long time, is not the less
neglected, it is said, than that in the neighbour-
hood of Three RiVers : the water is saline. The
intended road between Varennes and Beloeil has
not been commenced on account of the inadequacy
of the sum appropriated for that, purpose by the
commissioners of internal communications; the
amount of that sum is 200/. currency, and the
expense of the road has been calculated at 500/.
The road is to extend 75 arpents, 9 poles, and 2
feet, over 3 concessions : the first nearest Varennes
is under culture, with the exception perhaps of
one fourth its depth, which is in copse ; the second
in timber and copse, and the third in copse and
newly cleared land, except about one seventh,
wliich is under culture. In the line of the road
are three ravines and a water-course, which make
it necessary to build four bridges. — There is no
want of persons desirous of making new settle-
ments if they could obtain lands, particularly if
they were near their relatives and friends, but
there are none. The parish of Ste. Anne, by a
regulation of Sept. 20, 1721, confirmed by an
order in council of Mar. .3, 1722, extends about
2 leagues in front, and comprehends the fief Le
Sueur, St. Michel, La Trinite and Varennes, in-
cluding Isle a I'Aigle, and also Isle Ste. Therese,
with the exception of the domain of Langloiserie
and the houses of Louis and Urbain Briant, which
are comprehended in the limits of the parish of
Pointe aux Trembles, in the Island of Montreal.
Statistics,

Population .3,35.j

Schools . 1

Medical men 1

Churches, R, C. 1

Villages . 1

Notaries . 1

Cures . 1

Corn-mills . 10

Shopkeepers 6

Presbyteries 1

Saw-mills . 1

Taverns . 3

Colleges . 1

Tanneries . 3

Artisans . 25

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Bushels.

Bushels., Bushels.

Wheat • 4.6,800

Peas . 23,400

Mixed grain 1,000

Oats . 31,000

Rye . 520

Maple sugar,

Barley . 7,800

Indian corn 2,600

ewts. 53

Potatoes 69,500

Live Stoctt,

Horses . 1,677 Cows . a,.500 Swine . l,.-,()0

Oxen . 750 Sheep . 10,000

Title, - Viie Tin

..MBLAY, S.

Vasejs, des, or Tomisticobish, river, runs into
the s. bank of the Saguenay, between the mouth
of the Chicoutimi and Ha Ha Bay : at its mouth
a dangerous shoal andreef of rocks project, which
are covered at flood tide : some fine specimens of
red marble have been found here.

Vasigamenkb, river, runs into Ha Ha Bay..
It is fed by small rivulets, running through chan-
nels formed by gullies of a moderate depth. This
K. on an average is about 4^ chains in width ; it
is very rapid, and runs over a bed of gravel. The
quantity of water it brings down is considerable,
and it has changed its bed in many places between
its mouth, and a distance of about three miles up.
There are banks raised in the middle of it, which
are from six to nine chains wide, and frequently
a quarter of a mile long. Navigable for canoes
to a great distance.

Vaudreuil, county, in the district of Montreal,
is bounded n. and e. by the river Ottawa; s. and
s. E. by the St. Lawrence, and s. w. and w. by
the boundary line separating that part of Lower
Canada and Upper Canada situate between the
St. Lawrence and the Ottawa. It includes Isle
Perrot and all the islands in the Ottawa and the
St. Lawrence, nearest to the county, and in the
whole or in part fronting it. It comprises the
seigniories of Vaudreuil, Rigaud, Soulanges and
New Longueuil and the town.ship of Newton.
Its extreme length is 29 miles, and its breadth 20 ;
containing 316 square miles. Its centre is in lat.
45° 21' 15" N., long. 74" 16' w. It sends two
members to the provincial parliament, and the
places of election are Vaudreuil and Village of
Cedres. This co. is of a triangular shape and is
formed by the tongue of land dividing the waters
of the St. Lawrence from those of the Ottawa. Its
local situation offers manifold advantages : the
opening of new roads, leading from one great river
to the other ; and the new settlements in the in-
terior which are fast increasing, add consider-
ably to its importance. The chief and most
flourishing settlements are to be seen on thq
borders of the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa, and on
each side of the rivers, de L'Isle, Quinchien, and
La Graisse ; there are several locks and canals i«
this CO., the chief of which are at the cascades,
and Coteau du Lac : the latter is a militarv post
and a port of entry. The co. contains the village?
of Vaudreuil, Cascades, Cedres and Rigaud.

V A U

Population 13,897
Churches, R. C. 5
Cur^s . . 5
Presbyteries . 5
Villages . 4

Schools . . 4<

Statistics.

Corn-mills

Saw-mills

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Tanneries

Potasheries .

Pearlasheries
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans . .

9
29
20
93

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bushels.
68,900
60,200
5,830

Potatoes 236,701

Bushels.
Peas . 20,860
Buck-wht. 10,000
Indian corn 5,000
Mixed grain 5,008

Maple sugar,

cwts. 679
Hay, tons 31,300

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

3,6031 Cows
4,614l Sheep

6,146 I Swine
, 22,910 I

5,995

VaUdreuii., seigniory, in the co. of Beauce, is
bounded n. e, by Cranbourne; s. w. by Tring;
N. w. by St. Joseph ; s. b. by Aubert de I'lsle
and.Aubert Gallion, — 3 leagues in front by 4
leagues in depth. Granted, Sep. 23, 1736, to
Sieur Fleury de Gorgendiere. It now belongs to
Monsieur de L^ry. — The surface of this property
is uneven and broken, and although much en-
cumbered -with rocks, which in many places are
thinly covered, the soil is not of an inferior quality;
the cultivated parts lie on each side of the Chau-
diere, and vary, from a quarter to half a mile in
depth; they contain about 170 concessions, many
in a flourishing state. — The timber consists of a
general assortment of the best quality. — Besides
the Chaudiere, it is watered by several other
streams, of which the Bras de Sud Quest, falling
into the Chaudiere, is the largest. The Chaudiere
may be crossed at two pr three fords ; but these,
after two days' rain, are too much swollen to be
safe for a carriage. — The parish of Vaudreuil does
not include the whole of the seigniory. The un-
conceded lands in this part of the S. are not con-
siderable, and they are in general thought to be
fit for cultivation; they have no roads across them,
nor are they surveyed. More than three-fourths
of the lands were conceded prior to the conquest ;
and the extent conceded to each individual was 3
^rpents in front by 20 in depth, the surplus in
some of them are continuations. The conditions
on which they were granted are, in general, very
moderate. Many persons are desirous of taking
new lands, but there remains not enough for aU,
and it appears as if the unconceded lands were
reserved for the children of the more ancient and
well-known families of the parish, who seem to be
preferred to strangers.

Population 2,405
Churches, R.C.
Cures . . .
Presbyteries .
Villages . ,
Corn-mills

Statistics.

Carding-mills

Fulling-mills

Saw-mills

Tanneries

Potasheries

Justice of Peace 2

Medical men
Notaries
Shopkeepers .
Taverns .
Artisans . .

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
16,600 I
16,200 I

Barley
Potatoes

Live Stock.

8001
1,280

Cows
Sheep

J ,600 I Swine
.3,840 I

Bushels.

1,000

45,100

1,280

Title. — " Concession du 23me Septembre, 1736, faite
par Charles Marquis de Beauharnois, Gouverneur, et Gilles
Hocqiart, Intendant, au Sieur Fleury de la Gorgendiere,
de trois lieues de terre de front et de deux lieues de pro-
fondeur des deux cotes de la riviere du Sault de la Chau-
diere, en remontant, a commencer a la fin de la concession
accordee aujourd'hui au Sieur Rigaud de Vaudreuil, en-
semble les isles, islets et lacs qui se trouvent dans la dite
riviere, dans la dite etendue de trois lieues." — Registre
d'Intendancc, N'o. 8, folio 9.

Vaudreuil, seigniory, in the co. of Vaudreuil,
is bounded n. by the Lake of Two Mountains ;
s. by Soulange ; w. by Rigaud ; e. by the narrow
channel that separates it from Isle Perrot. — 4
leagues in front, and 1 1 league in the broadest part
and half aleagueinits narrowest. Granted, Oct. 12,
1702, to Mr. de Vaudreuil, and now the property
of Robert Harwood, Esq. — This seigniory is in a
very flourishing state ; two thirds conceded in lots
of 3 acres in front by 20 to 30 in depth, forming
six difierent ranges, parallel to the Ottawa ; the
whole number of lots is 377j and of these 290 are
under excellent cultivation. — The soil is good
nearly throughout, and in many places of the best
quality, producing grain and aU the usual crops
of the country. — Three small rivers, the Quin-
chien, Du Moulin and another stream, water it ;
in spring they are navigable for boats, but after
the freshes have subsided even small canoes cannot
work upon them. — Maple, elm, ash, birch, beech,
white and yellow pine of superior quality, are found.

There is an extensive bed of iron ore in the Petite

Gate, near the centre of the S. ; it extends E. w.
and s. about 10 miles.— Cloth, flannel and some
linen are manufactured, of fine quality. — There
are 20 orchards, and the soil is well adapted for
the growth of fruit : the apples are excellent. The
inhabitants rear poultry of all descriptions, and
sell them in the S. of the Lake of Two Mountains.
The butter is principally made by the English
farmers, the habitans making scarcely sufficient foj

V A U

V E E

their own consumption. Flax is sown, but no
hemp, though the soil is fit for it. The English
settlers in C6t6 St. Charles grow the greatest
quantity of hay, having extensive meadows. Two-
thirds of the grain on an average are sold at the
Montreal market and to merchants of the place-
The root, called ginseng, which is crystallized by
Mr. J. M. C. Le Denier, a respectable inhabitant of
the parish, is found in great abundance and ex-
ported by him. This drug is good for a variety of
spasmodic complaints. — On the bank of the river,
about six miles from the Pointe des Cascades, is the
pleasant village of Vaudreuil, containing 38 houses,
all well built of wood, except one, which is of stone,
surrounding the church and parsonage house, which
are both of stone. There are, however, many stone
houses dispersed through the S. The seignorial, or
manor-house, is situated on a well-chosen spot, near
a small rapid, about I ^ mile from the church ; sur-
rounded by some groves of elm, plane and linden
trees, which with avenues and other plantations in
the English style afford many very pleasing pro-
spects. At a little distance from the manor-house
area corn-mill and a wind-mill. The village of Cas-
cades, situated on the point jutting out into Lake
St. Louis, contains 17 houses, 4 of which, including
the guard house, are built with stone ; and it has
3 taverns: 2 of the houses stand in the S. of
Soulange. This v. stands on the stage road that
connects the two provinces, and, considering its
situation as a great thoroughfare, it has not in-
creased in any respect so much as might have been
expected, particularly as it enjoys the advantages
of being at the head of one line of navigation and
at the foot of another ; this perhaps may be ac-
counted for by the rapid manner in which travellers
pass through it, for as soon as they leave the
steam-boat they enter the stage and pass on im-
mediately; and those who arrive by the stage
enter the steam-boat with similar haste : thus all
pass through and no one stops. Three stages, in
general, are constantly on the run up and down
from the v. of Coteau, and are frequently full of
passengers and luggage ; the fare is 5s. for each
passenger. The canal and locks are in good order,
and 5 men who live in the guard-house, under
the superintendence of Mr. Robins, take care of
the works. The rates are Is. for a bateau, and
14s. for a Durham-boat, through the canal, Split
Rock, and the Coteau du Lac. — The major part
of the men of this seigniory are voyageurs, like

their neighbours, yet agriculture does not languish,
nor is there a want of artisans in any of the useful
trades : there are also 5 manufactories of pot and
pearlash. The ferry-boats from Ste. Anne, on
the Island of Montreal, which is the general route
to Upper Canada, land their passengers in this
seigniory near the manor-house, and from the
number of travellers continually passing much in-
terest and variety are conferred upon the neigh-
bourhood. — Besides the main road several others
pass through VaudreuU, and are all kept in very
good repair as well as the bridges, From Point
Cavagnal to the manor-house are several small
islands, which are appendages to this S. under the
original grant.

Statistics of the Village of Vaudreuil.

Houses
Churches .
Presbyteries
Medical men
Notaries
Stores

3S
1
1
1
2
3

Inns .

Carpenters, &c.
Wheelwrights
Blacksmiths
Chair-makers

Statistics of the Seigniory.

Population 2,403
Churches R. C. 1
Cures . . I
Villages . 2
Corn-mills . 2

Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-miUs
Tanneries
Potasheries .

Medical men

Notaries

Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans

2
8
6

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels
. 16,600 I Barley
. 16,200 Potatoes .

Live Stock.

1,200 I Cows
1,200 I Sheep

1,800 I
6,000 I

Swine

Bushels.
. 1,000
. 43,100

1,800

Title. — " Concession du 12me Octobre, 1702, faite par
Hector de Callih-e, Gouverneur, et Jeun Bochart, Intendant,
a Mr. de Vaudreuil, pour ses enfans nes et a naitre, de Ja
moitie d'une langue de terre, situee au lieu dit les Cascades,
contenant quatre lieues de front sur une lieue et demie de
profondeur au plus large de la dite langue de terre, et une
demi lieue au plus etroit, il commencer vis-a-vis I'Isle oi/jr
Tourtes; joignant icelle pai-eille Concession accordte au
Sieur de Soulange. " — Registre d'Intcndance, No. 3, folio 38.

Vaugaoubskibank, river, rises a few miles s.
of Bouchette's camp, at the s. corner of the co.
of Bonaventure, and runs into the r. St. John.

Vercheres, county, in the district of Mont-
real, is bounded n. w. by the St. Lawrence ; s. e.
by the river Richelieu or Chambly; s. w. by the
seigniories of BoucherviUe, Montarville and Cham-
bly ; N. E. by that part of the s. w. boundary of
the seigniory of St. Ours between the St. Law-
rence and the Richelieu, comprising all the islands

V E R

in those rivers in front of, and nearest to, the
county, in whole or in part fronting it. It com-i
prehends the seigniories of Contrecoeur, Bellevuej
Vercheres, Saint Blain, Guillodiere, Trinite or
Cap Saint Michel, Varennes, Beloeil and its aug-
mentation, Cournoyer and all the islands in the
said River St. Lawrence opposite the same. Isle
Bouchard excepted. Its extreme length is 13
miles, and its breadth 19, containing 192 square
miles. Its centre is in lat. 45° 32' 30" n., long.
73° 16' 0". It sends two members to the pro-
vincial parliament, and the place of election is at
Vercheres. The face of the country is level and
low, and the soil generally light, but productive ;
it is chiefly watered by the St. Lawrence and the
Richdieu, by which it is bounded ; few streams
of any note traverse it. The roads are numerous,
and the whole co. exhibits rich and flourishing
settlements ; — it contains a number -of mills all
worked by wind, which evinces the deficiency of
water-courses. It contains six parishes, and the
handsome village of Varennes, besides some minor
ones.

Population 12,695
Churches, R. C. 6
Cures .
Presbyteries .

Colleges
Villages .

Schools .

Statistics.

Corn-mills .
Saw-mills .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Tanneries .
Shopkeepers

Taverns

Artisans .

Ship-yards

River-craft

Tonnage

Keel-boats

18
1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat .
Oats
Barley .
Potatoes

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
145,531
114,600

23,290
359,507

Bushels.
Peas . 56,400
Rye . 9,020
Buck- wheat 2,500
Indian corn 4,880

Bushels.
Mixed grain 5,610
Maple sugar,

cwts. 187
Hay, tons 34,950

Live Stock.

5,322 I Cows
3,210 1 Sheep

7,180 1 Smne
30,600 I

5,570

Vercheres, seigniory, in the co. of Vercheres,
on the south side of the St. Lawrence, is bounded
N. E. by St. Blain ; s. w. by Bellevue; in the
rear by Cournoyer; in front of the St. Lawrence.
— One league in front by two in depth. Granted,
Oct. 29, 1672, to Sieur do Vercheres, and is now
the property of Madame Boucherville. — The land
is generally good, with several varieties of soil;
the largest proportion of which is in a creditable
state of culture. It is watered by a small river
and two or three rivulets, that turn a grist-mill,
and some saw-mills. It has a neat church, a

V E R

parsonage-house, and a chapel, in the centre of a
small village.— In the parish of VercBres aU the
lands are conceded, some as far back as 1727; and
there are roads in all directions. The terms of
concession were various; some were charged 2
bushels of wheat and 42 sols for 60 superficial ar-
pents ; some, one bushel of wheat and 1 piastre
for 90 superficial arpents; some, 1 bushel of
wheat for 60 superficial arpents; and others were
charged more or less. No one goes hence to settle
in the townships ; for the fathers of families, who
have sufficient means, purchase lands for their
children either in the parish or in the seigniories
in the rear.

Population 2,712

Churches, R

Cures .

Presbyteries

Schools

Villages .

Statistics.

Com-mUls .
Carding-mills
Fulling-mills
Saw-mills .
Tanneries .
Just, of peace

Medical men
Notaries .
Shopkeepers
Taverns
Artisans .

1
1

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels. I
39,000
26,000
18,200

1,4951

595

Potatoes

Peas

Rye

Bushels.

59,000

10,000

6,500

Bushels.
Indian corn 1,360
Mixed grain 800
Maple sug.cwt. 52

Live Stock.

Cows
Sheep

2,150 1 Swine
4,6001

1,290

Title.—" Concession du 29me Oetobre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur de Vercheres, d'une lieue
de terre de front sur une lieue de profondeur, a prendre
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, depuis la concession du Sieur de
Grandmaison, en descendant vers les terres non concedtes,
jusqu'a celle du Sieur de Vitre; et s'il y a plus que cette
quantite [qui est la predite Seigneurie de St. Blain,'\ entre
les dits Sieurii, de Vercheres et de Vitre, elle sera partagee
egalement entr'eux." — Registre d'Jntendance, No. l,fo. 23.
Autre concession, par le Comte de Frontenac, Gouver-
neur, au Sieur de Vercheres le 8me Oetobre, 1678, d'une
lieue de terre d'augmentation dans la profondeur de sa
Seigneurie de Vercheres, pour etre unies et jointes en-
semble. — R(gistre d'Intendance, No. Letter B. folio 4.

Vermillion, river, runs into the s. w. side of
the R. St. Maurice about 8 miles above the post
of Latuque.

Vertb, river, rises in the mountains s. of Te-
miscouata portage, and running n. enters the fief
Cacona, where it divides the fourth range into
two parts. It then directs its course to the St.
Lawrence, into which it falls nearly opposite
Green Island. It has a ferry at the main road,
near its mouth. This R. is rapid, and being ob-
structed by falls is not navigable.

Verte, Isle, seigniory, in the co. of Rimouski,

V E R

is bounded in front by the k. St. Lawrence ; s. w.
by the Riviere Verte, and in the rear by waste-
lands. — 2 leagues in front by 2 iii depth. Granted
Apr. 27, 1684, to Sieurs Dartigny and Cardon-
niere, and afterwards to Sieur Dartigny only. — It
■comprises Isle Verte or Green Island, and aU the
isles, islets and shoals between them. — In front,
there are two concessions ; one-third part of the
first and one quarter of the second only are set-
tled. The soil in general is similar to that of
Trois Pistoles, and is in front light, stony and
indifferent. In this S. are many iine pineries.
The church, 70 ft- by 40, is built of wood, and
the presbytery, 45 ft. by 32, of stone. The S. is
divided into many small fiefs. Fishing and hunt-
ing being followed as the means of livelihood,
tend to retard the settlement of the lands ; which
is impeded by most of the tenants holding their
lands in fief, possessing farms of 2 or 3 front ar-
pents, and even more, by 2 leagues in depth, so
that the seignior has no power to concede them ;
the advancement of cultivation is also retarded by
the inhabitants taking more land than they can
cultivate, which deprives the young labourers of
the power to obtain lands, although the possessors
have more than they cultivate. — Isle Verte or
Green Island, which is an appendage to this seig-
niory, lies nearly opposite this seigniory, and is an
appendage, to its being granted at the same time
and to the same proprietor. It is 6^ miles in
length, and its greatest breadth is one mile. The
soil is good, and yields fine pasturage for a large
number of cattle ; and some of the low grounds
are frequently overflown by the salt water during
high tides. It also produces tolerable timber. A
lighthouse is erected near the n. e. end of the
island on a rocky point which juts far into the
river, but is by no means elevated. This island
is inhabited by two families. On the s. side Mrs.
Fraser, a. widow lady, has about 150 acres under
cultivation, with a comfortable dwelling-house, a
farm-house, and their respective appendages, all
pleasantly situated at the foot of a small bank
running along that side of the island which is
divided from the settlements of Cacona by an arm
of the St. Lawrence, about f of a mile in width.
This channel is almost dry at low water and offers
to the river-craft a safe anchorage and shelter in
Stormy weather. The fishery, which consists prin-
cipally of herrings, has not unfrequently produced
100 barrels at one tide ; but large quantities are

V FN

allowed to escape or are otherwise lost for want of
proper means to cure them all.

Title.—" Concession du 27me Avril, 1684, faite par le
Fehvre de la Barre, Gouvemeur, et de Meulles, Intendant,
aux Sieurs Dartigny et de la Cardonniere, depuis au Sieur
Dartigny seal, contenant deux lieues de terre, pres et bois,
de front sur Ic fleuve St. Lament sur deux lieues de pro-
fondeur dans les terres; a prendre depuis uiie riViere qui
est vis-a-vis Vule Verte, du eotS du Sud de la dite isle,
icelle riviere comprise, jusqu'a deux lieues en descendant
le dit ileuve, ensemble les isles, islets et battures qui se
rencontrent vis-a^yis les dites deux lieues, jusqu'a la dite
isle Ve.rte, icelle meme comprise." — Rdgistre d'lntend-
ance. Let. B. folw 22.

VlATCHOUAN (R.), V. UnIATCHOUAN.

ViBi,i..B Fbmmb, a rock, v. Gaspe Bay.

ViBUPONT (F.), in Ste. Marguerite, S.

ViEUPONT, fief, in the S. of Ste. Marguerite,
in the co, of St. Maurice, extends along the St,
Lawrence 17 arpents by one league in depth;
being the space between two streams called the
Third and Fourth Rivers. Granted, Aug. 23,
I674, to Mr. Joseph Godefroi, Sieur de Vieu-
pont ; and its precise extent of frontage deter-
mined by royal ordinance, June 15, 1723. — A
smaU lot of land between Vieupont and Labadie
is said to have belonged to Mr. Tonnancour.

Title. — " Concession du 23me Aout, 1674., faite a Mr.
Joseph Godefroi Sieur de Vienpovt, d'une etendue de terre
sur le fleuve St. Laurent, du c6t6 du Nord, a commencer
depuis la riviere appeloe la troisieme riviere jusqu'a celle
appelee la quatrieme riviere; contenant quinze arpens de
front avec une lieue de profondeur. Par une Ordonnance
du 15me Juin, 1723, il a ete r^gl^ que le fief ci-dessus
auroit dix-sept arpens de front sur une lieue de profon-
deur." — Cakiers d Intendance, pour Vandeiine Concession,

Au flan plus haul cite un lopin de terre'entrc Vieupont
et Labadie est dit appartenir d Mr. Tonnancour." — Ri-
gistre des Foi et Hommoge, No. 93, folio 78.

ViLiBU, a small river in fief Maranda, in the
CO. of Lotbiniere. It runs into the St. Law-
rence.

Village of Industky, v. Lavaltrie, S.

ViLLBCHAUVB (S.), V. BeAUHARNOIS.

ViLLEiiAV, fief, in the co. of Rimouski.

ViNCELOT, seigniory, and its augmentation, in
the CO. of L'Islet, is bounded N. e. by Bonsecours,
s. w. by Cap St. Ignace and Ste. Claire ; in front
by the St. Lawrence ; in the rear by waste lands.
— The original grant one league square. The
augmentation is one league in breadth by two in
depth. The former was granted, Nov. 3, 1672,
to the widow Amiot; the latter, Feb. 1, 1693, to
Sieur de Vincelot. — Towards the river the land is
low, the soil a light sandy earth with clay or

VI N

marl j in the rear the soil is a light coloured loam
as it approaches the mountains ; the greatest part
is under cultivation, and it is rather bare of tim-
ber.— The Bras St. Nicholas and some smaU
streams water it very well.— The front is in-
dented by a large bay, near which is situated the
church and parsonage-house, and the telegraph
station No. 6.— Several roads by the St. Law-
rence, and on the side of the Bras, communicate
with^ the adjoining seigniories. The augmenta-
tion is remarkable for neither goodness of soil nor
quality of timber; it is mountainous, and wholly
uncultivated.

Title.-." Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, d Demoiselle Veuve Amiot, d'une
lieue de terre sur autant de profondeur, k prendre sur le
fleuve^i. Laurent, depuis le Cap St. Ignace, icelui compris
:iusqu aux terres non.concMees."_fi^^,fre d'Intendance,
,2Vo. 1, folio 26.

Augmentation. — " Concession du ler Fevrier, 1093
feite par Louis de Buade, Gouvemeur, et Jean Boehart,
Intendant, au Sieur de Vincelot, d'une lieue de terre de
front avec deux lieues de profondeur, derriere et au bout
de son fief de Vincelot, au Cap St. Ignace, quiapareillement
une lieue de front seulement, sur une lieue de profondeur
suivant les alignemens gSneraux de ce pays."— R^gistre
d Intendance, No. 4, folio 9.

ViNCENNBS, seigniory, in the co. of Belle-
chasse, is bounded s. w. by Mont-^-peine ; n. b.
by Beaumont ; in front by the St. Lawrence ; in
the rear by Livaudiere. — /O arpents in front, by
one league in depth. Granted, Nov. 3, 1672, to
Sieur Bissot ; and Fereol Roy, Esq., is the present
proprietor. — The land lies rather high towards
the St. Lawrence, and is, on the most elevated
parts, of a lightish sandy earth ; in other places a
dark mould, on a substratum of rock, is prevalent.
The greatest portion is in very respectable culture,
and produces fine crops of grain, &c. The timber
has been greatly reduced, and what now remains
is but of indifferent quality. Several small streams
falling into the St. Lawrence provide rather a
scanty irrigation ; one of them works a grist-mill
seated in a cove under the lofty bank of that
river. There are many good farm-houses and
other dwellings along the several roads that in-
tersect the seigniory. — It comprises two ranges
conceded ; in one are 20 farms, and in the other
23, and they measure 3 arpents in front by 40 in
depth. Two-thirds of the concessions are under
cultivation. In the first are 31 houses, of which
six are built with stone, and the population consists
of 58 men and 61 women and children ; the 2d

WAR

contains 21 houses, in eluding one of stone, 34
men and 28 women and children.

Titk.—" Concession du 3me Novembre, 1672, faite par
Jean Talon, Intendant, au Sieur Bissot, de soixante et dix
arpens de terre de front, sur une lieue de profondeur, i
prendre sur le fleuve Si. Laurent, depuis les terres ap-
partenantes au Sieur <fe /a Ci«Vre, jusqu'aux terres non-
concedies. —Registre d'Intendance, No. \, folio 30.

Visitation, la, (V.), in Champlain, S.

ViVERi, river, in Vaudreuil,in the co. of Vau-
dreuil, rises in the second range of concessions
and running n., empties itself into the Lake of
Tvvo Mountains, about half a mile above the
Pointe du Detroit.

Vomiting River, v. Utsissagamo.

Waganissis, (R.), v. Wagansis.

Wagansis, or Waganissis, river. There are
two rivers of this name, the Great and Little
Wagansis, being head branches of the k. Risti-
gouche, in the co. of Bonaventure. From hence
is a portage leading to the Grande Riviere that
falls into the St. John, which forms part of the in-
land communication, extending up the Ristigouche
to the Madawaska settlement and Lake Temis-
couata. The distance of the portage between the
two rivers is about nine miles, and the land is
divided by a height which is of pretty easy ascent ;
this portage is weU fitted for culture and is
covered in general with hard wood, spruce and
other woods. Both rivers, if cleared of the trees
that obstruct their course, would be navigable for
canoes ; the land near them is flat and their bor-
ders are covered with alders and high trees. — On
the south side of this k. below the bank and at the
extremity of the portage stands the cross erected
by the late catholic bishop of Quebec, Joseph
Octave Plessis. At this place, the author, and
Mr. Johnson, in 1817, ended their exploring
survey, pursuant to instructions of the commis-
sioners appointed for settling the boundaries be-
tween the British provinces and the United States,
under the 5th article of the treaty of Ghent.

Ware, an unsurveyed township in the co. of
Bellechasse, is bounded n. e. and s. e. by waste
lands ; w. and n. w. by Watford, Cranbourne and
Standon. This tovniship is supposed to be in
general very superior to the adjacent townships,
both as to SOU and climate ; a small part adjoining

z z

WEN

WES

Standon is indifiFerent, but the s. and w. parts
have a very protnising appearance, and are well
watered by the river St. John, whose various
iiead-streams traverse almost every part of it, the
Waters falling iuto the Chaudiere, and those com-
municating with Lake Etchemin. This township
is in general a level, flat country, and in this re-
spect entirely differing from those adjacent.

Warwick, township, in the co. of Drummond,
is bounded n. e. by Arthabaska ; s. w. by King-
sey; s. E. by Ting wick. — A poor and rather
sterile tract, and, excepting the first three ranges,
is almost useless, being rough, broken and swampy,
— defying all the art and labour of industry. — It
is thickly covered with spruce and hemlock. — In
the spring it is deeply overflown by several
branches of the k. Nieolet. The s. e. half has
been subdivided and granted to various persons. —
Ungranted and unlocated, 8,751 acres.

Washbk, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, is bounded n. e. by Wakefield, and s. b.
by Eardley.

Watford, township, in the co. of Beauce, lies
in the rear of Aubert de L'Isle, and s. e. of Cran-
boume. It is watered by branches of the b. La
Famine.

Weedon, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
is bounded n. e. by Garthby ; s. w. by Dudswell;
and lies between Ham and Lingwick. — Ungranted
and unlocated, 32,700 acres.

Wbmbhook, river, in the s. w. angle of the co.
of Bonaventure. One of the sources of the r.
Ristigouche.

Wendover, tovraship, in the co. of Drum*
mond, is bounded n. e. by the main branch of the
B. Nieolet; s. w. by the r. St. Francis; s. e. by
Simpson; n. w. by Courval, and the augment,
to Nieolet. The quality of this tract cannot be
highly praised : the land near the r. St. Francis
is the best and will admit of cultivation ; but a
short distance thence it sinks into low deep
swamps, where the soil is chiefly yellow sand and
gravel; these extend nearly as far back as the
rear boundary, and are overflowed in the spring.
On the driest situations the timber is maple, birch,
beech and pine ; in the swamps, hemlock, &c. —
Watered by two branches of the Nieolet and some
other streams and traversed by two roads, one
along the St. Francis, and another towards the
Nieolet, called Bureau's road and leading to
Shipton. — Ungranted and unlocated, 11,657 acres.

Statistics.
Population . 45

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.
. 450
. 380

Bushels.
Potatoes 1,140
Peas . 101

Bushels.
Rye . 15

Indian corn 190

Live Stock.

191 Cows
19 1 Sheep

36
90

Swine

Wentwobth, township, in the co. of Two
Mountains, is bounded N. B. by Chatham Gore;
s. w. and in the rear by waste lands ; in front by
Chatham. The greater part is mountainous and
rocky, very inapplicable to arable purposes; but
on the first three ranges, the land is found to be
of a tolerably good quality, but no part of it is
settled upon. Although there are no very strong
inducements to attempt cultivation, this township^
produces most excellent timber for naval purposes,
in great abundance, with the advantage of easy
conveyance by the Riviere du Nord or North
River, by which it is watered and by several other
streams and some small lakes. — Ungranted and un-
located, 32,200 acres.

Westbury, t. in the co. of Sherbrooke, very
small and of a triangular figure, containing no
more than 12,262 acres, exclusive of the propor-
tionate reserves, and lying between Stoke, Eaton,
Dudswell and Bury. It was granted in 1804, to
the late Hon. Henry Caldwell, receiver-general
of Lower Canada, and is now possessed by his
son, Sir John Caldwell. — The w. side is favour-
able to the encouragement of agriculture in most
of its branches; but the e. side is much inferior,
being rough, uneven and swampy. The timber,
partaking of the quality of the land, consists, on
the first part, of very good beech, maple, pine and
birch ; inferior kinds only are produced on the
latter. The River St. Francis is navigable here for
canoes and small boats, and by it the logs felled
in the adjacent woodlands are floated singly down
to the Eaton falls : numerous streams of incon-
siderable note fall into that river. A few settlers
on the river side have got their farms into a very
respectable state. — The population does not ex-
ceed 00, but its good situation is likely to increase
the number.

W I c

W I N

Statistics.
Population . 56 | Corn-mffls . 1 ] Saw-mills

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 997
Oats . 760
Bai-ley . 19

Bushels.
Potatoes . 763
Peas . 200

Bushels.
Rye . SO

Indian corn 260

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

38 1 Cows
41 1 Sheep

55 I Swine
120

West River, runs through part of the t. of
Chatham, and leaving it between lots 6 and 11 of
the 7th range, enters the S. of Argenteuil and
empties itself into North River, about 3 arpents
above Chute Mills. About 4 miles from its con-
fluence it is divided into 4 branches, vfhere the
navigation is impeded by rapids and small cata-
racts; it takes its rise in lakes in the tov?nships in
the rear of Chatham ; its average breadth is 120
ft. The fishing in this r. is not much attended to,
although some trout, bass, carp, &c. are caught.

Wexford, a projected towrnship in the co. of
Lachenaye, is bounded n. e. by Chertsey ; s. e. by
Kilkenny; in the rear by waste lands.

Whatham, a projected township in the co. of
Ottawa, is bounded b. by Mansfield ; w. by Chi-
chester ; in the rear by waste lands ; in front by
Lake Coulange, an expansion of the Ottawa. The
river Coulange waters the s. e. angle and near its
mouth is Fort Coulange.

Whitton, a projected township in the co. of
Sherbrooke, lies between Adstock, Stratford and
Gayhurst.

WlATSHUAN (R.), V. OtJIATCHOUAN.

WiCKHAM, in the co. of Drummond, lies be-
tween Grantham and Durham, and is bounded in
the rear by Acton ; in front by the R. St. Francis.
The land is generally level, but the interior and
rear are so swampy and thickly covered with
cedar, spruce fir, and heijilock, as to be little ca-
pable of being converted to any agricultural pur-
pose. Near the river, and also towards the town-
ships of Grantham and Dunham, the land is more
elevated, considerably better in quality, and might
soon be made fit for the production of most sorts
of grain and useful for other farming purposes.
The timber generally consists of oak, pine, maple,
and beech, each of good dimensions, and along the

St. Francis there are much pine and spruce with
some elm and oak, — In the interior there are but
a few very small rivulets ; but it has the advan-
tage of being traversed in front by a very beauti-
ful and serpentine course of the St. Francis that
afibrds complete irrigation to the best lands. —
23,786 acres have been granted to Mr. William
Lindsay and others. On the bank of the St.
Francis the soil produces good crops of Indian
corn, and the rear ranges, though generally low,
are fit for the growth of wheat, hemp, and par-
ticularly flax. — The high road leads through this
T. and the mail passes once a week from Quebec
to Boston. — The principal proprietors are the heirs
of the late William Lindsay, collector of St. John's,
and Col. Heriot; the former have a large farm

and house at Long Point This t. lies in the

P. of Drummondville. — Ungranted and unlocated,
7326 acres.

Statistics.
Population 256 j Com-mills . 1 [ Saw-mills . 1

Annual Agricultural Produce,

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 1981
. 1700

Bushels.
Barley . 180
Potatoes 5500

Bushels.
Peas . 380
Indian corn 1080

Live Stock.

Horses
Oxen

. 102
. 135

Cows . 235
Sheep . 295

Swine . 205

WiLi/iAM Henry, v. Sorei,, S.

William's- Town, v. Bbauharnois, S.

WiNDiGOj river, runs into the r. St. Maurice
from the n. e., about 4 miles above the Grand
Detour.

Windsor, township, in the co. of Sherbrooke,
lies between Shipton and Stoke, and is bounded
N. E. by Wotton ; s. w. by the r. St. Francis.
This is a fine tract of land, the soil excellent and
so happily varied that almost every kind of agri-
cultural produce may be grown, particularly hemp
and flax. The surface is undulated by moderate
elevations that are well clothed with maple, beech,
birch, and fir-trees of good size ; on the flat lands
ash and cedar prevail. A few swamps occur here
and there, but they are of so trifling a depth as to
be drained with very little trouble, and might be
converted into excellent meadows. — Watered by
two large streams and several small ones running
into the St. Francis. — Notwithstanding the su-

zz2

WIS

W R I

perior excellence of the land, this township is
badly settled ; but the whole has been granted to
the oflScers and privates of the Canadian militia,
who served in 1775 and 6; it was intended as
some compensation for their past services, but
scarcely any of them were inclined to make the
most advantage of the reward by turning their
swords into ploughshares and themselves into in-
dustrious cultivators ; instead of which they pre-
ferred disposing of their lots for whatever present
profit they could turn them to : indeed, the lands
granted in this manner have been almost gene-
rally neglected.

Population

Statistics.
. 151 I Corn-mills

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
AVheat . 3250
Oats . 4500

Bushels.
Barley . 100
Potatoes . 2100

Bushels.
Peas . . 310
Indian com 600

Live Stoclc.

Horses
Oxen

90 1 Cows .
99 Sheep .

150 I Swine
200

130

WiNSLow, a projected township in the cos. of
Megantic and Sherbrooke, lies between Gayhurst,
Stratford, Coleraine, and Oulney,

WipuscooL, river, runs into the bay of Ha-
Ha in the r. Saguenay.

WiQui or OuiQui Lake, is the original source
of the R. Chicoutimi, and lies at the w. end of
Lake Kiguagomi, with which it communicates by
a channel from 12 to 15 feet wide and 68 yards
long. It is of a circular form and about 260
yards in diameter ; by another explorer it is stated
to be about half a mile in length and a quarter in
breadth. In the distance are seen the lofty hills
of Kiguagomi.

WiscouAMATCHB Lakb empties itself into l.
St John by the river Kaoissa. It is about 3
mUes long and varies very much in width on ac-
count of the bays on each side, which are more or
less deep. In the first of these bays on the south
side is a small island. The lake varies in depth
according to its width. The mountains n. e.
begin rising to a certain height and have their
summits nearly of a round figure. On the n.w.
and w. the land also rises more gradually and
without rocks.

WissuscouE, river, runs from the s. w. into
the bay of Ha-Ha in the R. Saguenay. It is
about the size of the b. Vasigamenk6. For 4 or
5 miles up this R. the banks are rather high, but
afterwards the land becomes generally level and
consists in great part of a bed of vegetable mould
lying on clay. The timber is for the most part
liane, white birch, cedar, spruce, sapin and alder.
There is a fine mill-seat on this river about two
mUes from its mouth.

WoBURN, a projected township, in the extreme
point of the co. of Beauce, between Lake Me-
gantic and the province line, lies between Ditch-
field and Clinton.

Wolf Creek, in the co. of RouviUe, rises in
low marshy lands near the province line and runs
in a northwardly direction through the S. of Fou-
cault, discharging its waters into South River in
the S. of Noyan. It has no rapids and is not deep
enough for navigation. It is a small stream and
works a corn and a saw-mill.

WoLFSTOWN, township, in the co. of Me-
gantic, is bounded n. w. by Chester and Halifax;
N. B. by Ireland ; s, w. by Ham. The n. w. half
of this T. is moderately good, a part of which
lying towards the north has been granted and
might be made to repay the trouble of cultiva-
tion. — The timber is pine, beech, basswood, cedar
and hemlock. The s. b. half is a chain of rocky
heights of which no part is arable or indeed con-
vertible to any use. — Ungranted and unlocated,
22,300 acres.

Statistics.

Population . . .5

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat
Oats

Bushels.
. 25 Potatoes
. 10 Indian corn

Live Stock.

Bushels.
. 101
. 28

Horses
Oxen

. 1 Cows
. 2 Swine

4
. 10

WooDBRiDGE, a projected township in the co.
of Kamouraska, lies at the rear of the S. of Ka-
mouraska and between Bungay and Ixworth.

WoTTON, a projected township in the co. of
Drummond, lies between Ham and Windsor. It
is watered by the head stream of the r. Nicolet.

Wright Village, v, Hull, t.

YAM

Yamachiche (P.) V. Gbosbois.

Yamaska, county-j in the district of Three
-RiverSj is bounded b. by the co. of Nicolet ; w.
by the co. of Richelieu ; n. by the St. Lawrence ;
s. by the rear lines of the seigniories of Courval,
Pierreville and Deguire or Riviere David. It
comprehends the seigniories of La Baie du Febvre,
Courval, Lussaudiere, Pierreville, St. Francois and
its augmentation Lavalliere or St. Michel d'Ya-
maska, and Deguire. — Its extreme length is 21
miles and its breadth 15, containing 283 sq. miles;
its centre is in lat. 46o 0' N., Ion. 72° 41' 20" n. It
sends two members to the provincial parliament,
and the place of election is at the village of St.
Frangois. The principal rivers are the Yamaska,
the St. Frangois, the Riviere David, and a branch
of the Nicolet. The face of the country is gene-
rally level and the land of an excellent quality,
and in many parts of the interior producing good
timber. All the front of this co., on the lake St.
Peter, presents large and valuable meadows ; it is
traversed by numerous roads, on which are to be
seen rich and flourishing settlements. The chief
routes are, the main front road, that leading from
St. Antoine into the townships, and the commu-
nication from Sorel to DrummondviUe that tra-
verses the western extremity of this co. It con-
tains the Indian village of St. Frangois and that
of St. Antoine.

Statistics.

Population 8,797
Churches, R. C. 3
Cures . 3
Presbyteries . 3

Villages . 2
Schools . 3
Corn-mills . 3
Saw-mills . 4

Shopkeepers 2
Taverns . 3
Artisans . 54

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Bushels.
Wheat . 56,300
Oats . 39,000
Barley . 3,.340
Potatoes 40,900

Bushels.
Peas . 17,400
Rye . 1,015
Ind. com 638
Mixed gr. 6,130

Cwts.
Maple sugar 743
Hay, tons 29,000

Live Stock,

Horses • 2,941
Oxen . 4,960

Cows . 4,720
Sheep . 12,418

Swine . 6,501

Yamaska or Riviere des Savannes, waters the
counties of SheflFord, Drummond, St. Hyacinthe,
Richelieu and Yamaska. Its s. w. branch rises

from several sources in Granby, Brome, Sutton
and Durham, which unite in Famham. It then
takes a n. course, dividing the S. of St. Hya-
cinthe into two nearly equal parts : it tlien se-
parates the aug. to St. Ours from Bourchemin,
and having received the waters of the h. Chi-
bouet it turns suddenly to the n. w., traversing
the s. w. section of the S. of St. Charles ; being
then increased by a river from the n. e. that
descends through the aug. to St. Ours, it again,
takes a sudden turn and with a slight inclination
to the N. divides Bourgmarie West and Bonse-
cours from St. Charles and Bourgmarie East;
after which it penetrates the s. angle of the S. of
Yamaska, and turning a little more towards the
N. traverses that seigniory diagonally to its n.
angle, where it falls into the St. Lawrence on
the N. B. side of Baie St. Frangois. The north-
east branch is formed by the union of several
streams that rise in Ely, Acton and Roxton from
Upton ; where this confluence is effected the n. e.
branch runs through the w. angle of Milton and
then enters the S. of St. Hyacinthe, where it joins
the south-west branch. The country which the
Yamaska waters forms nearly an isosceles triangle,
having for its base a line of 30 miles and each of
its equal sides about 50. It covers, therefore,
nearly 700 square miles. The Yamaska winds
above 90 miles through a rich and fertUe country.
The banks of the river are generally elevated,
rising in most places by gentle but broken swells
to the elevation of from 15 to 25 feet. Its na-
vigation is interrupted by occasional rapids, the
chief of which are the Rapide Plat and the cas-
cades. From its mouth it may be navigated by
large bateaux about 16 miles, but not more than
9 in summer. Above the rapids that obstruct the
navigation at this distance this river offers several
excellent mill-sites that have been availed of by
the proprietors of all the seigniories through
which it passes. Its average width is about 400
feet.

Yamaska, seigniory, in the co. of Yamaska, is
bounded n. e. by St. Francois ; s. w. by Sorel and
Bonsecours ; in the rear by Bourgmarie Ea.st ; in
front by Lake St. Peter. This property is de-
scribed in the title to be only about half a league
in front, but in reality it is l-i league by 3 leagues
in depth. Granted, Sept. 24, 1683, to M. de
Lavaliere and is now the property of J. M. de
Tonnancour, Esq. — Cultivation of a favourable de-

Y A M A S K A.

scription extends over nearly one half of the sei-
gniory ; the different concessions, large and small,
amount to upjvards of 160, lying on each side of
the River Yamaska, by the Petit Chenail, and in
the Cdtes St. Louis and Ste. Catherine. The
Bay of La VaUiere or Yamaska, extends across
the upper part of it into Sorel, and that of St.
rran9ois makes rather a deep incision on its eastern
side ; immediately surrounding these bays the land
is low and marshy, but a short distance from them
are many large tracts of most excellent meadow ;
farther to the rear the soil is rich and very pro-
ductive, consisting of good yellow loam and a fine
clay intermixed with light earth, affording much
good arable land and some spots well adapted to
the cultivation of flax and hemp. The front is
moderately well furnished with timber of a mid-
dling and inferior quality, as white fir, spruce fir,
hemlock, &c. ; but on the drier grounds in the
rear some of a superior description is produced, as
plane, beech, hickory and oak. The land is to-
lerably well watered by several small streams, in
addition to the little river David that has its
source in the adjoining savannas or large swamps.
The convenience of good roads is afforded in every
direction. The main road from the eastward lead-
ing to the town of William Henry crosses the R.
Yamaska at a ferry just above la Petite Isle Ton-
nancour; the price of passage is 3d. each person,
6i. for a horse and 12d. for a carriage, A corn-
miU and a windmill are near the ferry. — In front
of the seigniory are the isles du Moine, aux Rai-
sins, &c. In the mow|^ of the river is the large
island St. Jean, entirely covered with wood, some
of it of good quality. At the head of this island
are the extensive steam mills of W. Buchanan,
Esq., the power of which is applied to the ma-
nufacture of flour, barley and oatmeal, and to the
sawing of timber. Mr. Buchanan resides on the
island, and occupies a neat lodge very agreeably
situated at the forks formed by the Yamaska and
the branch falling into Bay de la Valiere. The
bays yield a great variety of fine fish, and along
their shores game of several sorts is found in
abundance — As the limits of the Parish of St.
Michel d' Yamaska are not defined, it is difficult

to state the precise quantity of unconceded lands,
which is, however, supposed to amount to more
than 350 farms, each containing 3 arpents by 30.
Onehalf of the unconceded lands are of no value;
one quarter is of tolerable quality but difficult to
clear and the other quarter of good quality but dif-
ficult to drain: these lands have been surveyed but
have no road across them. — By a contract of con-
cession passed Jan. 23, 1719^ before Verron, a no-
tary at Three Rivers, it appears that an extent of
land, 3 arpents by 20, paid at that time a crown, 2
capons and 1 sol marqui. The causes that chiefly
impede the progress of agriculture in this p. are
the want of water-courses, which it is requiste to
make before the roads can be rendered passable ;
and the district line, which is the greatest impe-
diment to the formation of roads, because it ren-
ders two proces verhaux necessary before a road
can be formed. There is in this p. a c6te of 40
inhabitants who for 20 years (ending in 1821)
laboured in vain to obtain an exit road, chemin de
sortie. There are many young persons in this p.
who would form new settlements if they could
procure lands not far from their relatives.

Population 2,922
Churches, R.C. 1
Cures ... 1

Statistics.

Presbyteries .
Villages
Corn-mills .

1 1 Saw-mills
1 1 Artisans
2

2
17

Annual Agricultural Produce.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Horses
Oxen

Bushels.

19,000

12,000

900

Potatoes
Peas

Bushels.
13,000
4,900

Bushels.
Rye . 300

Indian com 350

Live Stock.

896 I Cows
690 I Sheep

1,560 I Swine
4,900 1

2,500

Title.—" Concession du 24me Septembre, 1683, faite
a Mr. deLavaliere des terres non-concedees qui sont entre
la Demoiselle de Saurel et le Sieur Crcvier, vis-i-vis le lac
St. Pierre, du c6t6 du Sud, contenant une demi lieue de
front ou environ, ensemble les isles et islets et battures
au devant, jusqu'au Chenail des barques, comme aussi
trois heues de profondeur, a commencer des I'entrfe de la
nviere des Savannes (yamasAa.)"—R4gislre des Foi et

Hommage, No. iS, folio 197, 3me Fivricr, 1781 Ca-

hiers d'Inimdance, 2 a 9, folio 143.

THE END.

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Full text of "A topographical dictionary of the province of Lower Canada"

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