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HISTOET

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ST. CROIX VALLEY,

IXCLiniXC THE

EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS of MINNESOTA,

By KEV. EDW.v'-'" ^- ^'KT'l'..

OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA

By J. FLETCHER WILLIAMS.

MINNEAPOLIS :

NOKTH STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY,

( ^ O N T E N ^r H .

PAGE

Preface, iii

Map, opp. 1

CHAPTERS I— XXIII.

Explorers and Pioneers of Minnesota — Rev.

Edward Duffield Neill, 1-138

CHAPTERS XXIV— XXIX.

Outlines of the History of Minnesota, 18.5H

to 1881— J. Fletcher Williams, - 129-160

CHAPTER XXX.
Fort Snelling, 161-169

CHAPTER XXXI.

Chronology, 170-176

CHAPTERS XXXII— XXXVII.

History of the St. &-oi-x Valley, 177-219

CHAPTERS XXXVIII— XLI.

St. Croix County, : 219- 2r,0

CHAPTERS XLII— XLIV.

Pierce County, '250-27ii

CHAPTERS XLV— XLVII.

Polk County, 274-2II9

CHAPTERS XLVIII— XLIX.

Chisago County, 300-315

CHAPTERS L-^LI.

Washington County, 316-338

CHAPTER LII.

War Record, 338-353

CHAPTER LIII.

Denmark, 353-364

CHAPTER LIV.

Cottage Grove, 364-380

CHAPTER LV.

Newport,

CHAPTER LVI.

Woodbury,

CHAPTER LVII

Afton,

CHAPTER LVIII

Lakeland,

CHAPTER LIX

Baytown,

CHAPTER LX.

Oakdale,

CHAPTER LXI

Grant,

Oneka,

CHAPTER LXII.

CHAPTER LXIII.

Forest Lake,

CHAPTER LXIV.

Marine,

CHAPTER LXV.
Stillwater, Town of,

CHAPTERS LXVI— LXXII.
Stillwater, City of,

CHAPTERS LXXIII— LXXV.
Stillwater, City, Biographies,
Directory,
Index,

PAGE

380-385

386-399
399-412

412-424
424-442
442-450
450-459
459-465
465-470
470-48H

489-495

496-556

556-608

609-622

623

PREFACE.

We live not alone in the present but also in the past and future. The
radjus that circumscribes our lives must necessarily extend back indefinitely
and forward infinitely. We can never look out thoughtfully at our immediate
surroundings but a course of reasoning will start up leading us to inquire the
causes that produced the development around us, and at the same time we
are led to conjecture the results to follow causes now in operation. We
are thus linked indissolubly with the past and the future.

If, then, the past is not simply a stepping-stone to the future, but a part
of our very selves, we can not afford to ignore, or separate it from ourselves
as a member might be lopped off from our bodies ; for though the body thus
maimed, might perform many and perhaps most of its functions, still it could
never again be called complete.

We therefore present this volume to our patrons, not as something ex-
trinsic, to which we would attract their notice and secure their favor, but as a
part of themselves, and an important part, which it is the province of the
historian to re-invigorate and restore to its rightful owner. Moreover, we
can not but hope that we shall thus confer much pleasure. The recounting
of events which have transpired in our own neighborhood is the most inter-
esting of all history. There is a fascination in the study of the intermingled
facts and fiction of the past which is heightened by a familiarity with the
localities described. The writer remembers the glow of enthusiasm with
which he once stood at the entrance of the old fort at Ticonderoga, and re-
peated the words-of Ethan Allen : "In the nariie of the great Jehovah and
the Continental Congress," etc. The river which flows through our native
village acquires a new interest when, in imagination, we see the Indian canoe
on its surface and the skin-covered tepee on its banks, as in days of yore.
Log cabins, straw roofs, and the rude " betterments " of the hardy pioneer,
are the next changes on the scene, followed soon by mushroom towns, some
of which perish as quickly as they sprung up, while others astonish us by
their rapid growth ; cities are built, and moss and ivy, the evidences of age,
accumulate. The log cabin and all the steps of first settlement are things of
the past; the place which knew them shall know them no moie forever.

Our purpose is to present these pictures in their natural succession,
arousing the enthusiasm of the reader, if possible, and giving him a more vig-
orous enjoyment of the present by linking it with the past. The compass of
the work is wide, extending over a long period of time, embracing the accounts
of early explorers, also reaching back among the legends of the past, and
approaching the events of the day, almost undesignedly casting a prophetic
glance forward at what must be in the future after such a beginning.

IV PBEFAGE.

Washington county and the St. Croix valley present an exceptionally rich
field for a work of this character. To the Indian it was the valley of bones ;
to 'the_white man it was a place of danger. Explorer, missionary, voyageur
and trader have here left traces of their occupation, although the character
of the hostile tribes prevented the St. Croix from becoming the principal
highway of travel.

Incidents connected with the early settlement derive interest from the
Indian treaties of 1837, which pertained specially to the pineries of this valley.
While reviewing these* events and enterprises inaugurated for the develop-
ment of the country, we come to regret that we can not claim the prestige
belonging to the aristocracy of early settlers.

It is but just to ourselves to state that the plan as conceived contem-
plated only a history of Washington county, and it was only after some time
spent in collecting the material for such a history, that the facts were discov-
ered to be so inextricably involved with those of the valley at large, as to
require the story of the settlement of the whole to be embodied in this work.
The plan of the work was enlarged accordingly, and we trust this improve-
ment in the original design will be appreciated by our patrons.

To give in detail all the various sources from which the facts here given
have been obtained, would be tedious if not impracticable. It may be suffi-
cient to say that it fairly presents the history of our remarkable development
and a faithful picture of our present condition. We must, however, express
our obligations to a host of living witnesses, from whom a large portion of the
facts have been obtained and doubtful points verified ; they have our hearty
thanks. Material has been drawn largely from the columns of newspapers,
which have given from time to time, a record of passing events. The contri-
bution of Rev. Edward D. Neill will be of great permanent value in imperish-
able print, and will be greatly prized by historiographers everywhere. We
have also drawn upon the accumulation of facts in the possession of the
Minnesota Historical Society, for a paper by its secretary, Mr. J. Fletcher
Williams. The value of a reservoir of historical data at the capital of the
State, for such purposes, was fully appreciated, and the maintenance of such
a centre of information can not be too strongly advocated.

In conclusion, we have an obligation to express to our patrons, and are
pleased to acknowledge a liberal patronage and more than ordinary courtesy
toward our employes ; for all of which we tender our hearty thanks. Hoping
that those who have subscribed for and are about to receive this volume, will
favor it with a kind reception, and take as much interest in reading as we
have in compihng the history of Washington county and the St. Croix valley,
we are. Very respectfully, yours,

GEORGE E. WARNER,
CHAS. M. FOOTE.

EXPLORERS

AND

PIOISTEERS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTEE I.

FOOTPRINTS OF CIVILIZATION TOWAED THE EXTREMITY OF LAKE SUPERIOR.

MinneBOtrt*a Central Position.— D'Avagour's Prediction.—Kicolet'a Visit to Green
Bay.— Fil-st White Men in Minnesota.— Notices of Groselliers and Radisson.—
Hurons Flee to Minnesota.— Visited by Frenchmen.- Father Menard Disap-
pears.- Groselliers visits Hudson's Bay.— Father AUouez Describes the Sioux
Mission at La Pointe.— Father Marquette.— Sioux at Sault St. Marie, — Jesuit
Missions Pail.— Groselliers Visits England.— Captain Gillam, of Boston, at Hud-
son's Bay. — Letter of Mother Superior of Ursulines., at Quebec,— Death of
Groselliers.

The Dakotahs, called by the Ojibways, Nado-
waysioux, or Sioux (Soos), as abbreviatsd by the
French, used to claim superiority over other peo-
ple, because, their sacred men asserted that the
mouth of the Minnesota River was immediately
over the centre of the earth, and below the centre
of the heavens.

While this teaching is very different from that
of the modern astronomer, it is certainly true,
that the region west of Lake Superior, extending
through the valley of the Minnesota, to the Mis-
souri Kiver, is one of the most healthful and fer-
tile regions beneath the skies, and may prove to
be the centre of the republic of the United States
of America. Baron D'Avagour, a brave officer,
who was killed in fighting the Turks, while he
was Governor of Canada, in a dispatch to the
Trench Government, dated August 14th, 1663,
after referring to Lake Huron, wrote, that beyond
" is met another, called Lake Superior, the waters
of which, it is believed, flow into Kew Spain, and
this, according to general opinion, ought to he the
centre of tlie counti-y."

As early as 1635, one of Champlain's interpre-
ters, Jean Nicolet (Mcolay), who came to Cana-
da in 1618, reached the western shores of Lake
Michigan. In the summer of 1634 he ascended

Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1S81, by Geo, E. WAatrun and

the St. Lawrence, with a party of Hurons, and
probably during the next winter was trading at
Green Bay, in Wisconsin. On the ninth of De-
cember, 1635, he had returned to Canada, and on
the 7th of October, 1637, was married at Quebec?
and the next month, went to Three Rivers, where
he lived until 1642, when he died. Of him it is
said, in a letter written in 1640, that he had pen-
etrated farthest into those distant countries, and
that if he had proceeded " three days more on a
great river which flows from that lake [Green
Bay] he would have found the sea."

The first white men in Minnesota, of whom we
have any record, were, according to Garneau, two
persons of Huguenot affinities, Medard Chouart,
known as Sieur Groselliers, and Pierre d'Esprit,
called Sieur Radisson.

Groselliers (pronounced Gro-zay-yay) was born
near Perte-sous-Jouarre, eleven mUes east of
Meaux, in France, and when about sixteen years
of age, in the year 1641, came to Canada. The fur
trade was the great avenue to prosperity, and in
1646, he was among the Huron Indians, who then
dwelt upon the eastern shore of Lake Huron,
bartering for peltries. On the second of Septem-
ber, 1647, at Quebec, he was married to Helen,
the widow of Claude Etienne, who was the daugh-
ter of a pilot, Abraham Martin, whose baptismal
name is still attached to the suburbs of that city,
the "Plains of Abraham," made famous by the
death there, of General Wolfe, of the English
army, in 1759, and of General Montgomery, of
the Continental army, in December, 1775, at the

C. M. Foots, in the ofSco of tlie Librariiui of Congress, at Washington, D. 0.

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

commencement of the " "War for Independence."
His son, Medard, was bom in 1657, and the next
year his mother died. The second wife of Gro-
selliers was Marguerite Hayet{I-Iayay) Eadisson,
the sister of his associate, in' the exploration of
the region west of Lake Superior.

Radisson was born at St. Malo, and, while a
boy, went to Paris, and from thence to Canada,
and in 1656, at Three Rivers, married Elizabeth,
the daughter of Madeleine Hainault, and, after
her death, the daughter of Sir David Kirk or
Kerkt, a zealous Huguenot, became his wlCe.

The Iroquois of New York, about the year 1650,
drove the Hurons from their villages, and forced
them to take refuge with their friends the Tinon-
tates, called by the French, Petuns, because they
cultivated tobacco. In time the Hurons and
their allies, the Ottawas (Ottaw-waws), were
again driven by the Iroquois, and after successive
wanderings, were found on the west side of Lake
Michigan. In time they reached the Mississippi,
and ascending above the Wisconsin, they found
the Iowa River, on the west side, which they fol-
lowed, and dwelt for a time with the Ayoes
(loways) who were very friendly ; but being ac-
customed to a country of lakes and forests, they
were not satisfied with the vast prairies. Return-
ing to the Mississippi, they ascended this river,
in search of a better land, and were met by some
of the Sioux or Dakotahs, and conducted to their
vUlages, where they were well received. The
Sioux, delighted with the axes, knives and awls
of European manufacture, which had been pre-
sented to them, allowed the refugees to settle
upon an island in the Mississippi, below the
mouth of the St. Croix River, called Bald Island
from the absence of trees, about nine miles from
the site of the present city of Hastings. Possessed
of firearms, the Hurons and Ottawas asserted
their superiority, and determined to conquer the
country for themselves, and having incurred the
hostility of the Sioux, were obliged to flee from
the isle in the Mississippi. Descending below
Lake Pepin, they reached the Black River, and
ascending it, found an unoccupied country around
its sources and that of the Chippeway. In this
region the Hurons established themselves, while
their allies, the Ottawas, moved eastward, till
they found the shores of Lake Superior, and set-
tled at Chagonamikon (Sha-gah-wah-mik-ong)

near what is now Bayfield. In the year 1659,
Groselliers and Radisson arrived at Chagouamik-
on, and determined to visit the Hurons and Pe-
tuns, with whom the former had traded when
they resided east of Lake Huron. After a six
days' journey, in a southwesterly, direction, they
reached their retreat toward the sources of the
Black, Chippewa, and Wisconsin Rivers. From
this point they journeyed north, and passed the
winter of 1659-60 among the " Nadouechiouec,"
or Sioux villages in the Mille Lacs (Mil Lak) re-
gion. From the Hurons they learned of a beau-
tiful river, wide, large, deep, and comparable with
the Saint Lawrence, the great Mississippi, which
flows through the city of Minneapolis, and whose
sources are in northern Minnesota.

Northeast of Mille Lacs, toward the extremity
of Lake Superior, they met the " Poualak," or
Assiniboines of the prairie, a separated band of
the Sioux, who, as wood was scarce and small,
made fire with coal (charbon de terre) and dwelt
in tents of skins ; although some of the more in-
dustrious built cabins of clay (terre grasse), Uke
the swallows build their nests.

The spring and summer of 1660, GroseUiers and
Radisson passed in trading around Lake Superior.
On the 19th of August they returned to Mon-
treal, with three hundred Indians and sixty ca-
noes loaded with " a wealth of skins."

" Furs of bison and of beaver.
Furs of sable and of ermine."

The citizens were deeply stirred by the travelers'
tales of the vastness and richness of the region
they had visited, and their many romantic adven-
tures. In a few days, they began their return to
the far West, accompanied by six Frenchmen and
two priests, one of whom was the Jesuit, Rene Me-
nard. His hair whitened by age, and his mind
ripened by long experience, he seemed the man
for the mission. Two hours after midnight, of the
day before departure, the venerable missionary
penned at " Three Rivers," the following letter
to a friend :

'Reverend Fathee :
" The peace of Christ be with you : I write to
you probably the last, which I hope will be the
seal of our friendship until eternity. Love whom
the Lord Jesus did not disdain to love, though
the greatest of sinners; for he loves whom he

FATHEB MENABD LOST IN WISCONSIN.

loads with his cross. Let your friendship, my
good Father, be useful to me by the desirable
fruits of your daily sacrifice.

" In three or four months you may remember
me at the memento for the dead, on account of
my old age, my weak constitution and the hard-
ships I lay under amongst these tribes. Never-
theless, I am in peace, for I have not been led to
this mission by any temporal motive, but I think
it was by the voice of God. I was to resist the
grace of God by not coming. Eternal remorse
would have tormented me, had I not come when
I had the opportunity.

" "We have been a little surprized, not being
able to provide ourselves with vestments and oth-
er things, but he who feeds the Uttle birds, and
clothes the liUes of the fields, will take care of
his servants ; and though it should happen we
should die of want, we would esteem ourselves
happy. I am burdened with business. What I
can do is to recommend our journey to your daily
sacrifice, and to embrace you with the same sen-
timents of heart as I hope to do in eternity.
" My Reverend Father,

Tour most humble and affectionate
servant in Jesus Christ.

E. MENAED.
"From the Three Elvers, this 26th August, 2

o'clock after midnight, 1660."

On the liSth of October, the party with which
he journeyed reached a bay on Lake Superior,
where he found some of the Ottawas, who had
fled from the Iroquois of New York. For more
than eight months, surrounded by a few French
voyageurs, he lived, to use his words, " in a kind
of small hermitage, a cabin built of fir branches
piled one on another, not so much to shield us
from the rigor of the season as to correct my im-
agination, and persuade me I was sheltered."

During the summer of 1661, he resolved to visit
the Hurons, who had fled eastward from the Sioux
of Minnesota, and encamped amid the marshes of
Northern Wisconsin. Some Frenchmen, who had
been among the Hurons, in vain attempted to dis-
suade him from the journey. To their entreaties
he replied, " I must go, if it cost me my Ufe. I
can not suffer souls to perish on the ground of
saving the bodily hfe of a miserable old man Uke
myself. What! Are we to serve God only When
there is nothing to suffer, and no risk of Ufe?"

Upon De I'lsle^s map of Louisiana, pubUshed
nearly two centuries ago, there appears the Lake
of the Ottawas, and the Lake of the Old or De-
serted Settlement, west of Green Bay, and south
of Lake Superior. The Lake of the Old Planta-
tion is supposed to have been the spot occupied
by the Hurons at the time when Menard attempt-
ed to visit them. One way of actess to this seclu-
ded spot was from Lake Superior to the head-
waters of the Ontanagon River, and then by a port-
age, to the lake. It could also be reached from
the headwaters of the Wisconsin, Black and Chip-
pewa Rivers, and some have said that Menard
descended the Wisconsin and ascended the Black
River.

Perrot, who lived at the same time, writes:
"Father Menard, who was sent as missionary
among the Outaouas [Utaw-waws] accompanied
by certain Frenchmen who were going to trade
with that people, was left by all who were with
him, except one, who rendered to him imtil death,
all of the services and help that he could have
hoped. The Father followed the Outaouas fUtaw-
waws]to the Lake of the Illinoets [Illino-ay, now
Michigan] and in their flight to the Louisianne,
[Mississippi] to above the Black River. There
this missionary had but one Frenchman for a
companion. This Frenchman carefully followed
the route, and made a portage at the same place
as the Outaouas. He found himself in a rapid,
one day, that was carrying him away in his canoe.
The Father, to assist, debarked from his own, but
did not find a good path to come to him. He en-
tered one that had been made by beasts, and de-
siring to return, became confused in a labyrinth
of trees, and was lost. The Frenchman, after
having ascended the rapids with great labor,
awaited the good Father, and, as he did not come,
resolved to search for him. With all his might,
for several days, he called his name in the woods,
hoping to find him, but it was useless. He met,
however, a Sakis [Sauk] who was carrying the
camp-kettle of the missionary, and who gave him
some intelligence. He assured him that he had
found his foot -prints at some distance, but that
he had not seen the Father. He told him, also,
that he had found the tracks of several, who were
going towards the Scioux. He declared that he
supposed that the Scioux might have killed or
captured him. indeed, several years afterwards^

EXPL0BEB8 AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.

there were foimd among this tribe, his breviary
and cassock, -which they exposed at their festivals,
making offerings to them of food."

In a journal of the Jesuits, Menard, about the
seventh or eighth of August, 1661, is said to have
been lost.

GroselUers (Gro-zay-yay), while Menard was
endeavoring to reach the retreat of the Hurons
which he had made known to the authorities of
Canada, was pushing through the country of the
Assineboines, on the northwest shore of Lake
Superior, and at length, probably by Lake Alem-
pigon, or Nepigon, reached Hudson's Bay, and
early in May, 1662, returned to Montreal, and
surprised its citizens with his tale of new discov-
eries toward the Sea of the North.

The Hurons did not remain long toward the
sources of the Black Eiver, after Menai-d's disap-
pearance, and deserting their plantations, joined
their allies, the Ottawas, at La Pointe, now Bay-
field, on Lake Superior. While here, they deter-
mined to send a war party of one hundred against
the Sioux of Mille Lacs (Mil Lak) region. At
length they met their foes, who drove them into
one of the thousand marshes of the water-shed
between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, where
they hid themselves among the tall grasses. The
Sioux, suspecting that they might attempt to es-
cape in the night, cut up beaver skins into strips,
and hung thereon Uttle bells, which they had ob-
tained from the Prench traders. The Hurons,
emerging from their watery hiding place, stumbled
over the unseen cords, ringing the bells, and the
Sioux instantly attacked, killing all but one.

About the year 1665, four Prenchmen visited
the Sioux of Minnesota, from the west end of
Lake Superior, accompanied by an Ottawa chief,
and in the summer of the same year, a flotilla of
canoes laden with peltries, came down to Mon-
treal. Upon their return, on the eighth of Au-
gust, the Jesuit Father, Allouez, accompanied the
traders, and, by the first of October, reached Che-
goimegon Bay, on or near the site of the modern
town of Bayfield, on Lake Superior, where he
foimd the refugee Hurons and Ottawas. While
on an excursion to Lake Alempigon, now Ne-
pigon, this missionary saw, near the mouth of
Saint Louis Eiver, in Minnesota, some of the
Sioux. He writes : " There is a tribe to the west
of this, toward the ^eat river called Messipi.

They are forty or fifty leagues from here, in a
country of prairies, abounding in all kinds of
game. They have fields, in which they do not
sow Indian com, but only tobacco. Providence
has provided them with a species of marsh rice,
which, toward the end of simmier, they go to col-
lect in certain small lakes, that are covered with
it. They presented me with some when I was at
the extremity of Lake Tracy [Superior], where I
saw them. They do not use the gun, but only
the bow and arrow with great dexterity. Their
cabins are not covered with bark, but with deer-
skins well dried, and stitched together so that the
cold does not enter. These people are above all
other savage and. warlike. In our presence they
seem abashed, and were motionless as statues.
They speak a language entirely imknown to us,
and the savages about here do not imderstand
them."

The mission at La Pointe was not encouraging,
and Allouez, " weary of their obstinate unbelief,"
departed, but Marquette succeeded him for abrief
period.

The "Belations" of the Jesuits for 1670-71,
allude to the Sioux or Dakotahs, and their attack
upon the refugees at La Pointe :

" There are certain people called Nadoussi,
dreaded by their neighbors, and although they
only use the bow and arrow, they use it with so
much skill and dexterity, that in a moment they
fill the air. After the Parthian method, they
turn their heads in flight, and discharge their ar-
rows so rapidly that they are to be feared no less
in their retreat than in their attack.

"They dwell on the shores and around the
great river Messipi, of which we shall speak.
They number no less than fifteen populous towns,
and yet they know not how to cultivate the earth
by seeding it, contenting themselves with a sort
of marsh rye, which we call wild oats.

" Por sixty leagues from the extremity of the
upper lakes, towards sunset, and, as it were, in
the centre of the western nations, they have all
united their force by a general league, which has
been made against them, as against a common
enemy.

" They speak a peculiar language, entirely dis-
tinct from that of the Algonquins and Hurons,
whom they generally surpass in generosity, since
they often content themselves with the glory of

GBOSELLIERS AND BADISSON IN THE ENGLISH SEB VICE.

having obtained the victory, and release the pris-
oners they have taken in battle.

" Our Outouacs of the Point of the Holy Ghost
[La Pointe, now Bayfield] had to the present time
kept up a kind of peace ■with them, but affairs
having become embroiled during last winter, and
some murders having been committed on both
sides, our savages had reason to apprehend that
the storm woidd soon burst uponthem, and judged
that it was safer for them to leave the place, which
in fact they did in the spring."

Marquette, on the 13th of September, 1669,
writes : " The Nadouessi are the Iroquois of this
country. * * * they lie northwest of the Mission
of the Holy Ghost [La Pointe, the modem Bay-
field] and we have not yet visited them, having
confined ourselves to the conversion of the Qtta-
was."

Soon after this, hostilities began between the
Sioux and the Hurons and Ottawas of La Pointe,
and the former compelled their foes to seek an-
other resting place, toward the eastern extremity
of Lake Superior, and at length they pitched
their tents at Mackinaw.

In 1674, some Sioux warriors came down to
Sault Saint Marie, to make a treaty of peace with
adjacent tribes. A friend of the Abbe de Galli-
nee wrote that a council was had at the fort to
which " the Nadouessioux sent twelve deputies,
and the others forty. During the conference,
one of the latter, knife in hand, drew near the
breast of one of the Ifadouessioux, who showed
surprise at the movement ; when the Indian with
the knife reproached him for cowardice. The
Nadouessioux said he was not afraid, when the
other planted the knife in his heart, and killed
him. All the savages then engaged ia conflict,
and the ]!^adouessioux bravely defended them-
selves, but, overwhelmed by numbers, nine of
them were killed. The two who survived rushed
into the chapel, and closed the door. Here they
found munitions of war, and fired guns at their
enemies, who became anxious to bum down the
chapel, but the Jesuits would not permit it, be-
cause they had their skins stored between its roof
and ceiling. In this extremity, a Jesuit, Louis
Le Boeme, advised that a cannon should be point-
ed at the door, which was discharged, and the two
brave Sioux were killed."

Governor Frontenac of Canada, was Indignant

at the occurrence, and in a letter to Colbert, one
of the Ministers of Lotiis the Fourteenth, speaks
in condemnation of this discharge of a cannon by
a Brother attached to the Jesuit Mission.

Prom this period, the missions of the Church of
Kome, near Lake Superior, began to wane. Shea,
a devout historian of that church, writes: " In
1680, Father Enjalran was apparently alone at
Green Bay, and Pierson at Mackinaw ; the latter
mission stiU comprising the two villages, Huron
and Kiskakon. Of the other missions, neither
Le Clerq nor Hennepin, the Recollect, writers of
the "West at this time, makes any mention, or in
any way alludes to their existence, and La Hon-
tan mentions the Jesuit missions only to ridicule
them."

The Pigeon Eiver, a part of the northern boun-
dary of Minnesota, was called on the French maps
GroselUer's River, after the first explorer of Min-
nesota, whose career, with his associate Radisson,
became quite prominent in connection with the
Hudson Bay region.

A disagreement occurring between Groselliers
and his partners in Quebec, he proceeded to Paris,
and from thence to London, where he was intro-
duced to the nephew of Charles I., who led the
cavalry charge against Fairfax and Cromwell at
Naseby, afterwards commander of the English
fleet. The Prince listened with pleasure to the
narrative of travel, and endorsed the plans for
prosecuting the fur trade and seeking a north-
west passage to Asia. The scientific men of Eng-
land were also full of the enterprise, in the hope
that it would increase a knowledge of nature.
The Secretary of the Royal Society wrote to Rob-
ert Boyle, the distinguished philosopher, a too
sanguine letter. His words were : " Surely I need
not teir you from hence what is said here, with
great joy, of the discovery of a northwest passage;
and by two Englishmen and one Frenchman
represented to his Majesty at Oxford, and an-
swered by the grant of a vessel to sail into Hud-
son's Bay and channel into the South Sea."

The ship Nonsuch was fitted out, in charge of
Captain .Zachary Gillam, a son of one of the early
settlers of Boston ; and in this vessel Groselliers
and Eadisson left the Thames, in June, 1668, and
in September reached a tributary of Hudson's
Bay. The next year, by way of Boston, they re-
turned to England, and in 1670, a trading com-

JEXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

pany was chartered, still known among venerable
English corporations as "The Hudson's Bay
Company."

The Eeverend Mother of the Incarnation, Su-
perior of the Ursulines of Quebec, in a letter of
the 27th of August, 1670, writes thus :

" It was about this time that a Frenchman of
our Touraine, named des Groselliers, married in
this country, and as he had not been successful
in making a fortune, was seized with a fancy to
go to New England to better his condition. He
excited a hope among the EngUsh that he had
found a passage to the Sea of the North. "With
this expectation, he was sent as an envoy to Eng-
land, where there was given to him, a vessel,
with crew and every thing necessary for the voy-
age. With these advantages, he put to sea, and
in place of the usual route, which others had ta-
ken in vain, he sailed in another direction, and
searched so wide, that he found the grand Bay of
the North. He found large population, and filled
his ship or ships with peltries of great value. * * *

He has taken possession of this great region for
the King of England, and for his personal benefit
A publication for the benefit of this French ad-
venturer, has been made in England. He was
a youth when he arrived here, and his wife and
children are yet here."

Talon, Intendent of Justice in Canada, in a dis-
patch to Colbert, Minister of the Colonial Depart-
ment of France, wrote on the 10th of November,
1670, that he has received intelligence that two
EngUsh vessels are approaching Hudson's Bay,
and adds : " After reflecting on all the nations
that might have penetrated as far north as that,
I can aUght on only the EngUsh, who, under the
guidance of a man named Des GrozeUers, for-
merly an inhabitant of Canada, might possibly
have attempted that navigation."

After years of service on the shores of Hudson's
Bay, either with English or French trading com-
panies, the old explorer died in Canada, and it has
been said that his son went to England, where he
was Uving in 1696, in receipt of a pension.

EABLY MENTION OF LAKH 8VPERI0B COPPHB.

CHAPTER II.

BABLY MENTION OF LAKE SUPERIOR COPPER.

Sagard, A. D. 1636, on Copper Mines.— Boucher, A. D. 1640, Describes Lake Supe-
rior Copper.— Jesuit Relations, A. D. 1666-67. — Copper on Isle KoyaJs."— Half-
Breed Toyageur Goes to France with Talon.— Jolliet and Ferret Search for
Copper.— St. Lusson Plants the French Arms at Sault St. Marie.— Copper at
Ontanagon and Head of Lake Superior.

Before white men had explored the shores of
Lake Superior, Indians had brought to the tra-
ding posts of the St. Lawrence Eiver, specimens of
copper from that region. Sagard, in his History
of Canada, published in 1636, at Paris, writes :
" There are mines of copper which might be made
profitable, if there were inhabitants and work-
men who would labor faithfully . That would be
done if colonies were established. About eighty
or one hundred leagues from the Hurons, there
is a mine of copper, from which Truchemont
Brusle showed me an ingot, on his return from a
voyage which he made to the neighboring nation."

Pierre Boucher, grandfather of Sieur de la Ve-
rendrye, the explorer of the lakes of the northern
boundary of Minnesota, in a volume published
A. D. 1640, also at Paris, writes : " In Lake Su-
perior there is a great island, fifty or one hundred
leagues in circumference, in which there is a very
beautiful mine of copper. There are other places
in those quarters, where there are similar mines ;
so I learned from four or five Frenchmen, who
lately returned. They were gone three years,
without finding an opportunity to return; they
told me that they had seen an ingot of copper all
refined which was on the coast, and weighed more
than eight hundred pounds, according to their es-
timate. They said that the savages, on passing
it, made a fire on it, after which they cut off pie-
ces with their axes."

In the Jesuit Relations of 1666-67, there is this
description of Isle Eoyale : " Advancing to a
place called the Grand Anse, we meet with an
island, three leagues from land, which is cele-
brated for the metal which is found there, and
for the thunder which takes place there; for they
say it always thunders there.

" But farther towards the west on the same
north shore, is the island most famous for copper,
Minong (Isle Eoyale). This island is twenty-five
leagues in length ; it is seven from the mainland,
and sixty from the head of the lake. Nearly all
around the island, on the water's edge, pieces of
copper are found mixed with pebbles, but espe-
cially on the side which is opposite the south,
and principally in a certain bay, which is near
the northeast exposure to the great lake. * * *

" Advancing to the head of the lake (Pon du
Lac) and returning one day's journey by the south
coast, there is seen on the edge of the water, a
rock of copper weighing seven or eight hundred
pounds, and is.so hard that steel can hardly cut it,
but when it is heated it cuts as easily as lead.
Near Point Chagouamigong [Sha - gah - wah - mik-
ong, near Bayfield] where a mission- was establish-
ed rooks of copper and plates of the same metal
were found. * * * Beturning still toward the
mouth of the lake, following the coast on the south
as twenty leagues from the place last mentioned,
we enter the river called Nantaouagan [Ontona-
gon] on which is a hill where stones and copper
fall into the water or upon the earth. They are
readily found.

"Three years since we received a piece which
was brought from this place, which weighed a
hundred pounds, and we sent it to Quebec to Mr.
Talon. It is not certain exactly where this was
broken from. "We think it was from the forks of
the river ; others, that it was from near the lake,
and dug up."

Talon, Intendent of Justice in Canada, visited
France, taking a half-breed voyageur with him,
and while in Paris, wrote on the 26th of Febru-
ary, 1669, to Colbert, the Minister of the Marine
Department, "that this voyageur had penetrated
among the western nations farther than any other
Frenchman, and had "seen the copper mine on
Lake Huron. [Superior?] The man offers to go

EXPLOREBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNE801A.

to that mine, and explore, either by sea, or by
lake and river, the communication supposed to
exist between Canada and the South Sea, or to
the regions of Hudson's Bay."

As soon as Talon returned to Canada he com-
missioned Jolliet and Pere [Perrot] to search for
the mines of copper on the upper Lakes. Jolliet
received an outfit of four himdred livres, and four
canoes, and Perrot one thousand livres. Minis-
ister Colbert wrote from Paris to Talon, in Feb-
ruary, 1671, approving of the search for copper,
in these words : " The resolution you have taken
to send Sieur de La Salle toward the south, and
Sieur de St. Lusson to the north, to discover the
South Sea passage, is very good, but the principal
thing you ought to apply yourself in discoveries
of this nature, is to look for the copper mine.

" Were this mine discovered, and its utility
evident, it would be an assured means to attract
several Frenchmen from old, to New France."

On the 14th of June, 1671, SaintLusson at Sault
St. Marie, planted. the arms of France, in the pres-
ence of Nicholas Perrot, who acted as interpreter
on the occasion ; the Sieur Jolliet ; Pierre Moreau
or Sieur de la Taupine ; a soldier of the garrison
of Quebec, and several other Frenchmen.

Talon, in announcing Saint Lusson's explora-
tions to Colbert, on the 2d of November, 1671,
wrote from Quebec : " The copper which I send
from Lake Superior and the river Nantaouagan
[Ontonagon] proves that there is a mine on the
border of some stream, which produces this ma-
terial as pure as one could wish. More than
twenty Frenchmen have seen one lump at the
lake, which they estimate weighs more than eight
hundred pounds. The Jesuit Fathers among the
Outaouas [Ou-taw-wawsJ use an anvil of this ma-
terial, which weighs about one hundred pounds.
There will be no rest until the source from whence
these detached lumps come is discovered.

" The river Nantaouagan rOntonagonJ appears

between two high hills, the plain above which
feeds the lakes, and receives a great deal of snow,
which, in melting, forms torrents which wash the
borders of this river, composed of solid gravel,
which is rolled down by it.

" The gravel at the bottom of this, hardens it-
self, and assmnes different shapes, such as those
pebbles which I send to Mr. BelUnzany. My
opinion is that these pebbles, rounded and carried
off by the rapid waters, then have a tendency to
become copper, by the influence of the sun's rays
which they absorb, and to form other nuggets of
metal similar to those which I send to Sieur de
BelUnzany, found by the Sieur de Saint Lusson,
about four hundred leagues, at some distance from
the mouth of the river.

"He hoped by the frequent journeys of the
savages, and French who are beginning to travel
by these routes, to discern the source of nroduc-
tion."

Governor Denonville, of Canada, sixteen years
after the above circumstances, wrote : " The cop-
per, a sample of which I sent M. Amou, is found
at the head of Lake Superior. The body of the
mine has not yet been discovered. I have seen
one of our voyageurs who assures me that, some
fifteen months' ago he saw a limip of two hundred
weight, as yellow as gold, in a river which falls
into Lake Superior. "Wlien heated, it could be
cut with an axe ; but the superstitious Indians,
regarding this boulder as a good spirit, would
never permit him to take any of it away. His
opinion is that the frost undermined this piece,
and that the mine is in that river. He has prom-
ised to search for it on his way back."

In the year 1730, there was some correspond-
ence with the authorities in France relative to
the discovery of copper at La Pointe, but, practi-
cally, little was done by the French, in developing
the mineral wealth of Lake Superior.

BU LUTH PLANTS THE FBENGH ABM8 IN MINNESOTA.

CHAPTEE ni.

DU LTITH PLANTS THE FRENCH AEMS TN MINNESOTA

Da Lutii's RelatiTes. — Bandin Visits Extremity of Lake Superior. — Du Lath
Plants King's ArniB.^Post at Eaministigoya.— Pierre MoreaF, alias LaTaupine.
—La Salle's Visit.— A Pilot Deserts to the Sioux Country. — uatfart, Du Luth's
Interpreter. — Descent of the River St. Croix. — Meets Father Hennepin. — Crit-
ieised by La Salle, — Trades with New England. ^Visits France. — In Command
at Mackinaw.— Frenchmen Murdered at Keweenaw.— Du Luth Arrests and
Shoots Murderers. — Builds Fort above Detroit. — With Indian Allies in the
Seneca War. — Du Luth's Brother.— Cadillac Defends the Brandy Trade. — Du
Luth Disapproves of Selling Brandy to the Indians. — ^In Command at Fort
Frontenac. — Death. '

In the year 1678, several prominent merchants
of Quebec and Montreal, with the support of
Governor Frontenac of Canada, formed a com-
pany to open trade with the Sioux of Minnesota,
and a nephew of Patron, one of these merchants,
a brother-in-law of Sieur de Lusigny, an officer
of the Governor's Guards, named Daniel Grey-
solon Du Luth [Doo-loo], a native of St. Germain
en Laye, a few miles from Paris, although Lahon-
tan speaks of him as from Lyons, was made the
leader of the expedition. At the battle of SenefEe
against the Prince of Orange, he was a gendarme,
and one of the King's guards.

Du Luth was also a cousin of Henry Tonty , who
had been in the revolution at Naples, to throw off
the Spanish dependence. Du Luth's name is va-
riously spelled in the documents of his day. Hen-
nepin writes, "Du Luth;" others, "Dulhut,"
" Du Lhu," " Du Lut," " De Luth," " Du Lud."

The temptation to procure valuable furs from
the Lake Superior region, contrary to the letter
of the Canadian law, was very great ; and more
than one Governor winked at the contraband
trade. Kandin, who visited the extremity of
Lake Superior, distributed presents to the Sioux
and Ottawas in the name of Governor Frontenac,
to secure the trade, and after his death, DuLuth
was sent to complete what he had begun. With
a party of twenty, seventeen Frenchmen and
three Indians, he left Quebec on the first of
September, 1678, and on the fifth of April, 1679,
Du Luth writes to Governor Frontenac, that he
is in the woods, about nine miles from Sault St.
Marie, at the entrance of Lake Superior, and

adds that : he " will not stir from the Nadous-
sioux, until further orders, and, peace being con-
cluded, he will set up the King's Arms ; lest the
English and other Europeans settled towards
California, take possession of the country."

On the second of July, 1679, he caused his
Majesty's Arms to be planted in the great village
of the Nadoussioux, called Kathio, where no
Frenchman had ever been, and at Songaskicons
and Houetbatons, one hundred and twenty leagues
distant from the former, where he also set up the
King's Arms. In a letter to Seignalay, published
for the first time by Harrisse, he writes that it
was in the village of Izatys [Issati]. Upon Fran-
queUn's map, the Mississippi branches into the
Tintonha [Teeton Sioux] country, and not far from
here, he alleges, was seen a tree upon which was
this legend: " Arms of the King cut on this tree
m the year 1679."

He estabUshed a post at Kamanistigoya, which
was distant fifteen leagues from the Grand Port-
age at the western extremity of Lake Superior ;
and here, on the fifteenth of September, he held
a coimcil with the Assenipoulaks [Assineboines]
and other tribes, and urged them to be at peace
with the Sioux. During this summer, he dis-
patched Pierre Moreau, a celebrated voyageur,
nicknamed La Taupine, with letters to Governor
Frontenac, and valuable furs to the merchants.
His arrival at Quebec, created some excitement..
It was charged that the Governor corresponded
with Du Luth, and that he passed the beaver,
sent by him, in the name of merchants in his in-
terest. The Intendant of Justice, Du Chesneau,
wrote to the Minister of the Colonial Department
of France, that " the man named La Taupine, a
famous coureur des bois, who set out in the month
of September of last year, 1678, to go to the Ou-
tawacs, with goods, and who has always been in-
terested with the Governor, having returned this
year, and I, being advised that he had traded in

EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

two days, one hundred and fifty beaver robesin
one village of this tribe, amounting to nearly nine
hundred beavers, which is a matter of public no-
toriety ; and that he left with Du Lut two men
whom he had with him, considered myself bound
to have him arrested, and to interrogate him ; but
having presented me with a license from the Gov-
ernor, permitting him and his comrades, named
Lamonde and Dupuy, to repair to the Outawac,
to execute his secret orders, I had him set at
liberty : and immediately on his going out, Sieur
Prevost, Town Mayor of Quebec, came at the head
of some soldiers to force the prison, in case he
was still there, pursuant to his orders from the
Governor, in these terms : " Sieur Prevost, Mayor
of Quebec, is ordered, in case the Intendant arrest
Pierre Moreau alias La Taupine, whom we have
sent to Quebec as bearer of our dispatches, upon
pretext of his having been in the bush, to set him
forthwith at liberty, and to employ every means
for this purpose, at his peril. Done at Montreal,
the 5th September, 1679."

La Taupine, in due time returned to Lake Su-
perior with another consignment of merchandise.
The interpreter of Du Luth, and trader with the
Sioux, was PafEart, who had been a soldier under
La Salle at Port Frontenac, and had deserted.

La Salle was commissioned in 1678, by the
King of France, to explore the West, and trade in
cibola, or buffalo skins, and on condition that he
did not traffic with the Ottauwaws, who carried
their beaver to Montreal.

On the 27th of August, 1679, he arrived at
Mackinaw, in the " Griffin," the first sailing ves-
sel on the great Lakes of the West, and from
thence went to Green Bay, where, in the face of
his commission, he traded for beaver. Loading
his vessel with peltries, he sent it back to Niag-
ara, while he, in canoes, proceeded with his ex-
pedition to the Illinois Eiver. The ship was
never heard of, and for a time supposed to be lost,
but La Salle afterward learned from a Pawnee
boy fourteen or fifteen years of age, who was
brought prisoner to his fort on the I llinois by some
Indians, that the pilot of the " Griffin " had been
among the tribes of the Upper Missouri. He had
ascended the Mississippi with four others in two
birch canoes with goods and some hand grenades,
taken- from the ship, with the intention of jom
ing Du Luth, who had for months been trading

with the Sioux ; and if their efforts were unsuc-
cessful, they expected to push on to the English,
at Hudson's Bay. While ascending the Missis-
sippi they were attacked by Indians, and the pilot
and one other only survived, and they were sold
to the Indians on the Missouri.

In the month of Jime, 1680, Du Luth, accom-
panied by Faff art, an interpreter, with four
Frenchmen, also a Chippeway and a Sioux, with
two canoes, entered a river, the mouth of which
is eight leagues from the head of Lake Superior
on the South side, named Nemitsakouat. Reach-
ing its head waters, by a short portage, of half a
league, he reached a lake which was the source
of the Saint Croix River, and by this, he and his
companions were the first Europeans to journey
in a canoe from Lake Superior to the Mississippi.

La SaUe writes, that Du Luth, finding that
the Sioux were on a himt in the Mississippi val-
ley, below the Saint Croix, and that Accault, Au-
gelle and Hennepin, who had come up from the
Illinois a few weeks before, were with them, de-
scended until he found them. In the same letter
he disregards the truth in order to disparage his
rival, and writes:

" Thirty-eight or forty leagues above the Chip-
peway they found the river by which the Sieur
Du Luth did descend to the Mississippi. He had
been three years, contrary to orders, with a com-
pany of twenty " coureurs du bois " on Lake Su-
perior; he had borne himself bravely, proclaiming
everywhere that at the head of his brave fellows
he did not fear the Grand Prevost, and that he
would compel an amnesty.

" While he was at Lake Superior, the Nadoue-
sioux, enticed by the presents that the late Sieur
Randin had made on the part of Count Fronte-
nac, and the Sauteurs [Ojibways], who are the sav-
ages who carry the peltries to Montreal, and who
dwell on Lake Superior, wishing to obey the re-
peated orders of the Count, made a peace to
unite the Sauteurs and French, and to trade with
the Nadouesioux, situated about sixty leagues to
the west of Lake Superior. Du Luth, to disguise
his desertion, seized the opportunity to make
some reputation for himself, sending two messen-
gers to the Count to negotiate a truce, during
which period their comrades negotiated still bet-
ter for beaver.

Several conferences were held with the Na-

FAFFABT, BU LUTW8 INTEBPBJETEB.

douessioux, and as he needed an interpreter, he led
ofE one of mine, named FafEart, formerly a sol-
dier at Fort Prontenae. During this period there
were frequent visits between the Sauteurs [O jib-
ways] and Nadouesioux, and supposing that it
might increase the number of beaver skins, he
sent FafEart by land, with the Nadouesioux and
Sauteurs [Ojibways]. The young man on his re-
turn, having given an account of the quantity of
beaver in that region, he wished to proceed thither
himself, and, guided by a Sauteur and a Nadoue-
sioux, and four Prenchmen, he ascended the river
Nemitsakouat, where, by a short portage, he de-
scended that stream, whereon he passed through
forty leagues of rapids [Upper St. Croix River],
and finding that the Hadouesioux were below with
my men and the Father, who had come down
again from the village of the Nadouesioux, he
discovered them. They went up again to the
village, and from thence they all together came
down. They returned by the river Ouisconsing,
and came back to Montreal, where Du Luth in-
sults the commissaries, and the deputy of the
'procureur general,' named d'Auteuil. Count
Frontenac had him arrested and imprisoned in
the castle of Quebec, with the intention of return-
ing him to France for the amnesty accorded to
the coureurs des bois, did not release him."

At this very period, another party charges
Frontenac as being Du Luth's particular friend.

Du Luth, during the fall of 1681, was engaged
in the beaver trade at Montreal and Quebec.
Du Chesneau, the Intendant of Justice for Can-
ada, on the 13th of November, 1681, wrote to the
Marquis de Siegnelay in Paris : " Not content
with the profits to' be derived from the countries
under the King's dominion, the desire of making
money everywhere, has led the Governor [Fron-
tenac], Boisseau, Du Lut and Patron, his uncle,
to send canoes loaded with peltries, to the En-
gUsh. It is said sixty thousand livres' worth has
been sent thither;" and he further stated that
there was a very general report that within five
or six days, Prontenac and his associates had di-
vided the money received from the beavers sent
to New England.

At a conference in Quebec of some of the dis-
tinguished men in that city, relative to difficulties
with the Iroquois, held on the 10th of October,
1682, Du Luth was present. From thence he went

to Prance, and, early in 1683, consulted with the
Minister of Marine at Versailles relative to the
interests of trade ia the Hudson's Bay and Lake
Superior region. Upon his return to Canada, he
departed for Mackinaw. Governor De la Barre,
on the 9th of November, 1683, wrote to the French
Government that the Indians west and north of
Lake Superior, "when they heard by expresses
sent them by Du Lhut, of his arrival at Missili-
makinak, that he was coming, sent him word to
come quickly and they would unite with him to
prevent others going thither. If I stop that pass
as I hope, and as it is necessary to do, as the Eng-
lish of the Bay [Hudson's] excite against us the
savages, whom Sieur Du Lhut alone can quiet."

While stationed at Mackinaw he was a partici-
pant in a tragic occurrence. During the summer
of 1683 Jacques le Maire and CoUn Berthot, while
on their way to trade at Keweenaw, on Lake Su-
perior, were surprised by three Indians, robbed,
and murdered. Du Luth was prompt to arrest
and punish the assassins. In a letter from Mack-
inaw, dated April 12, 1684, to the Governor of
Canada, he writes: "Be pleased to know. Sir,
that on the 24th of October last, I was told that
PoUe Avoine, accomplice in the murder and rob-
bery of the two Frenchmen, had arrived at Sault
Ste. Marie with fifteen families of the Sauteurs
[Ojibways] who had fled from Chagoamigon [La
Pointe] on account of an attack which they, to-
gether with the people of the land, made last
Spring upon the Nadouecioux [Dakotahs.]

" He beUeved himself safe at the Sault, on ac-
count of the number of alUes and relatives he had
there. Eev. Father Albanel informed me that
the French at the Saut, being only twelve in num-
ber, had not arrested him, believing themselves
too weak to contend vnth such munbers, espe-
cially as the Sauteurs had declared that they
would not allow the French to redden the land
of their fathers with the blood of their brothers.

" On receiving this information, I immediately
resolved to take with me six Frenchmen, and em-
bark at the dawn of the next day for Sault Ste.
Marie, and if possible obtain possession of the
murderer. I made known my design to the Eev.
Father Engalran, and, at my request, as he had
some business to arrange with Bev. Father Al-
banel, he placed himself in my canoe.

" Having arrived within a league of the village

EXPLOBEBS AND PIOWEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

of the Saut, the Eev. Father, the Chevalier de
Fourcille, Cardonnierre, and I disembarked. I
caused the canoe, in which were Baribaud, Le
Mere, La Fortune, and Macons, to proceed, while
we went across the wood to the house of the Eev.
Father, fearing that the savages, seeing me, might
suspect the object of my visit, and cause FoUe
Avoine to escape. Finally, to cut the matter'
short, I arrested him, and caused him to be
guarded day and night by six Frenchmen.

" I then caUed a council, at which I requested
all the savages of the place to be present, where
I repeated what I had often sai(J to the Hurons
and Ottawas since, the departure of M. Pere[Per-
rot], giving them the message you ordered me.
Sir, that in case there should be among them any
spirits so evil disposed as to follow the example
of those who have murdered the French on Lake
Superior and Lake Michigan, they must separate
the guilty from the innocent, as I did not wish
the whole nation to suffer, unless they protected
the guilty. * * * The savages held several
councils, to which I was invited, b;-t their only
object seemed to be to exculpate the prisoner, in
order that I might release him.

"All united in accusing Achiganaga and his
children, assuring themselves with the belief that
M. Pere, [Perrot] with his detachment would not
be able to arrest them, and wishuig to persuade
me that they apprehended that all the Frenchmen
might be killed.

" I answered them, * * * ' As to the antici-
pated death of M. Pere [Perrot], as well as of the
other Frenchmen, that would not embarrass me,
since I believed neither the allies nor the nation
of Achiganaga would wish to have a war with us
to sustain an action so dark as that of which we
were speaking. Having only to attack a few
murderers, or, at most, those of their own family,
I was certain that the French would have them
dead or aUve.'

" This was the answer they had from me during
the three days that the councils lasted ; after
which I embarked, at ten o'clock in the morning,
sustained by only twelve Frenchmen, to show a
few unruly persons who boasted of taking the
prisoner away from me, that the French did not
fear them.

" Daily I received accounts of the number of
savages that Achiganaga drew from his nation to

Kiaonan [Keweenaw] under pretext of going to
war in the spring against the Nadouecioux, to
avenge the death of one of his relatives, son of Ou-
enaus, but really to protect himself against us,
in case we should become convinced that his chil-
dren had killed the Frenchmen. This precaution
placed me between hope and fear respecting the
expedition which M. Pere [Perrot] had imder-
taken.

" On the 24th of November, [1683], he came
across the wood at ten o'clock at night, to tell me
that he had arrested Achiganaga and f oux of his
children. He said they were not all guilty of the
murder, but had thought proper, in this affair, to
follow the custom of the savages, which is to seize
all the relatives. FoUe Avoine, whom I had ar-
rested, he considered the most guilty, being with-
out doubt the originator of the mischief.

" I immediately gave orders that Folic Avoine
should be more closely confined, and not allowed
to speak to any one ; for I had also learned that
he had a brother, sister, and uncle in the village
of the Kiskakons.

' " M. Pere informed me that he had released the
youngest son of Achiganaga, aged about thirteen
or fourteen years, that he might make known to
their nation and the Sauteurs [Ojibways], who are
at Nocke and in the neighborhood, the reason
why the French had arrested his father and bro-
thers. M. Pere bade him assiire the savages that
if any one wished to complain of what he had
done, he would wait for them with a firm step ; for
he considered himself in a condition to set them
at defiance, having foimd at Kiaonan [Keweenaw]
eighteen Frenchmen who had wintered there.

" On the 25th, at daybreak, M. Pere embarked
at the Sault, with four good men whom I gave
him, to go and meet the prisoners. He left them
four leagues from there, under a guard of twelve
Frenchmen ; and at two o'clock in the afternoon,
they arrived. I had prepared a room in my house
for the prisoners, in which they were placed under
a strong guard, and were not allowed to converse
with any one.

" On the 26th, I commenced proceedings; and
this, sir, is the course I pursued. I gave notice
to all the chiefs and others, to appear at the
council which I had appointed, and gave to FoUe
Avoine the privilege of selecting two of .his rela-

INDIANS CONDEMNED TO BE SHOT.

tives to support his interests ; and to the other
prisoners I made the same offer.

" The council being assembled, I sent for PoUe
Avoine to be interrogated, and caused his answers
to be written, and afterwards they were read to
him, and inquiry made whether they were not,
word for word, what he had said. He was then
removed under a safe guard. I used the same
form with the two eldest sons of Achiganaga, and,
as ToUe Avoine had indirectly charged the father
with being accessory to the murder, I sent for
him and also for Folic Avoine, and bringing them
into the council, confronted the four.

" Polle Avoine and the two sons of Achiganaga
accused each other of committing the murder,
without denying that they were participators in
the crime. Achiganaga alone strongly maintained
that he knew nothing of the design of PoUe
■ Avoine, nor of his children, and called on them
to say if he had advised them to kill the French-
men. They answered, ' iiTo.'

" This confrontation, which the savages did not
expect, surprised them; and, seeing the prisoners
had convicted themselves of the murder, the
Chiefs said: 'It is enough; you accuse your-
selves; the French are masters of your bodies.'

" The next day I held another council, in which
I said there could be no doubt that the French-
men had been murdered, that the murderers were
known, and that they knew what was the prac-
tice among themselves upon such occasions. To
all this they said nothing, which obliged us on
the following day to hold another councU in the
cabin of Brochet, where, after having spoken, and
seeing that they would make no decision, and that
all my councils ended only in reducing tobacco to
ashes, I told them that, since they did not wish to
decide, I should take the responsibility, and that
the" next day I would let them know the deter-
mination of the French and myself.

" It is proper. Sir, you should know that I ob-
served all these forms only to see if they would
feel it their duty to render to us the same justice
that they do to each other, having had divers ex-
amples in which when the tribes of those who
had committed the murder did not wish to go to
war with the tribe aggrieved, the nearest rela-
tions of the murderers kiUed them themselves;
that is to say, man for man.

" On the 29th of November. I gathered together

the French that were here, and, after the interro-
gations and answers of the accused had been read
to them, the guilt of the three appeared so evi-
dent, from their own confessions, that the vote
was unanimous that all should die. But as the
French who remained at Kiaonan to pass the win-
ter had written to Father Engalran and to myself,
to beg us to treat the affair with all possible len-
iency, the savages declaring that if they made
the prisoners die they would avenge themselves,
I told the gentlemen who were with me in coun-
cil that, this being a case without a precedent, I
believed it was expedient for the safety of the
French who would pass the winter in the Lake
Superior country to put to death only two, as that
of the third might bring about grievous conse-
quences, while the putting to death, man for
man, could give the savages no complaint, since
this is their custom. M. de la Tour, chief of the
Fathers, who had served much, sustained my
opinions by strong reasoning, and all decided that
two should be shot, namely, FoUe Avoine and
the older of the two brothers, while the younger
should be released, and hold his life, Sir, as a gift
from you.

" I then returned to the cabin of Brochet with
Messrs. Boisguillot, Pere, De Eepentigny, De
Manthet, De la Ferte, and Macons, where were
all the chiefs of the Outawas du Sable, Outawas
Sinagos, Kiskakons, Sauteurs, D'Achiliny, a part
of the Hurons, and Oumamens, the chief of the
Amikoys. I informed them of our decision *

* * that, the Frenchmen having been killed by
the different nations, one of each must die, and
that the same death they had caused the French
to suffer they must also suffer. * * * This
decision to put the murderers to death was a hard
stroke to them all, for none had beheved that I
would dare to undertake it. * * * I then left
the council and asked the Eev. Fathers if they
wished to baptize the prisoners, which they did.

"An hour after, I put myself at the head of
forty-two Frenchmen, and, in sight of more than
four hundred savages, and within two hundred
paces of their fort, I caused the two murderers
to be shot. The impossibiUty of keeping them
until spring made me hasten their death. * *

* When M. Pere made the arrest, those who had
committed the murder confessed it; and when he
asked them what they had done with our goods,

HXPLOBUBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.

they answered that they were ahnost all con-
cealed. He proceeded to the place of conceal-
ment, and was very much surprised, as were also
the French with him, to find them, in fifteen or
twenty different places. By the carelessness of
the savages, the tobacco and powder were entire-
ly destroyed, having been placed in the pinery,
under the roots of trees, and being soaked in the
water caused by ten or twelve days' continuous
rain, which inundated all the lower country.
The season for snow and ice having come, they
had all the trouble in the world to get out the
bales of cloth.

" They then went to see the bodies, but could
not remove them, these miserable wretches hav-
ing thrown them into a marsh, and thrust them
down into holes which they had made. Not sat-
isfied with this, they had also piled branches of
trees upon the bodies, to prevent them from float-
ing when the water should rise in the spring,
hoping by this precaution the French would find
no trace of those who were killed, but would think
them drowned; as they reported that they had
found in the lake on the other side of the Portage,
a boat with the sides all broken in, which they
believed to be a French boat.

" Those goods which the French were able to
secure, they took to Kiaonau [Keweenaw], where
were a number of Frenchmen who had gone there
to pass the winter, who knew nothing of the death
of Colin Berthot and Jacques le Maire, until M.
Pere arrived.

'' The ten who formed M. Pere's detachment
having conferred together concerning the means
they should take to prevent a total loss, decided
to sell the goods to the highest bidder. The sale
was made for 1100 livres, which was to be paid in
beavers, to M. de la Chesnaye, to whom I send
the names of the purchsers.

" The savages who were present when Achiga-
naga and his children were arrested wished to
pass the calumet to M. Pere, and give him cap-
tives to satisfy him for the murder committed on
the two Frenchmen; but he knew their inten-
tion, and would not accept their offer. He told
them neither a hundred captives nor a hundred
packs of beaver would give back the blood of his
brothers ; that the murderers must be given up
to me, and I would see what I would do.

" I caused M. Pere to repeat these things in the

councU, that in future the savages need not think
by presents to save those who commit similar
deeds. Besides, sir, M. Pere showed plainly by
his conduct, that he is not strongly Inclined to
favor the savages, as was reported. Indeed, I do
not know any one whom they fear more, yet who
flatters them less or knows them better.

" The criminals being in two different places,
M. Pere being obliged to keep four of them, sent
Messrs. de Repentigny, Manthet, and six other
Frenchmen, to arrest the two who were eight
leagues in the woods. Among others, M. de Re-
pentigny and M. de Manthet showed that they
feared nothing when their honor called them.

" M. de la Chevrotiere has also served well in
person, and by his advice, having pointed out
where the prisoners were. Achiganaga, who had
adopted him as a son, had told him where he
should hunt during the winter. *****
It still remained for me to give to Achiganaga and
his three children the means to return to his
family. Their home from which they were taken
was nearly twenty-six leagues from here. Know-
ing their necessity, I told them you would not be
satisfied in giving them life ; you wished to pre-
serve it, by giving them all that was necessary to
prevent them from dying with himger and cold
by the way, and that your gift was made by my
hands. . I gave them blankets, tobacco, meat,
hatchets, knives, twine to make nets for beavers,
and two bags of corn, to supply them till they
could kill game.

" They departed two days after, the most con-
tented creatures in the world, but God was not ;
for when only two days' journey from here, the
old Achiganaga fell sick of the quinsy, and died,
and his children rstumed. When the news of his
death arrived, the greater part of the savages of
this place [Mackinaw] attributed it to the French,
saying we had caused him to die. I let them
talk, and laughed at them. It is only about two
months since the children of Achiganaga retumei
to Kiaonan."

' Some of those opposed to Du Luth and Fron-
tenac, prejudiced the King of France relative to
the transaction we have described, and in a letter
to the Governor of Canada, the King writes : " It
appears to me that one of the principal causes of
the war arises from one Du Luth having caused
two to be killed who had assassinated two French-

English tbadebs captubed.

men on Lake Superior;- and you sufficiently see
now much this man's voyage, which can not pro-
duce any advantage to the colony, and which was
permitted only in the interest of some private
persons, has contributed to distract the peace of
the colony."

Du Luth and his young brother appear to have
traded at the western extremity of Lake Superior,
and on the north shore, to Lake Nipegon.

In June, 1684, Governor De la Barre sent Guil-
letand Hebertfrom Montreal to request Du Luth
and I>urantaye to bring down voyageurs and In-
dians to assist in an expedition against the Iro-
quois of New York. Early in September, they
reported on the St. Lawrence, with one hundred
and fifty coureurs des bois and three hundred and
fifty Indians ; but as a treaty had just been made
with the Senecas, they returned.

DelaBarre's successor, Governor Denonville,
in a dispatch to the French Government, dated
November 12th, 1685, alludes to Du Luth being
iifethe far West, in these words : " I likewise sent
^ M. De la Durantaye, who is at Lake Superior
under orders from M. De la Barre, and to Sieur
Du Luth, who is also at a great distance in an-
other direction, and all so far beyond reach that
neither the one nor the other can hear news from
me this year ; so that, not being able to see them
at soonest, before next July, I considered it best
not to think of undertaking any thing during the
whole of next year, especially as a great number
of our best men are among the Outaouacs, and
can not return before the ensuing summer. * * *
In regard to Sieur Du Luth, I sent him orders to
repair here, so that I may learn the number of
savages on whom I may depend. He is accredit-
ed among them, and rendered great services to
M. De la Barre by a large nmnber of savages he
brought to Niagara, who would have attacked
the Senecas, was it not for an express order from
M. De la Barre to the contrary."

In 1686, while at Mackinaw, he was orderea to
estabUsh a post on the Detroit, near Lake Erie.
A portion of the order reads as follows : " After
having given all the orders that you may judge
necessary for the safety of this post, and having
well secured the obedience of the Indians, you
will return to Michillmackinac, there to await
Kev. Father Engelran, by whom I will commu-
nicate what I wish of you, there."

The design of this post was to' block the pas-
sage of the English to. the upper lakes. Before
it was estabUshed, in the fall of 1686, Thomas
Koseboom, a daring trader from Albany, on the
Hudson, had foimd his way to the vicinity of
Mackinaw, and by the proffer of brandy, weak-
ened the allegiance of the tribes to the French.

A canoe coming to Mackinaw with dispatches
for the French and their allies, to march to the
Seneca country, in New York, perceived this New
York trader and associates, and, giving the alarm,
they were met by three hundred coureurs du
bois and captured.

In the spring of 1687 Du Luth, Durantaye,
and Tonty all left the vicioity of Detroit for Ni-
agara, and as they were coasting along Lake Erie
they met another English trader, a Scotchman
by birth, and by name Major Patrick McGregor,
a person of some iafluence, going with a number
of traders to MacMnaw. Having taken him pris-
oner, he was sent with Boseboom to Montreal.

Du Luth, Tonty, and Durantaye arrived at Ni-
agara on the 27th of June, 1687, with one him-
dred and seventy French voyageurs, besides In-
dians, and on the 10th of July joined the army of
Denonville at the mouth of the Genesee River,
and on the 13th Du Luth and his associates had
a skirmish near a Seneca village, now the site of
the town of Victor, twenty miles southeast of the •
city of Bochester, New York. Governor Denon-
ville, in a report, writes: " On the 13th, about 4
o'clock in the afternoon, having passed through
two dangerous defiles, we arrived at the third,
where we were vigorously attacked by eight him-
dred Senecas, two hundred of whom fired, wish-
ing to attack our rear, while the rest would attack
our front, but the resistance, made produced
such a great consternation that they soon resolved
to fly. * * * We witnessed the p^-inf ul sight
of the usual cruelties of the savages, who cut the
dead into quarters, as is done in slaughter houses,
in order to put them tato the kettle. The greater
number were opened while still warm, that the
blood might be drunk. Our rascally Otaoas dis-
tinguished themselves particularly by these bar-
barities. * * * We had five or six men killed
on the spot, French and Indians, and about
twenty woimded, among the first of whom was the
Rev. Father Angelran, superior of all the Otaoan
Missions, by a very severe gun-shot. It is a great

EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

misfortune tbat tMs wound ■will prevent him go-
ing back again, for he is a man of capacity."

In the order to Du Luth assigning him to duty
at the post on the site of the modem Fort Gra-
tiot, above the city of Detroit, the Governor of
Canada said: " If you can so arrange your affairs
that your brother can be near you in the Spring,
I shall be very glad. He is an intelligent lad,
and might be a great assistance to you; he might
also be very serviceable to us."

This lad, Greysolon de la Tourette, during the
■winter of 1686-7 was trading among the Assina-
boLnes and other tribes at the west end of Lake
Superior, but, upon receiving a dispatch, hastened
to his brother, journeying in a canoe without any
escort from Mackinaw. He did not arrive until
after the battle with the Senecas. Governor Den-
onville, on the 25th of August, 1687, wrote:

"Du Luth's brother, who has recently arrived
from the rivers above the Lake of the AUempi-
gons [Nipegon], assures me that he saw more than
fifteen hundred persons come to trade with him,
and they were very sorry he had not goods sulH-
cient to satisfy them. They are of the tribes ac-
customed to resort to the English at Port Nelson
and Kiver Bourbon, where, they say, they did not
go this year, through Sieur Du Lhu's influence."
After the battle in the vicinity of Rochester,
New York, Du Luth, with his celebrated cousin,
Henry Tonty, returned together as far as the post
above the present city of Detroit, Michigan, but
this point, after 1688, was not again occupied.

From this period Du Luth becomes less prom-
inent. At the time when the Jesuits attempted
to exclude brandy from the Indian comitry a bit-
ter controversy arose between them and the
traders. Cadillac, a Gascon by birth, command-
ing Fort Buade, at Mackinaw, on August 3, 1695,
wrote to Count Frontenac: " Kow, what reason
can we assign that the savages should not drink
brandy bought with their own money as well as
we? Is it prohibited to prevent them from be-
coming intoxicated? Or is it because the use of
brandy reduces them to extreme piisery, placing
it out of their power to make war by depriving
them of clothing and arms? If such representa-
tions in regard to the Indians have been made to
the Count, they are very false, as every one knows
who is acquainted with the ways of the savages.
* * * It is bad faith to represent to the Count

that the sale of brandy reduces the savage to a
state of nudity, arfd by that means places it out
of his power to make war, since he never goes to
war in any other condition. * * * Perhaps it
will be said that the sale of brandy makes the
labors of the missionaries mifruitful. It is neces-
sary to examine this proposition. If the mission-
aries care for only the extension of commerce,
pursuing the course they have hitherto, I agree
to it; but if it is the use of brandy that hinders
the advancement of the cause of God, I deny it,
for it is a fact which no one can deny that there
are a great number of savages who never drink
brandy, yet who are not, for that, better Chris-
tians.

" All the Sioux, the most numerous of all the
tribes, who inhabit the region along the shore of
Lake Superior, do not even Uke the smell of
brandy. Are they more advanced in religion for
that? They do not wish to have the subject men-
tioned, and when the missionaries address them
they only laugh at the fooUshness of preaching.
Yet these priests boldly fling before the eyes of
Europeans, whole volumes filled with glowing
descriptions of the conversion of souls by thou-
sands in this country, causing the poor missiona-
ries from Europe, to run to martyrdom as flies to
sugar and honey."

Du Luth, or Du Lhut, as he wrote his name,
during this discussion, was found upon the side
of order and good morals. His attestation is as
follows : "I certify that at different periods I
have lived about ten years among the Ottawa
nation, from the time that I made an exploration
to the Nadouecioux people until Fort Saint Jo-
seph was established by order of the Monsieur
Marquis Denonville, Governor General, at the
head of the Detroit of Lake Erie, which is in the
Iroquois country, and which I had the honor to
command. During this period, I have seen that
the trade in eau-de-vie (brandy) produced great
disorder, the father killing the son, and the son
throwing his mother into the fire; and I maintain
that, morally speaking, it is impossible to export
brandy to the woods and distant missions, with-
out danger of its leading to misery."

Governor Frontenac, in an expedition against
the Oneidas of New York, arrived at Fort Fron-
tenac, on the 19th of July, 1695, and Captain Du
Luth was left in command with forty soldiers,

BU LUTH AFFLICTED WITS GOUT.

and masons and carpenters, with orders to erect
new buildings. In about four weeks lie erected
a building one hundred and twenty feet in length,
containing officers' quarters, store-rooms, a bakery
and a chapel. Early in 1697 he was still in com-
mand of the post, and in a report it is mentioned
that " everybody was then in good health, except
Captain Dulhut the commander, who was unwell
of the gout."

It was just before this period, that as a member
of the Eoman Catholic Church, he was firmly
impressed that he* had been helped by prayers
which he addressed to a deceased Iroquois girl,
who had died in the odor of sanctity, and, as a
thank offering, signed the following certificate :
"I, the subscriber, certify to all whom it may
concern, that having been tormented by the gout,
for the space of twenty-three years, and with such

severe pains, that it gave me no rest for the spac
of three months at a time, I addressed myself to
Catherine Tegahkouita, an Iroquois virgin de-
ceased at the Sault Saint Louis, in the reputation
of sanctity, and I promised her to visit her tomb,
if God should give me health, through her inter-
cession. I have been as perfectly cured at the
end of one novena, which I made in her honor,
that after five months, I have not perceived the
slightest touch of my gout. Given at Fort Pron-
tenac, this 18th day of August, 1696."

As soon as cold weather returned, his old mal-
ady again appeared. He diedearlyin A. D. 1710.
Marquis de Vaudreull, Governor of Canada, un-
der date of first of May of that year, wrote to
Count Pontchartrain, Colonial Minister at Paris,
" Captain Du Lud died this winter. He was a
very honest man."

EXFLOBEBS AND PI0NEEE8 OF MINNESOTA,

CHAPTEK lY.

FIBST WHITE 3MEN AT FALLS OP SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA.

Falls of St. Anthony Visited liy White Men.— La Sallo Givca the First Dosoription
of Upper Mississippi Valley.— Accault, the Leader, Accompanied by Augelle
and Hennepin, at Falls of Saint Anthony.— Hennepin Declared Unreliable hy
La Snlle.- His Early Life.— His IHrst Book Criticised by Abbe Bornou and
' Tronson. — Deceptive Map. — First Meeting with Sioux.I— Astonishment at
Reading His Breviary, — Sioux Name for Guns. — Accault and Hennepin at
Lake Pepin.— Leave the River Below Saint Paul.— At Mille Lacs.— A Sweating
Cabin, — Sioux Wonder at Mariner's Compass. — Fears of an Iron Pot. — Making
a Dictionary. — Infant Baptised.— Route to the Pacific. — Hennepin Descends
Rum River.— First Visit to Falls of Saint Anthony.— On a Buffalo Hunt.— Meets
Du Luth.— Returns to Mille Lacs.— With Du Luth at Falls of St. Anthony.—
Returns to France. — Subsequent Life. — His Books Examined. — Denies in First
Book His Descent to the Gulf of Mexico.— Dispute with Du Luth at Falls of St,
Anthony.— Patronage of Du Luth.— Tribute to Du Luth.- Hennepin's Answer
to Criticisms. — Denounced by D'lberville and Father Gravier. — ^Residence in
Rome.

In the summer of 1680, Michael Accault ( Ako),
Hennepin, the Tranciscan missionary, Augelle,
Du Luth, and FafEait all visited the Tails of
Saint Anthony.

The first description of the valley of the upper
Mississippi was written by La Salle, at Fort
Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, on the 22d of Au-
gust, 1682, a month before Hennepiu, in Paris,
obtained a license to print, and some time before
the Franciscan's first work, was issued from the
press.

La Salle's knowledge must have been received
from Michael Accault, the leader of the expedi-
tion, Augelle, his comrade, or the clerical attache,
the Franciscan, Hennepin.

It differs from Hennepin's narrative in its free-
dom from bombast, and if its statements are to
be credited, the Franciscan must be looked on as
one given to exaggeration. The careful student,
however, soon learns to be cautious in receiving
the statement of any of the early explorers and
ecclesiastics of the Northwest. The Franciscan
depreciated the Jesuit missionary, and La Salle
did not hesitate to misrepresent Du Luth and
others for his own exaltation. La Salle makes
statements which we deem to be wide of the
truth when his prejudices are aroused.

At the very time that the Intendant of Justice
in Canada is complaining that Governor Fronte-
nac is a friend and correspondent of Du Luth,

La Salle writes to his friends in Paris, thatDu
Luth is looked upon as an outlaw by the governor.

While official documents prove that Du Luth
was in Minnesota a year before Accault and asso-
ciates, yet La Salle writes: " Moreover, the Na-
donesioux is not a region which he has discov-
ered. It is known that it was discovered a long
time before, and that the Eev. Father Hennepin
and Michael Afccault were there before him."

La Salle in this communication describes Ac-
cault as one weU acquainted with the language
and names of the Indians of the Illinois region,
and also " cool, brave, and prudent," and the head
of the party of exploration.

"We now proceed with the first description of
the country above the Wisconsin, to which is
given, for the first and only time, by any writer,
the Sioux name, Mesehetz Odeba, perhaps in-
tended for Meshdeke Wakpa, Kiver of the Foxes.

He describes the Upper Mississippi in these
words : " Following the windings of the Missis-
sippi, they found the river Ouisconslng, Wiscon-
stng, or. Mesehetz Odeba, which flows between
Bay of Puans and the Grand river. * * * About
twenty-three or twenty-four leagues to the north
or northwest of the mouth of the Ouisconsing,
* * * they found the Black river, called by the
Nadouesioux, Chabadeba [Chapa A\*akpa, Beaver
river] not very large, the mouth of which is bor-
dered on the two shores by alders.

" Ascending about thirty leagues, almost at the
same point of the compass, is the Buffalo river
[Chippewa], as large at its mouth as that of the
Illinois. They follow it ten or twelve leagues,
where it is deep, small and without rapids, bor-
dered by hills which widen out from time to time
to form prairies."

About three o'clock in the afternoon of the 11th
of April, 1680, the travelers were met by a war
party of one hundred Sioux in thirty-ttiree birch
bark canoes. "Michael Accault, who was the

HENNEPIN CBITICISED BY LA SALLE.

leader," says La Salle, "presented the Calumet."
The Indians were presented by Accault with
twenty knives and a fathom and a half of tobacco
and some goods. Proceeding with the Indians
ten days, on the 22d of April the isles in the Mis-
sissippi were reached, where the Sioux had killed
some Maskoutens, and they halted to weep over
the death of two of their own number ; and to
assuage their grief, Accault gave them in trade a
box of goods and twenty-four hatchets.

When they were eight leagues below the Falls
of Saint Anthony, they resolved to go by land to
their village, sixty leagues distant. They were
well received ; the only strife among the villages
was that which resulted from the desire to have
a Frenchman in their midst. La Salle also states
that it was not correct to give the impression that
Du Luth had rescued his men from captivity, for
they could not be properly called prisoners.

He continues: "In going up the Mississippi
again, twenty leagues above that river [Saint
CroixJ is found the falls, which those I sent, and
who passing there first, named Saint Anthony.
It is thirty or forty feet high, and the river is nar-
rower here than elsewhere. There is a small
island in the midst of the chute, and the two
banks of the river are not bordered by high hills,
which gradually diminish at this point, but the
country on each side is covered with thin woods,
such as oaks and other hard woods, scattered wide
apart.

" The canoes were carried three or four hun-
dred steps, and eight leagues above was foimd
the west [east?] bank of the river of the Nadoue-
sioux, ending in a lake named Issati, which ex-
pands into a great marsh, where the wild rice
grows toward the mouth."

In the latter part of his letter La Salle uses the
following language relative to his old chaplain:

" 1 believed that it was appropriate to make for
you the narrative of the adventures of this canoe,
because I doubt not that they will speak of it, and
if you wish to confer with the Father Louis Hen-
nepin, Recollect, who has returned to France, you
must know him a little, because he will not fail
to exaggerate all things; it is his character, and
to me he has written as if he were about to be
burned when he was not even in danger, but he
believes that it is honorable to act in this manner,

and he speaks more conformably to that which
he wishes than to that which he knows."

Hennepin was born in Ath, an inland town of
the Netherlands. From boyhood he longed to
visit foreign lands, and it is not to be wondered
at that he assumed the priest's garb, for next to
the soldier's life, it suited one of wandering pro-
pensities.

At one time he is on a begging expedition to
some of the towns on the sea coast. In a few
months he occupies the post of chaplain at an
hospital, where he shrives the dying and admin-
isters extreme unction. From the quiet of the
hospital he proceeds to the camp, and is present
at the battle of Seneffe, which occurred in the
year 1674.

His whole mind, from the time that he became
a priest, appears to have been on " things seen
and temporal," rather than on those that are " un-
seen and eternal." While on duty at some of the
ports of the Straits of Dover, he exhibited the
characteristic of an ancient Athenian more than
that of a professed successor of the Apostles.
He sought out the society of stranga-s " who
spent their time in nothing else but either to tell
or to hear some new thing." With perfect non-
chalance he confesses that notwithstanding the
nauseating fumes of tobacco, he used to slip be-
hind the doors of sailors' taverns, and spend days,
without regard to the loss of his meals, listening
to the adventures and hair-breadth escapes of the
mariners in lands beyond the sea.

In the year 1676, he received a welcome order
from his Superior, requiring him to embark for
Canada. Unaccustomed to the world, and arbi-
trary in his disposition, he rendered the cabin of
the ship in which he sailed any thing but heav-
enly. As in modern days, the passengers in a
vessel to the new world were composed of hete-
rogeneous materials. There were young women
going out in search for brothers or husbands, ec-
clesiastics, and those engaged in the then new,
but profitable, commerce in furs. One of his
fellow passengers was the talented and enterpri-
prising, though unfortunate. La SaUe, with whom
he. was afterwards associated. If he is to be
credited, his intercourse with La Salle was not
very pleasant on ship-board. The young women,
tired of being cooped up in the narrow accommo-
dations of the ship, when the evening was fair

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOIA.

' sought the deck, and. engaged in the rude dances
of the French peasantry of that age. Hennepin,
feeling that it was improper, began to assume
the air of the priest, and forbade the sport. La
Salle, feeling that his interference was uncalled
for, called him a pedant, and took the side of the
girls, and during the voyage there were stormy
discussions.

Good humor appears to have been restored
when they left the ship, for Hennepin would oth-
erwise have not been the companion of La Salle
in his great western journey.

Sojourning for a short period at Quebec, the
adventure-loving Franciscan is permitted to go
to a mission station on or near the site of the
present town of Kingston, Canada West.

Here there was much to gratify his love of
novelty, and he passed considerable time in ram-
bling among the Iroquois of New York. In 1678
he returned to Quebec, and was ordered to join
the expedition of Robert La Salle.

On the 6th of December Father Hennepin and
a portion of the exploring party had entered the
Niagara river. In the vicinity of the Falls, the
winter was passed, and while the artisans were
preparing a ship above the Falls, to navigate the
great lakes, the Recollect whiled away the hours,
in studying the manners and customs of the Sen-
eca Indians, and in admiring the subUmest han-
diwork of God on the globe.

On the 7th of August, 1679, the ship being
completely rigged, unfurled its sails to the breezes
of Lake Erie. The vessel was named the " Grif-
fin," in honor of the arms of Frontenac, Governor
of Canada, the first ship of European construc-
tion that had ever ploughed the waters of the
great inland seas of North America.

After encountering a violent and dangerous
storm on one of the lakes, during which they had
given up all hope of escaping shipwreck, on the
27th of the month, they were safely moored in
the harbor of " MissiUmackinack." From thence
the party proceeded to Green Bay, where they
left the ship, procured canoes,- and continued
along the coast of Lake Michigan. By the mid-
dle of January, 1680, La Salle had conducted his
expedition to the Illinois River, and, on an emi-
nence near Lake Peoria, he commenced, with
much heaviness of heart, the erection of a fort,

which he called Crevecoeur, on account of the
many disappointments he had experienced.

On the last of February, Accault, Augelle, and
Hennepin left to ascend the Mississippi.

The first work bearing the name of the Rev-
erend Father Louis Hennepin, Franciscan Mis-
sionary of the Recollect order, was entitled, " De-
scription de la Louisiane," and in 1683 published
in Paris.

As soon as the book appeared it was criticised.
Abbe Bernou, on the 29th of February, 1684,
writes from Rome about the "paltry book" (mes-
hcant livre) of Father Hennepin. About a year
before the pious Tronson, under date of March
13, 1683, wrote to a friend: '' I have interviewed
the P. Recollect, who pretends to have descended
the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico. I do
not know that one will believe what he speaks any
more than that which is in the printed relation of
P. Louis, which I send you that you may make
your own reflections."

On the map accompanying his first book, he
boldly marks a Recollect Mission many miles
north of the point he had visited. In the Utrecht
edition of 1697 this deliberate fraud is erased.

Throughout the work he assumes, that he was
the leader of the expedition, and magnifies trifles
into tragedies. For instance, Mr. La Salle writes
that Michael Accault, also written Ako, who was
the leader, presented the Sioux with the calu-
met ;" but Hennepin makes the occurrence more
fonnidable.

He writes : " Our prayers were heard, when on
the 11th of April, 1680, about two o'clock in the
afternoon, we suddenly perceived thirty -three
bark canoes manned by a hundred and tvN^enty
Indians coming down with very great speed, on a
war party, against the Miamis, Illinois and Maro-
as. These Indians surrounded us, and while at
a distance, discharged some arrows at us, but as
they approached our canoe, the old men seeing us
with the calumet of peace in our hands, prevent-
ed the young men from kilUng us. These sava-
ges leaping from their canoes, some on land,
others into the water, with frightful cries and
yells approached us, and as we madfe no resist-
ance, being only three against so great a number,
one of them wrenched our calUmet from our
hands, while our canoe and theirs were tied to
the shore. We first presented to them a piece of

HENNEPIN'S BIFFIUULTY WITH PBATEB-BOOK.

French tobacco, better for smoking than theirs '
and the eldest among them uttered the words'
" Miamiha, Miamiha."

" As we did not understand their language, we
took a little stick, and by signs which we made
on the sand, showed them that their enemies, the
Miamis, whom they sought, had fled across the
river Colbert [Mississippi] to join the IsUnois;
when they saw themselves discovered and unable
to surprise their enemies, three or four old men
laying their hands on my head, wept in a mourn-
ful tone.

" "With a spare handkerchief I had left I wiped
away their tears, but they would not smoke our
Calumet. They made us cross the river with
great cries, while all shouted with tears ia their
eyes; they made us row before them, and we
heard yells capable of strikiag the most resolute
with terror. After landing our canoe and goods,
part of which had already been taken, we made a
fire to boil our kettle, and we gave them two large
wild turkeys which we had killed. These Indians
having called an assembly to deUberate what they
were to do with us, the two head chiefs of the
party approaching, showed us by signs that the
warriors wished to tomahawk us. This com-
pelled me to go to the war chiefs with one young
man, leaving the other by our property, and
throw into their midst six axes, fifteen knives
and six fathom of our black tobacco ; and then
bringing down my head, I showed them with an
axe that they might kill me, if they thought
proper. This present appeased many individual
members, who gave us some beaver to eat, put-
ting the three first morsels into our mouths, accor-
ding to the custom of the country, and blowing on
the meat, which was too hot, before putting the
bark dish before us to let us eat as we Uked. "We
spent the night in anxiety, because, before reti-
ring at night, they had returned us our peace
calumet.

" Our two boatmen were resolved to sell their
lives dearly, and to resist if attacked ; their arms
and swords were ready. As for my own part, I
determined to allow myself to be killed without
any resistance ; as I was going to announce to
them a God who had been foully accused, rm-
justly condemned, and cruelly crucified, without
showing the least aversion to those who put him
to death. "We watched in. turn, in our anxiety,

so as not to be surprised asleep. The next morn-
ing, a chief named Narrhetoba asked for the
peace calumet, filled it with vnllow bark, and aU
smoked. It was then signified that the white
men were to return with them to their villages."

In his narrative the Franciscan remarks, "I
found it difiicult to say my ofiiee before these
Indians. Many seeing me move my lips, said in
a fierce tone, ' Ouakanche.' Michael, all out of
countenance, told me, that if I continued to say
my breviary, we should all three be killed, and
the Picard begged me at least to pray apart, so as
not to provoke them. I followed the latter's
advice, but the more I concealed myself the more
I had the Indians at my heels ; for when I en-
tered the wood, they thought I was going to hide
some goods imder ground, so that I knew not on
what side to turn to pray, for they never let me
out of sight. This obliged me to beg pardon of
my canoe- men, assuring them I could hot dis-
pense with saying my ofiBce. By the word, ' Ou-
akanche,' the Indians meant that the book I was
reading was a spirit, but by their gesture they
nevertheless showed a kind of aversion, so that
to accustom them to it, I chanted the litany of
the Blessed Virgin in the canoe, with my book
opened. They thought that the breviary was a
spirit which taught me to sing for tJielr diversion ;
for these people are naturally fond of singing."

This is the first mention of a Dahkotah word
in a European book. The savages were annoyed
rather than enraged, at seeing the white man
reading a book, and exclaimed, " "Wakan-de !"
this is wonderful or supernatural. The war
party was composed of several bands of the M'de-
wahkantonwan Dahkotahs, and there was a di-
versity of opinion in relation to the disposition
that should be made of the white men. The
relatives of those who had been killed by the
Miamis, were in favor of taking their scalps, but
others were anxious to retain the favor of the
French, and open a trading intercourse.

Perceiving one of the canoe-men shoot a wild
turkey, they caUed the gun, " Manza Ouackange,"
iron that has understanding; more correctly,
" Maza "Wakande," this is the supernatural metal.

Aquipaguetin, one of the head men, resorted
to the following device to obtain merchandise.
Says the Father, " This wily savage had the
bones of some distinguished relative, which he

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

preserved witli great care in some skins dressed
and adorned witli several rows of black and red
porcupine quills. From time to time he assem-
bled Ms men to give it a smoke, and made us
come several days to cover the bones with goods,
and by a present wipe away the tears he had shed
for him, and for his own son killed'by the Miamis.
To appease this captious man, we threw on the
bones several fathoms of tobacco, axes, knives,
beads, and some black and white wampum brace-
lets. * * * We slept at the point of the Lake
of Tears [Lake Pepin], which we so called from
the tears which this chief shed all mght long, or
by one of his sons whom he caused to weep when
he grew tired."

The next day, after four or five leagues' sail, a
chief came, and telling them to leave their canoes,
he pulled up three piles of grass for seats. Then
taking a piece of cedar full of Uttle holes, he
placed a stick into one, which he revolved between
the palms of his hands, until he kindjed a fire,
and informed the Frenchmen that they would be
at Mille Lac in six days. On the nineteenth day
after their captivity, they arrived in the vicinity
of Saint Paul, not far, it is probable, from the
marshy ground on which the Kaposia band once
lived, and now called Pig's Eye.

The journal remarks, " Having arrived on the
nineteenth day of our navigation, five leagues
below St. Anthony's Falls, these Indians landed
us la a bay, broke our canoe to pieces, and se-
creted their own in the reeds."

They then followed the trail to MUle Lac, sixty
leagues distant. As they approached their villa-
ges, the various bands began to show their spoils.
The tobacco was highly prized, and led to some
contention. The chalice of the Father, which
glistened in the sun, they were afraid to touch,
supposing it was "wakan." After five days'
walk they reached the Issati [Dahkotah] settle-
ments in the valley of the Kum or Knife river.
The different bands each conducted a Frenchman
to their village, the chief Aquipaguetin taking
charge of Hennepin. After marching through
the marshes towards the sources of Rum river,
five wives of the chief, in three bark canoes, met
them and took them a short league to an island
where their cabins were.

An aged Indian kindly rubbed down the way-
worn Franciscan; placing him on a bear-sMn

near the fire, he anointed his legs and the soles
of his feet with wildcat oil.

The son "of the chief took great pleasure in car-
rying upon his bare back the priest's robe with
dead men's bones enveloped. It was called Pere
Louis Chinnen. In the Dahkotah language Shin-
na or Shinnan signifies a buffalo robe.

Hennepin's description of his life on the island
is in these words :

" The day after our arrival, Aquipaguetin, who •
was the head of a large family, covered me vnth
a robe made of ten large dressed beaver skins,
trimmed with porcupine quills. This Indian
showed me five or six of his wives, teUtng them,
as I' afterwards learned, that they shouF in fu-
ture regard me as one of their children.

" He set before me a bark dish full of fish, and
seeing that I could not rise from the ground, he
had a small sweating-cabin made, in which he
made me enter with four Indians. This cabin he
covered with buffalo skins, and inside he put
stones red-hot. He made me a sign to do as the
others before beginning to sweat, but I merely
concealed my nakedness with a handkerchief.
As soon as these Indians had several times
breathed out quite violently, he began to sing vo-
ciferously, the others putting their hands on me
and rubbing me while they wept bitterly. I be-
gan to faint, but I came out and could scarcely
take my habit to put on. When he made me
sweat thus three times a week, I felt as strong as
ever."

The mariner's compass was a constant source
of wonder and amazement. Aquipaguetin hav-
ing assembled the braves, would ask Hennepin
to show his compass. Perceiving that the needle
turned, the chief harangued his men, and told
them that the Europeans were spirits, capable of
doing any thing.

In the Franciscan's possession was an iron pot
with feet like lions', which the Indians would not
touch unless their hands were- wrapped in buffalo
skins. The women looked upon it as " wakan,"
and would not enter the cabin where it was.

" The chiefs of these savages, seeing that I was
desirous to learn, frequently made me write,
naming all the parts of. the human body ; and as
I would not put on paper certain indelicate words,
at which, they do not blush, they were heartily
amused."

EENNHPIN'S VISIT TO FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY.

They often asked the Pranciscan questions, to
answer which it was necessary to refer to his lex-
icon. This appeared very strange, and, as they
had no word for paper, they said, " That white
thing must be a spirit wliich tells Pere Louis all
we say."

Hennepin remarks : " These Indians often
asked me how many wives and children I had,
and how old I was, that is, how many winters ;
for so these natives always count. Never illu-
mlaed by the Ught of faith, they were surprised
at my answer. Pointing to our two Prenchmen,
whom I was then visiting, at a point three leagues
from our vUlage, I told them that a man among
us could only have one wife ; that as for me, I
had promised the Master of life to live as they
saw me, and to come and Uve with them to teach
them to be like the Prench.

" But that gross people, till then lawless and
faithless, turned all I said iato ridicule. ' How,'
said they, ' would you have these two men with
thee have wives ? Ours would not live with them ,
for they have hair all over their face, and we have
none there or elsewhere.' In fact, they were
never better pleased with me than when I was
shaved, and from a complaisance, certainly not
criminal, I shaved every week.

" As often as I went to visit the cabins, I found
a sick child, whose father's name was Mamenisi.
Michael Ako would not accompany me; the
Picard du Gay alone followed me to act as spon-
sor, or, rather, to witness the baptism.

" I christened the child Antoinette, in honor of
St. Anthony of Padua, as well as for the Picard's
name, which was Anthony Auguelle. He was a
native of Amiens, and nephew of the Procurator-
General of the Premonstratensians both now at
Paris. Having poured natural water on the head
and uttered these words : ' Creature of God, I
baptize thee iii the name of the Father, and of
the Son, and of the Holy Ghost,' I took half an
altar cloth which I had wrested from the hands
of an Indian who had stolen it from me, and put
it on the body of the baptized child; for as I
could npt say mass for want of wine and vest-
ments, this piece of Unen could not be put to bet-
ter use than to enshroud the first Christian child
among these tribes. I do not know whether the
softness of the linen had refreshed her, but she
was the next day smiling in her mother's arms,

who believed that I had cured the child ; but she
died soon after, to my great consolation.

" During my stay among them, there arrived
four savages, who said they were come alone five
hundred leagues from the west, and had been four
months upon the way. They assured us there
was no such place as the Straits of Anian, and
that they had traveled without resting, except to
sleep, and had not seen or passed over any great
lake, by which phrase they always mean the sea.

" They further informed us that the nation of
the Assenipoulacs [Assiniboines] who lie north-
east of Issati, was not above six or seven days'
journey ; that none of the nations, within their
knowledge, who lie to the east or northwest, had
any great lake about their coimtries, which were
very large, but only rivers, which came from the
north. They further assured us that there were
very few forests in the countries through which
they passed, insomuch that now and then they
were forced to make fires of buffaloes' dung to
boil their food. All these circumstances make it
appear that there is no such place as the Straits
of Anian, as we usually see them set down on the
maps. And whatever efforts have been made for
many years past by the English and Dutch, to
find out a passage to the Frozen Sea, they have
not yet been able to effect it. But by the help of
my discovery aud the assistance of God, I doubt
not but a passage may still be found, and that an
easy one too.

" Por example, we may be transported into the
Pacific Sea by rivers which are large and capable
of carrying great vessels, and from thence it is
very easy to go to China and Japan, vnthout cross-
ing the equinoctial line; and, in all probability,
Japan is on the same contiruent as America.''''

Hennepin in his first book, thus describes his
first visit to the Palls of St. Anthony : " In the
beginning of July, 1680, we descended the [Kum]
River in a canoe southward, with the great chief
Ouasicoude fWauzeekootay] that is to say Pierced
Pine, with about eighty cabins composed of more
than a hundred and thirty families and about
two hundred and fifty warriors. Scarcely would
the Indians give me a place in their little flotilla,
for they had only old canoes. They went four
leagues lower down, to get birch bark to make
some more. Having made a hole in the ground,
to hide our silver chalice and our papers, till our

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

return from the hunt, and keeping only our bre-
viary, so as not to be loaded, I stood on the bank
of the lake formed by the river we had called St.
Francis [now Bum] and stretched out my hand
to the canoes as they rapidly passed in succession.

"Our Frenchmen also had one for themselves,
which the Indians had given them. They would
not take me in," Michael Ako saying that he had
taken me long enough to satisfy him. I was hurt
at this answer, seeing myself thus abandoned by
Christians, to whom I had always done good, as
they both often acknowledged; but God never
having abandoned me on that painfiul voyage, in-
spired two Indians to take me in their little
canoe, where I had no other employment than to
bale out with a little bark tray, the water which
entered by little holes. This I did not do with-
out getting aU wet. This boat might, indeed, be
called a death box, for its lightness and fragiUty.
These canoes do not generally weigh over fifty
pounds, the least motion of the body upsets them,
unless you are long accustomed to that kind of
navigation.

" On disembarking in the evening, the Picard,
as an excuse, told me that their canoe was half-
rotten, and that had we been three in it, we
should have run a great risk of remaining on the
way. * * * Four days after our departure for
the buffalo hunt, we halted eight leagues above
St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, on an eminence
opposite the mouth of the River St. Francis [Rum]
* * * The Picard and myself went to look for
haws, gooseberries, and little wild fruit, which
often did us more harm than good. This obliged
us to go alone, as Michael Ako refused, in a
wretched canoe, to Ouisconsin river, which was
more than a hundred leagues off, to see whether
the Sieur de la Salle had sent to that place a re-
inforcement of men, with powder, lead, and
other munitions, as he had promised us.

"The Indians would not have suffered this
voyage had not one of the three remained with
them. They wished me to stay, but Michael
Ako absolutely refused. As we were making the
portage of our canoe at St. Anthony of Padua's
Falls, we perceived five or six of our Indians who
had taken the start ; one of them was up in an
oak opposite the great fall, weeping bitterly, with
a rich dressed beaver robe, whitened inside, and
trimmed with porcupine quills, which he was

offering as a sacrifice to the falls; which is, in it-
self, admirable and frightful. I heard him while
shedding copious tears, say as he spoke to the'
great cataract, ' Thou who art a spirit, grant that
our nation may pass here quietly, without acci^
dent ; may kill buffalo in abundance ; conquer
our enemies, and bring in slaves, some of whom
we will put to death before thee. The Messenecqz
(so they call the tribe named by the French Outar
gamis) have killed our kindred; grant that we
may avenge them. ' This robe offered in sacrifice,
served one of our Frenchmen, who took it as we
returned."

It is certainly wonderful, that Hennepin, who
knew nothing of the Sioux language a few weeks
before, should understand the prayer offered at
the Falls without the aid of an interpreter.

The narrator continues : " A league beyond
St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, the Picard was
obUged to land and get his powder horn, which he
had left at the Falls. * * * As we descended
the river Colbert [Mississippi] we foimd some of
our Indians on the islands loaded with buffalo
meat, some of which they gave us. Two hours
after landing, fifteen or sixteen warriors whom we
had left above St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, en-
tered, tomakawkin hand, upset the cabin of those
who had invited us, took all the meat and bear
oU they found, and greased themselves from head
to foot,"

This was done because the others had violated
the rules for the buffalo hunt. With the Indians
Hennepin went down the river sixty leagues, and
then went up the river again, and met buffalo.
He continues :

"While seeking the Ouisconsin Elver, that
savage father, Aquipaguetin, whom I had left,
and who I believed more than two hundred
leagues off, on the 11th of July, 1680, appeared
with the warriors." After this, Hennepin and
Picard continued to go up the river almost eighty
leagues.

There is great confusion here, as the reader
will see. When at the mouth of the Rum River,
he speaks of the Wisconsin as more than a hun-
dred leagues off. He floats down the river sixty
leagues ; then he ascended, but does not state the
distance; then he ascends eighty leagues.

He continues : " The Indians whom he had left
with Michael Ako at Buffalo [Chippeway] River,

HENNEPIN MEETS SIEUB DU LUTH.

■with the flotilla of canoes loaded with meat, came
down. *. * * All the Indian women had their
stock of meat at the mouth of Buffalo Kiver and
on the islands, and again we went down the Col-
bert [Mississippi] about eighty leagues. * * *
We had another alarm in our camp : the old men
on duty on the top of the mountatas announced
that they saw two warriors in the distance ; all
the bowmen hastened there with speed, each try-
ing to outstrip the others ; but they brought back
only two of their enemies, who came to tell them
that a party of their people were hunting at the
extremity of Lake Conde [Superior] and had found
four Spirits (so they call the French) who, by
means of a slave, had expressed a wish to come
on, knowing us to be among them. * * * On
the 25th of July, 1680, as we were ascending the
river Colbert, after the buffalo hunt, to the In-
dian vUlages, we met Sieur du Luth, who came
to the Nadouessious with five French soldiers.
They joined us about two hundred and twenty
leagues distant from the country of the Indians
who had taken us. As we had some knowledge
of the language, they begged us to accompany
them to the villages of these tribes, to which I
readily agreed, knowing that these two French- "
men had not approached the sacrament for two
years."

Here again the number of leagues is confusing,
and it is impossible to believe that Du Luth and
his interpreter Faffart, who had been trading
with the Sioux for more than a year, needed the
help of Hennepin, who had been about three
months Mth these people.

We are not told by what route Hennepin and
Du Luth reached Lake Issati or Mille Lacs, but
Hennepin says they arrived there on the 11th of
August, 1680, and he adds, " Toward the end of
September, havmg no implements to begin an
establishment, we resolved to tell these people,
that for their benefit, we would have to return to
the French settlements. The grand Chief of the
Issati or Nadouessiouz consented, and traced in
pencil on paper I gave him, the route I should
take for four hundred leagues. With this chart,
we set out, eight Frenchmen, in two canoes, and
descended the river St. Francis and Colbert [Eum
and Mississippi]. Two of our men took two bea-
ver robes at St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, which
the Indians had hung in sacrifice on the trees."

The second work of Hennepin, an enlargement
of the first, appeared at Utrecht in the year 1697,
ten years after La Salle's death. During the in-
terval between the publication of the first and
second book, he had passed three years as Super-
intendent of the Recollects atKeny in the province
of Artois, when Father Hyacinth Lef evre, a friend
of La Salle, and Commissary Provuicial of Recol-
lects at Paris, wished him to return to Canada.
He refused, and was ordered to go to Eome, and
upon his coming back was sent to a convent at
St. Omer, and there received a dispatch from the
Minister of State in France to return to the coun-
tries of the King of Spain, of which he was a
subject. This order, he asserts, he afterwards
learned was forged.

In the preface to the English edition of the
JSTew Discovery, published in. 1698, in London, he
writes :

"The pretended reason of that violent order
was because I refused to return into America,
where I had been already eleven years ; though
the particular laws of our Order oblige none of us
to go beyond sea against his will. I would have,
however, returned very willingly had I not known
the malice of M. La Salle, who would have ex-
posed me to perish, as he did one of the men who
accompanied me in my discovery. God knows
that I am sorry for his unfortunate death ; but
the judgments of the Almighty are always just,
for the gentleman was Idlled by one of his own
men, who were at last sensible that he exposed
them to visible dangers without any necessity and
for his private designs."

After this he was for about five years at Gosse-
Ues, in Brabant, as Confessor in a convent, and
from thence removed to his native place, Ath, in
Belgium, where, according to his narrative in the
preface to the "Nouveavi Decouverte," he was
again persecuted. Then Father Payez, Grand
Commissary of Recollects at Louvain, being in-
formed that the King of Spain and the Elector of
Bavaria recommended the step, consented that
he should enter the service of WilUam the Third
of Great Britain, who had been very kind to the
Roman Catholics of Netherlands. By order of
Payez he was sent to Antwerp to take the lay
habit in the convent there, and subsequently
went to Utrecht, where he finished his second
book known as the New Discovery.

EXPLOBJEBS ANB PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

His first volume, printed in 1683, contains 312
pages, with an appendix of 107 pages, on the
Customs of the Savages, while the Utrecht book
of 1697 contains 509 pages without an appendix.

On page 249 of the New Discovery, he begins
an account of a voyage alleged to have been made
to the mouth of the Mississippi, and occupies
over sixty pages in the narrative. The opening
sentences give as a reason for concealing to this
time his discovery, that La Salle would have re-
ported him to his Superiors for presuming to go
down instead of ascending the stream toward the
north, as had been agreed ; and that the two with
him threatened that if he did not consent to de-
scend the river, they would leave him on shore
during the night, and pursue their own course.

He asserts that he left the Gulf of Mexico, to
return, on the 1st of April, and on the 24th left
the Arkansas ; but a week after this, he declares
he landed with the Sioux at the marsh about two
mUes below the city of Saint Paul.

The account has been and is still a puzzle to
the historical student. In our review of his first
book we have noticed that as early as 1683, he
claimed to have descended the Mississippi. In
the Utrecht publication he declares that while at
Quebec, upon his return to Trance, he gave to
Father Valentine Roux, Commissary of Recol-
lects, his journal, upon the promise that it would
be kept secret, and that this Father made a copy
of his whole voyage, including the visit to the
Gulf of Mexico ; but in his Description of Louis-
iana, Hennepin wrote, " We had some design of
going to the mouth of the river Colbert, which
more probably empties into the Gulf of Mexico
than into the Red Sea, but the tribes that seized
us gave us no time to sail up and down the river."

The additions in his Utrecht book to magnify
his importance and detract from others, are
many. As Sparks and Parkman have pointed
out the plagiarisms of this edition, a reference
here is unnecessary.

Du Luth, who left Quebec in 1678, and had
been in northern Minnesota, with an interpreter,
for a year, after he met Ako and Hennepin, be-
comes of secondary importance, in the eyes of
the Franciscan.

In the Description of Louisiana, on page 289,
Hennepin speaks of passing the Falls of Saint
Anthony, upon his return -to Canada, in these

few words : " Two of our men seized two beaver
robes at the Falls of St. Anthony of Padua,
which the Indians had in sacrifice, fastened to
trees." But in the Utrecht edition, commencing
on page 416, there is much added concerning Du
Lnth. After using the language of the edition
of 1683, already quoted it adds: "Hereupon
there arose a dispute between Sieur du Luth and
myself. I commended what they had done, say-
ing, ' The savages might judge by it that they
disliked the superstition of these people.' The
Sieur du Luth, on the contrary, said that they
ought to have left the robes where the savages
placed them, for they would not fail to avenge
the insult we had put upon them by this action,
and that it was feared that they would attack us
on this journey. I confessed he had some foun-
dation for what he said, and that he spoke accor-
dhig to the rules of prudence. But one of the
two men flatly replied, the two robes suited them,
and they cared nothing for the savages and their
superstitions. The Sieur du Luth at these words
was so greatly enraged that he nearly struck the
one who uttered them, but I intervened and set-
tled the dispute. The Picard and Michael Ako
■ranged themselves on the side of those who had
taken the robes in question, which might have
resulted badly.

" I argued with Sieur du Luth that the savages
would not attack us, because I was persuaded
that their great chief Ouasicoude would have our
interests at heart, and he had great credit with
his nation. The matter terminated pleasantly.

" When we arrived near the river Ouisconsin,
we halted to smoke the meat of the buffalo we
had killed on the journey. During our stay, three
savages of the nation we had left, came by the
side of our canoe to tell us that their great chief
Ouasicoude, having learned that another chief of
these people wished to pursue and kill us, and
that he entered the cabin where he was consult-
ing, and had struck him on the head with such
violence as to scatter his brains upon his associ-
ates ; thus preventing the executing of this inju-
rious project.

" We regaled the three savages, having a great

abundance of food at that time. The Sieur du

Luth, after the savages had left, was as enraged

as before, and feared that they would pursue and

i attack us on our voyage. He would have pushed

TBIBUTE TO DANIEL QBEYSOLON BU LUTH.

the matter further, but seeing that one man would
resist, and was not in the humor to be imposed
upon, he moderated, and I appeased tliem in the
end with the assurance that God would not aban-
don us in distress, and, provided we confided in
Him, he would deliver us from our foes, because
He is the protector of men and angels."

After describing a conference with the Sioux,
he adds, " Thus the savages were very kind,
without mentioning the beaver robes. The chief
Ouasicoude told me to offer a fathom of Marti-
nico tobacco to the chief Aquipaguetin, who had
adopted me as a son. This had an admirable
effect upon the barbarians, who went off shouting
several times the word 'Louis,' [Ouis or We]
which, as he said, means the sun. "Without van- ■
ity, I must say that my name will be for a long
time among these people.

"The savages having left us, to go to war
against the Messorites, the Maroha, the Illinois,
and other nations which live toward the lower
part of the Mississippi, and are irreconcilable foes
of the people of the North, the Sieur du Luth,
who upon many occasions gave me marks of his
friendship, could not forbear to tell our men that
I had all the reason in the world to believe that
the Viceroy of Canada would give me a favorable
reception, should we arrive before winter, and
that he wished with all his heart that he had been
among as many natives as myself."

The style of Louis Hennepin is unmistakable
in this extract, and it is amusing to read his pa-
tronage of one of the fearless explorers of the
Northwest, a cousin of Tonty, favored by Fron-
tenac, and who was in Minnesota a year before
his arrival.

In 1691, six years before the Utrecht edition of
Hennepin, another BecoUect Franciscan had pub-
lished a book at Paris, called " The First Estab-
lishment of the Faith in New France," in which
is the following tribute to Du Luth, whom Hen-
nepin strives to make a subordinate : " In the last
years of M. de Frontenac's administration, Sieur
Du Luth, a man of talent and experience, opened
a way to the missionary and the Gospel in many
different nations, turning toward the north of
that lake [Superior] where he even. built a fort,
he advanced as far as the Lake of the Issati,
called Lake Buade, from the family name of M.

de Frontenac, planting the arms of his Majesty
in several nations on the right and left."

In the second volume of his last book, which is
called " A Continuance of the New Discovery of
a vast Country in America," etc., Hennepin no-
ticed some criticisms.

To the objection that his work was dedicated
to William the Third of Great Britam, he replies :
" My King, his most Catholic, Majesty, his Elec-
toral Highness of Bavaria, the consent in writing
of the Superior of my order, the iategrity of my
faith, and the regular observance of my vows,
which his Britannic Majesty allows me, are the
best warrants of the uprightness of my inten-
tions."

To the query, how he could travel so far upon
the Mississippi in so little time, he answers with
a bold face, " That we may, with a canoe and a
pair of oars, go twenty, twenty-flve, or thirty
leagues every day, and more too, if there be oc-
casion. And though we had gone but ten leagues
a day, yet in thirty days we might easily have
gone three hundred leagues. If during the time
we spent from the river of the IlUnois to the
mouth of the Meschasipi, in the Gulf of Mexico,
we had used a Uttle more haste, we might have
gone the same twice over."

To the objection, that he said, he nad passed
eleven years in America, when he had been there
but about four, he evasively replies, that " reck-
oning from the year 1674, when I first set put, to
the year 1688, when I printed the second edition
of my ' Louisiana,' it appears that I have spent
fifteen years either in travels or printing my
Discoveries."

To those who objected to the statement in his
first book, in the dedication to Louis the Four-
teenth, that the Sioux always call the sun Louis,
he writes : " I repeat what I have said before,
that being among the Issati and Nadouessans, by
whom I was made a slave in America, I never
heard them call the sun any other than Louis.
It is true these savages call also the moon Louis,
but with this distinction, that they give the moon
the name of Louis Bastache, which in their lan-
guage signifies, the sun that shines in the night."

The Utrecht edition called forth much censure,
and no one in France doubted that Hennepin
was the author. D 'Iberville, Governor of Lou-
isiana, while in Paris, wrote on July 3d 1699, to

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

the Minister of Marine and Colonies of France,
in tliese words : " Very much vexed at the Eec-
ollect, whose false narratives had deceived every
one, and caused our suffering and total failure of
our enterprise, by the time consumed in the
search of things which alone existed in his imag-
ination."

The Eev. Father James Gravier, in a letter
from a fort on the Gulf of Mexico, near the Mis-
sissippi, dated February 16th, 1701, expressed the
sentiment of his times when he speaks of Hen-
nepin " who presented to King William, the Rela-
tion of the Mississippi, where he never was, and
after a thousand falsehoods and ridiculous boasts,

* * * he makes Mr. de la Salle appear in his
Eelation, wounded with two balls in the head,
turn toward the Recollect Father Anastase, to
ask him for absolution, having been killed in-
stantly, without uttering a word • and other like
false stories."

Hennepin gradually faded out of sight. Bru-
net mentions a letter written by J. B. Dubos,
from Rome, dated March 1st, 1701, which men-
tions that Hennepin was Uving on the Capitoline
Hill, in the celebrated convent of Ara Coeli, and
was a favorite of Cardinal Spada. The time and
place of his death has not been ascertained.

NICHOLAS PEBROT, FOUNDER OF FIRST POST ON LAKE PEPIN.

CHAPTEE V.

NICHOLAS PERBOT, FOUNDEE OF FIBST POST ON LAKE PEPIN.

EutIt life. — Searches for Copper.— Interpreter at Saulfc St. Marie, Employed by
La Salle.— Bmlds Stockade at Lake Pepin. — Hostile Indians Rebuked. —A
Silver Ostensorium Given to a Jesuit Chapel.— Perrot in the Battle against
Senecas, in New York.— Second Visit to Sioux Country.— Taking Possession by
"Proces Verbal." — Discovery of Lead Mines. — Attends Council at Montreal. —
Establishes a Post near Detroit, in Michigan. — Perrot's Death, and his Wife.

Nicholas Perrot, sometimes written Pere, was
one of the most energetic of the class in Canada
known as " coureurs des hois," or forest rangers.
Born in 1644, at an early age he was identified
with the fur trade of the great inland lakes. As
early as 1665, he was among the Outagamies
[Poxes], and in 1667 was at Green Bay. In 1669,
he was appointed by Talon to go to the lake re-
gion in search of copper mines. At the formal
taking possession of that country in the name of
the King of Prance, at Sault St. Marie, on the
14th of May, lb71, he acted as interpreter. In
1677, he seems to have been employed at Port
Prontenac. La Salle was made very sick the
next year, from eating a salad, and one Nicholas
Perrot, called Joly Coeur (Jolly Soul) was sus-
pected of having mingled poison with the food.
After this he was associated with Du Luth in
the execution of two Indians, as we have seen.
In 1684, he was appointed by De la Barre, the
Governor of Canada, as Commandant for the
West, and left Montreal with twenty men. Ar-
riving at Green Bay in Wisconsin, some Indians
told him that they had visited countries toward
the setting sun, where they obtained the blue
and green stones suspended from their ears and
noses, and that they saw horses and men like
Prenchmen, probably the Spaniards of New Mex-
ico ; and others said that they had obtained hatch-
ets from persons who lived in a house that walked
on the water, near the mouth of the river of the
Assiniboines, aUuding to the English estabUshed
at Hudson's Bay. Proceeding to the portage be-
tween the Pox and Wisconsin, thirteen Hurons
were met, who were bitterly opposed to the es-
tablishment of a post near the Sioux. After the

Mississippi was reached, a party of Wumebagoes
was employed to notify the tribes of Northern
Iowa that the Prench had ascended the river,
and wished to meet them. It was further agreed
that prairie fires would be kindled from time to
time, so that the Indians could follow the Prench.

After entering Lake Pepin, near its mouth, on
the east side, Perrot found a place suitable for a
post, where there was wood. The stockade was
built at the foot of a bluff beyond which was a
large prairie. La Potherie makes this statement,
which is repeated by Penicaut, who writes of
Lake Pepin : " To the right and left of its shores
there are also prairies. In that on the right on
the bank of the lake, there is a fort, which was
built by Nicholas Perrot, whose name it yet [1700]
bears."

Soon after he was estabUshed, it was announced
that a band of Aiouez [loways] was encamped
above, and on the way to visit the post. The
Prench ascended in canoes to meet them, but as
they drew nigh, the Indian women ran up the
bluffs, and hid in the woods ; but twenty of the'
braves mustered courage to advance and greet
Perrot, and bore him to the chief's lodge. The
chief, bending over Perrot, began to weep, and
allowed the moisture to fall upon his visitor.
After he had exhausted himself, the principal
men of the party repeated the slabbering process.
Then buffalo tongues were boiled in an earthen
pot, and after being cut into small pieces, the
chief took a piece, and, as a mark of respect,
placed it in Perrot's mouth.

During the winter of 1684-85, the Prench tra-
ded in Minnesota.

At the end of the beaver hunt, the Ayoes
[loways] came to the post, but Perrot was absent
visiting the Nadouaissioux. and they sent a chief
to notify him of their arrival. Pour Illinois met
him on the way, and were anxious for the return
of four children held by the Prench. When the

EXPLOREBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

Sioux, who were at war with the Illinois, per-
ceived them, they wished to seize their canoes,
but the French voyageurs who were guarding
them, pushed into the middle of the river, and
the French at the post coming to their assistance,
a reconciliation was effected, and four of the
Sioux took the Illinois upon their shoulders, and
bore them to the shore.

An order having been received from Denon-
ville. Governor of Canada, to bring the Miamis,
and other tribes, to the rendezvous at Niagara,
to go on an expedition against the Senecas, Per-
rot entrusting the post at Lake Pepin to a few
Frenchmen, visited the Miamis,*who were dwel-
ling below on the Mississippi, and with no guide
but Indian camp fires, went sixty miles into the
country beyond the river.

Upon his return, he perceivea a great smoke,
and at first thought that it. was a war party pro-
ceeding to the Sioux country. Fortunately he
met ^ Maskouten chief, who had been at the post
to see him, and he gave the intelUgence, that the
Outagamies [Foxes], Kikapous [Kickapoos], and
Mascoutechs [Maskoutens], and others, from the
region of Green Bay, had determined to pillage
the post, kill the French, and then go to war
against the Sioux. Hurrying on, he reached the
fort, and learned that on that very day three
spies had been there and seen that there were
only six Frenchmen in charge.

The next day two more spies appeared, but
Perrot had taken the precaution to put loaded
guns at the door of each hut, and caused his men
frequently to change their clothes. To the query,
" How many French were there?" the reply was
given, " Forty, and that more were daily expected,
who had been on a bufEalo hunt, and that the
guns were well loaded and knives well sharpened. "
They were then told to go back to their camp
aud bring a chief of each nation represented, and
that if Indians, in large numbers, came near, they
would be fired at. In accordance with this mes-
sage six chiefs presented themselves, After their
bows and arrows were taken away they were in-
vited to Perrot's cabin, who gave something to
eat and tobacco to smoke. Looking at Perrot's
loaded guns they asked, '-If he was afraid of his
children?" He replied, he was not. They con-
tinued, " You are displeased." He answered,
' ' I have good reason to be. The Spirit has warned

me of your designs; you will take my things
away and put me in the kettle, and proceed
against the Nadouaissioux, The Spirit told me
to be on my guard, and he would help me." At
this they were astonished, and confessed that an
attack was meditated. That night the chiefs
slept in the stockade, and early the next morn-
ing a part of the hostile force was encamped in
the vicinity, and wished to trade. Perrot had
now only a force of fifteen men, and seizing the
chiefs, he told them he would break their heads
if they did not disperse the Indians. One of the
chiefs then stood up on the gate of the fort and
said to the warriors, " Do not advance, young
men, or you are dead. The Spirit has warned
Metaminens [PerrotJ of your designs." They fol-
lowed the advice, and afterwards Perrot present-
ed them with two guns, two kettles, and some
tobacco, to close the door of war against the Na-
douaissioux, and the chiefs were all permitted to
make a brief visit to the post.

Returning to Green Bay in 1686, he passed much
time in collecting allies for the expedition against
the Iroquois in New York. During this year he
gave to the Jesuit chapel at Depere, five miles
above Green Bay, a church utensil of silver, fif-
teen inches high, still in existence. The stand-
ard, nine inches in height, supports a radiated
circlet closed with glass on both sides and sur-
mounted with a cross. Tliis vessel, weighing
about twenty ounces, was intended to show the
consecrated wafer of the mass, and is called a
soleil, monstrance, or ostensorium.

Around the oval base of the rim is the follow-
ing inscription:

^^^j^sMKNicaot^

'<.

^^Sv^ss aai^^"^

«i'

■sf

In 1802 some workmen in digging at Green
Bay, Wisconsin, on the old Langlade estate dis-

A CUP OF BBANDY ANB WATEB DETECTS A THIEF.

covered this relic, wtuch is now kept in the vault
of the Roman Catholic bishop of that diocese.

During the spring of 1687 Perrot, with De Lu-
th and Tonty, was with the Indian allies and the
French in the expedition against the Senecas of
the Genessee Valley in New York.

The next year Denonville, Governor of Canada,
again sent Perrot with forty Frenchmen to the
Sioux who, says Potherie, " were very distant,
and who would not trade with us as easily as
the other tribes, the Outagamis [Foxes] having
boasted of having cut off the passage thereto."

When Perrot arrived at Mackinaw, the tribes
of that region were much excited at the hostility
of the Outagamis [Foxes] toward the Sauteurs
[Chippeways]. As soon as Perrot and his party
reached Green Bay a deputation of the Foxes
sought an interview. He told them that he had
nothing to do with this quarrel with the Chippe-
ways. In justification, they said that a party of
their young men, in going to war against the
Nadouaissioux, had found a young man and three
Chippeway girls.

Perrot was silent, and continued his journey
towards the JSTadouaissioux. Soon he was met by
five chiefs of the Foxes in a canoe, who begged
him to go to their village. Perrot consented, and
when he went into a chief's lodge they placed be-
fore him broiled venison, and raw meat for the
rest pf the French. He refused to eat because,
said he, "that meat did not give him any spirit,
but he would take some when the Outagamis
[Foxes] were more reasonable." He then chided
them for not having gone, as requested by the
Governor of Canada, to the Detroit of Lake
Erie, and during the absence of the French fight-
ing with the Chippeways. Having ordered them
to go on their beaver hunt and only fight against
the Iroquois, he left a few Frenchmen to trade
and proceeded on his. journey to the Sioux coun-
try. Arriving at the portage between the Fox and
Wisconsin Rivers they were impeded by ice, but
with the aid of some Pottawattomies they trans-
ported their goods to the Wisconsin, which they
found no longer frozen. The Chippeways were
informed that their daughters had been, taken
from the Foxes, and a deputation came to take
them back, but being attacked by the Foxes, who
did not know their errand, they fled without se-
ctiring the three girls. Perrot then ascended the

Mississippi to the post which in 1684 he had
erected, just above the mouth, and on the east
side of Lake Pepin.

, As soon as the rivers were navigable, the Na-
douaissioux came down and escorted Perrot to
one of their villages, where he was welcomed
with much enthusiasm. He was carried upon a
beaver robe, followed by a long line of warriors,
each bearing a pipe, and singing. After taking
him around the village, he was borne to the chief's
lodge, when several came in to weep over bis head,
with the same tenderness that the Ayoes (loways)
did, when Perrot several years before arrived at
Lake Pepin. " These weepings," says an old
chronicler " do not weaken their souls. They are
very good warriors, and reported the bravest ia
that region. They are at war with all the tribes
at present except the Saulteurs [Chippeways] and
Ayoes [loways], and even with these they have
quarrels. At the break of day the Nadouaissioux
bathe, even to the youngest. They have very fine
forms, but the women are not comely, and they
look upon them as slaves. They are jealous and
suspicious about them, and they are the cause
of quarrels and blood-sheddiug.

" The Sioux are very dextrous with their ca-
noes, and they fight unto death if surrounded,
Their country is full of swamps, which shelter
them in summer from being molested. One must
be a Nadouaissioux, to find the way to their vil-

While Perrot was absent in Ifew York, fight-
ing the Senecas, a Sioux chief knowing that few
Frenchmen were left at Lake Pepin, came with
one hundred warriors, and endeavored to pillage
it. Of this complaint was made, and the guilty
leader was near being put to death by his associ-
ates. Amicable relations having been formed,
preparations were made by Perrot to return to
his post. As they were going away, one of the"
Frenchmen complatQed that a box of his goods
had been stolen. Perrot ordered a voyageur to
bring a cup of water, and into it he poured some
brandy. He then addressed the Indians and told
them he would dry up their marshes if the goods
were not restored; and then he set on fire the
brandy in the cup. The savages were astonished
and terrified, and supposed that he possessed su-
pernatural powers ; and in a little T^'-Ue the goods

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

were found and restored to the owner, and the
Prench descended to their stockade.

The Poxes, while Perrot was in the Sioux
country, changed their village, and settled on the
Mississippi. Coming up to visit Perrot, they
asked him to establish friendly relations between
them and the Sioux. At the time some Sioux
were at the post trading furs, and at first they
supposed the French were plotting with the
Poxes. Perrot, however, eased them by present-
ing the calumet and saying that the Prench con-
sidered the Outagamis [Poxes] as brothers, and
then adding: "Smoke in my pipe; this is the
manner with which Onontio [Governor of Can-
ada] feeds his children." The Sioux replied that
they wished the Poxes to smoke first. This was
reluctantly done, and the Sioux smoked, biit
would not conclude a definite peace until they
consulted their chiefs. This was not concluded,
because Perrot, before the chiefs came down,
received orders to return to Canada.

About this time, in the presence of Pather Jo-
seph James Marest, a Jesuit missionary, Boisguil-
lot, a trader on the Wisconsin and Mississippi, Le
Sueur, who afterward built a post below the Saint
Croix Kiver, about nine miles from Hastings, the
following document was prepared:

" Nicholas Perrot, commanding for the King at
the post of the Nadouessioux, commissioned by
the Marquis Denonville, Governor and Lieuten-
ant Governor of all New Prance, to manage the
interests of commerce among all the Indian tribes
and people of the Bay des Puants [Green Bay],
Nadouessioux, Mascoutens, and other western na-
tions of the Upper Mississippi, and to take pos-
session in the King's name of all the places where
he has heretofore been and whither he will go:

" We this day, the eighth of May, one thousand
six hundred and eighty-nine, do, in the presence
of the Keverend Pather Marest, of the Society of
Jesus, Missionary among the Nadouessioux, of
Monsieur de Boisguillot, commanding the French
in the neighborhood of the Ouiskonche, on the
Mississippi, Augustia Legardeur, Esquire, Sieur
de Caumont, and of Messieurs Le Sueur, Ilebert,
Lemire and Blein.

" Declare to all whom it may concern, that, be-
ing come from the Bay des Puants, and to the
Lake of the Ouiskonches, we did transport our-
selves to the country of the Nadouessioux, on the

border of the river St. Croix, and at the mouth
of the river St. Pierre, on the bank of which were
the Mantantans, and further up to the interior,
as far as the Menchokatonx [Med-ay-wah-kawn-
twawn], with whom dwell the majority of the
Songeskitons [Se-see-twawnsJ and other Nadou-
essioux who are to the northwest of the Missis-
sippi, to take possession, for and in the name of
the King, of the countries and rivers inhabited by
the said tribes, and of which they are proprietors.
The present act done in our presence, signed with
our hand, and subscribed."

The three Chippeway girls of whom mention
has been made were still with the Poxes, and
Perrot took them with him to Mackinaw, upon
his return to Canada.

While there, the Ottawas held some prisoners
upon an island not far from the mainland. The
Jesuit Fathers went over and tried to save the
captives from harsh treatment, but were unsuc-
cessful. The canoes appeared at length near each
other, one man paddling in each, while the war-
riors were answering the shouts of the prisoners,
who each held a white stick in his hand. As
they neared the shore the chief of the party made
a speech to the Indians who lived on the shore,
and giving a history of the campaign, told them
that they were masters of the prisoners. The
warriors then came on land, and, according to
custom, abandoned the spoils. An old man then
ordered nine men to conduct the prisoners to a
separate place. The women and the young men
formed a Une with big sticks. The young pris-
oners soon found their feet, but the old men were
so badly used they spat blood, and they were con-
demned to be burned at the Mamilion.

The Jesuit Fathers and the French oflScers
were much embarrassed, and feared that the Iro-
quois would complain of the little care which had
been used to prevent cruelty.

Perrot, in this emergency, walked to the place
where the prisoners were singing the death dirge,
in expectation of being burned, and told them to
sit down and be silent. A few Ottauwaws rudely
told them to sing on, but Perrot forbade. He
then went back to the Council, where the old men
had rendered judgment, and ordered one prisoner
to be burned at Mackinaw, one at Sault St. Marie
and another at Green Bay. Undaunted he spoke
as follows : "I come to cut the strings of the

PEBBOT VISITS THE LEAD MIN'ES.

dogs. I will not suffer them to be eaten . I have
pity on them, since my Father, Onontio, has com-
manded me. You Outaouaks [Ottawaws] are
like tame bears, who will not recognize them who
has brought them up. You have forgotten Onon-
tio's protection. When he asks your obedience,
you want to rule over him, and eat the flesh of
those children he does not wish to give to you.
Take care, that, if oyu swallow them, Onontio
will tear them with violence from between your
teeth. I speak as a brother, and I think I am
showing pity to your children, by cutting the
bonds of your prisoners."

His boldness had the desired effect. The pris-
oners were released, and two of them were sent
with him to Montreal, to be returned to the Iro-
quois.

On the 22nd of May, 1690, with one hundred
and forty-three voyageurs and six Indians, Per-
rot left Montreal as an escort of Sieur de Lou-
vigny La Porte, a half -pay captain, appointed to
succeed Durantaye at Mackinaw, by Frontenac,
the new Governor of Canada, who in October of
the previous year had arrived, to take the place
of Denonville.

Perrot, as he approached Mackinaw, went in
advance to notify the French of the coming of
the commander of the post. As he came in sight
of the settlement, he hoisted the white flag with
the fleur de lis and the voyageurs shouted, " Long
live the king! " Louvigny soon appeared and was
received by one hundred " coureur des bois "
under arms.

From Mackinaw, Perrot proceeded to Green
Bay, and a party of Miamis there begged him to
make a trading establishment on the Mississippi
towards the Ouiskonsing ( Wisconsin. ) The chief
made him a present of a piece of lead from a
mine which he had found in a small stream which
flows into the Mississippi. Perrot promised to
visit him within twenty days, and the chief then
returned to his village below the d'Ouiskonche
(iWsconsin) Eiver.

Having at length reached his post on Lake

Pepin, he was informed that the Sioux were

forming a large war party against the Outaga-

mis (Foxes) and other allies of the French. He

gave notice of his arrival to a party of about four

hundred Sioux who were on the Mississippi.
3

They arrested the massengers and came to the
post for the purpose of plunder. Perrot asked
them why they acted in this manner, and said
that the Foxes, Miamis, Kickapoos, IlUnois, and
Maskoutens had united in a war party against
them, but that he had persuaded them to give it
up, and now he wished them to return to their
families and to their beaver. The Sioux declared
that they had started on the war-path, and that
they were ready to die. After they had traded
their furs, they sent for Perrot to come to their
camp, and begged that he would not hinder them
from searching for their foes. Perrot tried to dis-
suade them, but they insisted that the Spirit had
given them men to eat, at three days' journey
from the post Then more powerful iafluences
were used. After giving them two kettles and
some merchandise, Poerrt spoke thus: " I love
your life, and I am sure you will be defeated.
Your Evil Spirit has deceived you. If you kill
the Outagamis, or their allies, you must strike me
first; if you kill them, you kill me just the same,
for I hold them under one wiag and you under
the other." After this he extended the calumet,
which they at first refused; but at length a chief
said he was right, and, making invocations to the
sun, wished Perrot to take him back to his arms.
This was granted, on condition that he would
give up his weapons of war. The chief then tied
them to a pole in the centre of the fort, turning
them toward the sun. He then persuaded the
other chiefs to give up the expedition, and, send-
ing for Perrot, he placed the calmnet before him,
one end in the earth aud the other on a small
forked twig to hold it firm. Then he took from
his own sack a pair of his cleanest moccasins, and
taking ofE Perrot's shoes, put on these. After he
had made him eat, presenting the calumet, he
said: " We listen to you now. Do for us as you
do for our enemies, and prevent them from kill-
ing us, and we will separate for the beaver hunt.
The sun is the witness of our obedience."

After this, Perrot descended the Mississippi
and revealed to the Maskoutens, who had come to
meet him, how he had pacified the Sionx. He,
about this period, in accordance with his prom-
ise, visited the lead mines. He found the ore
abundant " but the lead hard to work because it
lay between rocks which required blowing up.
It had very little dross and was easily melted."

EXPLOBUBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

Penicaut, who ascended the Mississippi in 1700,
wrote that twenty leagues below the Wisconsin,
on both sides of the Mississippi, were mines of
lead called "Mcolas Perrot's." Early French
maps indicate as the locaUty of lead mines the
site of modern towns. Galena, in Illinois, and Du-
buque, in Iowa.

In August, 1693, about two hundred French-
men from Mackinaw, with delegates from the
tribes of the West, arrived at Montreal to at-
tend a grand council called by Governor Fronte-
nac, and among these was Perrot.

On the first Sunday in September the governor

gave the Indians a great feast, after which they
and the traders began to retru-n to the wilder-
ness. Perrot was ordered by Prontenac to es-
tablish a new post for the Miamis in Michigan,
in the neighborhood of the Kalamazoo Eiver.

Two years later he is present again, in August,
at a council in Montreal, then returned to the
West, and in 1699 is recalled from Green Bay.
In 1701 he was at Montreal acting as interpreter,
and appears to have died before 1718: his wife
was Madeline Eaclos, and his residence was in
the Seigneury of Becancourt, not far from Three
Elvers, on the St. Lawrence.

BABON LA HONTAWS FABULOUS VOYAGE.

CHAPTER VI.

BABON LA HONTAIT'S FABULOUS VOYAGE.

Ln Hontan, a Gascon by Birth.— Early Life.— Description of Fox and Wisconsin
Rivers —Indian Feast.- Alleged Ascent of Long River.— Bote Exposes the
Deception.— Route to the Pacific,

The " Travels " of Baron La Hontan appeared
in A. D. 1703, both at London and at Hague, and
were as saleable and readable as those of Hennepin,
which were on the counters of booksellers at the
same time.

La Hontan, a Gascon by birth, and in style of
writing, when about seventeen years of age, ar-
rived in Canada, in 1683, as a private soldier, and
was with Gov. De la Barre in his expedition of
1684, toward Niagara, and was also in the battle
near Rochester, New York, in 1687, at which Du
Luth and Perrot, explorers of Minnesota, were
present.

In 1688 he appears to have been sent to Port
St. Joseph, which was built by Du Luth, on the
St. Clare River, near the site of Port Gratiot,
Michigan. It is possible that he may have accom-
panied Perrot to Lake Pepin, who came about
this time to reoccupy his old post.

From the following extracts it will be seen that
his style is graphic, and that he probably had been
in 1688 in the valley of the Wisconsin. At Mack-
inaw, after his return from his pretended voyage
of the Long River, he writes:

"I left here on the 24th September, with my
men and five Outaouas, good hunters, whom I
have before mentioned to you as having been of
good service to me. All my brave men being
provided with good canoes, filled with provisions
and ammunition, together with goods for the In-
dian trade, I took advantage of a north wind, and
in three days entered the Bay of the Pouteouata-
mis, distant from here about forty leagues. The
entrance to the bay is full of islands. It is ten
leagues wide and twenty-five in length.

" On the 29th we entered a river, which is quite
deep, whose waters are so affected by the lake
that they often rise and fall three feet in twelve

hours. This is an observation that I made dur-
ing these three or four days that I passed here.
The Sakis, the Poutouatamis, and a few of the
Malominis have their villages on the border of this
river, and the Jesuits have a house there. In the
place there is carried on quite a commerce in furs
and Indian corn, which the Indians traffic with
the ' coureurs des bois' that go and come, for it is
their nearest and most convenient passage to the
Mississippi.

" The lands here are very fertile, and produce,
almost without culture, the wheat of our Europe,
peas, beans, and any quantity of fruit unknown
in Prance.

" The moment I landed, the warriors of three
nations came by turns to my cabin to entertain
me with the pipe and chief dance ; the first in
proof of peace and friendship, the second to indi-
cate their esteem and consideration for me. In
return, I gave them several yards of tobacco, and
beads, with which they trimmed their capots. The
next morning, I was asked as a guest, to one of
the feasts of this nation, and after having sent my
dishes, which is the custom, I went towards noon.
They began to compliment me of my arrival, and
after hearing them, they all, one after the other,
began to sing and dance, in a manner that I wiU
detail to you when I have more leisure. These
songs and dances lasted two hours, and were sea-
soned with whoops of joy, and quibbles that they
have woven into their ridiculous musique. Then
the captives waited upon us. The whole troop
were seated in the Oriental custom. Each one
had his portion before him, like our monks in
their refectories. They commenced by placing
four dishes before me. The first consisted of two
white fish simply boiled in water. The second
was chopped meats with the boiled tongue of a
bear ; the third a beaver's tail, all roasted. They
made me drink also of a syrup, mixed with water,
made out of the maple tree. The feast lasted two

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

hours, after which, I requested a chief of the
nation to sing for me ; for it is the custom, when
we have business with them, to employ an inferior
for self ia all the ceremonies they perform. I
gave him several pieces of tobacco, to oblige him
to keep the party till dark. The next day and the
day foUowuig, I attended the feasts of the other
nations, where I observed the same formalities."

He alleges that, on the 23d of October, he
reached the Mississippi Elver, and, ascending, on
the 3d of November he entered uito a river, a
tributary from the west, that was almost without
a current, and at its mouth fllle(^ with rushes.
He then describes a journey of five hundred miles
up this stream. He declares he found upon its
banks three great nations, the Eokoros, Essa-
napes, and Gnacsitares, and because he ascended
it for sixty days, he named it Long Eiver.

For years his wondrous story was believed, and
geographers hastened to trace it' upon their maps.
But in time the voyage up the Long Eiver was
discovered to be a fabrication. There is extant
a letter of Bobe, a Priest of the Congregation of
the Mission, dated Versailles, March 15, 1716, and
addressed to De L'Isle, the geographer of the
Academy of Sciences at Paris, which exposes the
deception.

He writes: "It seems to me that you might
give the name of Bouibonia to these vast coun-
tries which are between the Missouri, Mississippi,
and the Western Ocean. Would it not be well to
efface that great river which La Hontan says he
discovered?

"All the Canadians, and even the Governor
General, have told me that this river is imknown.
If it existed, the French, who are on the Illinois,
and at Ouabache, would know of it. The last
volume of the ' Lettres Edifiantes' of the Jesuits,
in which there is a very fine relation of the Illinois
Country, does not speak of it, any more than the
letters which I received this year, which tell won-
ders of the beauty and goodness of the country.
They send me some quite pretty work, made by
the wife of one of the principal chiefs.

" They tell me, that among the Scioux, of the
Mississippi, there are always Frenchmen trading;
that the course of the Mississippi is from north
to west, and from west to south; that it is known
that toward the source of the Mississippi there is
a river in the highlands that leads to the western

ocean; that the Indians say that they have seen
bearded men with caps, who gather gold-dust on
the seashore, but that it is very far from this
country, and that they pass through many nations
unknown to the French.

" I have a memoir of La Motte CadiUac, form-
erly Governor of Missilimackinack, who says that
if St. Peters [Minnesota] Eiver is ascended to its
source they will, according to all appearance, find
in the highland another river leading to the West-
ern Ocean.

"For the last two years I have tormented
exceedingly the Governor-General, M. Baudot,
and M. Duche, to move them to discover this
ocean. If I succeed, as I hope, we shall hear
tidings before three years, and I shall have the
pleasure and the consolation of having rendered
a good service to Geography, to Eeligion and to
the State."

Charlevoix, in his History of New France, al-
luding to La Hontan's voyage, writes: "The
voyage up the Long Eiver is as fabulous as the
Island of Barrataria, of which Sancho Panza was
governor. Nevertheless, in France and else-
where, most people have received these memoirs
as the fruits of the travels of a gentleman who
wrote badly, although quite lightly, and who had
no reUgion, but who described prietty suicerely
what he had seen. The consequence is that the
compilers of historical and geographical diction-
aries have almost always followed and cited them
in preference to more faithful records."

Even in modem times, Nicollet, employed by
the United States to explore the Upper Mississ-
ippi, has the foUowiag in his report:

"Having procured a copy of La Hontan's
book, ia which there is a roughly made map of
his Long Eiver, I was struck with the resem-
blance of its course as laid down with that of
Cannon Eiver, which I had previously sketched
in my own field-book. I soon convinced myself
that the principal statements of the Baron la ref-
erence to the country and the few details he gives
of the physical character of the the river, coin-
cide remarkably with what I had laid down as
belonging to Cannon Eiver. Then the lakes and
swamps corresponded; traces of Indian villages
mentioned by him might be found by a growth
of wild grass that propagates itself around aU old
Indian settlements."

LH SUUUB, EXPLOBEB OF THE MINNESOTA BIVEB.

CHAPTER VII.

LB STTBtTR, EXPLOBEK OF THE MINNESOTA BIVEE.

Le Sueur Visits Lake Pepin. — Stationed at La Pointe. — KstaMishcs a Post on an
Island Above Lake Pepin. — Island Described by Penicaut. — First S:oux Chief
at Montreal. — Qjibway Chiefs' Speeches.— Speech of Sioux Chief.— Teeoskah-
tay's Death. — Le Sueur Goes to Prance. — Posts West of Mackinaw Abandoned
— Le Sueur's License Revoked. — Second Visit to France. — Arrives in Gulf of
Mexico vrith D'lberville. — ^Ascends the Mississippi. — Lead Mines. — Canadians
Fleeing from the Sioux. — At the Mouth of the Wisconsin. — Sioux Robbers, — Elk
Hunting. — ^Lake Pepin Described. — Rattlesnakes. — La Place Killad. — St. Croix
Biver ITained After a Frenchman. — Le Sueur Reaches St. Fterre, now Minne'
sota Biver. — Enters Mankahto, or Blue Earth, River. — Sioux of the Plains. —
Fort L'Huillier Completed. — Conferences with Sioux Bands.— Assinaboines a
Separated Sioux Band. — An Indian Feast. — Names of the Sioux Bands. — Char-
levoix's Account.— Le Sueur Goes with D'lberville to France. — D'Iberville's
Memorial.— Early Census of Indian Tribes. — Penicaut's Account of Fort L'Huil
lier. — Le Sueur's Departure from the Port. — D'Evaqe Left in Charge. — Return'
to Mobile. — Jucbereau at Mouth of Wisconsin. — Bondor a Montreal Merchant —
Sioux Attaok Miamis. — ^Boudor Bobbed by the Sioux.

Le Sueur was a native of Canada, and a rela-
tive'of D'lberville, the early Governor of Louis-
iana. He came to Lake Pepin in 1683, with
Nicholas Perrot, and his name also appears at>
tached to the document prepared in May, 1689,
after Perrot had re-occupied his post just above
the entrance of the lake, on the east side.

In 1692, he was sent by Governor Frontenae of
Canada, to La Pointe, on Lake Superior, and in a
dispatch of 1693, to the French Government, is
the following : " Le Sueur, another voyageur, is
to remain at Chagouamagon [La Potate] to en-
deavor to maintain the peace lately concluded be-
tween the Saulteurs [Chippeways] and Sioux.
This is of the greatest consequence, as it is now
the sole pass by which access can be had to the
latter nation, whose trade is very profitable ; the
country to the south being occupied by the Foxes
and Maskoutens, who several times plundered the
French, on the ground they were carrying ammu-
nition to the Sioux, their ancient enemies."

Entering the Sioux country in 1694, he estab-
lished a post upon a prairie island in the Missis-
sippi, about nine miles below the present town of
Hastings, according to Bellin and others. Peni-
caut, who accompanied liim in the exploration of
the Minnesota, writes, " At the extremity of the
lake [Pepin J you come to the Isle Pelee, so called
because there are no trees on it. It is on this island

that the French from Canada established their
fort and storehouse, and they also winter here,
because game is very abundant. In the month of
September they bring their store of meat, obtained
by hunting, and after having skinned and cleaned
it, hang it upon a crib of raised scaffolding, in
order that the extreme cold, which lasts from
September to March, may preserve it from spoil-
ing. During the whole winter they do not go out
except for water, when they have to break the ice
every day, and the jabin is generally built upon
the bank, so as not to have far to go. When
spring arrives, the savages come to the island,
bringtag their merchandize."

On the fifteenth of July, 1695, Le Sueur arrived
at Montreal with a party of Ojibways, and the •
first JJakotah brave that had ever visited Canada.

The Indians were much impressed with the
power of France by the marching of a detach-
ment of seven hundred picked men, under Chev-
aUer Cresafi, who were on their way to La Chiae.

On the eighteenth, Frontenac, la the presence
of Callieres and other persons of distinction, gave
them an audience.

The first speaker was the chief of the Ojibway
band at La Pointe, Shingowahbay, who said:

" That he was come to pay his respects to Onon-
tio [the title given the Governor of Canada] in the
name of the young warriors of Point Chagouami-
gon, and to thank him for having given them
some Frenchmen to dwell with them; to testify ,
their sorrow for one Jobin, a Frenchman, who
was killed at a feast, accidentally, and not ma-
liciously. We come to ask a favor of you, which
is to let us act. We are allies of the Sciou. Some
Outagamies, or Mascoutins, have been killed.
The Sciou came to mourn with us. Let us act.
Father; let us take revenge.

" Le Sueur alone, who is acquainted with the
language of the one and the other, can serve us.
We ask that he return with us."

EXPL0REB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNE801A.

Another speaker of the Ojibways was Le Bro-
chet.

Teeoskahtay, the Dahkotah chief, before he
spoke, spread out a beaver robe, and, laying an-
other with a tobacco pouch and otter skin, began
to weep bitterly. After drying his tears, he said:

" All of the nations had a father; who afforded
them protection; all of them have iron. But he
was a bastard in quest of a father; he was come
to see him, and hopes that he will take pity on
him."

He then placed upon the beaver robe twenty-
two arrows, at each arrow naming a Dahkotah
village that desired Trontenac's protection. Ee-
suming his speech, he remarked:

" It is not on accoimt of what I bring that I
hope him who rules the earth will have pity on
me. I learned from the Sauteurs that he wanted
nothing; that he was the Master of the Iron; that
he had a big heart, into which he could receive
all the nations. This has induced me to abandon
my people and come to seek his protection, and
to beseech bim to receive me among the number
of his children. Take courage. Great Captain,
and reject me not; despise me not, though I ap-
pear poor in your eyes. All the nations here
present know that I am rich, and the little they
offer here is taken from my lands."

Count Trontenac in reply told the chief that he
would receive the Dahkotahs as his children, on
condition that they would be obedient, and that
he woiild send back Le Sueur with him.

Teeoskahtay, taking hold of the governor's
knees, wept, and said: "Take pity on us; we
are well aware that we are not able to speak, be-
ing children; but Le Sueur, who understands our
language, and has seen all our villages, will next
year inform you what will have been achieved by
the Sioux nations represented by those arrows be-
fore you."

Having finished, a Dahkotah woman, the wife
of a great chief whom Le Sueur had purchased
from captivity at Mackinaw, approached those in
authority, and, with downcast eyes, embraced
their knees, weeping and saying:

" I thank thee, Father; it is by thy means I
have been liberated, and am no longer captive."

Then Teeoskahtay resumed:

" I speak like a man penetrated with joy. The
Great Captain; he who is the Master of Iron, as-

sm-es me of his protection, and I promise him that
if he condescends to restore my children, now
prisoners among the Toxes, Ottawas and Hurons,
I will return hither, and bring with me the twen-
ty-two villages whom he has just restored to life
by promising to send them Iron."

On the 14th of August, two weeks after the
Ojibway chief left for his home on Lake Superior,
Nicholas Perrot arrived with a deputation of
Sauks, Toxes, Menomonees, Miamis of Maramek
and Pottowatomies.

Two days after, they had a council with the
governor, who thus spoke to a Fox brave:

" I see that you are a young man; your nation
has quite turned away from my wishes; it has
pillaged some of my young men, whom it has
treated as slaves. I know that your father, who
loved the French, had no hand in the indignity.
You only imitate the example of your father
who had sense, when you do not co-operate
vrtth those of your tribe who are wishing to go
over to my enemies, after they grossly insulted
me and defeated the Sioux, whom I now consider
my son. I pity the Sioux; I pity the dead whose
loss I deplore. Perrot goes up there, and he will
speak to your nation from me for the release of
their prisoners; let them attend to him."

Teeoshkahtay never returned to his native land.
While la Montreal he was taken sick, and m
thirty-three days he ceased to breathe; and, fol-
lowed by white men, his body was interred in the
white man's grave.

Le Sueur instead of going back to Minnesota
that year, as was expected, went to France and
received a license, in 1697, to open certain mines
supposed to exist in Minnesota. The ship in
which he was returning was captured by the Eng-
lish, and he was taken to England. After his
release he went back to France, and, in 1698, ob-
tained a new commission for mining.

While Le Sueur was in Europe, the Dahkotas
waged war against the Foxes and Miamis. In
retaliation, the latter raised a war party and en-
tered the land of the Dahkotahs. Finding their
foes intrenched, and assisted by " coureurs des
bois," they were indignant; and on their return
they had a skirmish with some Frenchmen, who
were carrying goods to the Dahkotahs.

Shortly after, they met Perrot, and were about
to bum him to death, when prevented by some

LE 8UEUB ASCENDS THE MISSISIPPI BIVEB.

friendly Foxes. The Miamis, after this, were
disposed to be friendly to the Iroquois. In 1696,
the year previous, the authorities at Quebec de-
cided that it was expedient to abandon all the
posts west of Mackinaw, and withdraw the French
from "Wisconsin and Minnesota.

The voyageurs were not disposed to leave the
country, and the governor wrote to Pontchar-
train for iastructions, in October, 1698. In his
dispatch he remarks:

" In this conjuncture, and under all these cir-
cumstances, we consider it our duty to postpone,
imtil new instructions from the court, the execu-
tion of Sieur Le Sueur's enterprise for the mines,
though the promise had already been given him
to send two canoes in advance to MissiUmackinac,
for the purpose of .purchasing there some pro-
visions and other necessaries for his voyage, and
that he would be permitted to go and join them
early in the spring with the rest of his hands.-
"What led us to adopt this resolution has been,
that the French who remained to trade off with
the Five Nations the remainder of their merch-
andise, might, on seeing entirely new comers
arriving there, consider themselves entitled to
dispense with coming down, and perhaps adopt
the resolution to settle there; whilst, seeing no
arrival, there, with permission to do what is for-
bidden, the reflection they will be able to make
during the winter, and the apprehension of being
guilty of crime, may oblige them to return in the
spring.

" This would be very desirable, in consequence
of the great difficulty there will be in constraining
them to it, should they be inclined to lift the mask
altogether and become . buccaneers ; or should
Sieur Le Sueur, as he easily could do, furnish
them with goods for their beaver and smaller
peltry, which he might send down by the return of
other Frenchmen, whose sole desire is to obey, and
who have remained only because of the impossi-
bility of getting their effects down. This would
rather induce those who would continue to lead a
vagabond life to remain there, as the goods they
would receive from Le Sueur's people would afford
them the means of doing so."

In reply to this communication, Louis 'KlY.
answered that —

" His majesty has approved that the late Sieur
de Frontenac and De Champigny suspended the

execution of the license granted to the man named
Le Sueur to proceed, with fifty men, to explore
some mines on the banks of the Mississippi. He
has revoked said Ucense, and desires that the said
Le Sueur, or any other person, be prevented from
leaving the colony on pretence of going in search
of mines, without his majesty's express permis-
sion."

Le Sueur, undaunted by these drawbacks to the
prosecution of a favorite project, again visited
France.

Fortunately for Le Sueur, D'Iberville, who was
a friend, and closely connected by marriage, was
appointed governor of the new territory of Loius-
iana. In the month of December he arrived from
France, with thirty workmen, to proceed to the
supposed mines la Minnesota.

On the thirteenth of July, 1700, with a felucca,
two canoes, and nineteen men, having, ascended
the Mississippi, he had reached the mouth of the
Missouri, and six leagues above this he passed the
Illinois. He there met three Canadians, who
came to join him, with a letter from Father Mar-
est, who had once attempted a mission among the
Dahkotahs, dated July 13, Mission Immaculate
Conception of the Holy "V"irgin, in Illinois.

" I have the honor to write, in order to inform
you that the Saugiestas have been defeated by the
Scioux and Ayavois [lowas]. The people have
formed an alliance with the Quincapous [Kicka-
poos], some of the Mecoutins, Eenards [Foxes],
and Metesigamias, and gone to revenge them-
selves, not on the Scioux, for they are too much
afraid of them, but perhaps on the Ayavois, or
very likely upon the Paoutees, or more probably
upon the Osages, for these suspect nothing, and
the others are on their guard.

" As you will probably meet these allied nar
tions, you ought to take precaution against their
plans, and not allow them to board your vessel,
since they are traitors, and utterly faithless. I pray
God to accompany you in all your designs."

Twenty-two leagues above the Illinois, he passed
a smaU stream which he called the River of Oxen,
and nine leagues beyond this he passed a small
river on the west side, where he met four Cana-
dians descending the Mississippi, on their way to
the Illinois. On the 30th of July, nine leagues
above the last-named river, he met seventeen
Scioux, in seven canoes, who were going to re-

EXPLOBEBS ANB PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

venge the death of three Scioux, one of whom had
been burned, and the others killed, at Tamarois,
a few days before his arrival in that village. As
he had promised the chief of the Illinois to ap-
pease the Scioux who should go to war against
his nation, he made a present to the chief of the
party to engage hiTn to turn back. He told them
the King of France did not wish them to make
this river more bloody, and that he was sent to teU
them that, if they obeyed the king's word, they
would receive in future all things necessary for
them. The chief answered that he accepted the
present, that is to say, that he would do as had
been told him.

From the 30th of July to the 25th of August, Le
Sueur advanced fifty-three and one-fourth leagues
to a small river which he caUed the Eiver of the
Mine. At the mouth it runs from the north, but
it turns to the northeast. On the right seven
leagues, there is a lead mine in a prairie, one and
a half leagues. The river is only navigable in
high water, that is to say, from early spring till
the month of June.

From the 25th to the 27th he made ten leagues,
passed two small rivers, and made himself ac-
quainted with a mine of lead, from which he took
a supply. From the 27th to the 30th he made
eleven and a half leagues, and met five Canadians,
one of whom had been dangerously wounded in
the head. They were naked, and had no ammu-
nition except a miserable gun, with five or six
loads of powder and balls. They said they were
descending from the Scioux to go to Tamarois,
and, when seventy leagues above, they perceived
nine canoes in the Mississippi, in which were
ninety savages, who robbed and cruelly beat them.
This party were going to war against the Scioux,
and were composed of four different nations, the
Outagamies [Foxes], Poutouwatamis [Pottowatta-
mies], and Puans [Winnebagoes], who dwell in a
covmtry eighty leagues east of the Mississippi
from where Le Sueur then was.
I The Canadians determined to follow the detach-
ment, which was composed of twenty-eight men.
This day they made seven and a half leagues.
On the 1st of September he passed tlie Wisconsin
river. It runs into the Mississippi from the north-
east. It is nearly one and a half miles wide. At
about seventy-five leagues up this river, on the
right, ascending, there is a portage of more than

a league. The half of this portage is shaking
ground, and at the end of it is a small river- which
descends into a bay called Winnebago Bay. It is
inhabited by a great number of nations who carry
their furs to Canada. Monsieur Le Sueur came
by the Wisconsin river to the Mississippi, for the
first time, in 1683, on his way to the Sciovix coun-
try, where he had already passed seven years at
different periods. The Mississippi, opposite the
mouth of the Wisconsin, is less than half a mUe
wide. From the 1st of September to the 5th, our
voyageur advanced fourteen leagues. He passed
the river " Aux Canots," which comes from the
northeast, and then the Quincapous, named from
a nation which once dwelt upon its banks.

From the 6th to the 9th he made ten and a half
leagues, and passed the rivers Cachee and Aux
Ailes. The same day he perceived canoes, flUed
with savages, descending the river, and the five
Canadians recognized them as the party who had
robbed them. They placed sentinels in the wood,
for fear of being surprised by land, and when
they had approached within hearing, they cried to
them that if they approached farther they would
fire. They then drew up by an island, at half the
distance of a gun shot. Soon, four of the princi-
pal men of the band approached m a canoe, and
asked if it was forgotten that they were our
brethren, and with what design we had taken
arms when we perceived them: Le Sueur repUed
that he had cause to distrust them, since they had
robbed five of his party. Nevertheless, for the
surety of his trade, being forced to be at peace
with all the tribes, he demanded no redress for
the robbery, but added merely that the king, their
master and his, wished that his subjects should
navigate that river without insult, and that they
had better beware how they acted.

The Indian who had spoken was silent, but an-
other said they had been attacked by the Scioux,
and that if they did not have pity on them, and
give them a little powder, tliey should not be able
to reach their villages. The consideration of a
missionary, who was to go up among the Scioux,
and whom these savages might meet, induced
them to give two pounds of powder.

M. Le Sueur made the same day three leagues;
passed a stream on the west, and afterward an-
other river on the east, which is navigable at all
times, and which the Indians call Eed River.

BATTLESNAKES ON 8H0BE8 OF LAKE PEPIN.

On the lOth, at daybreak, they heard an elk
whistle, on the other side of the river. A Cana-
dian crossed ia a small Scioux canoe, which they
had found, and shortly returned with the body of
the animal, which was very easily killed, " quand
il est en rut," that is, from the beginning of Sep-
tember until the end of October. The hunters at
this time made a whistle of a piece of wood, or
reed, and when they hear an elk whistle they an-
swer it. The animal, believing it to be another
elk, approaches, and is killed with ease.

From the 10th to the 14th, M. Le Sueur made
seventeen and a half leagues, passing the rivers
Kaisin and Paquilenettes (perhaps the Wazi Ozu
and Buffalo. ) The same day he left, on the east
side of the Mississippi, a beautiful and large river,
which descends from the very far north, and
called Bon Secours (Chippeway), on account of the
great quantity of buffalo, elk, bears and deers
which are found there.' Three leagues up this
river there is a mine of lead, and seven leagues
above, on the same side, they found another long
river, in the vicinity of which there is a copper
mine, from which he had taken a lump of sixty
pounds la a former voyage. In order to make
these mines of any account, peace must be ob-
tained between the Scioux and Ouatagamis (Fox-
es), because the latter, who dwell on the east side
of the Mississippi, pass this road continually when
going to war against the Sioux.

Penicaut, in his journal, gives a brief descrip-
tion of the Mississippi between the Wisconsin
and Lake Pepin. He writes: "Above the Wis-
consin, and ten leagues higher on the same side,
begins a great prairie extending for sixty leagues
along the bank; this prairie is called Aux Ailes.
Opposite to Aux Ailes, on the left, there is
another prairie facing it called Paquilanet which
is not so long by a great deal. Twenty leagues
above these prairies is found Lake Bon Secours "
[Good Help, now Pepin.]

In this region, at one and a half leagues on the
northwest side, commenced a lake, which is six
leagues long' and more than one broad, called
Lake Pepin. It is bounded on the west by a
chain of mountains; on the east is seen a prairie;
and on the northwest of the lake there is another
prairie two leagues long and one wide. In the
neighborhood is a chaia of mountains quite two
hundred feet high, and more than one and a half

miles long. In these are found several caves, ta
which the bears retire in winter. Most of the
caverns are more than seventy feet in extent, and
two hundred feet high. There are several of
which the entrance is very narrow, and quite
closed up with saltpetre, It would be dangerous
to enter them in summer, for they are filled with
rattlesnakes, the bite of which is very dangerous.
Le Sueur saw some of these snakes which were
six feet in length, but generally they are about
four feet. They have teeth resembling those of
the pike, and their gums are full of small vessels,
in which their poison is placed. The Scioux say
they take it every morning, and cast it away at
night. They have at the tail a kind of scale which
makes a noise, and this is ealled the rattle.

Le Sueur made on this day seven and a half
leagues, and passed another river, called Hiam-
bouxecate Ouataba, or the Kiver of Plat Kock.
[The Sioux call the Cannon river Inyanbosndata.]

On the 15th he crossed a small river, and saw
in the neighborhood several canoes, filled with
Indians, descending the Mississippi. He sup-
posed they were Scioux, because he could not dis-
tinguish whether the canoes were large or small.
The arms were placed in readiness, and soon they
heard the cry of the savages, which they are ac-
customed to raise when they rush upon their en-
emies. He caused them to be answered in the
same manner; and after having placed all the'
men behind the trees, he ordered them not to fire
until they were commanded. He remained on
shore to see what movement the savages would
make, and perceiving that they placed two on
shore, on the other side, where from an eminence
they could ascertain the strength of his forces, he
caused the men to pass and repass from the shore
to the wood, in order to make them beUeve that
they were numerous. This ruse succeeded, for
as soon as the two descended from the eminence
the chief of the party came, bearing the calumet,
which is a signal of peace among the Indians.
They said that having never seen the French navi-
gate the river with boats like the felucca, they had
supposed them to be Enghsh, and for that reason
they had raised the war cry, and arranged them-
selves on the other side of the Mississippi; but
having recognized their flag, they had come with-
out fear to inform them, that one of their nmn-
ber, who was crazy, had accidentally killed a

EXPLOBUBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

Frenclunaii, and that they would go and bring his
comrade, who would tell how the mischief had
happened.

The Frenchman they brought was Denis, a Ca-
nadian, and he reported that his companion was
accidentally kUled. His name was Laplace, a de-
serting soldier from Canada, who had taken ref-
uge in this country.

Le Sueur replied, that Onontio (the name they
give to all the governors of Canada), being their
father and his, they ought not to seek justification
elsewhere than before him; and he advised them
to go and see him as soon as possible, and beg
him to wipe ofE the blood of this Frenchman from
their faces.

The party was composed of forty-seven men of
different nations, who dwell far to the east, about
the forty-fourth degree of latitude. Le Sueur,
discovering who the chiefs were, said the king
whom they had spoken of in Canada, had sent
him to take possession of the north of the river;
and that he wished the nations who dweU on it,
as well as those under his protection, to live in
peace.

He made this day three and three-fourths
leagues; and on the 16th of September, he left a
large river on the east side, named St. Croix, be-^
cause a Frenchman of that name was shipwrecked
at its mouth. It com^s from the north-northwest.
Four leagues higher, in going up, is found a small
lake, at the mouth of which is a very large mass
of copper. It is on the edge of the water, in a
small ridge of sandy earth, on the west of this
lake. [One of La SaUe's men was named St.
Croix.]

From the 16th to the 19th, he advanced thir-
teen and three-fourths leagues. After having
made from Tamarois two hundred and nine and a
half leagues, he left the navigation of the Missis-
sippi, to enter the river St. Pierre, on the west
side. By the 1st of October, he had made in this
river forty-four and one-fourth leagues. After he
entered Blue river, thus named on account of the
mines of blue earth found at its mouth, he found-
ed his post, situated in forty-four degrees, thir-
teen minutes north latitude. He met at this
place nine Scioux, who told him that the river
belonged to the Scioux of the west, the Ayavois
(lowas) and Otoctatas (Ottoes), who lived a little
farther off; that it was not their custom to himt

on ground belonging to others, imless invited to
do so by the owners, and that when they would
come to the fort to obtain provisions, they would
be in danger of being killed in ascending or de-
scending the rivers, v/hich were narrow, and that
if they would show their pity, he must establish
himself on the Mississippi, near the mouth of the St.
Pierre, where the Ayavois, the Otoctatas, and the
other Scioux could go as well as they.

Having finished their speech, they leaned over
the head of Le Sueur, according to their custom,
crying out, "Ouaechissou ouaepanimanabo," that
is to say, " Have pity upon us." Le Sueur had
foreseen that the establishment of Blue Earth
river would hot please the Scioux of the East,
who were, so to speak, masters of the other Scioux
and of the nations which will be hereafter men-
tioned, because tJiey were the first with whom trade
was commenced, and in consequence of which they
had already quite a number of guns.

As he had commenced his operations not only
with a view to the trade of beaver but also to
gain a knowledge of the mines which he had pre-
viously discovered, he told them that he was sor-
ry that he had not known their intentions sooner,
and that it was just, since he came expressly for
them, that he should establish himself on their
land, but that the season was too far advanced
for him to return. He then made them a present
of powder, balls and knives, and an armful of to-
bacco, to entice them to assemble, as soon as pos-
sible, near the fort he was about to construct,
that when they should be all assembled he might
tell them the intention of the king, their and his
sovereign.

The Scioux of the "West, according to the state-
ment of the Eastern Scioux, have more than a
thousand lodges. They do not use canoes, nor
cultivate the earth, nor gather wild rice. They
remain generally on the prairies which are be-
tween the Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers,
and live entirely by the chase. The Scioux gen-
erally say they have three souls, and that after
death, that which has done well goes to the warm
country, that which has done evil to the cold
regions, and the other guards the body. Poly-
gamy is common among them. They are very
jealous, and sometimes fight in duel for their
wives. They manage the bow admirably, and
have been seen several times to kUl ducks on the

•BLUH EABTH ASSAYED BY L'HULLIHB IN PABIS.

wing. They make their lodges of a number of
buffalo skins interlaced and sewed, and carry
them wherever they go. They are all great smo-
kers, but their manner of smoking differs from
that of other Indians. There are some Seioux
who swallow all the smoke of the tobacco, and
others who, after having kept it some time in
their mouth, cause it to issue from the nose. In
each lodge there are usually two or three men
with their families.

On the third of October, they received at the
fort several Seioux, among whom was Wahkan-
tape, chief of the village. Soon two Canadians
arrived who had been hunting, and who had been
robbed by the Seioux of the East, who had raised
their guns against the establishment which M.
Le Sueur had made on Blue Earth river.

On the fourteenth the fort was finished and
named Fort L'Huillier, and on the twenty-second
two Canadians were sent out to invite the Aya-
vois and Otoctatas to come and establish a vil-
lage near the fort, because these Indians are iu-
dustrious and accustomed to cultivate the earth,
and they hoped to get provisions from them, and
to make them work in the mines.

On the twenty-fourth, six Seioux Oujalespoi-
tons wished to go into the fort, but were told
that they did not receive men who had killed
Frenchmen. This is the term used when they
have insulted them. The next day they came to
the lodge of Le Sueur to beg him to have pity on
them. They wished, according to custom, to
weep over his head and make him a present of
packs of beavers, which he refused. He told
them he was surprised that people who had rob-
bed should come to him ; to which they replied,
that they had heard it said that two Frenchmen
had been robbed, but none from their village had
been present at that wicked action.

Le Sueur answered, that he knew it was the
Mendeoucantons and not the Oujalespoitons ;
" but," continued he, "you are Seioux; it is the
Seioux who have robbed me, and if I were to fol-
low your manner of acting I should break your
heads ; for is it not true, that when a stranger
(it is thus they call the Indians who are not
Seioux) has insulted a Seioux, Mendeoucanton,
Oujalespoitons, or others — all the villages revenge
upon the first one they meet?"

As they had nothing to answer to what he said

to them, they wept and repeated, according to
custom, " Ouaechissou ! ouaepanimanabo!" Le
Sueur told them to cease crying, and added that
the French had good hearts, and that they had
come into the country to have pity on them. At
the same time he made them a present, saying to
them, " Carry back your beavers and say to aU
the Seioux, that they will have from me no more
powder or lead, and they will no longer smoke
any long .pipe until they have made satisfaction
for robbing the Frenchman.

The same day the Canadians, who had been
sent off on the 22d, arrived without having found
the road which led to the Ayavois and Otoctatas.
On the 25th, Le Sueur went to the river with
three canoes, which he filled with green and blue
earth. It is taken from the hills near which are
very abundant mines of copper, some of which
was worked at Paris in 1696, by L'Huillier, one
of the chief collectors of the king. Stones were
also found there which would be curious, if
worked.

On the ninth of November, eight Mantanton
Seioux arrived, who had been sent by their chiefs
to say that the Mendeoucantons were still at tlieir
lake on the east of the Mississippi, and they could
not come for a long time ; and that for a single
village which had no good sense, the others ought
not to bear the punishment ; and that they were
willing to make reparation if they knew how.
Le Sueur replied that he was glad that they had
a disposition to do so.

On the 15th the two Mantanton Seioux, who
had been sent expressly to say that all of the
Seioux of the east, and part of those of the west,
were joined together to come to the French, be-
cause they had heard that the Christianaux and
the Assinipoils were making war on them.
These two nations dwell above the fort on the
east side, more than eighty leagues on the Upper
Mississippi.

The Assinipoils speak Seioux, and are certainly
of that nation. It is only a few years since that
they became enemies. The enmity thus origi-
nated: The Christianaux, having the use of arms
before the Seioux, through the English at Hud-
son's Bay, they constantly warred upon the As-
sinipoils, who were their nearest neighbors.
The latter, being weak, sued for peace, and to
render it more lasting, married the Christianaux

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONHEBS OF MINNESOTA.

women. The other Scioux, who had not made
the compact, continued the war; and, seeing some
Christiajtiaux with the Assinipoils, broke their
heads. The Christianaux furnished the Assini-
poils with arms and merchandise.

On the 16th the Scioux returned to their vil-
lage, and it was reported that the Ayavois and
Otoctatas were gone to estabUsh themselves to-
wards the Missouri Eiver, near the Maha, who
dwell in that region. On the 26th the Mantan-
tons and Oujalespoitons arrived at the fort; and,
after they had encamped in the woods, Wah
kantape came to beg Le Sueur to go to his
lodge. He there found sixteen men with women
and children, with their faces daubed with black.
In the middle of the lodge were several buffalo
skins which were sewed for a carpet. After mo-
tioning him to sit down, they wept for the fourth
of an hour, and the chief gave him some wild
rice to eat (as was their custom), putting the
first three spoonsful to his mouth. After which,
he said all present were relatives of Tioscate,
whom Le Sueur took to Canada in 1695, and who
died there in 1696.

At the mention of Tioscate they began to weep
again, and wipe their tears and heads upon the
shoulders of Le Sueur. Then "Wahkantape again
spoke, and said that Tioscate begged him to for-
get the insult done to the Frenchmen by the
Mendeoucantons, and take pity on his brethren
by giving them powder and balls whereby they
could defend themselves, and gain a Uving for
their wives and children, who languish in a coun-
try full of game, because they had not the means
of kUling them. " Look," added the chief, " Be-
hold thy children, thy brethren, and thy sisters;
it is to thee to see whether thou wishest them to
die. They will live if thou givest them powder
and ball; they will die if thou refusest."

Le Sueur granted them their request, but as
the Scioux never answer on the spot, especially
in matters of importance, and as he had to speak
to them about his establishment he went out of
the lodge without saying a word. The chief and
all those within followed him as far as the door
of the fort; and when he had gone in, they went
around it three times, crying with all their
strength, " Atheouanan! " thatis tosay, " Father,
have pity on us." [Ate unyanpi, means Our
Father.]

The next day, he assembled in the fort the
principal men of both villages; and as it is not
possible to subdue the Scioux or to hinder them
from going to war, unless it be by inducing them
to cultivate the earth, he said to them that if
they "wished to render themselves worthy of the
protection of the king, they must abandon their
erring life, and form a village near his dwelling,
where they would be shielded from the insults of
of their enemies; and that they might be happy
and not hungry, he would give them all the com
necessary to plant a large piece of ground; that
the king, their and his chief, in sending him, had
forbidden him to purchase beaver skins, knowing
that this kind of hunting separates them and ex-
poses them to their enemies; and that ui conse-
quence of this he had come to establish himself
on Blue Eiver and vicinity, where they had many
times assured him were many kinds of beasts,
for the skins of which he would give them all
things necessary; that they ought to reflect that
they could not do without French goods, and that
the only way not to want them was, not to go to
war with our allied nations.

As it is customary with the Indians to accom-
pany their word with a present proportioned to
the affair treated of, he gave them fifty pounds of
powder, as many balls, six guns, ten axes, twelve
armsful of tobacco, and a hatchet pipe.

On the first of December, the Mantantons in-
vited Le Sueur to a great feast. Of fom- of their
lodges they had made one, in which were one
hundred men seated around, and every one his
dish before him. After the meal, Wahkantape,
the chief, made them all smoke, one after another,
In the hatchet pipe which had been given them.
He then made a present to Le Sueur of a slave
and a sack of wild rice, and said to him, showing
him his men: " Behold the remains of this great
village, which thou hast aforetimes seen so nu-
merous! All the others have been killed in war;
and the few men whom thou seest In this lodge,
accept the present thou hast made them, and are
resolved to obey the great chief of all nations, of
whom thou hast spoken to us. Thou oughtest
not to regard us as Scioux, but as French, and in-
stead of saying the Scioux are miserable, and have
no mind, and are fit for nothing but to rob and
steal from the French, thou shalt say my breth-
ren are miserable and have no mind, and we must

D' IBERVILLE' 8 MEMOIB OJV THE MISSISSIPPI TRIBES.

try to procure some for them. They rob us, but
I will take care that they do not lack iron, that is
to say, all kinds of goods. If thou dost this, I as-
sure thee that in a little time the Mantantons will
become Prenchmen, and they will have none of
those vices, with which thou reproachest us."

Having finished his speech, he covered his face
with his garment, and the others imitated him.
They wept over their companions who had died
in war, and chanted an adieu to their country in
a tone so gloomy, that one could not keep from
partaking of their sorrow.

"Wahkantape then made them smoke again, and
distributed the presents, and said that he was go-
ing to the Mendeoucantons, to inform them of the
resolution, and invite them to do the same.

On the twelfth, three Mendeoucauton chiefs,
and a large number of Indians of the same vil-
lage, arrived at the fort, and the next day gave
satisfaction for robbing the Frenchmen. They
brought four hundred pounds of beaver skins, and
promised that the summer following, after their
canoes were built and they had gathered their
wild rice, that they would come and establish
themselves near the Erench. The same day they
returned to their village east of the Mississippi.

NAMES OF THE BANDS OF SCIOUX OF THE
EAST, WITH THEIR SIGNIFICATIOIT.

Mantantons— That is to say. Village of the
Great Lake which empties into a small one.

Mendeouacantons— Village of Spirit Lake.

Qtjiopeton's — Village of the Lake with one
River.

PsiouMANiTONS — Village of "Wild Eiee Gath-
erers.

Ouadebatons — The Eiver Village.

OuAETBMANETONS — Village of the Tribe who
dwell on the Point of the Lake.

SoNGASQUiTONS— The Brave Village,

THE SCIOTJX OF THE WEST.

TouCHOUAESiNTONS — The Village of the Pole.

PsiNCHATONS — Village of the Eed "Wild Eice.

OujALESPOiTONS — Village divided into many
small Bands.

PsiNOUTANHiNHiNTONS — The Great Wild
Rice Village.

TiNTANGAOTJGHiATONS — The Grand Lodge
Village.

OuABPETONS — Village of the Leaf.

OjJGHBTGBODATONS— Dung Village.

OuAPBONTBTONS — Village of those who shoot
in the Large Pine.

HiNHANETONS — Village of the Red Stone
Quarry.

The above catalogue of villages concludes the
extract that La Harpe has made from Le Sueur's
journal.

In the narrative of Major Long's second expe-
dition, there are just as many villages of the Gens
du Lac, or M'dewakantonwan Scioux mentioned,
though the names are different. After leaving
the Mille Lac region, the divisions evidently were
different, and the villages known by new names.

Charlevoix, who visited the valley of the Lower
Mississippi in 1722, says that Le Sueur spent a
winter in his fort on the banks of the Blue Earth,
and that in the following April he went up to the
mine, about a mile above. In twenty-two days
they obtained more than thirty thousand pounds
of the substance, four thousand of which were se-
lected and sent to Prance.

On the tenth of February, 1702, Le Sueur came
back to the post on the Gulf of Mexico, and found
D'Iberville absent, who, however, arrived on the
eighteenth of the next month, with a ship from
Prance , loaded with supplies. After a few w eeks,
the Governor of Louisiana sailed again for the
old country, Le Sueur being a fellow passenger.

On board of the ship, D'Iberville wrote a mem-
orial upon the Mississippi valley, with sugges-
tions for carrying on commerce therein, which
contains many facts furnished by Le Sueur. A
copy of the manuscript was in possession of the
Historical Society of Minnesota, from which are
the following extracts:

" If the Sioux remain in their own country,
they are useless to us, being too distant. We
could have no commerce with them except that
of the beaver. M. Le Sueur, who goes to France
to give an account of this country, is the proper per-
son to make these movements. He estimates the
Sioux at four thousand families, who could settle
upon the Missouri.

" He has spoken to me of another which he
calls the Mahas, composed of more than twelve
hundred famiUes. The Ayooues (loways) and the
Octoctatas, their neighbors, are about three
hundred families. They occupy the lands be-

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

tween the Mississippi and tlie Missouri, about
one hundred leagues from the Illinois. TJiese
savages do not know the use of arms, and a de-
scent might be made upon them in a river, which
is beyond the "Wabash on the west. * * *

" The Assinibouel, Quenistinos, and people of
the north, who are upon the rivers which fall into
the Mississippi, and trade at Port Nelson (Hud-
son Bay),, are .about four hundred. We could
prevent them from going there if we wish."

" In four or five years we can establish a com-
merce with these savages of sixty or eighty thou-
sand buffalo skins; more than one hundred deer
skins, which will produce, delivered in France,
more than two milUon four hundred thousand
livres yearly. One might obtain for a buffalo
skin four or five pounds of wool, which sells for
twenty sous, two pounds of coarse hair at ten
sous.

"Besides, from smaller peltries, two hundred
thousand livres can be made yearly."

In the third volume of the " History and Sta-
tistics of the Indian Tribes," prepared under the
direction of the Commissioner of Indian affairs,
by Mr. Schoolcraft, a manuscript, a copy of which
was in possession of General Cass, is referred to as
containing the first enumeration of the Indians of
the Mississippi Valley. The following was made
thirty-four years earlier by D 'Iberville:

"The Sioux, FamiUes, 4,000

Mahas, , 12,000

Octata and Ayoues, 300

Causes [Kansas], 1,500

Missouri, 1,500

Akansas, &c., 200

Manton [Mandan], 100

Panis [Pawnee], 2,000

IlUnois, of the great village and Cama-

roua [Tamaroa], 800

Meosigamea [Metchigamias], .... 200
Kikapous and Mascoutens, .... 450

Miamis, . , 600

Chactas, 4,000

Chieachas, 2,000

MobiUens and Chohomes, 850

Concaques [Conchas], 2,000

Ouma [Houmas], 150

Colapissa, 250

Bayogoula, 100

People of the Fork 200

Counica, &c. [Tonicas], 300

Nadeches, 1,600

Belochy, [BUoxi] Pascoboula, .... 100

Total, 23,860

" The savage tribes located in the places I have
marked out, make it necessary to estabUsh three
posts on the Mississippi, one at the Arkansas,
another at the Wabash (Ohio), and the third at
the Missouri. At each post it would be proper
to have an officer with a detachment of ten sol-
diers with a sergeant and corporal. All French-
men should be allowed to settle there with their
families, and trade with the Indians, and they
might establish tanneries for properly dressing
the buffalo and deer skins for transportation.

" No Frenchman shall he allowed to follow the
Indians on their hunts, as it tends to keep them,
hunters, as is seen in Canada, and when they are
in the woods, they do not desire to become tillers
of the soil. *******

" I have said nothing in this memoir of which
I have not personal knowledge or the most reUa-
ble sources. The most of what I propose is
founded upon personal reflection in relation to
what might be done for the defence and advance-
ment of the colony. *****
* * * It wUl be absolutely necessary
that the king should define the limits of this
country in relation to the government of Canada.
It is important that the commandant of the
Mississippi should have a report of those who
inhabit the rivers that faU into the Mississippi,
and principally those of the river IllLnois.

" The Canadians intimate to the savages that
they ought not to listen to us but to the governor
of Canada, who always speaks to them with large
presents, that the governor of Mississippi is mean
and never sends them any thing. This is true,
and what I cannot do. It is imprudent to accus-
tom the savages to be spoken to by presents, for,
with so many, it would cost the king more than
the revenue derived from the trade. When they
come to us, it will be necessary to bring them in
subjection, make them, no presents, and compel
them to do what we wish, as if they were French-
man.

" The Spaniards have divided the Indians Into
parties on this point, and we can do the same.
When one nation does wrong, we can cease to

PENICAUT BESGBIBES LIFE AT FOBT L'HUILLIEB.

trade with them, and threaten to draw down the
hostility of other Indians. We rectify the diffi-
culty by having missionaries, who will bring
them into obedience secretly.

"The Illinois and Mascoutens have detained
the French canoes they find upon the Mississippi,
sayiag that the governors of Canada have given
them permission. I do not know whether this is
so, but if true, it follows that we have not the
liberty to send any one on the Mississippi.

"M. Le Sueur would have been taken if he
had not been the strongest. Only one of the
canoes he sent to the Sioux was plundered." * * *

Penicaut's account varies in some particulars
from that of La Harpe's. He calls the Mahkahto
Green Biver instead of Blue and writes: " We
took our route by its mouth and ascended it forty
leagues, when we found another river falliag in-
to the Saint Pierre, which we entered. We
called this the Green River because it is of that
color by reason of a green earth which loosening
itself from from the copper 'mines, becomes dis-
solved and makes it green.

" A league up this river, we found a point
of land a quarter of a league distant from the
woods, and it was upon this point that M. Le
Sueur resolved to build his fort, because we could
not go any higher on account of the ice, it being
the last day of September. Half of our people
went hunting whilst the others worked on the
fort. We killed four hundred buffaloes, which
were our provisions for the whiter, and which we
placed upon scaffolds in our fort, after having"
skinned and cleaned and quartered them. We
also made cabins in the fort, and a magazine to
keep our goods. After having drawn up our
shallop within the rnclosure of the fort, we spent
the winter in our cabins.

" When we were working in our fort in the
beginning seven French traders from Canada
took refuge there. They had been pillaged and
stripped naked by the Sioux, a wandering nation
living only by hunting and plundering. Among
these seven persons there was a Canadian gen-
tleman of Le Sueur's acquaintance, whom he rec-
ognized at once, and gave him some clothes, as
he did also to all the rest, and whatever else was
necessary for them. They remained with us
during the entire winter at our fort, where we
had not food enough for aU, except buffalo meat

which we had not even salt to eat with. We had
a gopd deal of trouble the first two weeks in ac-
customing ourselves to it, having fever and di-
arrhoea and becoming so tired of it as to hate the
smell. But by degrees our bodies became adapt-
ed to it so well that at the end of six weeks there
was not one of us who could not eat six pounds
of meat a day, and drink four bowls of broth.
As soon as we were accustomed to this kind of
living it made us very fat, and then there was no
more sickness.

" When spring arrived we went to work in the
copper mine. This was the beginning of April of
this year [1701.] We took with us twelve labor-
ers and four hunters. This mine was situated
about three-quarters of a league from our post.
We took from the mine in twenty days more than
twenty thousand pounds weight of ore, of which
we only selected Jour thousand poimds of the
finest, which M. Le Sueur, who was a very good
judge of it, had carried to the fort, and which has
since been sent to France, though I have not
learned the result.

'• This mine is situated at the beginning of a
very long mountain, which is upon the bank of
the river, so that boats can go right to the mouth
of the mine itself. At this place is the green
earth, which is a foot and a half in thickness,
and above it is a layer of earth as firm and
hard as stone, and black and burnt like coal by
the exhalation from the mine. The copper is
scratched out with a knife. There are no trees
upon this mountain. * * * After twenty-two
days' work, we returned to our fort. When the
Sioux, who belong to the nation of savages who
pillaged the Canadians, came they brought us
merchandize of furs.

"They had more than four hundred beaver
robes, each robe made of nine skins sewed to-
gether. M. Le Sueur purchased these and many
other skins which he bargained for, in the week
he traded with the savages. * * * *
We sell in return wares which come very dear to
the buyers, especially tobacco from Brazil, in the
proportion of a hundred crowns the pound; two
little horn-handled knives, and four leaden bul-
lets are equal to ten crovms in exchange for
skins ; and so vrtth the rest.

" In the beginning of May, we launched our
shallop in the water, and loaded it with green

EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

earth that had been taken out of the river, and
■with the furs we had traded for, of which we had
three canoes full. M. Le Sueur before going
held council with M. D'Evaque [or Eraque] the
Canadian gentleman, and the three great chiefs
of the Sioux, three brothers, and told them that
as he had to return to the sea, he desired them
to live in peace with M. D'Evaque, whom he left
in command at Fort L'HuilUer, with twelve
Frenchmen. M. Le Sueur made a considerable
present to the three brothers, chiefs of the sava-
ges, desiring them to never abandon the French.
Afterward we the twelve men whdka he had chosen
to go down to the sea with him embarked. In set-
ting out, M. Le Sueiu- promised to M. D'Evaque
and the twelve Frenchmen who remained vnth
him to guard the fort, to send up munitions of
war from the Illinois country as soon as he should
arrive there ; which he did, for on getting there
he sent off to him a canoe loaded with two thou-
sand pounds of lead and powder, with three of
our people in charge."

Le Sueur arrived at the French fort on the
Gulf of Mexico la safety, and in a few weeks, in
the spring of 1701, sailed for France, with his
kinsman, D'Iberville, the first governor of Lou-
isiana.

In the spring of the next year (1702) D'Evaque
came to Mobile and reported to D'Iberville, who
had come back from France, that he had been
attacked by the Foxes and Maskoiitens, who killed
three Frenchmen who were working near Fort
L'Huillier, and that, being out of powder and
lead, he had been obliged to conceal the goods
which were left and abandon the post. At the
Wisconsin Eiver he had met Juchereau, formerly
criminal judge in Montreal, with thirty-five
men, on his way to establish a tannery for bufEalo
skins at the Wabash, and that at the Illinois he
met the canoe of supplies sent by Bienville,
D'Iberville's brother.

La Motte Cadillac, in command at Detroit, in
a letter written on August 31st, 1703, alludes to
Le Sueur's expedition in these words: "Last
year they sent Mr. Boudor, a Montreal merchant,
into the country of the Sioux to join Le Su-
eur. He succeeded so well in that journey he
transported thither twenty-five or thirty thous-
and pounds of merchandize with which to trade
in all the country of the Outawas. This proved

to him an unfortunate investment, as he has
been robbed of a part of the goods by the Outa-
gamies. The occasion of the robbery by one of
our own allies was as follows. I speak with a
full knowledge of the facts as they occurred while
I was at Michillimackianc. From time immemo-
rial our allies have been at war with the Sioux,
and on my arrival there in conformity to the or-
der of M. Frontenac, the most able man who has
ever come into Canada, I attempted to negotiate
a truce between the Sioux and all our allies.
Succeeding in this negotiation I took the occa-
sion to turn their arms against the Iroquois with
whom we were then at war, and soon after I ef-
fected a treaty of peace between the Sioux and
the French and their allies which lasted two years.

"At the end of that time the Sioux came, in
great numbers, to the villages of the Miamis, im-
der pretense of ratifying the treaty. They were
well received by the Miamis, and, after spending
several days in their villages, departed, apparent-
ly perfectly satisfied vrith their good reception, as
they certainly had every reason to be.

" The Miamis, believing them already far dis-
tant, slept qruetly; but the Sioux, who had pre-
meditated the attack, returned the same night to
the principal village of the Miamis, where most
of the tribe were congregated, and, taking them
by surprise, slaughtered nearly three thousand{?)
and put the rest to flight..
■ "This perfectly infuriated all tne nations.
They came with their complaints, begging me to
join vnth them and exterminate the Sioux. But
the war we then had on our hands did not permit
it, so it became necessary to play the orator in a
long harangue. In conclusion I advised them to
' weep their dead, and wrap them up, and leave
them to sleep coldly till the day of vengeance
should come;' telUng them we must sweep the
land on tliis side of the Iroquois, as it was neces-
sary to extinguish even their memory, after which
the allied tribes could more easily avenge the
atrocious deed that the Sioux had just committed
upon them. In short, I managed them so weU
that the affair was settled in the manner that I
proposed.

" But the twenty-five permits still existed, and
the cupidity of the French induced them to go
among the Sioux to trade for beaver. Our alUes
complained bitterly of this, saying it was injust-

TRADE FORBIDDEN WITH THE SIOUX.

ice to them, as they had taken up arms in our
quarrel against the Iroquois, while the Trench
traders were carrying munitions of war to tlie
Sioux to enable them to kill the rest of our allies
as they had the Miamis.

" I immediately informed M. Frontenac, and M.
Champigny having read the communication, and
commanded that an ordinance be published at Mon-
treal forbidding the traders to go into the country
of the Sioux for the purpose of trafllc under penalty
of a thousand francs fine, the confiscation of the
goods, and other arbitrary penalties. The ordi-
nance was sent to me and faithfully executed.
The same year [1699] I descended to Quebec,
having asked to be relieved. Since that time, in
spite of this prohibition, the French have con-
tinued to trade with the Sioux, but not without
being subject to affronts and indignities from our
allies themselves which bring dishonor on the
French name. * * * I do not consider it best
any longer to allow the traders to carry on com-
merce with the Sioux, imder any pretext what-

ever, especially as M. Boudor has just been
robbed by the Fox nation, and M. Jucheraux has
given a thousand crowns, in goods, for the right
of passage through the country of the allies to
his habitation.

" The alUes say that Le Sueur has gone to the
Sioux on the Mississippi; that they are resolved
to oppose him, and if he offers any resistance they
will not be answerable for the consequences.
It would be well, therefore, to give Le Sueur
warning by the Governor of Mississippi.

"The Sauteurs [Chippeways] being friendly
with the Sioux -frished to give passage through
their country to M. Boudor and others, permit-
ting them to carry arms and other munitions of
war to this nation; but the other nations being
opposed to it, differences have arisen between
them which have resulted in the robbery of M.
Boudor. This has given occasion to the Sau-
teurs to make an outbreak upon the Sacs and
Foxes, killing thirty or forty of them. So there
is war among the people."

EXPL0BER8 AND FI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTER VIII.

EVENTS "WHICH LED TO BUILDING FORT BEATJHARKOIS ON LAKE PEPIN.

Re-Establishment of Mackinaw. — Sieur de Louvigny at Mackinaw. — De Lignery
at Mackinaw. — Louvigny Attacks the Foxes.— Du Luth's Post Reoccupicd. —
Saint Pierre at La Pointe on Lake Superior. — Preparations for a Jesuit Mission
among the Sioux. — La Perriere Boucher's Expedition to Lake Pepin. — Do
Gonor and Guiguas, Jesuit Missionaries. — Visit to Foxes and Winnebogoes. —
Wisconsin River Described. — Fort Beauhamois Built. — Fireworks Displayed. —
High Water at Lake Pepin. — De Gonor Visits Mackinaw.— Boucherville, Mont-
brun and Guiguas Captured by Indians. — Montbrun's Escape. — Boucherville's
Presents to Indians. — ExEiggerated Account of Father Guiguas' Capture. — Dis'
patches Concerning Fort Beauhamois. — Sieur de la Jemeraye. — Saint Pierre at
Port Beauhamois. — Trouble between Sioux and Foxes. — Sioux Visit Quebec. —
De Lusignan Visits the Sioux Country.— Saint Pierre Noticed in the Travels
of Jonathan Carver and Lieutenant Pike.

After the Fox Indians drove away Le Sueur's
men, in 1702, from the Makahto, or Blue Earth
river, the merchants of Montreal and Quebec did
not encourage trade with the tribes beyond Mack-
inaw.

D'Aigreult, a French ofiBcer, sent to inspect
that post, in the summer of 1708, reported that
he arrived there, on the 19th of August, and
found there but fourteen or fifteen Frenchmen.
He also wrote: " Since there are now only a few
wanderers at Miehilimackinack, the greater part
of the furs of the savages of the north goes to the
English trading posts on Hudson's Bay. The
Outawas are unable to make this trade by them-
selves, because the northern savages are timid,
and wiU not come near them, as they have often
been plundered. It is, therefore, necessary that
the French be allowed to seek these northern
tribes at the mouth of their own river, which
empties into Lake Superior."

Louis de la Porte, the Sieur De Louvigny, in
1690, accompanied by Nicholas Perrot, with a de-
tachment of one hundred and seventy Canadians
and Indians, came to Mackinaw, and until 1694
was in command, when he was recalled.

In 1712, Father Joseph J. Marest the Jesuit
missionary wrote, " If this country ever needs
M. Louvigny it is now ; the savages say it is ab-
solutely necessary that he should come for the
safety of the country, to unite the tribes and to
defend those whom the war has caused to return
to Michilimacinac. ******

I do not know what course the Pottawatomies
will take, nor even what course they will pursue
who are here, if M. Louvigny does not come, es-
pecially if the Foxes were.to attack them or us."

The next July, M. Lignery urged upon the au-
thorities the establishment of a garrison of trained
soldiers at Mackinaw, and the Intendant of Can-
ada wrote to the King of France :

" MichUimackiaac might be re-established,
without expense to his Majesty, either by sur-
rendering the trade of the post to such individu-
als as will obligate themselves to pay aU the ex-
penses of twenty-two soldiers and twooflBcers; to
furnish munitions of war for the defense of the
fort, and to make presents to the savages.

" Or the expenses of the post might be paid by
the sale of permits, if the King should not think
proper to grant an exclusive commerce. It is ab-
solutely necessary to know the wishes of the King
concerning these two propositions; and as M.
Lignery is at MichiUmaeklnac, it will not be any
greater injury to the colony to defer the re-estab-
ment of this post, than it has been for eight or
ten years past."

The war with England ensued, and in April,
1713, the treaty of Utrecht was ratified. France
had now more leisure to attend to the Indian
tribes of the West.

Early in 1714, Mackinaw was re-occupied, and
on the fourteenth of March, 1716, an expedition
under Lieutenant Louvigny, left Quebec. His
arrival at Mackinaw, where he had been long ex-
pected, gave confidence to the voyageurs, and
friendly Indians, and with a force of eight hun-
dred men, he proceeded against the Foxes in
Wisconsin. He brought with him two pieces of
cannon and a grenade mortar, and besieged the
fort of the Foxes, which he stated contained five
hundred warriors, and three thousand men, a
declaration which can scarcely be credited. After

DESIBE FOB A NOBIHEBN BOUTE 10 THE PACIFIC.

three days of skirmishing, he prepared to mine
the fort, when the Foxes capitulated.

The paddles of the birch bark canoes and the
gay songs of the voyageurs now began to be heard
once more on the waters of Lake Superior and its
tributaries. In 1717, the post erected by Du
Luth, on Lake Superior near the northern boun-
dary of Minnesota, was re-occupied by Lt. Ro-
bertel de la Noue.

In view of the troubles among the tribes of the
northwest, in the month of September, 1718, Cap-
tain St. Pierre, who had great influence with the
Indians of Wisconsin and Minnesota, was sent
with Ensign Linctot and some soldiers to re-oc-
cupy La Pointe on Lake Superior, now Bayfield,
in the northwestern part of "Wisconsin. The
chiefs of the band there, and at Keweenaw,
had threatened war against the Poxes, who had
killed some of their number.

When the Jesuit Charlevoix returned to Prance
after an examination of the resources of Canada
and Louisiana, he urged that an attempt should
be made to reach the Pacific Ocean by an inland
route, and suggested that an expedition should
proceed from the mouth of the Missouri and fol-
low that stream, or that a post should be estab-
lished among the Sioux which should be the point
of departure. The latter was accepted, and in
1722 an allowance was made by the French Gov-
ernment, of twelve hundred Uvres, for two Jes-
uit missionaries to accompany those who should
establish the new post. D'Avagour, Superin-
tendent of Missions, in May, 1723, requested the
authorities to grant a separate canoe for the con-
veyance of the goods of the proposed mission,
and as it was necessary to send a commandant
to persuade the Indians to receive the mission-
aries, he recommended Sieur Pachot, an oflflcer of
experience.

A dispatch from Canada to the French govern-
ment, dated October 14, 1723, announced that
Father de la Chasse, Superior of the Jesuits, ex-
pected that, the next spring. Father Guymoneau,
and another missionary from Paris, would go to
the Sioux, but that they had been hindered by the
Sioux a few months before killing seven French-
men, on their way to Louisiana. The aged
Jesuit, Joseph J. Marest, who had been on Lake
Pepin in 1689 with Perrot, and was now in Mon-
treal, said that it was the wandering Sioux who

had killed the French, but he thought the sta-
tionary Sioux would receive Christian instruction.

The hostility of the Foxes had also prevented
the establishment of a fort and mission among the
Sioux.

On the seventh of June, 1726, peace was con-
cluded by De Lignery with the Sauks, Foxes, and
Winnebagoes at Green Bay; and Linctot, who
had succeeded Saint Pierre in command at La
Pointe, was ordered, by presents and the promise
of a missionary, to endeavor to detach the Dah-
kotahs from their alliance with the Foxes. At
this time Linctot made arrangements for peace
between the Ojibways and Dahkotas, and sent
two Frenchmen to dwell in the villages of the
latter, with a promise that, if they ceased to fight
the Ojibways, they should have regular trade,
and a " black robe" reside in their country.

Traders and missionaries now began to prepare
for visiting the Sioux, and ia the spring of 1727
the Governor of Canada wrote that the fathers,
appointed for the Sioux mission, desired a case of
mathematical instruments, a universal astro-
nomic dial, a spirit level, chain and stakes, and a
telescope of six or seven feet tube.

On the sixteenth of June, 1727, the expedition
for the Sioux country left Montreal in charge of
the Sieur de la Perriere who was son of the dis-
tinguished and respected Canadian, Pierre Bou-
cher, the Governor of Three Elvers.

La Perriere had served in N"ewformdland and
been associated with Hertel de Eouville in raids
into New England, and gained an unenviable no-
toriety as the leader of the savages, while Eou-
ville led the French in attacks upon towns like
HaverhUl, Massachusetts, where the Indians ex-
ultingly killed the Puritan pastor, scalped his
loving wife, and dashed out his infant's brains
against . a rock. He was accompanied by his
brother and other relatives. Two Jesuit fathers,
De Gonor and Pierre Michel Guignas, were also
of the party.

In Shea's " Early French Voyages" there was
printed, for the first time, a letter from Father
Guignas, from the Brevoort manuscripts, written
on May 29, 1728, at Fort Beauharnois, on Lake
Pepin, which contains facts of much interest.

He writes: " The Scioux convoy left the end
of Montreal Island on the 16th of the month of
June last year, at 11 a. h., and reached Michili-

EXPLORERS AND PIONJSURS OF MINNESOTA.

mackinac the 22d of the month of July. This
post is two hundred and flftyTone leagues from
Montreal, almost due west, at 45 degrees 46 min-
utes north latitude.

" "We spent the rest of the month at this post,
in the hope of receiving from day to day some
news from Montreal, and in the design of
strengthening ourselves against the alleged ex-
treme diflSculties of getting a free passage through
the Foxes. At last, seeing nothing, we set out
on our march, the first of the month of August,
and. after seventy-three leagues quite pleasant
sail along the northerly side of l^ke Michigan,
running to the southeast, we reached the Bay
[Green] on the 8th of the same month, at 5:30 p.
M. This post is at 44 degrees 43 miuutes north
latitude.

" We stopped there two days, and on the 11th
in the morning, we embarked, in a very great
impatience to reach the Foxes. On the third day
after our departure from the bay, quite late in
the afternoon, in fact somewhat in the night, the
chiefs of the Puans [Winnebagoes] came out three
leagues from their village to meet the French,
with their peace calumets and some bear meat as
a refreshment, and the next day we were received
by that small nation, amid several discharges of
a few guns, and with great demonstrations.

" They asked us with so good a grace to do
them the honor to stay some time with them that
we granted them the rest of the day from noon,
and the following day. There may be in all the
village,- sixty to eighty men, but all the men and
women of very tall stature, and well made. They
are on the bank of a very pretty Uttle lake, in a
most agreeable spot for its situation and the
goodness of the soil, nineteen leagues from the
bay and eight leagues from the Foxes.

" Early the next morning, the 15th of the month
of August, the convoy preferred to continue its
route, with quite pleasant weather, but a storm
coming on in the afternoon, we arrived quite wet,
still in the rain, at the cabins of the Foxes, a nation
BO much dreaded, and really so little to be dreaded.
From all that we could see, it is composed of
two hundred men at most, but there is a perfect
hive of children, especially boys from ten to
fourteen years old, well formed.

'• They are cabined on a little eminence on the
bank of a small river that bears their name, ex- '

tremely tortuous or vraiding, so that you are con-
stantly boxing the compass. Yet it is apparently
quite wide, with a chain of hills on both sides,
but there is only one miserable little channel
amid this extent of apparent bed, which is a kind
of marsh full of rushes and wild rice of almost
impenetrable thickness. They have nothing but
mere bark cabias, without any kind of paUsade or
other fortification. As soon as the French ca-.
noes touched their shore they ran down with
their peace calumets, lighted in spite of the rain,
and all smoked.

" We stayed among them the rest of this day,
and all the next, to know what were their designs
and ideas as to the French post among the Siotix.
The Sieur Reaume, interpreter of Indian lan-
guages at the Bay, acted efiflciently there, and
with devotion to the King's service. Even if my
testimony. Sir, should be deemed not impartial, I
must have the honor to tell you that Bev. Father
Chardon, an old missionary, was of very great as-
sistance there, and the presence of three mission-
aries reassured these cut-throats and assassins of
the French more than all the speeches of the best
orators could have done.

" A general council was convened in one of the
cabins, they were addressed iu decided friendly
terms, and they replied in the same way. A
small present was made to them. On their side
they gave some quite handsome dishes, lined with
dry meat.

On the following Sunday, 17th of the month
of August, very early in the morning. Father
Chardon set out, with Sieur Reaume, to return
to the Bay, and the Sioux expedition, greatly re-
joiced to have so easily got over this dififlculty,
which had everywhere been represented as so in-
surmountable, got under way to endeavor to
reach its journey's end.

" I^'ever was navigation more tedious than
what we subsequently made from uncertainty as
to our course. No one knew it, and we got
astray every moment on water and on land for
want of a guide and pilots. We kept on, as it
were feeling our way for eight days, for it was
only on the ninth, about three o'clock p. m., that
we arrived, by accident, beUeving ourselves still
far off, at the portage of the Ouisconsin, which ia
forty-five leagues from the Foxes, counting all
the twists and turns of this abominable river.

SITUATION AND DESCBIPTION OF FOBT BEAUHABN0I8.

This portage is half a league in length, and half
of that is a kind of marsh full of mud,

" The Ouiseonsin is quite a handsome river,
but far belowwhat we had been told, apparently,
as those who gave the description of it in Canada
saw it only in the high waters of spring. It is a
shallow river on a bed of quicksand, which forms
bars almost everywhere, and these often change
. place. Its shores are either steep, bare mountains
or low points wi th sandy base . Its course is from
northeast to southwest. From the portage to its
mouth in the Mississippi, I estimated thirty-eight
leagues. The portage is at 43 deg. 24 min. north
latitude.

" The Mississippi from the mouth of the Ouis-
eonsin ascending, goes northwest. This beauti-
ful river extends between two chains of high,
bare and very sterile mountains, constantly a
league, three-quarters of a league, or where it is
narrowest, half a league apart. Its centre is oc-
cupied by a chain of well wooded islands, so that
regarding from the heights above, you would
think you saw an endless valley watered on the
right and left by two large rivers ; sometimes, too,
you could discern no river.' These islands are
overflowed every year, and would be adapted to
raising rice. Pifty-eight leagues from the mouth
of the Ouiseonsin, according to my calculation,
ascending the Mississippi, is Lake Pepin, which
is nothing else but the river itself, destitute of
islands at that point, where it may be half a
league wide. This river, in what I traversed of
it, is shallow, and has shoals in several places, be-
cause its bed is moving sands, like that of the
Ouiseonsin.

"On the 17th of September, 172Y, at noon, we
reached this lake, which had been chosen as the
bourne of our voyage. We planted ourselves on
the shore about the middle of the north side, on
a low point, where the soil is excellent. The
wood is very dense there, but is already thinned
in consequence of the rigor and length of the
winter, which has been severe for the cUmate,
for we are here on the parallel of 43 deg. 41 min.
It is true that the difference of the winter is
great compared to that of Quebec and Montreal,
for all that some poor judges say.

"From the day after our landing we put our
axes to the wood: on the fourth day following
the fort was entirely finished. It is a square plat

of one hundred feet, surrounded by pickets twelve
feet long, with two good bastions. For so small
a space there are large buildings quite distinct and
not huddled together, each thirty, thirty-eighty
and twenty-five feet long by sixteen feet wide.

" All would go well there if the spot were not
inundated, but this year [1728], on the 15th of
the month of April, we were obliged to camp out,
and' the water ascended to the height of two feet
and eight inches in the houses, and it is idle to
say that it was the quantity of snow that fell
this year. The snow in the vicinity had melted
long before, and there was only a foot and a half
from the 8th of February to the 15th of March;
you could not use snow-shoes.

" I have great reason to think that this spot is
inundated more or less every year; I have always
thought so, but they were not obliged to believe
me, as old people who said that they had lived in
this region fifteen or twenty years declared that
it was never overflowed. We could not enter
our much-devastated houses untU the 30th of
April, and the disorder is even now scarcely re-
paired.

' ' Before the end of October [1 727] all the houses
were flnished and furnished, and each one found
himself tranquilly lodged at home. They then
thought only of going out to explore the hills and
rivers and to see those herds of all kinds of deer
of which they teU such stories in Canada. They
must have retired, or diminished greatly, since
the time the old voyageurs left the coxmtry; they
are no longer in such great nxunbers, and are
killed with difficulty.

" After beating the field, for some time, all re-
assembled at the fort, and thought of enjoying a
httle the fruit of their labors. On the 4th of No-
vember we did not forget it was the General's
birthday. Mass was said for him [Beauhamois,
Governor-General of Qanada] in the morning,
and they were well disposed to celebrate the day
in the evening, but the tardiness of the pyro-
technists and the inconstancy of the weather
caused them to postpone the celebration to the
14th of the same month, when they set ofE some
very fine rockets and made thq air ring with an
hundred shouts of Vive k Boy! and Vive Charles
de Beauhamois! It was on this occasion that the
wine of the Sioux was broached; it was par ex-

HXPLOBEES AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.

(xllence, although there are no wines here finer
than in Canada.

•' What contributed, much to the amusement,
was the terror of some cabins of Indians, who
were at the time around the fort. When these
poor people saw the iireworks in the air, and the
stars fall from heaven, the women and children
began to take flight, and the most courageous of
the men to cry mercy, and implore us very earn-
estly to stop the surprising play of that wonder-
ful medicine.

" As soon as we arrived among them, they as-
sembled, in a few days, around the French fort to
the number of ninety-five cabins, which might
make in all one hundred and fifty men; for there
are at most two men in their portable cabins of
dressed skins, and in many there is only one.
This is all we have seen except a band of about
sixty men, who came on the 26th of the month of
February, who were of those nations called Sioux
of the Prairies.

, " At the end of November, the Indians set out
for their winter quarters. They do not, indeed,
go far, and we saw some of them all through the
winter; but from the second of the month of
April last, when some cabins repassed here to go
in search of them, [he] sought them in vain, du-
ring a week, for more than sixty leagues of the
Mississippi. He [La Perriere?] arrived yesterday
without any tidings of them.
' " Although I said above, that the Sioux were
alarmed at the rockets, which they took for new
phenomena, it must not be supposed from that
they were less intelligent than other Indians we
know. They seem to me more so ; at least they
are much gayer and open, apparently, and far
more dextrous thieves, great dancers, and great
medicine men. The men are almost all large and
well made, but the women are very ugly and dis-
gusting, which does not, however, check debauch-
ery among them, and is perhaps an effect of it."

In the summer of 1728 the Jesuit De Gonor
left the fort on Lake Pepin, and, by way of Mack-
inaw, returned to Canada. The Poxes had now
become very troublesome, and De Lignery and
Beaujeu marched against their stronghold, to find
they had retreated to the Mississippi Eiver.

On the 12th of October, Boucherville, his bro-
ther Montbrun, a young cadet of enterprising
spirit, the Jesuit Guignas, and other Prenchmen,

eleven in all, left Port Pepin to go to Canada, by
way of the Illinois Eiver. They were captured
by the Mascoutens and Kickapoos, and detained
at the river " Au Boeuf ," which stream was prob-
ably the one mentioned by Le Sueur as twenty-
two leagues above the Illinois Eiver, although the
same name was given by Hennepin to the Chip-
pewa Eiver, just below Lake Pepin. They were
held as prisoners, with the view of delivering
them to the Poxes. The night before the deliv-
ery the Sieur Montbrun and his brother and an-
other Prenchman escaped. Montbrun, leaving
his sick brother in the Illinois country, journeyed
to Canada and informed the authorities.

Boucherville and Guignas remained prisoners
for several months, and the former did not reach
Detroit until June, 1729, The account of expen-
ditures made during his captivity is interesting as
showing the value of merchandize at that time.
It reads as follows:

" Memorandum of the goods that Monsieur de
Boucherville was obliged to furnish in the ser-
vice of the King, from the time of his detention
among the Kickapoos, on the 12th of October,
1728, until his return to Detroit, in the year 1729,
in the month of June. On arriving at the Kick-
apoo village, he made a present to the young men
to seciure their opposition to some evil minded
old warriors —
Two barrels of powder, each fifty pounds

at Montreal price, valued at the sum of 150 liv.
One hundred pounds of lead and balls

making the sum of 50 liv.

Pour pounds of vermilUon, at 12 francs

the pound 48 fr.

Pour coats, braided, at twenty francs. . . 80 fr.
Six dozen knives at four francs the dozen 24 fr.
Pour hundred flints, one hundred gun-
worms, two hundred ramrods and one
hundred and fifty files, the total at the

maker's prices 90 liv.

After the Kickapoos refused to deliver them to
the Eenards [Poxes] they wished some favors, and
I was obliged to give them the following which
would allow them to weep over and cover their
dead:

Two braided coats @ 20 fr. each 40fr.

Two woolen blankets @ 15 fr 30

One hundred poimds of powder @ 30 sous 75
One hundred pounds of lead @ 10 sous . . 25

BOUOHEBriLLirS PBHSUNTS WHILE IN' CAPTIVITY.

Two pounds of vermillion @ 12 fr 24fr.

Moreover, given to the Eenards to cover
their dead and prepare them for peace,

fifty pounds of powder, making 75

One hundred pounds of lead @ 10 sous . 50

Two poimds of vermillion @ 12 fr 24

During the winter a considerable party was
sent to strike hands with the Illinois, Given at
that time :

Two blue blankets @ 15 fr 30

Pour men's shirts @ 6 f r 24

Four pairs of long-necked bottles @ 6 f r 24

Pour dozen of knives @ 4 f r 16

Gun-worms, files, ramrods, and flints, es-
timated 40

Given to engage the Kickapoos to establish
themselves upon a neighboring isle, to protect
from the treachery of the Eenards —

Four blankets, @ 15f 60f

Two pairs of bottles, 6f 24

Two pounds of vermillion, 12f 24

Four dozen butcher knives, 6f 24

Two woolen blankets, @ 15f 30

Four pairs of bottles, @ 6f 24

Four shirts, @ 6f 24

Four dozen of knives, @ 4f 16

The Eenards having betrayed and killed their
brothers, the Kickapoos, I seized the favorable
opportunity, and to encourage the latter to avenge
themselves, I gave —
Twenty-five pounds of powder, @ 30sous 37f.l0s.

Twenty-five pounds of lead, @ 10s I2f.l0s.

Two guns at 30 livres each 60f

One half pound of vermillion 6f

Flints, guns, worms and knives 20f

The Illinois coming to the Kikapoos vil-
lage, I supported them at my expense,
and gave them powder, balls and shirts

valued at 50f

In departing from the Kikapoos vUlage, I
gave them the rest of the goods for

their good treatment, estimated at 80f

In a letter, written by a priest, at New Orleans,
on July 12, 1730, is the following exaggerated ac-
' count of the capture of Father Guignas: " We
always felt a distrust of the Fox Indians, although
they did not longer dare to undertake anythuig,
since Father Guignas has detached from their al-
liance the tribes of the Kikapous and Maskoutins.
You know, my Eeverend Father, that, being in

Canada, he had the courage to penetrate even to
the Sioux near the sources of the Mississippi, at
the distance of eight hundred leagues from New
Orleans and five hundred from Quebec. ObUged
to abandon this important mission by the unfor-
tunate result of the enterprise against the Foxes,
he descended the river to repair to the Illinois.
On the 15th of October in the year 1728 he was
arrested when half way by the Kickapous and
Maskoutins. For four months he was a captive
among the Indians, where he had much to suffer
and everything to fear. The time at last came
when he was to be burned aUve, when he was
adopted by an old man whose family saved his
Ufe and procured his liberty.

" Our missionaries who are among the Illinois
were no sooner acquainted with the situation
than they procured him all the alleviation they
were able. Everything which he received he em-
ployed to conciliate the Indians, and succeeded
to the extent of engaging them to conduct him to
the Illinois to make peace with the French and
Indians of this region. Seven or eight months
after this peace was concluded, the Maskoutins
and Kikapous returned again to the IlUnois coun-
try, and took back Father Guignas to spend the
winter, from whence, in all probabiUty, he wiU
return to Canada."

In dispatches sent to France, in October, 1729,
by the Canadian government, the following refer-
ence is made to Fort Beauhamois : " They agree
that the fort built among the Scioux, on the bor-
der of Lake Pepin, appears to be badly situated
on account of the freshets, but the Indians assure
that the waters rose higher in 1728 than it ever
did before. When Sieur de Laperriere located it
at that place it was on the assurance of the In-
dians that the waters did not rise so high." In
reference to the absence of Indians, is the fol-
lowing:

"It is very true that these Indians did leave
shortly after on a hunting excursion, as they are
in the habit of doing, for their own support and
that of their families, who have only that means
of liveUhood, as they do not cultivate the soU at
all. M. de Beauhamois has just been informed
that their absence was occasioned only by having
fallen in while hunting with a number of prairie
Scioux, by whom they were invited to occompany
them on a war expedition against the Mahas,

EXPLOEEBS AND FIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

■which invitation they accepted, and returned
only in the month of July following.

" The interests of religion, of the service, and
of the colony, are involved in the maintenance of
this establishment, which has been the more nec-
essary as there is no doubt but the Foxes, when
routed, would have found an asylum among the
Scioux had not the French been settled there,
and the docility and submission manifested by
the Foxes can not be attributed to any cause ex-
cept the attention entertained by the Scioux for
the French, and the offers which the former
made the latter, of which the Foxes were fully
cognisant. *

" It is necessary to retain the Scioux in these
favorable dispositions, in order to keep the Foxes
in check and counteract the measures they might
adopt to gain over the Scioux, who will invaria-
bly reject their propositions so long as the French
remain in the country, and their trading post
shall continue there. But, despite all these ad-
vantages and the importance of preserving that
establishment, M. de Beauhamois cannot take
any steps until he has news of the French who
asked his permission this summer to go up there
with a canoe load of goods, and until assured that
those who wintered there have not dismantled
the fort, and that the Scioux continue in the same
sentiments. Besides, it does not seem very easy,
in the present conjuncture, to maintain that post
unless there is a soUd peace with the Foxes; on
the other hand, the greatest portion of the tra-
ders, who applied in 1727 for the establishment
of that post, have withdrawn, and will not send
thither any more, as the rupture with the Foxes,
through whose country it is necessary to pass in
order to reach the Scioux in canoe, has led them
to abandon the idea. But the one and the other
case might be remedied. The Foxes will, in all
probability, come or send next year to sue for
peace; therefore, if it be granted to them on ad-
vantageous conditions, there need be no appre-
hension when going to the Sioux, and another
company could be formed, less numerous than
the first, through whom, or some responsible mer-
chants able to afford the outfit, a new treaty
could be made, whereby these difficulties would
be soon obviated. One only trouble remains, and
that is, to send a commanding and sub-ofiicer,
and some soldiers, up there, which are absolutely

necessary for the maintenance of good order at
that post; the missionaries would not go there
without a commandant. This article, which re-
gards the service, and the expense of which must
be on his majesty's account, obliges them to ap-
ply for orders. They will, as far as lies in their
power, induce the traders to meet that expense,
which will possibly amount to 1000 Uvres or
1500 livres a year for the commandant, and in
proportion for the officer under him; but, as in
the beginning of an establishment the expenses
exceed the profits, it is improbable that any com-
pany of merchants will assume the outlay, and
in this case they demand orders on this point, as
well as his majesty's opinion as to the necessity
of preserving so useful a post, and a nation which
has already afforded proofs of its fideUty and at-
tachment.

" These orders could be sent them by the way
of He Eoyale, or by the first merchantmen that
will sail for Quebec. The time required to re-
ceive inteUigence of the occurrences in the Scioux
country, will admit of their waiting for these
orders before doing anything."

Sieur de la Jemeraye, a relative of Sieur de la
Perriere Boucher, with a few French, during the
troubles remained in the Sioux country. After
peace was established with the Foxes, Legardeur
Saint Pierre was in command at Fort Beauhar-
nois, and Father Guignas again attempted to es-
tablish a Sioux mission. In a communication
dated 12th of October, 1736, by the Canadian au-
thorities is the following: "In regard to the
Scioux, Saint Pierre, who commanded at that
post, and Father Guignas, the missionary, have
written to Sieur de Beauhamois on the tenth and
eleventh of last April, that these Indians ap-
peared well intentioned toward the French, and
had no other fear than that of being abandoned
by them. Sieur de Beauhamois annexes an ex-
tract of these letters, and although the Scioux
seem very friendly, the result only can tell whether
this fidelity is to be absolutely depended upon,
for the unrestrained andinconsistent spirit which
composes the Indian chju-acter may easily change
it. They have not come over this summer as yet,
but M. de la St. Pierre is to get them to do so
next year, and to have an eye on their proceed-
ings."

The reply to this communication from Louis

DE LUSIONAN VISITS THE SIOUX COUNTBY.

XV. dated Yersailles, May 10th, 1737, was in
these words : " As respects the Scioux, according
to what the commandant and missionary at that
post have written to Sieur de Beauhamois rela-
tive to the disposition of these Indians, nothing
appears to be wanting on that point.

" But their delay in coming down to Montreal
since the time they have promised to do so, must
render their sentiments somewhat suspected, and
nothing but facts can determine whether their
fidelity can be absolutely relied on. But what
must still further increase the uneasiness to be
entertained in their regard is the attack on the
convoy of M. de Verandrie, especially if this oflficer
has adopted the course he had informed the
Marquis de Beauhamois he should take to have
revenge tlierefor."

The particulars of the attack alluded to will be
found in the next chapter. Soon after this the
Foxes again became troublesome, and the post on
Lake Pepin was for a time abandoned by the
Trench. A dispatch in 1741 uses this language :
" The Marquis de Beauhamois' opinion respect-
ing the war against the Foxes, has been the more
readily approved by the Baron de Longeuil,
Messieurs De la Chassaigne, La Come, de Lig-
nery, LaNoue, and Duplessis - Fabert, whom he
had assembled at his house, as it appears from
all the letters that the Count has wril,' "n for sev-
eral-years, that he has nothing so much at heart as
the destruction of that Indian nation, which can
not be prevailed on by the presents and the good
treatment of the French, to live in peace, not-
withstandmg all its promises.

" Besides, it is notorious that the Foxes have a
secret understanding with the Iroquois, to secure
a retreat among the latter, in case they be obliged
to abandon their villages . They have one already
secured among the Sioux of the prairies, with
whom they are allied;' so that, should they be

advised beforehand of the design of the French
to wage war against them, it would be easy for
them to retire to the one or the other before their
passage could be intersected or themselves at-
tacked in their villages."

In the summer of 1743, a deputation of the
Sioux came down to Quebec, to ask that trade
might be resumed. Three years after this, four
Sioux chiefs came to Quebec, and asked that a
commandant inight be sent to Fort Beauhamois ;
which was not granted.

During the winter of 1745-6, De Lusignaii vis-
ited the Sioux country, ordered by the govern-
ment to hunt up the "coureurs des bois," aiid
withdraw them from the country. They started
to return with him, but learning that they would
be arrested at Mackinaw, for violation of law,
they ran away. While at the villages of the Sioux
of the lakes and plains, the chiefs brought to
this oflScer nineteen of their young men, bound
with cords, who had killed three Frenchmen, at
the Illinois. While he remained with them, they
made peace with the Ojibways of La Pointe,
with whom they had been at war for some time.
On his return, four chiefs accompanied him to
Montreal, to solicit pardon for their young braves.

The lessees of the trading-post lost many of
their peltries that winter in consequence of a flre.

Eeminiscences of St. Pierre's residence at Lake
Pepin were long preserved. Carver, in 1766, "ob-
served the ruins of a French factory, where, it
is said. Captain St. Pierre resided, and carried on
a great trade with the JSTadouessies before the re-
duction of Canada."

Pike, in 1805, wrote in his journal: " Just be-
low Pt. Le Sable, the French, who had driven the
Renards [Foxes] from Wisconsin, and chased
them up the Mississippi, built a stockade on this
lake, as a barrier against the savages. It became
a noted factory for the Sioux."

EXPLOBERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTEE IX.

VEEBNDKTB, THE EXPLOEEK OF NOBTHEKN MINNESOTA, AND DISCOVEBEE OF THE EOCKY

MOUNTAINS.

Conversation of Verendrye with Father De Gonor.— Parentage and Early Life.—
Old Indian Uap Preserved. — Vcrendrye's Son and Nephew Explore Pigeon
River and Reach Rainy lAke.— Father Messayer a Companion.— Fort St. Pierre
Established.— Lake of the Woods Reached and Fort St. Charles Built.— De la
Jemeraye's Map. — Fort on the Assinaboine River. — Vcrendrye's Son, Father
Onneau and Associates Killed by Sioiix, on Massacre Isle, in Lake of the Woods_
— Port La Beine.— Verendrye 's Eldest Son, with Ofhers,.Jleaches the Missouri
River. — Discovers the Rocky Mountains. — Returns to Lake of the "Woods.-
Exploration of Saskatchewan River.- Sieur de la Verendrye Jr.— Verendrye
the Father, made Captain of the Order of St. Louis.— His Death.— The Swedish
Traveler, Kalin, Hotices Verendrye.— Bougainville Describes Verendrye's Ex-
plorations.— Legardeur de St. Pierre at Fort La Reine. — Fort Jonguicre Estab-
lished.—De la Come Succeeds St. Pierre.- St. Pierre Meets Washington at
French Creek, in Pennsylvania. — Killed in Battle, near Lake George.

Early in the year 1728, two travelers met at
the secluded post of Mackiaaw, one was named
De Gonor, a Jesuit Father, who with Guignas,
had gone with the expedition, that the September
before had built Fort Beauhamois on the shores
of Lake Pepin, the other was Pierre Gualtier Va-
rennes, the Sieur de la Verendrye the commander
of the post on Lake Nepigon of the north shore
of Lake Superior, and a relative of the Sieur de
la Perriere, the commander at Lake Pepin.

Verendrye was the son of Eene Gualtier Va-
rennes who for twenty-two years was the chief
magistrate at Three Elvers, whose wife was Ma-
rie Boucher, the daughter of his predecessor
whom he had married when she was twelve years
of age. He became a cadet ia 1697, and in 1704
accompanied an expedition to New England.
The next year he was in Newfoundland and the
year following he went to France, joined a regi-
ment of Brittany and was ia the conflict at Mal-
plaquet when the French troops were defeated
by the Duke of Marlborough. When he returned
to Canada he was obUged to accept the position
of ensign notwithstanding the gallant manner in
which he had behaved. In time he became iden-
tified with the Lake Superior region. While at
Lake Nepigon the Indians assured him that there
was a communication largely by water to the
Pacific Ocean. One, named Ochagachs, drew a
rude map of the country, which is stUl preserved
among the French archives. Pigeon Elver is

marked thereon Mantohavagane, and the Elver
St. Louis is marked E. fond du L. Superior, and
the Indians appear to have passed from its head-
waters to Eainy Lake. Upon the western ex-
tremity is marked the Elver of the West.

De Gonor conversed much upon the route to
the Pacific with Verendrye, and promised to use
his influence with the Canadian authorities to
advance the project of exploration.

Charles De Beauhamois, the Governor of Can-
ada, gave Verendrye a respectful hearing, and
carefully examined the map of the region west of
the great lakes, which had been drawn by Ochar
gachs (Otchaga), the Indian guide. Orders were
soon given to fit out an expedition of fifty men.
It left Montreal in 1731, under the conduct of his
sons and nephew De la Jemeraye, he not joining
the party tiU 1733, in consequence of the deten-
tions of business.

In the autumn of 1731, the party reached Eainy
Lake, by the Nantouagan, or GroselUers river,
now called Pigeon. Father Messayer, who had
been stationed on Lake Superior, at the Grosel-
Uers river, was taken as a spiritual guide. At
the foot of Eainy Lake a post was erected and
called Fort St. Pierre, and the next year, having
crossed Minittie, or Lake of the Woods, they es-
tablished Fort St. Charles on its southwestern
bank. Five leagues from Lake Winnipeg they
established a post on the Assinaboine. An un-
published map of these discoveries by De la Jem-
eraye still exists at Paris. The river Winnipeg
called by them Maurepas, in honor of the minis-
ter of France in 1734, was protected by a fort of
the same niime.

About this time their advance was stopped by
the exhaustion of supplies, but on the 12th of
April, 1735, an arrangement was made for a sec-
ond equipment, and a fourth son joined the expe-
dition.

In June, 1736, whUe twenty-one of the expedi-

DISCOVERT OF THE BOGEY MOUNTAINS.

tion were camped upon an isle in the Lake of the
"Woods, they were surprised by a band of Sioux
hostile to the French allies, the Cristinaux, and
all killed. The island, upon this account, is
called Massacre Island. A few days after, a
party of five Canadian voyageurs discovered their
dead bodies and scalped heads. Father Ouneau,
the missionary, was found upon one knee, an ar-
row in his head, his breast bare, his left hand
touching the ground, and the right hand raised.

Among the slaughtered was also a son of Ver-
endrye, who had a tomahawk in his back, and his
body adorned with garters and bracelets of porcu-
pine. The father was at the foot of the Lake of
the' Woods when he received the news of his son's
murder, and about the same time heard of the
death of his enterprising nephew, Dufrost de la
Jemeraye, the son of his sister Marie Reine de
Varennes, and brother of Madame Youville, the
foundress of the Hospitallers at Montreal.

It was under the guidance of the latter that
the party had, in 1731, mastered the difficulties
of the Nantaouagon, or Groselliers river.

On the 3d of October, 1738, they built an ad-
vanced post, Fort La Eeine, on the river Assini-
boels, now Assinaboine, which they called St
Charles, and beyond was a branch called St.
Pierre. These two rivers received the baptismal
name of Verendrye, which was Pierre, and Gov-
ernor Beauharnois, which was Charles. The post
became the centre of trade and point of departure
for explorations, either north or south.

It was by ascending the Assinaboine, and by
the present trail from its tributary. Mouse river,
they reached the country of the Mantanes, and in
1741, came to the upper Missouri, passed the Yel-
low Stone, and at length arrived at the Eocky
Mountains. The party was led by the eldest son
and his brother, the chevalier. They left the
Lake of the Woods on the 29th of April, 1742,
came in sight of the Eocky Mountains on the 1st
of January, 1743, and on the 12th ascended them.
On the route they fell in with the Beaux Hom-
mes, Pioya, Petits Renards, and Arc tribes, and
stopped among the Snake tribe, but could go no
farther in a southerly direction, owing to a war
between the Arcs and Snakes.

On the 19th of May, 1744, they had returned to
the upper Missouri, and, in the country of the
Petite Cerise tribe, they planted on an eminence

a leaden plate of the arms of France, and raised
a monument of stones, which they called Beau-
harnois. They returned to the Lake of the Woods
on the 2d of July.

North of the Assiniboine they proceeded to
Lake Dauphin, Swan's Lake, explored the riv-
er "Des Biches," and ascended even to the
fork of the Saskatchewan, which they called Pos-
koiac. Two forts were subsequently established,
one near Lake Dauphin and the other on the
river " des Biches," called Fort Bourbon. The
northern route, by the Saskatchewan, was thought
to have some advantage over the Missouri, be-
cause there was no danger of meeting with the
Spaniards.

Governor Beauharnois having been prejudiced
against Verendrye by envious persons, De Noy-
elles was appointed to take command of the
posts. During these difficulties, we find Sieur de
la Verendrye, Jr., engaged in other duties. In
August, 1747, he arrives from Mackinaw at Mon-
treal, and in the autumn of that year he accom-
panies St. Pierre to Mackinaw, and brings back
the convoy to Montreal. In February, 1748, with
five Canadians, five Cristenaux, two Ottawasj and
one Sauteur, he attacked the Mohawks near
Schenectady, and returned to Montreal with two
scalps, one that of a chief. On June 20th, 1748,
it is recorded that Chevalier de la Verendrye de-
parted from Montreal for the head of Lake Supe-
rior. Margry states that he perished at sea in
November, 1764, by the wreck of the " Auguste."

Fortunately, Galissioniere the successor of
Beauharnois, although deformed and insignifi-
cant in appearance, was fair minded, a lover of
science, especially botany, and anxious to push
discoveries toward the Pacific. Verendrye the
father was restored to favor, and made Captain
of the Order of St. Louis, and ordered to resume
explorations, but he died on December 6th, 1749,
while planning a tour up the Saskatchewan.

The Swedish Professor, Kalm, met him in Can-
ada, not long before his decease, and had inter-
esting conversations with him about the furrows
on the plains of the Missouri, which he errone-
ously conjectured indicated the former abode of
an agricultural people. These ruts are familiar
to modern travelers, and may be only buffalo
trails.

Father Coquard, wno had been associated with

EXPLOBERS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.

Verendrye, says that they first met the Mantanes,
and next the Brochets. After these were the
Gros Ventres, the Crows, the Flat Heads, the
Black Feet, and Dog Feet, who were established
on the Missouri, even up to the falls, and that
about thirty leagues beyond they found a narrow
pass in the mountains.

Bougainville gives a more full account: he says:
"He who most advanced this discovery was
the Sieur de la Veranderie. He went from Fort
la Keine to the Missouri. He met on the banks
of this river the Mandans, or White Beards, who
had seven villages with pine stockades, strength-
ened by a ditch. Next to these were the Kinon-
gewioiris. or the Brochets, in three villages, and
toward the upper part of the river were three
villages of the Mahantas. All along the mouth
of the Wabeik, or SheU Kiver, were situated
twenty-three villages of the Panis. To the south-
west of this river, on the banks of the Ouanarade-
ba, or La Graisse, are the Hectanes or Snake
tribe. They extend to the base of a chain of
moxmtains which runs north northeast. South
of this is the river Karoskiou, or Cerise Pelee,
which is supposed to flow to California.

" He found in the immense region watered^ by
the Missouri, and in the vicinity of forty leagues,
the Mahantas, the OwiUniock, or Beaux Hom-
mes, four villages; opposite the Brochets the Black
Feet, three villages of a hundred lodges each; op.
posite the Mandans are the Ospekakaerenousques,
or Flat Heads, four villages; opposite tha Panis
are the Arcs of Cristinaux, and Utasibaoutchatas
of Assiniboel, three villages; following these tho
Makesch, or Little Foxes, two villages; tho Pi-
wassa, or great talkers, three villages; the Ka-
kokoschena, or Gens de la Pie, five villages; the
Kiskipisounouini,, or the Garter tribe, seven vil-
lages,"

Galassoniere was succeeded by Jonquiere in
the governorship of Canada, who proved to be a
grasping, peevish, and very miserly person. For
the sons of Verendrye he had no sympathy, and
forming a clique to profit by their father's toils,

he determined to send two expeditions toward
the Pacific Ocean, one by the Missouri and the
other by the Saskatchewan.

Father Coquard, one of the companions of Ve-
rendrye, was consulted as to the probability of
finding a pass in the Kocky Mountains, through
which they might, in canoes, reach the great
lake of salt water, perhaps Puget's Sound.

The enterprise was at length confided to two
experienced officers, Lamarque de Marin and
Jacques Legardeur de Saint Pierre. The former
Was assigned the way, by the Missouri, and to
the latter was given the more northern route;
but Saint Pierre in some way excited the hostil-
ity of the Cristinaux, who attempted to kill him,
and burned Fort la Eeiae. His lieutenant, Bou-
cher de Niverville, who had been sent to establish
a post toward the source of the Saskatchewan,
failed on account of sickness. Some of his men,
however, pushed on to the Bocky Mountains,
and in 1753 established Fort Jonquiere. Henry
says St. Pierre established Fort Bourbon.

In 1753, Saint Pierre was succeeded in the
command of the posts of the West, by de la
Come, and sent to French Creek, in Pennsylva-
nia. He had been but a few days there when he
received a visit from Washington, just entering
upon manhood, bearing a letter from Governor
Dinwiddle of Virginia, complaining of the en
eroachments of the French.

Soon the clash of arms between France and
England began, and Saint Pierre, at the head of
the Indian allies, fell near Lake George, in Sep-
tember, 1755, in a battle with the English. After
the seven years' war was concluded,, by the treaty
of Paris, the French relinquished all their posts
in the Northwest, and the work begun by Veren-
drye, was, in 1805, completed by Lewis and
Clarke ; and the Northern Pacific Railway is fast
approaching the passes of the Eocky Mountains,
through the valley of the Yellow Stone, and from
thence to the great land-locked bay of the ocean,
Puget's Somid.

EFFECT OF THE ENGLISH AND FBENCH WAB.

CHAPTEE X.

EFFECT OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH WAB.

Enelish Influence Increasing.— te Due Bobbed at Lake Superior.— St. Pierre at
Mackinaw.— Escape of Indian Prisoners.— Li Ronde and Verendrye.— Influence
of Sieur Marin.— St. Pierre Eecalled from Winnipeg Region.— Interview with
Washington.— Langlade Urges Attack Upon Troops of Eraddock.- Saint Pierre
Silled in Battle — ^Marin's Boldness.— Rogers, a Partisan Ranger, Commands at
Mackinaw.— At Ticonderoga.— French Deliver up the Posts in Canada. —Capt.
Balfour Takes Possession of Mackinaw and Green Bay. — Lieut. Gorrell in Com.
mand at Green Bay.— Sioux Visit Green Bay.— Pennensha a French Trader
Among the Sioux.— Treaty of Paris.

English influence produced racreasing dissatis-
faction among the Indians that were beyond
Mackinaw. JSTot only were the voyageurs robbed
and maltreated at Sault St. Marie and other points
on Lake Superior, but even the commandant at
Mackinaw was exposed to insolence, and there
was no security anywhere.

On the twenty-third of August, 1747, Philip Le
Due arrived at Mackinaw from Lake Superior,
stating that he had been robbed of his goods at
Kamanistigoya, and that the Ojibways of the
lake were favorably disposed toward the English.
The Dahkotahs were also becoming unruly in the
absence of French officers.

In a few weeks after Le Due's robbery, St.
Pierre left Montreal to become commandant at
Mackinaw, and Vercheres was appointed for the
post at Green Bay. In the language of a docu-
ment of the day, St. Pierre was ■' a very good
officer, much esteemed among all the nations of
those parts ; none more loved and feared." On
his arrival, the savages were so cross, that he ad-
vised that no Erenchman should come to trade.

By promptness and boldness, he secured the
Indians who had murdered some Erenchmen,
and obtained the respect of the tribes. W^hile
the three murderers were being conveyed in a
canoe down the St. Lawrence to Quebec, in charge
of a sergeant and seven soldiers, the savages, with
characteristic cunning, though manacled, suc-
ceeded in killing or drowning the guard. Cutting
their irons with an axe, they sought the woods,
and escaped to their own country. " Thus,"
writes Galassoniere, in 1748, to Count Maurepas,

was lost in a great measure the fruit of Sieur St.
Pierre's good management, and of all the fatigue
I endured to get the nations who surrendered
these rascals to listen to reason."

On the twenty-first of June of the next year.
La Ronde started to La Pointe, and Verendrye
for West Sea, or Eon du Lac, Minnesota.

Under the influence of Sieiu: Marin, who was
in command at Green Bay in 1753, peaceful re-
lations were in a measiure restored between the
Erench and Indians.

As the war between England and Erance deep-
ened, the officers of the distant French posts
were called in and stationed nearer the enemy.
Legardeur St. Pierre, was brought from the Lake
Winnipeg region, and, in December, 1753, was in
command of a rude post near Erie, Pennsylvania.
Langlade, of Green Bay, Wisconsin, arrived early
in July, 1755, at Eort Duquesne. With Beauyeu
and De Lignery, who had been engaged in fight-
ing the Eox Indians, he left that fort, at nine
o'clock of the morning of the 9th of July, and, a
Uttle after noon, came near the English, who had
halted on the south shore of the Monongahela,
and were at dinner, with their arms stacked. By
the urgent entreaty of Langlade, the western
half-breed, Beauyeu, the officer in command or-
dered an attack, and Braddock Was overwhelmed,
and Washington was obUged to say, "We have
been beaten, shamefully beaten, by a handful of
Erenchmen."

Under Baron Dieskau, St. Pierre commanded
the Indians, in September, 1755, during the cam-
paign near Lake George, where he fell gallantly
fighting the EngUsh, as did his commander.
The Eev. Claude Coquard, alluding to the Erench
defeat, in a letter to his brother, remarks:

" We lost, on that occasion, a brave officer, M.
de St. Pierre, and had his advice, as well as that
of several other Canadian officers, been followed,
Jonckson [Johnson] was irretrievably destroyed, .

EXPLOREBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

and we should have been spared the trouble we
have had this year."

Other officers who had been stationed on the
borders of Minnesota also distinguished them-
selves during the Trench war. The Marquis
Montcalm, in camp at Ticonderoga, on the twen-
ty-seventh of July, 1757, writes to VaudreuU,
Governor of Canada:

" Lieutenant Marin, of the Colonial troops, who
has exhibited a rare audacity, did not consider
himself bound to halt, although his detachment
of about four hundred men was reduced to about
two hundred, the balance having been sent back
on account of inabiUty to follow. He carried off
a patrol of ten men, and swept away an ordinary
guard of fifty like a wafer; went up to the en-
emy's camp, xmder Fort Lydias (Edward), where
he was exposed to a severe fire, and retreated like
a warrior. He was unwilling to amuse himself
making prisoners; he brought in only one, and
thirty-two scalps, and must have killed many men
of the enemy, in the midst of whose ranks it was
neither wise nor prudent to go in search of scalps.
The Indians generally all behaved well. * * *
The Outaouais, who arrived with me, and whom
I designed to go on a scouting party towards the
lake, had conceived a project of administering a
corrective to the EngUsh barges. * * * On
the day before yesterday, your brother formed a
detachment to accompany them. I arrived at his
camp on the evening of the same day. Lieuten-
ant de Corbiere, of the Colonial troops, was re-
turning, in consequence of a misunderstanding,
and as I knew the zeal and intelligence of that
officer, I made him set out with a new instruc-
tion to join Messrs de Langlade and Hertel de
Chantly. They remained in ambush all day and
night yesterday; at break of day the English ap-
peared on Lake St. Sacrament, to the number of
twenty-two barges, under the command of Sieur
Parker. The whoops of our Indians impressed
them with such terror that they made but feeble
resistance, and only two barges escaped."

After De Corbiere 's victory on Lake Cham-
plain, a large French army was collected at Ti-
conderoga, with which there were many Indians
from the tribes of the Northwest, and the loways
appeared for the first time in the east.

It is an interesting fact that the English . offi-
cers who were ui frequent engagements with St.

Pierre, Lusignan, Marin, Langlade, and others,
became the pioneers of the British, a few years
afterwards, in the occupation of the outposts of
the lakes, and in the exploration of Minnesota.

Eogers, the celebrated captain of rangers, sub-
sequently commander of Mackinaw, and Jona-
than Carver, the first British explorer of Minne-
sota, were both on duty near Lake Champlain, the
latter narrowly escaping at the battle of Port
George.

On Christmas eve, 1757, Eogers approached
Fort Ticonderoga, to fire the outhouses, but was
prevented by discharge of the cannons of the
French.

He contented himself with killing fifteen beeves,
on the horns of one of which he left this laconic
and amusing note, addressed to the commander
of the post:

'• I am obliged to you, Sir, for the repose you
have allowed me to take; I thank you for the fresh
meat you have sent me, I request you to present
my compliments to the Marquis du Montcalm."

On the thirteenth of March, 1758, Dui-antaye,
formerly at Mackinaw, had a skirmish with Rog-
ers. Both had been trained on the frontier, and
they met " as Greek met Greek." The conflict
was fierce, and the French victorious. The In-
dian alUes, finding a scalp of a chief underneath
an officer's jacket, were furious, and took one
hundred and fourteen scalps in return. When
the French returned, they stipposed that Captain
Rogers was among the killed.

At Quebec, when Montcalm and Wolfe fell,
there were Ojibways present assisting the French

The Indians, returning from the expeditions
against the EngUsh, were attacked with small-
pox, and many died at Mackinaw. .

On the eighth of September, 1760, the French
delivered up all their posts in Canada. A few
days after the capitulation at Montreal, Major
Rogers was sent with English troops, to garrison
the posts of the distant Northwest.

On the eighth of September, 1761, a year after
the surrender. Captain Balfour, of the eightieth
regiment of the British army, left Detroit, with
a detachment to take possession of the French
forts at Mackinaw and Green Bay. Twenty-five
soldiers were left at Mackinaw, in command of
Lieutenant Leslie, and the rest sailed to Green
Bay, under Lieutenant Gorrell of the Royal

PENNllNSRA WRITES A LETTEB FOB THE SIOUX.

Americans, where they arrived on the twelfth of
October. The fort had been abandoned for sev-
eral years, and was in a dilapidated condition.
In charge of it there was left a lieutenant, a cor-
poral, and fifteen soldiers. Two English traders
arrived at the same time, McKay from Albany,
and Goddard from Montreal.

Gorrell in his journal alludes to the Minnesota
Sioux. He writes —

" On March 1, 1763, twelve warriors of the Sous
came here. It is certainly the greatest nation of
Indians ever yet found. Not above two thousand
of them were ever armed with firearms ; the rest
depending entirely on bows and arrows, which
they use with more skill than any other Indian
nation in America. They can shoot the wildest
and largest beasts in the woods at seventy or one
hundred yards distant. They are remarkable for
their dancing, and the other nations take the
fashions from them. ***** This nation
is always at war with the Chippewas, those who
destroyed Mishamakiaak. They told me with
warmth that if ever the Chippewas or any other
Indians wished to obstruct the passage of the
traders coming up, to send them word, and they
would come and cut them off from the face of
the earth ; as all Indians were their slaves or dogs.
I told them I was glad to see them, and hoped to
have a lasting peace with them. They then gave
me a letter wrote in Prench, and two belts of
wampum from their king, in which he expressed
great joy on hearing of there being English at
his post. The letter was written by a French
trader whom I had allowed to go among them
last fall, with a promise of his behaving well ;
which he did, better than any Canadian I ever
knew. ***** With regard to traders, I
would not allow any to go amongst them, as I

then understood they lay out of the government
of Canada, but made no doubt they would have
traders from the Mississippi in the spring. They
went away extremely well pleased. June 14th,
1763, the traders came down from the Sack coun-
try, and confirmed the news of Landsing and his
son being killed by the French. There came with
the traders some Puans, and four young men with
one chief of the Avoy [loway] nation, to demand
traders. *****

" On the nineteenth, a deputation of Winnebar
goes. Sacs, Foxes and Menominees arrived with
a Frenchman named Pennensha. This Pennen-
sha is the same man who wrote the letter the
Sous brought with them in French, and at the
same time held council with that great nation in
favour of the English, by which he much promo-
ted the interest of the latter, as appeared by the
behaviour of the Sous. He brought with him a
pipe from the Sous, desiring that as the road is
now clear, they would by no means allow the
Chippewas to obstruct it, or give the English any
disturbance, or prevent the traders from coming
up to them. If they did so they would send all
their warriors and cut them off."

In July, 1763, there arrived at Green Bay,
Bruce, Fisher; and Eoseboom of Albany, to en-
gage in the Indian trade.

By the treaty of Paris of 1763, France ceded to
Great Britain all of the country east of the Mis-
sissippi, and to Spain the whole of Louisiana, so
that the latter power for a time held the whole
region between the Mississippi River and the Pa-
cific Ocean, and that portion of the city of Min-
neapolis known as the East Division was then
governed by the British, while the West Division
was subject to the Spanish code.

EXPL0BER8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOIA.

CHAPTER XI.

JONATHAN CABVER, THE FIBST BBITISH TBAVEIiER AT FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY.

Carver's Early Life.— In the Battle near Lake George.— Arrives at Maclunaw.—
Old Port at Green Bay.— Winnebago Village.— Description of Prairie du Chien.
Earthworks on Banks of Lake Pepin.— Sioux Bands Described.— Cave and
Bnrial Place m Suburbs of St. Paul.— The Falls of Saint Anthony.— Burial
Rites of tLe Sioux.— Speech of a Sioux Chief.— Schiller's Poem of the Death
Song.— Sir John Herschel's Translation.—Sir E. Bulwer Lytton's Version.—
Correspondence of Sir William Johnson.— Carver's Prqject for Opening a Route
to the Pacific.— Supposed Origin of the Sioux.— Carver"* Claim to Lands Ex-
amined.—Alleged Deed.— Testimony of Rev. Samuel Peters.— Communication
Irom Gen. Leavenworth.— Report of U. S. Senate Committee.

Jonathan Carver was a native of Connecticut
His grandfather, "William Carver, was a native of
Wigan, Lancashire, England, and a captain in
King William's army during the campaign in
Ireland, and for meritorious services received an
appointment as an officer of -the colony of Con-
necticut.

His father was a justice of the peace in the
new world, and in 1732, the subject of this sketch
was bom. At the early age of fifteen he was
called to mourn the death of his father. He then
commenced the study of medicine, but his roving
disposition could not bear the confines of a doc-
tor's office, and feeling,- perhaps, that his genius
would be cramped by pestle and mortar, at the
age of eighteen he purchased an ensign's commis-
sion in one of the regiments raised during the
French war. He was of medium stature, and of
strong mind and quick perceptions.

In the year 1757, he was captain imder Colonel
Williams in the battle near Lake George, where
Saint Pierre was killed, and narrowly escaped
with his life.

After the peace of 1763, between France and
England was declared, Carver conceived the pro-
ject of exploring the Northwest. Leaving Boston
in the month of June, 1766, he arrived at Macki-
naw, then the most distant British post, ii} the
month of August. Having obtained a credit on
some French and English traders from Major
Rogers, the officer in command, he started with
them on the third day of September. Pursuing
the usual route to Green Bay, they arrived there
on the eighteenth.

The French fort at that time was standing,
though much decayed. It was, some years pre-
vious to his arrival, garrisoned for a short time
by an officer and thirty English soldiers, but they
having been captured by the Menomiaees, it was
abandoned.

In company with the traders, he left Green
Bay on the twentieth, and ascending Fox river,
arrived on the twenty-fifth at an island at the
east end of Lake Winnebago, containing about
fifty acres.

Here he found a Winnebago village of fifty
houses. He asserts that a woman was in author-
ity. In the month of October the party was at
the portage of the Wisconsin, and descending
that stream, they arrived, on the niath at a town
of the Sauks. While here he visited some lead
mines about fifteen miles distant. An abundance
of lead was also seen in the village, that had been
brought from the mines.

On the tenth they arrived at the first village of
the " Ottigaumies" [Foxes] about five miles be-
fore the Wisconsin joins the Mississippi, he per-
ceived the remnants of another -vUlage, and
learned that it had been deserted about thirty
years before, and that the inhabitants soon after
their removal, built a town on the Mississippi,
near the mouth of the " Ouisconsin," at a place
called by the French La Prairie les Chiens, which
signified the Dog Plains. It was a large town,
and contained about three hundred families.
The houses were built after the Indian manner,
and pleasantly situated on a dry rich soil.

He saw here many houses of a good size and
shape. This town was the great mart where all
the adjacent tribes, and where those who inhabit
the most remote branches of the Mississippi, an-
nually assemble about the latter end of May,
bringing with them their furs to dispose of to the
traders. But it is not always that they conclude
their sale here. This was determined by a gen

SUPPOSED FOBTIFIGATIONS NEAB LAKE PEPIN.

eral comicil of the chiefs, who consulted whether
it would be more conducive to their interest to
sell their goods at this place, or to carry them
on to Louisiana or Mackinaw.

At a small stream called Yellow Eiver, oppo-
site Prairie du Chien, the traders who had thus
far accompanied Carver took up their residence
for the winter.

From this point he proceeded in a canoe, with
a Canadian voyageur and a Mohawk Indian as
companions. Just before reaching Lake Pepin,
while his attendants were one day preparing din-
ner, he walked out and was struck with the pecu-
liar appearance of the surface of the country, and
thought it was the site of some vast artificial
earth- work. It is a fact worthy of remembrance,
that he was the first to call the attention of the
civilized world to the existence of ancient monu-
ments in the Mississippi valley. "We give his own
description :

"On the first of November I reached Lake
Pepin, a few miles below which I landed, and,
whUst the servants were preparing my dinner, I
ascended the bank to view the country. I had
not proceeded far before I came to a fine, level,
open plain, on which I perceived, at a little dis-
tance, a partial elevation that had the appearance
of entrenchment. On a nearer inspection I had
greater reason to suppose that it had really been
intended for this many centuries ago. Notwith-
standing it was now covered with grass, I could
plainly see that it had once been a breastwork of
about four feet in height, extending the best part
of a mile, and sufiiciently capacious to cover five
thousand men. Its form was somewhat circular
and its flanks reached to the river. •

"Though much defaced by time, every angle
was distinguishable, and appeared as regular and
fashioned with as much miUtary skill as if planned
by Vauban himself. The ditch was not visible,
but I thought, on examining more curiously, that
I could perceive there certainly had been one.
From its situation, also, I am convinced that it
must have been designed for that purpose. It
fronted the country, and the rear was covered by
the river, nor was there any rising ground for a
considerable way that commanded it; a few
straggling lakes were alone to be seen near it.
In many places small tracks were worn across it
by the feet of the elks or deer, and from the depth

of the bed of earth by which it was covered, I was
able to draw certain conclusions of its great anti-
quity. I examined all the angles, and every part
with great attention, and have often blamed my-
self since, for not encamping on the spot, and
drawing an exact plan of it. To show that this
description is not the offspring of a heated imag-
ination, or the chimerical tale of a mistaken trav-
eler, I find, on inquiry since my return, that
Mons. St. Pierre, and several traders have at dif-
ferent times, taken notice of similar appearances,
upon which they have formed the same conjec-
tures, but withont examining them so minutely
as I did. How a work of this kind could exist in
a country that has hitherto (according to the gen-
erally received opinion) been the seat of war to
untutored Indians alone, whose whole stock of
miUtary knowledge has only, till within two cen-
turies, amoimted to drawing the bow, and whose
only breastwork even at present is the thicket, I
know not. I have given as exact an account as
possible of this singular appearance, and leave to
future explorers of those distant regions, to dis-
cover whether it is a production of nature or art.
Perhaps the hints I have here given might lead
to a more perfect investigation of it, and give us
very different ideas of the ancient state of realms
that we at present believe to have been, from the
earUest period, only the habitations of savages."

Lake Pepin excited his admiration, as it has
that of every traveler since his day, and here he
remarks : " I observed the ruins of a French fac-
tory, where it is said Captain St. Pierre resided,
and carried on a very great trade with the JSTau-
dowessies, before the reduction of Canada."

Carver's first acquaintance with the Dahkotahs
commenced near the river St. Croix. It would
seem that the erection of trading posts on Lake
Pepin had enticed them from their old residence
on Kum river and MUle Lacs.

He says: "Near the river St. Croix reside
bands of the Naudowessie Indians, called the
River Bands. This nation is composed at pres-
ent of eleven bands. They were origiuaUy
twelve, but the Assinipoils, some years ago, re-
volting and separating themselves from the oth-
ers, there remain at this time eleven. Those I
met here axe termed the Eiver Bands, because
they chiefly dwell near the banks of this river;
the other eight are generally distinguished by the

EXPLOBSBS AND PIONJEUBS OF MINNESOTA.

title of Nadowessies of the Plains, and inhabit a
country more to the westward. The names of
the former are Nehogatawonahs, the Mawtaw-
bauntowahs, and Shashweentowahs."

Arriving at what is now a suburb of the cap-
ital of Minnesota, he continues: " About thir-
teen miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, at
which I arrived the tenth day after I left Lake
Pepin, is a remarkable cave, of an amazing depth.
The Indians term it Wakon-teebe [Wakan-tipi].
The entrance into it is about ten feet wide, the
height of it five feet. The arch vnthin is fifteen
feet high and about thirty feet broad; the bottom
consists of fine, clear sand. About thirty feet
from the entrance begins a lake, the water of
which is transparent, and extends to an unsearch-
able distance, for the darkness of the cave pre-
ents all attempts to acquire a knowledge of it.]
I threw a small pebble towards the nterior part
of it with my utmost strength. I could hear that
it fell into the water, and, notwithstanding it was
of a small size, it caused an astonishing and ter-
rible noise, that reverberated through all those
gloomy regions. I found in this cave many In-
dian hieroglyphics, which appeared very ancient,
for time had nearly covered them with moss, so
that it was with difficulty I could trace them.
They were cut in a rude manner upon the inside
of the wall, which was composed of a stone so ex-
tremely soft that it might be easily penetrated
with a knife; a stone everywhere to be found
near the Mississippi,

" At a little distance from this dreary cavern,
is the burying-place of several bands of the Kau-
dowessie Indians. Though these people have no
fixed residence, being in tents, and seldom but a
few months in one spot, yet they always bring
the bones of the dead to this place.

"Ten miles below the Palls of St. Anthony,
the river St. Pierre, called by the natives Wada-
paw Menesotor, falls into the Mississippi from the
west. It is not mentioned by Father Hennepin,
though a large, fair river. This omission, I con-
sider, must have proceeded from a small island
[Pike's] that is situated exactly in its entrance."

When he reached the Minnesota river, the ice
became so troublesome that he left his canoe in
the neighborhood of what is now St. Anthony,
and walked to St. Anthony, in company with a
young Winnebago chief, who had never seen the

curling waters. The chief, on reaching the emi-
nence some distance below Cheever's, began to
invoke his gods, and ofEer oblations to the spirit
in the waters.

"In the middle of the Falls stands a small
island, about forty feet broad and somewhat lon-
ger, on which grow a few cragged hemlock and
spruce trees, and about half way between this
island and the eastern shore is a rock, lying at
the very edge of the Falls, in an oblique position,
that appeared to be about five or six feet broad,
and thirty or forty long. At a little distance be-
low the Falls stands a small island of about an
acre and a half, on which grow a great number of
oak trees."

From this description, it would appear that the
little island, now some distance below the Falls,
was once in the very midst, and shows that a con-
stant recession has been going on, and that in
ages long past they were not far from the Mitme-
sota river.

No description is more glowing than Carver's
of the country adjacent:

" The country around them is extremely beau-
tiful. It is not an iminterrupted plain, where the
eye finds no relief, but composed of many gentle
ascents, which in the summer are covered with
the finest verdme, and interspersed with Uttle
groves that give a pleasing variety to the pros-
pect. On the whole, when the Falls are inclu-
ded, which may be seen at a distance of four
nules, a more pleasing and picturesque view, I
beUeve, cannot be found throughout the uni-
verse."

" He arrived at the Falls on the seventeenth of
November, 1766, and appears to have ascended as
far as Elk river.

On the twenty-fifth of November, he had re-
turned to the place opposite the Minnesota, where
he had left his canoe, and this stream as yet not
being obstructed with ice, he commenced its as-
cent, with the colors of Great Britain flying at
the stem of his canoe. There is no doubt that
he entered this river, but how far he explored it
cannot be ascertained. He speaks of the Eapids
near Shakopay, and asserts that he went as far as
two hundred miles beyond Mendota. He re-
marks:

" On the seventh of December, I arrived at the
utmost of my travels towards the West, where I

SIOUX BUBIAL OBATION VEBSIFIED BY 8GHILLEB.

met a large party of the Naudowessie Indians,
among whom I resided some months."

After speaking of the upper bands of the Dah-
kotahs and their allies, he adds that he " left the
habitations of the hospitable Indians the latter
end of April, 1767, but did not part from them
for several days, as I was accompanied on my
journey by near three hundred of them to the
mouth of the river St. Pierre. At this season
these bands annually go to the great cave (Day-
ton's Bluff) before mentioned.

When he arrived at the great cave, and the In-
dians had deposited the remains of their deceased
friends in the burial-place that stands adjacent
to it, they held their great council to which he
was admitted.

Wlien the Naudowessies brought their dead for
interment to the great cave (St. Paul), I attempted
to get an insight into the remaining burial rites,
but whether it was on account of the stench
which arose from so' many dead bodies, or whether
they chose to keep this part of their custom secret
from me, I could not discover. I found, however,
that they considered my curiosity as ill-timed,
and therefore I withdrew. * *

One formality among the N"audowessies in
fflouming for the dead is very different from any
mode I observed in the other nations through
which I passed. The men, to show how great
their sorrow is, pierce the flesh of their arms
above the elbows with arrows, and the women
cut and gash their legs with broken fliats till the
blood flows very plentifully. * *

After the breath is departed, the body is
dressed in the same attire it usually wore, his
face is painted, and he is seated in an erect pos-
ture on a mat or skin, placed in the middle of the
hut, with his weapons by his side. His relatives
seated around, each in turn harangues the de-
ceased; and if he has been a great warrior, re-
counts his heroic actions, nearly to the following
purport, which in the Indian language is extreme-
ly poetical aud pleasing

"You still sit among us, brother, your person
retains its usual resemblance, and continues sim-
ilar to ours, without any visible deficiency, ex-
cept it has lost the power of action! But whither
is that breath flown, which a few hours ago sent
up smoke to the Great Spirit? Why are those
lips silent, that lately delivered to us expressions

and pleasing language? Why are those feet mo-
tionless, that a few hours ago were fleeter than
the deer on yonder mountains? Why useless
hang those arms, that could climb the tallest tree
or draw the toughest bow? Alas, every part of
that frame which we lately beheld with admira-
tion and wonder has now become as inanimate as
it was three hundred years ago! We will not,
however, bemoan thee as if thou wast forever
lost to us, or that thy name would be buried in
oblivion; thy soul yet Uves la the great country
of spirits, with those of thy nation that have gone
before thee; and though we are left behind to
perpetuate thy fame, we will one day join thee.

" Actuated by the respect we bore thee whilst
living, we now come to tender thee the last act of
kindness in our power; that thy body might not
lie neglected -on the plain, and become a prey to
the beasts of the field or fowls of the air, and we
will take care to lay it with those of thy predeces-
sors that have gone before thee; hoping at the
same time that thy spirit will feed with their
spirits, and be ready to receive ours when we
shall also arrive at the great country of souls."

For this speech Carver is principally indebted
to his imagination, but it is weU conceived, and
suggested one of Schiller's poems, which Goethe
considered one of his best, and wished " he had
made a dozen such."

Sir E. Lytton Bulwer the distinguished novelist,
and Sir John Herschel the eminent astronomer,
have each given a translation of Schiller's " Song
of the Nadowessee Chief."

sm E. L. bulwee's tbanslation.

See on his mat — as if of yore.

All life-like sits he here !
With that same aspect which he wore

When light to him was dear

But where the right hand's strength ? and where

The breath that loved to breathe
To the Great Spirit, aloft in air,

The peace pipe's lusty wreath ?

And where the hawk-like eye, alas !

That wont the deer pursue.
Along the waves of rippling grass,

Or fields that shone with dew ?

EXPLOBERS AWD PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

Are these the limber, bounding feet
That swept the winter's snows ?

What stateliest stag so fast and fleet ?
Their speed outstripped the roe's !

These arms, that then the steady bow

Could supple from it's pride,
How stark and helpless hang they now

Adown the stiffened side 1

Yet weal to him — at peace he stays

Wherever fall the snows ;
Where o'er the meadows springs the maize

That mortal never sows.

Where birds are blithe on every brake —
Where orests teem with deer —

Where glide the fish through every lake —
One chase from year to year I

With spirits now he feasts above ;

All left us to revere
The deeds we honor with our love,

The dust we bury here.

Here bring the last gift ; loud and shrill
Wail death dirge for the brave ;

What pleased him most in Ufe, may still
Give pleasure in the grave.

We liy the axe beneath his head
He swung when strength was strong —

The bear on which his banquets fed.
The way from earth is long.

And here, new sharpened, place the knife

That severed from the clay,
From which the axe had spoiled the life,

The conquered scalp away.

The paints that deck the dead, bestow ;

Yes, place them in his hand,
That red the kingly shade may glow

Amid the spirit land.

SIB JOHN HERSCHEL'8 TEAISTSLATION.

See, where upon the mat he sits

Erect, before his door.
With just the same majestic air

That once in Ufe he wore.

But where is fled his strength of limb.

The whirlwind of his breath,
To the Great Spirit, when he sent

The peace pipe's mounting wreath?

Where are those falcon eyes, which late

Along the plain could trace.
Along the grass's dewy waves

The reindeer's printed pace?

Those legs, which once with matchless speed,

Flew through the drifted snow.
Surpassed the stag's unwearied course.

Outran the mountain roe?

Those arms, once used with might and main,

The stubborn bow to twang?
See, see, their nerves are slack at last.

All motionless they hang.

'Tis well with him, for he is gone

Where snow no more is found.
Where the gay thorn's perpetual bloom

Decks all the field around.

Where wild birds sing from every spray,

Where deer come sweeping by,
Where flsh from every lake afEord

A plentiful supply.

With spirits now he feasts above,

And leaves us here alone.
To celebrate his valiant deeds,

And round his grave to moan.

Soimd the death song, bring forth the gifts,

The last gifts of the dead, —
Let all which yet may yield him joy

Within his grave be laid.

The hatchet place beneath his head

Still red with hostile blood;
And add, because the way is long,

The bear's fat limbs for food.

The scalping-knife beside him lay,

With paints of gorgeous dye,
That in the land of souls his form

May shine triumphantly.

It appears from other sources that Carver's
visit to the Dahkotahs was of some effect in bring-
ing about friendly intercourse between them and
the commander of the English force at Mackinaw.

CABYEB'S PBOJEGT FOB A BOUTE TO THE PACIFIC.

The earliest mention of the Dahkotahs, in any
public British documents that we know of, is in
the correspondence between Sir "William Johnson,
Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Colony
of New York, and General Gage, in command of
the forces.

On the eleventh of September, less than six
months after Carver's speech at Dayton's Bluff,
and the departure of a number of chiefs to the
English fort at Mackinaw, Johason writes to
General Gage: "Though I wrote to you some
days ago, yet I would not mind saying something
again on the score of the vast expenses incurred,
and, as I understand, still incurring at Michili-
mackinac, chiefly on pretense of making a peace
between the Sioux and Chippeweighs, with which
I think we have very little to do, in good policy
or otherwise."

Sir William Johnson, in a letter to Lord Hills-
borough, one of his Majesty's ministers, dated
August seventeenth, 1768, again refers to the
subject :

"Much greater part of those who go a trading
are men of such circumstances and disposition as
to venture their persons everywhere for extrava-
gant gains, yet the consequences to the public
are not to be slighted, as we may be led into a
general quarrel through their means. The In-
dians in the part adjacent to Michillmackinac
have been treated with at a very great expense
for some time previous.

"Major Eodgers brings a considerable charge
against the former for mediating a peace between
some tribes of the Sioux and some of the Chippe-
weighs, which, had it been attended with success,
would only have been interesting to a very few
French, and others that had goods in that part
of the Indian country, but the contrary has hap-
pened, and they are now more violent, and war
against one another."

Though a wilderness of over one thousand
miles intervened between the Falls of St. An-
thony and the white settlements of the English,
Carver was fully impressed with the idea that the
State now organized under the name of Minne-
sota, on account of its beauty and fertility, would
attract settlers.

Speaking of the advantages of the country, he
says that the future population will be "able to
convey their produce to the seaports with great

facility, the current of the river from its source
to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico being ex-
tremely favorable for doing this in small craft.
This might also in time he facilitated by canals or
shorter cuts, and a communication opened ly water
with New Torh by way of the Lakes.''''

The subject of this sketch was also confident
that a route would be discovered by way of the
Minnesota river, which would open a passage
to China and the English settlements in the East
Indies."

Carver having returned to England, interested
Whitworth, a member of parliament, in the
northern route. Had not the American Eevolu-
tion commenced, they proposed to have built a
fort at Lake Pepin, to have proceeded up the
Minnesota until they found, as they supposed
they could, a branch of the Missouri, and from
thence, journeying over the summit of lands un-
til they came to a river which they called Ore-
gon, they expected to descend to the Pacific.

Carver, in common with other travelers, had
his theory in relation to the origin of the Dahko-
tahs. He supposed that they came from Asia.
He remarks: "But this might have been at dif-
ferent times and from various parts — from Tar-
tary, China, Japan, for the inhabitants of these
places resemble each other. * * *

"It is very evident that some of the names and
customs of the American Indians resemble those
of the Tartars, and I make no doubt but that in
some future era, and this not far distant, it will
be reduced to certainty that during some of the
wars between the Tartars and Chinese a part of
the inhabitants of the northern provinces were
driven from their native country, and took refuge
in some of the isles before mentioned, and from
thence found their way into America. * * *

"Many words are used both by the Chinese and
the Indians which have a resemblance to each
other, not only in their sound, but in their signi-
fication. The Chinese call a slave Shungo; and
the Noudowessie Indians, whose language, from
their little intercourse with the Europeans, is
least corrupted, term a dog Shungush [Shoan-
kah.J The former denominate one species of their
tea Shoushong; the latter call their tobacco Shou-
sas-sau [Chanshasha.] Many other of the words
used by the Indians contain the syllables che,
chaw, and chu, after the dialect of the Chinese."

EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.

The comparisou of languages has become a rich
source of historical knowledge, yet many of the
analogies traced are fanciful. The remark of
Humbolt in " Cosmos'' is worthy of remembrance.
"As the structure of American idioms appears
remarkably strange to nations speaking the mod-
ern languages of Western Europe, and who readily
suffer themselves to be led away by some acci-
dental analogies of sound, theologians have gen-
erally believed that they could trace an affinity
with the Hebrew, Spanish colonists with the
Basque and the English, or French settlers with
Gaelic, Erse, or the Bas Breton. Ipne day met
on the coast of Peru, a Spanish naval ofllcer and
an EngUsh whaUng captaiu, the foritier of whom
declared that he had heard Basque spoken at Ta-
hiti; the other, Gaelic or Erse at the Sandwich
Islands."

Carver became very poor while in England,
and was a clerk in a lottery-office. He died in
1780, and left a widow, two sons, and five daught-
ers, in New England, and also a child by another
wife that he had married in Great Britain

After Ms death a claim was urged for the land
upon which the capital of Minnesota now stands'
and for many miles adjacent. As there are still
many persons who believe that they have some
right through certain deeds purporting to be from
the heirs of Carver, it is a matter worthy of an
investigation.

Carver says nothing in his book of travels in re-
lation to a grant from the Dahkotahs, but after
he was buried, it was asserted that there was a
deed belonging to him in existence, conveying
valuable lands, and that said deed was executed
at the cave now in the eastern suburbs of Saint
Paul.

DEED PUEPOETING TO HAVE BEEN GIVi^lN AT
THE CAVE IN THE BLUFF BELOW ST. PAUL.

" To Jonathan Carver, a chief under the most
mighty and potent George the Third, King of the
English and other nations, the fame of whose
warriors has reached our ears, and has now been
fully told us by our good brother Jonathan, afore-
said, whom we rejoice to have come among us,
and bring us good news from his country.

"We, chiefs of the Naudowessies, who have
hereunto set our seals, do by these presents, for
ourselves and heirs forever, in return for the aid
and other good services done by the said Jona-

than to ourselves and allies, give grant and con-
vey to him, the said Jonathan, and to his heirs
and assigns forever, the whole of a certain tract
or territory of land, bounded as follows, viz: from
the Falls of St. Anthony, running on the east
bank of the Mississippi, nearly southeast, as far
as Lake Pepin, where the Chippewa joins the
Mississippi, and from thence eastward five days
travel, accoimting twenty English miles per day;
and from thence again to the Falls of St. Anthony,
on a direct straight line. We do for ourselves,
heirs, and assigns, forever give unto the said Jo-
nathan, his heirs and assigns, with all the trees,
rocks, and rivers therein, reserving the sole lib-
erty of hunting and fishing on land not planted
or improved by the said Jonathan, his heirs and
assigns, to which we have affixed our respective
seals.

" At the Great Cave, May 1st, 1767.

"Signed, HAWNOPAWJATIN.

OTOHTGNGOOMLISHEAW. "

The original deed was never exhibited by the
assignees of the heirs. By his EngUsh wife Car-
ver had one child, a daughter Martha, who was
cared for by Sir Kichard and Lady Pearson. In
time she eloped and married a sailor. A mercan-
tile firm in London, thinkrag that money could
be made, induced the newly married couple, the
day after the wedding, to convey the grant to
them, with the understanding that they were to
have a tenth of the profits.

The merchants despatched an agent by the
name of Clarke to go to the Dahkotahs, and ob-
tain a new deed; but on his way he was murdered
in the state of New York.

In the year 1794, the heu-s of Carver's Ameri-
can wife, in consideration of fifty thousand pounds
sterling, conveyed their interest in the Carver
grant to Edward Houghton of Termont. In the
year 1806, Samuel Peters, who had been a tory
and an Episcopal minister during the Eevolu-
tionary war, alleges, in a petition to Congress,
that he had also purchased of the heirs of Carver
their rights to the grant.

Before the Senate committee, the same year,
he testified as follows:

"In the year 1774, I arrived there (London),
and met Captain Carver. In 1775, Carver had a
hearing before the king, praying his majesty's
approval of a deed of land dated May first, 1767,

UNITED STATES BEJECT CABVEB'S CLAIM.

and sold and granted to him by the Naudowissies.
The result was his ip.ajesty approved of the exer-
tions and bravery of Captain Carver among the
Indian nations, near the Falls of St. Anthony, in
the Mississippi, gave to said Carver 1B711. 13s. 8d.
sterling, and ordered a frigate to be prepared,
and a transport ship to carry one hundred and
fifty men, under command of Captain Carver, with
four others as a committee, to sail the next June
to New Orleans, and then to ascend the Missis-
sippi, to take possession of said territory conveyed
to Captain Carver ; but the battle of Bunker Hill
prevented."

In 1821, General Leavenworth, having made
inquiries of the Dahkotahs, in relation to the
alleged claim, addressed the following to the
commissioner of the land office :

" Sir: — Agreeably to your request, -I have the
honour to inform you what I have understood
from the Indians of the Sioux Nation, as well as
some facts within my own knowledge, as to what
is commonly termed Carver's Grant. The grant
purports to be made by the chiefs of the Sioux
of the Plains, and one of the chiefs uses the sign
of a serpent, and the other of a turtle, purport-
ing that their names are derived from those ani-
mals.

"The land lies on the east side of the Mississ-
ippi. The Indians do not recognize or acknowl
edge the grant to be valid, and they among others
assign the following reasons:

"1. The Sioux of the Plains never owned a
foot of land on the east side of the Mississippi.
The Sioux Nation is divided into two grand di-
visions, viz: The Sioux of the Lake; or perhaps
more literally Sioux of the River, and Sioux of
the Plain. The former subsists by hunting and
fishing, and usually move from place to place by
water,. in canoes, during the summer season, and
travel on the ice in the winter, when not on
their hunting excursions. The latter subsist en-
tirely by hunting, and have no canoes, nor do
they know but little about the use of them. They
reside in the large prairies west of the Mississippi,
and follow the buffalo, upon which they entirely
subsist; these are called Sioux of the Plain, and
never owned land east of the Mississippi.

" 2. The Indians say they have no knowledge
of any such chiefs as those who have signed the
grant to Carver, either amongst the Sioux of the

River or the Sioux of the Plain. They say that
if Captain Carver did ever obtain a deed or
grant, it was signed by some foolish young men
who were not cliief s and who were not author-
ized to make a grant. Among the Sioux of the
River there are no such names.

"3. They say the Indians never received any-
thing for the land, and they have no intention to
part with it without a consideration. Prom my
knowledge of the Indians, I am induced to think
they would not make so considerable a grant, and
have it to go into full effect without receiving a
substantial consideration.

'• 4. They have, and ever have had, the pos-
session of the land, and intend to keep it. I
know that they are very particular in making
every person who wishes to cut timber on that
tract obtain their permission to do so, and to ob-
tain payment for it. In the month of May last,
some Frenchmen brought a large raft of red cedar
timber out of the Chippewa River, which timber
was cut on the tract before mentioned. The In-
dians at one of the villages on the Mississippi,
where the principal chief resided, compelled the
Frenchmen to land the raft, and would not per-
mit them to pass until they had received pay for
the timber, and the Frenchmen were compelled
to leave their raft with the Indians until they
went to Prairie du Chien, and obtained the nec-
essary articles, and made the payment required."

On the twenty-third of January, 1823, the Com-
mittee of Public Lands made a report on the
claim to the Senate, which, to every disinterested
person, is entirely satisfactory. After statiug
the facts of the petition, the report continues:

" The Rev. Samuel Peters, in his petition, fur-
ther states that Lefei, the present Emperor of
the Sioux and Naudowessies, and Red Wing, a
sachem, the heirs and successors of the two grand
chiefs who signed the said deed to Captaia Car-
ver, have given satisfactory and positive proof
that they allowed their ancestors' deed to be gen-
uine, good, and valid, and that Captain Carver's
heirs and assigns are the owners of said territory,
and may occupy it free of all molestation.

The committee have examined and considered
the claims thus exhibited by the petitioners, and
remark that the original deed is not produced, nor
any competent legal evidence offered of its execu-
tion ; nor is there any proof that the persons, who

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

it is alleged made the deed, were the chiefs of
said tribe, nor that (if chiefs) they had authority
to grant and give away the land belonging to their
tribe. The paper annexed to the petition, as a
copy of said deed, has no subscribing witnesses ;
and it would seem impossible, at this remote pe-
riod, to ascertain the important fact, that the per-
sons who signed the deed comprehended and
understood the meaning and effect of their act.

" The want of proof as to these facts, would
interpose in the way of the claimants insuperable
difficulties. But, in the opinion of the committee,
the claim is not such as the United States are
under any obligation to allow, even if the deed
were proved in legal form.

" The British government, before the time when
the alleged deed bears date, had deemed it pru-
dent and necessary for the preservation of peace
with the Indian tribes under their sovereignty,
protection and dominion, to prevent British sub-
jects from purchasing lands from the Indians,
and this rule of policy was made known and en-
forced by the proclamation of the king of Great
Britain, of seventh October, 1763, which contains
an express prohibition.

" Captain Carver, aware of the law, and know-
ing that such a contract could not vest the legal
title in him, appUed to the British government to
ratify and confirm the Indian grant, and, though
it was competent for that government then to
confirm the grant, and vest the title of said land

in him, yet, from some cause, that government
did not think proper to do it.

"The territory has since become the property
of the United States, and an Indian grant not
good against the British government, would ap-
pear to be not binding unon the United States
government.

" What benefit the British government derived
from the services of Captain Carver, by his trav-
els and residence among the Indians, that gov-
ernment alone could determine, and alone could
judge what remuneration those services deserved.

" One fact appears from the declaration of Mr.
Peters, in his statement in writing, among the
papers exhibited, namely, that the British gov-
ernment did give Captain Carver the sum of one
thousand three hundred and seventy-five pounds
six shillings and eight pence sterling. To the
United States, however. Captain Carver rendered
no services which could be assumed as any equit-
able ground for the support of the petitioners'
claim.

" The committee being of opinion that the
United States are not bound in law and equity to
confirm the said alleged Indian grant, recom-
mend the adoption of the resolution:

" ' Besolved, That the prayer of the petitioners
ought not to be granted." '

Lord Palmerston stated in 1839, that no trace
could be found in the records of the British
office of state papers, showing any ratification of
the Carver grant.

EXFLOBATIONS BY LIEUTENANT Z. M, PIKE.

CHAPTEE XTI.

EXPLORATION BY THE FIRST UNITED STATES ARMY OFFICER, LIEUTENANT Z. M. PIKE.

Trading Posts at the beginning of Nineteenth Century.— Sandy Lake Port.—
Leech Lake Fort.— William Morrison, before Schoolcraft at Itagca Lake. — Divi-
sion of Northwest Territory. — Organization of Indiana, Michigan and Upper
Louisiana. — Notices of Wood, Frazer, Fisher, Cameron, Faribault. — Early
Traders. — Pike's Council at Mouth of Minnesota River.— Grant for Military
Posts.— Encanipment at Falls of St. Anthony.— Block House near Swan River.
— Vibit to Sandy and Leech Lakes. — British Flag Shot at and Lowered. —
Thompson, Topo^apher of Northwest Company. — Fike at Dickson's Trading
Post. — Returns to Mendota. — Fails to find Carver's Cave. — Conference with
Little Crow. —Cameron sells Liquor to Indians.

At the beginning of the present century, the
region now known as Minnesota, contained no
white men, except a few engaged in the fur trade.
In the treaty effected by Hon. John Jay, Great
Britain agreed to withdraw her troops from all
posts and places within certain boundary lines,
on or before the first of June, 1796, but all Brit-
ish settlers and traders might remain for one
year, and enjoy all their former privileges, with-
out being obliged to be citizens of the United
States of America.

In the year 1800, the trading posts of Minnesota
were chiefly held by the Northwest Company,
and their chief traders resided at Sandy Lake,
Leech Lake, and Fon du Lac, on St. Louis Kiver.
In the year 1794, this company built a stockade
one hundred feet square, on the southeast end of
Sandy Lake. There were bastions pierced for
small arms, in the southeast and in the northwest
comer. The pickets which surrounded the post
were thirteen feet high. On the north side there
was a gate ten by nine feet ; on the west side, one
six by five feet, and on the east side a third gate
six by five feet. Travelers entering the main
gate, saw on the left a one story building twenty
feet square, the residence of the superintendent,
and on the left of the east gate, a building twenty-
five by fifteen, the quarters of the voyageuis.
Entering the Western gate, on the left was a stone
house, twenty by thirty feet, and a house twenty
by forty feet, used as a store, and a workshop,
and a residence for clerks. On the south shore
of Leech Lake there was another establishment,
a little larger. The stockade was one hundred

and fifty feet square. The main building was
sixty by twenty-five feet, and one and a half story
In height, where resided the Director of the fur
trade of the Fond du Lac department of the iff orth-
west Company. In the centre was a small store,
twelve and a half feet square, and near the main
gate was flagstaff fifty feet in height, from
which used to float the flag of Great Britain.

William Morrison was, in 1802, the trader at
Leech Lake, and in 1804 he was at Elk Lake, the
source of the Mississippi, thirty-two years after-
wards named by Schoolcraft, Lake Itasca.

The entire force of the Northwest Company,
west of Lake Superior, in 1805, consisted of three
accountants, nineteen clerks, two interpreters,
eighty-five canoe men, and with them were
twenty-nine Indian or half-breed women, and
about fifty children.

On the seventh of May, 1800, the Northwest
Territory, which included all of the western
coiintry east of the Mississippi, was divided.
The portion not designated as Ohio, was organ-
ized as the Territory of Indiana.

On the twentieth of December, 1803, the
province of Louisiana, of which that portion of
Minnesota west of the Mississippi was a part,
was ofiicially delivered up by the French, who
had just obtained it frotn the Spaniards, accord-
ing to treaty stipulations.

To the transfer of Louisiana by France, after
twenty days' possession, Spain at first objected ;
but in 1804 withdrew all opposition.

President Jefferson now deemed it an object
of paramount importance for the United States
to explore the country so recently acquired, and
make the acquaintance of the tribes residing
therein ; and steps were taken for an expedition
to the upper Mississippi.

Early in March, 1804, Captain Stoddard, of the
United States army, arrived at St. Louis, the
agent of the French Eepublic, to receive from

EXPLOJREBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

the Spanish authorities the possession of the
country, which he immediately transferred to the
United States.

As the old settlers, on the tenth of March, saw
the ancient flag of Spain displaced by that of the
United States, the tears coursed down their
cheeks.

On the twentieth of the same month, the terri-
tory of Upper Louisiana was constituted, com-
prising the present states of Arkansas, Missouri,
Iowa, and a large portion of Minnesota.

On the eleventh of January, 1805, the tarri-
tory of Michigan was organized.

The first American oflBcer who visited Minne-
sota, on business of a public nature, was one who
was an ornament to his profession, and in energy
and endurance a true representative of the citi-
zens of the United States. We refer to the
gallant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a native of
New Jersey, who afterwards feU in battle at
York, Upper Canada, and whose loss was justly
mourned by the whole nation.

When a young lieutenant, he was ordered by
General Wilkinson to visit the region now known
as Minnesota, and expel the British traders who
were found violating the laws of the United
States, and form alliances with the fndians.
With only a few common soldiers, he was obliged
to do the work of several men. At times he
would precede his party for miles to reconnoitre,
and then he would do the duty of hunter.

During the day he would perform the part of
surveyor, geologist, and astronomer, and at night,
though hungry and fatigued, his lofty enthu-
siasm kept him awake until he copied the notes,
and plotted the courses of the day.

On the 4th day of September, 1805, Pike ar-
rived at Prairie du Chien, from St. Louis, and
was politely treated by three traders, all born un-
der the flag of the United States. One was named
Wood, another Frazer, a native of Vermont,
who, when a young man became a clerk of one
Blakely, of Montreal, and thus became a fur
trader. The third was Henry Fisher, a captain
of the Militia, and Justice of the Peace, whose
wife was a daughter of Goutier de Verville.
Fisher was said to have been a nephew of Pres-
dent Monroe, and later in life traded at the
sources of the Minnesota. One of his daughters
was the mother of Joseph Kolette, Jr., a mem-

ber of the early Minnesota Legislative assem-
bUes. On the eighth of the month Lieutenant
Pike left Prairie du Chien, in two batteaux, vnth
Sergeant Henry Kennerman, Corporals William
E. Mack and Samuel Bradley, and ten privates.

At La Crosse, Frazer, of Prairie du Chien,
overtook him, and at Sandy point of Lake Pepin
he found a trader, a Scotchman by the name of
Murdoch Cameron, with his son, and a young
man named John Eudsdell. On the twonty-
flrst he breakfasted with the Kaposia band of
Sioux, who then dwelt at the marsh below Day-
ton's Bluff, a few miles below St. Paul. The
same day he passed three miles from Mendota
the encampment of J. B. Faribault, a trader and
native of Lower Canada, then about thirty years
of age, in which vicinity he continued for more
than fifty years. He married Pelagic the daugh-
ter of Francis Kinnie by an Indian woman,
and his eldest son, Alexander, bom soon after
Pike's visit, was the founder of the tovm of
Faribault.

Arriving at the confluence of the Minnesota
and the Mississippi Elvers, Pike and his soldiers
encamped on the Northeast point of the island
which still bears his name. The next day was
Sunday, and he visited Cameron, at his trading
post on the Minnesota Kiver, a short .distance
above Mendota.

On Monday, the 23d of September, at noon,
he held a Council with the Sioux, under a cover-
ing made by suspending sails, and gave an ad-
mirable talk, a portion of which was as foUows :
i " Brothers, I am happy to meet you here, at
this council fire which your father has sent me to
kindle, and to take you by the hands, as our chil-
dren. We having but lately acquired from the
Spanish, the extensive territory of Louisiana, our
general has thought proper to send out a number
of his warriors to visit all his red children ; to tell
them his will, and to hear what request they may
have to make of their father. I am happy the
choice fell on me to come this road, as I find
my brothers, the Sioux, ready to listen to my
words.

" Brothers, it is the wish of our government to
establish military posts on the Upper Mississippi,
at such places as might be thought expedient. I
have, therefore, examined the country, and have
pitched on the mouth of the river St. Croix, this

GRANT OF LAND FBOM THE SIOUX.

place, and the Palls of St. Anthony ; I therefore
wish you to grant to the United States, nine
miles square, at St. Croix, and at this place, from
a league below the confluence of the St. Peter's
and Mississippi, to a league above St. Anthony,
extending three leagues on each side of the river ;
and as we are a people who are accustomed to
have all our acts written down, in order to have
them handed to our children, I have drawn up a
form of an agreement, which we will both sign,
in the presence of the traders now present. After
we know the terms, we will fill it up, and have it
read and interpreted to you.

" Brothers, those posts are intended as a bene-
fit to you. The old chiefs now present mwst see
that their situation improves by a communication
with the whites. It is the intention of the United
States to establish at those posts factories, in
which the Indians may procure all their things
at a cheaper and better rate than they do now, or
than your traders can afford to sell them to you,
as they aie single men, who come from far in
small boats; but your fathers are many and
strong, and will come with a strong arm, in large
boats. There will also be chiefs here, who can
attend to the wants of their brothers, without
their sending or going all the way to St. Louis,
and will see the traders that go up your rivers,
and know that they are good men. * * * *

"Brothers, I now present you with some of
your father's tobacco, and some other trifling
things, as a memorandum of my good will, and
before my departure I will give you some liquor
to clear your throats."

The traders, Cameron and Prazer, sat with
Pike. His interproter was Pierre Eosseau.
Among the Chiefs present were Le Petit Cor-
beau {Little Crow), and Way-ago Enagee, and
L'Orignal Leve or Eising Moose. It was with
difficulty that the chiefs signed the following
agreement; not that they objected to the lan-
guage, but because they thought their word
should be taken, without any mark ; but Pike
overcame their objection, by saying that he wished
them to sign it on his accoimt.

" Whereas, at a conference held between the
United States of America and the Sioux nar
tion of Indians, Lieutenant Z. M. PUse, of the
army of the United States, and the chiefs and
warriors of said tribe, have agreed to the follow-

ing articles, which, when ratified and approved of
by the proper authority, shall be binding on both
parties :

Aet. 1. That the Sioux nation grant unto the
United States, for the purpose of establishment
of military posts, nine miles square, at the mouth
of the St. Croix, also from below the confiuence
of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, up the Missis-
sippi to include the Falls of St. Anthony, extend-
ing nine miles on each side of the river ; that the
Sioux Nation grants to the United States the full
sovereignty and power over said district forever.
Aet. 2. That in consideration of the above
grants, the United States shall pay [filled up by
the Senate with 2,000 dollars].

Aet. 3. The United States promise, on their
part, to permit the Sioux to pass and repass, hunt,
or make other use of the said districts, as they
have formerly done, without any other exception
than those specified in article first.

In testimony whereof, we, the undersigned,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, at the
mouth of the river St. Peter's, on the 23d day of
September, 1805.

Z. M. PIKE, [L. S.]
1st Lieutenant and agent at the above conference.

his

LE PETIT COEBEAU, XI [L. S.]

mark

his

WAY-AGO ENAGEE, X [L. S.]

mark "

The following entries from Pike's Journal, des-
criptive of the region around the city of Minne-
apolis, seventy-five years ago, are worthy of pres-
ervation:

"Sept. 26th, Tliursday. — Embarked at the usual
hour, and after much labor in passing through
the rapids, arrived at the foot of the Ealls about
three or four o'clock ; unloaded my boat, and had
the principal part of her cargo carried over the
portage. With the other boat, however, full
loaded, they were not able to get over the last
shoot, and encamped about six yards below. I
pitched my tent and encamped above the shoot.
The rapids mentioned in this day's march, might
properly be called a continuation of the Palls of
St. Anthony, for they are equally entitled to this
appellation, with the Falls of the Delaware and

BXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

Susquehanna. Killed one deer. Distance nine
miles.

Sept. 27tli, Friday. Brought over the residue
of my loading this morning. Two men arrived
from Mr. Prazer, on St. Peters, for my dispatches.
This business, closing and sealing, appeared Uke
a last adieu to the civiUzed world. Sent a large
packet to the General, and a letter to Mrs. Pike,
with a short note to Mr. Frazer. Two young
Indians brought my flag across by land, who ar-
rived yesterday, just as we came in sight of the
Fall. I made them a present for their punctual-
ity and expedition, and the danger they were ex-
posed to from the journey. Carried our boats out
of the river, as far as the bottom of the hill.

Sept. 28th , Saturday. — Brought my barge over,
and put her in the river above the Palls. While
we were engaged with her three-fourths miles
from camp, seven Indians painted black, appeared
on the heights. We had left our guns at the
camp and were entirely defenceless. It occurred
tome that they were the small party of Sioux who
were obstinate, and would go to war, when the
other part of the bands came in; these they
proved to be ; they were better armed than any I
had ever seen ; having guns, bows, arrows, clubs,
spears, and some of them even a case of pistols.
I was at that time giving my men a dram ; and
giving the cup of liquor to the first, he drank it
off ; but I was more cautious with the remainder.
I sent my interpreter to camp with them, to wait
my coming ; wishing to purchase one of their war
clubs, it being made of elk horn, and decorated
with inlaid work. This and a set of bows and
arrows I wished to get as a curiosity. But the
liquor I had given him began to operate, he came
back for me, but refusing to go till I brought my
boat, he returned, and (I suppose being offended)
borrowed a canoe and crossed the river. In the
afternoon got the other boat near the top of the
hill, when the props gave way, and she slid all the
way down to the bottom, but fortunately without
injuring any person. It raining very hard, we
left her. Killed one goose and a racoon.

Sept. 29th, Sunday.— I killed a remarkably
large racoon. Got our large boat over the port-
age, and put her in the river, at the upper land-
ing ; this night the men gave suflftcient proof of
their fatigue, by all throwing themselves down to
sleep, preferring rest to supper. This day I had

but fifteen men out of twenty-two ; the others
were sick. This voyage could have been per-
formed with great convenience, if we had taken
our departure in June. But the proper time
would be to leave the Illinois as soon as the ice
would permit, when the river would be of a good
height.

Sept. 30th, Monday.— lioaded my boat, moved
over and encamped on the Island. The large boats
loading likewise, we went over and put on board.
In the mean time, I took a survey of the Palls,
Portage, etc. If it be possible to pass the Palls
in high water, of which I am doubtful, it must
be on the East side, about thirty yards from
shore ; as there are three layers of rocks, one be-
low the other. The pitch off of either, is not
more than five feet ; but of this I can say more
on my return.

On the tenth of October, the expedition
reached some 'arge island below Sauk Bapids,
where in 1797, Porlier and Joseph BenvUIe had
wintered. Six days after this, he reached the
Rapids in Morrison county, which stUl bears his
name, and he writes : ' 'When we arose in the
momuig, found that snow had fallen during the
night, the ground was covered and it continued
to snow. This, indeed, was but poor encoiu-age-
ment for attacking the Rapids, in which we were
certain to wade to our necks. I was determined,
however, if possible to make la riviere de Cor-
beau, [Crow Wing River], the highest point was
made by traders in their bark canoes. We em-
barked, and after four hours work, became so
bemunbedwith cold that our limbs were perfectly
useless. We put to shore on the opposite side of
the river, about two-thirds of the way up the
rapids. Built a large fire ; and then discovered
that our boats were nearly half full of water;
both having sprung large leaks so as to oblige me
to keep three hands bailing. My sergeant {Ken-
nermah) one of the stoutest men I ever knew,
broke a blood-vessel and vomited nearly two
quarts of blood. One of my corporals (Bradley)
also evacuated nearly a pint of blood, when he
attempted to void his urine. These imhappy
circumstances, in addition to the inability of
four other men whom we were obliged to leave
on shore, convinced me, that if I had no regard
for my own health and constitution, I should
have some for those poor fellows, who were Mil-

PIKE'S BLOCK HOUSE NEAR SWAN RIVEB.

ing themselves to obey my orders. After we had
breakfast and refreshed ourselves, we went down
tq our boats on the rocks, where I was obliged to
leave them. I then informed my men that we
would return to the camp and there leave some
of the party and our large boats. This informa-
tion was pleasing, and the attempt to reach the
camp soon accomplished. My reasons for this
step have partly been already stated. The nec-
essity of unloading and refitting my boats, the
beauty and convenience of the spot for building
huts, the fine pine trees for peroques, and the
quantity of game, were additional inducements.
We immediately unloaded our boats and secured
their cargoes. In the evening I went out upon a
small, but beautiful creek, which emptied into
the Falls, for the purpose of selecting pine trees
to make canoes. Saw five deer, and killed one
buck weighing one hundred and thirty-seven
pounds. By my leaving men at this place, and
from the great quantities of game in its vicinity,
I was ensured plenty of provision for my return
voyage. In the party left behind was one hunter,
to be continually employed, who would keep our
stock of salt provisions good. Distance two
hundred and thirty-three and a half miles above
the Falls of St. Anthony.

Having left his large boats and some soldiers
at this point, he proceeded to the vicinity of
Swan Biver where he erected a block house, and
on the thirty-first of October he writes: "En-
closed my Uttle work completely with pickets.
Hauled up my two boats and turned them over
on each side of the gateways ; by which means
a defence was made to the river, and had it not
been for various political reasons, I would have
laughed at the attack of eight hundred or a
thousand savages, if all my party were within.
For* except accidents, it would only have afford-
ed amusement, the Indians having no idea of
taking a place by storm. Found myself power-
fully attacked with the fantastics of the brain,
called ennui, at the mention of which I had
hitherto scoffed ; but my books being packed up,
i was like a person entranced, and could easily
conceive why so many persons who have been
confined to remote places, acquire the habit of
drinking to excess, and many other vicious prac-
tices, which have been adopted merely to pass
time.

Diu±ag the next month he hunted the buffalo
which were then in that vicinity. On the third
of December he received a visit from Robert
Dickson, afterwards noted in the history of the
country, who was then trading about sixty miles
below, on the Mississippi.

On the tenth of December with some sleds he
continued his journey northward, and on the last
day of the year passed Pine River. On the third
of January, 1806, he reached the trading post at
Bed Cedar, now Cass Lake, and was quite indig-
nant at finduig the British flag floating from the
staff. The night after this his tent caught on
flre, and he lost some valuable and necessary
clothing. On the evenlag of the eighth he reach-
ed Sandy Lake and was hospitably received by
Grant, the trader in charge. He writes .

" Jan. 9th, Thursday. — Marched the corporal
early, in order that our men should receive
assurance of our safety and success. He carried
with him a small keg of spirits, a present from
Mr. Grant. The establishment of this place was
formed twelve years since, by the North-west
Company, and was formerly under the charge of
a Mr. Charles Brusky. It has attaiaed at present
such regularity, as to permit the superintendent
to live tolerably comfortable. They have horses
they procured from Bed River, of the Indians ;
raise plenty of Irish potatoes, catch pike, suckers,
pickerel, and white flsh in abundance. They
have also beaver, deer, and moose ; but the pro-
vision they chiefly depend upon is wild oats, of
which they purchase great quantities from the
savages, giving at the rate of about one dollar
and a half per bushel. But flour, pork, and salt,
are almost interdicted to persons not principals
in the trade. Flour seUs at half a dollar ; salt a
dollar ; pork eighty cents ; sugar half a dollar ;
and tea four dollars and fifty cents per pound.
The sugar is obtained from the Indians, and is
made from the maple tree."

He remained at Sandy Lake ten days, and on
the last day two men of the Northwest Company
arrived with letters from Fon du Lac Superior,
one of which was from Athapuscow, and had
been since May on the route.

On the twentieth of January began his journey
to Leech Lake, which he reached on the first of
February, and was hospitably received by Hugh

EXPLOBEBS ANB PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

McGillis, the head of the Northwest Company at
this post.

A Mr. Anderson, in the employ of Robert
Dickson, was residing at the west end of the lake.
While here he hoisted the American flag in the
fort. The English yacht still flying at the top of
the flagstaJBE, he directed the Indians and his sol-
diers to shoot at it. They soon broke tjie iron
pin to which it was fastened, and it fell to the
ground. He was informed by a venerable old
Ojibway chief, called Sweet, that the Sioux dwelt
there when he was a youth. On the tenth of
Februaxy, at ten o'clock, he left Leech Lake with
Corporal Bradley, the trader McGiiys and two of
his men, and at sunset arrived at Red Cedar, now
Cass Lake. At this place, in i798, Thompson,
employed by the Northwest Company for three
years, in topographical surveys, made some ob-
servations. He believed that a line from the
Lake of the "Woods would touch the sources of
the Mississippi. Pike, at this point, was very
kindly treated by a Canadian named Roy, and his
Ojibway squaw. On his return home, he reached
Clear River on the seventh of April, where he
found Ms canoe and men, and at night was at
Grand Rapids, Dickson's trading post. He talked
until four o'clock the next morning with this
person and another trader named Porlier. He
forbade while there, the traders Greignor [Grig-
non] and La Jennesse, to sell any more liquor to
Indians, who had become very drunken and un-
ruly. On the tenth he again reached the Palls
of Sauit Anthony. He writes in his journal as
follows :

April 11th, Friday. — Although it snowed very
hard we brought over both boats, and descended
the river to the island at the entrance of the St.
Peter's. I sent to the chiefs and informed them
I had something to communicate to them. The
Pils de Pincho immediately waited on me, and
informed me that he would provide a place for
the purpose. About sundown I was sent for and
introduced into the council-house, where I found
a great many chiefs of the Sussitongs, Gens de
Feuilles, and the Gens du Lac. The Yanctongs
had not yet come down. They were all awaiting
for my arrival. There were about one hundred
lodges, or six hundred people; we were saluted
on our crossing the river with ball as usual. The
council-house was two large lodges, capable of

containing three hundred men. In the upper
were forty chiefs, and as many pipes set against
the poles, alongside of which I had the Santeur's
pipes arranged. I then informed them in short
detail, of my transactions with the Santeurs; but
my interpreters were not capable of making them-
selves understood. I was therefore obliged to
omit mentioning every particular relative to the
rascal who fired on my sentinel, and of the scoun-
drel who broke the Pols Avoins' canoes, and
threatened my life; the interpreters, however, in-
formed them that I wanted some of their princi-
pal chiefs to go to St. Louis; and that those who
thought proper might descend to the prairie,
where we would give them more explicit infor-
mation. They all smoked out of the Santeur's
pipe, excepting three, who were painted black,
and were some of those who lost their relations
last winter. I invited the Pils de Pinchow, and
the son of the Killeur Rouge, to come over and
sup with me; when Mr. Dickson and myself en-
deavored to explain what I Intended to have said
to them, could I have made myself understood;
that at the prairie we would have all things ex-
plained; that I was desirous of making a better
report of them than Captain Lewis could do from
their treatment of him. The former of those
savages was the person who remained around my
post all last winter, and treated my men so weU;
they endeavored to excuse their people.

"Apkil 12th, Saturday. — Embarked early. Al-
though my interpreter had been frequently up the
river, he could not tell me where the cave (spoken
of by Carver) could be found ; we carefully
sought for it, but in vain. At the Indian village,
a few miles below St. Peter's, we were about to
pass a few lodges, but on receiving a very partic-
ular invitation to come on shore, we landed, and
were received in a lodge kindly; they presented
us sugar. I gave the proprietor a dram, and was.
about to depart when he demanded a kettle of
liquor; on being refused, and after I had left the
shore, he told me he did not like the arrange-
ments, and that he would go to war this summer.
I directed the interpreter to tell him that if I
returned to St. Peter's with the troops, I would
settle that affair vrith him. On our arrival at the
St. Croix, I found the Pettit Corbeau with his
people, and Messrs. Prazer and Wood. We had
a conference, when the Pettit Corbeau made

CAMERON SELLS LIQUOB TO INDIANS.

many apologies for the misconduct of liis people;
lie represented to. us the different manners in
which the young warriors had been inducing him
to go to war; that he had been much blamed for
dismissing his party last fall; but that he was de-
termined to adhere as far as lay in his power to
our instructions; that he thought it most prudent
to remain here and restrain the warriors. He
then presented me with a beaver robe and pipe,
and his message to the general. That he was
determined to preserve peace, and make the road
clear; also a remembrance of his promised medal.
I made a reply, calculated to confirm him in his
good intentions, and assured him that he should
not be the less remembered by his father, although
not present. I was informed that, notwithstand-
ing the instruction of his license, and my par-
ticular request, Murdoch Cameron had taken
liquor and sold it to the Indians on the river St.
Peter's, and that his partner below had been

equally imprudent. I pledged myself to prose-
cute them according to law; for they have been
the occasion of great confusion, and of much
injury to the other traders. This day met a
canoe of Mr. Dickson's loaded with provisions,
under the charge of Mr. Anderson, brother of
the Mr. Anderson at Leech Lake. He politely
offered me any provision he had on board (for
which Mr. Dickson had given me an order), but
not now being in want, I did not accept of any.
This day, for the first time, I observed the trees
beginning to bud, and indeed the climate seemed
to have changed very materially since we passed
the Falls of St. Anthony."

The strife of political parties growing out of
the Trench Kevolution, and the declaration of
war against Great Britain in the year 1812, post-
poned the military occupation of the Upper
Mississippi by the United States of America, for
several years.

HXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTER XTTT.

THE TAILBT OF THE TTPPEB MISSISSIPPI DUEIKG SBCOSTD TVAR TVITH GREAT BRITAIN.

Dickson and other traders hostllo — Aihorlcnn stockade at Prairie du CliiGn — Port
Slielby syirrenders to Lt. Coi. Wililam McKay— Loyai traders Provenoailo and
FariViauit — Rising Moose or One-eyed Sioux — Capt. Bulgor evacuates Fort
McKay — Inteliigence of Peace.

Notwithstanding the professions of friendship
made to Pike, in the second war witfi. Great Brit-
aia, Dickson and others were found bearing arms
against the Republic.

A year after Pike left Prairie du Chien, it was
evident, that under some secret Influence, the
Indian tribes were combimng against the United
States. In the year 1809, Nicholas Jarrot declared
that the British traders were furnishing the sav-
ages with guns for hostile purposes. On the first
of May, 1812, two Indians were apprehended at
Chicago, who were on their way to meet Dickson
at Green Bay. They had taken the precaution
to hide letters in their moccasins, and bury them
in the ground, and were allowed to proceed after
a brief detention. Prazer, of Prairie du Chien,
who had been with Pike at the Council at the
mouth of the Minnesota River, was at the port-
age of the Wisconsin when the Indians delivered
these letters, which stated that the British flag
would soon be flying again at Mackinaw. At
Green Bay, the celebrated warrior. Black Hawk,
was placed in charge of the Indians who were to
aid the British. The American troops at Macki-
naw were obliged, on the seventeenth of July,
1812, to capitulate without firing a single gun.
One who was made prisoner, writes from Detroit
to the Secretary of War :

" The persons who commanded the Indians are
Robert Dickson, Indian trader, and John Askin,
Jr., Indian agent, and his son. The latter two
were painted and dressed after the manner
of the Indians. Those who commanded the
Canadians are John Johnson, Crawford, Pothier,
Armitinger, La Croix, Rolette, Pranks, Living-
ston, and other traders, some of whom were lately
concerned in smuggling British goods Into the

Indian country, and, in conjimction with others,
have been using their utmost efforts, several
months before the declaration of war, to excite
the Indians to take up arms. The least resist-
ance from the fort would have been attended
with the destruction of all the persons who fell
into the hands of the British, as I have been as-
sured by some of the British traders,"

On the first of May, 1814, Governor Clark,
with two hundred men, left St. Louis, to build a
fort at the junction of the Wisconsin and Missis-
sippi. Twenty days before he arrived at Prairie
du Chien, Dickson had started for Mackinaw
with a band of Dahkotahs and Winnebagoes.
The place was left in command of Captain Deace
and the Mackinaw Pencibles. The Dahkotahs
refusing to co-operate, when the Americans made
their appearance they fled. The Americans took
possession of the old Mackinaw house, in which
they found nine or ten trunks of papers belong-
ing to Dickson. Prom one they took the follow-
ing extract :

"'Arrived, from below, a few Winnebagoes
with scalps. Gave them tobacco, six pounds
powder and sis pounds ball.' "

A fort was immediately commenced on the
site of the old residence of the late H. L. Dous-
man, which was composed of two block-houses
in the angles, and another on the bank of the
river, with a subterranean communication. In
honor of the governor of Kentucky it was named
" Shelby."

The fort was in charge of Lieutenant Perkins,
and sixty rank and file, and two gunboats, each
of which carried a six-pounder; and several
howitzers were commanded by Captains Yeiser,
Sullivan, and Aid-de-camp Kennedy.

The traders at Mackinaw, learning that the
Americans had built a fort at the Prairie, and
knowing that as long as they held possession
they would be cut ofE from the trade with the

LOYALTY OF FABIBAULT AND THE ONE-EYED SIOUX.

Dahkotahs, immediately raised an expedition to
capture the garrison.

The captain was an old trader by the name of
McKay, and under him was a sergeant of ar-
tillery, with a brass six-pounder, and three or
four volunteer companies of Canadian voyageurs,
officered by Captains Griguon, Eolette and An-
derson, with Lieutenants Biisbois and Duncan
Graham, all dressed in red coats, with a number
of Indians.

The Americans had scarcely completed their
rude fortification, before the British force, guid-
ed by Joseph Rolette, Sr., descended in canoes
to a point on the Wisconsin, several miles from
the Prairie, to which they marched in battle
array. McKay sent a flag to the Fort demanding
a surrender. Lieutenant Perkins replied that he
would defend it to the last.

A fierce encounter took place, in which the
Americans were worsted. The ofificer was
wounded, several men were kiUed and one of
their boats captured, so that it became necessary
to retreat to St. Louis. Port Shelby after its
capture, was called Port McKay.

Among the traders a few remained loyal, es-
pecially Provencalle and J. B. Paribault, traders
among the Sioux. Paribault was a prisoner
among the British at the time Lieut. Col. Wm.
McKay was preparing to attack Port Shelby, and
he refused to perform any service, Paribault's
wife, who was at Prairie du Chien, not knowing
that her husband was a prisoner in the hands of
the advancing foe, fled with others to the Sioux
village, where is now the city of "Winona. Pari-
bault was at length released on parole and re-
turned to his trading post.

Pike writes of his flag, that " being in doubt
whether it had been stolen by the Indians, or had
fallen overboard and floated away, I sent for my
friend the Orignal Leve." He also caUs the
Chief, Eising Moose, and gives his Sioux name
Tahamie. He was one of those, who in 1805,
signed the agreement, to surrender land at the
junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi Elvers
to the United States. He had but one eye,
having lost the other when a boy, belonged to
the Wapasha band of the Sioux, and proved
tnie to the flag which had waved on the day he
sat in council with Pike.

In the fall of 1814, with another of the same

nation, he ascended the Missouri under the pro-
tection of the distinguished trader. Manual Lisa,
as far as the Au Jacques or James Elver, and
from thence struck across the country, enlisting
the Sioux in favour of the United States, and at
length arrived at Prairie du Chien. On his arri-
val, Dickson accosted him, and inquired from
whence he came, and what was his business ; at
the same time rudely snatching his bundle from
his shoulder, and searching for letters, The
" one-eyed warrior " told him that he was from
St, Louis, and that he had promised the white
chiefs there that he would go to Prairie du Chien,
and that he had kept his promise

Dickson then placed him in confinement in
Port McKay, as the garrison was called by the
British, and ordered him to ^vulge what iafor-
mation he possessed, or he would put him to
death. But the faithful fellow said he would
impart nothing, and that he was ready for death
if he wished to kill him. Pinding that confine-
ment had no effect, Dickson at last liberated him.
He then left, and visited the bands of Sioux on
the Upper Mississippi, with which he passed the
winter. When he returned in the spring, Dick-
son had gone to Mackinaw, and Capt. A. Bulger,
of the Eoyal New Poundland Eegiment, was in
command of the fort.

On the twenty-third of May, 1815, Capt. Bul-
ger, wrote from Port McKay to Gov. Clark at St.
Louis: "Ofiicial intelligence of peace reached
me yesterday. I propose evacuating the fort,
taking with me the guns captured in the fort. *
* * * I have not the smallest hesitation in
declaring my decided opinion, that the presence
of a detachment of British and United States
troops at the same time, would be the means of
embroiling one party or the other in a fresh rup-
ture with the Indians, which I presume it is the
wish of both governments to avoid."

The next month the " One-Eyed Sioux," with
three other Indians and a squaw, visited St. Louis,
and he informed Gov. Clark, that the British
conumander left the cannons in the fort when he
evacuated, but in a day or two came back, took
the cannons, and fired the fort with the American
flag flying, but that he rushed in and saved it
from being burned. Prom this time, the British
flag ceased to float in the Valley of the MissiS'
sippi.

EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTEE XIV.

LOKG'S expedition, a. D. i817, IIT a six-oared skiff, to the falls of saint ANTHONY.

Carver a Grandsons.— Roque, Sioux Interpreter.— Wapashaw'B Village and Its
Vicinity.— A Sacred Dance. — Indian Village Below Dayton's BluiT.— Carver'a
Cave. — Fountain Cave. — Falls of St. Anthony Described.— Site or a Port.

Major Stephen H. Long, of the Engineer Corps
of the United States Army, learning that there
was little or no danger to be apprehended from
the Indians, determined to ascend to the Falls of
Saint Anthony, in a six-oared skiff presented to
him by Governor Clark, of Saint Louis. His
party consisted of a Mr. Hempstead, a native of
New London, Connecticut, who had been living
at Prairie du Chi en, seven soldiers, and a half-
breed interpreter, named Eoque. A bark canoe
accompanied them, containing Messrs. Gun and
King, grandsons of the celebrated traveler, Jona-
than Carver.

On the ninth ot July, 1817, the expedition left
Prairie du Chien, and on the twelfth arrived at
" Trempe a I'eau." He writes :

" When we stopped for breakfast, Mr. Hemp-
stead and myself ascended a high peak to take a
view of the country. It is known by the name
of the Kettle Hill, having obtained this appella-
tion from the circumstance of its having numer-
ous piles of stone on its top, most of them
fragments of the rocky stratifications which
constitute the principal part of the hill, but some
of them small piles made by the Indians. These
at a distance have some similitude of kettles
arranged along upon the ridge and sides of the
hill. From this, or almost any other eminence in
its neighborhood, the beauty iind grandeur of the
prospect would baffle the skill of the most inge-
nious pencil to depict, and that of the most ac-
complished pen to describe. Hills marshaled
into a variety of agreeable shapes, some of them
towering into lofty peaks, while others present
broad summits embellished with contours and
slopes ia the most pleasing manner ; champaigns
and waving valleys; forests, lawns, and parks
alternating with each other; the humble Missis-

sippi meandering far below, and occasionally
losing itself in niunberless islands, give variety
and beauty to the picture, whUe rugged cliffs and
stupendous precipices here and there present
themselves as if to add boldness and majesty to
the scene. In the midst of this beautiful scenery
is situated a village of the Sioux Indians, on an
extensive lawn called the Aux Aisle Prairie ; at
which we lay by for a short time. On our arrival
the Indians hoisted two American flags, and we
returned the compliment by discharging our
blunderbuss and pistols. They then fired several
guns ahead of us by way of a salute, after which
we landed and were received with much friend-
ship. The name of their chief is Wauppaushaw,
or the Leaf, commonly called by a name of the
same import in French, La Feuille, or La Pye,
as it is pronounced in English. He is considered
one of the most honest and honorable of any of
the Indians, and endeavors to inculcate into the
minds of his people the sentiments and principles
adopted by himself. He was not at home at the
time I called, and I had no opportunity of seeing
him. The Indians, as I suppose, with the ex-
pectation that I had something to communicate
to them, assembled themselves at the place
where I landed and seated themselves upon the
grass. I inquired if their chief was at home,
and was answered in the negative. I then told
them I should be very glad to see him, but as he
was absent I would call on him again in a few
days when I should return. I further told them
that our father, the new President, wished to ob-
tain some more information relative to his red
children, and that I was on a tour to acquire any
intelligence he might stand in need of. With
this they appeared well Satisfied, and permitted
Mr. Hempstead and myself to go through their
village. While I was in the wigwam, one of the
subordinate chiefs, whose name was Wazzecoota,
or Shooter from the Pine Tree, volimteered to

INITIATION OF A WABBIOR BY A SACBED DANCE.

accompany me up the river. I accepted of his
services, and he was ready to attend me on the
tour in a very short time. When we hove in
sight the Indians were engaged in a ceremony
called the Bear Dance; a ceremony which they
are in the habit of performing when any young
man is desirous of bringing himself into particu-
lar notice, and is considered a kind of initiation
into the state of manhood. I went on to the
ground where they had their performances,
which were ended sooner than usual on account
of our arrival. There was a kind of flag made
of fawn skin dressed with the hair on, suspended
on a pole. Upon the flesh side of it were drawn
certain rude figures indicative of the dream
which it is necessary the young man should have
dreamed, before he can be considered a proper
candidate for this kind of initiation ; with this a
pipe was suspended by way of sacrifice. Two
arrows were stuck up at the foot of the pole,
and fragments of painted feathers, etc., were
strewed about the ground near to it. These per-
tained to the religious rites attending the cere-
mony, which consists in bewailing and self -mor-
tification, that the Good Spirit may be induced
to pity them and succor their imdertaking.

"At the distance of two or three hundred
yards from the flag, is an excavation which they
call the bear's hole, prepared for the occasion.
It is about two feet deep, and has two ditches,
about one foot deep, leading across it at right an-
gles. The young hero of the farce places himself
in this hole, to be hunted by the rest of the young
men, all Of whom on this occasion are dressed in
their best attire and painted in their neatest style.
The hunters approach the hole in the direction of
one of the ditches, and discharge their guns,
which were previously loaded for the purpose
with blank cartridges, at the one who acts the
part of the bear; whereupon he leaps from his
den, having a hoop in each hand, and a wooden
lance ; the hoops serving as forefeet to aid him
in characterizing his part, and his lance to defend
him from his assailants. Thus accoutred he
dances round the place, exhibiting various feats
of activity, while the other Indians pursue him
and endeavor to trap him as he attempts to re-
turn to his den, to effect which he is privileged to
use any violence he pleases with impunity against

his assailants, and even to taking the life of any
of them.

" This part of the ceremony is performed three
times, that the bear may escape from his den
and return to it again through three of the ave-
nues communicating with it. On being hunted
from the fourth or last avenue, the bear must
make his escape through all Mb pursuers, if pos-
sible, and flee to the woods, whei: he i.; t j remain
through the day. This, however, is seldom or
never accomplished, as all the young men exert
themselves to the utmost in order to trap him.
When caught, he must retire to a lodge erected for
his reception in the field, where he is to be se-
cluded from all society through the day, except
one of his particular friends whom he is allowed
to take with him as an attendant. Here he
smokes and performs various other lites which
superstition has led the Indians to believe are sa-
cred. After this ceremon; is ended, the young
Indian is considered qualified to act any part as
an efficient member of their community. The
Indian who has the good fortune to catch the
bear and overcome him when endeavoring to
make his escape to the woods, is considered a
candidate for preferment, and is on the first suit-
able occasion appointed the leader of a small war
party, in order that he may further have an op-
portunity to test his prowess and perform more
essential service in behalf of his nation. It is
accordingly expected that- he will kiU some of
their enemies and return with their scalps. I re-
gretted very much that I had missed the oppor-
tunity of witnessing this ceremony, which is
never performed except when prompted by the
particular dreams of one or other of the young
men, who is never compUmented twice in the
same manner on account of his dreams."

On the sixteenth he approached the vicinity of
where is now the capital of Minnesota, and
writes : " Set sail at half past four this morning
with a favorable breeze. Passed an Indian bury-
ing ground on our left, the first that I have seen
surrounded by a fence. In the centre a pole is
erected, at the foot of which religious rites are
performed at the burial of ah Indian, by the
particular friends and relatives of the deceased.
Upon the pole a flag is suspended when any per-
son of extraordinary merit, or one who is very
much beloved, is buried. In the enclosure were

EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOIA.

two scaffolds erected also, about six feet high
and six feet square. Upon one of them were two
coffins containing dead bodies. Passed a Sioux
village on our right containing fourteen cabins.
The name of the chief is the Petit Corbeau, or
Little Eaven. The Indians were all absent on a
hunting party up the Eiver St. Croix, which
is but a little distance across the country from
the village. Of this we were very glad, as this
band are said to be the most notorious beggars
of aU the Sioux on the Mississippi. One of their
cabins is furnished with loop holes, and is sit-
uated so near the water that the opposite side
of the river is within musket-shot range from
the building. By this means the Petit Corbeau
is enabled to exercise a command over the pass-
age of the river and has in some instances com-
pelled traders to land with their goods, and in-
duced them, probably through fear of offending
him, to bestow presents to a considerable amount,
before he would suffer them to pass. The cabins
are a kind of stockade buildings, and of a better
appearance than any Indian dweUings I have
before met with.

"Two miles above the village, on the same
side of the river, is Carver's Cave, at which we
stopped to breakfast. However interesting it
may have been, it does not possess that character
in a very high degree at present. We descend-
ed it with Ughted candles to its lower extremity.
The entrance is very low and about eight feet
broad, so that a man in order to enter it must be
completely prostrate. The angle of descent
within the cave is about 25 deg. The flooring
is an inclined plane of quicksand, formed of the
rock in which the cavern is formed. The dist-
ance from its entrance to its inner extremity is
twenty-four paces, and the width in the broadest
part about nine, and its greatest height about
seven feet. In shape it resembles a bakers 's oven.
The cavern was once probably much more ex-
tensive. My interpreter informed me that, since
his remembrance, the entrance was not less
than ten feet high and its length far greater than
at present. The rock in which it is formed is
a very white sandstone, so friable that the frag-
ments of it will almost crumble to sand when
taken into the hand. A few yards below the
mouth of the cavern is a very copious spring of
fine water issuing from the bottom of the cliff.

" Pive miles above this is the Poimtain Cave,
on the same side of the river, formed in the same
kind of sandstone but of a more pure and fine
quality. It is far more curious and interesting
than the former. The entrance of the cave is a
large winding hall about one hundred and fifty
feet in length, fifteen feet in width, and from
eight to sixteen feet in height, finely arched
overhead, and nearly perpendicular. Next suc-
ceeds a narrow passage and difficult of entrance,
which opens into a most beautiful circular room,
finely arched above, and about forty feet in di-
ameter. The cavern then continues a meander-
ing course, expanding occasionally into small
rooms of a circular form. We penetrated about
one hundred and fifty yards, till our candles
began to fail us, when we returned. To beauti-
fy and embellish the scene, a fine crystal stream
fiows through the cavern, and cheers the lone-
some dark retreat with its enlivening murmurs.
The temperature of the water in the cave was
46 deg., and that of the air 60 deg. Entering
this cold retreat from an atmosphere of 89 deg.,
I thought it not prudent to remain in it long
enough to take its several dimensions and me-
ander its courses ; particularly as we had to wade
in water to our knees in many places in order to
penetrate as far as we went. The fountain sup-
pUes an abundance of water as fine as I ever
drank. This cavern I was informed by my
interpreter, has been discovered but a few years.
That the Indians formerly living in its neighbor-
hood knew nothing of it tiU within six years
past. That it is not the same as that described
by Carver is evident, not only from this circum-
stance, but also from the circumstance that in-
stead of a stagnant pool, and only one accessible
room of a very different form, this cavern has
a brook running through it, and at least four
rooms in succession, one after the other. Car-
ver's Cave is fast filling up with sand, so that
no water is now found in it, whereas this, from
the very nature of the place, must be enlarging,
as the fountain will carry along with its current
all the sand that falls into it from the roof and
sides of the cavern."

On the night of the sixteenth, he arrived at the
Palls of Saint Anthony and encamped on the east
shore just below the cataract. He writes in hia
journal :

BESCBIFTION OF FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY.

"The place where we encamped last night need-
ed no embellishment to render it romantic in the
highest degree. The banks on both sides of the
river are about one hundred feet high, decorated
with trees and shrubbery of various kinds. The
post oak, hickory, walnut, linden, sugar tree,
white birch, and the American box ; also various
evergreens, such as the pine, cedar, jimiper,
etc., added their embellishments to the scene.
Amongst the shrubery were the prickly ash,
plum, and cherry tree, the gooseberry, the black
and red raspberry, the chokeberry, grape vine,
etc. There were also various kinds of herbage
and flowers, among which were the wild parsley,
rue, spikenard, etc., red and white roses, morning
glory and various other handsome flowers. A
few yards below us was a beautiful cascade of
fine spring water, pouring down from a project-
ijig precipice about one hundred feet hight. On
our left was the Mississippi hurrying through its
channel with great velocity, and about three
quarters of a mile above us, in plain view, was
the majestic cataract of the Palls of St. Anthony.
The murmuring of the cascade, the roaring of the
river, and the thunder of the cataract, all contrib-
uted to render the scene the most interesting and
magnificient of any I ever before witnessed."

"The perpendicular fall of the water at the
cataract, was stated by Pike in his journal, as six-
teen and a half feet, which I found to be true by
actual measurement. To this height, however,
four or five feet may be added for the rapid des-
cent which immediately succeeds to the perpen-
dicular fall within a few yards below. Immedi-
ately at the cataract the river is divided into two
parts by an island which extends considerably
above and below the cataract, and is about five
hundred yards long. The channel on the right
side of the Island is about three times the width
of that on the left. The quanity of water pass-
ins through them is not, however, in the same
proportion, as about one-third part of the whole
passes through the left channel. In the broadest
channel, just below the cataract, is a small island
also, about fifty yards in length and thirty in
breadth. Both of these islands contain the same
kind of rocky formation as the banks of the river,
and are nearly as high. Besides these, there are
immediately at the foot of the cataract, two
islands of very inconsiderable size, situated in

the right channel also. The rapids commence
several hundred yards above the cataract and
continue about eight miles below. The fall of
the water, beginning at the head of the rapids,
and extending two hundred and sixty rods down
the river to where the portage road commences,
below the cataract is, according to Pike, fifty-
eight feet. If this estimate be correct the whole
fall from the head to the foot of the rapids,' is not
probably much less than one hundred feet. > But
as I had no instrument sufiiciently accurate to
level, where the view must necessarily be pretty
extensive, I took no pains to ascertain the extent
of the fall. The mode I adopted to ascertain
the height of a cataract, was to suspend a Une
and plummet from the table rock on the south
side of the river, which at the same time had
very little water passing over it as the river was
unusually low. The rocky formations at this
place were arranged in the following order, from
the surface downward. A coarse kind of lime-
stone in thin strata containing considerable silex;
a kind of soft friable stone of a greenish color
and slaty fracture, probably containing lime,
aluminum and silex ; a very beautiful satratifica-
tion of shell limestone, in thin plates, extremely
regular in its formation and containing a vast
number of shells, all apparently of the same
kind. This formation constitutes the Table Bock
of the cataract. The next in order is a white or
yellowish sandstone, so easily crumbled that it
deserves the name of a sandbank rather than that
of a rock. It is of various depths, from ten to
fifty or seventy-five feet, and is of the same char-
acter with that found at the caves before des-
cribed. The next in order is a soft friable sand-
stone, of a greenish color, similar to that resting
upon the shell limestone. These stratifications
occupied the whole space from the low water
mark nearly to the top of the bluffs. On the east,
or rather north side of the river, at .the Falls, are
high grounds, at the distance of half a mile from
the river, considerably more elevated than the
bluffs, and of a hilly aspect.

Speaking of the bluff at the confiuence o^ ..he
Mississippi and Minnesota, he writes: "A military
work of considerable magnitude might be con-
structed on the point, and might be rendered
sufficiently secure by occupying the commanding
height in the rear in a suitable manner, as the

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

latter would control not only the point, but all
the neighboring heights, to the full extent of a
twelve pounder's range. The work on the point
would be necessary to control the navigation of
the two rivers. But without the commanding
work in the rear, would be liable to be greatly
annoyed from a height situated directly opposite

on the other side of the Mississippi, which is
here no more than about two hundred and fifty
yards wide. This latter height, however, would
not be eligible for a permanent post, on account
of the numerous ridges and ravines situated im-
mediately in its rear."

EABLY HISTOBT OF BED BIVEB VALLEY.

CHAPTER XV.

THOMAS DOTTGLAS, EAEL OF SELiaBK, AND THE BED KIYEE VALLEY.

Early travelers to Lake Winnipeg — Earliest Map by the Indian Otchaga — Bellin's
allusion to it — Verendrye's Map — De la Jemeraye's Map — ^Port La Reine — Fort
on Red River abandoned — Origin of name Red Lake — Earl of Selkirk— Ossini-
boia described — Scotch immigrants at Pemhina — Strife of trading companies —
Earl of Selkirk visits America — Governor Semple Killed— Romantic life of John
Tanner, and his son James — Letter relative to Selkirk's tour through Minne-
sota.

The valley of the Ked Eiver of the North is
not only an important portion of Minnesota, but
has a most interesting history.

While there is no evidence that Groselliers, the
-first white man who explored Minnesota, ever
visited Lake Winnipeg and the Red Biver, yet he
met the Assineboines at the head of Lake Supe-
rior and at Lake Nepigon, while on his way by a
northeasterly trail to Hudson's Bay, and learned
somethinig of this region from them.

The first person, of whom we have an account,
who visited the region, was an EngUshman, who
came in 1692, by way of York Eiver, to Winni-
peg.

Ochagachs, or Otchaga, an intelligent Indian, in
1728, assured Pierre Gualtier de Varenne, known
in history as the Sieur Verendrye, while he was
stationed at Lake STepigon, that there was a
communication, largely by water, west of Lake
Superior, to the Great Sea or Pacific Ocean. The
rude map, drawn by this Indian, was sent to
France, and is still preserved. Upon it is marked
Kamanistigouia, the fort first established by Du
Luth. Pigeon River is called Mantohavagane.
Lac Sasakanaga is marked, and Rainy Lake is
named Tecamemiouen. The river St. Louis, of
Minnesota, is R. fond du L. Superior. The
Prench geographer, Bellin, in his "Remarks
upon the map of North America," published in
1755, at Paris, alludes to this sketch of Ochagachs,
and says it is the earliest drawing of the region
west of Lake Superior, in the Depot de la Marine.

After this Verendrye, in 1737, drew a map,
which remains unpubUshed, which shows Red
Lake in Northern Minnesota, and the point of
the Big Woods in the Red River Valley. There

is another sketch- in the archives of Prance,
drawn by De la Jemeraye. He was a nephew of
Verendrye, and, under his uncle's orders, he was
in 1731, the first to advance from the Grand
Portage of Lake Superior, by way of the Nalao-
uagan or Groselliers, now Pigeon River, to Rainy
Lake. On this appears Port Rouge, on the south
bank of the Assineboine at its junction with the
Red River, and on the Assineboine, a post estab-
lished on October 3, 1738, and called Port La
Reine. BelUii describes the fort on Red River,
but asserts that it was abandoned because 'of its
vicinity to Port La Reine, on the north side of
the Assinneboine, and only about nine mUes by
a portage, from Swan Lake. Red Lake and Red
River were so called by the early French explo-
rers, on account of the reddish tint of the waters
after a storm.

Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, a wealthy,
kind-hearted but visionary Scotch nobleman, at
the commencement of the present century formed
the design of planting a colony of agriculturists
west of Lake Superior. In the year 1811 he
obtained a grant of land from the Hudson Bay
Company called Ossiniboia, which it seems
strange has been given up by the people of Man-
itoba. In the autumn of 1812 a few Scotchmen
with their families arrived at Pembina, in the
Red River Valley, by way of Hudson Bay, where
they passed the winter. In the winter of 1813-14
they were again at Fort Daer or Pembina. The
colonists of Red River were rendered very un-
happy by the strife of rival trading companies.

In the spring of 1815, McKenzie and Morrison,
traders of the Northwest company, at Sandy
Lake, told the Ojibway chief there, that they
would give him and his band all the goods and
rum at Leech or Sandy Lakes, if. they would an-
noy the Red River settlers.

The Earl of Selkirk hearing of the distressed
condition of his colony, sailed for America, and

EXPLOBERS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

in the fall of 1815, arrived at New York City.
Proceeding to Montreal he found a messenger
who had traveled on foot in mid-wiater from the
Bed Kiver by way of Bed Lake and Pon du Lac,
of Lake Superior. He sent back by this man,
kind messages to the dispirited settlers, but one
night he was way-laid near Pon du Lac, and
robbed of his canoe and dispatches. An Ojib-
way chief at Sandy Lake, afterwards testified
that a trader named Grant offered hira rum and
tobacco, to send persons to intercept a bearer of
dispatches to Bed Eiver, and soon the messenger
was brought in by a negro and some Indians.

Pailiag to obtain military aid from the
British authorities in Canada, Selkirk made an
engagement with four ofiftcers and eighty privates,
of the discharged Meuron regiment, twenty of
the De Watteville, and a few of the Glengary
Peneibles, which had served in the late war with
the United States, to accompany him to Ked
Kiver. They were to receive monthly wages for
navigating the boats to Ked Kiver, to have lands
assigned them, and a free passage if they wished
to return.

When he reached Sault St. Marie, he received
the intelligence that the colony had again been
destroyed, and that Semple, a mild, amiable, but
not altogether judicious man, the chief governor
of the factories and territories of the Hudson
Bay company, residing at Bed Kiver, had been
kiUed.

Schoolcraft, in 1832, says he saw at Leech
Lake, Majegabowi, the man who had killed Gov.
Semple, after he fell woimded from his horse.

Before he heard of the death of Semple, the
Earl of Selkirk had made arrangements to visit
his colony by way of Pon du Lac, on the St. Louis
Biver, and Ked Lake of Minnesota, but he now
changed his mind, and proceeded with his force
to Port "WiUiam, the chief trading post of the
Northwest Company on Lake Superior ; and ap-
prehending the principal partners, warrants of
commitment were issued, and they were forward-
ed to the Attorney-General of Upper Canada.

While Selkirk was engaged at Port William,
a party of emigrants in charge of Miles McDon-
nel, Governor, and Captain D'Orsomen, went
forward to reinforce the colony. At Rainy
Lake they obtained the guidance of a man who
had all the characteristics of an Indian, and yet

had a bearing which suggested a difEerent origin.
By his eflSciency and temperate habits, he had se-
cured the respect of his employers, and on the Earl
of Selkirk's arrival at Red Kiver, his attention was
called to him, and in his welfare he became
deeply interested. By repeated conversations
with him, memories of a different kind of exist-
ence were aroused, and the light of other days
began to brighten. Though he had forgotten his
father's name, he furnished suflScient data for
Selkirk to proceed with a search for his relatives.
Visiting the United States in 1817, he published
a circular in the papers of the Western States,
which led to the identification of the man.

It appeared from his own statement, and
those of his friends, that his name was John
Tanner, the son of a minister of the gospel, who,
about the year 1790, lived on the Ohio river, near
the Miami. Shortly after his location there, a
band of roving Indians passed near the house,
and found John Tanner, then a little boy, filling
his hat with walnuts from under a tree. They
seized him and fled. The party was led by an
Ottawa whose wife had lost a son. To compen-
sate for his death, the mother begged that a boy
of the same age might be captured.

Adopted by the band. Tanner grew up an
Indian in his tastes and habits, and was noted
for bravery. Selkirk was successful in finding
his relatives. After twenty-eight yeai-s of sepa-
ration, John Tanner in 1818, met his brother
Edward near Detroit, and went with him to his
home in Missouri. He soon left his brother, and
went back to the Indians. Por a time he was
interpreter for Henry K. Schoolcraft, but became
lazy and ill-natured, and in 1836, skulking behind
some bushes, he shot and killed Schoolcraft's
brother, and fled to the wilderness, where, in
1847, he died. His son, James, was kindly treat-
ed by the missionaries to the Ojibways of Minne-
sota; but he walked in the footsteps of his father.
In- the year 1851, he attempted to impose upon
the Presbyterian minister in Saint Paul, and,
when detected, called upon the Baptist minister,
who, believing him a penitent, cut a hole in the
ice, and received him into the church by immer-
sion. In time, the Baptists found him out, when
he became an Unitarian missionary, and, at last,
it is said, met a death by violence.

Lord Selkirk was in the Ked River, Valley

EAEL OF SELKIRK VISITS SAINT LOUIS.

during the summer of 1817, and on the eighteenth
of July concluded a treaty with the Crees and
Saulteaux, for a tract of land beginning at the
mouth of the Eed Eiver, and extending along
the same as far as the Great Forks (now Grand
Forks) at the mouth of Eed Lake Eiver, and
along the Assinniboine Eiver as far as Musk Eat
Eiver, and extending to the distance of six miles
from Fort Douglas on every side, and likewise
from Fort Daer (Pembina) and also from the
Great Forks, and in other parts extending to the
distance of two miles from the banks of the said
rivers.

Having restored order and confidence, attend-
ed by three or four persons he crossed the plains
to the Minnesota Eiver, and from thence pro-
ceeded to St. Louis. The Indian agent at
Prairie du Chien was not- pleased with Selkirk's
trip through Minnesota; and on the sixth of
February, 1818, wrote the Governor of Illinois
under excitement, some groundless suspicions :

•' "What do you suppose, sir, has been the re-
sult of the passage through my agency of this
British nobleman? Two entire bands, and part
of a third, all Sioux, have deserted us and joined
Dickson, who has distributed to them large quan-
tities of Indian presents, jbogether with flags,
medals, etc. Knowing this, what must have been
my feelings on hearing that his lordship had met
with a favourable reception at St. Louis. The
newspapers announcing his arrival, and general
Scottish appearance, all tend to discompose me ;
believing as I do, that he; is plotting with his
friend Dickson our destruction — sharpening the
savage scalping knife, and colonizing a tract of
country, so»remote as that of the Eed Eiver, for
the purpose, no doubt, of monopolizing the fur
and peltry trade of this river, the Missouri and
their waters ; a trade of the first importance to
our Western States and Territories. A courier
who had arrived a few days since, confirms the
belief that Dickson is endeavouring to undo what
I have done, and secure to the British govern-
ment the affections of the Sioux, and subject the
Northwest Company to his lordship. * * *

Dickson, as I have before observed, is situated
near the head of the St. Peter's, to which place
he transports his goods from Selkirk's Eed Eiver
establishment, in carts made for the purpose.
The trip is performed in five days, sometimes
less. He is directed to buUd a fort on the high-
est land between Lac du Traverse and Eed Eiver,
which he supposes will be the established lines.
This fort will be defended by twenty men, with
two small pieces of artUlery."

In the year 1820, at Berne, Switzerland, a cir-
cular was issued, signed, E. May D'Uzistorf,
Captain, in his Britannic Majesty's service, and
agent Plenipotentiary to Lord Selkirk. Like
many documents to induce emigration, it was so
highly colored as to prove a delusion and a
snare. The climate was represented as "mild
and healthy." " Wood either for building or
fuel in the greatest plenty," and the country
supplying "in profusion, whatever can be re-
quired for the convenience, pleasure or comfort
of life." Eemarkable statements considering
that every green thing had been devoured the
year before by grasshoppers.

Under the influence of these statements, a num-
ber were induced to embark. In the spring of
1821, about two hundred persons assembled on
the banks of the Ehine to proceed to the region
west of Lake Superior. Having descended the
Ehine to the vicinity of Eotterdam, they went
aboard the ship " Lord Wellington," and after a
voyage across the Atlantic, and amid the ice-
floes of Hudson's Bay, they reached York Fort.
Here they debarked, and entering batteaux, as-
cended Nelson Eiver for twenty days, when they
came to Lake Winnipeg, and coasting along the
west shore they reached the Eed Eiver of the
North, to feel that they had been deluded, and
to long for a milder clime. If they did not sing
the Switzer's Song of Home, they appreciated its
sentiments, and gradually these immigrants re-
moved to the banks of the Mississippi Eiver.
Some settled in Minnesota, and were the first to
raise cattle, and till the soU.

EXPLOBEBS AND FIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTEE XVI.

FOET STSfEUJnSGTiTrRISG ITS OCCtTPAKCT BY COMP ANTES OF THE FIFTH EEGEttENT V. S. INFANTBY,

A. D. 1819, TO A. D. 1827.

Orders for mllitaxy occupation of Upper Mississippi — Leavenwortli and Forsyth
at Frairle du Chien— Blrtli in Camp — Troops arrive at Mcndota — Cantonment
Established— Wheat carried to Pembina — Notice of Devotion, Prescott, and
Mtuor Taliaferro — Camp Cold Water Established — Col. Snelling takes command
— Impressive Scene — Officers in 1820 — Condition of the Fort in 1821 — Saint
Anthony Mill — Alexis Bailly takes cattle to Pembina — Notice of Beltrami —
Arrival of first Steamboat — Major Long's Expedition to Northern Boundary —
Beltrami visits the northern sources of the Mississippi — First flour mill — First
Sunday School— Great flood in 1826, African slaves at the Fort — Steamboat
Arrivals — ^Duels— Notice of William Joseph Snelling — Indian fight at the Fort-
Attack upon keel boats — General Gaines' report — Removal of Fifth Hegiment —
Death of Colonel Snelling.

The rumor that Lord Selkirk ■was founding a
colony on the borders of the United States, and
that the British trading companies -within the
boundaries of what became the territory of Min-
nesota, convinced the authorities at "Washington
of the importance of a military occupation of the
valley of the Upper Mississippi.

By direction of Major General Bro^wn, the fol-
lowing order, on the tenth of February, 1819, was
issued :

"Major General Macomb, commander of the
Fifth Military department, ■will -without delay,
concentrate at Detroit the Fifth Regiment of In-
fantry, excepting the recruits otherwise directed
by the general order here^with transmitted. As
soon as the navigation of the lakes ■wUl admit, he
will cause the regiment to be transported to Fort
Howard; from thence, by the way of the Fox
and Wisconsin Elvers, to Prairie du Chien, and,
after detaching a suflScient number of companies
to garrison Forts Crawford and Armstrong, the
remainder wiU proceed to the mouth of the River
St. Peter's, where they ■will establish a post, at
which the headquarters of the regiment will be
located. The regiment, previous to its depar-
ture, will receive the necessary supplies of cloth-
ing, provisions, arms, and ammunition. Imme-
diate application will be made to Brigadier Gen-
eral Jesup, Quartermaster General, for funds
necessary to execute the movements required by
this order."

On the thirteenth of April, this additional order
was issued, at Detroit :

"The season having now arrived when the
lakes may be navigated ■with safety, a detach-
ment of the Fifth Regiment, to consist of Major
Marston's and Captain Fowle's companies, under
the command of Major Muhlenburg, ■wUl proceed
to Green Bay. Surgeon's Mate, R. M. Byrne, of
the Fifth Regiment, ■wiU accompany the detach-
ment. The Assistant Deputy Quartermaster
General ■will furnish the necessary transport, and
■will send by the same opportunity two hundred
barrels of pro^visions, which he will draw from the
contractor at this post. The provisions must be
examined and inspected, and properly put up for
transportation. Colonel Leavenworth ■will, ■with-
out delay, prepare his regiment to move to the
post on the Mississippi, agreeable to the Divi-
sion order of the tenth of February. The Assist-
ant Deputy Quartermaster General -wiE furnish
the necessary transportation, to be ready by the
first of May next. The Colonel ■wUl make requi-
sition for such stores, ammunition, tools and
implements as may be required, and he be able to
take with him on the expedition. Particular in-
structions ■will be given to the Colonel, explaining
the objects of his expedition."

B^VENTS OF THE YEAR 1819.

On Wednesday, the last day of Jime, Col. Leav-
enworth and troops arrived from Green Bay, at
Prairie du Chien. Scarcely had they reached
this point when Charlotte Seymour, the ■wife of
Lt. Nathan Clark, a native of Hartford, Ct.,
gave birth to a daughter, whose first baptismal
name was Charlotte, after her mother, and the
second Ouiseonsin, given by the oflScers in view
of the fact that she was bom at the. junction of
that stream ■with the Mississippi.

In time Charlotte Ouiseonsin married a young
Lieutenant, a native of Princeton, New Jersey,
and a graduate of West Point, and stUl resides
with her husband. General H. P. Van Cleve, in

COL. LEAVENWORTH AJRBIVES AT MENDOTA

the city of Minneapolis, living to do good as she
has opportunity.

In June, under instructions from the War
Department, Major Thomas Torsyth, connected
with the office of Indian affairs, left St. Louis
with two thousand dollars worth of goods to be
distributed among the Sioux Indians, la accor-
dance with the agreement of 1805, already re-
ferred to, by the late General Pike.

About nine o'clock of the morning of the fifth
of July, he joined Leavenworth and his command
at Prairie du Chien. Some time was occupied by
Leavenworth awaiting the arrival of ordnance,
provisions and recruits, but on Sunday momiag,
the eighth of August, about eight o'clock, the
expedition set out for the point now known as
Mendota. The flotUla was quite Imposing; there
were the Colonel's barge, fourteen batteaux with
ninety-eight soldiers and officers, two large canal
or Mackinaw boats, filled with various stores, and
Forsyth's keel boat, containing goods and pres-
ents for the Indians. On the twenty-third of
August, Porsjrfch reached the mouth of the Min-
nesota with his boat, and the next morning Col.
Leavenworth arrived, and selecting a place at
Mendota, near the present railroad bridge, he
ordered the soldiers to cut down trees and make
a clearing. On the next Saturday Col. Leaven-
worth, Major Vose, Surgeon PurceU, Lieutenant
Clark and the vnfe of Captain Gooding ivited
the Falls of Saint Anthony with Porsyth, in
his keel boat.

Early in September two more boats and a bat-
teaux, with officers and one hundred and twenty
recruits, arrived.

During the winter of 1820,Laidlow and others,
in behalf of Lord Selkirk's Scotch settlers at
Pembina, whose crops had been destroyed by
grasshoppers, passed the Cantonment, on their
way to Prairie du Chien, to purchase wheat.
Upon the fifteenth of April they began their
return with their Mackinaw boats, each loaded
with two hundred bushels of wheat, one hundred
of oats, and thirty of peas, and reached the mouth
of the Minnesota early in May. Ascepding this
stream to Big Stone Lake, the boats were drawn
on rollers a mile and a half to Lake Traverse,
and on the third of Jime arrived at Pembina and
cheered the desponding and needy settlers of the
Selkirk colony.

The first sutler of the post was a Mr. Devotion.
He brought with him a young man named Phi-
lander Prescott, who was bom in 1801, at Phelps-
town, Ontario coimty. New York. At first they
stopped at Mud Hen Island, in the Mississippi
below the mouth of the St. Croix Eiver. Coming
up late in the year 1819, at the site of the pres-
ent town of Hastings they found a keel-boat
loaded with suppUes for the cantonment, in charge
of Lieut. Oliver, detained by the ice.

Amid all the changes of the troops, Mr. Pres-
cott remained nearly all his life in the vicinity of
the post, to which he came when a mere lad, and
was at length killed in the Sioux Massacre.

BVEITTS OF THE YEAE 1820

In the spring of 1820, Jean Baptiste Paribaidt
brought up Leavenworth's horses from Prairie
du Chien.

The first Indian Agent at the post was a former
army officer, Lawrence Taliaferro, pronounced
Toliver. As he had the confidence of the Gov-
ernment for twenty-one successive years, he is
deserving of notice.

His family was of Italian origin, and among
the early settlers of Virginia. He was bom in
1794, in King William county in that State, and
when, in 1812^ war' was declared against Great
Britain, with four brothers, he entered the army,
and was commissioned as Lieutenant of the
Thirty-fifth Infantry. He behaved gallantly at
Fort Erie and Sackett's Harbor, and after peace
was declared, he was retained as a First Lieuten-
ant of the Third Infantry. In 1816 he was sta-
tioned at Fort Dearborn, now the site of Chicago.
While on a furlough, he called one day upon
President Monroe, who told him that a fort would
be built near the Falls of Saint Anthony, and an
Indian Agency established, to which he offered
to appoint him. His commission was dated
March 27th, 1819, and he proceeded in due time
to his post.

On the fifth day of May, 1820, Leavenworth
left his winter quarters at Mendota, crossed the
stream and made a summer camp near the
present mihtary grave yard, which in consequence
of a fine spring has been caUed " Camp Cold
Water." The Indian agency, imder Taliaferro,
remained for a time at the old cantonment.

The commanding officer established a fine

EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

garden in the bottom lands of the Minnesota,
and on the fifteenth of June the earliest garden
peas were eaten. The first distinguished visitors
at the new encampment were Governor Lewis
Cass, of Michigan, and Henry Schoolcraft, who
arrived in July, by way of Lake Superior and
Sandy Lake.

The relations between Col. Leavenworth and
Indian Agent Taliaferro were not entirely har-
monious, growing out of a disagreement of views
relative to the treatment of the Indians, and on
the day of the arrival of Governor Cass, Tel-
iaf erro writes to Leavenworth :

" As it is now imderstood that I am agent for
Indian affairs in this country, and you are about
to leave the upper Mississippi, In all probability
in the course of a month or two, I beg leave to
suggest, for the sake of a general understanding
with the Indian tribes in this country, that any
medals, you may possess, would by being turned
over to me, cease to be a topic of remark among
the difEerent Indian tribes under my direction.
I wiU pass to you any voucher that may be re-
quired, and I beg leave to observe that any pro-
gress in influence is much impeded in conse-
quence of this frequent intercourse with the gar-
rison."

In a few days, the disastrous effect of Indians
mingling with the soldiers was exhibited. On
the third of August, the agent wrote to Leaven-
worth:

" His Excellency Governor Cass during his
visit to this post remarked to me that the Indians
jn this quarter were spoiled, and at the same
time said they should not be permitted to enter
the camp. An unpleasant affair has lately taken
place ; I mean the stabbing of the old chief
Mahgossau by his comrade. This was caused,
doubtless, by an anxiety to obtain the chief's
whiskey. I beg, therefore, that no whiskey
whatever be given to any Indians, unless it be
through their proper agent. While an overplus
of whiskey thwarts the benlflcent and humane
policy of the government, it entails misery upon
the Indians, and endangers their lives."

A few days after this note was written Josiah
Snelling, who had been recently promoted to the
Colonelcy of the Fifth Eegiment, arrived with
his family, relieved Leavenworth, and infused
new life and energy. A little while before hia

arrival, the daughter of Captain Gooding was
married to Lieutenant Green, the Adjutant of
the regiment, the first marriage of white persons
in Minnesota. Mrs. Snelling, a few days after
her arrival, gave birth to a daughter, the first
white chUd born in Minnesota, and after a brief
existence of thirteen months, she died and was
the first interred in the military grave yard, and
for years the stone which marked its restiag
place, was visible.

The earliest manuscript in Minnesota, written
at the Cantonment, is dated October 4, 1820, and
is In the handwriting of Colonel Snelling. It
reads : " In justice to Lawrence Taliaferro, Esq.,
Indian Agent at this post, we, the undersigned,
oflBcers of the Fifth Begiment here stationed,
have presented him this paper, as a token, not
only of our individual respect and esteem, but as
an entire approval of his conduct and deportment
as a public agent in this quarter. Given at St.
Peter, this 4th day of October, 1820.

J. Snelling, N. Clabk,

Col. 5th Inf. Lieutenant.

S. Btjbbank, Jos. Habe,

Br. Major. Lieutenant.

David Pbbet, Ed. Pubcell,

Captain. Surgeon,

D. Gooding, P. E.. Geeen,
Brevet Captain. Lieut, and Adjt.

J. Plympton, W. G. Camp,

Lieutenant. Lt. and Q. M.

E. A. McCabe, H. Wilkhts,

Lieutenant. Lieutenant."

During the summer of 1820, a party of the
Sisseton Sioux killed on the Missouri, Isadore
Poupon, a half-breed, and Joseph Andrews, a
Canadian engaged in the fur trade. The Indian
Agent, through Colin Campbell, as interpreter,
notified the Sissetons that trade would cease
with ttiem, until the murderers were delivered.
At a council held at Big Stone Lake, one of the
murderers, and the aged father of another, agreed
to surrender themselves to the commanding
officer.

On the twelfth of November, accompamed by
their friends, they approached the encampment
in solemn procession, and marched to the centre
of the parade. First appeared a Sisseton bear-
ing a British flag ; then the murderer and the de-
voted father of another, their arms pinioned, and

ABBIVAL OF THE FIBST STEAMBOAT.

large wooden splinters thrust through the flesh
above the elbows indicating their contempt for
pain and death ; in the rear followed friends and
relatives, with them chanting the death dirge.
Having arrived in front of the guard, fire was
kindled, and the British flag burned; then the
murderer delivered up his medal, and both prison-
ers were surrounded. Col. Snelling detained the
old chief, while the murderer was sent to St.
Louis for trial.

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1821.

Col. Snelling built the fort in the shape of a
lozenge, in view of the projection between the
two rivers. The first row of barracks was of
hewn logs, obtained from the pine forests of Rum
Kiver, but the other buildings were of stone.
Mrs. Van Cleve, the daughter of Lieutenant,
afterwards Captain Clark, writes :

" In 1821 the fort, although not complete, was
fit for occupancy. My father had assigned to
him the quarters next beyond the steps leading
to the Commissary's stores, and during the year
my little sister Juliet was born there. At a later
period my father and Major Garland obtained
permission to build more commodious quarters
outside the walls, and the result was the two
stone hoijses afterwards occupied by the Indian
Agent and interpreter, lately destroyed."

Early in August, a young and intelligent mixed
blood, Alexis Bailly, in after years a member of
the legislature of Minnesota, left the cantonment
with the first drove of cattle for the Selkirk Set-
tlement, and the next winter returned with Col.
Kobert Dickson and Messrs. Laidlow and Mac-
kenzie.

The next month, a party of Sissetons visited
the Indian Agent, and told him that they had
started with another of the murderers, to which
reference has been made, but that on the way he
had, through fear of being hung, killed himself.

This fall, a mill was constructed for the use of
the garrison, on the west side of St. Anthony
Falls ,under the supervision of Lieutenant McCabe.
During the fall, George Gooding, Captain by
brevet, resigned, and became Sutler at Prairie du
Chien. He was a native of Massachusetts, and
entered the army as ensign in 1808. In 1810 he
became a Second Lieutenant, and the next year
was wounded at Tippecanoe.

In the middle of October, there embarked on
the keel-boat " Saucy Jack," for Prairie du Chien,
Col. SneUing, Lieut. Baxley, Major TaUaferro,
and Mrs. Gooding,

EVENTS OF 1822 AND 1823.

Early in January, 1822, there came to the Port
from the Eed Eiver of the North, Col. Robert
Dickson, Laidlow, a Scotch farmer, the superin-
tendent of Lord Selkirk's experimental farm, and
one Mackenzie, on their way to Prairie du Chien.
Dickson returned with a drove of cattle, but
owing to the hostility pf the Sioux his cattle were
scattered, and never reached Pembina.

During the winter of 1823, Agent Taliaferro
was in Washington. While returning in March,
he was at a hotel in Pittsburg, when he received
a note signed G. C. Beltrami, who was an Italian
exile, asking permission to accompany him to the
Indian territory. He was tall and commanding
in appearance, and gentlemanly in bearing, and
Taliaferro was so forcibly impressed as to accede
to the request. After reaching St. Louis they
embarked on the first steamboat for the Upper
Mississippi.

It was named the Virginia, and was built in
Pittsburg, twenty-two feet in width, and one
hundred and eighteen feet in length, in charge of
a Captain Crawford. It reached the Port on the
tenth of May, and was saluted by the discharge
of cannon. Among the passengers, besides the
Agent and the Italian, were Major Biddle, Lieut.
Russell, and others.

The arrival of the Virginia is an era in the
history of the Dahkotah nation, and will proba-
bly be transmitted to their posterity as long as
they exist as a people. They say their sacred
men, the night before, dreamed of seeing some
monster of the waters, which frightened , them
very much.

As the boat neared the shore, men, women,
and children beheld with silent astonishment,
supposing that it was some enormous water-spirit,
coughing, puffing out hot breath, and splashing
water in every direction. When it touched the
landing their fears prevailed, and they retreated
some distance; but when the blowing off of
steam commenced they were completely un-
nerved: mothers forgetting their children, with
streaming hair, sought hiding-places ; chiefs, re-

EXPL0REB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

nounciag their stoicism, scampered away like
affrighted animals.

The peace agreement beteen the Ojibways and
Dahkotahs, made through the influence of Gov-
ernor Cass, was of brief duration, the latter be-
ing the first to violate lihe provisions.

On the fourth of June, Taliaferro, the Indian
agent among the Dahkotahs, took advantage of
the presence of a large number of Ojibways to
renew the agreement for the cessation of hostili-
ties. The council hall of the agent was a large
room of logs, in which waved conspicuously the
flag of the United States, surrounded by British
colors and medals that had been delivered up
from time to time by Indian chiefs.

Among the Dahkotah chiefs present were
Wapashaw, Little Crow, and Penneshaw ; of the
Ojibways there were Kendouswa, Moshomene,
and Pasheskonoepe. After mutual accusations
and excuses concerning the infraction of the pre-
vious treaty, the Dahkotahs lighted the calumet,
they having been the first to infringe upon the
agreement of 1820. After smoking and passing
the pipe of peace to the Ojibways, who passed
through the- same formalities, they aU shook
hands as a pledge of renewed amity.

The morning after the eoxmcil. Plat Mouth,
the distinguished Ojibway chief, arrived, who
had left his lodge vowing that he would never be
at peace with the Dahkotahs. As he stepped from
his canoe, Penneshaw held out his hand, but was
repulsed with scorn. The Dahkotah warrior
inumediately gave the alarm, and in a moment
runners were on their way to the neighboring
villages to raise a war party.

On the sixth of June, the Dahkotahs had assem-
bled, stripped for a fight, and surrounded the
Ojibways. The latter, fearing the worst, con-
cealed their women and children behind the old
barracks which had been used by the troops while
the fort was being erected. At the sohcitation of
the agent and commander of the fort, the Dahko-
tahs desisted trom an attack and retired.

On the seventh, the Ojibways left for their
homes; but, in a few hours, while they were
making a portage at Palls of St. Anthony, they
were again approached by the Dahkotahs, who
would have attacked them, if a detachment of
troops had not arrived from the fort.

A rumor reaching Penneshaw's vUIage that he '

had been killed at the falls, his mother seized an
Ojibway maiden, who had been a captive from
infancy, and, with a tomahawk, cut her in two.
Upon fhe return of the son ia safety he was much
gratified at what he considered the prowess of
his parent.

On the third of July, 1823, Major Long, of the
engineers, arrived at the fort in command of an
expedition to explore the Minnesota River, and
the region along the northern boundary line of
the United States. Beltrami, at the request of
Col. Snelling, was permitted to be of the party,
and Major Taliaferro kindly gave him a horse
and equipments.

The relations of the Italian to Major Long were
not pleasant, and at Pembina Beltrami left the
expedition, and with a " bois brule ", and two
Ojibways proceeded and discovered the northern
sources of the Mississippi, and suggested where
the western sources would be found ; which was
verified by Schoolcraft nine years later. About
the second week in September Beltrami returned
to the fort by way of the Mississippi, escorted by
forty or fifty Ojibways, and on the 25th departed
for New Orleans, where he published his discov-
eries in the French language.

The mill which was constructed in 1821, for
sawing lumber, at the Pahs of St. Anthony, stood
upon the site of the Hohnes and Sidle Mill, in
MinneapoUs, and in 1823 was fitted up for grind-
ing flour. The follovraig extracts from corres-
pondence addressed to Lieut. Clark, Commissary
at Port Snelling, will be read with interest.

Under the date of August 6th, 1823, General
Gibson writes : " Prom a letter addressed by
Col. Snelling to the Quartermaster General,
dated the 2d of April, I learn that a large quan-
tity of wheat would be raised this summer. The
assistant Commissary of Subsistence at St. Louis
has been instructed to forward sickles and a pair'
of millstones to St. Peters. If any flour is manu-
factured from the wheat raised, be pleased to let
me know as early as practicable, that I may deduct
the quantity manufactured at the post from the
quantity advertised to be contracted for."

In another letter, General Gibson writes :
" Below you will find the amount charged on the
books against the garrison at Pt. St. Anthony,
for certain articles, and forwarded for the use of
the troops at that post, which you will deduct

FIBST FLOUB MILL IN MINNESOTA.

from the payments to be made for flour raised
and turned over to you for issue :

One pair buhr millstones $250 11

337 pounds plaster of Paris 20 22

Two dozen sickles 18 00

Total $288 33

Upon the 19th of January, 1824, the General
writes: " The mode suggested by Col. Snelling,
of fixing the price to be paid to the troops for the
flour furnished by them is deemed equitable and
just. You wUl accordingly pay for the flour
$3.33 per barrel."

Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve, now the oldest
person living who was connected with the can-
tonment in 1819, in. a paper read before the De-
partment of American History of the Minnesota
Historical Society in January, 1880, wrote :

" In 1823, Mrs. Snelling and my mother estab-
lished the first Sunday School in the Northwest.
It was held in the basement of the commanding
ofiicer's quarters, and was productive of much
good, Many of the soldiers, with their families,
attended. Joe. Brown, since so well know in
this country, then a drummer boy, was one of
the pupils. A Bible class, for the ofllcers and
their wives, was formed, and all became so inter-
ested in the history of the patriarchs, that it fur-
nished topics of conversation for the week. One
day after the Sunday School lesson on the death of
Moses, a member of the class meeting my mother
on the parade, after exchanging the usual greet-
ings, said, in saddened tones, ' But don't you feel
sorry that Moses is dead ? '

Early in the spring of 1824, the TuUy boys
were rescued from the Sioux and brought to the
fort. They were children of one of the settlers
of Lord Selkirk's colony, and with their parents
and others, were on their way from Eed Eiver
Valley to settle near Fort Snelling.

The party was attacked by Indians, and the
parents of these children murdered, and the boys
captured. Through the influence of Col. Snell-
ing the children were ransomed and brought
to the fort. Col. SnelUng took John and
my father Andrew, the younger of the two.
Everyone became interested in the orphans, and
we loved Andrew as if he had been our own Ut-
tle brother. John died some two years after his
arrival at the fort, and Mrs. Snelling asked me

when I last saw her if a tomb stone had been
placed at his grave, she as requested, during a
visit to the old home some years ago. She said
she received a promise that it should be done,
and seemed quite disappointed when I told her it
had not been attended to."

Andrew TuUy, after being educated at an
Orphan Asylum in New York City, became a
carriage maker, and died a few years ago in that
vicinity.

EVENTS OF THE TEAR A. D. 1824.

In the year 1824 the Fort was visited by Gen.
Scott, on a tour of inspection, and at his sug-
gestion, its name was changed from Port St.
Anthony to Fort SneUing. The following is an
extract from his report to the War Department :

" This work, of which the War Department is
in possession of a plan, reflects the highest credit
on Col. Snelling, his ofiicers and men. The de-
fenses, and for the most part, the pubUc store-
houses, shops and quarters being constructed of
stone, the whole is Ukely to endure as long as the
post shall remain a frontier one. The cost of
erection to the government has been the amount
paid for tools and iron, and the per diem paid
to soldiers employed as mechanics. I wish to
suggest to the General in Chief, and through him
to the War Department, the propriety of calling
this work Fort SneUing, as a just compUment
to the meritorious oflScer imder whom it has
been erected. The present name, (Fort St. An-
thony), is foreign to all our associations, and is,
besides, geographically incorrect, as the work
stands at the junction of the Mississippi and
St. Peter's [Minnesota] Rivers, eight miles be-
low the great falls of the Mississippi, called
after St. Anthony."

In 1824, Major Taliaferro proceeded to Wash-
ington with a delegation of Chippeways and Dah-
kotahs, headed by Little Crow, the grand father
of the chief of the same name, who was engaged
in the late horrible massacre of defenceless
women and children. The obj ect of the visit, was
to secure a convocation of all the tribes of the
Upper Mississippi, at Prairie du Chein, to define
their boundary lines and establish friendly rela-
tions. When they reached Prairie du Chein,
Wahnatah, a Yankton chief, and also Wapashaw,
by the whisperings of mean traders, became dis-

EXPLOBERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

affected, and wished to turn back. Little Crow,
perceiving tliis, stopped all hesitancy by the fol.
lowing speech: "My friends, you can do as you
please. I am no coward, nor can my ears be
pulled about by evil counsels. "We are here and
should go on, and do some good for our nation.
I have taken our Father here (Taliaferro) by the
coat tail, and will follow him until I take by the
hand, our great American Pather."

While on board of a steamer on the Ohio
Kiver, Marcpee or the Cloud, in consequence of a
bad dream, jumped from the stern of the boat,
and was supposed to be drowned, but he swam
ashore and made his way to St. Charles,- Mo.,
there to be murdered by some Sacs. The re-
mainder safely arrived ia "Washington and ac-
complished the object of the visit. The Dahko-
tahs returned by way of New York, and while
there were anxious to pay a visit to certain par-
ties with Wm. Dickson, a half-breed son of Col
Robert Dickson, the trader, who in the war of
1812-15 led the Indians of the Northwest against
the United States.

After this visit Little Crow carried a new
double-barreled gun, and said that a medicine
man by the name of Peters gave it to him for
signing a certain paper, and that he also prom-
ised he would send a keel-boat full of goods to
them. The medicine man referred to was the
Rev. Samuel Peters, an Episcopal clergyman,
who had made himself obnoxious during the
Revolution by his tory sentiments, and was sub-
sequently nominated as Bishop of Vermont.

Peters asserted that in 1806 he had purchased
of the heirs of Jonathan Carver the right to a
tract of land on the upper Mississippi, embracing
St. Paul, alleged to have been given to Carver by
the Dahkotahs, in 1767.

The next year there arrived, in one of the keel-
boats from Prairie du Chien, at Port Snelling a
box marked Col. Robert Dickson. On opening, it
was found to contain a few presents from Peters
to Dickson's Indian wife, a long letter, and a
copy of Carver's alleged grant, written on parch-
ment.

EVENTS OF THE YEARS 1825 AND 1826.

On the 30th of October, 1825, seven Indian
women in canoes, were drawn into 'the rapids
above the Falls of St. Anthony. All were saved

but a lame girl, who was dashed over the cata-
ract, and a month later her body was found at
Pike's Island in front of the fort.

Forty years ago, the means of communication
between Fort SneUing and the civilized world
were very limited. The mail in winter was usu-
ally carried by soldiers to Prairie du Chien. On
the 26th of January, 1826, there was great joy in
the fort, caused by the return from furlough of
Lieutenants Baxley and Russell, who brought
with them the first mail received for five months.
About this period there was also another excite-
ment, cause by the seizure of liquors in the trad'
ing house of Alexis Bailey, at New Hope, now
Mendota.

During the months of February and March, in
this year, snow fell to the depth of two or three
feet, and there was great suffering among the
Indians. On one occasion, thirty lodges of Sisse-
ton and other Sioux were overtaken by a snow
storm on a large prairie. The storm continued
for three days, and provisions grew scarce, for
the party were seventy in number. At last, the
stronger men, with the few pairs of snow-shoes
in their possession, started for a trading post one
hundred miles distant. They reached their des-
tination half alive, and the traders sympathizing
sent f oiu: Canadians with supplies for those left
behind. After great toil they reached the scene
of distress, and foimd many dead, and, what was
more horrible, the living feeding on the corpses
of their relatives. A mother had eaten her dead
child and a portion of her own father's arms.
The shock to her nervous system was so great
that she lost her reason. Her name was Pash-
uno-ta, and she was both young and good look-
ing. One day iii September, while at Fort Snell-
ing, she asked Captain Jouett if he knew which
was the best portion of a man to eat, at the same
time taking him by the collar of his coat. He
replied with great astonishment, "No !" and she
then said, "The arms." She then asked for a
piece of his servant to eat, as she was nice and
fat. A few days after this she dashed herself
from the bluffs near Fort Snelling, into the river.
Her body was found just above the mouth of the
Minnesota, and decently interred by the agent.

The spring of 1826 was very backward. On
the 20tli of March snow fell to the depth of one
or one and a half feet on a level, and drifted in

NEOBO SLAVES AT FOBT SNELLING.

heaps from six to fifteen feet in height. On the
Sth of April, early in the day, there was a violent
storm,, and the ice was still thick in the river.
During the storm flashes of lightning were seen
and thunder heard. On the 10th, the thermome-
ter was four degrees above zero. On the 14th
there was rain, and on the next day the St. Peter
river broke up, but. the ice on the Mississippi re-
mained firm. On the 21st, at noon, the ice began
to move, and carried away Mr. Faribault's houses
on the east side of the river. For several days
the river was twenty feet above low water mark,
and all the houses on low lands were swept off.
On the second of May, the steamboat Lawrence,
Captain Eeeder, arrived.

Major Taliaferro had inherited several slaves,
which he used to hire to officers of the garrison.
On the 31st of March, his negro boy, WilUam,
was employed by Col. Snelling, the latter agree-
ing to clothe him. About this time, William at-
tempted to shoot a hawk, but instead shot a small
boy, named Henry Cullum, and nearly killed him.
In May, Captain Plympton, of the Fifth Infantry,
wished to purchase his negro woman, Eliza, but
he refused, as it was his intention, ultimately, to
free Ms slaves. Another of his negro girls, Har-
riet, was married at the fort, the Major perform-
ing the ceremony, to the now historic Dred Scott,
who was then a slave of Surgeon Emerson. The
only person that ever purchased a slave, to retain
in slavery, was Alexis Bailly, who bought a man
of Major Garland. The Sioux, at first, had no
prejudices against negroes. They called them
" Black Frenchmen," and placing their hands on
their woolly heads would laugh heslrtily.

The following is a list of the steamboats that
had arrived at Fort Snelling, up to May 26, 1826 :

1 Virginia, May 10, 1823 ; 2 Neville ; 3 Put-
nam, April 2, 1825 ; 3 Mandan ; 5 Indiana ; 6 Law-
rence, May 2, 1826 ; 7 Sciota ; 8 Eclipse ; 9 Jo-
sephine; 10 Fulton; 11 Red Rover; 12 Black
Rover ; 13 Warrior ; 14 Enterprise ; 16 Volant.

Life within the walls of a fort is sometimes the
exact contrast of a paradise. In the year 1826 a
Pandora box was opened, among the officers, and
dissensions began to prevail. One young officer,
a graduate of West Point, whose father had been
a professor in Princeton College, fought a duel
vrfth, and slightly wounded, WilUam Joseph, the
talented son of Colonel Snelling, who was then
7

twenty-two years of age, and had been three years
at West Point. At a Court Martial convened to
try the officer for violating the Articles of War,
the accused objected to the testimony of Lieut.
William Alexander, a Tennesseean, not a gradu-
ate of the Military Academy, on the ground that
he was an infidel. Alexander, hurt by this allu-
sion, challenged the objector, and another duel
was fought, resulting only in sUght injuries to
the clothing of the combatants. Inspector Gen-
eral E. P. Gaines, after this, visited the fort, and
in his report of the inspection he wrote: "A
defect in the discipline of this regiment has ap-
peared in the character of certain personal con-
troversies, between the Colonel and several of his
young officers, the particulars of which! forbear
to enter into, assured as I am that they will be
developed in the proceedings of a general court
martial ordered for the trial of Lieutenant Hun-
ter and other officers at Jefferson Barracks.

" From a conversation with the Colonel I can
have no doubt that he has erred in the course
pursued by him in reference to some of the con-
troversies, inasmuch as he has intimated to his
officers his wilUngness to sanction in certain cases,
and even to participate in personal conflicts, con-
trary to the twenty-fifth. Article of War."

The Colonel's son, William Joseph, after this
passed several years among traders and Indians,
and became distinguished as a poet and brilliant
author.

His "Tales of the Northwest," published in
Boston in 1820, by Hilliard, Gray, Little & Wil-
kins, is a work of great literary ability, and Catlin
thought the book was the most faithful picture of
Indian life he had read. Some of his poems were
also of a high order. One of his pieces, deficient
in dignity, was a caustic satire upon modern
American poets, and was published under the
title of " Truth, a Gift for Scribblers."

Nathaniel P. Willis, who had winced under
the last, wrote the following lampoon :
" Oh, smelling Joseph I Thou art like a cur.

I'm told thou once did live by hunting fur :

Of bigger dogs thou smellest, and, in sooth.

Of one extreme, perhaps, can tell the truth.

'Tis a wise shift, and shows thou know'st thy
powers.

To leave the ' North West tales,' and take to
smelling ours."

EXPLOSERS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

In 1832 a second edition of " Truth " appeared
with additions and emendations. In this ap-
peared the following pasquinade upon Willis :

"I live by hunting fur, thou say'st, so let it be,
But tell me, Natty I Had I himted thee,
Had not my time been thrown away, young sir,
And eke my powder ? Puppies have no fur.

Our tails ? Thou ownest thee to a tail,
I've scanned thee o'er and o'er
But, though I guessed the species right,
I was not sure before.

Our savages, authentic travelers say,
To natural fools, religious homage pay,
Hadst thou been bom in wigwam's smoke, and

died in,
Nat ! thine apotheosis had been certain."

Snelling died at Chelsea, Mass., December six-
teenth, 1848, a victim to the appetite which en-
enslaved Robert Burns.

In the year 1826, a small party of Ojibways
(Chippeways) came to see the Indian Agent,
and three of them ventured to visit the Colum-
bia Fur Company's trading house, two miles
from the Fort. While there, they became
aware of their danger, and desired two of the
white men attached to the establishment to
accompany them back, thinking that their pres-
ence might be some protection. They were in
error. As they passed a little copse, three Dali-
kotahs sprang from behind a log with the speed of
light, fired their pieces into the face of the fore-
most, and then fled. The guns must have been
double loaded, for the man's head was literally
blown from his shoulders, and his white com-
panions were spattered with brains and blood.
The survivors gained the Fort without further
molestation. Their comrade was buried on the
spot where he fell. A staff was set up on his
grave, which became a landmark, and received
the name of The Murder Pole. The murderers
boasted of their achievement and with impunity.
They and their tribe thought that they had struck
a fair blow on their ancient enemies, in a becom-
ing manner. It Was only said, that Toopunkah
Zeze of the vUlage of the Batture aux Fievres,
and two others, had each acquired a right to
wear skunk skins on their heels and war-eagles'
feathers on their heads.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1827.

On the twenty-eighth of May, 1827, the Ojib-
way chief at Sandy Lake, Kee-wee-zais-hish
called by the English, Flat Mouth with seven
warriors and some women and children, in all
amounting to twenty-four, arrived about sunrise
at Fort Snelling. Walking to the gates of the
C rison, they asked the protection of Colonel
Snelling and Taliaferro, the Indian agent. They
were told, that as long as they remained under
the United States flag, they were secure, and
were ordered to encamp within musket shot of
the high stone walls of the fort.

During the afternoon, a Dahkotah, Toopunkah
Zeze, from a village near the first rapids of the
Minnesota, visited the Ojibway camp. They
were cordially received, and a feast of meat and
corn and sugar, was soon made ready. . The
wooden plates emptied of their contents, they
engaged in conversation, and whifEed the peace
pipe.

That night, some officers and their friends were
spending a pleasant evening at the head-quarters
of Captain Clark, which was in one of the stone
houses which used to stand outside of the walls
of the fort. As Captain Cruger was walking on
the porch, a bullet whizzed by, and rapid firing
was heard. .

As the Dahkotahs, or Sioux, left the Ojibway
camp, notwithstanding their friendly talk, they
tuMied and discharged their guns with deadly aim
upon their entertainers, and ran off with a shout
of satisfaction. The report was heard by the
sentinel of the fort, and he cried, repeatedly,
" Corporal of the guard I" and soon at the gates,
were the Ojibways, with their women and the
wounded, telling their tale of woe in wild and in-
coherent language. Two had been Mlled and six
wounded. Among others, was a little girl about
seven years old, who was pierced through both
thighs with r. bullet. Surgeon McMahon made
every effort to save her life, but vrithout avail.

Flat Mouth, the chief, reminded Colonel Snel-
ling that he had been attacked while under the
protection of the United States flag, and early the
next morning. Captain Clark, with one hundred
soldiers, proceeded towards Land's End, a tra-
ding-post of the Columbia Fur Company, on the
Minnesota, a mile above the former residence of

TBAQIG 8CENI] UNBHIi THE WALLS OF THE FOBT.

Franklin Steele, where the Dahkotahs were sup-
posed to be. The soldiers had just left the large
gate of the fort, when a party of Dahkotahs, in
battle array, appeared on one of the prairie
hills. After some parleying they turned their
backs, and being pursued, thirty-two were cap-
tured near the trading-post.

Colonel SnelUng ordered the prisoners to be
brought before the Ojibways, and two being
pointed out as participants in the slaughter of "the
preceding night, they were delivered to the
aggrieved party to deal with in accordance with
their customs. They were led out to the plain
ui front of the gate of the fort, and when placed
nearly without the range of the Ojibway guns,
they were told to run for their lives. With the
rapidity of deer they bounded away, but the Ojib-
way bullet flew faster, and after a few steps,. they
fell gasping on the ground, and were soon lifeless.
Then the savage nature displayed itself in all its
hideousness. Women and children danced for
joy, and placing their fingers in the bullet holes,
from which the blood oozed, they licked them
with delight. The men tore the scalps from the
dead, and seemed to luxuriate in the privilege of
plunging their knives through the corpses. After
the execution, the Ojibways returned to the fort,
and were met by the Colonel. He had prevented
all over whom his authority extended from wit-
nessing the scene, and had done his best to con-
fine the excitement to the Indians. The same
day a deputation of Dahkotah warriors received
audience, regretting the violence that had been
done by their young men, and agreeing to deliver
up the ringleaders.

At the time appointed, a son of Flat Mouth,
with those of the Ojibwa party that were not
wounded, escorted by United States troops,
marched forth to meet the Dahkotah deputation,
on the prairie just beyond the old residence of
the Indian agent. With much solemnity two
more of the guilty were handed over to the
assaulted. One was fearless, and with firmness
stripped himself of his ' clothing and ornaments,
and distributed them. The other could not face
death with composure. He was noted for a hid-
eous hare-lip, and had a bad reputation among
his fellows. In the spirit of a coward he prayed
for life, to the mortification of his tribe. The
same opportunity was presented to them as to the

first, of running for their lives. At the first fire
the coward fell a corpse; but his brave compan-
ion, though wounded, ran on, and had nearly
reached the goal of safety, when a second bullet
killed him. The body of the coward now became
a common object of loathing for both Dahkotahs
and Ojibways.

Colonel SneUing told the Ojibways that the
bodies must be removed, and then they took the
scalped Dahkotahs, and dragging them by the
heels, threw them ofC the bluff into the river, a
hundred and fifty feet beneath. The dreadful
scene was now over ; and a detachment of troops
was sent with the old chief Flat Mouth, to escort
him out of the reach of Dahkotah vengeance.

An eyewitness wrote : " After this catastrophe,
all the Dahkotahs quitted the vicinity of Fort Snel-
ling, and did not return to it for some months.
It was said that they formed a conspiracy to de-
mand a council, and kill the Indian Agent and
the commanding officer. If this was a fact, they
had no opportunity, or wanted the spirit, to exe-
cute their purpose.

" The Flat Mouth's hand lingered in the fort
till their woimded comrade died. He was sensi-
ble of his condition, and bore his pains with great
fortitude. When he felt his end approach, he
desired that his horse might be gaily caparisoned,
and brought to the hospital window, so that he'
might touch the animal. He then took from his
medicine bag a large cake of maple sugar, and held
it forth. It may seem strange, but it is true, that
the beast ate it from his hand. His features
were radiant with delight as he f eU back on the
pillow exhausted. His horse had eaten the sugar,
he said, and he was sure of a favorable reception
and comfortable quarters in the other world.
Half an hour after, he breathed his last. We
tried to discover the details of his superstition,
but could not succeed. It is a subject on which
Indians unwillingly discourse."

In the fall of 1826, all the troops at Prairie du
Chien had been removed to Fort SneUing, the
commander taking with him two Winnebagoes
that had been confined in Fort Crawford. After
the soldiers left the Prairie, the Indians in the
vicinity were quite insolent.

In June, 1827, two keel-boats ppssed Prairie du
Chien on the way to Fort SneUing with provis-
ions. When they reached Wapashaw village, on

100

EXPLOREBS AND PIONEBBS OF MINNESOTA..

the site of the present town of Winona, the crew
were ordered to come ashore by the Dahkotahs.
Complying, they found themselves surrounded by
Indians with hostile intentions. The boatmen
had no fire-arms, but assuming a bold mien and a
defiant voice, the captain of the keel-boats ordered
the savages to leaye the decks ; which was suc-
cessful, The boats pushed on, and at Bed Wing
and Kaposia the Indians showed that they were
not friendly, though they did not molest the
boats. Before they started on their return from
Port Snelling, the men on board, amounting to
thirty-two, were all provided with muskets and a
barrel of ball cartridges.

When the descending keel-boats passed Wapa-
shaw, the Dahkotas were engaged in the war
dance, and menaced them, but made no attack.
Below this point one of the boats moved in ad-
vance of the other, and when near the mouth of
the Bad Axe, the half-breeds on board descried
hostile Indians on the banks. As the channel
neared the shore, the sixteen men on the first
boat were greeted with the war whoop and a vol-
ley of rifle balls from the excited Winnebagoes,
killing two of the crew. Bushing into their ca-
noes, the Indians made the attempt to board the
boat, and two were successful. One of these
stationed himself at the bow of the boat, and
fired VFith killing effect on the men below deck.
An old soldier of the last war with Great Britain,
called Saucy Jack, at last despatched him, and
began to rally the fainting spirits on board. Du-
ring the fight the boat had stuck on a sand-bar.
With four companions, amid a shower of balls
from the savages, he plunged into the water and
pushed off the boat, and thus moved out of reach
of the galUng shots of the Winnebagoes. As
they. floated down the river during the night,
they heard a wail in a canoe behind them, the
voice of a father mourning the death of the son
who had scaled the deck, and was now a corpse
in possession of the white men. The rear boat
passed the Bad Axe river late in the night, and
escaped an attack.

The first keel-boat arrived at Prairie du Chein,
with two of their crew dead, four wounded, and
the Indian that had been killed on the boat. The
two dead men had been residents of the Prairie,
and now the panic was increased. On the morn-
ing of the twenty-eighth of June the second i

keel -boat appeared, and among her passengers
was Joseph Snelling, the talented son of the
colonel, who wrote a story of deep interest, based
on the facts narrated.

At a meeting of the citizens it was resolved to
repair old Fort Crawford, and Thomas McNair
was appointed captain. Dirt was thrown around
the bottem logs of the fortification to prevent its
being fired, and young Snelling was put in com-
mand of one of the block-houses. On the next
day a voyageur named Loyer, and the well-known
trader Duncan Graham, started through the in-
terior, west of the Mississippi, with intelligence
of the murders, to Fort Snelling. InteUigence
of this attack was received at the fort, on the
evening of the ninth of July, and Col. Snelling
started in keel boats with forCr companies to Fort
Crawford, and on the seventeenth four more
companies left under Major Fowle. After an
absence of six weeks, the soldiers, without firing
a gun at the enemy, returned.

A few weeks after the attack upon the keel
boats General Gaines inspected the Fort, and,
subsequently in a communication to the War
Department wrote as follows ;

" The main points of defence against an enemy
appear to have been in some respects sacrificed,
in the effort to secure the comfort and conven-
ience of troops in peace. These are important
considerations, but on an exposed frontier the
primary object ought to be security against the
attack of an enemy.

" The buildings are too laige, too numerous,
and extending over a space entirely too great,
enclosing a large parade, five times greater than
is at all desireable in that cUmate. The build-
ings for the most part seem well constructed, of
good stone and other materials, and they contain
every desirable convenience, comfort and securi-
ty as barracks and store houses.

" The work may be rendered very strong and
adapted to a garrison of two hundred men by re-
moving one-half the buildings, and with the ma-
terials of which they are constructed, building a
tower suflSciently high to command the lull be-
tween the Mississippi and St. Peter's [Minnesota],
and by a block house on the extreme point, or
brow of the cUfE, near the commandant's quarters,
to secure most effectually the banks of the river,
and the boats at the landing.

DEATH OF COL. JOSIAH SNELLINO.

101

" Much credit is due to Colonel Snelling, his
officers and men, for their immense labors and
excellent workmanship exhibited in the construc-
tion of these barracks and store houses, but this
has been effected too much at the expense of the
discipline of the regiment."

From reports made from 1823 to 1826, the health
of the troops was good. In the year ending Sep-
tember thirty, 1823, there were but two deaths ;
in 1824 only six, and in 1825 but seven.

In 182i5 there were three desertions, in 1824
twenty-two, and in 1825 twenty-nine. Most of
the deserters were fresh recruits and natives of
America, Ten of the deserters were foreigners,
and five of these were born in Ireland. In 1826
there were eight companies numbering two hun-

dred and fourteen soldiers quartered in the Fort-
During the fall of 1827 the Fifth Regiment w&s
reUeved by a part of the First, and the next year
Colonel SnelUng proceeded to Washington on bus-
iness, where he died with Inflammation of the
brain. Major General Macomb announcing his
death in an order, wrote :

" Colonel Snelling joined the army in early
youth. In the battle of Tippecanoe, he was
distinguished for gallantry and good, conduct.
Subsequently and during the whole late war with
Great Britain, from the battle of Brownstovni to
the termination of the contest, he was actively
employed in the field, with credit to himself, and
honor to his country."

102

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTER XVII.

OCCURRENCES IN THE VICINITY 01" FORT SNELLING, CONTINTXED.

Arrival of J. N. NicoUei— Marriage of James WoUs— Nicollet's l6ti»r from Falls-
of St. Anthony — Perils of Mai-tin McLeod— Chippoway treachery— Sioux Ro
venge — Ruin River and Stillwater battles — Grog shops near the Fort.

On the second of July 1836, the steamboat
Samt Peter landed supplies, and among its
passengers was the distinguished French as-
tronomer, Jean N. Nicollet (Nicobiy). Major
Taliaferro on the twelfth of July, wrote;
" Mr. McoUet, on a visit to the post for scientific
research, and at present ia my family, has shown
me the late work of Henry E. Schoolcraft on the
discovery of the source of the Mississippi ; which
claim is ridiculous in the extreme." On the
twenty-seventh, Mcollet ascended the Mississippi
on a tour of observation.

James Wells, a trader, who afterwards was a
member of the legislature, at the house of Oliver
Cratte, near the fort, was married on the twelfth
of September, by Agent Taliaferro, to Jane, a
daughter of Dimcan Graham. Wells was killed
in 1862, by the Sioux, at the time of the massacre
in the Minnesota Valley.

NicoUet in September returned from his trip
to Leech Lake, and on the twenty-seventh wrote
the following to Major Taliaferro the Indian
Agent at the fort, which is supposed to be the
earliest letter extant written from the »ite of the
city of Minneapolis. As the principal hotel and
one of the finest avenues of that city bears his
name it is worthy of preservation. He spelled
his name sometimes Nicoley, and the pronuncia-
tion in English, would be Nicolay, the same as
if written Nicollet in French. The letter shows
that he had not mastered the English language :
" St. Anthony's Falls, 27th September, 1836,

Dear Friend :— I arrived last evening about
dark; all well, nothing lost, nothing broken,
happy and a very successful journey. But I
done exhausted, and nothing can reUeve me, but
the pleasure of meeting you again under your
hospitable roof, and to see aU the friends of the
garrison who have been so kind to me.

" This letter is more particularly to give you
a very extraordinary tide. Flat Mouth, the chief
of Leech Lake and suite, ten in number are with
me. The day before yesterday I met them again
at Swan river where they detained me one day.
I had to bear a new harangue and gave answer.
All terminated by their own resolution that they
ought to give you the hand, as well as to the
Guinas of the Fort (Colonel Davenport.) I
thought it my duty to acquaint you with it be-
forehand. Peace or war are at stake of the visit
they pay you. Please give them a good welcome
until I have reported to you and Colonel Daven-
port aU that has taken place during my stay
among the Pillagers. But be assured I have not
trespassed and that I have behaved as woiild
have done a good citizen of the U. S. As to
Schoolcraft's statement alluding to you, you wUl
have full and complete satisfaction from Flat
Mouth himself. In haste, your friend, J. N.

NiCOLEY."

EVENTS OF A. D. 1837.

On the seventeenth of March, 1837, there ar-
rived Martin McLeod, who became a prominent
citizen of Minnesota, and the legislatm-e has
given his name to a county.

He left the Red River country on snow shoes,
with two companions, one a Polander and the
other an Irishman named Hays, and Pierre Bot-
tineau as interpreter. Being lost in a violent
snow storm the Pole and Irishman perished. He
and his guide, Bottineau, lived for a time on the
flesh of one of their dogs. After being twenty-
six days without seeing any one, the survivors
reached the trading post of Joseph R. Brown, at
Lake Traverse, and from thence they came to
the fort.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1838.

In the month of April, eleven Sioux were slain
in a dastardly manner, by a party of Ojibways,

INDIAN BATTLES AT BUM BIVEB. AND STILLWATEB.

103

under the noted and elder Hole-in-ihe-Day. The
Chippeways feigned the wannest friendship, and
at dark lay down in the tents by the side of the
Sioux, and in the night silently arose and killed
them. The occurrence took place at the Chlppe-
way River, about thirty miles from Lac qui Parle,
and the next day the Eev. G. H. Pond, the Indian
missionary, accompanied by a Sioux, -v.ent out
and buried the mutilated and scalpless bodies.

On the second of August old Hole-in-the-Day,
and some Ojibways, came to the fort. They
stopped first at the cabin of Peter Quian, whose
wife was a half-breed Chlppeway, about a mile
from the fort.

The missionary, Samuel W. Pond, told the
agent that the Sioux, of Lake Calhoun were
aroused, and on their way to attack the Chippe-
ways. The agent quieted them for a time, but
two of the relatives of those slain at Lac qui Parle
In April, hid themselves near Quinn's house, and
as Hole-in-the-Day and his associates were pass-
ing, they fired and killed one Chippeway and
wounded another. Obequette , a Chippeway from
Eed Lake, succeded, however, in shooting a
Sioux whUe he was in the act of scalping his
comrade. The Chippeways were brought withia
the fort as soon as possible, and at nine o'clock
a Sioux was confined in the guard-house as a
hostage.

Notwithstanding the murdered Chippeway had
been buried in the graveyard of the fort for safety,
an attempt was made on the part of some of the
Sioux, to dig it up. On the evening of the sixth,
Major Plympton sent the Chippeways across the
river to the east side, and ordered them to go
home as soon as possible.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1839.

On the twentieth day of June the elder Hole-
in-the-Day arrived from the Upper Mississippi
with several hundred Chippeways. Upon their
return homeward the Mississippi and Mille Lacs
band encamped the first night at the Palls of Samt
Anthony, and some of the Sioux visited them and
smoked the pipe of peace.

On the second of July, about sunrise, a son-in-
law of the chief of the Sioux band, at Lake Cal-
houn, named Meekaw or Badger, was killed and
scalped by two Chippeways of the Pillager band,
relatives of him who lost his life near Patrick

Quinn's the year before. The excitement was
Intense among the Sioux, and immediately war
parties started in pursuit. Hole-in-the-Day's
band was not sought, but the Mille Lacs and
Saint Croix Chippeways. The Lake Calhoun
Sioux, with those from the villages on the
Minnesota, assembled at the Palls of Saint
Anthony, and on the morning of the fourth
of July, came up with the Mille Lacs
Chippeways on Eum Eiver, before sunrise. Not
long after the war whoop was raised and the
Sioux attacked, killing and woimduig ninety.

The Kaposia band of Sioux pursued the Saint
Croix Chippeways, and on the third of July found
them in the Penitentiary ravine at Stillwater,
under the influence of whiskey. Aitkin, the old
trader, was with them. The sight of the
Sioux tended to make them sober, but in the fight
twenty-one were killed and twenty-nine were
wounded.

"Whisky, during the year 1839, was freely in-
troduced, in the face of the law prohibiting it.
The first boat of the season, the Ariel, came to
the fort on the fourteenth of April, and brought
twenty barrels of whisky for Joseph E. Brown,
and on the twenty-first of May, the Glaucus
brought six barrels of liquor for David Faribault.
On the thirtieth of June, some soldiers went to
Joseph E. Brown's groggery on the opposite side
of the Mississippi, and that night forty - seven
were la the guard-house for drunkenness. The
demoralization then existing, led to a letter by
Surgeon Emerson on duty at the fort, to the Sur-
geon General of the United States army, in which
he writes :

" The whisky is brought here by citizens who
are pouring in upon us and settling themselves
on the opposite shore of the Mississippi river,
in - defiance of our worthy commanding ofiicer,
Major J. Plympton, whose authority they set
at naught. At this moment there is a
citizen named Brown, once a soldier in
the . Fifth Infantry, who was .discharged at
this post, while Colonel Snelling commanded,
and who has been since employed by the Ameri-
can Fur Company, actually bmldiag on the land
marked out by the land oflicers as the reserve,
and within gunshot distance of the fort, a very
expensive whisky shop."

104

EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTER XVIII.

INDIAN TRIBES IN MINNESOTA AT THE TIME OF ITS ORGANIZATION.

Sioux or Dahkotah people— Meoningof words Sioux and Snlikotah— Uarly villages
— Residcuce of Sioux in 1849— The Winnobogoes— The Ojibways or CIiippowayB.

The three Indian nations who dwelt in this
region after the organization of Minnesota, were
the Sioux or Dahkotahs ; the Ojihways or Chip-
peways ; and the Ho-tchun-graws or Wiimeha-
goes.

SIOTTX OB DAHKOTAHS.

They are an entirely diflEerent group from the
Algonquin and Iroquois, who were found by the
early settlers of the Atlantic States, on the banks
of the Connecticut, Mohawk, and Susquehanna
Rivers-

When the Dahkotahs were first noticed by the
European adventurers, large numbers were occu-
pying the Mille Lacs region of country, and appro-
priately called by the voyageur, "People of the
Lake," "Gens du Lac." And tradition asserts that
here was the ancient centre of this tribe. Though
we have traces of their warring and hunting on the
shores of Lake Superior, there is no satisfactory
evidence of their residence, east of the Mille Lacs
region, as they have no name for Lake Superior.

The word Dahkotah, by which they love to be
designated, signifies allied or joined together in
friendly compact, and is equivalent to " E pluri-
bus unum," the motto on the seal of the United
States.

In the history of the mission at La Pointe,
Wisconsin, published nearly two centuries ago, a
a writer, referring to the Dahkotahs, remarks :

"For sixty leagues from the extremity of the
Upper Lake, toward sunset ; and, as it were in
the centre of the western nations, they have all
united tlieir force by a general league."

The Dahkotahs in the earliest documents, and
even until the present day, are called Sioux, Scioux,
or Soos. The name originated with the early voy-
ageurs. For centuries the Ojihways of Lake
Superior waged war against the Dahkotahs ; and,

whenever they spoke of them, called them Nado-
waysioux, which signifies enemies.

The French traders, to avoid exciting the atten-
tion of Indians, while conversing in their pres-
ence, were accustomed to designate them by
names, which would not be recognized.

The Dahkotahs were nicknamed Sioux, a word
composed of the two last syllables of the Ojibway
word for foes

Under the influence of the French traders, the
eastern Sioux began to wander from the Mille
Lacs region. A trading post at 0-ton-we-kpar
dan, or Rice Creek, above the Falls of Saint
Anthony, induced some to erect their summer
dwellings and plant com there, which took the
place of wild rice. Those who dwelt here were
called Wa-kpa-a-ton-we-dan Those v/ho dwell on
the creek. Another division was known as the
Ma-tan-ton-wan.

Less than a hundred years ago, it is said that
the eastern Sioux, pressed by the Chippeways,
and influenced, by traders, moved seven mUes
above Fort SneUing on the Minnesota River.

MBD-DAY-WAH-ICAWN-TWAWNS.

In 1849 there were seven villages of Med-day-
wah-kawn-twawn Sioux. (1) Below Lake Pepin,
where the city of Winona is, was the village of
Wapashaw. This band was called Kee-yu-ksa,
because with them blood relations intermarried.
Bounding or Whippmg Wind was the chief. (2)
At the head of Lake Pepin, under a lofty bluff,
was the Red Wing village, called Ghay-mni-chan
Hill, wood and water. Shooter was the name
of the chief. (3) Opposite, and a little below the
Pig's Eye Marsh, was the Kaposia band. The
word, Kapoja means light, given because these
people are quick travelers. His Scarlet People,
better known as Little Crow, was the chief, and
is notorious as the leader in the massacre of 1862.

On the Minnesota River, on the south side

NOTICE OF THE HOTCHONGIiAWS, OR WINNEBAOOES.

105

a few miles above Fort Snelling, was Black Dog
village. The inhabitants were called, Ma-ga7yu-
tay-shnee. People who do not a geese, be-
cause they found it profitable to sell game at Fort.
SneUing. Grey Iron was the chief, also known
as Pa-ma-ya-yaw, My head aches.

At Oak Grove, on the north side of the nver,
eight miles above the fort, was (5) Hay-ya-ta-o-
ton-wan, or Inland Village, so called because
they formerly lived at Lake Calkoun. Contigu-
ous was (6) 0-ya-tay-shee-ka, or Bad People,
Known as Good Eoads Band and (7) the largest
village was Tin-ta-ton-wan, Prairie Village;
Shokpay, or Six, was the chief, and is now the
site of the to-wn of Shakopee.
West of this division of the Sioux were—

WAR-PA Y-KU-TAY.

The "War-pay-ku-tay, or leaf shooters, who
occupied the country south of the Minnesota
around the sources of the Cannon and Blue Earth
Elvers.

WAE-PAY-TWAWNS.

North and west of the last were the War-pay-
twawns, or People of the Leaf, and their princi-
pal village was Lac qui Parle. They numbered
about fifteen hundred.

SE-SEB-TWAWNS .

To the west and southwest of these bands of
Sioux were the Se-see-twawns (Sissetoans), or
Swamp Dwellers. This band claimed the land
west of the Blue Earth to the James Kiver, and
the guardianship of the Sacred Red Pipestone
Quarry. Their principal village was at Traverse,
and the number of the band was estimated at
tMrty-eight hundred.

HO-TCHUN-GBAWS, OR WINNEBAGOES.

The Ho-tchun-graws, or Winnebagoes, belong
to the Dahkotah family of aborigines. Cham-
plain, although he never visited them, mentions
them. Nicollet, who had been in his employ,
visited Green Bay about the year 1635, and an
early Relation mentions that he saw- the Ouini-
pegous, a people called so, because they came
from a distant sea, which some French erron-
eously called Puants. Another writer speak-

,ing of .these people says : " This people are
called ' Les Puants ' not because of any bad odor

-peculiar to them, but because they claim to have
come from the shores of a far distant lake,
towards the north, whose waters are salt. They
call themselves the people ' de I'eau puants,' of
the putrid or bad water."

By the treaty of 1837 they were removed to
Iowa, and by another treaty in October, 1846,
they came to Minnesota in the spring of 1848,
to the country between the Long Prairie,
and Crow Wing Rivers. The agency was located
on Long Prairie River, forty miles from the
Mississippi, and in 1849 the tribe numbered
about twenty-five hundred souls.

In February 1855, another treaty was made
with them, and that spring they removed to lands
on the Blue Earth River. Owing to the panic
caused by the outbreak of the Sioux in 1862, Con-
gress, by a special act, without consulting them,
in 1863, removed them from their fields in Min-
nesota to the Missouri River, and in the words
of a missionary, "they were, like the Sioux,
dumped in the desert, one hundred miles above
Fort Randall"

OJIBWAY OR CHIPPEWAY NATION.

The Ojibways or Leapers, when the French
came to Lake Superior, had their chief settlement-
at Sault St. Marie, and were called by the French
Saulteurs, and by the Sioux, Hah-ha-tonwan,
Dwellers at the Falls or Leaping Waters.

When Du Luth erected his trading post at the
western extremity of Lake Superior, they had not
obtained any foothold in Minnesota, and were
constantly at war with their hereditary enemes,
the Nadouaysioux. By the middle of the
eighteenth century, they had pushed in and occu-
pied Sandy, Leech, Mille Lacs and other points
between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, which
had been dwelling places of the Sioux. In 1820
the principal villages of Ojibways in Minnesota
were at Fond du Lac, Leech Lake and Sandy
Lake. In 1837 they ceded most of their lands.
Since then, other treaties have been made, until
in the year 1881, they are confined to a few res-
ervations, in northern Minnesota and vicinity.

106

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTEE XIX.

EAKLY MISSIONS AMONG THE OJIBWAYS AND DAHK0TAH8 OP MINNESOTA.

Jesuit Missions not permanent— Pl-csbytcriaii Mission at Macltinaw— Visit of Rev.
A. Coe and J D. Stevens to Fort SiielUnp— Notice of Ayers, Hall, ami Boutwell
— Formation o( the word Itasca— The Brothers Pond— Arrival of Dr. William-
son—Presbyterian Church at Fort SneUing — Mission at Lake Harriet— Mourn-
ing for the Dead— Church at Lac-qui parle- Father Ravour— Mission at Lake
Pokeguma— Attack by the Sioux— Chippeway attack at Pig's Eye— Death of
Rev. Sherman Hall— Methodist Missions Rev. S. W. Pond prepares a Sioux
Grammar and Dictionary Swiss Presbyterian Mission.

Bancroft the distinguished historian, catching
the enthusiasm of the narratives of the early
Jesuits, depicts, in language which glows, their
missions to the Northwest ; yet it is erroneous
to suppose that the Jesuits exercised any perma-
nent influence on the Aborigines.

Shea, a devoted member of the Roman Catho-
lic Church, in his History of American Catholic
Missions writes : " In 1680 Father Engalran was
apparently alone at Green Bay, and Pierson at
Mackinaw. Of the other missions neither Le-
Clerq nor Hennepiu, the BecoUect writers of the
West at this time, make any mention, or ia any
way aUude to their existence." He also says
that "Father Menard had projected a Sioux
mission ; Marquette, Allouez, DruiUetes, aU en-
tertained hopes of realizing it, and had some
intercourse with that nation, but none of them
ever succeeded in establishing a mission."

Father Hennepin wrote: " Can it be possible,
that, that pretended prodigious amount of savage
converts could escape the sight of a multitude
of French Canadians who travel every year?
* * * * How comes it to pass that these
churches so devout and so numerous, should be
invisible, when I passed through so many
countries and nations ? "

After the American Fur Company was formed,
the island of Mackinaw became the residence of
the principal agent for the Northwest, Robert
Stuart a Scotchman, and devoted Presbyterian.
In the month of June, 1820, the Rev. Dr.
Morse, father of the distinguished inventor of
the telegraph, visited and preached at Mackinaw,
and in consequence of statements published by

him, upon his return, a Presbyterian Missionary
Society in the state of New York sent a graduate
of Union College, the Rev. W. M. Ferry, father
of the present United States Senator from Michi-
gan, to explore the field. In 1823 he had estab-
lished a large boarding school composed of
children of various tribes, and here some were
educated who became wives of men of intelli-
gence and influence at the capital of Minnesota.
After a few years, it was determined by the
Mission Board to modify its plans, and in the
place of a great central station, to send mission-
aries among the several tribes to teach and to
preach.

In pursuance of this policy, the Rev. Alvan
Coe, and J. D. Stevens, then a licentiate who
had been engaged in the Mackinaw Mission,
made a tour of exploration, and arrived on
September 1, 1829, at Fort Snelling. In the
journal of Major Lawrence Taliaferro, which
is in possession of the Minnesota Historical
Society, is the following entry : " The Rev.
Mr. Coe and Stevens reported to be on their way
to this post, members of the Presbyterian church
looking out for suitable places to make mission-
ary establishment for the Sioux and Chippeways,
found schools, and mstruct in the arts and agri-
culture."

The agent, although not at that time a commu-
nicant of the Church, welcomed these visitors,
and afforded them every facility in visiting the
Indians. On Sunday, the 6th of September, the
Eev. Mr. Coe preached twice in the fort, and the
next night held a prayer meeting at the quarters
of the commanding officer. On the next Sunday
he preached again, and on the 14th, with Mr.
Stevens and a hired guide, returned to Mackinaw
by way of the St. Croix river. During this visit
the agent offered for a Presbyterian mission the
mill which then stood on the site of Minneapolis,
and had been erected by the government, as well as

FORMATION OF THE WORD ITASKA.

107

the farm at Lake Calhoun, which was begun to
teach the Sioux agriculture.

CHIPPBWAY MISSIONS.

In 1830, F. Ayer, one of the teachers at Mack-
iaaw, made an exploration as far as La Pointe,
and returned.

Upon the 30th day of August, 1831, a Macki-
naw boat about forty feet long arrived at La
Pointe, bringiag from Mackinaw the principal
trader, Mr. Warren, Eev. Sherman Hall and wife,
and Mr. Frederick Ayer, a catechist and teacher.

Mrs. Hall attracted great attention, as she was
the first white woman who had visited that
region. Sherman Hall was born on April 30,
1801, at "Wethersfleld, Vermont, and in 1828
graduated at Dartmouth College, and completed
his theological studies at Andover, Massachu-
setts, a few weeks before he journeyed to the
Indian country.

His classmate at Dartmouth and Andover, the
Eev W. T. Boutwell still living near Stillwater,
became his yoke-fellow, but remained for a time
at Mackinaw, which they reached about the mid-
dle of July. In June, 1832, Henry B. School-
craft, the head of an exploring expedition, invited
Mr. Boutwell to accompany him to the sources of
the Mississippi.

When the expedition reached Lac la Biche or
Elk Lake, on July 13, 1832, Mr. Schoolcraft, who
was not a Latin scholar, asked the Latin word for
truth, and was told "Veritas." He then wanted
the word which signified head, and was told
"caput." To the astonishment of many, School-
craft struck ofE the first sylable, of the word
ver-i-tas and the last sylable of ca-put, and thus
coined the word Itasca, which he gave to the
lake, and which some modem vraters, with all
gravity, tell us was the name of a maiden who
once dwelt on its banks. Upon Mr. Boutwell's
return from this expedition he was at first asso-
ciated with Mr. Hall in the mission at La Pointe.

In 1833 the mission band which had centered
at La Pointe diffused their influence. In Octo-
ber Rev. Mr. Boutwell went to Leech Lake, Mr.
Ayer opened a school at YeUow Lake, Wiscon-
sin, and Mr. E. F. Ely, now in California, became
a teacher at Aitkin's trading post at Sandy Lake.

SIOTJX MISSIONAKIES.

Mr. Boutwell, of Leech Lake Station, on the

sixth of May, 1834, happened to be on a visit to
Fort Snelling. WhUe there a steamboat arrived,
and among the passengers were two young men,
brothers, natives of Washington, Connecticut,
Samuel W. and Gideon H. Pond, who had come,
constrained by the love of Christ, and without con-
ferring with flesh and blood, to try to improve
the Sioux.

Samuel, the older brother, the year before, had
talked with a liquor seller in Galena, Illinois, who
had come from the Eed River country, and the
desire was awakened to help the Sioux ; and he
wrote to his brother to go with him.

The Rev. Samuel W. Pond still lives at Shako-
pee, in the old mission house, the first building of
sawed lumber erected in the vaUey of the Minne-
sota, above Fort Snelling.

MISSIONS AMONG THE SIOUX A. D. 1835.

About this period, a native of South Carolina,
a graduate of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania,
the Rev. T. S. Williamson, M. D., who previous
to his ordination had been a respectable physi-
cian in Ohio, was appointed by the American
Board of Foreign Missions to visit the Dahkotahs
with the view of ascertaining what could be done
to introduce Christian instruction. Having made
inquiries at Prairie du Chien and Fort SneUing,
he reported the field was favorable.

The Presbyterian and Congregational Churches,
through their joint Missionary Society, appointed
the following persons to labor in Minnesota:
Rev. Thomas S. Williamson, M. D., missionary
and physician ; Eev. J. D. Stevens, missionary ;
Alexander Huggins, farmer ; and their Wives ;
Miss Sarah Poage, and Lucy Stevens, teachers;
who were prevented during the year 1834, by the
state of navigation, from entering upon their
work.

During the winter of 1834-35, a pious officer
of the army exercised a good influence on his
fellow ofiicers and soldiers under his command.
In the absence of a chaplain of ordained minis-
ter, he, like General Havelock, of the British
army in India, was accustomed not only to drill
the soldiers, jbut to meet them in bis own quar-
ters, and reason with them "of righteousness,
temperance, and judgment to come."

In the month of May, 1835; Dr. Williamson
and mission band arrived at Fort Snelling, and

108

EXPLOMEBS AND PJONllUBS OF MINNESOTA.

were hospitably received by the officers of the
garrison, the Indian Agent, and Mr. Sibley, Agent
of the Company at Mendota, who had been in
the country a few months.

On the twenty-seventh of this month the Rev.
Dr. "Williamson united in marriage at the Fort
Lieutenant Edward A. Ogden to Eliza Edna, the
daughter of Captain G. A. Loomis, the first
marriage service in which a clergyman officiated
in the present State of Minnesota.

On the eleventh of June a meeting was held
at the Port to organize a Presbyterian Church,
sixteen persons who had been communicants,
and six who made a profession of faith, one of
whom was Lieutenant Ogden, were enrolled as
members.

Four elders were elected, among whom were
Capt. Gustavus Loomis and Samuel W. Pond.
The next day a lecture preparatory to administer-
ing the communion, was deUvered, and on Sun-
day, the 14th, the first organized church in the
Valley of the Upper Mississippi assembled for
the first time in one of the Company rooms of the
Fort. The services in the morning were conducted
by Dr. Williamson. The afternoon service com-
menced at 2 o'clock. The sermon of Mr. Stevens
was upon a most appropriate text, 1st Peter, ii:25 ;
" For ye were as sheep going astray, but are now
returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your
souls." After the discourse, the sacrament of the
Lord's supper was administered.

At a meeting of the Session on the thirty-first
of July, Rev. J. D. Stevens, missionary, was in-
vited to preach to the church, " so long as the
duties of his mission will permit, and also to pre-
side at all the meetings of the Session." Captain
Gustavus Loomis was elected Stated Clerk of the
Session, and they resolved to observe the monthly
concert of prayer on the first Monday of each
month, for the conversion of the world.

Two points were selected by the missionaries
as proper spheres of labor. Mr. Stevens and
family proceeded to Lake Ilaniet, and Dr. Wil-
hamson and family, in June, proceeded to Lac
qui Parle.

As there had never been a chaplain at Fort
Snelllng, the Rev. J. D. Stevens, the missionary
at Lake Harriet, preached on Sundays to the
Presbyterian church, there, recently organized.

Writing on January twenty-seventh, 1836, he
says, in relation to his field of labor :

" Yesterday a portion of this band of Indians,
who had been some time absent from this village,
returned. One of the number (a woman) was
informed that a brother of hers had died during
her absence. He was not at this village, i)ut
with another band, and the information had just
reached here. In the evening they set up a most
piteous crying, or rather waiting, which con-
tinued, with some little cessations, during the
night. The sister of the deceased brother would
repeat, times without number, words which may
be thus translated into EngUsh : ' Come, my
brother, I shall see you no more for ever.' The
night was extremely cold, the thermometer
standing from ten to twenty below zero. About
sunrise, next morning, preparation was made for
performing the ceremony of cutting their flesh,
in order to give relief to their grief of mind.
The snow was removed from the frozen ground
over about as large a space as would be required
to place a smaU Indian lodge or wigwam. In the
centre a very small fire was kindled up, not to
give warmth, apparently, but to cause a smoke.
The sister of the deceased, who was the chief
mourner, came out of her lodge followed by
three other women, who repau-ed to the place
prepared. They were all barefooted, and nearly
naked. Here they set up a most bitter lamenta-
tion and crying, mingling their wailings with the
words before mentioned. The principal mom-ner
commenced gashing or cutting her ankles, and
legs up to the knees with a sharp stone, until her
legs were covered with gore and flowing blood ;
then in like manner her arms, shoulders, and
breast. The others cut themselves in the same
way, but not so severely. On this poor infatuated
woman I presume there were more than a hun-
dred long deep gashes in the flesh. I saw the
operation, and the blood instantly followed the
instrument, and flowed down upon the flesh. She
appeared frantic with grief. Through the pain
of her wounds, the loss of blood, exhaustion of
strength by fastmg, loud and long-continued and
bitter groans, or the extreme cold upon her al-
most naked and lacerated body, she soon sunk
upon the frozen ground, shaking as with a violent
fit of the ague, and writhing in apparent agony.
' Surely,' I exclaimed, as I beheld the bloody

A SOMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONARY.

109

scene, 'the tender mercies of the heathen are
cruelty I'

" The little church at the fort begins to mani-
fest something of a missionary spirit Their con-
tributions are considerable for so small a nmnber.
I hope they will not only be willing to contribute
liberally of their substance, but will give them-
selves, at least some of them, to the missionary
work.

" The surgeon of the military post, Dr. Jarvis,
has been very assiduous in his attentions to us in
our sickness, and has very generously made a do-
nation to our board of twenty-five dollars, being
the amount of his medical services in our family;

" On the nineteenth instant we commenced a
school with six full Indian children, at least so in
all their habits, dress, etc.; not one could speak a
word of any language but Sioux. The school has
since increased to tlie number of twenty-five. I
am now collecting and arranging words for a dic-
tionary. Mr. Pond is assiduously employed in
preparing a small speUing-book, which we may
forward next mail for printing.

On the fifteenth of September, 1836, a Presby-
terian church was organized at Lac-qui-Parle, a
branch of that in and near Port Snelling, and
Joseph Renville, a mixed blood of great influ-
ence, became a communicant. He had been
trained in Canada by a Boman Catholic priest,
but claimed the right of private judgment. Mr.
Renville's wife was the first pure Dahkotah of
whom we have any record that ever joined the
Church of Christ. This church has never become
extinct, although its members have been neces-
sarily nomadic. After the treaty of Traverse des
Sioux, it was removed to Hazlewood. Driven
from thence by the outbreak of 1862, it has be-
came the parent of other churches, in the valley
of the upper Missouri, over one of which John
Renville, a descendant of the elder at Lac-qui-
Parle, is the pastor.

BOMAN CATHOLIC MISSION ATTEMPTED.

Father Bavoux, recently from Prance, a sin-
cere and earnest priest of the Church of Rome,
came to Mendota in the autumn of 1841, and
after a brief sojourn with the Rev. L. Galtier,
who had erected Saint Paul's chapel, which has
given the name of Saint Paul to the capital of
Minnesota, he ascended the Minnesota River^
and visited Lac-qui-Parle.

Bishop Loras, of Dubuque, wrote the next year
of his visit as follows : " Our young missionary,
M. Ravoux, passed the winter on the banks of
Lac-qui-Parle, without any other support than
Providence, without any other means of conver-
sion than a burning zeal, he has wrought in the
space of six months, a happy revolution among
the Sioux. Prom the time of his arrival he has
been occupied night and day in the study of their
language. ***** When he iostructs
the savages, he speaks to them with so much fire
whilst showing them a large copper crucifix which
he carries on his breast, that he makes the strong-
est impression upon them."

The impression, however was evanescent, and
he soon retired from the field, and no more efforts
were made in this direction by the Church of
Rome. This young Mr. Ravoux is now the highly
respected vicar of the Roman Catholic diocese of
Minnesota, and justly esteemed for his simplicity
and unobtrusiveness.

CHIPPBWAY MISSIONS AT POKEGTTMA.

Pokeguma is one of the " Mille Lacs," or thou-
sand beautiful lakes for which Minnesota is re-
markable. It is about four or five miles in extent,
and a mile or more in width.

This lake is situated on Snake River, about
twenty mUes above the junction of that stream
with the St. Croix.

In the year 1836, missionaries came to reside
among the Ojibways and Pokeguma, to promote
their temporal and spiritual welfare. Their mis-
sion house was built on the east side of the lake ;
but the Indian vUlage was on an island not far
from the shore.

In a letter written in 1837, we find the fol-
lowing: "The young women and girls now
make, mend, wash, and iron after our man-
ner. The men have learned to build log houses,
drive team, plough, hoe, and handle an American
axe with some skill in cutting large trees, the
size of which, two years ago, would have afforded
them a sufficient reason why they should not med-
dle with them."

In May, 1841, Jeremiah Russell, who was In-
dian farmer, sent two Chippeways, accompanied
by Blam Greeley, of Stillwater, to the Palls of
Saint Croix for supplies. On Saturday, the
fifteenth of the month they arrived there, and

110

BXPL0BEB8 AND PI0NEUB8 OF MINNESOTA.

the next day a steamboat came up with the
goods. The captain said a war party of Sioux,
headed by Little Crow, was advancing, and the
two Chippeways prepared to go back and were
their friends.

They had hardly left the Palls, on their re-
turn, before they saw a party of Dahkotahs. The
sentinel of the enemy had not noticed the ap-
proach of the young men. In the twinkling of
an eye, these two young Ojibways raised their
guns, fired,- and killed two of Little Crow's sons.
The discharge of the guns revealed to a sentinel,
that an enemy was near, and as the Ojibways
were retreating, he fired, and mortally wounded
one of the two.

According to custom, the corpses of the chief's
sons were dressed, and then set up with their
faces towards the country of their ancient ene-
mies. The wounded Ojibway was horribly
mangled by the infuriated party, and his limbs
strevm about in every direction. His scalped
head was placed in a kettle, and suspended in
front of the two Dahkotah corpses.

Little Crow, disheartened by the loss of his two
boys, returned with his party to Kaposia. But
other parties were in the field.

It was not till Friday, the twenty-first of May,
that the death of one of the young Ojibways
sent by Mr. Russell, to the Palls of Saint Croix,
was known at Pokeguma.

Mr. Russell on the next Sunday, accompanied
by Captain "William Ilolcomb and a half-breed,
went to the mission station to attend a religious
service, and while crossing the lake in returning,
the half-breed said that it was rumored that the
Sioux were approaching. On Monday, the twen-
ty-fourth, three young men left in a canoe to go
to the west shore of the lake, and from thence to
Mille Lacs, to give intelligence to the Ojibways
there, of the skirmish that had already occurred.
They took with them two Indian girls, about
twelve years of age, who were pupils of the mis-
sion school, for the purpose of bringing the canoe
back to the island. Just as the three were land-
ing, twenty or thirty Dahkotah warriors, with a
war whoop emerged from their concealment be-
hind the trees, and fired into the canoe. The
young men instantly sprang into the water, which

was shallow, returned the fire, and ran into the
woods, escaping without material injury.

The little girls, in their fright, waded into the
lake; but were pursued. Their parents upon
the island, heard the death cries of their children.
Some of the Indians around the mission-house
jumped into their canoes and gained the island.
Others went into some fortified log huts. The
attack upon the canoe, it was afterwards learned,
was premature. The party upon that side of the
lake were ordered not to fire, until the party
stationed in the woods near the mission began.

There were in all one hundred and eleven
Dahkotah warriors, and all the fight was in the
vicinity of the mission-house, and the Ojibways
mostly engaged in it were those who had been
under religious instruction. The rest were upon
the island.

The fathers of the murdered girls, burning for
revenge, left the island in a canoe, and drawing
it up on the shore, hid behind it, and fired upon
the Dahkotahs and killed one. The Dahkotahs
advancing upon them, they were obliged to
escape. The canoe was now laimched. One lay
on his back in the bottom; the other plunged
into the water, and, holding the canoe with one ,
hand, and swimming with the other, he towed
his friend out of danger. The Dahkotahs, in-
furiated at their escape, fired volley after volley
at the swimmer, but he escaped the balls by
putting his head under water whenever he saw
them take aim, and waiting till he heard the
discharge, he would then look up and breathe.

After a fight of two hours, the Dahkotahs re-
treated, with a loss of two men. At the request
of the parents, Mr. E. P. Ely, from whose
notes the writer has obtained these facts, be-
ing at that time a teacher at the mission,
went across the lake, with two of his friends, to
gather the remains of his murdered pupils. He
found the corpses on the shore. The heads cut
off and scalped, with a tomahawk buried in the
brains of each, were set up in the sand near the
bodies. The bodies were pierced in the breast,
and the right arm of one was taken away. Re-
moving the tomahawks, the bodies were brought
back to the island, and in the afternoon were
buried in accordance with the simple but solemn
rites of the Church of Christ, by members of the
mission.

SIOUX MISSIONABIES BEFOBE THE TREATIES.

Ill

The sequel to this story is soon told. .The In-
dians of Pokeguma, after the fight, deserted their
village, and went to reside with their countrymen
near Lake Superior.

In July of the following year, 1842, a war party
was formed at Fond du Lac, about forty in num-
ber, and proceeded towards the Dahkotah country.
Sneaking, as none but Indians can, they arrived
unnoticed at the little settlement below Saint
Paul, commonly called "Pig's Eye," which is
opposite to what was Kaposia, or Little Crow's
village. Finding an Indian woman at work in
the garden of her husband, a Canadian, by the
name of Gamelle, they killed her ; also another
woman, with her infant, whose head was cut off.
The Dahkotahs, on the opposite side, were mostly
intoxicated ; and, flying across in their canoes but
half prepared, they were worsted in the en-
counter. They lost thirteen warriors, and one of
their number, known as the Dancer, the Ojib-
ways are said to have skinned.

Soon after this the Chippeway missions of the
St. Crotx Valley were abandoned.

In a little while Eev. Mr. Boutwell removed to
the vicinity of Stillwater, and the missionaries,
Ayer and Spencer, went to Eed Lake and other
points in Minnesota.

In 1853 the Eev. Sherman Hall left the Indians
and became pastor of a Congregational church at
Sauk Eapids, where he recently died.

METHODIST MISSIONS.

In 1837 the Eev. A. Brunson commenced a
Methodist mission at Kaposia, about four miles
below, and opposite Saint Paul. It was afterwards
removed across the river to Eed Eock. He was
assisted by the Eev. Thomas W. Pope, and the
latter was succeeded by the Eev. J. Holton.

The Eev. Mr. Spates and others also labored
for a brief period among the Ojibways.

PEBSBYTBEIAN MISSIONS CONTINTIED.

At the stations the Dahkotah language was dil-
igently studied. Eev. S. "W. Pond had prepared
a dictionary of three thousand words, and also a
small grammar. The Eev. S. E. Eiggs, who
joined the mission in 1837, in a letter dated
February 24, 1841, writes: "Last summer^
after returning from Fort SneUing, I spent five
weeks in copying again the Sioux vocabulary
which we bad collected aad arranged at this sta-

tion. It contained then about 5500 words, not
including the various forms of the verbs. Since
that time, the words collected by Dr. Williamson
and myself, have, I presume, increased the num-
ber to six thousand. ***** In this con-
nection, I may mention that during the winter of
1839-40, Mrs. Biggs, vrith some assistance, wrote
an EngUsh and Sioux vocabulary containing
about three thousand words. One ot Mr. Een-
ville's sons and three of his daughters are en-
gaged in copying. In committing the grammati-
cal principles of the language to writing, we have
done something at this station, but more has been
done by Mr. S. W. Pond."

Steadily the niunber of Indian missionaries
increased, and in 1851, before the lands of the
Dahkotahs west of the Mississippi were ceded to
the whites, they were disposed as follows by the
Dahkotah Presbytery.

Lac-qui-parle, Eev. 8. E. Eiggs, Eev. M. N.
Adams, Missionaries, Jonas Pettijohn, Mrs.
Fanny Pettijohn, Mrs. Mary Ann Eiggs, Mrs.
Mary A. M- Adams, Miss Sarah Eankin, As-
sistants.

Traverse des Sioux, Eev. Eobert Hopkins, Mis-
sionary; Mrs. Agnes Hopkins, Alexander G.
Huggins, Mrs. Lydia P. Huggins, Assistants.

Shahpay, or Sliokpay, Eev. Samuel W. Pond,
Missionary; Mrs. Sarah P. Pond, Assistant.
Oak Grove, Eev. Gideon H. Pond and wife.
Kaposia, Eev. Thomas "Williamson, M. D.,
Missionary and Physician; Mrs. Margaret P.
Williamson, Miss Jane S. WUliamson, Assistants.
Bed Wing, Eev. John F. Alton, Eev. Joseph
W. Hancock, Missionaries; Mrs. Nancy H. Alton,
Mrs. Hancock, Assistants.

The Eev. Daniel Gavin, the Swiss Presbyte-
rian Missionary, spent the winter of 1839 in Lac-
qui-Parle and was afterwards married to a niece
of the Eev. J. D. Stevens, of the Lake Harriet
Mission. Mr. Stevens became the fanner and
teacher of the Wapashaw band, and the first
white man who lived where the city of Winona
has been buUt. Another missionary from Switz-
erland, the Eev. Mr. Denton, married a Miss
Skinner, formerly of the Mackinaw mission.
During a portion of the year 1839 these Svnss
missionaries lived with the American mission-
aries at camp Cold Water near Fort SneUing,
but their chief field of labor was at Eed Wing.

112

EXPLOREBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA..

CHAPTEE XX.

TREAD OF PIONEERS IN THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY AND ELSEWHERE.

Origin of the name Saint Croix— Dii Lvlth, first Explorer— French Post on the St.
Croix- Pitt, on eai-ly pioneer— Early settlers at Saint Croix Falls— First women
there — Marine Settlement — Joseph R. Brown's town site — Saint Croix County
organized— Proprietors of Stillwater— A dead Negro woman— Pig's Eye, origin
of name — Rise of Saint Paul — Dr. Williamson secures first school teacher for
Saint Paul- Description of first school room- Saint Croix County re-organized
— Rev. W. T. Boutwell, pioneer clergyman.

The Saint Croix river, according to Le Sueur,
named after a Frenchman who was drowned at
its mouth, was one of the earliest throughfares
from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. The first
white man who directed canoes upon its waters
was Du Luth, who had in 1679 explored Minne-
sota. He thus describes his tour in a letter, first
published by Harrisse : " In June, 1680, not be-
ing satisfied, with having made my discovery by
land, I took two canoes, with an Indian who was
my Interpreter, and four Frenchmen, to seek
means to make it by water. "With this view I
entered a river which empties eight leagues from
the extremity of Lake Superior, on the south
side, where, after having cut some trees and
broken about a hundred beaver dams, I reached
the upper waters of the said river, and then I
made a portage of half a league to reach a laSe,
the outlet of which fell into a very fine river,
which took me down into the Mississippi. There
I learned from eight cabins of Nadouecioux that
the Kev. Father Louis Hennepin, Recollect, now
at the convent of Saint Germain, with two other
Frenchmen had been robbed, and carried ofE as
slaves for more than three hundred leagues by
the Nadouecioux themselves."

He then relates how he left two Frenchmen
with his goods, and went with his interpreter and
two Frenchmen in a canoe down the Mississippi,
and after two days and two nights, found Henne-
pin, Accault and Augelle. He told Hennepin
that he must return with him through the country
of the Fox tribe, and writes : " I preferred to re-
trace my steps, manifesting to them [the Sioux]
the just indignation I felt against them, rather
than to remain after the violence they had done

to the Rev. Father and the other two Frenchmen
with him, whom I put in my canoes and brought
them to Michilimackinack."

After this, the Saint Croix river became a chan-
nel for commerce, and Bellin writes, that before
1755, the French had erected a fort forty leagues
from its mouth and twenty from Lake Superior.

The pine forests between the Saint Croix and
Minnesota had been for several years a tempta-
tion to energetic men. As early as November,
1836, a Mr. Pitt went with a boat and a party of
men to the Falls of Saint Croix to cut pine tim-
ber, with the consent of the Chippeways but the
dissent of the United States authorities.

In 1 837 while the treaty was being made by Com-
missioners Dodge and Smith at Fort SneUing, on
one Sunday Franklin Steele, Dr. Fitch, Jeremiah
Russell, and a Mr. Maginnis left Fort Snelling
for the Falls of Saint Croix in a birch bark canoe
paddled by eight men, and reached that point
about noon on Monday aud commenced a log
cabin. Steele and Maginnis remained here,
while the others, dividing into two parties, one
under Fitch, and the other imder Russell, search-
ed for pine land. The first stopped at Sun Rise,
while Russel went on to the Snake River. About
the same time Robbinet and Jesse B. Taylor
came to the Falls in the Interest of B. F. Baker
who had a stone trading house near Fort Snelling,
since destroyed by fire. On the fifteenth of July,
1838, the Palmyra, Capt. Holland, arrived at
the Fort, with the ofiicial notice of the ratifica-
tion of the treaties ceding the lands between the
Saint Croix and Mississippi.

She had on board C. A. Tuttle, L. W. Stratton
and others, with the machinery for the projected
mills of the Northwest Lumber Company at the
Falls of Saint Croix, and reached that point on
the seventeenth, the first steamboat to disturb the
waters above Lake Saint Croix. The steamer
Gypsy came to the fort on the twenty-first of

WOMEN IN THE VALLEY OF THE SAINT CROIX.

113

October, with goods for the CMppeways, and was
chartered for four himdred and fifty dollars, to
carry them np to the Falls of Saint Croix. In
passing through the lake, the boat grounded near
a projected town called Stambaughville, after S.
C. Stambaugh, the sutler at the fort. On the
afternoon of the 26th, the goods were landed, as
stipulated.

The agent of the Improvement Company at the
falls was Washington Libbey, who left in the fall
of 1838, and was succeeded by Jeremiah Eussell,
Stratton acting as millwright in place of Calyin
Tuttle. On the twelfth of December, Eussell and
Stratton walked down the river, cut the first tr6e
and built a cabin at Marine, and sold their claim.

The first women at the Falls of Saint Croix were
a Mrs. Orr, Mrs. Sackett, and the daughter of a
Mr. Young. During the winter of 1838-9, Jere-
miah Eussell married a daughter of a respectable
and gentlemanly trader, Charles H. Oakes.

Among the first preachers were the Eev. W. T.
BoutweU and Mr. Seymour, of the Chippeway
Mission at Pokeguma. The Eev. A. Brunson, of
Prairie du Chien, who visited this region in 1838,
wrote that at the mouth of Snake Eiver he found
Franklin Steele, with twenty-five or thirty men,
cutting timber for a mill, and when he offered to
preach Mr. Steele gave a cordial assent.

On the sixteenth of August, Mr. Steele, Living-
ston, and others, left the Falls of Saint Croix in a
barge, and went around to Fort Snelling.

The steamboat Fayette about the middle of
May, 1839, landed sutlers' stores at Fort Snell-
ing and then proceeded with several persons of
intelligence to the Saint Croix river, who sHtled
at Marine.

The place was called after Marine in Madison
county, Illinois, where the company, consisting
of Judd, Hone and others, was formed to build
a saw mill in the Saint Croix Valley. The mill
at Marine commenced to saw lumber, on August
24, 1839, the first in Minnesota.

Joseph E. Brown, who since 1838, had lived at

Chan Wakan, on the west side of Grey Cloud

Island, this year made a claim near the upper

end of the city of Stillwater, which he called

Dahkotah, and was the first to raft lumber down

the Saint Croix, as well as the first to represent

the citizens of the valley in the legislature of

Wisconsin.
8

Until the year 1841, the jurisdiction of Craw-
ford county, Wisconsin, extended over the delta
of country between the Saint Croix and Missis-
sippi. Joseph E. Brown, having been elected as
representative of the county, in, the territorial
legislature of Wisconsin, succeeded in obtaining
the passage of an act on November twentieth,
1841, organizing the county of Saint Croix, with
Dahkotah designated as the county seat.

At the time prescribed for holding a court in
the new county, it is said that the judge of the
district arrived, and to his surprise, found a
claim cabin occupied by a Frenchman. Speedily
retreating, he never came again, and judicial
proceedings for Saint Croix county ended for
several years. Phineas Lawrence was the first
sheriff of this county.

On the tenth of October, 1843, was commenced
a settlement which has become the town of Still-
water. The names of the proprietors were John
McKusick from Maine, Calvin Leach from Ver-
mont, Elam Greeley from Maine, and Elias
McKean from Pennsylvania. They immediately
commenced the erection of a sawmill.

John H. Fonda, elected on the twenty-second
of September, as coroner of Crawford county,
Wisconsin, asserts that he was once notified that
a dead body was lying in the water opposite Pig's
Eye slough, and immediately proceeded to the
spot, and on taking it out, recognized it as the
body of a negro woman belonging to a certain
captain of the United States army then at Fort
Crawford. The body was cruelly cut and bruised,
but no one appearing to recognise it, a verdict of
" Found dead," was rendered, and the corpse was
buried. Soon after, it came to light that the
woman was whipped to death, and thrown into
the river during the night.

The year that the Dahkotahs ceded their lands
east of the Mississippi, a Canadian Frenchman
by the name of Parrant, the ideal of an Indian
whisky seller, erected a shanty in what is now
the city of Saint Paul. Ignorant and overbear-
ing he loved money more than his own soul.
Destitute of one eye, and the other resembling.
that of a pig, he was a good representative of
Caliban. Some one writing from his groggery
designated it as " Pig's Eye." The reply to the
letter was directed in good faith. to " Pig's Eye "

114

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

Some years ago the editor of the Saint Paul
Press described theoccasion in these words :

" Edmund Brisette, a clerkly Frenchman for
those days, who lives, or did live a little while
ago, on Lake Harriet, was one day seated at a
table in Parrant's cabin, with pen and paper
about to write a letter for Parrant (for Parrant,
like Charlemagre, could not write) to a friend
of the latter in Canada. The question of geog-
raphy puzzled Brissette at the outset of the
epistle; where should he date a letter from a
place without a name ? He looked up inquir-
ingly to Parrant, and met the dead, cold glare of
the Pig's Eye fixed upon him, with an irresist-
ible suggestiveness that was inspiration to
Brisette."

In 1842, the late Henry Jackson, of Mahkahto,
settled at the same spot, and erected the first
store on the height just above the lower landing,
Roberts and Simpson followed, and opened
small Indian trading shops. In 1846, the site of
Saint Paul was chiefly occupied by a few shanties
owned by "certain lewd fellows of the baser
sort," who sold rum to the soldier and Indian.
It was despised by all decent white men, and
known to the Dahkotahs by an expression in
their tongue which means, the place where they
sell minne-wakah [supernatural water].

The chief of the Kaposia band in 1846, was shot
by his own brother in a drunken revel, but sur-
viving the wound, and apparently alarmed at the
deterioration under the influence of the modern
harpies at Saint Paul, went to Mr. Bruce, Indian
Agent, at Fort Snelling, and requested a mis-
sionary. The Indian Agent in his report to gov-
ernment, says :

" The chief of the Little Crow's band, who re-
sides below this place (Fort Snelhng) about nine
miles, in the immediate neighbourhood of the
whiskey dealers, has requested to have a school
established at his village. He says they are de-
termined to reform, and for the future, will try
to do better. I wrote to Doctor Williamson soon
after the request was made, desiring him to take
charge of the school. He has had charge of the
mission school at Lac qui Parle for some years ;
is well qualified, and is an excellent physician."

In November, 1846, Dr. Williamson came from
Lac qui Parle, as requested, and became a resi-
dent of Kaposia. While disapproving of their

practices, he felt a kindly interest in the whites
of Pig's Eye, which place was now beginning to
be called, after a little log chapel which had been
erected at the suggestion of Rev. L. Galtier, and
called Saint Paul's. Though a missionary among
the Dahkotahs, he was the first to take steps to
promote the education of the whites and half-
breeds of Minnesota. In the year 1847, he wrote
to ex-Governor Slade, President of the National
Popular Education Society, in relation to the
condition of what has subsequently become the
capital of the state.

In accordance with his request. Miss H. E.
Bishop came to his mission-house at Kaposia,
and, after a short time, was introduced by him
to the citizens of Saint Paul. The first school-
house in Minnesota besides those connected with
the Indian missions, stood near the site of the
old Brick Presbyterian church, comer of Saint
Peter and Third street, and is thus described by
the teacher :

•' The school was commenced in a little log
hovel, covered with bark, and chinked with mud,
previously used as a blacksmith shop. On three
sides of the interior of this humble log cabin,
pegs were driven into the logs, upon which boards
were laid for seats. Another seat was made by
placing one end of a plank between the cracks
of the logs, and the other upon a chair. This
was for visitors. A rickety cross-legged table in
the centre, and a hen's nest in one corner, com-
pleted the furniture."

Saint Croix county, in the year 1847, was de-
tached from Crawford county, Wisconsin, and
reorganized for judicial purposes, and Stillwater
made the county seat. In the month of June
the United States District Court held its session
in the store-room of Mr. John jSIcKusick ; Judge
Charles Dunn presidmg. A large number of
lumbermen had been attracted by the pineries
in the upper portion of the valley of Saint Croix,
and Stillwater was looked upon as the center of
the lumbering interest.

The Rev. Mr. Boutwell, feeling that he conld
be more useful, left the Ojibways, and took up
his residence near Stillwater, preaching to the
lumbermen at the Falls of Saint Croix, Marine
Mills, Stillwater, and Cottage Grove. In a letter
speaking of Stillwater, he says, " Here is a little
village sprung up like a gourd, but whether it is
to perish as soon, God only knows."

NAM^(i PliOPOSUl) FOB MINNESOTA TERRITORY.

115

CHAPTEB XXI.

EYENTS PEELIMIKARY TO THE OEGANIZATION OF THE MINNESOTA TEERITOBY,

Wisconsin State Boundaries— First Bill for the Organization of Minnesota Terri-
tory, A. D. 1846 — Change of Wisconsin Boundary — Memorial of Saint Croix
Valley citizens — Various names proposed for the New Territory — Convention at
Stillwater— H. H. Sibley elected Delegate to Congress.- Derivation of word
Hinnesota.

Three years elapsed from the time that the
territory of Minnesota was proposed in Congress,
to the final passage of the organic act. On the
sixth of August, 1846, an act was passed by Con-
gress authorizing the citizens of Wisconsin Ter-
ritory to frame a constitution and form a state
government. The act fixed the Saint Louis river
to the rapids, from thence south to the Saint
Croix, and thence down that river to its junction
with the Mississippi, as the western boundary.

On the twenty -third of December, 1846, the
delegate from Wisconsin, Morgan L. Martin, in-
troduced a biU in Congress for the organization
of a territory of Minnesota. Tliis bill made its
western boundary the Sioux and Bed Eiver of
the North. On the third of March, 1847, per-
mission was granted to Wisconsin to change her
boundary, so that the western limit would pro-
ceed due south from the first rapids of the Saint
Louis river, and fifteen miles east of the most
easterly point of Lake Saint Croix, thence to the
Mississippi.

A number in the constitutional convention of
Wisconsin, were anxious that Bum river should
be a part of her western boundary, while citizens
of the valley of the Saint Croix were desirous
that the Chippeway river should be the limit of
Wisconsin. The citizens of Wisconsin Territory,
in the valley of the Saint Croix, and about Fort
SnelUng, wished to be included in the projected
new territory, and on the twenty-eighth of March,
1848, a memorial signed by H. H. Sibley, Henry
M. Eice, Franklin Steele, William R. Marshall,
and others, was presented to Congress, remon-
strating against the proposition before the con-
vention to make Rum river a part of the bound-
ary line of the contemplated state of Wisconsin.

On the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, the act to
admit Wisconsin changed the boundary line to
the present, and as first defined in the enabling
act of 1846. After the bill of Mr. Martin was
introduced into the House of Representatives in
1846 it was referred to the Committee on Terri-
tories, of which Mr. Douglas was chairman. On
the twentieth of January, 1847, he reported in
favor of the proposed territory with the name
of Itasca. On the seventeenth of February, be-
fore the bill passed the House, a discussion arose
in relation to the proposed name. Mr. Win-
throp of Massachusetts proposed Chippewa as a
substitute, alleging that this tribe was the prin-
cipal in the proposed territory, which was not
correct. -Mr. J. Thompson of Mississippi disliked
all Indian names, and hoped the territory would
be called Jackson. Mr. Houston of Delaware
thought that there ought to be one territory
named after the "Father of his country," and
proposed Washington. All of the names pro-
posed were rejected, and the name in the original
bill inserted. On the last day of the session,
March third, the bill was called up in the Senate
and laid on the table.

When Wisconsin became a state the query
arose whether the old territorial government did
not continue in force west of the Saint Croix
river. The first meeting on the subject of claim-
ing territorial privileges was held in the building
at Saint Paul, known as Jackson's store, near the
corner of Bench and Jackson streets, on the
bluff. This meeting was held in July, and a
convention was proposed to consider their posi-
tion. The first public meeting was held at Still-
water on August fourth, and Messrs. Steele and
Sibley were the only persons present from the
west side of the Mississippi. This meeting is-
sued a call for a general convention to take steps
to secure an early territorial organization, to
assemble on the twenty-sixth of the month at

116

EXPLORBBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

the same place. Sixty-two delegates answered,
the call, and among those present, were W. D.
Phillips, J. W. Bass, A. Larpenteur, J. M. Boal,
and others from Saint Paul. To the convention
a letter was presented from Mr. Catlin, who
claimed to be acting governor, giving his opinion
that the Wisconsin territorial organization was
still in force. The meeting also appointed Mr.
Sibley to visit Washington and represent their
views; but the Hon. John H. Tweedy having
resigned his ofl&ce of delegate to Congress on
September eighteenth, 1848, Mr. Catlin, who had
made Stillwater a temporary residence, on the
ninth of October issued a proclamation ordering
a special election at Stillwater on the thirtieth,
to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation.
At this election Henry H. Sibley was elected as
delegate of the citizens of the remaining portion
of Wisconsin Territory. His credentials were
presented to the House of Representatives, and
the committee to whom the matter was referred
presented a majority and minority report; but
the resolution introduced by the majority passed
and Mr. Sibley took his seat as a delegate from
Wisconsin Territory on the fifteenth of January,
1849.

Mr. H. M. Rice, and other gentlemen, visited
Washington during the winter, and, uniting with
Mr. Sibley, used all their energies to obtain the
organization of a new territory.

Mr. Sibley, in an interesting communication to
the Minnesota Historical Society, writes : " When
my credentials as Delegate, were presented by
Hon. James Wilson, of New Hampshire, to the

House of Representatives, there was some curi-
osity manifested among the members, to see what
kind of a person had been elected to represent the
distant and wild territory claiming representation
in Congress. I wastold by a New England mem-
ber with whom I became subsequently quite inti-
mate, that there was some disappointment when
I made my appearance, for it was expected that
the delegate from this remote region would make
his debut, if not in full Indian costume, at least,
with some peculiarities of dress and manners,
characteristic of the rude and semi-civilized peo-
ple who had sent him to the Capitoh"

The territory of Minnesota was named after
the largest tributary of the Mississippi within its
limits. The Sioux call the Missouri Minnesho-
shayr muddy water, but the stream after which
this region is named, Minne-sota. Some say that
Sota means clear ; others, turbid ; Schoolcraft,
bluish green. Nicollet wrote. "The adjective
Sotah is of difiScult translation. The Canadians
translated it by a pretty equivalent word, brouille,
perhaps more properly rendered into English by
blear. I have entered upon this explanation be
cause the word really means neither clear nor
turbid, as some authors have asserted, its true
meaning being found in the Sioux expression
Ishtah-sotah, blear-eyed." From the fact that the
word signifies neither blue nor white, but the
peculiar appearance of the Sky at certain times,
by some, Minnesota has been defined to mean the
sky tinted water, which is certainly poetic, and the
late Rev. Gideon H. Pond thought quite correct.

MINNESOTA IN THE BEGINNING.

117

CHAPTEE XXII.

MENKESOTA FROM ITS OEGANIZATION AS A TERRITORY, A. D. 1849, TO A. D. 1854.

Appearance of the Country, A. D. 1849 — Arrival of first Editor — Governor
Ramsey arrives — Guest of H. H. Sibley — Proclamation issued — Governor
Banisey and H. M. Rice move to Saint Paul— Fourth of July Celebration — '
First election— Early mewspapers — First Courts— First Legislature — Pioneer
News Carrier's Address — Wedding at Port Snelling — Territwrial Seal — Scalp
Dance at Stillwater — First Steamboat at Falls of Saint Anthony— Presbyterian
Chapel burned — Indian council at Fort Snelling — First Steamboat above Saint
Anthony — First boat at the Blue Earth River— Congressional election— Tisit.of
Fredxika Bremer — Indian newspaper — Other newspapers — Second Legislature
— ^University of Minnesota— Teamster killed by Indians — Sioux Treaties— Third
Legislature— Land slide at Stillwater — Death of first Editor— Foui-th Legislature
Baldwin School, now Macalester College — Indian fight in Saint Paul.

On the third of March, 1849, the bill was passed
by Congress for organizing the territory of
Minnesota, whose boundary on the west, extended
to the Missouri River. At this time, the region was
little more than a wilderness. The west bank of
the Mississippi, from the Iowa line to Lake
Itasca, was unceded by the Indians.

At Wapashaw, was a trading post in charge of
Alexis Bailly, and here also resided the ancient
voyageur, of fourscore years, A. Rocque.

At the foot of Lake Pepin was a store house
kept by Mr. F. S. Richards. On the west shore of
the lake lived the eccentric Wells, whose wife
was a bois brule, a daughter of the deceased
trader, Duncan Graham.

The two unfinished buildings of stone, on
the beautiful bank opposite the renowned
Maiden's Rock, and the surrounding skin lodges
of his wife's relatives and friends, presented a
rude but picturesque scene. Above the lake was
a cluster of bark wigwams, the Dahkotah village
of Raymneecha, now Red Wing, at which was a
Presbyterian mission house.

The next settlement was Kaposia, also an In-
dian village, and the residence of a Presbyterian
missionary, the Rev. T. S. WilUamson, M. D.
On the east side of the Mississippi, the first set-
tlement, at the mouth of the St. Croix, was Point
Douglas, then as now, a small hamlet.

At Red Rock, the site of a former Methodist
mission station, there were a few farmers. Saint
Paul was just emerging from a collection of In-
dian whisky shops and birch roofed cabins of

half-breed voyageuis. Here and there a frame
tenement was erected, and, under the auspices of
the Hon. H. M. Rice, who had obtained an inter-
est in the town, some warehouses were con-
structed, and the foundations of the American
House, a frame hotel, which stood at Third and
Exchange street, were laid. In 1849, the popu-
lation had increased to two hundred and fifty
or three hundred inhabitants, for rumors had
gone abroad that it might be mentioned in the
act, creating the territory, as the capital
of Minnesota. More than a month after
the adjournment of Congress, just at eve,
on the ninth of April, amid terrific peals of
thunder and torrents of rain, the weekly steam
packet, the first to force its way through the icy
barrier of Lake Pepin, rounded the rocky point
whistling loud and long, as if the bearer of glad
tidings. Before she was safely moored to the
landing, the shouts of the excited villagers were
heard announcing that there was a territory of
Minnesota, and that Saint Paul was the seat of
government.

Every successive steamboat arrival poured out
on the landing men big with hope, and anxious
to do something to mould the future of the new
state.

Nine days after the news of the existence of the
territory of Minnesota was received, there arrived
.James M. Goodhue with press, type, and printing
apparatus. A graduate of Amherst college, and
a lawyer by profession, he wielded a sharp pen,
and wrote editorials, which, more than anything
else, perhaps, induced immigration. Though a
man of some faults, one of the counties properly
bears his name. On the twenty-eighth of April,
he issued from his press the first number of the
Pioneer.

On the twenty - seventh of May, Alexander
Ramsey, the Governor, and family, arrived at
Saint Paul, but owing to the crowded state of pub-

118

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

lie houses, immediately proceeded in the steamer
to the establishment of the Fur Company, known
as Mendota, at the junction of the Minnesota and
Mississippi, and became the guest of the Hon. H.
H. Sibley.

On the first of June, Governor Kamsey, by pro-
clamation, declared the territory duly organized,
with the following officers : Alexander Kamsey,
of Pennsylvania, Governor ; C. K. Smith, of Ohio,
Secretary ; A. Goodrich, of Tennessee, Chief
Justice ; D. Cooper, of Pennsylvania, and B. B.
Meeker, of Kentucky, Associate Judges ; Joshua
L. Taylor, Marshal ; H. L. Moss, attorney of the
United States.

On the eleventh of June, a second proclamar
tion was issued, dividing the territory into three
temporary judicial districts. The first comprised
the county of St. Croix ; the county of La Pointe
and the region north and west of the Mississippi,
aiid north of the Minnesota and of a line running
due west from the headwaters of the Minnesota
to the Missouri river, constituted the second ;
and the country west of the Mississippi and south
of the Minnesota, formed the third district.
Judge Goodrich was assigned to the first, Meeker
to the second, and Cooper to the third. A court
was ordered to be held at Stillwater on the second
Monday, at the Falls of St. Anthony on the third,
and at Mendota on the fourth Monday of August.

Until the twenty -sixth of June, Governor
Ramsey and family had been guests of Hon. H.
H. Sibley, at Mendota. On the afternoon of
that day they arrived at St. Paul, in a birch-bark
canoe, and became permanent residents at the
capital. The house first occupied as a guber-
natorial mansion, was a small frame building that
stood on Third, between Robert and Jackson
streets, formerly known as the New England
House.

A few days after, the Hon. H. M. Rice and
family moved from Mendota to St. Paul, and oc-
cupied the house he had erected on St. Anthony
street, near the comer of Market.

On the first of July, a land office was estab-
lished at StUlwater, and A. Van Vorhes, after a
few weeks, became the register.

The anniversary of our National Independence
was celebrated in a becoming manner at the cap-
ital. The place selected for the address, was a
grove that stood on the sites of the City Hall and

the Baldwm School builduig, and the late Frank-
lin Steele was the marshal of the day.

On the seventh of Jrdy, a proclamation was is-
sued, dividing the territory into seven council
districts, and ordering an election to be held on
the first day of August, for one delegate to rep-
resent the people in the House of Representatives
of the United States, for nine councillors and
eighteen representatives, to constitute the Legis-
lative Assembly of Minnesota.

In this month, the Hon. H. M. Rice despatch-
ed a boat laded with Indian goods from the
the Falls of St. Anthony to Crow Wing, which
was towed by horses after the manner of a canal
boat.

The election on the first of August, passed off
with Uttle excitement, Hon. H, H. Sibley being
elected delegate to Congress without opposition.
David Lambert, on what might, perhaps, be
termed the old settlers' ticket, was defeated in
St. Paul, by James M. Boal. The latter, on the
night of the election, was honored with a ride
through town on the axle and fore-wheels of an
old wagon, which was drawn by his admiring
but somewhat undisciplined friends.

J. L. Taylor having dechned the office of
United States Marshal; A. M. MitcheU, of Ohio,
a graduate of West Point, and colonel of a regi-
ment of Ohio volunteers in the Mexican war, was
appointed and arrived at the capital early in
August.

There were three papers pubhshed in the ter-
ritory soon after its organization. The first was
the Pioneer, issued on April twenty-eighth, 1849,
under most discouraging circumstances. It was
at first the intention of the witty and reckless
editor to have called his paper " The Epistle of
St. Paul." About the same time there was issued
in Cincinnati, under the auspices of the late Dr.
A. Randall, of California, the first number of
the Uegister. The second number of the paper
was printed at St. Paul, in July, and the office
was on St. Anthony, between Washington and
Market Streets, About the first of June, James
Hughes, afterward of Hudson, Wisconsin, arrived
with a press and materials, and established the
Minnesota Chronicle. After an existence of a
few weeks two papers were discontinued ; and,
in their place, was issued the " Chronicle and

DESGBIPTION OF THE TEMPORABY CAPITOL.

119

Eegister," edited by Nathaiel McLean and John
P. Owens.

The first courts, pursuant to proclamation of
the governor, were held in the month of August.
At Stillwater, the court was organized on the
thirteenth of the month, Judge Goodrich pre-
siding, and Judge Cooper by courtesy, sitting on
the bench. On the twentieth, the second judi-
cial district held a court. The room used was
the old government mill at Minneapolis. The
presiding judge was B. B. Meeker ; the foreman
of the grand jury, Franklin Steele. On the last
Monday of the month, the court for the third
judicial district was organized in the large stone
warehouse of the fur company at Mendota. The
presiding judge was David Cooper. Governor
Eamsey sat on the right, and Judge Goodrich on
the left. Hon. H. H. Sibley was the foreman of
the grand jury. As some of the jurors could not
speak the English language, W. H. Forbes acted
as interpreter. The charge of Judge Cooper was
lucid, scholarly, and dignified. At the request
of the grand jury it was afterwards published.

On Monday, the third of September, the first
Legislg>tive Assembly convened in the " Central
House,'' in Saint Paul, a building at the corner
of Minnesota and Bench streets, facing the
Mississippi river which answered the double
purpose of capitol and hotel. On the first
floor of the main building was the Secreta-
ry's office and Eepresentative chamber, and in
the second story was the library and Council
chamber. As the flag was run up the staff in
front of the house, a number of Indians sat on a
rocky bluff in the. vicinity, and gazed at what to
them was a novel and perhaps saddening scene ;
for if the tide of immigration sweeps in from the
Pacific as it has from the Atlantic coast, they
must soon dwindle.

The legislature having organized, elected the
following permanent- ofiicers : David Olmsted,
President of Council ; Joseph K. Brown, Secre-
ary ; H. A. Lambert, Assistant. In the House
of Representatives, Joseph "W. Farber was elect-
ed Speaker; W. D. Phillips, Clerk; L. B. Wait,
• Assistant.

On Tuesday afternoon, both houses assembled
in the dining hall of the hotel, and after prayer
was offered by Rev. E. D. Neill, Governor Ram-
sey delivered his message. The message was ably

written, and its perusal afforded satisfaction at
home and abroad.

The first session of the legislature adjourned on
the first of November. Among other proceed-
ings of interest, was the creation of the following
counties: Itasca, Wapashaw, Dahkotah, Wah-
nahtah, Mahkahto, Pembina. Washington, Eam-
sey and Benton. The three latter counties com-
prised the country that up to that time had been,
ceded by the Indians on the east side of the Mis-
sissippi, Stillwater was declared the county seat
of Washington, Saint Paul, of Ramsey, and '■ the
seat of justice of the county of Benton was to be
within one-quarter of a mile of a point on the east
side of the Mississippi, directly opposite the mouth
of Sauk river."

EVENTS OF A. D 1850.

By the active exertions of the secretary of the
territory, C. K. Smith, Esq., the Historical
Society of Minnesota was incorporated at the
first session of the legislature. The opening an-
nual address was delivered in the then Methodist
(now Swedenborgian) church at Saint Paul, on
the first of January, 1850.

The following account of the proceedings is
from the Chronicle and Register. "The first
public exercises of the Minnesota Historical
Society, took place at the Methodist church, Saint
Paul, on the first inst., and passed off highly
creditable to all concerned. The day was pleasant
and the attendance large. At the appoiuted
hour, the President and both Vice-Presidents of
the society betag absent ; on motion of Hon. C.
K. Smith, Hon. Chief Justice Goodrich was
called to the chair. The same gentleman then
moved that a committee, consisting of Messrs.
Parsons K. Johnson, John A. Wakefield, and B.
W. Branson, be appointed to wait upon the
Orator of the day. Rev. Mr. Neill, and inform
him that the audience was waiting to hear his
address.

" Mr. Neill was shortly conducted to the pulpit;
and after an eloquent and approriate prayer by
the Rev. Mr. Parsons, and music by the band, he
proceeded to deliver his discourse upon the early
French missionaries and Voyageurs into Minne-
sota. We hope the society will provide for its
publication at an early day.

■'After some brief remarks by Rev. Jfv.

120

EXFhOUJUMkS AJSD FlOBJilJiJHS OJ/' MINNHSOTA.

Hobaxt, upon the objects and ends of history, the
ceremonies were concluded with a prayer by
that gentleman. The audience dispersed highly
deUghted with all that occurred."

At this early period the Minnesota Pioneer
issued a Carrier's New Year's Address, which
was amusing doggerel. The reference to the
future greatness and ignoble origin of the capital
of Minnesota was as follows : —

The cities on this river must be three,
Two that are built and one that is to be.
One, is the mart of all the tropics yield,
The cane, the orange, and the cotton-field,
And sends her ships abroad and boasts
Her trade extended to a thousand coasts ;
The othsr, central for the temperate zone,
Gamers the stores that on the plains are grown,
A place where steamboats from all quarters,

range,
To meet and speculate, as 'twere on 'change.
The third will he, where rivers confluent flow
From the wide spreading north through plains

of snow ;
The mart of aU that boundless forests give
To make mankind more comfortably Uve,
The land of manufacturing industry.
The workshop of the nation it shall be.
Propelled by this wide stream, you'll see
A thousand factories at Saint Anthony :
And the Saint Croix a hundred mills shall drive,
And aU its smilhig villages shall thrive ;
But then my town — remember that high bench
With cabins scattered over it, of Trench ?
A man named Henry Jackson's living there.
Also a man — why every one knows L. Kobair,
Below Port Snelling, seven miles or so,
And three above the village of Old Crow ?
Pig's Eye ? Yes ; Pig's Eye I That's the spot !
A very funny name ; is't not ?
Pig's Eye's the spot, to plant my city on,
To be remembered by, when I am gone.
Pig's Eye converted thou shalt be, like Saul :
Thy name henceforth shall be Saint Paul.

On the evening of New Year's day, at Port
Snelling, there was an assemblage which is only
seen on the outposts of civiUzatioii. In one of
the stone edifices, outside of the wall, belonging
to the United States, there resided a gentleman
who had dwelt in Minnesota since the year 1819,

and for many years had been in the employ of
the government, as Indian interpreter. In youth
he had been a member of the Columbia Pur Com-
pany, and conforming to the habits of traders,
had purchased a Dahkotah wife who was wholly
ignorant of the EngUsh language. As a family
of children gathered aroimd him he recognised
the relation of husband and father, and consci-
entiously discharged his duties as a parent. ' His
daughter at a proper age was sent to a boarding
school of some celebrity, and on the night re-
ferred to was married to an intelligent young
American farmer. Among the guests present
were the oflicers of the garrison in f uU uniform,
with their wives, the United States Agent for
the Dahkotahs, and family, the bois brules of
the neighborhood, and the Indian relatives of the
mother. The mother did not make her appear-
ance, but, as the minister proceeded vrith the
ceremony, the Dahkotah relatives, wrapped in
their blankets, gathered in the hall and looked
in through the door.

The marriage feast was worthy of the occa-
sion. In consequence, of the numbers, the
officers and those of European extraction partook
first ; then the bois brules of Ojibway and Dah-
kotah descent ; and, finally, .the native Ameri-
cans, who did ample justice to the plentiful sup-
ply spread before them.

Governor Ramsey, Hon.' H. H. Sibley, and the
delegate to Congress devised at Washington, this
vrinter, the territorial seal. The design was Pahs
of St. Anthony in the distance. An immigi-ant
ploughing the land on the borders of the Indian
country, full of hope, and looking forward to the
possession of the himtmg'groimds beyond. An
Indian, amazed at the sight of the plough, and
fleeing on horseback towards the setting sun.

The motto of the Earl of Dunraven, "Quse
sursum volo videre". (I wish tosee whatis above)
was most appropriately selected by ilr. Sibley,
but by the blunder of an engraver it appeared on
the territorial seal, ^'Quo sursmn. velo videre,"
which no scholar could translate. At length was
substituted, "L' EtoUe du Nord," "Star of the
North,", while the device of the setting sun
remained, and this is objectionable, as the State
of Maine had already placed the North Star on
her escutcheon, with the motto "Dirigo," "I
guide." Perhaps some future legislature may

SGALP DANCE IN 8TILLWATEB.

121

direct the first motto.to be restored, and correctly
engraved.

In the montn of April, there was a renewal of
hostilities between the Dahkotahs and Ojibways,
on lands that had been ceded to the United States.
A war , prophet at . Eed Wing, dreamed that he
ought to raise a war party. , Announcing the fact,
a number expressed their willingness to go on such
an expedition. Several from the Kaposia village
also joined the party, under the leadership of a
worthless Indian, who had been confined in the
guard-house at Tort SneUing, the year previous,
for scalping his wife.

Passing up the valley of the St. Croix, a lew
miles above StiUwater the party discovered on the
snow the marks of a keg and footprints. These
told them that a man and woman of the Ojibways
had been to some whisky dealer's, and were re-
turning. Following their trail, they found on
Apple river, about twenty miles from Stillwater,
a band of Ojibways encamped in one lodge. . Wait-
ing till daybreak of Wednesday, April second, the
Dahkotahs commenced firing on the unsuspecting
inmates, some of whom were drinking from the
contents of the whisky keg. The camp was com-
posed of fifteen, and all were murdered and scalp-
ed, with the exception of a lad, who was made a
captive.

On Thursday, the victors came to Stillwater,
and danced the scalp dance around the captive
boy, in the heat of excitement, striking him in the
face with the scarcely cold and bloody scalps of
his relatives. The child was then taken to Ka-
posia, and adopted by the chief. Governor Ram-
sey immediately took measures to send the boy to
his friends. At a conference held at the Gov-
ernor's mansion, the boy was delivered up, and,
on being led out to the kitchen by a little son of
the Governor, since deceased, to receive refresh-
ments, he cried bitterly, seemingly more alarmed
at being left with the whites than he had been
while a captive at Kaposia.

From the first of April the waters of the Mis-
sissippi began to rise, and on the thirteenth, the
lower floor of the warehouse, then occupied by
William Constans, at the foot of Jackson street,
St. Paul, was submerged. Taking advantage of
the freshet, the steamboat Anthony Wayne, for a
purse of two hundred dollars, ventured through
the swift current above Fort Snelling, and reached

the Falls of St. Anthony. The boat loft the fort
after diimer, with Governor Eamsey and other
guests, also the band of the Sixth Eegiment on
board, and reached the falls between three and
four o'clock in the afternoon. The whole town,
men, women and children, Uned the shore as the
boat approached, and welcomed this first arrival,
with shouts and waving handkerchiefs.

On the afternoon of May fifteenth, there might
have been seen, hurrying through the streets of
Saint Paul, a number of naked and painted braves
of the Kaposia band of Dahkotahs, ornamented
with all the attke of war, and panting for the
scalps of their enemies. A few hours before, the
warUke head chief of the Ojibways, young Hole-
in-the-Day , having secreted his canoe in the retired
gorge which leads to the cave in the upper sub-
urbs, with two or three associates had crossed the
river, and, almost in sight of the citizens of the
town, had attacked a small party of Dahkotahs,
and murdered and scalped one man. On receipt
of the news, Governor Eamsey granted a parole
to the thirteen Dahkotahs confined in Fort SneU-
ing, for participating in the Apple river massacre.

On the morning of the sixteenth of May, the
first Protestant church edifice completed in the
white settlements, a smaU frame building, built
for the Presbyterian church, at Saint Paul, was
destroyed by fire, it being the first conflagration
that had occurred since the organization of the
territory.

One of the most interesting events of the year
1850, was the Indian council, at Fort Snelling.
Governor Eamsey had sent runners to the differ-
ent bands of the Ojibways and Dahkotahs, to
meet him at the fort, for the purpose of en-
deavouring to adjust their difilculties.

On Wednesday, the twelfth of June, after
much talking, as is customary at Indian councils,
the two tribes agreed as they had frequently done
before, to be friendly, and Governor Eamsey
presenting to each party an ox. the council was
dissolved.

On Thursday, the Ojibways visited St. Paul
for the first time, young Hole-in-the-Day being
dressed in a coat of a captain of United States
infantry, which had been presented to him at the
fort. On Friday, they left in the steamer Gov-
ernor Eamsey, which had been built at St. An-
thony, and just commenced running between

]22

EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

that point and Sauk Eapids, for their homes in
the wilderness of the Upper Mississippi.

The summer of 1850 was the commencement
of the navigation of the Minnesota Eiver by
steamboats. With the exception of a steamer
that made a pleasure excursion as far as Shokpay,
in 1841, no large vessels had ever disturbed the
waters of this stream. In June, the "Anthony
Wayne," which a few weeks before had ascended
to the Falls of St. Anthony, made a trip. On
the eighteenth of July she made a second trip,
going almost to Mahkahto. The "Nominee"
also navigated the stream for some distance.

On the twenty-second of July the officers of
the "Yankee," taking advantage of the high
water, determined to navigate the stream as far
as possible. The boat ascended to near the Cot-
tonwood river.

As the time for the general election in Septem-
ber approached, considerable excitement was
manifested. As there were no political issues
before the people, parties were formed based on
personal preferences. Among those nominated
for delegate to Congress, by various meetings,
were H. H. Sibley, the former delegate to Con-
gress, David Olmsted, at that time engaged in
the Indian trade, and A. M. Mitchell, the United
States marshal. Mr. Olmsted withdrew his
name before election day, and the contest was
between those interested in Sibley and Mitchell.
The friends of each betrayed the greatest zeal,
and neither pains nor money were spared to in-
sure success. Mr. Sibley was elected by a small
majority. Por the first time in the territory,
soldiers at the garrisons voted at this election,
and there was considerable discussion as to the
propriety of such a course.

Miss Fredrika Bremer, the weU known Swedish
novelist, visited Minnesota in the month of
October, and was the guest of Governor Ramsey.

During November, the Dahkotah Tawaxitku
Kin, or the Dahkotah Friend, a monthly paper,
was commenced, one-half in the Dahkotah and
one-half in the English language. Its editor was
the Kev. Gideon H. Pond, a Presbyterian mis-
sionary, and its place of publication at Saint Paul.
It was published for nearly two years, and, though
it failed to attract the attention of the Indian
mind, it conveyed to the English reader much

correct information in relation to the habits, the
beUef , and superstitions, of the Dahkotahs.

On the tenth of December, a new paper, owned
and edited by Daniel A. Eobertson, late United
States marshal, of Ohio, and called the Minne-
sota Democrat, made its appearance.

During the summer there had been changes in
the editorial supervision of the " Chronicle and
Register." For a brief period it was edited by
L. A. Babcock, Esq., who was succeeded by W.
G. Le Duo.

About the time of the issuing of the Demo-
crat, C. J. Henniss, formerly reporter for the
United States Gazette, Philadelphia, became the
editor of the Chronicle.

The first proclamation for a thanksgiving day
was issued in 1850 by the governor, and the
twenty-sixth of December was the time appointed
and it was generally observed.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1851.

On Wednesday, January first, 1851, the second
Legislative Assembly assembled in a three-story
brick building, since destroyed by fire, that stood
on St. Anthony street, between Washington and
Franklin. D. B. Loomis was chosen Speaker of
the Council, and M. E. Ames Speaker of the
House. This assembly was characterized by
more bitterness of feeUng than any that has
since convened. The preceding delegate election
had been based on personal preferences, and
cliques and factions manifested themselves at an
early period of the session.

The locating of the penitentiary at Stillwater,
and the capitol building at St. Paul gave some
dissatisfaction. By the efforts of J. W. North,
Esq., a bill creating the University of Minnesota
at or near the Falls of St. Authony, was passed,
and signed by the Governor. This institution,
by the State Constitution, is now the State Uni-
versity.

During the session of this Legislature, the pub-
lication of the " Chronicle and Register" ceased.

About the middle of ilay, a war party of Dah-
kotahs discovered near Swan lliver, an Ojibway
\\il,h a keg of whisky. The latter escaped, with
the loss of his keg. The war party, drinking the
contents, became intoxicated, and, firing upon
some teamrters they met driving their wagons
with goods to the Indian Agency, killed one of

LANDS WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI CEDED.

123

them, Andrew Swartz, a resident of St. Paul.
The news was conveyed to Fort Bipley, and a
party of soldiers, with Hole-in-the-Day as a guide,
started in pursuit of the murderers, but did not
succeed in capturing them. Through the influ-
ence of Little Six the Dahkotah chief, whose vil-
lage was at (and named after him) Shok-
pay, five of the offlenders were arrested and
placed in the guard-house at Fort Snelling. On
Monday, June ninth, they left the fort la a wagon,
guarded by twenty-flve dragoons, destined for
Sauk Eapids for trial. As they departed they all
sang their death song, and the coarse soldiers
amused themselves by making signs that they
were going to be hung. On the first evening of
the journey the five culprits encamped with the
twenty-five dragoons. Handcuffed, they were
placed in the tent, and yet at midnight they all
escaped, only one being wounded by the guard.
What was more remarkable, the wounded man
was the first to bring the news to St. Paul. Pro-
ceeding to Kaposia, his wound was examined by
the missionary and physician. Dr. "WUUamson ;
and then, fearing an arrest, he took a canoe and
paddled up the Minnesota. The excuse offered
by the dragoons was, that all the guard but one
fell asleep.

The first paper published in Minnesota, beyond
the capital, was the St. Anthony Express, which
made its appearance during the last week of
April or May.

The most important event of the year 1851
was the treaty with the Dahkotahs,by which the
west side of the Mississippi and the valley of the
Minnesota River were opened to the hardy immi-
grant. The commissioners on the part of the
United States were Luke Lea, Commissioner of
Indian Affairs, and Governor Ramsey. The
place of meeting for the upper bands was Trav-
erse des Sioux. The commission arrived there
on the last of June, but were obliged to wait
many days for the assembling of the various bands
of Dahkotahs.

On the eighteenth of July, all those expected
having arrived, the Sissetoans and "Wahpaytoan
Dahkotahs assembled in grand council with the
United States commissioners. After the usual
feastings and speeches, a treaty was concluded
on "Wednesday, July twenty-third. The pipe
having been smoked by the commissioners, Lea

and Ramsey, it was passed to the chiefs. The
paper containing the treaty was then read in
English and translated into the Dahkotah by the
Rev. S. R. Riggs, Presbyterian Missionary among
this people. This finished, the chiefs came up
to the secretary's table and touched the pen; the
white men present then witnessed the document,
and nothing remained but the ratification of the
United States Senate to open that vast country
for the residence of the hardy immigrant.

During* the first week in August, a treaty was
also concluded beneath an oak bower, on Pilot
Knob, Mendota, vnth the M'dewakantonwan and
Wahpaykootay bands of Dahkotahs. About sixty
of the chiefs and principal men touched the pen,
and Little Crow, who had been in the mission-
school at Lac qui Parle, signed his own name.
Before they separated. Colonel Lea and Governor
Ramsey gave them a few words of advice on
various subjects connected with their future well-
being, but particularly on the subject of educa-
tion and temperance. The treaty was interpret-
ed to them by the Rev. G. H. Pond, a gentleman
who was conceded to be a most correct speaker
of the Dahkotah tongue.

The day after the treaty these lower bands
received thirty thousand dollars, which, by the
treaty of 1837, was set apart for education ; but,
by the misrepresentations of interested half-
breeds, the Indians were made to believe that
it ought to be given to them to be employed as
they pleased.

The next week, with their sacks filled vnth
money, they thronged the streets of St. Paul,
purchasing whatever pleased their fancy.

On the seventeenth of September, a new paper
was commenced in St. Paul, under the auspices
of the "Whigs," and John P. Owens became
editor, which relation he sustained until the fall
of 1857.

The election for members of the legislature
and county ofllcers occurred on the fourteenth of
October; and, forthefirst time, a regular Demo-
cratic ticket was placed before the people. The
parties called themselves Democratic and Anti-
organization, or Coalition.

In the month of jSTovember Jerome Puller ar-
rived, and took the place of Judge Goodrich as
Chief Justice of Minnesota, who was removed ;
and, about the same time, Alexander Wilkin was

124

EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.

appointed secretary of the territory in place of
C. K. Smith.

The eighteenth of December, pursuant to
proclamation, was observed as a day of Thanks-
giving.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1852.

The third Legislative Assembly commenced its
sessions in one of the edifices on Third below
Jackson street, which became a portion of the
Merchants' Hotel, on the seventh of January,
1832.

This session, compared with the previous,
formed a contrast as great as that between a
boisterous day in March and a calm June morn-
ing. The minds of the population were more
deeply interested in the ratification of the treaties
made with the Dahkotahs, than in poUtical dis-
cussions. Among other legislation of interest
was the creation of Hennepin county.

On Saturday, the fourteenth of February, a
dog-train arrived at St. Paul from the north,
with the distinguished Arctic explorer. Dr. Eae.
He had been in search of the long-missing Sir
John Franklin, by way of the Mackenzie river,
and was now on his way to Europe.

On the fourteenth of May, an interestiag lusus
naturae occurred at Stillwater. On the prairies,
beyond the elevated bluffs which encircle the
business portion of the town, there is a lake which
discharges its waters through a ravine, and sup-
plied McKusick's miU. Owing to heavy rains,
the hills became saturated with water, and the
lake very full. Before dayUght the citizens heard
the " voice of many waters," and looking out, saw
rushing down through the ravine, trees, gravel
and diluvium. Nothing impeded its course, and
as it issued from the ravine it spread over the
town site, coveringnp barns and small tenements,
and, continuing to the lake shore, it materially
improved the landing, by a deposit of many tons
of earth. One of the editors of the day, alludhig
to the fact, quaintly remarked, that " it was a
very extraordinary movement of real estate."

During the summer, EUjah Terry, a young
man who had left St. Paul the previous March,
and went to Pembina, to act as teacher to the
mixed bloods in that vicinity, was murdered un-
der distressing circumstances. With a bois brule
he had started to the woods on the morning of

his death, to hew timber. While there he was
fired upon-by a small party of Dahkotahs ; a ball
broke his arm, and he was pierced with arrows.
His scalp was wrenched from his head, and was
afterwards seen among Sisseton Dahkotahs, near
Big Stone Lake.

About the last of August, the pioneer editor
of Minnesota, James M. Goodhue, died.

At the November Term of the United States
District Court, of Ramsey county, a Dahkotah,
named Yu-ha-zee, was tried for the murder of a
German woman. With others she was travel-
ing above Shokpay, when a party of Indians, of
whom the prisoner was one, met them; and,
gathering about the wagon, were much excited.
The prisoner punched the woman first with his
gun, and, being threatened by one of the party,
loaded and fired, killing the woman and wound-
ing one of the men.

On the day of his trial he was escorted from
Fort Snelling by a company of mounted dragoons
in full dress. It was an impressive scene to
witness the poor Indian half hid in his blanket,
in a buggy with the civil ofiicer, surrounded with
all the pomp and circumstance of war. The jury
found him guilty. On being asked if he had
anything to say why sentence of death should
not be passed, he replied, through the interpreter,
that the band to which he belonged would remit
their annuities if he could be released. To this
Judge Hayner, the successor of Judge FuUer,
replied, that he had no authority to release
him.; and, ordering him to rise, after some
appropriate and Impressive remarks, he pro-
nounced the first sentence of death ever pro-
nounced by a judicial ofiicer in Mimiesota. The
prisoner trembled while the judge spoke, and
was a piteous spectacle. By the statute of Min-.
nesota, then, one convicted of murder could not
be executed until twelve months had elapsed, and
he was confined until the governor of the ter-
orrity should by warrant order his execution.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1853.

The fourth Legislative Assembly convened on
the fifth of January, 1853, in the two story brick
edifice at the corner of Third and Minnesota
streets. The Council chose Martin McLeod as
presiding oflBcer, and the House Dr. David Day,

INDIAN FIGHT IN 8TItI11128 OF ST. PAUL.

125

Speaker. Governor Kamsey's message was an
interesting document.

The Baldwin school, now known as Macalester
College, was incorporated at this session of the
legislature, and was opened the following June.

On the ninth of April, a party of Ojibways
killed a Dahkotah, at the village of Shokpay. A
war party, from Kaposia, then proceeded up the
valley of the St. Croix, and killed an Ojibway.
On the morning of the twenty-seventh, a band
of Ojibway warriors, naked, decked, and fiercely
gesticulating, might have been seen in the busiest
street of the capital, in search of their enemies.
Just at that time a small party of women, and
one man, who had lost a leg in the battle of Still-
water, arrived in a canoe from Kaposia, at the
Jackson street landing. Perceiving the Ojib-
ways, they retreated to the building then known
as the " Pioneer " ofiBce, and the Ojibways dis-
charging a volley through the windows, wounded
a Dahkotah woman who soon died. For a short
time, the infant capital presented a sight
similar to that witnessed in ancient days in
Hadley or Deerfleld, the then frontier towns of
Massachusetts. Messengers were despatched to
Fort Snelling for the dragoons, and a party of
citizens mounted on horseback, were quickly in
pursuit of those who with so much boldness had
sought the streets of St. Paul, as a place to
avenge their wrongs. The dragoons soon fol-
lowed, with Indian guides scenting the track of
the Ojibways, like bloodhounds. The next day
they discovered the transgressors, near the Palls
of St. Croix. The Ojibways manifesting what
was supposed to be an insolent spirit, the order
was given by the lieutenant in command, to fire,
and he whose scalp was afterwards daguerreo

typed, and which was engraved for Graham's
Magazine, wallowed in gore.

During the summer, the passenger, as he stood
on the hurricane deck of. any of the steamboats,
might have seen, on a scaffold on the bluffs in
the rear of Kaposia, a square box covered with a
coarsely fringed red cloth. Above it was sus-
pended a piece of the Ojibway's scalp, whose
death had caused the affray in the streets of St.
Paul. Within, was the body of the woman who
had been shot in the " Pioneer " buUding, while
seeking refuge. A scalp suspended over the
corpse is supposed to be a consolation to the soul,
and a great protection in the journey to the spirit
land.

On the accession of Pierce to the presidency of
the United States, the officers appointed under
the Taylor and Pillmore administrations were
removed, and the following gentlemen substitu-
ted : Governor, W. A. Gorman, of Indiana ; Sec-
retary, J. T. Rosser, of Virginia ; Chief Justice,
W. H. Welch, of Minnesota ; Associates, Moses
Sherburne, of Maine, and A. G. Chatfleld, of
Wisconsin. One of the first official acts of the
second Governor, was the making of a treaty
with the Winnebago Indians at Watab, Benton
county, for an exchange of country.

On the twenty-ninth of June, D. A. Robertson,
who by his enthusiasm and earnest advocacy of
its principles had done much to organize the
Democratic party of Minnesota, retired from the
editorial chair and was succeeded by David Olm-
sted.

At the election held in October, Henry M.
Rice and Alexander Wilkin were candidates
for deligate to Congress. The former was elect-
ed by a decisive majority.

126

EXPLOBURS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTEE XXIII.

EVENTS FROM A. D. 1854 TO THE ADMISSION OF MINNESOTA TO THE UNION.

Fifth Leg] slature— Execution of Yuhazee — SixthLepislature— First bridge over the
Mississippi — Arctio Explorer — Seventli Legislature — Indian girl killed near
Bloomington Ferry — Eighth Legislature — Attempt to Remove the Capital —
Special Session of the Legislature — Convention to frame a State Constitution —
Admission of Minnesota to the Union.

The fifth session of the legislature was com-
menced in the building just completed as the
Capitol, on January fourth, 1854. The President
of the Council was S. B. Olmstead, and the Speak-
er of the House of Representatives was N. C. D.
Taylor.

Governor Gorman delivered his first annual
message on the tenth, and as his predecessor,
urged the importance of railway communications,
and dwelt upon the necessity of fostering the in-
terests of education, and of the lumbermen.

The exciting bill of the session was the act in-
corporating the Minnesota and Northwestern
RaUroad Company, introduced by Joseph R.
Brown. It was passed after the hour of midnight
on the last day of tlie session. Conlzary to the
expectation of his friends, the Governor signed
the biU.

On the afternoon of December twenty-seventh,
the first public execution in Minnesota, in accord-
ance with the forms of law, took place. Yu-ha-
zee, the Dahkotah who had been convicted in
November, 1852, for the murder of a German
woman, above Shokpay, was the individual.
The scaffold was erected on the open space be-
tween an inn called the Franklin House and the
rear of the late Mr. J. W. Selby's enclosure
in St. Paul. About two o'clock, the prisoner,
dressed in a white shroud, left the old log pris-
on, near the court house, and entered a carriage
with the officers of the law. Being assisted tip
the steps that led to the scaffold, he made a few
remarks in his own language, and was then exe-
cuted. Numerous ladies sent in a petition to
the governor, asking the pardon of the Indian,
to which that officer ui declining made an appro-
priate reply.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1855.

The sixth session of the legislature convened
on the third of January, 1855. W. P. Murray
was elected President of the Council, and James
S. Norris Speaker of the House.

About the last of January, the two houses ad-
journed one day, to attend the exercises occa-
sioned by the opening of the first bridge of
any kind, over the mighty Mississippi, from
Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico. It was at
Palls of Saint Anthony, and made of wire, and
at the time of its opening, the patent for the
land on which the west piers were built, had not
been issued from the Land Office, a striking evi-
dence of the rapidity vsdth which the, city of
Minneapolis, which now surrounds the Pahs, has
developed.

On the twenty-ninth of March, a convention
was held at Saint Anthony, which led to the
formation of the RepubUcan party of Minnesota.
This body took measures for the holding of a
territorial convention at St. Paul, which con-
vened on the twenty-fifth of July, and William
R. Marshall was nominated as delegate to Con-
gress. Shortly after the friends of Mr. Sibley
nonainated David Olmsted and Henry M. Rice,
the former delegate was also a candidate. The
contest was animated, and resulted in the elec-
tion of Mr. Rice.

About noon of December twelfth, 1855, a four-
horse vehicle was seen driving rapidly through
St. Paul, and deep was the interest when it was
announced that one of the Arctic exploring party,
Mr. James Stewart, was on his way to Canada
with relics of the world -renowned and world-
mourned Sir John Franklin. Gathering together
the precious fragments found on Montreal Island
and vicinity, the party had left the region of ice-
bergs on the ninth of August, and after a con-
tinued land journey from that time, had reached

PB0P08En BEMO VAL OF THE SEAT OF GO VEMJSTMEMT.

127

Saint Paul on that day, en route to the Hudson
Bay Company's quarters in Canada.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1856.

The seventh session of the Legislative Assem-
bly was begtm on the second of January, 1856,
and again the exciting question was the Minne-
sota and Northwestern Railroad Company.

John B. Brisbin was elected President of the
Council, and Charles Gardner, Speaker of the
House.

This year was comparatively devoid of interest.
The citizens of the territory were busily engaged
in making claims in newly organized counties,
and in enlarging the area of civilization.

On the twelfth of June, several Ojibways
entered the farm house of Mr. WhaUon, who re-
sided in Hennepin county, on the banis of the
Minnesota, a mile below the Bloomington ferry.
The wife of the farmer, a friend, and three child-
ren, besides a Uttle Dahkotah girl, who had been
brought up in the mission-house at Kaposia, and
so changed in manners that her origin was
scarcely perceptible, were sitting in the room
when the Indians came in. Instantly seizing
the little Indian maiden, they threw her out of
the door, killed and scalped her, and fled before
the men who were near by, in the field, could
reach the house.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1857.

The procurement of a state organization, and
a grant of lands for railroad purposes, were the
topics of political interest during the year 1857.

The eighth Legislative Assembly convened at
the capitol on the seventh of January, and J. B.
Brisbin was elected President of the Council, and
J. W. Purber, Speaker of the House.

A bill changing the seat of government to
Saint Peter, on the Minnesota River, caused
much discussion.

On Saturday, February twenty -eighth, Mr.
Balcombe offered a resolution to report the bill
for the removal of the seat of government, and
should Mr. Rolette, chairman of the committee,
fail, that "W. "W. Wales, of said committee, report
a copy of said biU.

Mr. Setzer, after the reading of the resolution,
moved a call of the Council, and Mr. Rolette was
found to be absent. The chair ordered the ser-
geant at arms to report Mr Rolette in his seat.

Mr. Balcombe moved that farther proceedings
under the call be dispensed with ; which did not
prevail. Prom that time until the next Thursday
afternoon, March the fifth, a period of one hun-
dred and twenty-three hours, the Council re-
mained in their chamber without recess. At that
time a motion to adjourn prevailed. On Priday
another motion was made to dispense with the
call of the Council, which did not prevail. On
Saturday, the Council met, the president declared
the call still pending. At seven and a half p. m.,
a committee of the House was announced. The
chair ruled, that no communication from the
House could be received while a call of the Coun-
cil was pending, and the committee withdrew.
A motion was again made during the last night
of the session, to dispense with all further pro-
ceedings under the call, which prevailed, with
one vote only in the negative.

Mr. Ludden then moved that a committee be
appointed to wait on the Governor, and inquire if
he had any further communication to make to
the CouncU.

Mr. Lowry moved a call of the Council, which
was ordered, and the roll being called, Messrs.
Rolette, Thompson and Tillotson were absent.

At twelve o'clock at night the president re-
sumed the chair, and announced that the time
limited by law for the continuation of the session
of the territorial legislature had expired, and he
therefore declared the Council adjommed and the
seat of government remained at Saint Paul.

The excitement on the capital question was in-
tense, and it was a strange scene to see members
of the CotmcU, eating and sleeping in the hall of
legislation for days, waiting for the sergeant-at-
arms to report an absent member ui his seat.

On the twenty-third of February, 1857, an act
passed the United States Senate, to authorize
the people of Minnesota to form a constitution,
preparatory to their admission into the Union
on an equal footing with the original states.

Governor Gorman called a special session
of the legislature, to take into consideration
measures that would give efiiciency to the act.
The extra session convened on April twenty-
seventh, and a message was transmitted by Sam-
uel Medary, who had been appointed governor
in place of "W. A. Gorman, whose term of office

128

liXPLOBEBS AND PIONIIEBS OF MINNESOTA.

had expired. The extra session adjourned on
the twenty-third of May ; and in accordance
with the provisions of the enabling act of Con-
gress, an election was held on the first Monday
in June, for delegates to a convention which was
to assemble at the capitol on the second Monday
in July. The election resulted, as was thought,
in giving a majority of delegates to tlie Kepubli-
can party.

At midnight previous to the day fixed for the
meeting of the convention, the Republicans pro-
reeded to the capitol, because the enabling ■ act
had not fixed at what hour on the second Mon-
day the convention should assemble, and fear-
ing that the Democratic delegates might antici-
pate them, and elect the officers of the body.
A little before twelve, a. m., on Monday, the
secretary of the territory entered the speaker's
rostrum, and began to call "the body to order ;
and at the same time a delegate, J. "VV. North,
who had in his possession a written request from
the majority of the delegates present, proceeded
to do the same thing. The secretary of the ter-
ritory put a motion to adjourn, and the Demo-
cratic members present voting in the affirmative,
they left the hall. The Republicans, feeling that
they were in the majority, remained, and in due
time organized, and proceeded with the business
specified in the enabling act, to form a constitu-
tion, and. take all necessary steps for tlie estab-
lishment of a state government, in conformity
with the Federal Constitution, subject to the
approval and ratification of the people of the
proposed state.

After several days the Democratic wing also
organized in the Senate chamber at the capitol,
and, claiming to be the true body, also proceeded
to form a constitution. Both parties were re-
markably orderly and intelligent, and everything
was marked by perfect decorum. After they had
been in session some weeks, moderate counsels

prevailed, and a committee of conference was
appointed from each body, which resulted in
both adopting the constitution framed by the
Democratic wing, on the twenty-ninth of Aug-
gust. According to the provision of the consti-
tution, an election was held for state officers
and the adoption of the constitution, on the
second Tuesday, the thirteenth of October. The
constitution was adopted by almost a unanimous
vote. It provided that the territorial officers
should retain their offices until the state was ad-
mitted into the Union, not anticipating the
long delay wliich was experienced.

The first session of the state legislature com-
menced on the first Wednesday of December, at
the capitol, in the city of Saint Paul ; and during
the month elected Henry M. Rice and James
Shields as their Representatives in the United
States Senate.

EVENTS OF A. D. 1858.

On the twenty-ninth of January, 1858, Mr.
Douglas submitted a bill to the United States
Senate, for the admission of Minnesota into the
Union. On the first of February, a discussion
arose on the bill, in A\hich Senators Douglas,
Wilson, Gwin, Hale, Mason, Green, Bro^\Ti, and
Crittenden participated. Brown, of Mississippi,
was opposed to the admission of ^Minnesota, un-
til the Kansas question was settled. Mr. Crit-
tenden, as a Southern man, could not endorse sJl
that was said by the Senator from ^Mississippi ;
and his words of wisdom and moderation during
this day's discussion, were worthy of remeja-
brance. On April tlie seventh, the bill passed
the Senate with only three dissenting votes ; and
in a short time the House of Representatives
concuiied, and on May the eleventh, the Presi-
dent approved, and jMinnesota was fully rec-
ognized as one of the United iStutes of America,

OUTLINES

OF THE

HISTORY OF MINNESOTA FROM 1858 TO 1881.

CHAPTEE XXIV.

ADMISSIOK AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE.

Admission of the State. — Its want of Resources.— The Hard Times.— Commence-
ment of Railroad Building.— The State Railroad Bonds Discredited.—" Wild-
Cat" BankiniT Scheme.— The Wright County War.— Failure of the State Loan
Scheme. — Attempted Adjustment of the Dilemma. — Partial return of Good
Times.— The Political Campaign of 1860. — Secession Movement.— Prospect of
War, &c., &c.

On May 11th, 1858, the act of Congress admit-
ting Minnesota to the Union, became a law, and
our State took her place among the sisterliood of
republics, the thirty-second in the order of admis-
sion, and had thenceforth a voice in the national
councils. On the 24th of May, the State officers
elect were quietly sworn in, in the Executive
Booms in the Capitol, and the machinery of the
State government was put in motion. The out-
look for the little commonwealtli at this time,
was far from propitious. The terrible financial
revulsion of tlie previous year had prostrated all
business, destroyed values, undermined confi-
dence, depressed the energies and ambition of
the people, and almost entirely checked immigra-
tion. There was but limited agriculture (a large
portion of the bread-stuffs used being imported),
little accumulated wealth, and that mostly based
on real estate, now unsaleable, money command-
ing two per cent, a month; no established indus-
tries or manufactures, not a mile of railroad, no
sound banks or currency, no system for raising
revenue, and not a cent of money in the State
treasury. In fact the State was considerably in
debt. The loan of $250,000 authorized by the
Legislature the winter previous, was not yet real-
ized on. Meantime, denominational treasury
9

warrants, bearmg interest, were used as currency,
while town and county " scrip " were generally
circulated among the people as money. It was
under such gloomy circumstances as these, that
tlie State began its career.

An adjourned session of the Legislature was
held in July, but little or nothing could be done
for the relief of the people from the financial strin-
gency or other troubles surrounding them. Some
relief was hoped for from the building of the
land grant railroads, which were generally got
under way during the summer, but there was not
as much money disbursed by the companies or
contractors, as had been anticipated. The direct-
ors of the roads hurried their first ten mile sec-
tions of grading to completion as rapidly as possi-
ble, and as soon as they were entitled to bonds,
according to the terms of the constitutional
amendment, applied to Gov. Sibley for the same.
He declined to issue them unless the roads would
give the State first mortgage bonds in equal
amounts, giving it a priority of lien. This the
land grant companies refused to accede to, and
applied to the Supreme Court of the State, for a
writ of mandamus, to compel Gov. Sibley to issue
the bonds, as demanded by them. The writ was
issued on November 12th, and left the Executive
no alternative in the premises, so the bonds were
issued. Eiforts were at once made to negotiate
them in the New York market.

The harvest this year, although a greatly in-
creased area was sown, was almost a failure, and
— -- (129)

130

OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.

bread-stufEs were still largely imported. J^Ivery-
body was in the most desperate straits financially
A winter of gloom and depression set in, such as
has never been experienced in the history of the
Northwest, and, it is scarcely probable, ever will
be again. The price of labor, for such as could
get employment at all, touched an unpreeedentedly
low figure, though, fortunately, the cost of living
had declined in the same ratio. Meantime, the ne-
gotiation of the bonds in New York, proceeded
very slowly. Capitalists were very unwilling to
invest in them, as already some journals in the
State had predicted the failure and break-down
of the whole scheme, added to pretty clearly ex-
pressed threats that the bonds would be repudi-
ated. Anxious to save the credit of the State,
and prevent a disastrous ending of the measure,
Gov. Sibley went to New York in person, about
the close of the year (1858) and gave his best en-
deavors to aid the pending negotiation of the
bonds ; but the capitalists there, alarmed at the
hostile tone of the newspapers in the State, finally
refused to touch them at all. The only recourse
now left for the holders of the bonds, and those
interested in the railroad scheme, was to use
them as a security for the issue of bank notes,
under the recently enacted general banking law.
Purported sales at ninety-five cents on the dollar
having bBen certified to the State Auditor, he re-
ceived a large number at this figure, and procured
for the owners currency In like amount. Mean-
time, work was progressing on the four land grant
roads.

No session of the legislature was held in the
winter of 1858-'9. The stringency increased
with each month. The newspapers of the state
which survived, were crowded with mortgage
foreclosure advertisements. Taxes were scarcely
paid at all, and the warrants, or scrip, of both
State and counties, depreciated, in some in-
stances, to forty or fifty cents on the dollar.
These were soon replaced by the issues of the
new banks based on the state raihroad bonds
which now began to flood the state, until the
names "Glencoe,""Owatonna," "La Crosse" and
"La Crescent," etc. , were familiar words. These
issues were regarded with considerable distrust
from the outset. Bankers in the state received
them with much disreUsh, and generally at a
discount, while outside the state, they scarcely

circulated at aU. The Chicago papers, and some
financial journals in New York, classed them as
"wild-cat." Their issue was pushed for a few
weeks, however, until in the spring of 1859 over
$200,000 of the currency was in circulation.
There were, in addition to these " railroad banks,"
several based on Minnesota 8 per cents, which
were actually worth par.

During the summer of 18d9 the reported discov-
ery of gold on Frazer River, and other points in
British North America, called the attention of the
people of Minnesota to the importance of an over-
land route to the Pacific, which might ultimately
lead the way for a northern railroad route. Meet-
ings were held, and money was subscribed, to
equip a train to open a wagon road via the north-
ern bend of the Missouri Eiver. Col. Wm. II.
Nobles was placed in command of the expedi-
tion, which left St. Paul on June 11, and pro-
ceeded safely through. Another important step
towards settling the regions beyond us, was the
successful navigation of Red River, by a steamer
launched this season. The Minnesota Stage Com-
pany also established a line to the Red River.

The " Wright county war," as it has been fa-
cetiously termed, occurred this summer. In the
fall of 1858, one-H. A. "Wallace was murdered in
Wright comity, and a neighbor, named Oscar F.
Jackson, was tried for the offense in the spring
of 1859, and acquitted. On April 25, a crowd of
men assembled, and hung Jackson to the gable
end of Wallace's cabin. Gov. Sibley offered a re-
ward for the conviction of any of the IjTichers.
Not long afterwards one Emery Moore was ar-
rested on charge of being concerned in the out-
rage, and was taken to Wright County for trial,
but was rescued by a mob. Gov. Sibley at once
decided to take vigorous steps to maintain the
majesty of the law. A military force was called
out, and three companies dispatched (^Vug. 5) to
MonticoUo to arrest the rioters. The troops pro-
ceeded to Monticello, reinforced the civil author-
ities, arrested eleven lynchers and rescuers, and
turned them over to the civil authorities. Hav-
ing vindicated the supremacy of law and order,
the bloodless expedition returned.

The financial condition had meantime been
growing worse. Early in June, the brokers of
the state had combined to depreciate the " Glen
coe money," as the railroad currency was called.

ADHnSSION AND ORGANIZATION OF TEE STATE.

131

and as several sums which had been presented at
the bants for redemption, were not redeemed,
they were protested, and the state auditor was
compelled to advertise the securities for sale.
This caused a still further depreciation oi the
money, until shortly it was scarcely current on
any terms. Meantime all work on the land grant
lines had been finally and completely suspended,
and $2,275,000 of the state bonds had been issued.
In October, it was stated that the bonds had been
sold as low as ten cents on the dollar. The cou-
pons due on Dec. 1, 1859, were unpaid, and the
companies holding the bonds declared in default.
The whole scheme had thus been brought to a
complete failure, and was now practically aban-
doned, while not a mile of road had been com-
pleted.

The hard times, and the failure of the real es-
tate speculative era, liad one good result, how-
ever, which was, to turn increased attention. to
agriculture. A greatly enlarged area was sown,
and the agricultural resources of the State began
to be known as the true source of its wealth.
For the first time, breadstufEs were exported, and
immigration began again.

The fall of this year witnessed a bitter political
fight. Two years before, the parties had been
pretty evenly divided. This campaign each one
spent its full force and energy, and had nomina-
ted for state ofiicers their most popular men.
The election took place on Oct. 11. Hon. Alex.
Eamsey was chosen governor, by a vote of 21,335,
over Hon. George L. Becker, who received 17,532.
The legislature which met on Dec. 7, was largely
republican.

Tlie most important work which came before
this session was some adjustment of the dilemma
into which the state had fallen, through the adop-
tion of the loan amendment. Nearly the entire
session was consumed in debating various plans
of extrication without much fruit. The loan
amendment was expunged, however, and a new
amendment was framed for submission to the
people, providing that there should be no further
issue of bondr; to the companies; also, that no law
levying a tax to pay either principal or interest
on the bonds already issued, should be of any force
or effect, until ratified by a popular vote. These
constitutional amendments were adopted by a
large majority of votes, in the fall of the same

year. The governor was also directed to foreclose
the deeds of trust given to secure interest on the
bonds loaned, and bid off and purchase the prop-
erty sold, in the name of the state. This was
done, the following summer, and the state again
secured the forfeited rights, franchises and land
grants.

The Federal census taken this year (1860),
showed that the state had a population of 172,-
123. The harvest was a good one, and business
was considerably revived. Immigration was be-
ginning to become brisk, and building in the
towns and cities was perceptibly increasing, while
the tilled area was receiving great additions.
It seemed that the " hard times " had about
ceased, and the hope of prosperous days was be-
ginning to enliven all. But this gleam of sun-
shine was of short duration. The memora-
ble presidential contest of that year, the first in
which Minnesota had a voice, was a period of un-
precedented heat and excitement. The electoral
vote of Minnesota was cast for Abraham Lincoln
by a very large majority, he receiving 22,069,
Douglas, 11,920, Breckenridge 748, and Bell 62.
It was not long before the disunion cloud arose
in the slave states, and the mutterings of rebell-
ion began to be heard. It was a period of doubt
and forebodings. The currency used generally in
the state, being largely based on the bonds of
seceding states, became greatly depreciated. All
classes suffered much loss, business became de-
pressed, real estate unsalable, and soon a condi-
tion of distress ensued, almost equal to the dark-
est days of the panic, three years before.

The legislature of 1861 considered the raUroad
question at length, and passed acts designed to
facilitate the construction of the land grant roads
by turning over the forfeited franchises of the old
companies to new organizations, believed to be
able to complete them. The Lake Superior and
Mississippi Eailroad Company was also char-
tered.

The secession movement progressed steadily
during the winter, and it soon became apparent
to all that war was inevitable. Lincoln was in-
augurated, but his address promised only coer-
cion, and coercion war. The feeble and unreal
movements for compromise and conciliation all
failed. Meantime business in this state was daily
growing worse. Large numbers were out of em-
ployment, and anticipating still further disaster.

132

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

CHAPTER XXV.

MnSTNESOTA'S SHARE IN SUPPRESSING THE REBELLION.

The Wnr Actually Begun. — Excitemeut of the Period. — Minneaota Called on for
One Regiment.— Recruiting Vigorously Begun.— The First Regiment Mus-
tercdin for Three Yejirs.— It is Ordered to Washington.— A Second Regiment
calledforand Recruited. — The First Engaged at Bull Run.— Contributions for
the Relief of the Sick and Wounded.— Progress of Railroad Building.— Third,
Fourth, and Fifth Regiments Called For.— Battle «f Mill Springs.— Railroad
Legislation.— Battle of Pittsburg handing.— A Sixth Regiment Authorized.—
Currency Troubles. — Expeditions to Idaho.— First Railroad Completed.— Gal-
lantry of Minnesota Troops in the South.— The Seven Days Fight.— Heavy
Levies of Men Culled For.— The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Regiments
Ordered.

Saturday, April 13, 1861, was a dark day in the
annals of our state. The telegraph brought the
unwelcome news of the attack on Fort Sumter,
and it was seen that war was inevitable. The
bulletin boards of the newspaper offices were sur-
rounded all day with an excited and anxious
crowd, but courage and determinaticn were every-
where visible. The next day was the Sabbath,
bright and balmy. The churches had but meagre
audiences that day. All day knots of angry
and excited men gathered on the streets, con-
versing on the startling events of the time.

On Monday, the proclamation of President
Lincoln was received, calling for 75,000 volun-
teers for three months' service, and assigning to
Minnesota one regiment. Gov. Eamsey, who was
in AV'ashington, had already tendered to the Pres-
ident, in person, a like force. Lt. Gov. Donnelly
at once issued a proclamation callmg on the citi-
zens of Minnesota to enlist, and Adjt. Gen.
Acker issued a general order giving tlie needed
instructions. In all the principal towns and cities
of the state, public meetings were at once held,
and enlistment stations opened. A fervid pat-
riotism pervaded all ranks. " The war" was the
sole topic of conversation. Everything else, even
business, to a large extent, was suspended for the
time. Never, and in no other state, was a peo-
ple so imbued with warlike zeal. In four or five
days ten companies, in vaj'ious localities, had
been raised and accepted by Adjt. General San-
born (Gen. Acker having resigned to recruit a
company.) Fort Snelling liaving been designated

by the war department as a school of instruc-
tion, the companies were rendezvoused there,
and by the 25th were all in their quarters, and
busily engaged in drilling. The regimental offi-
cers were announced on the 29th, and on that day,
two weeks from the time when the president's
call was received, the " Immortal First," over one
thousand strong, was mustered into service, for
three months, with Ex-Gov. Gorman as Colonel.

Scarcely was this accomplished, when the War
Department decided that it could only be received
as a three years regiment, and it became neces-
sary to at once renew the enlistments on that
basis. After a few days delay, enough recruits
were received, and mustered In, to fill a three
years regiment, and it was accepted on that
basis. The War Department, contrary to the
hopes of the men, at first ordered the companies
to garrison the various posts in and near the state,
relieving the regulars stationed there, and some
detachments had already left for their posts,
when the need of more troops for the Virginia
campaign became imminent, and the order was
countermanded and the First Regiment directed
to proceed at once to Washington. The compa-
nies were quickly reassembled at Fort Snelling,
and, on June 22d, left that post by boat, arriving
in Washington on June 26tb. In the various cities
through which the First passed, they were re-
ceived with patriotic demonslrations of respect,
and it was noticed by the press as a remarkable
fact that a young commonwealth, unknown and
almost without populiition a dozen j ears before,
could now send to tlie defense of tlie Union a reg-
iment of such stalwart and brave soldiers.

Meantime, the war spirit which had been
aroused in the State, was not content with send-
ing one regiment. There were nimibers, in fact
several almost full companies, who had tried to
get admission into the First, but were too late,
and were anxious to go. This fact being made

MINNESOTA'S SHARE IN SUPPBESSING THE REBELLION.

133

known by Gov. Kamsey on May 3d, to the Secre-
tary of War, he at once authorized the raising of
a second regiment, and the recruiting for the
same was proceeded with, with alacrity. The
regiment was filled to the minimum, and mustered
in on June 26th, with the gallant Van Cleve as
Colonel, and rendezvoused at Fort Snelling, for
the time being, some of the companies, mean-
time, garrisoning the forts in and near Minnesota.

The First Regiment on reaching Washington,
was, after a few days of camp life at Alexandria,
pushed to the front, and took an active part with
Heintzelman's Division, in McDowell's campaign
against Manassas, acquitting itself well. On
July 21st, scarcely more than three weeks
after its arrival in the field, it took part in the
memorable battle of Bull Eun, in which disastrous
engagement it lost 174 men, of whom 44 were
killed, 107 wounded, and 23 taken prisoners. The
gallantry of the men, and their fine conduct in
the heat of battle, gained the regiment as well as
our State, great praise ; but the sad news of the
loss it suffered, filled our citizens with gloom.
The magnitude and solemnity of the great strug-
gle in which the nation had engaged, began to be
realized, while the sympathy and benevolence of
the citizens of the State, especially the ladies,
was aroused by the wants of the wounded and
sick soldiers in the hospitals, and a general move-
ment made for such contributions of money and
clothing and delicacies suitable for invalids.
Nearly $2,000 in money alone, was promptly con-
tributed, and sent to the Chaplain of the First.
This was the commencement of a splendid stream
of gifts towards the same object, which continued
to flow during the whole four years of the war,
the Sanitary and Christian Commissions being
soon after organized as a means of collecting and
distributing relief. In no State, during the strug-
gle for the Union, was found a more patriotic,
liberal, actively generous people, than in Minne-
sota.

Not long after the battle of Bull Eun, the First
Eegiment went into camp between Poolesville
and Edwards Ferry, Maryland, for winter quar-
ters, remaining there several months.

While these events were occurring, the mate-
rial progress of our State was receiving an im-
pulse. Capitalists from Ohio were induced, under
the legislation of the last winter, to embark in the

completion of the " Minnesota and Pacific Eail-
road," from St. Paul to St. Anthony. This line
had been partially graded three years before, and
with little labor was made ready for the super-
structure. Ties and rails for several miles were
provided, and track-laying commenced. A loco-
motive and cars arrived, and the first wheel
turned by a locomotive in this State, was on Sep-
tember 19th. At this juncture, unfortunately, a
disagreement sprang up between the contractors
and the ofiicers of the road, and resulted in a sus-
pension of the work for several months.

Business remained very much depressed all the
season, a result, in part, of the miserable cur-
rency used in trade.

Eecruiting for the second regiment did not
cease until September, by which time all the
companies were filled to the maximum, and the
battalion was ready for service on southern fields.
Meantime a company of Sharp-Shooters had been
recruited by Capt. Peteler, and having been ac-
cepted (Sept. 3d), left on Oct. 6th for Virginia,
where they were attached to Berdan's U. S.
sharp-shooters.

Congress, at its special session, commencing
July 4th, had authorized the raising of 500,000
troops. Under this call Minnesota was called on
for two more regiments, on Sept 17th. There
were already some partially completed companies,
and recruiting commenced vigorously in-all parts
of the state. Up to this time all the troops re-
cruited had been for the infantry service, but in
order to give all who wished to enlist, their pref-
erence for the different arms of service, cavalry,
and artillery organizations were commenced.
Three companies of cavalry were authorized, and
began to receive recruits, while a battery of light
artillery was gotten under way.

On Oct. 3d, Capt. N. J. T. Dana, formeriy of
the regular army, was commissioned as Colonel
of the First, vice Gorman, who had been pro-
moted to Brigadier General.

On Oct. 14, the Second Eegiment left for Vir-
ginia, but at Pittsburgh was ordered to Louis-
ville, Ky., and soon after went into camp at Leb-
anon Jimction, where they remained some
weeks, guarding bridges. On Oct. 29th, the Third
Eegiment was announced as organized, and Hen-
ry C. Lester appointed Colonel. On Nov. 16th the
Third left for Kentucky, and were employed in

134

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

the same service as the Second, near which they
were encamped for some weeks. The Fourth
Kegiment was filled nearly at the same time, and
Adjt. Gen. John B. Sanborn appointed Colonel.
It was retained in the state, doing garrison duty,
until spring.

On Oct. 19th the First Begiment participated in
the action at Edwards Perry, sufEering small
loss, but making a noble record for gallantry.

The state election occurred on Oct. 9th. Parti-
san poUtics were not much noticeable in this con-
test. Alex. Ramsey was re-elected for governor,
by a vote of 16,274 over E. O. HamUn, who had
10,448.

The three cavalry companies, commanded re-
spectively by Capts. Von Minden, Brackett, and
"West, were ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., in
December, and incorporated into an Iowa troop
called Curtis Horse, and subsequently Third Iowa
Cavalry.

The First Battery Light Artillery, Capt. Munch,
also left for St. Louis Dec. 1st, and was soon
after ordered to Pittsburgh Landing. During
this month a Fifth Begiment was authorized, and
considerable progress made in flUing it.

On January 19th, 1862, occurred the memora-
ble battle of Mill Springs, in which our Second
Begiment won a national reputation. Early on
that day, the enemy, under Gen. ZoUicofEer, at-
tacked the union forces. Col. Van Cleve says in
his ofl&cial report: " After proceeding about half
a mile, we came upon the enemy, who were posted
behind a fence along the road, beyond which was
an open field, broken by ravines. The enemy,
opening upon us a galUng fire, fought desperate-
ly, and a hand to hand fight ensued which lasted
about thirty minutes. * * * The enemy gave
way, leaving a large number of their dead and
wounded on the field. * * * We joined in
the pursuit, which continued till near sunset,
when we arrived within a mile of their intrench-
ments, where we rested upon our arms during
the night. * * * Six hundred of our regi-
ment were in the engagement, twelve of whom
were killed and thirty-three wounded." Gen.
Zollicoffer himself was among the enemy slain.
Private George G. Strong, of Company D, is
thought to have killed Baillie Peyton, a promi-
nent rebel ofiicer.
The news of the victory at Mill Springs, occur-

ing, as it did, during a period of depression, was
Uke a gleam of svmshine, and our Second Begi-
ment won bright laurels for their gallantry. For
meritorious service in this engagement. Col. Van
Cleve was soon after promoted to Brigadier Gen-
eral.

On Feb. 24th Capt. Alfred Sully was commis-
sioned colonel of the First Begiment, vice
Dana, promoted to Brigadier General.

The legislature of 1862 had many important
questions under consideration, prominent among
which were those measures providing for miUtary
necessities, and putting the state on a " war foot-
ing." The work of releasing the land grant rail-
roads from the entanglements resulting from the
old five-million loan, and bestowing the franchis-
es on real capitaUsts, who would undertake to
build in good faith, was another of the important
measures of the session. The latter work was
successfully accompUshed In most cases. On the
line of the Minnesota & Pacific, between St. Paul
and St. Anthony, work was recommenced and
pushed vigorously.

On April 6th the battle of Pittsburg Landing
occurred. The only Minnesota troops engaged
in this conflict was the First Battery, which was
in the heat of the action at several points. Sev-
eral cannoneers were wounded (Capt. Mrmch se-
verely) two killed, and also a number of horses.
The battery did splendid service, and " mowed
the enemy down with cannister." Capt. (form-
erly adjutant general) "Wm. H. Acker, of the
Sixteenth Begulars, was kUled during this en-
gagement.

On March 20th, the Fifth Begiment was de-
clared organized, and the field officers were com-
missioned. Budolph Borgesrode was appomted
Colonel. The Second .Sharpshooters, CaptaJn
Eussell, which had been recruited during the
winter, soon after left for Washington, arriving
there AprU 26th. On AprU 24th, the Fourth
Begiment, and Second Battery of Light Artillery,
Captain Hotchldss, left for Benton Barracks, and
were soon pushed to the front in Mississippi. On
May 13th, the Fifth Begiment also left for the
same destination, excepting companies B, C, and
D, who remained behind to garrison forts, and a
few weeks subsequently took a conspicuous paxt
in the Sioux war.

On May 26th, the call for a sixth regiment was

MINNESOTA'S SHABE IN SUFPBESSINO THE BEBELLION.

135

made and recruiting was commenced very act-
ively, several skeleton companies, partially flUed
for the Fifth Eegiment, being already in the field.
. Congress, at its extra session, commencing July
4th, 1861 had authorized the issue of "legal ten-
der" notes, which were by this date, in large cir-
culation. The result of this was to greatly en-
liven business and enhance prices. While govern-
ment was expending in our state but a small
fraction of the enormous sums it was paying out
in eastern States for materials of war, the results
were unmistakably felt here. One effect was the
gradual and almost coiriplete withdrawal of coin,
especially small coin from circulation. This oc-
casioned great inconvenience in "making change,"
and various devices were used to overcome the
trouble. Postage stamps came into general use for
fractional sums, and soon became a decided nui-
sance. Then many of the cities and towns, as well
as business firms and banks, issued fractional
"shin-plasters" as currency. The country was
soon flooded with these, and it proved an intolera-
ble nuisance. The issue of the Treasmy Depart-
ment, soon after, of "postage currency," some-
what relieved the dearth of small change. A
steady enhancement in the price of goods, labor,
thecostof living, etc., commenced, from this date,
an inflation which lasted for two or three years.
The material development of the state pro-
gressed during this period, notwithstanding the
burdens and waste of war, and the fact that over
six thousand of our young men were withdrawn
from productive industry. An increased area
was sown. Immigration was becoming large,
especially of Scandinavians. Further efforts were
also made to open and extend our area of trade
towards the northwest. The reported discovery
of rich gold fields in the region now known as
Idaho and Montana, led to the formation of a
company of citizens to proceed thither overland.
On May 14th, the expedition left St. Paul, and
arrived safely at the diggings. Congress had,
meantime, been appealed to for some protection
to this emigration movement, and a small appro-
priation was made for this purpose, and Captain ,
James L. Fisk appointed to organize and com-
mand any party that might wish to go over. An-
otlier expedition was organized and equipped,
leaving on June 16th, and made a successful
journey to the gold fields. These expeditions

did much towards preparing the way for the
opening and settlement of the Northwest, and
were repeated in 1863 and 1864.

Another important event was the completion of
the Minnesota and Pacific EaUroad from St.
Paul to St. Anthony, which was opened for
trafiBc on June 28 — the first line operated in our
state. From that date on, railroad building was
rapidly carried on, on several of the Unes.

While these encouraging events were in prog-
ress in our state, her brave troops, in Virginia and
Mississippi, were contending against great odds.'
The Fourth and Fifth Regiments and the Second
Battery, whose departure for " Dixie" was noted
a few lines back, had been pushed rapidly to the
front, and, being a part of the "Army of the Mis-
sissippi," were soon face to face with the enemy,
in the great Corinth campaign. On May 28th
the Fifth Eegiment had a sharp action with the
enemy, in which several were killed, and a num-
ber wounded, and won much praise for gallantry.
On July 12th, near Murfreesboro, Tenn., the
Third Eegiment was attacked by a gi-eatly supe-
rior force, and after a brave resistance, losing
twelve men, its ammunition became exhausted,
and it was compelled to surrender. The men
were paroled a few weeks later.

Meantime the First Eegiment had taken an
active part in a campaign of great danger and
hardship. It had remained in its winter quar-
ters, near Edward's Ferry, until March, when
(attached to Sedgwick's Division) it proceeded to
Winchester, from whence they were ordered to
join the army of the Potomac near Fortress
Monroe. In April they took part in the siege of
Yorktown. From thence they participated in
McClellan's great Eichmond campaign, and the
"seven days fight." At Seven Pines, or Fair
Oaks, on May 31st and June 1st; at Peach Orch-
ard, June 29th; Savage's Station, June 29th;
Glendale and White Oak Swamp, June 30th;
Nelson's Farm, June 30th; Malvern Hills, July
1st, the brave First took an active part, and suf-
fered severe-losses, with great hardship and con-
tinual fighting. In all these engagements, it lost
ninety men. At the Battle of Fair Oaks, the
Second Sharp-Shooters was united with the First
Eegimet, and continued with them during the
rest of the campaign.

The disastrous termination of the operations

136

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

by McClellan, and the heavy losses of the army,
produced a feeling of great discouragement and
doubt throughout the North. On July 2, the pres-
ident called for 300,000 more troops. Still this
heavy draft was met cheerfully, and in this State
vigorous steps were taken to fill our quota. On
July 24th, a rousing war meeting was held at the
Capital, which lighted anew the flres of patriot-
ism, roused the despondent, and infused new
hopes into all. Eecruiting commenced vigor-
ously. But scarcely was the work under way,
when the call of August 4th, for 300,000 more
troops, was issued. It now became evident that
special exertions would be needed to fill our quo-
ta by the 18th, at which time the Secretary of
War had ordered a draft to be made, if not filled.
Public meetings were held at various places, and
large sums of money were subscribed by individ-
uals, ia addition to local bounties, to stimulate
enlistments. Great excitement prevailed through-
out the State for some days— fully equal to the
patriotie war spirit following the fall of Sumpter,
and business seemed to be almost suspended ; ia

fact, in many instances, actually was, as the en-
tire employees of many estabUshments enlisted.
To some extent, martial law was enforced in the
State. The Adjutant General, in a pubUshed
proclamation, forbade citizens (males of military
age) from leaving the State without a pass from
him, nor were they allowed to go from one county
to another without a permit from the Sheriff.
The Sixth Regiment, which was partially filled
when the call of July 2d was issued, was quickly
filled and organized. A seventh regiment was
authorized on August 5th. On August 10th the
eighth was called for ; on August 13th, the ninth;
and soon after even a tenth. Recruiting for the
old regiments was also brisk. Four companies
were received at Fort Snelling in one day. The
Press of August 19th, says: "On Sunday and
yesterday, large bodies of men were continually
pouring in." Over three thousand men were
then at the fort. The work of receiving, muster-
ing in, clothing and equipping these troops, laid
on the authorities a heavy task.

THE SIOUX MASSACBJS.

137

CHAPTEE XXVI.

TUB SIOUX MASSACRE.

The Sioux Miissacre —The Events Which Prohnhly led to It.— Discontent of the
Indians. — The Miu'ders at Acton. — Connncncenient of the Carnage at Red
Wood.— Awful Scenes.— NaiTow Escape of Wliites. —The Battle of Red Wood
Ferry.—Fiendish Cruelties of the Savages. — Panic and Fliglit of tlic Settlers. —
Condition of Affairs at Fort Ridgely.— The Alarm Reaches St. Peter.— Rein-
forcements Set Out from There.— Th^ first Attaclt on New Ulni.— The Savages
Repulsed.— They Besiege Fort Ridgely— But Fail to Capture It— And Again
Fall on New XTlni. — Desperate Fighting. — The Town Nearly Burned Down —
The Savages Withdraw, Unsuccessful. — The Town Evacuated.— End of '.he first
" Weelt of Blood."— Its Results to tlie State.

While these exciting events were occurring,
and attracting the attention of our citizens, a
fearful storm was gathering in an unexpected
quarter, and soon burst upon our state with ap-
palling fury. The Sioux Indians, of wliom sev-
eral thousand were living on reservations in the
western portions of Minnesota, had been for sev-
eral weeks (i. e. since about June 14th) collected
at the Yellow Medicine agency, to receive their
annual payment. This would have been made
to them by the proper officer, at that time and
place, promptly, had not the necessities of the
government just at that juncture, prevented the
prompt transmission of the S70,000 in gold coin,
which was to pay the Indians tlieir annuities.
As soon as it could be got ready, it was sent, and
hurried forward by special messengers, night and
day, arriving just one day too late. Meantime
the Indians were waiting impatiently for their
money, and for the provisions and other supplies
which were to be given them when the payment
was made. They were almost destitute of food,
and some were really suffering from hunger. In
this discontented condition, they were ready to
listen to bad counsel. Malicious parties had whis-
pered to them that the war had destroyed most
of the young men of the whites; that only old
men and boys were left; and if so disposed they
could repossess themselves of the land; that they
were to be cheated out of their money by the
traders, whom they had before accused of de-
frauding them; and other wrongs, real or fan-
cied, were recited to inflame them. As was
usual, a small detachment of troops had been

sent to the agency when the Indians first assem-
bled, to preserve order. This consisted of fifty
men from Port Ridgely, under Capt. Jno. S.
Marsh, and fifty from Fort Eipley, commanded
by Lieut. T. J. Slieehan. Yet, notwithstanding
the presence of these soldiers, guarding the ware-
houses, on Aug. 4th, several hundred Indians
attacked and broke into one of the buildings,
and took about one hvmdred sacks of flour before
they could be stopped. The missionaries, with
Major Galbraith, the agent, at length quieted
this outbreak. The agent issued some ammuni-
tion and goods to tliem, and persuaded them to
disperse, and he would send them word when
the money was ready for them. To this they
appeared to agree, and apparently left the agency
and went to their hunting-grounds. It was now
supposed that the trouble was over, and the
troops were allowed, on Aug. 16th, to depart for
their posts. But it was only the calm before the
storm. All this time bad blood was brewing,
and the storm gathering, unnoticed, or at least
unheeded by the whites. Only a spark was
needed to explode this magazine of savage fury,
and that, at length came. There is good evi-
dence to believe that during this interval the In-
dians were holding councils and " soldier's lodg-
es, ■' and had concluded that as the forts were
manned by but a handful of soldiers, it would be
a good time to rise and sweep away the white
race from their old hunting-grounds.

On Sunday, Aug. 17, a party of four Indians, be-
longing to a band noted for insubordination, were
in the neigliborhood of Acton, Meeker County,
where they had been for several days hunting.
They were angry and quarrelsome. They came
to the house of a Mr. Howard Baker, where they
found him and his wife, and a Mr. Webster and
wife. Mr. Eobinson Jones and wife and a Miss
Wilson, neighbors, came in soon after. The In-
dians had previously had a quarrel with Jones,

138

OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.

which was now renewed. They then proposed
shooting at a mark with Baker and Jones, which
was done. After discharging their guns, the
Indians at once reloaded, and commenced firing
on the whites. Jones and his wife, and Baker
and Webster were killed, and Miss Wilson, Mrs.
Baker and child, and Mrs. Webster, were un-
hurt. The four Indian murderers then stole
horses in the neighborhood, and rode rapidly,
during the night, to the Indian village near the
agency, where they told what they had done, and
m-ged that, as blood had been spilt, and they
would suffer the penalty, they must all unite
and exterminate the whites. The otHer Indians
then armed themselves, and at sunrise, Aug. 18,
the work of the death commenced, at the Lower
Sioux Agency, near Red Wood. It is strongly
asserted by other writers, who give good reasons
for the belief, that the Indians collected at the
Agency had all ready demanded on the massacre,
and commenced it on the 18th, without knowing
of the events at Acton.

The iirst victim to this hellish plot was James
AV. Lynde, a clerk in the trading house of Nathan
Myrick. He was a man of fine attainments, and
had written a work on the History and Eeligion
of the Dakotas, which was just ready for publi-
cation. Three other persons were killed at the
same store. At Porbes' trading house, near by,
George H. Spencer, the clerk, was badly wounded,
when his life was saved by the interposition of a
friendly Indian, named Chaska, who protected
him until he recovered. Other white persons in
and near the houses at the agency, were either
killed or wounded, within a few minutes. At
this point the Indians ceased their carnage, in
order to plunder the stores and government ware-
houses, and this delay enabled Bev. S. D. Hin-
man and some other whites, to escape to Port
Bidgely, spreading the alarm as they went.

After a brief time spent by the savages in rob-
bing the stores, they continued their work of car-
nage in every direction. They were soon joined
by the warriors of the other bands, and, to the
number of two or three hundred, spread through
the settlements for several miles iip and down
the river, murdering all the whites whom they
could find, excepting a few young womem, whom
they took captive, and in many instances burning
the houses of the settlers.

Meantune, the whites at the upper, or Yellow
Medicine Agency, some thirty miles distant, were
in ignorance of these dreadful scenes, and of the
danger which threatened them. It was not until
nearly night when John Other-Day, a Christian
Indian, brought them the dreadful news, and
warned them to save their lives. The whites,
sixty-two in number, at once took refuge in a
warehouse ; but flight seemed the only safe
course, and before daylight the next morning,
they were on their way across the prairies to-
wards Henderson, the men on foot, and the wo-
men and children, with S. B. Garvie, who had
escaped from his warehouse, after being badly
wounded, in wagons. The noble Other-Day
piloted them truly and skillfully. This party,
after great hardships, arrived safely at the settle-
ments on the Minnesota river, and thence to St.
Paul, though Mr. Garvie died on the way. The
two missionaries, Messrs. Williamson and Eiggs,
also escaped, with their families, after suflfering
much hardship.

On Monday mornmg, August 18th, about three
hours after the first outbreak at Red Wood
agency, a messenger from that place arrived at
Port Ridgely, twelve miles distant, with the
startling news. Captain Marsh, Company B,
Pifth Regiment, then in command, at once dis-
patched a courier to Lieutenant Sheehan, Com-
pany C, Pifth Regiment, who, with his detach-
ment, had left the post the morning previous on
his return to Port Ripley, and also to Major Gal-
braith, who had left at the same time for St.
Peter, with about fifty recruits, called the "Ren-
ville Rangers," en-route for Port SnelUng, urging
them to return at once. Captain Marsh at once
left for the scene of carnage, with forty-fom- men
on foot. After a forced march, he arrived about
2 o'clock P. M. at the ferry opposite the Agency,
near which place they found nine dead bodies.
They were met here by Rev. jNlr. Hinman, on his
way to the fort, who cautioned Oapt. jNlarsh against
an ambuscade, and warned him to return, as tlie
Indians greatly outnumbered his force. Captain
iMarsli, who was a very brave but very rash man,
would not listen to the advice, declaring that he
could "whip all the Indians," or something to
that effect. Arriving at the ferry, his men were
drawn up on the bank, in plain sight, when three
or four hundred Indians concealed in the thickets

THE SIOUX MA8SAGBE.

139

neax by, poured a volley into them. Nearly half
of his men fell dead or mortally woimded at the
first fire, some of them pierced with twenty bul-
lets, while several others were wounded, but
managed ultimately to escape ; some of them not
reaching the fort for three days. The survivors
of this sudden attack { Captain Marsh being himself
uninjured) fell back from the ferry towards the
fort, keeping up a running fight amidst the thick
timber on the river bottom, but against terrible
odds.

Bushing up to the fallen soldiers, the savages
tomahawked those still living, and tore the scalps
from most of them, inflicting also nameless bru-
talities on their corpses. All the fine Springfield
muskets carried by the dead, and their ammuni-
tion, fell into the hands of the redskins, and were
subsequently used by them, with deadly effect, at
the sieges of FortEidgely and New L'lm, and the
battle of Birch Coolie. The remains of the fallen
heroes were ultimately interred at Port Bidgely,
and the legislature, some years subsequently,
caused a fine monument to be erected there ia
honor of their bravery.

For some time a hot battle raged in the forest,
Capt. Marsh and his men retreating towards the
fort, contesting the ground, inch by inch. Find-
ing that his men were falling fast, and that the
enemy was gathering in force ahead of him, so as
to cut him off, he determined to cross the river,
so as to gain the open prairie on that side, and
reach the fort, if possible. He had now but thir-
teen men left. At their head he attempted to
Wade the river, but was drowned while so doing.
His men got over in safety, and made their way
to the fort about dark. Out of the forty-four
who had left it that morning, twenty-four were
dead. Thus ended the Battle of Bedwood Perry,
the first engagement of the war. The Indians, it
is thought, lost only one or two warriors.

Flushed with this easy victory in their first
encounter with our troops, the Indians now con-
sidered that the way was clear for their bloody
war of extermination. They scattered in every
direction, carrying death and torture to the homes
of all the settlers withia reach. For several days
the work of carnage was awful. No pen can
describe, the horrors of that bloody week. So
sudden and unexpected was the outbreak, and so
insidious and skulking the mode of warfare of

the savages, that the mhabitants were overtaken at
their various pursuits and butchered in cold blood,
without any chance of flight or resistance. Most
of them were European immigrants who had re-
cently settled on the frontier, and were qidte un-
acquatated with savage warfare and treachery.
But few of them possessed ellective fire-arms, or
weapons of any kind, indeed, and even if they
had these, so sudden and stealthy was the onset,
that resistance would have been unavailing. The
savages generally went about on these raids in
squads of eight or ten, well armed. In many
instances the treacherous devils would advance
boldly and with friendly demeanor into houses
with whose owners they were acquainted, as if
to ask for food, (as was their custom, for the set-
tlers had always freely supplied them) ; when all
at once they would shoot down or tomahawk
the unsuspecting inmates, perhaps the very per-
sons who had many times fed them when him-
gry. In a few instances children, and sometimes
adults, fled unobserved while this work of death
was going on, and escaped a like fate by skulking
in the grass or bushes, from whence they were
often compelled to witness the cruel tortures
practiced on the other menibers of their family,
or flee for life with the death shrieks of the suffer-
ing victims ringing in their ears. Some of those
who escaped thus, were rescued many days sub-
sequently, after enduring incredible hardships,
skulking by day around deserted houses, endeav-
oring to find food, and wandering by night
through the trackless waste, towards the settle-
ments. Delicate women, carrying or leading in-
fant children, thus traveled scores of miles to
some place of safety, sometimes wounded and
sick and almost naked. Many perished from
hunger, exposure or wounds. Others lived, to
suffer for years from their injuries. There
were literally hundreds of such incidents as the
above, and a full narrative of these adventures
and escapes would fiU volumes. No record can
ever be made of them, and the fate of many wUl
never be known until the last day.

The cruel barbarities practiced by the savages
on their victims, was another sickening feature
of the massacre, and its bare recital makes one
shudder. All the fiendish cruelties that their
savage nature and pent up hatred of the pale
faces could suggest, they wreaked on their vie-

140

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

tims, a people who had always been their friends
and benefactors. The wounded and dying were
scalped or tomakawked out of all semblance of
humanity. The bowels of many were gashed
open, and their hands and feet, or other members,
cut off and thrust into them. Children were
slashed with knives, eyes gouged out, ears or
hands cut off, or skulls smashed with war clubs.
Some of these survived even such awful wounds.
Babes were thrust living into stove ovens, and
there left, to roast to death. Pregnant women
were ripped open, and their unborn babes torn,
away, and thrown into their face, or nailed to a
door or tree, for their dying gaze to Witness. But
few women, comparatively, were killed outright.
Instant death would have been a more merciful
fate than they were reserved for. Frequently
delicate young maidens were tied, or held by the
fiends, and repeatedly outraged by the band of
captors, some actually dying in the hands of their
tormentors, or if they survived, led into a cap-
tivity of horrors. But let us draw a veil over
these atrocities.

After the murder of the inmates of a house,
pillage was the next step, and the torch was then
generally applied to it, oftentimes the wounded
victims, unable to escape, being burned to death.
Day after day the columns of smoke rising here
and there showed where the various bands of de-
mons were plying their work of destruction, while
night after night the sky along the frontier was
lurid with the light of burning homes. Two or
three thousand dwellings were thus destroyed, in
addition to three entire towns. Cattle were shot
from mere wantonness, and others left to starve,
with no one to attend them, Horses were saved
for the use of the marauders, hundreds of them
being stolen, and in many instances the savages
were observed riding to and fro in fine buggies
and carriages.

As the houses of the settlers were generally
isolated from each other, the news of the out-
break could not reach the more remote and scat-
tered, in season to save them. Along the main
roads leading to the settlements, the alarm was
spread by fugitives, after a day or two, and this
fact enabled thousands to save their lives who
would otherwise have fallen. Abandoning houses,
crops, cattle— everything, hastily seizing some

food and clothing, and harnessing their teams,
they fled towards New Ulm, Fort Ridgely, St.
Peter, Mankato, Henderson, and other towns
along the river. Some even pressed on to St.
Paul. Soon the roads were literally crowded
with a panic-stricken cavalcade, on foot, on
horseback, in all sorts of vehicles, hurrying along
with blanched faces and nervous trepidation.
Many were pursued and shot at (some killed,
even) while flying, and all had horrid stories to
relate. Lieut. Gov. Donnelly, on Aug. 26, wrote
from St. Peter: " You can hardly conceive the
panic existing along the valley. In Belle Plame
I found 600 people crowded in. In this place
there are between 3,000 and 4,000 refugees. On
the road between New Ulm and Mankato were
over 2,000. Mankato is also crowded. * * *
Their property in the mean time abandoned and
going to ruin." The condition of these throngs
of fugitives, crowded into the small towns, was
pitiable.

The handful of men who survived the massa-
cre at Redowod Ferry, and made their way back
to Fort Eidgely, found that post already crowded
with panic-stricken fugitives from the sur-
rounding country. All night these poor settlers
arrived from every direction, many of them
wounded, havmg left portions of their families
murdered, and their homes in flames. In every
direction, all night long, the sky was reddened
with the light of burning houses. It was a night
of terror and despondency. About ten o'clock
on Tuesday morning, the inmates were gladdened
with .the return of Lieutenant Sheehan and his
command, who, on being overtaken the evening
before by the messenger sent out to recall them,
had made a forced march of sixteen hours.
Lieutenant Sheehan at once took command of
the post, and in connection with Sergeant John
Jones, of the regular army, post ordinance ser-
geant, took effective measures to put the fort in
a defensible condition. All the civilians who
wei-e lit for duty, were armed, or put on guard,
and even the women were employed making cart-
ridges, running bullets, &c. No attack was made
that day, however, although Indians were seen
watching the fort. [The warriors were busy at-
tacking New Ulm, as will be seen a little farther
on.] About noon on Monday, the messengers and
guard in charge of the $70,000 in gold, reached

THE SIOUX MAS8ACBE.

141

Fort Kidgely, and remained there during the
siege.

Let us now follow Mr. J. C. Dickinson; of
Lower Agency, 'the messenger sent from Red-
wood to recall Maj. Galbraith from St. Peter.
Maj. G., so well satisfied was he with the loyal
promises of the Indians, had left the agency
with some volunteers for Fort Snelling. His
family were at Yellow Mediciae, and escaped
from that place. He, with the " Renville Ran-
gers," Lieut. O'Gorman, had arrived at St. Peter
Monday evening, when Mr. Dickinson reached
there, with the startling news. It was at first
discredited, but he at once made preparations to
return, with the Rangers, and a company of vol-
unteer citizens. He immediately dispatched Wm.
H. Shelley, of St. Paul, who was with him, with
a message to Gov. Ramsey, asking military aid.
Shelley rode at full speed all night, and reached
St, Paul, nearly one hundred miles distant, at 10
o'clock p. M. Tuesday, spreading the news as he
passed down the valley. Gov. Ramsey at once
took steps to send troops to the scene of blood.
But of this anon.

Monday night was spent by the soldiers and
citizens at St. Peter in organizing companies,
searchmg for arms, making cartridges, etc. Early
on Tuesday morning, the bells were rung and the
inhabitants called together. Great excitement
prevailed, but a company was at once organized.
Hon. Chas. E. Flandrau, associate justice of the
Supreme Court, was elected captain, and W. B.
Dodd, first lieutenant. Teams, wagons, camp
equipage, etc., were hastily collected.

Major Galbraith, with the Renville Rangers,
and others who accompanied them, armed as
well as could be possible, left St. Peter at 6 a. m.,
and after a hard march, reached Fort Ridgely
(Forty-five miles distant) the same evening. Just
as they arrived at the fort, a furious thunder-
gust came up. In the darkness and rain they
got into the fort safely, although hundreds of
Indians were watching it, and must have seen
them but for the storm. There were now 250
fencible men in the fort, and the crowd of fu-
gitives hourly increasing. These were cared for
as well as possible, the hospital being full of
wounded.

Meantime a company of sixteen horsemen left
St. Peter (Tuesday) for the aid of New Ulm,

which was reported by fugitives to be in great
danger. At one o 'clock the same day , Hon. Chas .
E. Flandrau left for the same place with 100
well armed men, on foot. Let us now give some
account of the

SIEGE OF NEW ULM.

This town was on the south bank of the Minne-
sota River, thirty miles, by land, from St. Peter,
and eighteen miles below Fort Ridgely. It con-
tained about 1,500 inhabitants, mostly Germans.
On Monday morning, Aug. 18th, a party of citizens
left jSTew Ulm to recruit for volunteers. When
some seven or eight miles west of new Ulm, they
found several dead bodies lying m the road. Con-
vinced that the Indians had risen, they retraced
their steps, but on their way back were fired on,
and several of the party killed. The rest fled to
town and gave the alarm. At the same time,
fugitives came in from other directions, near the
town, all telling horrid tales of butchery. This
created a great panic in the town, and many fled
to St. Peter. All that day and night, and next
day, fugitives continued pouring into the place.
The leading men of the tovm at once took steps
to organize for defence. Arms were collected,
barricades erected, sentinels posted, and every-
thing done which could be, to repel an attack.
These precautions were taken none too soon.
About four o'clock on Tuesday, aparty of mount-
ed Indians appeared on the prairie above the
town, and dismounting, advanced on the place.
The few men who had arms, at once attacked
them, but most of the people gathered into the
houses in the center of the town, panic stricken.
Fortunately, soon after the attack commenced,
the fifteen horsemen from St. Peter arrived, and
at once began a vigorous defence. The savages
burned several buildmgs on the west edge of th
town, and kept up a hot fire on the people with-
in the barricade. The St. Peter cavalry soon
made such a brave advance on the Indians, that
they were compelled to retire, about dark, sev-
eral having been killed. During the engagement,
the whites lost several, killed and wounded, also.
About nine o'clock, in the midst of a furious
thunder-storm. Judge Flandrau, with over one
hundred men, reached the town, and were
warmly welcomed. Vigorous efforts to organize
for defence were at once made. Judge Flan-

142

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

drau was chosen commander-in-chief, Capt. Dodd,
provost marshal, &c. Small reinforcements con-
tinued to arrive from Mankato and other points,
and by Thursday, 325 armed men were guarding
the town. Wednesday passed without any
alarms, and scouting parties were sent out in va-
rious directions to bury the dead, of which a
number were found. Let iis now glance at the
condition of things

AT FOKT BIDGELY.

About three o'clock on Wednesday, the 20th,
the first attack was made on this, post, probably
by the same force who had been at New Ulm the
evening previous. It is thought five hundred
Indians were engaged in it. Concealing them-
selves in the wooded ravines near the post, the
savages suddenly advanced on it with horrid yells
and a volley of balls. The suddenness of the on-
set almost threw the garrison off their guard, and
two of the soldiers were killed at the first fire.
The men speedily rallied, however, and fought
bravely. Sergeant Jones was quickly at his guns,
two 6-pounders and one 24-pounder, but on at-
tempting to fire, they wovild not go off. On
drawing the charges, he found them stuffed with
rags! Some treacherous half-breeds had done
this dastardly act, and then deserted to the
enemy. Assisted by a citizen, J. C. Whipple,
who had served in the Mexican war, and Sergt.
McGrew, of Company C, he soon poured several
rounds of cannister and shell into the thickets,
amongst the foe, killing and woimding a number.
The savages then succeeded in crawling up be-
hind some old outbuildings and hay-stacks, from
which they poured furious volleys into the fort.
Sergt. Jones soon set these on fire with shells,
and drove the savages off. At dusk the light of
this fire, and the noise of the artillery, impressed
the people at New Ulm and otlier places in the
vicinity with tlie belief that, the fort had fallen.
But when night closed down, tlic savages with-
drew. The garrison renwincd on arms all night.
One great danger was the dryness of the roofs'
which could have been ignited with "liic-ar-
rows." A close watch was kejit, and Providence
favored the beleagured force, for late at night a
heavy rain-storm commenced falling, and contin-
ued until next day, entirely averting this daiigei-'.
The large stables of the fort, about thirty rods

distant, were perfectly filled with government
mules, and horses brought in by the fugitives.
These the Indians succeeded in getting out and
stampeding.

The next morning (Thursday) the attack was
lenewed about 9 o'clock, and lasted hotly for an
hour, when the savages retreated, but again at-
tacked the fort about 6 p. m., when another en-
gagement took place, and lasted about an hour.
But their efforts to capture the fort were useless.
They found it too well defended. It could have
been taken by charging into it, but this Indians
are afraid to do. Meantime the garrison was be-
coming worn out with loss of sleep and continual
labor and fighting. Nearly five hundred refugees
were crowded into its small buildings, where
they were compelled to lie on the floor to avoid
the bullets of the foe, which swept like a hail-
storm through the windows. To add to the trou-
ble, many were becoming sick, and the stores
both of ammunition and provisions, and even
water, were running low.

That night, as subsequent evidence revealed.
Little Crow and his forces returned to the Lower
Agency, where he found the upper Indians, whom
he had sent for, arrived. This increased his
force to 450 warriors. Large numbers were also
marauding among the settlements, as far east as
Forest City and as far south as Lake Shetek.
Confident that with this large force he could take
both Port Kidgely and New Ulm, he now moved
on the former post.

During the night, however, the garrison had
strengthened its weak points with great skill and
success. Earthworks liad been thrown up, bar-
ricades erected, out of cordwood, sacks of grain,
etc., and other defenses provided, while the can-
non were stationed so as to command the most
exposed points, and the riflemen posted where
they could do the greatest execxition. About
noon the Indians appeared in greater numbers
than on either previous attack, and commenced
an assault so determined and furious, it seemed
MS if tlu>y were confident that this time the post
must fall. But as they advanced, yelling like de-
mons, the Kuiniers sent a storm of grape and can-
nister amongst them, Avliile the riflemen poured
volley after volley into them, and the savages re-
treated from this hot fire. They soon rallied and
took possession of the stables and other outbuild-

THE SIOUX MASSACRE.

143

ings near the fort, and kept up a terrible fire from
them. A perfect storm of balls poured into the
frame buildings in the fort, sometimes passing
clear through them. Several soldiers were hit,
and some civilians (one being killed), though all
the non-combatants kept well concealed. Finally
Sergt. Jones was compelled to fire the outbuild-
ings with shells, and drive the savages out.
Soon the flames and black smoke rolled up, and,
with the yells of the Indians, the rattle of small
arms, and the thunder of the cannon, made an
exciting scene. Por five hours the battle raged
hotly. Little Crow was heard repeatedly order-
ing his warriors to charge into the fort, and sev-
eral times they gathered for that purpose and
started, but Sergt. Jones would send a storm of
shell or cannister among them, and drive them
back. It is thought numbers of them were killed
in this attack.

About dark their fire ceased, and the night was
passed in quiet, but there were few slept around
the post except the non-combatants. All the men
were under arms all night, being five nights of
weary vigil and sleeplessness. The garrison were
well nigh worn out, and expected another day of
hard fighting. The sun rose, but no signs of In-
dians. Work was continued on the fortifications,
which were greatly strengthened. While thus
engaged, a large body of mounted Indians (said
by Louis Bobert, who counted them, to number
nearly 1,000) were seen coming down from the
Lower Agency on the opposite side of the river.
They did not, however, cross to the Fort Ridgely
side, but kept on towards New Ulm. It now
became evident that the latter place was their
objective point, and the garrison breathed freer.
Still, they knew not what a day might bring
forth,andkept up their working and watchiag.
Let us now return to

KEW TJLM,

and see how that beleagured town fared. After
the battle of Tuesday, before described, no at-
tack had been made on the town, though small
parties of Indians, doubtless scouts, were once
or twice seen near the place. This interval of
quiet was spent in erecting barricades, and other
works of defence, and in taking such steps as
seemed necessary, in case of another attack.
About ten o'clock a. m. on Saturday, the 23d,

the Indians (mounted) appeared in great force on
the prairie above town, and our forces were at
once posted on the open ground in that direction.
The Indians first approached slowly, but when
about a mile from our line, increased their speed,
and gradually spread out their front, like a fan,
until it covered our whole line. On they came at
full speed, yelling like demons. When about
double rifle-shot off. Col. Flandrau's men, inex-
perienced in such warfare, fell back on the town,
the Indians firing on them. The whites com-
mitted the error of passing the outermost build-
ings, and not occupying them, an error the sav-
ages soon took advantage of, as they at once took
possession of them, and opened a furious fire on
our men. By the exertions of Col. Flandrau,
the latter soon rallied, and coimnenced a vigorous
fire from every protected spot, each doing duty
as best he could, '• on his own hook." They soon
recovered their coolness, and fought bravely.
The enemy, from their great numbers, were able
to surround the town, and soon poured into it a
fire from every direction. The battle became fu-
rious and general.

The Indians also succeeded in getting possess-
ion of the houses on the bluff, which gave them a
great advantage, commanding, as it did, the inte-
rior of the town below , but about twenty men of the
Le Sueur company had occupied the windmill, a
high building in that locality, and kept up such a
hot fire , the Indians could do but little execution on
that side. They took possession of the lower end
of the city, however, and, the wind being from
that direction, fired the houses one by one, ad-
vancing thus towar&s the center of the city, con-
cealing themselves behind the smoke. The
greatest danger seemed now to be from this di-
rection, and a strong force of the best marksmen
was sent to resist the advance. They fought
bravely, and checked the enemy considerably.
The battle here was very hot for several hours.
About three o'clock the enemy concentrated a
force on the river side, asif preparing for a grand
assault. A detachment was sent to meet it. The
Indians came on at full speed, but our men stood
firm, and sent such volleys among them, that they
broke and retreated, losing several. Two of our
best marksmen, however, fell at the same time.

The battle raged furiously and without inter-
mission until dark. Many of our men were

144

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

wounded, several killed. All had fought nobly,
some performing feats of great daring. The en-
emy had left ten dead on the field, besides many
killed and wounded carried off, and had gained,
so far, no- great advantage; but if the attack con-
tinued much longer, the worst result was feared.
Night closed on the weary defenders, full of
doubt and anxiety.

A consultation was now held among the leading
men and those in command, as to the " situation.'
One thing that seemed necessary, was to contract
the lines of defence toward the center of the town
so tliat a less number could more readily defend
any point. To do this it was voted that all build-
ings, except a few in the center of the town, must
be burned. To this the inhabitants consented,
and themselves applied the torch to about forty
buildings. One brick house was left, and loop-
holed for defence. Including those burned by the
savages, 190 houses in all were now in ashes.
Only about twenty-five were still standing. A
range of rifle-pits were now dug in front of the
barricade, and all the defences strengthened.

When morning dawned (Sunday, August 24th),
the savages feebly renewed their attack, but they
soon saw they were foiled. In order to get near
enough to the barricade or buildings to do any
execution, they must pass over an open space right
in the face of the defenders rifles, where there
was not even a bunch of grass to skulk behind.
They kept up a flre at long range for three or four
hours, but as i\ made no impression they ceased
the attack about noon, and left ii the direction of
Lower Agency They were seen from Fort Kidge-
ly tha afternoon, passing up the river with a long
train oi wagons, probably loaded with their plun-
der, and many horses and cattle stolen from the
settlers. Neither Fort Eidgely nor New Ulm
were again attacked. The brave resistance of the
whites had balked the red demons at both places.
Had either of tlioKe posts fallen, hundreds of
women and children, and even of tlie armed men,
would have been massacred. l!iit few would
have escaped, and there is no doubt but that the
victorious savages would have ])resseil on and
taken both St. Peter and Mankato.

In the attack on New Ulm, ten whites were
killed and about fifty wounded. The few build-
ings left standing in the place, were almost filled
with the dead and wounded, and with sick people ;
for disease had by this time commenced to do its
work. The provisions were nearly exhausted,
and it seemed impossible to hold the place any
longer. There were no houses adequate to shel-
ter the two thousand people now crowded within
the fortifications. Hundreds had been for several
days huddled in cellars and other unsuitable pla-
ces. On Sunday afternoon, one hundred and
fifty more volunteers from St. Peter and vicinity,
arrived, in command of E. St. Julien Cox, well
armed and equipped. A council of war was held,
and it was resolved to evacuate the town. Ac-
cordingly, on Monday, August 25th, every inhab-
itant, some two thousand in number, with a train
of one hundred and fifty-three wagons bearing
the sick, wounded and feeble, commenced the
march to Mankato. " It was a melancholy spec-
tacle (says Colonel Flandrau, in his report) to see
two thousand people, who a week before had been
prosperous and happy, reduced to utter beggary,
starting on a journey of thirty miles through a
hostile country." The volunteer troops guarded
the train through safely

One week had now elapsed since the cruel mas-
sacre began. It was a "week of blood." Over
seven hundred persons had been murdered (many
think the number exceeds one thousand); two
hundred had been taken captive; nearly two
thousand houses burned ; thousands of horses
and cattle stolen, and a fertile region some two
hundred miles long and one hundred wide, laid
waste and depopulated. Eighteen counties were
ravaged, thirty thousand people (one-tenth of the
population of the State) homeless, their crops and
property going to ruin. Claims were subsequently
filed by nearly three thousand persons, who lost
property valued at :j2,o()0,000. But this does not
represent the total loss to our State, while no sum
can reiiresenl the sorrow and suffering caused by
the, massaeie.

DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS.

145

CHAPTEE XXVII.

DEFEAT AKD PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS.

Military Measures to Defend the Prontier.—Wantof any Organized Force.— H. H-
Sibley Appointed to Oommand an Expedition. — Great Lack of Anns and Am*
munition, — Volunteers Hurry to the Rescue in Large Force. — Col. Sibley Gath'
ers a Column at St. Peter— And Relieves Fort Ridgely.— Great Want of Ammu-
nition, Transportation, and Supplies — Danger of a Chippewa Outbreak. — Ac-
count of Indian Raids in Kandiyohi, Meeker, and other Counties. — Siege of
Hutchinson. — Siege of Port Abercrombie. — A Mounted Force Provided. — The
Battle of Birch Coolie.— Relief Measures for the Refugees. —The State Apro.
priates J25,000.— Col. Sibley Opens Negotiations for the Release of Prisoners.—
They Prove Successful.- Extra Session of the Legislature. — Battle of Wood
Lake. — The Savages Defeated. — Release of the Captives,— Arrest and Trial of
the Guilty Murderers.— Three hundred and Three Convicted and Sentenced to
be Hung.— Close of the Indian War.— Departure of more Regiments for the
War.— Hard Fighting by our Troops in the South.-.-Esecution of Thirty-eight
Indian Murderers at Mankato.

While these exciting events were occurring
along the frontier, the State authorities had been
acting with great energy and promptness in or-
ganizing and equipping a military force to pro-
ceed against the savages. The suddenness of the
outbreak found them totally unprepared for any
such emergency. The Sixth Regiment was in
barracks at Fort SneUing, nearly full and par-
tially organized, but its field officers had not yet
been appointed, nor had the men received their
arms. The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth
Regiments were also partially recruited but not
mustered in. Skeleton companies were at Fort
SneHing, but none had been organized, and
the men were undisciplined. .Large nmnbers
had been let off on furlough, to complete
harvesting their crops. All the arms due the
State had been drawn and issued to the old regi-
ments. The general government was so hard
pushed that even blankets and tents could not be
furnished to the new troops.

Immediately on receiving the news, Governor
Ramsey appointed Hon. H. H. Sibley, of Men-
dota, to the command of such forces at Port
gnelling as the commandant there, Colonel B. E.
Smith, could organize on the instant. Colonel
Sibley was admirably qualified for such a respon-
sible duty. His long and intimate acquaintance
with the Indian character and habits, and espe-
cially with the bands now in rebellion, together

with his knowledge of military matters, and his
10

familiarity with the topography of the coimtry,
enabled him to either meet the savages in the field
successfully, or to treat with them to advantage.
Eoiu: companies of troops, about three hundred
in all, armed with Belgian rifles and 19,000 cart-
ridges, were furnished to him ; and they at once
started on a small steamer for Shakopee, arriving
there on the 20th. From thence they marched to
St. Peter. On the 21st, the six remaining compa-
nies of the Sixth Regiment were filled by consol-
idation and transfers, and sent forward as rapidly
as possible. On the 21st, Governor Ramsey is-
sued a proclamation, reciting the news of the out-
break, and calling on such citizens as had horses
and arms, to start at once and join the expedition
moving up the river. Considerable numbers did
so. Companies of horsemen were formed in St.
Paul, and several other places, and rode forward
night and day. SmaU companies of infantry also
organized in various towns in the central and east-
em portion of the State, and made forced marches
to the relief of the frontier. By the end of the
first " week of blood " (a very short period, con-
sidering how unprepared the State was for such
a war) several thousand armed men were pressing
' forward on different routes to meet and drive
back the savages. These companies were mostly
distributed at stockades and garrisoned tgwns
along the frontier, where they remained for sev-
eral weeks, imtil the worst danger was over. On
September 9th, Governor Ramsey's message re-
ports, there were twenty-two militia companies,
with 2800 men under arms, and volunteer troops
enough to make 5500 men in all.

On Friday, the 22d, Col. Sibley arrived at St.
Peter, and remained there some three days, get-
ting his troops in hand and properly armed. The
latter was a work of difficulty. Most of the Sixth
Regiment were armed with Belgian rifles, many of
them almost worthless, and none of them very
reliable. But a small part of the cartridges fur-

146

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

nished were of tlie right calibre, and much time
was lost " swedging " bullets. Gov. Eamsey had,
on the 20th, telegraphed to the governor of Wis-
consin to "borrow" 100,000 cartridges. They
were promptly sent, and' reached Col. Sibley at
Fort Ridgely. Provisions had to be collected,
and transportation secured. Meantime the peo-
ple of the State were nervous with anxiety, and
blamed the commander and State authorities for
not throwing his half-armed and unorganized
troops at once on the several hundred well armed
and desperate savages at New TJlm or Fort
Eidgely. Had this been done, a " Custer massa-
cre " would have resulted, and another rout and
panic ensued, many fold worse than that of the
week previous.

By the 24th, nine companies of the sixth reg-
iment (of which Wm. Crooks had just been ap-
pointed colonel) were concentrated at St. Peter.
There were also some three hundred mounted
men, and several companies of militia infantry.
On the morning of August 26th, Col. Sibley, with
his entire force, about 1400 men, commenced the
march to Fort Eidgely. Col. McPhaill, with one
hundred and eighty mounted men, was sent on
in advance. These arrived at the Fort at dark,
to the great joy of its beleaguered inmates. The
main force arrived on August 28th. No Indians
were encountered on the way. The expedition
, was halted at this post for several days, until nec-
essary reinforcements and ammunition (which he
called for from the executive) should arrive, and
enable him to pursue and successfully act against
the Indians, who had retreated some distance
up the river,where it was reported they had a
number of prisoners.

On August 2.5th, Col. B. F. Smith was ordered
to organize a force of 1000 men, out of detach-
ments of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth
regiments, at Fort Snelling, and dispatch said
force at once to join Col. Sibley. This force was
put under command of Lt. Col. Wm. E. Marshall,
of the seventh regiment, and moved forward as
soon as it could be properly equipped, reaching
the expedition on September 1st.

The difficulty of securing transportation for
these expeditions, was a serious drawback to ce-
lerity of movements. Finally, a general order
was issued by the adjutant general authorizing
the commanding officers of detachments in act-

ual service, to seize and impress citizens teams
whenever needed. This was done, and enough
transportation secured in that way, resulting in
many cases of individual hardship, but this is
one of the inexorable "necessities of war."
Another great need which bothered the state au-
thorities, was the scarcity of serviceable arms.
Good rifles were few. Many of the troops
were very poorly armed, and even of these inferi-
or guns, enough could not be had. The general
government was telegraphed to, but could supply
none, in season to do any good. The authori-
ties then seized all the gun-shops in the states
and confiscated their serviceable rifles and mus-
kets, and ammunition. All the powder and lead
in the hands of dealers everywhere was seized,
yielding 3,175 pounds of powder and 1,200 poimds
of lead. Even this was insufficient. A lead
pipe, some 3,000 feet long, which had been laid
in one of the streets oi St. Paul, but was just then
unused, was dug up and melted into biiQets. A
force of young women were working day and
night making cartridges. Finally, however, all
the troops were wel supplied and equipped, and
no further trouble was felt. It must be remem-
bered that there were then no railroads in the
state (except one ten-mile section between St.
Paul and Minneapolis,) and no telegraph but
one from St. Paul to La Crosse. All military
messages and dispatches to the frontier, had to
be sent by special couriers.

DANGER OF A CHIPPEWA WAR.

Meantime, a new danger threatened the people
of the state. In addition to the powerfiil Sioux
nation, there were in Minnesota the Winnebagoes,
with 400 warriors, and in the northern half of tlie
state, the Chippewas, whr could muster 2,500 or
3,000 warriors. There were good grounds for be-
lieving that these tribes had been in consultation
with the Sioux, and that if the latter were suc-
cessful they would also rise II has-been proved
that several Winnebagoes participated in the
earlier murders neai- the Upper and Lower Agen-
cies, while on the same day as the outbreak at
Eedwood, the Chippewas commenced plundering
their agency at "Crow Wing on the Upper Miss-
issippi, and assembling armed warriors. They
acted very turbulent and defiant, and an out-
break between them and the whites was immi-

DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS.

147

ment. Indeed, on one occasion, shots were act-
ually exchanged. The possibility of an outbreak
by them so weighed on the mind of Maj. L. C.
"Walker, their agent, that he committed suicide
near Monticello, on Aug. 23d. Companies of
cavalry were authorized by the state authorities
to protect the country north of St. Paul, and per-
formed patrol duty for some days. Had the
Chippewas risen also, nearly the whole state
would have been laid waste. Even the cities of St.
Paul, Minneapolis, etc. , would have been captured,
as there were not arms in those places enough to
have defended them. A company of Home
Guards was organized in St. Paul as a precau-
tionary measure. For some days the situation
was very critical, and full of danger. Finally,
Hon. Wm. P. Dole, the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs, Hon. H. M. Eice, Major E. A. C. Hatch,
Clark "W. Thompson, and other men who had
influence with the Ojibways, calmed them down,
and averted what might have proved an awful
disaster.

THE WAB IN MEEKER, KANDIYOHI AND
STEAENS COUNTIES.

The counties along the Minnesota Elver were
not the only ones ravaged by the red devils during
that week of blood. McLeod, Monongalia, Kandi-
yohi, Steams, Meeker, Otter TaU, Douglas, Sib-
ley, etc. , were aU overrun in whole or in part, and
the inhabitants either butchered or driven away.
The first blood of the outbreak had been shed at
Acton , Meeker county. A messenger was sent post
haste by the citizens there to inform Gov. Eamsey.
He arrived at the capitol just at the same time
that the courier from St. Peter bore the news
from Eedwood. The Governor issued to Capt.
Geo. C. Whitcomb, of Forest City, seventy-five
guns and a small amount of ammunition, to en-
able them to make a stand. Capt. W. returned
with these at once, via Hutchinson, where he left
some of the guns. On arriving at Forest City
he found the whole region in a state of panic, the
inhabitants fleeing, and the Indians killing and
ravaging the country. A company was at once
organized and armed, and marched over into
Monongalia county (since a part of Kandiyohi),
where they found the bodies of a number of slain,
and also of hundreds of cattle killed in mere wan-
tonness. They also rescued several persons who

had been wounded and were hiding. The militia,
aided by citizens at Forest City, at once began
erecting a large stockade for defence, in the cen-
ter of town, in which the inhabitants and refugees
could take shelter. Hearing that a family at
Green Lake were in great danger, Capt. Whit-
comb went to their relief. Near that spot his
men had a hard skirmish with the Indians, in
which three of the redskins were left dead on the
ground, and only one of his own men slightly
wounded. He returned to the stockade that
night, but next day, with a larger party, again
attempted to reach Green Lake. The Indians
again attacked him, and after a sharp battle he
returned without loss to Forest City. That night
the savages made a fierce attack on the town,
burned several buildings, and fired on the stock-
ade, but fortunately hurting no one. The troops
returned the fire. About dayUght the Indians
were seen trying to drive off a number of horses
and cattle in a corral. The troops saUied out and
drove them off, killing two, and having two of
their own number badly wounded. By this time
Meeker county west of Forest City, and all of
Kandiyohi and Monongalia counties, were entirely
deserted by the whites.

On August 26th, Captain Eichard Strout of the
Tenth Eegiment, was ordered to proceed to Glen-
coe and the region adjacent, to protect it. He
reached that place about September 1st, and
found the town had been well fortified and de-
fended by the militia under command of General
John H. Stevens; of the state mUitia, and was
safe from any immediate danger. He therefore
marched, with about seventy-five men, towards
Acton. On the morning of September 3d, he was
attacked near that place by about one hundred
and fifty Indians, and a sharp battle ensued.
The troops were driyen back towards Hutchinson,
fighting all the way, until afternoon, when they
reached that place. Captain Strout lost three
men killed and fifteen wounded, all of whom were
brought ofiE the field, and lost most of their equi-
page, rations, &c., and several horses and wagons
abandoned and mired. The Indians must.have
lost several killed.

At Hutchinson, a large stockade had been built,
and a company of about sixty militia commanded
by Captain Harrington, were defending the town.
About nine the next morning, September 4th, the

148

OUTLINES OF THE HI8T0BY OF MINNESOTA.

Indians attacked the post. They burned all the
houses on the edge of the town and one or two
more centrally located. Our troops sallied out
and routed them, however, and a succession of
skirmishes ensued, which lasted aU day.

Meantime, General Stevens had heard of the
engagement near Acton, and at once sent the
companies of Captain Davis and Lieutenant
Weinmann to the relief of Hutchinson. They
arrived about six o'clock on the evening of the
fight, but the Indians had withdrawn. Several
persons in the neighborhood were killed by them,
and others escaped into the stockade. All the
signs indicated that the Indians had retreated
towards the upper Minnesota, taking a large
drove of stolen horses and cattle with them. The
Indians were not seen again in this vicinity until
September 23d, when a band of about fifty inva-
ded Meeker and Kandiyohi counties. They killed
two or three settlers who had retmmed to their
farms, but seemed more intent on steaUng cattle
than on killing whites. They were pursued by
the troops, and sixty-five head of cattle rescued
from them.

Wright county does not seem to have been in-
vaded by the Indians. Fortifications were erect-
ed by the inhabitants at various points, but no
depredations were made in that locality, so far as
known.

Western and southern Steams county, how-
ever, suffered severely from the depredations of
the red foe. About August 23d, they committed
murders and other crimes near PajmesviUe. The
people of that town erected a strong stockade,
and the citizens and refugees from points further
west, sheltered themselves therein. A part of
the town was burned, but no attack was made on
the post. At Maine Prairie, St. Joseph's, Sauk
Centre, Clear Water, Little PaUs, and other pla-
ces, similar stockades were built, and held by a
few determined citizens. At St. Cloud, which
was filled with refugees, strong fortifications were
built, and preparations made to defend the place
to the utmost, but no foe ever appeared, fortu-
nately. A number of persons were murdered in
the western and southern part of Steams county,
and houses bumed.

The southwestern portion of the State was also
overrun, and a number of murders committed.
This district was soon after placed in command

of Colonel Plandrau, and about- five hundred
militia garrisoned at different points, who soon
rid the country of Indians.

The Third Eegiment, which had been paroled,
after its surrender, at Murfreesboro, was now at
Benton Barracks, Mo. Gov. Eamsey telegraphed
on Aug. 22d to have them sent to this state at
once, for service against the Indians. The re-
quest was compUed with. The regiment received
its exchange on Aug.24th, and they arrived in
St. Paul on Sept. 4th. All their oflacers were
still prisoners in the hands of the rebels, and the
companies were commanded by non-commissioned
oflacers. Maj. Welch, who was not vrith the regi-
ment at its surrender, (having been taken pris-
oner at Bull Eun) was in command of the regi-
ment. Three hundred men were at once sent to
the frontier, where they did good service, being
the only veteran troops engaged during the war.

On Aug. 23d, Gov. Eamsey, in response to
many petitions, called an extra session of the
legislature, to meet on Sept. 9th.

SrBGB OF FOET ABEECEOMBIB.

On Aug. 23d the Indians commenced hostili-
ties in the valley of the Eed Eiver. Port Aber-
erombie was then garrisoned by Co. D., Plfth
Eegiment, Capt. J. Yan der Horck, but about
half the company was stationed at Georgetown,
protecting the Transportation Company's goods
at that place. Early on the 23d a band of 500
Sissetons and Yanktons crossed the Otter Tail
Eiver, with the intention of capturing a train of
goods and cattle en route for Eed Lake, where a
treaty was to be made with the Chippewas. The
train was at once ordered to take refuge in Fort
Abercrombie, and did so. Most of the citizens
in the surrounding region also repaired to that
post, for safety, but many were killed, or taken
prisoners. The town of Dayton was destroyed.

Eeinforcements were ordered to Fort Aber-
crombie as soon as its danger was learned, but
the troops sent out were detained en route, to
protect and aid threatened places in Steams and
Meeker Counties, and did not reach the fort.
Meantime it was in great danger, and was quite
suiTOunded by the enemy. Skirmishes near by
had taken place between detachments of the
troops and the Indians. On Aug. 30th the latter
appeared in large numbers before the fort. A

DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS.

149

large herd of the treaty cattle (172 head) and
about 100 horses and mules were grazing on the
prairie near by. The Indians drove these ofE,
and the small garrison could make no resistance.
On Sept. 3d, at daybreak, the Indians attacked
the post. A fight was kept up for two or three
hours, but they were repulsed, with some loss on
both sides. Active measures were then taken
to strengthen the post by a stockade of timber.
On Sept. 6th, a second attack was made, and a
sharp battle raged imtil nearly noon. A nuihber
of the Indians were killed and wounded, but only
one of our force was killed, and one mortally
wounded. The Indians hung around the fort,
occasionally attacking a messenger, or a water-
ing party, until Sept. 23d, when reinforcements
arrived via St. Cloud to the great joy of the be-
leaguered garrison, who had now been besieged
over three weeks. No farther demonstrations, of
any force, were made by the Indians. But for
the brave resistance made by a mere handful of
soldiers, aided by a few citizens, the post must
have fallen.

A EEGIMBNT OF MOTJITTED BANGERS KAISED.

The want of a mounted force to pursue the In-
dians was severely felt by Col. Sibley. His smaU
number of irregular mounted militiamen were
leaving for their homes. He several times urged
Gov. Ramsey to provide cavalry, and that official
in turn asked of the War Department the proper
authority. This was granted on Sept. 1st, and
a regiment of mounted rangers at once called for,
for three months service, which was subsequently
changed to one year. The regiment was soon
recruited, and Col. S. McPhaill appointed colonel.

BATTLE OF BIRCH COOLIE.

While waiting at Tort Eidgely for proper sup-
plies and equipments, and before imdertaking
any offensive campaign against the Indians, Col.
Sibley sent out, on August 31st, a detachment to
bury dead bodies, rescue any fugitives that might
be found, and makereconnoissanees. This de-
tachment consisted of part of Co. A, sixth regi-
ment, Capt. H. P. Grant, about seventy mounted
men under Capt. Joa. Anderson, and a fatigue
party — about one hundred and fifty men in all,
accompanied by seventeen teams. The whole
force was in command of Maj. Joseph R. Brown,
who was perfectly familiar vrith the country and

with Indian warfare. On the first day's march
sixteen dead bodies were found and buried. The
next day (Sept. 1) the force separated into two
detachments. During this day fifty-five mutil-
ated bodies were buried. In the evening the
whole force went into camp at Birch Coolie (or
Coulee) in a spot selected by Maj. Brown. No
Indians had been seen that day.

Just before daybreak on the 2d, the camp was
aroused by a volley of firearms and the yells of
Indians, who had crawled unperceived within a
few yards of the encampment. For a few min-
nutes terrific volleys were poured into the tents,
cutting them into shreds and wounding or kilUng
a number of men and horses. As soon as they
could seize their arms, those who were unhurt
crawled out, and sheltering themselves as wdl as
they could behind wagons, dead horses, etc., re- '
turned the fire. Shortly after daylight the meni
began excavating, with such implements as they
could get, a line of rifle-pits, and in a short time
had about two hundred feet dug.

The firing in the still of the morning was heard
by the sentinels at Fort Ridgely, fifteen miles
away, and a detachment of troops under Colonel
McPhaill, at once pushed off to their relief. When
within- three miles of Birch Coolie, they were met
by such a large force of Indians they could not
advance, and sent a courier back for reinforce-
ments. Meantime, the troops of Major Brown's
command lay all day in their rifle-pits, keeping
the savages at bay. The wounded were cared
for as well as possible, but some died during the
day. i

As soon as McPhaill's courier reached Port
Bidgely, a large force, with some artillery, was
sent to the reUef of his and Brown's troops.
They came up about daylight, and the whole col-
umn then pushed on to Birch Coolie, dislodging
and driving the Indians from their position, after
keeping our men under fire for thirty hours , with-
out food or drink.

The camp was an awful scene, when reUeved.
Twenty-three men had been killed outright or
mortally wounded, forty-five badly wounded, and
seventy horses killed. The dead were buried on
the spot, and the wounded carried back to Port
Eidgely in wagons. Thus terminated the most
bloody battle of the war, and one which spread
gloom over the State. It is not creditable to

150

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

Minnesota that this battle ground should have
been allowed to pass into private hands, and be
plowed over. It should have been reserved by the
State as a historic spot, and marked with a suit-
able monument. All the bodies, however, were
subsequently removed, and properly interred else-
where.

BELIEF MEASURES FOR THE REFUGEES.

The condition of the poor refugees from the
ravaged districts, was deplorable in the extreme.
In St. Peter alone, there were in September, as
many as 6,000 or 7,000 for some days, and at one
time 8,000. In St. Paul there were 1,000, and at
Minneapolis an equal number, and all the towns
had more or less. They were all destitute of
money, clothing, employment, &c., and many
were sick, while not a few were actually insane
from trouble and grief. The active exertions of
citizens of St. Peter alone prevented great suffer-
ing there, but their means were soon exhausted.
They then appealed through the papers for aid,
and Governor Kamsey appointed commissioners
to receive and disburse supplies. About $20,000
in money was contributed, half of which came
from eastern cities, while large quantities of cloth-
ing were collected by local relief committees, in
St. Paid and other places. The Legislature,
when it met, voted $25,000 more. These amounts
relieved the worst cases of need. In October,
most of those whose homes, had not been des-
troyed returned to them, and the number of des-
titute rapidly decreased. Several hundred, how-
ever, were supported all winter. Fortunately,
laborers had now become scarce, and wages en-
hanced, so that all could get employment. The
building of railroads went along unchecked in
the midst of all the panic. The Winona and St.
Peter RaUroad completed about ten miles of road
this fall.

NEGOTIATIONS FOB RELEASE OF THE PRIS-
ONERS.

Before leaving the battle-field of Birch Coolie,
Col. Sibley left the following note attached to a
stake:

" If Little Crow has any proposition to maJie to
me, let him send a half-breed to me, and he shall
be protected in and out of camp.

"H. H. SIBLEY,
" Col. Com'g Mil. Exped'n."

Col. Sibley had reason to believe that their re-
peated defeats had discouraged the foe, and ne-
gotiations could be made with the disalfected
Indians, and those tired of lighting, for the re-
lease of ,the prisoners. This note bore good fruit
very soon.

It was now evident that all the marauding
bands from the interior had been called in, and
that the Indians would oppose the column on its
march with all their combined forces.

Col. Sibley ordered the Third regiment, then
at Glencoe, to join his command, and it reached
Fort Ridgely on Sept. 13th.

Meantime Col. Sibley's note had been shown
Little Crow on his return from the raid on the
Big Woods settlers, and A. J. Campbell, a half-
breed who acted as his secretary, read it to him.
Crow at once dictated a reply, blaming Galbraith
and the traders for wronging them, and enumer-
ating some grievances which caused the war.
He requested an answer. This note reached Col.
Sibley at Fort Eidgely on Sept. 7th. Col. S. at
once replied demanding that Little Crow should
release the prisoners, and he would then treat
with him. On Sept. 12th a reply was received
from Crow, saying that the Mdewakantons had
150 prisoners, and other bands some more. He
said: "I want to know from you, as a friend,
what way I can make peace for my people." Col.
Sibley at once replied, urging Crow to give up the
prisoners, and complaining that he had allowed
his young men to kill nme more whites since he
sent the first letter. The same courier who
brought Little Crow's letter also brought one pri-
vately from the chief AVabasha, and Taopi, a
Christian Indian. They asserted that they were
forced into the war, and were now anxious to
make peace, and if a chance offered they would
come in and give themselves up, with all their
prisoners. Col. Sibley replied to this message
urging them to do so, and promising them pro-
tection, adding that he was now strong enough
to crush all the Indians who held out.

When this letter was received by Wabasha and
his friends who wished to separate from the other
Indians, a great dispute arose among all the
bands. Indeed, disaffection and jealousy had
been brewing ever since the outbreak. The pris-
oners were in great peril and might have been
murdered. But at last all worked out well, and

DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS.

151

the friendly and repentant Indians carried tlie
day.

The War Department had meantime created
Minnesota and Dakota into a military depart-
ment, and appointed Gen. John Pope to the com-
mand. He reached St. Paul on Sept. 12th, and
established his headquarters there. The

EXTRA SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE,

caUed by the Governor, met on September 9th,
and adjourned on September 29th. The legisla-
t'on was mostly in regard to matters growing out
of the Indian war. A Board of Auditors was
created to adjust claims growing out of the mas-
sacre, and $75,000 was appropriated to settle
them. Congress was memorialized to reimburse
the State for this outlay. A Board of Commis-
sioners was authorized to collect names of slain,
and the facts of their death, &c. [This was never
done.] The sum of |25,000 was voted for the
relief of indigent refugees. Congress was also
memorialized for the removal of the Winneba-
goes from the State.

THE NEW REGIMENTS,

(the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th) which had been
hurried off to the frontier, half organized, were,
by this time, completely organized and mustered
in. The Colonels were appointed as follows :
Sixth, Wm. Crooks ; Seventh, Stephen MiUer ;
Eighth,-Minor T. Thomas ; Ninth, Alex. Wilkin ;
Tenth, James H. Baker.

BATTLE OF WOOD LAKE.

Col. Sibley, after the arrival of the Third Kegi-
ment and the supplies and ammunition he had
needed, broke camp, on Sept. 18th, and started in
pursuit of the Indians at or near Yellow Medi-
cine. On the morning of Sept. 23d, while en-
camped near Wood Lake, the Indians suddenly
attacked the force. The EenvlUe Kangers were
thrown out, and met the enemy bravely. Maj.
Welch soon had the Third Regiment in line, and
they poured steady volleys into the advancing line
of Indians, as did also the Sixth Eegiment, under
Maj. McLaren. The fight then beqame general.
Lieutenant Colonel Marshall charged the enemy
with three companies of the Seventh and A
of the Sixth, and put them to rout. The bat-
tle had lasted an hour and a half. Our loss was
four killed and fifty wounded; among the latter,

Maj. Welch. The Indians lost quite a number-
thirty, it is said — fifteen being found dead on the
field. After burying the dead, Col. Sibley marched
toward Lac qui Parle, near which place Wabasha
had notified him he would meet him and deliver
up the prisoners.

EBLEASB OF THE CAPTIVES.

On September 26th tlie column arrived at the
camp where the friendly Indians had the prison-
ers, and made their own near by. It was oppo-
site the mouth of the Chippewa Kiver, and was
named by our men "Camp Release." Col. Sibley
withoxit delay visited the Indians and demanded
the captives. They were at once produced,
nearly two hundred and fifty in number. Many
wept with joy at their release ; others had grown
almost indifferent. These poor people — mostly
women and children — were sent as soon as possi-
ble to their friends, if the latter were still living.

The Indians who had given themselves iip were
at once placed under guard nntil they could be
examined as to their guilt. During the next few
days a number came in and gave themselves up,
and some smaller parties were captured soon
after by our troops under Lt. Col. Marshall, so
that soon our force had over 2,000 Indian war-
riors in their hands. Col. Sibley at once organized
a military commission, composed of Col. Crooks,
Lt. Col. Marshall, and Capt. Grant, with I. V.
D. Heard as judge advocate, to examine all evi-
dence against the Indians, and indicate the guilty
ones. Another commission of five ofiicers was
appointed to try the accused.

These commissions continued at work until
November 5th, by which time they had found
three hundred and twenty-one Indians guilty of
murder, ravishing, and other crimes, and sen-
tenced three hundred and three to death. These
were at once removed to South Bend, there to
await the orders of the president. The other
Indians and their familis were taken to Port
SnelUng and confined all winter in a stockade.

CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAR.

Meantime Little Crow and the still hostile In-
dians had retreated into Dakota, and before win-
ter reached Devil's Lake, where they remained
until the next season. As the war in this State
was now practically over, most of the settlers
whose homes had not been destroyed returned to

152

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA.

them. The Third Minnesota regiment, and the
Twenty-flfth Wis. and Twenty-seventh Iowa,
were sent south before winter, but the Sixth,
Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Minn., with
the Mounted Kangers, were retained for home
service, and were stationed in detachments in a
cordon of posts reaching from the south line of
the State across the frontier to St. Cloud. The
country between the garrisons was carefully
scouted and patrolled, so that no hostile Indians
could pass the line. On November 25th, Gen.
Pope removed his headquarters to Milwaukee , and
Brig. Gen. Sibley (for such he was made after
the battle of Wood Lake) remained in command
at St. Paul. The winter passed without any
hostilities.

OUB KBGIMBNTS IN THE SOUTH

had not been idle meantime. On Sept. 4th the
Fifth Regiment was in the battle at Corinth, and
under fire some time. One account says: " The
ground in front of us was covered with killed and
wounded rebels." The Kfth suffered a loss of
six killed, eighteen wounded and three missing.
The Fourth Eeglment was also in the same fight,
and lost, during two days' fighting, three killed
and nine wounded. The Fourth Eegiment was
also hotly engaged at the battle of luka, on Sept.
19th. It lost three killed, four wounded, two
missing.

At Corinth, Oct. 3d and 4th, the Fourth also '
bore an active share, losing three killed and five
wounded. " The regiment bore itself most gal-
lantly," says an oflBcial report. In the same en-
gagements the Fifth Minnesota also shared, ex-
pending about fifty rounds of ammunition, with
which they made deadly work among the enemy,
losing six killed, sixteen wounded, and four miss-
ing. The First Battery were also in this en-

gagement, and did good work, having only one
man wounded.

THE FIEST EEGIMENT

also bore its share during this period. At the
Battle of Antietam, on Sept. 17th, it was closely
engaged, and left ninety men dead or mor-
tally wounded on the field. Their bodies now
rest in the national cemetery there.

The First also participated in the battle of
Fredericksburg, on December 11th, 12th, 13th and
14th, during which it lost nine wounded and one
missing.

EXECUTION OF THE INDIAN MUKDEREKS.

The three hundred and three Indian murderers
were kept at South Bend a short time and then
removed to Mankato, where they were confined
in a stone warehouse strongly guarded. Mean-
time, some (so called) " philanthropists," princi-
pally Quakers, at Philadelphia and other eastern
cities, interfered in the matter, and got up a
strong pressure on President Lincoln to pardon
the guilty wretches. This was resisted by the
prominent men and officials of Minnesota, the
people of the State almost unanimously demand-
ing their execution, and threatening, if it were
not done, to apply lynch law to them. President
Lincoln selected thirty -nine of the murderers,
and (on December 6th) ordered General Sibley to
execute them. This was carried into effect on
December 26th, at Mankato, (one, meantime,
dying of disease). Thirty-eight of the savages
were swung off of one scaffold, in the presence of
a large concourse of people. The rest of the mur-
derers were imprisoned until spring, then taken
to Davenport, Iowa, where they were confined a
few months, after which they were removed to a
reservation on the Missouri river, and set at
liberty.

CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAB AND THE WAE OF SECESSION

153

CHAPTEB XXVIII.

CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAR AND THE WAR OP SECESSION.

Events of the Year 1863.— Scattering Raids on the Frontier.— A Scalp Bounty
Offered. — ^Bemovai of the Sioux and Winnehagoes. — Gen. Sibley's Expedition
of 1863.— Brave Conduct of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Regiments.— The First
at Gettyshurg.— Death of Little Crow.— Gen. Sibley's Column Attacked by the
Sioux.— Remarkable Drought in 1863-64.^Xhjee More Regiments sent South.
—Return of the First Regiment.— Gen. Sibley's Expedition in 1864.— Heavy
Drafts for Men.— Inflation and High Pricea.^Battles in which Minnesota
Troops Took Part.— Union Victories.- Close of- the War.— Return of our
Troops.— The State's Share in the Conflict.*"A new Era of Material Prosperity
Begun.

The winter of 1862-'63 was spent by Gen. Sib-
ley in making preparations for an" expedition to
the Missouri Kiver, to pursue and punish the
hostile Sioux. A third battery of light artillery
was recruited for this purpose, and John Jones,
the gaUant defender of Fort Eidgely, appointed
captain. At the session of the legislature. Gov.
Eamsey was elected U. S. Senator, but did not
vacate the gubernatorial chair until June 30th.

Early in the spring, small parties of Sioux be-
gan to make predatory incursions into the state,
and these raids continued all summer. Some
twenty persons were killed, in all, and a num-
ber of horses stolen. The Indians were pur-
sued by troops in every case, and a number of
them killed. A reward of $25 was offered by
the Adjutant General for Sioux scalps, and
afterwards raised to $200.

In May, the Sioux were removed from the
state, together with the Winnebagoes, and sent
to a- new reservation on the Missouri Kiver.
Efforts were made to get rid of the Chippewas,
but were not successful.

Gen. Sibley in May concentrated three thous-
and troops at Camp Pope, on the upper Mumesota
Elver, for his expedition. These were: the Sixth,
Seventh, and Tenth Infantry, Capt. Jones' Bat-
tery, and the Mounted Eangers. On June 17th,
the expedition started on its march. Gen. Ste-
phen Miller was meantime in command of the
department here. Gen. Alfred Sully was at the
same time moving up the Missouri Eiver with
another expedition.

On June 22d, the War Department authorized

the formation of a three years battalion of six
companies of cavalry, for service against the In-
dians, to be commanded by Major E. A. C. Hatch.
This was soon recruited, and in active duty at
the various posts in this department.

OUK EEGIMENTS IN THE SOUTH.

The suromer of 1863 was one of hard service
and brilliant renown to our regiments in the
South. On May 3d, the Fourth Eegiment was in
hot action in tbe battle at the crossing of Big
Black river, with a loss of three kiUed. One of
its oflficers planted the Union flag on the Capitol
at Jackson. At Champion Hills (May 16th) it
lost one killed. On May 22d, at Vicksburg, it
again suffered severely, losing twelve killed and
forty-two wounded. The Third Eegiment was
also in the same campaign. On May 19th, the
Fifth Eegiment near Vicksburg, lost one killed
and five wounded.

The severest loss of any of our regiments in
the war, however, was that suffered by the First
Eegiment at Gettysburg, on July 3d. It took
part in the hottest of that memorable action, and
made a movement in the face of an awful fire
from the rebels. In a few minntes it lost sixty-
eight killed, 149 wounded, 90 missing, and when
it emerged from the baptism of fire, had only 87
men in its ranks. The news of this terrible car-
nage was received with profound sympathy by
the people of the State, mingled with thankful-
ness, however, for the great victory won there,
and at Vicksburg, on the same day.

DEATH OF LITTLE CROW.

During June, a band of seventeen Indians
greatly annoyed the settlers in Meeker and Kandi-
yohi counties, killing several. On July 3d, a man
named Nathan Lampson, and his son Chauncy,
were hunting near Hutchinson, when they espied
two Sioux. A fight ensued, in which Mr. Lamp-
son was badly wounded, when his son, by afortu-

164

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA.

nate shot, killed one of the Indians. The dead body
of the latter was taken to Hutchinson. From its
appearance, and certain marks, it was supposed
to be Little Crow. It was scalped, and the re-
mains buried. Not long after, an Indian was
captured in Dakota, which proved to be Wo-wi-
na-pe, Little Crow's son. He confessed that the
Indian killed by Lampson was his father, and
that he was with him at the time. The remains
of the celebrated chieftain, whose name for
months was a terror to our people, were then
exhumed, and the skeleton preserved. The scalp
and arm bones axe in the museum of the Histori-
cal Society, at St. Paul.

Gen. Sibley's expedition reached the Coteau of
the Missouri on July 24, and on that day, at a
place called " Big Mound," was attacked by
about one thousand Indians. A sharp engage-
ment ensued, in which twenty-one Indians were
killed, and only two of our troops. On July 26,
at" Dead Buffalo Lake," the Sioux again attacked
his column, but were repulsed, with a loss on our
side of one man. On July 28, at " Stony Lake,"
about two thousand Indians again gave battle,
but were routed, with considerable loss. The
expedition pursued the savages to the Missouri
river, across which they escaped. It returned to
the state about Sept. 1st. Gen. Sully's column
had several engagements with the Indians, chas-
tising them severely.

The summer of 1863 was memorable for an in-
tense drouth, which continued until the close of
1864. During these two seasons almost no rain
fell, yet the harvests were good. The worst re-
sult was on the river, which was unprecedently
low, and business was badly interfered with, and
the lumbering interest was, for the same reason,
greatly depressed.

On Sept. 19 and 20, at Chickamauga, the Second
Regiment was hotly engaged, and suffered a loss
of thii-ty-flve killed and one hundred and thirteen
wounded.

Early in October, the Seventh, Ninth, and
Tenth Eegiments were relieved from duty here
and sent to St. Louis, from whence they went to
the front.

On Oct. 12th, the War Department, having
called for two hundred thousand more troops,
authorized the Second Begiment of cavalry to

take the place of the Moimted Bangers, whose
term of service had expired.

On Oct. 14 the First Begiment was engaged at
Bristow's Station, and lost one killed and nine-
teen wounded, capturing two hundred prisoners
and several guns.

At the state election this fall. Gen. Stephen
Miller was elected governor, by a vote of 19,628
over Henry T. Wells, who had 12,739.

On Nov. 23, the Second Begiment was in the
action at Mission Bidge, and suffered a loss of
five killed and thirty-four wounded.

The provost marshals of the State made an en-
rollment of all the male citizens this fall, pre-
paratory to the draft. Eesistance was made in
some cases, but no serious disturbances took
place, as in other states.

EARLY IN 1864,

the regiments which enlisted in 1861, and had re-
enlisted as " veterans," were allowed to return to
the State on furlough. They were received
in the various towns of the State with the
most lively demonstrations of pride and grati-
tude, and banqueted and petted as the brave
heroes deserved.

On April 28th the First regiment, whose term
of service had expired, was mustered out at Fort
Snelhng. Barely one hundred of the 1080 men
who had stood on the same parade ground three
years before, were in the ranks. Out of some re-
enlisted men and recruits a battaUon was formed,
called the "First Battalion," which did good ser-
vice during the next year.

On March 30th the Third regiment had a close
action at a place called Fitzhugh"s Woods, near
Augusta, Ark. Seven were killed and sixteen
wounded. Gen. Andrews, commanding, had his
horse shot u;ider him.

On June 6th an expedition left Fort Bidgely
in pursuit of the hostile Sioux on the Missouri
River, luider command of Gen Sully. It con-
sisted of the Eighth Minn, (mounted), six compa-
nies of the Second Cavalry, three sections of
Jones' Battery, and Brackett's Battalion of cav-
alry, which had re-enlisted and was now organ-
ized as a separate command.

On June 14, the Sixth Regiment left Fort Snel-
ling for the south, and was soon after placed in
the Sixteenth Army Corps, in which was also the

CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAB AND THE WAB OF SECESSION.

155

Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Minnesota reg-
iments. The rifth had, not long previously,
taken a part in the disastrous Eed Eiver cam-
paign, and the Ninth had borne a share in the
unfortunate Guntoven expedition (June 10), where
it suffered a loss of seven killed, thirty-three
wounded, and two hundred and forty-siK taken
prisoners.

On Feb. 1 the War Department had made a
call for two hundred thousand men, and on
March 14 another call for the same number, fol-
lowed by one in April for eighty-five thousand.
The quota of our state imder these heavy calls
was about five thousand men, and on May 26
drafting commenced to fill the quotas of some
districts which were delinquent. The desire of
some towns and districts to escape a draft led to
the issuing of bonds, with the proceeds of which,
they paid high bounties and procured recruits.
Subscriptions were raised in some districts for
the same purpose. A class of middle men, called
recruit, or bounty, agents, sprang up, who, in
bidding for recruits, sometimes gave as high as
$700 or f 800 for men to fill quotas. Under this
stimulus recruiting went on pretty lively, while a
considerable number of men were drafted and
sent to fill old regiments. On July 18tli came an-
other call for five hundred thousand, and this
again produced a new struggle to fill quotas.
The entire number of men apportioned to our
state up to this time was 21,442.

That these frequent and heavy drafts for men
produced a feeling of doubt and despondency can
not be denied. It was now the fourth year of the
war, and its end still seemed far off, while its rapa-
cious maw appeared to literally swallow up the
enormous levies which the people in their pride
and patriotism promptly furnished at each call.
There was mourning in nearly every household
for some "unreturning brave," and suffering in
the families of enlisted men.

The inflation of the currency also produced
an unheard-of rise in the price of living. On
June 1 gold was 150. On July 1 1th it had reached
285 — the highest point during the war. All other
values advanced accordingly. There was some
silver lining to the dark cloud, though. The
great advance in goods literally made the for-
tunes of many dealers. Even real estate began
to show life, while there was an ease in the money

market which reminded one of 1857. Several of
our railroads ■were now in active progress, and
labor was la great demand. The continued
drouth and low water was a serious drawback,
however. Prayers were put up in most of the
churches for rain.

Small raids were rqade by the Sioux several
times during the summer, and several persons
killed, but these attacks occasioned but little
alarm.

On July 13th, our Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and
Tenth Eegiments were in the Battle of Tupelo,
and all suffered some loss. The Seventh had
nine killed and fifty-two wounded. Col. Wilkin,
of the Ninth, was killed — one of the bravest and
finest officers who left our state.

Under the call of July 23d, an eleventh regi-
ment of infantry was authorized, and fiUed very
quickly. James GilfiUan, formerly of the Sev-
enth, was appointed colonel. The Eleventh left
the state on Sept. 22d, for Tennessee, where it
performed guard duty for several months.

A battalion of heavy infantry was also re-
cruited, which was soon increased to a full regi-
iment. Wm. Colville , late of the First Regiment,
was placed in command. The regiment served
for several months at Chattanooga, Tenn.

The bullets of the enemy were not so disas-
trous to some of our regiments, as the malaria
of southern swamps. Our Sixth Eegiment at
Plelena, and the Third at Pine Bluff, Ark., were
both decimated by disease. Sometimes only a
handful of men were found well enough for duty.

On October 5th, the Fourth Eegiment was in a
heavy action at Altoona, and captured two flags.
Their loss was killed, 13 ; wounded, 31.

On December 7th, the Eighth Eegiment took
part in an engagement near Murfreesboro, Tenn-
essee, in which it lost 14 killed and 76 wounded,
in a charge on the enemy's batteries.

On December 16th, the Fifth, Seventh, Ninth
and Tenth Eegiments took part in the great bat-
tle of Nashville, between Thomas's and Hood's
armies. All suffered loss, though fortunately
not severe.

On December 19th, another call was made, for
.300,000 troops, and the recruiting and bounty
business grew more intense than ever, and con-
tinued all winter.

During this time, the patriotic people of our

166

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

State were contributing with generous liberality
to the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, to
various relief movements, to special hospital
funds of our various regiments, for the support
of destitute soldiers' families, and individual cases
of distress without number. No State in the
Union did more, proportioned to their means, in
these works, than the people of Minnesota.

THE YEAR 1865

opened with more encouraging prospects. The
large forces of the Union army were gaining sub-
stantial victories. The successes of Sheridan in the
Shenandoah Valley, Sherman in, his historic
march to the sea, " crushing the confederacy like
an eggshell," and Grant, doggedly consuming
the enemy at Petersburg, were fast shattering
the rebellion. In the siege of Spanish Fort, at
Mobile, in April, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh,
Ninth, and Tenth Minnesota Volunteers bore an
active and honorable part.

Not unmingled with tears were the rejoicings
over these victories. Every battle bulletin brought
sorrow and mourning to many homes in our state
On April 3d came the great news of the fall of
Richmond, and on April 8th, while the people
celebrating this event, the dispatch of General
Grant announcing the unconditional surrender of
Lee and his army was received, setting nearly
everybody crazy with joy. On April 13th the
provost marshals received an order to cease draft-
ing and recruiting, and the war was practically
over. One of its saddest results was yet to come
— the death of President Lincoln, on April 15th.
This calamity was duly observed in all the towns
of the State, on April 19th, by suspension of
business, and religious services. These gloomy
feelings were soon dispelled, however, by the

EETUKN OF OUB EEGIMENTS,

early in the summer, and their muster out at Port
Snelling. As each of these bodies of brave men
returned, they were received with such ovations
and demonstrations of joy as a grateful people
could devise. Quietly our soldiers "hung up
their bruised arms," and were soon again ab-
sorbed into the body of the people. In all, Min-
nesota had furnished to the armies of the repub-

lic 25,052 men, or about one-seventh of its entire
population at the beginning of the war. Of
these, it is estimated from the best data obtaina-
ble, that 2500 were killed in battle and died of
disease during the war, while probably twice as
many more received wounds from which they
will suffer through life. Many died shortly after
the war, from the effects of disease or imprison-
ment incurred in service. In her devotion to the
cause of the Union, our State has a bright record.

The state was almost free from Indian raids
during aU this year. Only one of any moment
occurred. On May 2d a family of five persons
named Jewett, were murdered near Garden
City. A half breed named Campbell, who aided
in the raid, was arrested at Mankato several days
afterward, and hung by a mob.

The census of 1866, showed a population of
250,099 — a gratifying increase, considering the
war of secession and the Indian war as draw-
backs.

With the close of the war a new era of pros-
perity seemed to have begun in the state. Money
was abundant, immigration brisk, labor in de- •
mand, and real estate advancing. Our railroads
were in rapid progress in all directions, and vil-
lages and towns springing up everywhere.

On Nov. 11th, at Port Snelling, Shakopee and
Medicine Bottle, two Sioux convicted of taking
part in the massacre of 1862, were hung. They
had fled to Manitoba, and were not caught untU
1864.

This fall much excitement was occasioned by
the reported discovery of gold quartz at Lake
Vermillion. Several mining companies were
formed, and veins opened and worked, but the
yield did not pay, and the mines were soon aban-
doned.

The state election this year was very feebly
contested. Two well-known old settlers were
nominated for governor, but the vote was light.
Wm. E. Marshall received 17,318 and Henry
M. Rice 13,842. At the same election an amend-
ment to the constitution was voted on, proposing
to confer the elective franchise on negroes, but
was defeated.

PBINCJPAL EVENTS FBOM 1866 TO 1881.

157

CHAPTER XXrX.

PBnsrCIPAL EVENTS FBOM 1866 TO 1881.

A Penod of Inflation.— Rapid Railroad Construction.— Proposed Removal of the
Capital.— Attempted Adjustment of the Railroad Bonds. — Legislative Control
of Freight Tarifis.— Prairie Fires in 1871.— An Arctic Cyclone.— Impeachment
of State Treasurer.— The Jay Cooke Panic— Regulating Railroad Tariffs.—
Grasshopper Ravages.— Suffering on the Frontier. — Relief Ueaaures Adopted
by the Legislature.— Murderous Raid by Missouri Outlaws.— Further Attempts
to Adjust the Railroad lioan Debt.— End of the Grasshopper Scourge. •••Return
of " Good Times," and Rapid Growth in Prosperity.

The year 1866 was one of great financial ease.
The large expenditure of money by the govern-
ment, in the pay of discharged troops, bounties,
and various war claims, made money unusually
plenty.

The railroads of the State were pushed this
year with great vigor. By winter, 315 mUes were
in operation. There was a continuous Une from
St. Cloud, via Owatonna, to Winona, a distance
of 245 mUes. These roads were an important
element in aiding the settlement and business
of the State. Formerly the sole dependence for
travel and freight had been on the river, and the
winter was a season of dullness and depression.
This was now largely changed.

At the State election in the fall of 1867, Wm.
E. Marshall had 34,874 votes, and Charles E.
riandrau 29,502. This would indicate a popula-
tion of about 320,000, showing a heavy immigra-
tion during the years 1866 and 1867. At this
election, a negro suffrage amendment was again
voted on and defeated. The following year [1 868]
the amendment was a third time voted on, and
adopted; ayes, 39,498; noes, 30,121.

PROPOSED REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL.

At the session of the legislature in 1869 , a biU
was introduced to remove the seat of government
to a spot near Big Kandiyohi Lake. The bill was
at first regarded as a joke, and it met with small
opposition, passing both houses with little delay.
Gov. Marshall vetoed the measure, and an at-
tempt to pass the act over his veto, failed.

At this session, the legislature celebrated the
completion of an all-rail route to the east by a

visit to Milwaukee, and to the Wisconsin legisla-
ture at Madison.

At the state election in the fall of 1869, Horace
Austin (rep.) was elected governor, by a vote of
27,348, over George L. Otis (dem.), who had
26,401.

By the census of 1870, Minnesota was found to
have 439,706 population.

PROPOSED ADJUSTMENT OF THE RAILROAD
BONDS.

At the session of the Legislature in 1870, an
act was passed submitting to the people an
amendment to the constitution, providing for the
sale of the five hundred thousand acres of what
was known as the "Internal Improvement
Lands," and the use of the proceeds in extin-
guishing the state railroad loan bonds, ia the fol-
lowing manner: Two thousand of the bonds
were to be deposited with the State Land Commis-
sioner on or before the day of sale, by the hold-
ers, they agreeing to purchase with them the
lands at $8.70 per acre, etc. The amendment
was adopted by a popidar vote, but as only 1,032
bonds were deposited by the owners, the measure
failed.

The unusual low water of 1863, '64 and '65 had
now given way to a series of years of the oppo-
site extreme. In 1870 occurred great freshets,
doing much damage, and the water was reported
" higher than for twenty years."

Railroad construction had been pushed with
great vigor for the last year or two. At the close
of 1870, there were 1,096 mUes in operation, 329
of which were built that year. A road had been
completed to Lake Superior during the season,
thus connecting the river and lake systems, while
the Northern Pacific Railroad was under full
headway.

During 1869 and '70, much complaint was made
by shippers, of unjust charges by the raikoads of

158

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

the State. Governor Austin, in his message,
January, 1871, called attention to the subject
very pointedly. An investigation was made by a
legislative committee, which resulted in the en-
actment of a freight and passenger taiiff, and the
creation of the office of Kailroad Commissioner.
The tariff so fixed was disregarded by the rail-
roads, and in 1871, an action, as a sort of test
case under the statute, was commenced by John
D. Blake, of Eochester, against the Winona and
St. Peter Railroad, for unjust freight charges.
The presiding judge decided the act unconstitu-
tional, but the Supreme Court of the State re-
versed this decision, when the raihoad company
appealed the case to the Supreme Court of the
United States. It was not until 1876 that a de-
cision was rendered, sustaining the right of legis-
lative control over railroad tariffs.

An act was passed by the legislature of 1871 to
"Test the validity and provide for the equitable
adjustment" of the State railroad bonds, by the
creation of a commission, to ascertain and award
the amount due on each. The act was voted on
in May following, and rejected by the people.
Another important measure passed at the same
session, was an act dividing up the 500,000 acres
of Internal Improvement Land, among various
railroad companies. This was vetoed by Gov.
Austin. Two years later the constitution was
amended so that no act disposing of these lands
should be valid, unless approved by a vote of the
people.

In the fall of 1871, destructive JGires, driven by
high winds, swept over a number of frontier
counties, lasting several days, and inflicting great
damage on the settlers. Hundreds lost their
houses, crops, hay, fences, etc., and several per-
sons were burned to death. During the summer,
many had also lost their crops by destructive hail-
storms. Gov. Austin appealed to the people of
the state, by proclamation, for aid for the suffer-
ers, lie received in response J14,000 in money,
and clothing, provisions, etc., worth $11,000 more,
while the next legislature appropriated $20,000
for the purpose of purchasing seed wheat for
those who had lost their crops.

In November, 1871, Horace Austin was re-
elected governor, by a vote of 46,833, over W.
Young, who had 30,092.

From 1870 to 1873, was a period of great uifla-
tion and speculation. The money market was
unprecedentedly easy, and real estate partook of
the same excitement as. characterized the flush
times of 1856 and 1857. Eailroad buUding was
carried on to a remarkable extent, and the entire
State was enjoying an unusual period of material
progress and development.

The winter of 1872-3 was an unusually early
and severe one. On January 7th, 8th and 9th,
1873, occurred an " Arctic Cyclone", or " Polar
Wave ", of a violence and intensity never before
experienced in this State. The worst effects were
felt in the prairie region. Gov. Austin, in a spe-
cial message to the legislature, reported that sev-
enty lives were lost, thirty-one persons suffered
loss of limbs, and about three himdred cattle and
horses perished. The legislature voted ?.5,000 as
a relief fund to aid sufferers.

During the session of 1873, charges of corrupt
conduct and misdemeanors in office, were made
against Wm. Seeger, State Treasurer. On ilarch
5th, the House of Eepresentatives impeached him,
and the Senate, on being presented with the arti-
cles, appointed May 20th as the date to sit as a
Court of Impeachment. Prior to that date, ^Ir.
Seeger resigned his office, and Gov. Austin ac-
cepted the resignation. When the Senate met
on May 20th, this fact left that body uncertain
whether to proceed with the trial or not. On
May 22d, -Mr. Seeger sent in a written plea of
" guilty" to all the charges. A resolution was
then adopted by the Senate, declaring that the
judgment of the court was, that he be removed
from office, and disqualified to hold and enjoy any
office of honor, trust or profit in this State.

On September I9th, 1873, the news was circu-
lated la this State, of the failure of Jay Cooke's
banking house in Philadelpliia, occasiontng a
flnaiK'ial panic. Its effects here were far dif-
ferent from those of the jianic of 1857. There
was some stringency in tlie money market, rail-
road building ceased, and real estate was very
(lull for several years, but not a bank in the State
closed its doors, and but few mercantile houses
failed, Immigiation was large, good harvests
added annually to the wealth of the State, and
it advanced steadily in prosperity.

PBINCJPAL EVENTS FROM 1866 TO 1881.

159

THE GEA8SH0PPEK 8C0TJRGE.

During the summer of 1873, a species of grass-
hopper, called the "Eocky Mountain Locust,"
made its appearance in myriads, in some of the
south-western counties, almost totally destroying
the crops. Hundreds of families were ieft in
great destitution. These facts being reported by
the press, an energetic movement was made in
the towns and cities in the eastern portion of the
state, to. send relief to the sufferers, and large
quantities of clothing, provisions, medical sup-
plies, etc., were collected and distributed to them,
beside quite an amount of money.

At the state election this year, Cushman K.
Davis was elected governor, by a vote of 40,741,
over Ara Barton, who had 35,245.

When the Legislature of 1874 assembled, it
promptly voted $5,000 for the temporary relief of
the frontier settlers, and on March 2nd, a further
sum of $26,000 for the purchase of seed grain.
"With the aid thus furnished, the settlers planted
their crops again, but soon the ground was fairly
alive with young grasshoppers, hatched from eggs
deposited the year previous. As soon as these
were large enough, they laid bare the region
about them, then fell on other localities near by,
and thus destroyed the crops in a number of coun-
ties again. The people were once more in a
state of great destitution.

Gov. Davis addressed a circular to the com-
missioners of the counties not ravaged by the lo-
custs,' asking them to advance money propor-
tioned to their property, for a relief fund. Con-
tributions were also solicited from the people of
the state. By the latter, $18,959 was raised, to-
gether with very large quantities of clothing and
provisions, and forwarded to the sufferers. Even
with this aid, there was much suffering the next
winter.

The legislature of 1875, immediately on as-
sembling, appropriated $20,000 for immediate
relief, and later in the session, $75,000 for the
purchase of seed grain. Only $49,000 of this was
used. The farmers again planted their crops, in
hope, but early in the summer they were, for a
third time, destroyed. The situation now became
serious. All the state was beginning to feel the
effects of this calamity, though the portions yet
unharmed kept up an active collection and for-

warding of supplies for the destitute. "Without
this benevolent work, the suffering would have
been severe.

By the state census this year, the population
of Minnesota was found to be 597,407. At the
state election, John S. Pillsbury was elected Gov-
ernor, by a vote of 47,073, over D. L. Buell, who
had 35,275.

The season of 1876 saw the grasshopper devas-
tations repeated, and over a larger area than be-
fore. The crops were more or less a failure,
and again an appeal was made to the benevolent
people of the rest of the State for aid, which was
liberally and cheerfully responded to.

On September 6th, a daring crime was perpe-
trated at Jf orthfield. A band of eight outlaws
from Missouri, attacked the ISTational Bank in
that town, with the intention of robbing it. The
cashier and another citizen were shot dead, and
two of the robbers killed by persons who hastily
armed themselves. The rest of the desperadoes
fled, and, after a chase of several days, four of
them were surrounded in a thicket in "Watonwan
county, where one was killed, and three taken
prisoners. The latter, who were brothers named
Younger, plead guilty of murder, and were sent
to the State's Prison for life.

The legislature of 1877 prepared an amend-
ment to the constitution, providing for biennial
sessions of that body, and the amendment was
adopted by the people at the fall election.

Five acts were passed at the same session, re-
lating to the grasshopper scourge. ■ One of these
appropriated $100,000 for bounties to pay for the
destruction of grasshoppers and their eggs. [This
was never put into eifect.] A State loan, to raise
the money therefor, was also authorized. In ad-
dition, townships or villages were authorized to
levy a tax to pay similar bounties. The sum of
$75,000 was also appropriated to purchase seed
grain for those who had lost their crops, anJ
$5,000 was voted for a special relief fund.

At the same session was passed an act provid-
ing for the redemption of the State raUroad
bonds, by giving for each outstanding bond siu--
rendered, a new bond for $1,750, at 6 per cent.
Interest. The amendment was defeated at an
election held on June 12th.

Early in the summer [1877] the grasshoppers
appeared in myriads agam, and began devouring

160

OUTLINES OF THE HI8T0BY OF MINNESOTA.

tte crops. The* farmers endeavored to destroy
them by fireSj ditcMng,- and catching them in
pans smeared with tar.' A day of fasting and
prayer for riddance from the calamity, was ap-
pointed by the Governor, and generally observed
throughout the State. Soon after this, the grass-
hoppers disappeared, and a partial harvest was
secured in the region formerly afflicted by them.
For five successive seasons, the farmers in that
district had lost their crops, more or less entirely.

In the fall of 1877, Gov. Pillsbury was re-
elected Governor, receiving 57,071 votes, over
"Wm. L. Banning, who received 39,147.

The legislature of 1878, appropriated $150,000
to purchase seed grain for destitute settlers, the
amounts issued, to such, to be repaid by them.
Over six thousand persons, in thirty-four counties,
received loans under this act, enough to plant
223,727 acres. Most of these loans were repaid.

At the same session an act was passed, propo-
sing a constitutional amendment, offering to the
holders of State raUroad bonds, Internal Improve-
ment Lands, in exchange for such bonds. The

amendment was rejected by the people at the
next election.

During the year 1878, railroad extension, which
had been almost suspended for four years, was
renewed again with much vigor, and the mate-
rial progress of the State was very marked, the
western counties, especially, developing rapidly.

At the election in 1879, John S. Pillsbury was
re-elected Governor for a third term, by a vote of
57,471, over Edmund Kice, who had 42,444, and
other candidates, who received 6,401.

On November 15th, 1880, the Hospital for the
Insane, at St. Peter, was partially destroyed by
fire, and twenty-seven of the patients lost their
lives, by burning, or in consequence of exposure
and fright.

The census of 1880, showed a population in
Minnesota, of 780,082. The assessors' returns
give a valuation of real and personal property, of
$268,277,874. These figures show a proud and
gratifying condition of growth and prosperity in
the short space of thirty-one years, since Minne-
sota began its political existence.

FORT SPELLING.

CHAPTEK XXX.

A PLAIN POST — SITUATION— RECENT IMPROVE-
MENTS— DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA — DEPART-
MENT HEADQUARTERS — LIEUTENANT DOUG-
LAS' REPORT— HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION —
MISSIONARY LABORS — S. W. AND GIDEON H.
POND — MISSION OF A. B. C. F. M. — FIRST
CHURCH — OLD GOVERNMENT MILL.

If a visitor expects to see a stone fortification,
bristling with cannon and prepared for defense
against intruders by land or water, he will be dis-
appointed in Fort Snelling. If, on the other
hand, he anticipates a pile of ruins overgrown
with ivy, the remains of former greatness and
strength, he will find himself as much deceived in
that direction. No mark of cannon-ball or even
musket shot exists. The fort has never sustained
an attack. Some old buildings, it is true, are dis-
used and look sadly forsaken, their places being
supplied by new and more modern structures,
still it would require some stretch of the imagina-
tion to construe them into ruins. One of the
oflBcers, however, jokingly suggested that ivy be
planted around the tower that in old time guarded
the main entrance, pierced for two tiers of mus-
ketry, and a ruin be made of it. This was a
valuable suggestion, as in its present condition it
performs no useful purpose, and is an eye-sore to
the visitor. Thus we see that the fort fails to at-
tract, either by its military freshness or by a ruin-
ous condition. It is simply a plain military post
without display. It has, however, served a pur-
pose, and it is now the historical landmark for
the state and the north-west. Here was the first
settlement, the first birth, first marriage and first
death. Here was organized the first church, here
was the first farming, first milling and first enter-
prise of every kind. Around Fort Snelling clus-
ter all the early associations of the state. What
11

matters it, if it has been a means of fraud on the
national resources and a continual charge to the
government? Had the paltry dollars been kept
back, much would have been lost and the country
made poorer not richer. As the skilful general
in the hour of battle wastes ammunition, pro-
perty of all kinds and even lives of men that in
a less critical hour he would cherish, to accom-
plish a result superior in importance to money or
lives, so the government is often compelled to
submit to much waste to achieve great ends.
The fort stands on the bluffs of the Mississippi,
whose pure white sandstone affords a strong con-
trast to the dark waters below, as well as to the
green banks above. The wide gorge through
which the Father of Waters brings down the
floods of the north is here greatly increased in
width, after receiving the waters of its confluent,
the Minnesota. Geologists tell us that once the
Minnesota was the larger river, and that the Mis-
sissippi was its tributary. They tell us, too, that
the Mississippi once traversed a different course,
leaving its present channel at the mouth of Bas-
sett's Creek, and, taking a route through the
Lakes Harriet and Calhoun, flowed into the Min-
nesota at some point between Shakopee and th%
fort. No historian, however, can confirm the
testimony of the rocks, and the old fort cannot
reach back far enough to aid in the research.

We are indebted to the politeness of Colonel
John Gibbon, the officer in command, and to
Adjutant Harding for the following history of
the fort, prepared by S. R. Douglas, 2nd Lieut.,
Seventh Infantry. This will give the facts of the
fort as it was, and as it is, except the improve-
ments of the past year. The improvements con-
sist of a bakery, a commissary store house and a
stable, added at a cost of about $9,000. It will be
necessary for us, however, to notice some im-
provements lately made in the reservation, in

consequence of the establishment of the head-

(161)

162

FORT SNELLING.

quarters of the "Department of Dakota " at this
point.

The "Department of Dakota" was created Aug.
11th, 1866, out of the departments of the Missouri
and Platte, and Brevet Major General Alfred II.
Terry assigned to command. May 18th, 1869,
General Terry was succeeded by Major General
Winfleld S. Hancock. December 3d, 1872, the
latter was succeeded by Brevet Major General,
now Brigadier General, Alfred H. Terry.

The Department of Dakota now includes the
territories of Montana and Dakota and the state
of Minnesota. The object of the department is to
facilitate the movement of troops, the distribution
of supplies, etc., etc. The troops in this depart-
ment are the Second and Seventh cavalry, Third,
Pifth, Seventh, Eleventh, Seventeenth, Eigh-
teenth and Twenty-flfth infantry. The head-
quarters have been located at St. Paul since the
creation of the department, with the exception of
a short time when they were located at Port
Snelling. During the past year, extensive build-
ings have been erected on the Port Snelling res-
ervation with a view to the establishment of the
headquarters of this department there, near the
militaiy post. These improvements are still in
progress, and, when complete, will add greatly to
the beauty and usefulness of the reservation,
Fourteen buildings, built of cream-colored brick,
are nearly complete, and present a fine appear-
ance. They differ in architecture and are large
and elaborate. The headquarters building is a
handsome structure.

So much has been said, and is still to be said,
in this history in reference to Port Snelling, that
it has been thought best to insert the following
report of the fort:

FoKT Snelling, Minn., j
December ,4th, 1879. j

To the I'ost Adjutant. Fort Snelling, Minn.:

Sir: Pursuant to instructions from the com-
manding officer. Port Snelling, Minn., 1 have the
honor to submit the following report, viz.: In
1805, Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, U.
S. Army, was sent out to explore the upper Missis-
sippi river, to expel British traders who might be
found violating United States laws, and to make
treaties with the Indians.

On the 21st of September, 1805, he encamped
on what is now known as Pike Island, at the

junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota, then
St. Peters, rivers. Two days after, he obtained
by treaty with the Sioux nation, a tract of land
for a military reservation, which was described
as follows: "Prom below the confluence of the
Mississippi and St. Peter, up the Mississippi to
include the Palls of St. Anthony, extending nine
miles on each side of the river." By this treaty,
as ratified by the senate, the United States stipu-
lated to pay two thousand dollars for the lands
thus ceded.

The reserve, thus purchased by Lieutenant
Pike, was not used for military purposes until
Pebruary 10th, 1819, at which time, to cause the
power of the United States government to be
fully acknowledged by the Indians and settlers
of the northwest, to prevent Lord Selkirk, the
Hudson Bay Company and others, from establish-
ing trading posts on United States territory, to
better the condition of the Indians, and to de-
velop the resources of the country, it was thought
expedient to establish a military post near the
junction of the Mississippi and the St. Peters.
Accordingly part of the Pifth United States In-
fantry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Henry
Leavenworth, was despatched to select a site and
erect a post. They arrived at the St. Peters in
September 1819, and went into cantoment on the
south side of it, near where the town of Mendota
now stands.

The first monthly report was rendered for Sep-
tember, 1819. During the ensuing winter (1819-20)
scurvy raged amongst the troops, referring to
which. General H. H. Sibley, in his address before
the Minnesota Historical Society, says: " So sud-
den was the attack, that soldiers apparently
in good health when they retu-ed at night, were
found dead in the morning. One man who was
relieved from his tour of sentinel duty, and
stretched himself upon a bench, when he was
called four hours after, to resume his duties, was
found lifeless." In May, 1820, the command left
their cantonment, crossed the St. Peters, and
went into summer camp, at a spring near the
old Baker trading house, and about two miles
above the present site of Port Snelling. This
was called "Camp Cold Water." During the
summer the men were busily engaged in procur-
ing logs and other necessary materials for the
work. All preparations were being made to com-

FORT BUILT.

163

mence building the new post, which was called
"Fort St. Anthony;" the site selected being that
of the present military cemetery. But in August,
1820, Colonel Josiah Suelling, 5th U. S. Infantry,
having arrived and assumed command, selected
the site where Fort Snelling now stands.

Work steadily progressed, the troops perform-
ing the labor, and on September 10th, 1820, the
corner stone of Fort St. Anthony was laid with
due ceremony.

During the following winter 1820-'21, the
buildings of the new post not being habitable,
the troops were quartered in the cantonment of
the preceeding winter.

The first measured distance between Fort St.
Anthony and Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien,
was taken in February, 1822, and was given as
two hundred and four miles.

Work on the post was pushed forward with all
possible speed. The buildings were made of logs,
and first occupied in October, 1822.

The first steamboat, the Virginia, arrived at
the post in 1823.

A saw-mill was built, the first in Minnesota,
by troops from the post, in 1822, and the first
lumber ever sawed on Bum river, was for use in
the construction of the fort. Minneapolis now
includes the mill-site.

The post continued to be called Fort St. An-
thony until 1824, when, upon the recommendation
of General Scott, U. S. A., who inspected the
fort, it was named Fort Snelling, in honor of its
founder.

In 1830 stone buildings were erected for a four
company infantry post, also a stone hospital and
a stone wall nine feet high surrounding the post.
These buildings were not actually completed,
however, until after the Mexican War.

Notwithstanding the treaty made by Lieuten-
ant Pike, the Indian title to the Fort Snelling
reservation, did not cease until the treaty of 1837,
which was ratified by the senate in 1838, and by
which the Indian claim to all lands east of the
Mississippi, including said reservation, ceased.

In 1836, before the Indian title ceased, many
settlers located on the reservation, on the left
bank of the Mississippi.

On October 21st, 1839, the president of the
United States issued an order, by virtue of the
act of March 3d, 1807, "An act to prevent settle-

ments being made on lands ceded to the United
States, until authorized by law," directing the
United States marshal to remove squatters from
the Fort Snelling reserve, and if necessary, to call
on the commanding officer at Fort Snelling for
troops to assist him in executing his order. Ac-
cordingly, on the 6th of May, 1840, a few of these
settlers, having received the necessary notice,
were forcibly removed by the marshal, assisted
by U. S. troops from the fort.

In 1837, Mr. Faribault presented a claim for
Pike Island, part of the reservation purchased by
Lieutenant Pike in 1805. This claim was based
on a treaty made by him with the Dakotas in
1820.

A military reservation of seven thousand acres,
at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, was set aside by the
president, on May 25th, 1853. In November fol-
lowing, the president amended his act of May
25th, and reduced the reservation to about six
thousand acres.

The first map of the Fort Snelling reserve was
made by 1st Lieutenant James W. Abert, corps
engineer, in October, 1853.

Pursuant to the act of March, 3d, 1857, which
extended the provisions of the act of March 19th,
1819, authorizing the sale of certain military sites,
the secretary of war sold the Fort Snelling
reserve, excepting two small tracts, to Mr. Frank-
lin Steele.

The articles of agreement between the board
appointed for the purpose on the part of the
United States, and Mr. Steele, were dated June
6th, 1857, and were approved on the second day
of July, following. The reservation and build-
mgs thereon were sold for ninety thousand dol-
lars, one-third to be paid on July 10th, 1857, and
the balance in two equal yearly installments.
The first payment, $30,000, was actually made,
July 25th, 1857, on which date Mr. Steele, in pur-
suance of military authority, took possession of
said property. The troops were withdrawn from
the post previous to Mr. Steele's occupancy there-
of. Mr. Steele having made default in the two
remaining payments, the United States entered
into possession and occupancy of the reservation
and post, on April 23d, 1861.

By act of August 26th, 1862, the FortSnelUng
reservation was reduced and defined as follows:
"Beginning at the middle of the channel of the

164

FORT SNELLING.

Mississippi river below Pike's Island; thence
ascending along the channel of said river in such
direction as to include all the islands of the
river to the mouth of Brown's creek, thence up
said creek to Eice lake; thence through the mid-
dle of Rice lake to the outlet of Lake Amelia;
thence through said outlet and the middle of
Lake Amelia to the outlet of Mother lake;
thence through said outlet and the middle of
Mother lake to the outlet of Duck lake; thence
through said outlet and the middle of Duck lake
to the southern extremity of Duck lake; thence
in a line due south to tlie middle of the channel
of the St. Peter's liver; thence down said river
so as to include all the islands to the middle of
the channel of the Mississippi river; reserving
further, for military purposes, a quarter section
on the right bank of the St. Peter's river, at the
present ferry, and also a quarter section on the
left bank of the Mississippi river, at the present
ferry across that stream."

Mr. Steele presented, on February 6th, 1868, a
claim against the United States government for
the possession and occupancy by United States
troops, of said post and reservation; which claim
exceeded in amount the original purchase with
interest.

By act of May 7th, 1870, the secretary of war
was authorized "to select and set apart for a per-
manent military post, so much of the military
reservation of Port Snelling, not less than one
thousand acres, as the public interest may require
for that purpose, and to quiet the title to said
reservation, and to settle all claims in relation
thereto, and for the use and occupation thereof,
upon principles of equity." In pursuance of
which act, the secretary of war set apart for a
permanent military reservation, fifteen hundred
and thirty-one and twenty hundredths acres, de-
fined as follows:

"Beginning at a point where the south line of
the north-east quarter of the north-east quarter of
section thirty-two, township twenty-eight north,
of range twenty -three west of the fourth principal
meridian, intersects the middle of the main chan-
nel of the Minnesota river; thence west to the
south-west corner of the north-west quarter of sec-
tion thirty- two, town and range aforesaid; thence
north to the north-west corner of section twenty,
town and range aforesaid; thence east to middle

of the main channel of the Mississippi river;
thence along the main channel of the Mississippi
river and the confluence of the Mississippi and
Minnesota rivers at the head of Pike Island and
the middle of the Minnesota Eiver, to the place
of beginning, including the officers' quarters, bar-
racks, &c."

A reserve of ten acres granted by the United
States to the Catholic Church at Mendota for a
cemetery, was also reserved. Mr. Steele executed
full release of all claim whatsoever to this prop-
erty, and for the use or occupation of all property
sold to him per agreement dated June 6th, 1857;
in consideration of which, the United States re-
leased Mr. Steele from all indebtedness on the
purchase made by him, and granted and con-
veyed to him the remainder of the so-called Port
Snelling reservation excepting one small tract,
which is defined as follows:

"All of section nineteen, thirty and thirty-
one, and all that part of section eighteen lying
south of Minnehaha creek, and all that part of
section seventeen lying south of Minnehaha
creek and west of the Mississippi river; all that
portion of section twenty, lying east of the main
channel of the Mississippi river, including the
islands east of said main channel, and the south-
west quarter of the northwest quarter, and all
that portion of the southwest quarter and of the
northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of sec-
tion twenty-one which lies east or northeast of
the main channel of the Mississippi liver, and
all those portions of sections twenty-one, twenty-
two and twenty-eight lying on Pike's Island so-
called, being the entire island, and aU that other
portion of section twenty-eight which lies east
and south of the Minnesota river, except twenty
acres, being the south half of the southeast quar-
ter of the northeast quarter of said section, the
same being reserved for a Catholic Church and
burial ground, where the church and burial
ground now are; all that portion of the south
half and of the south half of the north half
of section thirty-two which lies west or north-
west of the Minnesota river ; all the above
described lands being in township twenty-eight
north, of range twenty-three west of the fourth
principal meridian. Also all that portion of sec-
tion thirteen, lying south of Minnehaha and Rice
Lake and east of the creek running between said

PBESUNT BESGBIFTION.

165

Kice Lake and Lake Amelia and. east of said
Lake Amelia, and all land in section twelve that
may be included in said boundaries. All of sec-
tion twenty-four lying east of the western bound-
ary of said reservation ("reserve selected") and
any portion of section twenty-three that lies east
of the creek joining Mother Lake and Lake Ame-
lia, and the east half of section twenty-five and
the east half of section thirty-six, all in township
twenty-eight north, of range twenty-four west of
the fourth meridan. Also all that portion of sec-
tion five which lies west or northwest of the Min-
nesota river; all of section six; all that portion
of section seven which lies north of the Minneso-
to river, and all those portions of sections eight
and eighteen which lie west and north of the Min-
nesota river ; all in township twenty-seven north,
of range twenty-three west.

Also the east half of section one, and the east
half of section twelve, and all that portion of the
east half of section thirteen which lies north and
east of the Minnesota river ; all in township twen-
ty-seven north, of range twenty-four west.

The action of the secretary of war in selecting
said reservation and buildings and conveying the
above specified lands to Mr. Steele, was approved
by the president on January 4th, 1871.

A stone prison was erected during the war of
the rebellion, which is now used as a commissary
storehouse.

The old stone hospital is now used for offices
and laundress' quarters. The new hospital is j ust
completed.

Fort Snelling is situated on a high bluff on the
right bank of the Mississippi, in latitude 44 deg.
52 min. 46 sec. north, and longitude 93 deg. 4 min.
54 sec. west. It is an irregular shaped bastioned
redoubt.

A wagon road runs entirely around the post,
and is eight feet below the parade at the gorge,
but gradually arives on the same level at the
shoulder angle.

The old post is almost enclosed by five build-
ings, and in form is nearly a rhombus, with a
tower at each angle.

A new two-story barracks for six companies of
infantry and sixteen sets of officers' quarters
was built during 1878. The east tower, stone
wall, and old guard house, have been torn down.

The commanding officer's quarters have been re-
modeled during the current year.

The waiter is obtained from a spring about
three-quarters of a mile from the post, by means
of water wagons. Water is also obtained from
the Minnesota river, being forced through pipes
by an engine, into a large tank on the west side
of the parade ground, but the water thus obtained
is unfit for drinking purposes. During extreme
cold weather the water pipes freeze up, rendering
it impossible to refill the tank except during the
open weather.

There is a post-offlce, a telegraph office and a

railroad station at the post.
**********

The nearest supply depots are at St. Paul, four
miles distant from the post, by wagon road, and
six miles by railroad. A bridge is building across
the Mississippi river at the post.

Forage and fuel are obtained by contract. The
post and company garden supply vegetables for
the garrison.

The armament consists of two three-inch rifled
cannon, with carriages, model of 1861. The
present strength of the garrison is sixteen com-
missioned officers and three hundred and fourteen
enlisted men.

It is impossible to obtain from the records of
the post, the various expenditures for barracks
and quarters, and repairs of same, for any defiinite
period. All that I have been able to obtain
is that thirty-five thousand dollars was
appropriated for barracks and quarters in 1878.
It is presumed, however, that the required in-
formation can be obtained at the quartermaster
general's office. The work, practically, with
few exceptions, has been performed by the labor
of the troops, and the cost to the government
cannot be correctly estimated.

A site has been selected on the Fort Snelling
reservation upon which to erect buildings for the
headquarters of the department.

The records of the post are very incomplete.
It seems, from all attainable evidence, that the
records were removed in 1857, when the troops
were withdrawn, and have not been returned.
It further appears that these records had not been
received by the adjutant general of the army
prior to July 18th, 1866. The last board of
officers appointed to investigate claims on the

166

FORT SNELLING.

Fort 8nelling reservation met pursuant to S. O.
No. 278 A. G. O. dated October 17th, 1870. I
have been unable to find any general order re-
ferring to the reservation of 1853 or 1862, or re-
ferring to lands sold in 1857 and 1870.

The reservation of 1870 was announced in
General Order No. 66, Adjutant Genetal's office
of that year, and was first surveyed by Captain
D. P. Heap, corps of engineers, on April loth,
1871. A new line for the soutliern boundary was
run by First Lieutenant Edward Maguire, corps
of engineers, on May 7th, 1877.

I respectfully submit the foregomg, believing
it Avill cover a few of the points required.

I am, sir, very respectfully your obedient ser-
vant. S. E. Douglas,

Second Lieutenant Seventh Infantry.

It has already been intimated that Fort Snell-
ing was the point of departure for every enter-
prise connected vrith the north-west, and in addi-
tion to the matter already given with reference
to events that there took place, we may with in-
terest add others. Missionary enterprise for the
north-west began among the Ojibwas of the
north, in 1831. The region of country about
Lake Superior and along the northern borders
of the United States, had been longer open by
reason of trading-posts, and the safer and more
approachable character of the tribes. The fierce,
wild traits of the Sioux had repelled the Jesuit
missionaries, as well as all other efforts for their
good, until 1834, when two determined young
men appeared on the scene, destLaed to prove
superior to all obstacles. These were the mission-
aries now so well known to all acquainted with
the history of the north-west, by their clerical
names. Rev. S. W. Pond and his brother. Rev.
Gideon H. At this time, however, they were
young adventurers in the Christian work, without
profession or patronage save that of the Master
in whose vineyard they set at worlc, devoting
their lives to His service.

They arrived by steamboat at Fort Snelling,
May 6th, 1834, self-equipped and commissioned to
labor for the Sioux. Major Taliaferro, the In-
dian agent, was absent on their arrival at tlie fort,
but they obtained a room in one of the agency
houses of the post, by feeing the mercenary sub-
agent in charge. To exhibit some of the trials

to which the brothers were immediately exposed,
we give some of Rev. S. W. Pond's reminiscences.
" We had not been at the agency house at the
fort long, before Major Bliss sent his orderly, re-
quiring us to appear before him and give an ac-
cout of ourselves. I, of course obeyed the man-
date, and he told me it was his duty to exclude
from the Indian country all who were not author-
ized to be here. Having no authority to show, I
handed him Mr.Kent's letter ,which he pronounced
unsatisfactory, for he said though Mr. Kent
was a reliable man being the Presbyterian cler-
gyman at Galena, his acquaintance was too short
for him to know much about me. I then handed
him a private letter from General Brinsmaid, a
man well known in New England, and also a let-
ter from the postmaster of my native place.
These letters he said were perfectly satisfactory,
so far as our character was concerned. He then
asked me what our plans were. I toM him we
had no plans except to do what seemed most for
the benefit of the Indian. He told me then that
the Kaposia band wanted plovrtng done, and had
a plow and oxen, but could not use them," so I
volunteered to go down and help them, and then
hastened back to the agency house to tell Gideon
how I had succeeded with the major, for I knew
that his mind would be in a state of anxious sus-
pense. These little things may seem now hardly
worth relating, but whether we were to stay here
or be driven away, depended on the result of that
interview with the major. "We were in fact in-
truders, and had no right to be here. The mis-
sionaries of the board did not come here without
authority from the secretary of war. Major
Plympton, who succeeded Major Bliss in com-
mand, received orders to remove all persons
from this region who were not authorized to be
here, but we were not molested. From the time of
my first interview with Major Bliss, he and Mrs.
Bliss were our true friends and when I returned
from Kaposia, they invited me to reside in their
family, and instruct their son, a boy eight or ten
years old, but I had other work to do. When the
Indians learned that I would plow for them they
took down the plow in a canoe, and I drove
down the oxen. At Kaposia, the chief was Big
Thunder, the father of Ta-o-ya-te-du-ta, called by
the whites erroneously Little Crow, and the chief
soldier was Big Iron These two held the plow

FIRST CHUROff.

167

alternately, while I drove the oxen. I suppose
they were the first Dakotas whoever held a plow.
The dogs, or Indians, stole my provisions the first
night I was there, and I did not 'fare sumptu-
ously every day,' for food was scarce and not
very palatable. About the time I returned from
Kaposia, Major Taliaferro arrived and seemed
glad to find us here. No more was said about
rent, and we kept the key to our room till our
house was finished at Lake Calhoun. This was a
great convenience for us, for before that time,
neither provisions nor clothing were safe at the
lake. We told the agent that we wished to build
a house near some village, and he advised us to
build at Lake Calhoun, and after my brother
plowed for the Indians a few days, we commenced
building where the pavillionnow stands. Owing
to our inexperience we wasted a great deal of
labor. We put up a building of large oak logs
that might have stood fifty years, but we could
have built a more comfortable house afterwards
with half the labor. Five years after, we used
the timber to build a breastwork for the Indians.
While building we occupied a temporary shelter
in the woods, where we were constantly sur-
rounded by a cloud of musquitoes, and, as my
brother's health was not good that summer, the
laborious days and restless nights almost wore
him out, but when our house was finished it
seemed like a palace to us after living a few weeks
in that kennel, and we were no longer compelled
to walk eight miles and back every week, to the
agency-house to get a supply of food, for we
now had a safe place to store our clothing
and provisions. Major Taliaferro gave us a
window-lock and an ax, and Mrs. Bliss sent
us a ham, and Major Bliss gave us potatoes to
plant the next spring. That was all the pecuni.
ary aid we received or wished to receive, and
when the agent offered us a stove we preferred to
build a fire-place, for while we felt grateful for
the favors we received, we wished to maintain a
spirit of independence. We had the use of oxen,
but we used them chiefly for the Indians and to
take care of them through the winter. But
though we did not receive and should not have
accepted much pecuniary aid if it had been offered
us, the influence of friends in our favor was of
great advantage to us, for it was needed to coun-
teract the efforts of others to excite the prejudice

of the Indians against us, and we congratulated
ourselves on the timely arrival of Mr. Sibley at
Mendota."

Lake Calhoun was within the Fort Snelling
reservation and thus was established the first
mission, not only for the fort, but for the whole
country of the Sioux.

Kev, T. S. Williamson, M. D., and Eev. J. D.
Stevens, with their wives and associates, Mr.
Huggins and Miss Poage, arrived at Fort Snell-
ing in May, 1835, under the auspices of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions. Dr. Williamson came by the Missis-
sippi from the mouth of the Ohio, and Mr. Stevens
came through Lake Michigan to Green Bay,
thence by the Fox and Ouisconsin (then so
spelled) rivers to Prairie du Chien, thence to Fort
Snelling by the Mississippi. Major BUss in com-
mand. Major Loomis, Major Taliafero,and all at
the fort welcomed their arrival. During their
continuance at the fort and before proceeding to
the stations selected at Lac qui Parle and Lake
Harriet, about a month elapsed.

In June they organized a Christian church, to
which eight persons connected with the garrison
and who had been hopefully converted during the
preceding winter and spring, were admitted on
profession, together with six others, who had
been members of other churches. The elders of
the church were Col. Gustavus Loomis, Hon. fl.
H. Sibley, then a young man who had lately as-
sumed charge of the trading post at Mendota, A.
G. Huggins and S. W. Pond. "On the second
Sabbath in June, these with the members of the
mission families, amounting to twenty-two in all,
sat down in the wilderness to communicate the
dying love of the Savior of sinners, hundreds of
miles in advance of where a similar scene had
ever before been witnessed or enjoyed. " It is in-
teresting to follow out this feeble beginning.
SulBce it to say, the First Presbyterian Church
in Minneapolis, of which D. M. Stewart, D. D., is
pastor, is a continuation or perpetuation of the
old church at the fort.

In 1822, to supply the demand of the fort, amUL
was erected at the Falls of St. Anthony to saw
lumber, and to this was added, in 1823, stones
for grinding corn for provender. Thus the fort
opened enterprise in the direction of manufac-
tures. This old stone mill, partially hid by shrub-

168

FOBT SNBLLING.

bery, was long a land mark, but its simple stra&-
ture produced small results in the way of sawing
■ or grinding. A small house was built near the
mill for the occupany of those employed in its
operation; and here, when the settlement after-
wards began, was a small, cultivated traet,which,
with the mill, was under the charge of one called
"Old Maloney," who was aided, as required, by
soldiers from the fort.

Hon. Robert Smith, member of congress from
Alton district, Illinois, wrote, February 15th,
1849, from the house of representatives, to the
commissioner of Indian affairs, expressing a wish
"to lease for five years the old government house
and grist and saw-mill, on the west side of the
Mississippi river, opposite the Palls of St. An-
thony." In the letter he adds: "I shall move
into the territory of Minnesota after the adjourn-
ment of congress, and I wish to procure this
house for my family to live in, and to fix up the
old grist mill to grind com and other grain, there
being no grist-mill now in that region of coun-
try."

This led to correspondence between Major
"Woods, in command at the fort, and the secretary
of war, and also other letters. A letter descrip-
tive of the property at that time is here intro-
duced, but the details must be taken with many
grains of allowance, as the writer was in league
with the grasping congressman, to descry the
property and obtam it for a song.

In September, Mr. Smith had asked the privi-
lege of purchasing the buildings, and in March,
1853, Captain N. J. T. Dana, quartermaster at
Fort Snelling, wrote to the quartermaster-general
at "\V"ashington: "I returned to this post on the
20th instant, and on the next day visited the old
mill and buildings belonging to the quartermas-
ter's department, and now in possession of Hon.
Robert Smith, and I submit the following as my
opinion of the value of the buildings to the gov-
ernment at the time when Mr. Smith received
them. The old stone grist-mill, the building
somewhat dilapidated, the water-wheel worn out
entirely, but the other machinery, including two
mill-stones, good, was worth $400. The old
frame of a saw-mill, greatly decayed, together
with the mill-irons on it and extra posts, mostly
worn out, $100. The one-story frame building,
much decayed, |200. Fences and races, much de-

cayed, |50." The result of the negotiation was
the purchase by Mr. Smith of the improvement,
and a permit granted him from the secretary of
war to make a claim including the same, although
at this time the land formed a part of the Fort
Snelling reserve.

The purpose of the grant was that Mr. Smith
should operate the mill for the benefit of the gov-
ernment, in supplying provender for Fort Snell-
ing. This purpose was carried out by Mr. Smith
by placing Reuben Bean in charge to operate the
mill, soon after substituting Calvin A. Tuttle,
who continued several years. The ostensible pur-
pose, of moving to Minnesota, and personally oc-
cupying the buildings and land, was never car-
ried out on, Mr. Smith's part, for he remained in
Illinois until his death, representing Alton dis-
trict in the house of representatives at Washing-
ton.

Soon after the erection of Fort Snelling, the
fur trade of the northwest, which had previously
been carried on by the way of the lakes, took the
great river as one important avenue, and the fort
became the rendezvous of traders and speculators,
forming their channel of communication and
base of supplies.

Under the sheltering wing of the fort also
sprung up, on the reserve, cabins and small
farms, some of which were occupied by French
Canadians, who here took a rest from their voy-
aging, living with the squaws, with whom they
seem to have mated as easily as birds in the
spring. Others were occupied by half-breeds,
very similar in character to the former, but the
Swiss refugees, from Lord Selkirk's colony, were
by far the most interesting and important of these
squatters. Induced by the flattering representa-
tions of Lord Selkirk, a large settlement had been
formed on the Red river, in the Hudson Bay ter-
ritory, from the Swiss and Scotch. After suffer-
ing untold privations from cold, hunger,
floods and the strife between the two great fur
companies of the north, this colony was broken
up and the individuals that constituted it found
homes at various points within our territories.
Many located near Dubuque, but a few about
Fort Snelling, and to this exodus from the north
we must ascribe our first settlement. Some of
these became farmers with no small pretensions.
Perry, who located on the limits of the reserve,

BEMOVAL OF SWISS SETTLERS.

169

at the cave, near St. Paul, was called the Abra-
ham of the country, in consequence of his large
flocks.

Near him also lived Benjamin Garvais and his
brother Pierre, who had farms with considerable
improvements. After occupying their comfort-
able homes for nearly ten years, in obedience to
an imperative order from the war department,
these inoffensive settlers were forced to abandon
their lands and improvements and seek other
homes. We cannot forbear tender sympathy for
these simple people, whose misfortunes had al-
ready been so great, when we see them the vic-
tims of new trouble. The instructions of the
war department, reiterated October 31st, 1839,
were, however, imperative and inexorable, and it
is probable that the unwarranted force exercised
was necessary to compel obedience to the military
order.

On May 6th, 1840, Edward James, United
States marshal for the territory of Wisconsin,
called on the commanding officer of Fort Snelling
for troops, by his deputy. Brunson, and the set-
tlers were forcibly and hastily removed. On the
following day their cabins were destroyed. Thus
rendered homeless and shelterless, they sought
new abodes. Perry, Gervais, Clewette, Rondo
and some others made claims and settled at St.
Paul, while others removed to Wisconsin.

A large portion of what is now Minneapolis

was included in the reservation, and there, similar
events were enacted some years later, when
squatters began to encroach on that portion of
the reserve. The permits granted to a few to
locate on the reserve opposite the Falls of St.
Anthony, encouraged settlers to make claims and
locate there in anticipation of the reduction which
it seemed probable was near at hand. It is un-
fortunate that it must be recorded of the officers
in charge, that their rough treatment in the exe-
cution of orders were often executed in an arbi-
trary and tyranical manner, unless we discredit
the universal testimony of the well known settlers
of respectability thus dispossessed. In addition
to pulling down their shelters and threatening
the occupants with the guard-house in case they
re-built, the officers were guilty of corruption and
received bribes from the squatters in the form of
notes or agreements to pay when their claims
were established.

In these various ways the history of our cities,
the settlement of the country at large, and even
farming and manufacturing find in Fort Snell-
ing their origin and first progress. The perusal
of the following pages will exhibit much more
fully the intimate connection between Fort Snell-
ing and the development of the north-west, and,
although its influence is a thing of the past, its
history will always remain a matter of present
interest.

CHRONOLOGY.

CHAPTEE XXXI.

PKINCIFAL EVENTS CHRONOLOGICALLY AR-
RANGED.

1659. Groselliers (Gro-zay-yay) and Kadisson
visit Minnesota.

1661. Menaid, a Jesuit missionary ascends the
Mississippi, according to Perrot, twelve years be-
fore Marquette saw the river.

1665. Allouez, a Jesuit, visited the Minnesota
shore of Lake Superior.

1680. Du Luth in June, the first to travel in
a canoe from Lake Superior, by way of the St.
Croix river, to the Misssissippi. Descending the
Mississippi, he writes to Seignelay in 1683: "I
proceeded in a canoe two days and two nights,
and the next day at ten o'clock in the morning"
he found Accault, Augelle, and Father Hennepin,
with a hunting party of Sioux. He writes: "The
want of respect which they showed to the said
Reverend Father provoked me, and this I showed
them, telling them he was my brother, and I had
him placed in my canoe to come with me into the
villages of said Nadouecioux." In September,
Du Luth and Hennepin were at the falls of St.
Anthony on their way to Mackinaw.

1683. Perrot and Le Sueur visit Lake Pepin.
Perrot with twenty men, builds a stockade at the
base of a bluff, upon the east bank, just above the
entrance of Lake Pepin.

1688. Perrot re-occupied the post on Lake
Pepin.

1689. Perrot, at Green Bay, makes a formal
record of taking possession of the Sioux country
in the name of the king of France.

1693. Le Sueur at the extremity of Lake Su-
perior.

1694. Le Sueur builds a post on a prairie
island in the Mississippi, about nine miles below
Hastings.

1695. Le Sueur brings the first Sioux chiefs
who visited Canada.

1700. Le Sueur ascends the Minnesota river.
Fort L'Huillier built on a tributary of Blue Earth
river.

1702. Fort L'Huillier abandoned.

1727. Fort Beauhamois, in the fall of the
year, erected in sight of Maiden's Rock, Lake
Pepin, by La Perriere du Boucher.

1728. Verendye stationed at LakeNepigon.

1731. Verendrye's sons reach Rainy Lake.
Fort St. Pierre erected at Rainy Lake.

1732. Fort St. Charles erected at the south-
west comer of the Lake of the Woods.

1734. Fort Maurepas established on Winnipeg
river.

1 736. Verendrye's son and others massacred
by the Sioux on the isle in the Lake of the Woods.

1738. Fort La Reine on the Red River estab-
lished.

1 743. Verendrye's sons reach the Rocky Moun-
tains.

1766. Jonathan Carver, on November 17th,
reaches the Falls of St. Anthony.

1794. Sandy Lake occupied by the North-
west Company.

1802. William Morrison trades at Leech Lake.

1804. William Morrison trades at Elk Lake,
now Itasca.

1805. Lieutenant Z. M. Pike purchases the
site since occupied by Fort Snelling.

1817. Earl of Selkirk passes through Minne-
sota for Lake Winnipeg.

Major Stephen II. Long, U. S. A., visits Falls
of St. Anthony.

1818. Dakotah war party under Black Dog,
attacks Ojibways on the Pomme de Terre river.

1819. Col. Leavenworth arrives on the 24th of
August, with troops at Mendota.

1820. J. B. Faribault brings up to Mendota,

horses for Col. Leavenworth.

(170)

CHRONOLOGY.

171

Laidlow, superintendent of farming for Earl
Selkirk, passes from Pembina to Prairie du Chien
to purchase seed wheat. Upon the 15th of April
left Prairie du Chien with mackinaw boats and
ascended the Minnesota to Big Stone Lake, where
the boats were placed on rollers and dragged a
short distance to Lake Traverse, and on the 3d
of June reached Pembina.

On the 5th of May Col. Leavenworth estab-
lished summer quarters at Camp Coldwater, Hen-
nepin county.

In July, Governor Cass,' of Michigan, visits the
camp.

In August, Col. Snelling succeeds Leaven-
worth.

September 20th, comer stone laid under com-
mand of Col. Snelling.-

Pirst white marriage in Minnesota, Lieutenant
Green to a daughter of Captain Gooding.

Pirst white child born in Minnesota, daughter
of Col. Snelling; died following year.

1821. Port St. Anthony was suflSciently com-
pleted to be occupied by troops.

Mill at St. Anthony Palls constructed for the
use of garrison, under the supervision of Lieuten-
ant McCabe.

1822. Col. Dickson attempted to take a drove
of cattle to Pembina.

1823. The first steamboat: the Virginia, on
May 10th, arrived at the mouth of the Minnesota
river.

Mill stones for grinding flour sent to St. An-
thony Palls.

Major Long, U. S. A., visits the northern
boundary by way of the Minnesota and Eed
river.

Beltrami, the Italian traveler, explores the
northernmost source of the Mississippi.

1824. General Winfield Scott inspects Port
St. Anthony, and at his suggestion the war de-
partment changed the name to Port Snelling.

1825. April 5th, steamboat Eufus Putnam
reaches the Port. May, steamboat Kufus Put-
nam arrives again and delivers freight at Land's
End trading post on the Minnesota, about a mile
above the Port.

1826. January 26th, first mail in five months
received at the Fort.

Deep snow during February and March.

March 20th, snow from twelve to eighteen
inches.

April 5th, snow storm with flashes of light-
ning.

April 10th, thermometer four degrees above
zero.

April 21st, ice began to move in the river at
the Port, and with water twenty feet above low
water mark.

May 2d, first steamboat of the season, the Law-
rence, Captain Reeder, took a pleasure party to
within three miles of the Falls of St. Anthony.

1826. Dakotahs kill an Ojibway near Port
Snelling.

1827. Plat Mouth's party of Ojibways at-
tacked at Port Snelling, and Sioux delivered by
Colonel Snelling to be killed by Ojibways, and
their bodies thrown over the bluff into the river.

General Gaines inspects Port Snelling.
Troops of the Fifth Regiment relieved by those
of the First.

1828. Colonel Snelling dies in Washington.

1829. Rev. Alvan Coe and J. D. Stevens,
Presbyterian missionaries,visit the Indians around
Port Snelling.

Major Taliaferro, Indian agent, establishes a
farm for the beneflt of the Indians at Lake Cal-
houn, which he called Eatonville, after the sec-
retary of war.

Winter, Spring and Summer very dry. One
inch was the average monthly fall of rain or
snow for ten months. Vegetation more back-
ward than it had been for ten years.

1830. August 14th, a sentinel at Port Snell-
ing, just before daylight, discovered the Indian
council house on Are. Wa-pa-sha's son-in-law
was the incendiary.

Cadotte and a half-breed called "Little French-
man" killed on the St. ('roix by Sioux Indians.

1831. August 17th, an old trader, Rocque,
and his son arrived at Port Snelling from Prairie
du Chien, having been twenty-six days on the
journey. Under the influence of whiskey or stu-
pidity, they ascended the St. Croix by mistake,
and were lost for fifteen days.

1832. May 12th, steamboat Versailles arrived
at Fort Snelling.

June 16th, William Carr arrives from Missouri
at Port Snelling, with a drove of cattle and
horses.

172

CHRONOLOGY.

Henry E. Schoolcraft explores the sources of
the Mississippi.

1833. Eev. W. T. Boutwell establishes a mis-
sion among the O jib ways at Leech Lake.

E. F. Ely opens a mission school for Ojibways
at Aitkin's trading post, Sandy Lake.

1834. May. Samuel W. and Gideon H. Pond
arrive at Lake Calhoun as missionaries among the
Sioux.

November. Henry H. Sibley arrives at Men-
dota as agent of Fur Company.

1835. May. Rev. T. S. Williamson and J. D.
Stevens arrive as Sioux missionaaries, with Alex-
ander G. Huggins as lay assistant.

June. Presbyterian Church at Fort Snelling
organized.

July 31st. A Red River train arrives at Fort
Snelling with fifty or sixty head of cattle, and
about twenty-flve horses.

Major J. L. Bean surveys the Sioux and Chip-
peway boundary Une under treaty of 1825, as far
as Otter Tail lake.

November. Col. S. C. Stambaugh arrives; is
sutler at Fort Snelling.

1836. May 6th, "Missouri Fulton," first steam-
boat, arrives at Fort Snelling.

May 29th, "Frontier," Captain Harris, arrives.

June 1st, "Palmyra" arrives.

July 2d, "Saint Peters" arrives, with J. N.
Nicollet as passenger.

July 30th, Sacs and Foxes kill twenty-four
Winnebagoes on Root river.

September 7th, first Christian marriage' cele-
brated at Lac-qui-Parle.

1837. February 25th, Rev. S. F. Denton, mis-
sionary from Switzerland, arrives at Red Wing's
village.

Rev. Stephen R. Riggs and wife join Lake
Harriet Mission.

Rev. A. Brunson and David King establish Ka-
posia Mission.

Commissioners Dodge and Smith, at Fort
' Snelling, make a treaty with the Chippeways to
/ cede lands east of the Mississippi.

Franklin Steele and others make claims at Falls
of St. Croix and St. Anthony.

September 29th, Sioux chiefs at Washington
sign a treaty.

November 10th, steamboat Rolla arrives at Fort

Snelling with the Sioux on their return from
Washington.

December 12th, Jeremiah Russell and L. W.
Stratton make the first claim at Marine, in the
St. Croix valley.

1838. April, Hole-in-the-day and party kill
thirteen of the Lac-qui-Parle Sioux. Martin Mc-
Leod from Pembina, after twenty-eight days of
exposure to snow, reaches Lake Traverse.

May 25th, steamboat Burlington arrives at Fort
Snelling with J. N. Nicollet and J. C. Fremont
on a scientific expedition.

June 14th, Maryatt, the British novelist, Frank-
lin Steele and others rode from thB ' fort to view
Falls of St. Anthony.

July 15th, steamboat Palmyra arrives at Fort
Snelling with an official notice of the ratification
of treaty. Men arrived to develop the St. Croix
valley.

August 2d,. Hole-in-th^-Day encamped with a
party of Chippeways near Fort Snelling, and was
attacked by Sioux from Mud Lake, and one killed
and another wounded.

August 27th, steamboat Ariel arrives with
commissioners Pease and Ewing to examine half-
breed claims.

September 30th, steamboat Ariel makes the
first trip up the St. Croix river.

October 26th, steamboat Gypsy first to arrive
at Falls of St. Croix with annuity goods for the
Chippeways. In passing through Lake St. Croix
grounded near the town site laid out by S. C.
Stambaugh, and called Stanibaughville.

1839. April 14th, first steamboat at Fort Snell-
ing, the Ariel, Captain Lyons.

Henry M. Rice arrives at Fort Snelling.

May 2d, Rev. E. G. Gear, of the Protestant
Episcopal church, recently appointed chaplain,
arrived at the fort in the steamboat Gypsy.

May 12th, steamboat Fayette arrives on the St.]
Croix, having been at Fort Snelling with members '-
of Marine Mill Company.

May 21st, the Glancus, Captain Atchison, ar-
rives at Fort Snelling.

June 1st, the Pennsylvania, Captain Stone, ar-
rives at Fort Snelling.

June 5th, the Glancus arrives again.

June 6th, the Ariel arrives again.

June 12th, at Lake Harriet mission, Rev. D.
Gavin, Swiss missionary among the Sioux at Red

CHRONOLOGY.

173

Wing, was married to Cordelia Stevens, teacher
at Lake Harriet mission.

June 25th, steamboat "Knickerbocker" arrived
at Fort Snelling.

June 26th, steamboat "Ariel" on third trip.

June 27th, a ti-ain of Bed Eiver carts, arrives
under Mr. Sinclair with emigrants, who encamped
near the fort. ,

July 2d, Chippeways kill a Sioux of Lake Cal-
houn band.

July 3d, Sioux attack Chippeways in ravine
above Stillwater.

1840. April, Eev. Lucian Galtier of the Ro-
man Catholig church, arrives at Mendota.

May 6th, squatters removed from military reser-
vation.

June 15th, Thomas Simpson, Arctic explorer,
shoots himself near Turtle river, under arberration
of mind.

June 17th, four Chippeways kill and scalp a
Sioux man and woman.

1841. March 6th, wild geese appeared at the
fort.

March 20th, Mississippi opened.

April 6th, steamboat "Otter," Captain Harris,
arrived. Koboka, an old chief of Lake Calhoun
band, killed by Chippeways.

May 24th, Sioux attack Chippeways at Lake
Pokeguma, of Snake river. Methodist mission
moved from Kaposia to Red Rock, Rev. B. P.
Kavenaugh, superintendent.

August, Mission church of unburnt bricks built
at Lae-qui-Parle and surmounted with the first
church bell.

ISTovember 1st, Father Galtier completes the log
chapel of St. Paul, which gave ' the name to the
capital of Minnesota. Eev. Augusthi Ravoux ar-
rives.

1842. July, the Chippeways attack the Kapo-
sia Sioux.

1843. Stillwater laid out. Ayer, Spencer and
Ely establish a Chippeway mission at Red lake.
Oak Grove Indian mission established by G. H.
Pond.

June 20th, Rev. S. R. Riggs and R. Hopldns
establish an Indian mission at Traverse des Sioux.

July 15th, Thomas Longley, brother-in-law of
Rev. S. R. Riggs, drowned at Traverse des Sioux
mission station.

1844. August, Captain Allen with fifty dra-

goons marches from Fort Des Moines through
southwestern Minnesota, and on the 10th of Sep-
tember reaches the Big Sioux river. Sisseton
war party kill an American named Watson, driv-
ing cattle to Fort Snelling.

1845. June 25th, Captain Sumner reaches
Traverse des Sioux, and proceeding northward
arrested three of the murderers of Watson.

1846. Dr. Williamson, Sioux missionary,
moves from Lac-qui-Parle to Kaposia.

March 31st, steamboat Lynx, Captain Atchi-
son, arrives at Fort Snelling.

Rev. S. W. Pond establishes an Indian mission
at Shakopee.

1847. St. Croix county, Wisconsin, organized,
Stillwater the county seat. Harriet E. Bishop
establishes a school at St. Paul. Saw mills be-
gun at St. Anthony Falls.

First framed house above Fort Snelling in the
Minnesota valley erected by Mr. Pond. Lumber
brought from Point Douglas.

August, Commissioners Verplanck and Henry
M. Rice make treaties with the Chippeways at
Fon du Lac and Leech Lake. The town of St.
Paul surveyed, platted, and recorded in the St.
Croix county register of deeds oflBce.

• Hole-in- the-Day, the elder Chippeway chief,
killed by falling frorn a wagon, when drunk.

1848. Henry H. Sibley, delegate to congress
from Wisconsin territory.

May 29th, Wisconsin admitted, leaving Minne-
sota (with its present boundaries) without a gov-
ernment.

August 26th, "Stillwater convention" held to
take measures for a separate territorial organiza-
tion.

October 30th, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to
congress.

1849. March, act of congress creating Minne-
sota territory.

April 9th, "Highland Mary" Captain Atchison,
arrives at St. Paul.

April 18th, James M. Goodhue arrives at St.
Paul with first newspaper press.

May 27th, Governor Alexander Ramsey arrives
at Mendota.

June 1st, Governor Eamsey issues proclama-
tion declaring the territory duly organized.

July, first brick house in Minnesota, erected at
St. Paul, by Rev. E. D. Neill.

174

CHRONOLOGY.

August 1st, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to
congress for Minnesota.

August, first Protestant house of worship in
white settlement, a Presbyterian chapel, com-
pleted at 8t. Paul.

September 3d, flrst legislature convened.

November, First Presbyterian Church, St.
Paul, organized.

December, flrst literary address at Falls of St.
Anthony.

1850. January 1st, first annual Historical So-
ciety meeting.

June 11th, Indian council at Fort Snelling.

June 14th, Steamer Governor Kamsey makes
flrst trip above Falls of St. Anthony.

June 26th, the Anthony Wayne reaches the
FaUs of St. Anthony.

July 18th, Steamboat Anthony Wayne ascends
the Minnesota to vicinity of Traverse des Sioux.

July 25th, steamboat Yankee goes beyond Blue
Earth river.

September, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to
congress.

October, Frederika Bremer, Swedish novelist,
visits Minnesota.

November, the Dakotah Friend, a monthly
paper, appeared.

December, Colonel D. A. Eobertson establishes
Minnesota Democrat.

December 26th, first public Thanksgiving day.

1851. May, St. Anthony Express newspaper
began its career.

July, treaty concluded with the Sioux at Trav-
erse des Sioux.

July, Eev. Robert Hopkins, Sioux missionary,
drowned.

August, treaty concluded with the Sioux at
Mankato.

September 19th, the Minnesotian, of St. Paul,
edited by J. P. Owens, appeared.

November, Jerome Fuller, chief justice in place
of Aaron Goodrich arrives.

December 18th, Thanksgiving day.

Smithsonian Institution publish Dakota Gram-
mar and Lexicon.

1852. Hennepin county created.

February 14th, Dr. Rae, Arctic explorer, arrives
at St, Paul with dog-train.
May 14th, land-slide at Stillwater.
August, Jas. M. Goodhue, Pioneer editor, dies.

Noirember, Yuhazee, an Indian, convicted of
murder.

1863. April 27th, Chippeways and Sioux fight
in streets of St. Paul. Governor Willis A. Gor-
man succeeds Governor Ramsey.

October, Henry M. Rice elected delegate to
congress. The capitol building completed.

1854. March 3d, Presbyterian mission-house
near Lac-qui-Parle burned.

June 8th, great excursioji from Chicago to St.
Paul and St. Anthony Falls.

December 27th, Yuhazee, the Indian, hung at
St. Paul.

1855. January, first bridge ovet Mississippi
completed at Falls of St. Anthony.

Church erected near YeUow Medicine. Indi-
ans contribute two-thirds of its cost.

October, H. M. Rice re-elected to congress.

December 12th, James Stewart arrives in St.
Paul, direct from Arctic regions, with relics of
Sir John Franklin.

1856. Erection of State University building
was begun.

1857. Congress passes an act authorizing peo-
ple of Miimesota to vote for a constitution.

March, Inkpadootah slaughters settlers in
South-west Minnesota.

Governor Samuel Medary succeeds Governor
W. A. Gorman.

March 5th, land-grant by congress for rail-
ways.

April 27th, special session of the legislature
convenes.

July. On second Monday, convention to form
a constitution assembles at Capitol.

October 13th, election for state officers, and
ratifying of the constitution.

H. H. Sibley flrst governor under the state con-
stitution.

W. W. Kingsbmy elected delegate to Congress.

December. On flrst Wednesday, flrst legisla-
ture assembles.

December. Henry M. Rice and James Shields
elected United States senators.

1858. April 15th, people approve act of legis-
lature loaning the public credit for flve millions
of dollars to certain railway companies.

May 11th, Minnesota becomes one of the United
States of America.
June 2d, adjourned meeting of legislature held.

GHBONOLOGT.

175

W. "W. Phelps representative In congress.

Jas. M. Kavenaugh representative in congress.

November. Supreme court of State orders
Governor Sibley to issue railroad bonds.

December. Governor Sibley declares the bonds
a failure.

1859. Normal school lavif passed.

June. Burbank and Company place the first
steamboat on Red River of the North.

August. Bishop T- L- Grace arrived at St.
Paul.

October 11th, state election, Alexander Ramsey
chosen governor.

William .W. Windom elected representative to
congress.

Cyrus Aldrich fleeted representative to con-
gress.

December, Morton S. Wilkinson elected United
States senator.

1860. March 23d, Anna Bilanski hung at St.
Paul for the murder of her husband, the first
white person executed in Minnesota.

August 9th, telegraph line completed to St.
Paul.

August 20th, J. B. Faribault died, aged eighty-
seven.

1861. April 14th, Gov. Ramsey calls upon the
president in Washington and offers a regiment of
volunteers.

June 21st, First Minnesota Regiment, Col. W.
A. Gorman leaves for Washington.

June 28th, first railway completed from St.
Paul to St. Anthony.

July 21st, First Minnesota in battle of Bull
Run.

October 13th, Second Minnesota Infantry; Col.
H. P. "Van Cleve leaves Fort Snelling.

November 16th, Third Minnesota Infantry, H.
C. Lester go to seat of war.

Alexander Ramsey re-elected Governor.

William Windom re-elected to congress.

Ignatius Donnelly representative in congress.

1862. January 19th, Second Minnesota in bat-
tle at Mill Spring, Kentucky.

April 6th, First Minnesota Battery, Captain
Munch, at Pittsburgh Landing.

April 21st, Second Minnesota Battery, goes to
seat of war.

April 21st, Fourth Minnesota Infantry Volun-
teers, Col. J. B. Sanborn leaves Fort Snelling.

May 13th, Fifth Regiment Volunteers Col.
Borgesrode leaves for the seat of war.

May 28th, Second, Fourth and Fifth in battle
near Corinth, Mississippi.

May 31st, First Minnesota in battle at Fair
Oaks, Virginia.

June 29th, First Minnesota in battle at Savage
Station.

June 30th, First Minnesota in battle near Wil-
lis' church.

July 1st, First Minnesota in battle at Malvern
Hill.

August, Sixth Regiment Col. Crooks organized.

August, Seventh Regiment, Col. Miller organ-
ized.

August, Eighth Regiment Col. Thomas organ-
ized.

August, Ninth Regiment, Col. Wilkin organ-
ized.

August 18th, Sioux attack whites at Lower
Sioux Agency.

Amos W. Huggins killed by Sioux.

James W. Lynd killed by Sioux.

Philander Prescott killed by Sioux.

September 2d, battle of Birch Coolie.

September 23d, Col. Sibley defeats Sioux at
Wood Lake.

December 26th, Thirty-eight Sioux executed on
the same scaffold at Mankato.

1863. January, Alexander Ramsey elected
United States senator.

Henry A. Swift, governor for an unexpired term.

May 14th, Fourth and Fifth Regiment in battle
near Jackson, Mississippi.

July 2d, First Minnesota Infantry in battle at
Gettysburgh, Pennsylvania.

July 3d, Tah-Oryah-tay-doo-tah or Little Crow
killed near Hutchinson.

September 19th, Second Minnesota Infantry en-
gaged at Cihickamauga, Tennessee.

November 23d, Second Minnesota Infantry en-
gaged at Mission Ridge.

William Windom elected to Congress.

Ignatius Donnelly elected to Congress.

1864. January, Col. Stephen Miller inaugu-
rated Governor of Minnesota.

March 30th, Third Minnesota Infantry engaged
at Fitzhugh's Woods.

June 6tli, Fifth Minnesota Infantry engaged at
Lake Chicot, Arkansas.

176

CHEONOLOGY.

July 13th, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth, with
portion of Fifth Minnesota Infantry engaged at
Tupelo, Mississippi.

July 14th, Colonel Alex. Wilkin, of the Ninth,
killed.

October 15th, Fourth Eegiment engaged near
Altoona, Georgia.

December 7th, Eighth Eegiment engaged near
Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Eegiments
at Nashville, Tennessee.

Eaihvay reaches Elk Eiver.

1865. January 10th, Daniel S. Norton elected
United States senator. ,

April 9th, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth and
Tenth at the siege of Mobile.

November 10th, Shakpedan, Sioux chief, and
Medicine Bottle, executed at Fort Snelling.

William Windom re-elected to congress.

Ignatius Donnelly re-elected to congress.

1866. January 8th, Colonel William E. Mar-
shall inaugurated governor of Minnesota.

EaUway reaches St. Cloud.

1867. Preparatory department of the State
University opened.

• Eailway reaches Wayzata.

1868. January, Governor Marshall enters upon
second term.

January 1st, Minnesota State Eeform school
opened for inmates.

June 27th, "Hole-in-the-day," the second
Chippeway chief of that name, shot by relatives,
near Crow Wing.

M. S. Wilkinson elected to congress.

Eugene M. Wilson elected to congress.

1869. Bill passed by legislature, removing
seat of government to a spot near Big Kandiyohi
Lake vetoed by Governor Marshall.

Alexander Eamsey re-elected United States
senator. Eailway completed to Willmar.
M. H. Dunnell elected to congress.
J. T. Averill elected to congress.

1870. January 7th, Horace Austin inaugurated
as governor. Eailway to Benson completed.

August, railway completed from St. Paul to
Duluth.

1871. January, Wm. Windom elected United
States senator.

In the fall destructive fires, occasioned by high
winds, swept over frontier counties.

October, railway reached Eed Eiver of the
North at Breckenridge.

Hon. George L. Becker, president of the rail-
road, gives invitations to the old settlers to an
excursion to the Eed Eiver.

1872. January, Governor Austin enters upon
a second term.

1873. January 7th, 8th and 9th, polar wave
sweeps over the state, seventy persons perishing.

May 22d, the senate of Minnesota convicts state
treasurer of corruption in ofHce.

September, grasshopper raid began and con-
tinued five seasons.

Jay Cooke failure occasions a financial panic. ('■

1874. January 9th, Cushman K. Davis in-
augurated governor.

William S. King elected to congress.

1876. February 19th, S. J . E. McMillan elected
United States senator.

November, amendment to state constitution,
allowing any woman twenty-one years of age to
vote for school oflflcers, and to be eligible for
school offices.

Eocky Mountain locusts destroy crops In south-
western Minnesota.

1 876. January 7th, John S. Pillsbury inaugur-
ated governor.

January 12th, State Forestry association or-
ganized.

September 6th, outlaws from Missouri kill the
cashier of the Northfield Bank.

1879. November, state constitution amended,
forbidding public moneys to be used for the sup-
port of schools wherein the distinctive creeds or
tracts of any particular Christian or other relig-
ous sect are taught.

J. H. Stewart, M. D., elected to congress.

Biennial sessions of the legislature adopted.

1878. January, Governor Pillsbury enters
upon a second term.

May 2d, explosion in the AVashbarn and other
flour mills at Minneapolis.

One hundred and fifty thousand dollars appro-
priated to purchase seed grain for destitute set-
tlers.

1880. November 15th, a portion of the Insane
Asylum at St. Peter was destroyed by fire and
twenty-seven inmates lost their lives.

1881. March 1st, Capitol at St. Paul destroyed
by fire.

HISTORY

OF THE

SAINT CROIX VALLEY.

CHAPTER XXXU.

LEGEND OF THE ST. CKOIX — DU LTJTH FIRST
EXPLORER— HENNEPIK'S DESCRIPTION— IN-
DIANS FIGHT AT FALLS OF ST. CROIX — EARLY
TRADERS, PORLIER AND REAUME — SCHOOL-
CRAFT'S EXPLORATIONS — POKEGtTMA MIS-
SION.

The river and Lake St. Croix, which Le Sueur,
as has been narrated in a former chapter, says
was called after a Frenchman of that name, was
always called by the Sioux, Hogan-wahnkay-
kin, (the place where the fish lies.) Their le-
gend as to the origin of the name is that two
Dahkotah hunters were descending the river after
a long hunt. After several days of fasting one
said " are you not hungry?" "Yes," was the re-
ply of the other, "but what have we for food?"
At night the one who opened the conversation,
killed a sand hill crane, and preparing it for sup-
per invited the other to partake. The comrade
answered "If cranes did not wade I could eat. I
am not afraid of water, but may not eat flesh
which has touched water." His friend astonished
asked, "How can that be?" But he persisted in
refusal, saying "Hold your peace and eat alone.
I am hungry as well as you, but may not eat."

The journey was continued^ when the first es-
pied the tracks of a supposed raccoon on the
snow, and they followed it to a hollow tree and
the comrade was pleased at the thought of finding
flesh which had not touched water. He first
kindled a fire, while his comrade ascended the
tree, and looking into the hollow he was disap-
pointed in finding it a fish, and told the first, "If
you will not urge me to eat, I will throw down

the fish, which is a pike."
12

The pike was thrown to the ground and roasted
by the first, and his comrade could no longer re-
sist the craving for food, and agreed to eat, on
condition that the first would bring water from
the lake, on the shore of which they were, to sa-
tiate his thirst. After the meal was over, the
comrade began to ask for water. It was brought
again and again. After he had been supplied
hundreds of times, stUl he asked for more, when
the first, worn out with fatigue, told his comrade
to lie down by the water of the lake and drink.
The comrade answered, " You urged me to eat,
but now you weary in giving me drink. If you
had continued one day you would have saved me.
You will soon tremble with fear." After this
speech he lay down by the waters of the lake and
drank. Gradually he was transformed into a
large fish, and stretched himself across the lake.
This, tradition says, is the origin of " Pike Bar,"
which stretches across the middle of the lake.

Upon page 112, will be found the description of
Du Luth, who was the first explorer. Hennepin,
who afterwards met Du Luth on the Mississippi,
writes: " Forty leagues above, is a river full of
rapids, by which striking northwest, you can
reach Lake Conde [Superior], that is as far as
Nimmissakouat [Brule], river, which empties into
the lake. This first river is called Tomb river,
because the Issati [Knife lake Sioux], left there
the body of one of their warriors, killed by a rat-
tlesnake. According to their custom, I put a
blanket on the grave, which act of humanity
gained me much importance by the gratitude dis-
played by the countrymen of the departed, in a
great feast, which they gave me in their country,
and to which more than a himdred Indians were
invited."

(177)

178

EISTOBY OF. THE SAINT CBOIX YALLHY.

The Sioux have a tradition that a tribe called
Onk-to-kah-dan lived just above Lake St. Croix,
and were exterminated before white men ex-
plored the country.

Very near the period that Prance ceded Can-
ada to Great Britain, the last conflict of the Foxes
and Ojibways took place at the Falls of St. Croix.
"VVaubojeeg, or White Fisher, who died at La
Pointe, in 1793, when he was in the prime of
life, sent his war club and wampum to collect a
party to go against the Foxes and their allies the
Sioux.

The Ojibways who had but recently driven the
Sioux from Sandy Lake, sent word that they
would unite with him at the confluence of the
Snake and St. Croix rivers. Waubojeeg with
three hundred warriers reached that point, and
the Sandy lake party not having arrived, he did
not wait, but continued down the St. Croix.
Early one morning he reached the Falls of St.
Croix, and while some of his warriers were pre-
paring to take their bark canoes around the port-
age, scouts were sent in advance to reconnoitre.
They soon returned with the information that
they had discovered a large party of Foxes and
Sioux. The Ojibw£iys instantly prepared for the
conflict, and the Foxes requested the Sioux to sit
still and watch them defeat the foe. The flght
now commenced in earnest, and about noon the
Foxes began to yield, and at last fled in confusion.
They would have been driven into the river, if
the Sioux had not come to their relief. The
Ojibways bravely resisted the attack of the allies,
but their ammunition being exhausted, they in
turn were forced to retreat, and they would have
been exterminated had not at this juncture the
band from Sandy lake arrived. Eager for the
flght this 'last party withstood the onset of the
Foxes and Sioux, and at last drove them from the
field. Many to escape sprang into the roaring wa-
ters, and in the crevices of the rocks some of the
wounded crept, and died. From this time the
Foxes ceased to appear in large bodies in this
region.

A French post was established fifty leagues
from the Mississippi, on the upper St. Croix, on
the Wisconsin side of the river, but on a map
prepared in 1762, by JefEerys, geographer to the
king of England, it is marked as destroyed.

During the latter part of the last century.

James J. Porlier, sometimes written Perlier;
traded with the Indians of the St. Croix valley.
He was a native of Montreal, and in 1793 was
employed by Pierre Grignon, of Green Bay, to
take goods to this region, and here he married
the daughter of ,an Indian woman who had been
abandoned by a French trader. His associate
was a broken-down merchant of Montreal, quite
pompous and eccentric, by the name of Charles
Eeaume. One day, it is stated, that he asked Por-
lier, and some other traders, to dine with him.
The company arrived, and the venison was
cooked, when Amable Chevalier, a half breed,
told Eeaume that there were not plates enough on
the table, because there were none for him.
"There are," said Eeaume sternly, when Chevalier
without a word, tore a red cap from Eeaume's
head, and placing it upon the table, without cere-
mony, filled it with hashed venison. Eeaume in
indignation, threw some hash into the half-breed's
face, and the whole room was in an uproar.
Eeaume afterward lived at Green Bay, as justice
of the peace, and in the eighth volume of the
Wisconsin Historical Collections is the following
certificate signed by him: "I certify that I have
baptized a child of Mr. Grignon, named Bernard,
at Green Bay, the 22d of June, 1806. Bom the
12th of June, at 9 o'clock, A. M."

About seventy years ago, the South West Com-
pany had a trading post on the upper St. Croix.
In 1825, the Indian agent at Fort SnelUng licensed
a trader of the Columbia Fur Company, to trade
at the Falls of St. Croix, and the post was desig-
nated as Fort Barbour, but in 1831, the only
licensed trader above the falls, on the Minnesota
side, was Thomas Connor, an energetic Irishman
whose trading post was at Lake Pokeguma on
Snake river.

The first American explorer of the St. Croix
river, was Henry E. Schoolcraft, and among his
companions was the Eev. W. T. Boutwell. On
the 16tli of July, 1832, about three o'clock in the
afternoon he entered the lake from the Missis-
sippi. As evening approached he met a Mr.

B descending in charge of four canoes and

several Frenchmen and Indians, and as there
was reason to suppose that he had been selling
whisky to the Indians, his license to trade was
revoked. At eight o'clock of the evening of the
next day he encsmpcd at the Falls of St. Croix

BABLY MISSIONABms.

179

On the 30th he reached Snake river, and had an
interview with the Chippeway tribe called Pez-
hikee, or Buffalo. Indians at that point num-
bered about three hundred, and the half-breeds,
thirty-eight. By eight o'clock of the morning of
the next day, he was at the mouth of Yellow
river, and at two o'clock in the afternoon, reached
the Namakagun fork of the St. Croix, where the
Ojibway Chief Kabamappa and his band received
him with a salute. On the evening of the second
of August, he reached the lake which is the
source of the river, and then made a portage to
Splashing Brule or Misakoda river, by which he
descended to Lake Superior.

In the fall of 1825 the Ojibways of Pokeguma
were visited by Mr. Frederick Ayer. He was
bom October 11th, 1803, at Stockbridge, Massa-
chusetts, and in June, 1829, became a teacher and
catechist in the Mackinaw mission, and in 1831
went to La Pointe, and moved from thence in
September, 1833, to Yellow Lake, in northwest
Wisconsin, where with his wife, whose maiden
name was Elizabeth Taylor, a native of Heath,
Massachusetts, he established a mission school
among the Indians. As the point did not prove
favorable, he came to Pokeguma, to make ar-
rangements for removal there. He soon brought
to the lake his wife and two assistants, John L.
Seymour as teacher and mechanic, and Sabrina
Stevens.

By the close" of the year 1836, four Ojibways
had been induced to clear small farms, and settle
near the station.

In the spring of 1837 the Eev. Sherman Hall,
missionary at La Pointe, passed a week at Lake
Pokeguma and organized a church, consisting of
the missionary's family, Henry Blatchford a mixed
blood from Mackinaw, a chief of the band, and
some others.

On the 4th of October, 1837, Mr. Ayer wrote:
"We have assisted in putting up a log house for
the chief, who is a member of the church, and
are now about completing two more. * *
* * * * The Indian must have some-
thing tangible, something that he can see and
feel to induce him to let go his hold on long cher-
ished habits."

During the summer of 1839, as the Ojibways
had abandoned Pon du Lac, Edmund P. Ely,
teacher and catechist, and his wife, were trans-

ferred to the Pokeguma mission. Mr. Ely was a
native of iSTorth Wilbraham, Massachusetts, and
at the age of twenty-four, on the 19th of Septem-
ber, 1833, became a missionary teacher at Ait-
kin's trading post, on the shores of Sandy lake.
In August, 1834, he went to Eon du Lac, and on
the 30th of August, 1835, he married at La
Pointe, Catherine Bissell, who was born at Sault
St. Marie.

Eev. W. T. Boutwell, who had been for several
years a missionary at Leech lake, on the 4th of
January, 1841, with two men, left La Pointe for _
Pokeguma. The snow upon the ground was over
two feet in depth, and placing blankets, axes and
provisions on a dog train, the journey was per-
formed on snow shoes, and occupied nearly ten
days. Mr. Boutwell, upon his arrival, was very
much surprised to find the highest chief and
many others of the band cutting wood with axes.
Mr. Ayer had persuaded them to work by offer-
ing them a bushel of potatoes, or an equivalent in
coin, for each cord of wood cut, and thus had
suppressed the habit of begging. Mr. Boutwell
wrote on the 8th of February, after his return to
La Pointe: "I administered the sacrament of
the Lord's Supper to twelve. ' Five of the num-
ber were natives of Pokeguma. The ordinance
of baptism was administered to three children.
Two were admitted to the church on profession
of their faith, one of them a young man from
Ohio, who had wandered into the forest to engage
in lumbering."

Jeremiah EusseU, a pioneer, in 1837, in open-
ing the pine forests of the Saint Croix valley, was
in 1840 appointed by the United States govern-
ment, to oversee the farms for the Pokeguma
band, and he cheerfully co-operated with .the mis-
sionaries.

Mr. Ayer wrote in April of this year: "During
the past winter Indians from among the heathen
portion of the tribe have chopped for us, about one
hundred cords of wood and boarded themselves.
Chief and subject, men, women and children of
all ages from twenty to seventy, have come and
solicited work. Some who were once so lazy that
they preferred going hungry to working, have
the last winter here chopped from four to six and
eight cords of wood. Two or three, one of them
a man of seventy or more, have cut most of the
timber for their houses alone.

180

HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY.

"In connection with Mr. Kussell we have
helped them draw their timber, and put up the
body of the buildings. Three others are erecting
houses, and another completing a house begun
two years ago. One of the last mentioned is a
chief, as is the old man. They visited Washing-
ton during Mr. Adams' administration. * * *
Mr. Russell takes a lively interest in the settUng
of the Indians, and has to some extent assisted
thus far, all, with one exception, who have re-
cently begun to build. He is also preparing to
aid the Indians efficiently in agriculture this
spring. He will assist exclusively the heathen
Indians. "We think it expedient, on the whole,
that the praying Indians should depend on us for
aid, since the heathen party seeks every possible
occasion to speak evil of them, and accuse the
farmer and blacksmith of partiaUty toward them.
On this account, I presume, they prefer digging
up their fields with the hoe, to soliciting or receiv-
ing aid from the Indian farmer. They are de-
signing to cultivate much larger fields than here-
tofore. The lumber company wOl purchase at a
very fair price all the surplus produce of the set-
tled Indians."

In May, 1841, the Sioux attacked the Ojibways
at Pokeguma, and this conflict, the particulars of
which are given on page 110, was a death-blow to
the mission at that point.

CHAPTEE XXXIII.

TOPOGHAPHT — HESERVOIKS — UNUSED WATBE-
POWEB — KAPIDS — DALLES — POT-HOLES — A
TBIP DOWN THE ST. CROIX — THE ST. CROIX
TALLEY.

No strictly classic grounds exist in the north-
west. By the aid of the imagination, poets and
novelists have been able to formulate from the
beautiful legends of Indians, sketches and poems
that rank among American classics, but the
country is new to literature and not rich m
works of art. It bears the impress still of its
savage occupancy in every state, county, town,

city and village; further, as we sit or walk on the
streets of any town we see frequently the coarse
black hair, high cheek bones and copper-colored
skin of the full-blood Indian, and still more fre-
quently meet the half-breeds, that resulted from
the legal marriages, and iUicit habits of the early
French voyageurs, many of whom still remain as
settlers now occupying the land, while others
have passed away, or followed the direction of
their reckless habits into new fields, where their
semi-barbarism could have free scope.

If any portion of the north-west above Prairie
du Chien, and west of Green Bay, is old and rich
in reminiscences, it is the St. Croix Valley, as
evidence of which, we instance the facts and in*
cidents that follow in this volimie.

"What, however, may be lacking in man's work,
is amply atoned for by' the prodigal hand of Na-
ture, that has here lavished a wealth of towering
rock, noble forests and a magnificent stream,
with picturesque rapids and water-faUs in the
main channel and on its tributaries, that affords
scenery rarely equalled in America. Here, too.
Nature has set to work her cunning workmen
that with slow but unerring stroke have hewed
out monuments of her power, and excavated
caves and weUs, that show what Ues within the
range of her infinite possibilities, though in the
Umited view of man, outside the bounds of
utility.

By the casual observer it would be supposed
that, starting with the Upper St- Croix lake as the
head waters of the river, the valley proper would
begin, extending on each side of the river, in-
cludipg all the basin from which tributary streams
flow. The trend of the surface and more espe-
cially the dip of the rocks show, however, a par-
adoxical condition, for the St. Croix river takes
its rise withm Umits naturally drained by the
St. Lawrence system and the slope of the surface
is for the Upper St. Croix mostly north-westward;
while at the same time the inclination and dis-
charge of the valley is toward the south-west and
south. In the upper portion, the direction is
south-westward and in the lower dii'ectly south.
The common distinction of the Upper and Lower
St. Croix, though usually indefinite, may, there-
fore, properly be determined as follows; the Up-
per St. Croix is that portion whose surface and
rocks trend toward Lake Superior and the Lower

BESGBIPTION OF THE VALLEY.

181

St. Croix, that which trends toward the Missis-
sippi basin. The low ridge which separates these
two basins appears to cross the valley of the St.
Croix near the north line of township thirty-one.
Investigations below the surface in the Upper
St. Croix ought therefore, to exhibit a similarity
to the regions of Lake Superior.

Geologists explain the apparent anomaly ex-
hibited in this water-shed by the deposit of Pots-
dam sandstone by the advance of the Silurian
sea from the south, which formed a new surface
sloping toward the Mississippi basin and that the
river by its own drainage excavated the basin
through which its waters are discharged.

The Upper St. Croix region is diversified by
plains, rolling land and lakes.

Numerous small depressed areas exist without
outlet, and others with such imperfect outlets as
to form marshes or lakes. Many of these are
utilized for the benefit of the lumbering indus-
tries carried on extensively. By dams easily
formed, the water is checked or discharged for the
"drive," and thus the winter's "cut" of logs on
the upper streams is easily floated to the river;
this becomes more and more important each year
as lumbering camps are carried higher and higher
up on the smaU tributaries. These reservoirs, as
they may be called, operate to preserve an even
flow of water in the St. Croix by means of which
the stream always remains within its channel and
is guiltless of the lawless violence exhibited by
the Minnesota and other streams.

The water of the river, owing to the nature of
the soil and rocks through which it flows, is soft,
but has a yellowish color from the large amount
of organic matter held in solution.

The pure waters of its tributaries abound in
trout, affording a fine field for sportsmen as an
offset for the want of game.

The extent of the country drained by the river
above the falls, is about 6,000 square miles.
Beginning now at the water shed between the
Brule and the St. Croix, we find an altitude of
about 445 feet and the entire descent of the St.
Croix from the upper lake to below the falls, 393
feet. The upper river and its tributaries are
swift, breaking out frequently into rapids and
water falls, utilized to only a limited extent. At
the falls of St. Croix and Taylor's Tails, which
are on different sides of the river, the former in

Wisconsin and the latter in Minnesota, an im-
mense power exists, entirely unused. Here the
river pours down violent rapids, though without
a perpendicular fall.

There, rapids extend a distance of about seven
miles, admitting of numerous dams between the
high bluffs on either side, that would, if utilized,
afford an almost unlimited power, the descent
being about forty feet within a mile.

Some of the tributaries have much greater de-
scent with occasionally perpendicular falls, al-
though this river may be called a system of rapids
rather than water-falls.

This river in its time has done a great work,
cutting inch by inch, its deep channel through
this valley, stopping neither for rock nor boulder,
but chiseling away, it has secured a bed deep
down with high overhanging blrifls, above which,
on either side stretch away the level areas, rolling
districts and basins of the lakes.

At Taylor's Palls, this erosion exhibits itself in
the most marked manner, forming the beautiful
dalles admired by the lovers of the gi-and and
beautiful; these are called the Upper DaUes in
distinction from others two miles below. A deep
canal has been excavated here, cutting down
into the solid rock. As the tourist on the little
steamer runs up into these rocky fastnesses, he
imagines that he has arrived at the head of the
river, and that the water pours from the rocks,
which appear to meet in a solid front before him.
Dalles, derived from the French dalle, meaning a
flagstone, is a name given by the voyageurs to
deep, rocky chasms, forming a narrow passage
for a river. In this passage of the St. Croix, the
whole volume of the river is compressed into a
narrow space between its rocky sides, only about
one hundred feet in width, where the impetuosity
of the current from the rapids above is checked
to a quiet, deep flow, as in awe of the grandeur
around. The high trappean rocks on each side,
cut in grotesque forms by the former action of the
water, and now left far above, represent stern
sentinels, who never desert their post. The rock
is a dark brown, with a shght cast of purple, and
though porphyritic in character, is full of seams,
as though some material of a softer nature had
been interlarded between its adamantine layers,
which the action of the water had moved.

By frost and other agencies, these cliffs have

182

HISTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

been broken into cubical blocks, which lie strewn
about their base, at some points tumbling down
in huge piles, at others, scattered here and there.
The striking features are, however, points where
the disintegration has left tall columns formed of
these same cubical blocks, piled one on top of the
other to which fanciful names have been attrib-
uted. His Satanic majesty has been especially-
honored in their nomenclature.

Another feature is striking, the abundance of
pot-holes, or wells, as they are usually called, of
various dimensions, found high up on the rocks,
one hundred feet or more above the level of the
stream, as well as near the bed of the river.
Some are quite small in size and resem-
ble in internal finish a teacup or small
bowl, while others are immense in size and
of considerable depth, resembling cisterns, the
largest exceeding twenty-flve feet in diameter
and depth. The walls of some are vertical, some
bowl-shaped, smaller at the bottom, while others
are like a bean pot, smaller at the top and spread-
ing out at the bottom. The largest exammed
was called the Devil's kitchen formed with reced-
ing sides, having in the middle of the floor a table
of the same trap rock with a flat surface adapted,
we may Imagine, to the convenience of impish fes-
tivities, though more recently we may hope aban-
doned entirely to the tourists who here spread
their picnics. Passing through a convenient door-
way the Devil's ice-house is near at hand, exca-
vated stUl deeper in the rock, filled as we found
in early summer for the coming season. Near
by are his caldrons, too, and his wood lot, the en-
tire sides of the cliff. A little below, at a con-
venient distance from his kitchen, is his lofty
chair overlooking the damp, gloomy daUes and
affording observation up and down the valley,
where he might rest his weary feet on a platform
far below and lean against the smooth hewed
back. His chair is the most striking feature of
the "dalles," formed by the piling up of huge
cubical blocks of the porphyritic rock.

The pot-holes or wells are supposed, and their
form evidently bears witness to the fact, to be
formed by the circling eddies of the rapid flowing
stream whirling hard boulders against the sides
until they are worn smooth, the wearing pebble
or boulder being worn out in the process to be

succeeded by another or many others untU the
eddy ceases.

The damp, shaded glen is fertile Mdth mosses
and ferns of almost infinite variety, cUnging to
the sides of the rocks and affording a pleasing re-
lief to the eye by their varying colors. The at-
mosphere strikes a damp chill in mid-summer
when closed in by full foliage, and associating
the weird scenery and damp shades with its imp-
ish vocabulary, timid explorers are sometimes
overawed and repelled.

It would be strange if the Indians with their
close observation of nature and awe of the grand,
did not associate the wild and picturesque, exhib-
ited here on all sides, with their pantheistic re-
ligion. To the savage, that was sublime which to
the intruding white man was only beautiful and
perhaps simply useful. Evidences exist about
the rocks themselves as well as in the testimony
of the pioneers, who heard their legends, that here
doom was pronounced by the evU spirit upon the
cowards of their tribes who were not fit to inherit
the happy hunting' grounds, reserved only to the
brave.

We leave to the tourist these scenes, and rec-
ommend him to visit the "Colossal Cross," the
"AVells," the "Devil's Chair," the "Balancmg
Bock," "LoneKock," and the pretty, picturesque
bridge over the river, where the rocky sides ap-
proach so near together, that with a leaping-pole
and a place to rest it in the middle, one might be
tempted to try a spring across to avoid the "toU;"
we, however, paid only thirty cents for the privi-
lege of crossing and returning.

Of the many light draft steamers that ply up
and down the river, it was our good fortune to
take the Jennie Hayes, Captaui Ben Knapp, and
we owe much to the courtesy and information of
the captain and olBcers, who afforded us every
facility in their power for extending our know-
ledge of this interesting region. Passing down,
the attention is arrested continually by new feat-
ures in the remarkable scenery.

We soon reach the Lower Dalles, where a
canon similar to that of the Upper Dalles has
been .formed. Here the walls are vertical, the
important difference in their appearance being an
indication of more active agency of frost in dis-
integrating their surfaces. Here much of the
surface rock of the gorge, as originally chiseled

LAKE SAINT CBOIX.

183

smooth by the action of th? water, has been riven
and thrown down.

The bluffs remind us occasionally of the pali-
sades of the Hudson, though on a more modest
scale, from the perpendicular walls surmounted
by foliage and green herbage that might be im-
agined closely shaven lawns.

Leaving Franconia on our right, a little ham-
let of small pretensions, we stopped at the village
of Osceola, county seat of Polk county. This
village is beautifully located high up on the
bluffs, settled by the best stock of old New Eng-
land, and though it partakes of the retrograde
exhibited, throughout the valley, in material pro-
gress, its citizens maintain the fresh intelligence
and culture that belongs to the stock they repre-
sent.

Here the pleasing acquaintance with the genial
Captain O. F. Knapp began, and in his company
the remainder of the trip was made enlightened
by his intelligent view of things, often suggesting
events of the past, with which his long acquaint-
ance with the navigation of the river, made him
familiar. Though not remarkably rapid, the
course of the river is very straight.

Soon after leaving Osceola, " Eagle Point " is
passed half a mile below, named from the eagle
nests above its rocky crags, and, while on the
point of rushing to the stern to obtain a longer
view of the conspicuous cliff, the captain calls at-
tention to the Mineral Spring house, half a mile
further on, and thus from one thing to another,
our attention is enlisted, and again distracted
throughout the trip. A word about the mineral
spring. The water here percolates through lime-
stone, from which it derives calcareous, mag-
nesian and other salts, giving rise to the mineral
spring for which the town of Farmington is fam-
ous, and bringing patronage to the Mineral
Spring house. As this water surcharged with
lime and magnesia pours over the cliffs, a portion
of the mineral is deposited, taking the form of a
coating of vegetation, especially moss, popularly
termed petrified moss. The water is charged
principally with bi-carbonates of lime and mag-
nesia, together with other ingredients. Here we
stop and obtain specimens, and see where lime
kilns burn this moss-like deposit, and from it
manufactures valuable lime.

On the cliff we see the Eiverside hotel with its

broad piazzas and beautiful location, inviting us
to stop and be revived by the pure air and min-
eral water, but we proceed on our way. The
sides of the cliffs are covered with timber of smaU
size, and of recent growth we are told, for before
settlement- fires often swept over, burning the
grass, shrubbery and everything of life, causing
the bluffs to present a totally bare front.

Near the lime kiln a cave was accidentally
discovered, which at some time had been occu-
pied, prior to the earliest history recorded in the
valley. The entrance had perhaps been obstructed
for centuries, when operations on the bank dis-
closed it. Within were discovered bones of ani-
mals, evidently used for food, and remnants of a
fire.

Two miles further and we reach Cedar Bend,
where the old cedar projects over the river and
marks the ancient division between Chippewa and
Sioux.

Ten miles below Osceola is Marine Mills, thel
pioneer lumbering town of the valley, and so far
down that it seems to have escaped the business
stagnation of the Upper St. Croix. Here a fine
town stands out, conspicuously exhibiting, in its
churches, school buildings and industries, that we
are again approaching business activity. Our
little boat, that has been impeded all the way by
the drive of logs which fill the stream, occasion-
ally produchig a blockade, from which she was
obliged to beat a retreat with her two barges of
freight hugged to her sides, here finds great difll-
culty in making a landing.

The drive usually begins much later, and we
meet here the employes of the boom company,
and the pile driver, hurrying on the preparations
for the logging season, thus precipitated upon
them by the rise in the river. June 1st all
would be ready, but the logs are coming in large
numbers, about three weeks in advance. The
steamboat strikesjbhe logs continually, with loud
thumps that threaten her sides, and to back is
impossible, for the stern paddle wheel picks up
the logs and tears off her buckets.

The preparations of the boom company consist
in stretching booms on each side of the stream
and attaching them to piles, to prevent logs from
wandering off into the marshes and lakes which
border the stream on both sides, especially dur-
ing high water. For much of the distance be-

184

HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

tween Stillwater and the Falls of St. Croix, the
banks are naturally protected, but from what has
been said of the valley it will be understood that
the present channel of the river occupies but a
small portion of the ravine cut out in former
years by the rapid waters. On each side, at
intervals, extensive marshes extend far from the
main channel, which formerly caught much of
the drive of logs. Operations of the boom com-
pany have removed this diflflculty, and retain
most of the logs in the main channel. Fre-
quently, however, the companies are compelled
to extricate, logs thus caught and return them to
the river.

We pass Areola six miles above Stillwater,
Titcomb's landing a mile below, and Harriman's
landing after another mile. General Harriman is
an old settler, who has a flouring and saw-mill on
Apple river, three mUes from this landing, where
he ships the product of his mills.

Near Stillwater the main stream is abandoned
to logs and their rafting, and a canal excavated
by the united capital of the boom company and
the appropriations of the general government
forms the channel for steamboats.

We are here free from logs, and turning to the
left leave the main channel. The logs occupy
the river proper from the boom to Titcomb's land-
ing three miles above, crowding out the steam-
boats. Eeaching Stillwater, we are at the end of
the trip of the Jennie, and reluctantly leaving
her and her hospitable oflScers, we must seek
other transportation. Here a draw bridge spans
the Lake St. Croix, into which the river now
merges, spreading out a mile in width forming a
magnificent channel for steamers from the Missis-
sippi, affording them depth enough and ample
sea room.

The scenery of this lake has been often de-
scribed and will never cease to interest and de-
light tourists by its lofty blufEs. Its waters are
still and deep, well deserving the name of lake,
extending twenty-five miles to the old town of
Prescott. This lake from the earliest times, in-
vited explorers from the Mississippi to its peace-
ful waters, and it has in consequence been the
theatre of some of the earliest events recorded
in the north-west. We leave it and turn to
the active scences connected vsdth its early set-
tlement and the valley as a whole.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

THE ST. CBOIX RIVEK AND LAKE— OLD LAND-
MARK—POKEatTMA MISSION INDIAN BATTLE
-LETTERS FROM REV. MR. BOUTWBLL —
TREATIES OF 1837 — FIRST SETTLEMENT.

The St. Croix river takes its rise in upper St.
Croix Lake, which is situated in Wisconsin, on the
water shed which divides the St. Lawrence system
from that of the Mississippi, deriving its waters in
the upper portion from numerous small lakes,
with which the water-shed is dotted. Flowing in
a southerly direction to its junction with the Mis-
sissippi it has been taken as the boundary line
between the States of Minnesota and Wisconsin,
becoming an important stream both in size and
usefulness. The length of the river, following its
tortuous course from its source to its mouth, is
nearly 170 miles. It receives as tributaries, the
Canoe, Yellow Pine, Crooked, Sand, Bear Creek,
Kettle and Snake rivers, on the Minnesota side,
of which the Snake with its several branches,
viz: the Ground House creek. Fishing creek.
Knife river' and Little Snake; and the Kettle
vsith its branches, viz: the Grind Stone, Pine,
Split Bock, Moose and Willow, are the principal,
while innumerable smaller streams and rivulets
add to its volume. After receiving its principal
tributaries, it pours over rocks, forming, beauti-
ful rapids, once largely used for manufacturing
purposes, thence it pursues its uniform course
about thirty miles, nearly to the city of Stillwater,
where it expands in width, forming what is called
Lake St. Croix, a sheet of water averaging three-
quarters of a mile in width, extending to the mouth
of the river, a distance from the point where the
expansion begins, of about twenty-five miles.
On the Wisconsin side of the river the tributaries
are smaller and are, the Apple, Wolf, Trade,
Wood, Clam, Willow and smaller streams.

The valley drained by the St. Croix is nearly
140 miles m length, varrying in width from sixty
miles at the widest point to much narrower di-
mensions. The water of the lake is clear and
palatable. The blufEs upon either side are bold
and lofty, bearing strong resemblance to those
of the upper Mississippi. The lake is naviga-

OLD LAND MASK.

185

ble at the lowest stage of water for steamboats of
the largest tonnage upon the Mississippi. Above
the lake the river is navigable to Taylor's Falls,
an enterprising and flourishing town.

This was the country of the Chippewas and
Sioux; the Chippewas occupied the northern por-
tion and the Sioux the southern; it was, too, the
scene of many a bloody battle between the hostile
tribes.

One old landmark remains about twelve miles
below the falls of St. Croix, at what is called Ce-
dar Bend, that is said to mark the dividing line
between the Chippewas of the north and the
Sioux of the south. This is an old cedar tree
standing on a high bluff, or at least it probably
once stood upright, but in reaUty it now leans far
over the bluff straining its roots that are bedded
in the soil above, and reaching far down with its
tendrils on the abrupt bluff to catch in the moist
soil below. All the valley of the St. Croix lying
north of this tree was said to belong to the Chip-
pewas, while that part of the vaUey south be-
longed to the Sioux. The river was here called
Cedar Bend, because of the cedars that lined the
banks of the stream at this turn in its course. In
the rocks near by are seen deep prints that resem-
ble the impress of a horse's foot of mammoth
dimensions. The Indians reverence these as the
foot-prints of the Great Spirit's horse, supposing
that he crossed the river at this point by leaping
his horse over with such a violent stride that his
feet were indented ia the solid rock.

White men tore away the old Indian name,
Hogan-wauke-kin, and gave the river new names.
Father Hennepin says, in speaking of what is
now the St. Croix: "This river is called the
Tomb river, because the Issati left there the body
of one of their warriors." On his map of the
country of the Dakotas he also gives the name
"The river of the Tomb," and marks the position
of the falls. In his geographical description of
the country he speaks of it as "a river fuU of
rapids, by which, striking northwest, you can
reach Lake Conde (Superior), that is as far as
Ifamissakouat river, which empties into the
lake." Later in 1700, Le Sueur speaks of it as
the St. Croix, thus named because a Frenchman
of that name was shipwrecked at its mouth.
Penicaud states that it was so called because of a
cross planted over the remains of a voyageur.

The first map which showed this valley was made
in Paris in 1688, by Tillemont, upon which ap-
pears Lakes Brade (Mille Lacs). Magdeline (St.
Croix) and Prophet (Snake) river.

The valley of the St. Croix was once a famous
hunting ground of the Indians, and equally fam-
ous as the battle ground of the contending tribes.
It has been called the Golgotha of the Indians,
because it was strewn with the skulls of their
braves. Over this territory, as disputed land,
one enemy pressed the other back and forth,
according to the temporary advantage obtained
by each.

At Pokeguma (now Pokegama) lake, on Snake
river, was an Indian village, where in later times
a missionary station was estabUshed. This vil-
lage was occupied by Dakotas as late as 1700, but
subsequently it became by conquest the abode of
the Chippewas. Rev. E. D. Neill says of it:
" Pokeguma is one of the ' Mille Lacs,' or thou-
sand beautiful lakes, for which Minnesota is re-
markable. It is about four , or five miles in
extent, and a mile or more in width. Its shores
are strewn with boulders, that in a past geologic
age, have been brought by some mighty impetus
from the icy north. Down to the water's edge
grow the tall pines, through which, for many
years, the deer have bounded and the winds
sighed mournfully, as they wafted away to dis-
tant lands the shriek of many Dakota or Ojib-
way mothers, caused by the slaughter of their
children. The lake is situated on Snake river,
about twenty miles above the junction of that
stream with the St. Croix."

The American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions, in 1836, established a mission
among the Chippewas at Lake Pokeguma. Their
mission house was on the east shore, but the In-
dian vUlage was on an island in the lake. The
efforts of the missionaries were devoted to the
encouragement of the habits of civilization among
the savages, inducing them to buUd houses like
their own around the mission and to cultivate
the land. They were encouraged in these labors
by the purchase of the surplus provision raised.

The women of the mission pursued the same
policy on their part, encouraging the squaws to
cleanliness and domestic arts. In a letter writ-
ten by the missionaries in 1837, they say: " The
young women and girls now make, wash andiron

186

HISTOBY OF THE SAIJUTT CBOIX VALLEY.

after our manner. The men have learned, to
build log houses, drive team, plough, hoe and
handle an American axe, with some skill in cut-
ting large trees, the size of which, two years ago,
would have afforded them a sufHcient reason why
they should not meddle with them."

The traditions of the Indians point back in-
definitely to struggles between the Chippewas
and Sioux, indicating that their hostility has been,
long standing, existing perhaps centuries before
the advent of the white man. They inform us
of great battles in the past, though such have
rarely occurred in recent times: as evidence of
this fact a curious mound is pointed out by them
shaped like a turtle with the head pointing to-
wards the west. This mound is at the portage
between the Cut Foot Sioux and Big Fork, and
the tradition is:

The Sioux and Chippewas here met in large
force, and after a furious battle the Chippewas
were beaten and fled in confusion with much loss
to the eastward. After the battle the Sioux,, to
commemorate their victory, built the turtle, which
to this day is perfectly defined in outline, with its
head pointing to the east. Indicating the direc-
tion in which their foes had fled. Soon, however,
the Chippewas received re-inforcements, and re-
turning renewed the battle. This time victory
perched on the opposite banner, and the Sioux
fled to the westward with as much precipitation
as the Chippewas had exhibited after the first en-
counter, but in an opposite direction. The Chip-
pewas then to commemorate their victory and de-
ride the Sioux, reversed the turtle by building a
head at the west end and converting the head
made by the Sioux into a tail. Thus reversed the
turtle temains to verify the traditions of the
tribes and to be a monument to the superior
prowess of the Chippewas, who step by step
drove to the south the Sioux who once occupied
large villages as high as Leech Lake, and on the
southern borders of Canada.

The Ojibwas of the north had in company with
other tribes formed an alliance in early times
with the French. The Sacs and Foxes who
usually occupied the country on the Fox river in
Wisconsin, frequently hunted through the St.
Croix Valley, and formed an alliance to wage war
against these allies of the French. Their atti-
tude placed them also in hostility to the French

traders. Encouraged.and abetted by the French,
the Ojibwas made incursions into Minnesota
about 1726, with the purpose of driving out tribes
hostile to the French by means of the fire-arms
placed in their hands by them. Under the lead-
ership of Bi-ans-wab, they drove the Dakotas
from their homes in the north at Leech Lake,
Mille Lacs and other points. Forced to take up
their residences on lands below, and near the
Valley of the St. Croix, frequent hunting excur-
sions were made through this valley, and many a
hostile encounter took place between the deter-
mined foes. The last conflict between the Foxes
and Ojibwas took place at St. Croix, the account
of which is here condensed from that of the late
Anglo-Ojibwa, Wm. W. Warren. Waub-o-jug,
or White Fishe"", a famous war chief of Lake
Superior summoned by means of his war club
and wampum sent to all the scattered tribes of
the Ojibwas, his combined forces to march
against the Sioux village.

The different bands responded by sending to-
bacco as a favorable reply to the -message con-
tained in the war club; emblems full of signifi-
cance to savage intelligence. The band from
Sandy Lake village were, however, behind time
in meeting their appointment; Waub-o-jug, there-
fore, proceeded cautiously down the St. Croix.
On reaching the falls early in the morning, they
were preparing to make the portage, when scouts
sent forward to reconnoitre returned hurriedly
to give information of a large party of Sioux and
Foxes landing at the other end of the same
portage.

Instant preparation was made for the battle
which was now inevitable, and as their presence
had become known at the same time to their foes,
the hostile parties met as if by mutual agree-
ment, in the middle of the portage. The Ojib-
was numbered but three hundred, and the Foxes
seeing their own superiority in numbers and con-
fident in their valor, requested the Sioux not to
join in the fight, but to sit by and see how quickly
they could rout the Ojibwas. Accordingly the
Foxes alone encountered their old foes, and inch
by inch the field was contested, many daring acts
of personal prowess exhibiting the deadly nature
of their hate. About noon the Foxes commenced
yielding gi-ound, and at last were forced to flee in
confusion.

INDIAN BATTLE.

187

Fortunately the Sioux wlio had been smoking
their pipes in what appeared stoical indifference
now raised the war whoop and stopped the rout in
season to save their allies who would otherwise
have perished to a man.

For a time the battle raged again with the
greatest fury, until the Ojibwas having exhausted
their ammunition were forced in turn to retreat.
This retreat was just turning into a rout, at the
head of the portage, when the tardy band from
Sandy lake arrived at this opportune moment,
and eager and fresh they withstood the onset of
Sioux and Foxes, until their retreating friends
could rally again to the battle. Victory again
changed sides, and the former victors were forced
back with great slaughter in their ranks. Many
were driven over the rocks into the boiltug flood
below, and every crevice in the cliffs contained a
dead or wounded enemy. From this time the
Foxes retired south and forever gave up the war
with their victorious enemies.

The old Ojibwa chief, Buffalo, of La Pointe,
says that the fires of the Foxes were by this stroke
nearly extinguished, and they were reduced to
fifteen lodges. They were subsequently absorbed
in the Algonquin tribe.

Not so with the Sioux, whose prowess enabled
them to sustain themselves, and in time to
become more than a match for their former
victors.

Carver's first acquaintance with the Dakotas,
or Sioux, commenced near the river St. Croix.
He says: "Near the river St. Croix, reside bands
of the Naudowessie Indians, called the Biver
Bands. This nation is composed at present of
eleven bands. They were originally twelve, but
the Assinepoils, some years ago, revolting and
separating themselves from the others, there re-
main at this time eleven. Those I met here are
termed the Kiver Bands, because they chiefly
dwell near the banks of the river; the other eight
are generally distinguished by the title of Naudo-
wessies of the plains, and inhabit a country more
to the westward. The names of the former are
Nehogatawonahs, the Mawtawbauntowahs and
Shashweentowahs."

On the Otis farm, above Marine Mills, in the
valley of the St. Croix, there are numerous
mounds, and every appearance of an Indian set-
tlement. Dakota tradition alleges that there was

once a small and powerful band that lived above
Lake St. Croix. The Mautauton Dakotas, which
are spoken of by Le Sueur and Carver, may re-
fer to these.

Rev. S. W. Pond, in commenting on Indian
warfare, states that great slaughters seldom oc-
cur. He says: "Indeed, Indians consider it fool-
hardiaess to make an attack when it is certain
some of them will be killed. Bloody battles were
seldom fought by them, except when the party
attacked, rallied and made an unexpected resist-
ance. The Dakotas had traditional accounts of
very few battles where many were killed; yet,
such an event, if it occurred, would not be soon
forgotten. He often spoke of an attack made by
the Chippewas long ago, on a party of Dakotas
who were encamped by the Mississippi where
Prescott now stands, in which many Dakotas
were killed; also of a very successful winter cam-
paign made by them against the Chippewas,
some seventy or eighty years ago. But they told
of very few great battles or great slaughters, and
had preserved no definite account of the number
killed. It is probable that some years, perhaps
often, they lost more by murder and suicide than
by war." Mr. Pond gives a report made up from
his diary, showing the number of Indians killed
during the ten years following 1835, to be only 214
men, women and children, and the greatest mas-
sacre numbered seventy, mostly women and
children caught unprotected.

The Indian method of warfare was a cowardly
one, creeping undiscovered to attack their enemy
unprepared. If their approach was discovered be-
fore the attack was made, the attacking party
would withdraw, if possible, without striking a
blow. If driven to bay, they would exhibit the
desperate fighting qualities of animals under like
circumstances, but their courage was of a kind
showing itself more in fuss and feathers and
washed off as easily as the war paint.

The following is a letter from Eev. Mr. Bout-
well, descriptive of an attack the Sioux made
upon the Ojibway settlement, on Snake river,
in consequence of which the Ojibwas were com-
pelled to abandon the settlement. The letter
bears date, September 28th, 1841, and is as fol-
lows:

"Here on the upper Lake St. Croix, several
families came to pass the summer. They came

188

HISTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

forward and showed me the wounds they had re-
ceived in the battle. The circumstances were
briefly these: While our people were all quiet at
home and busily engaged in planting and build-
ing, one hundred and eleven Sioux came upon
them, and one would have naturally supposed
that they would have cut off the whole settle-
ment. But no, the Lord wrought for the Ojib-
was a most signal deliverance. Not one of our
praying Indians or a member of their families
was cut off. The Sioux had divided their num-
ber into tens and secretly posted them so as to
strike upon the different parts of the village at
the moment a preconcerted signal should be
given. The Lord frustrated their council and
prevented a general slaughter.

"Three Ojibwa young men had embarked in a
canoe to cross over the lake, just opposite our
house, taking with them two young girls to bring
the canoe back. At the point where they landed
lay a party of Sioux in ambush. Though the sig-
nal had not been given, yet the Sioux could not
resist the temptation, and the whole party fired
into the canoe. The three young men jumped
into the water and gained the shore and escaped,
with only one wounded in the thumb. The Uttle
girls waded into the lake and were pursued by
the Sioux and dispatched with spears and war
clubs. Their screams were distinctly heard by
their parents and their dying agonies in the hands
of their enemies were all witnessed and within
half a mile of the mission door. This gave the
alarm to the whole village. The women and
children betook themselves to their canoes and
fled for a small island in the lake. The attack
soon began upon every part of the settlement.
The men and the boys who could bear arms,
about fifteen in all, gathered themselves in three
houses, and defended themselves as well as they
were able. Only a few days previous to the at-
tack Mr. Ayer sent Mr. Coe to assist the Indians
in fortifying one of the houses. Here they did
some execution and damped the courage of their
enemies.

"The fathers of the two little girls who were
killed, after seeing their children murdered be-
fore their eyes, embarked in a canoe and came
over from the island and killed one Sioux. They
were so hard pushed they were obliged to return
to their canoe. One of them plunged into the

water, and swam with one hand and towed his
friends in the canoe with the other, while the
Sioux were on the shore with their rifles taking ,
aim at his head. The man literally swam and
towed away his friend in a bark canoe, dodging
the balls of his enemies falling on every side.
This is no fiction, but a fact witnessed by Mr. Ely
and others, who stood and saw .the whole affair.
The result of the whole affair was, the Sioux lost
two warriors, and killed two little girls, besides
having some six or eight wounded in all. After
the engagement subsided, Messrs. Ely and Coe
went for the bodies of the two children. They
found the heads severed, and a tomahawk stick-
ing in each, one of which Mr. Ely has and designs
to send you, still besmeared with the blood of one
of his scholars.

"The third day after the Sioux retreated, the
Ojibways followed their trail and found the
bodies of the two men. They scalped them, cut
off their heads, and brought home the flesh and a
part of the Umbs of one. The flesh they boiled
and made a feast of it. Not many days after
this affair, they fled and hardly an Indian has
been seen at Pokegama since. After my arrival
in June a party of six men from Mille Lac came
and gave us a formal invitation to remove there
with our people. In July I went to visit our
people on the upper St. Croix and at La Pointe,
whither they had fled. I informed them of the
visit of the Mille Lac Indians, and that the Sioux
are determined to prosecute the war. They were
unanimous in saying we wUl return to Pokegama,
and you must not leave us. A few days since I
received a letter from one of the Mille Lac men,
now at La Pointe, saying that he is coming to see
us again, and that there will be tliree hundred
Indians this winter at Mille Lac, and one of us
must go and open school there. Our families
have all been visited with sickness. * * ♦ *
It is still a matter of doubt with us whether our
Indians will venture back to winter by us, though
they talk so strongly and are so unwilling to let
us go to Mille Lac. The Lord I trust will direct;
to Him we constantly look, and on Him we will
wait."

While missionaries were thus engaged in mor-
al, humane and religious measures for the im-
provement of the savage, the general government
was not idle in formulating and enforcing expe-

TBEATY WITH CmPFEWAS.

189

dients looking toward peaceful relations between
the hostile trihes, and its decisive measures were
productive of more permanent good than the sim-
ple persuasions of the kindly-meaning mission-
aries.

Further, in view of the wants of the settler, it
was determined by the government to open up
the lumber district of the North-west by the
purchase from the Indians of these lands.
(Same, upon which they had relied for subsist-
ence, had become scarce on the east side of the
Mississippi, and white men were beginning their
encroachments. In view of these facts the treat-
ies in contemplation were pressed to consuma-
tion.

The year 1837 was a memorable one in the his-
tory of the St. Croix Valley, for during, that year
occurred the two Indian treaties which threw
open to settlers the whole of the valley with its
almost inexhaustible pineries, and the fine strip of
agricultural land lying between the Mississippi
and St. Croix rivers.

The first of these treaties was made with the
Chippewas July 29th, 1837., at St. Peters, now
Mendota, by Gov. Dodge of Wisconsin, acting as
commissioner of the United States government.
We give the full text of the treaty.

TEEATY.

"Article 1. The said Chippewa nation cede to
the United States all that tract of country in-
cluded within the following boundaries:

Beginning at the junction of the Crow Wing
and Mississippi rivers, between twenty and thirty
miles above where the Mississippi is crossed by
the forty-sixth parrallel of north latitude, and
running thence to the north point of Lake St.
Croix, one of the sources of the St. Croix river;
thence to and along the dividing ridge between the
waters of Lake Superior and those of the Missis-
sippi, to the sources of the Ocharsua-sepe, a tribu-
ary of the Chippewa river; thence to a point on
the Chippewa river, twenty miles below the out-
let of Lake De Flambeau: thence to the junction
of the Wisconsin and Pelican rivers; thence on
an east course twenty-five miles; thence southerly
on a course parallel with that of the Wisconsin
river, to the line dividing the territories of the
Chippewas and Menomonees; thence to the Plo-
ver portage; thence along the southern boundary

of the Chippewa country, to the commencement
of the boundary Une dividing it from that of the
Sioux, half a day's march below the falls on the
Chippewa river: thence with said boundary Une
to the mouth of the Wah-tap river at its junction
with the[^^Mississippi river, to the place of begin-
ning.

Article 2. In consideration of the cession
aforesaid, the United States agree to make to the
Chippewa nation, annually, for the term of twenty
years from the date of the ratification of this
treaty, the following payment:

1. Mne thousand five hundred dollars to be
paid in money.

2. Nineteen thousand dollars to be delivered
in goods.

3. Three thousand dollars for establishing
blacksmith shops, supporting the blacksmiths and
furnishing them with iron and steel.

4. One thousand dollars for farmers, and for
supplying them and the Indians with implements
of labor, with grain or seed, and whatever else
may be necessary to enable them to carry on their
agricultural pursuits.

5. Two thousand dollars in provisions.

6. Five hundred dollars in tobacco. The pro-
visions and tobacco to be delivered at the same
time with the goods, and the money to be paid ;
which time or times, as well as the place or places
where they are to be delivered, shall be fixed upon,
under the direction of the President of the
United States.

The blacksmith-shops to be placed at such
points in the Chippewa country as shall be desig-
nated by the superintendent of Indian affairs, or
under his direction.

If at the expiration of one or more years, the
Indians should prefer to receive goods, instead of
nine thousand dollars to be paid to them in
money, they shall be at liberty to do so, or,
should they conclude to appropriate a portion of
that annuity to the establishment and support
of a school, or schools, among them, this shall be
granted.

Article 3. The sum'of one hundred thousand
dollars shall be paid by the United States to the
half-breeds of the Chippewa nation, under the di-
rection of the president. It is the wish of the In-
dians that their two sub-agents, Daniel P. Bush-
nell and Miles M. Vineyard, superintend the dis-

190

HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY.

tribution of this money among their half-breed
relations.

Article 4. The sum of seventy thousand dol-
lars shall be applied to the payment, by the
United States, of certain claims against the In-
dians, of which amount, twenty-eight thousand
dollars shall, at their request, be paid to William
A. Aitkin, -twenty-five thousand dollars to Lyman
M. Warren, and the balance applied to the liqui-
dation of other just demands against them —
which they acknowledge to be the case with re-
gard to that presented by Hercules L. Dousman,
for the sum of five thousand dollars ; and they
request that it be paid.

Article 5. The privilege of hunting, fishing,
and gathering the wild rice upon the lands, the
rivers and tlie lakes included in the territory
ceded, is guaranteed to the Indians, during the
pleasure of the president of the United States.

Article 6. This treaty shall be obligatory froin
and after its ratification by the president and sen-
ate of the United States.

Done at St. Peter, in the territory of Wiscon-
sin, the 29th day of July, 1837.

(Signed) Henkt Dodge, Commissioner.

From Leach Lake — Chiefs": Aish-ke-bo-ge-
koshe, or Flat Mouth; E-che-o-san-ya, or the El-
der Brother. Warriors : Pe-che-kins, the Young
Buffalo; Ma-ghe-ga-bo, or La Trappe; O-he-gua-
daus, the Chief of the Earth; Wa-bose, or the
Rabbit; Che-a-na-quod, or the Big Cloud.

From Gull Lake and Swan Elver— Chiefs: Pa-
goo-na-kee-zhig, or the Hole in the Day; Songa-
ko-mig, or the Strong Ground. Warriors: Wa-
boo-jig, or the White Fisher; Marwu-da, or the
Bears Heart.

From St. Croix Elver— Chiefs: Pe-zhe-ke, or
the Buffalo; Ka-be-ma-be, or the Wet Mouth.
Warriors: Pa-ga-we-we-wetlng, Coming Home
Hollering; Ya-banse, or the Young Buck; Kis-
ke-ta-wak, or the Cut Ear.

From Lake Courteoville— Chiefs: Pa-qua-a-mo,
or the Wood Pecker.

From Lac De Flambeau — Chiefs: Pish-ka-ga-
ghe, or the White Crow; Na-wa-ge-wa, or the
Knees; 0-ge-ma-ga, orthe Dandy; Pa-se-quam-jis,
or the Commissioner; Wa-he-ne-me, or the White
Thunder.

From La Pointe (on Lake Superior)— Chiefs:

Pe-zhe-ke, or the Buffalo; Ta-qua-ga-na, or Two
Lodges Meeting; Cha-che-que-o.

From Mille Lac— Chiefs: Wa-shask-ko-kone,
or Eat's Liver; Wen-ghe-ge-she-guk, or the First
Day. Warriors: Ada-we-ge-shik, or Both Ends
of the Sky; Ka-ka-quap, or the Sparrow.

From Sandy Lake— Chiefs: Ka-nan-da-wa-vfin-
zo, or Le Brocheux; We-we-shau-shis, the Bad
Boy or Big Mouth; Ke-che-wa-me-te-go, or the
Big Frenchman. Warriors: Na-tarme-garbo, or
the Man that Stands First; Sarga-targun, or
Skimfc.

From Snake Eiver— Chiefs: Nandin, or the
Wind; Sha-go-bai, or the Little Six; Pay-arjik,
or the Lone Man; Na-qua-narbie, or the Feather.
Warriors: Ha-tan-wa; Wa-me-te-go-zhins, the
Little Frenchman; Sho-ne-a, or Silver.

From Fond du Lac (on Lake Superior)— Chiefs;
Mang-zo-sit, or the Loon's Foot; Shing-go-be, or
the Spruce.

From Eed Cedar Lake — Mont-so-mo, or the
Murdering Yell.

From Eed Lake — Francois Goumeau {a half-
breed.)

From Leech Lake — Warriors; Sha-wa-ghe-zhig,
or the Sounding Sky; Wa-saw-ko-ni-a, or Yellow
Eobe.

Signed in presence of Verplanck Van Ant-
werp, secretary to the commissioner; M. M. Vine-
yard, United States Sub- Indian agent; Daniel P.
Bushnell; Law. Taliafero, Indian agent at St.
Peters; Martin Scott, Captain Fifth Eegiment In-
fantry, J. Emerson, assistant surgeon, United
States Army; H. H. Sibley, H. L. Dousman, S.
C. Stambaugii, E. Lockwood, Lyman M. War-
ren, J. W. Nicollet, Harmen Van Antwerp, Wm.
H. Forbes, Jean Baptiste Dubay, Interpreter;
Peter Quinn, Interpreter; S. Campbell, United
States Interpreter; Stephen Bonga, Interpreter;
Wm. W. Coriell.

To the Indian names were subjoined a mark
and seal.

The other treaty was concluded at Washington
in the fall of 1837, (September 29) with the Da-
kotas. Bv the terms of this treaty all their lands
were ceded, lying east of the Mississippi, includ-
ing all the islands therein. They received there-
for, three hundred thousand dollars, to be in-
vested in five per cent, stocks, the income of which
shall be paid to them annually;, one hundred and

BEYELOPMENT OF THE COUNTBY.

191

ten thousand dollars to be divided among the
mixed bloods; and ninety thousand dollars to
payment of debts owed by the tribe, etc.

The ratification of these treaties was a very

! important event for Minnesota, sounding, as it

were, the key note for the settlement of the state,

and from this time on, settlers began to arrive and

people the St. Croix Valley.

The first attempt at settlement on the St. Croix
was the claim made by military officers stationed
at Fort Snelling. This took place in 1827, and
their occupancy continued under a color of title
until about 1840, covering a large tract of land at
the intersection of the St. Croix and the Missis-
sippi rivers. Although this claim proved abortive
in consequence of an act of congress prohibiting
military ofiicers from usurping the rights of citi-
zens while in the employment of and enjoying com-
pensation from the United States government,
the result of this attempt was the establishment
of Philander Prescott in the enjoyment of 160
acres of land, forming a part of the original claim.
Mr. Prescott had been an Indian interpreter and
farmer under the government and was at the
time of the passage of the act referred to, residing
on the land attempting to hold the whole exten-
sive claim in trust for the oflacers interested
therein. The awe-inspiring frown of the officers
of the fort, whose power was respected and whose
rights were not fully understood by pioneers for a
long time, prevented settlement and progress at
this point. Settlement was, therefore, pushed fur-
ther up the river and for a long time assumed the
character of lumbering camps without permanent
improvements. The settlement at the falls of
St. Croix in 1837 was the most important of the
these, and the next made.

The pioneers of every western state are by na-
ture, fortune-seekers. The love of nature and
romantic scenery does not determine settlement,
and further, as the love for his new home is yet
to be developed, the settler is still looking west-
ward and cannot be called a fixture until children
have grown up around his hearth and the heart
strings have become entangled among the new
associations. Too often before these ties are ce-
mented he acts the part of a vandal, by cutting
trees and recklessly wasting the store of wealth
laid up by the generous hand of nature in the soil
and foUage.

Many of the pioneers of the St. Croix valley,'
long felt that it was not their future home. They
came with ax on shoulder, purposing to do the,
work of hardy lumbermen, make what could be
made here in dollars and cents, and then move on
to new fields of couquest. To locate sixty miles
from a post-office, and receive mail and supplies
by semi-annual communication with the outside
world, with a purpose of waiting for the world to
open communication with them during their life
would have been presumption, to say the least, on
the part of our pioneers.

The development of the country surpassed their
fondest predictions, and what would have seemed
altogether improbable at first, has become true,
viz: this has become the home of their choice. ']
The word home covers it all, implying in itself
the institutions that follow the settlement of en-
lightened people, the church, the school, and the
associations of agreeable people in ties of warm
friendship. The feature which attracted settle- I
ment to the St. Croix Valley was the pine forests '
on its tributaries, taken with the facilities for i
its manufacture into lumber and convenience of i
transportation to good markets. The pine for- '
ests of Minnesota extend in a broad belt from the
upper St. Croix Valley northwesterly across the
tributaries of the St. Croix and the Mississippi to
Red Lake. The numerous streams by which this
extensive tract is interlaced, enables the compa-
nies that cut logs during the winter to drive them
during the spring freshets to the seats of lumber
manufactories, of which the principal ones now
are Minneapolis on the Mississippi, and Stillwater
and other points on the St. Croix. The largest
amount of logs at any part of the St. Croix Valley
are cut and rafted down the Kettle and Snake
rivers and the Wisconsin tributaries from sixty to
one hundred miles "above Taylor's Falls.

The valuable water-power at the Falls of St.
Croix had long tantalized speculative explorers,
and was remarked as an attractive and romantic
spot for settlement, in addition to the wealth seen
in the power of the falls, should it be developed.
In 1837, Franklin Steele, who had acted as pri-
vate secretary for General Jackson, and at the
close of his administration had taken the advice
of the general to embark in western enterprise on
the upper Mississippi, started from Fort Snelling
in a birch bark canoe, propelled by eight men.

192

HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

and descending the Mississippi river to the mouth
of the St. Croix, ascended that river and made a
claim at the falls, which included the water-
power, building a log claim cabin in which to
place a tenant to protect his rights according to
the code of squatter sovereignty.

This claim was made on the Wisconsin side of
the river. Franklin Steele was a native of Ches-
ter county, Peimsylvania, and brought with him,
in addition to a large amount of natural talent
and energy, some capital and much political in-
fluence.

A company was at once formed, consisting of
Franklin Steele, W. S. Hungerford, Dr. Fitch,
James Libbey, B. F. Titcomb, James Livingston
and "W. S. Holcombe as members, with the last
named member, Mr. Holcombe, as general mana-
ger.

Mr. Steele, however, both by the advice of Gen-
eral Jackson before setting out, and his own
judgment after viewing the country, had deter-
mined to secure if possible, the more valuable lo-
cation, at what is now the city of Minneapolis.
Succeeding in this his original plan, he disposed
of his interests at St. Croix, and transferred his
energies to the development of the interests at
the falls of St. Anthony.

Pending the ratification of the treaty, opera-
tions at St. Croix were delayed, but in 1838, W.
S. Hungerford, Livingston and company, began
the work with energy, and in 1840, finished the
mill. The old steamer Palmyra, Captain Hol-
land, from St. Louis, had brought up men, stores
and mill machinery, and a general supply for the
lumber camp.

She arrived at St. Croix, Jidy 17th, 1838 ; prob-
ably the most important part of her cargo, large
though it was, consisted of the news budget, of
which the sum total and that which embraced all
was the oflBcial notice of the ratification of the
treaty made at Fort Snelling the previous year,
and ratified by the senate on the 15th of June.

This force not only built the mill, dam and
water-race, but buildings were soon going up at
different points on the townsite. Stores and sa-
loons were built, and around them congregated
Indians and half-breeds, besides the mechanics
and laborers occupied in building the future city.
Wages were high and all was bustle and activity.
Among those engaged in the work were J. L.

Taylor, H. N. Setzer, J. W. Ludden, Patrick
Fox, William Colby, Elam Greeley, John Mc-
Kusick, Jacob Fisher, Ehas McKean, Martin
Mower, D. B. Loomis, and others whose names
are enrolled among the pioneer aristocracy of
Minnesota.

We give below a letter written by J. M. Mul-
len, of Taylor's Falls, as a fitting introduction to
some early settlers and descriptive of things as
they were in 1840 on the St. Croix river.

"It was in April, 1840, nearly forty-one years
ago, that the old steamer Tennessee could have
been seen lying at the landing at St. Louis with
steam escaping fi'om her steam-pipes, and the black
smoke rolling from her chimneys. The crew was
busy engaged in taking on board a laige supply
of stores, mill machinery and general merchan-
dise. About eighty passengers were on board,
■ the boat having been chartered by the St. Croix
lumber company for a trip to the falls of the St.
Croix, then the new "Eldorado," the pine re-
gion of the then territory of Wisconsin. Every-
thing being aboard, the lines were let go, the last
tap of the bell was heard, and the steamer slowly
moved from her moorings into the stream and
was headed on her course. The city was soon
passed and lost sight of by the bends in the river;
almost every nook and corner was covered with
freight. The cooks were busy preparing meals
for passengers and crew, while the clerk had regis-
tered on his books the names of W. S. Holcombe,
Dr. Fitch, W. S. Hungerford, J. L.' Taylor, W. S.
Libby, J. W. Furber, Daniel McLean and W. O.
Mahoney, names that have since become historic
in the St. Croix valley. But few small towns
were seen along the lone banks of the Mississippi,
and after passing the little town of Dubuque the
evidences that tliey were beyond the bounds of
civilization, and near the haunts of the red man,
were plainly visible. Frequently would be met a
lot of natives in their birch-bark canoes, hideous
in their war paint, and as the steamer passed they
would make the woods ring with a savage war
whoop.

"After a voyage of fourteen days the boat en-
tered Lake St. Croix, an event that pleased all on
board, glad that the journey was so nearly ended.
The steamer glided swiftly over the lake's smooth
surface, and soon reached its head, at which
place was a trading post kept by Joe. Brown.

STABYINQ TIME.

193

About twelve miles up the river could be seen a
lone cabin. As the steamer approached the land;
ing, the entire population was on hand to greet
the boat, among them Orange Walker, Hiram
Berkey, Asa Parker, David Hone, William
Dibble, Samuel Burkleo and others. Mrs. David
Hone, the only white lady in the place, was stand-
ing in her cabin door. They were at work get-
ting the frame ready for a new saw-mill; a por-
tion of the machinery had arrived some time be-
fore. After passing Marine Mills, not a habita-
tion of any ktad was seen along the river. It
was evening when the Tennessee reached the
dalles, and her passengers gazed with wonder on
the high, perpendicular rocks which rose majes-
tically on either side. As the escape of steam
from the pipes of the boat could be heard for
miles, the entire population was on hand and
looked with amazement at the steamer. It was
indeed a mixed crowd, white, Indians and half-
breeds. Soon all hands had climbed the high
cliffs, and took the trail that led to the village of
St. Croix Falls.

"The arrival of the Tennessee was the opening
up of civilization, and the lumber business on
the St. Croix."

CHAPTEE XXXV.

DISTANCE FBOM POST-OFFICE — STAEVING TIME
— FIBST FAKMERS — FIRST COUKT— FIRST SUR-
VEY— SUSPENSIOlir OF BUILDING AT FALLS
OF ST. CEOIX— SAW MILLS — JUDGE JOEL FOS-
TER.

In the spring of 1840 the inhabitants of St.
Croix numbered only twenty men; at Marine were
found ten or twelve. These settlers had no post-
oflBce nearer than Fort Snelling, sixty miles away.
Indeed, the post-office at the fort was the only
office in the whole north-west above Prairie du
Chien, and received its mail monthly, carried by
half-breeds in canoes, on sledges or on their backs.
Letters for the whole valley were therefore ad-
dressed to Port Snelling, and the fortunate or un-
13

fortunate man to whom a letter came, got it as he
could and made reply subject to the same incon-
venience. This continued until 1848, when offices
were established both at Point Douglas and St.
Croix.

At this date only two shipments of supplies
were received during the year; these came up the
river, spring and fall, and it demanded good hus-
bandry on the part of settlers to make provisions
and supplies hold out. Fortunately game was
abundant and enabled pioneers to extend their
supplies; at times, even this was their only de-
pendance. It sometimes happened that a steam-
er, loaded with supplies, would be prevented by
the ice of an early winter from reaching the up-
per country. It happened more than once that
not a pound of flour or pork could be purchased
above Prairie du Chien.

In the winter of 1844 such a scarcity of pro-
visions occurred, ending in what was called at St.
Croix the "starving time," though actual starva-
tion was not reached, for the pluck of a few was
sufficient to cut a road in the spring, fifty miles to
Fort SneUing, haul shingles through and obtain
in exchange condemned army pork. It is even
reported that they imitated the rag-pickers of our
cities in sorting over heaps of garbage around the
fort, carrying such refuse back with them.

George W. BrowneU, engaged in a geological
survey for the United States government, passed
through this vaUey while the inhabitants were in
this sad predicament and dispensed to the suffer-
ing settlers all the provisions at his disposal.
This starving time lasted about two months be-
fore the first steamer from below arrived with
supplies. Usually, however, fish in the streams,
and large and small game on the land sufficed to
tide over such times of scarcity. The Indians
were always friendly, except on rare occasions
when the whisky of the white man made them
entirely reckless and irresponsible.

Gen. Furber says: "We often came in contact
with their war parties, but always on the best of
terms, both tribes being anxious to keep- the good
will of the white man, from whom they received
many faVors. I have been upon some of their
battle grounds, even before they were cleared of
their carnage, but in all my early contact, I never
but once felt that my personal safety was in dan-
ger and on that occasion the danger was wholly

194

HISTOBY OF THE SAINI CBOIX VALLEY.

caused by the dealing out to the Indians of whis-
ky by a trader. White man's whisky was the
cause, as it generally has been, of all the trouble."

Although Lieutenant Camp, of Fort Snelling in
1823, had proved the fertility of the soil of Min-
nesota, and proved too, that owing to the rapid-
ity of growth, ordinary crops would come to full
maturity in spite of the short season, still the set-
tlers of the valley were long incredulous on the
subject. It would seem, too, that observation of
the Indians who raised corn in considerable quan-
tities would have stimulated experiments in farm-
ing among the early settlers, but facts prove them
intent on lumbering, and as previously in-
timated, they seem to have entertained no idea
of permanent settlement, but planned to slash
the timber, snatch what could be made imme-
diately available and abandon the land.

Honor is due to Joseph Haskell and J. S. Nor-
ris for exhibiting a diflferent spirit and inaugurat-
ing genuine farming in the valley. Indeed they
were the first men who cultivated land in Min-
nesota to a sufficient extent to be worthy the
name of farmer. Joseph Haskell settled at Afton,
now in Washington county, in 1839, and the fol-
lowing year broke the first land, becoming thus
the pioneer farmer of Minnesota. J. S. Norris, a
brother-in-law of Mr. Haskell settled at Cottage
Grove, a neighboring town, and began breaking
his farm in 1841. These first farms were about
six miles apart. The business of farming having
been inaugurated, it increased as is usual in set-
tlements and created new demands. The first mill
for grinding com and grain in Minnesota, aside
from the old government mill at the Falls of St.
Anthony, was built in 1843 by Samuel Bowles on
Bowles creek. This was a small mill, having one
pair of eighteen-inch stones, but without a bolt-
ing apparatus. The custom of farmers in the vi-
cinity at this time, was to carry their small grists
of wheat to the mUl, where it was crushed; after-
ward at home it was sifted and, reports say, made
admirable bread. In 1846, Mr. Bowles introduced
the first bolting cloth, and it can be said of this, as
of his mill, that it was the first introduced north
of Prairie du Chien.

The first court held in the county, was at Still-
water, in June, 1847, with Charles Dunn as judge;
Joseph B. Brown, clerk; M. S. Wilkinson, prose-
cuting attorney. This court was held in accord-

ance with an act passed by the legislature of the
territory of Wisconsin of the same year, by
which the county of St. Croix was established for
judicial purposes with the county seat at StUl-
water.

In 1848 General Sibley was appointed delegate
to congress for the territory of Wisconsin, after
the state of Wisconsin had been admitted. As
a portion of the original territory of Wisconsin,
which included all the land lying between the
Mississippi and the St. Croix was not embraced
in the state of Wisconsin as organized in 1848, it
appeared plain to the citizens that it was either
entirely without government, left out in the cold, ,
or the jurisdiction of the old territory of Wiscon-
sin still continued in force. Much discussion en-
sued, but Governor Sibley was appointed delegate,
and after much dispute at Washington, was ad-
mitted to his seat, as delegate for the territory of
Wisconsin. To his efforts, while such delegate,
is due the act organizing the territory of Minne-
sota. The first survey in this territory was be-
gun ia August, 1847, by the United States gov-
ernment, with the following force of surveyors:
Henry A. Wittse, contractor for the survey on
the fourth meridian, and third correction line;
James M. Marsh, in charge of survey under
Wiltse, and also contractor for survey of township
lines; subordinate employes, Mahlon Black, John
Mobley, John Smith, I. Seeley, John BothweU,
A. B. Howland.

The instructions of the war department, under
whose direction the survey was made, since at
this date there was no department of the interior,
were to make a lineal, topographical, and geologi-
cal survey of the country, and submit a full
report. It was found, however, that this was
impracticable, as the special knowledge required,
exceeded the province of the sui-veyors, though
skilled in their own special branch of service, and
the department finally assigned the geological
department to Hon. Robert Dale Owen, who
with a corps of assistants, accompanied the expedi-
tion taking charge of his special part. Mr. Owen
had at this time acquired a wide reputation in
literature, and as a social reformer; following the
example of his father the distinguished social
reformer of Scotland, and sustaining the reputa-
tion of the family name.

From 1843 to 1847 he represented the first dis-

TOWNSHIP SUBVEY.

196

trict of Indiana in congress, acting with the dem-
ocratic party. He took an active part in the
settlement of the north-western boundary ques-
tion, serving as a member of the committee of
conference on that subject. His subsequent
career is familiar to the reading public.

The fourth principal meridian had already
been extended from the mouth of the Illinois
river north to township twenty-four. This . sur-
vey extended the Une to the mouth of the Mon-
treal river, ajid established a monument on Lake
Superior July 4th, 1848; this monument to be the
termination of the fourth principal meridian.
After completing this meridian line the party de-
scended the Chippewa river in canoes as far soutli
as practicable, when they traveled easterly across
the country until they found the north line of town-
ship thirty, on said meridian as established. They
then run the north boundary of thirty, this being
the third correction line, extending the same west
from the fourth principal meridian to the Missis-
sippi river.

The purpose at that time was to make a land
line the division of states; for the valley of the
St. Croix was from the nature of its settlement
and the unity of its interests, well situated to
form one intergal section. It was also supposed
that jealousies would arise in case of a disruption
in consequence of the rivalry that usually springs
up between two adjoining enterprising and grow-
ing states. Of course the result is known; the val-
ley is divided, and the anticipated jealousies have
to some extent arisen.

This was a detached survey for the purpose of
reaching the pineries of the north-west, and the
contract for the township surveys made with Mr.
Marsh, included all west of range fifteen and
south of the north boundary of township thirty-
two north, and west to the Mississippi river; a
triangular section including the settlements on
the lake and river St. Croix, Point Douglas, Still-
water and Marine and on the Mississippi, St.
Paul and St. Anthony, the northern boundary
crossing Cedar Bend on the St. Croix river.

This was the limitation of the original survey,
and was eight months in progress, ending with
the meandering of White Bear Lake, the last
item in the survey, December 25th, 1848, when
the surveying party was disbanded.

This area was thus townshiped and sub-divid-
ed and ready for sale.

By this survey the department at Washington
supposed that the great bulk of the pine lands of
the north-west would be included and opened
for occupation and settlement, whereas it proved
that only a small portion was thus embraced.
This fact shows at what a recent date the to-
pography and resources of the north-west were
unknown even to the departments at Washington.
Much more was it an unknown land to the citi-
zens at large.

This ignorance of the country was further ex-
hibited by the surveying party, for, misjudging
the length of the meridian line first run, and
making the point of departure a base of supplies,
they started with such outfit and supplies as they
deemed necessary to accomplish the object of
reaching Lake Superior. Provisions, however,
failed and the party were subjected to great hard-
ship. Abandoning their line and subsisting on the
saliva of trees, they struck directly for the lake.
The point at which the line was abandoned was
just south of Porcupine mountains, and ascend-
ing the high land in crossing, they joyfully saw
the lake, apparently quite near. It proved, how-
ever, to be fifteen miles from this water-shed be-
tween the waters of the St. Lawrence system and
that of the Mississippi to Lake Superior. Prom
this high land they-could plainly see the Madeline
islands in the lake, though twenty-five miles dis-
tant, and saw some object not clearly distinguish-
able, which proved to be the schooner Napoleon
sailing into the harbor of La Pointe.

They proceeded in a random course from the
mountains and reached the upper falls of the
Montreal river, where they discovered a miner's
shanty on the opposite side of the river from
them. Wading over they discovered it to be va-
cant and locked, but, their hunger proving too
great for ceremony, they burst in only again to
be disappointed, for only a little rude furniture
and bedding was found, and no provisions. A
trail from the shanty, however, led them in a di-
rection where they heard the barking of a dog,
and soon found an occupied shanty ; but a man
seen in the distance, ran in and locked the door,
for one sight was enough. Our gentleman sm--
veyors were in a sad plight, clothes nearly torn of
by their scramble through the brush, and drabbled

196

HI8T0BY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VAZLEY.

with mud and water from wading, they were
more frightful than Indians in war paint. After
some persuasion, admittance was gained, and with
still greater reluctance provisions to a small
amount were furnished. The cabin was occupied
by two men as claim keepers for the Michigan
Copper Mining Company. Thus furnished our
adventurers pressed on to the mouth of Bad river,
half way to La Pointe, where they camped,
and next day reached a point on the river,
opposite La Pointe, built a signal fire, by
which a reUef party from the fort were attracted,
and obtained transportation to the station on the
other side — this was a trading station of Borup
and Oakes, an ancient post on Lake Superior.
Provisions and equipage were here obtained that
enabled the little party to resume their line and
complete the survey.

At this time our party saw the JuUa Palmer,
the first steamer on Lake Superior, which had re-
cently been transferred over the ways of the Sault
St. Marie. Three schooners were at this time
plying on the lake. They met Hon. Henry M.
Rice and party, who went up by canoes to meet
at La Pointe, Gen. H. Dodge, the governor of
the territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of
making a treaty with the Chippewas. The In-
dians were present in large numbers and pre-
sented a remarkably fine appearance, clean and
in good clothing.

Financial embarassment, and at last insolvency,
interrupted operations at St. Croix Palls. The
changes in ownership of stock brought in James
Perrington, an experienced lumberman from
Maine, as a member of the company, and in
1847 Caleb Cushing, the distinguished lawyer,
politician and author from Massachusetts, be-
came interested in the enterprise. The circum-
stances attending his connection with the com-
pany were as follows: while on a western tour he
fell in with Mr. Perrington on a steamer on Lake
Superior, as the latter was returning from a trip
East, and was induced to accompany him up the
Brule and down the St. Croix.

Mr. Cushing was delighted with the falls, and
determined to make an investment in the stocli of
the company. A new company was then formed
with a capital stock of $60,000, and business was
once more resumed. The newi company was
composed of Isaac I. Green, Caleb Cusliing,

William S. Hungerford, James Perrington and J.
T. Christy. Soon, however, the financial crisis
came on, and in 1848 lumber would not bring
half its cost.

The company was, therefore, forced to suspend,
and litigation followed between the members
of the firm, growing out of the claim itself,
which not only stopped all operations, but ended
in the general demolition of the works. St.
Paul about this time took its start, and attracted
many who had been interested at the Falls of
St. Croix. In 1857 a new start was taken under
Colonels Bodfish and Murphy. They made some
valuable improvements, but continued only about
a year, leaving the United States marshal, sheriff
and constable to sell ofE a large part of the lands
and some personal property.

The property then continued idle until 1870,
when with a great swell came a Swede nobleman.
Count Taub, with some two or three hundred
workmen, whose purpose seemed only to defraud
his confiding victims. After getting a few
months' labor out of the poor immigrants, and
what he could otherwise of portable property, he
returned to Sweden.

Though the company at St. Croix was the first
organized, a number of energetic men from
Marine, Illinois, induced by reports made of this
timber country by Lewis S. Judd and David
Hone, from exploration made by them in the
fall of 1838, organized a company in Hlinois, and
May 13th, 1839, began work at the point now
known as Marine Mills, named from the original
home of its members, and in the fall of the same
year, started their muley saw, thus becoming the
pioneers in Imnber in the St. Croix Valley.

The saw-mill at StUlwater was the third, buUt
in 1844, by John McKusick and Company. In
1845, the next was built at Osceola, Wisconsin,
by Wm. Kent and others. In 1847, one at Areola,
by Mr. Mower; in 1849, one at Hudson, by east-
ern capitalists; in 1850, one at Hudson by Joseph
R. Brown; in 1850, one at Stillwater, by Sawyer
and Ileaton; in 1852, one in Lakeland, by Moses
Perrin; in 1852, one at Areola, by Mr. Mower; in
1863, one at Bay town, by Nelson, Carlton and
Company, two in Stillwater, in 1854, one of which
was built by Hersey, Staples and Company, and
the other by Schulenberg and Company, and one
at Prescott.

LUMBEEING OPEEATIONS.

197

The six mills first built were operated by water-
power; of those mentioned, the water-power milj
last built was that at Hudson, in 1849. The year
1850, marks the era of steam-mills in the valley;
during that year two were built, and of the eight
mentioned, the remainder were built in 1852-3
and '4. The business began with the simple flut-
ter wheel and single sash saw of the old Marine
mill, but increased business soon compelled the
introduction of improved machinery. Little by
little the business has increased in dimensions-
In 1855, fourteen mills located in the valley op-
erated fifty gang, four rotary and twenty-nine
sash saws with an annual cut of 34,900,000 feet
of lumber, with thirteen lath saws making 18,-
600,000 lath. The largest at that time, was the
mill of Hersey, Staples and Company, with its
thirty saw gang and an annual cut of 12,000,000
feet.

To facilitate lumbering operations the St. Croix
boom company was incorporated February 7th,
1851; capital stock fixed at $10,000 with the priv-
ilege of increasing it to $25,000; Incorporators,
Orange Walker, John McKusick, George B. Judd,
Levi Churchill, Socrates Nelson, Daniel Mears,"W.
H. C. Folsom and William Kent. In 1856, the
St. Croix Boom Corporation into which the pre-
vious company was merged, was incorporated by
Martin Mower, W; H. C. Folsom, Isaac Staples,
Christopher Carli and Samuel Benkles. The
capital stock of this company was fixed at f25,-
000 with the privilege of increasing it to $50,000.
The privilege waS' subsequently obtained to in-
crease the capital to $100,000, of which amount
$97,000 has been subscribed. The amount of
logs rafted by the St. Croix Boom Corporation
previous to 1865, did not exceed in any one year
50,000,000 feet. In 1865 the amount rafted
amounted 105,000,000 feet. Since that date the
amount has been about 150,000,000 feet annually,
and for the last five years the amoimt shipped has
been nearly 200,000,000 feet.

During the year 1865 the entire amount of the
lumber business of the St. Croix VaUey is epito-
mized in the following statement of the business
of the St. Croix Boom Corporation, through which
are passed the whole amount of logs which go to
or below Stillwater, also of the amount rafted at
or held in other booms, and of the amount sawed
during the year.

The boom company began its operations April
15th, closing October 15th, employing a force of
eighty men.

During this period they passed through the
boom 100,000,000 feet of logs and 40,000 cedar
posts; logs run through Folsom'sboom 10,000,000
feet; on hand in the spring of 1865, 10,000,000
feet; sawed by Schulenburg, Boeckeler & 'Co. at
Stillwater, 11,700,000 feet; sawed by Hersey,
Staples & Co. at Stillwater, 6,000,000 feet; run in
brails to be sawed at Hudson, Afton, Glenmont,
Prescott, Hastings and Bed Wing, 9,000,000 feet;
total amount of logs 155,700,000 feet; logs left in
the booms at the time of the close, October 15th,
1865, 22,000,000 feet. Deducting from the total
amount scaled the logs remaining on hand, the
remainder 138,700,000, went to market in the form
of lumber and logs. Of this amount 22,550,000
was sawed on the St. Croix and 110,950,000 was
exported in the form of logs.

Nearly all this lumber was manufactured at
Stillwater; Schulenburg, Boeckeler & Co. manu-
facturing 11,700,000 feet of lumber, 1,350,250
shingles, 2,449,300 lath; Hersey, Staples & Co.,
5,987,217 feet of lumber, 1,009,645 shingles, 1,699,-
880 lath. The estimated value of logs passed
through the booms, added to the value of manu-
factured lumber at market prices, gave a total for
the year 1865, of about $1,400,000, according to
the most reliable information within reach.

The lumber product of 1870 amounted to 191,-
577,776 feet of logs scaled by the surveyor gene-
ral; total value of the product, $2,126,848.62.

The product of 1871 amounted to 149,777,235
feet scaled, valued at $2,122,139, showing that
the product fell ofi 41,800,541 feet from that of
the preceding year, but the total value, owing to
increased price of lumber, was nearly as great as
that of the former year.

In 1872, the logs from the St. Croix boom
amounted to 205,000,000 feet; total value, $2,358,-
000. The prices obtained were as follows: logs,
$10.50 per thousand ; manufactured lumber,
$14.00 per thousand.

We clip from the North Star, in regard to lum-
bering business of the St. Croix in 1872: "The
lumbering establishments on the St. Croix are
seventeen mills and two booms, with a capital
invested of $500,000. These mills are capable ef
turning out 35,000,000 feet of lumber, 10,000,e;00

198

HTSTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

lath, and 15,000,000 shingles annually, the total
value of which is at least one-half mUlion dollars."
The year 1873 shows a falling off in the prod-
uct and total valuation, but an increase in value
per thousand. The items were 88,063,976 feet of
lumber at $13.50 per thousand, $1,188,893.67;
20,200,000 shingles at $3 per thousand, $60,600;
22,477,000 lath at $2 per thousand, $44,954; 56,-
054,171 feet of logs at $9 per thousand, $504,-
487.53; 28,000,000 feet of logs above and below
the boom, at $7 and $9 per thousand, $233,090.91;
total 166,163,628 feet, $2,031,996.11 valuation for
the year's product.

In 1874 the log product was 167,170,525 feet,
valued at $2,186,522. In 1875,152,410,069 feet
of logs passed through the St. Croix boom. In
the winter of 1875-6 the cut on the tributaries of
the St. Croix was 126,600,000 feet.

In 1877 the logs scaled by the surveyor general
amounted to 153,373,869 feet. For once in the
history of the St. Croix lumber trade no logs re-
mained on hand, either in the boom at Stillwater,
or down the river. In 1878 the cut was 130,189,-
265 feet of lumber, 43,007,200 shingles and 20,-
664,400 lath.

The total amount of logs run through the Still-
water boom during the year 1880 was 207,100,000
feet. Logs scaled and recorded at the surveyor
general's office during the year, 1,068,106, scaling
212,239,721 feet. The following is the summary
of the lumber cut in the St. Croix Valley during
[ the year 1880: Total amount of lumber, 32,307,-
i 000 feet; shingles, 9,157,000; lath, 5,367,000.
' We have been kindly furnished by Judge Joel
Foster, of Eiver Falls, with an account of his first
acquaintance with this valley, and since it sets
foi-th ui familiar language, incidents and scenes
of early days in a very interesting manner, as only
an eye witness could describe them, we offer it
here entire, believing that it should be preserved
and will be enjoyed and dierished by our readers:
Judge Joel Foster was born in Moriden, Con-
necticut, December 15th, 1814, lialf way between
New Haven and Hartford, on the old original
road from New York to Boston, where he spent
the earlier years of his life on a farm, until De-
cember 30th, 1830, when he with his brother
George, and brother-in-law, Lewis, started for the
then far western wilds of lUmois, their objective
point being East St. Louis, or Marine, a short

distance below, on the Illinois side of the river.
They made the trip across the country with two
teams, in wagons, reaching East St. Louis some-
time in February, 1831. From that point they
went to Marine, where their brother Isaac was
located. Joel then attended school for. a short
time and then engaged with his brother in a store
until the spring of 1832, when he commenced to
open up a farm on government land, a short dis-
tance from the village of Marine. He continued
on the farm for three years, when he removed to
Alton, Illinois, and took charge of the steam
ferry across the Mississippi river at that point,
which belonged to his brother. His ambition at
this time was to run a river steamer. But a
steam saw-mill company at East St. Louis, per-
suaded him to take charge of their engine, which
he did, and remained with them one year. The
mill was engaged in getting out railroad timber.
At the expiration of this time he removed to Ed-
wardsville, Madison county, Illinois, and en-
gaged with another mill company until the spring
of 1846, when he enUsted for the Mexican war.
He took this step partially on account of failing
health, and furthermore, with a view to change of
occupation. His military service, together with
the climate of the table lands of Mexico, proved
favorable, and he recovered, and was promoted in
consequence of merit to the office of second lieu-
tenant in the Second Illinois Volunteers, Col.
Bissell's regiment. During the summer of 1847,
he returned to St. Louis, and, the winter follow-
ing, visited New England. From this point we
will allow the judge to tell his own story.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

REJtINlSCENCES OF JUDGE JOEL FOSTER OK
THE EAELY HISTORY OF RIVER FALLS.

" 'Judge, how did you happen to find this beau-
tiful little nest, hid away here among the hills as
it wereV 'What induced you to come out here
and locate all alone as you did'i" These ques-
tions have been put to me so often in the last
twenty-seven or eight years, I shall state as briefly

JUDGE FOSTEB'S BEMINISCENSES.

199

as possible the train of circumstances that en-
abled me to find this location, and the inducements
that made me locate here.

"At the time of the breaking out of the Mexi-
can war, I was in business in Edwardsville, Mad-
ison county, Illinois, having come west at an
early day, a boy of sixteen, locating in the valley
of the Mississippi, forty-six years ago this coming
winter. The location proved almost fatal to the
family, there being eight of us at this time, five
brothers and three sisters, and I became so well
satisfied of the mistake made in locating so far
south, with different water and air from what we
had been breathing and drinking, and that I must
shift my location if I wanted to live long, that I
made use of the war to help me break up where I
was, and give me chance to view Texas and Mex-
ico, with reference to future location. Of course
there was a small sprinkling of patriotism and
loyalty in it.

"The campaign iu Texas and Mexico proved a
great help to me so far as health was concerned.
I became stout and robust. The mountain air of
Mexico agreed with me, but on returning home to
Illinois a relapse took place, and I was in a fair
way to be worse ofE than ever, and was thinking of
starting to San Antonio, Texas, when a nephew,
Eli Lewis, who afterward settled on the place that
Mr. O. S. Powell now owns, near the village of
River Falls, came down from this section. He
told me he thought it very healthy, though no
farming country; but you understand steam-
boating, you can go into that, or lumbering. I
started at once, as there was no time to spare, on
account of ill-health; took passage with Captain
Harrison the old 'Senator,' almost the only boat
that came up this far at that time. The boat had
two barges in tow loaded with United States dra-
goons for Fort Snelling. It was a month, lacking
three days, when we landed at St. Paul, owing to
the overloading of the boat and breaking the main
shaft. The boat landed at the foot of the street
that goes to the river, past the Merchants' hotel, on
Saturday evening. Had few or no passengers ex-
cept the troops and myself. The plank was run
out just long enough for me to walk ashore with
my rifle, blanket and satchel, the boat pushed off,
and started for the fort. I looked around and on
the bank, or bluff above me, in the grass and hazel
brush, was a bench with five or six men sitting on it.

In looking for a place to get on the upper bank
I found a narrow cut through, that enabled me to
land on the bank above. There was a small
building, where the Merchants now stands, for a
hotel. The grass and hazel brush were all
around it.

"Next morrung was the Sabbath. There was
little stir. Some half dozen of us were sitting
on a bench outside of the house. About ten
o'clock a man came along with some rather better
clothes than the most that were around. He
stopped and looked us over and eyed me in par-
ticular. I had on a coat that I had worn through
the war. Part of the officers of Col. Bissell's
regiment instead of adopting the army frock coat
had adopted the dress coat with the same coUar,
and when we cut ofE the brass buttons and put
on black, it made the clergy uniform. After
looking at me some time he gave me a very polite
uivitation to go with him to church. I excused
myself on the ground of ill-health, this mistake you
will see is easily made when you see how near an
honest copperhead Democrat resembles an honest
preacher.

"The boat returned about 11 oclock Sunday.
Captain Harris hailed me on the bank, and said:
'Poster, you had better come on board and go
round to Stillwater, and make out your month.'
I did so and found myself at Stillwater next
morning at sunrise. In the course of the fore-
noon I went into a saloon to get out of the sun,
as I was quite weak; not able to walk two hun-
dred yards without resting. There were a num-
ber of men drinking and talking. They appeared
to be men that had been employed in hunting
pine lands, and carrying axes and chains on
on government surveys. They were talking of
the advantages and disadvantages of different
localities, when one who was^a little more drunk,
than the rest, said: 'Gentlemen you may talk of
your fine lands, and locations, but if I had a sec-
tion or two in the Kinnickinnic Valley, I would
not ask General Jackson to be my aunt.' He
staggered near me and I said; 'Where is this
valley?' 'Oh, over in Wisconsin, back of the
mouth of the Willow river.' 'Where in the val-
ley is this land?' 'Oh, anywhere near the
falls.' 'Are there falls?' 'Yes stranger, the

d st prettiest falls you ever seen.'

"The two Noble brothers that I had known in

200

HISTORY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY.

Illinois, had located at the mouth of Willow
river, near Hudson, and that being the point
that I wanted to stop at to look around, I looked
out for the first skiii or dug-out to get down from
Stillwater, and stopped with Milton Noble, in a
little log house on the bank of the lake.

"At this time the inhabitants of what is now
Hudson, on both sides of the Willow river; what
could be called located, consisted of old 'Doc'Ald-
ridge and his son Bascol and families, Amos An-
drews, the Noble brothers, Peter Bouchea, Louis
Massey, Joe Lagrew, and one or two half-breeds.
These composed the inhabitants on the south side
of the river. Old Perrington as ■^e called him,
who had just moved down from St. Oroix Falls
and located on the north side of the river, and
commenced building a dam for a mill, and Capt.
Paye, who had commenced lumbering on the
Willow river, embraced the settlers on the north
side of the river. Strong feeling existed at that
time as to which side of the river the future town
should be located. Perrington and Paye could
control more votes as they employed the floating
population in lumbering, the only business at that
time it was thought the country was fit for. I
found the greatest excitement on the south side
at the time of my arrival in laying out a town and
inducing settlers to locate, and beat old Perring-
ton. They had a surveyor at work, but were not
agreed as to the name for the new town. I sug-
gested the name of Buena Yista, from the battle
of that name, just won, which in the Mexican lan-
guage means beautiful view, an appropriate
name since the town site gave a beautiful view of
the lake. Within two or three days the new
town received a reinforcement that raised the
spirits of the settlers very high. They had got a,
new settler down as it were, right out of the ene-
my's camp. Moses Perrin came to their landing
from up the river. He was a first-class carpenter
and builder. He had been at work at St. Croix
Falltf for Perrington, and had taken his wages in
lumber, and was going to locate with them, put
his lumber in a house and keep a hotel. He did
so, and it was the first hotel built, and a first-
class house for those times. It was not very
large, but large enough to accommodate the
traveling public at that time. It held the land
oflfice and boarded the officers in a later day.
The climate and water appeared to take immedi-

ate efEect on my health. My recovery was so
rapid that in four or five days I could take my
rifle and go up the bottom shooting, going farther
each day, until I got to the point I wished to ex-
amine. The heavy timber on the Willow river
bottom extended then nearly to its mouth. I
continued all the time quizzing and laughing at
the settlers about their country, but taking note
of everything of importance. In ten or twelve
days I had gained strength sufficient to go to
Rush river, a distance of twenty miles, by using
two days for the excursion. This stream was at
this time called the best trout stream in the sec-
tion. I had become quite anxious to view the
Kinnickinnic valley and falls, but as fishing and
hunting was all the interest I claimed to take in
the country, and having been told there was no
trout in the Kinnickinnic, and learning that the
trail to the Rush river crossed near the falls of
the Kinnlckennic, I set myself at work hunting
up some one that would take the trip with me to
the Bush on a hunting and fishing excursion.
Looking around I fell in with a sort of a 'Leather
Stocking' that was stopping on the other side of
the lake at what is now called Baytown. He
agreed to go with me if I could get supplies of
pork and bread, or flour, which at that time was
hard to get outside of lumbering camps.

"The settlers on the south side of the WUlow
river had to this time relied on deer killed by
Peter, the half-breed, and the large amount of fish
which were easy to take, for supplies. It so hap-
pened that three or four days after, Mr. Nobles
was going to Stillwater, in a skiff, and my appe-
tite had so improved that I wanted pork to cook
with my fish and venison. I said, 'Nobles, don't
you think you could get some pork at StUlwater?'
He replied, 'Yes, if I had the money.' On start-
ing up the river, I had placed in my watch pocket
1200, one twenty and one two doUar bill. Bank of
Missouri money, at that time land oflice money.
Having spent my small change, I had to fall back
on these bills, and gave Nobles the two dollar
bill, to buy pork. On seeing the other bills he
said: 'Foster, here now, you see that I have got
a claim on this quarter section, and it will make
a town some day. Now I will teU you what I
will do. I will relinquish my claim in your favor.
You enter and give me forty acres.' I laughed
at him, saying: 'What do I want of this sand

JUDGE FOSTEB'S EEMINISCENCE8.

201

bank? What show for a town here? The lum-
bermen say it is no pinery country.' He got the
pork, which gave me supplies for the trip to Rush
river. I told my hunting companion that we
could go only half way the first day, and would
start after dinner. We did so, and encamped
under a black oak tree just back of what is now
Professor Wild's residence, and I could hear the
roar of the falls. Next morning I suggested to
my partner that we take a hunt, he go up stream
and I go down. I climbed up the mound and
came on to the point behind which Mr. McGreg-
or's house now stands. Viewing the valley be-
fore me for a few moments I made straight
for the falls, not stopping to shoot a deer that
leaped the tall grass before me; viewed the falls
awhile and returned to find my friend waiting.
We broke camp and reached what was known as
the crossing on Rush river about two o'clock.
We caught all the trout we wanted that evening;
one looked as though it would weigh three
pounds, and returning the next day camped on
the same place as the night before. I took an-
other look at the falls and returned to the lake
the next day to be laughed at as usual for not be"
ing a better hunter and fisher. I have thus stated
the train of circumstances that led me to find the
location. Now the inducement that led me to
locate here, a short extract from a letter to my
brother may give some light. 'I think I have
found the New England of the north-west, the
same pure water, the same speckled trout, the
same swamp alder, with a more beautiful forma-
tion. It looks as though the Almighty had made
this portion of our country first and made it on a
perfect system, piling the rocks up in beautiful
mounds, spreading over them sufficient soil to
dress and beautify and make pasture land of
them, spreading out the farming lands between
the mounds, with pure streams of water and
beautiful falls, giving abundant water-power,
with timber convenient. The great growth of
vegetation growing wild, told me that the same
soil would also grow tame vegetation. I knew
that nature never beUed herself, and the history
of the wild man had taught me that they never
made a mistake in locating, as far as natural ad-
vantages are concerned. What has been their
judgment in reference to the St. Croix Valley?
I see two powerful tribes, the one at the head.

the other at the foot, as it were, the Chippewas
and Sioux. That this section, watered by the
Apple, Willow, Kinnickinnic, Eush and Eau
Galle rivers had been the neutral or bloody
grounds between the two tribes. The only ques-
tion for me to decide was what point in the val-
ley embraced the most of the advantages. I
thought the falls of the Kinnickinnic'

Having selected the falls of the Kinnickinnic
in preference of. all other points in the St. Croix
Valley as my future home, believing it to embody
more natural advantages than any other point in
the valley, the next step was to examine the out-
lets for that point. Eor that pmpose I purchased
from Peter Bouchea a skiff, and made prepara-
tions, as I told them, to get out of the country
before winter set in, and one beautiful morning
in the fall of '48 loaded all I had, consisting of
blankets, pork and bread, on board of my skiff.
I think all the men in their new town were on the
landing to see me off, except Uncle Massey and
one half-breed, Jo Lagrew. They appeared to
feel sad that any one should leave them when
needed settlers so badly. We shook hands all
around; 1 pushed off and gave them my benedic-
tion : 'Boys get out of this frozen, God forsa-
ken country as soon as possible; but if you will
stay, God have mercy on you !' When about
fifty yards from shore T heard one of them
say : 'This is the last we shall see of Poster in
this country.'

"There was a large flock of vsdld geese on the
sand-bar on the Minnesota side; I floated near
them, fired, and got two of them. At noon I
was at Cat-fish bar, now Glenmont, looking for
a boat landing and some outlet for a road towards
the falls. Had broiled pork and goose for my
dinner and pushed on to the mouth of the Kin-
nickinnic, to examine how far the lake backed up
and what chance for an outlet from the falls in
that direction. Went up the mouth in my boat
to the first rifile, just below what is now the
crossing of the Prescott and Hudson highway,
and camped for the night. The next morning I
rigged up my blanket for a sail, rowed out into
the lake and had hoisted my saU, when one of
those sudden gusts of wind struck my boat and
came near upsetting me. The wind blowing di-
rectly down the lake, I did not dare to attempt
landing, so turning the bow of the boat down the

202

HISTOEY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

lake, and it run that six mUes Jike a race-horse,
shot out of the mouth of the lake, behind the
point of rocks, into the Mississippi, running up
almost high and dry on the sand.

"The mouth of the lake, or what is now Pres-
cott was the controlliag point at this time so far
as farming was concerned, as St. Croix Falls was
for lumbering. St. Croix Tails had conti'ol of
all the valley, and could send whoever they
pleased to represent them politically.

"I found the settlers at the mouth of the lake
raising the third little frame house in the
place— The Thing brothers were building it.
There were at this time around the mouth of the
lake, opening and preparing to open farms, Doe,
the two Harnsberger brothers, the three Thing
brothers, two Comelison brothers, Kice, Schaser,
McMurphy, Eissue, Miner, and a fur trader whose
name I do not recollect.

"I soon learned that I should not have to use
my boat any further, as a steamboat had just
gone up to the fort with supplies. I sold my
skifE, and while waiting for the boat in the trad-
er's little store, a circumstance took place that
benefited me much in reference to my situation
with the Indians afterwards. I was sitting on
the trader's counter looking at an Indian crossing
the river in a canoe. He landed and came into
the store, extended his hand to the trader saying
' How !' They commenced talking. In a short
time he gave a kind of a grunt, ' Ugh ! ' and
commenced eyeing me as it were on the sly. Af-
ter he left I said to the trader : ' What were you
and the Indian talking about?' 'About you.'
' What had you to say about me ? ' 'He wanted
to know what 'chemokee man,' or white man
that was?' 'What did you tell him?' 'I
told him that you were one of old General Taylor's
braves, jiist off the war-path with Taylor.' 'That
was the reason he gave the grunt.' The Indian
happened to be Six, the chief of the Eed Wing
band, and a friend of General Taylor when he
was in command at Fort Snelling.

"There are three things that the Indian thinks
necessary to take him to the beautiful and happy
heaven, or hunting grounds with his fathers ;
these are bravery, strength and marksmanship.
Sis had found me a brave, he afterwards found
me strong and a good shot, and he always re-
spected me and made his people do the same.

"The next morning the boat came down. I got
on board, went to St. Louis, told my brother what
I had found, and that I intended to return in the
spring. Said he, 'As you are in no business,
would it not be better to return at once and see
how you like the winter in that country ? Be-
sides there is no teUing what may take place in
your absence. Others may see all the advan-
tages you have and get the start of you.' I re-
plied : ' That is so. If I can get a boat back I
will go." I started for the landing and found
the ' Senator,' Captain Harris, going on her last
trip. Next morning I engaged passage for my-
self and a black boy, at that time twenty years
old, who had bound himself to me after losing his
parents at nine years of age, until he should be
twenty-one. I had obtained permission from the
judge of probate of Madison county, Illinois, for
him to come with me.

"On landing at the mouth of the cooley, or ra-
vine that leads to the lake at what is now Hud-
son, with our supplies, we created quite a sensa-
tion among the settlers. They had not expected
another boat to land there that season, moreover,
when I went ashore they appeared greatly sur-
prised to see me; and when they saw my supplies
— three barrels of beans, one of sugar, a
sack of coffee a barrel of vinegar, one of
hard-bread, and one of flour — they concluded I
meant lumbering. They were much pleased to
see the supplies, as these were all there were in
the new town. They helped me to get them into
the cellar of the first little building erected for a
store, on the bank of the lake, which building
was afterward occupied by Mr. Stone, the first
merchant of Hudson.

"I dared not fetch all of my supplies out to the
falls at once. I thought them safer at the lake.

"The first question I asked the settlers was:
Have you had any new settlers in the country
since I left? 'Not a man; but what have you
come back for?' 'Boys, I hated to see your
settlers all starve.' I got the loan of an old gray
pony for a day or two, packed on our blankets,
buffalo robes, axes, provisions for a few days,
shouldered our rifles and said to the little crowd
that then composed what is now the city of Hud-
son: 'Gentlemen, if you come out our way,
don't fail to call on Mr. and Mi'S. Foster, at the
falls of the Kinnickinnic'

JUDGE FOSTEB'8 BEMINISGENGES.

203

"We arrived at the falls and selected a place to
camp at what was called the middle falls, at the
junction of the two streams, under the rocks
that shelved over at that point. We made our
house by splitting logs about ten feet long for one
side,one end locked on to the side, the other against
the rock, the upper end left open for fire-place
and entrance. The shelving rock made half of
our roof; we levelled the floor, put down a carpet
of grass, fastened up hooks to hold our rifles,
started a fire against the rock at the entrance of
our house, and found that there was so strong a
suction or draft that when the rock got heated up
it threw the heat into our parlor so that it almost
made an oven of it.

"Commenced looking around to see what we
could have for tea besides pork and bread. Dick
took his rifle, and I took my rifle, fish-line, and
hooks. We passed down the little pasture to the
mouth of the spring branch, about 160 yards be-
low the falls. I crawled into a large clump of
alders to get a view of the main stream, at the
mouth of the spring branch, and found it fairly
black with trout that would weigh from one-
fourth to two and one-half pounds. Commenced
to clear away brush to make it convenient to the
water, cut a slim alder for a fish-pole, fastened
on my line, caught a 'hopper' placed him on
the hook, and let him gently touch the water,
when there was a great commotion, and out came
a trout that would weigh about a pound; took
out another, placed my fishing tackle convenient
for future use, and returned for tea, satisfied that
our future supplies of fish were as sure and
handy as any house-keepers's fish barrel.

"Having selected the land now occupied as a
driving-park for farming, and the rise of ground
now used as a grove, which has grown up since,
for Fourth of July purposes, for my building-spot,
I went to work at once to get material on the
ground for a shanty to winter in, as my first one
would be too far from my rail-splitting to be con-
venient. We had cut logs, made shakes for cov-
ering, got a few rocks out for the chimney, got
Uncle Massey's oxen— the only yoke owned in
what is now Hudson— got all on the ground, got
the house up, covered and ready to daub with
mud, when the first snow-storm of the season set
in and the snow fell to the depth of about a foot

on the level. The next day was very cold.
Cleared away the snow and made a door.

"I told Dick that we would try for deer. Both
started out with rifles; Dick returned to camp
first: just as he arrived on the bank above the
camp, he heard a loud whoop from some one be-
low, on the left bank of the stream. Supposing
it to be some one in search of our camp he an-
swered it, when some one answered from the
right hand side of the stream, near the lower falls.
They kept up this triangular yelling at each other
until finally the man on the left side of the
stream, to the left of the lower falls, came to
where Dick was standing on the point of the
rocks over the camp, leaning on his rifle. He was
the head man of a surveying party that had got
behind in their job of sub-dividing this section of
country up to the lake into sections. Not sup-
posing there was any one but themselves, unless
it was Indians, in the country, he was greatly sur-
prised to find a black man that would weigh 200
pounds leaning on a rifle. 'Wherein the name ■

of did you come from?' 'I lives here.'

'Live where?' 'Oh, down dar,' pointing over
the bluff. 'Who do you live with?' 'Mr. Fos-
ter.' 'Where is he from?' 'St. 'Louis.' 'Well,

by he has got the start of me.' It appears

that my brother was correct. Here was a man
that had made the same discovery that I had, and
was going to return and take advantage of it as
soon as he could close up his job and settle with
the government.

"That snowremaiaedon the ground until spring,
and it was near three months that the snow
would not melt on your moccasins.

"The third day after the storm some one whooped
to find our camp; it proved to be a man by the
name of Webster, who was hunting pine
lands. He was very cold. He told me that
there was a man dead, or nearly so, at the
head of Kocky Branch. It proved to be a
man that had started to carry too much whis-
key with him from Diamond Bluff to Pres-
cott, and had lost his course in the storm.

"We were forced to dig a hole inside our chain,
build a fire, and heat water to make mud to finish
the cabin and chimney; the mud froze just as
fast as put on and remained frozen till spring.
I spent the most of the winter splitting rails in a
fine grove of timber in a cove or hoUow be-

204

HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

tween the mound and the now residence of Mr.
Wm. Purves.

"At that time few or no wild bees had been
seen in the country. We felled a tall oak ex-
pecting to get three cuts for rails, which in fall-
ing, struck the stump of another tree, and burst
all to pieces, covering the snow with bees and
a large amount of line honey. We cut down a
basswood, dug out a trough, gathered up our
honey and got it all safe in our cabin, using it
for dessert all winter, by sopping fried-cakes or
hard-bread ill it after sopping them in pork grease,
Dick using one end of the trough, and I the
other. »

"One of us had to go in to the mouth of the
Willow, as we called it at that time, for supplies
every ten days. The snow got to be very deep,
and it was a hard trip, taking from four in the
morning until after dark. Having all the coffee
and sugar in the place, except Peter's and Un-
cle Massey's maple sugar, I always saw all of the
settlers, and got all the news, as most of them
came for sugar and cofEee. On about the first of
December, on one of my trips for supplies, I met
Joseph Bowron for the first time, at Mr. Wm. R.
Anderson's. Mr. Anderson had come down
from St. Croix Falls, moved into the building in
the cellar of which I kept my supplies. He had
no family except a young, energetic, and stirring
wife. Before I got warm was posted in aU the
news. Husband was a surveyor; wasn't at home;
member of the legislature; was then trying to
get some way to get to Madison. Mr. Bowron
came in and introduced us to each other. She
said she could give us something to eat if she
could get that 'blamed' frozen pork to pieces,
pointing to a barrel. Bowron went for the ax,
I for wood, and in a short time we had hot bis-
cuit, coffee and fried pork.

"Mr. AnderRon has been a very useful man in
the county from that day to this; he was our first
county clerk, a practical surveyor, and has raised
up a large family. Mr. Bowron after a good
deal of trouble succeeded in getting Mr. Milton
Noble to take a horse for packing purposes; they
started in the direction of Madison,, through the
Big Woods. After straying a good deal they
arrived at Black River Falls, where Noble hung
up until spring, and Bowron got through to
Madison. We never knew until spring whether

our important interests were being attended to
or not. Mr. Bowron returned in the spring,
fetching a wife and his wife's sister, which made
a great addition to our society. Mr. Bowron
had much to do in giving this section its first
start. He was a whole-souled, liberal man,
to the extent of injuring himself.

"About the first of January was m for supplies
again; met Messrs. Dan. Mears and Kelley, of
St. Croix Falls for the first time, and Lane, the
fur trader from the mouth of the lake; stopped
over night to compare notes and attend a half-
breed ball at the cabin of Jo Lagrew, on the lake
shore close to the mouth of the WUlow river.
Peter was manager in chief; there were three
ladies from near Cat-fish bar, on the Minnesota
side, part negro, part French; they were the lead-
ing belles, straight as Indians; having long black
hair with a beautiful kink in it, they appeared to
realize their superiority over the fviU and half
blood Indian. The balance of the ladies consisted
of the squaws and half breed squaws. The danc-
ing went off lively, the ladies occasionally clipping
the pigeon wing in their beaded moccasins and
the gentlemen trying to keep even in their plain
moccasins; there was none of that rough coming
down on the heel of the young buck of the pres-
ent day. They danced reels and cotiUions, but
the most interesting dance was the one before the
nut cakes and black strap, made of whiskey and
maple sugar, was served up — a sort of French
dance. Uncle Massey led to the middle of the
floor an elderly half-breed lady, saluted her in the
style of a French dancing master, the music struck
up, and they commenced dancing at each other
with aU the force and energy they could throw
into it. A ring was formed at once, the men on
one side and the ladies on the other. I did not
understand the dance; it appeared that Mears,
Kelley and the trader did. They appeared to be
getting a good ready for sometliing. Directly
Mears stepped in front of Uncle Massey, made a
bow to him, turned to the lady and and got right
down to work, beautifully. In jumped one of the
belles with the beautiful kinky hair, courtsied
low to the half-breed lady, turned to Mears and
shook her beaded moccasins most beautifully at
him. Kelley and the trader followed Mears; the
excitement ran high ; the sweat fairly run off the
fiddler ; there was a half brother of Peter's pres-

JUDGE FOSTEB'S BEMINISCENCES.

205

ent that looked like a full-blooded Indian. Hav-
ing some whisky in him he was getting as much
excited as he would at a war dance, when he gave
a regular war whoop which made the cabin ring.
It was like Tam O'Shanter and his witches. All
were seated and the ladies and gentlemen ate nut-
cakes, drank blackstrap, and shook hands all
around to show that all was lovely. After re-
freshments the trader and myself left and went
to Pascal Aldridge's, at the mouth of the cooley.

"What became of the trader I never knew; Kel-
ley was killed in some kind of a scrape at St.
Croix Palls, that had a woman in it; Mr. Mears
has since raised a family, has done much to im-
prove the section of country he is in by lumber-
ing and farming, and has represented this sena-
torial district in Madison.

"Having by the 1st of Pebruary made all the
rails that I intended to make that winter, I told
Dick we would go into the lake and start up
something to do until we could go below to St.
Louis for horses and tools for summer work.
The only horses in the country were a pair of
small one ones belonging to Pascal Aldridge, and
Uncle Massej 's one-eyed pony.

"There was nothing going on on the south side
of Willow river but a lawsuit about a hog, between
'old Perrington,' as they called him, and Samuel
Worth, of St. Croix Palls. They had had one
suit over the boarding of an ox, and Perrington
and his side had to go to St. Croix Palls to the
trial, but as they had a justice and a constable in
the persons of Aldridge and Peter at the mouth
of the Willow, they were determined the hog
trial should come ofE there, and the St. Croix
Palls people had to come to time. As there were
no lawyers on this side of the lake, both parties
had to go to Stillwater for lawyers. Wilkinson,
since Senator WUkinson, of Minnesota, was on
one side and North, the first settler of Northfield,
Minnesota, on the other.

"Dick and myself had taken robes and blankets,
and gone in to the Lake. I had persuaded Al-
dridge to go in with me and put a lot of wood on
the bank for boats — I cut, he haul, and divide
equally. The wood was cut on the bottom, now
overflowed by the mill pond. Aldridge had to
lose a day on accoimt of the hog suit. When I
came in in the evening, the suit was in full blast
in the little cabin. The room was about 12x15

feet; Mrs. Aldridge and the children in one cor-
ner, behind the stove, the court, using the balance
of the room. As this suit drew all, or nearly all
of the settlers on this side of the lake together,
except from Prescott, it gave us a chance to get
acquainted with each other. We all knew each
other by hear-say, but we always examined each
other for ourselves when we met to find out if the.
new-comer was an educated, smart man, a natural
fool, or an educated one. It appeared to be my
turn to be examined. The justice stopped pro-
ceedings and gave me an introduction all around.
Perrington led off, 'Well, Mr. Poster, are you
trying to get an honest living?' 'Well, yes! only
as an experiment, however, as I saw that was the
only business that no one had gone into, as yet.
I had some hopes of being able to start an ox
boarding house, or fancy hoggery, but I see I am
too late.' The court, lawyers and all hands took
a hearty laugh, and went on with the trial.

" I see from my book of accounts that I sold my
two barrels of beans to Perrington for $1 .25 per
bushel. Captain Harris made his appearance
first in the spring with a new boat, and landed at
the foot of the cooley. His favorite old pilot was
at the wheel, and when he saw me and Dick in
the small crowd on shore, hails the captain and
says ' Captain,' pointing to me, ' didn't I tell
you we were sure of one passenger in the spring?' "
Captain Harris invited me to get on board and
go up to the falls with him. I did so, which was
the first time I ever saw St. Croix Falls. On our
return Dick got on board and we started for St.
Louis. The pilot would hardly beUeve that I was
foolhardy enough to try farming in this country.

" I returned from St. Louis about the 10th of
June ; had four horses, two cows, three dogs',
twelve chickens, one sixteen-inch plow, and seven
dollars in money on hand. I broke seven acres
of ground as soon as possible to put in oats for
horse feed the next winter ; could find no seed
oats nearer than Stillwater, and I went in to
the lake, got a skiff of Peter, puUed up to Still-
water, got seven bushels of oats by running all
over the place, getting from one to two bushels in
a place from the lumbermen, all they had left,
and half of that was pigeon-grass, with which I
was unacquainted, and thought was millet, and
was very careful to sow every seed of it. I broke
up a hazel-brush thicket and planted potatoes.

206

HISTOET OF THE 8AIN1 CBOIX VALLEY.

" The horses were all young, the weather very
warm, the buffalo gnats thick, the breasts of the
horses became sore ; the gnats were eating them
to the extent that they began to look scabby.
Finally I told Dick that we must stop breaking
except morning and evening, but sobn found that
was the only time the horses could eat. I got
somewhat disgusted with things generally, turned
out the team early and went to the lower falls
for fish and deer. At that time the flsh could
come from the lake to the falls, and all kinds of
fish such as bass, wall-eyed pike, pickerel, cat-
fish and very large ti'out could be taken to almost
any amount at the lower falls. We soon had all
the fish we wanted and returned to the shanty,
to look to the horses. If they were out of sight
long, they were liable to be taken by the Indians
for strays to be returned for money, or taken for
keeps if not caught next morning. On stepping
outside the cabin, I observed a fine deer going
from the river toward the mound walking very
leisurely indeed. I took my rifle and went nearly
to the spot he would pass ; waited for him and
gave him the signal that I wanted him to stop
while I shot him; hailed Dick to come and help
haul him to the cabin.

"I was in a quandary what to do. The horses
looked so bad that I did not like to work them,
and we had used up all the old pants and coats
we could muster to protect their breasts. The
pike were very fat, their insides were one mass
of fat. The thought struck me that fish-oil
would be good to keep off the gnats. "We oiled
every part where the gnats troubled the horses,
took the deerskin, put it the flesh side down un-
der the collar on the worst horse, and started to
breaking. The gnats left the horses, the fresh
deer skin took all the fever and soreness out
of the horses shoulders, and we were all right, as
we could get all the flsh and skins we wanted.

"About this time they had a big arrival on the
south side of the Willow, in the person of a Mr.
Putnam, from Ohio, who was about to fetch on
seventy families to settle the country, and he
would build a large hotel at the landing at the
mouth of the cooley. The flrst thing to be done
was for a delegation, consisting of the old Dr.
Aldridge and others, to fetch him right out to the
falls and show him the valley and the back coun-
try that was to build up their town site. At the

same time there was a man by the name o Davis,
from Michigan, looking over the country in the in-
terest of the Goodrich family. One of the brothers
was then at St. Paul, in the person of Judge
Goodrich. There were foiu: or five brothers of
them, and they were prospecting for a future
location for the family, and this man Davis
appeared to be in their employ. Davis and
Putnam had met and got acquainted. While
Putnam was out in the valley, Davis was
looking over the falls of the Willow river. On
their return to Buena Vista, the name of the
new town, they compared notes. Putnam told
Dayis he had found something worth looking
after; it was true there was a fellow squatted on
it, but he would not amount to much.

"Davis started out at once, came to my cabin
late one Saturday evening, spent the Sabbath with
me. After breakfast I told him that I must go to
the falls for fish. It was very warm. After tak-
ing what fish we needed, we went on to the
ground now used as an Episcopal burying ground,
to view the falls and stream, and get a cool
breeze. There were three deer in the stream in
the still water, almost one hundred yards below
where the bridge stands. I went for one of them,
picked out my deer and fired. The deer went
out on the left bank; the grass was very high and
thick, I was sure the deer was kiUed, and I went
over to cut its throat. I searched all around but
did not find him. When I came back to Davis,
he says, ' Why didn't you cut the throat of your
deer?' 'Couldn't find him.' 'He fell close to
the bank. You went too far around him.' Da-
vis returned to Buena Vista, and he and Putnam
conferred together again. Davis told Putnam
there was something very desirable there, but the
man that had located there knew his business,
and the less he fooled with him the better.

"Davis reported to the Goodrich family. The
result was one evening there was a fine double
carriage driven up to my shanty, containing Judge
Goodrich, the first landlady of the old American
hotel, Mrs. Parker, another lady, and the
driver. We gave the ladies the inside of the
cabin, and took the outside for sleeping purposes.
Mrs. Parker was pleased with what is now called
Mann valley, and laid claim to all of it as her
future farm. In a short time one of the Good-
rich brothers made his appearance, made a claim

JUDGE FOSTEB'S REMINISCENCES.

207

on what was afterwards taken by the Powells;
bought part interest in the falls, and made ar-
rangements with me to test the country as to
growing winter wheat, by agreeing to ship to me
three barrels of seed wheat, one barrel to be clear
• white flint, one, Sewell's, and one, a mixture of
all kinds, which he did. It was quite a round-a-
bout way to get it here at that time. It had to
go down the Illinois river to St. Louis and up the
Mississippi to Buena Vista.

"I broke about twenty acres of prairie, and went
to work preparing for the next winter. Dick, the
black man, would be of age and free in the fall.
He had made a claim on what is now Professor
Weld's farm, and had made arrangements to go
below, marry a wife, return in the spring, and
keep house for me and improve his claim. He
worked very hard with me in digging and walling
a well and a cellar, building a large log house and
cutting hay for winter. The house was made of
large logs. We used a horse and long rope with
long skids, the rope passing over the house. We
had got all done but chinking and daubing the
house and digging the potatoes, when Dick must
go below. I took him in, to the lake, and made
arrangements with Captain Harris to see him
safe to St. Louis. As we shook hands he was
much affected, and the tears ran quite lively.
He said, 'I shall be sure to return.' We have
never met since. He married, and his wife's
friends told him it would be wrong for him to
take his wife to such a cold region, where no black
people would ever go, and she would never have
company. On returning alone to the valley quite
a feeling of loneliness came over me, but having
so much to do to prepare for winter, there was
little time to waste in sympathising with myself.
"One afternoon, two young men made their ap-
pearance at my cabin. They said they were hunt-
ing a place to locate for themselves, and wanted
to go at once to work if they could find a place to
suit them. They said their names were Walter
and James Mapes. Walter had been in the Mexi-
can war. Here was a chance for a neighbor and
a brother Mexican soldier. They stayed all night,
and I gave them all the information I could to
induce them to locate. Next morning we stood
in front of my shanty and I pointed the country
out to them, describing Mann valley, the main
stream towards the monument, which they could

plainly see, the south fork valley, and the fine
body of timber handy. They said little after I
was through. Walter says, 'How much is to
pay?' 'Not anything.' He flushed in the fa«e
and says, 'We are no beggars! We want to pay
our way.' I replied, I never had charged any-
thing yet ; did not know how soon I should, but
did not want to begin on them. Hoped they
would find something to suit them and that they
would settle, and it would be all right. They
left, going up the main stream toward the monu-
ment. When they returned they told me they
were satisfied and would locate here. James
wanted to stop with me while Walter went below
to Galena for supplies. Put James to digging
potatoes in my hazel thicket. They were of the
old Irish gray kind as we called them, and very
large. James worked very well except when he
rolled out one that he called a pumpkin, then he
would stop to laugh.

"Walter returned and they cut hay, not very
good — cut too late, for the breaking team that
they meant to get early in the spring, put up a
cabin for the winter, and went to keeping house.
Walter was 'Mr.' and James, 'Mrs.' Mapes.

"Quite a change had taken place at Buena Vista.
They had got a land office, with Messrs. Gibson
and Catlin as register and receiver. Mr. J. O.
Henning and wife had come to the country.
These with the wife and wife's sister of Mr. Bow-
ron put their new town far ahead of anything on
this side of the lake.

"I at onetime had faint hopes, being a common
farmer, that I should be able to come into this
aristocratic crowd by way of the wife's sister, as
Bowron and myself were good democrats together
but my hopes were small, as I had Gibson, and a
new doctor by the name of Handy to contend
with, and the latter made himself entirely too
handy to the young lady for both of us. But a
circumstance took place that ruined aU my hopes
of the matrimonial kind at that time. I had
worked almost night and day to get my log house
ready for vranter. Had sent by Dick to have my
brother at St. Louis send me a supply of common
clothing. I was nearly destitute of clothing, the
brush and tall grass had so cut my over garments
that they failed to cover my under garments. I
had lost my razor, had been three weeks without
shaving, did not expect any one of the female

208

HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY.

kind except squaws, had got my hair full of mud
in daubing my house, and had got to look like a
cross between the lower order of the heathen
Chinee and the Digger Indian. Had got out of
meat as well as clothes. Would not stop for any-
thing until the house was daubed for winter.
Started early in the morning for deer; shot a fine
buck, came in and got a team and had just got
him to the house and thrown him out in front of
the door, and gone inside when a carriage drove
up in front of the door. There was no window
hole cut at that time, there was no chance to get
into the brush, and there were Mrs. Henning, the
wife's sister from Madison, and some others.
Frank Catlin, from the land office, had them in
charge, and I think that I have never got ac-
quainted with any one that enjoyed anything in
the ludicrous order more than he, or made more
out of it. He comprehended the situation in a
moment, and no exhibitor of wild animals ever
took more delight in stirring them up with a long
pole than he did exhibiting me. Mrs. Henning
saw his game and helped me out somewhat,
though the thing was so ludicrous that I could
not help laughing myself to see how he enjoyed
it; but 1 was too much like the frog in the fable;
it was fun for him but death to me.

"We had got to be somewhat ambitious by this
time, and did not like the plan of waiting from
fall to spring for our mail and news from below.
We' had got word that if we would cut a trail
through the woods to Eaton and Carson's miU on
the Eau GaUe river, we could have a mail once a
month, on horseback. We in the valley — that is,
the Mapes and myself, were ready to do our part.
I would supply a team and go myself if I could
find some one to keep house while gone.

•' A short time before this, one evening, some
seven or eight men from Canada landed at the
log house which they had now named ' Fort Fos-
ter.' Mr. McGregor was one of the number.
Most of them had on the little scotch cap. They
aU camped down on the floor and left next day.
In a few days McGregor returned and said that
he should like to take a claim near me, and move
into my house and winter with me. His wife
could do the cooking. He said he could come
right along. I told him to do so as it would en-
able me to go on the road expedition. Ex-Gover-
nor Tim Burns was at St. Croix Falls, having

been appointed receiver of that property as it
was then in dispute.

' ' He said if we would raise our company he and .
his clerk would join us, and help open the road,
as it would enable him to get below before spring.
Our company was composed of Henning, Deni-
son, Peter, the surveyor, Burns and his clerk,
Walter Mapes and myself. The trip was a very
pleasant one although we were caught in a very
severe snow storm. Peter was the guide and
hunter, Mapes and Denison the choppers, Hen-
ning and Burns to pack the wood and build flres,
the clerk take care of horses, and I to do the
cooking. We had rousing flres and after supper
good stories from Henning and the governor.
Then we would go for each other on our town
sites. Henning having located at Hudson, my-
self at the falls, and Bums had got his eye on La
Crosse. It would be two against one, first Bums
and myself would go for Henning : ' What have
you got to build up a town ?' He would fall
back on Mapes and me and say here are my far-
mer backers. We were camped at or near what
is called Kock Ehn Center, near a spring among
very tall butternut, oak, and rock elm timber,
when Burns says : ' Well Foster, what have you
got to buUd a town after Henning steals it aU ?''
I arose to my feet pointed to the tall timber and
said : ' Gentlemen do you see these trees point-
ing so high towards the heavens ; do you see this
spring, this soil, these are my backers.' I then
said to Tim ' What have you got to back your
sand-bank?' He claimed it was the only good
point for some distance on the river, and there
were some good valleys around it.

'■ When we returned I found McGregor and his
wife hard at work fixing up the house, as winter
had set ui in earnest. He had hung a door, cut
a hole for a six pane window, and tlungs began
to look awfully stuck up. Up to this time we
had been living in this beautiful valley like Adam
in the garden, in a state of peiiect innocence,
sleeping on prairie feathers, robes and blankets.
McGregor introduced women, rocking chairs and
feather-beds, and whether he can be justly held
responsible for all the wild extravagances that
have spread over this valley from that time to the
introduction of the 'pinback' is a question I
shall leave for future historians to decide.

"McGregor and myself agreed to work together

JUDGE FOSTSB'S BEMINI8CENGES.

209

through the winter, getting out rail timber, for
fencing for both, and logs for a house for Mc-
Gregor, at the rate of one load for him, and two
for me. As there was no grain in the country
for horse feed but what I had raised from my
seven bushels of seed, we concluded to let one
pair of horses winter on hay, with a little oats,
and keep the other pair in good shape for hard
work, and campaigning through the winter.
This proved good policy, as we afterwards found.

"During the early part of the winter, four men,
afterwards known as the French boys. Jack,
Lewey, Jo Bonner, and John D., had gone into
camp on Eush river, on the opposite side of the
river from Eouche's store, in Martel, for hunting
and trapping purposes. As there were no roads,
every man made his own track and tried to keep
it open for his own use. If you went outside of
that, it was a hard fight for men and horses, as
the snow was deep, and in places drifted very
hard.

"I was forced to make a trip to St. Paul on
business in connection with the Goodrich family.
At that time there were no roads from opposite
Hudson to St. Paul, but there was one from
Stillwater. We had heard in the valley of a man
stopping at the lake with Esq. Aldridge, making
sash and doors for a new house for Aldridge, by
the name of Cox, from Ohio, who was talking
of building a saw and grist mill on the Kinnickin-
nic. The lumbermen thought he must be a fool,
and if the farmers did, they kept still about it.
I had a little curiosity to look at him, and meant
to do so on my trip to St. Paul. I had a favorite
horse for such trips that I always used. Being
of good blooded stock, and what horsemen call
'game,' I have often felt badly that I parted
with him as I did after the great service he had
done me. He had a record many an old settler
will recollect. 1 sold him to Horace Taylor, a
boy at that time, on credit, to assist in starting
the first mail conveyance to our town from Pres-
cott. He had managed by the assistance of
friends, to get another horse. Two horses, a
buggy and harness, and a tin horn completed
the outfit. No doubt it was the biggest under-
taking of his life. We all felt that it was a big
thing, and no doubt you at this time would think
so too if you could see him rise the slope coming

from Prescott, near the house of John Poster,
14

slowly until he got on top in view of what we
thought our big hotel, and two or four small houses
then he would straighten up, pull up his shirt col-
lar, pick up his horn, tighten up his reins, give
several loud blasts on his horn which would raise
the ears of old Jim as well as his own, and the
way they would come tearing into our big town
over the south fork bridge was very exciting to
say the least, and if by chance he had a passen-
ger, every one wanted to know if he was going to
stop here; if he had money; where he was from;
was he married; if it was a woman: who does she
belong to, or is she free. 'Hod,' as we called him,
was always prepared to inform us. He started
early in life in the news and blow business, and
is in it yet. Prom Taylor, old Jim went into the
hands of some one in Hudson, I think Douglass,
and became the pioneer horse to carry the mail
through the big woods on the Prairie du Chien
road. At that time he was always on time with
the mail, as he was a good three minute horse.
The next man that owned him was, I think, a
well-digger, rather a hard case. Old Jim at this
time had got to be little but skin, bones, and cords,
but still this man would charge through our Main
street, as we called it, on old Jim that they had
now named old rail-spUtter, the old horse show-
ing all the life he did with Hod and his horn be-
hind him. Where his bones Ue I cannot say.

"I mounted him early one morning to make my
trip to St. Paul through deep and quite hard snow;
got to Hudson early, and went into Aldridge's
cabin to warm. Aldridge sat close to the stove
holding a child about two years old. A stranger sat
wedged in behind the stove with one much young-
er. Both of them appeared to be hard at work
to keep the little ones quiet, whilst Mrs. Aldridge
got the breakfast ready. The stranger appeared
to understand his business, andthe way he fought
that baby to keep it quiet, showed me that he re-
alized that his breakfast depended in a great
measure upon the result of the fight. The fight
was getting interesting. He was turning the
child every way but the wrong end up, and mak-
ing all kinds of faces at it, when Mrs. Aldridge
gave her left arm a kind of a scoop which landed
the child square on her left hip in good old Illi-
nois style whilst with the right she grabbed the
coffee pot off the stove and says, 'Sit right up to
the table. Come Mr. Poster, you need a hot cup

210

HISTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

of coffee after your ride.' Aldridge appeared to
take great pleasure in introducing Mr. Cox and
myself to each other on that occasion, it being
the first of our meetings. My being the pioneer
farmer of this section and he intending to be the
pioneer miller, and it may truly be said of us
that we have been warm social friends and po-
litical enemies from that day to this.

"I broke my track until I struck the trail from
Stillwater, got to St. Paul by the middle of the
afternoon, and started back the next morning.
Old Jim was anxious to get home, and fairly
plowed through the snow. I found a team had
left this side of the lake and gone in the direction
of the falls, found where they had unloaded in a
snow bank near the hog-back, turned around and
gone back. I got home between two and three
in the afternoon. Mrs. McGregor told me that
Jock, one of the French boys, had been to Still-
water for supplies, and had got kettles and boilers
to make sugar with in the spring. They had
hired Putman and Aldridge to fetch them to my
place. They had hitched up three horses and
started with four or-flve hundred pounds all told;
had run into a snow bank and then unloaded,
the horses were so weak for want of grain that
they could hardly get back to the lake. Jock
wanted me when I got home to take my team,
get the traps and take them out to them ;
that one of them would stay in camp to be sure
to answer my hail when I struck the Bush, and
help me into camp, and they would give me a
$4.85 gold piece for doing it. I hitched on to the
sled, went back that evening and fetched every-
thing to my house.

"It was a debatable question whether I could
break through with a team in one day. I started
with old Jim and his mate, both strong and long-
legged, got ofE at four in the morning ; never
stopped the horses except when they would get
into the snow so deep and hard that they could go
no further, then they would stop themselves, and
old Jim would look around as much as to say,
'Now it is your turn.' I would pull off my coat
go in front and tramp and break a track for each
one until I thought it was shallow enough for
them to go ahead again. In this way I succeeded
in coming in sight of the old crossing, between
sundown and dark, without stopping to eat or do
anything else ; gave a loud whoop, got a reply

lower down stream, from the camp on the oppo-
site bank. One of the boys, Joe Bonner, had re-
mained in camp to cook and watch for me. They
had been betting and gambling on my bringing
tlie supplies and kettles. Old Jock, as they called
him, was ready to go his pile on my coming to
time. I don't think I ever saw so much meat de-
voured by five men at one time, as we ate at that
meal. It was venison, with just pork enough to
season well, cooked in a large kettle and emptied
into a large pan, such as is used to wash dishes
in ; setting it in the middle of the table, every one
helped himself. Next morning I found the mucles
of my legs very sore and tender, but made the re-
turn trip in time for dinner at Fort Foster.

"In the fall two young men by the name of Bai-
ley came to the country, and were stopping with
my nearest neighbor toward Prescott, Mr. George
Rissue. I made a call on Bissue, stopping over
night, and slept with the two Baileys in rather a
narrow bed in the loft of Bissue's old log house,
got acquainted, talked much of the future hopes
and prospects of the country, what experiments
would be best to try first to test the country. I
found them to be pioneers, for more of thefamUy
were to come if things looked favorable to them,
and both Dexter and Monroe BaUey haye done
much to develop the resources of the country for
the country's benefit as well as their own.

"On looking at my old account book at that
time, I find quite an increase of names on or
about the opening of navigation in the spring of
18f)0. I find charged March 30th, 1850, Mr. Fish
Dr., to one-half day's hauling from town, to one
and one-half day's hauling logs. Mr. Fish set-
tled near the point of the mound where Mr.
Strahl now Uves. April 1st, Fish Dr., to moving
family one and one-half days. It appears that
his house was ready for use.

"April 28th, 1850, Mr.Livingston Dr., to postage
paid on letter, fifteen cents. Mr. Livingston had
come to the country with Mr. Fish, and they were
making claims together, in co-partnership as it
were.

"April 28th, 1850, Sam, Dr., to pork, fifty cents.
Sam was a Swede. He made claim to all that
part of Mann valley called the Burrough's farm,
as well as some others. Sam was quite quick tem-
pered, got into trouble about his claim, and left
the country April 29th, 1860.

JUBGE FOSTHR'S REMINISCE NGES.

211

" 'Mr. Walstow debtor, to- load hay.' Mr. Wal-
stow was the first settler on the prairie this side
of Hudson, near the mound.

"'May 17th, 1850, Mr. McGregor debtor, to
breaking three acres of ground, $9.00.'

"There was little or no money used among us
then. It was help for help. May 20th, Mr. Liv-
ingston debtor, to breaking ground, $2.50.
Creditor, by laying floor, by plowing two days.
Mr. Clark Green debtor, to six day's board. Mr.
Clark Green settled were Mr. S. Wales now- lives.
The country was filling up fast, we thought, and
we were going to be a success. Had got a road
through the big woods called the Prairie du Chien
road, but reported so bad that it was doubtful if
any one could get through on it.

"Must have a big Fourth of July celebration,
and big dinner in good old fashioned style, with
roast pig. The committee reported that it would
nearly destroy the hog crop of the country to have
pig. What to do we did not know. Peter came
to the rescue, said he would get up early on the
Pourth, kill a deer in time, and we could have
trout and any amomit of little fixings. The
committee accepted Peter's plan and he killed
the deer, and we had a glorious time eating and
drinking with the spread eagle all in, but the best
part took place whilst we were eating. Some one
reported that an emigrant wagon with family and
live stock had just arrived tliroughthe big woods,
on our new road. This created great excitement.
A committee was sent at oiice to fetch every-
thing, dogs and all, right to the table and have
them feasted.

"Mr. Cox had got to work near the mouth of
the river, at what is now Clifton, on his saw mill.
Mr. Strahl and Mr. Shaddock, the pioneer farm-
ers of that locality, had commenced work. I had
changed some of my horses for cattle. One Sun-
daymorning was quite tired, and would like rest,
but what should I do to feed company through
the week. Must try to get some large three
pound trout for coming as well as to use fresh.
I hitched a yoke of oxen to the wagon, put in hay
to ride on, took my rifle and fishing tackle and
started the oxen toward what is called Dayton's
pond. Arrived at the little bottom at the head
of the pond, and had no trouble in getting a fine
string of large trout. I was on the point of start-
ing home, when I saw Mr. Cox coming up the

stream at the foot of the little bottom with a large
string of trout in his hand. It was very warm.
He came slowly up to my wagon and says, 'They
say that the way of the transgressor is hard, but
I don't see but your way is easy enough.' 'They
likely meant the other fellow. How will it he
with you by the time you get home with that
string of trout?' Mr. Cox at that time had to
feed the most of the stragglers at that end of the
stream as I was doing at the falls. We compared
notes a short time and went home with our sup-
plies.

"The question is often asked, 'How did you
spend your long winter evenings?' We had some
very good books, we talked of the future of the
country, Mr. McGregor could sing a good Scotch
song, and if anything turned up for fun we made
the most of it. One evening after a hard day's
work, Mr. McGregor complained of not feeling
well, thought he had got a cold some way. Mrs.
McGregor had, it appeared, for fear of such times,
laid in a quart or two of fine whisky and maple
sugar.

"She went at once for her supplies and made
two glasses of black strap out of sugar, whisky
and hot water, and gave each of us one. It had
good effect. It cured McGregor and he sung his
song before going to bed. While coming in from
work a few evenings after, we concluded we must
have more of that whisky. I must play sick. It
came. We kept on in that way, until one even-
ing it was McGregor's turn to be sick, when Mrs.
McGregor says, ' What shall we do. The whis-
ky is all gone.' He looked at me and says,
' Well it is no use being sick if the whisky is
gone.' We got a lecture upon the meanness of
two men taking advantage of a lone woman ten
miles from anywhere, to get the last drop of
whisky ia the house. ' What would we do if we
were sick. Didn't care much if we were.' We
hung our heads, but got no credit for penitence,
but had our regular sing before going to bed, but
did not think it sounded as well or that McGregor
sung as well as when we had our regular medi-
cine, but the result was we had to get along the
balance of the winter without sickness or whisky.
Society will no doubt excuse us for making the
most of our opportunities for pleasure, even
though some of them were at the expense of a
lady, when they consider that we were debarred

212

HISTORY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

as it were of all the higher order of pleasures of
to-day, such as Sabbath evening theaters and
operas, ten cent christian sociables and charities.

"One Saturday evening some ten or twelve men
came to the log house. They were very tired,
dusty and hungry. They had been traveling
over in Minnesota looking for homes ; were not
satisfied, and had crossed over to this side. They
were Norwegians. There was a clergyman along
with them by the name of Clausen, a very highly
educated gentleman, speaking different languages
very fluently. He was their spokesman : ' Can
we stop with you to-night ? Carf you feed us ?
"We are very hungry ; have been living on dried
meat and crackers for some time. Do you know
of any good section of country for a settlement ?'
' What kind of land do you want ! Why did you
not like Minnesota?' 'It is too unUke the
country we have left. We want more clay,
gravel, timber and water combined, something
like the country we have left, but not so hard.'

" 'Do you know of such a section of coun-
try?' 'Yes.' 'Will you show it to us?' 'Yes.'
'How far is it?' 'Twelve miles.' I got them up
a good meal — trout and pork, cream biscuits,
and nearly a half bushel of fine potatoes, and
plenty of coffee. I poured the potatoes into a
large pan in the centre of the table, and told them
to sit up. I don't think any crowd ever enjoyed
the exhibition of seeing wild animals fed in a
menagerie more than 1 did to see those men eat.
The potatoes were very large and mealy — the
skins burst open on them. The first thing done
was to reach the right hand and take two and
place them beside their plates. Some of the men
had been eating cold potatoes whilst I was cook-
ing supper; but the clergyman describes the sup-
per better, in the following extract from a letter
to me, than 1 can:

"LxTTHEK Valley, September 6th, 1850.
/. Foster Esq;

Dear Sik: I feel really ashamed that I have
not written to you before, to thank you again
for your friendly hospitality towards me and my
fellow travelers, when we were repeatedly at
your house, and almost ate up all your provisions.
I often laugh heartily when I think of that almost
ferocious appetite with which we fell over your
cold potatoes first, and then keeping you in con-
stant exercise, emptying your pan and eating

your biscuit as fast as you could fry and bake.
I assure you such recollections often makes my
heart yearn after your country with its fresh and
bracing climate, its delicious trout, venison, etc.
"The next morning being the Sabbath they
held divine service, the first ever held in this part
of the country. The arrangement was that after
service I should hitch up my team and take them
to the promised land I had told them of. The
French boys had built a fine log house in the
little pine grove on Jock's claim. The pines
were the first you came in sight of and that told
you where the stream was. We got there about
two in the afternoon, and the clergyman and
myself went at once to work to see which could
get the most trout in the least possible time, for
supper. The crowd scattered in every direction,
some to hunt, and some to fish. We soon had
an abimdance of trout and met again under the
pines for supper. I had taken bread, pork and
coffee, had a large fire started and went at once
to cooking trout in large frying-pans. They de-
voured about as fast as I could cook, but they
had to stop at last. There were a few trout left,
but I put on a fresh pan to fry, and commenced
eating. Clausen says : 'What are you frying
those for; we are all done?' 'Do you begrudge
me a few trout. I guess your men don't know
how to eat trout,' and I commenced eating in
backwoods style.

"He began making fun at my expense. I kept
right on eating as though I had had nothing to
eat for a week, when I stopped, leaned forward
towards Clausen, drew down my face and said,'Can
you see any red specks on my face ?' He leaned
forward, took a good look and said 'Ko.' 'Are
you sure ?' He took another good look and says,
"I can't see any.' 'I am all right then. I al-
ways eat trout till the specks show," and then
went to eating again, and he and the French boys
took a hearty laugh at his expense. Next morn-
ing they all selected places, and some of them
are in them yet. This is the start of the large
Norwegian settlement that has done so much in
this section of countiy. Had nothing inter-
vened to disarrange the plans of myself and
Clausen, this place would have been now quite a
city. He was to fetch settlers and have an in-
terest in the water-power; we were to get an m-
terest at Prescott for an outlet. I carried out

JUDGE FOSTEB'S BEMINISCENCES.

213

my part. Mr, Clausen was unable to fulfill his
part of the plan owing to the war between Den-
mark, Austria, and Prussia. Mr. Prescott the
old proprietor of that city, came down from the
Port to lay out his town. He got Mr. J. O. Hen-
ning to do the work. I went to Prescott whilst
they were laying out the town, took dinner with
Prescott in the old log house; the dinner was
cooked by a squaw, the wife of an old French-
man that lived in the house. I told Mr. Prescott
what I would like to do. He was very liberal.
He said: 'Mr. Foster, I will sell you lots fair,
and will give you one. Take it where you like.'
Up to this time I had been popular in Hudson —
all were very friendly to me, and in directing peo-
ple where to go, they would tell them they could
not go anywhere without going by Foster's, at
the Falls of the Kinnickinnic. After that they
would tell them they could not go anywhere and
go past Foster's.

"Let us now look at the account book:
"Two new names August 1st, 1850 ; Mr. Woods
debtor, to horse to Big river, credit, by work
one day. Mr. Woods, at times known as Capt.
Woods, was the first settler on Big river. French
Brothers debtors, to one plow $15 ; by cash $6.00.
The same plow broke the first ground on both
streams. Mr. Luke Pomeroy had come to the
valley that spring but had not at that timejocated
in the valley. The first time I saw him was on
this side of the mound this side of Hudson, start-
ing a breaking team, breaking the first furrow on
the Jones farm. He and others had had a hard
time getting through the woods on our new road
with his teams and stock. December 15th, 1850,
Mr. Bartlett, debtor, to one horse and cow, |75.
Mr. Bartlett was quite an old man. He had come
over the road with a lot of cows for sale late in
fall. He did not stop in the country but several
that came with him did. One man by the name
of Baker, settled at what was Baker Station.
Another by the name of Fuller settled near the
mouth of Rush river. The first circuit court was
held in the small frame house, built by one of the
Nobles and sold to Col. Hughes, by Judge Jack-
son of Mineral Point. Two Indians were tried
for killing a white man. It took all the settlers
to make up a jury. We lacked one man. A man
who was in the habit of stopping on either side of

the lake happened over that day and so was made
use of to fill up the required number.

"I was selected foreman. This court was a
grand thing for us as it gave us a chance to meet
and know each other personally, as we had by re-
port. It was the most intelligent body of men
that I ever met in like associations, and Judge
Jackson made the same remark after shaking
hands with nearly all present on the occasion.

"It gave us a good chance to post ourselves on
what had taken place or was going to take place
in the country. Some one from down the river
toward Prescott was telling me of some very
interesting circumstances that happened, when I
asked who was along. He said there were
three brothers by the name of 'Thing' in the
county, and all were at court; one had a club foot.
My informant answered: 'I was along, and such
a one,' pointing to another, and to one of the
Things, 'This Thing was along, and that Thing,
and the Devil's own Thing, was along,' pointing
to the one with the club foot; which remark
caused a good deal of merriment. Again refer-
ing to the account book we find: 'October 20th,
1850 — Mr. 'Fish, debtor, to trip to town for doc-
tor; to cash paid for sugar and candles, 75 cents;
and sundries.'

"This was the first occurrence of the kind that
had taken place in this section, the arrival of set-
tlers by birth, a boy and girl. Mr. Fish had gone
below for supplies of lumber, Mr. McGregor was
in Hudson at work, I was the only man available
on the occasion and did my duty manfully; so
much so that Mrs. Fish said if I would wait long
enough, I should have the girl. 'Mr. Comstock,
debtor, to two meals, 25 cents.' There were two
of the Comstocks, and a brother-in-law, Mr. Dud-
ley. One of the brothers died at Diamond Bluff.
The other and Mr. Dudley are living on a fine
farm near Prescott.

"'January 1st, 1851, Mr. Hayes, debtor, to
team to move from town, $1.00.' Mr. Hayes
worked for me and his wife kept house until
spring, when he moved on to land about half way
to Rush river. 'February 14th, 1851 — Settled this
day with D. McGregor.' This I think is the first
settlement made in the Valley. It wiU be seen
that in the spring of 1851 there was quite a rush
of settlers to the Valley. March 1st, 1851 , Mr.
Perrin settled on land now owned by Professor

214

HISTORY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY.

Wild. Mr. Oowen selected land near the edge of
the woods, the same spring, and still remains.
'April 7th, 1851, Mr. Parks, debtor, to two bush-
els of corn, $1.50.' Mr. Parks settled near the
Mapes's on the banks of the Kinnickinnic. April
7th, Mr. W. A. Tozer settled on the place now
owned by Mr. Spaulding. Mr. Seeley came about
this time and settled near the mouth of Rush
river. This spring seemed to be a very busy time
with us at the 'fort,' as they called it. Among the
nimiber that called on us and settled on the road
to Rush river was Nelsen, a Dane. Mrs. Nelsen
was the first white woman that settled in that
section. Mrs. Nelsen was a small woman, but
wide awake. She with the other settlers, had her
share of my chickens. She said she did not see
what an old bachelor wanted with so many hens.
I had occasion to visit the French boys, that had
settled on the Rush river in the fall, and on the
way 1 called on Mr. Nelsen.

He was away from home. Mrs. Nelsen was
very much pleased to see nje. 1 must stop to
dinner. I told her I could not wait. ' But me
have one little baby and you must see him.' She
went to a short piece of hollow log, split in two,
with the bark off and made smooth, so it could
rock, and took a fine, healthy child up to show
me. 'What is it?' 'One little girl.' I told
her that was wrong for a new country; ' Yes,
yes, Nelsen want him a bby.' ' Mr. Foster, them
chickens you let me have, they aU make eggs."
' The one you gave me to make noise, he make
egg to.' ' Mr. Nelsen must come and get more."
Here was encouragement to a democratic old
bachelor, that believed in home resources, and
was ambitious to fill up the country and build up
a city, to have ladies in the country that would
raise settlers right on the ground and make roost-
ers lay eggs for supplies."

"Judge Foster was married in 1856, to Miss
Charlotte Porch, of Chicago. The fruit of the
union was five children. Albert P., Charlotte A.,
Joel J., Eimice A. and Mary. His daughter
Charlotte died March 30th, 1869."

CHAPTER XXXVII.

ABTUBEMBNTS — LYNCHING OF INDIAN MUIIDEB-
ER — DAILY MAIL— STEAMBOAT BUILDING —
NEWSPAPEKS— RAILWAYS— CHURCHES.

This history would not give a faithful repre-
sentation of the days of yore if the amusements
of the time were left out. We all live for happi-
ness, and aim at it in all our plans. People differ,
however, so much in their estimate of happiness,
and the means by which it is attained, that no
theory can be promulgated for securing it. The
higher the culture the deeper do quiet and unde-
monstrative pleasures sink into the soul, while to
the savage, happiness comes only from spasms of
ecstasy.

It cannot be denied that the habits of our pio-
neers verged towards barbarism, and that their
pleasures were often derived from what to-day
would be called gross amusements. Such were
the dances of the day, but we can hardly find
heart to condemn the pioneers of so severe a cli-
mate for taking advantage of every circumstance
for creating diversion. Women were scarce, but
squaws were plenty, and dances must be had.
Therefore the dark-eyed maidens of the wood,
who hung around the villages of the whites, were
brought to grace the baU-room.

Mr. Partridge, in "Quail Town," near St. Croix
Falls, had quite a large house where he sold Uq-
uor, and was only too willing to allow a dance to
be held, as it greatly increased his business. This
place, moreover, had great attractions for the
Indians, who always congregated where Uquor
could be had. The walls were rude and bare,
without ornament, except perhaps the horns of a
deer, or a plain rack supporting a gun, present-
ing a marked contrast to the elegant dancing
halls of modern times. This dance-house was
long since demoUshed by citizens, as the presence
of Indians in its vicinity and in the village could
not otherwise be prevented. While it continued,
squaws to fill the sets at a dance were found "
abundant.

Dress at these balls was not elaborate, and on
the part of the men was the lumberman's uni-
form, red shirts under which they wore white

LYNCHING OF INDIAN.

215

ones, diflering essentially from the swell dress-
coat and black pants of modern times.

The squaws wore short, jaunty dresses, deco-
rated with such ornaments as they could obtain,
and their hair was trimmed with ribbons of all
hues. The music emanated from one fiddle in
the corner of the room, and amid such charms
the hours of many a night that would otherwise
have dragged heavily, sped swiftly away, for their
spirits- were full of health and exuberance, al-
though too often exhilarated by the wares of the
landlord. Before the dance closed, according to
custom, one of the Indian damsels would slyly
slip up to one of the men and throw around him
a ribbon, as though lassoing a buffalo. This act
elected the victim to give the next ball and be-
come master of ceremonies. Mem-in-qua-we-an
or Butterfly William was one of their favorites;
he was also sometimes called Kishetawan, mean-
ing hot man, although his true name was William
J. Vincent. Daniel Mears was nick-named by
them Cesinaboin-a-ninny, or the ribbon man, be-
cause he kept a store and sold dry ^oods. ' He
was sometimes caught in the gay colored lasso.
Joshua E. Taylor was also among the gayest of
the gay, and entered into these entertainments
with his whole soul. Such were the pioneer danc-
es of the valley.

In March, 1848, an Indian was hung at the
Falls of St. Croix, by a mob. He was guilty of a
murder under the following circumstances :

Miller, a whisky dealer and trader, who had
long plied his vocation in the vicinity, became
jealous of Tornell, a rival who had set up busi-
ness in the same line. Determined to rid himself
of this competition, he employed this Indian to
shoot Tornell. Accordingly, the skulking creature
hung about and killed, and secreted the body of
Tornell and a blacksmith by the name of McEl-
roy. As soon as McElroy's absence from his
accustomed post was observed, an investiga-
tion was instituted which resulted in the
discovery of his body. Suspicion was at once
directed to the right individual, and Morris
M. Samuels and George Field, acting as detec-
tives, ferreted out the rascal and with the aid
of citizens of St. Croix, brought him to jus-
tice. He was regularly tried during the day,
but though no doubt existed of his guilt, fears
were entertained as to his conviction. The

judge perceiving the determination of the crowd
to hang the " red devil," judgment or no judg-
ment, quietly withdrew during the night, letting
matters take their course. The mob, for such the
assembly must he called after legal proceedings
were abandoned, took the case in hand. The
crowd was largely composed of respectable citi-
zens from Stillwater, who had come up to see that
justice was properly administered. Among them
was Hon. M. S. Wilkinson, at that time, and for
an indefinite period, holding by appointment, the
office of county attorney, a sinecure, with a salary
of $200 per annum, who by his official capacity
added dignity to the occasion, in consequence of
which he has been roughed many a time by his
associates. The mob were satisfied not only of
the guilt of the Indian in this affair, but that
he was the perpetrator of the murder of
Jack Drake. They consequently proceeded to
business. The executioner upon the occasion
was B. B. Cyphers, familiarly known as Bun.
Cyphers. Preparations for the final ordeal were
in accordance with the general character of the
proceedings. A rope was properly adjusted to
the villain's neck and swung over the high limb
of a tree, under which two barrels were placed
standing on end, one on top of the other. When
the victim had been placed on the top and the
rope tightened, the word was given and Cyphers
stationed for the purpose, kicked out the bar-
rels with a tremendous force that sent them fly-
ing, and in an instant the villainous rascal was
kicking in the air.

It appears that they had more respect for the
white man than for the red, for the same evi-
dence that hung the Indian ought to have been
sufficient to hang the white man. The verdict,
however, was that MiUer should be whipped,
and the execution of this sentence was as
promptly administered as the other. Pat Col-
Uns, an enemy of Miller's was assigned the
duty and privilege. He prepared himself by
stripping off his coat and administered the sen-
tence on the bare back of the victim with a good
will that savored of old animosity. MiUer
had been previously tied to the same tree on
which the Indian was hung, stripped to the waist.

When released, he was provided by a contribu-
tion taken up among the crowd, with fifteen dol-
lars in money to pay his expenses down the river,

216

HISTORY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY.

and in charge of the Stillwater party sent away,
with the parting injunction never to return to the
valley of the St. Croix on the peril of the fate
meted out to the Indian.

After 1861 the valley enjoyed a daily mail dur-
ing the season of navigation between Prescott
and Taylor's Falls and tri-weekly during the rest
of the year. After 1864 a four horse coach made
trips three times a week from Stillwater. This
soon proved insuflScient for the fabt developing
country and in 1866 Burbank and Company took
the contract, and connecting at Stillwater with
the daily mail from St. Paul, carried the mail
through to Taylor's Falls. The steamboats of
the river, impeded by freight and encumbered
with barges in tOw, cannot be relied on for close
connection. The mail of the valley is, therefore,
much more satisfactorily deUvered by the mail
coaches which run with regularity to points not
provided with railroad connection.

The building of steamboats, barges and other
crafts on the St. Croix has been an important in-
dustry. The best of material for the construc-
tion of boats is found in abundance in the timber
regions of this valley in the black oak, a wood very
tough and adapted to the construction of first
class boats. "We give a history of the steamboats
built on the St. Croix up to the year 1 872 : The Os-
ceola was the first ; she was built at Osceola by
Holmes and Cummings in 1854, and was a small
side-wheel steamer. After the wood work was
completed she was towed to Davenport, Iowa,
where her machinery was put in. After running
two years she sunk in the Mississippi. This
boat was commanded by Capt. George Hermes,
long a resident of St. Croix Falls.

The Fanny Thornton, built at Franconia, by
Foster and Thornton during the winter of 1862
and '63, was the second steamer built on the St.
Croix. She was a stem-wheeler with one boiler
and one engine, commanded by Captain Thorn-
ton of Franconia. After a short time this boat
was sold and went below.

The Pioneer was built at Osceola by A.
Stover, and received her machinery from the old
steamboat Staver. The Pioneer was subsequently
used towing rafts on the river. The Staver was
built in 1861-2 on Green Lake back of Franconia
by the proprietors of the stave mill for the car-
rying business of their establishment. She was

hauled across from the lake to the river and em-
ployed for the purpose intended. Subsequently
her hull became a barge and her machinery was
transferred to the Pioneer as above stated.

The Viola was built in 1864, at Franconia by
Captain Oscar Knapp, one of the most experienced
river men of the west. She received her machin-
ery at La Crosse and was intended for the trade,
between La Crosse and St. Croix Falls and for her
construction, a stock company organized under a
special act of the legislature of Wisconsin was
formed with business men all along the river as
stock holders. Oscar Knapp was the first captain,
but was soon superseded by Captain Bartlett, of
Hudson, in consequence of difficulty arising
among the members of the company.

The G. B. Knapp was built at Osceola, in 1866,
by Captain Knapp, and received her machinery
at Stillwater.

The Dalles was also built at Osceola, in the
winter of 1866-7, by Captain "Winch, and was
furnished with machinery from the old steamer
Enterprise, purchased by Captain Winch, the
fall previous. After running one season between
Prescott and the falls, she was sold to a company
at Chester, Illinois.

The steamboat Minnie WUl, was built at Os-
ceola, in 1867, and commanded by Captain Cyrus
Bradley for many years. Captain Bradley was
one of the first men on the river that tried to ex-
periment to towing logs and proved its expedi-
ency.

The steamer Nellie Kent, was built at Osceola,
in 1867, and received her machinery at La Crosse,
appearing first on the St. Croix in June, 1868.
She was built by Captain William Kent, one of
the most popular steamboat men on the St. Croix.

The Wymau X, was built at Taylor's Falls in
the fall of 1868, by lion. W. H. C. Folsom, one
of the pioneer settlers of the north-west, and at
that time one of the most extensive lumbermen
on the river. She received her machinery at St.
Anthony, and was the best and most powerful
on the St. Croix. It is worthy of mention that
she was the first wholly built and fitted with ma-
chinery within the state of Minnesota.

The Helen Marr was built in 1871 at Osceola,
by Captain William Kent of that place, and John
Dudley, of Minneapolis.

The Maggie Beany was also built in 1875 by

NEWSPAPERS AND BAILWAYS.

217

Captain Kent, at the same point, under an agree-
ment with Captain J. H. Eeany, of St. Paul, in
accordance with which the boat received her
name, and three-fourths of the stock was trans-
ferred to him.

The Jennie Hayes was built at Osceola, by
Captain O. P. Knapp and David Hayes, in 1879'
and is commanded by Captain Ben. Knapp. The
Ada B. and an ice boat were built at. Areola.

The newspapers of a country are the means by
which its citizens receive not only their daily
rations of gossip, but the bulk of their knowledge
and education.

They furnish it, truly, in a desultory manner,
and can hardly be called good educators, since
the attention is rarely drawn out in a continuous
line of thought. They bring in, however, a large
amount of knowledge of the outside world, and
give intelligence if not culture.

In a new country the newspaper is welcomed
with the greatest enthusiasm, aud with pride a
little town witnesses the. first issue of its
local paper. In addition to histories of news-
papers in the various towns, found in the town-
ship articles, it is interesting to note the first
issues in the valley. The palm for priority must
be awarded to the St. Croix Union, established
at Stillwater in 1854, the first issue appearing
November 7th, of that year, F. S. Cable and W.
M. Easton editors. The Union continued only
three years, and was democratic in politics.

The Stillwater Messenger, first issued in 1856,
is, however, the oldest paper. Its first editor was
A. J. Van Vorhes, and its present editors are
Seward and Taylor.

The Paraclete, afterwards called the Transcript,
first published at Prescott in 1855, by C. E.
Young; the Journal, in 1858, atKiver Palls, pub-
lished by Taylor Brothers; the St. Croixian, at
the Falls of St. Croix, established in 1860 by J.
D. Reymert and Junius Bartlett; the Polk County
Press, into which the St. Croixian merged, and
the Taylor's Falls Reporter, established in Feb-
ruary, I860, are the most important.

Of the different railways pushing their way
north and westward the Tomah and Lake St.
Croix railroad was the first to reach the valley of
the St. Croix. This company was incorporated
in 1863, with power to build a railroad from some
point in the town of Tomah to a point on Lake

St. Croix, between townships 25 and 31. A few
months after its organization the company passed
into the hands of D. A. Baldwin and Jacob Hum-
bird, who afterwards commenced the construction
of the road from Tomah via Black River Falls
and Eau Claire to Hudson, a distance of one hun-
dred and seventy-eight miles, which point it
reached November, 1871. Soon after its complex
tion to this place its name was changed to the
West Wisconsin railroad. The repair shops were
established at Hudson the following year. In
1873 the company built .the road from Warren's
Mills via Camp Douglass on the St. Paul road to
Elroy, thereby making connection vidth the Chi-
cago and North-western railroad, and took up
the track from Tomah. By the building of the
bridge across the Lake St. Croix it makes con-
nection with the St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's
Falls railroad at the junction.

In 1856 a land grant was made by congress to
assist in building a railroad from Lake St. Croix
to some point on Lake Superior. In 1869 the
Lake St. Croix and Lake Superior railroad com-
pany was incorporated to build a road from Lake
St. Croix to Bayfield on Lake Superior. The
land grant was placed in the hands of the state
for disposal, with certain restrictions. The com-
pany proceeded to build a short distance of the
road, which reached New Richmond, forty miles,
in hopes to secure the grant, but failed. In 1873
the grant was conferred on the Milwaukee and
St. Paul company, but on account of the restric-
tions declined. About this time the name was
changed to the North Wisconsin railroad, and the
grant given to the company, who are now pushing
it forward each year.

The Hudson and River Falls railroad was com-
pleted October 26th, 1878. The company was
organized in the spring of the same year, and was
composed of some of the leading citizens of St.
Paul, Stillwater, Hudson and River Falls. The
road was constructed by the St. Paul, Stillwater
and Taylor's Falls railroad. This road is about
thirteen miles in length, with a short extension
from Hudson across the lake to Stillwater on the
west side of the lake. The St. Paul, Stillwater
and Taylor's Falls railroad was incorporated De-
cember 4th, 1869, and built in 1871, extending
from St. Paul to Stillwater and Hudson, a dis-
tance of twenty-two miles, the Stillwater branch

218

HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX Y ALLEY.

forming a junction three miles south of Stillwa-
ter. The West Wisconsin passing over this road
to St. Paul as their western terminus. These roads
with their branches are operated by the Chicago,
St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway Com-
pany. The Stillwater branch of the St. Paul and
Duluth railroad was built in 1871, running from
White Bear Lake to Stillwater, a distance of
about fourteen miles.

The Taylor's Falls and Lake Superior railroad
was incorporated February 18th, 1875, for a term
of fifty years, with a land grant of seven sections
to the mile. The road was built in 1880 a dis-
tance of twenty mUes, and leased to the Minne-
apolis and St. Louis and the St. Paul and Duluth
railroads on condition that they shall run a con-
tinuous line from Taylor's Falls to Fort Dodge,
Iowa. The road is operated by the St. Paul and
Duluth road, from Wyoming to Taylor's Falls,
twenty miles.

The pioneer of the church in the St. Croix val-
ley was Rev. W. T. Boutwell, a gentleman of
fine culture, who was sent as a missionary by the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions, to the Chippewas with Eev. Sherman
Hall.

They came into the north-western territory in
1831, but first located on Lake Superior. Rev.
Mr. Boutwell was commissioned by the mission-
ary board to make explorations, which he did in
company with Schoolcraft, in 1832. In 1833, he
preached on Snake river, and was theretore the
first to preach in this valley. It will be impossi-
ble here to follow him in his wild and romantic
experiences among the fierce people with whom
he made his home. In 1838, he joined the mis-
sion at Pokaguma, and has smce made his home
in the valley of the St. Croix. His work among
the Indians at Pokaguma was undermined by the
white man's whisky, and he was finally induced
to seek a more promising field of labor. Accord-
ingly in 1847, he removed to Stillwater. In a
letter written about this time he said: "Here is a
little village sprung up like a gourd, but whether
it is to perish as soon, God only knows."

Although the Rev. Mr. Boutwell had been lo-
cated in the north-west about sixteen years, still
at this time he was among the pioneers of this
valley. Before locating at Stillwater he had
previously preached there in 1845, in the dining

hall of John McKusick's boarding house, when
on a visit to Cottage Grove.

In 1845, he preached in the dining hall of An-
son ZSTorthrup's hotel at Stillwater, and was ac-
customed to ring the dinner bell belonging to the
house, up and down, to summon people to the ser-
vice.

In June, 1847, he assumed charge of Stillwater
mission, under the patronage of the American
Home Missionary Society, preaching at Stillwater
and Marine alternately. He soon procured a
room over Isaac Staple's meat market, and send-
ing to St. Louis, obtained a bell of his own, which
the worthy man used to shake up and down as
before.

After one year Rev. J. C. Whitney was ap-
pointed by the society to take charge of the mis-
sion at Stillwater. He preached his first sermon
in the school-house, on the comer of Third and
Olive streets, and with Revs. Boutwell and E. D.
Neill, December 8th, 1849, organized a Presby-
terian church with eight members, William Hol-
combe and wife, Cornelius Lyman and wife,
Ebenezer K. Colton and wife, Mrs. Stover Ly-
man and Mrs. Eliza B. Whitney.

WUUam Holcombe, Cornelius Lyman and
Ebenezer K. Colton were trustees. The first
church building was commenced in 1850, and fin-
ished during the summer following. Rev. Mr.
Whitney resigned in 1853, and was succeeded by
Rev. Henry Nichols, who began his labors in the
fall of the same year. During the ministry of
Rev. Mr. Nichols, the present church was buUt.
Rev. Mr. Boutwell after this took charge of the
missionary field including St. Croix, Point Doug-
las and the country between for fifty miles along
the river.

For one year's service, about 1848 or '49, he re-
ceived in all from this large range of country,
f 110 for his services, and this was paid in pork
and flour, except $5 in cash, there being little
money in the country at the time. During this
period his two boys took his family in an ox cart
to Stillwater, nearly every Sabbath to attend
church.

In 1848, and again in 1849, Rev. A. Kent, pas-
tor of the Presbyterian church at Galena, Illinois,
visited at Stillwater. At his first visit, he found
but two church members and a Sunday school of
fifteen scholars ; at his second visit the church

BOUNSABISS OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY.

219

was organized with eight members and the Sun-
day school had increased to forty.

Bev. E. D. Neill preached at the falls' of St.
Croix, also at the Mills four miles north at White
river and at Cottage Grove, eleven miles south.

In the fail of 1850 a friend of Rev. Mr. Whit-
ney, named William Putnam of Ohio, sent a bell
to the church at Stillwater to be kept in trust, un-
der the agreement that when the church did not
need it the bell should be sent westward to some
feeble church. Mr. Whitney writes that he is
grieved to learn that the trust has been abused
by allowing the bell to go into the possession of
the Eoman Catholic Church.

The first mission in the valley was established

under the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions, at Yellow Lake, Burnett coun-
ty, Wisconsin. Rev. Frederick Ayers and wife,
afterward located at Belle Prairie, Minnesota,
were in charge of the mission. Miss Crooks was
employed as teacher and a school was opened
September 24th, with eight scholars.

In February, 1837, Rev. Mr. Hale of La Pointe
mission visited Pokeguma and organized a church
with seven members, three of whom were na-
tives. Eight baptisms were celebrated and two
marriages. These were probably the first bap-
tisms and marriages in the valley; they do not,
however, form a part of the record of any county
so far as we have ascertained.

SAINT CROIX COUNTY.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

OKGA SIZ ATION FIRST OFFICERS COUNTY

SEAT — VOTING PRECINCTS — LIQUOR LICEN-
CES—TOW:NS AND VILLAGES— JAIL— TAXES-
COURT HOUSE — SCHOOL DISTRICTS — TOPOG-
RAPHY— DRAINAGE .

The territorial legislature of Wisconsin, in ses-
sion at Madison, Wisconsin, January 9th, 1840,
passed an act to take effect August 1st, of the
same year, wherein all of the territory of Wiscon-
sin, lying west of a line commencing at the
mouth of the Porcupine river on Lake Pepin,
thence up said river to its first fork; thence on a
direct line to the Meadow fork of Red Cedar
river; thence up said river to Long Lake; thence
along the canoe route to Lac Courte d' Orielle;
thence to the nearest point on the Montreal river;
thence down said river to Lake Superior; thence
north to the United States boundary line, was
established a separate county, named and styled
the county of St. Croix. The same act called
for an election , of county oflScers, and the first

Monday of August, 1840, at which time the peo
pie shall determine by a popular vote the location
of a county seat. The same act also authorized
the county commissioners to erect suitable build-
ings at such point as received the largest number
of votes.

The polls were opened at Chasiwakau Falls, on
the St. Croix, and at La Pointe; returns to be
made to the clerk of the board of commissioners
of Crawford county. Two points were contest-
ants for the county seat; "Prescott's Claim," at the
mouth of Lake St. Croix, and "Brown's Ware-
house" at the head of the lake, on the west side.
On canvassing the votes, it was found that Brown's
Warehouse had received the majority of the
votes, by a vote of forty-five to thirteen.

The commissioners were Hazen Mooers, Sam-
uel Burkleo and Calvin A. Tuttle. The board
deeded to Joseph R. Brown the tract of land
described in his claim, in consideration of $800
paid into the county treasury, reserving one-half
acre for county seat, arrangements being made
with Mr. Brown to fmnish all necessary buUd-

220

HISTOBY OF SAINT CBOIX C0UN2Y.

ings for the use of the county for the first four
years.

At the same election the following officers
were elected: Joseph R. Brown, treasurer,
register of deeds, and surveyor ; Orange Walker,
Joseph Haskell and Philander Prescott, assess-
ors ; Phineas Lawrence, collector; J. S. Norris,
coronor; the returns of the election being certi-
fied to by C. J. Learned, clerk of Crawford
county. By an act approved April, 1844, the
clerk of the board of county commissioners of
St. Croix county, was authorized to perform all
duties in relation to elections that were required
by law to be performed by sheriffs. The third
section of the same act made St. Croix a probate
district, and Philip Aldrich was appointed judge
of probate. In 1845 St. Croix county was re-
duced in size by setting off the county of Lar
Pointe.

The remaining territory of St. Croix county
was bounded as follows: Beginning at the mouth
of Porcupine river, passing up said river to its
first forks, thence to Meadow fork of Red Cedar
river, thence up that river to Lac Courte d'Orielle,
thence to Yellow Lake, thence to the mouth of
Mud river, thence down the Mississippi river to
the point of starting, including an area of about
eleven thousand square miles. The population
of the entire district was estimated at one thou-
sand five hundred, St. Croix Falls being the most
important town.

In 1846, congress passed an act permitting the
territory of Wisconsin to become a state, provid-
ing the people would adopt a constitution and
accept certain boundary lines, which boundary on
the west was formed by a line, running directly
south from the rapids of the St. Louis river to
the main branch of the St. Croix river, thence
down the main channel of the stream to the Mis-
sissippi. By this act a large portion of St. Croix
county was left unorganized. By an act
approved the following year, the then re-
maining territory of St. Croix was organized for
judicial purposes. This division of territory took
away from St. Croix her county seat, thus de-
stroying her organization. It thus became nec-
essary for the county to establish a county seat
within her own limits. This was done by an act
of the legislature approved June 8th, 1848, which

located it at the mouth of WiUow river on sec-
tions four and five..

In August, 1848, the act was amended by lo-
cating it on section twenty-four, requiring the
courts to be held in some house on that section
until special buildings could be erected.

The same year the last court was held at Still
water as the county seat of St. Croix county.
Judge Aaron Goodrich presided. Harvey Wilson
was clerk, and A. M. Mitchell United States dis-
trict attorney, H. L. Moss attorney for the county
and John Morgan sheriff. In August, of the
same year, a special election was held to elect
officers for the new county.

The first board of county commissioners met
at the house of Philip Aldrich, on section twenty-
four, township twenty-nine north, range twenty,
west of the fourth principal meridian, on the 9th
day of September, 1848; commissioners present,
Ammah Andrews and W. H. Morse. Ammah
Andrews was appointed chairman of the
board; W. K. Anderson, clerk. On motion,
Philip Aldrich was appointed treasurer of the
county. It was voted to establish a new voting
precinct. AU that part of the county lying south
of a line running due east from the mouth of
Kinnicinnic river to the east line of the county,
was formed into a new election precinct, entitled
the "Mouth of St. Croix Precinct." Thus form-
ing four voting precincts in the coimty, namely;
Kinnickinnic Elver, Willow River, and Osceola
and Falls of St. Croix, voted at same meeting that
the scroll of the pen shall denote the seal of this
county. At a meeting of the county commis-
sioners, called at the house of PhiUp Aldrich,
October 2d, 1848, Harmon Crandall, in the chair.
On motion, Moses Perrin was appointed collector
for St. Croix county. At the same meeting it
was voted that the retailers of liquors shaU pay
for license $20, and not be allowed to retail less
than one quart; voted that the rate of taxation
for the year shall he seven mills on the dollar;
voted by the board to accept and locate a certain
lot of land, donated by Philip Aldrich, and des-
ignated on the plot of the town of Buena Vista,
surveyed and platted by H. Wilson, for the pur-
pose of erecting county buildings thereon. At
the state election held November 7th, 1848, there
were one hundred and fifteen votes cast in the

TOWNS ESTABLISHED.

221

county of St. Croix for electors for president and
vice-president.

Zachariah Taylor, Martin Van Buren and Lewis
Cass, being candidates that year. Tiie first
oflScers elected under the state legislature by
the legal voters of the then existing St. Croix
county was as follows : A. Hayatt Smith, mem-
ber of congress; E. E. Williams, superintendent
of schools for the state, and James Pisher,
state senate. For member of assembly, Joseph B.
Blown; county commissioners, W. H. C. Morse.
Harmon Crandall and Ammah Andrews; county
clerk, "W. Richardson ; register of deeds, W. K.
Anderson; judge of probate, A. D. Heaton; coro-
ner, W. O. Mahoney; county treasurer, I'hilip Al-
drich; A. S. Toule, surveyor of logs and lumber ;
assessors, Geo. W. McMurphy, O. "Weymouth, .
and M. V. Nobles; road supervisors, Edward
"Worth, H. Crandall, Moses Perrin, and L. M.
Harnnberger; collector, Geo. "W. McMurphy,
the "Mouth of St. Croix precinct," "W. Thing
and I. E. Rice, justices of the peace; A. Cameli-
son and L. M. Harnsberger, constables. At
"Willow River precinct, justices of the peace,
Philip Aldrich and E. R. Steves; constables, J.
McKnight and P. E. Bouchea; Osceola and Ealls
of St. Croix precinct, John Davis, Andrew Kelley
and S. S. Crowell, justices; R. H. Hughes, John
"Weymouth and G. E. Deathey, constables. Three
licenses were granted that year: F. Lar-
penter, mouth of St. Croix store; Geo. Field at the
Falls of St. Croix; M. M. Samuels, at the Falls of
the St. Croix tavern. At the same election in
the representative district of St. Croix and La
Pointe fifty-three votes were cast for member of
the assembly; "W. R. Marshall received thirty-
four.

At a meeting of the county commissioners held
at the house of Philip Aldrich, the first Monday
in January, 1849, a license was granted to Philip
Aldrich to run a ferry across Lake St. Croix at a
point any place on the north-west half of section
twenty-five, south of "Walnut street. It being
the south boundary of the present plat of the vil-
■ lage of Buena "Vista.

The rates to be charged for ferriage were regu-
lated by law as follows: Footman 25 cents, horse
and rider 75 cents, horse, driver and single buggy
$1.00; one span of horses with wagon or buggy
$1.25, wagon with four horses or wagon with

four oxen and driver $1 .50, horned cattle, mules or
horses 25 cents each, slieep or swine 12J cents
each, lumber per 1000 feet 37J cents, all kinds of
freight 8c per 100 pounds.

At a meeting of the board held at the house of
Philip Aldrich, February 28, 1849, on motion, the
county of St. Croix was divided into towns, as
follows: All that portion of the county lying
north, of the south boundary of township No. 28,
north, and south of the line between Nos. 30 and
31 shaU comprise one town, named "Buena Vis-
ta;" and all that portion of the county lying north
of the south boundary of township 31, north,
shall compose one town, called "Falls of St.
Croix;" all that portion of the county lying
south of the line between townships No. 27 and
28, north, shall compose a town to be known by
the name of "Elizabeth."

At the same meeting it was voted to purchase
a lot of ground for coxmty purposes, lying due
east of block No. 3, of the original plat of Buena
Vista, containing one acre, from Moses Perrin, re-
ceiving from said Moses Perrin a bond for a deed,
the conditions of which were that the county
commissioners or their successors in oflBce pay or
cause to be paid to said Perrin, on or before March
1st, 1850, the sum of $53.50.

Also voted that the first town meeting shall be
held in the several towns, viz: The town of EUza-
beth, at the house of Freeman Larpenter ; the
town of Buena Vista, at the house of Philip Aid-
rich ; the town of Falls of St. Crors, at the house
of J. McLaughlin.

The result of the first county election by towns
at which ninety votes were cast, was as follows:
Sheriff, N. C. D. Taylor ; district attorney, S. J.
Hewett ; county surveyor, R. V. D. Smith ; clerk
of the circuit court, J. D. Ludden.

At a meeting of the county board of supervis-
ors for St. Croix county, held at the house of
Philip Aldrich, June 4th, 1849, it was voted to
authorize the clerk to issue a license to "W. H.
Moses to run a ferry across Lake St. Croix, for
the term of three years. He, the said Moses to
comply with the law in such cases made and pro-
vided. Also a tax was voted for the current ex-
penses of the present year, of ten nulls on the dol-
lar. It was voted at the same meeting that the
treasurer proceed against persons elected to oflGlee
in the several towns, also county, who failed to

222

HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY.

qualify, at a meeting of the justices, and clerk of
county board of supervisors, September 17th,
1849, to canvass the vote for county judge at the
election held September 3d, ninety-one votes were
canvassed, of ■which Hamlet H. Perkins received
49, Joel Foster 41, and Bailey F. Baldwin 1.

Hamlet H. Perkins, though elected to the office
of county judge, did not fill the position in con-
sequence of the sad calamity of his death, which
happened by drowning during the winter follow-
ing his election. Mr. Perkins was a lumberman,
and had received the support of this class of peo-
ple at the election. During the winter he broke
through the if-e while engaged On the river, and
thus met an untimely end.

Accordingly, Governor Dewey, first governor
of tlie state of Wisconsin, made out a commission
with an appointment, and sent at once to Mr.
Foster, who had received the next largest num-
ber of votes at the previous election, by the sup-
port of the farmers, to come to Hudson and
take charge of the first court. Mr. Joel Foster
by this means obtained the office and continued
to discharge its duties until the separation of
Polk and Pierce county.

At an election held November 6th, 1849, the
following was the result: whole number of votes
cast, 69; John S. Watrous, member of assembly;
Joseph E. Brown, clerk of circuit court; Sylvan-
der Partridge, sheriff; D. N. Johnson, prosecu-
ting attorney; Alexis S. Toule, surveyor of logs
and lumber. At a special meeting, called at the
house of P. Aldrich, May 25th, 1850, it was
voted to appoint James Hough district attorney
in plaje of D. N. Johnson, resigned; also John O.
Henning, county surveyor. In view of the fact
that there was no suitable place for holding court
and for other county purposes, it was voted that
a committee be appointed to make arrangements
for a suitable building for such purposes, also for
the confinement of county prisoners. The com-
mittee appointed was James Hughs and J. M.
Bailey.

At an election held the first Monday in July,
1850, for the election of judge for the sixth judi-
cial district, 130 votes were cast, of which Wiram
Knowlton received 74. At an election held No-
vember 5th, 1850, the following was the result:
152 votes cast; Benjamin C. Eastman, member of
congress; Joseph R. Brown; senator, John O.

Henning, member of assembly; W. K. Anderson
register of deeds; W. R. Anderson, county sur-
veyor; James M. Bailey, clerk county board of
commissioners; W. H. Simmes, district attorney;
James Perrington, coroner; J. "W. Stone, county
treasurer; James Hughs, surveyor of logs and
lumber.

In 1850, the value of real and personal property
in the three towns and one village which com-
posed the county of St. Croix was: Elizabeth
town, 622 acres of land assessed at $3,930;
personal property, $11,281; amount of taxes,
state and county, $310.31. Buena Vista town,
3,100 acres of land, assessed at $31,765; per-
sonal property, $2,430; taxes, $697.56. Village
of Buena Vista, real estate, 105 lots assessed at
$7,164; personal property, $130; taxes, $148.80.
Falls of St. Croix town, 1,531 acres of land,
assessed at $19,425; personal property, $83,497;
taxes, $2,099.61. The population of St. Croix
county in 1850, was 624.

At the annual meeting of the county board held
November 15th, 1850, Otis Hoyt was fined fifty
dollars for non-attendance at the meeting of the
board, but the action was rescinded at a subse-
quent meeting on his making due explanation of
the cause of his absence. At a special meeting
of the board held at the court-house January
15th, 1851, a petition was presented by the citi-
zens of the Kinnickinnic valley, desiring to be set
of£ into a separate town. After due dehberation
it was voted to grant said petition, the boundary
of said town to be as follows: Beginning at the
north-west corner of section 3 in township 28
north, range 19 west, and running east along said
township line to the east boundary of said county,
thence south to the linebetween townships 26 and
27 north, thence west along said line to the center
of township 27, range 19; thence north to place
of beginning; which town shall be called Kin-
nickinnic; the first town meetuig to be held at
the house of Joel Foster. At the same meeting the
board voted to erect a building for the use of the
county, as a temporary prison. Mr. Ammah An-
drews was appointed agent to carry out the same,
with specifications given. During the session of
the legislature of 1851, John O. Henning pre-
pared a bill, which was passed, changing the name
of the town of Buena Vista and all villages there-
in, to Willow River; also the village of Elizabeth

EEECTIOJSI OF COUNTY BUILDINGS.

223

and town changed to Prescott. At a meeting of
the county board held at the village of Willow
River, Otis Hoyt was called to the chair. It ap-
peared at this meeting that Ammah Andrews
had failed to fulfill his contract with the county
to build a jail.

The board voted to rescind said contract, also
voted to appoint Daniel Mears to build said jail
after different specifications ; said jaU to be lo-
cated on the grounds of the county. At an ad-
journed meeting of the board, held November
13th, 1852, a petition was presented, signed by
Joseph E. Bonin and others, asking for a new
town to be set off from Kinnickinnic, and granted,
the boundary of said town to be as follows: Com-
mencing at the north-west comer of section 4,
township 28 north, range 17 west ; thence east on
township line, between townships 28 and 29
north, to the eastern boundary of the county ;
thence down the county line to the township line,
between the townships 26 and 27 north ; thence
west along the township line, between the town-
ships 26 and 27 north, to the south-west corner
of section 33, in township 27, north of range 17
west ; thence north to the place of beginning ;
said town to be known by the name of Eush
River. It was further ordered that the first town
meeting be held at the house of Daniel McCart-
ney. At an adjourned meeting of the board, No-
vember 14th, a petition was granted to James
Anderson to run a ferry across the Lake St.
Croix at Stillwater. At an adjourned meeting
of the board, November 15th, it was voted to ap-
propriate 1350 to build a jail. At an annual
meeting of the county board, held at the office of
J. Bowron, November 9th, 1852, the following pe-
tition was presented, signed by Aaron Chase and
others, desiring a new town to be set off from
the town of Falls of St. Croix. On motion the pe-
tition was granted, with the following boundaries,
viz : Commencing at the southwest corner of
fractional township 31, of range 19 ; thence east
to township line, between 14 and 15; thence
north to township line, between 31 and 32 ;
thence east to the east line of St. Croix county ;
thence north to township Une, between 33 and 34 ;
thence west on said lines to St. Croix river ;
thence down said river to the place of beginning ;
said town to be known by the name of Leroy.
The first town meeting to" be held at the house of

W. Kent. At the same meeting of the county
board, a petition was presented by A. Day and
others asking that the name of the town of Wil-
low River, and the villages therein contained, be
changed, to be hereafter known by the name of
Hudson. Since the people were dissatisfied with
the old name, they voted two to one for the
change. Alfred Day had the honor of suggesting
the new name. By an act of the legislature
March, 1863, all that portion of St. Croix
county lying south of the line between townships
27 and 28, was set off as Pierce county. By the
same act. all that portion of St. Croix county lying
north of the line between township 31 and 32,
was set off as Polk county, leaving a strip of ter-
ritory between Polk and Pierce counties, twenty-
four miles wide, and thirty miles long, which was
then known as St. Croix county, with seat estab-
lished at Hudson.

At a special meeting of the board of super-
visors, called at Hudson, July 2d, 1850, with
Duncan McGregor in the chair, on motion of
Ira Parks it was voted to annex that portion of
the town of Leroy, in St. Croix county, lying
between the south line of Polk county and the
north line of Hudson, to the town of Hudson.

At a meeting of the county board held June
15th, 1855, it was voted to purchase and adopt a
seal for said county board of supervisors, de-
scribed as follows : " C. B. S., St. Croix County,
Wis.," to be used as the seal of the board of super-
visors of said county. At a subsequent meeting
of the board, held July 28th, 1856, a petition was
presented by B. C. B. Foster and others, asking
the organization of a new town to be known and
called Star Prairie; said town to consist of the
following described territory : commencing at
the north-east corner of section one, township
30, range 17, and running west a distance of 118
chains and 40 links; thence north on the east of
township 31, range 17, a distance of 482 chains
and 10 links; thence west along the north Une of
township 31, a distance of 960 chains; thence
south along the west Une of township 31, range
18, a distance of 480 chains; thence east, along
the south line of township 30, a distance of 125
chains and 67 links; thence south, along the
west line of township 30, range 18, a distance of
240 chains and 50 links; thence east, through
the center of township 30, ranges 17 and 18, a

224

HISTOBY OF SAINT GBOIX COUNTY.

distance of 961 chains and 80 links; thence north
along the east line of township 30, range 17, a
distance of 243 chains and 37 links, to place of
beginning. That is to say, all of township 31,
ranges 17 and 18, and the north one-half of town-
ship 30, ranges 17 and 18; the first town meeting
to be held for organizatian, and election of
oflBcers at the house of B. C. B. Foster.

At a special meeting of the board, called at the
clerk's office, September 19th, 1850, the following
petition was presented from the towns of Rush
River and Kinnickinnic, asking for the formation
of a new town, with the following boundaries,
viz: the east half of township 28, r^nge 18, and the
west half of township 28, range 17; said town to be
called Pleasant Valley; the first town meeting to
be held at the house of Davidson Williams, on
the first Monday in October, 1850.

A second petition was granted for a new town
to be called Somerset, comprising the following
territory, viz : commencing at the north-west
comer of the town of Star Prairie, running thence
west to the St. Croix river: thence down said
river, and Lake St. Croix to the south line of
section 15, township 30, range 20; thence east to
the south-east corner of Star Prairie; Thence
north on the west line of Star Prairie to place of
beginning; the meeting for the organization and
election of officers to be held at the house of Mr.
Chaples, on the 1st Monday in October.

At the same meeting a petition for the organi-
zation of the town of Hammond was presented
with the following boundaries: all of township
29, ranges 15, 16 and 17. The meeting for the
election of officers and the organization of the
town was ordered held at the store of George
Spaulding.

While the board was in session the question of
building a new court house was discussed. On
motion it was voted to advertise for sealed bids
or proposals to build said court house. At a
meeting of the board held October 27th, 1856, it
was voted to change the boundary line of Kin-
nickinnic and Pleasant Valley towns, by taking
from the west end of Pleasant Valley two miles
by six and adding it to the town of Kinnickinnic.

At'a meeting of the board held November 13th,
1856, it was voted to award the contract of build-
ing the court house for St. Croix coimty to Am-
mah Andrews on condition that he would build

said house according to the proposals, now be-
fore the board, for |14,300. At an adjourned
meeting held November 14th, 1856, it was voted
to form a new town from township 28, range 18,
said town to be called Dayton ; the first meeting
for the organization and choice of officers to be
held on the first Tuesday in April 1857, at the
school house in district number two.

At the same meeting, November 14th, 1856, it
was voted to add the west half of township 28,
range 19, and all that part of the fractional town-
ship running to Lake St. Croix, of township 28,
range 20, of Hudson, to Kinnickinnic. At a
meeting of the board, held March 25th, 1857, it
was voted to change the name of the town of
Dayton to Malone. December 9th, of the same
year the inhabitants of Erin Prairie presented a
petition to the board, asking the formation of a
new town with the following boundaries, viz: all
of township No. 30, ranges 15 and 16, and the south
half of township No. 30, range 17. At the same
meeting petitions were presented, asking for the
formation of a new town with the foUovidng
boundaries: all of township 30, range 18, to be
known as Cold Spring. It was also voted to at-
tach to the town of Star Prairie, township 31,
ranges 15 and 16 ; first meeting to be held at thie
village of Fremont. December 10th, 1857, the
board voted to change the name of Kinnickinnic
to Troy. On motion it was voted to annex the
following territory to Erin Prairie, viz: sections
13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 in township 30, range 17.

At a meeting of the board held March 10th,
1858, a petition was presented by the Inhabitants
of township 28, ranges 15 and 16, asking for the
formation of a new town to be called Brockville ;
petition granted, but the name was subsequently
changed to Eau Galle; the first election to be
held at the school house near Holmans.

At a previous meeting, the board voted to es-
tablish a new town to be called St. Joseph, with
the following boundries, commencing at a
pointon the shore of lake St.Croix,where the south
line of lot number 1, in the north-west quarter of
section 12, township 29, range 20, intersects said
lake, and running east on said line to the town line
between township 29, range 19, and township 29,
range 18; thence north to the centre of the east
line of township 30, range 19; thence west to the
shore of the lake; then south along said lake

DIVISION OF TOWNS.

22-5

shore to place of beginning. At the same meet-
ing it was voted to change the name of the town
of Cold Spring to Eichmond. At a meeting of the
board held November 25th, 1858, it was voted to
set off from the town of Hudson the territory
embraced in township 29 north, of range 18 west,
to be called the town of Warren, the first elec-
tion to be held at the house of Dr. J. N. Van
Slyke, to organize said town.

At a meeting of the county board December
2d, 1859, an order was issued to detach sections
1, 2, 11 and 12 of township 30, range 17, from
town of Cylon and annex the same to Eiin
Prairie; also that sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
and 10, township 30, range 17, be detached from
the town of Star Prairie and annexed to town of
Erin Prairie; the order to take effect the 1st
Tuesday in April, 1860.

The population of St. Croix county in 1860,
was 5,394.

At a meeting of the county board, held June
8th, 1860, an act to organize the town of St. Jo-
seph, was adopted, viz : all that portion of the
late town of St. Joseph, in township 30, ranges 19
and 20 west, and which was by an act of the leg-
islature approved April 2d, 1864, attached to, and
nlade to become a part of the town of Somer-
set, and all of that portion of said town of St.
Joseph, bemg in township 29, ranges 19 and
20 which was by said act attached to, and
made to become a part of the town of Hudson,
is hereby set off from said town, to which they
were so attached, and organized as, and made to
constitute a town to be known as St. Joseph; the
election for the re-organization to be held at the
store of J. R. Brown, June 27th, 1860. At a meet-
ing of the board, held June 18th, 1860, an act
was passed, attaching the east one-half of town-
ship 28, of range 16 west, to the town of Eush
Eiver. At a meeting of the board, held June
9th, 1860, the following act was passed, that
all of township 28 north, range 16 west, is hereby
detached from the town of Eush Eiver, and at-
taced to Eau Galle in said county.

At a meeting of the board, held November 23d,
1860, the following act was passed, viz: that
sections 1,2, 11 and 12, township 80, range 17
west, now forming a part of the town of Cylon,
be detached from Cylon and attached to the town
of Erin Prairie; said act to take effect the 1st
15

Monday in April, 1861. An the same date the
following act was passed, that township 30, ranges
15 and 16, now forming a part of the towns of
Erin Prairie and Cylon, be, and is hereby de-
tached from said towns and organized into a new
town to be called Emerald; the first election to be
held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in
April, 1861, at the house of Thomas Eoss, in sec-
tion 20, township 30, range 16.

At a meeting of the board held November
12th, 1861, an act was passed that all of township
29, ranges 15 and 16, now forming a part of the
town of Hammond, be, and is hereby detached
from said town and organized into a new town,
to be known as Springfield, the first election to
be held at the school-house in district number 4,
the first Tuesday in April, 1862. At a meeting
of the board held December 2d, 1864, it was voted
to change the name of that portion of St. Croix
known as Malone, in township 20, range 18, to
Kinnickinnic. At a meeting of the board held
December 30th, 1870, the following act was
passed: township 31 north, of range 17 west, of
the fourth principal meridian, being a part of
Star Prairie, is hereby detached from said town
of Star Prairie and formed into a new town to be
known as Stanton; first election to be held the
first Tuesday in April, 1870. At the same meet-
ing the board voted to divide the town of Eau
Galle, and all of township 28 north, of range 16
west, of the fourth principal meridian, to be
formed into a new town called Cady; election for
the organization to be held the first Tuesday in
April, 1870, at the school-house in district No. 1,
township 29, range 11.

At a meeting of the board held December 4th,
1872, it was ordered that a certain district, known
as township 29 north, of range 16 west, being a
part of the town of Springfield, be set off from
said town and formed into a new town to be
known as Baldwin; first meeting to be held on
the first Tuesday in April, 1873, in school-house
in joint district No. 4. At a meeting of the
board held December 16th, 1880, it was ordered
that all of township 31, range 15, now a part
of Cylon, be detached and form a new town
called Forest; first meeting to be held the first
Tuesday in April, 1881.

We have given the legal divisions and the
boundaries of the twenty towns of the county.

226

HISTORY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY.

The county has thirteen whole congressional
townships, except township 31, a portion of which
lies .on the west side of the river. The meander-
ings of the river leaves a fraction of townships
29, 30 and 31 on the east side of the lake, which
gives the county about 850,000 acres of land.
The general features of the county are the same
•as other counties bordering on the lake. The
bluffs along the lake are irregular and broken,
and present some fine, romantic scenery, with
here and there a river or creek flowing from the
interior down through deep ravines, shaded by
heavy foliage on their entrance ' to the lake, pre-
senting some most beautifully arranged views,
while at other points the landscape slopes more
gently down to the water's edge. From the river
eastward the country is broken and somewhat
hUly, while in the eastern part it becomes more
level. In the central portions are rolling prairies
on which are opened some very fine farms. The
eastern tier of townships were formerly covered
with a heavy growth of timber, and was known
as the Big Woods, extending through the county
north and south. The timber is composed of
walnut, butternut, and red, black and white oaks,
and maple, with some white pine in the north-
east.

The soil is mostly of a clayey loam. In some
portions, however, it becomes more sandy, and
well adapted for all kinds of grain. Some fine
qualities of lime and sandstone crop out from the
hiUs in different parts of the county.

The drainage of the county is fine. Numerous
rivers and creeks, having their rise in the north
and east flow across the county and empty into the
lake. Apple river, the largest in the county, has
its rise in Polk county, enters St. Croix in section
one of Star Prairie township, passes diagonally
south-west across the township, enters Somer-
set township from section thirty-one, makes a
long sweep to the north then to the south and
enters the Lake St. Croix between Hudson and
Osceola. Willow river, the next in size, has its
rise in Cylon township in the north-east, extends
through the south-east corner of Stanton town-
ship, thence through the north of Erin Prairie,
thence into Richmond, south-west, and enters the
lake between North and South Hudson. Hay
river has its rise in Emerald and Springfield town-
ships, extends toward the south-east and enters

the Bed Cedar river in Dunn county. Kinnic-
kinnic river in the south has its rise in Warren and
Pleasant Valley townships, flows south-west and
enters Lake St. Croix from Pierce county. Hush
river rises in Rush River and Eau Galle town-
ships, and flows south into Lake Pepin. These
streams, having their supplies from springs and
small lakes, have an abundance of water, which
flows rapidly along, thereby furnishing good pow-
ers for manufactories, mills, etc. Several small
lakes in different parts of the county are well
supplied with fish. The Bass, Twin, BeU Perch
and Cedar lakes are flue little bodies of water,
and furnish fine resorts for the tourist.

HUDSON.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

INCOBPOBATION MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS — FIKST

PHYSICIAN — QEEAT FIKES OF 1866 AND 1872

— -FIBB DEPARTMENT BANKS FLOURING

MILLS— THE PEESS — NEW BLOCKS.

The name first given to this tovra was Buena
Vista. It was organized in the spring of
1849, laid off by act of the board of county com-
missioners, at a meeting held at the house of
PhUip Aldrich, Eebruary 28th, of the same year.
The name of Buena Vista was suggested by Joel
Foster, at the time it was laid out. He had just
come to the settlement, and had been m the bat-
tle of Buena Vista. The excitement over the
victory made it a popular name, and it was ac-
cordingly adopted. By an act of the legislature
in the winter of 1851, the name of the town and
all villages therein were changed to Willow River,
under which title it remained until November
9th, 1852, when by petition of the citizens it was
changed to Hudson.

The first settlement in the county was made at
the mouth of WiUow river, by Louis Massey and
Peter F. Bouchea, a Frenchmen, followed soon

INCORPORATION OF HUDSON.

227

after by W. Steets and Joseph Sauperson, known
as Joe Lagrew. The four men and their fami-
lies were the first settlers on the land that is now
occupied as Hudson city. In 1846, Capt. J. B.
Page with his family, from the Mormon settle-
ment of Nauvoo, landed on these shores and made
a claim.. Kext came Mr. Perrington, who with
Mr. Paye, built a saw-mill in 1847, at this point.

Thus began the settlement of this wild and ro-
mantic country, which was destined to be one of
the finest in St. Croix valley. About that time
J. W. Stone and the Nobles brothers came. In
the spring of 1848, Philip Aldrich, Ammah An-
drews, Moses Perrin. James Sanders and Joseph
Mears, joined the settlement. The nearest store
and post-oflfice was at Red Eock, on the Missis-
sippi river. The enterprise of the new settlers
was not long in overcoming these inconveniences.
In 1848, James Stone erected a store and kept a
general stock of goods ; also opened a law office
in connection. A mail was received once in two
weeks from Prairie du Chien, Philip Aldrich, act-,
ing as post-master. About the same time Moses,
Perrin built an hotel. Mrs. Page in connection
with her other duties practiced medicine, Thomp-
sonian. Substantial dwellings sprang up all
over the site of this then wild spot, which had
but a short time before been occupied by the wig-
wam of the Chippewa. The records tell us that
Louis Massey entered his claim August 23d, 1848,
the east half of the south-west quarter of section
24, township 29, range 20. This claim of Louis
Massey was first occupied by him in the spring of
1838, and when finally entered for record, in 1848,
was the first recorded in the county.

At the same time, Peter F. Bouchea made a
claim of the west half of the north-west quarter, of
section 25, township 29, range 20. September
15th, 1848, a portion of Mr. Massey's claim was
layed out and platted as Buena Vista. June 3d,
1850, Messrs. Gibson, Henning, Bouchea, Stone
and Crowns, layed out and platted twenty acres
adjoining Bviena Vista, and called it Willow River.

At this time the settlers began to make this an
objective point. The same year Dr. Otis Hoyt
appeared on the scene with his surgical instru-
ments and medicines, and the settlement was
provided with a physician.

The early settlers, not forgetting the advanta-
ges which they enjoyed in their far-ofE homes in

the east, began to think of their children and to
make arrangements for the improvement of their
minds. The subject of schools was discussed,
and a district called number one was formed
September 22d, 1849. A meeting was called . at
the house of M. V. Nobles, and the district or-
ganized by the election of the first board of offi-
cers, as follows: Moses S. Gibson, director; P. P.
CatUn, treasurer; Pascal D. Aldrich, clerk.
The first school was taught by E. P. Pratt
in what was known as the stone house. S. C.
Simonds taught the school in the winter of
1853-'54. It was no small matter to maintain a
school in those days. Money was scarce and
teachers not very plenty, who wished to teach at
the small wages settlers could pay. At the next
annual meeting, September 30th, 1850, Ammah
Andrews was elected director and J. J. Putman
treasurer; P. D. Aldrich clerk. The meeting
voted $40 tax to pay for a six months' school.

Miss Charlotte Mann took charge of the school
for about eight years, and by industry, culture
and high character obtained a reputation among
the settlers as valuable in her more limited sphere
as that of Horace Mann, the great champion of
pubUc education.

In the winter of 1851-'52 two separate plats,
or villages, of Buena Vista and Willow River
were imited and changed in name to Willow
River. The next spring the first church was es-
tabUshed, which was the Pirst Baptist under the
ministry of Rev. Mr. CatUn.

As the village increased and the town back
from the river became more thickly settled the
people became dissatisfied with the name of
the village and township. A vote was taken
which resulted in a petition being presented
to the board of county commissioners to have the
name of the town and villages therein contained
changed to Hudson, which name was suggested
by Alfred Day.

Additions were made to the original plat from
time to time until quite a large city, on paper,
stretched from the banks of the lake back up the
sides of the bluff and along the more level valley
of the Willow river. In the winter of 1856-7 a
charter was procured and the first municipal elec-
tion was called for the first Monday in April of
the same year. The following officers were
elected:

228

HISTOBY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY.

Mayor, A. D. Gray; aldermen for the first
ward, James B. Gray, J. M. Fulton, M. V. Nobles;
aldermen for Second ward, Alfred Day, K. A.
Gridley, C. E. Dexter ; aldermen for Third ward,
Chas. Thayer, H. P. Lester and, N. Perry.

The first meeting of the city council was called
at Hendee's Hall, May 4th, 1877, his honor the
mayor presiding, J. B. Gray, clerk pro tem. The
election of the minor officers was made by ballot
with the following result: City clerk, O. Bell ;
city attorney, Cyrus T. Hall; city surveyor,
Michael Lynch.

On motion, the council fixed the bonds of
the city treasurer at $5,000, with three good
sureties; the same to be approved by the council.
It was voted to appoint a committee to draft
by-laws and ordinances; J. B. Gray, Charles
Thayer, O. Bell and J. M. Fuller were appointed
as said committee. It was voted to appoint
Day, Nobles and Lester committee on printing.
On motion. Dexter, Gray and Day were appointed
to draft laws for the regulation of the council.
On motion, it was voted to fix the salary of the
city clerk at $250 per year; voted to fix the
salary of the city surveyor at $5 per diem for
the time actually engaged; voted to fix the sal-
ary of the city attorney at $200 per annum; also
voted that the city engineer receive $1.50 per
day. On motion, it was voted that the following
shall be the standing committees of the council,
claims, ways and means, streets, fire department,
printing, health, taxes and licenses. The mayor
made the following appointments: on claims,
Day, Fulton and Perry; ways and means. Grid-
ley, Gray and Lester; health, Thayer; fire depart-
ment, Nobles; taxes, Gray, Dexter and Lester ;
on printing, Day, Nobles and Lester; on licenses,
Fulton, Gridley and Berry. On motion, a
committee was appointed to procure rooms
for the meetings of the council, and Nobles,
Gridley and Thayer were appointed said com-
mittee. The subject of establishing grades
was discussed and referred to committee on
streets. On motion, it; was voted to hold the
council meetings at city hall the first Tuesday of
each month, at 7:30 p. m. At a meeting of the
council held May 13th, 1857, it was voted to
charge the following rates for licenses: for
hotel keeper to sell intoxicating liquors, $50.00;
bowling allies, with saloon, $25.00 in addition to

the other license charged; wholesale dealers, $200;
billiard saloons, $25 for each table, aside from
any other license charged. The first license
issued by the city was to John Cyphers; said
Cyphers to receive license on presentation of a
receipt signed by the treasurer for $40 for whole-
sale, $100 for saloon and $24 for two billiard
tables. At its organization the city was divided
into three wards, as follows: all that portion o
the city lying south of a line drawn through the
center of Walnut street, from the west to the
east boundary of said city, shall constitute the
First ward; all that portion of said city being
north • of said line and south of a line drawn
through the center of Division street, from the
eastern to the western boundary of said city,
shall constitute the Second ward, and all that
portion of said city lying north of the Second
ward shall constitute the Third ward. The cause
of education has so advanced that at this time
they have three fine graded schools. The first
school house was erected in 1855, in the Second
ward, a large two story-house, at an expense of
about $1 ,000. Two wings larger than the original
have since been added to the building. A new
school house was built afterward in the First
ward. At the organization of the city, the follow-
ing officers for school commissioners were elected:
J. W. Peers and M. A. Fulton for the First ward;
S. C. Simonds and A. D. Gray, for the Second
ward; Charles Thayer and H. F. Bond for Third
ward. The steady onward progress of school
interests in the city has brought them to a very
favorable showing. On August 31st, 1879, the
report was: amount on hand, $2,022.08; tax for
school purposes, $4,004.38; tax levied by county
superintendent, $229.95 ; state school fund,
$250.40 ; total, $6,506.70. During the school
year arhounts paid for male teachers, $800.00 ;
paid for female teachers, $2,410,00; school fur-
niture, $120.00; for all other purposes, $1,323.98;
total paid out during year, $4,653.98; amount on
hand August 31st, 1880, $1,852.78.

At the enumeration of 1880, it was found that
there were children in the city over four years
and under twenty: Males, 355; females, 323;
total, 678. In the public schools over four and
under twenty, 590.

From the files of the Star and Times of May

DESTEUCTION BY FIBE.

229

24th, 1866, we clip the following description of
the great fire that occurred May 19th, 1866:

■'Terrible conflagration— the city in ruins— six-
ty-four business houses in ruins and twenty-five
families homeless— only one store left standing-
total loss, $325,000— insurance, $75,000. The Are
broke out at 1:30 p. m., in the rear of H. A. Tay-
lor and Company's building, used for furniture
rooms and printing offices. No fire had ever been
used in the shed. It was supposed to have origi-
nated by sparks from the saloon or the pipe of a
drunken man, found lying' where the fire origi-
nated, and barely saved from burning with the
building. The rapidity with which the flames
spread was almost impossible to believe. Not
even the books and personal effects from the Star
and Times office were saved. Merchants in the
adjoining stores had barely time to secure their
valuable papers. The wind blew a gale. The
flames seemed to break in every direction. The
City hotel was enveloped in flames before the
alarm was hardly given. The family and guests
escaped with only what they had on. In an hour
the scene was terrific; the billows of fiame and
the blinding smoke with the explosion of gun-
powder; the piles of goods hastily moved only to
be destroyed; the approaching darkness, which
caused uncertainty, terror and despair; the
blackened ruins of what a few moments before
were marts of merchandise and elegant homes;
the crowds of toiling, anxious men and terror-
stricken women; all formed a scene alike terrible
and grand.

"In about two hours the fire fiend had done its
work. What at noon was the mart of a thriving
city, at sundown was a blackened ruin, with only
one standing store. The proceeds of years of
toil, the abundance which brought affluence and
elegance, the little that had been saved from the
proceeds of toil, all perished and gone. It is due
to the business men to say, no men eVer bore
losses with more fortitude, or set to work with
more cheerfulness and energy to retrieve their
losses. Most were able to go on without any
very serious embarrassment. The fire had not
ceased before the work of re-building was planned,
and the city rose from the ashes with finer pro-
portions than before."

The hook and ladder company was first organ-
ized in 1860, with Joseph H. Harrington foreman,

John Bartlett assistant foreman and A. Freer sec-
retary. There were thirty members at its organ-
ization. In 1865, the company established a free
library for the use of its members. The company
was well equipped and did efficient work at the
great fire.

The city had hardly recovered from the first
great conflagration, when it was once again visited
by the fire fiend, destroying a large part of the busi-
ness portion. This time the fire broke out in the
Chapin Hall hotel, standing on the present site of
the Chapin Hall house at 12 o'clock, noon.
Every effort was made by the fire company and
citizens to keep the fire from spreading, but to no
avail. It seemed as though the city must be en-
tirely destroyed again. It was found impossible
without assistance from abroad to check its mad
career. It was also impossible to get assistance
in time to do much good, when the fire was at
last subdued, it was found that about thirty dif-
ferent firms had lost more or less. The aggre-
gate loss estimated at $100,000, with only $15,000
insurance. Misfortune never comes single-handed,
so with our devoted city. The smoke of this
great conflagration had hardly subsided when the
alarm was once again sounded. This time the
seat of the fire was in the elevator and the ware-
house of Coon and Pratt, with their contents.
The elevator contained about 30,000 bushels of
wheat. The warehouse of C. D. Powers was
also destroyed. The total amount of the loss dis-
tributed among several parties, was $60,000, with
$16,355 insurance.

The city authorities began at this time to see
the necessity of supplying some means of pro-
tection against the devouring elements. In Sep-
tember of the same year, the city purchased their
present fire engine, which was place in the hands
of the old hook and ladder company. In March
the old company was disbanded and a new com-
pany organization effected, under the title of the
Hudson City Fire Company, with the following
officers : M. Whitten, chief engineer; G. Ander-
son, first assistant; J. B. Martin, second assistant;
M. D. Aldrich, secretary; D. W. Coon, treasurer;
George "W. Willis, in charge of engine. The
company is well equipped with a good machine
and all necessary additions to enable them to cope
with a fire. The city has a fine building for
the engine house, centraly located, with fine

230

HISTORY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY.

rooms above for the use of the city council,
where everything is kept in fine Order by J. A.
Bunker, city clerk, who, in 1870, was elected to the
position. He was also in 1873, elected secretary
of the fire company. The library of the old hook
and ladder company was transferred to the new
Are company, November, 1872. January, 1877,
the city was once again visited by fire and the
Dippo block destroyed, with a loss of $5,000
and no insurance.

The First National Bank was organized under
the general banking law with a capital of $50,000
and the following oflicers: John -Comstock, presi-
dent ; A. E. Jefferson, cashier. The original di-
rectors were L. P. Wetherbv, Alfred Goss, Wm.
H. Crown, John Comstock, Amos E. Jefferson,
Alfred I. Goss. The bank deals in foreign ex-
change and transacts a general exchange and col-
lection business. A safe and thriving business
is being done at this time under the management
of the following gentlemen: John Comstock,
president ; A. E. Jefferson, cashier ; H. A. Tay-
lor, John C . Spooner, T. D. Harding, A. L. Clarke,
and Jas. A. Andrews, directors.

The Hudson Savings Bank, formerly the Na-
tional Savings Bank of Hudson, was organized
October, 1870, with Alfred Goss, president, and
A. J. Goss, cashier, having two departments,
general banking and exchange, domestic and
foreign bills bought and sold. Savings depart-
ment; deposits of one doUar and upwards re-
ceived and interest paid, compounding every six
months.

The Willow River flour mills, Comstock,
Clarke and Company, proprietors. The south
mill was built by D. A. Baldwin in 1868, 30x40,
three stories, purchased by Comstock,- Clarke and
Company, in 1877, rebuilt in 1880, by Messrs. Com-
stock, Clarke and Company, with a fifty six inch
Leffel wheel, 130-horse power, one set of corru-
gated rollers, one pair of Smith rollers, two Smith
purifiers, and turns out seventy-five barrels of
flour per day.

The north mill was built by D. A. Baldwin in
1867, of wood 40x60, three stories above base-
ment, with four run of stone. In 1877 it was
purchased by Comstock, Clarke and Company,
who enlarged and rebuilt, and added an eleva-
tor, with a capacity of 15,000 bushels. The pre-
sent mill is 54x60 feet, with a sixty-six inch

American turbine water wheel of 160-horse power.
It has all the latest improved machinery for a rol-
ler mill, which consists of thirteen sets of corru-
gated rollers, ten pair of Smith rollers, and four
run of stone, and thirteen Smith purifiers, with all
other machinery necessary for a first class mer-
chant mill ; capacity 300 hundred barrels per day.
The past year it was overhauled and improve-
ments made, which make it a first class mill with
a capacity of 450 barrels per day.

The St. Croix Valley mill was built by L. D.
Bartlett, about 1861 and used as a warehouse un-
til 1870, when it was purchased by Hall and Com-
pany. In 1873 they placed in the building a
forty-five horse power engine, one feed mill and
corn-sheller. In 1875 they added four run of
stone with other machinery for manufacturing
new process fiour. In 1880 the null was over-
hauled and new machinery added, which consisted
of five sets of corrugated Stevens roUers, three
sets Smith rollers, two run of stone, seven Smith
purifiers, and other machinery for a first-class
mill. The mill is 50x100 feet on the ground,
three stories high and is a frame structure. The
engine room is of brick and stone, 26x40 feet,
one story high. The mill has a capacity for pro-
ducing 100 barrels of flour per day, and furnishes
employment to fifteen men. The property is
owned by Hall and Goss, the mUl being operated
by A. W. Hall.

The West Wisconsin Railway Company, in
building their road, had secured the right to
bridge the lake at Hudson, to make a western
connection with the St. Paul, Stillwater and Tay-
lor's Palls railroad, and thereby securing an en-
trance into St. Paul as its western terminus.
The building of the bridge caused hard feeling to
rankle in the breasts of the lumbermen at Still-
water, because, as they claimed, the passages
were not wide enough. We clip the history of
the 'Battle of the Piles': "On the morning of the
7th of July, 1871, warlike preparations were no-
ticeable at Stillwater. Six steamboats moved
down the lake towards the nearly completed
bridge at Ilui^son, Wisconsin. They carried a
force of two hundred active, able-bodied men.
The work on the bridge had been progressing
rapidly, much to the satisfaction of the people of
Hudson. The "pile drivers" had placed a long
line of piles, or supports, in position, and had left

BATTLE OF THE FILES.

231

space for a draw of ninety-eight feet in the main
channel of the river. The bridge was looked
upon with displeasure by the people of Stillwater
for various reasons, but they urged principally
that the draw was too small. It may be that the
rafts could have been diminished in size. But
'may bes' don't count, and on Monday, July 3d,
an injunction was formally served upon the
bridge builders. Their work was suspended
temporarily and an agreement was made, the
Stillwater folks thought, to stop further proceed-
ings and take the matter from the 'district' to the
'circuit court.' They found, however, that the
bridge builders continued the work. When the
steamers, with their forces, arrived near the Hud-
son bridge, at ten o'clock that Friday morning,
it was discovered, by the aid of a glass, that more
piles were being driven. So three of the steam-
ers— the Louisville, Whitmore, and Brother
Jonathan — were lashed together and ordered to
the attack. They proceeded under a fire of in-
vectives from the Hudsonites, who had gathered
at the bridge. Several of the attacking party
were stunned by the force of the invectives, but
they were carried to Doctor Morpheus, in whose
care they soon recovered. At five minutes past
ten a. m. the attack was commenced. A great
hawser was uncoiled from the deck of one of the
steamers. Several gallant, but slightly excited,
men fastened it to one of the piles. The com-
mander commanded, the bells rung, the engines
moved, the wheels revolved, the hawser slipped
ofE, and Hudson whooped with joy. The other
three steamers moved toward the point of attack,
hoping to be called upon. But the undaunted
commander renewed the attack.

The hawser was again fastened, the command
given, and this time steam was victorious. The
pile was drawn, and from up river went a yell of
delight that was repeated by the re-inforcements,
and again and again repeated by both. Through-
out the day eighty piles were drawn.

Duringthenextdaya steamer was left to guard
the passage, and not till evening did she leave her
post. Even then she finished the fight by cap-
turing that great machine, the 'pile-driver,'
which she delivered into the custody of the good
city of Stillwater, l^o record has been kept of
the woimded feelings of the lost spirits. It is a
matter of regret that they cannot enter into the

'Battle of the Piles.' A flag of truce was sent,
a couple of conferences were held, and finally on
Saturday, July the 16th, 1871, an agreement was
entered into under which the building of the
bridge went on, and the draw was made 140 feet
clear above, and 136 feet clear at the water line
for the passage of rafts. Thus was effected the
bridge compromise; and soon Hudson celebrated
the completion of the West Wisconsin railroad."

The first newspaper printed in the St. Croix
valley was the "St. Croix Banner," the first num-
ber of which appeared January 20th, 1850, edited
by Mrs. E. Hugh, Colonel James Hugh proprie-
tor. Late the same year the "St. Croix Inquirer,"
was established by Sexton and Johnson. In 1860,
H. A. Taylor edited a paper known as the "Hud-
son Chronicle." He changed the name to "Hud-
son Times," which he published for four years,
when he purchased the "Hudson Star," estab-
lished by Dr. Otis Hoyt in 1854. Mr. Taylor con-
solidated the two under the title of "Star and
Times," which title it still retains, and is now
ably edited by Messrs. Taylor and Price. The
"True Eepublican" was established by M. A.
Fulton in 1876, who sold it to Sharrattand Cline,
in- 1876. In December, 1878, Sharratt sold his
interest to James Coggswell, and it is now edited
by Messrs. Cline and Coggswell.

The St. Croix Agricultural Society was organ-
ized in 1857. It held its annual fair on grounds
fitted up near Hudson untU 1867, when the two
counties of St. Croix and Pierce united and held
a fair at River Falls in the fall of 1868. Not
suited with that arrangement, the society rented
grounds near Richmond, and held their fairs until
1879, when they purchased grounds one-half mile
south of the city limits on a beautiful plat of
ground located on the bluf£. The grounds are
nicely laid out with race-track and fine buildiags.
The people from all parts of the county take
pride in contributing to support and maintain a
first-class fair.

Siacethe great fires of 1866 and 1872 many fine,
large blocks have been erected, which give the
city a new appearance. The City hotel, burned
in 1866, was rebuilt 1868, as Chapin Hall house.
It was burned again in 1872, and rebuilt in 1879
by Messrs. Taylor and Andrews. The Hosford
block was built in 1866 by Messrs. Hosford,
Crowe, Chubback brothers, Clarke and Jefferson

232

EISTOBY OF SAINT GBOIX COUNTY.

Henning block was built by John O. Henning in
1867. The Taylor block was built in 1868 by
Horace A. Taylor. First National Bank, built
1870. The Goss, Boyden block was built in 1871
by Messrs. Goss, Boyden and Martin. The North
block was built in 1872 by Lemuel North. The
Schneider block was built in 1872 by Charles
Schneider. The Commercial house was built as a
blacksmith shop in 1875 and rebuilt in 1876,
with additions, by Charles Schneider. It is
now 26x110; addition, 20x88; three stories.
Music Hall block was built in 1873, with a fine
public hall in the upper story, 44x80 feet, seating
300 people. The Dippo block was built in 1877
by David Dippo. The Kickard block was built
in 1879 by A. Rickard. The post-office block
was built by Prank D. Harden in 1879. Crowe
block was built in 1880; contains a beautiful
hall, finely arranged for the comfort of large au-
diences; will seat 500 people quite comfortably;
building, 55x80; hall, 46x60; built in 1880 by W.
H. Crowe. The Taylor and Goss block was built in
1881 by Messrs. Taylor and Goss.

CHAPTEE XL.

-MANUFACTORIES-

BUSIKESS ENTERPRISES-
CHURCHES SCHOOLS SECRET SOCIETIES

NORTH HUDSON — WILLOW RIVER VALLEY.

The business interests of the city of Hudson
are representedas follows: Hotels — Chapin Hall
house, Commercial house, Seeley house, and
housy hrrse.

Mercantile Houses — General merchandise,
Lemuel North, J. B. Chubbuck, H. Barlow, E.
H. Streeter, and Messrs. Cevenson and Blitch-
feldt. Dry Goods and millinery— Ansley Brothers.
Clothing— J. Shrimski.J. C. Schneider, T. Bench,
and Ilyslop and Davies. Druggists— Boyden and
Martin, Carl. T. Paterson, and llenning and
Jagger. Books, stationary and notions — W. H.
Crowe, and Frank D. Harding. Fruits, notions
and news— W. H. Jones. Grocers— J. J. Luck,
S. Roe and Company, S. W. Fuller, D. Hoffman,
"W . B. Hatch, and M. P. Palmer. Hardware—

T. E. Williams, W. M. Otis,R. E. Hoffmann, and
J. H. Harrington. Boots and shoes — Evans and
Mann, Amos Balsom, W. Beggs, and Frank Leis-
ter. Harness shops— Harras and Company, and
F. W. Blum. Furniture— Beard and Company,
J. T. Slater, and ^V. C. Brown. Lumber— M.
Herrick. Wagons and carnages- John H. Wil-
liams, Alvin Otis, S. Hyslop. Flour and feed-
George Hosford. Worsted and fancy goods-
Mrs. J. Birch. Millinery— Mrs. D. M. Dippo,
and Misses Butler and Watson. Attorneys-
Henry C. Baker, J. W. Bashford, Glover and
Vannatta, L. P. Weatherby, John C. Spooner,
N. H. Clapp, Moffat and Hughs, S. C. Patten, S.
H. Clough, and C. L. Catlin. Physicians- Otis
Hoyt, C. F. Kmg, J. F. Baker, S. C. Johnson,
and D. Silliman. Dentists— M. P. Goodwin, L.
C. Gould, and M. Whitten. Real estate— C. Y.
Denniston, Kelley and Hughs, and Ole Gunder-
son. Land Commissioners of the North Wiscon-
sin railroad lands— W. H. Phipps, and C. W.
Porter. Insurance agents — J. W. White, F. E.
and F. C. Crarey, and James A. Bunker. Agri-
cultural implements and insurance — J. B. Jones
and George Munson. Sewing machine agent —
Henry Crosby. Photographer — J. F. Mass.
Book-binder — Henry Beard. Livery — H. D.
Champlin and C. R. Coon. Grain dealers — W.
S. Evans and G. W. Martin. Blacksmiths —
Christ. Hanson and S. Cockburn. Gunsmith —
Orville Holmes. Wholesale Liquors — Mr. Mc-
Guire. Breweries — Louis Yoerg and William
Montmann. Meat markets — D. W. ('oons and
Johnson Bros. Ice dealer — John Mules.

The Hudson Furniture Manufactory was es-
tablished by Messrs. Nash and Beard, in the
fall of 1877. The factory was well equipped with
the necessary machinery for manufacturing furni-
ture, and used for the same until August, 1880,
when the firm divided their interests. John
N. Nash took the factory, and Mr. Beard the
sale rooms and otlier business. Mr. Nash, with
the use of the machinery, has for the past two sea-
sons been engaged in manufacturing granulated
sugar and syrup from amber cane. That,
which at first was an experiment has proved a
complete success. Since November, Mr. Nash
has employed his machinery in getting out mate-
rial for the manufacturing of twenty-five thresh-
ing machines for Kelley and Hughs.

MAmjFACTOBIES.

233

The Wisconsin Governor, the name of a newly
invented thresher and separator of M. Sullivan
and H. Christofferson is being manufactured and
placed upon the market by Kelley and Hughs.
The flattering success with which this new ma-
chine has met, has induced Messrs. Kelley and
Hughes to engage in the enterprise, which adds
to Hudson manufacturing interests. They expect
to have twenty-five new machines ready for ttie
market by the coming season. The features that
this machine claims are, its length of separating
and cleaning capacity, which is fifteen feet work-
ing with a double separating balanced rack, each
rack in its movements passes through the other
giving agitation to the straw and carrying it to
the rear of the machine. In actual experience,
this machine has carried away three hundred feet
of straw and chafE per minute, and that entirely
without assistance. It has an adjustable end-
shake shoe and a cleaning capacity of forty-three
inches by seven feet and two inches. The blast
is over-shot with boards so adjusted as to deliver
the wind an any part of the sieve that may be
desirable.

Hudson Foundry and Machine Shop. Rich-
ard Hartley and Son, proprietors, was established
in 1870. The machine shop is 22x50, two-stories,
with foundry 20x30, giving employment to sev-
eral hands. They have the contract for getting
out the necessary castings for twenty-five threshers
for Messrs. Kelley and Hughes. They also man-
ufacture the Hartley improved feed-cutting box.

The Hudson Carriage Works was established
in 1875, J. H. Williams, proprietor. His present
shop and storage room was built in 1880, 22x66,
two-stories, with addition of 22x40. The past
season he manufactured thirty new wagons and
carriages besides doing a large repairing business,
giving employmet to several men. The capital
amounts to $5,000.

Montmann's Brewery was established in 1857,
by Wm. Montmann, proprietor. His first brew-
ery was built in the rear of his hotel, on the
corner of Second and Walnut streets. He was
burned out in the fire of 1866, and opened his
present brewery at the foot of Second street, near
the bridge during the same year.

Yoerg's Hudson City Brewery was established
in 1870, Louis Yoerg, proprietor. He commenced
with a building 20x40, and manufactured five hun-

dred barrels per year. He lost his brewery by
fire, and rebuilt again at once, the new building
being 20x80. He put in steam power in 1876,
and now manufactures one thousand bar els
yearly, finding a market in Hudson and vicinity
for all he can manufacture.

The First Presbyterian Church was organized
December 22d, 1855, under the pastoral care of
Rev. Charles Thayer, with a membership of ten.
Their services were held in Hendee hall untU May
9th, 1857, at which date they dedicated their
first house of worship, which was 24x40. First
board of ruling elders: Sampson Hartman, Her-
man Humphrey, D. C. Fulton, John M. Nash
and Geo. Slater; said oflflcers have held office
to this date. The present beautiful house of
worship was built of brick in 1873-4, and dedi
cated November 22d, 1874, during the ministry of
Rev. Bradley Philips. Rev. Walter R. Frame
was called to the pastoral care of the church in
1879. The membership at this time is one hun-
dred. The society also owns a fine parsonage,
built in 1868.

The First Congregational Church was organized
under the ministrations of Rev. C. II. Marshall
August 6th, 1857, with a membership of nine,
holding their first worship in the school building
on the levee. The society erected their first
house of worship on Fourth street about 1860, of
wood; size, 38x50. 'Their present membership is
sixty-three, with Rev. C. L. Corwin pastor.

The First Baptist Church of Hudson was
organized May 29th, 1852, under the ministry
of Rev. S. T. Catlin, with a membership of
eleven. They held their services at the house of
Deacon Martin. They built their first house of
worship the same year at an expense of 11.000;
size, 22x40. Their present house was completed
in 1866, of wood, 40x60. Rev. Mr. Kelley was
pastor at that date. Their present pastor is Rev.
Wm. Hartley, and membership ninety-six.

First Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1851,
Rev. Mr. Richardson, a missionary under the
Minnesota conference, came to this then new
country and organized a class, from which sprang
the now flourishing church. The church organ-
ization was effected about 1852, and the first
church was erected in 1866, on the site of their
present house. It was almost destroyed shortly
after by the wind blowing the steeple over,

234

HISTOEY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY.

whicli falling on the roof broke it through and
destroyed the seats. It was rebuilt the same
year. The present church was built 1875, by
making an addition to the first church, veneering
the whole with brick, making the audience room
about 40x60, pastor's study and class rooms in
rear about 20x40. The membership at this date
is sixty, present pastor. Rev. M. C. Benson.

The Episcopal Society wasi first organized about
1855 under the ministrations of Eev. Mr. Wilkin-
son. They have been supplied with preaching
from time to time from Stillwater and other
points ; Rev. H. Langlois present pastor. Ser-
vices are held in the Good Templars hall at the
present time.

The Evangelical Lutheran Society was organ-
ized in 1876 with six members. Rev. Mr. Hoyes-
tert pastor. They built their present house of
worship the same year ; size 40x80 ; present pas-
tor Rev. Mr. Clog; membership now numbers
forty-five families.

The St. James Catholic Society was organized
about 1856, under the ministration of Rev. Father
McGee. They erected their first house of wor-
ship the same year. The present fine commodi-
ous house of worship, 40x80 of stone, was com-
menced in 1874, completed and dedicated Novem-
ber 16th, 1879. The present pastor. Rev. Father
T. A. KeUey, came to the care of the church June,
1874. They have a membership of 200 famiUes.
A parochial school of 100 scholars is connected
with the church.

Hinckley's Military Institute was established
at Eiver Falls, about the year 1870, by Prof. J. R.
Hinckley. He soon removed the school to Hud-
son as a more favorable point, and erected for
the use of the institute a large wooden structure
in the eastern part of the city, about 60x80, three
stories and basement, at an expense of $7,000.
The institution was conducted for about two
years, when for the want of means to carry
on the school, he was obliged to discontinue. In
1880 the buildings were sold to the Catholics for
school purposes, who established the same year
what is known as the St. Mary's Academy.

The Young Men's Christian Association was
organized Oct. 1875, with a membership of twenty-
five. They have held their meetings in the rooms
of the Ladies Library Association since its organ-
ization; first president, Rev. W. E. SafEord; vice-

president, James Pye; Richard Hartley, corres-
ponding secretary. Owing to the many changes
of the young men of this city, coming and going,
its membership has remained about the same.
Much good has been accomplished through their
labors, maintaining mission schools from time to
time. It has maintained a Sabbath afternoon
service since the date of its organization.

The Ladies Library Association was organized
in 1868. For the first three years the library was
kept at the house of Mrs. Jefferson. In 1871
rooms were fitted up in the Goss and Boyden block.
At that time they had about 600 volumes. At
the Chapin Hall fire, 1872, the association had its
library and furniture somewhat damaged by re-
moval to a place of safety. In 1878, they removed
to rooms in the Dippo block, and remained until
their present rooms were completed in the Taylor
and Goss block. They have beautiful apartments
with splendid furniture and 2,000 volumes of the
best standard authors in the country.

St. Croix Lodge No. 56 A. F. and A. M., was
chartered June 15th, 1855, with the following offi-
cers : Benjamin Allen, "W. M.; Otis Hoyt, senior
warden; E. B. Livingston, junior warden. Tha
lodge was burned out in the fire of May, 1866,
also in the fire of May, 1872. When the Dippo
block was rebuilt in 1877, the lodge secured the
privilege of building the third story of the block.
They now have as fine rooms as can be found in
the state. They are furnished with every con-
venience necessary to make them first-class in
every particular. The officers at present are:
WilUam Beggs, W. M.; Dr. C. F. King, S. W.;
Carl T. Paterson, J. W.; and George R. Hughes,
secretary.

Colfax Lodge, No. 86, 1. O. O. F. was first char-
tered in 1856. The first list of officers was G. E.
Otis, N. G.; G. R. Jones, Y. G., with five char-
ter members. In the great fire of 1866 the lodge
was burned, which was a severe loss to the order.
Their books and papers were lost with their fur-
niture. Colfax Lodge No. 58 was re-organized Jan-
uary 17th, 1868: A. F. Gallop, N.G.; G.R. Jones,
V. G. When the Taylor block was rebuilt in the
fall of 1870, the lodge secured the privilege of
building the upper story, which they have fitted
up in fine shape, with all the equipments for a
first-class lodge. Members at this time, 65.

Nash Lodge of I. O. G. T. was organized

SOCIETIES.

235

April 7th, 1877, with seven charter members.
The lodge is under the patronage of the Scandi-
navians. Since the organization the order has done
great good among that class. They have within
their order one-fourth of the Scandinavians of
Hudson. They have a membership of 49 at this
time, and have initiated 125 since the order was
established. The order works in both Scandina-
vian and English.

Hudson City Lodge, No. 486, of the I. O. G.
T. was organized February 4th, 1867, with thirty
or forty members. The order has done great good
in its influence over the youth of the city. Many
that were on the downward road have been res-
cued; over 700 persons have been initiated into the
order since it was organized. But the changes
in society have scattered them all over the state.
The membership at this time is ninety; meet-
ing every Monday evening. In connection with
this society was organized in 1877 a juvenile I.

0. G. T. for children sixteen years of age. The
membership at this time is 71, meeting every
Saturday afternoon at four o'clock.

The Temple of Honor was organized in De-
cember, 1877, with 15 charter members. The
order has been quite prosperous since its organi-
zation. They have had as many as 130 good
working members at one time. Their present
membership is fifty. Meetings are held every
Saturday evening.

The St. Croix Lodge A. O. U. "W., No. 41, was
organized October 16th, 1880, with fourteen char-
ter members, the following officers: J. N. Pries-
ter, P. M. W.; Ed Drugen, M. W.; G. Z. Holmes,
foreman ; G. Slifer, Overseer ; M. Moody, guide ;
James Balsom, financier ; E. E. Hoffmann, re-
ceiver ; W. A. Hall, recorder ; Thos. Clearland,

1. W.; John Kuley, O. W. The lodge has in-
creased to thirty members at this date. They
hold their meetings in Masonic hall every "Wed-
nesday evening. The master workman at this
time is G. Z. Holmes ; J. N. Priester, recorder.

The Equitable Aid Union, a new fraternal or-
der, was incorporated March 22d, 1879, at Colum-
bus, Ohio. The subordinate union of Hudson
was organized December 9th, 1880, with twenty-
eight members, said to be the first union organ-
ized in the state. The following is a list of the
oflicers: Amos Balsom, president ; A. H. Otis,
vice-president ; Eobert Brow, secretary ; H. P.

Densmore, treasurer. The meetings are held
regularly each week. The number of members
at this time is forty-one.

The Hudson City Brass Band was organized in
1880, with ten pieces, under the leadership of J.
N. Priester : G. Z. Holmes, teacher ; H. P. Dens-
more, business manager ; W. Hatch, treasurer.

The Hudson City Quadrille Band with five
pieces, under the leadership of Professor G. Z.
Holmes, discourses fine music by which the gay
ones trip the fleeting hours away.

The Old Settlers Association of the East side
of the St. Croix valley, was organized about the
year 1861 or '62, with about 75 members. The
records of the society were destroyed in the fire
of 1866. The old settlers of that date were those
coming before 1850. At the last re-union, wh'ch
was held at Hudson, February 2d, 1881, one himd-
red old settlers and fifty families were present.
The society voted that an old settler was one that
came prior to 1853 ; voted to hold the next meet-
ing at Elver Falls.

The organization at Hudson of the society of
what was then known as the order of 1001, was
affected about 1853. Many of the old settlers
may bring to mind the ancient history of this
very ancient order by the following lines:
"Way down by the mouth of old Aetna,

Just at the setting of the sun.
This glorious old older springs into existence.

And was christened the one thousand and one."

The Chapin HaU house is of Milwaukee brick,
three stories above basement, 90x110 feet on the
ground. It contains fifty rooms, nearly all of
which are large, well lighted, ventilated and ele-
gantly furnished. It is furnished with bath
rooms, barber shop, and electric beUs. It has
one hundred and fifty feet of verandah each on
the first and second stories. The upper and lower
verandah open out from the ladies' parlor. A
pleasant billiard room is attached. Livery accom-
modations first class. Mr. Spencer, the proprietor,
has, had fourteen years' experience at the Vilas
house and Park hotel, Madison, wliich will be a
sufiicient guaranty that Chapin Hall will be kept
first class.

The Commercial hotel was built in 1875 by the
present proprietor, J. C. Schneider. The main
building is 26x110 feet, three stories, with a
wing of 20x88 feet, two stories. He also uses

236

HI8I0RT OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY.

the upper story of the two adjoining stores. He
has thirty-six rooms in first class order for guests,
billiard and sample rooms connected.

The Seeley house was built and opened to the
public in 1873, by I. D. Seeley. It is 30x64, three
stories high, with an addition 32x28, containing
fifty rooms; well patronized during the summer
months.

The Tracy house was built about 1866, by Den-
nis Cavanaugh, who kept it until 1878, when he
sold it to J. M. Tracy, the present proprietor, for
the sum of $9,000.

NORTH HUDSOK. '

The Hudson Land and Water-power Company
laid out and platted a tract of land on both sides
of the Willow river at its mouth, November,
1857, said plat extending out to the channel of
the lake. On the north of this plat, what is
known as North Hudson was laid out and platted
by D. A. and A. H. Baldwin, August, 1873. The
West Wisconsin railroad was buUt to this point
November, 1871. The repair shops and round
house were established at this point December
1872. The round house will accommodate eight
locomotives. The main repair shop is 60x120,
with paint and other shops of different depart-
ments of the works, giving employment to one
hundred and sixty men.

The North Wisconsin railroad, built by the
same company, was completed to Eichmond in
1872, and to Clayton the following year. The
River Falls railroad was built by the St. Paul,
Stillwater, and Taylor's Falls company, in 1878.
The above railroads are now all under the control
of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha
Railway Company. The same year that the plat
was laid out by the Messrs. Baldwin, D. A. Bald-
win built a large hotel north of the depot, which
was known as the Baldwin house, but was taken
down in 1879, removed to South Hudson and used
to rebuild the Chapin itall house. The offices of
the North Wisconsin railroad and the West Wis-
consin railroad were built in 1876— a large three-
story brick building. The Nortli Hudson foundry
was estabUshed in 1874, by Henry Orme, who
has the contract for manufacturing all the cast-
ings used by the railroad company except the
wheels. He gives employment to ten hands
most of the time. His shop is about 40x40. He

takes off a heat every day. They do a business
of about $30,000 per year.

THE WILLOW KIVEK VALLEY.

Willow river is so named from a grove of wil-
lows at its mouth when the first settler came into
the St. Croix valley. The river rises in the towns
of Forest, St. Croix county, and in Black-
brook, Polk county, and flows in a southwest
course through the towns of Stanton, Erin
Prairie, Richmond, St. Joseph and Hudson, and
enters the St. Croix lake at North Hudson.

BOAKDMAN.

The village of Boardman is located in the
Willow River valley, in section 19, town of
Richmond, one-half mile east of the river, and
facing the west bank of Ten Mile creek. C. A.
Boardman and Samuel Beebe were the first se<^
tiers. The village was platted and layed out by
William R. Anderson, in 1864. It has one general
store, two flour mills, two blacksmith shops, one
shoe shop, school house, hotel, citizens' hall, etc.
Ten MUe creek was so named because its conflu-
ence with Willow river is ten miles out, on the
old Hudson and pinery wagon road. The creek
is ten or twelve mUes long, and the Union mills
are there located. Paper Jack creek, another
tributary of the Willow river, was so named from
a lumberman of earlier days, whom his associates
nick-named Paper Jack. Much lumber was cut
on it, but it was soon exhausted.

The Union mills, S. D. Beebe proprietor, lo-
cated on the North Wisconsin, on section 29,
township of Richmond, village of Boardman, on
Ten Mile creek, one and a half miles from its
confluence with Willow river — was built in
1859; 30x32; three and a half stories; wing
14x24; one and a half stories; began grinding
February 14th, 1860; two sets of buhrs; capacity,
twenty barrels per day; one set of buhrs for feed;
does custom work; ships large quantities of
flour and feed up the North Wisconsin rail-
road to the pineries. Mr. Beebe purchased Mr.
Boardman's interest in 1864. In 1869, Beebe
and Boardman built a saw-mill on Willow
river. Mr. Boardman sold his interest in 1873.
Mr. Beebe is a practical miller, and has taken
charge of both mills.

The Boardman mills, located on Willow river,
Eichmond township, sections 19 and 30, Wm. and

MANUFACTURING.

237

James Johnson, proprietors, was constructed in
1876; 40x70; addition, north side, 20x50; east
side, 14x40; main building, three stories, with a
head of fourteen feet, and a 48-inch American
turbine wheel. It has two run of stone, six sets
of corrugated rollers, of which four are Stevens'
patent and two of E. P. Ellis' patent; five sets of
smooth rollers, with capacity of 150 barrels in
twenty-four hours. Special brands manufac-
tured by them "New Era," "Bergen," and
"Our Patent," are shipped to eastern markets.
They have a large cooper shop attached. W. J.
Bergen, head miller.

Boardman Blacksmith Shop, Smith and John-
ston proprietors, was built in May, 1879, 20x58
feet, and does a general blacksmithing business.

Boardman Store, E. H. Daniels proprietor.
The building was erected by Mr. Daniels in 1876,
is 24x40, two stories, ware-room 12x16, residence
attached, 32x28. Mr. Daniels keeps a general
store with post-office in the store; Mr. Daniels,
postmaster.

Willow River Falls Store, at Burkhardt, John
Trieb proprietor. The building belongs to C.
Burkhardt, 24x56, two stories. He keeps a gen-
eral line of merchandise; post-ofBce held in store;
name of post-office "Burkhardt," formerly "Bou-
chea."

Willow River Falls are located on Willow river
near Burkhardt station, on the North Wisconsin
railroad. They are wild and sublimely beautiful,
having a descent of 78 feet, from the base of the
Burkhardt mills one-half mile above, to the foot
of the falls, with one perpendicular descent of
eighteen feet. It is a beautiful, romantic spot,
over-shadowed with impending bluffs, rock-ribbed
and rough, surrounded by Cyprus trees, and much
visited by tourists in the summer season. The
falls and surrounding land is owned by C. Burk-
hardt.

Willow Falls Mills, C. Burkhardt proprietor,
is located on Willow river, in St. Joseph town,
section 3, eighty rods above Willow river
falls, one-half mile north of Burkhardt station,
on the North Wisconsin railroad. The mill was
erected in 1869, 51x63, four stories, frame, with
addition 24x28, two American turbine wheels;
head eighteen feet, with five flour buhrs, one feed
buhr, two set of rollers, one set of stones for
making pearl barley, the only pearl barley mill

in the state; capacity of entire mill, one hundred
and five barrels every twenty-four hours; brands,
"Longla," "Hudson," and "Family Flour;" em-
ploying eleven men. The elevator is situated
one hundred feet from the mill; 32x42, 32 feet
in height, capacity 30,000 bushels; a cooper shop
attached employs four to six men.

The Planing mill located one hundred and
fifty feet from the mUl, is operated by a wire
cable from the mill. "

A lumber yard is attached. The lumber is
cut at Black Brook, twenty-five miles north, on
the North Wisconsin railroad.

Paradise mills were built in 1854, by Messrs.
Cox and Green, 36x36, one and one-half stories
high, capacity sixty barrels in twenty-four hours,
having three run of stone. The mills in 1864
became the property of Green and Son; in 1873
Caleb Green died, and S. G. Green became sole
proprietor. In 1877 the old mills were burned
and a new one was erected in 1878, 36x42,
two and one-half stories and basement, addition
18x42, at a cost of $14,000. It now has three
run of stone, one feed stone, with capacity of
sixty barrels in twenty-four hours, employing
seven men.

Robert McDiarmid, Wm. C. Scott and Thomas
Hitchings, in partnership, purchased four yoke of
oxen, and together on their respective claims, in
the spring of 1851, broke the first land on Hud-
son prairie.

The first house built on the prairie was that by
Wm. C. Scott, in 1850. The old frame house still
stands on section 10, Hudson town. Ebene-
zer Quimby built the second house, located at the
mouth of Paper Jack creek.

Willow River cheese factory is located on sec-
tion 2, St. Joseph town three-quarters of a
mile north of Burkhardt station. The building
30x50, was built May, 1880, by Daniel Lewis
and Joseph Beer, capacity five hundred cows.
They made the first year 26,000 pounds of cheese,
all marketed at home. This was the first factory
established in St. Croix county.

SCHOOLS.

School district number 1 , was organized in the
winter of 1856-'7, located on section 2. The first
board of trustees was Joseph Bowron, director;
John Durning, clerk; Daniel Lewis, treasurer;
first teacher, Jessie McDiarmid.

238

EISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY.

District number 2, was organized September,
1877, set off from district number 1; ofiScers,
James A. Newton, clerk; John Tobin, director;
C. Simon, treasurer. The school-house was
built in 1878, on section 19, at an expense of
$490; Ann Spencer, first teacher.

School district number 4, was organized in
1853; first officers, Wm. Z. Dailey, director; W.
C. Scott, treasurer; F. W. Hitchings, clerk. The
school-house is located in Hudson town, north-
west quarter of the north-west quarter of sec-
tion 15. Present officers, H. S. Brooks, direc-
tor; Robert McDiarmid, treasurer; Jacob Bork,
clerk; forty scholars are on the roll. The school
has a fine librai-y for the use of the scholars and
residents of the district.

School district number 1, was set off from
Hudson district number 4 and organized No-
vember 18th, 1868; first officers, George Martin,
clerk; WiUiam Virtue, treasurer; H. Crandall,
director; first teacher, Frank Nye. The district
includes six sections. The present board of offi-
cers, John Kelley, clerk; Jacob Dailey, director;
Wm. Virtue, treasurer; twenty-six scholars en-
rolled. The school-house was built in 1869, at
a cost of $800.

School district number 3, Richmond town
located at the village of Boardman, was organ-
ized in 1857; first board of trustees, Ira Parke,
clerk; C. A. Boardman, treasurer; S. L. Beebe,
director; first teacher, Warren Libby; first ses-
sion taught in the winter .of 1857-'8, at the res-
dence of Ira Park. The present school house
was built in 1861, 22x28 feet, with belfry and
beU; scholars enrolled, fifty or sixty. The present
officers are C. A. Hall, clerk; Hiram Tool, di-
rector; G. Ilurd, treasurer; teacher, Edwin
Lovell.

Union Hall, at Boardman, was built in 1878 by
an association of citizens of the town, com-
posed of grangers, good templars and other citr
izens. Building 26x60, 16 foot posts. The pres-
ent officials are A. Philip, president; Hiram Tool,
treasurer; E. II. Daniels, secretary.

Farmers' Co-operative Store located at North
Wisconsin railroad junction was organized Janu-
ary, 1878, on the Rochelle English plan, with
fifty shares, par value $5.00 eachj afterwards in-
creased to 165 shares, and purchases and sells
goods in the regular way on a strictly cash plan.

First officers were Wm. H. Diarmid, president;
F. W. Hitchings, secretary. Present officers:
James S. Kelley, president; Lorenzo Crandall,
secretary.

The Warren Mutual Insurance Company, organ-
ized in 1880, has its head office in Warren,
but does business in several adjoining town-
ships, doing a strictly farm business on the co-
operative or assessment plan. At their last
meeting it was found that they were carrying
about $60,000 of risks. Annual meeting first
Tuesday m January. Charles Parker, president;
J. C. Searl secretary.

Martin's elevator, Geo. Martiu, propietor, lo-
cated at North Wisconsin Junction, was erected
in 1875; building 38x40 feet and 60 feet high; ca-
pacity 20,000 bushels, handling 100,000 bushels per
annum. This is a profitable enterprise for the
farmers in the surrounding country, as Mr. Mar-
tin pays full price with other markets.

Pomona Grange of St. Croix county, a county
organization of over 200 members, meets quar-
terly at the various grange halls in the county.
S. J. Madison, of Pleasant Valley, master; John
C. Searl, Warren, secretary.

Prairie Grange No. 203 was organized October
4th, 1873, with sixteen or eighteen charter mem-
bers. The first officers were W. Hitchings, mas-
ter; John Kelley, secretary; present enrollment,
65. In November, 1864, the grange purchased a
vacant school-house on section 15, Hudson,
with one-fourth acre of land attached, for
the purpose of a hall, at a cost of S225. The
building was enlarged to 32x58 feet, refitted and
furnished in fine style, and has since been occu-
pied by the grange. Regular meetings are held
on the first three Saturdays and last Monday of
each month. The hall is supplied with a fine li-
brary. Officers: John Hodgin, master; Miss
Mary E. Pell, secretary.

CHAPTER XLI.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

J. F. Baker M. D.,anative of New Hampshire,
was born at Meridan in 1845. When ten years
old came with his parents to Davenport, Iowa,

BIOGBAFHIGAL.

239

where his father has been ever since, engaged in
the practice of medicine. Dr. Baker graduated
at Bellevue Medical College, New York, in 1868,
then practiced in Davenport until 1878. Since
that year he has been a resident of Hudson.

John W. Bashford, born at Fayette, Wisconsin,
in 1848, graduated from the Madison University in
1871, and in 1874 was admitted to the bar. He
immediately came to Hudson and for two years
practiced in partnership with J. E. Glover. Since
1876, has been alone.

Charles H. Beard, a native of Hudson, was born
in 1856. tn 1871 commenced to work for Nash
and Beard, furniture dealers, and remained with
them until 1877. Then went to Baldwin and for
eight months engaged in photograph business.
At the end of that time returned to Hudson and
entered the firm of Moss and Beard, which con-
tinued until 1879. From May, 1879, until the
fall of 1880, he worked at carpentering. Next
entered the firm of T. Beard, and has since been
engaged dealing in furniture,

Samuel J. Bradford was bom in Paris, Keno-
sha county, Wisconsin, November 25th, 1852.
Was raised on a farm and received an academic
and commercial education. Graduated from the
law department of the University of Wisconsin,
and was admitted to the bar in 1876. In the fall
of 1877 he was elected clerk of the circuit court
of St. Croix county, and re-elected in 1879, hold-
ing that position since. Married Miss Barbara
E. Koss, October 8th, 1878.

A. J. Buell, born in Germany in 1836, came to
the United States in 1853, and for four years was
in Rochester, New York, engaged in mUling.
came to Hudson February 17th, 1866, and has
been head miller in the Willow Kiver mills since.
Mr. Buell married MagdelinaDe Eoncke, in 1867.
Charles J., Cora J., Ida M., and Pearl are their
children.

F. P. Catlin was born in Susquehanna county,
Pennsylvania, in 1815. Came to Hudson in June,
1849, commissioned by PEesident Taylor to open
the Willow River Land Ofiice. This was the first
land ofiice in north-western Wisconsin. Mr. Cat-
lin conducted its affairs four years. After quit-
ting the land office he was engaged in dealing in
real estate until 1866. Then spent several years
traveling in this country and in Europe. From
1874 until 1878 he lived in Eipon, since then has

lived in Hudson. Mr. Catlin is the youngest and
only surviving one of fourteen children of one
parentage, and claims to be the oldest living man
whose father was in the revolutionary war. Mar-
ried in 1840, to Elizabeth Du Bois of Pennsyl-
vania. She died in 1852, leaving three children,
Charles L., Frank E., and Fred. Again married
again in 1857, and in 1872 lost his second wife, by
whom he had one son, William W.

H. D. Champlln, a native of Cattaraugus coun-
ty. New York, was bom in 1840. Came to Hudson
in 1858, and has since made it his home, and for
thirteen years he was engaged in running a boat
on the St. Croix river; the last seven years he
owned the boat, which he sold in 1875. Then
made a trip to Iowa, purchased a number of
horses and mules, brought them to Hudson, and
since has dealt in stock. In 1879 he built a fine
stable, 80x100 feet, and has since conducted it as
a livery, boarding and sale stable.

Hans Christofferson was bom in Norway in
1844, immigrated to this country in 1869, and set-
tled at Janesville, Wisconsin, where he was en-
gaged in carpenter work, then went to Depere,
and was engaged as pattern-maker until the
spring of 1880. He is the inventor of the thresh-
ing machine known as the "Governor," which
was patented by Sullivan and Christofferson in
September, 1880.

J. R. Chubbuck, a native of Oxford, Chenango
county. New York, was born in 1834. He learned
the moulder's trade and was engaged in the foun-
dry business until 1856, when he came to Hudson,
Wisconsin, and with a brother engaged in mer-
cantile business. At the end of the first year
they were burned out, and soon after purchased
what was known as the old Packard stock. In
the spring of 1880, he purchased his brother's in-
terest and in January, 1881, moved to his present
location. Mr. Chubbuck is one of the oldest set-
tlers and merchants of Hudson.

N. H. Clapp, a native of Waitsfleld, "Vermont,
was born in 1850, came to Pepin county, Wiscon-
sin, in 1856, thence in 1865 to Kinnickinnic, St.
Croix county. In 1870, came to Hudson, was ad-
mitted to the bar, and has since practiced here.

A. L. Clarke, of the firm of Comstock, Clarke
and Company, millers, is a native of New York,
born December 27th, 18H. Came to Hudson in
1869, and for one year was teller in the bank.

240

HI8T0BT OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY.

Then took charge of the Willow Eiver mills for
D. A. Baldwin, and conducted it until the pres-
ent firm purchased it in 1877. Mr. Clarke mar-
Miss Emma Louise Stowell, of Chicago. They
have three children, Lulu, Frank B. and Herbert.
George DuMars Cline was born in 1850, in
Mercer county, Pennsylvania. Came to Wiscon-
sin with his father in 1852, and settled on a farm
in La Fayette county. Attended an academy in
Fayette from 1864 to 1867. In 1868, he entered
the State University at Madison, graduating in

1872. Was employed as a teacher until 1875,
when he became editor of tl^^ Mineral Point
Tribime. In February, 1876, he purchased an
interest in the True Republican, of Hudson, and
has since been one of its owners and editors. Mr.
Cline was superintendent of the city schools from
1877 until 1880. He was married in November,
1877, to Miss Mary Thompson, of Freeport,
Illinois.

S. L. Cockbum was bom in New Brunswick in
1845. Came to Hudson in 1866 and worked at
blacksmithing until 1878, when he started in
business for himself. Was married in June,

1873, to Miss Fostina Arey, who has borne him
three children, oneof whom, Jennie M., survives.

James Coggswell was bom in Bayto wn, Wash-
inton county, Minnesota, May 26th, 1854. Until
1861, he was part of the time in Stillwater, Min-
nesota, and part in Baytown. During that year
his parents removed to Hudson, where they have
since resided. Receiving a common school edu-
cation, he entered the office of the Star and Times
as an apprentice, and since that time has con-
tinuously been in newspaper business. Decem-
ber 1st, 1878, purchased an half interest in the
True Republican, and is at present one of its edi-
tors and publishers.

John Comstock, of the First National Bank, is
a native of Cayuga county. New York. Born in
1814. In 1827, removed to Michigan and en-
gaged in milling, merchandise and building. In
1856, he removed to Hudson, and has since been
interested in milling, building and banking.

C. R. Coon, a native of Colchester, Vermont;
born in 1828; came to Hudson in 1856. For nine-
teen years was in mercantile business. In 1861,
he built the first elevator in the town, and shipped
the first grain from St. Croix and Pierce counties.
In 1875, he disposed of his mercantile interests.

and devoted his attention to the livery stable,
which he had started in 1872. Mr. Coon married
Miss Anna Pattee, of Milton, Vermont, in 1857.
They have had three children, Calvin P. and
Harriet P. are living.

R. L. Day was bom at Burlington, Vermont,
in 1824, came west and located in Illinois in 1849,
in the fall of 1850, came to Hudson and engaged in
livery business the next year. In the spring of
1855, he sold that business, and until 1862, dealt
in real estate. Next turned his attention to
farming until 1873. Then sold the farm and
again turned his attention to real estate and live
stock. In the fall of 1879, he added livery busi-
ness and sold in July, 1880. In January, 1881,
entered the firm of Day and Ismon in livery,
boarding, and sale stable business. Mr. Day was
married in 1854, to Miss Jeannette L. AUen,
who died in 1855, leaving one son, George A.
Married his second wife. Miss Lucy A. Treadwell
in 1860.

Charles Y. Denniston was bom in New York.
In 1865, he came to the St. Croix Valley,
and located Hudson, where he has since resided,
dealing in real estate. From 1858 to 1862, he
was clerk of the county board of St. Croix county.
Mr. Denniston also has an office in Ellsworth,
Pierce county, presided over by his son John C.
Has complete sets of abstracts of both counties.

Robert Dinsmore, a native of Somerset county,
Maine, born April 22d, 1838. Having received
a common school and academic education, he
came to Hudson in 1855, and engaged in farming
until 1870. Mr. Dinsmore has held many of the
town offices, and in 1878, was elected county
clerk, and has held that office since, was mamed
November 27th, 1864, to Miss Emma Bunker;
Anson J. and Tena M., are their children.

W. S. Evans, a native of Wales, was born in
1829, came to the United States in 1840, settling
in New York, and in 1863, came to Hudson,
where he has since been in the wheat business.
Has an elevator 50x90. feet, with a capacity of
22,000 bushels. Mr. Evans has for five years held
the office of police justice, and for two years was
chief of the fire department.

L. C. Gould, dentist, a native of London, Ohio,
born in 1840, studied dentistry and practiced in
his native city until 1879, when he came to Hud-
son, where he has since resided.-

BIOGBAPHICAL.

241

Edward S. Graves is a native of New York,
came to Wisconsin in 1854, and since 1870, has
been connected witli the railroad business. In
1878, he took charge of the ticket oflace at Hudson,
and has since acted as ticket agent for all lines
running through the city.

Christ. Hanson-, a native of Denmark, was
bom in 1850. He immigrated to the United
States in 1873, and three years later settled in
Hudson. He married Hannah Johnson in 1877.
They have one child, Walter A., bom June 27th,
1879.

N. P. Hanson was born in Denmark in 1856.
Immigrated to the United States in 1872, locating
in Polk county, Wisconsin, where he farmed
four years; After spending a year in Iowa, he
came to Hudson and farmed until the fall of 1880,
when he entered the employ of Sullivan and
Christofferson.

Joseph H. Harrington was bom in in Boston
Massachusetts, May 17th, 1818. Lived there
until twenty-three years of age, meanwhile
having learned the tinsmith's trade. Then re-
moved to East Boston, and worked at his trade
until May, 1856, when he came to the St. Croix
Valley, settling in Hudson. Worked for others
until 1860, when he established a tin-shop on the
eoriier of Vine and Fourth streets, where his store
now stands. In 1861, he was the first man from
Hudson to enlist, entering Company G, Fourth
Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. After serving
three years he was honorably discharged and re-
turned home. Mr. Harrington organized the
first fire company of this city, and for a time was
chief engineer of the department. Married Miss
Catharine T. Perry of East Boston in 1844. Of
their nine children, five are living: Catharine L.,
Francis E., MarthaN.,Lucy P. and ClaraH.

Eichard Hartley a native of Blackburn, Lan-
cashire county, England, was born in 1822. He
emigrated to Canada in 1853, and in 1871 settled
ill Michigan. In 1872 removed to Hudson,
and has since been employed in the foundry and
rnachinfe shops.

D. Hoffman is a native of Germany, bom in

1847. In 1874, he immigrated to this country,

settling in Hudson, worked as a baker until 1878,

when he opened a grocery store and bakery of

his own. Mr. Hoffman was married in 1874, to
16

Miss Augusta Neman. They have three child-
ren : Emma E., Joseph D., and Mary A.

Eudolph E. Hoffmann was bom in the city of
Driesen, Prussia, January 23d, 1862. In 1862
he came to America with Ms parents, who for a
short time resided ia this city, then went to La-
crosse, and finally removed to lilichigan; where
they now reside. At the age of nineteen Eudolph
left home and came to Hudson. In 1871 he re-
moved to Stillwater, and remained one year, then
returned to this city, leased the St. Croix House,
purchased it in 1874, and has since conducted it
successfully. From 1874 until 1880 he also run
a grocery. He then sold the stock, and put in
a complete stock of hardware. Mr. Hoffmann
married Miss Mary Schuier of Shakopee, Minne-
sota, in July, 1872. They are the parents of sis
children, all of -whom are living.

Otis Hoyt, M. D., one of the oldest and best
known citizens of St. Croix county, Wisconsin,
was bom in Sandwich, New Hampshire, De-
cember 3d, 1810.. Was the son of George
and Mary Hoyt. Both grandfathers, Hoyt by
name, served in the revolutionary war. His fa-
ther was a farmer by occupation. During his
early life Otis assisted his father on the farm.
At the age of fourteen he entered the academy
at Fryburg, Maine, where he prepared for college.
In 1829 he entered Dartmouth College, and grad-
uated in 1833 ; then studied medicine for a time
with Prof. Massey. Afterwards completed his
course at Philadelphia, and graduated from Jef-
ferson Medical College in 1836. After two years
practice in Mason, N. H., he removed to Far-
mington, Massachusetts, and practiced until 1846,
at which time he entered the Mexican war as
surgeon in the regular army, and remained until
its close. In April, 1849, he visited Hudson, but
there being no houses to live in, he went to St.
Croix Falls, and spending one year, returned to
Hudson, where he has resided since. At that
time there were more half-breeds than whites,
more log cabins than frame houses. The only
white men with families were P. Aldrich, Am-
mah Andrews, Moses Perrin, W. R. Anderson,
John A. Henning and Joseph Tyler. In 1851
Dr. Hoyt was elected to the legislature. House
room being so scarce in Hudson he removed his
family to Stillwater during his absence. When
the doctor opened his office in Hudson in 1850,

242

HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY.

there was no other physician in the state within
150 miles. The nearest one being at Fort Snell-
ing, Minnesota. He often went from fifty to
seventy-five miles to attend a patient. Some-
times he traveled on mule-back, sometimes on
foot. He was no respecter of person, but obliged
every call, whether in an Indian wigwam, or a
white man's cabin. He has always had a good
reputation as a physician and surgeon. In 1862
Dr. Hoyt went Into the army as surgeon of the
Thirtieth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, but was
on detached service most of the time. For a time
he had charge of the hospital at Camp Randall,
Madison. He was examining surgeon of 11,000
recruits. He was medical director at Bowling
Green and Louisville, Kentucky. He was known
as one of the most successful surgeons in the
state. Dr. Hoyt was twice married, his wives
being sisters. Misses Mary E. and Eliza B. King,
of Ipswich, New Hampshire. By the first he had
two children, a son and daughter. By the second
wife seven children, two sons and five daughters.

Simon Hunt, a native of Camden, Maine, was
bom in 1826. In the spring of 1851 he came to
Hudson, and for seventeen years was in the shoe
trade. Then for twelve years he was in the nur-
sery business. In the fall of 1880, he resumed his
old trade. Mr. Hunt has, for the past fifteen
years, taken charge of and conducted funerals in
this city. He was married in 1854 to Miss Jane
C. Arey, of Maine. They have had four chil-
dren, Mary P. and Leonard B.

James R. Ismon, bom July 24th, 1821, is a
native of Essex, Essex county. New York. In
1854, he came to this city, remained one month,
went to Waukesha, and, in 1855, returned to
Hudson. During the summer, engaged in real
estate, but returned to Waukesha in the winter,
and, in 1856, brought his family to Hammond,
where he erected the first saw-mill built in that
town. In 1860, he sold the mill to Davis and
Clapp, removed to Hudson, and has since resided
here, engaged in real estate and live-stock busi-
ness. Besides this he is extensively interested in
milling enterprises in the St. Croix Valley. He
married Miss Sarah H. Hammond in 1844. They
have had five children, Kate K., Susie E., Harry
I., Rensselaer II. and Allie L.

Phillip B. Jewell was born at Hopkinton, Mer-
rimac county, New Hampshire, October 25th, 1816.

Lived there until .1847, then came to the St. Croix
Valley, and located in St. Croix Falls, where he
remained until 1851. He then moved to Hudson,
and has since made it his home. He has always
been an active lumberman, and is a veteran pilot
of the St. Croix river. At the beginning of the
war he enlisted in the Twelfth Wisconsin Volun-
teer Infantry. In 1874 he was appointed inspector
of logs and lumber of the fourth district, and has
since held that office. He married Hannah J.
Fuller, October 21st, 1841. She died in October,
1875, leaving five children. Mary J., Hannah J.,
George S., Mary D and Ada M. Married Ellen
C. Restiaux in October, 1878. They have one
daughter, Bessie C.

S. C. Johnson, a native of Kingston, Georgia,
was bom in 1842. He resided at his birth-place
until 1865, then came to Hudson in September,
and has since made the city his home.

George W. Keech, engineer and machinist, was
bom at Syracuse, New York, April 30th, 1828.
When twelve years of age he began the ma-
chinists' trade, subsequently beginning as an en-
gineer. In 1844, he went to sea, and for five
years followed the life of a sailor; then returned,
and in 1851 again embarked. His voyages were
mostly for whaling and trading, and, on his re-
tirement from sea life, he had circumnavigated
the world twice. In 1863, he went on an expedi-
tion up the Yellow river, and run the first
steamer up that river. In 1858 he came to the
St. Croix Valley, where he has since made his
home at Hudson. Much of his time has been
spent as an engineer on the western lakes and
rivers. He enlisted in Company D, Thirtieth Wis-
consin Volunteer Infantry, in 1862, serving three
years. His marriage with Miss Ellen M. Hayes
took place in 1859. Clara R., Elijah B., Laura
W. and Elsie are their children.

Joseph Kelly, a resident of Hudson, is a native
of Canada, bom in 1835. His youth was passed
in his native coimtry, imd in 1854 he came to the
United States, locating at Hudson. He engaged
in the quiet pursuit of agriculture until 1880,wlien
he was chosen sheriff, and now holds that po-
sition.

Thomas A. Kelly, priest of St. Patrick's church,
is a native of Kilkenny, Ireland, born April 17,
1861. At the age of fifteen he began classical
studies at Waterford, Ireland, and after pursu-

BIOGRAPHICAL.

243

ingliis studies six years came to America. In
1871 he entered the St John's Seminary, at Nor-
folk, Virginia, spending three years in theologi-
cal studies. Coming to Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
in 1874, he finished his studies at that city, in the
St. Francis Seminary, where, in March, 1875, he
was ordained by Bishop Heiss. After passing
three months at Prairie du Chien, he assumed
charge of the St. Patrick's church and congrega-
tion at Hudson, where he has since presided.

Charles F. King was born at Buffalo, Kew
York, September 14, 1844. While yet a babe he
came west to Milwaukee, removing the next year
to Waukesha county, where he resided until
enlisting in the Third Regiment Wisconsin
Cavalry. He served till the regiment was mus-
tered out at Madison, November, 1865. He then
went to the Kansas frontier, remaining three
years. He commenced the study of medicine at
the Rush Medical College, from which he gradu-
ated in 1873. Since that time he has been in ac-
tive practice as a physician at Hudson. His wife
was Miss Ella F., daughter of Dr. Otis Hoyt;
married May 18, 1875. Lincoln, Otis and Eliza
are their children.

Jacob Krapfel, deceased, was bom in Ba-
varia 1837, and left his native country, with his
parents, for the United States in 1846. His
father died on the voyage across the Atlantic,
but his mother proceeded direct with him to
Dubuque, Iowa. Here he was reared and edu-
cated, and acquired a knowledge of saddlery and
harness-making. Soon after, he established liim-
self in the harness trade at Hudson, and until his
death was very prominent in the young city. In
consequence of failing health he passed two win-
ters in the south, which seemed, however, to do
little good, for on March 11th, 1880, at his broth-
er's home in Pennsylvania, he quietly passed to
his final rest. His widow, Helena Krapfel, nee
Trieb, was born at Buffalo, New York, and came
to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1858; where she grew to
maturity and completed her education. She and
the late Jacob Krapfel were tnarried at Du-
buque in 1865, and came direct to Hudson. She
has had four children. Nellie, who is being edu-
cated at St. Joseph's Academy, at St. Paul;
Albert, at the College of the Sacred Heart at
Prairie du Chien; Helena is attending school at
home; one child died in infancy.

Louis Massey. The subject of tliis sketch is
the oldest living settler in the valley of the St.
Croix. He was bom August 6th, 1793. There
are doubts of the truth of this date, as it is
doubted if he can give the date of his birth. He
lias called himself eighty, so the old settlers say,
for the past twenty-five years. He was raised
on a farm in Canada with his parents until seven-
teen years of age, at which date he left home, not
returning until about twenty-seven years ago
when he made a short visit at the old home near
Montreal. His first trip from home was to Mich-
igan, where he was employed at different trading-
posts for two years. He suffered great priva-
tions, owing to the fact that his employer was
arrest°.d by the American authorities and taken
to Detroit. He, however, obtained his freedom,
but was again captured by the Indians with all
his outfit. In the fall of 1812 Mr. Massey was
employed by Colonel Dickson, of- the British gov-
ernment, as one of a crew to bring to Prairie du
Chien five Mackinaw boats loaded with supplies.
The boats started from Mackinaw, came to Green
Bay, then up Fox river to Lake Winnebago;
then up the river to where Portage City now
stands. Then the boats with their contents were
hauled overland to the Wisconsin river; then to
Prairie du Chien, which took them three days
and three nights to perform — from Portage to
Prairie du Chien. They were almost starved
when they reached that point, but were supplied
there. The goods were presented by Colonel
Dickson to the Indians as from the British gov-
ernment. He wore a British uniform. He next
engaged to a man by the name of Sansliong who
had a trading-post a short distance from St. Louis
on the Illinois river.

In the winter of 1813 he engaged to parties on
the great river, freighting with small keel-boats,
loaded with furs and lead, from St. Louis to New
Orleans. On their first trip they arrived at New
Orleans and spent Christmas. On then- return
trip they were loaded with sugar, coffee, etc.
They found it hard work to row, poling and
warping the keel-boats against the current of the
river.

In 1818 he engaged to the American Fur Com-
pany at Fond du Lac and up on Lake Superior
near Duluth. He was engaged with them for ten
years. During that time he was married to Peter

244

HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY..

Bouchea's sister. Mr. Massey is one of the few
men living that before the time of steamboats
navigated the Mississippi river from Sandy lake
to New Orleans, except at St. Anthony's falls,
where he had to make a portage. He has navi-
gated the St. Peters river from Lac qui Parle to
its mouth. Prom Montreal he came to the upper
lakes in a birch-bark canoe.

In 1828 Mr. Massey came to Fort Snelling and
remained some years. He cultivated a small
piece of land near the fort. He, by his gentle-
manly manners, gained the confidence and esteem
of the commander of that post,, who rendered
him assistance in removing his goods to his new
home on the St. Croix in 1838. His brother-in-
law, Peter Bouchea, joined him at that time.
Mr. W. Steets and Joseph Sauperson, called
Joe Lagrew, came in about fifteen days. The
four were the first settlers at this point. To
build their houses, they rafted the flooring and
boards down the river from Marine. The old
gentleman is quite active yet, and at the old set-
tlers' meeting, held February 24th, 1881. he
made a good deal of sport for the people by dan-
cing a French jig.

J. S. Moffat, attorney at law, was born in 1814,
in Tompkins county. New York. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in that county in 1844, then
gave his attention to the mercantile trade until
1854. Removing to Hudson he was in the land
oflBce until 1857, then for twelve years held the
position of police justice. He afterward held the
ofiBceof county judge eight years and since 1878
has been in the practice of law.

Thomas F. Moss, Jr., photographer, is a native
of Marquette county, Wisconsin, bom 1855.
When about eighteen years of age he went to
Portage, making it his home until 1865, then went
to Menomonee where he learned photography.
Coming then to Hudson in 1877, he in company
with C. H. Beard, opened a photograph gallery,
and in 1879 he became sole proprietor of the
establishment. He has all the moderrt facili-
ties and does all classes of work. Married at Co-
lumbia, Wisconsin, in 1879. Edith F. is his only
child.

G. S. Munson was bom at Burlington, Ver-
mont, 1844, and when a lad of ten years came to
Hudson. In 1862 he was employed as clerk for
the American Express Company, serving until he

enhsted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, in 1864.
Eeturning to Hudson he pursued agriculture two
years then re-entered the employ of the Ameri-
can Express Company as clerk; subsequently
taking as partner Z. Piatt, being dealers in farm
machinery and insurance and express agents.
His partner died in 1880, since which time Mr.
Munson has continued alone. His wife was
Amelia A. Wilcox, married 1871. Francis and
Richmond are their children.

OUver H. P. Olds was bom at Springfield,
Ohio, in 1824. His father, Marcus Olds, was the
first white child bom west of the Genessee river.
New York. Oliver Uved with his father untU
twenty-three years of age. At the age of eleven
he learned the trade of broom making, and en-
gaged in it in his native state, Canada and Indi-
ana. In 1853 he entered a tract of land in Troy
township in the St. Croix Valley, on which he
settled two years later. After twelve years on
the farm, he removed to Hudson, erected a fac-
tory, and has since carried on an extensive busi-
ness in broom-making, completing the first
brooms made in this county. He makes
about twelve hundred dozen brooms per year.
Married, in 1856, Miss Elizabeth S. Moore, a na-
tive of England. They have had ten children,
only four of whom are Uving.

A. H. Otis was bom in New Hampshire in
1828. On attaining majority he removed to Be-
loit, Wisconsin, and engaged in manufacturmg
the Beloit reapers until 1869, then came to Hud-
son, and is now manufacturing wagons, buggies,
etc. He has been twice married, his first wife
' dying in 1865, leaving one child, Jennie L. His
present wife was Miss Mary T. Bell. Their chil-
dren are, Frank E. and Ada E.

George W. Page is a native of Hudson, born
May 27th, 1848. His sister Abagail was the first
white child born here. George has been a life-
long resident of Hudson , and since boyhood has
been in the lumbering business until 1876, when
he opened a billiftrd hall and saloon.

Horace A. Taylor, son of Rev. Adolphus Tay-
lor, was born at Norfolk, St. Lawrence county,
New York, May 24th, 1838. When five years
old his father died, leaving him at Madrid, with
his brother-in-law, where he remained five years.
When a lad of ten years, he came to Illinois and
passed three years on a farm. In 1851, he re-

BIOGBAPHIGAL.

245

moved to Pierce county, Wisconsin, on the pres-
ent site of River Falls. He then returned east
and spent four years in farming. Soon after he
established the first stage line between Hudson
and Prescott. In 1855 he, in company with a
brother, established the River Falls Journal, and
five years later, sold his interest and pur-
chased the Hudson Chronicle and changed the
name to the Hudson Times. Four years later he
consolidated it with the North Star, giving the
new paper the name of the Star and Times,
which name it still retains. He has also been
connected with other papers, but still retains his
interest in the Star and Times, having sold one-
half interest to B. J. Price, in 1879. Mr. Taylor
was appointed state agent of the railroad lands,
and has been largely interested in real estate a
number of years, owning several thousand acres
in northern Wisconsin. In 1860 he married Miss
Lizzie Madden, of Chicago. They have had
three children.

Dwight Silliman was born at Salisbury, New
York, in 1839. Graduated from the University
of New York, in 1866, and there practiced his
profession one year, thence to Saratoga Springs
and practiced one year. After remaining one
year in Minneapolis, he came to Hudson in 1879,
where he has since made his home.

S. C. Simonds was born at Hooksitt, New
Hampshire in 1831. When eleven years old, he
accompanied his parents to' Norwich, Vermont,
and prepared himself by attending the Academy,
for the Norwich University, from which he grad-
uated at the age of twenty-one years. In 1853,
he removed west and located at Hudson; here he
engaged in teaching school, and in 1854, was ap-
pointed deputy clerk of the circuit court of St.
Croix county. During the fall of 1855, he was
appointed deputy register of deeds,which office he
held one year, in the meantime reading law with
Messrs. Gray and Humphrey; was admitted to
the bar in 1856. He was elected to the office of
clerk of circuit court in 1869 for two years, and
re-elected in 1872. During the spring of 1877,
was chosen county judge. His wife was Miss M.
C. Bloomer, married in 1860. Irvine C, WilUam
B. and Martin H. are their children.

John C. Spooner was bom at Lawrenceburgh,
Indiana, in 1843. His profession is that of a
law^yer. Coming to Wisconsin in 1870, he located

at Hudson. In 1872, was made general solicitor
for the West Wisconsin Railroad Company, and
in 1878, geneiral solicitor for the Chicago, St. Paul
and Milwaukee Railway; in 1880, general solicitor
for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha
Railway Company.

George B. Strong, deputy county surveyor, was
bom at Waltham, Addison county, Vermont,
December 29th, 1819. He grew to manhood in
his native place and acquired his education. In
1841 he came west to Illinois, and in 1846 en-
listed, serving one year in the Mexican war. In
1843 came to Wisconsin, and has since made this
state his home. At the beginning of the late
civil war he enlisted in the Second Wisconsin
Volunteer Cavalry, C. C. Washburn in command,
serving until his discharge in August, 1866, hav-
■ ing the rank of second lieutenant. Re has since
made his home in Wisconsin, and for ten years
he was county surveyor, and at present is deputy.
In 1865 he was elected member of the Wisconsin
assembly, and held that position one term. He
is now living at Baldwin, St. Croix county.

Michael Sullivan was born in Milwaukee
county, Wisconsin, 1852. He moved to Lake
Superior ui 1872, working at the carpenter trade
four years. Thence to De Pere and engaged
in the manufacture of farm machinery un-
til 1880. Coming to Hudson that year he, with
H. ChristofEerson, patented the threshing machine
known as the "Wisconsin Governor."

John Van Meter, a resident of Hudson, first lo-
cated at this place in 1852; was on the river until
1861; then enlisted in the Fourth Wisconsin,
serving a term of five years. After his return to
civil life, and to his home, began the carpenters'
trade, and has since continued in that business.
His wife was Mary Kennedy, of Hudson; mar-
ried 1867. They are the parents of four children,
the living are Warren W. and Laura N.

William Whewell was born in the parish of
Glossop, county of Derbyshire, England, Febru-
ary 6th, 1827; was first employed for.several years
in the Dinting Vale print works of Edmond Pot-
ter and Company. June 29th, 1851, he was
united in marriage with Miss B. Hollingworth,
and came to America in 1855. They located first
in Waukesha county, Wisconsin, and in 1860 re-
moved to St. Croix county, opening a farm in
I what is now Baldwin. Here he resided as a

246

HISIOBY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY.

tiller of the soil until December, 1878, removing
at that time to Hudson. lie was chosen county
treasurer in 1879, and re elected in 1880.

J. H. Williams is a native of the Emerald Isle,
but, when yet a child, in 1855, came to make his
home in the United States, locating in Oneida
county. New York. In 1863 he came westward
to St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, remain-
ing until 1875; then removed to Hudson. Start-
ing in the manufacturing of carriages; he has
continued until the present, his annual business
increasing from one thousand tp ten thousand
dollars.

G. W. Willis was born at Hampton, Washing-
ton county, New York, 1831. April 1st, 1875,
he removed to Hudson, and April 4th was elected
by the x;ouncil, engineer of fire department, and
was subsequently appointed chief of police,
which position he has since held. In 1878, Mr.
Willis laid three thousand feet of water pipe for
the purpose of street sprinkling, the pipe being
tapped every seventy-five feet. This is a private
enterprise, and in every way a laudable one. In
1851, he married Miss Catherine Hills, who died
in 1869, leaving four children. His present wife
was Addle L. Loughery, married in 1875. They
have one child.

L. Yoerg, a native of Germany, was born in
1845. At the age of thirteen, he came to Amer-
ica, locating at St. Paul, Minnesota, which
place was his home until his removal to Stillwa-
ter in 1867. Three years later, he became a
resident of Hudson where he has since made his
home. During the civil war he served three
years in the Fifth Minnesota Regiment. In 1867
his marriage with Paulina Lewerer took place.
Their only child living is Joseph.

Theo. F. Young was born at Newark, New
Jersey, in 1845. When a lad of eleven years, he
came west to Lakeland, Washington county,
Minnesota, and to Troy, Wisconsin, in 1860. In
1864, he enlisted in the Forty-fourth Wisconsin
Regiment and served one year, then returned to
Troy, where he engaged in agricultui'al pursuits
until January, 1881. He was elected register
of deeds in the fall of 1880, and is now occupying
that position.

TOWN OF HUDSON.

Samuel J. Coit was born in Norwich, Connec-
ticut, December 8th, 1834. He grew to manhood

receiving a good common education. In 1853 he
came to St. Croix Valley, where he took a claim
of 160 acres in Hudson township, to which he
added by purchase and now owns 400 acres of
fine land. In 1864 he was married at Delphi,
Indiana, to Miss Francis Olds. Francis R. and
Clyde W. are their children.

John Kelley, a native of Tyrone county, Ire-
land, was bom in 1826. When he was three years
of age his parents brought him to Quebec, settling
in Cornwall, where he grew to manhood, receiv-
ing a fair education. In 1850 he came to the
St. Croix Valley and for a time stopped at Hud-
son, where he worked for a time in the mills. In
1851 he helped build the residence of W. W.
Scott, the first house built on Hudson prairie. In
1853 he pre empted 160 acres of land, where he
now resides. Mr. Kelley was married February
29th, 1852, at Hudson, to Miss Jane McCutcheon,
a native of Ireland. They have had seven child-
ren, four of whom are living: Jameseanna, Edith
E., Mary J. and Isabella H.

Lloyd Garrison Greene, was born in Cumber-
land county, Ohio, January 23d, 1847. When he
was four years of age his parents moved west,
stopping at Hudson, Wisconsin, where he re-
ceived his education and learned the trade of mU-
ler. At the death of his father m 1873 he be-
came sole proprietor of the Paradise mUls. In
1867 Mr. Green was married to Miss Adelle
Rogers of River Falls. They have two children,
Minnie B. and Ada.

Caleb Greene, deceased, was born in 1795, at
Providence, Rhode Island. At an early age emi-
grated to the ''Western Reserve," Ohio, where he
was pastor of the Baptist church and carried on
farming until 1851. Came to Hudson in 1854
aud with Mr. Cox erected the Paradise mill.
Here he lived until his death in 1878, and was
prominent in the business affairs of the valley.
His wife was Miss S;vrah Westcott, who was born
in Massachusetts in 1807 and died in 1858 at Hud-
son.

(Jeorge Marthi, a native of Steuben county,
New York, was born in 1838. When he was but
six years of age his father removed to Rock
county, Wisconsin, and in 1852 came to Hudson.
Benig an only child, George has had rare educa-
tional advantages, and took a collegiate course.
After completing his education, he was for a

BIOGBAPHIGAL.

247

time engaged in business in Hudson, but soon
concluded to turn his attention to farming. He
has a fine farm of seven hundred acres, in Hudson
township, and is an extensive stock-raiser. Dur-
ing the year 1880, he spent ten thousand dollars
in purchasing improved stock. He also owns the
elevator at North Wisconsin Junction. He mar-
ried Miss Anna Ansley, at Hudson, in 1861.

William Martin, father of George Martin, was
born in Vermont, in 1800. In early life he set-
tled in Steuben county. New York, where his
son was bom. In 1851 he came to St. Croix
Valley, which has since been his -home. He
now lives, at an advanced age, with his son.

William MeCutcheon, a native of Ireland, was
bom March 23d, 1824. He was educated in his
native coimtry, and in 1846, came to Arnerica,
landing at Montreal, Canada. In 1850, he came
to Hudson, and until 1853 was employed in the
mills at Hudson. He then commenced farming.
In 1858, he sold out his interests here and sailed
for Australia, embarking at New York. After
spending two years there, he embarked at Sidney,
for home. Upon arriving here he bought his
present farm, and has since been occupied in
agriculture. May 12th, 1868, he married Miss
Mary A. Hodgin. They have two children :
Anna S., and William Henry.

William H. McDurand, a native of New Bruns-
wick, was born in 1830. In 1850, he immigrated
to the St. Croix Valley. Por a number of years
he was engaged in lumbering at Hudson. In
1853, he pre-empted a farm of one hundred and
sixty acres, in Hudson township. Since then he
has added to the original claim by purchase, and
now owns a finely improved farm of five hundred
and ninety acres. In 1862 he enlisted in com-
pany D, Thirtieth Wisconsin Infantry, and served
until 1865. He married Miss Laura Babold, in
December, 1865. They have five children: Kate,
Mary, Henry, Eoy, and Donald.

ST. JOSEPH.

Julius Beer was bom in Saxony in 1843. When
he was eleven years of age his parents brought
him to the United States, and settled in Cook
county, near Chicago, Illinois. In 1869 he came
to St. Croix county, and has since resided here,
and now owns a fine farm of two hundred acres.
He is a member of the firm of Lewis and Beers,

proprietors of the Willow River cheese factory.
In October, 1867, Mr. Beers married Miss Ellen
Thake, of Cook county, Illinois. Frank, Wil-
liam, Albert and Edward are their children.

Christian Burkhardt was bom near Baden-Ba-
den, Germany,- September 26th, 1834. Here he
acquired an education, and learned the trade of
mill-wright. In 1854 he came to this country,
worked in various places, and in 1858 returned
home, and in 1859 again came to America and
was engaged in different parts of the north-west
until 1868, when he removed his family to St.
Croix county, and has since resided here. Mr.
Burkhardt owns four hundred and eighty acres of
land along the Willow river, including the famous
falls where Bowron's mill was built. He was mar-
ried in 1862, to Miss Ernestine Beer, of Chicago,
Illinois. They have eight children, Louisa,
Frank, Emma, Bertie, A.ugusta, Ida, Lina and
Elfrida.

Wilhelm Dreschler, a native of Germany, was
born November 29th, 1834. In 1854 he came to
the United States, and for about four years was
in the coal regions of Pennsylvania. In 1857 he
came to StiUwater, and for twelve years was em-
ployed in lumbering on the St. Croix river. For
five years he run a ferry between Stillw£tter and
St. Joseph, where, in 1878, he purchased forty-six
acres of land and built Wilhelm Heights, a fine
two-story house. In connection with his hotel,
Mr. Dreschler also is interested in farming.

John Durning was bom in Donegal, Ireland,
May 1st, 1811. In 1840 he immigrated to the
United States, and for two years lived in Phila-
delphia, then removed to Galena, Illinois, where
remained until 1851, employed in carpenter work.
In 1851, he came to St. Croix county, and com-
menced work on the construction of Bowron's
mill. In a short time he acquired by entry and
purchase a large tract of land, and now owns an
even section on which his residence is situated.
He was married in Galena, Illinois, in 1845. His
wife died of cholera in 1850. In 1851 he married
Miss Ann Donnelly, of Galena. James, Joseph,
Charles and Henry are their children.

Thomas Haggarty, a native of Houlton, Aroos-
took county, Maine, was bom in 1845. In 1868
he went to Cambria county, Pennsylvania, and
resided four years; then came to Stillwater, Min-
nesota, in 1872, and for the next two years was

248

HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY.

interested in lumbering on the St. Croix river. In
1877 he began mercantile business in St. Joseph,
and has a fine residence adjoining his store.

WilUam C. Hanson was born in St. Stephens,
New Brunswick, May 22d, 1841, and while yet a
child came, with his parents, to Lincoln city,
Maine. When sixteen years of age he went to
Hamden, New York, and commenced learning
the carpenters' trade. In August, 1861, he en-
listed in Company F, Twelfth Maine Volunteer
Infantry, and served until in August, 1864. After
a visit to his home he again enlisted and served
to the close of the war. After ^working at his
trade in Maine until 1872, went to Nebraska and
resided there two years. In 1874 he came to
Stillwater, Minnesota, and in 1876, to St. Joseph,
where he has built a shop, and manufactures
sash, doors, blinds and all kinds of building ma-
terials.

Oluf M. JueU was born in Norway, November
3d, 1844. Having learned the machinists' trade
in his native country, he immigrated to America
in 1864. For about seven years he engaged in
far mi Tig in Burnett county, Wisconsin; then, in
1871, went to Stillwater and worked on a farm.
In 1877 he came to St. Joseph, and has since
conducted a blacksmith shop. Married Miss
Hannah Christopherson, of Gransburg, July 31st,
1870. They have had seven children, three of
whom are living.

Daniel Lewis was bom near Swansea, Wale."!,
August 25th, 1821. In 1850 he came to America,
and located at Green Bay, Wisconsin. After
lumbering four years, he came to St. Croix county,
and during that year bought and located two
himdred and ninety acres of land. For six years
he was employed in lumbering on the St. Croix.
Since 1860 he has given his attention to farming.
He is also senior member of the firm of Lewis
and Beers; married in 1860 Miss Catherine
Welch, of St. Joseph. They have six children,
Hannah, Margaret, Evan, David, May and
Elizabeth.

Alexander McMillan was born in Canada West,
where he lived until eighteen years old, then came
to Michigan, and for two years was engaged in
lumbering. He passed some time at La Crosse,
and came to Stillwater in 1867. For seven years
was lumbering on the St. Croix river, most of the
time for Thomas Dunn. In 1874, went to Fra-

zier's river, British Columbia, and worked four
months for Wm. Moody. He then returned . to
Stillwater and was in the lumber business until
1880, when he established his business in St.
Joseph township, St. Croix county, Wisconsin,
opposite Stillwater.

Griffith lloberts, a native of Wales, was born
in 1825. Came to the United States in 1849, and
proceeded directly to Manistee, Michigan. In
1851, came to the St. Croix Valley, and located a
claim, the site of his present farm. Until 1856,
he engaged in logging on the head waters of the
St. Croix, then began to make permanent im-
provements on his farm. As there was no market
for wheat, the product of two years remained
stored in his granary. In 1851, Joseph Bowron
began building bis mill, which was a noted place
in early days. Mr. Roberts now owns two hun-
dred acres of land on section 10, near Burkhardt
station on the North Wisconsin railway. He
has held the offices of town supervisor, treasurer,
school offices, etc. In May, 1862, he was married
to Elizabeth Heath, of St. Joseph. They have
two children, Ann and Emma. Two boys and
three girls died young.

Nicholas Schenk, head-mUler at the WiUow
River Falls mUls, was born in Prussia, in 1853.
In 1872, he left his native coimtry, and after
landing in New York, came to Chicago, where
he remained four months, then engaged in a miU
in Walworth county, Wisconsin. After a stay
of nearly three years, he went to Kingston, Min-
nesota, thence to Long Lake, stUl engaged in
milling, then to the Willow River mills for one
and one-half years. Then one year in Minne-
apolis, after which he retured to the employ of
Mr. Burkhardt as head-miller.

Michael J. Smith, proprietor of the Burkhardt
House, was born in Buffalo, New York, March
30th, 1852. When eighteen years old he accom-
panied his parents to Dubuque, Iowa, where he
learned the trade of chair-maker. In 1879 came
to Burkhardt and engaged in mercantile business
until 1880 when he opened the hotel he now con-
ducts. It is a neat house of ten rooms. October
12th, 1875, he married Celia Stolz of Dubuque,
Iowa. They are the parents of two children,
John and Emma.

John Tobin, deceased, was one of the pioneers
of the St. Croix valley, having entered it as early

BIOQBAPHICAL.

249

as 1842. He was born in Ireland in 1818. His
father died and at twelve years of age an uncle
brought him to this country. In 1842 he came to
the St. Croix and engaged in lumbering, making
his headquarters at Stillwater. In 1853 he came
to Bowron's mill and two years later located on
what is now section 36, St. Joseph township. At
.the time of his death, January 22d, 1880, he was
the owner of 340 acres of land. He held all the
prominent town offices and was universally re-
spected. His widow, Mary Jane Tobin, was born
in Madison county, Illinois, and in 1848 was mar-
ried and came with her husband to this coimty.
She is still living at the old home. They had
twelve children, seven of whom are now living.
William Trieb, merchant at Burkhardt was
born in Buffalo, New York, June 26th, 1847. At
the age of ten, moved with his parents to Du-
buqe, Iowa, and there grew to manhood learning
the trade of turner. In 187'i came to Hudson
and spent the summer. The following year, did
the same, and in 1877 opened his store at Burk-
hardt, where he has since Jived. He is deputy
postmaster and has charge of the business of the
office, which is located in his store. Married in
1877, Clara Schilling of Dubuque, Iowa. They
have two children, Helen and George.

RICHMOND.

Samuel L. Beebe was born in Delaware county,
New York, September 23d, 1830. There he re-
ceived a fair education and learned the carpenter's
trade. At the age of twenty he came to Janes-
ville, "Wisconsin, and two years later arrived at
Hudson, May 23d, 1852. On his arrival, pro-
ceeded to Boardman's mill, then in process of
erection, and worked there until its completion.
In 1853, he pre-empted a claim on section nine-
teen, and built the first shanty put up on "Ten
Mile" creek. He was then engaged in working
at his trade in different localites until 1857, when
he, in company with C. H. Boardman, built the
.present hotel at Boardman, which they occupied
three years. In 1859 they built the Union miUs.
His present residence was erected in 1878. Mr.
Beebe has been active in opening and promoting
the interests of the Willow river country, and has
held several offices in the town. He was married
in 1858 to Jane E. Spears, a native of Canada.
They have eight children, four boys and four girls.

Samuel W. Beebe, deceased, one of the pioneer
farmers of the Upper Willow river country, was
born in Delaware county, New York, in 1801.
Immigrated to Wisconsin in 1848, locating in Wal-
worth county, where he remained imtil 1856,
when he brought his family by team overland to
St. Croix county. He pre-empted a large farm on
section thirty-three, Cylon township, where he
resided until his death, which occurred in 1876.
His wife was Cornelia Ellis, who was born in
Delaware county. New York, in 1808. She died
in Cylon, in 1859. They had thirteen children,
ten of Whom reached ihaturity.

Francis H. Boardman was born at Norwich,
Connecticut, in 1832. He completed a course of
study at the Eandolph Centre Academy, and in

1855 came west, and located at Hudson. The
year following he spent in the pineries, and in

1856 located at Boardman. In 1865 he began
mercantile business, being the first merchant in
the town, and followed the business for about
thirteen years, since which time real estate has
claimed his attention. The village and post-office
of Boardman, was named after himself and
brother. In 1870, at Hudson, he was married to
Isabella Spenee. They have three children liv-
ing, Ernest N., Lillie M. and Erancis. Mary
Edith died at the age of two years.

William Johnston was born in Ontario, Can-
ada, in 1831, and there grew to manhood. When
twenty-four years old, he came to the United
States and settled in the St. Croix Valley; has
since Uved in St. Croix county, where he has
been engaged in agriculture principally, engag-
ing also in lumbering. In 1875, he, in company
with his brother James, built the Boardman
mills, and has since been the active manager, his
brother devoting most of bis time to lumbering
They have a large interest in the saw-mill at New
Richmond. Mr. Johnston was married in 1873
to Miss Fannie Starkweather. They have one
child, Frederick.

James Johnston, brother and partner of Wil-
liam Johnston, was born in Ontario, in 1837, and
has followed the fortunes of his older brother
during the greater part of his business Ufe. He
is unmarried.

WilUam Johnston, Jr., was born in Ontario,
Canada, January 25th, 1856. In 1878 he came
to Northfleld, Minnesota, and after a brief stay

250

HISTOBY OF PIERCE COUNTY.

there and at Faribault, came to New Richmond.
After one season in the pineries he located at
Boardman, and began business in partnership
with James Smith, which still continues.

James O. Smith, a native of Maine, was bom
March 16th, 1854. When a child, his parents
removed to Nova Scotia. He left the provinces
in 1869, and went to Boston, Massachusetts, then
to Dunn county, Wisconsin, and remained there
one year. Since then he has been a resident at
Boardman, and is now a member of the firm of
Smith and Johnston.

William J. Virgil, head-millei' at the Board-
man mills, is a native of England, born October

20th, 1844. He learned the trade of miller in
England and came to the United States in 1866.
Engaged at his trade in various places in Ohio
and Michigan, and came to Minnesota, and started
the Manannah mills in Meeker county. Thence
to Minneapolis, thence to Hudson, Wisconsin,
and at the opening of the Boardman mills took
charge of them and has since flUed the position
to the entire satisfaction of his employers. He
is thoroughly versed in milling, and understands
the roller system of manufacturing flour. Was
married in 1868, at Greenville, Michigan, to
Arestia Goodsell. They have two children :
Gracie and Claudie BeU.

PIERCE COUNTY.

CHAPTER XLII.

PHYSICAL FBATUEES GEOLOGY ORGANIZA-
TION— COUNTY SEATS— COUNTY BUILDINGS
— TOWNS.

This county was named in honor of President
Franklin Pierce. It is situated in the western
part of the state, and lies immediately south of
the forty-flfth parallel of north latitude, between
ninety-two and ninety-three degrees of longitude
west from Greenwich, and is consequently west
of the fourth principal meridian. It is triangu-
lar in shape, the hypothenuse being formed by
Lake Pepin, the Mississippi river and Lake St.
Croix, which secure to this county one of the
longest navigable water-fronts in the state. The
boundaries on the north and east are St. Croix,
Dunn and Pepin counties. It embraces an area
of 600 square miles, or 387,000 acres, the greater
part being owned by actual settlers.

This county is situated at the junction of the
Mississippi river and Lake St. Croix, the lake
forming its western boundary, its southern border
resting on the Mississippi. Along the river it
presents the usual feature of valley succeeded by

bluff, broken at frequent intervals by ravines,
through which the streams from the interior seek
communication with the great river. Toward
the north and east the hills become less elevated
and the valleys more extensive. This gives a di-
versity to the scene, though less bold and grand
than is found in mountainous districts, yet one
strongly marked. The luxuriant sward, clothing
the hill-slope to the water's edge; the steep cliff
shooting up through its mural escarpments; the
streams clear as crystal, now quiet, now ruffled
by a temporary rapid, now forming a romantic
cascade over some terrace of rocks; trees dis-
posed in a manner to baffle the landscape garden-
er— now crowning the height, now shading the
slope; the intervening valleys giving the picture
of cultivated meadows and rich pasture lands,
irrigated and drained by frequent rivulet and
stream, along which, and on the hillside, are seen
the farm-house and village, scenes of wealth,
happiness and comfort; all these and many more
are features of the county. On the summit lev-
els spread the wide prairies, abounding in flowers
of gayest hue, the long undulations stretching
away till sky and meadow mingle in the horizon.

COUNTY OBGANIZED.

251

The country is sufficiently level to allow of the
highest grade of cultivation, perhaps two-fifths
being in an active stats of agriculture. The
principal part of the farming-land is in the west-
ern half of the county, which .was originally oak
openings and prairie; the eastern part being tim-
ber land and covered by the "Big woods." This
is a belt of hard wood timber that extends from
the Mississippi river to Lake Superior. In the
limits of Pierce county the timber is of the hard
wood varieties, such as the red, white and black
oaks, sugar maple and butternut, all timber of
flrst-class grade for the manufacture of farm and
other implements. There are numerous large
streams distributed over the county, such as the
Kinnickinnic, Eush, Trimbelle and Isabella riv-
ers, with many smaller creeks which drain the
region completely and empty into Lake St. Croix,
the Chippewa and Mississippi rivers. The cur-
rent of the streams is generally swift, and ailords
magnificent water-power, a resource that is used
only to a small fraction of its capacity. Springs
are numerous and give origin to streams in which
abound the speckled trout, with bass, bullheads,
pike, pickerel, carp and catfish in the rivers. The
lover of wild game of the wood or prairie here
may gratify his taste.

The surface of Pierce is about three hundred
feet above Lake Michigan. It belongs to the
lower Silurian age, the lower magnesian lime-stone
being the characteristic, at points overlaid by the
upper sand-stone, both of which project from the
hills and mounds. There is also an occasional layer
of shell sand-stone coveringthe higher elevations.
The soil, derived from the decompostion of three
formations, is always of excellent quality, rich in
organic matter, as well as in salts. This gives a
rapid growth to plants, and a durability that en-
ables it to withstand a long succession of crops.

Pierce county was formed from St. Croix by
an act of the legislature approved March 14th,
1853, and organized with full powers. By the
same act, the county seat was located at the vil-
lage of Prescott, with liberty to change the same
to any other point at any general election. The
same act called for an election of county officers
in J?^ovember of the same year, and made the
town board of Prescott the county board of su-
pervisors, which board was formed of Osborn
Strahl, as chairman of the board; Silas Wright

and Sylvester Moore, supervisors. On motion,
H. Teachout was appointed clerk, pro tem. The
first meeting was held at the home of 8. Moore,
November 15th, 1853. The following persons
were appointed as judges of election: J. R.
Freeman and J. Hewitt, and O. T. Maxon, justice
of the peace. One hundred and ten votes were
cast, the majority of which elected JST. S. Dunbar,
sherifE; J. E. Preeman, treasurer; S. E. Gunn,
clerk of the court; Henry Teachout, clerk of the
board; J. Olive, coroner; P. V. Wise, district at-
torney; J. B. True, surveyor. At the first meet-
ing of the county board held November 16th

1853, three county superintendents of the poor
were appointed; E. G. Thompson, Jonathan
Bailey and J. E. Preeman. At the same meeting
a tax of fifteen mills on the taxable property of
the county was voted for the current expenses of
the county. At the same meeting, a license was
granted to Lovejoy and Tell, to run a ferry across
the mouth of the St. Croix river between Pres-
cott and Point Douglas, said parties required
to give bonds to the county for a faithful fulfill-
ing of the law in such cases required. The fol-
lowing are the rates allowed to be charged as fer-
riage; foot-men, five cents; man and horse, twenty-
five cents; ox, cow, or mule, fifteen cents each;
two horses and wagon or carriage, fifty cents; one
pair of oxen and wagon, fifty cents; one horse
and buggy, thirty-five cents. At a special meet-
ing called at the house of O. Strahl, January 18th,

1854, J. M. Whipple was appointed to the office
of register of deeds, the vote being a tie at the
regular election. It was voted to allow said
Whipple the usual fee, as regulated by law, for
transcribing the records of St. Croix county
to the records of Pierce county. It was voted to
allow P. V. Wise $40 per annum, as district at-
torney. It was voted to form the following new
towns. The town of Greenwood with the
following boundaries: Commencing at the range
line between 17 and 18, where said line crosses the
township line, between townships 27 and 28, run-
ning south on said line to the south-east corner
of said section, running between sections 12
and 13 of township 26, range 18; thence due east
on the same line between- said sections 12 and 13
in said township to the section hne running north
and south between sections 9 and 10 of township
26, range 19; thence due north through the centre

252

HISTOBY OF PIEBGE COUNTY.

• of townships 26 and 27, of range 19, to the town-
ship line between townships 27 and 28, of range
19, thence due east on said township line to the
place of beginning; the first town meeting to be
held at the house of Col. Stone, near the source
of Book Branch.

On motion, it was voted to form a new town,
with the following boundaries: Commencing
at a point where the range line, running between
ranges 14 and 15, crosses the township line be-
tween townships 27 and 28, south on said range
line to the township line between townships
27 and 28; thence west on said township line to
the range line between ranges 18 and 19; thence
north on said range line to said line between
townships 27 and 28; thence on said township line
to place of beginning; said town to be known as
MarteU; the first election to beheld at the house
of Amos Bonesteel; the remaining part of Peirce
county to be known as the town of Prescott.

The following is an aggregate valuation of real
and personal property, as taken from the asses-
sor's list of November 16th, 1853: Real estate,
$24,452; personal property, $3,616; total, $28,068,
as certified to by P. V. Wise, deputy clerk.

That year, at the November election, W. J.
Copp was chosen circuit judge, and received in
Pierce county ninety-six votes. Same fall. Mason
Stone was elected county judge.

The place of holding the county court at this
time was somewhat varied, using whatever hall
or empty room they could secure, the jail being
the only county building then erected.

The following are the returns of the county
election held November 7th, 1854: Congressman,
C. C. Washburn; state senator, Moses S. Gibson;
assemblyman, Smith E. Gunn; sherifE, J. Olive;
county treasurer, J. Bailey; county surveyor, O.
Strahl; clerk of circuit court, John Truax; dis-
trict attorney, A. C. Stowell; register of deeds, S.
T. Otis; clerk board of supervisors, N. N. Pow-
ell; coroner, C. B. Cox; county judge, Col. M.
Stone; sealer weights and measures, Wm. Mc-
Murphy.

At a meeting of the board of county supervi-
sors, called March 2d, 1855, a petition was pre-
sented asking for the formation of a new town,
with the following boundaries: Townships 24,
25 and 26, range 15, and fractional township 24
of range 16, and townships 25 and 26 of range 16,

and fractional township 24 of range 17, and town-
ships 25 and 26, range 17; said town to be known
as the town of Isabella; first election to be held
at the house of Abner Brown. At the same
meeting a petition was presented for a new town,
with the following boundaries: Township 26,
range 18; to be known as the town of Trimbelle;
first election to be held at the house of P. Otis.

At a meeting of the board held at Concert
hall, Prescott, November 26th, 1856, a petition
was presented asking for a new town with the
following boundaries: All that part of Pierce
county lying within the boundaries of fractional
township 25, range 19, and township 25, range 18.
and fractional township 24, range 18, be, and is
hereby, set off from the town of Prescott, and en-
titled the town of Diamond BlufE; the first elec-
tion to be held in the village of Diamond BlufC,
at the house of Daniel Comstock.

At a meeting of the board of Pierce county,
held at the clerk's office March 3d, 1857, petitions
were presented asking for the establishing of a
new town, with the following boundaries: Com-
mencing . at the north-east comer of section 3,
town 27, range 19; thence running on the line of
said township to the centre of Lake St. Croix;
thence down said lake to the middle of the south-
west line of the south-west quarter of section 3,
township 26, range 20; thence following the line
of the city of Prescott to the north-east corner of
the city limits; thence north to the middle of the
north line of the north-west quarter of section 2,
township 26, range 20; thence following the line
between townships 26 and 27 to the south-east
corner of section 84, township 27, range 19; thence
north to the place of beginning; the first election
to be held at the house of A. P. Manning, in the
village of Clifton Mills ; said town to be knovm as
Clifton.

At the same meeting a petition was granted to
establish a new town with the following boun-
daries: Commencing at the north-east corner sec-
tion 1, township 26, range 19; thence west on the
line between townships 26 and 27 to the middle
of the north line of the north-west quarter of sec-
tion 2, township 26, range 27 ; thence south to the
north-east corner of the city limits ; thence south
on the east line of the city of Prescott to the mid-
dle of the Mississippi river; thence down said
river to the line between townships 25 and 26, on

TOWN BOUNJDABIUS.

253

said town line to the south-east comer of section
36, township 26, range 19 ; thence south on the
line between ranges 18 and 19 to the place of be-
ginning ; said town to be known as the town of
of "Oak Grove" ; the first election to be held at
the village of Pleasant Grove.

The following resolution was passed: That the
above named towns of "Clifton," "Oak Grove"
and "City of Prescott," shall pay their share pro
rata of the indebtedness of the present town of
Prescott.

At the same meeting the board voted that
township 26, range 17, Pierce county, be and is
hereby set ofi and established as the town of
"Perry," and that the first election of said town
be held at the house of D. H. Pilkins, in said
town. At a special meeting of the board of
supervisors held in the city of Prescott, March
30th, 1857, it was voted to divide the town of Isa-
bella in the following manner : Beginning at the
south-west comer of township 24, range 17, and
running due north on the west line of township
24 and 25 across said town, that all that part of
said town of Isabella situated east of said boun-
dary line, be and is hereby known as "Pleasant
Valley ;" the first election to beheld at the house
of Jeremiah Puller. At a meeting of the county
board of supervisors, called at the council hall, city
of Prescott, November 14th, 1857, it was voted to
form a new town from the town of Isabella,
township 25, range 17, west, to be known as the
town of "Hartland ;" the first election to be held
at the house of Joseph Sleeper.

At the same meeting it was voted to establish
a new town with the following boundaries: All
that portion of Diamond Bluff in fractional town-
ship 24, range 18, sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, -24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and
fractional sections 33, 34, 35 and 36, of township
25, range 18, for and the same is hereby set off
into the new town of "Trenton ;" first election to
be held at the store of J. Akeis. At a subse-
quent meeting of the board held Friday, March
26th, 1858, a petition was received from the legal
voters of Greenwood township, asking to have
the name of the town changed to "Kiver Palls,"
which was granted. At the same meeting Jesse
M. Southwick was appointed county treasurer in
place of J. Ayers resigned, the former having
held the position of deputy. The records reveal

to us the facts in connection with the resigna-
tion; the county business had been somewhat
loosely kept and the county credit was very much
impaired during his administration. It was evi-
dent that he had little knowledge of the proper
manner of doing public business. One early set-
tler remarked, "The Pierce county treasury ac-
counts were carried in the top of the treasurer's
hat, subject to the four winds of heaven," and
no doubt were often disarranged, so much so, that
it required the labor of a committee several
months to get them settled up.

At a meeting of the board, held November
18th, 1858, it was voted to set off township 26,
ranges 15 and 16, which boundary included a por-
tion of Pleasant Valley township, into a new town
to be known as "El Paso ;" first election to be
held at the house of George P. "Walker, in said
town.

In accordance with an act of the legislature,
approved March 15th, 1861, the question of the
removal of the county seat from Prescott to Ells-
worth, was submitted to the people, with the
following result: nine hundred and seventy-
three votes were cast, of which six hundred were
for removal, the remainder opposing.

At the next session of the county board, the
officers went to the point designated in the act,
and did business in a board shanty erected for
their comfort. Soon after this, there was a meet-
ing of the board held at the new county seat,
which was the scene of a lively contest. The
eastern delegation presented and contended for a
bill calling for an appropriation for the erection
of permanent buildings. The Prescott faction
opposed it, and wished only for those of a tempo-
rary character.

No amicable arrangement could be secured
and the meeting adjourned "sine die." The fol-
lowing year an act was approved calling for an
election to return the county seat to Prescott.
The effort, however, was a failure, and the seat
of government remained at Ellsworth.

Temporary buildings were used until 1869,
when their present beautiful and substantial
buildings were erected. The same year an appro-
priation of $3,000 was made for the purchase of a
poor farm, which is located near Ellsworth.

At a meeting of the board, held April 17th,
1861, the sum of $2,000 was voted for the erection

254

HISTOBY OF PIEBGE COUNTY.

of suitable buildings for holding the courts of the
county, also for a jail for the use of said county;
the buildings to be erected on the following:
the south-west quarter, section 17, or the south-
east quarter of section 18, or the north-east quar-
ter of section 19, or the north-west quarter of
section 20, in township 26, range 17 west, on any
part of said land as may be determined by the
board of supervisors. The vote stood as follows:
nine for and five against. At a meeting held
June 11th, 1861, it was voted to add $4,500 to the
sum already voted. At a meeting held Novem-
ber 16th, 1861, it was voted to organize town-
ship 25, range 15, into a new town to be known
as Union, the first election to be held at the
house of Frank Masher. At a meeting of the
board, held January, 13th, 1862, a petition was
granted asking that the name of the town of
Perry be changed to Ellsworth.

At a meeting of the board, held January 14th,
1862, it was voted to form a new town with the
following boundaries: township 25, range 16 west,
said town to be known as the town of Salem. A
petition of the voters of the town of El Paso,
asking for the formation of a new town with the
following boundary : township 26, range 15, said
town to be known as Bock Elm; the first election
to be held at the house of J. Pickett.

At a meeting of the board held at Prescott
November 10th, 1868, it was voted to form a new
town with the following territoiy: township 27,
range 15, said town to be known as Spring Lake,
the first election to be held- at the house of A. M.
Wilcox. A petition of the voters of the town
of Martell was granted by setting off a new
town with the following territory: township
27, range 16, said town to be known as Deerfield;
the first election to be held at the house of Albert
Martin.

At a meeting held February 1st, 1869, it was
voted to vacate the town of Isabella, township 24,
range 17, and attach the same to Ilartland, to be
known as Hartland; first election to be held at
Hodgeman's school-house. At same meeting it
was voted to change the name of township 24,
lange 15, and township 24, range 16, known as
Pleasant Valley, to Maiden Book. At a meeting
of the board held May 26th, 1869, it was voted to
change the name of township 27, range 16, known
as Deerfield, to Gilman. A meeting of the board

was called August 9th, 1869, at which time the
contract was let to D. C. Hill to build the courtr
house, his bid being $13,455.

At a meeting of the board held June 19th,
1871, a canvass of the votes of the town of Hart-
land had been taken in regard to a division of the
town. A majority were in favor of the following
division: township 24 north, of range 17 west, to
be set off and called Isabella.

At a special meeting of the board called June
17th, 1872, it was voted to issue bonds of the
county to the amount of $5,000, for the normal
school fund; said bonds payable March 1st, 1873.

The first records of the judicial courts held at
Prescott, 1854, were kept on sheets of foolscap
paper fastened together with wafers, such as were
used to seal letters in the days of yore. The first
case before the court was as follows: "State of
Wisconsin, Pierce county; Wm. Woodruff versus
Charles D. Stevens, August Loehmen and Charles
Peschke. — In court of said county. In equity.
On reading and filing the bill of complaint in this
case on motion of S. J. B. McMillan and H. M.
Lewis, solicitors for counsel J. S. Foster, it is or-
dered that a writ of injunction be issued in the
case, pursuant to the prayer of said bill upon said
complaint. Some one, in his behalf, filed with
the clerk of said court a bond for damages and
costs in the sum of $1,700, with surety to be ap-
proved by the clerk or judge of said court. In
witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand
and seal this 22d day of May, A. D. 1854. (Signed)
Wiram Knowlton, judge of the sixth judicial dis-
trict."

ELLSWORTH.

The village of Ellsworth is located on the edge
of the "big woods," at about the center of
Pierce county. An act of the legislature, ap-
proved March 15, 1861, submitted to the people
by vote, the question of the removal of the county
seat from Prescott to Ellsworth, at the same time
designating its location in case of removal. The
popular vote decided the change contemplated in
the act, and the court house was thus placed near
the center of the county in a most beautiful lo-
cality. The village has a population of about six
hundred inhabitants; surrounded by a fine farm-
ing country. The county buildings were erected
in 1869, of brick and stone, at an expense of
$30,000. There-are other small villages located

CITY OF PBE8C0TT.

255

in different parts of the county, such as Maiden
Rock, Diamond Bluff, and Trenton, on the river;
and Clifton, Spring Valley, Eock Elm, El Paso,
andMartell, located in their respective towns of
the same name.

PRESCOTT.

CHAPTER XLIII.

CITY CHAETEK SCHOOLS CHUKCHES

MANUFACTUEES BIOGEAPHICAL.

In the early history of Prescott we find an or-
ganization of some of the leading United States
oflScers located at Port Snelling, for the purpose
of securing the land at the present site of the
city of Prescott. This organization was effected
in 1827, and was composed of the following par-
ties: Major Plympton, Captain Scott, Colonel
Thompson, (Japtain Brady, Dr. Emerson, and
Philander Prescott, the latter being an Indian in-
terpreter for the government. A claim of twelve
hundred acres was made, and Prescott appointed
to take charge of the claim until it came into
market. The claim was protected until ]841,
when an act was passed by congress, denying the
right of any organization to hold claims. Under
this law Mr. Prescott secured his claim of 160
acres, and a few years later he added one hun-
dred more, all of which territory occupied a large
portion of the present site of the city of Prescott.
In 1838 a trading post was estabUshed at this
point.

In the meantime, Prescott had been called to
the fort in performance of his duties as Indian
interpreter. One Reed, a discharged soldier, was
sent to hold the claim for the organization, but
was afterwards succeeded by a Frenchman by
the name of Moshia. The same year, Hilton Doe,
S. J. Hodgeden, from Ohio; ,1. T. Truse and J.
D. McBuUy, from New York, landed at this
point.

In a short time Doe was left alone with
Reed and a small community of Indians and
half-breeds. The settlement grew very slowly from
the fact of the company excluding all settlers
from their claim. In 1841 William Schaser ar-
rived, but only remained for a short time. He,
however, returned in 1844, bringing with him
his wife, the first white woman in this region.
Mr. Schaser claims to have built the first frame
house in Prescott. Their daughter Eliza was the
first white child born in the county. In 1847
additions were made by the arrival of J. R. Rice
and family, W. Lockwood, L. N. Hamsberger
and Geo. W. McMurphy. Mr. McMurphy was
married to a daughter of Mr. Rice April 24th,
1848, which was the first marriage performed in
the county. The second was that of H. N. Hol-
man in 1853. From this period the settlement
began to grow quite rapidly.

We find that the list of early settlers at this
date was as follows: Hilton Doe in 1838, who
remained for a short time, when he went below
on the river and held the position of Indian farm-
er for seven years; he returned again in 1845.
George Schaser came in 1841 and remained a short
time; he returned again in 1844. Thing Broth-
ers and the Comelison Brothers came in 1847;
J. R. Rice the same year. Dr. Aldrich came in
1843; W. Lockwood in 1846; W. McMurphy
and L. Hamsberger in 1848; N. S. Dunbar, Ly-
man Smith and J. D. Freeman in 1849; Dr. O. T.
Maxon, W. J. Copp and Dr. Beardsley about 1850.

This county was still a portion of St. Croix
county, but in 1849, the town of Elizabeth was
set off and comprised what is now the county of
Pierce. The first officers elected at the organiza-
tion of this new town were Wilson Thing,
chairman of the board, Aaron Comelison, L. N.
Hamsberger, supervisors; Hilton Doe, clerk;
George W. McMurphy, treasurer. In 1851, by
an act of the legislature, the name of the town
was changed to that of Prescott, in honor of Mr.
Prescott. The city is located at the junction of
Lake St. Croix, with the Mississippi, which forms
a large curve or point of land on which the city
is built, and which was known in olden times
as Lake Mouth. Extending back from the water's
edge for some forty rods, the ground has a gentle
rise, on which is built the business portion of the
city; from the base of the bluff it rises more

256

HISTOBT OF PIEBGE COUNTY.

abruptly, over forty feet to the table lands on
which the resident portion of the town is situated.
From this elevation the city of Hastings at dis-
tance and the bold bluff of the Minnesota shore pre-
sents a scene, both grand and romantic, with the
old ''father of waters" extending away to the east
and west while the placid waters of the lake stretch
away to the north. Tlie large stretch of levee on
the river and the lake, so well adapted to business
purposes, combine to make this point one of the
finest locations for a city on the river. Prior to
1850, the improvements were very slow, when
Dr. O. T. Maxon and W. J. Copp purchased the
site. Previous to this, Mr. Prescott had sold
several lots, Mr. William Lockwood had opened
up a small store, and was trading in a small way
with the Indians; afterwards extended his trade by
placing a more general stock, as the settlers gath-
ered in and his trade increased. Mr. Lockwood
died soon after; he was the first white person that
died, and was buried in the town. Messrs. Maxon
and Copp had the site slirveyed and platted soon
after their purchase. From this time on, im-
provements began to increase qtute rapidly. In
1853, Pieirce county was separated from St. Croix
county and the county seat established at this
point by an act of the legislature of that year.
The city charter of Prescott was granted in the
winter of 1856-7. At the election held in the
spring of 1857 the following officers were elected:
Mayor, J. R. Freeman; aldermen for the First
ward, N. S.Dunbar, Thomas Dickerson and Seth
Ticknor; Second ward, Hilton Doe, George M.
Oakley and N. A. Miller. On motion, George
M. Oakley was chosen secretary of the meeting.
On motion, Alderman Ticknor was elected presi-
dent of the council; J. W. Beardsley was elected
clerk of the council; J. J. Foster, justice peace of
the First ward, and A. Edwards justice peace for
the Second ward. A resolution was presented
and passed, declaring N. S. Dunbar and Hilton
Doe senior aldermen for the ensuing year. On
motion, the council elected P. V. Wise, city at-
torney; William Howes, city surveyor; Thomas
Dickerson, superintendent of schools for the city.
At the same meeting, C. H. Weigh presented
bonds and was declared elected justice peace.
It was voted that the city attorney receive fifty
dollars for his salary for the year; it was voted to
pay the city clerk fifty dollars per annum as sal-

ary; voted to pay the city surveyor three dollars
per diem while engaged. The first division of the
city was made in the following manner: First
ward, all that part of the city south of Kinnic-
kinnic street and east of the Mississippi- river.
All north of Kinnickinnic street and east of the
Mississippi river to be known as the Second ward.
At a meeting of the council held May 9th, 1867,
it was voted that the city treasurer be required to
give bonds to the amount of §10,000. Also
that the superintendent of schools be required
to give bonds of f 1,000, said bonds to be ap-
proved by the coimcU. At a meeting of the
council held on the 18th of the same month, the
following committees were appointed by the
mayor: On finance, Dunbar, Dickerson and
Miller; on auditing, Dunbar, Ticknor and Miller;
on schools and school-houses, Dunbar, Oakley
and Dickerson; on streets, Dunbar, Doe and
Ticknor; on cemeteries and public property. Mil-
ler, Oakley and Dutibar; on license, Ticknor, Doe
and Miller; on printing, Oakley, Dickerson and
Doe; as board of health, Dickerson, Miller and
Oakley; on ordinances, Oakley, MiUer and Tick-
nor. John Henderson was chosen pound-master,
and L. R. Smith city marshal. Thus we find our
embryo city equipped with aU the legislative
power for self government. In 1869 a new divis-
ion of the city was made, and another ward
added, as follows: all that part of the city south
of Kinnickinnic street as First ward, and aH lying
between Kinnickinnic and Cherry streets shall be
known as the Second ward; all north of Cherry to
the city limits, shall be known as the Third ward
— each ward extending back from the river to the
eastern limits of the city.

SCHOOLS.

The first steps taken in the matter of educa-
tion, were by Mrs. Olive in the spring of 1851.
In connection with her household duties she
opened a school m her house, which was a por-
tion of what is now merchant Harusberger's,
and gave instruction to all the children that she
could gather together in the neighborhood where
she was living, which was the first school taught
in the county. The first school taught in Pres-
cott was by Miss St. Mathews in the spring of
1852, in a large log house situated between
Main street and the levee. The first district

CHVBGHES.

257

school organization was effected in the fall of
1862, by the election of the following officers, viz.:
Gr. W. McMurphy, director; N. S. Dunbar, treas-
urer; O. T. Maxon, clerk. Said district was
composed of a portion of the towns of Clifton,
Oak Grove and Prescott. The first school taught
was by Miss Helen Smith in the spring of 1863,
in a portion of the house owned by H. N. Hol-
man. The first school-house built by the district
was a portion of what is now the public school
building. From these small beginnings, step by
step the matters of education were carried for-
ward until July, 1859, when the subject of a graded
school was agitated. A call was issued to the
legal voters in joint district No. 1 to meet at the
school-house, July 22d, 1859, and vote on the
following resolution, viz.: "Eesolved, that the sum
of fifteen hundred dollars be raised by joint school
district No. 1 for the purpose of building addi-
tions to the present school-houge in said district,
suitable for the purpose of maintaining a graded
school." There were 136 votes cast — 76 for and
60 against; 16 majority. Sealed proposals were
called for, and four were handed in. The lowest
bid was by M. "W. Barb, who contracted to erect
the building for the sum of one thousand four
hundred and ninety-eight dollars, after certain
specifications furnished by the board. The school-
house, when completed, was valued at twenty-
five hundred dollars. The board of officers at
the date of building and re-organizing of the
schools were L. D. Newell, director; G. W. Mc-
Murphy, treasurer; P. Y. Wise, clerk. The re-
port jof the superintendent of schools, August
31st, 1860, was that there were residing in the
city, between the ages of four and twenty, 356.
The number attending school during the year was
273. The schools at this date are in a very flour-
ishing condition, with five departments under the
following board of efficient teachers: G. L. Bow-
man, principal, with the following assistants:
Miss Florence Olive, Miss A. McCray, Miss Allie
Ellis, Miss Mary Tabor and Miss Hattie Ives.

CHUBCHES.

The first class in connection with the early his-
tory of the Methodist Episcopal church of Pres-
cott was formed in the fall of 1853, under the
labors of Eev. Norris Hobert, a missionary from

the Methodist Episcopal conference. The first
17

members of the class were Silas "Wright and wife,
and Frederick Hyatt, they being the only mem-
bers of that denomination in the town at that
time. Mr. Hyatt being an earnest worker in the
good cause, together with his other labor as that
of a house carpenter, devoted a portion of his
time in forming plans to establish a Sabbath
school, which was accomplished that fall, and
was the first Sabbath school organized in the
county. The first services were held in the
school-house, which was located on the present
site of the public school, and a part of the same
building that is now used by the Baptist society
for their church. To this small class of three
devoted persons, in the spring were added others
from among the new settlers, and during the
next year a society was organized, and soon steps
were taken to build a house of worship. Their
first house was completed in 1866; built of wood,
22x30 feet, and located on the same site of the
Lutheran church. In 1858 they added twenty
feet to its length. In 1868, during the ministry
of Eev. Mr. Eichardson, steps were taken to erect
their present fine, commodious church, which is
of wood, 40x70, and was completed and dedicated
September 8th, 1870, during the ministry of Eev.
J. D. Searles. Their present membership is
eighty; present pastor, Eev. Wm. Haw.

The First Baptist church of Prescott sprang
from the early labors of Eev. E. W. Cressey, a
missionary sent in 1853 by the American Baptist
Home Missionary society, to labor at Prescott
and other points. Their first meetings were held
in a small unfinished house owned by Mr. Hol-
man. Afterwards in a building down in the
town, used as a tailor shop and law office during
the week. During the winter following, the
school-house was finished and they were per-
mitted to occupy it for a portion of the time,
which made a more comfortable place to hold
their meetings. A church organization was ef-
fected February 6th, 1854. Eev. T. B. Eodge
was the first regular minister called. The church
has labored under many difficulties since its or-
ganization. They have occasional services.

The foundation was laid for the establishment
of the Lutheran church at Prescott, in 1 865, under
the ministration of Eev. C. Hayer, who labored
three years, when Eev. J. Schadegg, from Oak
Grove, succeeded him, October, 1868. During his

258

HISTOBY OF FIEBCE COUNTY.

ministry in March, 1874, tlie church was organ-
ized. They held their meetings for a while in
the Congregational church. In the fall of the
same year they purchased the old Methodist
church, which was located on the site of their
present church, to which the society have made
additions and repairs until they have a fine
church. Thirty-five is their present member-
ship.

The Episcopal Church of Prescott was organ-
ized under the auspices of the Calvary mission
about 1872. The first step taken toward es-
tablishing and maintaining services at this point,
was by Eev. John Williamson, a missionary
from the above mission, in 1859, who continued
his labors two years, when he was followed by
Eev. A. B. Peabody in 1861. Rev. J. L. Breck
followed him, preaching occasionally for two
years. Eev. T. Wilkinson visited them occa-
sionally and held services. The church was
regularly organized under the preaching of Eev.
William Guild ui 1872. Eev. Mr. Thorp preached
for them occasionally for a short time. They
held services in the Dill hall. In 1880 com-
menced his labors with them, holding service in
the Baptist church. They have at this time
twenty-five female communicants, no males.

The First Congregational Church of Prescott
was organized at Point Douglas, February 16th,
1852, under the ministrations of Eev. E. Hall,
who was laboring at different points in Wiscon-
sin and Minnesota in the employ of the Home
Mission society. Owing to the arrival of settlers
and the changes made by the opening up of new
fields, the church was removed to Prescott, De-
cember 22d, 1854. Eev. Mr. Hall continued
his labors with them until 1856, when Eev. Mr.
Boutwell, also a missionary, labored with them
for a time. The church held their services for a
while in the school-house. Steps were taken in
1855, toward the erection of a church, but it was
not completed until 1858. Eev. 11 . W . Cobb was the
first minister called to labor with the church ; he
remained one year. They have a fine church edi-
fice built of stone, 40x50 feet, with tower and
bell. Eemovals and death has so thinutid their
njembers that they are unable to support preach-
ing at this time.

The Presbyterian Church of Prescott was or-
ganized in 1855. Their- church was erected in

1866. Change incident to all new countries has
seemed to withdraw a large portion of its support;
under these circumstances preaching is not main-
tained at this time.

The Catholic Church of Prescott was organized
under ministry .of Eev. Father Vervais. The
society erected their present church, which is of
wood, 24x60 feet, in 1868. The membership con-
sists of about fifty families. The Rev. Father
Kansas, living in the town of Oak Grove, holds
services once in two weeks. Theii- house of wor-
ship is located on the bluff, commanding a fine
view of the surrounding country.

SOCIETIES.

Prescott Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 154, was insti-
tuted September 6th, 1868, with the following
charter members, viz : Daniel J. Dill, David
Lord, Samuel Small, Isaac W. Pierce, Henry C.
Colton. Its first officers were as follows: D. J
Dill, N. G.; S. Small, V. G.; H. C. Colton, R.
secretary: David Lord, treasurer; W. R. Gates,
W.; B.F. Paine, C. Its present officers are as
follows, viz: E. R. Welch, N. G.; W. H. Leavitt,
V. G.; A. L. Roberts, E. S.; D. J. DUl, treas-
urer; William Lessman, E. S. N. G.; Paul
Freese, L. S. N. G.; A. Edwards, W.; N.McGill,
C. The lodge is in a flourishing condition. It
holds its meetings weekly in their nicely fur-
nished hall in the Meacham block.

The North-western Lodge A. F. and A. M. of
Prescott was first instituted in 1856, and worked
under a dispensation untU June 12th, 1858,
when they received their charter. E. A. Meach-
am, W. M.;H. Harvey, S.W., and 6. H. Nichols,
secretary. The lodge held its first meetings
in a building on the corner of Orange and Front
streets owned by A. H. Young and Company.
They now occupy rooms in tile third story of John
Dudley's store, fitted up in flue style. Their
present officers are as follows, viz: W. F. Mc-
Cray, W. M.; John Wicks, S. W.; N. S. Dunbar,
treasurer; A. B. Failing, secretary; B. Catzen-
berger, S. D.; A. M. Rudy, J. D.; S. Johnson,
tyler. The lodge is in fine working order, with a
membership of fifty- eight.

The Independent Order of Good Templars,
Lodge No. 319, was organized September 25th,
1876, with eighteen charter members. The first
offlcrs were: J. S. White, W. C. T.; Miss J. D,

SOCIETIES AND PBE8S.

269

Newell, W. V. T.; George N. Ross, W. C; Clara
McCray, W. S. E. C; Dr. E. S. Akers, W. F. S.;
Ada Covell, W. T. E.; Frank A. Ross, W. M.;
Lottie Newell, W. D. M.; Ida Rubey, W. I. G.;
J. W. Howes, W. O. G.; Gertie Ives, W. R. H.
S.; Hattie V. Newell, W. H. S.; A. Gray, P.
W. C. T. This lodge has been in a prosperous
condition since its organization. They have at
this time over one hundred members.

The Prescott Juvenile Temple, No. 108, was
organized March 17th, 1877, by Lillie J. Robin-
son, and was named Wide Awake. It had ninety
charter and twenty-one honorary members. C.
Smith was the first superintendent, and held the
office for three months, when Nellie Bancroft
was elected to the office, which she' held until she
resigned in February last. The number of ini-
tiations since its organization, ninety-six; deaths,
three. The children have collected a library of
fifty-four volumes through different entertain-
ments given by the lodge. Amount of money
received aside from library fund, fifty dollars.
Twenty-eight members have passed into the sub-
ordinate lodge, and fifty-six members in good
standing at this time. Great good has been done
through this lodge, which is now in a prosperous
condition.

The Prescott Temple of Honor was organized
December 27th, 1878, with forty-flve charter
members. The first officers elected were as fol-
lows: J. S. White, W. C. T.; H. C. Goodsell, W.
V. T.; H. 8. Miller, W. T.; T. J. Griffln, W. R.;
J. Weeks, A. W. R.; E. G. Babbidge, W. F. R.
W. Bosworth, W. M.; John Roddy, P. W. C. T.
This lodge has initiated one hundred and three
members, and has at times been in a very pros-
perous condition. They hold their meetings in
Odd Fellows hall each Friday. The ofBces are
held by the same persons mentioned above, ex-
cept the W. C. T., which is held by W. Haw.

The Prescott Grange No. 161, was first organ-
ized in Pierce Valley, town of Clifton, June 9th,
1873, by state deputy, A. H. Edwards, with
twenty- two charter members. The first officers
elected were as follows: J. S. Capley, W. M.;
John Mozer, overseer; A. B. Ilickox, lecturer;
Erastus Tubbs, steward; W. Findley, assistant
steward; L. H. Cadwell, chaplain; Edward Ham-
mond, treasurer; C. W. Wright, secretary; Ed-
ward Walters, gate keeper; Mrs. Maggie Walters

ceres; Mrs. P. Johnson, pomona; Mrs. S. Ham-
mond, flora; Mrs. M. A. Wright, lady steward.
The lodge was moved to Prescott, July 19th, 1873.
They have had as high as ninety-four members;
death and changes incident to all such enterprises
have decreased their number until but forty-five
answer to roll call, in good and regular standing.
The society holds its meetings in their finely furn-
ished hall in the second story of the Dill block, the
third Saturday of each mouth. The follovnng are
the officers at this time: J. S. Capley, W. M.; W.
F. McCray, overseer; F. C. Bliss, lecturer; E. A.
Brown, steward; E. F. White, assistant steward;
A. Watters, chaplain, Thomas Davis, treasurer;
Mrs. E. A. Bailey, secretary.

The Pierce County Agricultural Society was or-
ganized March 15th, 1859. Officers at the date of
organization were, O. T. Maxon, president, with
one vice-president from each town; George M.
Powell, recording secretary; Oliver Gibbs, cor-
responding secretary. The grounds of the society
are located about one-half mile east of the city
on the higher ground. The grounds are nicely
finished with one-half mile race track and build-
ings suitable for the display of products of the
county. The present officers are, W. T. Bunker,
president; Col. D. J. Dill, secretary; Frank C.
Ross, corresponding secretary. The meetings of
the society are well sustained and fine displays
are made each year, with a good attendance from
this and adjoining counties.

PRESS.

The first newspaper published in Prescott was
in the winter of 1854, by C. E. Young, the first
copy of which appeared on the 14th of February,
and was given the title of the Prescott Paraclete,'
republican in sentiment. In the fall of 1865
Oliver Gibbs purchased an interest in the paper,
and the title was changed to the Prescott Tran-
script. In 1857, Messrs. Lusk, Wise and Bailey
commenced the publishing of a democratic paper
entitled the Pierce County Democrat. In the
fall of 1861, Mr. Lute A. Taylor moved the River
Falls Journal to Prescott, and published it as the
Prescott Journal until the fall of 1868>when he
sold it to Messrs. Flint and Weber, who pub-
lished it until June, 1871, when the office with
the material were destroyed by fire. The sub-
scription Ust was sold to Messrs. Kimball and

260

HISTOBY OF FlEBCE COUNTY.

Morse of the Pierce County Herald, of Ellsworth.
In 1873, April 1st, M. B. Kimball commenced
the publication of what was known as the Pres-
cott Clarion. He sold his interest to E. C. Kibbe,
the same year, who changed the title to that
of Pierce County Plaindealer. July 1st, 1876,
E. H. Ives, purchased the paper, and has pub-
lished it since.

The mercantile interests of the city of Prescott
are represented by the following firms, viz: John
Dudley, E. A. Meacham* and Son, John G.
Theurer, Jacob Freese, general merchandise; N.
S. Dunbar, groceries; McGill, and Wilkinson,
L. Jurgens, and W. Sesemann, boots and shoes;
Carlos McCray, and E. R. Welch, drugs; C. Mc-
Cray, books and stationery ; George S. Holister,
and Joseph Eirner, Jr., hardware; H. S. Miller,
banker: J. S. White, P. A. Ross, and E. H. Ives,
attorneys; Arthur Young and H. C. Colton,
physicians and surgeons ; J. R. Gardner, veteri-
nary surgeon ; G. H. Miller, Frank A. Ross, and
W. H. H. Clements, insurance agents; I. P.
Peterson and son , and Arniel Cosminskie, watch-
makers and jewelers; M. T. Dill, Redmon and
Son, O. S. Hutchinson, E. W. Haviland, Theurer
and Rader, and J. K. Havens, grain dealers ;
Mrs. J. A. Abbott, and Mrs. P. D. Freese, mil-
linery, dressmakers ; N. Swanstrom, and John
Sheehan, merchant tailors; W. Rittman, Charles
Maurer, and Clemens and West, harness makers;
J. K. Havens and Joseph Fimer, Jr., agricultural
implements; C. E. Meacham, furniture; John
Dudley, lumber; C. O. Boughton, and Krueger
and Beeler, meat market; N. S. Morgan, livery
stable; A. B. Failing, machine shop and boat
building ; John Neinstadt, John Murry, Anson
Bancroft, and Samuel Elfman, manufacturers of
brick.

J. W. Taylor, barber shop; William Miller and
Mrs. Bloomer, bakery; E. R. Welch and Joseph
Maurer, confectionery; N. P. Husting, brewery;
B. Katzenberger, cooper shop; Central house, D.
Fielding, proprietor; Union house, John Harwell,
proprietor; St. Nicholas, George Shaser, proprie-
tor; Prescott house, M. J. Beeler, proprietor;
omnibus and steam ferry, W. II. II. Leavitt, pro-
prietor; rope ferry, William B. Dibble, proprietor.

Prescott has some fine, substantial improve-
ments, among which we would mention the post-
oflSce, Dubley, Meacham and J. Freese blocks,

built in 1870, Meincke block in 1871, the Dill, Dun-
bar and Theurer blocks built in 1872, the Gray
block in 1873, the Holister block 1876, and Ives
block in 1879.

The manufacturing interests of Prescott are
not as extensive as the good people of the city
would wish. Several enterprises have been
started, but their life has been of short duration.
The location for manufactories is second to no
point on the river as a convenient point for river
and lake shipment. The history of those now in
existence, as far as can be arrived at, is as fol-
lows: About 1856 Messrs. Silverthom and Dud-
ley established a portable saw-miU at this point,
which they operated until about 1861, when Mr.
Dudley purchased Mr. Siverthorn's interest and
erected his present steam mills, which consist of
a saw-mill, 40x50, with one upright, one rotary
and one edger saws. Also, a flour mill, 40x70
feet in size, with two flour and one feed run of
stone; used exclusively as a custom mill. The
manufacture of wagons and carriages is carried
on to some extent by F. Meincke. He established
his business, or present shops, at this point in 1862.
His main shop is of brick, 24x60 feet; paint shop
of stone attached, 26x60; blacksmith shop of
wood, 28x60. He turns out of new work twenty-
five lumber wagons and fifteen carriages, together
with quite an extensive repairing business.

J. Neinstadt also carries on quite an extensive
business in the way of manufacturing heavy
farm wagons. He commenced his present en-
terprise in 1875, then in rented shops. In 1878
he purchased his present shops, which are built
of biick, 22x62, with paint shop 20x36. Last
season he manufactured about twenty-five new
wagons, together with a large amount of repair-
ing.

The Prescott brewery, N. P. Husting, was es-
tablished in 1866; building 50x60. He turned
out about 800 barrels during the past year. He
finds a market in Prescott and in the country
back from the river. In connection with his
brewery he is quite extensively engaged in fatten-
ing cattle.

The Prescott machine shop was established in
1876 by H. B. Failing, the present proprietor,
who erected his shop the same year, of wood, 24x
40 feet. The shop is well equipped witTi- all kinda
of machines necessary to enable them to do first-

BIOGBAPHICAL.

261

class repairs. During the summer montlis he
has a large amount of repairing in connection with
the river boats. In connection Mr. Failing man-
ufactures row-boats for which he finds a ready
market for all he can manufacture, with his other
business.

The first bank was established in 1858. May
28th, the bank was organized and chartered un-
der the state laws of Wisconsin, and known as
the "City Bank of Prescott." Charles Miller
president, and W. P. Westfall cashier, with a
cash capital of $25,000, which was afterwards in-
creased to $50,000. The bank continued to oper-
ate tinder the same title and by the same firm un-
til the spring of 1877, after the act was passed
"taxing state banks," when the bank succumbed
to the pressure and closed the doors. In June,
1877, the doors were again opened under the title
of "Bank of Prescott," by H. S. Miller, who is
doing a general banking and exchange business.
The first post-ofiice established m Prescott was
in 1845, by the appointment by Uncle Samuel of
J. E. Freeman, post-master. The means of trans-
portation in those days being by the river during
the summer months, and on the ice or by a slow
and tedious trip through the forests toward the
-eastern part of the state in winter, the mails
did not reach this point very often. Such being
the case no post-ofiBce was needed, so to have
matters convenient the mail was deposited in the
postmaster's hat. So the early settlers say.
With change of administration the next in-
cumbent of the office was J. M. Whipple ; then
O. T. Maxon. Next in course was Andrew
Kader, then George A. Dill, next WilUam Gates.
The dates of these transfers we are unable to ob-
tain, as the parties were not at hand. The last
appointment and the present incumbent of the
office received the appointment 1877.

BIOGBAPHICAL.

Parker Adams was born in St. Clair county,
Illinois, in 1817, and was reared on a farm. His
education was limited to that received at the com-
mon schools. In 1855, he settled at Eiver Palls,
Wisconsin, making that place his home two
years; thence to Prescott where he has since re-
sided. He has occupied the office of justice of
the peace in Prescott. His marriage with Miss
Sarah, daughter of ex-Governor Kinney, of Illi-

nois, took place in 1842. They have had three
children, two living.

Charles O. Boughton was born in Litchfield,
Connecticut, December, 1829, and there remained
until nine years of age. He then accompanied
his parents to Elyria, Lorain county, Ohio,
making that place his home for five years. In
1850, he, with his father went to California, and
on returning, after a stay of two years, came by
way of the isthmus. They embarked at San
Francisco, on the propeller Union, and when off
the coast of South California, about seven hun-
dred and fifty miles from San Francisco, they
were wrecked; the vessel was lost, but all on
board succeeded in getting ashore. For seven-
teen days they subsisted on clams, when they
were rescued by a passing vessel, and crossed
the isthmus, embarking in the Brother Jonathan
with five hundred passengers; when in the gulf
stream the ship took fire, but by the heroic efforts
of the crew and passengers it was saved. After
reaching home Mr. Boughton removed to Galena,
Illinois, and engaged in milling. In 1864 he
came to Prescott, and has followed different pur-
suits, the past "ten years having been in the meat
business. His wife was Miss Sarah Kelly, mar-
ried in 1855. Six children have been born to
them, all living.

Dr. Henry C. Cotton is a native of Maine, born
October 17th, 1840. He attended the public
schools until nineteen years of age, then entered
the medical college at Albany, New York, from
which he graduated in 1861. The next year he
enlisted in Company B. Thirty-first New. Jersey,
as a private, serving nine months then joined the
Twenty-ninth Maine Veterans as assistant sur-
geon and served until honorably discharged, June
28th, 1866. At New Richmond, Wisconsin, he
began the practice of medicine, and one year
subsequently removed to Prescott, and has since
been a practitioner at this place His wife was
Miss Emily Edgecomb, a native of Maine, mar-
ried in 1866. They have two children.

Col. Daniel J. Dill was born in Dillsburg, York
county, Pennsylvania, February 24th, 1830. Ee-
maining on his father's farm untU nineteen years
old, he received a good practical education, then
was employed as a traveUng agent for a whip
manufactory in which he continued ten years. In
1859, came to Prescott and engaged in merchan-

262

IIISTOBY OF PIERCE COVNTT.

dising until 1877, and is still counted among the
leading business men. In 1861, answering to his
country's call, he enlisted in Company B, Sixth
Wisconsin, being appointed captain, served one
and one-half years in the Army of the Potomac,
then was appointed by Gov. Solomon, of Wis-
consin, colonel of the Thirtieth Wisconsin, and
was honorably discharged at Madison, 1865. One
year previous, he was on the plains under Gen-
eral Sully, and assisted with the regiment in
building Tort Eice, Dakota. During his last year
was provost marshal general of the Kentucky de-
partment on General Palmer's staff. He married
in 1867, Miss Mary P. Johnson. ' Three children
have been born to them, all living.

George A. Dill was born at Dillsburg, Pennsyl-
vania, December 24th, 1831. When fifteen years of
age he went to Williamsport and remained in that
vicinity three years. He purchased cattle in Iowa
in 1853, and brought them to Prescott for sale.
The following year he began opening land, which
he sold in 1855, and engaged in mercantile and
grain trade. In 1868 he and Miss Annie Harvey
were united in marriage at Treeport, Illinois.
They have one son, George A. Jr.

N. S. Dunbar was bom at Predonia, New York,
June 22d, 1820. When a lad of fourteen years,
he removed with his parents to Niles, Michigan.
In 1840 he began the battle of life, going to Mus-
catine, Iowa, there learning the trade of bricklayer
and stone-mason. Becoming a resident of Prescott
in 1852, he embarked in the grocery trade, con-
tinuing eight years; then added a general stock.
In 1868, he disposed of his stock and lived a re-
tired life two years, then again entered business
as a grocer, still remaining. Mr. Dunbar was
elected the first sheriff of Pierce county in 1854.
He married, in 1842, Miss Amanda Roach. They
have two children.

Richard Fielding was born at Bangor, Maine,
1844. When quite young moved with his
parents to Massachusetts, where they lived
four years; then came to Shakopee, Minnesota.
He made that place his home twelve years, thence
to St. Paul for four years, and finally located at
Prescott and began the pursuit of agriculture.
In 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Sixth Wiscon-
sin Volunteers; was wounded at the battle of the
Wilderness in his left wrist, losing his hand from
the effects; was honorably discharged in June,

1865. He started the Central house at Prescott
in 1880. His marriage with Miss Francis E. Mil-
ler took place in 1867. Two children have been
born to them.

Joseph Friner, deceased," was bom at Baden,
Germany, 1827, where he learned the trade of
tinsmith. He came to America in 1849, landing
in New York city; worked at his trade in that
city, also in Cincinnati, New Orleans and St.
Louis. Removing to Prescott in 1856, he started
in the hardware trade on a small scale, doing all
the work himself. He continued in the trade
until the time of his death. His wife was Bar-
bara Neff, whom he married in 1850. His widow
and her three children survive him. Francis,
now the wife of Andrew Winter, of Prescott;
Joseph Jr. married Miss Nancy Kempf, in 1880;
and Theodore.

Henry A. Jay is a native of Allegany coimty.
New York, born May 18th, 1831. At the age of
two years his parents removed to Binghampton,
and when nineteen years old he returned to his
native place. For five succeeding years he
attended school, during the time beginning the
study of law. During the spring of 1855 he came
to Prescott and first gave his attention to the
manufacture of brick, then to agricidture and
milling until 1858, when he began the practice
of law with J. S. White of this place. In 1864
he abandoned the practice of law and took charge
of John Dudley's interests, remaining in his em-
ploy until 1878. He and Miss Jeanie Houston, a
native of Canada, and of Scottish descent, were
married October 18th, 1855. At the age of forty-
one she departed this life, leaving three children.

William L. Leavitt was born at Naples, Maine,
1841, where he made his home until 1861. Com-
ing to Prescott at that time he followed farming
until enlisting in Company I, Twelfth Wisconsin,
in 1863. Was honorably discharged at Madison,
in 1866, and returned to Prescott. He was
elected city marshal in 1868, which office he held
nntil 1880, then was chosen alderman of the first
ward. Since 1878 he has given his attention to
steamboating. Ills marriage with Lydia P.
Jones, took place in 1860; their union was des-
tined to be a short one, for she died in 1866,
leaving two children. His present wife was
Mary A. Smith, who has borne him seven child-
ren, six of whom are living.

BIOOBAPHIOAL.

263

Carlos McCray, born at Ellington, Connec-
ticut, June 23d, 1826. When a lad of twelve
years, he accompanied his parents to Allegany
county, New York, remaining six years, and dur-
ing the time attended school. He engaged in
farming in Walworth county, Wisconsin, from
that time till 1854, then removfed to Prescott,
where his father died in 1872. Engaging in agri-
cultural pursuits until 1861, he then embarked in
the drug trade, and was also appointed post-
master. He was married in 1849 to Miss K. A.
McKeen. They have live children living.

Captain Edgar A. Meacham, born May 31st,
1832, at Brandon, Vermont. Here his childhood
days were passed, and on attaining majority he
began the mercantile trade at his native place, con-
tinuing, until removing with his parents, to
Prescott in 1856. On their arrival, he, in com-
pany with his father. Col. A. A. Meacham,
purchased a steam saw-mill, which they op-
erated one year; then sold, and established a sash
and door factory. In 1871 his father disposed
of his interest to another son. Mr. Meacham, in
1876, opened a general store in this place and
formed a partnership with his son, Edgar L. He
enlisted in 1862, and was appointed first lieuten-
ant of Company F, Thirtieth Wisconsin; tlie next
year was promoted to the rank of captain of the
same company, receiving his discharge at Camp
Randall in October, 1865. He was united in
marriage with Eliza Belknap in 1854. They are
the parents of four children living.

Griffin H. Miller, a native of Westchester
county. New York, was born in 1821. His educa-
tional advantages were somewhat limited during
his youth. Remaining at the old homestead
until 1848, he then retired from agricultural pur-
suits, and engaged in the loan and discount busi-
ness at Cross River, same county. In 1857 he
came to Prescott and has since been engaged in
the same business, although at times giving his
time to agriculture, standing to-day as one of the
leading capitahsts of Prescott. Mr. Miller be-
came identified with the Methodist Episcopal
church when twenty years old and has since been
one of its staunch members. His wife was Miss
Joanna B. Silkman; married in 1842. They have
six children living.

E. N. Redmon was born in 1827, in Scott county,
Illinois. He was employed in his father's store

as clerk until reaching man's estate; then
went to California and engaged in mining and
trading until 1852. Returning to his home lie
tarried only a brief time, then removed to Daven-
port, Iowa, and for five years was in the dry
goods trade with his father-in-law, Frederick
Knapp. In 1857 he became a resident of Pres-
cott, and embarked in grain speculation, buying
and shipping the first bushel from this landing,
and has been connected with the grain trade
since. Mr. Redmon owns and cultivates a farm
near Prescott; also owns three thousand acres in
Dakota, one thousand of which are under culti-
vation. He has held the office of sheriff of Pierce
county two years. His marriage with Sarah A.
Knapp took place in 1852. They have three sons.

Frank A. Ross, a resident of Prescott nearly
his whole life, was born in Grundy county, Illi-
nois, March 24th, 1856. When a babe of one and
one-half years, he came to this place with his
parents, and attended school until eighteen years
old. He then taught the district school of Pres-
cott; afterwards read law with J. S. White. De-
cember, 1872, he was admitted to the bar. One
year previous he married Miss Hettie Newell of
this place.

Lyman R. Smith is a native of Onondaga
county. New York, born July 5th, 1814. Remain-
ing at his native place till 1836, then came
westward to Niles, Michigan, and located on a
farm, engaged in tilling the soil imtil 1845; then
went to Muscatine, Iowa, where he worked as a
stone-mason. Five years subsequently he visited
California, and there embarked in mercantile
trade, also in mining. In 1852 he became a resi-
dent of Prescott. Except ten years spent at Fari-
bault, Minnesota, this place has been his home.
He has been twice married; in 1840 to Miss Leah
Van Vleet, who died in 1843, leaving two child-
ren. His present wife was Miss Mary Amorett
Dunbar, who has borne him three children, one
living.

N. Swanstrom, a native of Sweden, was born
1832. Here he learned tailoring, after having at-
tended school until twelve years old. In 1868 he
came to America and after a residence of short
duration at Point Douglas became a citizen of
Prescott, which place he stUl makes his home.
Working at his trade as a journeyman a short
time he finally in 1870 opened an establishment

264

HISTOBY OF PIEBCE COUNTY.

for himself. In May, 1856, he married Annie.
Anderson, who died in 1867, leaving fom- child-
ren.

Samuel C. Williams, bom in Armstrong county,
Pennsylvania, 1834. During early life he learned
the printer's trade, and worked on several Ohio
and Pennsylvania newspapers. In 1857 he came
westward to St. Paul, Minnesota, and was for a
time in the old "Pioneer" office. The year fol-
lowing he began farming in Minnesota along the
Crow river, and in 1861 answered his country's
call by enlisting in company P, First Wisconsin,
serving until honorably discharged at Louisville,
Kentucky. Since returning to civil Ufe he has
been a painter at Prescott. In 1858 his marriage
with Isabel Chinnock took place ; they have three
children living.

RIVER FALLS.

CHAPTER XLIV.

EAKLT SETTLERS — FIRE OF 1876 — SCHOOLS AND
CHURCHES — BUSINESS REPRESENTATIVES —
BIOGKAPHICAL.

The village of River Palls as we find it to day,
located on the banks of the beautiful Kinnic-
kinuic has a population of about fifteen hundred
inhabitants. The line between St. Croix and
Pierce counties divides the village plat, and one-
third lies in St. Croix county. The river goes
dashing through the central part of the village
with a current so swift that the frosts of winter
are unable to check its course or coDgeal its sur-
face. On its banks are located four flour mills
and one saw and feed mill, which are propelled
night and day by the power gathered from its
water. Quite an extensive merchant flouring
business is done, and the flour shipped by rail to
distant markets. Various religious societies have
their pleasant places of worship. The different
secret societies have their organizations and com-

fortable lodge rooms. The public school build-
ing, located on the west side, is a large imposing
structm'e of brick with all the late improvements,
which will accommodate nearly three hundred
pupils. The Fourth State Normal School in the
south-eastern portion of the village, is built of
brick and cost twenty-five thousand dollars, a
large portion of which siun was donated by the
adjoining towns. A more particular history of
their permanent improvements is given in another
part of the chapter.

The early settlers of the Kinniekinnic Valley
at, and near the village of River Falls. First
came Joel Foster in the fall of 1 848, to this, then
wild, but beautiful spot, which had hardly been
visited save by the red man of the forest. Next
to follow and settle in the fall of 1849, were D.
McGregor, James and Walter Mapes. In 1850,
Mr. Hayes, W. Tozer, Mr. Penn and Ira Parks,
settled here. Following them, came N. N. Pow-
ell and Clark Green and soon after, O. S. PoweU
and others of the family. Capt. Woods settled
on Big River; C. B. Cox, struck his first oil in
Clifton Hollow. The settlers now began to come
rapidly, each making his claim. The PoweU
brothers made claim of a large portion of the
land on which the village now stands. Quite a
nucleus of settlers were gathered around this
point, which, with the valuable water-power
made it a desirable location for a manufacturing
centre. The spirit of enterprise came vsdth the
new settlers, many, if not all of whom were at
this time from New England. With an eye to
the future, N. N. and O. S. Powell laid out and
platted sixty acres in 1854, a portion of their
claim bordering on the river, and called it Kin-
niekinnic. The same year they erected the first
store, which they filled with a stock of general
merchandise. In 1856, they made another plat of
one hundred and twenty acres, across the river on
the west side. Additions have been made at dif-
ferent times by others. The first hotel built was
by W. II. Winchester; first blacksmith shop by R.
(Uilfith; first wheel- Wright, N. Wales; first cooper,
C. J. Riker.

FIRE.

Like most other towns. River Falls has had its
drawbacks, which came in the shape of fire and
flood. Its worst mishap was the great" fire of
1876. At half past one o'clock on the morning

SCHOOLS AND CBJJBCHES.

265

of the 30th of January, 1876, fire was discovered
in the office of E. B. Homes, next to the post-
office. The wind at the time was blowing a gale
from the south, which swept the fire with fearful
rapidity. There being no fire department or or-
ganized company, the fire continued its course un-
til it had destroyed some of the most valuable
property in the village. The morning light found
the labor and savings of years laying in ashes.
The following is a partial list of those who were
losers in the great conflagration, the aggregate
estimate of which was $30,000: G. I. Ap Roberts,
general meichandise ; S. G. Dodge, hardware ;
C. R. Ellis, store ; Messrs. Hedderly and Davis ;
Mr. Watson, harness shop ; the office of A. D.
Andrews and Company ; the Odd Fellows hall ;
Good Templars hall and several others were
included in the general loss. The amount of
insurance was very Ught. The next issue of
the Journal was set up, and the forms locked
ready for the press were saved, and by the activi-
ty and enterprise of the publishers, and the kind-
ness of the publishers of the Star and Times, the
paper was out on time for distribution that day.

SCHOOLS.

The same spirit of enterprise which had from
the first, manifested itself in the early settlers
of this beautiful valley in other matters, was
manifested in matters of education. The flrSt
step taken towards providing the means for the
education of their children was the building of a
school house in the fall of 1854, at a cost of
$500, which amount was contributed by C. B.
Cox, G. W. Pratt, N. N. and O. S. Powell, J. E.
Nichols, Asaph Pratt, B. C. Flint, W. H. Win-
chester, Pomeroy Brothers, and others. The site
was donated for the purpose by Messrs. Powell
Brothers. The house was 20x30, a portion of
what is now known as the Baker Institute. The
entire charge of the construction of the house
was placed in the hands of G. W. Pratt, then
town superintendent of schools. Miss Helen Flint
was the first teacher employed and her salary was
paid by subscriptson. The next year, district No.
1 was regularly organized, and the school house
was transferred to the district board. Miss Laura
Pratt was the first teacher under the new regime.
The same spirit of enterprise and a desire to es-
tablish their reputation for an interest in edu-

cational matters, prompted a few of the leading
settlers of the town to take steps toward provid-
ing a more thorough course of education. A
joint stock association was organized and incor-
porated as the "Eiver Falls Academy Associa-
tion " in the spring of 1856, and a building was
erected during the same year on the west side of
the river on a beautiful site, donated by N. N.
and O. S. Powell; at an expense of about
$5,000; size about 36x66, two stories. Professor
Benjamin Wilcox was employed as the first prin-
cipal. It was maintained as an academy until
1860, when the clamor for free schools, where the
many under all circumstances of life, might enjoy
the advantages of a more cornplete education, in-
duced the association to sell the academy build-
ings to the joint district No. 1, for a public school
at the moderate sum of $1,500. The first prin-
cipal employed was Prof. Allen H. Weld, assisted
by Mrs. Weld. In the fall of 1879 the house was
destroyed by fire. A temporary building was
erected, and a school held in it during the next
spring and summer, and steps were at once taken
for the erection of another building. After much
discussion on the different plans, it was at last de-
cided to erect a building containing all the mod-
ern improvements and large enough to accomo-
date 300 pupils. The building is a most beauti-
ful structure, built of brick on the site of the old
academy, at an expense of $15,000.

CHUECHBS.

The Congregational Chm-ch of Eiver Falls.
The early settlers of this region were accustomed
to gather for religious worsliip at the residence of
Mrs. Penn, about a mile and a half north of the
village, in the town of Troy, on the farm now
owned by Professor A. H. Weld. A Sunday-
school was organized in 1853. In July, 1854,
Rev. Richard Hall, superintendent of the Home
Missionary society of Minnesota and north-west-
ern Wisconsin, preached the first sermon in River
Falls, in the pioneer store, which had not yet re-
ceived its stock of goods. After that, services
were held with occasional preaching, sometimes
in the store, sometimes in the Prairie mill, and
sometimes in Mr. Luke Pomeroy's bam, until the
school-house on the corner of Fourth and Maple
streets was finished. The church was organized
February 3d, 1855, with seventeen members, viz:

266

HISTOR Y OF PIERCE COUNTY.

Mason Stone, Mary B. Stone, N. Wales, Mary J.
Wales, N. N. Powell, H. L. Wadsworth, Ann B.
Wadsworth, Geo. W. Pratt, A. Pratt, H. Pratt,
Persis Pratt, Eunice C. Pratt, J. P. Nichols, S.
H. Nichols, S. M. Pratt, Mrs. P. Pratt and Mrs.
S. McHan. Rev. James Stirratt preached for
them six months, each alternate Sabbath. In
March, 1856, Eev. W. R. Stevens was installed
pastor, and remained until 1862.

''He was a giant in body and a giant in mind;
tall of stature and tall in intellect. We had long
been looking for a minister we could all look up to,
and he completely filled the bill— for all ordinary
mortals had to look up or they couldn't see half
way to the top. Usually sedate, hehad an under-
current of genuine humor, and often indulged in
the keenest sarcasm. These traits were manifest
on his first Sabbath with us. Mr. Stirratt, his
predecessor, was a very tall man. We had rigged
up a sort of three-story desk for him, but in the
presence of Mr. Stevens said desk dwindled to
most diminutive proportions. It was with a se-
vere struggle that he managed to get through his
first sermon, and as he came out of the house he
said to a brother with a" look bordering on despair,
'That desk was so low that I couldn't preach but
half my sermon, and that the upper half.' Some
men are great without knowing it. Mr. Stevens
comprehended every inch, and with the utmost
good nature would answer all questions thereunto
pertaining. On his way hither he stopped at
Prescott over night. The next morning as he
was walking near the river he perceived he was
the observed of all observers. When one called
out, 'I say, stranger, where did you lodge last
night?' With the utmost gravity he replied:
'My head lodged in Barker's hotel, my feet in in-
finite space.' "

He had much to do with shaping the early his-
tory of this region, and during his ministry 116
members were added to the church. The edifice
they now occupy was built in 1857 and dedicated
in July, 1858. In November, 1862, Rev. W. Gill
became pastor and remained until 1876.

In 1867 steps were taken to build another
church. Lots were purchased and the founda-
tion laid, and the frame erected and enclosed for
a house to cost about $10,000, when a huricane
prostrated the structure. Not feeling able to re-
pair the loss at once, they abandoned the project

for the while. In 1875, Rev. John Ball came and
preached one year ; Rev. T. C. Jerome one year.
In 1879 Rev. N. T. Blakeslee, their present pas-
tor was employed and a beautiful parsonage was
erected adjoining the church, the whole cost-
ing $2,000. The society hope to be able to com-
plete their new church during the coming year.
Since its organization the church has enrolled 306
members. But with the changes incident to all
societies they have but 158 members at this time.

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was
organized March 3d, 1881, with a membership of
fifty. The following officers were elected : Mrs.
N. T. Blakeslee, president ; Mrs. W. E. Kellogg,
Mrs. M. Pomeroy, Mrs. E. Boutwell, vice-presi-
dents; Miss R. Taylor, secretary; Miss Hattie
Levings, corresponding secretary ; Mrs. G. W.
Parnsworth, treasurer ; Mrs. N. T. Blakeslee and
Mrs. O. S. Powell were chosen to conduct the
temperance column in the Journal.

The First Baptist Church of River Falls was
organized as a branch of the First Baptist Church
of Hudson, April 12th, 1857. Their first covenant
meeting was held on the 18th day of April. The
following day, the 19th of April, the ordinance of
Baptism was administered in the beautiful waters
of the Kinnickinnic. June 1st, 1857, Rev. A.
Gibson, under the appointment of the American
Baptist Home Missionary society , took the pastoral
charge of this new field, which in August, 1857, by
letters of dismission from Hudson church become
an independent church vsdth fifteen members. In
1861, their first house of worship was commenced
and completed in 1862. April 6th, of the same
year. Rev. Mr. Gibson was given leave of absence
to the army. Rev. T. E. Kuley became a stated
supply until April 6th, 1863, when Rev. M.Bailey
supplied the pulpit for a time. April 7th, 1871,
Rev. J. Statthard was called to the church and
remained until 1874. June 6th, 1875 Eev. II. N.
Hony became their pastor and continued until
September 18th, 1875, when Rev. C. K. Colver
took the field and remained until July, 1878, since
which time they have had no regular service.

The Catholic Church of River Falls was organ-
ized under the ministry of Rev. Father Connelly
of Hudson, in 1875, with a membership of thirty-
eight families. Their fine house of worship was
built in 1876. Rev. Mr. Kelley of Hudson has
had the church under his charge since its organi-

SOCIETIES.

267

zation, holding services at this place once a
month. There are now connected with the soci-
ety, forty-six families. They soon hope to have a
regular priest.

The Episcopal Church of Kiver Falls was first
convened under the labors of Rev. John Wil-
liamson, a missionary from the Calvary Mission,
in 1859, holding services in the school-house. He
also extended his labors to other points. He con-
tinued his labors with this mission until 1870,
when Rev. A. P. Peabody took his place, preach-
ing every alternate Sabbath at a school-house lo-
cated in what was known as Glass Valley, four
miles south of River Falls. He continued his
labors until the spring of 1865, when the services
were transferred to the village and held in a hall
until the spring of 1871 , when Rev. Charles Thorp
came and was located at the Falls, and held ser-
vices regular. During his ministry the church
regularly organized, with sixteen communicants,
and the erection of their present beautiful house
of worship was commenced and completed in
1872. The building is of brick, about 40x60^and
located on the west side of the river. Rev. F.
Durlin commenced his labors with them in 1873.
Rev. Mr. Langlois preaches for them occasionally
at this time.

SOCIETIES.

Odd Fellows Lodge, number 199, was first or-
ganized February 2d, 1872, with the following
charter members: A. Morse, B. F. Pierce, J. W.
Pierce, H. S. Baker and James Stoddard. They
were in a flourishing condition when the great
fire of January 30th, 1876, destroyed the building
in which their hall was located, and their charter,
together with their furniture and fixtures. The
charter was re-issued in December, 1876. The
officers elected at that time were as follows: C.
Henry, N. G.; M. E. Cady, V. G.; W. E. How-
ard, secretary; W. S. Hodson, treasurer. The
lodge is in a flourishing condition at this time,
with the following list of officers: W. S. Ensign,
N. G.; C. G. Knowles, V. G.; P. F. Lowell, sec-
retary; T. Martin, treasurer; W. P. Marshall,
permanent secretary.

The Masonic Lodge of River Falls was char-
tered June 15th, 1859, with the following charter
members: Amos Saunders, W. A. Tozer, James
A. Short, S. K. Rollins, Clark H. Crossman, P.
H. Sain, T. McCleary, Benj. Wilcox, Z. B. Flint

and B. C. Vannatta. Meetings were held in the

B. Wilcox hall, which was burned in 1876. The
first officers elected at the date of organization,
were as follows: C. E. Abbott, W. M.; A. Saun-
ders, S. W.; W. A. Tozer, J. W.; J. A. Short,
treasurer; Benj. Wilcox, secretary, P. H. Sain,
J. D.; C. H. Crossman, S. D.; S. K. Rollins, tyler.
In 1860 their place of meeting was changed to
the C. B. Cox hall. In 1869 they removed to
what was afterwards known as the Masonic hall,
in the Wolf block, where they remained until
1879, when they returned to the Cox hall, where
they now hold meetings. Their present officers
are as follows: T. McCleary, W. M.; Joseph
Stephens, S. W.; D. D. Proctor, J. W.; O. Strahl,
treasurer; W. H. Saunders, secretary; W. A. Ben-
nett, S. D.; Frank Scribner, J. D.; and T. W.
Hammond, T.

The A. O. U. W. received their charter June
8th, 1878, and was organized with twenty-two
charter members. The organization was effected
by the election of the following officers: P. M. W.,
O. C. Hicks; M. W., E. E. Getchell; G. F., P. F.
Lovell; O., W. A. Burnett; recorder, L. W.
Austin; financier, William G. Cheever ; receiver,

D. D. Proctor; G., E. G. Farnsworth ; O. W.,
Manley Healey. The society is in a flourishing,
condition at this time, with a membership of
thirty-six in good standing. They hold meet-
ings in the same hall with the Odd Fellows,
over the store of G. I. Ap Roberts. The
present officers are as follows : P. M. W., S. J
Oakley; M. W., W. G. Cheever; G. F., O.

C. Hicks; O., D. D. Proctor; recorder, W. A.
Burnett; financier, E. W. Jackson; receiver, Geo.

E. Reed ; G., John Scott ; J. W., C. P. Butler ;
O. W., E. G. Farnsworth.

The River Falls Temple of Honor was insti-
tuted May 31st, 1878, with thirty-five charter
members. The lodge held its meetings for a time
in the River Falls institute. The use of the Odd
FellcJws hall was obtained, and the lodge met
there, every Monday evening, for two years.
Much good has been accomplished by this lodge,
in reclaiming the fallen and throwing around the
pathway of the young, protection from the evil
influences of bad company. They afterwards
united with the Good Templars, and the two
lodges occupied the hall of the latter on different
evenings. The lodge was organized with the

268

HISTOMT OF FIEBGE COUNTY.

following officers: G. B. Merrick, W. C. T.; J. C.
riynn, W. V. T.; Joseph M. Smith, W. T.; and
J. D. Pardee, W. E.

The Juvenile Temple of Honor, number 109,
was organized March 15th, 1877, with the follow-
ing officers: W. Dodge, C. T.; Lettie Thayer,
V. T.; Hiram Nye, K. S. ; Walter Wales, P. C.
T ; B. Hauser, F. S.

The temperance question is strongly repre-
sented by the different lodges of the village. The
oldest temperance organization of River Falls is
that of the I. O. G. T., the first organization of
which dates back several years prior to the
present organization. Like all temperance so-
cieties, its life was spasmodic. The last charter
for lodge 360, is dated March 15th, 1877, with
sixteen charter members, with the following offi-
cers: Eev. S. W. Horner, W. C. T; Mrs. B. J.
Knowles, W. V. T. ; W. T. Bennett, W. C.
The lodge has initiated over one hundred and
seventy-five members since its last organization.

The Bank of River Falls was organized Janu-
ary 1st, 1874, with Joseph M. Smith as cashier.
Engaged in general banking and exchange busi-
ness; also, in foreign exchange. They represent
several of the leading fire insurance companies.
The extensive milling interests of the town fur-
nish a large amount of banking business.

Hudson and River Falls railroad. One of the
most important events in the history of River
Falls was the completion of the Hudson and
River Falls railroad. The celebration of which
occurred October 26th, 1878, by a large excur-
sion, composed of many of the leading citizens of
St. Paul, Stillwater and Hudson. The benefits of
a railroad to this thriving town had been the sub-
ject of discussion for many months. How to se-
cure the much-desired improvement was the
question. The matter began to assume shape in
the early spring of the same year, through
assistance rendered by some of the leading citi-
zens of the neighboring cities. The Hudson and
River Falls Railroad Company was organized by
the election of the following officers: President
and treasurer, Horace Thompson; secretary, C. L.
Hall; vice-president, A. D. Andrews; directors,
H. Thompson, A. K. Wilder, C. Gotzian, and A.
B. Stickney, St. Paul; D. M. Sabin and E. F.
Hersey, Stillwater; C. S. Hall and J. Comstock,
Hudson; A. D. Andrews and E. E. Stephens,

River Falls, with A. B. Stickney, superintendent
of construction, who was also general manager
of the St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls and
West Wisconsui railroads. An arrangement was
made with the first named road to operate it.

Tlie intention of the management was to have
completed the road by the 4th of July, but un-
foreseen obstacles prevented its completion until
the date of which we speak, the day long
to be remembered by the people of this good
town and county. The first three or four miles
of the road out from Hudson are up the sides of
a high bluff, with a grade of ninety-three feet to
the mile, which required an immense amount of
labor and time to accomplish. Reaching the
table lands, the remainder of the road was
speedily constructed over the rolling prairies.

Manufactories of the Kinnickuinic Valley.
The pioneer saw-mill was erected in 1850, by C.
B. Cox, at what is now know as Clifton Hollow.
The following year he erected the first flour-mill
at, or near the same point. In 1852, N. N". and
O. S. Powell built a saw-mill a short distance be-
low where the Greenwood mill now stands; this
mill was destroyed by fire in 1856. They erected
another saw-mUl a short distance below the
Junction mills in 1865, which was also destroyed
by fire in 1872.

Prairie flour mill located on the north branch
of the Kinnickinnic river, was built by C. B. Cox
in 1854, two and one-half stories above basement;
main building 36x36 feet, with wing on the south
side, with two run of stone. The power was a
wooden scroll wheel with twelve foot head of
water. In 1856, this was replaced by an over-
shot wheel. It was run as a custom miU until
1860, when Mr. Cox commenced to do merchant
work. In the spring of 1866, a forty-eight inch
turbine wheel was placed in the mill and other re-
pairs made. In 1874, J. D. Putnam and Com-
pany purchased the entire interest in the mill,
and over-hauled it, putting in machinery for man-
ufacturing the patent process flour, also adding
another run of stone, and have run it as a mer-
chant mill exclusively, with a capacity of sixty-
five barrels per day. The same year the company
built a substantial ware-house and grain elevator,
across the street from the mill, 40x60 feet, with
a capacity of 45,000 bushels of grain, and large
storage room. They have also rebuilt their dam,

FLOURING MILLS.

269

placing it up the stream a short distance on a
solid rock fomidation, giving them the most sub-
stantial dam on the river, with additional power.
This season they have added another story to the
mill and remodeled the whole inside structure,
putting in eight rollers of Stevens' patent, with
two run of stone. They expect to be able to
turn out one hundred barrels per day.

On the same branch, a short distance to the
south, is located the Greenwood mills, built by C.
B. Cox and Caleb Green in 1858, size 30x60 feet,
two stories, with two run of stone. The first
wheel was an old-fashioned central discharge,
with eight and one-half feet head, run as a cus-
tom mill. In 1873, Messrs. Pomeroy and Bowron
purchased the entire interest. In a short time
Mr. Pomeroy sold his interest to Messrs. McKay
and WoodrufE. In 1877, Mr. George Fortune
purchased the entire interest and rebuilt the mill,
cutting of£ ten feet of its length and adding
another story, replacing the former wheels with
two Leffel wheels, one forty-eight and the other
twenty-six inches, also three run of stone; ca-
pacity, about forty-live barrels per day. Mr.
Fortune keeps a flour and feed store on Main
street where lie is in daily attendance on custo-
mers.

Still further to the south on the same branch,
we find the Foster mills, built in 1854, as a saw-
mill, with an old fashioned flutter- wheel and nine
feet head of water, with one upright and one
circular and slab saw. He run his first mill un-
til the spring of 1868, when he removed it and
erected a new mill 40x75 feet, two-stories, plac-
ing a thirty-five inch Leffel wheel with one up-
right, one edger and one slab saw. In 1877, he
added one run of stone and a corn shelter for a
feed mill.

At the junction of the nojth and south branches
is located the great flouring mills of Messrs.
Freeman and Stevens, known as the Junction
mills, which were built in 1867 as a merchant
mill by C. B. Cox and A. D. Andrews. The orig-
inal mill was 30x50, three stories above basement,
with flve run of stone, propelled by two Leffel
wheels, twenty and twenty-six inches, with
twenty-eight feet head. In 1870 Mr. Cox sold his
interest to A. D. Andrews. The same year Geo.
Fortune purchased one-fourth interest. Three
years afterwards A. A. Freeman purchased an

interest in the mill, and the same year an addi-
tion was made of 60x60 feet to the main build-
ing, also a wing on the west side 30x60, and on
the east side 30x50, taking out three of the origi-
nal four-foot stones, and adding eight four
and one-fourth foot stones; also placing new
machinery of the Smith patent to enable them to
manufacture the new process brands of flour.

In 1877 Mr. A. A. Freeman purchased the en-
tire interest, which he still owns, except one-
sixth interest in the business which he sold to
E. E. Stephens of Minneapolis. Finding that
the water-power was not sufficient to drive the
machinery during the entire year, they added to
the power in 1879, aHarris and Corliss engine and
three boilers which gave the mill a capacity of
400 barrels per day, giving employment to twenty
men. In 1880 they adopted the Hungarian roller
system, placing in the mills eighteen sets of
double rollers, thirteen reels, seven purifiers and
six aspirators, with seven run of stone.

They have a large elevator, 50x70 feet, with a
capacity of 60,000 bushels, and in addition large
storage sheds 30x200 feet. The Hudson and
Kiver Falls railroad runs to the mUl and takes
away the product, which amounts to about thirty
car-loads per week. On the opposite side of the
river the company have their cooper-shops, which
give employment to twenty or thirty men, turning
out from 300 to 400 barrels per day.

To the south of the mill, located on the south
branch, is the "Cascade mill," built in 1868 by
William Barker; size 32x60 feet, two and one-
half stories above the basement, with ware-house
connected 32x40 feet. The original mUl con-
tained two run of stone, with a twenty-inch
Leflel wheel. In 1876 another run of stone was
added. The entire cost of the mill was about
$13,000; capacity of about forty barrels per day,
used only as a custom mUl. For the want of
water the mUl is obliged to stand stUl for a por-
tion of the year. Mr. Barker being a practical
mill- Wright has superintended the construction of
his own mill.

Among the first thoughts of the people coming
to this far away country, is writing back to
the loved ones left behind in the dear, old home.
This led to early measures for establishing a post-
office; moreover, the mails had been a source of
pleasure in the old home. Quite natural it was

270

HISIOBY OF PIEBGE COUNTY.

that they should inquire for the same here. As
the settlement increased and facilities for trans-
porting the mails improved, the government was
importuned, and Charles Hutchinson received the
first appointment as postmaster in 1854, and
the first ofiftce was established in the Pioneer
store, N. N. Powell being appointed deputy. It
continued thus until the fall of 1858, when Jerry
E. Webb was appointed and held the office in the
same place until 1862, when W. A. Tozer re-
ceived the appointment. He removed the office
to the next building south. With a change of
administration came the appointment of Milton
Webster, October 6th, 1868, which was under
Andrew Johnston's administration, whose term
was short', and so was Mr. Webster's. In 1869,
AprD 12th, it was transferred to George P.
Brackett. The next change was made October
9th, 1871, when J. E. Flint, the present in-
cumbent, was appointed.

THE PRESS or BITER FALLS.

The River Falls Journal was established June,
1857, under the auspices of Taylor Brothers.
Shortly after, Horace Taylor sold his interest to
his brother, L. A. Taylor, who continued the
publication for a short time, when he removed it
to Prescott, where he conducted it until the fall of
1868, when he sold it to Messrs. Flint & Weber.
In June, 1871, the material of the Journal office
was destroyed by fire and the subscription list
transferred to Messrs. Kimball and Morse, of
the Pierce County Herald. After fifteen years of
conflict with various adverse circumstances, the
Journal once again appears on the very soil where
it was first planted. This time published by A.
Morse & Co., Friday, August 2d, 1872. Novem-
ber 15th of the same year it appears, as published
under the firm name of A. Morse and Son. No-
vember 16th, 1876, J. D. Moody purchased an in-
terest in the Journal, and the firm became C. R.
Morse and company, which continued until
February 24th, 1881, when J. 11. Wilkinson
purchased Mr. Moody's interest, and the firm
appeared as Morse and Wilkinson. Democratic
in politics, and has a large list of subscribers.

The River Falls Press was established July
23d, 1874, by George B. Merrick, editor and pro-
prietor, with strong republican sentiments. In
1877, Walter S. Fowler bought one-half interest.

and assumed the entire control of the mechanical
department of the paper. Though much younger
than the Journal it still has many warm friends
and a fair list of subscribers, and is flourishing
like a "green bay tree."

The St. Croix Valley Driving Park Association
was organized under the statutes of the state of
Wisconsin, September 13th, 1872. The amount
of capital stock of said association was $5,000.
The following were the members of the associa-
tion at the date of its organization, viz: D.
McGregor and G. P. Brackett of Troy, St. Croix
county; W. Taylor, A. H. Lord, G. W. Fortune,
F. J. Burhyte, J. H. Lord, Joel Foster, and T.
Cleary of River Falls. The object of the associa-
tion was the improvement of the stock of the val-
ley and surrounding country. Beautiful grounds
were fitted up by the association, on the west side
of the river.

The River Falls machine shop was established
July, 1872, by the Messrs. Touny Brothers. The
power for the shop was furnished at the Foster
mills until 1878, when the firm erected a two-
story shop in the south part of the town, 24x56
feet. The firm are engaged in the manufactur-
ing of brass work, turning and lathe work, with a
general repair shop. The motive power is a six
horse-power engine.

The River Falls lime works were first estab-
lished in 1868, by Messrs. Oakley and Nichols. In
1869 Mr. Oakjey purchased Mr. Nichols's interest
and run the works until 1879, when Mr. Oakley
put in the patent kihi.' March, 1881, Mr. J. Hale
purchased an interest. It now is run under the
firm name of Oakley and Hale. The product of
the works during the past year was20,000 barrels.
With the improvements being added, the firm ex-
pect to turn out 40,000 barrels diu'ing this sea-
son.

Amber cane syrup manufactory. O. S. Powell
embarked in this ne\Y enterprise in the spring of
1880, erecting a building for the purpose, 42x80
feet, with what is known a steam train for oper-
ating the same, with a capacity of 500 gallons
per day. While last season was very unfavor-
able for gro\Ving the cane, he was among
the most succesful operators in the west. He
manufactured 10,000 gallons. The quality, when
compared with ten other states represented at St.
Louis at the Cane Growers association, was pro-

BIOQBAF RIVAL.

271

nounced as superior. Also at the Cane Grower's
association at Minneapolis he received, the prem-
ium over all other manufacturers of syrup. He
grew twenty acres of cane last year. Expects to
grow forty acres this coming year.

The business blocks erected since the Are of
1867 are: The Burhyte and Wolf blocks in 1867 ;
Brackett block, in 1868 ; Howard, Ap Eoberts,
Bradshaw and Dodge blocks, in 1877 ; Scales, Nel-
son, Opera, Davis aad Jenson blocks in 1878:
Fleming block in 1878 ; McGregor block in 1880.

The business interests of River Falls are rep-
resented by four mercantile houses carrying
stocks of general merchandise,' three groceries,
three drug stores, three hardware stores, two
furniture, two boot and shoe stores, one harness
shop, one watchmaker, one book store, three mil-
lineries, three merchant tailoring establishments,
two photograph galleries, four hotels, two restau-
rants and two livery stables. There are seven
blacksmith shops, three wagon-makers, one stave
mill, one marble shop, three lumber dealers, two
meat markets, three dealers in agricultural im-
plements, one barber shop and one cooper shop.
The professions are represented by Ave physicians
and surgeons,"Bix attorneys and one dentist.
There are also five insurance agents.

The compiled statistics of the Hudson and
River Falls railroad at River Falls station during
the ten months ending December 31st, 1880.
The total amount of imports was 8,356,040
pounds. Among the leading articles are wheat,
lumber, general merchandise, agricultural imple-
ments, etc. The total amount of exports foot up
to 26,761,357 pounds, among the leading items of
which we find wheat, mill stuff, flour, wool, lime,
and barrel stock. The grand total for ten months
was 35,117,397 pounds. Adding the same pro-
portion of business for the two months not in-
cluaed in this statement and the business of this
station during the year 1880, would amount to
40,970,266 pounds of freight, out and in, or
enough to load 417 cars at 20,000 pounds each,
with goods coming in, and 1,338 ears going out; a
total of 1,755 carloads during the year- a good
showing for a town of its size.

BIOGKAPniCAL.

G. I. Ap Roberts is a native of JSTor^h Wales,
born in 1836. He and his parents settled in Co-

lumbia county, Wisconsin, in 1850, and three
years later he began selling goods as clerk for
Townsend Brothers, at Fox Lake. He removed
to Hudson in 1859, and was employed as clerk by
C. E. Darling for one year; after which he came
to River Falls, and here made his home until
1862. He then spent two years at Hudson, where
he was married to Miss Sylvia Brownell, of Ver-
mont. During the fall of 1864 he returned to
River Falls, and began business for himself.
The fire of 1876 destroyed his store, so the fol-
lowing season his present substantial place of
business was erected. Mr. and Mrs. Ap Roberts
have six children: Mabel, Eleanor, Percy, Paul,
Elizabeth and Robert.

William Barker was born at Wakefield, New
Hampshire, in 1814. His early life was passed in
Maine, moving there at the age of ten, and re-
mained until 1857. He also learned the trade of
mill-wright, and was engaged in milling at
Brooksville. In 1857 he came to River Falls and
began in the pursuit of his trade. For three
years he held the office of sheriff of St. Croix
county, Wisconsin, and afterward built the Cas-
cade mill, which he still owns. His marriage
with Eliza Walker took place in 1848; her death
occurred in 1880.

Dr. R. R. Bourn is a native of Massachusetts,
where he was born November 29th, 1816. At an
early age, moved with his parents to Geauga
county, Ohio, remaining there until 1845, when
he came to Kenosha, Wisconsin. Here he made
his home about four years, then returned to Ohio
and began the study of medicine, and graduated
from the State Medical Institute of Ohio in 1868.
He afterward praticed in Columbia county until
1870, then located at River Falls, where he has
since practiced homeopathy. He married Myra
J. Rockafellow in 1838, who has borne him two
children.

George Fortune is a native of Scotland, bom in
1840. When quite small he came to America
with his parents and located in Lower Canada,
where he made his home until the spring of 1857.
Removing to River Falls he began working in the
mills, and being successful purchaised the Green-
wood mill in 1877. His wife was Mary J. Fra-
zier, to whom he was married in 1873. Three
children have been born to them, all of whom
are living.

272

HISTOBY OF PIERCE GOTJNTY.

G. R. Griffin was born in Trumbull county,
Ohio, April 6th, 1829. Here he learned the trade
of blacksmithing, and in April, 1851, came west,
landing at Hudson, Wisconsin, with forty-one
others from his native town. He made that place
his home until 1853, when he removed to River
Falls and began blacksmithing as a journeyman,
which he continued during the first winter. The
spring following, he opened his shop and has since
been doing a good business. Mr. Griffin has been
twice married ; his first wife was Mary A. Wal-
den, who died, leaving two children. He married
Miss C. C. Fuller in 1862. They have one child
living.

A. H. Lord was born in Greenfield, Hancock
county, Maine, 1839. At the age of twelve years
he moved to Stillwater, Minnesota, with his pa-
rents. Two years later he removed to Eiver
Falls on a farm, where he lived with his parents
until 1871. He then moved to the city and
bought a livery stable, in which he has since been
engaged. He was elected to. the office of sheriil
of Pierce county, January, 1881 , also held the
office of deputy sheriff four years previous. He
married Miss Louisa Backus in 1861, who has
borne him two children.

Lyman H. Merrick, deceased, was bom in New
York, 1802. He was located at Painesville, Ohio,
for several years engaged in milling. In 1852
he came to Frescott, Wisconsin, and until the
time of his death was a prominent citizen. He
married Betsy C. Page in 1825, who died five
years after. His second wife was CorneUa M. A.
Whelpley, who bore him seven children, three
of whom are living: Elizabeth P., George B. and
Samuel W.

Abner Morse, deceased, was a son of Calvin
and Elvira Morse, and was born at Randolph,
Orange county, Vermont, October 31st, 1819.
He was the oldest of eight children, three of
whom, David M., of Galesburg, Hlinois, Edwm
and Betsey Woodbury ,of Bethel, Vermont, survive
him. When Abner was three years old his father
removed to Bethel, Windsor county, Vermont,
where he purchased a farm and reared his family.
The sons grew to manhood as tillers of the soil,
consequently Abner's opportunities for acquiring
an education were somewhat limited. After
having reached his eighth year, his schooling was
confined to three months' attendance each year at

the district school until attaining his eigh-
teenth year, when he attended a select school one
term. The winter following, he taught one term
and afterward attended the Royalston Academy
two terms, closing his studies at the age of
twenty. During the following ten consecutive
winters he pursued the vocation of teaching. His
sympathies were ever with the down-trodden and
oppressed, and though his father was a strong
democrat, he himself espoused the aboltion cause
and became an active member of that political
creed. Upon the organization of the republican
party he entered its ranks and remained true to
its principles. Mr. Morse was first married in
1843 to Miss Julia A. Smith, but this union was
destined to be of short duration, the young wife
dying of consumption in the autumn of 1844. He
was remarried in 1846, at Braintree, Vermont, to
Miss Mary Randall. He removed to the west in
1854, and located at River Falls, where he con-
tinued to reside until his death, with the excep-
tion of a brief residence in Minnesota. He was
for about one year editor of the Green Mountain
Herald, published at West Randolph, Vermont.
For five years he maintained an active connec-
tion with the River Falls Journal, and, in 1877,
suffered a paralytic stroke that rendered him in-
capable of further participation in the active du-
ties of life, and from the effects Of which he never
fully recovered. He was admitted to the practice
of law in 1871, and had acquired an extensive
local practice at the time of his sad misfortune.
Mr. Morse was ever active in the interests of any
community with which he identified hunself;
generous, and possessed of a social and hospitable
nature; always ready to relieve the distressed,
and we fain would believe that his great misfor-
tune, and that his death, also, is mourned by all
who knew him. He leaves a wife, son and
daughter, who have bestowed upon him the
tenderest solicitude and care, unceasing in their
efforts to lighten, as far as possible, the burden
of his life, and who now mourn his departure to
that luidiscovered country from whose bourne no
traveler returns.

Frank Pomeroy was born in Steuben county.
New York, October 25th, 1824. He remained at
his native place until twenty-six years of age, en-
gaging in the pursuits of lumbering and farm-
ing. In 1851, he removed to River Falls and be-

BIOGBAFHICAL.

273

gan working for his brother; two years later, he
purchased a farm of eighty acres, and soon after
added forty acres to it. He erected a saw-mill on
Eush river, and operated it two years, since
which time he has pursued the quiet and inde-
pendent vocation of farming, at River ^Falls. He
married in 1859, Mary Shepard, a native of
Massachusetts. Six children have been born to
them, five of whom are living.

Oliver S. Powell was born in St. Lawrence
county, New York, June 19th, 1831. He re-
moved to Hancock county, Illinois, at the age of
twelve, with his father, and for the next seven
years made his home with his sister in that county,
attending school. In 1850, he came to St. An-
thony, Minnesota, where his brother had located
one year previous. During the fall of the same
year, the two brothers came to the present
site of River Tails, made a claim and pur-
chased and kept in operation a threshing machine,
the first north of Prairie du Chien. During the
winter Mr. Powell attended school at his old
home, and with the spring-time returned to River
Palls, bringing vnth him a drove of cattle, which
proved very profitable to him, owing to their
scarcity. He was elected to the state legislature
in 1869, and was instrumental in locating the
normal school at River Palls. He married Miss
E. Nichols in 1860. They have seven children.

John D. Putnam was born in Windham county,
Connecticut, 1887. Until twenty-one years of
age, he remained at home, acquiring an educa-
tion, and during the time attended the state nor-
mal school of Connecticut. In 1859, he came to
Wisconsin and located on a farm near River
Falls. EnUsting in the Pirst Wisconsin Infantiy
as a private in 1861, he served until appointed
regimental commissary, in which rank he re-
mained one year, then received his honorable dis-
charge in 1 864. Returning to civil life, he re-
mained on his farm until 1873, then rented the
Prairie mill at River Palls, and the following
year purchased an interest. His wife was Miss
Catherine Lovell, whom he married in 1859.
They have six children living.

E. R. Stephens was born in Chester county,
Pennsylvania, 1847. He began in the miller's
trade when thirteen years old, in which he con-
tinued, in his native place, until the age of

twenty. He then removed to Iowa City, Iowa:
18

after a short time came to Minneapolis, Minnesota,
and worked at his trade until locating at River
Palls in 1877. Having purchased an interest in
the Junction mill, he has since made this city his
place of residence. He was married to Elma
Brown in 1871, who has borne him five children.

H. L. Wadsworth was born in Erie county. New
York, July 10th, 1821. At his native place he
gained a knowledge of the shoemaker's trade,
and in 1846 came west and made his home at
Beloit, Wisconsin, where he engaged in the shoe
trade six and one-half years- He then followed
the independent life of farming, nineteen years,
near River Palls, after which he began his trade
in the city. He represented his district in the
legislature of 1867, and has also held many town
offices. His marriage with Miss A. R. Baldwin
occurred in 1841. They have eight children

Professor Allen H.Weld was born at Braintree,
Vermont, September 7th, 1809. He graduated
from Yale College in 1836, and soon after-
wards commenced teaching. During the first
six years he was principal of the Academy of
North Yarmouth, Maine, which, while under his
supervision, attained a favorable reputation
throughout the whole state. While at that city
he published "Weld's Grammar," "Weld's Latin
Lexicon," and other well-known text-books.
Going south to Maryland, he taught a large
school for six years, then returned and assumed
cha rge of the Ladies' Seminary at West Lebanon,
New Hampshire. In 1857 he came to River
Palls, and has since been engaged chiefly in farm-
ing, having a fine homestead near thecity. Hewas
county superintendent of schools several years
and for nine years was a member of the board of
regents of normal schools. In 1832 he married
Harriet Wood, and by her had two children, one of
whom, A. P. Weld, is a resident of River Palls.

Allen P. Weld was born at North Yarmouth,
Maine, 1839, his father being Professor Allen H.
Weld. He graduated from Dartmouth College,
New Hampshire, with the degree of A. B., in
1859. The same year he came west and passed
his time chiefly on his father's farm until 1864,
when he determined to pursue the profession of
lawyer. Graduating from the Albany Law
School, in 1866, he opened an ofiice two years
later at River Palls, and has since given his
almost exclusive attention to his practice.

274

H1S20EY OF POLK COUNTY.

POLK COUI^TY.

CHAPTER XLV.

DESCRIPTIVE EARLY SETTLEMENT IM-

PBOVEMENTS — FmST SCHOOLS— BOUNDAEIBS
OF TOWNS.

By an act of the legislature, approved March,
^ 1853, all that portion of St. Croix county lying
north of the line between townships 31
and 32, was set off and formed into a
new county, to be known as Polk county,
in honor of James K. Polk, ex-president.
The county at that date included a part of Bar-
ron, Chippewa and Ashland counties, and all of
Polk, Bayfield, and Douglas counties. By acts of
tlie legislature from time to time, the territory
was divided into the above named counties, leav-
ing the present Polk county, located on the west-
ern boundary of the state, on the east side of
Lake St. Croix. It contains twenty-seven full
and three fractional townships, with about 700,-
000 acres area. About three-sevenths of this is
under improvement. Throughout the western
portion of the county, near the river, the land is
generally high and rolling. The central and east-
ern portions are quite level. The country along
the streams is well wooded with pine, oak and
maple. The drainage is good. On the west the
St. Croix flows the entire length of the county,
while the Apple, Wolf, Trade, Wood, Clam and
Willow are the principal rivers, which, with their
tributaries and numerous small lakes, furnish the
county with abundant irrigation. Pine trout,
pickerel, bass, perch,- and various other fresli-
water fish are plenty. Fine water-powers are
found on the larger streams, of which the one
at St. Croix Palls on the St. Croix river is the
most important.

The soil varies from sandy to loamy, witli a
clay subsoil in places, and is well adapted to
wheat raising. In different portions of the county
we find large deposits of lime and sand rocks.

which furnish valuable material for building pur-
poses. Deposits of iron, copper and lead are
found in different portions of the county. Some
of the finest scenery in the northwest is found
within the limits of the county — the dalles of the
St. Croix, the towering 'rock. Devil's chair, with
tlie high bluifs, the pleasant groves and fine
scenery surrounding the beautiful lakes, are vis-
ited by thousands of strangers during the sum-
mer season.

The county agricultural society was organized
in 1860, and has had many successful fairs, which
have awakened an interest among the farmers
for the more thorough development of the impor-
tant branches of farming.

This county was originally occupied by the
Chippewa Indians. By a treaty which was made
at Port SneUing July 29th, 1837, between the
Umted States, by their commissioner, Henry
Dodge, then governor of the territory of Wiscon-
sin, and the Chippewas, the latter ceded to the
United States the upper valley of the St. Croix.
The remainder of their lands in this region were
ceded to the general government in 1842, since
which time no organized bands have made a per-
manent settlement in the county.

The first white men that visited this region
were Daniel Greysolon Du Lhut, or Du Luth,
with five Fiench Canadians, who, as early as
l(j81, were ei gajed in trading with the Indians.
The same year, Patlier Louis Hennepin visited
this locality. Amap of this portion of the country
was made by Jonathan Carver in 1766.

The Ihst permanent settlement was made in
July, 1837, by Franklin Steele, George W. Fitch,
Colonel Stambaugh, Emerson Maginnis and
others, who made claims and squatted on land
where tlie village of St. Croix now stands. In
1838, a company was organized to carry on a gen-
eral lumber, manufacturing and trading business,
composed of the following persons: rrank_

EABLT SETTLEJR.8.

275

lin Steele, Dr. George W. Fitch, W. S. Hun-
gerford, James Livingston, James Libbey, B. F.
Titcomband W. S. Ilolcombe; known as the St.
Louis Lumber Company. This company built a
dam and large saw-mill, with several stores and
shops; also, quite a number of dwellings, and
carried on an extensive business for a few years,
when they failed. In 1847, another company
was formed, consisting of James Perrington,
from Maine, and Caleb Gushing, with a capital of
$60,000, who obtained possession of the property,
made many improvements, and did a fine busi-
ness for a short time, when they succumbed to
the hard times; we hear of Mr. Perrington,
at the mouth of Willow river, building a saw-
mill. Of those whose names we find on the roll
of early settlers, who came between 1844 and
1848, are the followuig: William Kent, H. N.
Setzer, Smith Ellison, J. L. Taylor, Daniel
Mears, John Mower, William Nobles, Martin
Mower, W. J. Vincent, Harvey Walker, W.
Malioney, Mr. Perkins, Joseph and W. R. Mar-
shall, P. Jewell, J. Weymouth, W. S. Hunger-
ford, Joseph Bowron, H. Schultz, Anson North-
rup, Robert Kent and others. Of this number,
we find that Wm. Kent erected a saw-mill at
what is now Osceola Mills in 1844; he, with his
brothers, were afterwards the founders of Osceola
Mills. He was the first county treasurer, and
has long been a prominent steamboat man on the
St. Croix and Mississippi rivers. H. N. Setzer
was established in the law business at Du-"
luth. Daniel Mears located at St. Croix Falls in
1848, where he remained for a short time, when
he removed to what was Willow River, now Hud-
son. He was elected to the state senate, 1868
and 1859, and has held a prominent position
among the lumber interests of the St. Croix
Valley.

W. R. Marshall afterwards became governor of
the state of Minnesota, Joseph Bowron founded
what is known as Bowron's mills in St. Croix
county. In 1849, he represented St. Croix and
La Pointe counties in the assembly. William
Vincent held several important civil ofiices, and
Robert Kent was county judge for ten years.

Settlers came in slowly until 1866, when the
influx of population began to set in at tliis point.
The first hotel built in the county was by the St.
Louis Lumber Company; known as the Planters'

House. The first grist mill was built in 1848, by
Kent brothers at Osceola Mills. The first store,
first frame house, first blacksmith shop were
built by the lumber company at St. Croix Falls.
The second hotel was built by the Cushing Lum-
ber Company at the falls. The first bridge built
across the St. Croix river in 1856, located between
St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin and Taylor Falls, Min-
nesota. The first mail route was opened by Dr.
Aldrich, from Stillwater to St. Crots, and the
mail transported in a bateau on the river in the
summer, on the ice in the winter once a week.
The Doctor also established an over-land mail
route in 1847, from what was then Willow River
to St. Croix Falls. This was carried weekly on
foot through the woods until 1855, when he es-
tablished a regular stage Une. The first white
child born at the falls was Charles H. Northrup,
September 25th, 18ll. Rev. Mr. Boutwell per-
formed the first marriage ceremony, for Louis
Barlow. Mrs. Tainter taught the first school at
St. Croix Falls, in 1848.

The first school taught in Osceola, was in 1845,
by W. A. Talboys. The first school-house built
in Osceola, was in 1854, in St. Croix Falls, in
1861. Rev. Mr. Boutwell, a Congregational mis-
sionary, located at Pokegama, held the first re-
ligious services at St. Croix Falls. The Metho-
dists represented by Rev.Mr. Eddyvin in 1852, or-
ganized the first religious society in Osceola. Dur-
ing the ministry of Rev. S. T. Catlin, the Baptist
society built their first church at Osceola Mills.
In all new settlements after the school and the
church, comes the newspaper, the great dissemi-
nator of information. The first to establish a
newspaper at St. Croix Falls, was Messrs. Rey-
mert and Bartlett in December, 1860, at which
date they commenced the publication of the St.
Croixian. One year later it assummed the
title of the Polk County Press, and was
removed to OsceoJa, by S. S. Fifield, in 1861, he
having purchased the paper. Charles E. Mears
afterwards became its publisher. The first to
dispense powders and pills to the sick and lan-
guishing at St. Croix Falls, was Dr. Carli. The
first dispenser of law to the lawless at St. Croix,
was Isaac Freeland. The early settlers of this,
then wild, remote district, had many trials to en-
dure. Selfishness was often predominant in the
matter of location of lands. The poor were over-

276

HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY.

ridden by the rich. An instance of this kind oc-
cured in the town of Farmington. A valuable
piece of land had been pre-empted by several set-
tlers who had failed in making their final entry
at the proper time. One Ovid Pinney, a wealthy
speculator, taking advantage of this circumstance
entered the lands from them.

This act so enraged the settlers that they re-
solved to'deal out to the "old man" a measure of
speedy justice. They held a council and decided
to drown him. But better judgment prevailing,
they allowed the old man to depart. Many acts
of lawlessness were committed during those
early times. Murders were quite frequent, both
with whites and Indians. So frequently were
these acts committed that a well-organized vig-
ilance committee was established by the settlers.
Osceola and St. Croix Falls became points of
some size in 1845, and, as with other places that
had the appearance of becoming even villages in
size, a tract of land was platted and laid off into
village lots by M. T. Chandler, for St. Croix Falls,
in 1845, and by F. G. Murrey, April 26th, 1855,
for Osceola Mills. Polk county has the honor of
the building of the first steamboat in the St.
Croix Valley, which was built at Osceola by
Holmes and Cummings in the winter of 1855.

The first territorial election was held at St. Croix
Falls in 1844, and the first general election was
held in November, 1853. The county was at
that time divided into two voting precincts, Le-
roy and St. Croix Falls. The county seat was
located then at the latter place. At the general
election, sixty-four votes were cast, and the fol-
lowing officers were elected: Isaac Freeland,
clerk of the county; E. C. Treadwell, sheriff; O.
A. Clark, surveyor; W. A. Talboys, register of
deeds; William Kent, treasurer; Harman Cran-
dall, coroner; Nelson McCarty, district attorney;
Robert Kent, clerk of the court. The first meet-
ing of the board of supervisors was held at the
house of F. W. Abbott in Osceola. At the same
house the county offices were located for several
years. At the fall election of 185S a vote was
taken to remove the county seat to Osceola, re-
sulting in forty-four for, and none against the re-
moval; the records were consequently removed to
Osceola. The subject was still agitated, and
again voted on in the fall of 1854, which resulted
in the records remaining at Osceola. Judge

Wiram Knowlton, of the eighth judicial district,
held the first court at Osceola in a school-house.
The first county judge was Isaac W. Hale.

James Livingston has the honor of giving the
name "Osceola" to the village, in honor of a
Seminole Indian chief of Florida.

The county has one railroad, the North Wiscon-
sin, which crosses the southeast comer of the
county, built in 1874. Several ancient mounds
are found in different parts of the county, from
many of which have been exhurned human bones
large in size, which would indicate that a race of
larger people had once lived in these parts.

The records of Polk county, from organization
to 1863, were destroyed. The following is the
affidavit of C. H. Staples then clerk of the
board of supervisors: "C. H. Staples, clerk of the
board of supervisors of Polk county, being duly
sworn, deposes and says, that between the 19th
and 24th of April, 1863, the buildings occupied by
the county offices for said county, were entered
by some person or persons, and there was taken
from them the records of the county, containing
all of the proceedings of the county board of
supervisors, since the organization of the county,
also a copy of the tax sales of said county, and
said book has not to this date been returned.
Sworn and subscribed to before me, this 18th day
of May, 1863. W. M. Blonding, county judge."
The first town organization was that of Leroy,
in 1853, which at that time included the whole
of Polk county. The next organization was that
of Alden; as the books were destroyed, the dates
do not appear. The boundaries were as follows :
commencing at the south-east corner of the
county, thence west to the south-west corner of
section 33, township 82, range 18, thence north
on the section line to the north-west corner of
section 4, of said township and range; thence
tivst to the eastern boundary of the county; then
south to the place of beginning, to be known as
Alden.

The next was Farmington, the boundaries of
which are as follows: commencing at the south-
cast corner of section 32, township 32, range 18;
thence north to the north-east corner of section 32,
township 33, of range 18; thence west on section
line to the north-west corner of section 35, town-
sliip 33, range 19; thence south on section line to
the quarter post between sections 34 and 35 ;

bovndabi.es of towns.

277

thence west to the St. Croix river; thence south
down said river to the south-west corner of tlie
county; thence east to the place of beginning to be
known as Farmington.

The boundaries of the town of Osceola were as
follows: commencing on the St. Croix river, on
the township line between towns 33 and 34 ;
thence east on township line to the north-east
corner of section 4, township 33, range 17; thence
south on the section line to the township line
between townships 32 and 33; thence west to the
south-west corner of section 33, township 33,
range 18; thence north to the north-west corner
of section 33; thence west on the northern bound-
ary line of the town of Farmington, to the St.
Croix river; thence north on said river to the
place of beginning.

Also the boundaries of the town of Lincoln, the
date of the organization of which does not appear,
were as follows: commencing at the north-east
corner of section 4, township 33, range 17; thence
east on township line to the eastern boundary of
the coimty; thence south to the town Une be-
tween township 32, range 33; thence west to the
south-east corner of section 33, township 33,
range 17; thence north on section line to the
place of beginning.

The boundary of the town of "St. Croix Falls"
was as follows: Commencing at the St. Croix
river on the township line between townships 33
and 34. Then east on said township line to the
county line, thence north to the township line be-
between townships 35 and 36, then west on town-
ship line to line between ranges 18 and 19,
then south on range line to the southeast corner
of section 1, township 34, range 19. And all that
portion of Polk county north of the northern
boundary of the town of St. Croix Falls to known
as the town of "Sterling."

In the winter of 1862 and '63, by a vote of the
people of what was then known as Dallas county,
townships 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37, of range 15,
were set off from the county of "Dallas," now
"Barron," and attached to the county of Polk.
At a meeting of the board of county supervisors
held May 18th, 1863, township 36 and 37, of range
15, were set off and called the town of "Sterling."
At the same meeting it was voted township 34
and 35 of range 15, be atttached to the town of
"St. Croix Falls." Also that township 33, range

15, be attached to the town of "Lincoln." At
same meeting it was voted to attach township 32,
range 15, to the town of "Alden."

The valuation of property in Polk county in
1863 in the then six towns and two villages, of
which the county was comprised. In the town
of Alden there were 30,843.46 acres under cultiva-
tion, valued at $55,789.48. Personal property
$2,004.00. Farmington 27,171.87 acres, valued
at $48,047.34 ; with personal property $2,311.00.
Lincoln 14,305.20 acres, valued at $80,514.99;
personal $490.00. Osceola 26,276.78 acres, valued
$61,226.00 ; with village lots valued at $9,820.00 ;
personal $11,610.00. St. Croix Falls 93,781.54
acres, valued at $175,107.00; with village lots
valued $16,101.00; personal $8,569.00. Sterling
49,095.75 acres, valued $87,235.00; personal $1,-
886.00. Total acres 241,361.73, value $457,254.81 ;
total value of village lots $25,921.00; personal
$26,870.00.

The same year "Burnett" county was added to
"Polk" county for judicial purposes.

No organizations of new towns were effected
from this date imtil 1867, when at a meeting of
the county board held August 15th, it was voted
that all of the territory of township 32 north, of
ranges 15 and 16, west, situated in the town of
"Alden" in the county of Polk, be and is hereby
set off from said town of Alden and made into a
new town to be known as the town of "Black
Brook," the first election to be held at the house
of Horace Nelson, on section 34, township 32,
range 16, west.

At a meeting of the county board held Novem-
ber 9th, 1869, it was voted to lay ofE a new town
to comprise the following territory, viz: All of
townships 36 and 37, ranges 15, 16 and 17, be de-
tached from the town of "Sterling" and formed
into a new town to be known as "Luck," the first
election to be held at the house of W. Foster, on
section 28, township 36, range 17. At a meeting
of the board held December 20th, 1869, it was
voted that the following territory be set off from
the town of St. Croix Falls: All of township
35, in ranges 15, 16 and 17, be and is hereby set
off and formed into a new town to b3 known as
"Milltown," the first election to be held in the
school house in district number 5. At the same
meeting it was voted that all of township 34,
ranges 15 and 16, and sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9,

278

HISTOBT OF POLK COUNTY.

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, in township
34, range 17, is hereby set off from said town of
St. Croix Falls, to be known as "Balsam Lake,"
the first election to be held in the school house in
district number four. . At a meeting of the board
held November 14th, 1872, it was voted to set off
township 36, and 37, of range 15, from the town of
Luck to be formed into a new town to be known
as "Loraine," the first election to be held at the
house of N. B. Bull.

At a meeting of the board held December 16th,
1873, it was voted to lay off tjje follovping'des-
cribed territory, viz: Township 35, range 18 and
19 to be detached from the town of St. Croix
Falls, and formed into a new town to be known
as Eureka, the first election to be held in the
school-house in the Hoover district. At a meetr
ing of the board held November 10th, 1874, it
was voted to detach from the town of Sterling
township 36, range 18, and said territory to be
formed into a new town to be known as Lake
Town, the first election to be held in school-house
in district number 3. At a meeting of the board
held November 10th, 1875, it was voted to form
a new town from township 33, range 15 west,
said territory to be detached from the towm of
Lincoln, and formed into a new town known as
Clayton, the first election to be held at the house
of Fisher Brown, section 26. At the same meet-
ing it was voted to detach sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6, township 32, range 16, from Lincoln, and
annex the same to Black Brook town. It was
also voted to set off township 37, range 17 west,
from the town of Luck, and form a new town
known as West Sweden. The first election to be
held at the school-house in district number 2. At
a meeting of the board held June 8th, 1876, it
was voted to set off from the town of Balsam
Lake, township 34, range 15 and 16, and form the
same into a new town to be known as Apple
River. The first election to be held at the school-
house in district number 5. At a meeting of the
board held July 14th, 1876. it was voted to de-
tach from the town of Luck, township 37, range
16, and form the same into a new town to be
known as Clam Falls. The first election to be
held at the village of Clam Falls.

At a meeting of the board held June 20th,
1877, it was voted to detach sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, township 32, range 16, from the town of Lin-
coln and annex the same to the town of Black
Brook. Also voted to form a new town from
township 32, range 15, said town to be known as
" Clear Lake." The first election to be held at
the school-house near the lake. At a meeting of
the board held November 15th, 1878, it was voted
to detach township 35, ranges 15 and 16, from the
town of Milltown, and form the same into a new
town to be known as "Georgetown." The first
election to be held at the school-house in district
No. 3.

"The war record of Polk county was what they
may justly be proud of. The whole number of
volunteers that enlisted from the county was
sixty-two, which constituted one-fifth of the
whole population of the county. It is doubtful
if another county in the state can produce such
a record of the patriotism of its people." Some
a little too old, and many too young, if the exact
figures had been given, rushed to the front, fired
with a noble spirit of patriotism, to defend their
country, in the hour of her need, from the de-
stroying arms of her foe. Her volunteers were
scattered Into every regiment that went from the
state.

OSCEOLA.

CHAPTER XL VI.

FIRST CLAIM MILLS BUSINESS HOUSES

CHURCHES— SOCIETIES — BIOGRAPHICAL.

William Kent made a claim of the land on
which the village of "Osceola" now stands, in
1844, located on section 27, township 34, range
19, sui-veyed and platted by F. G. Murry
April 26th, 1855. The honor of naming the
town was given to James Livingston, after the
Florida chief "Osceola." It is said that he
made the offer of two sheep for the privilege,
which was granted. The Osceola Lumber Com-

MILLS AT OSCEOLA.

279

pany was organized in the fall of 1844, consist-
ing of Colonel William Nobles and brother, H.
Walker, W. O. Mahoney and W. Kent; the com-
pany taking steps at once for the erection of a
mill. The timber for the frame of their mill was
purchased of Messrs. Taylor and Baker, of Tay-
lor's Falls, who had commenced the erection of .a
mill in 1839, but had relinquished the enterprise.
The mill when completed was 40x60, two stories
high. The power consisted of an old-fashioned
flutter-wheel, which they replaced with a 28-foot
o^rershot-wheel in 1845; receiving their supply of
water from Osceola creek. The mill was
equipped with two muley and one lath saws,
with a capacity of 10,000 feet every twenty-four
hours. In 1847, Nobles Brothers and H. Walker
sold their interest to Anson Northrup, and the
firm became Northrup, Mahoney and Kent. In
1848, Northrup sold hfs interest to Mahoney and
Kent, who ran the mill until 1852 under the firm
name of Kent and Mahoney, when Mahoney sold
his interest to Kent Brothers. There were five
brothers in the firm. In 1856 they rebuilt the
mill, making it 50x80, placing a 45-foot overshot-
wheel, adding two sash-saws, one circular, and
one lath and shingle machine. They continued
the operation of the mill until 1862, when they
failed, and the property passed into the hands of
B. H. Campbell of Galena, Illinois.

In 1865, Mr. Campbell removed the overshot
wheel and placed instead a twenty-two-inch Lef-
fel wheel, which proved to be too large for the
supply of water. After a large expenditure of
money, the enterprise was abandoned and the
machinery sold for a nominal sum. The Cascade
Flouring mills were built by Kent Brothers in
1852; size, 30x40; four stories; and propelled by
an overshot wheel. It had two run of stone.
In 1862, this property also passed into the hands
of B. H. Campbell, who made some repairs and
improvements, replacing the old wheel with a
new twenty-eight-foot over shot wheel. The
mill was leased to different parties until 1870,
when Emil Munch purchased the mill, and made
several improvements, replacing the over shot
wheel with a sixteen-inch Leffel wheel, adding
another run of stone, with a purifier and packer,
all at an expense of some $3,000. He operated
the mill until 1874, when he turned it over to the
creditors. It was purchased by F. G. Mayo and

Company. In 1876, Mr. Mayo became sole pro-
prietor. He also made some improvements, mak-
ing it a miU with a capacity of thirty to
forty barrels each twenty-four hours. It was op-
erated untilJuly 4th, 1880, when it was destroyed
by fire, being the oldest mill in Polk county.

The City mills were built by George Wilson, S.
B. Dresser and W. H. Barnes, ui 1869 and 1870;
size, 28x40; two and one-half stories and base-
ment, using a thirty-inch turbine wheel as power.
Mr. Barnes sold his interest to the other mem-
bers of- the firm prior to the completion of the
mill. The mill was operated as a custom mill,
with two run of stone. The following year they
attached a ware room, 28x30 feet, one story. In
1875, the mills were purchased bv the firm of
Howell, Happock and E. B. Greenwood, of New
York, who placed P. A. Sandberg in charge for a
while, when it was transferred to the charge of
Eudow and Breitner. In 1877, Wm. Endow
purchased the property and refitted the mill,
putting in a new twenty-inch Leffel wheel in place
of the old turbine, with other improvements,
which enables them to grind from 150 to 200
bushels of grist per day.

The Osceola brewery was established in
1867 by Veit Geiger as a hand brewery.
Until 1872 he occupied a small frame build-
ing, 20x30 feet, when he added a stone
building, 23x50 feet, two stories. He has cellars
extending, one forty and the other thirty feet,
into the rock in the rear of the main building.
Mr. Geiger manufactures from 150 to 200 barrels
each year.

The Osceola Mill company opened the first
store with a stock of general merchandise in the
village, which they continued unto 1862. The
next store opened was by Wyckoff and Stevens,
in 1856, occupying the front room of Wm. Guild's
house. The building is now owned by W. Eam-
sey. The next was by Mr. Fiskin a room of the
Wilson house. The fourth by Rice Webb, in
1857, in the front room of his house. The build-
ing is now owned by W. A. Talboys.

The first store room was built by Rice Webb,
in 1858, 20x40, one story. After the completion
of his building he took as partner L. D. Newell,
now of Prescott. In 1860, Mr. Webb purchased
Mr. NewelFs interest, continuing the business
alone until 1866, when he disposed of his entire

280

HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY.

interest to Messrs. Talboys and Staples. In 1872
Mr. Talboys purchased Mr. Staples' interest, and
continued in trade until 1876, when he closed up
his business. In 1877 F. C. Mayo opened up a
trade in the same store with a stock of goods, con-
tinuing in trade until the fall of 1878, when the
stock and store were destroyed by fire, which
ended his commercial career. In 1862 Russell
Gridley erected a store, and continued in trade
until 1863, when S. S. Fifield, then editor of the
Polk County Press, purchased his interest, and
the building was afterwards used as a printing
office.

E. 11. Armstrong and Company opened up
trade with a stock of goods, in 1862, in a building
built by W. Ayers in 1858, continued in trade
until 1864, when the stock was purchased by
Dresser, Wilson and Armstrong, and removed to
a store built by C. P. Garlick, now Dresser Broth-
ers. They continued trade until 1867, when D.
VV. Armstrong withdrew, and the firm of Dresser
and Wilson continued until May, 1873, when P.
B. Lacy and J. H. Johnson, of St. Croix, pur-
chased the stock and continued trade for one
year, when they returned to St. Croix. In May,
1876, A. A. Heald and B. A. Thing rented the
store and with a stock of goods continued in trade
until July, 1877, when they removed their stock
to the KowclifiE building; improvements were
made to the building, extending it in length and
raising it one story, and fitting up rooms above
for the Masonic hall. They continued the use of
this until January 2d, 1879, when it was destroyed
by Are. They at once erected a new stone build-
ing 30x70 feet, two stories; the upper story was
fitted up for the Masonic hall. Stephen Row-
cliff opened trade with a stock of goods in the
spring of 1871, closed out that stock in 1874, but
in connection with the post-office he dealt in no-
tions and confectioneiy. In 1877 he erected a
small building 20x30, where he continues the
trade in connection with the post-office. Dresser
Brothers opened trade with a stock of goods in
the Garlick store, July, 1877. The following
year they erected a ware-house 25x40. William
Kent, the genial captain, erected a store in May,
1878, 26x70; is still in trade.

The drug trade was first established in Osceola
by S. S. Pifleld and Dr. C. B. Marshall, in 1868.
The year following, Mr. Marshall sold his stock to

S. S. Fifleld, who continued the trade until 1870,
when he closed out his stock to W. C. Guild. In
1873 the stock was purchased by C. H. Staples,
who, in 1879, built a new store 24x40, and con-
tinued trade until 1880, when he was succeeded
by his son, C. W. Staples, who stUl continues the
trade.

The furniture trade was first established by
Robert Kent, in 1878, in a building located on
the present site of the building now occupied by
William Maxwell as a billiard hall, but was
burned January 2nd, 1879. The following spring
he rebuilt on a lot opposite the office of the Polk
County Press, where he is now located with a
large stock of furniture.

Among the contractors we find Robert Kent
and C. W. Peaslee, who formed a co-partnership
in 1877, also John Montgomery, who began in
1879.

The harness trade was first established by Fred
Summerfield, about 1872 ; he closed out in 1876,
and was followed in 1877 by Paul Filzen, over
G. D. Umland's saloon. In 1878 he erected a
frame building 24x45 to which he removed his
stock, but was burned out. November 2nd, 1878
he returned to his old quarters. He was settled
but a few days when he was burned out again.
He erected a new brick building the same season,
24x45.

The millinery trade was first established in
1865, by Mrs. E. B. Garlick. In 1870 she erected
a building 12x20. In 1873 she sold her interest
to Miss Ella Walker. She sold to Mrs. Henry Fi-
field in 1875. Mrs. Fifleld was burned out Jan-
uary 2nd, 1879. Mrs. Garlick opened business
again in 1876. She sold out to Mrs. A. Prentice
in 1880, but was compelled to resume the trade
with the same stock

The first shoemaker was Joseph Bondelier, on
lot one, block thirteen; he remained but a short
time. In 1863 Thaddeus Prentice began. Then
Lewis Jourgins. In 1872 came William Sum-
merfield, followed by George H. Wilson. Then
came J. Kemp, in the fall of 1876. He sold to
Henry Voegh, in 1877; he still pegs away.

The manufacture of wagons was first begun
in Osceola by James Godfrey in 1860. He con-
tinued until 1867. He was absent at Taylor's
Falls until 1871 when he returned and continued

OSCEOLA CHURCHES.

281

until 1877. John Kent followed him in the fall
of 1880.

Boat building has been carried on to some ex-
tent at Osceola. The first boat built in the val-
ley was by Holmes and Cummings in 1855, and
named Osceola. She made one trip on the river,
when she was taken below to run on the Missis-
sippi river, between Rocli Island and Muscatine.
The next was by Stover and Barnes in 1867, and
named the Pioneer, placing in it a boiler once
used in a mill at Amadore, Michigan. The same
year the G. B. Knapp was built by Oscar F.
Knapp, also a boat known as The Dalles, built
by Marshall Wench in 1867. The Minnie Will
was built by C. G. Bradley in 1867. The Nellie
Kent, by William Kent, in 1870, since remodeled
and renamed the Mary Barnes; also the Helen
Marr, built by W. Kent and J. Dudley. The
Maggie Raney built by the same parties in 1876.
Quite a large number of barges have also been
built.

The livery business was first instituted by Ben-
nett and Jones in 1869, which they continued for
two years. Messrs. Thing and Whiting opened a
stable in 1879. They sold their interest in 1880
to S. C. Benjamin.

The first public library was instituted in about
1848, and known as the Lumberman's library,
about fifty volumes were contributed by two Epis-
copal clergymen from St. Anthony. It was located
in the old Kent boarding house; it has however,
become extinct. In 1868, what is known as the
Teachers library, was organized.

The Osceola Beading Boom and Library asso-
ciation was instituted in April, 1874, with thirty
members, each paying one dollar; W. Kent, pres-
ident; Ella Walker, vice-president; Eev. S. W.
Homer, secretary; Mrs. W. Kent, treasurer; and J.
C. Jorden, librarian. This organization contin-
ued for one year, when they organized as a stock
company, each member paying five dollars as
membership fee; the ofiices of the new company
were Capt, Kent, president; H. B. Dike, secre-
tary; Mrs. W. Kent treasurer; Mrs. Emma Fifield,
librarian; this continued until the date of the
great fire, since which time the surviving books
were deposited in a damaged condition in Capt.
W. Kent's store.

Among the early settlers not already mentioned,
we find the names of Harman Crandall, WUliam

Ramsey, J. F. Nason, Charles Ayers, M. Peaslee,
Isaac W. Hale, Charles Lea, Joel Scott, H. B.
JSTason, J. B. Wright, Nelson McCarty, J. S. God-
frey and others, who arrived between the years
of 1848 an '52.

The first birth as reported at Osceola, was Jen-
nie Guild, daughter of W. C. Guild, now the wife
of Irvin Benson, of St. Paul. The first death
was that of Leroy Hubbard, a mill hand who, in
1846, came to his death by a falling limb from a
tree which he was chopping down. The next was
that of Mrs. Close, in 1847. The first to obey
the divine injunction " it is not good for man to
be alone," in that new country, was Wm. Kent
and Miss Ellen Kidder, May 22d, 185o. Made
happy at the same time was Isaac Freeland and
Agnes Kent. Bev.Mr. Fullerton,of StLllwater,was
invited to perform the ceremony; but the patience
of the happy ones was somewhat tried by the de-
lay of the arrival of the boat containing the ofl^
elating divine, the boat resting for a while on a
sand bar. The proposition to postpone the cer-
emony was opposed, and the justice was called,
who proceeded with the ceremony, the boat
arriving just in time for the minister to make the
closing prayer. The next to be joined in holy
wedlock, were True Foster and Mary Hays. The
first preaching at this point was in 1849, by Rev.
Mr. Breck, a missionary under the auspices of
the Episcopal church, of St. Paul, who was on
a missionary tour from St. Paul to Lake Superior.

The first Methodist Episcopal church organiza-
tion was effected in the faU of 1854, under the
ministration of Rev. G. M. Hilton in what was
known as the old Kent school-house. The mem-
bers of the first class were W. Kent Sr. and wife
W. A. Talboys and wife, Joel Scott, Freeman
Fenlayson and wife.

The Sabbath school was organized 1858. Tlie
society erected a church in 1867, size 32x50. The
present pastor is Rev. E. Russell. The present
membership is fifty-five. The First Baptist clmrch
of Osceola was organized in the fall of 1857 with
six members, as follows: Rice Webb and wife,
Herman Nason and wife, Rev. S. T. Oatlin and
wife; Mr. Nason deacon and Mr. Webb first
clerk. Services were lield in the school until
1860, when, with the addition of new members
came the desire to erect a church, whicli was ac-
complished during the year; it was built of

282

HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY.

wood, 24x32 feet. In 1871 they added fourteen
feet to the front, with a belfry. The church has
a membership of fifty-seven at this time.

The Universalist society of Osceola was organ-
ized September 28th, 1866, with eighteen members,
under the ministrations of Rev. H. S. Bowen,
which position he held for ten years. The church
became quite flourshing, but it has greatly de-
creased by the removal of its members to other
points.

Osceola Lodge No. 134 of Masons, under dis-
pensation April 7th, 1862, was organized June
10th, 1862. The charter members were Judge
Henry T. Barron, James D. Reym'ert, Wm. Kent,
Charles Thompson, David Tewksbury, C. P. Gar-
lick and William Ward. The first officers were
Henry D. Barron, W. M.; James D. Eeymert, S.
W.; Carmi P. Garhck, J. W.; W. A. Talboys,
treasurer ; Chas. II. Staples, secretary; W. Kent,
S. P; DavidTewksbury, J. D.; C.H.Thompson,
tyler. The lodge numbers about sixty mem-
bers at this date. They own a beautiful hall
over the store of Messrs. Heald and Thing, which
cost 51,500. The present ofiicers are as follows,
viz: H. B. Dike, W. M.; E. C. Treadwell, S. W.;
S. B. Dresser, J. W.; R. Kent, treasurer; W. A.
Talboys, secretary.

The Osceola Lodge of I. O. O. F., No. 278, was
organized March 8th, 1879. The charter mem-
bers were W. Kent, R. Kent, Chas. Ayers, G. D.
McDill, r. A. Dresser, B. A. Thing, W. Rudow,
and A. Kimball. The first ofllcers were: A. Kim-
ball, N. G.; Chas. Ayers, V. G.; T. A. Dresser,
treasurer; B. A. Thing, secretary; R. Kent, W.;
G. D. McDill, conductor. The lodge holds its
meetings in the building which was used as a
court house until 1880, when in conjunction with
the township ofiicers they erected a building 26x74
at an expense of $1,500 ; the first floor is used for
town purposes and the upper floor by the lodge.
The membership at this time is about fifty ; pre-
sent officers, W. II. Tilton, N. G.; C. II. Peaslee,
V. G.; Robert Kent, treasurer; W. II. Foster,
secretary.,

Osceola Lodge I. O. G. T. No. 299, was organ-
ized February 29th, 1877, with thirty-eight char-
ter members. First officers were: II. C. Good-
wm, W. C. T.; Mrs. Haw, W. V. T.; Rev. J.
Haw, W. C; J. Godfrey. W. S.; Miss Philbrick,
W. A. S.; Jere Mudget, W. F. S.; Kate Ileald,

W. T. The lodge is in a flourishing condition
with eighty members; they have done much
toward rescuing the youth of the town from the
downward road of intemperance. The present
ofiicers are: E. P. Sanderson, W. C. T.; Mrs. Low,
W. V. T.; Rev. E. B. Russell, W. C; F. Staples,
W. S.; Ella Fish, W. A. S.; Rose Fish, W. F. S.;
Flora Kent, W. T.

The first hotel or boarding-house erected at
Osceola was built by Kent Brothers soon after
their arrival at this point. In 1856, Isaac Free-
land built a hotel on the present site of the Meth-
odist church. It was destroyed the following
year by fire, and was not rebuilt. The Osceola
House was built by Mrs. Elizabeth Hayes in
1856 and opened as a hotel in 1857. The house
was 22x32, one and one-half stories. In 1859 she
made ah addition by raising it one-half story,
with addition 18x42. In 1861 she rented the
house until 1863, when she re-occupied it and
conducted it until 1867, when she sold it to
Mrs. E. B. Garlick. She kept it until 1870, when
she transferred it to J. F. Abbott, who ran it until
November 1879, when he sold his interest to S.
A. Fisk, who is now the popular "host." The
"Northwestern Hotel." The erection of this
house was commenced in 1857 by John Webb and
John Irish, but was not completed until 1860 when
James Kenyon purchased it. The house was
somewhat angular in shape, on account of the lay
of the streets which it was built to meet, being
40x60 on one side and 40x42 on the other; three
stories high. The upper story was used for a
public hall. Mr. Kenvon conducted the house
until 1868, when it was rented to different parties
until December 16th, 1875, when it was destroyed
by fire. The Wilson house, a portimi of which
was erected in 1853 by Mr. Foster, was com-
pleted by George Wilson, in 1802, and used
as a private residence until the burning of
the North-western hotel, December, 1875, when
he (George Wilson) made many improvements to
the house and opened it as the Wilson house. It
is beautifully located within a short distance of
the Osceola Cascade. In the spring of 1880 he
rented to W. Stowell, but will resume its charge
the present spring.

The building used for the first school was built
by Kent Brothers in 1852, who gave the use for a
school. It was also used for religious and other

POST-OFFICE AND BUSINESS HOUSES.

283

public gatherings. Said building was afterwards
sold to the district. The iirst school was
taught by Wm. A. Talboys in the fall of 1845 by
private subscription. In 1860, a new school-house
was erected, which is now used as the primary
department. In 1869, another building was
erected, in which the grammar department is
taught. Under the laws of the state a high
school was instituted in 1874 and operated for
three years, when a change in the law, requiring a
stipulated number of inhabitants within a cer-
tain limit, debarred them from the privilege, and
it was discontinued. The present officers of the
school are: George D. McDill, director; W.
Kent, treasurer, and Robert Downend, clerk.

The first post-office was established in 1854, W.
C. Guild receiving the first appointment. Pre-
vious to this the inhabitants had received their
mail from Taylor's Falls. A mail route was es-
tablished from Willow Eiver in 1847. Mr. Guild
held the office until August, 1873, when the ap-
pointment was transferred to S. RowclifC, the
present occupant. . The -first blacksmith was Ole
Lindberg, who opened a shop in 1850. Gus Sto-
ver opened a shop in 1856, but was burned out in
1861. M. M. Nason rented his tools and opened
a shop soon after. E. C. Smith opened his shop
in 1868. Gus. Newman in 1879. Charles Ayers
was the first local machinery agent, but had no
ware-rooms. F. C. Talboys and Staples erected
large rooms in the spring of 1879. Messrs. Van
HoUen and Newman erected rooms the same
year. The first cemetery was established in 1855.
Mrs. Jacob Sanders was the first person buried
therein. Mount Hope cemetery was laid out
in 1862.

Bev. T. G. Hilton, together with his ministerial
duties, also ministered to the bodily ailments of
the early settlers of Osceola from 1857 to 1860.
Dr. Hammond spent the winter of 1858 and
practiced. C. P. Garlick the next on the list of
physicians, commenced in 1860; was commis-
sioned assistant surgeon in the Thirty-fifth Wis-
consin regiment, and contracted disease while in
the army from which he died in Milwaukee in
1865. Dr. Gray practiced a short time. At the
close of the war came Dr. Brooks, with Dr. J. R.
M. Garlick, and remained for one year. Dr. C.
B. Marshall came in 1866; he still remains; Dr.
Searles, of St. Croix, joined him in 1876, and in

partnership they practiced one year. Dr. Ward
practiced during the summer of 1880. Dr. Hard-
wig Runge came last summer, and was joined
last fall by Henry E. Combacker.

Isaac Preeland was the first attorney that hung
out his shingle in Polk county. He came to Os-
ceola in 1855, and continued until 1870. J. C.
Button practiced for a short time in those early
days. The "Patrick Henry" of those early days
was Decatur Williams. Marcus Dowling located
at this place in 1860, but only for a short time.
Geo. D.McDill came in 1872, H. B. Dike in 1876,
and J. Past and C. H. Oakley in the spring of
1880. The last four still "hold the fort."

The following are the present incumbents of
the several county offices: Iver Michaelson,
county clerk; Robert Downend, treasurer; T. P.
Monty, sheriff; A. C. Granum, clerk of court;
A. Kimball, register of deeds; Ole Larson, coun-
ty judge; T. M. Nye, district attorney; Sam.
Emery, coroner. In 1865 the county board
rented, for the use of the several offices, a build-
ing erected by the Methodist conference for a
school — said school for some reason was never
started. The population of Osceola is 1,297.
There is no village organization of Osceola, but
a township organization.

This had been essentially a temperance town;
licenses had not been granteJ nor saloons opened
until about 1870, when licenses were issued by
the town board.

In 1874 the better class of citizens of Osceola;
seeing the ruin which was being done to their
community by the use and sale of intoxicating
liquors, decided to take stfeps to check the evil.
The subject was agitated, and a temperance or-
ganization was effected, known as the Temper-
ance League, with Captain W. Kent, president;
Rev. B. K. Barber, vice-president ; Mrs. Geo.
Wilson, secrecary; Miss Etta Hanscomb, treas-
urer; Rev. S. W. Horner, H. C. Goodwin, W. A.
Talboys, executive committee. Crusaders: Mrs.
N. Kent, Mrs. W. Kent, Mrs. J. Kent, Miss E.
Hanscomb, Mrs. Geo. Wilson, Mrs. A. Kent, Mrs.
Lucy Rowclifl, Mrs. Dr. Marshall, Mrs. Ellis
Seavey, Mrs. Goodwin. The ladies commenced
work by securing a promise on the part of the
town board not to grant licenses, on condition
that the ladies would secure a petition signed by
a majority of the citizens of the town asking that

284

HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY-

no licenses be granted. When the petition was
presented with the required majority of names,
still the board ignored the petition, another
having been circulated by one "Umland," a
saloon-keeper, taking names outside of the town,
and which the board knew had no right to a
voice in the matter.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Charles Ayers was born in Crawford, Wash-
ington county, Maine, March 12th, 1829. In his
early life, he was engaged on a farm, while ac-
quiring an education, such as fell to the lot of
farmer boys in those early days. As he grew
older, he engaged in the lumber business. In
1850, he, with his parents came to Wisconsin and
settled at St. Croix Falls; he went up the river
ninty miles above the falls and engaged in cutting
the first logs put in the river at that point. The
same year, he pre-empted a tract of land in sec-
tion 34, Farmington township; he settled on it the
year foUovring, still engaged a portion of the
time at lumbering. In 1854, he erected a store at
what is now known as Farmington Centre, which
he carried on in connection with his farm. In
18o8,he made a trip to California, returned in the
spring of 1860, and carried on his different
branches of business until 1862, when he estab-
lished the butcher trade. In 1866, he again op-
ened his store. In 1876, he was burned out. In
November, 1880, he sold his farm and moved into
the village of Osceola and continued in the sale
of agricultural implements, which business he
carried on for sometime. He was first married
September 12th, 1850, to Miss S. S. Woodruff
from East Machias, Maine. They had ten chil-
dren, five living. She died December, 1865. lie
was married again July 4th, 1866, to Miss Mary
A. Williams, from Wisconsin. They had four
children. She died December 5th, 1868. He
was married again June 22d, 1869, to Mrs.
Amanda McCarty.

S. C. Benjamin was born in Madison county,
New York, in 1842. His parents removed to
Steuben county the following year, and settled on
a farm where his early life was spent. In 1855,
he, with his parents, removed to Wisconsin and
settled near Marquette. In 1857, he moved to
Adams county, Wisconsin, where he remained
until 1861, when he enlisted in Company I,

Eleventh Wisconsin regiment. He was engaged
in eleven hard fought battles, and was wounded
in the first engagement at the battle of Arkansas.
Returning in 1865, he settled in Adams cOunty.
In 1866, he moved to Warren, St. Croix county,
where he remained until 1872, when he removed
to Star Prairie and established himself in the
livery business. He was married January 19th,
1867, to Miss Ella Marvin, of De Witt, Michigan.
They have had four children: Ina M., born Octo-
ber 22d, 1867; Lizzie R., born June 7th, 1873;
Hugh R., born February 12th, 1876; Mary E.,
born October 8th, 1878; Lizzie R., died August
23d, 1876. Mr. B. established himself in the
livery business in Osceola, little over a year ago.

Theodore M. Bradley was born in Jackson
county, Illinois, July, 1831. He removed to La
Fayette county, Wisconsin, in 1847, and attended
school winters, working at farming summers for
three years, then came to Osceola Mills. Was
employed in Kent and Mahoney's saw mill two
years, then engaged several years in rafting on
the St. Croix river. Since 1859 he has given his
time and attention to both farming and rafting,
and now resides at Osceola Mills. He married
Margaret Wilson in 1857, who is a native of Ire-
land. They are the parents of three sons and
two daughters.

Dr. Henry E. Combacker is a native of Boston,
Massachusetts, born in 1853. He accompanied
his parents to Somerset, Wisconsin, at the age of
three years ; here he remained untU eightesn
years of age attending school and engaged in
farming. He then began teaching, and in the
fall of 1872 went to Hinkley's Academy, af Hud-
son, also attending the university at . Madison
three years. He then attended the iledical Uni-
versity of Michigan, graduating in 1 879. Return-
ing to his home, he removed m 1880 to Osceola
Mills, where he is practicing with Dr. Runge.
Dr. Combacker was appointed county physician
of Polk county, in -lanuary, 1880.

Henry B. Dike is a native of Wales, born in
1847. When quite young he came with his par-
ents to America, and settled in Chicago. His
mother dying, he was reared by his aunt, and
attended school at Dixon and Chicago. In 1858
he came to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in 1861
enlisted in Company I, Fifth Minnesota, as a
musician, serving until honorably discharged at

BIOGBAPHICAL.

285

St. Paul in 1865. Three years later he located
at Osceola Mills and began teaching, and study-
ing for the bar, and in 1876 began practicing
law. He is at present superintendent of schools
of Polk county. In 1871 he married Mary E,
Staples, who lias borne him two sons and two
daughters.

Eobert Downend is a native of England, born
1835. While quite young he came to America
with his parents, and settled in Oneida county,
New York, where he remained until coming to
Osceola Mills in 1857. Here he erected a shingle
mill and engaged in lumbering, which he followed
until 1878, then entered upon his duties as
treasurer of Polk county, and still occupies that
responsible position. Enlisted in Company D,
Second Wisconsin Cavalry in 1861, and served
until honorably discharged at Memphis, Tennes-
see, in 1865. His wife was Matilda A. Johnson,
whom he married in 1877, and who has borne him
one child.

F. A. Dresser was born at Moscow, Maine, in
1840. He went with his parents to Bangor, in
1843, where he attended school until 1857, com-
ing thence to Taylors Falls, Minnesota. In 1862
he enlisted in Company A, Thirtieth Wisconsin,
serving until honorably discharged at Louisville,
Kentucky, 1865. He then passed one year in
Canada, and in 1867 returned to Osceola Mills
and engaged as clerk for his brother imtil his
election as county treasurer of Polk county, in
fall of 1873. He occupied the position until 1878.
He is now engaged in trade with his brother at
this place. His wife was Miss Mary E. Thomas,
to whom he was married in 1867.

Samuel S. Fifleld, a native of Carmina, Penob-
scot county, Maine, was born June 24th, 1839.
When the subject of this sketch was but three
years of age his father removed to Bangor, where
he attended the city schools until the age of ten,
when the death of his mother broke up the family
and turned young Fifleld out to seek his own for-
tunes. He entered a store as clerk and chore-
boy, and remained four years. In 1853, he ac-
companied his father and uncle to Eock Island,
Illinois. The next spring the party left Rock
Island and removed to the St. Croix Valley,
settling in Prescott. Until the spring of 1859,
young Fifleld was engaged as clerk in different
stores and hotels of Prescott. Then being out of

work, he shipped as night watch on the steamer
Equator, running between Prescott and Tay-
lor's Falls. In May, the boat was wrecked
and Fifleld, with the rest of the crew, was trans-
ferred to the Kate Castle. When that boat went
into winter quarters, Fifleld's career as a steam-
boatman ended. In February, 1860, he engaged
with Captain Frank H. Pratt as apprentice and
business assistant in the publication of the Tay-
lor's Falls Eeporter, the first newspaper worthy
of notice established in the upper St. Croix val-
ley. He accompanied the material from Prescott
to the Falls on the ice, arriving there February
19th. The paper was issued a few days after-
wards, and Fifleld was with it until January 1st,
1861, 111 health compelled him to quit, and for a
number of months he was toll-keeper on the
bridge between Taylor's Falls and St. Croix Falls.
On the 1st of November he accepted the position
of foreman of the St. Croixian, a paper in St.
Croix Falls, founded by J. D. Eeymert and
Junius A. Bartlett. In December the paper was
removed to Osceola MJUs, county seat of Polk
county, and the Polk County Press was issued
under his management. In the spring of 1862 he
purchased the paper of Mr. Eeymert and became
editor and proprietor. The paper thenceforth
gained largely in influence and circulation and its
editor became well known throughout the north-
west. The St. Croixian. under Eeymert's man-
agement, had been democratic, but when Mr.
Fifleld took charge it was changed to republican.
After peace the Press became the earnest advo-
cate and representative of the upper St. Croix
valley, and did much to attract attention to its
varied resources and induce immigration and
capital to come into the country. In his busy,
toilsome career Mr. Fifleld has found time to ac-
quire a thorough, practical business education,
which adverse circumstances had deprived him
from gaining in the usual course of school train-
ing. In the spring of 1872 he transferred his in-
terest to Charles E. Mears, his partner, and re-
moved to Ashland, where, in company with his
brother, he started the Ashland Press. During
his residence in the valley, Mr. Fifleld has held
many ofiices of honor and trust. September 20th,
1863, he married Miss Stella Grines, of Prescott.
Paul Filzen was bom in Germany, 1854. He
came to America in 1872, and after reaching Min-

286

HISTOBY OF FOLK COUNTY.

nesota located at New Ulm, remaining only
six months, thence to Shakopee. Here he began
learning the harness trade, and after a seven
month's stay removed to Jordan and vyorked at
his trade, completing it at Hastings. He after-
ward worked in Stillwater and in 1877 hecame a
resident of Osceola Mills. The following Octo-
ber he married Kosa Langenberg who has borne
him two children, both of whom are living.

S. A. Fish was born at Halifax, Windham
county, Vermont, 1811. He remained at his na
tive place until attaining majority, then went to
Jefferson county. New York, where he made his
home three years. After spending a number of
years in Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin, he located
at Ottawa, Illinois, residing there twelve years,
then engaged in farming five years and in trade
ttaee years, in Iroquois county. Finally in 1879,
he purchased the Osceola house at Osceola Mills,
of which he is still the proprietor. He married
m 1842, Eliza Town. Their children are Edward
G., Rosa, Charles and Ella.

Dr. Carmi P. Garlick, deceased, was born in
Erie county, Pennsylvania, 1818. When about
fifteen years of age he accompanied his mother,
his father having died previously, to Union coun-
ty, Ohio, where he remained until 1850. Studied
medicine at Milf ord Centre, and attended lectures
at Columbus. In 1850 went to California, re-
maining two years, and in 1853 made another visit
to the Pacific coast. During the fall of 1859 he
located in Chisago county, Minnesota, where was
his home until coming to Osceola Mills. Here
he practiced his profession until 1864, when he
enlisted as surgeon of the Thirty-fifth Wisconsin.
He was honorably discharged on account of
disability, in February, 1866, and died the next
June at Milwaukee. Dr. Garlick was married to
Elizabeth B. Thompson in 1842, who has borne
him five children, two of whom are now living.

Veit Geiger is a native of Germany, born in
1823. Worked at the brewers' trade in his native
country and in 1853 came to America, locating at
Sandusky, Ohio, where he also engaged at his
trade. Two years later he removed to Minneapo-
lis, Minnesota, thence to Polk county, where he
began fanning, in which he continued until com-
ing to Osceola Mills in 1867. Man-ied Genofaver
Grup in 1865. They have four children living.

Andrew C. Granum, a native of Norway, was

born in 1845. During his younger days, he at-
tended school, and in 1877 came to America and
settled in Rock county, Wisconsin, remained four
years, attending school and farming; then located
on a farm in Polk county, but afterward attended
the Northwestern College at Madison, and has
since taught some of the schools of this coimty.
In 1877 was elected to the office of clerk of the
district court, which position he now holds. Mar-
ried Lena Gullickson in 1878, who has borne him
one child.

A. A. Heald was bom in Somerset county,
Maine, in 1829, where he remained until 1849,
and during the last year was in the mercantile
trade at Industry. In 1852, settled in Walworth
county, Wisconsin, engaged in both teaching and
farming for four years, then removed to Lake-
land, Minnesota. Finally, in 1859, he settled on
a farm in Polk county, on which he lived six
years; during the time he occupied the position
of county treasurer four years. Sold his farm in
1874 and started in the mercantile trade at Osce-
ola Mills the year following, vdth B. A. Thing as
partner, who withdrew in January, 1881. Mr.
Heald was married in 1862, to Miss Christiana
Thing, who has borne him three children, two of
whom are- living.

Benjamin F. Kent was born at Galena, Illi-
nois, in 1 846. Removed with his parents to Osce-
ola Mills in 1853. He attended school until six-
teen years of age, then began lumbering, which
he followed until 1872, and was then engaged in
the furniture trade two years. Then operated a
shingle mill at Black Brook one year, since which
time he has been a painter. He married, in 1871,
Miss Belle Ford. They are the parents of three
children.

Robert Kent is a native of Scotland, born in
1818. When two years of age moved with his
parents to New Brunswick, thence to Bangor,
Maine, where he lived until reaching the age of
twenty-two. He. then returned to Europe, and
in 1839 came to Galena, Illinois, where he worked
at carpentering. In 1848, removed to St. Croix
valley, and for about thirteen years engaged in
lumbering, and has since followed carpentering
and cabinet-making. Mr. Kent was the first
clerk of Polk county, and has also been county
superintendent of schools and county judge. At
Galena, lUinois, 1842, married Miss Mary Cham-

BIOQRAPRICAL.

2S7

bers. She died in 1848, leaving four children,
three of whom are now living. His present wife
was Susan N. Babb. who has one child living.

Captain William Kent was bom in Frederick-
ton, New Brunswick, in 1824, and when quite
small moved with his parents to Bangor, Maine.
In 1844, came to St. Croix Falls, and soon after
to Osceola Mills, being one of the first actual
settlers. Here he engaged in lumbering until
1864; then gave his attention to steamboating
until 1879. He was first treasurer of Polk
county, which office he held two years — also the
office of county judge. In politics he is a dem-
ocrat. His wife was Ellen Kidder, whom he
married in 1855.

Asahel Kimball was born in Erie county, Penn-
sylvania, in 1827. When eighteen years of age,
removed to Cattaraugus county. New York,
where he engaged in lumbering seven years; then
returned to his home and passed four years. In
1856, came to Osceola Mills, and in 1866 was
elected register of deeds of Polk county, which
office he held ten years, also that of clerk of
court; has continued as recorder since 1876. His
wife was Matilda Fuller, whom he married in
1852. They have one child.

Captain O. F. Knapp was born in Clinton
county, New York, 1831. At the age of fifteen
he came west with his parents and remained at
Oshkosh, Wisconsin, until attaining his majority.
He then came to Osceola Mills and began lum-
bering. A few years later, in company with C.
B. Strong, he purchased the steamer, "H. S.
Allen," which he ran about three years. In 1861
he engaged as pilot on the steamer "Enterprise,"
which he purchased soon after and ran it three
years. He, in company with others, built the
'Viola," "G. B. Knapp" and Jennie Hayes."
In 1878 he entered the employ of the government
under Major C. J. Allen, in the improvement of
the St. Croix river, Mr. Knapp having charge.
His wife was Angeline Hayes, to whom he was
married in 1855. They are the parents of three
sons and two daughters.

Judge Ole Larson is a native of Norway, born
in 1841. He received a liberal education at the
graded schools at Ourdahl, and learned the trade
of painting and graining. In 1868, he crossed the
seas to America and worked at his trade at differ-
ent places in the southern portion of Wisconsin.

He came to Osceola Mills in 1872, and five years
later was elected judge of Polk county, taking
his seat in January, 1878. He marrred Ingeborg
Johnson, a native of Norway in 1870. They are
the parents of three children, two of whom are
still living.

Dr. C. B. Marshall was bom in Westchester
county. New York, in 1838. Moved with the
family to Chemung county, when five years of
age, thence six years to Tompkins county. Here
he remained five years, then came west, tarrying
one year in Illinois, thence to Hastings, Minne-
sota. His education was obtained at the State
Medical University at Ann Arbor, Michigan. In
1866, he settled at Osceola Mills, and since resided
here, practicing his profession, March 9th, 1866,
he married Miss Addie Brigham.

George Davis McDill, of Osceola Mills, was'
born in Wayne, Crawford county, Pennsylvania,
July 28th, 1838. Received an academic educa-
tion; is by profession a lawyer. Came to Wis-
consin in 1841 and settled at Beloit, removing
later to Vernon county, and to Polk county in
1872. He has been district attorney of Polk
county for two terms, beginning January 1st,
1874; was chairman of the county board for five
consecutive years. Mr. McDill enlisted in the
spring of 1861 in Company I, Sixth Volunteer In-
fantry, and served therein till March 24th, 1864,
when he was promoted to the position of captain
of Company K, of the Thirty-seventh regiment;
was discharged on account of wounds, November
3d, 1864. Participated in the battles of Gaines-
ville, Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam,
Fredericksburg, ChancellorsviUe, Gettysburgh and
the siege of Petersburgh. He was elected to the
assembly of 1881, receiving 2,848 votes, against
1,551 votes for Charles B. Marshall.

Charles E. Mears, one of the early settlers of
the St. Croix valley. He is the. eldest son of
Daniel and Emeline Mears, and was born in East
Boston, Massachusetts, January 9th, 1844. His
mother died when he was only six years of age,
and until 1857 he made his home with his grand-
parents. When thirteen years old he came to
Osceola MiUs, which place has since been his
home. His educational advantages were wholly
confined to the district schools; further than this,
he is self-educated. After coming to this state
he engaged in rafting on the St. Croix and Mis-

288

EISTORY OF POLK COUNTY.

sissipi; also, as clerk on a steamboat. In 1861,
he enlisted in Company D, Second Kegiment,
Wisconsin Cavalry, as corporal. He served one
year, when, on account of sickness, was honor-
ably discharged, having been promoted twice dur-
ing the time. On recovering, he entered the
printing oflace of the Polk County Press, at Os-
ceola Mills, as "devil," and worked the first year
for seventy-five dollars and board. At the age of
twenty he engaged in the mercantile business at
jSTew Eichmond, and the year following began
teaching district school, in which vocation he
continued at intervals for five ye^rs. In 1866, he
became a half owner in the Dunn County News,
at Menominee. In 1869, he was elected county
superintendent of schools of Polk county, serving
six years. He was town clerk of Osceola
three years, and during his leisure studied law.
He is at present editor and publisher of the Polk
County Press, which he purchased in the spring
of 1872. He has held the position of agent
to protect the state lands in district No. 1 , for six
years, and is stiU occupying that position. His
marriage with Henrietta A. Brown, of Grinnell,
Iowa, took place in 1879.

Daniel Mears is a native of Lynn, Massachu-
setts; born in 1819. He acquired a practical
education at the district schools, and when thir-
teen years old began clerking in a store at Essex,
where he remained three years. In 1839, ac-
cepted a position as clerk in a wholesale boit,
shoe and leather store of J. Farbush and Com-
pany, Boston, and was in their employ two and
one-half years. He entered the employ of Dex-
ter, Harrington and Company, dealers in leather
and West India goods, as superintendent of the
leather department. He came west and located
at Stillwater in 1848, and soon after was given
charge of the Willow Eiver mill at Hudson,
Wisconsin. Entering the firm of Nelson, Carlton
and Company as partner in 1853, he remained
until they dissolved. Two years later he re-
moved with his family to Osceola Mills, which
has since been his home. After assisthig in rais-
ing several companies for the service of the coun-
try, he was elected second lieutenant of Company
D, Second Wisconsin Cavalry, in the fall of 1861.
In May of the following year he resigned, since
which time he has been engaged in farming near
Osceola Mills. In 1857, he was elected to the

state senate, serving two years, and has held po-
sitions of trust in both the counties of St. Croix
and Polk. Mr. Mears has been twice married —
first in 1843 to EmeUne E. Mendon, who died in
1848, leaving a son, Charles E. He was married
in 1852 to Susan F. Thompson, and has one
daughter, who is the wife of W. H. H. Wheeler,
of Stillwater.

Iver Michaelson, a native of Norway, was born
1845. Having acquired a knowledge of the
tialor's trade, he started for America in 1866.
He settled first in St. Croix county, Wisconsin,
and subsequently at Black Brook, Polk county,
where he followed the quiet life of agi-iculture,
until elected register of deeds of that county in
1875 ; he served in that capaicity two years, then
was elected county clerk, which office he still
holds. In addition he has a complete set of ab-
stracts of the county. His wife was Miss Chris-
tina Olson, who died in 1873, leaving two child-
ren. His present wife was Martha Olson, whom
he married in 1875. Their two children have
died.

T. F. Monty was born in Lower Canada in
1847. When a lad of ten years he removed with
parents to Kankakee county, Illinois. Here he
was a farmer until 1862, when he enlisted in the
government employ in the first division anny of
the frontier and served two years. In 1866 came
to Polk county, Wisconsin, and settled on a farm
at Sterling, remaining until elected sheriff of the
county in 1879. His marriage with Miss Ellen
Eowe took place in 1866. They have four child-
ren.

M. M. Nason was born in Washington county,
Maine, 1833. He learned the blacksmith's trade,at
which he worked until leaving his home in 1855.
Coming westward he settled in Minneapolis, Min-
nesota, and the next year went to Taylor's Falls.
In 1861 he came to Osceola Mills and opened a
blacksmith shop, in which he still continues. He
lias been a member of the town board two terms
and is a public spirited and respected citizen.
He married in 1870, Mrs. Achsah Kent.

C. II. Oakey, a native of Madison, Wisconsin,
was born June 13th, 1857. He attended the pub-
lic schools of that city in early life, graduating
from the high school in 1875. He afterward
studied law with Judge Phillip L. Spooner of
Madison, Wisconsin, and entered the law depart-

BIOGBAP HICAL.

289

ment of the university in 1878, graduating . tlie
succeeding year. During the spring of 1880 he
began practicing law at Osceola Mills with J.
Post. Mr. Oakey is unmarried.

J. Post was born in Greene county, New York,
in October, 1851. He accompanied his parents
to Dane county, Wisconsin, near Madison, when
three years of age. His early life was passed on
a farm, and during the time attended district
school. In 1868 he entered the State University
at Madison, and graduated with the law class of
1879. During the spring of 1880, he began prac-
ticing law in company with C. H. Oakey, at
Osceola Mills. His marriage with Miss L. S.
Clayton took place March 3d, 1880.

Stephen Rowcliff is a native of Devonshire,
England, and was born in 1828. In 1842 he went
to the Island of Jersey, and was there appren
ticed for a term of six years in the lath rending
and carpenter's trade. He afterwards worked at
his trade in London seven years, then came to
America, landing at New Orleans. After spend
ing some time in travel, he took [a steamer at
St. Louis, for Osceola Mills. On arriving he
began working in a saw-mill, where he continued
three years; he was then deputy county treasurer
and clerk of the board five years. In 1871 he
built a store, and has since given his attention to
mercantile pursuits. In 1863 he was appointed
deputy revenue collector of Polk and Burnett
counties, which oflflce he held eight years; has
also held the office of county commissioner and
town clerk, and is now postmaster at Qsceola
Mills, having received the appointment in 1873.
Mr. EowclifE has been twice married. His first
wife was Catharine Turner, who died in 1866,
leaving six children. His present wife was Mrs.
A. Davis, who has borne him one child.

Dr. H. Kunge is a native of Schleiswig, Ger-
many, and was horn AprU 12th, 1817. Here he
remained until eight years of age, then moved to
Eussia, making his home there ten years, attend-
ing school. He then entered the Medical Uni-
versity at Berlin, graduating after a six years'
course. In 1846, removing to Copenhagen, he
studied veterinary two years, then entered the
army in the Schleiswig-Holstein war, in which he
served three years. Returning to Russia, he
practiced medicine at Moscow two years, and in
1863 came to America via. South America, locat-
19

ing at Monticello, Iowa.' In 1867, he came to
Stillwater and began the practice of medicine,
also in the drug business about eight years, then
engpged in the same business at Minneapolis; re-
turned to Stillwater, and in 1880, came to Osceola
Mills, where he is now practicing medicine.

Prank W. Smith is a native of New York,
born in 1840. Here he learned the lath and plaster
trade, and in 1856, came to Chicago, re-
maining a short time; thence to St. Paul, and
finally to St. Croix Falls. Here he engaged in
lumbering and farming for fifteen years, since
which time he been farming near Osceola Mills.
He enlisted in Company D, Second Wisconsin
Cavalry, under C. C. Washburn and served one
year. In 1874, he married Miss A. E. Mitchell,
who is a native of the North Star state. They
are the parents of one daughter, Edna.

Charles W. Staples was born at Bunker Hill,
Illinois, October 8th, 1852. He came to Osceola
Mills with his parents in 1855, and during early
life acquired his education at the public schools,
and when eighteen years of age began teaching.
After having four years experience in that voca-
tion, he kept books for Knapp, Stout and Com-
pany, of Menomonee two years; then returned to
his home, clerking for his father, and in the fall
of 1880, purchased the store, and is at present en-
gaged in the drug trade. His marriage with
May Foster took place in 1878.

C. H. Staples is a native of Portsmouth, New
Hampshire, born 1824. Here he remained until
twenty-four years of age, and was engaged dur-
ing the latter years, in the manufactory of con-
fectionery, then came to Bunker Hill, Illinois,
and for seven years gave his time and attention
to milling. In 1856, located at Osceola Mills,
and the next year was elected to the office of
clerk of the board of supervisors, which he held
seven years, then opened a store, engaged in the
merchandise trade seven years longer. From this
time until 1880, he carried on a drug trade. His
wife was Miss Hannah Garland, whom he mar-
ried in 1850. They are the parents of six chil-
dren, four of whom are livmg.

George Wilson was born at Auburn, Susque-
hanna county, Pennsylvania, 1836, where he re-
mained until 1853, then engaged in farming two
summers, teaching during the winters. Coming
to Osceola Mills in 1857, he worked in the mUls,

290

HISTOBT OF POLK COUNTY.

also taught school for some time. He has since
made this his home, engaged in milling and hotel
business, being now proprietor of the Wilson
House. He married Emma E. riskinl859,-who
has home him five children.

TOWN OF OSCEOLA.

Judge J. W. Hale, the subject of this sketch,
was born in Plarmony, Susquehanna county,
Pennsylvania, March, 1802. His early life was
spent on a farm. In 1822 he engaged in the lum-
ber business on the Susquehanna river. In 1824
he became a pilot on the river in the lumbering
trade until 1836, when he moved to Cattaraugus
county, New York, still engaged as pilot on the
Ohio and Allegheny rivers. In 1851 he, with his
family, via the rivers, came to Wisconsin and
located on section 26, in Osceola township. The
judge was married in 1826 to Miss Nancy Mc-
Keene from Orange county, New York. Seven
children were the fruits of the union — John,
Esther, Isaac, Melvina, Achsah E., Silas F., Keu-
ben W. Mr. Hale was elected first county judge
of Polk county, which office he held for eight
years; also county superintendent of schools for
two years. He was quite a sportsman in his
younger days, and enjoyed the chase after deer.
Many interesting incidents the judge relates of
his adventures with the timber wolves that used
to infest the country in those early days. During
the past year the much-loved and faithful wife
was taken by the hand of death, and the effects
of the blow are much felt by the judge in his de-
clining years.

Isaac Hale was bom in Susquehanna county,
Pennsylvania. His youth was passed on a farm,
attending school, and later in lumbering. In
1850 came to Minnesota with his parents and
located on section 33, town of Osceola. En-
gaged in lumbering and exploring pine lands until
1663, when he enlisted in Company D, Second
Wisconsin Cavalry, as sergeant, and was detailed
for scouting. In 1865, settled on his present farm
of eighty acres on section 30. Married Miss A.
E. Clarey, of Massachusetts, in 1851.

Hans Johnson was born in Sweden in 1843. In
his youth he was engaged on a farm with his
parents, and with them came to the United States
in 1857, and located at Taylor's Falls, where he
remained one year, when he settled on his pres-

ent farm. He has spent a large share of his win-
ters and springs in lumbering. He was married
in 1870 to Miss Anna W. Johnson. They have
four children: George E., seven; Andrew D., six;
Olof , four; and Edna May, two years. Mr. John-
son has held the office of town supervisor for one
year; school director fourteen years. He has a
farm of two hundred acres well under cultiva-
tion.

Gustof Nelson was bom in the southern part
of Sweden, in 1831. Came to America in 1853,
and located in Polk county. Engaged in various
kinds of work until 1855, when he settled on his
present farm. Was married the same year, to
Miss Caroline Carlson, who was bom in Sweden
in 1838. Six children have been bom to them,
Oscar F., Elmina, Matilda, Charles, Harry and
Jennie. Mr. Nelson has a farm of one hundred
and twenty acres well improved.

Olof Olson, a native of Sweden, was bom in
1823. Was reared to manhood on a farm and in
1869 came to the United States and settled on the
farm he now occupies. Was married in 1855 to
Anna Loyd, of Sweden. They have five children,
Olof, Jr., Peter, Jonas, Bertha and Louis. Mr.
Olson has a fine farm of one hundred and two
acres, located on sections twenty-five and thirty-
six, town of Osceola.

J. W. Peake was born in Schoharie county.
New York; spent the early part of his life on a
farm. At the age of twenty-one he came to La
Salle county, Illinois, settled on a farm three
miles from LaSalle and opened a hotel in connec-
tion. He was married the same year to Miss
Jane A. Franklin, from New York. Two chil-
dren were born to them, but both died; his wife
also died August 9th, 1849. He was again mar-
ried April 4th, 1853, to Miss Mary A. Treadwell,
from Pennsylvania. Two children were the
fruits of this union, Emily, now Mrs. E. Mears,
and Allen B. October, 1854, he came to Wiscon-
sin and settled in Osceola, and on his present
farm in the fall of 1856. July 15th, 1862, he
enlisted in the Tenth Wisconsin Light Artillery,
which had many severe engagements with the
enemy. Mr. Peake has held a contract for the
last three years for carrying the mail from Osce-
ola to Clayton. He has also held the office of
town supervisor for two years, and assessor two
years.

BIOGBAfRICAL.

291

B. F. Pitman was born in Maine, 1822. In the
the early part of his life he engaged in lumbering
until 1849, when he made a trip to California and
remained until 1851, when he returned to Maine.
In 1854 came to Wisconsin and located in St.
Croix Falls; in 1856 he settled on his present
farm. In the spring of 1858 he made an explor-
ing trip to Dakota ; in 1859 to Colorado, where he
remained until 1861 ; when he returned and en-
gaged in lumbering for a portion of his time. He
was married in 1855 to Miss Amanda Clark, from
Vermont. They have had six children: Ella S.,
Mark, Ira, Grace, Maud and Blanche. He has a
flue farm of 120 acres with good improvements.

Nels O. Surrell, the son of Henry and Eena
Surrell, was born in Sweden, and in youth was
engaged on a farm, and at school improving every
advantage offered him for an education, which
were quite limited in those days. In 1868 he came
with his parents to this county and settled on a
farm near the vUlage of Osceola; they came to
their own farm in 1872, which consists of 160
acres located in section eleven. He was married
in 1878 to Miss Christina Nelson from Sweden.
They have one child, Anna, born April 30th,
1879. Nels, with his father spent six winters in
lumbering.

W. H. Tilton was born in New York city, in
1822. Learned the shipwright's trade and fol-
lowed it until 1853, when he moved to Carver
county, Minnesota, and located on a farm. In
1869 he came to Polk county, Wisconsin, and has
since resided here. Has assisted in constructing
many of the boats built on the St. Croix. Mr.
Tilton was first married in 1867, to Ellen Hillery ■
of New York. She diedat Taylor's Falls in 1868,
leaving three children. In 1871 he married Mary
Mitchell of Osceola, who has borne him two child-
ren, George and Sarah. Mr. Tilton has held the
office of chairman of the county board one year,
town treasurer four years and school director six
years.

E. C. Treadwell was born in Susquehanna
county, Pennsylvania, March 29th, 1832. His
early life was spent on the farm. At the age of
two years he lost his mother. In 1845 with a
team he moved to Lee county, Illinois, still en-
gaging in farming. In 1846 he continued his
pilgrimage with a team to Wisconsin, and located
at St. Croix Falls, and engaged in the lumbering

business. In the summer of 1858 he became a
pilot on the river, at which he engaged until 1863,
when he enlisted in Company D, Second Wiscon-
sin. Cavalry, which was connected with the west-
ern division. He was wounded in a skirmish on
the Yazoo river. He returned to Osceola in
1865. Was married in 1866 to Miss Esther Hale,
daughter of Judge Hale. They have one son,
Albert Fowler, bom December 25th, 1872. Mr.
Treadwell was the first sheriff elected in the
county, which office he held one term; was town
assessor two years; school director two years.

B. P. Treadwell was born in Harrisburg, Penn-
sylvania, 1821; living with his parents mitil 1829,
when he met with the loss of his mother, from
which date he had to gain his living on a farm
uiitil he arrived at an age to learn a trade, when
he commenced the carpenters trade. In 1845 he
moved to Lee county, Illinois. In 1879 he came
to Wisconsin and located on his present farm.
Mr. Treadwell was married in 1847 to Miss Lydia
Hale from Pennsylvania. They have had two
children: Spencer, born June 13th, 1857; William,
born May 19th, 1861, He has one hundred and
sixty acres of land located in section 25.

R. A. TurnbuU was born in Henningford,
Lower Canada, in 1833; he was engaged on a
farm with his parents until May, 1855, when he
came to the state of Wisconsin, and settled at
St. Croix Falls, locating his present farm in 1856.
In 1863 he enUsted in the Seventli Wisconsin
regiment. Company F, which was connected
with the army of the Potomac. He was married
in 1854, to Miss Dorah Nappier, from Canada.
The union has been blessed with nine children,
seven living : Thomas, aged 25 ; James, 22 ;
George, 18 ; Nellie, 13 ; Charles, 3 ; Minnie', 8 ;
Jessie, 6. He has three hundred and sixty acres
of land on which, in 1879, a fine specimen of
copper was found by his son, weighing three and
one-half pounds, with strong indications of its
existence on six difEerent forties. In August,
1879, a company was organized for mining by
parties from Milwaukee, and other points. Six
different shafts were sunk, and good specimens
found in each, which would yield a fair percen-
tage of copper and silver. It is said the yield
amounted to 25 per cent, of copper and silver,
while some of the veins yielded as high as 37 per
cent., which makes the land valuable for mining.

292

HISTORY OF POLK COUNTY.

FAEM)]SrGTON.

Dougald Kennedy was born in Argyleshire,
Scotland, April 17th, 1828. At the age of seven-
teen he engaged to the government, and was em-
ployed in a furnishing store at its works on the
Isle of Alderney, in the English channel, where
he remained untilJuly, 1851, when he emigrated
to the United States and located in Maine, work-
ing on the Montreal and Portland railroad until
the fall, when he made a trip to New York and
remained for a short time, when he returned to
Maine. In the spring of 1852 he engaged to
Isaac Staples to work at bis mills on the Penob-
scot river. The same year, he made a trip to
New Brunswick and engaged at the same busi-
ness. In 1854, he came to Stillwater, then to
Marine, and engaged to the firm of Jvtdd, Walker
and Greeley to get out logs on the Snake river.
He was married in 1857, to MissEosaM. K. Enk,
from Switzerland. The union was blessed with
ten children, all living. Mr. Kennedy located on
his present farm in 1874. He has always taken
a lively interest in the welfare of his town, hav-
ing held the oflSce of town clerk twelve years, as-
sessor four years, and treasurer two years.

Andre vsr Kent was born in Scotland in 1819.
Emigrated with parents to New Brunswick the
same year and there- remained until 1833, when
they moved to Maine. He engaged in lumbering
until 1850, then came to Wisconsin and settled at
Osceola. In the spring of 1853, he went to
California, returning in 1855, and settled
on present farm the next year. Three
years later, he made a trip to Pike's Peak and re-
mained one year. He was married in 1836 to
Eunice Dickerson, of Maine. She died in 1852,
and he married Esther Hill, of Pennsylvania, in
1855. William, Robert and James are children
by first wife, and Andrew, Eva, Irena, Frederick,
Russell, Jessie, Marshall, Harry and Amy by sec-
ond wife. Mr. Kent has held the offices of chair-
man and member of board of supervisors, and
was census enumerator in 1880.

Cliapin Kimball was born in Springfield, Erie
county, Pennsylvania, 1829. He remained with
his parents on the farm and in school until 1852,
when he came to Wisconsin. Settling in Osceola
he engaged in the lumber business until 1859,
When he made a trip to Pike's Peak and spent

two years. He was first married in 1857 to Miss
Mary Kent, from Maine, and by the union were
blessed with five children, Charles H., born 1858;
Jane, 1860, Edward A., 1862; Lotta A., 1864; Flor-
ence, 1866. His wife died in 1868. He was again
married in 1870 to Miss Jennett Thompson, from
Wheeling, Virginia. Mr. K. was the second sheriff
elected in the county; he has also held the office
of town supervisor one year and treasurer one
year.

John Morrasey, the subject of this sketch, was
boin in New Brunswick in 1826. Soon after he.
with his parents, moved to Washington county,
Maine, where they engaged in farming. In 1850
lie came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of
Farmington, working oh different farms in the
town and at lumbering during each season until
1861, when he settled on his present faim. He
was married in 1859 to Miss Lucy Ann Nelson,
from Machias, Maine. They have six children,
Euchy, born October 20th, 1860; Lulu, February
27th, 1862; Albert E., May 18th, 1864; Clara I.,
September 27th, 1866; Jay G., May 31st, 1870;
Alma, February 11th, 1876.

W. Ramsey, the subject of this sketch, was bom
in Ireland in 1814. In 1823 he, with his parents,
emigrated to this country. "\Vhile crossing the
ocean the vessel was wrecked off Isle a,u
Sable. This point being quite remote from the
usual course of vessels, the prospect of escape
was quite uncertain. The captain wdtli his crew
rigged out an open boat and sent to Halifax, two
hundred and fifty miles, for assistance. Two
small fishing crafts were sent for their relief,
after remaining on the island four weeks. Ar-
riving at the province of Nova Scotia where he
remained until 1834, when he removed to Wash-
ington county, Maine, where they remained until
1849, when he made a trip to California. Re-
turning in the summer of 1851 , he came the same
year to ^Viscons^n and settled on his present
farm. He was married in 1839 to Miss Sarah
Ste\(>ns from Crawford, Maine. They have had
ton children, of whom four are living: Rella H.,
now tlu^ wife of E. Mason, Clara J., Alice B. and
Leslie J. Mr. Ramsey was chairman of the first
board of supervisors of Polk county. He held
the office of town treasurer three years, assessor
one year, and on the school board since the or-
ganization of the town.

SAINT CBOIX FALLS.

293

D. E. Tewksbury, was born in Somerset county,
Maine, in 1820, and with his parents removed to
Washington county in 1832. He remained with
them, laboring on the farm, until 1848, when he
went to Aroostook county and engaged at lumber-
ing and on a farm until 1860, when he removed to
AViscon sin and located in the town of Farmington.
He settled on his present farm the same year, em-
ploying a portion of each year at lumbering. He
was married in 1847 to Miss Charlotte A. Check-
ham from Aroostook county, Maine. They have
had eight children: George A., born July 29th,
1848; Alice M., born September 13th, 1860; Er-
nest T., born July 12th, 1853; Winfield S., born
December 31st, 1855; Clarence E., June 28th,
1869; Carmine P., August 6th, 1863; Bertha L.,
April 13th, 1869; Norman E., April 23d, 1870.
Carmine P. died January 16th, 1881. Mr. Tewks-
bury enlisted in Company P., Fourth "Wisconsin
regiment, February, 1865, and was connected
with the western division of the army. He holds
the office of assessor of the town of Farmington
at this time.

A. Van HoUen was born in 1848; he with his
parents emigrated to this country in 1856. They
stopped at Dubuque for a short time; then to
Stillwater, where he engaged in a saw-mill for
three years. In 1860 he came to Wisconsin and
ettled in Farmington township. He settled on
his present farm in 1870. For the past five years
he has been engaged in the sale of agricultural
mplements at Osceola. He was married in 1870
to Miss Rosa Cremerfrom Germany. They have
five children: Henry A.., Johnathan H., Emil A.i
Kosa M., Emma A. Mr. Van Hollen has held
the office of justice of the peace for four years;
deputy sheriff for the past six months.

Samuel Wall, a native of England, was born in
Shropshire, in 1826. His father was a small
farmer, and he remained at home until seventeen
years of age, when he enlisted and served five
years in the British army. First in Ireland, then
to Gibralter, West Indies, and cruised on British
man of war, during the Mexican war. He was
discharged from the army in 1849 at St. Johns,
New Brunswick, and went to Eastport, Maine ;
thence to Bangor. After a stay of three months
went to New York city, where he was robbed
and put in jail. He then went to Poughkeepsie
and worked the remainder of the season. Then

shipped from New York to New Orleans, thence
to St. Paul, where he arrived May 11th, 1850, on
the steamboat "Martlia No. 2." Remained in St.
Paul two years and while digging a well for law-
yer Rice, was nearly killed, but recovered through
the care and kindness of Mrs. Rice. In 1862,
came to Stillwater and worked nearly two years
as mason on the penitentiary. In 1853 came to
the St. Croix lime kiln where he has since lived.
He was married in 1847, and has ten children liv-
ing, one having died. His lime-kiln has been in-
spected by Robert Dale Owen, O. W. Wright
state geologist, and other noted geologists, who
state that the limestone here obtained is a pure
carbonate of lime, free from magnesia, and if
iron ore should be discovered above the falls of
St. Croix, his material would be far more valua-
ble for a flux than it would be burned into lime

ST. CROIX FALLS.

CHAPTER XLVII.

SUEVEYBD AND PLATTED — ST. CKOIX MANX-
FACTURIlSrG AND IMPROVEMENT COMPANY —
LAND OFFICE — SETTLERS — BUSINESS CON-
CERNS—BIOGRAPHIC Ai.

St. Croix is the name of the village, and St.
Croix Falls that of the post-office. The name is
from the Indian word Kah-ba-kong. The viUage
was laid out and platted by Maine T. W. Chand-
ler, surveyor, July 31st, 1857, the site being the
property of the St. Croix Manufacturing and Im-
provement company, of which S. C. Edes was
president; C. St. John Chubb, secretary; and lo-
cated on lot 4, section 10, and lots 1, 2 and 3, in
section 30, township 84, range 18. The village
has a population of about 350; the township
about 543. The first mill erected at St. Croix
Falls was commenced in 1838 by the St. Louis
Lumber Company and completed in 1810;
size, 40x80, with four sash, one muley and a

294

HISIOBY OF POLK COUNTY.

shingle and lath machine. Joseph Bowron had
charge, as superintendent of the mill, for the
company. In 1842, Mr. Hungerford became sole
owner. In 1845, the property passed into the
hands of James Perrington from the effects of
the hard times, which had laid its ruthless hand
on the young enterprise. In the meantime, Mr.
Perrington found that on account of damages
that had been made in property, he could not get
it into running order without great expense.
The bargahi was not completed. In 1846, Caleb
Gushing made a visit to the falls, and being
pleased with the looks of the country and the
prospects, was induced to invest in a new lum-
bering enterprise. A company was formed,
known as the "Boston Lumber Company."
With the new enterprise everything went
smoothly until 1848, when the company met with
the misfortune of losing their property by fire,
which put an end to that enterprise. Mr. Per-
rington, the same year, went to Willow Eiver and
commenced the erection of a new saw-mill.

August 1st, 1847, a land ofBce was established
for a new district taken from the Mineral Point
district, called the Chippewa land district. The
new district embraced all of northern Wisconsin
and Minnesota. When Wisconsin became a state,
that part of the district belonging to Wisconsin,
was created into a new district, and the office
located at Willow River; moved from there to
Hudson, and, in 1859, again located at St. Croix
Palls.

Wm. S. Hungerford made the first entry of
land at this point, August 17, 1838, of lot 4, sec-
tion 19, and lots 1 and 2 section 30, township 34,
range 18, present site of the village. Prom that
date the property was continually in dispute. In-
junctions were served first on one side and then
by the other, and lawyers were made happy with
fat fees. The matter was never wholly settled
until after the death of both parties. In 1856, a
partial compr9mise was effected by the formation
of the organization known as the "St. Croix Man-
ufacturing and Improvement Company, of which
V. B. Scott, was elected president. C, St. John
Chubb, S. C. Edes, John H. Nolton and Calib
Cushing and others composed the company. They
laid out the town or village anew, completed the
Cushing house, erected a flouring mill and ware-
house at the landing, with other valuable im-

provements. Col. Bodflsh and Murphy were ap-
pointed agents for the new company.

The mill was run without any great improve-
ments until 1862 or 1863, when W. H. C. Folsom
leased the property for a term of years. After
the season of 1864 he gave it up and D. P. Smith
took charge, and he was the last to run it to any
extent. Litigation was again commenced and
continued until scarcely a vestige of the old com-
panies' works are left. This last mill was not
completed until 1859, and was located on the same
site where Thompson's mills now stand, size 40x
50, three and a half stories with basement, with
three i-un of stone. It was propelled by a thirty-
six foot overshot wheel, the power secured from
the numerous springs flowing from the adjacent
hills. The mill was destroyed by fire in 1864.
After the above company had served its day and
generation , and matters had become very dormant,
other parties from the east visiting the town
thought they saw fortunes awaiting the grasp of
some enterprising company. The result was the
formation of a new company known as the Chi-
sago Mining and Manufacturing Company, in
1865, with William E. Carrie for president and
Eber P. Cushing, treasurer. At the present time
John N. Cushing is president and L. B. Cushing,
treasurer; J. S. Baker, resident agent. No pub-
lic improvements were made by this company.
They have succeeded in disposing of a portion of
the propertv and are awaiting a boom that they
may see the long wished-for bonanza.

In 1869 a new company was organized by par-
ties from Sweden with the high sounding title of
the "Great European and American Land Com-
pany," with Count Taub as manager; this com-
pany was granted certain privileges on condition
of effecting certain improvements. After one
year's operations their funds ran out, and after
contracting a large amount of debts and deceiv-
ing many of their countrymen with fair promises,
they found it convenient to absent themselves
from the country, thus ending the enterprise.

Many are the instances related by the early set-
tlers of murders and other lawless deeds done by
some of the whites and Indians in the days of In-
dian trading posts, and the sale of liquors to the
half civilized of both colors, one instance of which
we will relate. A man by the name of Partridge
opened an Indian trading post about three-fourths

8E1TLEB8 AT THE FALLS.

295

of a mile above the present site of St. Croix.
Among other articles of merchandise, he kept a
poor article of whisky, which was freely indulged
in by the lumbermen and Indians. Being under
no restraint from the ofiBcers of the law, they
gave full rein to passion, which resulted in many
crimes. The title of ''Quailtown" was given to
this place. One day a quarrel arose between
Pat. Kelley and Alfred Bomaine. Romaine
challenged Kelley to fight a duel the next morn-
ing. Kelley failed to make his appearance at the
appointed time. Romaine went in search of his
victim. He succeeded at last in finding him at
the house of his washerwoman, and asked him
if he was ready; to which Kelley replied, "Go
away; I don't want to have anything to do with
you." "You don't, hey?" with that Romaine
drew his revolver and shot Kelley twice, then
jumped upon him and with the butt of the weap-
on he broke his skull. Kelley succeeded in get-
ting one shot at his enemy, which struck him on
the breast, not, however, inflicting a mortal
wound. He was arrested, tried and sent to Prai-
rie du Chien for imprisonment, that being the
nearest point to a safe place of deposit for crimi-
nals in those early days. At the end of about
two years he succeeded in making his escape.

BAELY SETTLERS.

The first claim made at St. Croix Palls was by
Franklin Steele in 1837, he proceeding at once to
the erection of shanties for the men that had ac-
companied him to engage in the lumbering busi-
ness. The St. Croix Lumber Company had been
organized, and steps were soon taken toward
erecting a mill. We also find among the early
settlers the names of W. S. Hungerford, Joshua
L. Taylor, W. P. Colby, John Weymouth, 8r.,
Wm. J. Vincent, N. C. D. Taylor, W. H. C. Pol-
som, William R. Marshal, Joseph Marshal, An-
son Northrup, John Mower, Elam Greeley, Calvin
A. Tuttle and others.

The first white woman to visit this, then wild
and romantic region was Mrs. David Hone, of
Marine, now of Hastings. She taking charge of
the culinary department of the company. The
next was Mrs. Edward Worth and Mrs. Anson
Northrup. The first birth of a white child at
the falls was that of Charles H., son of Mr. and
Mrs. Anson Northrup, September 25th, 1841.

The next was a son of Mr. and Mrs. John Mower,
born in the winter of 1844. The first death of
a white person at the falls was that of Mr. Ryan,
who had been engaged in logging, up the Wood
river some distance above falls; coming down the
St. Croix rivet in the spring of 1840, with a raft
of logs which he had accumulated, by some un-
accountable accident, he was drowned.

The first white person to take upon himself
the marriage vow at St. Croix Palls, was Lewis
Barlow, in 1842. Rev. Mr. Boutwell was the offi-
ciating clergyman.

The first religious exercises held at the Palls,
was by Captain William Holcombe in 1839; some-
times writing his sermons, but usually reading
them from a book of sermons. Not having a
church building, the services were held in differ-
ent points among the settlers. Mr. Holcomb not
being a regularly ordained preacher only held
the services at the request of the people. Rev.
Jacob Polstrom, as early as 1843, held services at
this point.

The first school was taught by Mrs. Taintor in
1848. The settlers were few and consequently
there were few scholars. Eight or ten comprised
the number. The school was supported by pri-
vate subscription. The first school district was
organized in 1853 with Miss Harriet Stevens, now
wife of L. K. Stannard, as teacher; the school
was held in the old land ofiice building. The
next school was taught by Miss Newell. The
present school building was erected in 1861-2.
an addition was added for a primary school in
1878. The present school officers are, William
M. Blanding, clerk; James Thompson, treasurer;
J. S. Baker, director.

The first to dispense powders and pills to the
settlers at this point was one Dr. Hill, connected
with the St. Croix Lumber Conjpany. He hav-
ing, though not being a regular physician, the
best knowledge of medicine, was called upon to
prescribe 'for the ailments of the settlers. Dr.
Phil. Aldrich made visits to the Falls twice each
month, carrying the mails, and at such times, if
called, he attended the sick. Dr. DeWitt was
the first resident physician, who came in 1846.
Dr. Otis Hoyt, now of Hudson, came to the Palls
in the fall of 1849, and remained for a short
time. When he returned to Hudson. In 1853 Dr.
L, B, Smith came to the Palls and spent the

296

HISTORY OF POLK GOV NT Y.

winter, when he went across the river to Taylor's
Falls and spent some time, leaving St. Croix
Falls without a physician until 1878, when Mrs.
Dr. Mary Sevenson established herself at the
Falls. She was followed by Dr. E. Y. Arnold,
in February, 1880. Frank W. Searles came in
July of the same year.

The first attorney at law that settled at this
point was Guerdon Smith, in 1853. He re-
mained but one year, when he removed to
Taylor's Falls. Several others came and went at
different times, the date of which does not ap-
pear. In May, 1880, W. B. Ladd came, and
under the firm name of C. H. and W. B. Ladd is
still located at the Falls.

The first mail route was established, and Dr.
Phil. Aldrich received the contract for can-ying
the mail from Point Douglas to St. Croix Falls,
in 1840, which trip was made twice each month.
He was succeeded by Edward Worth, who had
the proceeds of the office for his pay. He held
the route until 1848. Mr. Worth had a little
more style than the doctor in that he had a
pony.

The first appointment as post-master was re-
ceived by Harvey Wilson in 1845; he acting as
clerk of the lumbering company. On account
of the litigations carried on by the different
branches of the lumber company, the office was
often changed and new appointments made. The
present post-master is James Thompson, who
received his appointment February, 1880.

The taverns or stopping places in those early
days were mere boarding places kept by the com-
pany. A private boarding house was opened by
Adam Lightner in 1848, which he run but a short
time on account of an accident which occurred to
his family. A man engaged in collecting herbs
for an herb doctor was stopping at the house, and
had gathered quite a quantity, and among them
had some wild parsnip which the children of the
family got hold of and ate, from the effects of
which they died. The shock was so great to the
poor wife and mother that she could not be in-
duced to remain longer in the town ; thus putting
an end to the enterprise. The first regular hotel
was erected by the Boston Lumber Company in
1846, and known as the "Cushing house." It
was not however completed until 1856, when the
organization of the St. Croix Manufacturing and

Improvement Company was affected ; it was then
remodeled and handsomely furnished, and first
opened and kept by Major Bodfish. Many pleas-
ant parties were had in the old house when the
"boys" with the "fair ones" of those days would
trip the light f ant&,stic toe to the " wee-sma' hours."
Those happy days of "yore" they cannot forget,
even with the increased cares of advancing years.

The house was kept by different parties until the
spring of 1880, when it was destroyed by fire
while being run by Fred. Summerfield. The St.
Croix house was erected by C. C. Fisk in 1857,
as a dwelling, 28x32 feet, three stories high. In
1870 he made an addition of a wing 22x40 feet,
two stories, and opened a hotel. In 1880 he ^dded
another wing 20x40 feet, one story ; giving the
house twenty-one chambers, one dining and two
sitting rooms, two parlors, with office and sample
rooms, and kitchen ; also a fine bam connected.

Among the first to establish trade at this point
was M. M. Samuels, who located a trading post
at this point and did a brisk trade for a time,
keeping his place weU stocked with such goods as
the settlers most needed. He was the first to in-
troduce whiskey at this point ; after that time his
stock in trade would dwindle down to almost
nothing except the "rot gut," which caused great
trouble. The first tegular store opened was by
Hungerford, Livingston and Company, in a log
cabin. The next was by Dexter and Harrington, in
August, 1849, with Daniel Mears as agent. He
continuing until 1851, when W. S. Hungerford
opened a stock of goods in the same store and
continued in trade until 1854, when Sumner I.
Smith opened. He was succeeded by Smith and
Damon, who operated during the years 1856 and
'57. In the fall of 1857, Gaylord and Hungerford
opened up a trade and remamed mitil the fall of
1860, when they sold to P. B. Lacy who continued
until 1875,when he transferred his interest to John
V. Johnson, who continued in trade until 1880,
and sold to Stephanson and Lucas, the present
proprietors, who carry a stock of general mer-
chandise. In 1865 Christie and Thompson opened
a general store in the village, the partnership con-
tinuing six months, when James Thompson pur-
chased Christies' interest and carried it on until
the fall of 1866, when T. H. Thompson pur-
chased an interest, which partnership continued
until the fall of 1871, when the entii-e interest was

MA NVFACTUBING.

297

purchased by James Thompson. The same year
Mr. T. II. Thompson established himself in trade
in his present location. In 1879, in connection
with his prosperous trade, he erected an elevator
at the steamboat landing, with a capacity of 5000
bushels. In 1876 Skifflngton Burns erected a
store 24x36 feet, two stories high, to which he
added a ware-house 14x36 feet, and established
himself in trade the same year. Mr. Burns being
an old pioneer in these parts is familiar with the
wants of the people and keeps a general line.

The drug business is represented by A. C. Ar-
veson who commenced in May, 1880, also by W.
E. Doxtader, who bought out E. M. Tillotson in
the drug and patent business in October last.
The furniture and picture frame trade by E. J.
Olsen, who opened his ware-rooms in May, 1880.
The manufacturing interests of St. Croix Falls is
represented in the branch of milling by Ole
Linroot, who erected the Linroot mill in 1875,
24x36 feet, three-stories with additions built in
1877-8, with a sixteen inch Leffel wheel and a
forty foot head, with two run of stone. In 1877,
Mr. James Thompson erected a three-story
flour mill, 40x50 feet in size, containing three
run of stone, power thirty foot head with an
American turbine wheel, on the site of the old
St. Croix Manufacturing and Improvement Com-
panies' mill. Lewis Barlow erected a shingle
mill in a very early day and run it in conjunc-
tion with the mill company, but becoming dis-
gusted with the working of the company, he re-
moved his machinery and went to another point
down the river and operated until the spring of
1844, when he returned to the falls and run his
machine for James Perrington until 1850, when
he sold it to Edward Worth, who moved itto Bal-
sam Lake.

The manufacturing of wagons and plows in
connection with general blacksmithing is well
represented by John and Andrew Corner, who in
1876, purchased Ole Linroots' blacksmithing busi-
ness, who was the first blacksmith that located at
the falls. The year following they erected a new
shop 40x50 feet, together with sheds and storage-
rooms for materials. Last year the product of
the business was thirty-five wagons, seventy-five
plows, ten harrows, six buggies, three spring
wagons, fifteen bob-sled and cutters, besides
repairs. H. Christopherson is engaged in gen-

eral blacksmithing. In 1872, John Elmquist
built a carpenter shop on River street, to which
he has since introduced water-power, and added
machinery for the manufacturing of sash, doors,-
blinds and cabinet-ware, together with planing,
scroll sawing, matching and wood-turning. In
1879, John Weinhardt was admitted as partner,
since which time many improvements have been
made to the machinery, and other facilities for
increasing the manufacturing of the different ar-
ticles. The manufacturing of harness and sad-
dlery is carried on by Melvin Johnson, who in
February, 1880, purchased the harness shop of
Wm. Summerfleld. C. I. Peterson was one of the
early settlers of the town, and is engaged in tan-
ning and shoe-making, also John Olsen, who,
since April, 1880, has endeavored to give good
satisfaction to all this customers.

Mr. C. Kirsch located at St. Croix Falls in the
spring of 1880, and commenced the erection of
the building which he now occupies as a store
and residence, putting in his stock, which con-
sisted of toys and confectionery; also, a line of
ready-made clothing, and opened for trade about
the midde of May that year.

The livery, sale and boarding stables of St.
Croix Falls are kept by the Harvey Brothers. In
February last, S. C. and J. "W". Harvey lost their
stables by fire. They at once erected their
present stable, 36x60 feet, with accommodations
for thirty horses. George G. Harvey has a fine
stable, 34x60 feet, with accommodations for
twenty-five horses.

J. H. Stratton supplies the Falls with meat.
He opened his present meat market in the spring
of 1880. During the past year he bought and
sold over $4,000 worth of cattle.

George P. Anderson, proprietor of the stock
yards, commenced the business of purchasing
cattle the 15th of last September, since which
time he has paid out to the farmers of the county
over $8,000.

An amusing incident, which the early settlers
relate, of a novel marriage ceremony that was
performed between the two points, St. Croix and
Taylor's Falls. A man working at WiUow River
had persuaded a young lady then working at Dr.
Hoyt's, at the Falls, "that it was not good for
man to be alone." They wished Jerry Ross, then
justice at Taylor's Falls, to perform the cere-

298

EISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY.

mony. They did not wish to go over the river;
and he could not act in Wisconsin, as it was out
of his jurisdiction it having but a short time be-
fore become a state, but, by the principles of
concurrent jurisdiction, he could marry them on
the line. They were consequently swung out into
the center of the river on a raft and the ceremony
performed.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Colonel J. S. Baker is a native of Genesee
county, New York, born in 1838. At the age of
fifteen he entered Oberlin college, Ohio, remain-
ing three years, teaching four months of the year.
About the year 1857 he removed to St. Croix
county and taught school, afterwards attending
the State University at Madison. In 1861 he en-
tered the secret service for two years; then raised
a regiment in the city of Washington in connec-
tion with Gen. L. C. Baker of the detective de-
partment. He commanded that regiment until
it was mustered out in the fall of 1865. Locating
at Lansing, Michigan, after the close of the war,
he took charge of the state reform school two
years; then removed to St. Croix Falls in 1875.
He was local agent of the Chisago Mining and
Manufacturing Company's business; was also
agent of the property of Gen. Gushing, and of
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's land interests in this
state. His marriage with Alice Potter of Lan-
sing, Michigan, occurred in 1869. Six sons have
been bom to them, all of whom are living.

C. J. Bradley, a native of Illinois, was born at
Kaskaskia, March 17th, 1825. He remained in
his native place until twenty years of age, then
went to the lead mines of Wisconsin. After en-
gaging in mining for three years, he left for Os-
ceola, where he arrived in August, 1848. He
resided in Osceola until three years ago, when he
removed to a farm three miles east of the Falls
of St. Croix, and is now engaged in the pursuit
of farming. Mr. Bradley, in the spring of 1865,
employed a steamboat to test the practicability
of running logs to market by steamboat. Find-
it could be done, he built the "Minnie Will" the
following winter for the purpose. She was the
first boat built for the purpose of towing logs.
Mr. Bradley was married at Osceola in the spring
of 1866. He has four children living.

D. A. Caneday is a native of Vermont, bom in
June, 1830. He entered the printing office of S.

S. Eastman at Springfield, Massachusetts, at the
early age of fourteen years. He remained a few
years then engaged with a wholesale jeweler. In
1849 he found his way to New York and again en-
gaged in printing,receiving good wages, but oppor-
tunities to spend were ever before him. One day
when down by the wharf he saw tickets sold for
Troy for fifteen cents, and with only twenty-five
cents in his pocket he purchased a ticket and
started, and worked his way on the canal boats
to Buffalo. He came to Taylor's Falls, Minneso-
ta, in 1853, and engaged in lumbering. In 1862
purchased the "Taylor's Falls Reporter," changed
its name to "Monitor" and edited it nearly two
years. He enlisted in his country's service in
1863 and was promoted to the rank of orderly ser-
geant. Returning to civil life he opened a pro-
vision and feed store at Taylor's Falls and two
years after improved a farm in Wisconsin, on
which he remained until 1872, then began sur-
veying and locating pine lands. At present he is
agent of the Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Com-
pany, and editor of the "Dalles of the St. Croix."
He married in 1865, Miss S. M. Humphrey. Ve-
lina, Gerner, and Victor are their children.

J. B. Churchill was born in Clinton county.
New York, in 1820. He learned the trade of
nailer, in which, milling included, he engaged
until 1854. He then came to St. Croix Falls and
began lumbering, which he followed untU he em-
barked in the ginseng trade. Enlisting in Com-
pany K, Fourth Wisconsia Cavalry, in March,
1865, he served until honorably discharged in No-
vember of same year. He returned to St. Croix
Falls, where he has since resided, and has held
the office of sheriff of Polk county U\o years. In
1841, he married Eliza Turnbull, who has borne
him ten children, six of whom are now living.

John Comer is a native of Sweden, born in
1847. He learned the blacksmith's trade in -his
native country, serving an apprenticeship of six
years. In 1868, he came to America. Tarrying
only a brief time m Michigan, he proceeded to
St. Croix Falls, where he worked at his trade
until 1874. At that time he and his brother,
Andrew, embarked in the wagon and blacksmith
business.

Andrew Comer, a resident of St. Croix Falls,
is a native of Sweden, where he was born in
1855. He came to America in 1873, having ac-

BIOGRAPHICAL.

299

quired a knowledge of blacksmithing and wagon-
making in his native country. He and his brother
John went into that business at St. Croix Falls
in 1874. His marriage with Miss Lena Berg took
place in November, 1880.

Samuel Emery was born at Limerick, Maine, in
1812. When a lad of seven years, he removed with
his parents to Conway, New Hampshire, and
was here engaged in farming and railroading until
moving to Canada, where he was employed in
raUroad building. In 1856, he became a resident
of St. Croix Falls, and occupied the position of
overseer of the St. tJroix Manufacturing and
Mining Company about two years, and has since
been a farmer. He enlisted in 1862, in the Tenth
Wisconsin Light Artillery, and served until hon-
orably discharged on account of disability in
1865, then returned to his home in St. Croix
Falls. He married Rosanna Hurd in 1837, and
is the parent of eight children.

C. C. Fisk was bom in Levant, Maine, October
6th, 1826. His early life was passed on a farm;
he was then taught penmanship and received a
diploma from his professor, Payson Dunton. In
1854, he became a resident of St. Croix Falls,
and gave his attention to lumbering several years.
He held the oflSce of sherifE of Polk county four
years, and in 1865, opened the St. Croix hotel,
and has since had it in charge. He was married
in 1858 to Cordelia Emery. Their children are
eight in number.

W. B. Ladd was born at Hume, Allegany
county. New York, December 12th, 1857. His
early educational advantages were confined to the
common schools. In 1871,he came to Menomonee,
Wisconsin, making it his home until July, 1879,
during the time having studied law in the law
department of the State University at Madison. In
July, 1879, he removed to St. Vincent, Minnesota,
where he practiced law and was elected probate
judge of Kittson county, also court commissioner.
He resigned in January, 1880, and in April, be-
gan the practice of law at St. Croix Falls.

Joel F. Nason is a native of Washington
county, Maine, bom in 1827. His early educa-
tional advantages were somewhat limited, but in
after years he attended the academy at Monson,
Maine, then engaged as teacher until coming
west in 1850. He located at St. Croix Falls, and
two years later engaged in lumbering and farm-

ing, in which he continued until 1864. He then
served seven years as county clerk, and since
that time has been receiver of the land office at
this place. His wife was Miss Bethiah Hans-
combe, who has borne him seven children.

Dr. Frank W. Searles was bom in Will county,
Illinois, March 14th, 1852. He attended school
at Englewood two years, and also at the univer-
sity at Champaign, then took a three years course
at the Chicago Medical College, graduating in
1877. He began his practice at Osceola Mills,
and in July, 1880, located at St. Croix Falls,
where he still resides. He was married in 1878
to Etta Morse, of Will county, Illinois.

James Thompson was born near Montreal,
Lower Canada, November 11th, 1840. He came
to St. Croix Falls in 1860, and worked as a lum-
berman six years, then located at that city in the
mercantile trade. In 1877 he started his flouring
mill where he is still doing business. He mar-
ried Mary A. Gray, in 1871, who has borne him
one child.

Thomas H. Thompson was born near Montreal,
Lower Canada, November 11th, 1833. He en-
gaged in farming in his native land until 1856,
when in July of that year, he came to St. Croix
Falls, where he gave his attention chiefly to lum-
bering about ten years. In 1866 he embarked in
the merchandise trade, since which time he has
continued. He married in 1861, Miss Eliza
Clendenning, who has borne him four children.

William J. Vincent is a native of Portland,
Maine, born June 10th, 1830. At the age of
fifteen he went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, remain-
ing a short time; thence to Galena, Illinois, where
he engaged as clerk. In 1846 he enlisted in the
regular army. Company H, Mounted Rifles, in
the war with Mexico, and served about two
years. During the fall of 1848, he came to Still-
water, Minnesota, thence to St. Croix Falls, and
has since made this place his home. He enlisted
in Company F, First Wisconsin Volunteer In-
fantry, as first lieutenant, in 1861, and served
as such until he resigned in 1862. Mr. Vincent
has held the office of chairman of county com-
missioners eleven years, county clerk seven years
and represented the north-western district of
Wisconsin, in the legislature of 1879. He was
married in 1855 to Myra A. Worth. Nine child-
ren have been born, five of whom are living.

300

HISTORY OF OHISAGO COUNTY.

CHISAGO COUNTY.

CHAPTEK XLVIII.

ORGANIZATION FIRST CLAIMS ORIGIN OF

NAME — FIRST COURT AND GRAND JURY — LO-
CATION AND REMOVAL OF COUNTY SEAT-
CENTRE CITY.

The first move toward the organization of Chi-
sago county was the granting by the county com-
missioners of St. Croix, at a meeting m Stillwater
on the 15th of December, 1848, of a petition to
establish an election precinct "to be called the
Falls of St. Croix precinct, bounded on the east,
by the St. Croix river; on the north, by the Sun-
rise river; on the west, by range line between 21
and 22, and on the south by township line be-
tween 33 and 34. William Colby, W. Holmes
and Nathan Taylor are appointed judges of elec-
tion, to be held at William Colby's." By this
piece of primitive legislation may be seen how
little the "fathers" of Chisago county at that
time knew of the geography of the county, when
we consider that it is a fact that the Sunrise
river, which was adopted as the northern bound-
ary of the precinct, is parallel to, and about
twelve miles east of the "range line" dividing
ranges 21 and 22.

The first claims made in what is now Chisago
county were located in 1846, by Thomas F. Mor-
ton, on what is now known as Morton's place,
near Taylor's Falls. Near him, the same year,
Benjamin F. Otis erected the house in which
William Colby has since lived, having purchased
it of Mr. Otis in 1847. During this year, Mr.
Colby raised the first corn cultivated by a white
man, within the limits of the county. Jerry Ross
and Thornton Bishop were the next to settle, the
latter locating and improving a farm, at the head
of the rapids, within six miles of Taylor's Falls.

The great inconvenience of attending to county
business at Stillwater, early compelled the citizens
to take steps towards establishing Chisago county.

There were no wagon roads, and by the river no
means of transportation bntby rudely constructed
rafts, bateaux, or birch bark canoes. Steps were
immediately taken, a petition to the legislature
was drafted, an energetic canvass was made,
names of citizens secured, and the application
presented by Ilonorables D. B. Loomis, member
of the council, and J. G. Ludden, of the house.
A bill was framed, passed by both houses, and
approved in February, 1851. The county thus
created is about eighteen miles wide and thirty
long, containing an area of about five hundred
and forty square miles. The bill passed with
but one dissenting voice, that of a member from
Washington county. Ansel Smith and W. H. C.
Folsom collected from the Indians, their names
of various rivers and lakes within the county.
After some deliberation the name Chisago was
adopted as the title of the county and the lake.
This title is compounded from the Indian words
chi and sago deviating somewhat from the appe-
lation used by the Indians to designate the lake,
which they called "Ke-chi-sago, Sa-ga-a-gau,"
designating large, fair or lovely. The first elec-
tion of county officers was held at the Chisago
house, October 14th, 1851. Twenty-three votes
were cast, and on the 5th day of January, 1852,
the first board of county commissioners was or-
ganized at the Chisago house, kept by Samuel
Thomson. At this meeting the members present
were N. C. D. Taylor, Thomas F. Morton and S.
Thomson. Mr. Thomson was chosen chairman,
the other county officers qualified, and Chisago
took its place among the counties of the new
northwest. On the 5tli day of April, 1852, at a
regular meeting of the county board,- the first
petit and grand jurors were drawn. Among the
first to sustain a county government were Wil-
liam Colby, Stillman Sevey, N. C. D. Taylor,
William Holmes, John H. Reid, B. S. Hall, John
Dobney, W. H. C. Folsom, George Merrill, Ward

FIBST COURT AND JURY.

301

W. Folsom, E. P. Greenleaf , T. F. Morton, F. W.
Lamars, L. P. Day, II. N. Setzer, N. H. Hickson,
J. 8. Van Rennsellaer, J. A. Blackbiirn, J. A.
Ilarkins, and John S. Campbell, who constituted
the first grand jury.

The first general term of the district court of
Chisago county, in the lirst judicial district of
Minnesota, convened at the house of Samuel
Thomson at Taylor's Falls, on the 7th day of
June, 1852, Hon. Jerome Fuller presiding and A.
Smith clerk. The roll of the grand jury named
above was called and W. E. Bush, E. R. St. Clair,
C. P. Fox, W. E. Doe, and M. M. Marshall were
summoned and added; W. H. C. Folsom was fore-
man. M. E. Ames, was by the court, appointed
prosecuting attorney. Upon examination in open
court, L. K. Stannard was admitted to practice
in all the courts of the territory "until the next
session of the United States district court of said
territory." Indictments were preferred by the
grand jury against H. Schultz, A. R. Hawkins,
and a man named Forsyth. Forsyth was tried at
this term, his being the first criminal trial in the
district court for this county.

The June term, 1853, was held at the house of
Richard Arnold, Judge William Welch presiding,
!N". C. D. Taylor, acted as clerk, and J. L.
Taylor was foreman of the grand jury. At this
term the grand jury preferred an Indictment
against an ofiBcer of the United States army,
which met with considerable disapproval by the
court and members of the bar. It was never
prosecuted. The origin of this affair is given by
Mr. Neill, in his "History of Minnesota," as fol-
lows:

"On the 9th of April, 1853, a party of Ojibways
killed a Dakota at the village of Shakopee. A
war party from Kaposia then proceeded up the
valley of the St. Croix and killed an Ojibway.
On the morning of the 27th, a party of Ojibway
warriors, naked, decked, and fiercely gesticulat-
ing, might be seen in the busiest street of the
capital, St. Paul, in search of their enemies. Just
at that time a small party of women and one
man, who had lost a leg in the battle of Still-
water, arrived in a canoe from Kaposia, at the
Jackson street landing. Perceiving the Ojibways,
they retreated to the building, now known as
the 'Pioneer office,' and the Ojibways discharging
a volley through the windows, wounded a Dakota

woman, who soon died. For a short time the in-
fant capital presented a sight similar to that wit-
nessed in ancient days in Hadley and Deerfleld,
the then frontier towns of Massachusetts. Mes-
sengers were dispatched to Fort Snelling for the
dragoons and a party of the citizens mounted on
horseback, and were quickly in pursuit of those
who with so much boldness, had sought the
streets of St. Paul as a place to avenge their
wrongs. The dragoons soon followed with the
Indian guides, scenting the track of the Ojibways
like bloodhounds. The next day they discovered
the transgressors near the falls of the St. Croix.
The Ojibways manifesting what was supposed to
be an insolent spirit, the order was given by the
lieutenant in command to fire, and he whose scalp
was afterwards daguerrotyped in Graham's Maga-
zine, wallowed in gore."

This action of the officer was severely criti-
cized by the citizens of this vicinity, who in their
unprotected situation, for a time greatly feared
that the Ojibway Indians would avenge the death
of then- brother by a descent upon the settlements.
This sentiment,coupled with a feeling that the kill-
ing of the Indian was an act of gross injustice, and
a direct violation of the guarantee of protection, by
the government to the Indians, led some of the
prominent citizens of the county to take steps, re-
sulting in the indictment of the heutenant in com-
mand, as we have already stated.

A hunting party of about two hundred Sioux
were returning the same day from Apple river.
On arriving at the village, they learned of the
kilhng of the Ojibway, and giving the war whoop,
bounding over the rocks and hills, soon finding
the body of the Ojibwa, gave vent to their ex-
ultations, after their barbarous customs. Mang-
ling the body and cutting off the feet, they hung
them upon a tree. After a time, tiring of the
amusement, they left, leaving many knives stick-
ing into the body. The little band of hunted
Ojibways, during this time were concealed among
the trap rocks near by, after their enemies
left, emerged from their liiding places and buried
the mutilated body, preserving the knives, hoping
to use them for a similar purpose, on the bodies
of some of their hated foes.

The third legislative assembly of Minnesota
passed a law, the provisions of which were similar
to those of the famous "Maine liquor law." The

302

HISTOBY OF CHISAGO COUNTY.

adoption of this act was to be submitted to a
popular vote on the first Monday in April, 1852,
and if adopted to become operative after the 1st
of May following. In Chisago county, where at
this time not a drinking saloon existed, the ques-
tion was thoroughly discussed, and the act rati-
fied by a vote of thirteen in favor with three
votes opposing it. The law was working well
and was respected, when, much to the regret of
many, one of the judges of the district court de-
cided that it was unconstitutional.

While this law was in force, a lot of whiskey,
lying at the landing at Taylor's Falls was turned
out and allowed to soak into the ground. Sev-
eral lots were brought to this town by steamers,
but in order to avoid the law were taken by bat-
teaux to the other side of the river.

In 1851, Axel Delhiam, Andrew Swanson,
Peter Anderson and Peter Linberg raised the
first wheat and rye cultivated in Chisago county.
In the same year Mr. Linberg raised flax and
manufactured it into thread, several pounds of
which he sold at Taylor's Palls. This was prob-
ably the first linen thread made in Minnesota.

It was during the year 1851 that the now pros-
perous Swedish settlement at Chisago Lake was
started. Erie Norburg, of Bishop Hills, Illinois,
was the first at the lake; J. S. Van Rennsellaer
was the second. The latter, in his log cabin
home, with its well-stocked Ubrary, lived several
years on an island in the lake.

The first church organized in Chisago county
was the Swedish EvangeUcal, near Chisago Lake,
in 1854. The first pastor. Rev. P. A. Cederstrom,
was installed in 1855. While in his charge this
society erected the first church edifice in the
county.

When Chisago county was organized, it em-
braced within its hmits, until 1856, all that tract
now included in the counties of Chisago, Pine,
Buchanan and portions of Kanabec and Carlton.
Pine county was set apart by act of the legisla-
ture, passed March, 1856. However, it was
still attached to Chisago for judicial purposes.
Buchanan county was separated by an act of the
legislature May 2d, 1857, but it was never organ-
ized. Carlton was established by the same legis-
lature. Kanabec was set off and organized, but
for judicial purposes remained attached to Chi-
sago a number of years.

The organic act establishing the county con-
tains the following clause: "The seat of justice
of Chisago county shall be at such point in said
county as the first board of county commissioners
elected in said county at their first regular meet-
ing, shall designate." This clause was inserted
at the request of the petitioners, to avoid the ex-
pense of a special election. In accordance with
this law, the commissioners, at a regular meeting
held at Taylor's Palls, in the office of jST. C. D.
Taylor, April 5th, 1852, at which were present
Commissioners J. P. Morton, N. C. D. Taylor and
Samuel Thomson, located the county seat at Tay-
lor's Palls. Here it remained until 1865, when it
was removed to Chisago City. Again, in 1875,
after the agitation incident to the history of all
new counties, it was removed to Centre City, the
voice of the people declaring that to be the more
convenient situation.

The first winter the officers were compelled to
find quarters in the store of Andrew P. Swanson.
Steps were taken, and by the fall of 1876, the
new court-house was completed and occupied. It
is a two-story frame building, 55x65 feet, with a
four-foot projection in front, and one of 7x33 feet
in the rear, to which is annexed the vault, the in-
side measurement of which is 6-8x7-8 feet.

The first county officials were P. W. Abbott,
register of Deeds; J. H. Pulton, sheriff; W. H.
C. Polsom, treasurer; W. Colby, coroner; A.
Smith, judge of probate; J. Dobney, surveyor; H.
P. Day, assessor; J. P. Morton, N. C. D. Taylor
and S. Thomson, commissioners; W. E. Bush,
Walter Carrier and W. Holmes, road supervisors.
The officers in 1881 were: J. P. Nord, auditor;
Andrew Wallmai-k, register of deeds; Oscar
Koos, treasurer; Robert Currie, clerk of court;
P. H. Stalberg, sheriff; N. M. Humphrey, judge
of probate; E. C. Ingalls, coroner; Daniel Mc-
Cormick, surveyor.

When the subject of organization was first
considered, many who were opposed to the pro-
j ect, predicted that its existence would be short,
and that it would soon be absorbed by Washing-
ton county. As an illustration of the fallibility
of such misgivings, we find that the total valua-
tion of real and personal property of Chisago
county in 1852, was $46,872.00; in 1850, only
eight years later, $599,314; in 1870, $1,016,777; in

GENTBE CITY.

303

1880, $1,823,123. The present population is
about 9.000.

We are indebted to the researches and writings
of W. H. 0. Folsom, for many of the facts in the
early history of Chisago county. Mr. Folsom has
taken great care in the collection of data and
contemplates publishing a full and complete his-
tory of the county, and by his long residence
here and his familiarty with the events in its
history, is well qualified to perform the task.

CENTRE CITY.

The site of this pleasant village, the county
seat of Chisago county, was entered by Andrew
F. Swanson, about the year of 1855. Being con-
vinced that the high, well drained peninsula, ex-
tending a considerable distance into the lake, was
the proper place for a town. He secured the ser-
vices of Alexander Cairns, who, in May, 1857,
surveyed and platted into village lots, a portion
of lot 5, on section 27, township 34, range 19.
From this point a fine view may be had of the
lake, though by the irregular shores and the
multiplicity of islets, this is entailed to but a
part of the fine sheet of water. This irregularity
rather heightens, than derogates from the attrac-
tiveness of Chisago lake. Beginning at the north
on section 115, township 34, range 20, the lake
extends southward, separating into two branches
or arms. The eastern, on which is situated Cen-
tre City, occupying portions of sections 27 and 34,
in township 34, and sections 2, 3, 11 and 12,
in township 33; the other arm extending south-
west into townships 34 and 33. On the western
arm is situated Chisago City, one of the first
settled points in the county.

The waters of the lake are pure and sparkling,
the shores sandy, the banks high and well cov-
ered with vegetation. Fish are abundant, and
many tourists are attracted by the more than or-
dinary facilities for field sports, to spend their
summer vacations in this vicinity.

The larger portion of the population of Centre
City is composed of Swedes, many of whom came
at an early day, and by enterprise, perseverance
and frugality, have acquired comfortable homes
and good farms. While thus engaged, however,
they have not neglected the churches.

The Swedish Methodist Episcopal church was
organized and an edifice 24x36 feet, builtin 1859.

At first there were but six members, the present
number is thirty-six. Their first pastor was Bev.
C. F. Lindquist, and the present Eev. B. Borge-
son. This is the only church in the village but
just beyond the village limits are two.

The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church
which we have already mentioned as being the
first organized in the county added, in 1868, to
the original structure, which was 32x48, thirty-
two feet. As it is not now large enough to ac-
commodate the congregation, they will build a
larger one soon. They have a fine pipe organ,
which cost $1,500, and a bell.

The Church of Mission Friends was organized
in the summer of 1880, and an edifice 24x36 feet,
completed the following fall.

The Centre City school is district number thir-
teen, which was organized in 1853, and the build-
ing, the first in the village, erected in 1854,. In
1867 a new frame house was built, about forty
rods from the old one, which was converted into
a store. The first teacher was E. Wilcox.

For several years the only accommodations for
ti'avelerswasthe house of Andrew Swanson, built
of logs, in 1857. It was run as a public house
until 1876. The size is 24x30 feet and two stories
high.

In 1876 the Lake Side house was erected by J.
A. Hollberg. It is 24x40 feet, two stories high,
and contains an office, parlor and six chambers,
dining room, kitchen and closets. Attached to
the house is a stable with room for fourteen
horses.

The Centre City hotel was built in the fall of
1877, byA. F. Swanson, who soon afterwards sold
it. It is two stories high, 24x48 feet, and con-
tains ten chambers, besides parlor, offices, etc.
The kitchen is in a wing 18x24 feet. In connec-
tion with the house is a good stable, and for the
use of pleasure seekers, row and sail boats.

The steam_ saw-mill now owned by J. A. Holl-
berg, was built by the Shogren Brothers in 1864.
In 1872 it passed into the hands of Torinus, Sta-
ples and Company, of Stillwater, and in the fall
was purchased by Mr. Hollberg, who has since
conducted it. The mill is three stories high, and
originally contained two run of stone, a "muley"
saw, planing machine, two turning lathes and a
shape machine. The buhrs after one year were
sold and removed. At the end of four years the

304

HISTORY OF CHISAOO COUNTY.

Shogren Brothers replaced the "muley" by a ro-
tary saw; the capacity of the mill is about 10,000
feet per day. When Mr. Ilollberg purchased it,
he added, and has since run, a feed mill. The
timber used was hard wood.

In 1856, A. M. Eldund opened a small store in
a little log house on the site where Swanson's
fctjre now stands. He sold to A. N. Hohn, in
January, 1857, who run it two years and then
closed. From 1869 to 1867, there was no store in
the village, though goods could be had from S. S-
Hamilton and Mr. Hohn, who sold on commission
at their homes outside the village, some of the ne-
cessities. In 1867, Samuel Winship opened in the
old log school-house, which had been used since
1854. In 1870, Winship sold it to J. E. Peter-
son and J. J. Swanson; Swanson soon withdrew.
In 1873, the firm of Peterson and HoUberg erected
a neat two story building, and put in a general
stock. In 1869, Mr. HoUberg withdrew, and Pe-
terson now does business alone.

The second store was built by P. P. Swanson,
but laid idle until used by the county in the win-
ter of 1875-6. In November, 1876, Charles Mohj
put in a stock of tinware, and in 1878, Mr. Swan-
son opened a general stock of merchandise, and
did business until the fall of 1880, when P. J.
Johnson succeeded him, continuing to the present
time.

In addition to these two general stores, Charles
Mohl conducts a hardware shop in a building
completed by him in 1877, and Miss Stella Sevey,
in 1880, opened a stock of millinery in the old
hotel.

Chisago county is one of the oldest settled
counties in the state of Minnesota, and among its
residents may be found some of her representa-
tive men. The progress in population, though
not so rapid as in some of the counties more
favored as to the quality of the soil and adapta-
tion to agricultural pursuits, has still been of a
steady, solid growth, comprising a class of thrifty,
industrious people, principally foreigners, who
have come to remain and have made their pres-
ence known by substantial improvements and a
determination to win for themselves, homes out
of the wilderness. The increase in the wealth of
the county marks a degree of prosperity seldom
seen in a country so new and it bids fair to com-
pete with some of the more favored counties.

TAYLOR'S FALLS.

CHAPTER XLIX.

SETTLEMENT BY BAKER AND TAYLOR — FIRST
DEED RECORDED IN ST. CROIX VALLEY — IN-
CORPOBATION OF VILLAGE — BRIDGE AND

DAM COMPANIES HOTELS — BIOGBAHICAL —

VILLAGE OF FRANCONIA.

In the year 1838, soon after the news of the
ratification of the treaty with the Indians was
received, old Jesse Taylor came up from Port
Snelling, by direction of B. P. Baker, to what is
now Taylor's Palls, and finding a Prenchman
occupying the land near the falls, dispossessed
him and located, making out a claim. Three
separate companies about this time began operar
tions in the valley, viz.: the Marine Company,
mentioned elsewhere as manufacturing the first
lumber; the St. Croix Company, the next in order;
and the Baker's Palls Company, as the one lo-
cating at what is now Taylor's Palls, was then
known. This also gave the name Baker's PaUs
to the place, by which it continued to be known
for many years. The name Taylor's Palls was
first, used in any oflScial document April 7th,
1851, in nanling the county school board. The
company, consisting of Baker and Jesse Taylor,
proceeded to erect a mill, build a dam, black-
smith shop and make other improvements, in
1839. The mill was fitted with the common flut-
ter-wheel and two sash-saws, $10,000 or 115,000
being spent in the enterprise. Before the mill
was completed, the death of Mr. Baker occurred
at St. Louis in 1840, and caused a complete stay
of operations, for Mr. Baker's capital was wholly
depended upon in the work. The mill never
started, and from the date of Mr. Baker's death
nothing was done, tlie entire enterprise being
allowed to die.

The property was subsequently transferred by
Jesse Taylor to J. L. Taylor, now a resident at
Taylor's Palls, in whose hands that portion of
the property which still survives continues. The

TAYLOB'S FALLS.

306

deed of transfer bears date Stillwater, November
7th, 1846, and is as follows: "Know all men by
these presents, that I, Jesse Taylor, of the county
of St. Croix and territory of Wisconsin, have
this day sold and conveyed unto J. L. Taylor, of
the aforesaid county and territory, all my right,
title and interest in a pre-emption claim situated
on the west side of Baker's Palls, so called, on
the river of St. Croix, being about one mile south
of the Falls of St. Crorx on said river.

"And I do hereby covenant and convey unto
the said Taylor, his heirs and assigns forever, all
my right and interest in said claim for and in
consideration of the sum of two hundred dollars
(|200), the receipt of which I hereby acknowl-
edge, together with all appurtenances thereunto
belonging. In witness wheteof I herewith set
my hand and seal. Signed, Jesse Taylor. Wit-
ness, Joseph W. Turber. Kecorded at the oflBce
of the register of deeds at Stillwater, St. Croix
county, Wisconsin territory, November 7th, 1846.
W. 11. C. Folsom, deputy register of deeds."

This deed is the first recorded for the valley
of St. Croix. Thus transferred, this claim con-
tinued until the government survey and land
entries for this region, when the pre-emption was
made by Joshua and N. C. D. Taylor jointly in
1849.

The town site of Taylor's Falls was surveyed ,
in April, 1851, by Theodore M. Parker, recorded
November 24th, of the same year, in the county
of Washington. Additions were subsequently
surveyed, the first, July 12th, 1854, by O. A.
Clark, recorded in the county of Chisago.

The town of Taylor's Falls as first formed was
reduced in extent by the formation of the town of
Shafer.

The oldest evidences of settlement exist in
ruins, found as such when the first settlement of
which any present knowledge remains, at what
is now called Milltown, a little hamlet near Tay-
lor's Palls. Here is seen the ruins of an old
chimney, and other traces of very ancient occu-
pation, what are conjectured to have belonged
to a trading post, perhaps as ancient as that at
LaPointe, on Lake Superior.

The first resident of the town in modern days

was Benjamin P. Otis, who located here in 1846,

and built the house subsequently occupied by

William Colby. During the same year J. Eoss
20

built a house, and located on what is known as
the Morton place. In 1849 Lewis Barlow built a
house near the falls, and during the same year
W. E. Bush, and Jacob Mackey also built resi-
dences.

William P., son of William Colby, was the first
white child bom at Taylor's Falls.

In 1850, W. H. C. Folsom became a resident,
and in February, 1851, Samuel Thomson ar-
rived.

For a long time the old log house built during
the operations of Mr. Baker was the only house
at Taylors Falls. Here Mr. Jesse Taylor lived,
selling off item by item the moveable portions of
the works. The mill was finally sold, and re-
moved to Osceola, and the shops burned. A few
timbers seen at low water, still remain to mark
the location.

In 1850, the first frame building erected for a
store and dwelling, vvas built by W. H. C.
Folsom. This afterwards became a printing
office.

In 1851, Ansell Smith and Samuel Thomson
built l^the Chisago house, which was rebxiilt in
1876, and is now known as the Dalles house,
under the management of H. Netterfield. This
is kept as a first-class house.

In 1852 were built the house of Patrick Fox,
and the Cascade house by Eichard Arnold.

In 1863 George Folsom built a house, after-
wards sold to S. J. Smith; Taylor and Pox buUt
their store-house; Dr. L. B. Smith built an office
and dwelling combined; Mr. Munch built a house;
the first school-house and other buildings were
erected during this year. The house and office
of Dr. Smith, built during this year, was the
scene of a peculiar excitement in later years,
when occupied by one Bush.

There were two sisters, CerUle and Mahala
Thomas, one of whom was married to Bush; the
other, Mahala, in the natural course of events,
was wooed, won and married by one James
Paine, without the knowledge of the self-ap-
pointed guardians, her sister and brother-in-law.
As soon as they ascertained the fact, they enticed
the girl to their house, and locked her up with the
determination to send her away and annul the
marriage. A band of indignant citizens gathered
to the aid of Paine, for the rescue of the girl and
delivering her to her rightful husband. Assault-

306

HISTOBT OF CHISAGO COUNTY.

ing the house, thej' broke down the door, utterly-
regardless of a pistol discharged within by
the Bush family. As the door went down,
under the pressure of the heavy plank and
force from without. Bush was caught under it, as
though it were a deadfall, gun in hand. James
Smith wrested the gun from his grasp, and at-
tempting to break it by striking it on the rock,
the gun was discharged, the charge passing under
his arm and grazing his side. No serious damage
was done, however, and James Paine obtained
his wife.

The village of Taylor's Falls was incorporated
and the first meeting of the cofincil held January
3d, 1859. The first officers were Patrick Fox,
president; W. H. C. Folsom, Levi B. Folsom and
E. D. Whiting, trustees; H. H. Newberg, recorder.

The Chisago mills were built by L. Kingman
and company, in 1856, on block number 123, and
were equipped with two rotary saws and a lath
machine. In 1858 W. H. C. Folsom bought the
concern, and in 1865 raised it four feet, replaced
the old foundations and sills with new, and put
in a double rotary saw. In 1875 Andrew Holt-
man bought the property, run it a few years, and
then, in the night time, to avoid paying taxes, re-
moved all the machinery except the boilers
Since, the concern has been allowed to go to decay]

Clark Brothers' steam mill was built by James
H., Rufus W., and Charles F. Clark, in 1868
This mill, 35x60 feet, two stories, contained a ro-
tary saw, besides a shingle machine and stave
mill, manufacturing staves being the larger part
of the firm's business. The brothers run the es-
tablishment until 1880, when the firm was dis-
solved by the death of Bufus W.

The carding mill of Isaac Van Vleck, was orig-
inally built for a feed mill by H. F. and L. P.
Day, of Franconia, N. C. D. Taylor and W. H. C-
Folsom. It contained one run of stone, which
was driven by a twenty- four foot overshot wheel.
After running two years, Taylor and Folsom be-
came sole owners, and in 1867, tliey sold to Eras-
tus Good and John C. Carlson, who converted it
into a carding mill, capable of carding 15,000
pounds of wool during the summer. In tlie
spring of 1875, the present proprietor boiiglit it,
and in 1880, put in a new twenty-four foot over-
shot wheel.

Si. Croix Bridge Company received theii- char-

ter in April, 1854. The incorporators were W.
H. C. Folsom, Patrick Fox, J. L. Taylor, W. S.
Hungerford, W. Kent, N. McCarthy, John Dob-
ney, William Colby, Orange Walker, F. W. Lam-
mers and N. C. D. Taylor. The bridge was built
under the supervision of W. S. Sewall, of St. Paul,
in the winter of 1856, and is about 150 feet in
length; it was rebuilt in the winter of 1870-71.
It is a wooden arched bridge. The present offi-
cers are E. D. Whiting, president ; W. Connor,
secretary and treasurer ; L. K. Stannard, Orange
Walker, J. L. Taylor and Cyrus Bradley, direc-
tors.

St. Croix Dam Company was chartered by the
legislature of Wisconsin, and organized in 1869,
as the Nimokogan and Totogatic Dam Company.
In 1870, the name was changed to that by which
it is now known, and a new charter granted, al-
lowing it to enlarge the number of dams from
two to nine. This number has again been in-
creased to sixteen, twelve of which have been
built. The object is to facilitate log driving, for
which twelve men, one at each dam, are em-
ployed. The rates charged from the most distant
dam is forty cents per thousand feet. The com-
pany passes through its dams from forty to sixty
million feet annually, and greatly facilitates driv-
ing operations. The charter members of the
company were A. M. Chase, J. F. Nason, Wil-
liam Kent, H. D. Barron, and A. B. Dresser.
The present officers are J. F. Nason, president;
A. M. Chase, secretary and treasurer; J. F. Na-
son, L. E. Torinus and William Kent, directors.

The Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company
was organized December 15th, 1874, with the fol-
lowing officers : W. II. C. Folsom, president ;
George W. Seymour, secretary ; Levi W. Folsom,
treasurer; D. A. Caneday, mining agent. The
company sunk a shaft of 130 feet; but ceased op-
erations for the lack of means although the indi-
cations are good. The company still exists with
the same offlceis excepting the treasurer, that po-
sition being now filled by Casper Ilauser.

The City brewery, Joseph Shuttmueller proprie-
tor, was built in 1856 by Joseph and F. S. Shutt-
mueller. Originally 20x30 feet, but in 1860, it was
enlarged to its present size 20x60 feet, two stories
and basement. It uses one thousand bushels of
barley per annum, employing the labor of two
men.

STOBUS AND HOTELS.

307

The first store opened in Taylor's Falls was in
1848, by Samuel Mears, agent of Dexter, Har-
rington and Company. It was closed in 1851.
The second byW. H.C. Folsom,who retired in 1873.
The third by N. C. D. Taylor and Patrick Fox,
in 1 852, and closed in 1857. The business houses
now are represented by the general stores of El-
lison and Stannard, opened in 1872; William
Connor, who opened in 1870; C. S. and W.W. Con-
nor, general merchandise and furniture ; and C.
E. Peaslee. C. J. Anderson and Austin Blair,
shoe shops ; Mrs. William Peaslee, Mrs. A. Stew-
art, Mrs. A. Tibbets and Miss A. Payne, mil-
linery; James Payne, Theodore Burth, Gontram
and Kumale, Charles Peterson, M. Schon, and
-Otto Argell, saloons; John D. Ward and J. H.
Wilson, livery; E. Blanding, H. Murdock, George
W. Seymour and S. M. D. Hollberg, drugs; Thos.
Kistner and Alfred Hollberg, jewelers; E. Badger
and Son, barbers ; Ambrose Seavey, William Sum-
mers, G. Millander and George Christopherson,
blacksmiths ; L. Lagerwall, tannery; W. L. Weir,
harness ; S. C. Sargent, photographer ; J. J. Fol-
som, confectionery; E. O. Ballard, feed; Frank
Eddy and G. Lindberg, hardware; J. W. MuUin,
B. Hasli and Andrew Olson, meat markets ; A.
J. Murdock and O. Hallberg, physicians; J. Eliott,
veterinary surgeon ; L. W. Folsom, collector ; F.
B. Dorothy, D. M. Woodbury and H. N. Setzer,
attorneys.

The Dalles house was built in the fall of 1851,
by Ansel Smith and Samuel Thomson. Thom-
son became sole owner the next year and in the
fall of 1852 he sold to Benjamin S. Wall. Since
that year the house has been owned as follows:
W. W. Folsom and J. F. Fuller, in 1853 ; W. W.
Folsom, from '54 to '56 ; W. J. Webb, from '56
'62 ; S. Trussell the next three years ; then fol-
lowed Webb, E. C. Winslow, Charles Leonard,
William Gilmore, Joseph Cornelison, who gave
it the name now bears, and M. J. Webb. In 1876
Dr. E. D. Whiting forclosed a mortgage upon
the property, and made some needed improve-
ments, and leased it to the present proprietor.
The house has twenty chambers, sample room,
ofiice, parlor, dinning room, kitchen and store
rooms.

The Falls hotel was opened July 1st, 1880, by
Henry Kattenberg. The building was formerly
used by G. S. andW. W.Connor, and is now owned

by Oscar Eoos. It is two-stories high, has ten
chambers, bar and office, dining-room, two sit-
ting-rooms and kitchen.

The Union House was built in 1852, by W. H.
C. Folsom for A. A. York. In 1866, A. N. Holm
bought it, and the next year doubled its size, and
again in 1875, made another addition, enlarging
it to the present size. The house contains twelve
chambers, parlor, office, dining-room and kitchen.

The Taylor's Falls post-office was established in
1851, and N. C. D. Taylor, appointed postmaster.
Being absent most of the time, Mr. Taylor ap-
pointed W. H. C. Folsom, deputy. Mr. Folsom
beginning business the next sping, took the office
to his store. Porter E. Walker next took charge
and conducted it until 1856, when Edward P.
Wyman, a clerk for W. H. C. Folsom was ap-
pointed in his place. From '58 to '61, George W.
Seymour held the office; from '61 to '68, Oscar
Roos. N. M. Humphreys' was appointed in 1868.
The next three years, the office was in the build-
ing now occupied by Dr. Murdock. In 1871, he
buUt an office 1 6x24 feet, in which it has since
remained. The amount of business transacted
in 1880, was 140,216.01.

The Taylors Falls Reporter was started in
1860, by F. H. Pratt; it was a seven column, four
pagesheet, printed entirely at home. S. S. Fifield,
now state senator from Ashland, Wisconsin, and
E. H. Folsom were taken into the office to learn
printing. In 1862, the paper was sold to D. A.
Caneday, who changed the name to St. Croix
Monitor. In 1863, E. 11. Folsom pm-chased the
paper and changed the name to the Reporter. His
brother Charles W. becoming his partner; E. H.
was then fifteen years of age and Charles W.,
but seventeen. They ran the enterprise until
1869, when E. H. retired. Charles conducted it
until his death in 1872. E. H. then run it until
1873, then sold to P. B. Walker and H. E. Bar-
low, wlio enlarged it to nine columns and changed
the name to the Journal. In 1876, J. H. McCourt
purchased, reduced it to seven columns, and in
1877 sold to E. H. Folsom, who has since con-
ducted it.

CHURCHES.

The Methodist Episcopal Church of Taylor's
Falls was organized March 27th, 1859, Rev. Silas
Bolles acting as leader. Under the leadership of
A. A. York, the membership was thirty-five.

308

HISTOBY OF OHISAGO COUNTY.

Their first pastor was Kev. William McKinley.
The church, 40x60 feet, was dedicated in Janu-
ary, 1860. The first trustees were W. H. C. Fol-
som, Erastus Guard, W.F. Colhy, G. B. Lee and
A. A. York. The present are W. H. C. Polsom,
W. F. Colby, R. C. Gray, Isaac Van Vleck and
Peter Abear.

The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church was
organized April 22d, 1860, with twelve members.
The same year they built a church 26x36 feet, to
which, in 1880, they added sixteen feet. The
membership at present is one hundred and twen-
ty-five, with Rev. M. Spangberg as pastor. The
first pastor was Rev. C. A. H'edengren, and the
first trustees: Andrew Anderson, Daniel Nelson
and C. M. Carlson.

First Presbyterian Church of Taylor's Falls
organized April 1st, 1866, with nine members.
The first pastor was Rev. J. Q. Hall, who re-
mained until April, 1871. Then came Rev. J. A.
McGowan, who, at the end of two years, was
succeeded by Rev. J. E. Miller. At the expira-
tion of Mr. Miller's term, the pulpit was vacant
for three years. The present pastor, Rev. Joseph
Lanman, late of Boston, took charge in the
spring of 1880.

SOCIETIES.

Zion Lodge, No. 55, A. F. and A. M., organized
under dispensation March 3d, 1866 , and held its first
meeting under charter December 15th. The first
officers were: H. N. Setzer, N. N. Humphrey, L.
W. Folsom, S. Humphrey, E. Shogren, J. T. Cas-
tellow, L. S. Shogren, G. W. Shogren. The pres-
ent officers are: J. H. McCourt, W. M.; A. J.
Murdock, S. W.; M. H. Arnold, J. W.; G. W.
Seymour, T.; P. B. Dorothy, S.; W. S. Deden, S.
D.; W. L. Weir, J. D.; Richard F. Combs, tyler.
Meetings are held the second and fourth Wednes-
days of each month.

Taylor's Falls Lodge, No. 7, N. W. B. A., was
organized November 24th, 1879. The officers are:
I. Van Vleck, president; J. Payne, vice-president;
C. Ilauser, recording and financial secretary; A.
J. Murdock, treasurer; E. Leske, W. Connor, L.
F. Lagerwall, trustees.

The Taylor's Falls Library Association was
organized November 8th, 1871, with the follow-
ing ofiicers: Dr. E. D. Whiting, president, and
Rev. J. A. McGowan, secretary. There are
about sixty members at present. The library

consists of one thousand and seventy-one vol-
umes, besides about three hundred volumes of
unbound matter, is in L. W. Polsom's office.
The present officers are: A. J. Murdock, president;
D. M. Woodbury, secretary, and J. J. Folsom,
librarian.

SCHOOLS.

The first school-house in the village was built
in 1852-3, by private subscription and taxation.
The first teacher in this building was Miss Harriet
Stevenson, now Mrs. L. K. Stannard. In 1866
the village purchased Chisago seminary for a
public school, and in 1870 erected another build-
ing in the northern part of town. By act of
the legislature, Taylor's Falls was organized into
an independent district March 3d, 1871. The
first meeting under the new regime was held
-April 3d, 1871, and the following board elected:
L. W. Folsom, president; J. A. Falrbaim, sec-
retary ; Andrew Clendening, treasurer ; Casper
Hauser, L. K. Stannard and J. B. Griswold.
The board at present is composed of L. K. Stan-
nard, president ; L. F. BuUard, secretary ; A. J.
Murdock, treasurer; E. H. Folsom, G. S. Con-
nor and Joseph Shuttmueller.

Chisago Seminary. A charter was granted by
the legislature of 1857, providing for the location
of a seminary at Taylors Falls, where the higher
branches of education might be taught. It was
built by W. H. C. Folsom and conducted rather
as a public than private enterprise, and for that
purpose he secured the chai-ter. The building
was erected in 1857, and was 28x40 feet, two
stories high. In 1858 the institution was opened
with a roU of sixty students, A. A. York princi-
pal, and Mrs. York, assistant. In 1859, Mrs.
Gustavus Munch was secured to teach modem
languages. The school had an average attend-
ance of from sixty to eighty scholars, until the
breaking out of the war, took away most of the
young men, together with Professor York, who
enlisted in 1861. The seminary dragged out a
a precarious life until 1864 when its existence
ceased.

The United States land office, more fully de-
scribed elsewhere in this history, was located at
Taylor's Falls, October 1st, 1861, under the ad-
ministration of G. N. Stickney. Succeeding Mr.
Stickney, the appointments of registers have
been as follows: December 25th, 1864. Charles B.

BIOQBAPHIGAL.

309

Whitney; September 1st, 1866, "William Connor;
May 19th, 1871, April 23d, 1873, and April 21st,
1877. John P. Owens. Since its location in this
village the receivers have been L.JK. Stannard,
Oscar Eoos and George B. Folsom.

In closing this sketch of Taylor's Falls, a few
anecdotes illustrating the humors of the early
settlers may not be amiss. The manager of the
St. Croix Falls Lumber Company had ordered
the captain of a newly-arrived vessel not to let
any of the men employed by the company have
any whisky. Anson Northrup, Patrick Fox, N.
C. D. Taylor and other employes determined not
to be "bluffed" in that way. In the night the
boys put a rope across the river below the boat,
placed an enormous rock, with a pry under it,
on the bluff directly over the boat, then said to
the captain, "Whisky, or down comes this rock
on your vessel." That officer produced the desired
liquid. In passing the jug to his neighbor. Fox
stood at the head and said, "Here is whisky,
Joe," and ever since has been known as "Whisky
Joe."

Captain Jones, now living at Wolf creek, twelve
miles from Taylor's Falls, had received a com-
mission as justice of the peace. Not having cash
to pay for it, he traded his commission for a jug
■of whisky.

Harrison Schultz, a young man of good family,
married a squaw, who, becoming jealous, at-
tempted to kill him. In self-defense he took her
life. The Indians determined to avenge her
death, and one day a brave stepped up to him
and asked, "Are you brave?" Schultz invited
him into a saloon, arranged a duel and killed his
opponent. His friends realizing that this act
only placed his life in greater jeopardy, urged him
to leave and furnished him with money to do so.
After going as far as La Crosse, he changed his
mind and came back. While cutting timber
with a friend, Schultz was killed by a young
Indian who was concealed in a tree-top near-by.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

A. M. Chase was born in Washington county,
Maine, April 7th, 1813. On attaming majority,
embarked in the lumbermg trade, which he fol-
lowed four years, then learned mill-wrighting.
In 1848, he came to St. Anthony, Minnesota, and
the next year, in company with P. Morrin, built

a boat which ran from St. Anthony to Sauk
Rapids. During the fall of that year, he went
to St. Louis, and here met with reverses, remained
only a year, then came to Taylor's Falls. Spend-
ing the first year at Balsam Lake, he erected a
mill, and in 1852, began lumbering, carrying it on
quite extensively for six years, and two years
later, again engaged in that business for six years
longer. Since about 1866, he has engaged in en-
tering pine lands, building dams, etc., being a
member and manager of the St. Croix Dam Com-
pany.

W. F. Colby is a native of Lincoln, Maine,
born June 12th, 1818. Remaining in his native
place until 1840, he engaged chiefly in lumbering,
then went to New Orleans. After remaining
there one year, went to Galena lead mines. Dur-
ing the tipring of 1844, he came to St. Croix Falls,
and two years later removed to Taylor's Falls,
since which time he has given his attention to his
lumbering interests, except the time spent in the
war. Enlisted in Company C, Seventh Minnesota,
serving until honorably discharged at Fort Snell-
ing in 1865. In 1849, he married Selina De Atley.
They are the parents of seven children living.

William Comer is a native of Cheshire, Eng-
land, born in 1812. He served an apprenticeship
of seven years in the grocery trade, then went to
Liverpool, engaging in the grocery trade seven-
teen years, and in 1846, went to St. Louis, Mis-
souri, remaining six years as clerk in a dry-goods
house. In 1854, he came to Taylor's Falls; held
the office of county treasurer from 1860 to .1868
inclusive, also that of register of land office three
years, and for the past six years has been town
treasurer of Taylor's Falls, having, during the
time been engaged in trade at this place. His
marriage with Elizabeth Davis, occurred in 1838.
They have had ten children, three ofVhom are
now living.

Ed. H. Folsom is a native of Massachusetts,
born, 1847. In 1856 he came to Taylor's Falls
with his parents, where he attended the Chisago
Seminary until 1860, then entered the "Reporter"
office as apprentice. Being quite expert at the
business, he was enabled to purchase the press in
1863, and soon after associated his brother with
him. They published the paper until 1869, when
he retu-ed, taking a homestead ; but in 1872 was
obliged to return to the' publishing of the paper.

310

HISTOBT OF CHISAGO COUNTY.

on account of the death of his brother. The next
year he sold the paper and served as clerk and
secretary in several capacities in connection with
the senate. In 1875 he edited the "Lumberman"
at Stillwater, which was a success as a paper but
not financially. In 1877 he returned to Taylor's
Falls, again purchasing the paper of which he is
at present editor. His wife was SuSan Way,
whom he married in 1868. Carrie, Charles W.,
Katie M., and Ed. S. are their children.

Levi W. Folsom was bom at Tam worth, Ne\*
Hampshire, 1822. He attended the common
schools until fourteen years of age, then began
working for himself, using his earnings to pre-
pare for college ; attended the seminary at North
Bridgeton, Maine, and at Gilmanton, New Hamp-
shire, preparing for Dartmouth College. Circum-
stances called him to Pennsylvania, before the
completion of his studies, where he taught in the
high school at Pine Grove. At Gettysburgh,
Pennsylvania, in 1848 he entered the junior class
at college, graduating in September of the same
year. Finishing the study of law in his native
state, he was t'hen admitted to the bar in 1860.
He located permanently at Taylor's Falls in 1 854,
and for ten years practiced his profession and has
since been a dealer in real estate. In 1875, Mr.
Folsom was appointed president of the Taylor's
Falls and Lake Superior Eailroad Company, oc-
cupying the position until 1879, since having been
vice-president and director ; also treasurer of the
Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company, since
1874. His wife was Miss Abbie W. Shaw, mar-
ried in 1858. Five children have been born to
them, foxir now living.

W. H. C. Folsom was born at St. Johns, New
Brunswick, in 1817. Removing to Skowhegan,
Maine, with his parents, when one year of age; he
made it his home until reaching the age of nine-
teen. He then started west, and after a tedious
journey, arrived at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin,
remaining until 1845. Three years later he lo-
cated at St. Croix Falls, and in 1850 at Taylor's
Falls, which has since been his place of residence.
Embarking in the mercantile trade, at his com-
ing, he continued until 1874, and since then has
been in the real estate business. He was a mem-
ber of the state constitutional convention, also
held the office of state senator five terms; was
county treasurer of Chisago county and first sher-

iff of St. Croix county, Wisconsin. He married
Miss Mary Jane Wyman, in 1841 , who has borne
him two sons, Wyman X. and Frank W.

Erastus Guard, deceased, was born in Susque-
hanna county, Pennsylvania, January 1st, 1825,
where he remained until his marriage, May 22d,
1850, with Susan E. Fuller, who was born in the
same county. In 1857 they came to Taylor's
Falls, where he worked at the carpenter's trade
until enlisting in Company C, Seventh Minnesota,
in 1862, seiTing until honorably discharged on
account of disability early in 1865, having received
a severe wound by a shot through the hand. He
then returned to his home and began teaching
school, and afterward built the carding-mill,
which he ran for some time, then established the
furniture trade. He departed this world April
10th, 1878. His widow and two children remain,
Edward D. and Nellie L.

Dr. Oscar Hallbergwas bom in Sweden, 1850,
where he received his collegiate and medical edu-
cation, graduating from the Lund Medical Col-
lege in 1872. Three years later he came to Amer-
ica, and in 1880, located at Taylor's FaUs, having
been in Marine, Washington county, one year,
also at Burlington, Iowa, where he Jiad practiced
medicine. He married, in 1878, Anna S. WaUin,
who has borne him one child, Reuben A.

Caspar Hauser is a native of Switzerland, born
1834. Coming to America in 1856, he first located
at Chicago, and from there to St. Louis, remain-
ing until 1857, then came to Stillwater, Minne-
sota. During that winter he purchased a claim
at Rush City and began the improvement of it,
but engaged in a brewery at Stillwater. In 1861
he disposed of his entire interest and removed to
Taylor's Falls, which place has since been his
home. His marriage with Miss Anna Krum took
place in 1858. They have four children living.

A. N. Holm was born in Sweden, in 1828. He
came to America in 1854, and settled at Taylor's
Falls, remaining untU 1857, then removed to
Centre City, engaging in general merchandis-
ing; was appointed first postmaster of that place.
He returned to Taylor's Falls in 1865, and has
since resided here. Enlisted in Company D,
Third Minnesota, in 1 86 1 , as private, and was after-
wards promoted to sergeant, serving three years
and four months. In 1851 he married Christine
Hauspeck.

BIOGBAPHIOAL.

311

Judge N. M. Humphrey was born at Goshen,
Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1809. Remain-
ing in the home of his childhood until 1833, he
then removed to Hudson, Ohio, and practiced
law until 1841, reipoving thence to Richfield, re-
maining about six years. His next place of
residence was Akron, where he held the office of
probate judge six years, and was a member of
the Ohio legislature during 1852-3. Soon after,
he came to Taylor's Falls, and has since made
this his home, and was elected probate judge of
Chisago county, in 1875 ; appointed postmaster
in 1868, still occupies these ofiices. Mr. Humph-
rey has been twice married; to his present wife,
who was Elizabeth C. Young, in 1 861. He is the
parent of two children by first wife.

Thomas Lacy is a native of Kennebec county,
Maine, born in 1824, and remained at his native
place untU 1853, receiving in the meantime a
practical education, also learned the marble cut-
ting trade, serving an apprenticeship of three
years. He followed this trade some time, and in
1854 located at Taylor's Falls. In 1858-9 he
served as register of deeds of Chisago county i
and two years later embarked in the merchan-
dise and lumber trade, continuing ten years,
then- disposed of his interests, since giving his
attention to agriculture. Mr. Lacy has been
twice married; his first wife dying in 1853, leav-
ing two children, and his second in 1878.

L. F. Lagerwall, a native of Sweden, was born
1830. Having learned the tanner's trade in his
native country, he came to America in 1867, and
proceeded to St. Paul, Minnesota, remaining one
and one-half years, working in a tannery; thence
to St. Francis, engaged in the same business one
and one-half years. In 1870, he located at Tay-
lor's Falls and started a tannery, since making it
his home. Mr. Lagerwall and UUerica Swanson
were united in marriage in 1854, and have four
living children.

Dr. A. J. Murdock was born in Oswego county,
New York, 1847. When two years old, he moved
with his parents to Rensselaer Falls, St. Lawrence
county, and after receiving a common school ed-
ucation, entered the Gouvernor Wesleyan Semi-
nary afterward beginning the study of medicine
in the State University of Michigan; graduated
from the college of physicians and surgeons of
New York in 1870. Since this time he has prac-

ticed medicine at Taylor's Falls. His wife was
Sarah R. Puffer, to whom he was mamed in
1872. They have had two children, both living.
PI. Netterfleld was bom at Wayne, Ohio, 1836,
where he remained until eighteen years of age,
from there, going to Port Washington, Wiscon-
sin. After visiting different places in Iowa, Illi-
nois and Missouri, he enlisted in 1861 , in the
Ninth Missouri Lyons Guards, an independent
company and served three months, then was em-
ployed in the secret service four years, being
honorably discharged at Mobile, Alabama, in
1865. Soon after, he came to Hudson, Wisconsin,
remaining there and in the vicinity until 1873,
thence to Osceola Mills, and two years later be-
came a resident of Taylor's Falls, having since
run the Dalles House. His wife was Sarah Al-
their; their marriage taking place in 1863. They
have four children living.

James Payne, a native of England, was born
1831. Coming to America in 1842, he first made
his home at Rockford, Illinois, about four years,
then went to Carroll county, remaining until his
location at Taylor's Falls, in 1849. He married
Caroline M. Thomas, who died in 1854, leaving
one child. His second wife was Hanora Ring,
whom he married in 1856. They have had nine
children, all living.

Eli C. Revnolds was born in Clark county,
Ohio, 1835, where he remained until nineteen
years of age. In 1855 he located at Taylor's
Falls after one year's stay in Carroll county, In-
diana. Enlisting in Company C, Seventh Min-
nesota in 1862, he served until honorably dis-
charged at Fort SneUing in 1865. Returning to
Taylor's Falls he has made it his home. Mr.
Reynolds' marriage with Phoebe J. Roach took
place in 1853, They are the parents of nine
children living.

George W. Seymour was born in Susquehanna
county, Pennsylvania, in 1828, where he acquired
an academic education at the Hartford Uni-
versity. When sixteen years of age, he entered
a store and remained until coming west in 1857,
arriving at Taylor's Falls in the spring of that
year. Started a land and conveyancing ofllce, re-
maining three years; held the office of post-
master three years under President Buchanan,
also that of secretary and director of the Tay-
lor's Falls Copper Mining Company in 1874, and

312

HISTORY OF CHISAGO COUNTY.

director of the Taylor's Falls and Lake Superior
Railroad Company in 1875. He started a drug
store in 1859, closing out in 1862, and re-opened
in 1871 under the firm name of G. W. Seymour
and Company.

Joseph Shuttmueller is a native of Baden,
Germany, born March 30th, 1828, and came to
America in 1851. He spent some time in Penn-
sylvania, Indiana, Ohio and Illinois, and arrived
at Taylor's Falls in 1855. In company with his
brother, built the brewery at this place, of which
he succeeded to the entire control in 1868. He
has held the oflflce of justice of the peace three
years. In 1864, he married Ter*sa Ayt who has
borne him six children, all living.

Rev. M. Spangberg was born in Sweden, De-
cember 25th, 1841, and came to America at the
age of twenty-four. He began his studies for the
ministry near Carver, Minnesota at the St. Ans-
gars Academy, remaining three years; then en-
tered the Augustana College and Seminary and
graduated from the theological department in
1875. His first charge was . at Hook's Point,
Iowa, and three years later he assumed charge of
the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church at
Taylor's Falls where he still resides. In 1875 he
married Anna Laksell who has borne him two
children.

Levi E. Stewart was born at Skowhegan, Maine,
1830, and there remained until attaining his ma-
jority, then came west to Illinois. Here he made
his home until his location at Taylor's Falls in
1853, and has been chiefly engaged in lum-
bering since. In 1864 he married Augusta
McFadden. No children.

Fred Tang, Sr., a native of Prussia, was bom
in 1819. Coming to America in 1840, he first lo-
cated in Seneca county, Ohio, and remained five
years, then became a resident of Taylor's Falls,
working at his trade, house carpentering, untU
1870. For the past ten years he has been a mem-
ber of the town council. Mr. Tang and Johan-
nah Wyndeck were married in 1837 and are the
parents of three living children.

Joshua L. Taylor was bom atSanbornton, New
Hampshire, 1816. At the age of twenty he re-
moved to Alton, Illinois, thence in 1840 to St.
Croix Falls, and engaged in lumbering. After
Wisconsin was made a state and Minnesota a ter-
ritory in 1849, he was appointed United States

marshal, for the district of Minnesota, but de-
clined the appointment. He went to California
in 1849 and retumed three years later to Taylor's
Falls ; was appointed warden of the state prison
of Minnesota by Gov. Marshall, in 1868, serving
until the expiration of the term, then retumed to
Taylor's Falls and with his brother was instru-
mental in the laying out of the town. Since his
return from California he has been a real estate
dealer.

N. C. D. Taylor, was bom near Concord,
"New Hampshire, 1810, remaining until attaining
his majority. In 1832 he removed to Alton, Il-
linois, where he made his home two years, in the
mercantile trade with E. R. Wells, thence to Ga-
lena, spending three years in mining. Coming
to St. Croix Falls in 1846 he embarked in the lum-
ber trade, soon after removed to Taylor's Falls
and entered into partnership with Patrick Fox
in the mercantile and lumber business, retaining
his interest fill the great financial down-faU in
1857. Mr. Taylor has twice represented his dis-
trict in the legislature, also held the ofiice of
county treasurer eight years, having been elected
in 1868. He still lives in single blessedness.

I. Van Vleck is a native of Madison county.
New York, born 1848. Enlisting in Company B,
Sixteenth Regulars, in 1864, he served until his
honorable discharge was received in 1865. Two
years after, he went to Afton, Washington coun-
ty, Minnesota, making that place his home until
he became a resident of Taylor's Falls, in 1874 ;
the following year he purchased the carding mill
at this place, and has since resided here. His
marriage with Mrs. Luella Folsom took place in
1874 ; they have one chUd.

J. D. Ward was bom in Penobscot county,
Maine, 1831. He lived at his childhood home un-
til 1856, then came west to Taylor's Falls, and
has since made this place his home. His occu-
pation was chiefly that of lumbering, untU 1872,
since which time he has been the proprietor of a
livery stable.

Dr. E. D. Whiting was born in Oneida county.
New York, 1811. When three years of age he re-
moved with his parents to New Hartford, Con-
necticut, here attending the Harrington Acade-
my, afterward attending Dr. Cooley's private
school at Granville, Massachusetts, then to the
Westfleld Academy. After studying medicine

FEANCONIA.

313

with Dr. O. K. Hawley, he attended his first
course of lectures at ^'airfield, New York, gradu-
ating from the Ohio Medical College, at Cincin-
nati, in 1834. He then began his practice as a
physician at Wayne, Ohio, thence to Rockford,
Illinois, wtere he remained until coming to Tay-
lor's Falls in 1855. Dr. Whiting represented this
district in the legislature during 1862-3. He has
been twice married and is now a widower.

FKAKCONIA.

This village is situated on the right bank of the
St. Croix river, about two and one-half miles be-
low Taylor's Falls. The town was platted by
Ansel Smith and the plat recorded in February,
1858. The name Franconia, in memory of Smith's
daughter, Francis, a popular young lady who had
died a short time before, was suggested by Mrs.
William Kent. Mr. Smith came here in the
spring of 1852, and began clearing off the timber,
proparatory to starting a garden. For a short
time he was assisted by L. K. Stannard, who was
looking over the country preparatory to locating.
Smith continued gardening until 1856, mean-
while living in a sixteen foot square frame shanty.
In 1856 he added a "lean to" 16x26 feet, and put
in a large stock of goods, but did not replenish,
and in 1858, sold what remained to William
Peaslee. The house was afterwards removed,
and the river which was then ten rods distant,
has washed away the bank to the cellar. Mr.
Smith remained, engaging in other pursuits until
1869, when he was appointed receiver of the
United States land office at Duluth.

In 1852 Henry and Leonard Day took claims
adjoining Smith's, and did some clearing, but
mainly occupying themselves making plugs to be
used in making jafts of logs. From this indus-
try Franconia acquired the nickname of "plug
town." In 1855 they completed a house and
moved into it. Leonard soon after married.
Henry lived with him until the beginning of the
war, when he enlisted. At the close of the
war Henry married and settled in the village.
The property of the brothers was not divided
until the death of Leonard in 1.874.

MAKUFACTOBIES.

A company composed of Ansel Smith, James
H., Bufus W. and Charles F. Clarke, was formed
and, in 1856, buUt a saw-mUl on the site of the

present mill. This was two stories high, 24x60
feet, and contained one circular saw, operated by
a forty horse-power engine. In 1864 the com-
pany added a stave mill, when the partners got
into a dispute, and the property being offered for
sale, was purchased by the Clarke Brothers, who
tore down the building and removed the machin-
ery to Taylor's Falls.

The Franconia saw-mill, owned by -Joseph GroU
and Company, was built in 1870 by Edward E.
AVhite and A. J. Hammond. It was 24x60 feet,
one story high, furnished with one circular saw
operated by a twenty horse-power portable en-
gine. The first few years the mill was not a suc-
cess, and passed through a number of hands. In
1876, A. M. and L. E. Chase, of Osceola, and Jo-
seph Groll, of Lakeland, purchased mterests with
the owners, the Louden Brothers, and after mak-
ing additions and repairs, operated it under the
firm name of Louden and Company. In Novem-
ber, 1878, the Louden interest was sold to the
other partners, and the firm has since been known
as Joseph Groll and Company. The old wooden
engine-room was discarded and a new stone one
32x32 feet erected, a fifty-five horse-power engine
and more new machinery added. The mill now
has a capacity of 30,000 feet of lumber per diem,
and employs twelve men to operate.

The Franconia flouring mills were buUt by
Paul Munch in 1865, and began grinding the fol-
lowing spring. The building is of stone, origi-
nally, 34x44 feet, three-stories high, with a frame
wheel-house 12x34 feet, inclosing a twenty-six
foot over-shot wheel. The power is received from
Lawrence creek. The establishment has two run
of stone, one for flour and one for feed. The year
after building, Mr. Munch added a two-story
ware-house, 32x34 feet, and in .1878, another of
one-story 22x24 feet. The capacity of the mill is
about twenty barrels per day. In 1879, floods
carried away the dam and caused much damage
otherwise.

From 1861 to 1865, White, Thornton and Irish
during the winters engaged in steamboat building,
The first one was the Jenny Thornton, then fol-
lowed the Ben Campbell, Viola, Jenny Hayes,
and the rebuilding of the G. B. Knapp. Besides
the steamers, the firm also buUt a number of
barges.

The post-office of Franconia was establhised

314

HISTOBY OF CHISAGO COUNTY.

in 1865, and the oflSce located on the farm of E.
S. White, the first postmaster, about one mile
from the village. In 1872, Jonas Limdall, a store-
keeper in the village, was appointed. At the
death of Lundall, C. Vitalis, who at present holds
the office was appointed.

The first store was, as we have said started by
Ansel Smith, who sold in 1858, to Wm. Peaslee.
Peaslee continued until 1868, when he went to
Taylor's Falls. The third was opened by James
Markley in 1867, and purchased the next spring
by Jonas Lundall, who run it until his death in
1873, when he was succeeded by C. Vitalis, who
removed the stock to Munch'* store in 1880.
Then came Paul W. Munch* who operated for a
few years and then closed out to O. E. Terry and
Company, and in 1874, it was purchased by C.
Vitalis. The hotel business is represented by
Anton Drewke. The miscellaneous branches of
trade are as follows: Swen Swanland,. wagon-
maker; Samuel Anderson, cabinet-maker; Olof
Iledehstrom, mill-wright; Peter Leveen, carpen-
ter; Eric Ostrom and O.C. Swanland, blacksmiths.

A school organization was effected in the
spring of 1858, with the following officers: Henry
E. Day, Luther WykofE, and Ansel Smith. The
first teacher hired by them was Margeret Smith,
now the wife of Henry F. Day. At first she
taught ten scholars in the bar room of the hotel.
A neat school house furnished with a bell was built
in 1870. The present officers are Charles Vitalis,
director; O. Hasselberg, clerk; Alvin Fullerton,
treasurer.

BIOGKAPHICAL.

A. J. Anderson was born at Wexio, Sweden,
May 9th, 1860. He attended the public schools
in his native country, and when nine years of
age, came to America with his mother to join his
father who had preceded them. Coming via New
York city, they reached Franconia in June 1859.
Until 1873 he continued his education, then be-
gan clerking for Charles Vitalis, and four years
after was promoted to book-keeper, at which time
he was also appointed assistant postmaster. Mr.
Anderson is an energetic and prosperous business
man.

L. R. Clark was born in Erie county, New
York, 1838. When eighteen years of age he came
to Peoria, Illinois, and engaged in railroading

several years, then returned to his home. In
1862 he came to Minnesota, locating in Minneap-
olis, in the lath and shingle trade six years. Ee-
movingto Lakeland, Washington county, he re-
mained until he and his brother purchased the
"Cascade" mill at Osceola mills, which they oper-
ated until 1876, then came to Franconia where he
has since given his attention to the lumbering
trade. His wife was Miss P. A. lAndsey, whom
he married in 1861. They have two children, both
living.

A. M. Clark was bom in Erie county, New
York, May 25th, 1833. On attaining his major-
ity, he embarked in the lumbering business, which
he followed six years. Coming west to Minneap-
olis, Minnesota, he remained until 1874, in the
shingle trade, the last two years being of the firm
of Mayo and Clark. He and his brother, L. B.
Clark, then purchased the "Cascade" mill, at Os-
ceola mills, and operated it some time, finally lo-
cating at Franconia, where he has since been in
the lumber trade. He has been twice married ;
to his present wife in 1879, who was Miss Betty
Willis.

H. F. Day is a native of St Lawrence county, N.
Y . , born in 1 825 . Eemaining at his childhood home
until 1846, he then removed to southern Wiscon-
sin, and three years later came to St. Croix Falls,
being employed in the saw-miUs. After making
a trip to the East, in 1852, he returned the next
year locating at Franconia, and has since made
this his home. In 1862, he enlisted in the Seventh
Minnesota, Company C, and served until honor-
ably discharged at Memphis, Tennessee, in 1865.
His wife was Margaret Smith, whom he married
in 1856, and she has borne him five children.

Joseph GroU is a native of Bavaria, born in
1837. Coming to America in 1861, he located at
Syracuse, New York, where he made his resi-
dence three years; then removed to Eush lake,
Minnesota. During his three years stay he gave
his time to the peaceful pursuit of agricul-
ture; removing thence to Lakeland, Washington
county, he engaged in lumbering nearly seven
years. In 1875 he became a resident of Fran-
conia, where he has since engaged in lumbering.
His marriage with Agnes Entner took place in
1867.

Paul Munch, a native of Prussia, was born in
1834. Coming to America at the age of twenty,

BIOGBAPHIGAL.

315

he settled at Taylor's Falls, Minnesota, and
worked at his trade, that of carpentering, three
years ; then removed to Bush Creek and made a
claim. The next year he erected a saw mill at
Chengwatona, in company with his brother, and in
1861 sold his interest and enlisted in the First
Minnesota Battery, resigning after a service
of one and one half years, and returning to
his former home. In 1865 he located at Fran-
eonia and built the first grist mill, and has since
resided here. Mr. Munch has been twice mar-
ried ; his present wife was Miss Caroline Entner,
whom he married 1869. They are the parents of
six children living.

Henry Thome, a native of Prussia, was born
in 1822 and came across the ocean to America in
1857. Locating at Taylor's Falls, Minnesota, he

lived there eight years, working at the trade of
stone mason. He then became a resident at
Franconia and opened the first hotel at that place,
of which he was the propietor until the spring of
1880. His marriage with Katrina Lange took
place in 1847. They have one child, Frederick.
Charles Vitalis, a resident of Franconia, is a
native of Sweden, bom 1843. He came to Ameri-
ca in 1868 and proceeded directly to this village
and began clerking for P. Munch, wherp he con-
tinued about fourteen months, then clerked for
Jonas Lundall. At his employer's death, which
occurred in 1873, he took charge of the business
in his own name where he still continues. He
married Miss Josephine Lundall in 1873, who has
borne him two children. Mr. Vitalis is a pros-
perous business man.

H I S T O R Y

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

CHAPTEK L.

FORMATION OF NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY
— ST. CKOIX COUNTY CREATED — FIRST PO-
LITICAL MEETING LETTER FROM CATLIN

PRESENTED TO CONVENTION— MINNESOTA
TERRITORY — WASHINGTON COUNTY BOUND-
ARIES—OFFICIAL ROSTER.

Washington county has been subjected, to
various changes in its boundaries and political re-
lations since the region of country of which it
forms a part, first came under the government of
the United States. As now existing with its
present boundaries, it dates back only to 1851 ,
when Washington county, as established after the
formation of the territory of Minnesota, was re-
duced to its present limits. Previously it formed
a part of the extensive St. Croix county of Wis-
consin, which continued its organization only a
few months after the formation of the territory of
Minnesota. Still earlier than this it formed part
of Crawford county, territory of Michigan, which

At that time the United States extended west-
ward only to the Mississippi. The country be-
yond to the Pacific ocean was an unknown, un-
explored wild, claimed by the Spanish govern-
ment.

continued a short time until the organization of
the territory of Wisconsin. This carries us back
with a county organization to the year 1819.
Now that the interest in pedigrees and ante-
cedents is engrossing so much attention, it would
be a gross omission to exclude the antecedents of
our county. We beg pardon of our readers if in
this genealogy we seem to go back too far for
general interest, though we shall not be subject
to extreme criticism for following the example of

the famous "Knickerbocker History of New
York."

The North-western territory, as ceded to the
United States by Virginia in 1784, comprised the
present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin and that portion of Minnesota
lying east of the Mississippi river.

In 1803 the domain of the United States was
extended westward to the Eocky mountains and
the Northern Pacific ocean by the purchase of
Louisiana territory from Spain and its annexa-
tion to the United States. This territoi7 re-
ceived the name of the "New North-west" in
contradistinction from the old "North-western
Territory."

In 1800 congress deemed it advisable, because
of its vast extent and the difficulty of executing
the laws, to divide the North-western territory,
and Ohio was created. Two years later Ohio was
admitted into the union as a sovereign state. The"
same congress extinguished the North-west terri-
tory, and denominated all the remainder the In-
dian territory. In 1805, Michigan territory was
created. In 1809, the territory of Illinois was de-
tached from the Indian territory, Indiana was
admitted as a state in 1816, and Illinois in 1818.

In 1805 the government purchased a tract of
land for military purposes at the mouth of the St.
Croix, and another at the mouth of the St. Peter's,
now Minnesota, including the Palls of ' St. An-
thony. By this grant the Sioux transferred to
the United States nine miles square at the mouth
of the St. Croix, which, however, was never occu-
pied as a military post, and the extensive tract
afterward well known as the Fort Snelling reser-
vation.

About this time, the long supposed insurmount-

(316)

OBGANIZATION.

317

able barrier, the rapids at Eock Island, were
found to be navigable by steamboats. On the 2d
of May, 1823. the Virginia, a steamer one hun-
dred and eighteen feet in length and twenty-two
in width, drawing six feet of water, left her
moorings at the St. Louis levee, destined for Port
St. Anthony, now Port Snelling. Soon after this
advance into the Indian territory, measures were
taken by the government to obtain a title from
the Indians to the land east of the Mississippi.

In 1819 Colonel Henry Leavenworth went to
Prairie du Chien to organize Crawford county,
which had been created by the territorial legisla-
ture of Michigan, October 16th, 1818. Its bound-
aries were as follows: "On the east by a line
running north and south from the portage of the
Pox and Wisconsin rivers, and extending to Lake
Superior, thence westward to the Mississippi
river." This indefinite boundary was supposed
to include all the territory east of the Mississippi
and north of the Wisconsin rivers within these
prescribed limits.

Prairie du Chien was chosen as the county seat.
It is said that Col. Leavenworth found great diiH-
eulty in securing a sufficient number of men to
fill the county offices. Wilfred Owens was ap-
pointed judge of probate; John S. Pinley, clerk of
court ; and Thomas McNair, sheriff. Col. Leav-
enworth having attended to the organization of
Crawford county, at Prairie du Chien, proceeded
up the Mississippi with his soldiers in keel boats
to "St. Peters," nowMendota, where he spent the
winter.

They built log cabins plastering them with
clay, and found them a comfortable protection
from the cold winds of this latitude. The winter
proved to be extremely severe, but the gar-
rison remained cheerful in these rudely con-
structed quarters, and the officers maintained
pleasant, social intercourse.

In 1836, the establishing of a separate and dis-
tinct territory west of Lake Michigan, was the re-
sult of the prospective admission of Michigan into
the Union as a state ; hence on the 20th of April,
1836, by an act of congress to take effect from
and after the 3d of July following, the territory
of Wisconsin came into existence with the follow-
ing boundary lines: The territory contained all
that is now embraced in the state of Wisconsin,
Iowa, Minnesota, and a "part of the territory of

Dakota, more particularly described within
boundaries, commencing at the northeast corner
of the state of Illinois, running thence through
the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite
the main channel of Green Bay ; thence through
that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Me-
nomonee river; thence up that stream to its head,
which is nearest the Lake of the Desert; thence
to the middle of that lake; thence down the Mon-
treal river to its mouth; thence with a direct line
across Lake Superior to where the territorial Une
of the United States last touches the lake north-
west; thence on the north with the territorial
line to the White Earth river; on the west by a
line drawn down the middle of the main channel
of that stream to the Missouri river, and down
the middle of the main channel of the last men-
tioned stream to the northwest corner of the state
of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of
the states of Missouri and Illinois, as already
fixed by act of congress, to the place of beginning.
Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa,
Crawford and Des Moines, with a portion of
Chippewa and Michilimackinac left unorgan-
ized.

The territorial legislature of Wisconsin in ses-
sion at Madison, passed an act January 9th, 1840,
to take effect August of the same year, creating
the county of St. Croix, with the following boun-
dary line. Commencing at the mouth of the Porcu-
pine river, on Lake Pepin; thence up said river to
its first forks; thence on a direct line to the
Meadow fork of Bed Cedar river; thence up said
river to Long Lake; thence along the canoe
route to Lac Courte Orielle; thence to the nearest
point on the Montreal river; thence down said
river to Lake Superior; thence north to the
United States boundary line. The county seat
was fixed by vote of the people at Brown's Ware-
house; Hazen Mooers, Samuel Burkleo and Cal-
vin A. Tuttle were elected conunissioners. St.
Croix county was reduced in size in 1845, by set-
ting ofE the county of La Pointe. After this the
boundary of St. Croix was described as follows
by a line; Commencing at the mouth of Porcu-
pine river, passing up that river to its first forks;
thence to Meadow fork of Eed Cedar river; thence
up that river to Lac Com-te Orielle; thence to
Yellow Lake; thence to the mouth of Muddy
river; thence down the Mississippi to the place of

318

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

beginning, including an area of about 11,000
square miles, with a population of about 1,500,
St. Croix Falls being the principal town.

An enabling act was passed by congress in 1846,
looking to the admssion of Wisconsin, as a state
subject to certain conditions. After two eflorts
on the part of its citizens to secure a constitution,
one was ratified March 13th, 1848, and Wisconsin
became a regularly organized state by act of con-
gress, May 29th, following.

Three years elapsed between the date when the
territory of Minnesota was proposed in congress,
and the passage of the act of organization. In
the consideration of the bill in dbngress, a sur-
prising degree of ignorance was manifested by
some members. Hon. Joseph Root, of Ohio,
made a vehement speech against the measure,
denouncing as "Farcical and absurd the forma-
tion of a temporary government in a hyperborean
region, where agricultural pursuits were impracti-
cable, and where no white-man would go except ,
to cut pine logs." This illustrates the vague
notion entertained of the north-west, even
among intelligent people.

After Wisconsin became a state, with boimda-
ries narrowed from those of the territory, a ques-
tion arose as to the government of that portion of
the territory not embraced within the new state
boundaries, and the opinion prevailed among
those best qualified to judge that the old territorial
government survived in full force within such
portion, although the opposite view was strongly
maintained by others. The region in dispute ex-
tended from the St. Croix to the Mississippi, em-
bracing the present county of Washington. The
agitation of this question led to prompt efforts to
to gain recognition as a territory with a govern-
ment and representation at Washington.

The first public political meeting in what is now
Minnesota, was held August 4th, 1848, to.consider
and take action on this subject. At this meeting
Jonathan E. McKusick presided, William Hol-
combe acted as secretary, M. 8. Wilkinson, Dr.
Christopher Carli, David Lambert, Jacob Fisher
and others were present.

This meeting accomplished but Uttle, except to
issue a call for a general convention to take steps
to secure an early territorial organization, to as-
semble on the 26th of the month, at the same
place.

The second convention convened at the court
house in the town of Stillwater, in the county of
St. Croix, and territory of Wisconsin, on the 26th
day of August, 1848, in accordance with a call
duly made. M. S. Wilkinson of Stillwater, was
chosen president, David S. Lambert of St. Paul,
secretary. Joseph R. Brown offered the follow-
ing resolution:

"Resolved, That a committee of five be ap-
pointed to select a president, two vice-presidents,
and two secretaries, as the permanent officers of
this convention."

The ofiBcers were as follows: Samuel Burkleo,
president ; Robert Kennedy, Joshua L. Taylor,
vice-presidents; William Holcombe and David
Lambert, secretaries.

The following resolution was offered and
adopted:

"Resolved, That a committee of seven members
be appointed to draft a memorial to congress, for
the early organization of the territory of Minne-
sota, and to report such further proceedings as
they may think proper for the action of this con-
vention."

The commmittee consisted of Joseph R. Brown,
Calvin Leach, II. H. Sibley, S. Nelson, M. S. Wil-
kinson, Henry Jackson and H. L. Moss.

A letter from Hon. John Catlin, who had been
secretary of the territory of Wisconsin, was read,
as follows: Madison, August 22, 1848.— Hon.
Wm. Holcombe, dear sir:— I take the liberty to
write you briefly for the purpose of ascertaining
what the citizens of the present territory of Wis-
consin, desire in relation to the organization of a
territorial government. Congress adjourned on
the 14th inst., without taking any steps to organize
the territory of Minnesota or of amending the act
of 1836, organizing Wisconsin, so that the present
govenment could be successfully continued. It
is my opinion that if your people were to elect a
delegate to congress this fall, he would be allowed
to take his seat in December, and then a govern-
ment might be fully organized ; and unles a dele-
gate is elected and sent on, I do not believe a
government will be organized for several years.
You are aware of the diflBculty which has pre-
vented the organization of Oregon for two years
past ; and the same difficulty wiU prevent the or-
ganization of Minnesota. If Mr. Tweedy were to
resign, (and he would if requested,) I do not see

TERRITOBY OBGANIZBB.

319

anything to prevent my issuing a proclamation
for an election to fill the vacancy, as the act-
ing governor; but I should not like to do so
unless the people would act under it and hold the
election. If a delegate was elected by color of
law, congress would never inquire into the legali-
ty of the election. It is the opinion of almost all
this way that the government of the territory of
Wisconsin still continues, although it is nearly
inoperative for want of a court and legislature.

"I write in haste, and have not time to state
further the reasons which lead me to the con-
clusion that the territorial government is still in
being; but you can confer with Mr. Bowron, who,
I believe, is in possession of the views and opin-
ions entertained here on this subject. I shallbe
pleased to hear from you at your earliest con-
venience. Yours very respectfully,

"John- Catlin."

Numerous resolutions were offered and adopted
touching the various acts of the past and the
claims of the territory to he organized.

The chief act was to address a memorial to
the senate and house of representatives in con-
gress assembled, and also to His Excellency, the
president of the United States, respectfully re-
questing that he will invite the attention of that
honorable body, in his annual message, to action
in the premises.

The memorials, preambles and resolutions were
severally read and unanimously adopted.

The convention then proceeded to elect a dele-
,gate to represent the interests of the territory at
the next congress. Hon. Henry H. Sibley was
unanimously elected by the convention.

These resolutions were offered and adopted:

"Resolved, That the president of this conven-
tion be required to issue a certificate to H. H.
Sibley, signed by himself, the vice-presidents and
secretaries, certifying that he is a duly elected
delegate under resolution and action of this con-
vention.

"■Resolved, That our delegate be requested to
cause the orthography of Minnesota (when the
organization of the territory shall be eSected) to
be according to that used in this resolution.

"Resolved, That the secretaries prepare copies
of the memorials to the president of the United
States and to congress, adopted by this conven-
tion, with the signatures of the members at-

tached thereto, and furnish the same to II. H.
Sibley, our delegate, before his departure for
Washington."

The memorials were signed by all the delegates
to the convention, amounting to sixty-one signa-
tures.

Hon. John H. Tweedy resigned his office of
delegate to congress on September 18th, 1848.
Hon. John Catlin, claiming to be acting governor
of Wisconsin territory, issued a proclmation
dated at Stillwater, October 9th, 1848, having
made Stillwater a temporary residence, ordering
a special election at that place to fill the vacancy
occasioned by the resignation of Hon. John H.
Tweedy. The election was held on the 30th day
of October, when Hon. Henry H. Sibley was
elected a delegate for the remaining portion of
Wisconsin territory. Mr. Sibley proceeded to
Washington, accompanied by Henry M. Bice
and other gentlemen who used all their energies
to secure the organization of a new territory.

On the 3d of March, 1849, a bill was passed
organizing the territory of Minnesota, with
boundary on the west extended to the Missouri
■and White Earth rivers. On the 19th of March,
1849, President Taylor appointed the following
named persons judges of the supreme court for
this new territory: Aaron Goodrich, of Tennessee,
chief justice; David Cooper, of Pennsylvania,
and Bradley B. Meeker, of Kentucky, associate
justices.

On the 27th of May, 1849, Governor Alexander
Kamsey landed at St. Paul, and on the 1st day of
June proclaimed the organization of the territory,
recognized its officers and required obedience to
its laws. The territory was divided into three
judicial districts. The county of St. Croix con-
stituted the first district, with the seat of justice
at Stillwater.

In pursuance of a requirement in the organic
act, the sheriff of St. Croix was ordered to take a
census of all the inhabitants of the county. The
result shows Stillwater to have had at that time
455 male and 154 female inhabitants; total, 609.
Chief Justice Goodrich, in accordance with the
governor's proclamation, held the first term of
court, beginning on the 13th of August, 1849, at
Stillwater, Judge Cooper, by courtesy, sitting on
the bench. This was the first court held in the
territory, after the organization, called a territo-

320

HJSTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

rial court. It remained in session six days. Sixty
cases were on the docket. The clerk of the dis-
trict court was Harvey Wilson; S. M. Mitchell,
was United States attorney; II. L. Moss, district
attorney; and John Morgan, sheriff.

On July 7th, 1849, Governor Ramsey, by proc-
lamation, fixed the following council districts for
the territory, which had not yet been divided into
counties: First, the St. Croix precinct, of St.
Croix county, and the settlements on the west
bank of the Mississippi, south of the Crow village,
to the Iowa line. Second, the Stillwater precinct
of the county of St. Croix. Third, the St. Paul
precinct, except Little Canada settlement.
Fourth, Marine Mills, Falls of St. Croix, Rush
Lake, Rice River and Snake River precincts of
St. Croix county, and La Pointe county. Fifth,
the Falls of St. Anthony precinct and the Little
Canada settlement. Sixth, the Sauk Rapids and
Crow Wing precincts of St. Croix county, and all
settlements west of the Mississippi and north of
the Osakis river, and a line thence west to the
British line. Seventh, the country and settle-
ments west of the Mississippi not included in dis-
tricts number one and six.

The election of the 1st of August, 1849, passed
off with little excitement. Hon. H. H. Sibley
was elected delegate to congress; James S. Nor-
ris, Samuel Burkleo, William H. Forbes, James
McBoal, David B. Loomis, Captain John Rol-
lins, David Olmsted, president, William Sturgis
and Martin McLeod, councilmen; Joseph W.
Furber, speaker, James Wells, M. S. Wilkinson,
Sylvanus Trask, Mahlon Black, Benjamin W.
Brunson, Henry Jackson, John J. Dewey, Par-
sons K. Johnson, Henry F. Setzer, William R.
Marshall, WilUam Dugas, Jerremiah Russell, Al-
lan Morrison, Lorenzo A. Babcock, Thomas A.
Holmes, Alexis Bailey and Gideon H. Pond,
members of the house.

The first territorial legislature assembled on
the 3d of September, 1849, with James Norris, of
Cottage Grove, for the first district, and Samuel
Burkleo, of Stillwater, for the second district,
councilmen; Joseph W. Furber, of Cottage Grove,
and James Wells for the first district; M. S. Wil-
kinson, Sylvanus Trask and Mahlon Black, of
Stillwater, for the second district, representatives.

One of the first acts of this legislature was to
create a number of new counties, and among

them the county of Washington with Stillwater
as its county seat. The same legislature made
Washington county the second judicial district,
and the first term of district court in this new
district was held in the town of Stillwater the
same fall; Judge David Cooper, presiding; Henry
8. Tilden, deputy United States marshal; Henry
L. Moss, United States district attorney; Jesse
Taylor, sheriff; Harvey Wilson, clerk. A young
man known as Isaiah McMillan was tried under
charge of murder, found guilty, and sentenced to
one year's imprisonment at Fort SneUing.

The census of Washington county was taken
that fall showing the following results: Males,
821; females, 291; total, 1,112; of this number,
males, 455; females, 154;. total, 609, were resid-
ing in the town of Stillwater; and hence we have
the small number of males, 366; females, 137; to-
tal, 503; showing the population outside of Still-
water, in the county. The original boundaries
of the county were as follows: Beginning at a
point on the Mississippi river where the town-
ship line between towns 27 and 28 north, range
22, west of the fourth principal meridian Inter-
sects said river; thence east on said line to its in-
tersection with the range line between ranges 21
and 22, west of the fourth principal meridian;
thence due north on said line to its intersection
with the third correction line; thence due west
on said correction line to the intersection of the
range line between ranges 21 and 22, west of the
fourth principal meridian; ihence due north on
said range line to its intersection with the north ^
boundary line of town 36 north; thence due north
to its intersection with the southern boundary
line of Itasca county; thence in a southeasterly
direction along said county line to its intersection
with the eastern boundary line of the territory of
Minnesota; thence down said boundary line to
the Mississsppi river, and thence up that river to
the place of beginning. By reference to the map,
it will be seen that the place of beginning on the
Mississippi, was two miles further south than the
present boundary, also that the north boundary
extended north, including most of Chisago and
IMne, and a portion of Carlton counties.

In 1861, the boundary lines were changed by
the legislature to their present location, taking
from Ramsey county about one thousand seven
hundred acres of land in the extreme south-west

BOUNDARIES— FRIGHTENED LUMBERMEN.

321

corner of the county, now included in Newport
township.

The county of Washington is boijnded as fol-
lows: Beginning in the middle of the main chan-
nel of the Mississippi river, on a line between
sections 23 and 26, of town 28 north, in range 22
west; thence east on said section line, to the line
between ranges 21 and 22; thence north on said
range Kne, to the line between townships 32 and
33; thence east on said township line, to the
center of the main channel of the St. Croix river;
thence down the middle of said channel and St.
Croix lake to the Mississippi river; thence up the
middle of said Mississippi river to the place of
beginning.

In thus traversing the changes in boundaries
and government of the region of which Washing-
ton county forms an important part, many
minutise of interest have been omitted. Review-
ing these we insert some matters worthy of a
place here, beginning with the treaties, and fol-
lowing with political roster.

The visit of Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery
Pike, to the Upper Mississippi in 1805-6, resulted
in the government gaining from Dakota bands
the first tract of land ceded by any Indian tribe
within the present state of Minnesota. Lieuten-
ant Pike, under the direction of President Jeffer-
son, arrested hostile movements between the
Dakota and Chippewa tribes, tore down the
British flag, and elicited the respect and admira-
tion of many Indians, who had been iniluenced
by the British. In 1825, and again in 1830,
treaties of pacification were made by the com-
missioners of the United States, with the north-
western tribes at Praire du Chien. The year of
1837, forms a new era in the history of Minnesota.
Prom this date settlers were assured of protec-
tion and began to make permanent improvements.
In the same year, July 29th, 1837, Governor
Dodge, of Wisconsin, concluded a treaty at St.
Peters, now Mendota, with the Chippewas, which
opened to the enterprise of the white-man, the
pine forests of the St. Croix and its tributaries.
The same year a deputation of Dakotas pro-
ceeded to Washington, and in the month of Sep-
tember, concluded a treaty by which they ceded
all their lands east of the Mississippi, including
all of Washington county, as it now exists, to the

United States.
21

In anticipation of the ratification of the treaty
with the Ojibwas, a party of lumberman opened
a camp at the mouth of Snake river and began
cutting logs. The Indians considered their rights
invaded by this premature possession on the part
of the whites, and having further cause of griev-
ance on account of the non-fulfillment of the
terms of the previous treaty, payment not being
made as stipulated, caused them great annoyance.
They answered the demands of the Ojibwas for
compensation as best they could, averting the
violence threatened, for a time by contributions
from their store. When such pacification would
no longer avail and active hostilities were begun,
the lumbermen took to their canoe with their
stuft and fled down the St. Croix, pursued by the
Indians on the bank, who supposed the party
must land above the falls and fall into their
hands, stuff and all. To their surprise, however,
they saw their anticipated captives hold on their
way and float over the falls. The boat was lost
and some of their effects, but the men all reached
the shore in safety. A short distance below the
falls, they were met by a steamboat, the first that
ever ascended the St. Croix, bringing the welcome
news of the ratification of the treaty. The lum-
bermen returned and took legal possession of
their logs.

The second treaty of that same year was con-
cluded at Washington, D. C, with the Dakotas,
September 29th, 1837. By the terms of this
treaty, all their lands lying east of the Mississippi
river, including the islands in the river, were
ceded to the United States. The ratification of
these treaties was a very important event m the
history of Minnesota, sounding the key-note for
permanent settlements. From this time earnest
men began to seek the flattering advantages of so
promising a state.

For some years, the county was represented in
the territorial legislature of Wisconsin by the fol-
lowing named gentlemen: In 1836, convened at
Belmont, Iowa county, October 25th; in council,
no representation; in representative hall, James
II. Lockwood and James P. Dallam; in 1837-8,
convened at Burlington, Des Moines county, No-
vember 6th; in council, no representation; in
house, Ira B. Brunson and Jean Brunet; in
special session of 1888; in council, no representa-
tion; in house, Ira B. Brunson and Jean Brunet;

322

EI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

in 1838, convened at Madison, November 26th;
in council, George Wilson; in house, Alexander
McGregor; in 1839, beginning January 21st; in
council, George Wilson; in house, Alexander Mc-
Gregor and Ira B. Brunson; in 1839, beginning
December 2d; in council, Joseph Brisbois; in
house, Ira B. Brunson and Alexander McGregor;
in 1840, beginning August 3d; in council, Charles
J. Learned; in house, Ira B. Brunson and Alex-
ander McGregor; in 1840, beginning December
7th; In council, Charles J. Learned; in house,
Alfred Brunson and Joseph R, Brown; in 1841,
beginning December 6th; in council, Charles J.
Learned; in house, Joseph E. Brown and Alfred
Brunson; in 1842, beginning December 5th; in
council, Theopolis La Chappelle; in house, John
H. Manahan; in 1843, beginning December 4th;
in council, Theopolis La Chappelle; in house,
John H. Manahan; in 184d, beginning January
6th; in council, Wiram Knowlton; in house,
James Fisher; in 1846, beginning January 5th;
in council, Wiram Knowlton; in house, James
Fisher; id 1847, beginning January 4th; in coun-
cil, Benjamin F. Manahan; in house, Joseph W.
Furber; in 1847, October 18th; in council, Benja-
min F. Manahan; in house, Henry Jackson; in
1848, beginning February 7th; in council, Benja-
min F. Manahan; ru house, Henry Jackson.

County officers beginning in St. Croix county
in 1840, under the Wisconsin territorial legisla-
tion, and continuing through the consecutive
years up to 1880. The records being imperfect,
and for some portion of the time lost, this roster
must of necessity be wanting In some parts.

The first election was held September 28th.
1840. Joseph R. Brown, clerk of the board of
county commissioners, register of deeds and
treasurer; Phineas Lawrence, collector; James
S. Norris, coroner; Philander Prescott, road
supervisor; John Bush, Orange Walker and
Joseph W. Furber, assessors ; Joseph B. Brown,
Hazen Mooers and Samuel Burkleo, county com-
missioners.

1 841 . Joseph R. Brown, clerk of board, register
of deeds and treasurer; John Bush, constable ;
Phineas Lawrence, Jr., collector; Joshua L. Tay-
lor, James R. Clewet and James S. Norris, road
supervisors ; Joseph W. Furber, John Bush and
Samuel F. Brown, assessors ; Hazen Mooers,

Samuel Burkleo, and J. R. Brown, county com-
missioners.

1842. Joseph R. Brown, clerk of board, and
register of deeds; D. Hopkins, treasurer; John
Bush, constable; Samuel F. Brown, collector;
Joseph Haskell, surveyor; David Hone, coroner;
T. F. Randolph and N. H. Crosby, road super-
visors; S. F. Brown, W. B. Brown and T. S.
Davis, assessors ; Philander Prescott, Joseph
Haskell and Philip Aldrich, county commis-
sioners.

1843. William Holcombe, clerk of board, and,
register of deeds; James S. Norris, treasurer;
constables were elected, one for each precinct;
Philip Aldrich, collector; Christopher Carli, sur-
veyor; Elijah A. Bissell, coroner; James S. Davis,
and Henry Jackson, road supervisors; David
Hone, Elijah A. Bissell, N. H. Crosby and John
E. Mower, assessors; Philip Aldrich, James W.
Furber and William R. Brown, comity commis-
sioners.

1844. William Holcombe, clerk of the board,
and register of deeds; James S. Norris, treasurer;
James S. Davis, constable; Philip Aldrich, col-
lector; David Hone and Elijah A. Bissel, assess-
ors; Joseph W. Furber, chairman William
R. Brown and Philip Aldrich, comity commis-
sioners.

1845. The records for this year are not to be
found, hence no list of officers can be produced.

1846. William Holcombe, clerk of board and
register of deeds; Socrates Nelson, treasurer;
James Fisher, sheriff; David Hone, collector;
Joseph W. Furber, surveyor; Robert Kenedy,
coroner; Benjamin F. Otis, David Hone and Wm-
H. Nobles, assessors; Orange Walker, Socrates
Nelson and H. E. White, county commissioners.

1847. William E. Watson, clerk of board and
register of deeds; Socrates Nelson, treasurer;
John Morgan, sherifE; David Hone, collector;
Harvey Wilson, surveyor; Philip Aldrich, coro-
ner; James Hale, fence viewer; William O. Ma-
honey, Anson Northrup and William B. Dibble,
road supervisors; Socrates Nelson, Harman Cran-
dall and J. R. Irvin, county commissioners.

At a special meeting of the board of commis-
sioners the office of prosecuting attorney was
created, and Mortimer S, Wilkinson was elected
to the office.

1848. No records to be found at Stillwater.

OFFICIAL BOSTEE.

ass

Officers of Washington county, territory of
Minnesota, for 1849: John S. Proctor, clerk and
register of deeds; Socrates Nelson, treasurer; Jesse
Taylor, sheriff; Hai-vey Wilson, surveyor, clerk of
district court and judge of probate; William
Willim, coroner; Mortimer S. Wilkinson, prose-
cuting attorney; William H. Johnson, Mahlon
Black and Benjamin P. Otis, road supervisors;
Asa Parker, Calvin Leach and Harvey D. White,
assessors; John McKusick, Hiram Berkey, and
Joseph Haskell, county commissioners.

1850. John S. Proctor, clerk and register of
deeds; Augustus S. Parker, treasurer; Jesse Tay-
lor, sheriff; Harvey Wilson, surveyor, clerk of
district court and judge of probate; William
Willim, coroixer; John Truax, Mathew Taisey and
Asa S. Parker, road supervisors; James Moorl,
John Atkinson and Mahlon Black, assessors; Jo-
seph W. Furber, John McKusick and Hiram
Berkey, county commissioners.

1851. John S. Proctor, county clerk and reg-
ister of deeds; John Morgan, treasurer; William
C. Penney, sheriff; Aquilla D. Greeley, surveyor;
Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; Jonathan
E. McKusick, Judge of probate; Theodore Par-
ker, prosecuting attorney; Harley Curtis, coroner;
Horace K. McKinstry, M. Welshous and James
S. Davis, road supervisors; John E. Mower, Jo-
seph W. Purber, county commissioners.

1852. John S. Proctor, clerk and register of
deeds; William Willim, treasurer; William C.
Penney, sheriff; Aquilla D. Greeley, surveyor;
Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court and judge
of probate; Theodore Parker, prosecuting at-
torney; Harley Curtis, coroner; James Jackson,
road supervisor; Henry A. Jackson, Jacob
Mosher and Harvey Walker, assessors; Socrates
Nelson, James S. Norris and John E. Mower^
county commissioners.

1853. . Harley Curtis, clerk, register of deeds
and coroner; William WUlim, treasurer; Asa B.
Green, sheriff; Mahlon Black, surveyor; Harvey
Wilson, clerk of district court and judge of pro-
bate; Gold P. Curtis, prosecuting attorney; Ben-
jamin P. Otis, Samuel Middleton and George
Eenn, road supervisors; A. D. Greeley, W. D.
Johnson and Jacob Mosher, assessors; James
Shearer, county commissioner.

1854. Harley Curtis, clerk, register of deeds
and coroner; W. H. Mower, treasurer; Asa B.

Green, sheriff; Mahlon Black, surveyor; Harvey
Wilson, clerk of district court; William Lowell,

B. P. Otis and Samuel Middleton road super-
visors; Mahlon Black, James B. Green and
William H. Johnson, assessors; John E. Mower,
county commissioner.

1855. John J. Robertson, clerk and register ;
Mahlon Black, treasurer ; W. J. Johnson, sheriff ;
Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; Gold P.
Curtis, judge of probate : J. A. Van Vorhes,
prosecuting attorney; Harley Curtis, coroner; W.
H. Johnson, M. Y. Jackson, J. C. Mason, asses-
sors ; Socrates Nelson, John E. Mower, county
commissioners.

J856. John J. Eobertson, clerk and register of
deeds; H. Kattenburg, treasurer; W. J. John-
son, sheriff ; Mahlon Black, surveyor ; Harvey
Wilson, clerk of district court; A. B. Green, judge
of probate ; J. A. Van Vorhes, prosecuting at-
torney; Harley Curtis, coroner ; J. S. Davis, P.

C. and Joseph Tyler, supervisors ; M. Y. Jack-
son, M. Leavitt and J. J. Eobertson, assessors ;
Francis Oldham, Socrates Nelson, and John E.
Mower, county commissioners.

The files of the Gazette, from -which these
records are taken, contain no report for 1857 and
that for 1858 is quite incomplete.

1858. Hollis E. Murdock, judge of probate ;
Jacob Marty and D. T. Watson, road supervisors;
Wilham Allibone, M. Y. Jackson, and P. E.
Walker, assessors ; Louis Hospes and Francis
Oldham, county commissioners.

From this date officers act under sta' e au-
thority.

1859. Eudolph Lehmicke, auditor; P. A. Has-
kell, treasurer; Thomas J. Ycrks, register of
deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county attorney; M. T.
Tliomas, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of dis-
trict court; Hollis P. Murdock, judge of probate;
William Cove, coroner; J. W. Furber, M. Y.
Jackson, Asa S. Parker, Louis Hospes and John
McKusick, county commissioners.

1860. Eudolph Lehmicke, auditor; F. A. Has-
kell, treasurer; G. M. Stickney, sheriff ; Thomas
J. Yorks, register of deeds ; L. E. Cornman, at-
torney; Mahlon Black, surveyor ; Harvy Wilson,
clerk of the district court ; Hollis E. Murdock,
judge of probate ; W. H. Burt, court commis-
sioner; Edward Fields, coroner; Orange Walker,

324

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

H. A. Jackman, Jolin McKusick M. Y. Jackson
and J. M. Purber, county commissioners.

1861. Rudolpli Lehmicke, auditor; A. H. Lull,
treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; Thiomas J.
Yorks, register of deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county
attorney; A. Van Vorties, surveyor; Harvey Wil-
son, clerk of district court ; H. R. Murdock, judge
of probate; Robert Watson, court commissioner ;
Edward Field, coroner; Orange Walker, D. W.
Armstrong, Robert Watson, John II. Mitchell
and Henry X. Jackman, county commissioners.

1862. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor ; A. C. Lull,
treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; Thomas J.
Yorks, register of deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county
attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wil-
son, clerk of district court; Hollis R. Murdock,
judge of probate; Robert Watson, court commis-
sioner; R. R. Henry, coroner; Orange Walker,
Henry A. Jackman, D. W. Armstrong, Joseph
Haskell and J. H. Mitchell, county commis-
sioners.

1863. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; A. C. Lull,
treasurer; George Davis, sheriff ; J. H. Sawyer,
register of deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county attor-
ney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor and court com-
missioner; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district, court;
H. R. Murdock, judge of probate; P. E. Walker,
coroner; Orange Walker, H. A. Jackman, Joseph
Schupp, L. A. Hunton and Joseph Haskell, coun-
ty commissioners.

1864. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; A. C. Lull,
treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; J. H. Sawyer,
register of deeds; L. R. Cornman, county attor-
ney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor and court com-
missioner; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court;
P. E. Walker, coroner; Beckman Winart, Wil-
liam Willim, Arthur Stephens, H. A. Jackman
and Orange Walker, county commissioners.

1865. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Eol-
som, treasurer; G. M. Seymour, sheriff; J. 11.
Sawyer, register of deeds; J. N. Castle, county
attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor and court
commissioner; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district
court; H. R. Murdock, judge of probate; Ariel
Eldridge, coroner; Orange Walker, Arthur Ste-
phens, Beckman Winart, II. A. Jackman, Wil-
liam Willim, county commissioners.

1866. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol-
som, treasurer; G. M. Seymour, sheriff; M. Y.
Jackson, register of deeds; J. N. Castle, county

attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wil-
son, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge of
probate; L. R. Cornman, court commissioner;
Ariel Eldridge, coroner; Orange Walker, Arthur
Stephens, Beckman Winart, William Willim and
John Parker, county commissioners.

1867. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol-
som, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; M. Y.Jack-
son, register of deeds; William M. McClure,
county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor;
Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G.
Butts; judge of probate; L. R. Cornman, court
commissioner; Patrick Keefe, coroner; William
Willm, Orange Walker, Ambrose Secrest, George
Woodward and E. A. Rutherford, county com-
missioners; James Df McComb, surveyor general
of logs and lumber.

1868. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol-
som, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; M. Y.
Jackson, register of deeds; William McClure,
county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Har-
vey Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts,
judge of probate; L. R. Cornman, court commis-
sioner; Patrick Keefe, coroner; William WiUim,
Ambrose Secrest, E. A. Rutherford, George
Woodward and Asa S. Parker, county commis-
sioners; June 1st, 1869, Elias McKean, commis-
sioner, vice Rutherford resigned; September 4th,
John Anderson, vice McKean decUned.

1869. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol-
som, treasurer; Joseph R. Carli, sheriff; A. M.
Dodd, register of deeds; Isaac Van Vleck, coun-
ty attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey
Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge
of probate; L. R. Cornman, court commissioner;
Harlow Mclntire, coroner; William McKusick,
George Woodward, Asa S. Parker, Stephen L.
Cowen, Isaac L. Carpenter, county commission-
ers; James D. McComb, surveyor general of logs
and lumber.

1870. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol-
som, treasurer; Joseph R. Carli, sheriff; A. M.
Dodd, register of deeds; Isaac Van Vleck, county
attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey
Wilson, clerk of court; E. G. Butts, judge of pro-
bate; L. R. Cornman, court commissioner; Rob-
ert Langley, coroner; William McKusick, James
S. Norris, James Middleton, Stephen Cowen and
Asa S. Parker, county commissioners.

1871. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; Myron

OFFICIAL BOSTEB.

325

Shepard, treasurer; J. R. Carli, sheriff, A. M.
Dodd, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county
attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wil-
son, clerk of court; E. G. Butts, judge of pro-
bate; L. E. Comman, court commissioner; Rob-
ert Langley, coroner; William McKusick, Jesse
H. Soule, Stephen L. Co wen, James Middleton
and J. 8. Norris, county commissioners; February
29th, 1872, Isaac Van Vleck, appointed coroner;
Ivory E. McKxisick, surveyor general of logs and
lumber of the 1st lumber district of Minnesota.

1872. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; Myron Shep-
ard, treasurer; J. R. Carli, sheriff; A. M. Dodd,
register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attor
ney; A. Van Voorhes, surveyor: Harvey Wilson,
clerk of court; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; L.
R. Comman, court commissioner; J. C. Rhodes,
coroner; J. H. Soule, James Middleton, J. S.
Norris, Henry Westing and S. L. Cowen, county
commissioners. May 27th, 1873, Dr. J. C. Rhodes,
commissioner, vice Henry Westing resigned.

1873. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; Myron Shep-
ard, treasurer, J. A. Johnson, sheriff; A. M.
Dodd, register of deeds; Percy B. Smith, county
attorney; Alexander Oldham, surveyor; Harvey
Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge
of probate; L. R. Comman, court commissioner;
J. C. Rhodes, coroner; Jesse H. Soule, S. L.
Cowen, J. C. Rhodes, James Middleton and F. S.
Meilicke, county commissioners.

1874. George Davis, auditor; Myron Shepard,
treasurer; Harvey Wilson, clerk of court; J. A.
Johnson, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds;.
Percy B. Smith, county attorney; Alexander Old-
ham, surveyor; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; A.
H. Comfort, court commissioner; J. C. Rhodes,
coroner; S. L. Cowen, James Middleton, F. S.
Meilicke, J. C. Rhodes and J. H. Soule, county
commissioners.

1875. George Davis, auditor; Myron Shepard,
treasurer; John A. Johnson, sheriff; A. M. Dodd,
register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attor-
ney; James Stewart, surveyor; Harvey Wilson,
clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge of pro-
bate; Charles E. Norgord, court commissioner;
J. C. Rhodes, coroner; J. H. Soule, F. S. Meilicke,
James Middleton, Samuel Mathews and David
Cover, county commissioners; January 4th, 1876,
L. A. Huntoon, commissioner, vice James Mid-

dleton; Z. W. Chase, surveyor-general of logs
and lumber.

1876. George Davis, auditor; Myron Shepard,
treasurer; John A. Johnson, sheriff; A. M. Dodd,
register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attorney;
James Stewart, surveyor; J. J. Shotwell, clerk of
court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of probate;
Charles E. Norgord, court commissioner; W.
II. Pratt, coroner;David Cover, Samuel Mathews,
J. H. Soule, Andrew Peterson, F. S. Meilicke,
county commissioners.

1877. George Davis, auditor; A. K. Doe, treas-
urer; J. A, Johnson, sheriff; W. R. Lehmicke,
register of deeds; L. E. Thompson, county at-
torney; James Stewart, surveyor; C. A. Bennett,
clerk of the court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of
probate; Thomas Leckey, court commissioner;
A. D. Roe, superintendent of public schools; W.
H. Pratt, coroner; David Cover, Samuel Math-
ews, F. S. Meilicke, Hugh Campbell and Andrew
Peterson, county commissioners.

1878. George Davis, auditor; A. K. Doe, treas-
urer; J. A. Johnson, sheriff; W. R. Lehmicke,
register of deeds; L. E. Thompson, county at-
torney; James Stewart, surveyor; C. A. Bennett,
clerk of court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of pro-
bate; Thomas Leckey, court commissioner; A.
D. Roe, superintendent of public schools; W. H.
Pratt, coroner; David Cover, Samuel Mathews,
Hugh Campbell, F. 8. Meilicke, Patrick Day,
county commissioners.

1879. George Davis, auditor; A. K. Doe, treas-
urer; C. P. Holcombe, sheriff; W. R. Lehmicke,
register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attor-
ney; C. A. Bennett, clerk of district court; Ru-
dolph Lehmicke, judge of probate; Thomas
Leckey, court commissioner; A. D. Roe, superin-
tendent of schools; W. H. Pratt, coroner; Daniel
Cover, Hugh Campbell, Samuel Mathews, C. A.
Parker, Frederick Dornfleld, county commission-
ers; Z. W. Chase, surveyor general of logs and
lumber, first district.

1880. James G. Foley, auditor ; A. K. Doe,
treasurer; C. P. Holcombe, sheriff; W. R. Lehm-
icke, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county
attorney; C. A. Bennett, clerk of the district
court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of probate;
Thomas Leckey, court commissioner; A. K. Dos,
superintendent of schools; W. H. Pratt, coronsr;
Hugh Campbell, Samuel Matthews, E. A. Fol-

326

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

som, Frederick Domfield, James Shearer, county
commissioners-, Z. W. Chase, surveyor general
of logs and lumber.

CHAPTER LI.

ELECTION PRECINCTS FIRST COURT LAND

SALE ROADS DIVISION INTO TOWNS

BUILDING OF COURT . HOUSE' EARLY INCI-
DENTS— SCHOOLS — MISSIONS.

In a''cordanee with the act creating St. Croix
county in 1840, an election was held. At the
first meeting of the board, October 5th, 1840,
Joseph R. Brown was chosen clerk. Among the
many acts of the board, was the granting of $30
each to Joseph R. Brown and William Dibble,
for carrying the election returns to Prairie du
Chien. They also deeded to Joseph R. Brown
the tract of land described in his claim, in con-
sideration of $800 paid into the county treasury;
and also purchased from Mr. Brown one-half
acre, for a site for county buildings, to be selected
by the county commissioners in the central part
of the town, when it shall have been laid out.
The board also made a contract with Joseph R.
Brown, to provide the necessary buildings for a
court house, jail and county offices. The board
also granted a license to Philander Prescottto
establish a ferry across the St. Croix river, at or
near its mouth. The ferry was established, and
led to the beginning of the present town of Pres-
cott, Wisconsin.

Mr. Prescott was the first assessor of St. Croix
county, but resigned before the expiration of his
term.

The county commissioners of St. Croix, located
the following election precincts, July 5th, 1841,
and appointed proper judges of election: No. 1,
on Grey Cloud Island, at the house of Ilazen
Mooers; Joseph Haskell and David Hone,
judges. No. 2, at the mouth of St. Croix river,
at the house of Philander Prescott; Oscar Bur-
ress and Mr. Brush, judges. No. 3, at Marine
Mills, at the house of Samuel Burkleo; Asa Par-
ker and T. Harrington, judges. No. 4, at the

Falls of St. Croix, at the house of Joshua L. Tay-
lor; W. Furber and Jesse Taylor, judges. No. 5,
at Pokeguma Lake, at the house of Jeremiah
Russell; E. Myers and M. Ely, judges.

The county was divided into the following as-
sessor's districts: First district, south of a line
running from the lower part of Rush river, to the
mouth of the Kinnickinnic, on St. Croix lake;
thence on a direct line to the mouth of Pine river
on Rum river; thence due west to the western
line of the county. Second district, north of the
above line, and south of a line drawn from the
head of Rush river, to the mouth of Apple river;
thence due north to the county line. The third
district comprised all of the county north of the
above described line.

The Wisconsin legislature passed an act, Janu-
ary, 1846, making Stillwater and St. Paul election
precincts; and also designated Stillwater as the
county seat of St. Croix county, which continued
till the establishing of Washington county by the
first Minnesota territorial legislature in 1849. In
1846, the election precincts were: St. Croix Falls,
Marine Mills, Stillwater, St. Paul and Lake. In
1848, the election precincts were: St. Croix Falls,
Marine Mills, Stillwater, Snake River, Rush
Lake, Rice River, St. Paul, and St. Anthony.
During this year the assessor's districts were
changed, and thus described: First district in-
cluded all of the county lying south of the town-
ship line between townships twenty-eight and
twenty-nine. The second district included all
north of the above line, and south of the correc-
tion line between townships thirty and thirty-one.
The third district included all the county north
of the above named correction line. These as-
sessors districts were also constituted road dis-
tricts in the spring of 1850.

FIRST COURT.

The first term of district court, in the county
of St. Croix, was held at Stillwater, in June, 1847,
Judge Charles Dunn presiding; Joseph R. Brown,
clerk; Franklin Dunn, William Brace and Wiram
Knowlton, attorneys.

This court is said to have been held in the
upper story of John McKusick's store, on the
corner of Main and Myrtle streets. A Chippewa
Indian by name, Notinorodin, (the wind,) was
tried for the murder of Jack Drake. Drake kept

SALES OF LAND.

327

a trading post and sold liquor to the Indians
which, on this occasion led to an altercation and
the shooting of Mr. Drake. After hearing the
evidence, finding that the Indian had been pro-
voked, the judge concluded it was expedient to
acquij him.

At a meeting held this fall for representative
of the district composed of Crawford, St. Croix,
Chippewa and La Pointe counties to the legisla-
ture of Wisconsin, Henry Jackson was chosen.

During these passing years, improvements had
been made, as the number of inhabitants were con-
stantly on the increase. Wisconsin was admitted
as a state with St. Croix Lake and river as its west-
ern boundary, leaving the territory west of that
river without a government. Prior to this date, St.
Croix county had been attached to Crawford
county for judicial purposes, but during this year
was detached and constituted the first district,
with Stillwater as the county seat. In August,
1849, the first term of court in the judicial district
was held by Aaron Goodrich, of the United
States court. Harvey Wilson, of Stillwater, was
appointed clerk of the court.

Parallel with some of the latter events, the
government surveys of land in the St. Croix Val-
ley, and in the vicinity of St. Paul and St. An-
thony had been prosecuted, and on the 14th of
August, 1848, the first sale of land in the valley
was made in the land office at St. Croix Falls,
by virtue of a proclamation of President Polk.
At this sale, twenty-seven whole and fractional
townships or 436,737 acres were offered for sale,
part of which was in Wisconsin; only 3,326 acres
were sold, at $1.25 per acre.

A gentleman present on that memorable occa-
sion, gives the following account. "The land
office for the Chippewa land district was opene.d
by General Samuel Leech, receiver, and Colonel
C. S. Whitney, register at the Palls of St. Croix,
early in August, 1847. The first sale in the dis-
trict commenced on, or about the 15th of August,
1848, and continued for two weeks. At this sale
the first lands were sold, that are now comprised
within the present limits of Minnesota, including
the town sites of Stillwater, St. Paul and St.
Anthony. At this period, there were few set-
tlers within what is now the state of Minnesota,
and they were principally located within and
around the above named places. For the better

accommodation of the people, the convenience
for travel and entertainment being very poor,
those having charge of the land office gave timely
notice of the exact day upon which certain town-
ships, would be offered for sale; so that at no time
were there more than forty or fifty persons pres-
ent. No speculators were in attendance at this
sale, which accounts for the fact that but one
case of opposition in bidding occured during the
whole sale, and that took place between two set-
tlers, who resided somewhere in the neighborhood
of what now is Cottage Grove, in Washington
county. It seems that after having secured their
respective claims, they could not agree upon
which should have a certain eighty acre tract of
timber land lying adjacent to each. The success-
ful bidder paid about ten cents above the min-
nimum price per acre."

Hon. Henry H. Sibley gives the following note:
"At the land sales of the Falls of the St. Croix,
in 1848, when the site of the present city of St.
Paul and the tracts adjacent thereto on the east
side of the Mississippi were exposed to public
sale, I was selected by the actual settlers to bid
off portions of the land for them, and when the
hour for business had arrived, my seat was in-
variably surrounded by a number of men with
huge bludgeons. What was meant by the pro-
ceeding, I could of course only surmise, but I
would not have envied the fate of the individual
who would have ventured to bid against me."
The removal of the land office to Stillwater, from
the Falls of St. Croix, was effected after much
delay and difficulty, as a remonstrance had been
made by the members of the Wisconsin legisla-
ture. The people held a meeting and authorized
one of their number to write to Senator Isaac P.
Walker, to use his influence against its removal
from the state. The difficulty was surmounted
by establishing an additional land district in Wis-
consin, at Willow River; hence on the 1st of
July, 1849, the land office was removed to Still-
water, with A. Van Vorhes, register. It was
subsequently removed to Cambridge, thence to
Sunrise and then to Taylor's Falls, where it re-
mains, with Colonel Owens as receiver. About
this time, through the influence of Hon. H. H.
Sibley, a mail was granted to the people of the
county and valley, by the kindness of the post-
master general.

328

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

For some years the only roads were those af-
forded by nature; but as men began to look out
from a few saw-mill centers and pine forests,
lying above on the head waters of the St. Croix
river, to the hidden wealth of the soil, and began
to cultivate the prairies and find use for the tim-
ber sections, roads were demanded and finally
constructed. The road from Stillwater to St.
Paul doubtless was established by the people from
these places-passing back and forth, on as direct
a route as possible, till in time it became an es-
tablished road recognized by state authority.
This road changed from time to time, taking a
course both feasible and advantageous to the
traveler. It appears that John Morgan built a
house, known as the half-way house on this road,
in the fall of 1849, showing that it was a traveled
road before the building of any authorized roads
on record.

The following was taken from the book of re-
cords found in the auditor's office, and is inserted
as found:

"J. W. Turber was appointed by the commis-
sioners. June 7th, 1841, as commissioner to lay
out and establish a territorial road from Marine
Mills to Gray Cloud Island."

"We have no evidence that this road was estab-
lished. The earliest record we have of any regu-
larly authorized public highway was by authority
of the first territorial legislature of Minnesota.
During the first session a number of territorial
roads were directed to be constructed, the chief
one crossing Washington county.

By act of the legislature B. W. Brunson, Al-
bert Harris and Mahlon Black were appointed to
meet on the 31st of October, 1849, and lay out a
road, from Stillwater in a westerly direction to
White Bear lake ; thence to some point at or
near the mouth of Rum river. This was the first
road authorized by the legislature, and doubtless
the first laid out in the territory according to law.
By an act of the second legislature, John Morgan,
C. 8. Dorr and Joseph W. Marshall, were ap-
pointed to meet February 3d, 1851, and lay out a
road from the village of St. Anthony Falls by the
nearest and most feasible route by John Mor-
gan's tavern, on the road leading from Stillwater
to St. Paul, to the lower ferry on the west side of
Lake St. Croix, opposite the village of Willow
Eiver, Wisconsin.

By authority of the legislature, Joshua L. Tay-
lor, John Rollins, James Meredith, Charles R.
Conway and Joseph L. Benne were appointed to
meet March the 1st, 1853, and lay out a road
from St. Anthony Falls, by way of Chisago lake,
to Taylor's Falls. By special act of March 5th,
1853, Messrs. Charles R. Conway, John A. Ford
and William Altenburgh were made commission-
ers to alter or change a road running from Point
Douglas to St. Paul, to a more practicable route
than the one then traveled.

By special act of the sixth territorial legis-
latiure, Mahlon Black, Isaac Staples and James H.
Spencer were appointed commisioners to meet in
March, 1856, and lay out a road from Stillwater,
by way of Comfort's settlement, to a point on
Snake river.

DIVISION INTO TOWNS.

A board of commissioners was appointed by the
governor to divide the county into townships, by
which the following towns were organized during
the month of May, 1858. This date is taken from
the book of record of county supervisors, but re-
ferring to the history of the townships it appears
that a large portion of them were organized Octo-
ber 20th, 1858. The names of these townships at
the first division were: Vasa, Marine, Stillwater,
Greenfield, Baytown, Lakeland, Oakdale, Afton,
Red Rock, Delhi, Cottage Grove and Newport.
So far as it seemed practicable, the commissioners
retained the old historic names. In the original
dividing of the county into townships, it appears
that township 32, ranges 19, 20 and 21, was
known as Vasa; this was changed by an act of the
board of county commissioners to Otis, June 7th,
1859, and by an act of the same board the year
following, attached to Marine. At the annual
meeting of the board of county commissioners
held September 4th, 1870, the town of Oneka was
was created, comprising congressional township
37, range 21. By an act of the same board,
Marcli nth, 1874, in compliance with a petition
from the citizens of congressional township 32,
range 21, asking to be set off from Marine, a new
town was formed called Forest Lake.

The following subscription was taken for the
purposeof erecting a court house: We,theimder-
signed, agree to pay the amount set opposite our
several names, to be invested in a court house

COUBT HOUSE BUILT.

329

and jail in tbe town of Stillwater, to be built in
accordance with a plan submitted by Jacob Fish-
er, provided the county of St. Croix will pay the
balance of the cost of said building after deduct-
ing $1 ,200, which amount we propose to raise by
the subscription, and pay to the holder of this
paper as may be required for the purpose of the
building.

"Stillwater, December 18th, 1847. JohnMcKu-
sick, 1400; Jacob Fisher, $50; Churchill and
Nelson, $200; M. Holcombe, $50; John H. Brews-
ter, $50; John Morgan, $20; William Cove, $25;
A. Hanes, $25; Jesse Taylor, $25; William Wil-
lim, $25; Christopher Carli, $25; Anson North-
rup, $100; Nelson and McCarty, $15; M. S. Wil-
kinson, $15."

The first deed of which we have any record in
the county, was given by John McKusick to the
village of Stillwater, bearing date December 20th,
1847, by which he deeds to the town a lot for the
purpose of a court house and jail.

The commissioners convened at the above date,
received the deed of Mr. McKusick, located a site
for a court house and jail, and let the contract for
the erection of a specified building to Jacob Fish-
er. This action of the commissioners created
some feeling on the part of the people during the
winter and early spring. In the spring of 1848,
Mr. Fisher began work on the court house ac-
cording to the contract made in December previ-
ous.

After the work had been prosecuted for a short
time, the people presented a petition signed by
289 persons, praying the commissioners to set
aside the contract of building a court house and
jail, until the boundary lines of the territory of
Minnesota shall be established, or till the people
call up the question, which they will do, as soon
as it seems to be feasible. The debate that fol-
lowed the presentation of this petition, was ani-
mating and exciting; citizens, not members of the
board, participating in the discussion. The en-
tire session, extending far into the night, was oc-
cupied in the debate. At the hour of 10 o'clock,
Socrates Nelson, one of the commissioners, with-
drew from the contest, but another member of
the board, we are not informed which of the two
remaining commissioners was so tenacious, con-
tinued the contest for two hours, when this reso-
lution prevailed:

"Resolved, That the progress of building the
court house and jail, under contract to Jacob
Fisher, be suspended until July next, and a notice
served on Jacob Fisher to this effect."

It seems that the work was suspended for a
time, and then pushed forward to a certain stage
of completion; and on the 1st of August, 1849,
was accepted in an unfinished condition by the
board of commissioners of St. Croix county, but
Mr. Fisher did not receive compensation for
said building until the first meeting of the board
of commissioners of Washington county, as the
following preamble and resolution clearly show:

"Whereas; The county of St. Croix on the 1st
day of August, 1849, did receive from Jacob
Fisher the uncompleted building of the court
house in Stillwater, and whereas, the erection of
said building was authorized by the commission-
ers of the county of St. Croix, as per contract on
file, and whereas, the said building has cost, and
is estimated to be worth the sum of $2,366.66,
and, therefore, showing a balance due to Jacob
Fisher, on the aforesaid, from the 1st day of Aug-
ust, of $116.66, it is hereby resolved, by the board
of county commissioners of the county of Wash-
ington, that orders on the treasury of Washing-
ton county be issued, in said Jacob Fisher's fa-
vor for the amount of the above sum, $116.66, to
be paid out of the St. Croix county funds, in full
payment of building at the time of its reception."

This building, located on the corner of Chest-
nut and Fourth streets, quaint in its form of
structure, having four cells in the basement, one
general and two small rooms on the first and only
floor, serving for court room, jury box, etc., was
finally finished. This was the first court house
in the territory, and was the house honored with
the first court held after declaration of the terri-
torial organization by Governor Ramsey. Judge
Goodrich presided at this term of court, second
Monday of August, 1849.

Early incidents. The first county election held
in this country, embracing several counties, was
for the organization of St. Croix county, August
3d, 1840. The first meeting of county commis-
sioners was October 5th, 1840, at which time the
board examined and approved the bond of Joseph
R. Brown as treasurer of the county, when Mr.
Brown was "sworn to the faithful discharge of
the duties of his office, and the support of the

330

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

constitution of the United States." At this
same meeting, the board fixed "the price of
license for selling liquor to be drank in or out of
the house, shall be twenty dollars per annum for
those who seU in quantities not less than one
quart; and the license of taverns is fixed at five
dollars per annum." The same board granted
license to Philander Prescott to establish and
keep a ferry across the St. Croix river, at or near
its confluence with the Mississippi river, leading
to Point Douglas. Commissioners' estimate of
expenses, made July 4th, 1842: "For viewing
and surveying road, $31; payment of county
officers and expenses of county, $186; contingent
expenses, flOO; school-house at Dakota, |65; re-
demption of county orders for 1841 , $100; total
expenses, $482." "The treasurer of Wisconsin
territory was notified that the property assessed
in the county amounted to $68,648.75, on which a
tax of five and one-half mills on the dollar has
been ordered, amounting to $350.07, from which
deduct for collectors' fees five per cent., leaving
$332.56; from which there will be due the terri-
tory for the ensuing year the sum of $16.62J,
leaving for county purposes the sum of $316. 93J.
Signed by Joseph R. Brown, clerk; Hazen Mooers
[seal], and Samuel Burkleo [seal], county com-
missioners." "November 6th, 1843, William
Holcombe granted license to Rev. W. S. Boutwell,
of Pokeguma, to solemnize marriage." We find
on record of same date, the following certificate
of marriage from W. T. Boutwell, "uniting in holy
wedlock John Kinney and Sally Piajig, in con-
formity to the law of the land." The following
is copied from the records: "Certificate of mar-
riage from Rev. J. S. Hurlburt, and license to
marry W. B. Dibble and Eliza McCauslin, re-
ceived and on file in this office, January 1st, 1844."
The next marriage recorded was that of Benja-
min F. Otis and Anna Little Wolf, by Rev. W.
T. Boutwell, January 6th, 1844. The following
is an abstract of the votes polled in the county of
St. Croix on the 6th of April, 1847, for ratifica-
tion or rejection of the constitution adopted at
the convention held at Madison in the fall of
1846, for the formation of a state government;
also for or against equal suffrage of colored per-
sons: For the constitution, 65 votes; against the
constitution, 612 votes; for equal suffrage of
colored persons, 1 vote; against, 126. Another

note of interest, dated July 5th, 1847: "Joseph
R. Brown, clerk of the district court of the United
States, presented a petition for a desk for the use
of his office; petition was granted, providing the
same sliall not exceed $10 in value." "A road
from Stillwater to Marine viewed by J. B. Corey
and Cornelius Lyman, and accepted by the coun-
ty commissioners October 4th, 1847." "An elec-
tion was held March 13th, 1848, for the ratifica-
tion or rejection of the constitution adopted by
the late territorial convention, for the anticipa-
tion of a state government of Wisconsin. Votes
cast in favor of ratification, 17; rejection, 269."
The first deed made and recorded after the land
sale in 1848, in the town of Stillwater, is dated
September 5th, 1848, by which John McKusick
conveys and transfers a certain lot therein de-
scribed, to Andrew Randall, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
This is the first deed recorded after the United
States survey was made, which was completed for
this and several adjacent counties, December
25th, 1847.

SCHOOLS.

Schools connected with mission stations in-
tended for Indians and half-breed children were
the first, and, for a long time, the only schools
in the county; often attended also by the child-
ren of the first settlers. These schools were the
vanguard of the educational movement for the
north-west, and the "open sesame" to the en-
lightenment that followed. These efforts were
followed as soon as settlement began, by local
schools, supported by the new settlers, who blazed
roads with their axes, and promptly built school-
houses as they advanced.

Mission schools for Washington county grew
out of those established at Kaposia, Dakota
county; one, in 1837, by Rev. David King, which
continued but a short time, and tlie boarding
school of Aqios Jones, in lb39, at the same place.
The mission school at lied Rock, under the su-
pervision of tlie Methodist mission, was opened
about 1840, and continued to 1849. Miss J. S.
Williamson taught a Dakota and English school
at Kaposia during 1846-7. The attendance at
these scliools was small, varying from five to
twenty-five. The attainment made by the pupils
was as varied as the attendance. Some never
learned to read, while others made good progress.

SCHOOLS AND MISSIONS.

331

Some of the latter number were sent to graded
schools and became rivals of the whites.

A. daughter of an unassuming gentleman of in-
tegrity, and a settler of Minnesota as early as
1819, is here cited as a case in point. He had
married a Dakota wife, wholly ignorant of
English, who was the mother of the young girl
referred to. In consequence of her receptive,
mind and diligence in study, the daughter was
sent at a proper age to a boarding school of some
celebrity, where she completed the prescribed
course, and returning to her home on the banks
of the Mississippi, became the wife of an intelli-
gent settler. This union has Ijeen blessed and
the bride, now a mother, is training up her little
ones in the fear of God, preparing them to be-
come useful and industrious citizens.

Though much of the labor of missionaries in
the northwest came to naught, because of the lack
of appreciation and receptivity on the part of the
savages, we cannot doubt that enduring results,
worthy of the cost, grew out of these simple mis-
sionary schools.

In the summer of 1849, Miss Judd, now the wife
of A. Eldridge of the city of Stillwater, began a
school in the village of Stillwater ; soon after this
in the summer of 1848, Miss Hosford, now the
wife of H. L. Moss of St. Paul, taught a select
school in Stillwater. J. B. Craig opened a school
at Point Douglas early in January, 1850, and had
about thirty scholars. By referring to the town
histories it will be seen that the organization of
district schools began in 1850, and continued to
increase from year to year, as the influx of popu-
lation demanded, till every town was permanent-
ly organized. Some of the first districts com-
prised a whole township, and were in time divided
into two districts, and then subdivided, and so on
till we come to the present efficient school system.

In 1873 there were fifty-four school districts,
fifty-seven teachers.

Since that date the number of district schools
has not materially increased, and yet the school
system is rapidly attaining a state of perfectness.

Most of the original and unsightly log cabins
and rudely constructed buildings have been sup-
planted by neat and well furnished school-rooms,
combining beauty, comfort and an attraction for
the expanding mind, showing that the " Fathers
do know how to give good gifts to their children."

The interest taken in schools in the county has
proved to be one deep and noble purpose. The
small beginning of 1846, one teacher and nine
pupils, compared with the report of 1880, shows
the growth of thirty-four years; a condition of
school interests and privileges no one can have
imagined possible in so short a period; number of
organized school districts, sixty; number of pupils
in the county, 3,509; 1,100 in the city of Stillwa-
ter, leaving 2,409 in the county outside of the
city of Stillwater; the average wages paid to male
teachers $48 per month; to females $42 per month.
Value of school property in county $144,700.

MISSIONS.

Parallel with the development of the north-
west, the cause of Christianity was both intro-
duced and advanced by earnest men, who love to
do good among the destitute. The first effort to
establish Christianity in this county was probably
made by the Roman Catholic church, and al-
though names and dates cannot be given with
great accuracy, yet it is a well known fact that
almost the entire trade with the Indians for more
fifty years was in the hands of French voyageurs.
It may be doubted by some, and yet circumstan-
tial evidence goes to establish the fact beyond a
doubt, that Dr. Williamson began missionary
movements at Kaposia sometime during the
summer of 1836. The Methodist Episcopal
church established a mission at that place in 1837,
and sent Rev. Alfred Branson to take charge of the
work. Rev. Brunson found a congenial compan-
ion and helping hand in the person of Rev. David
King, who was engaged in a mission school
among the Indians at this same place. After
years of labor and toil in the face of almost in-
surmountable difficulties, this mission was aban-
doned in 1842. The name of this mission was
changed to Red Rock. In many places the name
Red Rock is used, and stands for the old Kapo-
sia mission.

The first missionary sent to this country to
preach the gospel to white settlers only, was Rev.
Mr. Hurlburt of the Methodist Episcopal church.
He came in the fall of 1844 and left in 1845. In
1846 Rev. J. W. Putnam, of the same church,
was appointed to the St. Croix mission, which in-
cluded all the settlements on the Mississippi and
St. Croix rivers above Poiut Douglas. After

332

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

continuing two years, he was succeeded in 1848
by Rev. Benjamin Close. In 1849 Rev. James
Harrington was stationed at Stillwater, but died
in August, 1860, when Rev. L. Nobles took charge.
Rev. Nobles had been stationed at Point Douglas,
and was succeeded in that field by Rev. J. W.
Dow. In the autumn of 1846 the Presbyterian
mission work amongthe Chippewa nation became
more interesting. About this time Little Crow
made application to Dr. Williamson, to come and
live at his village of Kaposia, a few miles below
St. Paul. Rev. Williamson, M. D., accepted the
kind invitation, and soon moved to Kaposia. In
the spring of 1847, the missionary force was in-
creased by the addition of Revs. Gideon H. Pond
and Robert Hopkins. These two missionaries
could speak the Dakota language, and under-
stood the peculiar customs of the Indians. Rev.
G. H. Pond had spsnt, prior to this, thirteen
years among the Indians in this territory.

In the summer of 1848 the strength of this
mission was again increased by the addition of
Rev. Joshua Potter, who was transferred from
the Choctaw mission. In their account of this
work we find a sentiment of this character :
'•Although strong in laborers, and occupying so
many stations, the progress was slow and the
opposition great; the gospel does not seem to
take root here as it did at Lac-ctui-Parle. The
Dakotas desired to have a missionary reside at
their village, because it brought them temporal
advantages in various ways, but they sought not
as yet the higher blessings which the gospel is
designed to bring." These missionary move-
ments led to an early move to establish churches
in Washington county. Rev. W. T. Boutwell
came into the country, under the direction of the
Home Missionary society, in 1846, preaching at
Stillwater, Marine, Cottage Grove and other
points. By ordinary movement, in 1850, Rev.
Mr. Whitney was sent to Stillwater. Rev. E. A.
Greenleaf was appointed missionary at Still-
water by the Protestant Episcopal church in
April, 1846. Bishop Kemper stated that in June,
1848, that the Rev. Greenleaf was the only resi-
dent minister of their denomination in the
county at that date. He had built a house for
his family, which also served as a school-room and
as a place of worship. In the spring of 1847, he
reported that he had preached at the Falls of St.

Croix, Cottage Grove, Prairie Farm and Still-
water. The destruction of his house by a tornado,
almost as soon as it had been finished, so dis-
couraged him that he left the place in the fall of

1848.

The associate missionary for Minnesota Episco-
pals, came to St. Paul, June, 1850. Washington
county was a part of the field they controlled.
This mission was composed of Revs, James L.
Breck, John A. Merrick and Timothy Wilcoxson.
They visited Stillwater, in July, 1850, walking
from St. Paul. On the fourth of July two of
them returned to St. Paul on foot; on the seventh
of the same month Breck and Merrick oflBciated
in Stillwater in the morning, and in Hudson,
Wisconsin, in the afternoon of the same day;
and on the 21st of July they held a service at
Point Douglas, at the house of an old settler by
the name of Jesse Jackson. After this date
services were held occasionally at Stillwater,
Point Douglas, Cottage Grove, Afton and Areola
Mills. St. Paul's parish, of Point Douglas, was
organized on Easter Monday, March 24th, 1856.
In the year 1863, a parish was set off from St.
Paul and Point Douglas, called St. Mary's, of
Basswood Grove ; services were held regularly
until July, 1868, when a church' was built. The
corner stone was laid by Bishop Whipple in June,
1864; but it was not completed and consecrated
until the date given above. The church at Point
Douglas was begun in 1867, and is still unfinished
though comfortable for a house of worship. In
February, 1849, Rev. Mr. Brown was appointed
by the American Baptist Home Mission society,
as missionary, and stationed at Stillwater; he
was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Webber, who came
to Stillwater in the summer of 1850. The church
has failed to establish a permanent organization
in Stillwater. An effort is making at this date,
(April, 1881), to effect an organization.

In the early summer of 1860, hostilities were
renewed between the Dakotas and Chippewas.
A famous war prophet at Red Wing, dreamed
that he ought to collect together a war party.
No sooner did he proclaim his convictions, than a
number of his tribe expressed their willingness
to join his cruel expedition. A small party from
Kaposia joined the band, under the leadership of
a despicable Indian, who had served a term in

COUNTY FAIRS.

333

the guard house at Fort Snelling, the year previ-
ous, for scalping his wife.

After preparing according to the Indian cus-
tom, this band passed up the valley of the St.
Croix. They were on the watch to discover any
line that might lead them to their desired object.
A few miles above Stillwater, the band discovered
the marks of a keg and foot-prints on the snow.
This led them to conclude that a couple of Chip-
pewas had been to some trading place, secured
some whiskey, and were returning to their camp.
They followed the trail to Apple river, some
twenty miles above Stillwater, when they found
a small band of Chippewas, all quartered in one
lodge.

Waiting till the break of day, Wednesday,
April 2d, the Sioux made a sudden attack upon
their unsuspecting victims, stupefied by their
night debauch. The camp numbered fifteen
and all were killed and scalped, except a lad of
about fifteen years of age, who was made a cap-
tive. After mutilating the bodies according to
their custom, they started for Stillwater, which
place they reached on Thursday. This hand was
composed of some sixty warriors. They danced
the scalp dance in front of the Minnesota house,
around the captive boy, making him beat the
drum, in the excitement striking him in the face
with the yet scarcely cold scalps of his relatives.
A gentleman who witnessed the scene says it
was terrible to look upon. The dancers stretched
the scalps over hoops made from thin sticks, use-
ing them as banners while they danced, thus man-
ifesting the cruelty of their nature. An observer
remarked, no man of huraane feeling could look
upon the scene without the conviction of an en-
tire want of compassion on the part of the In-
dians. Some of the older citizens of Stillwater,
doubtless, will remember this, and almost wish
they could blot it from memory, yet it must be
told as one of the outbursts of an uncultured and
savage life.

After the savage orgies ended the captive boy
was ca ried away to Kaposia and adopted by the
chief of the band. Measures were, however,
promptly taken by Governor Ramsey for his re-
lease. Soon after, a conference was held at the
Governor's mansion and the boy delivered up.
On being conducted to the kitchen, where food
was offered him by a son of the governor, since

deceased, he manifested much alarm and wept
bitterly, more frightened amid the kind whites
than when a captive at Kaposia. He was re-
turned in safety to his tribe.

The Washington County Agricultural society
was organized at Cottage Grove in the winter of
1870 and '71, and incorporated the same year.
The first election resulted in the choice of W.
Furber, president ; J. S. Norris, vice-president ;
T. Elwell, secretary; and James Middleton, treas-
urer. Suitable grounds were secured and fitted
up, with fence, buildings, sheds, etc. The society
held its first fair in the fall d'f 1871, with good re-
sults, enabling the association to pay all expenses
of fitting up the grounds, and leaving a surplus
in the hands of the treasurer. Some years prior
to this move an effort was made by Isaac Staples
and several other gentlemen, to organize a society
of similar character, and make Stillwater the
place of its annual meeting, but for want of in-
terest on the part of the people of Stillwater, it
never came to maturity, and must be registered a
failure. These same gentlemen took an interest
in this organization at Cottage Grove, and at the
next annual meeting, the delegates from Still-
water being in the majority, moved that the
next fair be held there. After some discus-
sion this motion prevailed; the city of Still-
water offering the society abonus to hold the next
fair in or near their place. The grounds were
prepared and appropriate buildings erected on
Webster field near the race track. The fair that
fall, 1873, proved a success.

In the spring of 1873, the driving park associa-
tion was organized and secured suitable gounds.
An offer was then made by them to the agricul-
tural society that the two associations unite in
fitting up grounds for joint accommodation. The
offer was accepted and the grounds furnished
with improvements accordingly, the agricultural
society furnishing lumber and the driving park
association providing labor. The grounds are
known as the Webster grounds and are furnished
with all necessary appliances.

The terms of agreement gave the driving park
association control of the race course with the
proceeds of sales of seats in the ampitheatre, and
a portion of the entrance fees.

The next fair in the fall of 1874, proved a
financial success, enabling the treasurer to meet

334

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

all expenses, and leaving a surplus in the treas-
ury. In the spring of 1875, there was some dis-
agreement between the two associations in regard
to the amount charged by the driving park asso-
ciation. After some discussion between these
bodies, the driving park association decided that
they could not rent their grounds to any other
association, on account of rules laid down by the
National Driving Park Association, by -which
this association was governed. This led to a di-
vision of interests, and the agricultural associa-
tion began to look for a new and convenient lo-
cation where they could erect suitable buildings
for the next fair. The St. Paul, Stillwater and
Taylor's Falls Railway Company made the asso-
ciation an offer of the free use of grounds, lo-
cated between their tracks and the north end of
Lake Elmo, with free transportation of all mate-
rial for fitting up the grounds. This proposition
was accepted, and the grounds properly fitted up
during the summer at great expense, with race
course, halls, etc. Some attractive features were
added that. same fall, as rowing on the lake, ball
and rifle clubs; these, with convenient access to'
the new location, conibined to make the fair in
the fall of 1875, a grand success, in attendance
and display; but the expense of fitting up a race-
course, erecting an entirely new set of buildings,
fence, and all that pertains to a complete fair
ground, was so large, that after deducting the
receipts from the outlay, there still remained an
indebtedness of 51,400 against the society. This
did not discourage the managers, for they looked
forward to the next annual fair with fond expec-
tation of canceling the indebtness. But these
hopes, like the summer rose nipped in early au-
tumn, were doomed to sudden destruction. In the
month of June, 1877, a cyclone visited this part
of the country, destroying the buildings, sheds
and fences. It is said the large hall was picked
by the current of air, carried up about one hun-
dred feet, turned over, and then dashed to the
ground with great violence, a perfect wreck.

The hotel belonging to tlie railroad company
was thrown over and nearly destroyed. The
depot building was taken up, twisted in pieces,
and scattered for some distance in the path of
the cyclone. It is said that portions of the din-
ing hall were never found, while pieces were
picked up several miles from the fair-ground.

So complete was the destruction that the society
could realize but |80 for what remained of a
once well-furnished fair-ground. Immediately
after this mishap the officers of the society
effected a union with the driving park association,
which during the year had changed officers. The
fair was held for the two following years under
this arrangement; but from unforeseen causes,
proved unsuccessful, when the enterprise was
abandoned. The following officers assumed the
debt, paying the amount of $200 each: William
Fowler, J. H. Grain, E. M. Cox, Newton McKu-
sick, J. W. Wheeler, George Kern, James Mid-
dleton and W. H. Getchell. The next year no
fair was held in the county, and now, in the early
part of 1881, an effort is making to reorganize
the defunct society.

COUNTY POOR FARM.

The county poor-house is located on a farm of
207 acres, about five miles north of the city
of Stillwater. It is in township 30, range 20,
sections 5 and 6; eighty-seven acres being in
section 5, and one hundred and twenty acres in
section 6. It was purchased by the county,
through Harvey Wilson, the clerk of the county
court.' Here the poor share the bounty, a benefi-
cent hand is pleased to bestow upon the county.
The county has erected a comfortable two-story
frame building, affording all the necessary com-
forts for those who are in any way constrained
to make this their home. It has two barns fur-
nishing ample convenience for stock and grain.

The stump-tail currency. During a few years
before Minnesota became a state, the financial
condition of the country was anything but pro-
pitious. The terrible financial commotion of
these years had prostrated all business, destroyed
the real value of property, and undermined confi-
dence in men and business pursuits, so that the am-
bition which had overcome the obstacles of a new
country, was well-nigh crushed. The years slowly
passed, leaving sad recollections of early hopes in
many a once happy home. The harvest of 1858
was good for this county, and yet a large amount
or bread-stuff was imported. The year following
this depression must, of necessity, be more op-
pressive. A sad state of things followed. Many
were not able to pay taxes, to say nothing of con-
tracted debts and any desire to secure more com-

BAILROADS.

335

modious and convenient homes. The price of
labor had so depreciated, that when one had been
fortunate enough to obtain employment, the com-
pensation was not sufficient to secure the necessi-
ties for an ordinary family. To still further
increase the suffering, already great, the scrip of
the county and of the state was at a discount;
while that of other states, especially of Illinois
and Wisconsin , was almost worthless. Discounts
of forty and fifty per cent, were common on all
except banks secured by state laws.

During 1859 the financial condition of the
county grew worse. The circulating medium of
the county and state was almost unknown. Many
could not avoid failure, even with a farm almost
free from incumbrance, or engaged in business
in the best possible form. Property had depreci-
ated at least one-half, business pursuits so
thwarted, that any article of merchandise must
be disposed of at great sacrifice. This dark
cloud began to break in 1860, by the introduction
of a solar influence, affording a bounteous har-
vest; but for want of a circulating medium, the
heavy lines of gloom still lingered over the coun-
ty. Some one has aptly said, "The severest blow
the North-west has felt came through the agency
of the Illinois and Wisconsin stump-tail currency.
For three years it has been our circulating me-
dium, driving out almost all other currency.
The result is, that nearly all the money in the
Northwest is of this character, and not one note
out of every hundred is worth a continental.
Something must be done soon, and that some-
thing will be the refusal of all Illinois and Wis-
consin currency. Our granaries are filled with
produce, and that produce will soon be demanded
in the eastern markets. If all our dealers would
combine and refuse to sell our grain except for
coin or eastern currency, gold would soon take
the place of the miserable stuff with which the
country is now flooded." This shows the true
condition of the country at this peculiar crisis.

In the city of Stillwater, prompt action was
taken to free the people from the dilemma, by re-
fusing to accept the trash in circulation for
money, and substituting something of a home
character to take its place.

The city authorities and school board combined,
and issued school bonds, calling for five and ten
dollars each, to the amount of several thousand

dollars; these bonds circulated for some time in
place of bank bills, and served a good purpose.
For a, time these bonds were the only citculating
medium in the county, continuing up to the time
that greenbacks were issued by the United States.
This marks one of the darkest periods- in this
county, in financial movements. Many of the
good people of to-day can call to mind scenes of
suffering, far in excess of any picture portrayed
in these pages.

RAILEOADS.

The county is traversed by four railroad lines,
which give it direct communication with the out-
side world and transport its productions and im-
portations. The era of railroad enterprise began
in 1855, by the agitation of a project to construct
a road to be called the St. Croix and Lake Su-
perior railroad. This enterprise was never car-
ried out; the survey of a route ending its exist-
ence. The method in early days was to obtain a
land grant from the state and then secure sub-
scriptions from the population along the proposed
route. This plan placed the inhabitants of a
x;ounty under obligations to the corporation, which
largely counteracted the benefits growing out of
the construction of a road.

The Lake Superior and Mississippi Eailroad
Company obtained a grant of 1,202,712 acres.
Charter was granted May, 1857,' to this company,
the line to run from St. Paul to Duluth. Work
on the original route was commenced in 1864, and
the line was opened for traffic, August, 1870.
Total cost of the road, 17,700,000. In 1877, it
passed into the control of the St. Paul and Du.
luth Eailroad Company, who now operate it.

The Stillwater and St. Paul railroad, incorpo-
rated July 24th, 1867, secured a land grant of
63,858 acres. This hne nms from Stillwater to
White Bear, where it joins the Lake Superior and
Mississippi railroad. It was opened for traffic in
May, 1871.

The St. Paul and Duluth Railroad Company
was organized in June, 1877, and assumed con-
trol of the Lake Superior and Mississippi rail-
road, which it had acquired by purchase through
the United States circuit court the preceding
month. The line connects Stillwater and. White
Bear, and runs north through the towns of Oneka
and Forest Lake.

The Eiver Division of the Chicago, Millwaukee

336

BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

and St. Paul railway passes through the towns
of Newport, Cottage Grove and Denmark. The
line from St. Paul to Hastings was built in 1869,
by the Chicago and St. Paul Eailway Company,
under charter granted to the Minnesota and Pa-
ciiic Eailroad Company in 1857. The present man-
agement obtained control of the line in 1872. The
bridge across the Mississippi at Hastings was con-
structed in 1878, and was the first iron railway
bridge in the state. In respect of cost and work-
manship, it ranked with the important structures
of the North-west. The total length of the river
bridge is 706 feet, and consists of an iron draw
span 300 feet long, two fixed spans each of 150 feet
in length, and a combination span on the north
shore 106 feet in length. The cost of the struc-
ture was 1200,000.

The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Palls
railroad received from the state of Minnesota
44,246 acres of land, the proceeds of the sale of
which was to be applied to the construction of
the above named road. The company was organ-
ized under the general laws of the state, and in-
corporated September 23rd, 1869. The route of
the road defined in the articles of incorporation
is between St. Paul and Taylor's Falls by way of
Stillwater, passing through or near Marine, with
a branch road to Hudson, Wisconsin. Length
of main line from St. Paul to Stillwater is seven-
teen and fifty-four-hundredths miles. Hudson
branch line from Stillwater Junction to Lake St.
Croix three and one-fourth miles. South Still-
water branch line from Stillwater to South
Stillwater, three miles. The first train by this
line reached Stillwater from St. Paul, February
9th, 1872. The capital stock, one million dol-
lars, may be increased at pleasure. The number
of shares of capital stock is ten thousand, of one
hundred dollars each, limit of indebtedness, one
million five hundred thousand dollars. Total
tonnage of this road for the year ending June 30th,
1879, was 32,123 tons. Gross earnings for freight,
$38,089.31; passengers, 129,021.78; express, $1,-
012.74; rents, $42,727.56; total, $110,851.39. The
tonnage of the Stillwater branch of the St. Paul
and Duluth railroad, 59,400 tons. Gross earnings
for 1880, was, freight, $26,742.98; passengers,
$21,086.96; total, $47,829.94. During the winter
of 1880 and 1881, the road passed under the con-

trol of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and
Omaha Eailway Company.

STATISTICS.

Washington county need not be ashamed of
her record, whatever may be said of the finan-
cial condition of things in 1860. A radical change
has taken place, as we learn from the following
figures, showing the amount of real and personal
property returned by the assessors of the various
townships for 1880, giving the value of the lead-
ing items.

In the township of Afton, there was returned
$58,151 of personal property, including 262 horses
and 517 cattle; in Baytown, $21,970 of personal
property, including 115 horses and 323 cattle;
Cottage Grove, $69,850 personal property, includ-
ing 337 horses and 626 cattle; Denmark, $42,071
of personal property, including 287 horses and 560
cattle; Grant, $17,502 of personal property, in-
cluding 116 horses and 274 cattle; Lakeland, $41,-
409 of personal property, including 171 horses
and 415 cattle; Marine, $74,337 of personal prop-
erty, including 200 hundred horses and 900 cat-
tle; Newport, $21,245 of personal property, in-
cluding 74 horses and 230 cattle; Oakdale, $34,-
714 of personal property, including 176 horses
and 465 cattle; Oneka, $12,445 of personal prop-
erty, including 42 horses and 160 cattle; Stillwa-
ter, $32,270 of personal property; including 128
horses and 216 cattle; Woodbury, $49,992 of per-
sonal property, including 291 horses and 632 cat-
tle; Stillwater, (city) $519,149 of personal prop-
erty, including 311 horses and 199 cattle; total
value of horses in the county at $69.84 per head,
$175,083; cattle at $15.60 per head, $84,539; total
valuation of Stillwater, personal, $519,149, of the
county outside of Stillwater, $479,891; total, 999,-
040;total amount of personal property exempt from
taxation, $144,528, leaving $851,572 of taxable
property; and real estate, $2,236,296 in the county,
ij 3,087,808.

From an estimate made in February, 1876, the
following figures are obtained, showing the
amount of church property in the county. Baptist,
$2,925; Catholic, $62,000; Congregational, $8,-
425; Episcopal, $2,500; Lutheran, $19,150; Meth-
odist, $2,000; Presbyterian, $8,500; Universalist,
$5,750; total, $111,125.

STATISTICS.

337

The following figures were gathered by George
B. Wright, real estate dealer of Minneapolis.

"Nothing in romance equals the marvels of
facts. Notice the wonderful growth in twenty-
ty-flve years of the wheat crop in Minnesota."

"The report shows the number of farms under
cultivation, and the number of bushels produced:
In 1850, 157 farms producing 1,400 bushels; in
1860,18,081 farms, producing 2,186,373 bushels ;
in 1870, 46,256 farms, producing 17,680,467 bush-
els; in 1875, 60,000 farms, producing 31,475,000
bushels. From the report of state commissioner
of statistics, for the year 1875, we learn there is
an unoccupied wheat area sufficient for 100,000 to
150,000 new wheat farms of an average size, yet
remaining to be opened and improved in the state.
It is not an ill-founded supposition to say the day
is not far distant when every available acre of till-
able land in the state will be cultivated. When
this shall have been accomplished, there will be
produced 100,000,000 bushels per annum, suffi-
cient to furnish bread for the world. Such a
wheat crop would load one continuous train of
cars 1,900 mUes in length. If it were possible the
locomotive would have passed New York and
Boston and reached a point four hundred miles
beyond, before the last car would have left the
Minneapolis depot."

But startling figures do not obtain alone in
farmers and bushels of wheat, nor yet in dollars,
in Minnesota, but also in the number of its citi-
zens. The population of the state for 1850, was
6,077 ; for 1860, 172,023 ; for 1865, 250,099 ; for
1870, 430,706 ; and for 1880,780,082. For Wash-
ington county the population in 1850 was
1,056; for 1860, 6,123: for 1865, 6,780; for
1870, 11,809; for 1875, 9,994; and for 1880,
19,553. The number of Indians in 1860: Lower
Sioux. 2,700; Upper Sioux ,4 ,500, Chippewas 7,000;
Winnebagoes, 2,800; total number, 17,000. Total
population in 1860: Whites, 172,023; Indians,
17,000; total, 189,023. Since the census of 1860,
in consequence of the disorderly character of the
Sioux they have been wholly removed from the
state. The massacre of 1862 ended their career
in Minnesota.

Washington county is situated on the eastern

border of the state, forming a part of the St. Croix

valley. It is about thirty-eight miles long, with

an average breadth of about eleven miles, con-
22

taining an area of 418 square miles, or 267,520
acres. The southern portion of the county is a
rich rolling prairie. It is justly described as
having a diversified surface; the central por-
tion abounds in small prairies, and oak open-
ings; and the northern portion becomes brok-
en, and some parts intercepted by deep ra-
vines covered with forests. All kinds of timber
known along the Mississippi is found here, except
beach and sycamore. In an earlier day the In-
dians utilized the maple in the production of sugar,
while the cottonwood and butternut were con-
verted into canoes for their comfort and conven-
ience. In modern times the great pineries of the
St. Croix Valley, produce the chief branch of
trade, and form an important source of wealth
for the state. For a full description of the lum-
ber industry, see chapter on the St. Croix Valley.

The climate of this country has elicited enco-
niums from its frequent visitors, although errone-
ous impressions have prevailed at a distance in
consequence of the low range of temperature dur-
ing the winter. The summer days correspond to
those of Philadelphia, while the evenings are cool
and refreshing. Sweltering nights from which
the sleeper awakes exhausted, rather than re-
freshed, are unknown.

In winter the climate is not subject to sudden
and marked changes, and hence winter is no more
trying to the constitution than the summer. The
quantity of snow that falls from year to year
varies much; cloudy days are few; and the night
skies are studded with a glittering array of stars;
the air is dry and bracing; so that from early
morn to late evening, the weak and indisposed
often find the healing balm needed to restore
them to the desired state of vigor and health.

During the coldest weather, the air is remark-
ably quiet; and hence the temperature is much
more tolerable, and even pleasant, than could be
supposed by those who live in the same latitude
on the Atlantic coast, or on the level prairies of
Illinois, subject to the miasmatic influences of so
rich and cereal a district. These statements por-
tray the candid conclusion of a majority of the
people, and hence do not admit of the slightest
doubt, though they may differ radically from the
preconceived opinions of many who may talk
learnedly of climatology.

Minnesota, as a state, stands in the dawning

338

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

day of a propitious future. Tlie unfoldings of a
few years predicate her future greatness. Her
present status, though great, is but the incipient
condition of what doubtless will be a glorious
future. She has no classic grounds, no fields of
Marathon, and no Valley of Idumea within her
borders; nothing pre-historic, save those things
to which the red man pointed as the "Golgo-
tha" of his fathers. Here, on these shores
for many years the smoke of the Indian's
wigwam gracefully curled upward amid nature's
forest trees. On the banks of these beautiful
lakes of limpid water, bordered with heavy bodies
of timber and vast woodlands, which have been
for centuries.

"Alike their birth and burial place.
Their cradle and their grave;"

we see manufficturing interests of all- kinds, and
active, growing towns, educational centers, with
numerous subordinate branches, so that the chil-
dren of rich and poor may enjoy advantages of
education; numerous elegant church edifices with
spires glittering in the beams of the morning sun.
And now, standing in the aurora, forecasting a
brilliant future, we are content with our progress,
and, if we have no triumphal arch to which we
can point with ancestral pride, no golden medals to
recall self-sacrificing heroes and gallant patriots,
yet we have much of interest to those who come
after us. In the future of Minnesota, doubtless
this county will not prove unworthy of the time-
honored name it bears, as the previous record
shows her to have been worthy of it in the past.

CHAPTEE LII.

WAR RECORD OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

The date of the organization of the First Regi-
ment of Volunteers of Minnesota, April, 1801,
will indicate the enthusiasm of the state in re-
sponding to the call of the country for defenders.
April 12th had heard the first gun at Fort Sum-
ter; April 13th had witnessed the surrender of
the fort; April 14th, Abraham Lincoln had issued

his famous proclamation calling for 75,000 three
months men, more than enough, we all felt sure,
to wipe out every vestige of rebellion.

Minnesota, one of the youngest daughters in
the family of states, comes to the front in April,
and organizes her first regiment. Indeed, this
regiment did not furnish places enough for men,
wishing to enlist as privates, to show their patri-
otism. The country was electrified by seeing
this regiment of stalwart men, moving to the front
in June, coming from a state of which many citi-
zens had not even heard, whose record was yet to
be made. This young state was not only quick
to respond to the demand for men , under the en-
thusiasm that pervaded the country during the
earlier stages of the war, but she held out to the
last with her quota, through all the dark days
that followed.

When it was ascertained that 75,000 men would
not accomplish it, successive calls were made —
for 300,000, 300,000 500,000, etc., until, at last, a
grand total of nearly 3,500,000 had been furnished
to do what it was anticipated a handful of men
could accomplish in a few weeks.

Minnesota followed up these successive de-
mands, until the very Indians thought her terri-
tory was nearly depleted of fighting men, and
assailed her unprotected settlers. War was thus
brought to her own doors, in forms more dreadful
than at Antietam or Gettysburg. The records
will show how well the state behaved under the
fiery ordeal of war. It belongs to us only to
transcribe to these pages the roll of honor of the
county, hoping to assist in immortalizing the
names of the patriotic and brave defenders of
our flag. Here they are, rank and file. Honor
them all.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Adjt Adjutant

Art Artillery

Bat Battle or Battalion

Col Colonel

Capt Captain

Corp Corporal

com commissioned

Comsy Commisary

Cav Cavalry

captd captured

destd deserted

disabl disability

FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY.

339

dis '. discharged

inft infantry

M. V. I Minnesota Volunteer Infantry

Lieut Lieutenant

Maj '. Major

mus musician

pro . •. promoted

regt regiment

re-en re-enlisted

res resigned

sergt sergeant

trans transferred

vet veteran

V. K. C . ; Veteran Keserve Corps

wd wounded

FIRST KBGIMBNT INFANTRY.

Originally commanded by Colonel W. A. Gor-
man.

Field and Staff Officers— Geo. N. Morgan, Col-
onel, com. Sept. 26, 1862, pro. from Co. E, res.
May 5, 1863;

JohnN. Chase, Adjutant, com. Oct. 22, 1861,
pro. Capt. Co. H, Sept. 26, 1862, dis. with Eegt.
May 4; 1864.

Charles "W. Le Boutillier, Asst. Surgeon, com.
April 29, 1861, trans, to Minnesota Skeleton
Eegt.

Rev. Edward D. Neill, Chaplain, com. April
29, 1861, res. July 13, 1862.

John W. Pride, Sergt. Major, com. March 5,
1864, pro. from Co. E. dis. with regt. May 4,
1864.

Company B, First Infantry, was raised in
"Washington county by Captain C. A. Bromley,
and under the call of President Lincoln for 75,000
volunteers for three months' service, were mus-
tered in April 29th, 1861, at Port Snelling.

The war department refusing to receive them
for three months, it become necessary to re-enlist
for three years; the company consisted of upwards
of one hundred men. They were first ordered to
Port Ridgely, to relieve the regulars stationed at
that point, and remained there till June, when
they returned to Port Snelling on the steamer
Northern Belle, exciting universal admiration for
their soldierly appearance. Uniting with their
regiment at the fort, they left for Washington,
June 22d; arriving at the latter place, they re-
mained a few days, then went on to Alexandria.

Participated in the battle of Bull Run, which
took place July 21st, at which they received their
baptism of fire, losing several killed and wounded;
they soon after returned to Washington.

In August, 1861, were ordered to Edwards'
Perry, on the upper Potomac, where they re-
mained till the following March. They then took
part in the "Winchester expedition, under General
Banks,but when within sightof "Winchester,turned
and marched back to Alexandria. In April, 1862,
was ordered to the Peninsula, and camped at
Yorktown, where they remained until its evacu-
ation by the rebels. May 7th, 1862, then went up
York river and took part in the battle of "West
Point; thence across the country to Chickahom-
ing river, where the noted "Sumner's Grapevine
Bridge" was built, chiefly by this company; it
proved afterward the salvation of Keyes' corps, at
the battle of Seven Pines, May 30th.

June 1, took part in the battle of Pair Oaks,
and after the battles of Gaine's Mill and Meehan-
icsville, fell back and took part in the battles of
Peach Orchard and Savage Station, on June 29th.
Then crossed White Oak swamp and took part in
the battles of Glendale and Nelson's Parm, on
June 30th, thenje to Malvern Hill, and July 1st,
engaged in that flght. The regiment was then or-
dered to Harrison's Landing, where they were
allowed a month of comparative quiet, but
in August they were again on the march to
Chain Bridge, where they remained one day,
thence by a forced march for the second battle of
Bull Run. Arriving at Centerville, they remained
over night, and the next morning moved out on
a re connoisance, thence back to Centreville and
from there to Patrfax Court House.

Here they were ordered to retreat towards
Washington, and occupied the unenviable posi-
tion of rear guard on the Vienna road during the
retreat. Arriving in Washington, they laid in
Tannerly Town a few days, when they were or-
dered to Frederick City, and thence across the
country, and took part in the battle of South
Mountain; thence on to Antietam, and were en-
gaged in the battle at that place, September 17th,
in which the company suffered quite severely.
Laid on the field of battle several days after the
fight; then moved down to Harper's Ferry where
they laid in camp a few weeks. The next move
was up the London valley, and encamped at Fal-

340

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

mouth till December 13th, when they were en-
gaged in the first battle of Fredericksburg, where
they were under artillery fire all day. After the
battle they returned to their old quarters at Fal-
mouth where they remained all winter. In May,
1863, they crossed the river, and under General
Sedgwick assisted in the capture of Fredericks^
burg. May 3d, and held it till Hooker's defeat,
when they were compelled to abandon the con-
quest and recross the river, encamping directly
opposite Fredericksburg. There they remained
till June, when they took up the line of march
through Virginia, via Stafford Court House,
Opequan creek and CentreviUe, crossing the river
at Edward's Ferry to Frederick City, thence by a
forced march of thirty-flve miles to Union Town
and from there to Gettysburg, where on the even-
ing of July 2d they were engaged in the battle.
Of the one hundred strong and stout-hearted
sons of Washington county who bade farewell
to home and friends at the head of Lake St.
Croix on that April morning over two years be-
fore, by reason of sickness, shot and shell only
thirty-flve answered to the roll-call on the eve of
that battle, and of these, twenty-two of the bravest
were laid low during the first fifteen minutes.
On the next day the little remnant of this com-
pany was engaged in the famous charge of
■ Pickett, of Longstreet's corps, and at the close of
the fight but one sergeant, twd corporals and
three privates were fit for duty. But those
slightly wounded fell in with their comrades in
pursuit of the retreating Lee. They were then
ordered to New York city to assist in quelling
the draft riots, and afterwards took part in Gen.
Meade's "Mine River Campaign," and from
thence to Washington, and on the way were en-
gaged ni the battle of Bristow Station. Re-
mained in Washington till February, 1864, when
the surviving few, on account of patriotism and
courage, were given a banquet and reception and
sent to Fort Snelling to be mustered out, which
was done May 6th, 1864.

Queers— Carlisle A. Bromley, Capt., en. April
29, '61, res. July 15, '61. Mark W. Downie, 1st
Lieut, en. April 29, pro. Capt. July 16, '61, Maj.
May 6, '63, dis. with regt. May 5, 64. Miner T.
Thomas, 2d Lieut, en. April 29, pro. 1st Lieut.
Col. of 4th M. I. Oct. 18, '64, and afterward Col.
of the 8th. Louis MuUer, 1st sergt. en. April 29,

pro. 2d and 1st Lieut. Capt. of Company E.;
killed July 2, '63 at Gettysburg. Thomas Sin-
clair, sergt. en. May 18, pro. 2d and 1st Lieut.,
Capt.; dis. >ith regt. May 5, '64. Willliam M.
May, sergt. en. April 29, pro. 1st sergt., 2d and
1st Lieut, and dis. with regt. Alonzo A. Capron
sergt. en. April 29, absent, sick on dis. of regt.
Zebula A. Binns, en. April 29,dis. for disab. Chas.
M. Lockwood, Corp., en. April 29,pro. sergt.; dis.
for pro. Aug. 28, '62. William 8. Pierson, Corp.,
en. April 29, died of wounds received at first bat-
tle of Bull Run while a prisoner at Richmond.
Adolph L. Richard, Corp. en. April 29, dis. for
pro. Aug. 21, '61. David Lord, Corp. en. April
29, pro. sergt. and 1st sergt. dis. with regt. Geo.
A. Oliver, en. April 26, pro. sergt. and 1st sergt.,
dis. with regt. Ralph W. Smith. Corp. en. April
29, dis. for disabl. Aug. 14, '62. Henry C. Van
Vorhes, Corp. en April 29, dis. for disabl. Aug.
14, '62. Samuel Bloomer, Corp., en. April 29,
pro. Color-Sergt. and took the colors at Savage
Station, lost a leg at Antietam, dis. for disabl.
Dec. 6, '62. Frederick Stimeman, mus., en. April
29; no record. Andrew Connolly, mus., en. May
17, '61 , dis. with regt. Lorenzo D. Allen, wagon-
er, of Taylor's Falls, en. May 20; no record.

Privates— John Anderson, en. AprU 29, dis.
with regt. George Arnold, en. AprU 29, dis. with
regt. Frederick Beruds, en. April 29, dis. with
regt. R. G. Blanchard, en. AprU 29, pro. Corp..
dis. with regt. Daniel G. Boswell, en. AprU
29, dis, for promotion August 31, 1862. Thomas
Brown, en. April 29, dis. for disab. August 4,

1862. Albert Caplazi, en. April 29, dis. with
regt. James Cleary, en. April 29, dis. with regt.
Oscar L. Cornman, en. April 29, pro. Corp.,
killed September 17, 1862, at the battle of Antie-
tam. Louis Cothoman, en. May 20, absent, sick,
on dis. of regt. Frederick Crowe, en. May 20,
pro. Corp. sergt., dis. with company. John M.
Darms, en. April 29, dis. for disab. February 8,

1863. William Durich, en. April 29, dis. per
order October 13, 1861. August Dittmer, en.
April 29, dis. per order August 9, 1861. Charles
I. Dotts, en. April 29, pro. Corp., dis. with regt.
John N. Darms, en. April 29, dis. with regt.
John D. Densmore," en. May 22, pro. corp. and
sergt., carried colors at Gettysburg, and received
seven wounds; dis. with regt. Moritz Erhard,
en. April 29, wd. at Gettysburg; absent, sick, on

FIBST BEGIMENT INFANTRY.

341

dis. of company. Adam Eppenberger, en. April
29, dis. for disab. August, 1862. Peter Everson,
en. May 20, wd., absent on dis. of company.
Henry C. Frencli, en. April 29, dis. for disab. No-
vember 19, 1861. Noah Foreman, en. April 29,
dis. for disab. January 8, 1862. Patrick Fallahee,
en. April 29, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. John E.
Goundry, en. April 29, killed September 17, 1862,
at battle of Antietam. John E. Goff, en. April
29, dis. with regt. Gustave A. Granstrand, en.
April 29, dis. for disab. Charles H. Gove. en.
April 29, died July 30, 1863, of wounds received
at Gettysburg. Emil Graff, en. April 29, absent
sick on dis. of regt. Henry Goodman, en. May
20, dis. with regt. Jacob Gruseman, en. May
20, dis. for disab. February 9, 1863. Mar-
tin J. Henry, en. April 29, dis. with regt.
May 5, 1864. Peter Hall, en. April 29, dis.
with regt. Edwin E. Herrin, en. April 29. dis.
for disabl. Jan. 29, 1863. George Hooker, en.
April 29, dis. with regt. Nicholas Hebenstreit.
en. April 29, trans, to invalid corps Nov. 18,
1863. Charles Hammond, en. April 29, dis. with
regt. James Harvey, en. April 29, dis. for dis-
abl. July, 1862. Adolphus C. Hospes, en. May
20, pro. Corp., taken prisoner at Antietam.
dis. with regt. Swen Johnson, en. April 29,
dis. for disabl. December 14, 1862. David
Johnson, en. April 29, «dis. for disabl. Sep-
tember 27, 1863. Samuel Johnson, en. April
29, dis for disabl. Nov. 17, 1861. Henry W.
Krone, en. April 29, dis. William Kelley, en.
April 29, dis. with regt. Thomas Klazi, en. April
29, dis. for disabl. Sept. 26, 1862. John Kunzel-
man, en. May 20, dis. for disabl. Aug., 1862.
Augustus Koenig, en. May 20, killed July 2, 1863,
in- the battle of Gettysburg. Jacob Marty, Jr.,
en. April 29, pro. comsy. sergt., trans, to non.
com. staff Aug. 5, 1861. John S. May, en.
April 20, dis. in Aug., 1864. George C. McNeil,
en. April 29, dis. for disabl. April 30, 1863. Adam
Marty, en. April 29, wd. at -Gettysburg, dis. with
regt. William A. Morgan, en. April 29, dis.
with regt. Freeman L. McKusick, en. May 26,
dis. with regt. William J. Myers, en. April 29,
trans, to signal corps. Fredolin Marty, en. May
20, absent sick on dis. of regt. Almond C. Mc-
Laughlin, en. May 23, dis. for disabl. Fieb. 16,
1863. Harlow Mclntyre, en. May 23, dis. for
disabl. Jan. 7, 1863. Samuel B. Nickerson, en.

April 29, pro. sergt., killed July 2, 1863, at Gettys-
burg. Erie Nystedt, en. April 29, dis. with regt.
Charles L. Nelson, en. May 20, dis per order Aug.
2, 1861. Hocken Olson, en. April 29, dis. fordis-
abl. Nov. 8, 1861. Joseph Older, en. April 29,
died of disease April 23, 1862. Andrew Peter-
son, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. Nov. 24, 1861.
Andrew P. Quist, en. April 29, dis. with regt.
Ebenezer B. Eobinson, en. April 29, trans, to in-
valid corps for wounds received at Fredericks-
burg, Dec. 13, 1862. Charles F. Ricketts, en. May
20, dis. for disabl. Aug. 14, 1862. Charles F.
Rowley, en. May 20, died Dec. 8, 1862, at Wash-
ington, D. C. John B. Stevens, en. April 29, pro.
Corp., dis. in 1864. John P. Schoenbeck, en.
April 29, wd. at Gettysburg, absent on dis.
of regt. William F. Schroeder, en. April 29,
dis. for disabl. January 7, 1863. Henry C.
Seaman, en. April 29, deserted 1862. Lafayette
W. Snow, en. April 29, r.e-en.; trans, to First
Minn. Bat. Frederick Steinacker, en. April 29,
dis. per order Jan. 14, 1863. Edward A. Stevens,
en. April 29, dis. per order Jan. 3, 1863. John
M. Sawtell, en. May 23, trans, to U. S. Light Ar-
tillery, July 16, 1862. Charles A. Staples, en.
May 23, deserted Dec. 10, 1861, from Camp Stone,
Maryland. Ole Thompson, en. April 29, died
Aug. 14, 1863, of wounds received at Gettysburg.
Charles G. Tanner, en. April 29, dis. for disabl.
Sept. 26, 1862. Joseph A. Tanner, en. May 23,
absent sick on dis. of regt. Oscar Von Kuster,
en. April 29, dis. for disabl. Dec. 19, 1861. Charles
Valentine, en. May 23, dis. Sept. 8, by wound.
Joseph Walsh, en. April 29, re-en.; trans, to First
Bat. Edwin Wells, en. April 29, hospital. Provi-
dence, Rhode Island.

i?ecrm"fs— William F. Bates, killed, July 2, '63,
at Gettysburg. Bartholomew Carigel, trans, from
Company I. Albert S. Davis, trans, to Non.
Com. Staff, October 7, '63. Andrew Johnson, dis.
for disabl. April 30, '63. Frank J. Mead, dis. for
disabl., December, '62. Albert Pooler, en. Feb-
ruary 21, '62, dis. for disabl., February 25, '63.
Myron Shepard, en. July 11, '61, pro. Sergt., dis.
for pro.

COMPANY C,

of the First Minn. Vol. Inf. was mustered into
the U. S. service ^pril 29, '61; the names of the
members of this company from Washington coun-
ty appear in the following list.

342

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Privates— Michael Bleaser, en. May 23, '61,dis.
for disabl., October 6, '62. Benjamin F. Finical,
en. May 22, '61, dis. with regt. Daniel M. Rob-
ertson, en. May 22, '61. wd. and left on the field
at Bull Eun. Isaac Staats, en. May 22, '61, de-
serted while absent sick.

RETURN RECEPTION.

On the return of Company B, April 25th, 1864,
a committee of ladies was appointed to make ar-
rangements for a fitting reception. ' It was a cold
day, but a large number of citizens responded to
the call. The company was met at the city
limits by the mayor and common council, and a
large concourse of citizens. Upon arrival at the
Myrtle street church the company was hailed by
three times three by the crowd, composed of al-
most every inhabitant of Stillwater and adjacent
country. Applause greeted them at almost every
step.

A triumphal arch was erected across Main
street at the foot of Chestnut, and beautifully
decorated with flags and evergreens, and bearing
the names of twenty-one hard fought battles in
which these brave men had won glory for them-
selves and the state of their adoption.

As the veterans passed through the arch, the
shout of the assembled people swelled to its ut-
most volume, bearing accents of true loyalty; but
the most hearty welcome, that which best com-
pensated for the hardships and privations of a
soldier's life, was witnessed at the St. Croix
house, where the ladies of the city had prepared
a sumptuous repast. All arms being disposed of
and breaking ranks, the soldiers mingled with
their relatives and more immediate acquaintances.

The dining room of the hotel was nicely deco-
rated with wreaths of evergreen and with the
names of battles in which the First and Second
regiments had participated. Thirteen girls, taste-
fully adorned with stripes and stars, and repre-
senting the thirteen original states, acted as
waiters. The tables were decorated with two
magnificent pyramids prepared by Mrs. Governor
Holcombe and Mrs. Captain A. J. Van Vorhes,
bearing the mottoes: "The Minnesota First, the
Bravest of the Brave." "Welcome Home." "In
Memory of the Honored Dead of Company B."

SECOND REGIMENT INFANTRY,

originally commanded by Col. Horatio P. Van

Cleve, was organized July, 1861. Ordered to
Louisville, Kentucky, in October of the same
year, and assigned to the army of the Ohio. They
engaged in the following marches, battles, skir-
mishes and sieges: Mill Spring, Jan. 19, 1862;
siege of Corinth, April, 1862, after which they
were transferred to the army of the Tennessee ;
they then engaged in Bragg's raid, Perryville,
Oct. 8, 1862 ; skirmishes of the Tullahoma cam-
paign, Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863, Mis-
sion Eidge, Nov. 25, 1863. Veteranized in Janu-
ary, 1864, and were afterwards engaged in the
following battles and skirmishes of the Atlanta
campaign: Eesaca, June 14, 15 and 16,1864;
Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864 ; Jonesboro ;
Sherman's march through Georgia and the Caro-
linas ; Bentonville, March 19, 1865. Discharged
at Fort Snelling, July 11, 1865.

We give below a record of the soldiers from
Washington county, who followed the fortunes
of this regiment.

COMPANY A.

Privates — Henry B. Bush, en. March 21, '65 as
a substitute for William Chalmers, dis. with regt.
John G. Ward, en, March 9, '65, dis. with regt.
Noble E. Wilson, en. March 22, '65, dis. with
regt.

COIJPANY C.

Privates — Marquis L. Bickford,en. April 3, '65,
dis. with regt. July 11, '65. David Champeaux,
en. March 9, '65, dis. with regt. Michael Eagan,
en.' April 10, '65, dis. with regt. Edwin E. Her-
ring, en. April 3, '65, dis. from hospital July 27,
1865.

COMPANY D.

Privates — Nels Hockerson, en. March 25, '65,
dis. with regt. John N. Johnson, en. March 17,
'65, dis. with regt. Videll Matson, en. March 17,
'6o, dis. with regt.

COMPANY F.

Enrolled and mustered in July 8, 1861 .
Officers — D. B. Loomis, 1st Lieut., pro. Capt.,res.
November 4, '64. George W. Wallace, Sergt.,
wounded at Chickamauga, prisoner nine months,
dis. in June, '64. Paul Caroeizel, Sergt., died of
wounds at Chattanooga, October 22, '63. John
N. Anderson, Corp., dest. from Louisville, Sep-
tember 28, '62. Michael B. Madden, Corp. died

THIBD BEGIMENT INFANTRY.

343

at Nashville, April 3, '62. Spencer E. Levicount,
Corp., re-en. December 29, '63, pro. 2d and 1st
Lieut., dis. with regt.

Prwaies— Andrew J. Burk, destd. July 11, '61.
Michael Dalton, re-en. December, 23, '63, dis.
■with regt. Stephen Hatter, re.en. December 23,
'63, dis. with regt. Teter Johnson, destd. Octo-
ber 14, '62. Edward Keefe, dis. for disabl. Janu-
ary 22, '63. John W. Parker, re-en. December

23, '63, pro. Sergt. and Corp.; dis. with regt.
Henry Walton, destd. from Louisville, in '62.
Lawrence Ward, dis. July 7, '64.

Recruits — Spaulding Whitmore, en. February

24, '64, dis. with regt.

COMPANY G.

Private — Frederick Lamb, en. April 3, 1865,
dis. with regt.

THIRD MINNESOTA INFANTRY.

Originally commanded by Col. Henry C. Lester,
■was organized in October, '61. Ordered to
Nashville, Tennessee, in March, '62. Captured
and paroled at Murfreesboro, July, '62. Ordered
to St. Louis, Missouri; thence to Minnesota where
they were engaged in the Indian expedition of
'62. Participated in the battle of Wood Lake in
September, '62. Ordered to Little Rock, Arkan-
sas, in November, '63. Veteranized in January,
'64. Engaged in the battle of Fitzhugh's Woods
on March 30th, '64. Ordered to Pine BlufE,
Arkansas, in April, '64; thence to Duvall's
Bluff in October, '64, -where they were mustered
out September 2d, '65. Returned to Fort Snell-
ing and discharged.

Here follows a list of the soldiers from Wash-
ington county who engaged in the various cam-
paigns with this regiment.

COMPANY A.

Originally commanded by Captain William W.
Webster, and mustered in October 28, '61.

Private — John C. May, en. June 25, '64; dis.
from hospital in '65.

COMPANY B.

Originally commanded by Chauncey W. Griggs
and mustered in for three years' service, Novem-
ber 7, '61.

Officers — James B. Hoit, 1st Lieut., en. Septem-
ber 26, '61. Pro. Capt., Maj. and Lieut. Col.;
dis. with regt. Jonathan Churchill, 1st Sergt.

en. September 26, '61. Pro. 2d and 1st Lieut.;
res. December 81, '64. John Moulton, Sergt., en,
September 26, '61; dis. for disab. February 28,
'62. Henry A. Durand, Sergt., en. September 26,
'61, re-en. February 2, '64, pro. 2d Lieut, and res.
December 20, '64. Walter Oliver, Corp., en. Sep-
tember 26, '61, dis. November 15, '64. Joseph C.
Brown, Corp., en. September 26, '61, dis. with
regt. Ross Link, Corp., en. September 26, '61,
re-en. in February, '64, pro. Sergt., dis. with regt.
William Welch, Corp., en. September 26, '61, died
at Cottage Grove, Minn., August 18, '63. An-
drew Peterson, Corp., en. September 26, '61, pro.
Sergt., dis. September 25, '64. Joseph Eigle,
Corp., en. September 26. '61, wd. in the bat. of
Wood Lake, dis. for disab. March 18, '63. George
N. Godfrey, mus., en. September 26, '61, re-en.
February 2, '64, dis. with regt.

i'rwates— Charles A. Boyden, en. September
26, re-en. February 2, '64, pro. corp., dis. with
regt. Peter Brunell, en. September 26, re en.
February 2, '64, dis. with regt. Frank BruneU,
en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64, died at
Prairie du Chien, Wis., December 16, '64. Lars
E. Brougen, en. September 26, dis. November 15,
'64. Lewis Colson, en. September 26, re-en.
February 2, '64, dis. with regt. John Colson, en.
October 10, re-en. February 2, '64, dis, with regt.
Linda Cubberson, en. October 14, re-en. February
2, '64, dis. with regt. Milo Church, en. October

11, dis. November 15, '64. Rufus J. Clement, en.
September 25, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. with
regt. Ludwig Else, en. October 12, re-en. Feb-
ruary 2, '64, dis. with regt. John Ehrenberg, en.
September 26, dis. November 15, '64. Giles A.
Fowler, en. September 26, pro. corp., dis. for
disab. March 13, '62. Peter Glass, en. October

12, re-en. February 2, '64, transfd. to V. R. C.
January 15, '65. Ole Hansen, en. September 26,
re-en. February 2, '64, killed at the bat. of Fitz-
hugh's Woods, April 1, '64. Anton Imholt, en.
September 26, deserted January 10, '63. Nathan
Ingham, en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64,
dis. September 2, '65. John Johnson, en. Sep-
tember 26, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. September
2, '65. Thomas Leith, en. September 26, re-en.
February 2, '64, dis. with regt. James Latta, en.
September 26, pro. corp., died at Little Rock,
Ark., January 6, '64. Fred S. Meilicke, en. Sep-
tember 26, pro. Corp., dis. November 18, '64.

344

BISIOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Simon Mayer, en. October 22, re-en. February 2,
'64, dis. with regt. John Ogwc, en. Septem-
ber 26, re-en. February 2, '64, wounded- at
Wood Lake, dis. with regt. James Peter-
son, en. September 26, dis. November 15, '64.
Andrew Patten, en. September 30, deserted March
22, '63. S. D. Reynolds, en. September 26, dis.
November 15, '64. Nicholas Remus, en. Septem-
ber 26, dis. November 15, '64. A. Z. Scofield,
en. September 26, dis. for disab. July 10, '64. J.
W. Scofleld, en. September 26, dis. for disab. July
14, '62. William "Shearer, en. September 26,
killed at the bat. of Fitzhugh Woods April 1, '64.
Franklin Tibbits, en. September 26, dis. Novem-
ber 15, '64. J. D. Welch, en. September 26, re-
en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. James K.
Ward, en. September 26,je-en. February 2, '64,
pro. Corp., dis. with regt.

Becruits— John W. Bixwell, en. October 11,
'61, trans, from Company G, dis. for disabl. May
9, '63. Francis Clegg, en. January 15, '63,
died October 4, '64. Elisha G. Partridge, en.
December 28, '63, dis. for disabl. May 10, '65.
Palmer Sumner, eu. January 4, '64, dis. for dis-
abl. May 22, '65.

COMPANY D,

originally commanded by Capt. Hans Mattson,
and mustered in for three years, November 4,
1861.

Oncers— Olof Leliegrew,;'^Sergt.' en. October
17, '61, pro. 2nd Lieut., died at Pine Bluff, Ark.
September 25, '64.

Prfcafes— Charles Hassler, en. October 17, '61,
pro. Corpl. died at Fort Snelling, September 9,
'62. Charles L. Peterson, en. October 17, '61,
re-en. January 1 , '64, dis with regt.

COMPANY E,

originally commanded by Capt. Clinton Gurnee,
and mustered in for three years, November 7,
1861.

Officers — Myron Putnam, musician, en. October
21, '61, dis. for disabl. July 9, 63.

Pritiates— Simeon Putnam, en. October 21,
'61, dis. for disabl. in September, '62.

COMPANY F,

originally commanded by Capt. John B. Pres-
ton, and mustered in for three years, on Novem-
ber 8, '61.

Officers — Daniel S. Esterbrooks, Corpl. en. Oc-
tober 16, '61, pro. Sergt. re.en. December 30, '63,
dis. by order June 27, '65.

Prirotes— George Barnum. en. October 16, '61,
re-en. December 30, '63, dis. with regt. Peter
Booren, en. October 16, '61, re-en. December 20,
'63, pro. Corpl. dis. with regt. Henry M. Curtis,
en. September 27, '61, dis. for disabl. in July '62,
re-en. September 30, '62, dis. September 2, '65.
Hans Everson, en. September 27. '61, deserted
November 8, '61. Andrew Erickson, en. October
16, 61, re-en. December 20, '63, dis. with regt.
John Johnson, en. October 16, '61, dis. for disabl.
May 9, '63. Philip Miller en. October 16, '61,
dis. November 14, '64.

FOURTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY.

Originally commanded by Col. John B. San-
bom, was organized Dec. 28, '61. Ordered to
Benton barracks, Missouri, April 19, '62, and as-
signed to the army of the Mississippi, May 4, '62.
Participated in the following marches, battles,
sieges and skirmishes: Siege of Corinth, April
'62; luka, Sept. 19, '62; Corinth, Oct. 3 and 4,
'62; siege of Vicksburg, Forty Hills, Raymond,
Jackson, Champion Hills, assault of Vicksburg,
capture of Vicksburg, July 4, '63. Transferred
from 17th to 15th Corps. Mission Ridge, Nov.
25, '63. Veteranized in Jan., '64. Altoona,
July, '64; Sherman's march through Georgia
and the Carolihas, Bentonsville, March 20, '65.
Mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 19, ,
'65. Discharged at Fort Snelling, Miimesota.

COMPANY c.

Originally commanded by Capt. Robert S. Don-
aldson, and mustered in for three years service,
Oct. 7, '61.

Private — John Davis, en. Oct. 5, 1861, dis. Oct.
11, '64.

COMPANY E.

Originally commanded by Capt. Ebenezer Le
Gro, and mustered in for three years, Nov. 27,
'61.

Prii)a(p— Emil A. Berger, en. Oct. 16, '61, dis.
Jan. 1, '62, to accept commission of 1st Lieut, in
2d Company Sharpshooters.

COMPANY G.

Prwaite— George K. Campbell, en. Nov. 20, '61,
pro. Corp.; died Sept. 20, '62, of wounds received
at luka, Mississippi.

FIFTH BEOIMENT INFANTBY.

345

FIFTH EEGIMEKT, INFANTEY.

Originally commanded by Col. Eudolph Bor-
gesrode. This regiment was organized in May,
'62. Ordered to Pittsburg Landing, May 9 , '62.
Detachment of three companies remained in
Minnesota garrisoning frontier posts. Partici-
pated in the following marches, battles, sieges
and skirmishes: Siege of Corinth, April and May,
'62. Detachment in Minnesota engaged with In-
dians at Eedwood, Minnesota, August 18, '62.
Siege of Port Ridgely, August 20, 21 and 22, '62,
and Fort Abercrombie, D. T., August '62. Regi-
ment assigned to 16th Army Corps. Battle of
luka, September 18, '62; Corinth, October 3 and
4, '62; Jackson, May 14, '63; siege of Vicksburg;
assault of Vicksburg, May 22, '63; Mechanics-
burg, June 3, '63; Richmond, June 15, '63; Port
DeRussey, La., March 14, '64. Red river expe-
dition, March, April and May, '64; Lake Chicot,
June 6, '64; Tupelo, June, '64; veteranized in
July, '64; Abbeyville, August 23, '64; marched
in September, '64, from Brownsville, Ark., to
Cape Girardeau, Mo., thence by boat to Jefferson
City, thence to Kansas line, thence to St. Louis,
Mo.; ordered to Nashville, November, '64.
Battles of Nashville, December 15 and 16,
'64; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely in April, '65;
mustered out at Demopolis, Ala., September 6,
'65; discharged at Port Snelling, Minnesota. Be-
low will be found the record of the soldiers from
Washington county that formed a part of this
regiment.

COMPAN^Y D.

Originally commanded by Capt. John Vander
Horck, and mustered in for three years service,
March 15, '62.

Privates — Nicholas Augelsberg, en. December
26, '61, killed in battle at Nashville, December
16, '64. Gideon C. Guernsey, en. December 16,
'61, deserted December 26, '61, at Port Snelling.

COMPAKY K,

originally commanded by Gold T. Curtis.

Officers — Prom Washington county, mustered
in for three years, April 30, 1862. Gold T. Cur-
tis, Capt,, en. January 7, '62, died July 24, '62.
John P. Houston, 1st Lieut., en. January 30, '62,
pro. Capt., Maj. and Col., dis. with regt. Wil-
liam Organ, 2d Lieut., en. January 30, res. July

15, '63, died the same day. Thomas Morgan,
Sergt,, en. January 7, '62, pro, 1st Lieut. March
31, '65. James Mahoney, Sergt., en. February
24, '62, dis. for disabl. March 4, '63. Richard R.
Mahoney, Sergt., en. February 19, '62, re-en. Feb-
ruary 28, '64, dis. with regt. Louis La Rue, Corp.,
en. January 24, '62, died September 15, '62, at
Corinth, Miss. Henry Base, Corp.. en. January
41, '62, pro. pergt., died December 20, of wounds
at Nashville. Thomas Heffermann, Corp.,en.
January 24, '62, dis for disabl. November 28, "12.
Roger Fenton, Corp., en. February 7, '62, dis. on
exp. of term. Henry A. Jones, Corp., en. March
12, '62, pro. Sergt., dis. at exp. of term. William
G. Heustis, Corp., en. April 7, '62, dis. on exp. of
term. William Matthews, mus., en. January 20,
'62, retained in Minnesota by civil authorities
May 13, '62; did not again join the company.
Robert Getchell, wagoner, en. February 26, '62,
taken prisoner at luka. Miss., January 15, '63;
dis. per order.

Privates — James Black, Sen., en. January 24,
'62, destd. May 12, '62, at Port Snelling. James
Black, Jr., en. January 17, '62, retained by civil
authorities in Minnesota, May 13, '62, never heard
from since. William Blackburn, en. January 30,
killed May 12, '62, at the battle of Corinth. Al-
fred H. Bell, en. March 5, '62, trans, to Company
P. March 31, '64. William Carrey, en. January
27, '62, destd. from Port Snelling, May 10, '62.
Joseph Cota, en. February 26, '62, dis. for disabl.
July July 21, '62. Thomas Clark, en. March 21,
'62, deserted from Fort Snelling prior to April 30,
'62; supposed to be dead. John B. Denneby, en.
January 17, killed May 22, '63, at the battle of
Vicksburg. Peter Desputo, en. February 12, '62,
died April 18, '63, at Ducksport, La. James Du-
ron, en. February 12, '62, pro. Corpl.; dis. on exp.
of term. James Durose, en. March 7, '62, no
record. James G. Foley, en. January 24, '62, dis.
for disabl., date unknown. Adam Fausnaught,
en. February 26, '62, died July 27, '63, at Black
river bridge. Miss. John Glenn, en. January 17,
'62, dis. for disabl. January 14, '63. John Geary,
en. January 31, '62, destd. at St. Paul, August 6,
'64, returned to company February 2, '65; dis.
with regt. Jacob Greader, en. January 31, sent
to hospital at Cincinnati, July 29, '62, not heard
from. Daniel Harken, en. January 20, '62, pro.
Corpl.; re-en. February 29, '64, dis. with regt.

346

HISTOBY OF WASHIJ>/GTON COUNTY.

John Keefe, en. January 20, '62, dis. on expira-
tion of term. Alexander Kennedy, en. January
24, '62, deserted March 24, at Fort Snelling.
Conrad Kinick, enlisted Febuary 7, '62, dis.
for disabl. September 4, '63. Jefferson Kinne,
en. February 11, '62, re-en. February 29, '64, dis.
with regt. Jacob Leatherman, en. January 31,
'62, dis. for disabl. February 16, '63. Eustace Le
Garde, en. March 14, '62, died, August 3, '63,
at Camp Sherman, Mississippi. John Leary, en.
March 14, '62, des. May 18, '62, at St. Louis, Mo.
Charles Lied'er, en. April 23, '62, dis. for disabl.
March 16, '63. John McMahon, en. January 13,
'62 di«. fordlsabl. March 4, '63. Perry McLaugh-
lin, en. January 17, '62, dis. for disabl. Novem-
ber 6, '62, caused by gunshot wound. Dennis
Moriarty, en. January 17, '62, drowned in Miss,
r. at Memphis, March 13, '63. Jacob Marty,
en. January 31, '62, dis. for disabl. December 6,
'62. Owen O'Neal, en. January 13, '62, dis. for
disabl. October 24, '62. Patrick O'Grady, en.
January 17, '62; pro. corpl. dis with regt. Cor-
nelius O'Grady, en. January 20, '62, destd. May
18, '62, at St. Louis, Mo. Patrick- O'Leary, en.
February 26, '62, desfd. May 18, '62, at St. Louis,
Mo. John Otto, en. February 26, 62, re-en. Feb-
ruary 29, '64; pro. corpl., dis with regt. Peter
Eattelsberger, en. February 5, '62, dis. for disabl.
August 7,' '62. Theodore B. Eock, en. April 7,
'62, destd. to rebels at Germantown, Tenn., March
9, '63. John Sligher, en, February 5, died July
30, '63, at Camp Sherman, Miss. Michael Sulli-
van, en. February 12, '62, dis. for disabl. July 1,
'63. John Tobin, en. January 7, '62, dropped
from the rolls as a deserter, August, 1862. John
Whitmore, en. January 31, '62, dis. on ex. of
term, January 31st, '65. Alvin Webster, en.
March 5, '62, dis. for disabl. August 1, '62.

SIXTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY.

Originally commanded by Col. William Crooks;
was organized in August, '62. Ordered upon
Indian expedition of '62. Detachment of 200
engaged in battle at Birch Coolie, September 2,
'62. Regiment participated in the battle of
Wood lake, September 22, '62, and was then en-
gaged in garrisoning frontier posts from Novem-
ber, '62, until May, '63, when they were again
ordered upon an Indian expedition. Were en-
gaged with the Indians, July 24, 26 and 28, '63.

Stationed at frontier posts from September 18,
'63, to June 5, '64, when they were ordered to
Helena, Ark. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., No-
vember, '64; then to New Orleans in January,
'65. Assigned to sixteenth army corps. Partic-
ipated in the engagements of Spanish Fort and
Fort Blakely in April, '65. Discharged at Fort
Snelling, August 19, '65.

Following is the record of the soldiers of
Washington county who took part in the cam-
paigns of this regiment.

Richard B. Bull, chaplain, en. October 16, '62,
res. in '64.

COMPANY A,

originally commanded by Capt. Hiram P. Grant,
and mustered in for three years service, October
1, '62.

Privates— Louis Brunell, en. July 25, '62, died
July 24, '64, at White River, Ark. Paul Brunell,
en. July 21, '62, dis. with regt. James S. Leyde,
en. July 24, '62, dis. with regt.

COMPANY c,

originally commanded by Capt. Hiram S. Baily,
and mustered in for three years service, October,
3, '62.

Private — Erwin J. Fish, en. June 13, '62, trans,
to Third Minn. Battery June 15, '63.

COMPANY G,

originally commanded by Capt. Daniel H. Valen-
tine, and mustered in for three years service,
October 1, '62.

Private— Giif&n P. Reynolds, en. August 14,
'62, pro. Corpl. and Sergt.; dis. with regt.

Recruits — William Buck, en. January 4, '64,
dis. for disabl., June 12, '65. Orville Buck, en.
December 28, '63, pro. Corpl. dis. with regt. An-
drew P. Carlson, en. June 4, '64, dis. with regt.

COMPANY' I,

originally commanded by Capt. C. A. Bromley,
and mustered in for three years service, Octo-
ber 4th, '62.

Officers— C. A. Bromley, Capt. en. August 20,
'62, resigned Feb. 10, '63. Thos. S. Slaughter,
1st Lieut, en. August 20, pro. Capt. February
10, '63, dis. with regt. Robert Hasty, 2nd Lieut,
en. August 20, pro. 1st Lieut. February 10, '63,
resigned January 15, '65. Edward O'Brien, 1st
Sergt. en. August 5, '62, pro. 2nd Lieut. Febru.

SEVENTH BEGIMENT INFANTBY.

347

ary 10, '63, 1st Lieut. February 11, '65, dis. for
pro. June 12, '65. Theodore E. Parker, Sergt.
en. July 18, '62, dis. for disabl. March 31, '63.
Samuel O'Brien, Sergt. en. June 16, dis. on ex-
of term June 15, '65. Peter A. Lungren, Corpl.
en. June 14, dis. per order, May 18, '65. Melvin
H. Bromley, Corpl. en. August 18, trans, to Third
Minnesota Battery, May 1 , '63. W. Van Val-
kenburg, Corpl. en. August 18, trans, to Third
Minnesota Battery, May 1, 63. James Y. Avery,
Corpl. en. August, 18, pro. Sergt. dis. with regt.
Francis E. Daggett, Corpl, en. July 18, pro.' 2nd
Lieut, in the Seventy-second United States Col'd.
Inf. July 7, '64. Gilman R. McKusick, Corpl.
en. August 11, dis. per order, June 26, '65.

Privates — Peter H. Anderson, en. June 14, dis.
on writ of habeas corpus, March 30, '63, consent
of parents forged. John Bennett, en. July 2,
dis. for disabl. October 7, '64. Oliver F. Beal,
en. August 1, dis. with regt. Frank Benjamin,
en. August 10, dis. with regt. Samuel Bennett,
en. August 10, died October 11, '64, at Jefferson
Barracks. Michael Casey, en. August 15, trans,
to Third Minnesota Battery, May 1, '63. Geo.
R. Crippen, en. August 16, dis. with regt. John
Carlson, en, June 14, died September 3, '64, at
Memphis, Tennessee. William Clark, en. Au-
gust 15, absent sick on dis. of regt. Stephen F.
Douglas, en. August 15, dis. for disabl. April 22,
'63. Charles Ferris, en August 14, dis. with
regt. Louis January, en. July 2, dis. July 1, '65.
Nelson Johnson, en. August 6, dis. for disabl.
March 24, '63. . William H. Lord, en. August 11,
deserted August 18, '64, at Fort Snelling. An-
drew Lawsen, en. August 15, deserted June 3,
'63, at Fort Snelling. Thomas McDermott, en.
August 15,deserted March 15, '63, at Fort Snell-
ing. George A. McDonald, en. June 25, trans,
to Inv. corps October 1, '63. Andrew Monson,
en. July 30, dis. with regt. Thomas Marshall,
en. July 17, dis. for disabl. March 2, '64. William
H. Oliver, en. August 1, trans, to Inv. corps,
November 20, '63. Wesley Shellenburger, en.
August 16, dis. with regt. August 19, '65. Asa
Scott, en. August 6, dis. with regt. Martin B.
Smith, en. June 14, dis. for disabl. March 31, '63.
David O. Thing, en. June 30, pro. Corpl. dis. June
29, '65. Douglas Whitney, en. August 6, died
June 19, '65, at Memphis, Tennessee.

JJecrwiis— Alfred Parsons, en. March 14, 1864,
dis. with regt.

SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY,

originally commanded by Col. Stephen A. Mil-
ler, was organized in August, '62, and ordered
upon the Indian expedition of that year. Was
engaged in the battle of Wood Lake, Minn., Sep-
tember 22, '62; stationed at frontier posts until
May, '63, when they were again ordered upon an
Indian expedition; engaged with the Indians July
24, 26 and 28, '63; ordered to St. Louis, Mo., Oc-
tober 7, '63; thence to Paducah, Ky., in April,
'64; thence to Memphis, Tenn., and assigned to
Sixteenth army corps, June, '64; participated in
the following marches, battles, sieges and skir-
mishes: Tupelo, July, '64; Tallahatchie, August
7 and 8, '64; march in pursuit of Price from
Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo.,
thence by boat to Jefferson City, thence to Kan-
sas line, thence to St. Louis, Mo.; battle of Nash-
ville, December 15 and 16, '64; Spanish Fort and
Fort Blakely, April, '65. Dis. at Fort Snelling,
August 16, '65.

COMPANY C,

originally commanded by Capt. William H. Burt;
mustered in November 24, '62.

Officers from Washington County — Ephraim H.
Pray, Sergt., en. August 10, dis. with regt. How-
ard F. Oliver, Sergt., trans, to V. R. C. March
26, '65. Peter Anderson, Corp., en. August 15,
wd. in bat. of Tupelo; died October 8, '64, at St.
Louis. William Carnithan, Corp., en. August
10, pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. Al. Sherquist,
Corp., en. August 10, died June 29, '64, at Pa-
ducah, Ky. Charles Fay, wagoner, en. August
14, trans, to Third Minn. Bat. May 1, '63.

Privates — Swen Anderson, en. August 15, died
November 5, '64, at Memphis. Carl Anderson,
en. August 10, died July 27, '64, at Memphis^
John Bloom, en. August 15, dis. with regt. John
C. Carlson, en. August 22, dis. with regt. N. M.
Chase, en. August 10, pro. Corp., dis. May 12, '64,
for commission in 68th U. S. Col'd. Inft. John
Carlson, en. August 13, dis. with regt. James
M. Getchell, en. August 14, dis. per order. Al-
exander Givens, en. August 14, dis. with regt.
John R. Goff, en. August 17, dis. for disab.
March 31, '65. Dennis Huntley, en. August 13,
dis. with regt. Gilbert Hayford, en. August 14,

348

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

trans, to V. R. C. April 1, '65. Edward Herrick,
en. August 14, died September 16, '63, at Fort
Snelling. Ole H. Halmber, en. August 15, dis.
with regt. Carl Johnson, en. August 10, dis.
with regt. Consider King, en. August 10, dis.
for disab. March 25, '63. Iliram Lawton, en.
August 15, died October 20, '64, at Marine, Minn.
Peter Lanners, en. August 14, dis. with regt.
Enos Munger, en. August 14, dis. for commission
as Chap, in 62d TJ. S. Col'd Inft. March 13, '64.
Nils Nilson, en. August 15, died July 13, '65, at
Selma, Ala. Peter Nostrom, en. August 15, dis.
with regt. "Wm. H. Forway, en. August 14, dis.
with regt. Henrick Ostrand, en. August 15, died
October 16, '64, at Memphis. Henry F. Otis, en.
August 15, wd. at Tupelo, dis, per order June 6,
'64. Simon E. Persons, en. August 14, dis. with
regt. Gust. Peterson, en. August 15, dis. for
disab. October 28, '64. John Palm, en. August
15, died October 21, '64, at Little Rock, Ark.
James C. Rhodes, en. August 11, pro. Asst. Surg,
of 1st Minn. Mounted Rangers November 22, '62.
Kels Rosengren, en. August 15, dis. with regt.
Herbert H. Stone, en. August 14, dis. with regt.
Praheis Thomas, en. August 14, dis. with' regt.
Stephen E. Tallman, en. August 18, dis. per order
May 22, '65.

Becruits — Peter Brandt, en. February 26, '64, dis.
with regt. Charles C. Cushing, en. February 26, '64,
dis. per order, June 16, 1865. Joseph Dennelly,
en. February 15, '64, dis. with regt. John E.
Nostrom, en. February 26, '64, dis. with regt.
Nels Rosengren, Jr., en. February 26, '64,
dis. with regt. Nels Robom, en. February 26,
'64, dis. for disabl. November 4, '64. John H. St.
John, en. February 26, '64, dis. with regt. Asa
Tracy, en. February 26, dis. with regt.

COMPANY F.

Originally commanded by Capt. John Kenedy
and mustered in for three years service October
3, '62.

Private— II. O. Van Inwagen, en. August 13,
'62, dis. with regt.

EIGHTH MINNESOTA, INFANTE Y.

Originally commanded by Col. Miner T.
Thomas, was organized August 1, '62. They
were immediately ordered to Fort Ridgely to as-
sist in quieting the rebellious Sioux, where they
remained till November, when they returned to

Fort Snelling in charge of a large number of Sioux
captives; were then ordered to Fort Ripley, where
they remained all winter and the following spring,
'63, returned to Fort Snelling. Ordered to Fort
Albercrombie, D. T., where they remained till the
following spring, '64, when they were ordered to
Fort Ridgely and joined the expedition under
Gen. Sully, which went to the Yellowstone and
back during the summer of '64; during this ex-
pedition were engaged in a number of skirmishes
and battles with the Indians, among others, Tah-
cha-o-ku-tu, July 28, '64, also Cedars and Over-
all's Creek. After their return they were ordered
to Clifton, Tenn., where they were attached to
Gen. Scofield's 23d Army Corps, and proceeded to
Cincinnati, Ohio; Washington, D. C; Wilming-
ton and Newbern, N. C. Were engaged in the
battles of Kingston, March 8, 9 and 10, '65.
Mustered out at Charlotte, N. C, July 11, '65.
Then returned to Fort Snelling and were dis-
charged.

We give the roster of the soldiers of Washing-
ton county, who participated in this regiment.

COMPANY C, MUSTERED IN OCTOBER 12, 1862,

originally commanded by Capt. Edward A.
Folsom.

Officers — Edwin A. Folsom, Capt. enrolled, Aug.
19, '62, pro. Maj., May 13, '65. Wm. McKusick,
1st Lieut., en. August 19, pro. Capt., May 28, '65,
dis. with regt. John G. Cover, 2nd Lieut., en.
August 19, pro. 1st Lieut., May 28, "65, dis. with
regt. John T. Robertson, 1st Sergt. en. August
13, dis. for pro. January 13, '65. Samuel Win-
ship, Sergt,. en. August 13, dis. for disabl., No-
vember 1, '64. Charles O. Farrer, Sergt. en. Au-
gust 13, dis. with regt. Franklin T. Rice, en.
Sergt. August 13, dis. per order May 10, "65.
Joseph A. Mitchell, Sergt., en. August 13, dis.
with regt. John S. Nay, Corpl, en. August 14,
pro.' Sergt. November 1, '64, dis. in hospital May
30, '65. James Mulvey, Corpl., en. August 13,
pro. Sergt. March 1, '65, dis. with regt. Foster
C. Cutler, Corpl., en. August 14, pro. Quar. M.
Sergt. November 1, '64, trans, to Non. Com.
Staff. Melvin A. Clay, Corpl., en. August 13, pro.
Sergt. May 10, '65, dis, with regt. Charles E.
Estabrook, Corpl., en. August 14, dis. by order,
June 5, '65. Frank T. Johnson, Corpl., en. Au-
gust 14, dis. with regt. Elisha Brown, Corpl. en.
August 15, dis. with regt. Oscar von Kuster

EIGHTH BEGIMENT INFANTBT.

349

Corpl. en. August 15, dis. withregt. PletcherB.
Rowell, musician, en. August 15, pro. princpl.
musician, December 1, '63; trans, to Non. Com.
Staff. James N. Herald, wagoner, eh. August
15, dis. with regt.

Privates — Morris Ahart, en. August 14, dis.
with regt. Orange L. Barber, en. August 14,
trans, to 3rd Minn. Battery Ayril 16, '63. John
Blake, en. August 13, dis. with regt. John
Booren, en. August 13, dis. withregt. Joseph A.
Boyden, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Benja.
min Brown, en. August 20, dis. for disabl, March
9, '63. Charles C. Cavender, en. August 15, dis.
with regt. Joseph Caplazi, en. Aug. 16, dis. with
regt. David Cormickel, en. August 13, dis. with
regt. Henry W. Crosby, en. August 14, dis. per
order, May 10, '65. Timothy L. Cates, en. Au-
gust 14, dis. per order, May, 10, '65. Benjamin
Cayon, en. August 14, dis. with regt. John
Christian, en. August 13, dis. with regt, Vincent
Cover, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Isaac L.
Carpenter, en. August 20, pro. Corpl. May 1, '65,
with regt. Hiram W. Dockendorf, en. August
17, dis. with regt. George W. Elliott, en. Au-
gust 14, dis. with regt. Francis W. Fiske, en.
August 15, dis. with regt. John Fromant, en.
August 15, dis. with regt. Azon Forbes, en. Au.
gust 13, pro. Corpl. dis. withregt. Amos Forbes,
en. August 13, dis. in hospital in '65. Charles
Gray, en. August 16, dis. for dis. June 28, '64.
Benjamin Gagnon, en. August 14, dis. with regt.
Daniel W. Guptill, en. August 14; dis. with regt.
Joseph Giossi, en. August 15, dis. with regt.
Wjlham Giossi, en, August 15, dis. with regt.
John Goodrich, Jr., en. August 15, dis with regt.
Joseph Garaud, en. August 16, dis. with regt.
"William Gallagher, en. August 18, dis. with regt.
Wm. Henry Graj^, en. August 20, dis. with regt.
Hfirmon Glade, en, August 22, dis. with regt.
George, P. Hinds, en. August 13, dis. with regt.
John A. Harris, en. August 17, died January 31,
'65, at Columbus, Ohio. John Herring, en. August

13, dis. with regt. "VVm. Hamilton, en. August

14, died of wounds received at Murfreesboro,
December 7, '64. Wm. W. Hall, en. August 14,
pro. Corp.; dis. with regt. Augustus F. Haus-
r.er, en. August 15, dis. for disabl. July 17, '63.
Hermon Heiforth, en. August 15, dis. with regt.
Peter Johnson, en. August 13, dis, with regt.
r atrick Keefe, en. August 14, dis. per order. May

26, '65. Sebastian Kamerer, en. August 13, died
May 15, '64, at Abercrombie, D. T. Elam Long,
en. August 16, dis. with regt. Matthew Lein, en.
August 15, dis. with regt. Samuel Leighton, en.
August 14, dis. for disabl. March 19, '63. Daniel
Lufkin, en. August 13, dis. in hospital June 30,
'65. Peter Lereaux, en. August 15, dis. with regt.
Chas. E. Morgan, en. August 13, dis. with regt.
John H. Morgan, en. August 13, dis. with regt.
Judson W. McKusick, en. August 14, dis. with
regt. Peter «Moody, en. August 14, dis. with regt.
Charles Mitchell, en. August 14, dis. with regt.
John B. Oliver, en. August 13, dis. for disabl.
June 15, '65. John J. Porter, en. August 15, dis.
for disabl. January 14, '65. John Peterson, en.
August 13, dis. with regt. Martin Palli, en.
August 15, dis. with regt. Henry Paulson, en.
August 16, dis. with regt. Peter Plummer, en.
August 16, dis. per order June 5, '65. Andrew
J. Russell, en. August 16, dis, with regt. Joseph
H. Eamsdell, en. August 17, dis. for. disabl. June
11, '65. E. Monroe Secrest, en. August 13, dis.
with regt. George Snell, en. August IS, dis. per
order, June 2, '65. Winslow Staples, en. August
20, dis. with regt. John Tate. en. August 22,
died February 8, '65, at Washington, D. C.
Jacob Tuor, en. August 13, dis. with regt. PhiUp
Tromley, en. August 15, trans, to 3d Minn. Bat.,
AprU 16, '63. Albert H. Thiele, en. August 15,
dis. with regt. Isaac Van Vleck, en. August 16,
dis. in hospital June 13, '85. Horace Voligny,
en. August 15, pro. Corp., dis with regt. George
W. West, en. August 13, dis. with regt. William
Wilson, en. August 13, died from wounds re-
ceived at Murfreesboro, December, '64. James
E. Ward, en. August 16, dis. with regt. John D.
Ward, en. August 20, dis. with regt. John Zinn,
en. August 15, trans, to 3d Minn. Bat., May 1,
'63. Isadore Jordan, en. August 14, died May
23, '65, at Greensboro, N. C.

Eecruits— John F. Greeley, en. March 26, '64,
mustered in March 29, '64, dis. with regt. Wm.
H.' Morgan, en. February 18, '64, mustfered in
February 19, '64, died May 15, '64. at Fort
Abercrombie, D. T. Augustus Parrish, en.
March 24, '64, mustered in April 1, dis. withregt.

niihTH regiment infantry.

Originally commanded by Col. Alexander Wil-
kin; was organized August, '62. Stationed at

350

inSTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

frontier posts until September, '63, when ordered
to St. Louis, Mo. Ordered to Jefferson City, Mo.,
and distributed among several posts in the inte-
rior of the state; ordered to St. Louis, May, '64.
Engaged in the following battles, marches,
sieges and skirmishes; Guntown expedition,
June, '64; assigned to Sixteenth Army corps,
June, '64; marched in pursuit of Price from
Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo.;
thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kan-
sas state line; thence to St. Louis. Battles:
ZSTashville, Tenn., December 15 and 16, '64; Span-
ish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, '65. Dis-
charged August 24th, '65, atFoit Snelling, Min-
nesota.

TENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY.

Originally commanded by Col. James H. Baker;
was organized in August, '62. Stationed at
frontier posts until June, '63, when ordered up-
on Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians
July 24, 26 and 28, '63. Ordered to St. Louis,
Mo., October, '63; thence to Columbus, Ky.,
April, '64, and assigned to Sixteenth Army corps.
Participated in the following battles, marches,
sieges and skirmishes: battle of Tupelo, July
13, '65; Oxford expedition, August, '64. Marched
in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to
Cape Girardeau, Mo.; thence by boat to Jefferson
City; thence to Kansas state line; thence to St.
Louis, Mo. Battles of Nashville, Tenn., De-
cember 15 and 16, '64; Spanish Fort and Fort
Blakely, April, '65. Discharged August 19, '65,
at Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

EJ.EVBNTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY.

Originally commanded by Col. James B. Gil-
fillan, was organized August, '64, ordered to
Nashville, Tenn., and engaged in guarding rail-
road between Nashville and Louisville until mus-
ter out of regt. June, '65.

FIRST BATTALION, INFANTRY.

Commanded by Col. Mark W. Downie, origi-
nally consisted of two companies, organized from
the re-en. vet., stay-over men and recruits, of the
1st Eegt. M. V.I. Ordered to Wasliington, D.
C, in May, '64, and joined the army of the Poto-
mac, June 10, '64. Participated in the following
engagements: Petersburg, Va., June 18, '64;
Jerusalem Plank Koads, Va., June 22 and 23, '64;

Deep Bottom, Va., July 27, '64; Deep Bottom,
Va., August 14, '64; Beams Station, Va., August
26, '64; Hatcher's Eun, Va., October 27,
'64 and February 5, '65. Company C joined
the Bat. March 27, '65. Took active part
in campaign commencing March 28, '65,
and resulting in the capture of Petersburg,
Va., April 2, '65, and the surrender of Lee's
army, April 9, '65. Four new companies joined
at Berksville, Va., April '65. Marched from
Berksville, Va., to Washington D. C, in May,
'65. Two new companies joined at Washington.
Ordered to Louisville, Ky., June, '65. Mustered
out at Jeffersonville, Ind., July 14, '65. Discharged
at Fort Snelling, July 25, '65. The following
are the names of the members of this Bat. from
Washington county: This Bat. was originally
commanded by Mark W. Downie, of Stillwater,
in the capacity of Lieut. Col., he was dis. with
Bat., July 14, '65. John S. Nay, Corp. en. March
24, '64, Pro. Sergt., dis. with Bat.

COMPANY A.

PrwaJes— Jacob Fisher, en. January, 4, '64,
trans, from Co. A., 1st U. S. Sharpshooters, Jan-
uary 30, '65, dis. per order June 26, '65, vet.

COMPANY B.

Privates— John Swanson, en. March 24, '64,
dis. '65, absent sick. Albert Sebus, en. March
4, '62, wounded at Gettysburg, dis. '65. Joseph
Walsh, en. March 24, '64, Vet. Vol., dis. with
Company.

FIRST REGIMENT HEAVY ARTILLERY.

Originally commanded by Col. William Colville;
organized April, '65, ordered to Chattanooga,
Tenn., and stationed at that post until muster
out of regt. September, '65.

COMPANY B,

originally commanded by Capt. William M. Leyde.
Privates — Joseph Bonin, en. September 14, '64,
pro. Corp., dis. with comp. Alexander Glenn, en.
September 17, '64, dis. with comp. WiUiamLink,
en. September 19, '64, dis with comp. John Lee-
son, en. September 20, '64, dis. in hospital May
29, '65. Donovan McMillan, en. September 7,
'64, pro. sergt, dis. with comp.

COMPANY c.

Henry H. Rose, en. September 10, '64, dis. with
comp.

SHABP SHOOTEES—GAVALBT.

351

FIRST COMPASTY SHARP SHOOTERS,

enrolled March, '62, and originally commanded
by Capt. Francis Peteler.

SECOND COMPANY SHARP SHOOTERS,

enrolled March, '62; originally commanded by
Capt. William F. Eussell. This company left
St. Paul April 21, '62, reported by order of Maj.
Gen. McClellan to the First Regt. U. S. S. S. at
Yorkto-wn, Va., May 6, '62. May 22, '62, by
special order No. 153, issued by Maj. Gen. Mc--
Cleilan, the comp. was assigned for duty with
the First Minn. Vols., and were on duty with
that regt. from June 1, '62, and participating in
all the engagements and battles of said regt. until
its muster out from the U. S. service. All the
en. men of the comp., whose terms of service had
not then expired, were trans, to Companies A
and B of the First Minn. Regt. Inft., in pursu-
ance of special order ISo. 102, headquarters Army
of the Potomac, dated April 22, '65.

Officers — William F. Russell, Capt. resigned
February, 20, '63. Emil A. Berger, Capt. re-
signed November 23, '63, after being pro. from
1st Lieutenant. John A. W. Jones, 1st Lieut,
resigned May 26, '63. Mahlon Black, 1st Sergt.
pro. 2nd Lieut, February 20, '63, then 1st Lieut,
and Capt. the same year. Louis Fitzsimmons,
1st Lieut., no record. Samuel H. Priest, 2nd
Lieut., no record.

Privates — John Beecroft, no record. Daniel
B. Borden, dis. for disabl. January 12, '63. Oscar
F. Cleney, no record. Alfred Dennison, dis. for
disabl. December 15, '62. William Fisher, vet-
eran, killed in action, '64. Charles E. Hatheway,
dis. by general order, October 22, '62.

FIRST REGIMENT MOUNTED RANGERS.

organized March, 1863, and originally commanded
by Col. Samuel McPhaill, stationed at frontier
posts until May, '63, when ordered upon Indian
expedition; engaged with Indians July 24, 26,
and 28, '63. On return of expedition, stationed
at frontier posts until mustered out. Mustered
out by companies between October 1 and Decem-
ber 30, '63.

BRACKBTT'S BATTALION CAVALRY.

originally commanded by Maj. A. B. Brackett.
Original 1st, 2d, and 3d companies of this cavalry
organized October and November 1861. Ordered

to Benton Barracks, Mo. December, '61; assigned
to a regt. called Curtis' Horse. Ordered to
Fort Henry, Tennessee, February '62. Name of
regt. changed to Fifth Iowa Cavalry, April,
'62, as Companies G, D, and K. Was engaged
in the siege of Corinth, April, '62. Ordered to
Fort Heiman, Tennessee, August, '62. Veteran-
ized February, '64. Ordered to Department of
North-west '64. Ordered upon Indian expedition,
engaged with Indians July 28, and August, '64.
Mustered out by companies May and June, '66.

COMPANY c,

originally commanded by Capt. A, B.. Brackett,
and mustered in for three years, December 20, '61.

Officers — Robert W. Peckham, 1st Sergt., en.
November 1, '61, pro. 2nd and 1st Lieut, died
November 29, '65. Daniel McKean, Corpl., en.
November 1, '61, dis. June 21, '62, at Fort Hei-
man, Ky.

Privates — Robert C. Calvin, en. November 8,
'61, re-en. December 31, '63, pro. Sergt., dis. with
company. Ivory P. Hatch, en. November 24, '61,
dis. December, 19 '64. John R. Hutchinson, en.
November 12, '61, re-en. December 31, '63, dis-
with company. Samuel T. Maines, en. Novem-
ber 4, '61, dis. for disabl. in March, '64. Charles
R. Oliver, en. November 1, '61, dis. for disabl.
July 1, '63. Julien Senecal, en. Novembr 24, '61,
dis. for disabl. April 30, '63. WiUiam M. Wood-
ruflf, en. November 20, '61, re-en. December 31,
'63, pro. Corpl., dis. with company. Frank J.
Woodruff, en. November 20, '61, re-en. December
31, '63, pro. Corpl., dis. with company. Edward
Clary, en. March 31, '61, dis. with company.

SECOND MINNESOTA CAVALRTT,

originally commanded by Col. R. N. McLaren,
was organized in December, '53, and January, '64.
Ordered upon Indian expedition in May, '64.
Was engaged with the Indians July, '64, and also
in August following. Stationed at frontier posts
until muster out of regiment by companies be-
tween November '65 and June, '66.

COMPANY A,

originally commanded by Capt. John R. Jones,
and mustered in for three years, December 5, '63.
Beer uits— John H. Akers, en. February 18, '64,
dis. February 13, '65. Wm. H. Mattison. en.
February 14, '64, dis. February 13, '65. Alexan-

352

HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

der Oldham, en. February 14, '64, dis. February

13, '65.

COMPANY D.

Originally commanded by Capt. James M-
Payne and mustered in for three years December

30, '63.

Privates— John Fitzgerald, en. December 28,
'63 , dis.with regt.

COMPANY F.

Originally commanded by Capt. Thomas M.
Smith and mustered in for three years December

31, '63.

Privates — Antoine Brunell, en. December 16,
'63, dis. with Co. Thomas Connolly, en. Decem-
ber 15, '63, dis. with Co. John McDonald, en,
November 14, '63, dis. for disab. December 26,
"64.

COMPANY K.

Originally commanded by Capt. Henry S. Howe,
and mustered in for three years service, January
4, '64.

Officers — James H. Russell, Sergt. en. December

14, '63, died January 24, '65. Clark T. Green,
Corp. en. December 16, '63, dis. for disab. October
13, '64.

Privates — Jonas Albert, en. December 15, '63,
dis with Co. Alex BruneU, en. December 26, '63,
dis. for disab. June 16, '65. Elias C. Benham, en.
December 30, '63, dis. with Co. James C. Clark,
en. December 10, '63, dis. with Co. George I.
Davis, en. December 29, '63, dis. with Co. Jona-
than Huntley, en. Dec. 30, '63, dis. with Co. Ed-
ward Hayford, en. December 14, '63, dis. with
Co. Henry Hickman, en. December 15, '63, dis.
with Co. James T. McLeod, en. December 26.
'63, dis. with Co. Edward Rives, en. December
30, '63, dis. per order May 24, '65. John Swen-
son, en. December 31, '63, dis. with Co. James
H. Stone, en. October 27, '63, dis. with Co. Swen
Swenson, en. November 28, '63, dis. with Co.
Joseph S. Willis, en. Nov. 3, '63, dis. with Co.

COMPANY M.

Originally commanded by Capt. John C. Han-
ley, and mustered in for three years, January 5,
'64.

Officers — Ira Hakes, Sergt., en. December 7,
'63, dis. with Co.

Privates— Estash Belcore, en. December 24,

'63, dis. with Co. Emmet M. Hone, en. Decem-
ber 28, '63, dis. with Co.

Becruits—,lohn H. Hone, en. February 13, '65,
dis. with Co.

INDEPENDENT BATTALION, CAVALRY,

originally commanded by Major, E. A. C. Hatch,
was organized July 20. '63. Ordered to Pembina,
D. T., in October, '63, thence to Fort Abercrom-
bie in May, '64. Stationed at the latter place till
mustered out by by companies in April, May iind
June, '66.

COMPANY A,

originally commanded by Capt. A. T. ChambUn,
and mustered in for three years, July 25, '63.

Privates— KeniY T. Davis, en. July 2, '63, dis.
with company. Hugo Tacke, en. July 11, '63,
dis. per order, March 29, '66. Christian Wanner,
en. June 28, '63, dis. with company.

Eecruits — Marcel Gagnon, en. July 22, '63; pro.
corpl.; dis. with company. Henry Walton, en.
August 5, '63, destd. September 27, '63. Luke
Burns, en. August 5, '63, dis. with company.
Samuel Leyde, en. September 16, '63; pro. corpl.
and sergt., dis. with company. Emanuel Van
Kuster, en. August 1, '63; pro. corpl. and sergt.,
dis. with company.

COMPANY c,

originally commanded by Capt. Abel Grovenor,
and mustered in for three years, September 1 1 , '63.
Private — Wm. A. J. Brake, en. September 3,
'63, dis. with company.

COMPANY D,

originally commanded by Capt. Hugh S. Donald-
son, and mustered in for three years, November
19, '63.

Private — John Henry, en. September 12, '63,
dis. with company.

COMPANY F,

originally commanded by Capt. Edward Oakford,
and mustered in for three years, September 1, '64.

P ihaU-s-Sohn Connolly, en. July 22, '64, dis.
with company. John Smith, en. August 17, '64,
dis. with company.

Eecruits — Alexander H. Cook, en. February 13,
'65, dis. February 12, '66. Rudolph Cook, en.
February 13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. Gorham
F. Davis, en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12,

TOWN OF DENMARK.

353

66. Michael Donahue, en. February 14, '65, dis.
February 13, '66. Henry Gallinger, en. February
13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. Fred W. Getchell,
en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. James
E. Leonard, en. February 13, '65, dis. February
12, '66.

FIKST BATTERY, LIGHT AETILEEY,

originally commanded by Capt. Emil Munch, was
organized in October, '61 ; ordered to St. Louis
December 1, '61, thence to Pittsburg Landing
in February, '62. Engaged in the following
marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Shiloh,
April 5 and 6, '62; siege of Corinth, April, '62;
Corinth, October 3 and 4, '62; marched from Cor-
inth to Oxford, Miss., thence to Memphis, Tenn.
Assigned to 17th army corps Npvember, '62.
Veteranized in January, '64; ordered to Cairo,
111., thence to Huntsville, Ala., thence to Altoo-
na, Ga., thence to Ackworth, Ga.; battle of Ken-
esaw Mountain; Atlanta, July 22 and 28; Sher-
man's campaign through Georgia and the
Carolinas. Dis. at Fort Snelling, June 30, '65.

Officers— lioxiis Schiel, Corp., en. October 31,
'61, dis. for disab. August 6, '62.

Privates — Harvey C. Shepard, en. October 14,
'61, dis. for disab. March 23, '63. Albert Scherer,
en. Kovember 15, '61, re-en. December 1, '63, dis.
with battery. Edward Walker, en. October 16,
'61, dis. for disab. November 12, '63. Edward
Welch, en. October 16, '61, re-en. December 1,
'63, dis. with battery. Wm. P. Woodcock, en.
October 16, '61, died January 25, '62, at St.
Louis, Mo.

SECOND BATTBEY LIGHT AETILEEY,

organized December '61, and commanded by
Capt. William Hotchkiss, reported at St. Louis,
Mo., Apr., '62, for equipment. Battery veteranized
March, '64, and discharged September, '65, at
Fort Snelling.

THIRD BATTERY LIGHT ARTILERY,

originally commanded by Capt. John Jones,
was organized in February, '63. Ordered upon
Indian expedition of '63; participated in engage-
ments with the Indians, July 24, 26, and 28, '63;
stationed at frontier posts until May, '64, when
they were again ordered upon an Indian expedi-
tion and took part in an engagement July 28, '64,

and also in August. Upon return of expedition
23

was stationed at frontier posts until muster
out of battery, February 27, '66.

Privates — Erasmus Easton, en. April 20, '63,
pro. Serg-t.; dis. with Battery. Samuel B. Elder,
en. February 15, '65, dis. per order April 28, '65.
Henry E. Monroe, en. March 31, '64, pro. Corpl.;
dis. with Battery.

DENMARK.

CHAPTEE LIII.

DESCRIPTIVE — EARLY SETTLEMENT — ORGANI-
ZATION AND LIST OF OFFICERS— POINT DOUG-
LAS AND ITS BUSINESS — SCHOOLS, CHURCHES
—BIOGRAPHICAL.

The town of Denmark is located in the extreme
southeastern part of the county, its eastern and
southern boundaries being formed by the St.
Croix and Mississippi rivers. To the north is the
town of Afton, and on the west, Cottage Grove.
The surface is somewhat diversified ; along the
rivers rolling, and in the interior more level, with
fine prairies. The soil is a sandy loam, well
adapted to the production of grain of all kinds.
From Point Douglas extending up the river,
there is a belt of timber, mainly burr oak, which
maintains a width of eighty rods for three or four
miles, than gradually widens to more than a mile.
There are no lakes of any size in the town. The
area of Denmark is over 18,000 acres, the greater
part of which is utilized for farming purposes.

EARLY SETTLEMENT.

Prominent among those who first settled in
what is now Denmark, were Oscar Burris and
Levi Hurtsill, young men of energy. They lo-
cated as early as 1840, on section 9, township 26,
range 20, and began making improvements. In
May, 1843, David Hone, one of the thirteen men
who composed the Marine Mill Company, located
a claim on sections four and nine, in the southern

354

HI8T0ET OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

part of the town. These three men, subse-
quently founded and laid out the village of Point
Douglas. The survey was made by Harvey Wil-
son, of Stillwater, August 18th, 1849; an addition
was made in 1857. The village is situated on the
point formed by the junction of the St. Croix
with the Mississippi, the principal portion of it
lying along the bank of the latter stream. Wil-
liam B. Dibble, also of Marine, came in 1845, to
Point Douglas, built a house and made other
improvements on sections five and eight. This
property is now owned and occupied by James
Shearer, who came in 1849. At the time he
arrived, he located a claim wliich he occupied
until 1864, then exchanged farms with Mr. Dib-
ble. Simon Shingledecker came in 1847, and
still resides in the house he built soon after his
arrival. Martin Leavitt landed at Point Douglas
the same year, opened a boarding house, and also
located a claim. The following year Ephriam
H. Whitaker made a claim and entered into
partnership with Leavitt. He still resides on a
part of the original claim, and has a large family,
reared in the home of his adoption. Caleb Truax
came in 1849, and made a claim on section eight,
the land now owned by John Cohoes. The same
year came G. W. Campbell and lived in the house
owned by Dibble, who in that year made a trip to
California. On his return in 1852, Campbell built
the house in which he still resides. He also
made a claim, but subsequently transferred it to
W. B. Dibble, and has since been engaged in
lumbering. Thomas Hetherington arrived in
1849, and made a claim on section 22 where he
resided until a few years since, when he went to
Dakota and there died. In the fall of the same
year, Thomas, son of Mark Wright, who came
to this region as early as 1832, arrived and made
his claim on section 20, the property now owned
by John O'Brien. Mark Wright made his home
on section 22, on land purchased from Caleb
Truax, Jr. H. A. Carter was among those who
came in 1849; after a few years he left for Cali-
fornia. John Allibone came to Point Douglas
in 1851, and settled on section 15. He died
some years since; his widow still occupies the
homestead, on which is a small lake known as
Allibone's lake. From 1850, settlers came in
rapidly and Denmark was soon well populated.

ORGANIZATION.

The first election of ofiflcers for the town of
Denmark, took place October 20th, 1858, which
resulted in the election of Jas. Shearejr, chairman:
Thomas Wright and David Hone, supervisors;
G. W. Campbell, town clerk. Officers for the in-
tervening years. 1869 — George W. Campbell,
Caleb Truax, Sr. and Mark Wright, Sr., supervi-
sors; Frank Keep, clerk. 1860— Caleb Truax, Sr.,
Thomas Hetherington and Alexander H. Cook,
supervisors; John Hone, clerk. 1861 — James
Shearer, Mark Wright, Sr., and O. F. Davis, su-
pervisors; George W. Campbell, clerk. 1862 —
David Downing, Charles E. Leonard and Caleb
Truax, Sr., supervisors; George W. Campbell,
clerk. 1863 — Alexander Oldham, Mark Wright
and Caleb Truax Sr., supervisors; R. R. Henry,
clerk. 1864— Charles E. Leonard, Martin Leavitt
and Alexander Cook, supervisors; Wm. Scofleld.
clerk. At a special meeting held February 11th,
1864, it was voted to pay a bounty of one hundred
and fifty dollars to each soldier credited to the
town of Denmark. 1866— Charles E. Leonard,
Martin Leavitt and F. W. Trager, supervisors;
George W. Campbell, clerk. 1866— James Shearer,
Martin Leavitt, Alexander Cook, supervisors; G.
W. Campbell, clerk. 1867— Charles J. Aldridge,
James M. Taylor and David Downing, supervi-
sors; George W. Campbell, clerk. 1868 — John
M. Van Derveer, William Keen and Alexander
H. Cook, supervisors; John Burton, clerk. 1869
— D. B. Gallinger, Thomas Hetherington and Al-
exander Cook, supervisors. 1870 — Henry Gal-
linger, A. n. Cook and David Hone, supervisors.
1871— D. B. Gallinger; David Downing and David
Hone, supervisors. 1872— D. B. Gallinger, Wil-
liam Atwater and Phillip Hummell, supervisors.
1873— D. B. Gallinger, Phillip Hummell, John H.
Hone, supervisors. 1874— John H. Hone, Phillip
Hummell and Peter Swanson. 1875— William
Allibone, John Bahe and A. M. Shearer. 1876 —
Thomas P. James, Mark Wright and William
Hageman. 1877— Thomas James, William Hage-
man and Thomas Wright. 1878— Thomas James,
William Hageman and William Keen. 1879—
Same re-elected. 1880— Henry Gallinger, Wil-
liam Hageman and George Vanalstine. George
Burton has held the office of clerk since his
election in 1868.

BUNMABK— POINT DOUGLAS.

355

BUSINESS OF POINT DOUGLASS.

Hurtsill and Burris began business in a part-
nership arrangement in 1840 ; after continuing for
nine years, when the gold fever of 1849 prevailed,
Mr. Burris was led to withdraw, and wend his
way to the gold regions of California. Hurtsill
continued the business alone until the spring of
1856. These men conducted the largest merchan-
dise business in the county of Washington for
several years, for Point Douglas was at that time
and for a number of years the depot where all
supplies were purchased for the interior.

Paribault and other points received their sup-
plies from this place ; and hence many thought
the greatness and importance of the place was a
positive fixture, and in a few years it would be
denominated the place of the Northwest. In the
summer of 1856, an incident occurred in the his-
tory of Levi Hurtsill; he, in keeping with his
usual custom, started east for goods. Before leav-
ing home he gave his wife some money and his
watch and chain, as a keep-sake. She asked him
if he was not coming back. He gave an evasive
answer, saying that on his last trip he was very
sick at St. Louis; and then the boat might blow
up, or something of the kind might happen, etc.
Mr. G. W. Campbell accompanied him to Galena.
It is thought Mr. Hurtsill had some twenty thous-
and dollars, or perhaps three times that amount
of money with him. He was in the habit of se-
curing all heavy goods at Galena and shipping
them without delay. Time passed and no goods
came, and no letters were received from the miss-
ing man, although a number had been written to
him. After some time had passed the family and
people became anxious about him, fearing some
mishap had befallen him ; and thinking an in-
vestigation of the case ought to be made, com-
missioned W. B. Dibble to go and seek him. Mr.
Dibble had no trouble in tracking him from Gale-
na to New York, where he had gotten his checks
cashed.

Here Mr. Dibble learned that Hurtsill remarked
at the time of getting his checks turned into
money, that he was going to Boston, but no
farther traces could be found of him, and Mr.
Dibble was compelled to return and report in an
unsatisfactory way. Many conjectures have
been offered, by friends and foes, but as he was
conducting a large and prosperous business at the

time, and was a suecesssul business man, all re-
mains in the dark. He had established a whole-
sale house a few years prior to this date, at Hud-
son.

The large stock of goods was sold or rather
given away. Mr. L. Lyford, of Prescott, was
intrusted with the entire stock. Mr. Lyford and
a Mr. Beardsley bought the major part of the
stock, and in the fall opened a store in Prescott
for themselves.

Charles E. Leonard and William Ames began
business in the Hurtsill store-room in the spring
of 1857, and continued the partnership for two
years, when Ames withdrew, and Leonard con-
tinued one year alone; then Lyford and Beards-
ley assumed the control, and conducted the busi-
ness for four years. In 1864 George Dill took
possession and guided this hne of trade for three
years, after which the business receded into the
quiet shade of rest, tUl in 1871 Ira Van Duzee
opened a general merchandise store. But alas!
misfortune came in the flames and reduced all to
ashes in the summer of 1873; but Van Duzee re-
built the same season, and continued the business
until his death in September, 1879, when Mr.
Atwater purchased the store and continued in
the business until the present time. The build-
is 40x20 feet, and one and one-half stories high.

There are four ware-houses in the place. The
lower one was built by Levi Hurtsill in 1850. It
has a capacity of 25,000 bushels. Samuel Prick
assumed control of this iuterest, in 1857. Mr.
Dill purchased the building in 1874, and has con-
trolled it since that period. The upper ware-
house was built by George Dill in 1868. It has a
capacity of 30,000 bushels, After managing the
business for three years, he sold out to Mr. Dill,
who is the present proprietor.

-The middle ware-house was built by Lyford and
Beardsley, in 1865. The fourth ware-house was
built by A. B. More, on section 23, in 1874. Soon
after he sold it to Miller and Dill, who are the
present proprietors. The buildmg has a capacity
of 15,000 bushels.

In 1851, a Mr. Woodruff built a mill at Point
Douglas. The people of the village gave Mr.
Woodruff, as a bonus, forty-nine lots and a strip
of land lying along the St. Croix river, which was
deeded to him as soon as the mill was finished

356

EISTOIiY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

and running. The mill contained a circular saw
and a feed mill.

After a few months Woodruff sold the
mill to parties in Prescott, who moved it away.
This led to a law-suit, to determine who were
the lawful owners of the lots, and land given by
the people in prospect of having a mill in the
place. The court gave the title to Woodrulf .

The saw-mill at Point Douglas, was built by
John Short, in the summer of 1867; and he sold
it to Stephen Gardner in 1871; who sold it a very
few days after, to John Dudley, of Minneapolis,
who is its present proprietor. The building is
120x60 feet. It contains a twenty-seven saw
gang, a double circular saw, a four-saw gang-
edger, two trimmers, and a slab saw. Its capac-
ity is 75,000 feet of lumber, 20,000 shingles, and
14,000 lath per day. The power is obtained by a
120 horse-power "jSTorth Star engine." There are
four boilers used in generating the steam. When
in full operation, it gives constant employment
to fifty men, and affords the central point of
much of the business of Point Douglas.

Establishing a post-office. It became evident
that a post-office was a necessity for the success
of the business interests of the village. The
proper petition being forwarded to the depart-
ment at Washington, and favorably considered,
the office was established on the 18th day of July,
1840, this being the oldest post-office in the state
outside of the military, domain at Fort Snelling.
Levi Hurtsill was appointed first postmaster, and
held the office till his mysterious departure in
1856. He was succeeded by Eobert E. Henry,
who served until 1857, when James Shearer re-
ceived his appointment, and served until 1860;
then Charles E. Leonard served for three years,
when Robert R. Henry was re-appointed, and
continued in office until 1866; when Mrs. Emily
Gillis, daughter of David Hone, received her ap-
pointment, and held the office one year. It tlien
passed into the hands of Charles E. Leonard,
who served till 1871, when Ira Van Duzee was
appointed, who served a short time, and was siic-
seeded by Charles Johnson; but Mr. Van Duzee
was re-appointed and served until his deatli in
1879. William Atwater was appointed and is
still the postmaster of Point Douglas.

The first blacksmith shop was opened by W.
McAboy, in 1851; he was succeeded by John

Pinney, in 1853, and he by a Mr. Hood, in 1855,
and he by John White, in 1857, and he by John
Thrall, in 1864. John White returned in 1866,
and remained for three years, when Ferdinand
Stiffin took possession of the shop and continued
for five years; was followed by John Nain-
stedt, who remained until 1875. From that date
the village was without a blacksmith until the
fall of 1879, when William Lange opened a shop
at this point. He has a shop 20x16 feet, and a
wagon shop 24x18 feet, and is filling an important
place in the business transactions of Point Doug-
las.

Robert Cook built a shop on the north-east cor-
ner of section seventeen, and is meeting the de-
mands of the farmers in that neighborhood.

Dr. Geo. Taylor came from Princeton, Illinois,
in the spring of 1862 ; he remained but one year,
then returned to his former home in Princeton.

The first frame building at Point Douglas, and
one of the first in the St. Croix valley, was the
Union house, built by David Hone in 1844. It is
40x20 feet, and two stories high, with a wing
20x24, and one story high. Mr. Hone sent to St.
Louis for William Willim to do the plastering.
This house contains an office, two parlors, a din-
ing room, a kitchen and five chambers. Mr.
Hone sold this house to David Barker in 1850 ;
and Barker sold it to Twitch in 1852; and he
to Henry D. White in 1855 ; White sold it to
Robert R. Henry, who kept it as a hotel until
1866, after which it ceased to be occupied as a
public house. It is now owned by David Down-
ing, and is unoccupied on account of age.

The Northwestern house. Mr. David Hone
built a building 24x30 feet, and one and one-half
stories high, and occupied it as store from lf-52
to 1855. After some changes and the lapse of a
few more years, Charles E. Leonard bought this
building, built an addition 30x40, two stories high
and a basement. In this structure, affording an
office and bar, two parlors, a dining room, and
nine chambers, Mr. Leonard entertaimd all the
weary and hungry that chanced to enter his open
door. In 1865 Leonard Aldrich purchased the
house and kept it as a hotel for two years, and
then sold it to Charles Hopkins, who kept it as a
boarding house for three years. It has since been
converted into a tenement, and is now the prop-
erty of Benjamin Campbell of Galena, Illinois.

BEN MA BK— SCHOOLS.

357

This building afforded a dancing hall, where the
gay, and pleasure seekers were wont to spend the
long winter evenings of many passing years.

As the business interests of the country in-
creased, new additions were being added' to our
number, new demands were presented to meet
the increasing population seeking homes and em-
ployment in our township. In 1855, a charter
was granted to W. B. Dibble, to run a ferry from
Prescott to Hastings. Mr. Dibble managed this
business for seventeen years to the satisfaction of
the people, and then sold "his interest to Caleb
Truax, Jr., who after controlling it for one year,
sold it to William Atwater, who still owns it and
holds the management of the ferry.

Point Douglas ferry was established in 1852.
Leander Felt conducted this ferry for about four
years before a charter was obtained. In 1856, a
charter was granted to Felt and Tickner to run
a ferry from Point Douglas to Prescott, which he
controled for nine years, and then sold it to Whit-
comb and Atwater; they run it four years when
the charter expired. Then a dispute arose be-
tween the firm of Whitcomb and Atwater, and
W. B. Dibble; the former having a charter from
Wisconsin and the latter from Minnesota. Two
ferry boats were built, but in a short time Mr.
Dibble bought out Whitcomb and Atwater, and
thus put an end to the strife, and conducted the
business alone. In 1874, he obtained a new char-
ter, and is now the sole proprietor. The Hastings
ferry runs directly from Hastings across the St.
Croix river to section 7, in town 26, range 20. It
was inaugurated by a Mr. Fulton, who sold it to
W. J. Leduc, who controlled it till 1871, since
which time the city of Hastings has managed it
in the interests of her own people.

SCHOOLS.

The first school of this township was known as
the "Valley school," and was organized in 1850.
A log school-house was built the same year, and
John H. Craig was the pioneer teacher. This
log house was removed in 1852, the present com-
modious frame house taking its place. The rec-
ords were lost, but by traditional authority, we
are warranted to make this statement of first
oflBcers.

Trustees— S. Hurtsill, Wm. Campbell and D.
White. The present teacher is Miss Mary J.

Leonard; present officers are, Wm. Atwater,
director; J. H. Hone, treasurer and John M.
McGill, clerk. Present number of pupils is
twenty.

School district No. 35 was organized by the
commissioners in February, 1854. In March fol-
lowing, at the house of Mark Wright the first
officers were elected: Wm. Allibone, clerk; trus-
tees, Thomas Hetherington, Mark Wright and
Samuel Shingledecker. By a vote of the house-
holders of the district in 1856, the school-house
was located on the southwest quarter of section
fifteen. James Clark was the first teacher, at
four dollars per week. A neat and p,mple house
was built on the site of the old one in 1876, at a
cost of $1,000. Present number of pupils is
fifty-one.

School district No. 45 was organized Septem-
ber, 1867. Lyrnan Shingledecker gave the dis-
trict one acre of land for a site on south-east
corner of section five, township twenty-seven,
range twenty. First officers were: H. Gallinger,
clerk; A. H. Cook, director; and E. Klinkerfuse,
treasurer. Louisa Cady was the first teacher,
receiving twenty dollars per month. The school-
house was built in 1868; and the district enrolls
twenty-eight pupils. Present officers are: Henry
Gallinger, treasurer; John Bahe, clerk, and Frank
Brendenmuhl, director. Teacher, J. A. Thomp-
son, receiving thirty-eight dollars per month.
This district enrolls fifty-eight pupils.

School district No. 49, time of organization
could not be obtained. The school-house was
built in 1869, on a lot located on the south-east
quarter of section twenty-eight. The first officers
were: Thomas Fisher, director; Alexander Ni-
coll, clerk; W- B. Dibble, treasurer. The first
teacher was D. B. Gallinger. This house was de-
stroyed by the storm of June 14th, 1877; another
was erected the same fall. The present officers
are: Michael Sorg, director; William A. Page,
clerk; and John Henry, treasurer.

School district No. 58, was organized in 1873.
Its first officers were, Wm. Hageman, treasurer ;
S. W. Dalrymple, clerk; and John CofEman, di-
rector. This house was built in 1874, on a lot in
se'ction six. The first school was taught in the
fall of 1877 by Mary G. Hurly. She had thirty
pupils. The present officers are, Wm. Hageman,
treasurer; John Cohoes, clerk; and John Conley,

358

HISTOHY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

director ; the present teacher is J. P. John-
son, receiving $40.00 per month.

School district No. 59, was regularly organized
May 13th, 1874. Its first officers were, Thomas
"Wright, director; Adam Olson, clerk, and Philip
Hummell, treasurer. The house was built on a
lot in the northeast corner of section nineteen, in
1874, and school began the same fall, taught by
Emma L. McHattie ; she received $37.00 per
month and had nineteen pupils that term. Pres-
ent oflScers are, Peter Swanson, director; William
Clark, clerk, and Philip Hummell, treasurer. The
present teacher is Mary J. Daulton.

CHURCHES.

Rev. W.T. Boutwell preached first in this neigh-
borhood in 1844, and occasionally afterwards for
some years. Rev. Chauncy Hobart dispensed the
gospel for a period of years about 1849.

The first preaching looking to the organization
of a church was by Revs. J. L. Breck, J. A,
Merrick and T. Wilcoxson, members of the asso-
ciate mission. A church called St. Paul's Parish,
was organized at Point Douglas, by Rev. T.
Wilcoxson, March 24th, 1856, with the following
members: T. Wilcoxson, G. W. Campbell, Caleb
Truax, Sr., Mark Wright, Sr., John H. Craig,
Thomas Wright, Thomas Hetherington, Mark
Wright, Jr., and James Shearer. The officers
were: wardens, George W. Campbell and Caleb
Truax, Sr.; vestrymen, Thomas Hetherington,
Thomas Wright, James Shearer, Mark Wright,
Sr., and John H. Craig; Thomas Hetherington,
treasurer, and John H. Craig, clerk. The church
was built in 1868, but left in an unfinished state,
and remains in that condition. It has been oc-
cupied, affording regular services for the peo-
ple. Its present officers are as follows: war-
dens, John O. Henry and James Shearer; vestry-
men, Thomas Pisher, Sr., John 11. Hone, Charles
Henry, Alexander Nicoll, Thomas D. Fisher and
Albert Page. The rector is Timothy Wilcoxson.

St. Mary's Episcopal church was organized
April 30th, 1863 by Rev. Timothy Wilcoxson,
with the following oflicers: wardens— Mark
Wright, Sr.,and William Stotesbury, Jr.; vestry-
men—Wm. AUibone, Thomas Wright, Thomas
Paley, Alexander H. Cook and Ambrose Stotes-
bury. The church secured a lot of two and one-
half acres, in the south-west quarter of section

fifteen, and began building in May, 1864. The
corner-stone was laid by Bishop Whipple, and
the church was finished in April, 1878. This
church is 36x24, with a chancel 16x12, affording
a comfortable and convenient place for its parish-
ioners to worship God according to their own in-
clination. The present officers are as follows:
wardens— Henry Gallinger and Wm. Stotesbury,
Jr.; vestrymen— John Burton, Mark Wright,
Ambrose Stotesbury and John Wright. Mark
Wright, treasurer, and John Burton, clerk.

Point Douglas Grange, No. 490. This grange
was organized March 16th, 1874, with twenty-
eight charter members. Nearly all the principal
citizens of the neighborhood gave their influence
to this new enterprise. The first officers were:
James Shearer, master; J. H. Hone, overseer;
T. P. James, lecturer; Wm. Page, steward; John
Burton, assistant steward; O. F. Davis, chap-
lain; E. H. Whitaker, treasurer; J. R. Bell, sec-
retary; Mrs. James Shearer, Ceres; Mrs. Mark
Wright, Pomona; Mrs. O. F. Davis, Flora; Mrs.
T. Wright, L. A. S. It enrolls twenty-five mem-
bers at present, and holds three regular meetings
a month at Whi taker's Hall. Officers elected
January 1st, 1881, were as follows: James
Shearer, master; J. H. Hone, overseer; T. P.
James, lecturer; John Burton, steward; John
Wright, assistant steward; Mrs. P. James, chap-
lain; E. H. Whitaker, treasurer; Mrs. James
Shearer, secretary; Mark Wright, G. R.; Mrs.
William Page, Ceres; Mrs. J. H. Hone, Pomona;
Mrs. John Wright, Flora; Mrs. E. H. Whitaker,
stewardess.

The first road was laid out by the government
in 1848, and is known as the Point Douglas and
Superior City road. The next was laid out 1849
to St. Paul, and known as the Point Douglas and
St. Paul road.

Emmet M. Hone, son of David and Mary G.
Hone, was born November 30th, 1845, in the
Union House, Point Douglas. It is generally
agreed, that this was the first white child born in
this township. Carver Dibble was born at Point
Douglas, August 20th, 1846; a son of Wm. B.
and Eliza J. Dibble.

Carver Dibble died January 25th, 1847; Mrs.
Eliza J. Dibble died November 25th, 1847.

Levi Hurtsill and Rhoda Pond were married at
Stillwater, in 1845. Oscar Burris and Almira M.

DENMARK BIOGRAPHICAL.

359

Henry were married November 14th, 1847, in
the village of Point Douglas. From this modest
beginning, the queenly power of matrimony has
constantly increased its domain.

State officers furnished by the township of
Denmark. Denmark has done her part in furn-
ishing the administration of justice in the state.
G. W. Campbell, Caleb Truax, Sr., Martin Leavitt
and Charles E. Leonard were representatives at
different session of the state legislature.

Denmark Silver Cornet band, was organized
July 10th, 1874. It's members were, John Bur-
ton, John Allibone, William Hetherington, Chas.
Henry, Robert Wright, Wm. J. Wright, William
risher, Charles Page, George Holt, Elias Heth-
erington, and George Wright. These gentlemen
honored the people for many years with cheer-
ing and inspiring musical treats.

Lime kiln. Wm. Bush legan to burn lime
about 1856, after a number of years Henry Stotes-
bury took his place, and continued to bum lime
for a number of years, when the property passed
into the possession of Simon Fetterley. It is not
now continued as a business, although limestone
seems to exist in abundance in that locality.

John Olsen Built a store on the north-west
quarter of south-west quarter of section 15. It
was 24x16, and one and one-half stories high.
In 1871 he sold out to Thomas Paley, who re-
modeled the building, and made a dwelling house
out of it. Samuel Dangerfleld, in 1874, bought
a small house on the same tract of land, some
distance south of where Mr. Olsen's store stood,
built an addition and opened a general merchan-
dise store; after doing a good business for two
years was burned out. Misfortune comes to men,
but ere the voice of complaint has been calmed,
another steps into the foreground and lifts aloft
the fallen banner. Scarcely had the curling
smoke ceased to rise from the ruins of the last
store building, before Asa Clothier built another.
16x12, and one story high. Soon after he added
an addition 34x18, for a hall. This served the
two-fold purpose of furnishing a hall for public
entertainments, and a place for the meetings of
the I. O. G. T. This last organization dissolved
in February, 1881.

Leavitt's feed mill was built in the fall of 1879.
It was 22x16, built in a substantial manner. It
is furnished with a patent feed mill, and obtains

its power from an eight horse-power engine. In
the fall of 1880, an addition, 40x22, was added,
as an engine house and store room. This mill
has a capacity of twenty bushels per hour; and
is located on section 6, township 24, range 20.

BIOGBAPHICAL.

William Atwater was born in New York in
1816. He remained with his parents until
twenty-one years of age, during which time he
learned carpentering. He continued in the busi-
ness six years, then bought five-hundred acres of
land and opened a farm, on which he remained
nearly fourteen years. He then engaged in the
mercantile business six years when he sold, and
removed to Prescott, Wisconsin. In 1864 he
and his brother-in-law purchased a ferry which
tbey run between Prescott and Point Doug-
las five years. He sold his interest to his
brother-in-law, then bought the ferry which is
plying, at the present time, between Point Doug-
las and Hastings. He is the present postmaster
at Point Douglas. He was married, in 1842, to
Anna E. Fowler, who died in 1858, leaving two
children. Mr. Atwater was remarried to Sarah
P. Clark.

Henry Behrens, a native of Germany, was bom
in 1855. He came to America, with his parents, in
1867, and after a few months stay in New York,
they proceeded to St. Paul, Minnesota. Locating
on a farm, four miles from St. Paul, they re-
mained there three years, then removed to Wood-
bury, where they still live. Mr. Behrens at
twenty-one years of age, rented a farm in Den-
mark, Minnesota, where he stiU remains. He
was married in 1878 to Miss Mary Baths, who
has borne him one child, Elizabeth -

George J. Bush was bom in upper Canada in
1839. At tlie age of fourteen he removed with
his parents to Illinois, where they resided a short
time, thence to Point Douglas, Minnesota.
George remained at home until 1863, when he
purchased a home. He resided a few years in
Waseca county, and finally located at Denmark.
His wife was Ann Hetherington, whom he married
in 1863. They have had four children: Linden
G., Alvey, Cora and William E.

J. D. Bennett was born in Pennsylvania in
1844. At eight years of age he accompanied his
parents to Indiana. Three years later he ^^■ iit to

360

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Prescott, Wisconsin, then to Baytown, Washing-
ton county, Minnesota; he remained in that lo-
cality about nine years, then removed, to Den-
mark, where he still lives on his farm. He mar-
ried in 1880, Elizabeth Oldham.

Malcom Black, a native of Scotland, was born
in 1832. His parents died when he was quite
young, leaving him alone. In 1849, he went to
Glasgow, where he remained until coming to
America in 1853. He lived in Livingston county.
New York, three years, then came to Washing-
ton county Minnesota. He engaged in lumbering
and farming several years, and in 1865, bought a
farm near Denmark, on which he has resided
since 1871. He was married in 1867 to Miss
Lydia Eastwood. Their children are, Jessie S.,
Mary E., Katherine and Elsie.

Frank Brendemuhl, a native of Germany, was
born in 1839. His family came to America in
1841. In the spring of that year they located on a
farm near Watertown, Wisconsin. The father
died in 1854, soon after which Frank went to
Kansas, thence to Princeton, Minnesota, where
he made a claim. In 1882 he enlisted in Com-
pany I, Sixth Regiment Minnesota Volunteers;
after serving three years he was discharged at
Fort Snelling. He returned and purchased a
farm on which he still lives. He holds the oflBce
of school director of district number forty-five.
His family consists of wife and six children:
William, Henry, Fred, Louis, Ida and Melinda.

Albert Brendemuhl was born at Watertown,
Wisconsin, in 1846. At thirteen years of age he
went to Kansas, thence to Princeton, Minnesota,
remaining nearly six years. He sold the property
he had accumulated there and came to Denmark,
Washington county, where he still resides on a
farm. His marriage with Louise Marshall took
place in 1868. Their children are: Anna, Ed-
ward, Emma, Amelia and William.

John Coffman, a native of Pennsylvania, was
born in Chester county in 1825. His father's
death occurred when he was only six months old,
and he was taken by his grandfather, with whom
he lived until seventeen years of age. He en-
gaged in farming for others ten years, then
.came to Point Douglas, Minnesota, and in
1854 entered two hundred acres of land, on the
St. Croix river, near Denmark. In 1860 he ob-
tained property, by trading his farm, in Prescott,

Wisconsin; soon after he returned to Denmark,
where he now lives. He married Ellen Clark,
who died in 1863, leaving six children. He re-
married to Miss Mary Johnson, who has borne
him five children, four of whom are living.

William J. Cohoes was born near Rutland,
Vermont, December 25th, 1838. When about ten
years of age, his father died, and in consequence,
William was obliged to begin the battle of life in
early years. In 1852, his mother granted him the
remaining time until he should reach his ma-
jority. He worked on the Champlain and Erie
canals and the Hudson river on a freight boat.
Coming west to Fulton, Iowa, in 1857, he tarried
a brief time, thence to Point Douglas, and the
following year went to Missouri, entering there •
the employ of the United States and American
Express Company. After continuing in the em-
ploy of the government some time, he crossed the
plains to the gold fields, but in 1860, re-entered
the employ of the express company, and the next
year returned to Point Douglas, Minnesota.
Here he engaged in agriculture until enlisting in
the First Minnesota Regiment in 1865, was with
General Grant until the surrender of General Lee.
Returning to civil life and his home, he has since
resumed his agricultural pursuits. Miss Chris-
tiana Truax became his wife in 1863, and has
borne him eight children.

John Conley was born at Fort Snelling, Min-
nesota, in 1845. At nineteen years of age he en-
listed in Company F, Minnesota Independent Bat-
talion; he served until 1866, when he received his
discharge. In 1868, he purchased eighty acres in
Denmark, Minnesota, where he still lives. He
was married in 1868 to Mary McDermott: Alice,
Theresa, William, Mamie, Josie, Thomas and
Anna are their children.

Johanna Connelley, a native of Ireland, was
born in 1817. She came to America in 1851, and
made Monroe, Orange county, New York, her
home. She removed to Point Douglas, Minne-
sota, the next year. She and Martin Connelly
were united in marriage in 1853. He was a
widower and was the parent of three children:
William, John and Thomas. He owned a farm
at Denmark, on which they lived, and since his
death, which happened in September, 1880, his
widow has passed her time there. Her children

DENMARK— BIOGRAPHICAL.

361

are: Dennis, who is a cripple; Mary, Martin and
Michael.

Allen Cook was born in Canada West, in 1828.
He went to St. Lawrence county, New York,
where he lived seven years, then went to Hudson,
Wisconsin. Soon after, he became a resident
of Denmark. His mother lives with him, his
father having died in 1854. Mr. Cook was mar-
ried in 1864 to Margaret McChesney. They have
five children living: Amelia, Sarah, William H.,
John A. and Josiah.

Edward Delamore was born in Ireland in 1812.
He came to Canada in 1832, thence to Albany,
New York, where he remained only a short time.
He then made his home in Ulster county. New
York, until 1847, when he went to Vermont and
bought a farm. Here he lived ten years, then
made Hastings, Minnesota, his home seven years.
His present place of residence is Point Douglas,
locating there in 1864. He was married in 1837.
His family consists of his wife and seven children.

William B. Dibble was born in New York in
1815. He went to Pennsylvania in 1832, and
after remaining nearly two years went to Georgia
and Alabama, engaged in the stage business. He
bought a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in
Illinois, on which he remained some time. After
traveling through different states a number of
years he started for the California mines in 1849.
He engaged in mining two years, then returned
and located at Point Douglas, remaining eleven
years, when he bought his present farm. Married
in 1844 to Eliza McCauslin. His second wife was
Mary Wright. Nine children have been born to
them.

David Downing was born in Washington coun-
ty, Maryland, in 1819. His parents moved to
Pennsylvania in 1827, and the next year he was
sent out to earn his living. He learned the dis-
tillery business at sixteen years of age and con-
tinued in it four years as a laborer, then bought
one-half interest. In 1849, his partner disap-
peared very suddenly, taking their funds with
him. He then removed to Point Douglas, Min-
nesota, and engaged in farming three years, after
which he made a contract to furnish wood for
that place. He then bought the farm where he
now lives. He married Mary Henry in 1856.

Joseph Dugan was, born in 1846, in Pennsyl-
vania, and moved to Ohio when very young. His

mother died when he was seven years of age,
which event compelled him to reside with an
uncle in Wisconsin. He enlisted in 1864, in
Company A, Third Kegiment Wisconsin Volun-
teers, and received his discharge at Louisville,
Kentucky, in 1865. He became a resident of
Point Douglas, in 1880. His marriage to Julia
Coffman occurred in 1870. They have had three
children: Ida B., John W. and Frank E.

Timothy Enright was born in New York in
1844. At the age of eighteen he enlisted in Com-
pany "C," Fourteenth Regiment, New York Vol-
unteers, in which he served two years, when he
was discharged. He returned home and remained
until 1865, then removed to Point Douglas, Min-
nesota. He engaged as laborer until 1875, when
he purchased village property and there located.
He now holds the position of justice of the peace.
In 1870, he married Margaret Delamore, who has
borne him five children.

Simon Fetterley was born in Canada iu 1825.
He engaged in farming in his native place until
1855, then came to Point Douglas and was en-
gaged in farming for other parties nearly five
years. He purchased a farm from Mr. Dibble,
which he sold a short time after and bought
again of Mr. Bushy. He purchased another farm
soon after, on which he now lives. He was mar-
ried to Caroline Bushy in 1847. Their children
are Electa A., William S., Charles S., Melissa J.,
James N., Susan and Whitney.

Thomas Fisher, Sr., is a native of Yorkshire,
England, born in 1819. He lived with his parents
until the age of twenty-two. He engaged in farm-
ing two years, and was then in the grocery busi-
ness four years. He came to America in 1859,
locating at Point Douglas, Minnesota. He has
since then been a farmer, and since 1867, lived
on his own farm. His wife was Miss Sarah E.
Wright, whom he married in 1845. They have
four children living.

Henry Gallinger is a native of Canada, born in
1832. He learned the trade of carpenter in his
native place then came to point Douglas, Minne-
sota, in 1858. He engaged in farming and lum-
bering some time, then bought a farm in Den-
mark, where he now lives. He enUsted in Com-
pany F, Hatches' Battalion, in 1865, and received
his discharge in 1866. He married Miss E. Per-

362

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COXINTY.

kins in 1864, who has borne him three children:
Alice, Henrietta and Adelaide.

W. &. Hageman, a native of Germany, was
born in 1833. He engaged in farming in his
native country until 1854, when he came to
America. He worked over two • years in a
nursery, and in the spring of 1857 located in St.
Paul, Minnesota, where he was employed in a
saw-mill four years. In 1864 he purchased
eighty acres of land in Denmark, and for eight
successive years purchased the same amomit.
He raised fourteen thousand bushels of small
grain three years in succession. His family con-
sists of his wife and seven children. Their
names are: Louis H., William P., Lena, Emma,
George, John and Albert.

George Harris was bom in Pennsylvania, in
1824. He moved with his parents to Illinois,
when three years of age. His father was killed
in the Black Hawk war, while there. At the age
of eight, George began working on a farm, in
which he continued nine years, then went to
Missouri, where he remained until 184-5. He
then made Point Douglas, Minnesota, his home,
eight years. After spending a number of years
in various pursuits, in various places, he located
at Denmark, on a farm. His family consists of
his wife, who was Miss Alice White, and seven
children.

Jane Hetherington, widow of Thomas Hether-
ington, was born in Scotland, in 1820. She ac-
companied her parents to Canada when three
years old, where she remained until her marriage
in 1847. In 1850 they removed to Point Douglas,
Minnesota and soon after located on a farm three
miles away, where she still remains. She is the
parent of eight children: Mary, John E., Wil-
liam P., A. B. Jane, George R., Thomas M., and
ElyB.

John H. Hone was born in Springfield, Illinois,
in 1839. His parents moved to Marine, Minne-
sota, when he was quite young, his father being
one of the Marine Lumber company. In 1860 he
embarked for himself and bought a farm, which
he owned eight years then sold and bought 127
acres, where he lives. He is now treasurer of
school district number thirty- four. His marriage
with Mehitable Ledgard occurred in 1861. They
have two children, Cornelia and AUeta.

William Keene is a native of Maine, born in

1829. In 1851 he came to St. Paul, Minnesota,
thence to St. Anthony, where he resided two
years. He bought eighty acres in Denmark, in
1863, which he increased to 640 in sixteen years.
For five years past his farm has yielded 8,000
bushels of wheat and oats each year. He was
married in 1853. Their children are John F.,
Alvina G., Francis B., Sarah L., William O.,
Charles O., Harvey E., and Sarah A.

John P. Krueger is a native of Germany, bom
in 1846. He came to America In 1861, locating
in Dodge county, Wisconsin. He commenced
farming in that county and in 1869 rented a farm
on which he remained three years. He then went
to Horicon in a flour, and feed store, engaging in
that business two and one-half years. Soon after,
he located at Hastings, and for a time was em-
ployed by Mr. Libby as lumberman. He has now
control of Mr. Nash's farm, on which he lives.
He was married in 1868, to Minnie Lemann.
Their children are William, Lena and Fred.

Robert Jackson was born in Cheshire, England,
1819, where he lived until coming to America in
1840. He located in Iowa,where he remained nearly
three years. He then came to Washington coim-
ty, Minnesota, being attracted thither by the re-
ports of its healthfulness. He first located in
Denmark township, afterward taking a claim, be-
fore the government survey. Mr. Jackson has
been twice married.

Edward Laforce was born in France in 1817.
He came to America with his parents, and lo-
cated at Quebec, Canada. In 1845 he went to
St. Paul, Minnesota, and was employed by Mr.
Lawrence, in the lumbering business, six years;
he then went to Cottage Grove, Minnesota, re-
maining ten years. While there he bought one
hundred and sixty acres, and after living on it
four years traded for one himdred and twenty
acres in Denmark, where he still lives. His
wife was Margaret Hutchings, whom he married
in 1860. They are the parents of five children.

Williams. Louden is a native of Indiana, born
in Clark county in 1843. He moved to Point
Douglas, Minnesota, in 1866; thence to Cottage
(irove. He remained there a few months; then
returned to Point Douglas. After visiting his
native state he located on a farm at Cottage
Grove, where he remained two years. He then
purchased eighty acres at Denmark, where he

n ENMABK—BIOGBArBICAL.

363

has since lived. He married Miss Fannie Kelly
in 1865, who has borne him four children: Mary
F., William A., Vernie and Arthur.

Archibald McCallum was bom in Scotland in
1833. He came to America in 1851 with his
parents, locating first at Albany, then at Cale-
donia, Livingston county. New York. He re-
mained there until 1863, when he came to Hast-
ings; the next year he bought eighty acres in
Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, on
which he now lives. He was married in 1871 to
Mary Taggart who has borne him two children.

John O'Brien is a native of Ireland, born in
1849. He came to America in 1855 and remained
in Baltimore one year. He then came to Hast-
ings, Minnesota, where he worked in the foun-
dry and machine shops two years; then in the
saw-mills in that vicinity where he still continues.
He owns two hundred and forty acres in Den-
mark.

Samuel Orr, was born in New Brunswick, 1815.
His mother died when he was four years old. At
the age of twenty-three, he went to St. Stevens,
where he was employed in the ship-yards twenty-
one years. He then embarked in the brig "Caro-
line," bound for Cuba, which was wrecked on
her homeward passage about two hundred miles
south of Cape Hatteras. In October, 1862, he ar-
rived at New York city. He came to St. Paul,
Minnesota, in 1865, thence to Stillwater, at which
place he was employed by Mr. Staples. He then
located on a farm, where he still remains. He
has been twice married, and is the parent of
seven children.

WilUam A. Page was born in Denmark, Min-
nesota, 1856. He removed to Point Douglas with
his parents when quite young. After becoming
of age, he worked one year for his father, then
purchased a farm of his father, where he still
lives. He now holds the position of clerk in
school district 49, Denmark. Mr. Page was mar-
ried in 1876 to Lottie Weaver, who has borne him
two children, Albert S. and Charles E.

Charles R. Page was born at Point Douglas,
Minnesota, in 1858. His parents were of English
birth. They came to America in 1848, and made
Philadelphia their home three years, during
which time his father worked at carpentermg.
In 1851, they came to Point Douglas, Minnesota,

where his father died in 1880. Mr. Page still
lives with his mother at that place.

Oscar Perry was born in Pennsylvania, in 1843.
He located in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1861, and
soon after enlisted in Company "L," Second Min-
nesota Sharpshooters. He was discharged after
having served three years. He returned home
and engaged in the oil business until 1875; then
spent a few years m traveling, finally locating at
Denmark, where he has since resided.

Thomas Screeton is a native of England, born
in 1821. He served an apprenticeship of seven
years as carpenter at Manchester. He then
worked sixteen years at pattern-making. In
1858, he came to America, making St. Paul, Min-
nesota, his home a few years. He enlisted in the
United States Engineer Corps, in which he served
six months. He purchased his present farm in
Denmark, in 1844.

Austin M. Shearer was born in Canada, in 1843,
where he lived until the spring of 1864. He
then went to Green Bay, Michigan, and after a
short stay removed to Point Douglas, Minnesota,
and purchased a farm about three miles from
there. He still lives there. His marriage with
Miss Ellen Page took place in 1870. They have
two children: Minnie and Wilham.

James Shearer, born in 1815, is a native of
Massachusetts. After completing his education,
he was employed as clerk in a store nearly five
years. For a number of years after, he was en-
gaged in the mercantile business, then passed a
number of years in traveling. He located at
Point Douglas, on a farm, which he bought in
1849. He is now town treasurer and county
commissioner. His marriage with Miss M. J.
Hardy, occured in 1866. They have three chil-
dren: Marcus A., Martha V. and Irving F.

Simon Shingledecker was born in Germany,
in 1815. He came to America in 1831. He lo-
cated in Ohio, and worked nine years as a farmer,
then went to Illinois, thence to St. Louis. He
was employed three years on a boat, which ran
from St. Louis to New Orleans. In 1845, he re-
moved to Hudson, Wisconsin, engaging in lum-
bering three years; he then bought a farm in Den-
mark, Muinesota, where he still lives. He mar-
ried in 1850, Margaret Truax, who has borne
eight children: Caleb J., Abraham R., Agnes

364

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

E., George S., Gersham, Harriet M., Emma I. and
Lizzie A.

A. Stevens was born in Canada, in 1806. At
the age of sixteen, he learned the trade of wheel-
wriglit. He conthiued in that business until
1832, when he was married and moved on his
wife's farm, where they lived until 1850. They
then sold and bought eighty acres at Cottage
Grove, Minnesotii. In 1877, his wife died and he
sold his property. Since living with his daughter
at Denmark.

Mortimer M. Swingler is a native of Indiana,
born in 1841. He came to Hennepin county,
Minnesota, in 1857. He enlisted In Company A'
Ninth Begiment Minnesota Volunteers; after
serving three years he received his discharge at
Fort Snelling. Soon after, he went to Stevens
coimty and gave his attention to farming until
1870. He visited different places and pursued
different lines of business until 1880, then located
at Point Douglas. He bought the ferry and the
land adjoining in Denmark, and holds the char-
ter for a term of five years. He married in 1867,
Fannie M. Taylor. They have five children
living.

Abraham Truax was born at Brockville, Can-
ada West, 1824. His father was a sailor, and in
consequence the family was forced to often
change location. They moved to St. Lawrence
county. New York, where they remained about
thirteen years. In 1848 they came to Minnesota,
1 ocating at Point Douglas. When Hastings first
started, Mr. Truax removed there and helped in
building the old "Buckbom," a log structure. He
returned to Washington county in 1859, where he
has since resided. He held the office of sheriff:
of Dakota county at an early date. He was mar-
ried in 1859 to Mary Lahey, who has borne him
five children. His wife died in 1867.

■Mark Wright was born in England, 1830. He
came to America with his parents in 1841, locat-
ing at Quebec, then to Upper Canada, where his
father was employed by the government eight
years. In 1852 his father bought one hundred and
sixty acres in Denmark, Minnesota, on which he
lived until the time of his death. In 1864, after
his father's death, Mr. Wright purchased one hun-
dred and sixty acres, where he still lives. His
family consists of wife, who was Margaret Ste-
vens, and four children. .

Mary Wright was born in 1800, in England.
She lived with her parents until twenty-five years
of age. In 1826 she married Mark Wright. They
moved to Canada in 1842, living in different parts
of the province until 1852, when they removed to
Point Douglas, Minnesota. They bought one
hundred and sixty acres in Denmark, the May
following. Her husband died in 1873. She still
lives on the farm with her son George who owns
one-half. He was married in 1874 to Adelaine
Wright.

Robert Wright was born in Canada, 1848. He
moved with his parents to Point Douglas. Four
years later, his father purchased a farm in Den-
mark, and moved there. Mr. Wright remained
with his parents until twenty-one, when his father
gave him eighty acres of land on which he moved
and still resides. He was married in 1872 to Miss
Electa Fetterley, who has borne him one child.

COITAGE GROVE.

CHAPTER LIV.

BAKLY SETTLEES ORGANIZATION— LIST OF

SUPEEVISOES— TOPOGRAPHY ROADS VIL-
LAGES—SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES CYCLONE

— WAR RECORD — BIOGRAPHICAL.

Cottage Grove, mcluding all of township 27,
range 21, and a small portion of township 26,
range 21. The meandering of the Mississippi
causes the south side to assume an irregular
shape, and adds two small portions of town-
ship 26, range 21, to the town of Cottage Grove.
This town, like all others, has had an ante-
history, liefore Cottage Grove was known as
a township, or before force of law or organiza-
tion, other than that of the stronger claiming
priority of right to possess hunting privileges,
was known, we find white men had set foot on
these beautiful prairies.

COTTAGE OROVE—EABLY SETTLES S.

365

EARLY SETTLERS.

Among the first prominent settlers of this
township we find the names of James S. Norris
and Joseph Hasliell. These men were the first
settlers in this town and among the first in
the St. Croix Valley. They made claims in
what is now the town of Afton in the fall of
1839. The following spring they made improve-
ments on their claims, such as are common in a
new country.

Mr. Norris remained with Mr. Haskell until the
spring of 1842, when he went to Gray Cloud
Island and worked for Messrs. Moore and Robin-
son, at the Indian trading post, for one year.
Then in the spring of 1843 he removed to the
point where Cottage Grove village now stands.
Then this village did not wear the face of beauty
and activity it presents now. He made a claim
on sections 1 and 12, on which he built a log
cabin, and immediately commenced making im-
provements ; he broke forty acres of prairie and
sowed it to wheat. This is said to be the first
wheat of any quantity sowed north of Prairie du
Chien. He had a goodly yield of wheat, but as
there were no mills in the country to convert
wheat intOj flour, this rich bounty of golden grain
could not ■ render that comfort it would under
present circumstance's. This year he broke fifty
acres more and sowed ninety acres to wheat.
The following season he enjoyed a bountiful har-
vest, but often men are disappointed when they
seem to be grasping an ideal fortune, so in this
case; but small quantities could be disposed of at
all, and hence a large portion of this bounteous
harvest was lost. In those days shipping down
the river was attended with many disadvantages.
This unfortunate condition of things slowly
wasted away. River advantages increased year
by year, and in the spring of 1856 Mr. Bolles com-
pleted his mill and began to manufacture a kind
of flour, having some antique cast. It would be
somewhat repulsive to our delicate tastes, to be
compelled to feast on bread made from such coarse
flour, while it might remove many of the causes
producing dyspepsia and that class of diseases.
Mr. Haskell had a quantity of this wheat ground,
but as there was no bolting-cloth in the mill the
flour proved to be quite coarse. In order to make
the bread look white the baker was in the habit
of sifting the flour, by means of a frame covered

over the bottom with black crape. In the days of
pioneer life this disadvantage did not seem to be
the mountain it would be if we were called to en-
dure the trials now. Mr. Haskell remained on the
portion of his claim in section twelve until the
spring of 1846, which he had sold to J. W. Pur-
ber in the fall of 1845, and then moved to his
present location on section one.

The next settler in the township was Jacob
Marsh, who made his home on section twenty-
three in 1844.

William Ferguson settled on section 26, the
same year. Jonathan Brown made a claim on
section 1 1 . Lewis Hill took possession of sections
3 and 4. James S. Davis settled on section 14.
John Atkinson made his claim on section 1.
These all joined the pioneer band in 1844, '45 and
'46. Thomas and J. W. Furber came in 1846.
From this date there was a constant coming of
new settlers, till all vacant lands were occupied,
and yet they come, old citizens moving farther
west and some retiring from the active duties of
agriculture.

The people of Cottage Grove are Americans in
the strictest sense of the term. Most of the pio-
neer fathers were from Maine, and they have in-
troduced many of the habits and customs so com-
mon in that state.

TOWN ORGANIZATION.

A meeting of the legal voters of Cottage Grove
was called to convene at Lyceum Hall, in the
village of Cottage Grove, October 20th, 1858, for
the purpose, as had been publicly announced, to
form a township by the election of a board of offi-
cers. The meeting was called to order by J. S.
Norris, who was chosen moderator, and William
Watson, clerk.

John Atkinson, Jacob Mosher and Joel Mun-
ger were appointed judges of the election. Joel'
Munger was elected overseer of the public high-
way of the western part of the town, and John
H. Swetland, overseer of the eastern part of the
town. The following gentlemen. Wm. Watson,
chairman; John Atkinson and B. Winant, were
elected as board of supervisors; John Rhodes,
clerk; Joel Munger and John H. Braekens, justice
of peace; J. B. Benson and R. Rhodes, consta-
bles; Jacob Mosher, collector; Thomas Furber,
assessor; and James S. . Davig, overseer of the

366

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

poor. It was determined to hold the next annu?il
meeting at the precinct house. This closed the
work of organization and the election of first offi-
cers for the township of Cottage Grove.
The annual town meeting of Cottage Grove for

1859, was called at the Lyceum hall, April 5tli,
18.i9. Theodore Purber, was moderator. A tax
of $100 was levied for town purposes, to be dis-
bursed as follows: To town clerk, $10, for
plats and maps; for assessor, $20; for surveying
$50; and for contingent expenses, |20. The fol-
lowing board of supervisors were elected: J. S.
Norris chairman of board; John H. Bracken and
Henry Hone supervisors; John- Rhodes, clerk.
It was determined to hold the next annual meet-
ing at the Waterville school-house district, num-
ber one.

The next annual meeting was called April 3d,

1860, and by a vote of the people adjourned at
once to Lyceum hall. The following board of su-
pervisors was chosen: A. L. Holman, chairman,
John J. Connelly and !N. H. Van Slyke.

At a meeting of the board of supervisors held
April 23d, 1860, a two days' poll tax was levied on
all voters between the ages of twenty-one and
fifty years of age, and fifty cents on each hundred
dollars valuation of real estate.

The fourth annual meeting was called at Ly-
ceum hall, April 2d, 1861 . A tax of $200 was
levied for current expenses, and twenty-five cents
on each hundred dollars worth of real estate for
road purposes.

Supervisors elected: J. S. Korris, chairman of
board, John Bassett and Henry Hone.

The fifth annual town meeting was called at
Waterville school-house, April 1st, 1862. By vote
levied a tax of twenty-five cents on each one hun-
dred dollars wortl^ of real estate, and two days'
poll tax. The board of supervisors were Eobert
Watson, chairman, B. Winantand Wm. Murphy;
J. S. Norris, clerk.

The sixth annual town meeting was called at
the house of L. Nessell, April 7th, 1853. A tax
of !? 150 was levied for current expenses, and of
$178 for road purposes. Supervisors elected:
Theodore Furber, chairman of board, Joel Hun-
ger and B. Winant; J. S. Norris, clerk.

The seventh annual town meeting was called
at the liouse of A. Nessell, April 5th, 1864. Su-
pervisors: J. W. Furber, chairman of board.

Robert "Wilkins and M. S. Sprout; J. S. Norris,
clerk.

The eighth annual meeting was called at the
school-house near Atkinson's corners, April 4th,
1865. Supervisors were: A. L. Holman, chair-
man, Eobert McChesney and Joel M. Munger;
J. S. Norris, clerk.

The ninth annu:il meeting was held at the Ly-
ceum hall, April 3d, 1866. The following officers
were elected: supervisors — A. L. Holman, Robert
McChesney and Joel M. Munger; J. S. Norris,
clerk.

The tenth annual meeting was held at a school-
house near Vessel's, April 2d, 1867. Super-
visors elected were A. L. Holman, D. A. Kemp
and Lewis Bailey; J. S. Norris. clerk.

The eleventh annual town meeting was called
at Nessel's school-house, April 7th, 1868. Super-
visors were: H. A. Gould, H. A. Durant and John
J. Connelley; J. S. Norris, clerk.

The twelfth annual town meeting was held at
the Lyceum hall, April 6th, 1869. Elected H. A.
Durant, R. Wilkins and S. M. Bailey, supervisors;
J. S. Norris, clerk.

The thirteenth annual town meeting was called
at Lyceum hall, April 6th, 1870. Supervisors
elected: S. M. Bailey, J. A. Churchill and Rob-
ert Wilkins; J. S. Norris, clerk.

The fourteenth annual meeting was called at
the school-house near Atkinson's corner, March
14th, 1871. Robert Watson, John J. Connelley
and F. Meilicke, supervisors; J. S. Norris, clerk.

The fifteenth annual town meeting was called
at Lyceum hall, March 12th, 1872. Supervisors,
Robert Watson, John Connelley and F. S. Meil-
icke; J. S. Norris, clerk.

The sixteenth annual town meeting was called
at Lyceum hall, March 11th. 1873. Supervisors,
F. S. Meilicke, W. R. Munger and D. A. Kemp;
J. S. Norris, clerk.

Seventeenth meeting was called at precinct
house, March 10th, 1874. Supervisors, J. J. Con-
nelley, E. Clark and Ross W. Link; A. G. Gillett,
clerk.

The eighteenth annual town meeting was held
at Langdon hall, March 9th, 1876. Supervisors,
William Fowler, Eobert Wilkinson and Wallace
Kelsey; A. G. Gillett, clerk.

The nineteenth annual town meeting was called
at Langdon hall, March 14th, 1876. Wm. Fow-

COTTAGE GBOVE—TOPOGBAPHY.

367

ler, Wallace Kelsey and Ethan Viall, supervisors;
A. G. Gillett, clerk.

The twentieth annual town meeting was held
at Langdon hall, March 13th, 1877. Supervisors,
Wm. Fowler, Ethan Viall and Uriah Ladd, Jr.;
T. F. Miller, clerk.

The twenty-first annual town meeting was
called at Langdon hall, March 12th, 1878. Su-
pervisors, William Fowler, Ethan Viall and G.
R. Crippen; A. G. Gillett, clerk.

The twenty-second annual town meeting was
called at Langdon hall, March 11th, 1879. Su-
pervisors, W. Fowler, Ethan Viall and W. Kel-
sey; A. G. Gilbert, clerk.

The twenty-third annual town meeting was
called at Langdon hall, March 9th, 1880. The
following officers were elected: Edward Clark,
George Fisk and George R. Crippen, board of
supervisors; A. G. Gillett, clerk.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The township is bounded on the north by
Woodbury, east by Denmark, south by Missis-
sippi river, and west by Newport. The surface
of the town is generally rolling, and the soil fer-
tile, adapted to agricultural pursuits. The sur-
face of the south part, extending out from the
river for two miles, is a level prairie; then there
is a range of hills and bluffs. Some portions of
this part of the town are quite broken, with deep
ravines, adding to its beauty, if not to its fertility.

Then back towards the north portion of the
town, are the table lands, two hundred feet above
the level of the river, undulating, partly a prairie,
and partially decorated with a second growth of
oak. The soil of the low lands is of a sandy na-
ture, with a small quantity of loam intermingled.
The tables are loamy, with a clay sub-soil. The
low lands are well adapted to stock raising, hav-
ing many water advantages. The table lands
are more especially adapted to the raising grain
of all kinds, and fruits.

The drainage of this town is ample, affording
every advantage necessary for the convenience
of husbandry. The Mississippi river skirts the
southern boundry.

A large slough leaves the Mississippi about the
center of section 33, bearing north for some dis-
tance into section 34, then inclining south through
section 35 into section 36, and then abruptly

turning north, enters the Mississippi, forming
what is knowin as Kemp's Island. Another slough
leaving the Mississippi in the eastern part of
Newport town, enters the north-east comer of
section 30, running a south-westerly course, diag-
onally through sections 30, 31 and 32, and re-en-
tering the. Mississippi river in section 33, forming
Gray Cloud Island. A few small lakes grace
the surface of this town. From a small lake in
section 23, taking a zigzag course through sec-
tions 26, 27 and 34, and enters the Mississippi in
section 35. •

The first road built in the town was the old
Military road, called the Point Douglas and St.
Paul road, surveyed by Captain Stimpson for the
government in 1849. The Gray Cloud, Cottage
Grove and Stillwater road was built by the
county in the year 1851. The Red Rock and
Afton road was opened in 1852. The first road
laid out by the town board was in August, 1859,
commencing at the quarter section post between
sections 4 and 5, running due west to the town
line. The second one commenced at the south-
west corner of section 11, running east on the
south line to a point on Furber Lake, then south-
east to county road.

VILLAGES.

The township has two regularly platted villages.
The village of Cottage Grove was located in sec-
tion 12, in 1871, by J. P. Furber; J. W. Furber
was surveyor. It is four miles from a sta-
tion of the same name on the Chicago, Mil-
waukee and St. Paul railway, and is fourteen
miles from St. Paul. The original plat contained
forty acres of land. The village has gradually
grown from a small beginning to a flourshing in-
land town. It contains one store, dry-goods and
groceries, George W. Furber, proprietor; one
drug store, kept by Dr. A. H. Steen; two physi-
cians, Wm. Furber and A. H. Steen; three
churches. Congregational, Methodist and German
Lutherans; one hotel, the Cottage Grove house,
W. H. Glenna, proprietor; a fine school-house in
the centre of the town, ample for the place, sur-
rounded by a natural grove, made more dense by
the addition of a good number of shade trees and
some fine ever-greens, affording shade during the
summer, and forming a wind-break during the
winter season; one black-smith and wagon-shop,

368

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Louis Putfes, proprietor, and one black-smith
shop, August Aborth, proprietor. Cottage Grove
is one of the oldest settled towns in the county.
The Arcadia Lodge of Masons is located in the
village, and was organized in 1864; the charter
was granted in 1865.' The first board of officers:
O. G. Leonard, M. W.; J. S. Norris, 8. W.; Thomas
Fiirber, J. W.; A. L. Ilolman, secretary; and E.
Ayers, treasurer. They held their first meetings
in rooms, properly furnished over John P. Fur-
ber's store. Like all other bodies, changes form
an important feature of their history; "'so this so-
ciety was left adrift, but soon found rooms over
John P. Purber's ware-house, where the society
holds its regular meetings. The membership at
date of organization was eight. At this writing
they have forty active members. Present officers:
Dr. A. H. Steen, W. M.; Robert Wilkins, S. W.;
VV. Kelsey, J. W.; Peter Thompson, secretary,
and James Middleton, treasurer.

LANGDOlSr.

The village was laid out and platted by
J. T. Dodge, from Hastings, chief engineer of
the Chicago, Milwaukee and 8t. Paul railroad
in the spring of 1871, located in section 21. The
town was called Langdon after Hon. R. B. Lang-
don, of Minneapolis.

The trade of the village is controlled by these
firms: Woodward and Son, general stock of dry-
goods, groceries and hardware; Messrs. Barrett
and Co., general stock of goods; Messrs. Dill and
Miller, elevator and feed-mill; Zadoc Johnson,
proprietor of hotel; and P. K. Barril, a black-
smith.

The Langdon elevator was built in [Septembsr
1874, by A. V. Brown, of St. Paul, and sold the
same fall to James McClusky, and soon after
rented to Messrs. Dill and Miller, and finally in
the summer of 1878, purchased by this latter
firm. In 1879, a feed-mill and engine-house was
added, making it a profitable property, and sup-
plying a long felt want in town and community.

POST-OFFICES.

The first post-office established in the town was
located at the house of J. W.Furber, in the spring of
1850. This was one of the first offices established
in the county. J. W. Furber received the first ap-
pointment as postmaster. The conditions, on
which the request of the people in reference to

establishing a post-office was granted, was that
the mail should be carried from Point Douglas,
once a week free from expense to the government,
D. Hone of Point Douglas, entered into a con-
tract to fulfill the requirement of the government,
receiving for his pay the proceeds of the route.
Mr. Furber kindly gave his commission to the
carrier. This arrangement met the expectation
of the people and rendered general satisfaction.
The office has been removed from time to time,
from place to place in the village, and a corres-
ponding number of citizens have held the position
of postmaster, during these successive changes.
John P. Furber has been postmaster a number of
years, and George M. Furber has served as depu-
ty postmaster, and held the office in his store since
1866. This office has been supplied with a daily
mail by stage from Stillwater to Langdon for the
last four years.

The Langdon post-office was established No-
vember, 1871. A. G. Gillett received his com-
mission as postmaster November 27th, 1871, from
Postmaster General Creswell. The office was
kept in the station house until December, 1879,
when Mr. Gillett resigned his position as agent
for the railroad company. Since that time Mr.
Gillett has kept the office in his residence near
the depot. The office is furnished with a daily
mail each way, on the Chicago, Milwaukee and
St. Paul railroad, and by stage from Stillwater.

SCHOOLS.

Prior to any organization of schools under ter-
ritorial law, Fountain Spring school, a private
school, was organized by John Atkinson, and was
taught by a Miss Johnson.

After the organization, the whole town was di-
vided into two districts. District number one oc-
cupied the western portion of town, and number
two the eastern portion. This arrangement pre-
vailed until the final dividing of the town into
school districts, which is given as accurately as the
information obtained will justify.

School district number fifty-three, formerly
known as number one, was organized November,
1853. The first schools were held in private
houses until 1856, when a school house was built
near what is known as Atkinson's corners. This
house was 40x24 feet, and cost about $300. The
first teacher under this arrangement was Miss

SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.

3(59

Anna Bray ton. Tirst board of officers was: Wil-
liam Buck, W. Powler, J. Atkinson, and W. R.
Hunger. In 1872 the district was divided, a por-
tion stricken off to the Langdon district; they
took the number of thirty. At that time the
county commissioners changed the number of the
original district from number one to number fifty-
three. This district has since then received some
additional territory from number thirty-one, New-
port town.

Cottage Grove school district, No. 31, was or-
ganized as No. 2, in 1851. The first school was
held in the old log cabin built by J. S. Norris in
1843. Miss Martha Newell, from Lakeland,
taught the first school. The first board of officers
elected was: J. S. Norris, A. L. Holman, John
Heath; and J. W. Furber, clerk. The first
school-house was 22x16 feet, built in 1852, at an
expense of f250. The next school-house, 57x28
feet, with a wing 20x10 feet, was built in 1868, at
an expense of $3,600. They have two depart-
ments. The school is doing a good work for the
town, under the management of David L. Smith,
principal, and Miss Geneva Weatherspoon, as-
sistant.

School district. No. 32, was organized as No. 3,
in 1857. The first school was kept in a house
leased from Dr. Mann. The first board of officers
elected was: Jacob Mosher, John Sweatland,
John Moray and John Rhodes, trustees. The
first school-house was built on section twenty-six,
in 1859, at a cost of about $200. First teacher
was Miss Kate Califf. The second school-house
was built on the same site, in 1868', at a cost of
$600. First teacher in new school-house was
Bartina Boceman.

Langdon school district. No. 30, was set off
from what was known as the Waterville district,
No. 1, or what is now No. 53. It was organized
in 1872. The following board of officers was
elected: Lewis Austin, director; and T. F. De
Arton, clerk. The first schools were kept in
private dwelling houses, and in the section house
at the depot. In 1878 the board of officers levied
a tax and issued bonds to the amount of $800 to
build the house, which is now serving for school
purposes. It is 40x32 feet, located on lot four,
block thirty, Langdon.
24

CHURCHES.

The Catholic Church of Langdon was built in
1873. This edifice was 50x30 feet, substantially
built. This society was organised under the
ministrations of Rev. Father Harley. The pres-
ent strength of the church is twenty-five families.
They have services regularly once a month.

Cottage Grove Congregational Church. Rev.
B. Hall, engaged in the work of organizing
churches under the auspices of the board of home
missions, found at Cottage Grove a number of
families willing to go into a churcli organization.
After consulting with the people, due notice
being given, a meeting was called at the house
of Theodore Furber, November 26th, 1858, to
take introductory steps to organize a congre-
gational church. Rev. Mr. Hall was chosen
moderator of the meeting; S. W. Furber, E. B.
Strong, J. Green, and H. M. Sleeper, were ap-
pointed a committee to prepare articles of faith
and covenant. The next meeting was called at
Lyceum hall, on the 5th day of December, 1858.
The committee having performed the labor
assigned to them, reported. It was considered,
and a call for another meeting to be held on De-
cember 21st, 1868, at Lyceum hall, to which the
churches from Minneapolis, St. Paul, Stillwater,
Hudson, Prescott and St. Anthony were invited,
at which time and place the Congregational
church of Cottage Grove was permanently or-
ganized. Eev. Bordett Hall preached the ser-
mon, and thirteen were received as members ef
the church at the time. The services were held
in Lyceum hall, and Rev. B. Hall, from Point
Douglas preached for them until 1861. Rev. G.
S. Biscoe, from Grafton, Massachusetts, was
called to the church and installed as pastor. May
24th, 1864. The history of this church, like many
others, has had its sunshine and shade, but shade
could not hinder its steady growth. In 1868,
the church built an appropriate house of worship
at a cost of $4,070. Its present membership is
sixty, and at this date is without a pastor.

The St. Matthew's Evangelical Church, of Cot-
tage Grove was organized August 31st, 1874, in
the town of Denmark.' The church building
was erected on a tract of land presented to the
church for that purpose, by Mr. Franklin Bren-
denmuhl. In 1877, the church was removed to
, Cottage Grove, where it now occupies a pleasant

370

HISTOET OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

and more central location for the congregation
The number of members at organization was
twelve, while the present number is twenty-five
families. The* church has invested in building
about $700. The church is in a prosperous con-
dition, and adds to the general interest of the
village of Cottage Grove.

The Cottage Grove and Newport Universalist
Church was organized at the Atkinson school-
house, January, 1867. Rev. R. J. Marvin of St.
Paul officiated at its organization. The follow-
ing became members at date of organization:
John Atkinson, Ruel Parker, E. Ayers, D. II.
Kemp, W. R. Munger, Lucy P. Ayers, Roxa T.
Belden, Emily Parker, Anna Atkinson, Miss H.
C. Monroe, Emma Gaye, J. M. Munger, J. W.
Purber, Estella Purber, Aurelia Purber, A. L.
Stevens, P. P. Gray, J. S. Norris, Lizzie Gray,
Samuel Van Alstine, J. J. Connelley, Lucretia
Connelley and Lewis HilL Services were held at
the Atkinson school-house, the church after its
erection. The organization still exists, but no
regular 'services are held at the present writing.

LYCEUM HALL.

This association was organized about 1852.
The object of the association was for social and
literary advantages. The stock of the com-
pany was sold and funds raised to build and
furnish a hall. A commodious hall, 36x24
feet, was built in 1855, at a cost of about
$600, located in section 11. The hall was fur-
nished with a suitable library, such as the in-
terests of the community seemed to demand,
and designed to lead the general mind to con-
template better things in literary pursuits. A
newspaper was published by the members of the
society, and a debating society was formed in
connection with the association. The thinking
portion of the community for some miles around,
old, middle-aged and youth, without any lines of
division to hinder a free participation, engaged
in these discussions, embracing most of the prac-
tical subjects of the day. This proved to be a
worthy center of attraction for a number of
years, for the people of that neighborhood. But
every star shines for a term of years, and then
retires into the unknown. So this society began
to wane, and many lost their interest in it, at-
tracted by other and possibly better interests.

until the golden day had passed away, and the
hall was given to other purposes. The Congre-
gational church held their services in it for a
number of years. The annual town meetings for
some years were held in this hall. Then for some
years it was known as the "Precinct House,"
while the voting was, done by precincts. This
society has wasted away, till in another spirit of
being, it sold the building to the highest bidder.
Not every acorn that falls into the ground, and
grows for a term of years with flattering pros-
pects, attains to the stature of a stately oak, bat-
tling with herculean strength the storms of
passing ages.

CEMETERIES.

The Cottage Grove Cemetery Association was
organized April 5th, 1856. The members were:
J. W. Purber, Robert A. Watson, J. P. Purber,
W. Watson, A. L. Hohnan, J. S. Norris, Thomas
Purber, E. M. McCarty, J. S. Davis, A. Stevens,
P. Leych, N. H. Van Slyke and E. Ayers.

The first ofiicers: J. W. Purber, president; J. S.
Norris, secretary; J. S. Davis, treasurer; Robert
Watson, E. Ayers, J. S. Norris, J. W. Purber and
J. S. Davis, trustees.

The cemetery grounds contain four acres, laid
out with lots and blocks, streets and alleys, lucely
shaded with native oaks, interspersed with beau-
tiful evergreens. Some elegant and costly mon-
uments have been placed in this lot to mark the
resting place of loved ones. In short, this ceme-
tery shows the taste and affection of an intelli-
gent people. The present officers are: J. P. Pur-
ber president; J. W. Purber, treasurer and
secretary; A. L. Holman, actuary. The entire
cost of grounds, fitting, laying out, etc., was
$550.

The Atkinson Cemetery Association was in-
corporated May 12th, 187-1, with the following
board of managers: W. R. Munger, Levi Bailey,
Lewis Hill, J. 11. Stacy, Henry Belden, J. H.
Crandall, J. II. Churchill, J. B. Benson, J. M.
Munger, and Lewis Austin. This cemetery is lo-
cated on the southwest quarter of the northwest
quarter of section 17. W. R. Munger, J. H.
Churchill and James H. Crandall, trustees.

CYCLONE.

The town of Cottage Grove was visited by a
terrible cyclone June 15th, 1877. Between eight

COTTAGE GROYE— CYCLONE.

371

and nine o'clock p. m., there arose in the south-
west a dark and heavy cloud, attended with loud
thunder, vivid lightning and a strong wind. The
cloud moved forward rapidly; soon the rain be-
gan to fall in torrents, when suddenly the wind
came dashing with great violence, sweeping
everything before it. There seemed to be two
currents of wind; one coming from the west, and
the other from the south-west. These two cur-
rennts came together in section 22. The stronger
current being from the south-west, the storm took
a north-western direction, and did some damage
in section 27, taking away a portion of the roof
of Ethan Viall's house; taking a trunk out of the
chamber, and no trace of it could be found. A
corn cultivator was taken up, some portions were
never found, and other parts were found two
miles from the place of its taking. In section 22,
when the currents met, the destruction of prop-
erty beggars description. The timber in its
track was prostated; fences torn up and scattered
in every direction; E. Welch's house coming in
the line of desolation; Mr. and Mrs. Welch had
stepped out to look after some chickens, in which
Mrs. Welch was specially interested, and startled
by the roar of the wind, were in the act of re-
turning to the house, and near the door, the wind
took up the house, bearing it away, and a stick
of timber struck both Mr. and Mrs. Welch,
knocking them down. When Mr. Welch recov-
ered, he had hold of his wife, but she was dead.
The stick of timber struck her on the head and
caused her instant death. The next object in the
path of destruction was C. D. Tuttle's two-story
dwelling, located in the north-west corner of sec-
tion 26. The main part of the house was torn
to pieces and scattered in every direction; while
the wing was left unmoved. The family con-
sisting of six persons fled to the cellar, and were
miraculously preserved. The large barn a few
rods further on was completely destroyed. Next
in its course was Mr. J. C. Tucker's barn, the
roof of which suddenly passed along on the breeze.
At this point the storm turned, taking a north-
easterly direction, and struck the house of Robert
Williams, damaging the house, and destroying his
barn entirely. A horse tied to a girder in the
barn was found sixty feet outside of the limits of
the building, with the girder lying across him, the
strap still tied to the girder, the horse being un-

injured. Next in line was a small lake ia the
south-west corner of section 23. It was almost
robbed of its treasure. The water and mud was
carried a long distance up the bluffs, fifty feet
above the level of the lake. Next came the fine
house of John Morey, giving a portion of its roof
to the excited wind; then passed into the town of
Denmark, continuing its destructive com-se, kill-
ing a horse near the town line for W. G. Wagner.
A man known as Michael Schull, a farm hand
was taken up by the wind and dashed against a
pile of wood, injuring his brain, causing him to
become dangerous. lie is now at St. Peter in
the insane asylum. The destruction of property
was great. No accurate account of the amount
of damage done has been complied. Mr. Tuttle
living in section 26 suffered the most. He esti-
mated his loss at $7,000. His house was situated
in a valley, surrounded by oak trees, and we
would suppose was protected by the bulwarks of
strong nature, and yet here, house, barn, farming
utensils and machinery were scattered over the
country. The next morning sheets of tin two
feet square found in Mr. Tuttle's yard, were sup-
posed to have come from a church in Dakota
county. Portions of Mr. Tuttle's house were
found miles away.

The Langdon butter and cheese factory, located
on section 17, was built in the spring of 1876,
with the follo-^dng officers: W. Powler, C. A. Pqj:-
ker, E. B. Scofield, George Woodward and ,7. H.
Crandall. The building is 70x32 feet, two stories
high, with a wing 33x32 feet. During the first
year, the factory was supplied with mUk from
three hundred cows. During the summer of 1880
the factory received milk from eight hundred
cows; and from one hundred and seventy-five
cows at this writing, January, 1881. In the sum-
mer of 1880 this factory produced 30,000 pounds
of butter and 41,000 pounds of cheese. The pres-
ent officers are: W. Fowler, president; T. S.
Nash, secretary; George Woodward, treasurer
and salesman.

Dairying forms one of the many important in-
terests of the town. Many fine herds of cows are
found on the large farms in the town. The pro-
duct of butter and cheese is the largest of any in
the county, as the statistics will show. It is esti-
mated thg-t eight hundred cows are kept as milch
cows in the town; and that 75,000 pounds of but-

372

HISIORY OF WASHIJSGTON COUNTY.

ter and 50,000 pounds of cheese were produced
in 1880. The products for 1880 are as fol-
lows: wheat sown was 6,865 acres, producing
74,665 bushels; oats sown was 1,257 acres, pro-
ducing 43,721 bushels; corn planted was 1,376
acres, producing 40,145 bushels; barley sown was
201 acres, producing 5,946 bushels; Eye sown
was 29 acres, producing 458 bushels; potatoes
planted was 49 acres, producing 6,085 bushels;
tame hay cut, 1,986 acres, producing 2,111 tons.

The first marriage in the town of Cottage Grove
was Mr. Henry Crosby to Miss Hannah Water-
mann, in the summer of 1854.

Nathan Atkinson, son of John' and Hannah
Atkinson, born in 1846, is said to be the first
white child bom in the township.

Mrs. Mehitable Furber, wife of P. P. Purber,
died September 12th, 1851. The next death was
William H., son of J. W. Furber, who died Sep-
tember 18th, 1854.

WAR BECOKD OF COTTAGE GEOVE TOWNSHIP.

The war record of Washington county begins
with the opening of the rebellion of 1861. In
this war, Cottage Grove township responded to
the full extent of her duty. No part of this his-
toid will be of more interest to the coming gene-
rations than the noble deeds of our fathers, in
this struggle for self-preservation. This town
stands in the front rank in doing honor for our
county and state.

When treason had raised its arm to destroy the
Union, and the call was made for men and means
to suppress the rebellion, no township was more
prompt to respond to the call than Cottage Grove.

In accordance with a call issued January 14th,
1864, a meeting of the legal voters of the town-
ship was called at the house of-Lawrence Nessell
February 2d, 1864. In keeping with the general
feeling of the people, the following resolutions
were enthusiastically adopted:

"Resolved, That the town of Cottage Grove
pay the sum of one hundred dollars, to each
volunteer that has enlisted or may enlist in
the service of the United States; and have been
or may be accredited to this township as volun-
teers.

"Eesolved, That the town cause to be raised and
paid as bounty, the sum of f 100 to eaph of the
following named volunteers: William Buck,

Sumner Palmer, E.G.Partridge, and Orville Buck,
and that the town supervisors draw on the town
treasurer to the amount of $400, in favor of said
persons; and that the supervisors be authorized
to obtain a sufficient number of voluijteers to
fill the quota of this town, imder the present call,
and draw orders on the town treasurer in favor
of such volunteers, to an amount not to exceed
$100 each." At a regular town meeting held
April 5th, 1864, a tax of $900 was levied to pay
orders on town treasury, drawn by the supervis-
ors for the payment of bounties to volunteers, in
accordance with a resolution adopted at a special
town meeting held February 2d, 1864.

A special meeting was called at the school-
house, near Atkinson's Corners, August 11th,
1864, the following resolution was unanimously
adopted:

"Resolved, That the board of supervisors be,
and are hereby authorized to issue bonds on the
town in such form and such amounts, as may be
thought most available, bearing interest at the
rate of 10 per cent., and payable on the 1st day of
May, 1866. The principal of said bonds to be ap-
propriated to pay bounties to volunteers to fill
the quota of the town, under the recent call made
by the president of the United States for troops.
The whole amount of said bonds not to exceed
$15,000, and not to be sold at less than par.

At the same meeting the following resolution
was passed:

"Resolved, ThatS. W. Furber be, and is hereby
authorized to act as agent for the town, and to
negotiate the bonds, this day authorized by vote
to be issued, and to procure volunteei-s to fill the
quota of the town on the best terms possible; and
he is authorized to notify the board of supervisors,
as to the sum required in each bond, and to de-
mand and receive 'the same from said board, and
sell them, and apply the proceeds thereof accord-
ing to the terms of the foregoing resolution. He
is also authorized to act as agent for the town to
procure exemption of enrolled men from the draft,
and in all other matters connected with filling the
quota of the town under the present call of the
president for 500,000 men."

At the annual meeting held April 4th, 1865, the
following resolution was adopted:

"Whereas, George Hutchinson, B. R. Rose, W.
Nicholson, William Welch, Nathan C. Ingham,

COTTAGE GBOVE—BIOOBAFHIGAL.

373

Samuel Bennett, James Nichols, Gordon Allen,
D. Mclntire, J. A. ChurcMU, L. S. Bringer, Wil-
liam F.Ingham, RossW.Link, Frederick Meilicke,
George N. Godfrey, John Hutchinson, William
Poplan, Geo. R. Crippen, James S. Leyde, Samuel
Bennet, Charles Ferris, Wesley Shellenburger,
Franklin Benjamin, Charles Fay, Frederick Ham-
mond, D. A. Percy, Ludwig Blozing, Louis Brun-
nel, Paul Brunnell, Antoine Brunnell, Francis
McCoy, G. Wisgatt, T. B. Galusha, John Kelly,
Frank Tibbets, Andrew Arnold, James Nichols,
Gordon Allen, Alvey McKee, Dugald Mclntire,
Ezra B. Strong, John McCallum, C. Henning,
Reuben Freeman, E. G. Patridge, Sumner Palmer,
Orville Buck, William Buck, Frederick Cook,
Newton Troitchel, Hanson Evison, George H.
Altenburg, Alexander Glenn, W. Link, Rufus
Mars, Louis Ready, Clark Shellenburger, Daniel
Dibble, Robert Bailey, Henry H. Rose, Alfred C.
Parsons, John Stiffes, Shelton Wright, James
Ford, John M. Grapes, Henry A. Durand, and
Richard Brier, citizens of this town did volun-
tarily enlist in the army of the United States, in
response to such calls, and did honorably to them-
selves, and in a manner which flatters our pride,
and challenges the admiration of the world, dis-
charge all the duties of patriotic soldiers, there-
fore,

" Resolved, That to such of these brave men,
having survived the perils of war; we do tender
them our sincere and heartfelt thanks, and wel-
come them home with an earnest assurance of our
deep interest in all that pertains to their welfare
and prosperity.

" Resolved, That these preambles and resolu-
-tionsbe entered upon the records of the town."

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Oliver Ames was born in Orange county. New
York, September 24th, 1850, and is the scion of
an illustrious family. At two years of age he
moved with his parents to St. Paul, Minn-esota.
He first attended school in the old stone building
on the river bank, taught by Rev. E. D. Neill.
After taking an academical course, he finished
his education at the St. Paul Business College in
1866. The same year he was employed as book-
keeper for the old Home Insurance Company, of
that city, and afterward engaged in the same ca-
pacity for the firm of Noyes, Peet and Company,

also Dispatch Printing Company, and at Duluth
for the Duluth Minnesotian. Returning to St.
Paul he passed one winter there, then moved to
his present farm, where he has since resided. He
has lately completed a beautiful home on the spot
where Major J. R. Brown established a trading
post in 1838. He was united in marriage in 1874,
to Miss Emma Benson. Their children are Oliver
H., Reginald H. and Amelia.

Ferdinand Amy, a native of Germany, was
born at Baden, October, 1843. He received his
education in his native place and at the age of
twenty emigrated to the United States, landing at
the port of New Orleans. He came nortliward to
Minnesota, and located in Cottage Grove town-
ship, where he now owns a desirable farm of 120
acres. In April, 1871, he marrried Miss Carrie
Anderson. Frank W., George, Anna H., Albert
and Sarah, are their children. Two children died
in infancy.

John Arny, born January 7th, 1829, is a
native of Baden, Germany. He received an edu-
cation in his native home, and there remained
until he reached manhood's estate; then came to
America. He went directly to St. Louis, where
he spent four years in the employ of the- banker,
Louis Benoist. In April, 1865, he came to Min-
nesota, locating on a farm of one hundred and
fifty acres at Cottage Grove, where he has since
lived, an honored and respected citizen. His
family consists of his wife and three children,
Edward, Anna and Minnie.

Frank X. Barril was born at Detroit, Michigan,
in 1859. While he was yet an infant his parents
moved to Montreal, Canada, but returned to
Detroit, when he was eleven years of age. There
Mr. Barril remained until 1875, then turned west-
ward. He made his home in Little Falls, Mor-
rison county, Minnesota, two years, working at
the blacksmith's trade. He completed his knowl-
edge of the trade in St. Paul. In 1880 he located
at Langdon, where he is doing a good business
of general blacksmithing, including wagon-
making, repairing, etc.

Heniy Belden was bom in Benson, Rutland
county, Vermont, in 1811, of the old New Eng-
land stock. Here he was educated, and lived
until 1844, when he removed to Wisconsin, and
purchased a farm in Rock county. During the
spring of 1856, he removed from Wisconsin to

374

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

the territory of Minnesota, settling at Cottage
Grove, on his present fine estate. His farm con-
sists of two hundred and sixty-six acres, -which is
finely improved and adorned by a very handsome
residence. Mr. Belden has been twice married;
first, to Miss Elinira Benson, who died in Wis-
consin. In 1852 he married his present wife,
who was Rhoda Crum. They have three children.

August F. Berth is a native of Prussia, born
in 1848. When a child of seven years his parents
crossed the ocean, and located at Henderson, Sib-
ley coimty, Minnesota, where his father still re-
mains and pursues his avocation. of contractor
and carpenter. Mr. Borth passed his youth at
Henderson, and received a practical education
and learned the trade of blacksmith and wagon-
maker. September, 1876, he became a resident
of the village of Cottage Grove, where he still
resides, having an extensive custom. He mar-
ried in 1876, Miss Hattie Palmer, who has borne
him two children, Frank L. and George.

John Colwell is a native of Ireland, from
where his parents emigrated to Canada, when he
was a child. In 1865 he removed to Minnesota,
locating at Cottage Grove, where he resides on a
well-improved farm of two hundred and ninety
acres, adjoining the village of Langdon. In To-
ronto, Canada, 1845, he was married to Miss Mary
Glenn, who died many years after, leaving seven
children, John J., Mary, Joseph, Bobert, Eliza-
beth A., Matilda and George. Mr. Colwell re-
married in 1871, to Mrs. Maria Stotesbury.
They have three children, George B., Edwin and
Albert O. Mrs. Colwell has two children by her
first husband.

George B. Crippen was born in Saratoga coun-
ty, New York, 1838. He removed to Wisconsin
with his parents, where he remained until the age
of sixteen. He then removed to Cottage Grove,
where he has, the greater portion of his time, re-
sided, engaged in agricultural pursuits. He en-
listed in August, 1862, in Company I, Sixth
Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and served
though the Indian campaign under General Sib-
ley. In 1864 his command went to the front; he
participated in many prominent engagements,
and was mustered out of service at Fort Snelling,
August, 1865. He married Miss Sophia Ludloff,
of Prescott, Wisconsin, in 1861. They have
eight children living.

Jeremiah Daly, is a native of Ireland, born in
1829, where he received his education. In 1850,
he crossed the ocean to the United States, and at
once started for the far west. Many inconveni-
ences were met with in crossing the continent at
that early date, he having expended all but two
dollars and twenty-five cents when he reached St.
Paul, Minnesota. He remained only two days,
paying one dollar per day for board. He then
shouldered his baggage and walked until he
found work, which happened to be as a farm-
hand. He changed about from place to place en-
gaging in different pursuits. After several ex-
periences in lumbering, he finally settled at Cot-
tage Grove, where he now resides, owning a
beautiful farm of five hundred and twenty acres.
He is an honored and respected citizen, and has
done much in forwarding the local interests. Mr.
Daly has been twice married. His present wife
was Miss Mary Mortimer, whom he married in
1876. They have three children, Elizabeth,
Thomas M. and William.

Edward Doyle, is a native of the "Emerald
Isle," born in 1829.. He came to America in 1852,
and settled in Massachusetts, where he worked at
various trades and at farming. He came west in
1867, locating in Washington county, Minnesota;
he now owns a nice farm of one hundred and
sixty acres, in Cottage Grove. His marriage to
Miss Mary Leary, a native of Ireland, took place
1866. They have eight children.

William Fowler, whose name is familiar among
the agricultural classes of Minnesota, was born in
Hampden county, of the old "Bay State," Sep-
tember 8th, 1826. At the age of nine, he moved
with his parents to Geauga county, Ohio, where
he passed his youth and received his education,
completing his studies by a course in the fine
urts and sciences at Twinsburg Academy. When
twenty-two years of age he emigrated to Illinois,
and in 1852, came to Minnesota, locating in New-
port township; he engaged in agricultural pur-
suits. In 1862, he enlisted in Company "F,"
Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. His com-
mand first served under Gen Sibley in the Indian
campaign, then were ordered to front. Mr. Fowler
was severely wounded at the battle of "The Ce-
dars," on account Of which he received a pension.
In 1862 he was commissioned second lieutenant,
which position he held until mustered out of ser-

COTTAGE GEOm— BIOGRAPHICAL.

376

vice at Tort Snelling, July, 1865. In 187D he
purchased a farm in Cottage Grove, where he now
lives, and is the owner of 544 acres. Mr. Fowler
was president Of the State Agricultural society in
1873-74; was for seven years president of the
Washington County Agricultural Association, also
of the State Dairymen's Association, and the State
Wool Growers' Association. He represented his
district in the legislature in 1877. He has held
other high and responsible positions, in which he
has given satisfaction. In 1857 his marriage to
Miss Caroline Lane occurred. Frank L., Mary,
Nellie, Eugene and Willie, are their children.

George M. Furber is a native of Cottage Grove)
bom November 17th, 1855. He attended the
public school in boyhood and completed his edu-
cation at Carlton College, Northfleld, where he

ook a classical course. On returning home he
was clerk in his father's store three years, and in
January, 1880, he purchased it. He is now doing
a good mercantile business. In 1877, he married
Miss Annie B. Hiad, of St. Paul. They have

wo children: Jennie F. and Angier G.

Gen. Joseph W. Furber is a native of New
Hampshire, born at Farmington, Strafford county.
He is of very old, prominent stock, dating as far
back as the locating of the New England colonies
in 1640. His father. Major Pierce P. Furber, was
an officer in the war of 1812. Gen. Furber re-
ceived his education at the public school, except
one year at Foxcraf t Academy, Penobscot county,
Maine. His early manhood was passed in the
pursuit of lumber surveying. In 1838, he started
for the then remote Mississippi valley; on ar-
riving at Alton, Illinois, he made that his home
until 1840, when he went to St. Croix Falls, Wis-
consin, and engaged in business until 1846. He
then came to Washington county, Minnesota, and
located at his present, beautiful home at Cottage
Grove; there he stiU remains an honored citizen.
In 1846, he was elected to represent the counties
of Crawford and St. Croix, which then included
the whole north-west in the territorial legislature
of Wisconsia. In order to reach the capitol at
Madison, he started Christmas and walked the
whole distance to Prairie du Chien, that being
the only mode of travel at that early date. In
1857, he was chosen speaker of the first Minne-
sota legislature. ,In 1851, he was appointed and
commissioned major-general of militia of Min-

nesota territory. The same year he was appointed
by President Fillmore and confirmed by the
senate as United States marshal of Minnesota,
which he held until his resignation in June, 1853.
He has also been honored by the local offices
among which are justice of the peace, notary
public, postmaster, etc. His marriage with Miss
Sarah Minkler occurred in 1843. They have three
children: Estella M., Arvilla and William W.

Samuel W. Furber, like his brother. Gen. J.
W. Furber, has played a promiaent part in the
history of St. Croix Valley and the state of
Minnesota. He was born in Farmiagton, Straf-
ford county. New Hampshire, in 1819. In 1833
lie moved with his parents to Milo, Maine, where
he obtained an education which he completed at
Foxcraft Academy. In 1846 be went to Bangor,
engaging in lumbering, until the spring of 1857,
when he came west. He located at Cottage
Grove in 1860 where he has since lived. Mr.
Furber represented Washington county in the
state legislature in 1862, and as chairman of the
committee on public lands, he was the most
prominent in the framing of the public school
land-laws of Minnesota. At the organization of
the iaternal revenue service in 1862, he was
appointed assistant assessor of the fifth district,
embracing the counties of Washington, Chisago,
Carlton, Kanabec and Lake. In this capacity he
served until 1870, when the districts were con-
solidated by an act of congress. At the organi-
zation of the Farmers' Board of Trade, in 1879,
he was chosen president by the board of directors
and filled the office until expiration of term. Mr.
Furber took the United States census of 1880, in
Cottage Grove, Denmark and Newport townships.
He has also held local offices, such as justice of
the peace, notary public, etc. His family con-
sists of wife and three children.

Theodore Furber was born at Farmington,
Strafford county. New Hampshire, in 1817.
When ten years of age, his parents removed to
Dover, and four years subsequently to Maine.
At this place and at Dover he received a common
school and academic education. He left Milo in
1845,with his young wife, for the St. Croix Valley,
arriving at St. Croix Falls after a journey of seven
weeks. The following spriag he located on un-
surveyed lands, which after the survey was made,
he purchased, it being in Cottage Grove town-

376

mSTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

ship. In 1871 Mr. Furber and wife spent the
winter in California, then returned, remaining
two years. They then passed a few years in
Colorado and Ohio, finally returning to Cottage
Grove, where they have since lived. He was
commissioned by Governor Dodge of Wiscon-
sin territory as colonel of militia; he was also
justice of the peace in early days. He was ap-
pointed comissioner in company with Bronson of
St. Paul, by the legislature to survey and locate
the first territorial road from Point Douglas
to St. Paul, which commission he fulfilled. He
-wedded Miss Sarah J. Hale in 184?.

Aaron G. Gillett is a native of Connecticut,
born in New London county, 1817. Here he was
educated and lived until 1837. He then went to
Steuben county. New York, and engaged in mer-
cantile business until 1855, a portion of the time
being devoted to traveling. The same year he
removed to Belle Plaine, Scott county, where he
tarried until 1862. After engaging in hotel-keep-
ing at Bloomington about three years, he located
at St. Paul, thence to Belle Plaine, and in 1870
became a resident pf Langdon. He was in the
employ of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul
Railway Company as station agent nine years.
He is now occupying the positions of postmaster
and town clerk; has also held the ofHce of justice
of the peace eight years. His wife was Miss
Hannah Baldwin, whom he married in 1840.
They have two children, Martha and Mary, also
one adopted son, Charles E.

Henry Gilmore was born in Washington coun-
ty. New York, October 1st, 1824, and is of Scotch
descent. His ancestors were the original settlers
of that section at a very early date. He received
his education at his native place, completing it by
a course at Cambridge College. At the age of
twenty one he came west, locating on a farm in
Iowa. After remaining two years, he removed
to Galena, Illinois, and gave his attention to boot
and shoe trade many years. About twenty-three
years ago became to Minnesota, spending a num-
ber of years in Richfield, Minneapolis and Minne-
tonka in various pursuits. He finally purchased
his present extensive estate of six hundred and
fifty-eight acres, at Cottage Grove, to which he
moved, and where he now lives with his family.
His marriage occurred at Galena, Illinois, in

1855. His wife was Sarah A. Mathews, who has
borne him nine children.

William Glenn was born in Canada "West,
1830. Here he was educated and learned a
trade. He came to Minnesota in 1866, and
after tarrying a short time in St. Paul, he pur-
chased and opened a farm in Cottage Grove town-
ship. He is now owner and proprietor of the
hotel of that village; is also town official and
dealer in stock. He was married in 1852, to Miss
Mary Campbell, who died in 1863, leaving two
children. He re-married in 1868 to Miss A. J.
Everts. Emma and Frank are their children,
and Mary an adopted daughter.

Arthur B. Harris was born in Dorchester,
Massachusetts, in 1856, where he passed his
childhood days. His father entered the service
of his country at the beginning of the civil war,
and fell mortally wounded, at one of the battles
of the Potomac; his mother died the next year.
Thus early in life he was left an orphan, and in
1868 he came west with his grand-father, Mr. C.
D. Strong, senior partner of the well-known
firm of Strong, Hackett and Company, of St.
Paul. In 1878 Mr. Harris purchased a farm of
four hundred acres, in Todd county, Minnesota.
He has spent some time in Red River valley,
near Fargo, but makes his home at Cottage
Grove.

John L. Heselton was born in Canada, near
St. Lawrence river, in 1837. He came to St.
Paul in 1860, making it his home four years,
then located at Cottage Grove, where he has since
lived, a prominent farmer, owning a farm of two
hundred and thirty-six acres. He married in
1861, Miss Anna Fitzgerald. They have seven
children: George A., Martha A., John H., Mary
I., Luella, Nora M., and Harvey.

George Heselton, father of J. L. Heselton,
late of Cottage Grove, and a prominent citizen,
was born in England, and emigrated to Canada,
thence to Minnesota in 1868. He died September
13th, 1878.

Lewis Hill is one of the early pioneers of
Washington county. He was born at Hollis,
York county, Maine, 1822. When he attained
his majority he started for the Falls of St. Croix.
During the tedious journey he was laid low with
fever and ague. He found many kind and gener-
ous friends who cared for him and assisted him

COTTAGE OEOVE—BIOGBAFHICAL.

377

in procuring work after recovering. In 1844 he
went to Cottage Grove, and engaged in farming
some years, then sold and removed to Dakota
county, in 1855. A few years later he returned
to Cottage Grove, and located at his present resi-
dence at the Comers. He married Miss Abbie
Welch in 1854. Emma C. Jessie L., and Fred-
erick E. G., are their living children.

John R. Hutchinson was born at sea, under
the American flag, October 18th, 1822. His
father was an oflBcer in the merchant marine
service of the United States. Mr. Hutchinson
lived principally in the state of New York until
the age of twenty-three, when he located at Cal-
umet, Wisconsin. He came to Minnesota in 1857,
living in Hastings and Newport a number of
years. At Fort Snelling, in 1861, he enlisted in
Company "K," Fifth Eegiment Iowa Volunteer
Cavalry, and after serving two years re-enlisted.
He served in two Indian campaigns under Gen.
Sibley, and May 14th, 1865, was discharged. The
same year he located on a farm in Cottage Grove
township, where he has since made his home.
Mrs. Charlotte C. Hutchinson, nee Ladd. of
Vermont, is his devoted wife. They were
married March 20th, 1844, and are the parents
of seven children.

Wallace Kelsey was born in Jefferson county.
New York, July 22d, 1836. At the age of nine-
teen he emigrated westward, reaching Cottage
Grove, Christmas day, 1855. This he made his
home until 1861, when he enlisted at Prescott,
Wisconsin, in Company "A," Twelfth Wiscon-
sin Volunteer Infantry. He served faithfully in
many noted conflicts; was commissioned first
lieutenant in 1864. In 1866 he located on his
present farm at Cottage Grove, where he now
resides. His wife was Miss E. Crippen, whom
he married in 1861. Ada A., Mabel and^ Wallace
E. are their children.

Joseph Le Borius was born at Hesse-Darm-
stadt, in 1848. His parents died during his in-
fancy, and when a child of four years his grand-
parents came to America, bringing him with
them, and located at St. Paul, Minnesota. He
first located at Cottage Grove in 1871, and at the
village school completed his education. He is
chiefly engaged in gardening with much success.
Although a mere boy his patriotism impelled him
to enUst, which he did in Company "B," Fourth

Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. He was mus-
tered out at Fort Snelling, July 1865. He wedded
Miss Nellie Stevens, in 1873; she was one of the
first white children born at Cottage Grove. They
have two children, John J. and Margaret.

Uriah Ladd was born in New London county,
Connecticut, 1819. His father, Uriah Ladd, Sr.,
was captain in the war of 1812, and had reached
the age of eighty-nine when he died. Mr. Ladd
lived at the place of his birth until fifteen years
old, then removed to Windham county. He com-
pleted his education at the Suffolk Literary In-
stitute, and at the age of eighteen began teach-
ing. He served as clerk of a bank at Windham,
Connecticut, and was there at the time of the
historic robbery of the "Bull Frog Bank." He
settled in 1872 at Cottage Grove, and has since
lived there; he is now town assessor. His wife
was Miss Mary Burdick, whom he married in
1848. Theyhave five children living: J.Howard,
George, Mary, Uriah and Catherine.

John H. Laramy, a native of the "North Star
State," was bom at St. Paul, June 7th, 1858,
where passed his early boyhood. In 1868 he went
with his parents to Cottage Grove where he at-
tended the public schools -and then entered the
State University and took a scientific and classi-
cal course, completing it with the class of 1875-
'76. After spending a few months at Beloit,
Wisconsin, he returned to Cottage Grove and
took charge of the mercantile house of Wood-
ward and Son. at Langdon, where he still remains
with success.

Hartley Mars was born in Mercer county,
Pennsylvania, May 29th, 1829. He received his
education and learned the trade of tanner in his
native place. At the age of twenty-four he emi-
grated to Crawford county, Wisconsin, where he
followed his trade and farming. He enlisted in
Company "C," Twentieth Wisconsin volunteer
infantry. He experienced a severe illness which
confined him to the hospital six months. On his
convalescence he re-enlisted in Company "D,"
Mississippi Marine Brigade, and served along the
waters of that stream.* In 1863 he was com-
pelled to retire from military service on account
of failing health. Purchasing a farm at Cottage
Grove, he located on it with his family in the fall
of 1865. His marriage with Elizabeth Myers
took place in 1850. Margaret L., Ehzabeth P.,

378

HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Jolin H. and Henrietta are the living children,
two having died.

John G. McChesney is a native of Ireland, born
in 1836. He is of Scotch lineage, and was reared
and educated in the country of his nativity. In
1857 he crossed the Atlantic, and proceeded
directly westward, reaching St. Paul, Minnesota,
the same year. After being a resident of that
city three years he removed to Cottage Grove.
He began farming in Denmark township in 1862,
but purchased his present farm at Cottage Grove,
and located in 1866. His farm is a most desirable
one, being highly improved and embracing two
hundred and forty acres. Mr. McChesney was
married in 1862 to Miss Harriet Wallace, who is
also a native of Ireland, and of Scotch ancestry.
They are the parents of four children: Herbert
W., John W., Thomas R. and Herman F., one
of whom, Thomas, died February 13th, 1878.

Theodore F. Miller was born at the village of
Cross Elver, Westchester county, New York,
1847. His parents removed to Prescott, Wiscon-
sin, where they still reside. At Prescott, he
grew to manhood and received a liberal educa-
tion. After having farmed near Prescott five
years, he removed to Point Douglas, Minnesota
in 1872, and began the grain trade. In 1876, he
and his partner, Mr. Dill purchased the elevator
at Langdon. The firm of Dill and Miller, own
and operate four elevators. Mr. Miller wp,s mar-
ried in 1868 to Miss Annie Teare, who has borne
him three children: Carrie, Maud and Patsey.

Jocob Mosher, one of the oldest settlers in
Washington county, and one of the first in Cot.
tage Grove, is a native of Nova SooEia, born 1820_
He came with his parents to Canada West when
nine years old, his father being a mill-wright,
he learned that, and the carpenter's trade. In
1839, he visited IlUnois and remained 1843, when
he went to St. Croix Falls. Here he remained
at work two years, and took a claim in what
is now Cottage Grove. He has been promi-
nent in his trade, and has built many residences
and school-houses in that county. He sold his
farm years ago, preparin^to follow his profession,
and now has a fine residence and grounds. He
was married in 1854 to Mrs. Maria Shatto. Anna
F., Mahala, WiUiam, Addie, Grant, Laura and
George, are their childien.

Joel M. Munger, the elder of the two Munger

brothers at Cottage Grove, was bom at Orwell,
Rutland county, Vermont, March 3d, 1818.
Strangely enough, he and his brother were born
the same day and month of the year, were mar-
ried the same day and month of the year, at the
same place, and to sisters. Mr. Munger lived at
the place of his birth nearly forty years. In
1857, he came westward and located at the Cor-
ners, in Cottage Grove township, where he
has since lived and prospered. He has been
extensively engaged in sheep raising, having kept
a large flock of Spanish Merinos for a number of
years. Owing to the large number of wolves
which came to that vicinity in later years, he was
compelled to dispose of his valuable stock and
give his attention to the improvement of his very
desirable farm of one hundred and sixty-five acres.
In Johnstown, Wisconsin, December 31st, 1843,
he married Miss Lucinda Belden: Antoinette A.,
Julia A., Orlow B., Noble L., Roxsa, Walter A.
and Ned W. are their children.

William R. Munger was born at the old family
homestead, at Orwell, Rutland county, Vermont,
March 3d, 1822, exactly five years later than the
birth of his brother Joel M. He was reared and
educated by his parents, and when he attained
his majority, he emigrated toJohnstwon, Wiscon-
sin. He remained nine years, and while there,
built a large hotel which was afterward bought
by the county and converted into a county poor
house, and is still used as such. In 1852, he ar-
rived at the Corners, where he purchased a farm
and located, having since then lived there. He
has at all times been a prominent member of the
community having often held town offices. He
was married at Johnstown, Wisconsin, December
31st, 1843 to Miss Julia Belden: Elbridge G.,
Myrtle, Ahyatt S. and Carlton W. are their
children.

Elbridge G. Munger, eldest son of W. R. Mun-
ger, was born at Johnstown, Wisconsin, Decem-
ber 30, 1851. He was brought to Minnesota by
his parents, the next year. He has a good edu-
cation, having graduated from the St. Paul Busi-
ness College and school of telegraphy. He lo-
cated a claim in Murray county in 1877, which
he sold two years later. Mr. Munger now gives
his attention to raising and training fine horses,
some of which are probably the finest in the state.

James S. Norris, deceased, was born in Kenne-

COTTAGE GBOVE—BIOGBAPHIGAL.

379

bee county, Maine, 1810. He emigrated to the
west in 1839, and first located in whatis now Afton
township. In 1842 he opened a farm on what is
at present section four. Cottage Grove. Here he
lived until his death, which occurred March 5th,
1874. During his life he held various public of-
fices, and was justice of the peace in Wisconsin
territory ; was a member of the first territorial
legislature of Minnesota, and was re-elected to
the legislature in 1855, '56 and '70; was town
clerk twelve years. He died, respected and re-
gretted by all.

Sophia Jane Norris, widow of the late James S.
Norris, bom in Somerset county, Maine, 1815.
She came to "Washington county, Minnesota, in
1845, to live with her brother Joseph Haskell.
The same year she and Mr. James Norris were
married. They had no children of their own but
have an adopted son, George H., who lives with
his foster-mother.

Louis T. Poitras was bom in Montreal, 1846,
and was reared and educated in the Canadian
metropolis. When seventeen years old he came
to the states, settling at Muskegon, Michigan, and
worked at his trade, that of blacksmithing. On
account of ill health he returned in 1871, to Cana-
da, and remained until 1879, when he came to
Stillwater, Minnesota. Here he worked until
June, 1880, then went to Cottage Grove and
opened a shop, where he now carries on a general
blacksmithing business, in connection with wagon
making and repairing. In 1867 he was married
to Lisa Bassett, who died in 1871, leaving one
child. His second wife was Mrs. Mary Bichard,
of Canada. Kosina, Lisa, Sarah and Lida are
their children.

David L. Smith, A. B. and M. B., was bom
March 30th, 1851, at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Here he was raised by his parents and received
the ground work of his educatioii. Kemoving to
Toronto, Canada, he pursued his studies at the
University of Toronto, from which he gradua;ted
with the degi-ee of A. B., in the class of 1873-4.
He then took a course at the Trinity Medical
School, receiving M. B. with the class of 1875-6.
Early in the spring of the next year, he came
westward to Duluth, Minnesota; thence to Fargo,
Dakota territory, and on to Manitoba, and en-
gaged during the summer and fall on the survey
of the proposed line of Canadian Pacific railroad.

as far west as the Wood mountains. In 1878 he
returned, going to Stillwater, where he was a
teacher in the public school until 1880; he then
took charge of the Cottage Grove school, having
about eighty scholars, and one assistant.

Thomas Spoor is a native of the Empire state,
bom in Delaware county, 1825. He remained at
his childhood home until 1855, then taking the
advice Horace Greeley has given, turned his face
westward. He tarried a brief time at Belle
Plaine, Minnesota, then returned and located at
his present home. Cottage Grove, where he is an
industrious and respected citizen. His wife was
Miss Theresa Brock, of Delaware county, New
York; they were married in 1845. They have
two children.

Arthur H. Steen, M. D., is the son of Arthur
H. Steen, Sr., a prominent farmer of Fond du Lac
county, Wisconsin, where he was born June 16th,
1850. After receiving a public school education
he began reading medicine, in 1868, at Oakfleld,
Wisconsin, and pursued his studies under Drs.
William Moore and J. W. Burns. In September,
1872, he entered Rush Medical College, from
which he graduated with high honors two years
later. The same year he located at Cottage
Grove, in the practice of his profession, where he
still remains, a very popular and highly esteemed
pliysieian. Dr. Steen has a large and well
selected medical library, and is still much devoted
to his studies.

Peter Thompson is a native of- Denmark, born
in 1849. Here he passed his boyhood days and
received a liberal education. At the age of
twenty he sailed to the new world, and landed at
the port of Quebec, Canada. He proceeded di-
rectly to the city of Burlington, Iowa, and was
engaged in business there until 1870, when he
removed northward, locating at Cottage Grove.
Mr. Thompson is an industrious citizen, and has
possessed himself of a fine farm of one hundred
and twenty acres. He was married in 1878 to
Miss Gertrude Wilkins, of Washington county.
One child, Anna A., has been born to them.

Joel B. Thompson was born at Woodstock,
Vermont, March 29, 1822, where he was reared
and educated. When about sixteen years of age
he went to Boston, Massachusetts, and made it
his home nearly eight years. In 1855 he emi-
grated to Minnesota, and purchased a farm in

380

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Woodbury township, Washington county. There
he lived until 1880, when he bought and moved
to his present farm at Cottage Grove. He mar-
ried in 1844, Miss Mary Symons. Their chil-
dren are: Foster P., Edward E., Ida G., Ella F.,
Charles W. and Horace S.

ChaunceyD. Tuttle was born in Vermont, 1816.
When a child of eight years, his parents moved
to Franklin county. New York, and ten years
later, he accompanied them to Monroe county.
He received a common school and academic edu-
cation, and in 1856 came to Minnesota, locating
at Hastings, where he was a prominent merchant
many years. In 1876 he moved to his farm in
Cottage Grove township. His wife, Matilda Tut-
tle, is a native of Monroe county. New York,
where she was married in 1837. Their children
are: George, who is a hardware dealer at Hast-
ings; Chauncey N., who has a dry goods house at
Hastings; Elizabeth Bumside, widow, who lives
at Hastings. Mr. Tuttle and family were suffer-
ers from the terrible tornado which swept through
th township in 1877, their house being totally
destroyed.

John Watson was bom in Dundee, Scotland,
May 8, 1837. When a child of one year his
parents emigrated to the United States and set-
tled near Cleveland, Ohio. When he reached the
age of twelve years, his parents removed to Min-
nesota, locating at Cottage Grove, where he has
been reared and where he still lives. He has a
large farm, well improved, with handsome build-
ings. In 1868 he married Miss Isabell Munn, of
Delaware county, New York. Mary J., Edith
E., Maurice and Grace, are their children.

Edward Welch was born in county Waterford,
South Ireland, 1830. He passed his early days
in his native country, and when seventeen years
old he sailed for the United States, arriving the
same year. He lived in Onondaga county. New
York, six years; then came westward to Cottage
Grove, Minnesota. He has been a resident of
this village the greater part of the time since. He
married, in 1863, Miss Catharine Gordon who re-
mained his beloved wife until 1877, when she met a
terrible death, being a victim of the tornado which
occurred that year. His present wife was Ellen
Welch of Shakopee. They have one child, an
infant.

Kobert Wilkins, one of the early pioneers of

Cottage Grove, was born August 31st, 1829, in
Sussex county. New Jersey. When a child of
five years his parents removed to Steuben county,
New York, and four years later to Bradford
county, Pennsylvania, locating finally in Wal-
worth county, Wisconsin. Here Mr. Wilkins
grew to manhood and completed his education.
In 1852 he came to Minnesota and settled at
Cottage Grove, where he has since lived, with
the exception of two years spent at Castle Rock.
When he first settled, there was but one house
between him and Point Douglas. Frequently
he has occupied public offices, such as town
assessor, supervisor, school trustee, etc. In 1855
he married Miss Margaret Van Slyke, daughter
of N. H. Van Slyke, a prominent resident of
Hastings. Mr. and Mrs. Willdns have four child-
ren: Gertrude, Adelbert, Lydia and Geneva.
The cyclone which swept through Cottage Grove
in 1877, struck their house with disastrous results.

NEWPORT.

CHAPTER LV.

GRAY CLOUD ISLAKD— EARLY EXPLORERS —
THE FIRST SETTLERS— TOWN ORGANIZATION
— OFFICERS — SCHOOLS — FLOURING MILL —
VILLAGE OF NEWPORT— BIOaRAPHtCAL.

.Newport township is a narrow strip bordering
on the Mississippi. It is in the southwestern
corner of the county. In the southern end of the
town is the famous Gray Cloud island, the early
history of which is somewhat misty. A few facts,
however, are gleaned from the accounts left by
early explorers and the recollections of old set-
tlers. Le Sueur, on his first exploring expedition
towards the source of the Mississippi and its
northern tributaries, first reached the Mississippi
at this point, having made an overland trip across
Wisconsin. In 1695, he caused to be erected a
fort on an island, three hundred leagues above

JNEWPOBT—OBGANIZATION.

381

the moutli of the Illinois. This was probably
Gray Cloud island. Charlevoix, who was at New
Orleans at 1721, said: "Above the lake is met
Isle Pelee, so named because of a very beautiful
prairie, destitute of trees. The French of Canada
made this a center of commerce for their western
posts, and sought to spend their winters here be-
cause it was a good country for hunting."

This post was built to aid in establishing
friendly relations between the Sioux and Chip-
pewa Indians, the latter living on the shores of a
"lake', five hundred leagues in circumference, and
one hundred leagues eastof the Mississippi." The
former dwelt on the upper Mississippi. This post
was probably built many years before an European
vessel ascended the river as far north. For sev-
eral years no further items concerning the island
were made, and the next notice it received was
by Col. Leavenworth's expedition up the Missis-
sippi to establish a military post. The memoran-
da bearing the date August 20th, 1819, say: "We
set out this morning in a calm. About 1:20
o'clock, the wind blew up fair, but light, yet the
air was much refreshed. We encamped this even-
ing at Medicine Wood, a distance of twenty-four
miles."

Of Medicine Wood, we find two different ac-
counts; one says : " Medicine Wood takes its
name from a large beech tree, which kind of wood
the Sioux are not acquainted with, and supposing
the great spirit had placed it there as a good
genius to protect or punish them according to
their merits or demerits." Another: " The is-
land was named in 1819, after the daughter of
the old Indian chief of the Sioux tribe. Gray
Cloud." The daughter subsequently became the
wife of Hazen Mooers.

In 1819, there were living on the island about
one hundred lodges of Indians, who had fields
under cultivation, planted with corn and potatoes.
An old Frenchman named Joseph Bouchea, now
living on a portion of this island, then in the em-
ploy of the American Fur Company, was sent
here in 1819 to purchase corn and potatoes to
supply a station further north. The father of
William Smith, who lives on section 25, was also
about that time in the employ of the company
and came to the place, and in 1841, settled per-
manently.

Joseph B. Brown came here with the troops

sent to build the fort, and in 1838, settled on sec-
tion 31, Cottage Grove township, where he opened
a trading post. The same year Messrs. Mooers and
Robinson started a trading post on section 23, on
the island. Mr. Bobinson married a daughter of
Mr. Mooers' wife by a former husband. About
this time, J. R. Brown, Truman M. Smith and C.

B. Gallagher surveyed and platted a piece of land
on the island, in section 31, of Cottage Grove, and
36, of Newport. This plat was subsequently
abandoned.

The first settler in the northern portion of
Newport, or as it was then known as Kaposia,
and afterwards as Bed Bock, addition to Wood-
bury, was the Bev. Alfred Bronson, in 1837. He
was sent by the Pittsburgh conference to estab-
lish a mission among the Sioux Indians. John
Holton came with him to engage in the same
work. Buildings were erected and Bronson car-
ried on his missionary work two years. Holton
was appointed Indian farmer, his commission,
bearing date September 29th, 1837, was signed
by Major Taliaferro, of Fort Snelling. The logs
with which the mission house was built, were
cut at the corner of Seventh and Jackson streets,
in St. Paul.

In 1841, John A. Ford built a store on section
26, on land owned by Charles Caviller, who con-
ducted a shop, making saddles for Indians. In
1847, William Johnson took a claim where the
village of Newport now stands, and two years
later, E. B. Scofield settled on section 13.

ORGANIZATION.

Notices for a meeting of the legal voters of the
township, to be held in the post-oifice of Newport,
were issued from Stillwater, October 7th, 1858,
and were signed by Thomas J. York, register of
deeds. Pursuant to this call, the citizens held a
meeting October 20th, at the place designated,
and David Shellenberger, J. H. Hugunin and F.
S. Odell, were chosen judges of election. There
were eighteen voters present, and the following
officers were elected: William Fowler, chairman
of the board of supervisors ; E. B. Scofield and
John Willoughby, supervisors; G. H. Fowler,
clerk ; J. H. Hugunin, assessor ; F. S. Odell, col-
lector ; D. S. Shellenberger and C. M. Shelton,
justices of the peace ; J. R. Hutchinson and L.

C. Everett, constables ; D. Scofield, overseer of

382

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

the poor. At the first regular meeting of the
newly elected board it was voted to lay out a cer-
tain new road from the south-east corner of sec-
tion one, to intersect the Gray Cloud Island road,
and to separate Newport into two road districts,
the division line running east and west through
section twelve.

At the date of organization Newport consisted
of that portion of congressional township number
27, ranges 21 and 22 west, lying between the west
line of Cottage Grove township and the Mississip-
pi river. It consists of six whole and six frac-
tional sections. In 1861 the county commissioners
added the Eed Eock fraction of Woodbury to
Newport. This fraction consists of two whole and
two fractional sections. The township is eight
miles long and one and one-quarter miles wide.
The name Newport was given to it by Mrs. J. H.
Hugunin. With the exception of a small portion
in the northeastern part of the township the sur-
face is quite level. Along the river is to be found
a belt of quite heavy timber. The soil is general-
ly a sandy loam, and is well adapted to small
grains and grazing.

The township officers elected at subsequent
meetings were as follows: Clerks, 1859 to 1861, in-
clusive, G. H. Fowler: 1862, W. W. ) ixby; 1863,
G. H. Fowler; 1864, W. W. Bixby; 1865 and 1866,
G. H. Fowler; 1867 to 1878, inclusive, A. J. Sco-
field; 1879 and 1880, E. M. Shelton. Supervisors,
1859, William Fowler, John Willoughby, J. H.
Hugunin; 1860, William Fowler, E. B. Scofleld,
John Willoughby; 1861, J. H. Hugunin, John
Willoughby, A. Durant; 1862, J, H. Hugunin,
John Willoughby, Joseph Irish; 1863, G. H. Fow-
ler, E. B. Scofleld, Joseph Irish; 1864, G. H.
Fowler, E. B. Scofleld, Joseph Irish; 1865, J. A
Ford, E. B. Scofleld, Joseph Irish; 1866, W. Fow-
ler, E. B. Scofleld, J. Irish; 1867, B. Parker, J.
Irish, E. B. Scofleld; 1868, W. B. Brown, J.
Irish, W. Fowler; 1869, W. Fowler, J. Irish, J.
W. Bill; 1870, W. Fowler, J. Irish, C. Wood-
ward; 1871, W. Fowler, J. Irish, H. C. Monroe;

1872, W. Fowler. L. B. Maxon, H. C. Monroe;

1873, H. C. Monroe, L. B. Maxon, C. A. Fowler;

1874, II. C. Monroe, C. A. Parker, H. A. Durand;

1875, C. A. Parker, E. M. Shelton, F. C. Ford;

1876, 1877 and 1878, C. A. Parker, E. M, Shelton,
L. C. Everett; 1879, C. A. Parker, W. Silvis, L.

C. Everett; 1880, C. A. Parker, H. A. Durand, H.
C. Monroe.

SCHOOLS.

School district, number 1, was organized June
6th, 1860. The first board of trustees was com-
posed of John Willoughby, A. Durand and C.
N. Shelton. A school-house costing $500 was built,
and two years later the number of the district
was changed to 36, and a new school-house cost-
ing $1,260 was built.

District number 33 was organized as number 4,
January 10th, 1855. David Wentworth, Samuel
FuUerton and L. C. Everett were elected first
trustees. A site for the school-house was do-
nated by Jeremiah Lamb, in the north-west quar-
ter of section thirty. The house, costing $500,
24x26 feet, was built, and Martha J. FuUerton,
sister of Captain FuUerton, was the first teacher.

District number 48, on Gray Cloud Island, was
organized in the spring of 1868. The first ofiicers
were: John Turpin, director; Anthony Fritz,
treasurer; William J. Miller, clerk. In 1870 a
tax was voted and a school-house 18x24 feet, cost-
ing $300 was built. The first teacher was Miss
Susan Kanady.

CHURCH.

The First Baptist Church of Newport was or-
ganized January 18th, 1859, with Bev, A. S. Lyon
as pastor and G. H. Fowler as clerk. • The first
board of trustees were elected February 23d,
1867, as foUows: W. Fowler, O. V. CoweU, S.
FuUerton, L. Bailey, George Woodward, J. H.
Hugunin and E. M. Shelton. They at once com-
menced the erection of their present commodious
house of worship, which was dedicated March
17th, 1878.

The Eed Eock Camp-meeting Association was
organized in 1869. Eev. C. G. Bowditch, since
deceased, assisted by Eev. John Quigley, was the
founder of the enterprise. Mr. Bowditch was at
the time pastor of the Newport Methodist Epis-
copal church. The grounds, consisting of ten
acres of beautifully shaded land, were donated
bv John Hplton. The association has erected
suitable buildings on the plat, which is in section
twenty-six, near the Chicago, Milwaukee and St.
Paul railroad.

The first marriage in Newport township was
that of John A. Ford to Miss Mary, daughter of
John Holton of Fort SnelUng. This took place

NEWPOBT—BIOGSAPHIGAL.

383

at the fort in 1844. Their son, Franklin C, bom
September 23d, 1844, was the first white child
bom in the town. The first death was the child
of Eev. Benjamin Cavanaugh.

The population in 1875 was 259; in 1880, 342.
In 1880 the assessed valuation of real and per-
sonal property was $8 6 ,6 1 8 . The amount of small
gram raised, 11,374 bushels; corn, 10,595; hay, 294
tons; number of milch cows, 166.

NEWPORT FLOUEING-MII/L.

In 1857 E. M. Shelton and brothers came to
Newport and built a steam saw-mill near the
site of the present mill. Its capacity was 10,000
feet of lumber per day. One of the brothers
died in 1859, and another sold his interest to J.
J. Scofield, and the firm name was. changed to
E. M. Shelton and Company. In 1871 they took
down the old mill and rebuilt on the present site
a saw and flour-mill combined, run by the same
power. In 1874 the concern was destroyed by
fire. The site was sold to Joseph Irish who con-
veyed it to Davis and Densmore, who the same
year built a two-run flour-mill. This firm was
unable to pay for it, and sold it to Joseph Irish.
The concern is nowrun by Durand, Stofleld and
Company who have leased it since 1877.

FIEST POST-OFFICE.

The first post-ofllce was estabhshed in 1841 at
Kaposia mission. Benjamin Cavanaugh was ap-
pointed post- master the same year. The office
was afterward transferred to the store of John A.
Ford who was made deputy in 1844, and at the
same time the name of the ofiBce was changed to
Red Rock. The next officer was W. H. Johnson,
appointed in 1854. Johnson removed it to New-
port and held the appointment until 1858, when
he was suceeded by James H. Hugunin, who has
since held it.

VILLAGE OF NEWPORT.

The original plat of Newport was made by
James Hugunin, E. C. Knox and Wilham and G.
H. Fowler in 1857, and is in sections 1, 2, 35 and
36. In 1872 W. K. Brown's addition to Newport
was made, in the south-west quarter of section
thirty-six.

When the village was located the prospects of a
good-sized town were fair. However, the near and
better-favored location of St. Paul drew most cf

the immigration, and the growth of the place has
not equalled the hopes and anticipations of the
founders. Its mercantile houses are confined
to one dry-goods store and gi'ocery, and the pro-
prietor, James H. Hugunin, being post-master,
the office is in the same building. C. Schabacker,
blacksmith; Joseph Irish, flour and feed mill;
and the Diamond Joe Line's elevator.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

John A. Ford wag born near Utica, New
York, in 1811. At the age of ten years he moved
with his parents to Chautauqua county. He
served his apprenticeship at the trade of edge
tool and rifle making in Westfield, New York.
He and his father made claims, in 1834, where
Chicago is now, but afterwards lost them through
the intrigue of others. They engaged in lumber-
ing in northern Indiana two years. Mr. Ford
then went to Illinois, and worked at his trade
until 1841. During August of that year he came
to Eed Eock, bringing lumber with him for a
store, which he built in company with Mr. Daniel
Hopkins who came there at that time, from
Prairie du Chien. They, having the means,
filled their store with a fine assortment of goods,
which brought to them trade froih many miles
around. Soon after St. Paul began growing, and
Mr. Hopkins, after remaining three years, went
there and opened a store. Mr. Ford carried on
his enterprise until 1852, when the establishing
of tiade at St. Paul and other points made it
necessary for him to close his business in that
line. He held the office of chairman of the board
of town supervisors one year in Woodbury,
before the fraction was set off to Newport, also
at Newport one year. He was also elected to the
second territorial legislature of Minnesota. His
marriage with Miss Mary Holton occurred in
1843. Franklin and Willis are their children.

Franklin C. Ford, son of the early pioneer,
and the first permanent white settler of Wash-
ington county, was born at Eed Eock, Septem-
ber 27th, 1844. Although reared at the picket
line of civilization, he received a thorough educa-
tion. Attended the district school of his native
place, and subsequently passed two years at the
Minnesota Central University, located at Has-
ings, finally graduating from the St. Paul Busi-
ness College,' in 1865. After completing his ed-

384

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

ucation he engaged iii teaching school, and insur-
ance at Newport three years, and then settled at
his present home in Red Rock. He has been a
member of the township board, and clerk of
school district number 43 for ten years, and is
now justice the peace. In 1870 he married Miss
Addie Witherspoon who has borne him one
child, Frank H.

Giles H. Fowler, a native of Massachusetts,
was born in 1832, and while quite young his
parents moved to Geauga county, Ohio. Here he
received his education, completing his course of
study at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute,
of Hiram Ohio. In 1852, he came to Minnesota,
and after passmg one year at St. Paul, located at
Newport, where he has since resided, engaged in
railroading and farming. He has represented the
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad, at
Newport, since its construction, in 1869, having
been appointed station agent at that time. Mr.
Fowler has served as chairman of town supervis.
ors, town clerk, assessor, etc., and has always
been a leading citizen. In company with Capt.
Hoyt, he organized a militia company, prior to
the commencement of hostilities between the
north and south, and was afterward assigned to
Company B, Third Minnesota Volunteer In-
fantry, at Fort Snelling. Mr. Fowler experienced
a severe illness while at Nashville, Tennessee,
and after being confined to the hospital eight
weeks, was discharged for disability. He mar-
ried in 1856, Miss Mary Shellenberger, of Ohio.
They have five children, Ada R., Melville W.,
who is night train dispatcher of the Chicago, Mil-
waukee and St. Paul railroad, at Minneapolis,
Judson J., George and Elmer.

Capt. Samuel FuUerton, was bom midway be-
tween Kennebec and Sheepscot rivers, in the do-
main of Massachusetts, now Lincoln county,
Maine, August 12th, 1814. He had a natural
love for the sea, and as early as 1828, he began
coasting, soon becoming an expert pilot, and by
1836, had advanced to the position of captain of
a sailing vessel. For eighteen years afterward,
he was continuously on the sea, in command of
either steam or sailing vessels, having made
twenty-six voyages to Cuba, besides visiting all
the islands of the "West India group." About
1852, he made the quickest voyage and return
Sver made between the United States and Med-

iterranean Sea. Shipping anchor at the mouth of
the Kennebec, he stood out to sea with his
staunch bark "William," and in twenty-four
days by the log, furled his sails at the port of
Messina, Sicily. Shipping his cargo, he set sail
for Boston, and in just twenty-four days entered
the port of that city. For this feat, the owner of the
cargo presented him with a prize of $100. In 1854,
he sold his vessel at Fall River, Massachusetts,
and retired from sailor life. Proceeding west-
ward he reached Minnesota that fall, selecting
and locating on his present fine estate at New-
port. Here he has since resided, except two years
at St. Paul, spent in giving his children educa-
tional advantages. He married Miss Kate Mc-
Clintock, of Maine, in 1840. They have three
children, William C, who is a prominent attor-
ney at Central City, Colorado; Kate, who is the
wife of Charles E. Davis, of Minneapolis; and
Mary E., a young lady of much refinement, who
remains with her parents.

David P. Hess is a native of Wentworth coun-
ty, Canada west, born September 19th, 1838.
When a child he moved with his parents to Cale-
donia, and at the age of sixteen settled in Erie
county. New York. In 1866 he removed to Min-
nesota and made his home at Newport, where he
still resides. He is an industrious and respected
citizen and has served as justice of the peace and
has held other town offices of trust. His marriage
with Miss Mary W. Straghn, a native of Scotland,
took place February 25th, 1866, in Erie county,
New York. They have three children living, Har-
vey C, Charles R. and Stella W.

Joseph Irish, the largest land owner in Newport
township, and one of the earliest settlers, was
born in Rutland county, Vermont, 1811. Here
he was educated and lived until reaching the age
of twenty-seven, when he came to Ohio and set-
tled in the "Western Reserve." He followed the
peaceful pursuits of agriculture till the spring of
1851, when he made his way to Minnesota and
located at Red Rock, coming at the same time as
did the commissioners to make a treaty with the
Indians for the relinquishment of the greater
part of the lands now embraced by Minnesota.
Mr. Irish first occupied one of the houses built by
the Cavanaugh mission at Red Rock. The old
house is still standing as a relic. To the "gude
housewife" of Mr. Irish belongs the credit of

NEWPORT— BIOGBAPHICAL.

385

making tho first clieese ever made in the state,
■whicli was in 1852. Tlie year previous lie had
shipped from Galena, Illinois, twenty-seven cows,
and with Mrs. Irish's assistance, they opened an
extensive dairy, the cheese heing marketed most-
ly at St. Paul. His wife was Miss Lizzie W.
Keeney, whom he married in 1839. They have
reared two adopted children, Jennie and Samuel.

Daniel Kennedy was born in Portland, Maine,
November 7th, 1861. When a lad of six years he
moved westward with his parents and settled at
Pine Bend, Dakota county, Minnesota, where his
father bought a farm. In 1871 he went to Still-
water and entered the employ of Isaac Staples, in
the pineries in winter, on the river in spring,
and in the mills during summer. He remained
six years, then returned to his father's home,
where he lived till his death in 1878. After a
short stay in Stevens county, he located in New-
port township and has given his attention to farm-
ing. In 1879 he married Miss Bridget Miller,
who has borne him one child, Margaret C.

Lucuis B. Maxon was bom in Oneida county.
New York, September 11th, 1828. Here he was
reared and received his education. His father
died when he was only ten years of age. He
came to Wisconsin about twenty-thiee years ago,
and for nineteen years past, he has been a resi-
dent of Washington county. He settled first at
Cottage Grove, and afterward made his home in
the village of Newport. During the fall of 1874,
he moved to his present fine estate of two hun-
dred and seventy-three acres. Mr. Maxon has
been town treasurer for eight years past, has also
been one of the board of supervisors, and is now
school treasurer of district number 33. He was
married in 1872 at Winona, Minnesota to Miss
Maggie HefEer, now of that city.

Charles A. Parker, a native of Vermont, was
born in Rutland county, in 1845. At the age of
sixteen, he enlisted in Company B, Seventh Ver-
mont Volunteer Infantry. While under General
Butler, in front of Vicksburg, he was disabled in
the right arm, and in the fall of 1862, was dis-
charged on account of disability. Keturning to
Vermont, he passed the winter, and the spring
following, came to Minnesota, locating at New-
port. Here he has since resided, and has been
chairman of the board of supervisors since the

age of twenty-one, and a member of the board of
25

county commissioners as well as occupying other
officers of trust and honor. He now owns and
operates a fine large farm, and is extensively en-
gaged in raising blooded stock, horses, cattle and
hogs; also a stockholder in the Langdon butter and
cheese factory. Mr. Parker was married to Miss
Sarah E. Perkins in 1868, who has borne him two
children: Jackson V. and Frankie P. His aged
mother, who. was born in 1802, is living with him
and is still very active, both mentally and physi-
cally.

Christopher J. Schabacker is a native of Prus-
sia, born December 13th, 1833. Here he remained
until the age of seventeen, when he started for
America, and landed at the port of New Orleans.
Coming up the river route by way of St. Louis,
he proceeded to Galena, Illinois, where he settled
and made his home there six years. He lived in
Grant county, Wisconsin three years, and in 1860,
removed to St. Paul, working at his trade, that
of blacksmith, ten years. He then located at the
village of Newport, and since residing there, has
been the proprietor of the only blacksmith shop
in the township. He has been twice married, his
present wife being Mary Bailey, to whom he was
married in 1857. Their children are: Charles,
Louisa, Henry, Mary, Albert and Willie.

John Willoughby was born in Rutland county,
Vermont, in 1819. He passed his youth and re-
ceived his education in his native county, and at
the age of twenty-flve years went to Massachu-
setts and followed the mechanic's profession nine
years. In 1854, he came westward to Minnesota,
finally making his home at Red Bock, where he
purchased a large tract of land. The next year,
he brought his family to their new home. He
has been a very successful farmer, having taken
much pains in improvements; also has a fine stock
of horses, cattle and swine. His residence is
commodious and possesses a large and well-se-
lected library. Mr. Willougby was married in
1850, in Vermont, to Miss Sarah Parker, who has
borne him five children: Mary, Julia, Emma,
Ruth and Frank. Of these, Mary is the wife of
David Hanna, of Lakeland; Julia is the wife of
Charles E. Wilson, of St. Paul; Emma and Ruth
remain on the homestead with their parents, and
Frank, the only son, is attending school at home.
Mr. Willoughby has studiously avoided politics,
refusing all oflBces.

386

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

WOODBURY.

CHAPTER LVI.

DESCRIPTIVE EAELT SETTI^ERS ORGANIZA-
TION TO'n^N RECORDS WAR RECORD

CHURCHES SCHOOLS INITIAL EVENTS

PRODUCTS— BIOGRAPHICAL. •

The township of Woodbury is located in the
south-western part of Washington county, and
contains thirty-six sections. It is bounded on
the north by Oakdale, on the east by Afton, on
the south by Cottage Grove, and on the west by
Newport and Ramsey county. Excepting the
south-eastern portion of the town, the surface is
quite rolling; the south-western portion is some-
what broken, and in places quite bluffy. In the
south-eastern portion, lays what is known as
rolling prairie. In its wild state a large portion
of the town was covered with timber of a light
growth, known as "oak openings." The town
contains a central valley, extending from north
to south with parallel ranges of hills. At the
head of this beautiful valley is Paytons lake, lo"
cated on section two. It is about three quarters
of a mile long and fifty rods wide. It takes its
name from an old settler who came there in an
early day. To the east, lies Brookman's lake, ex_
tending from the south half of section three, to
the center of section ten. It takes its name from
parties owning the land around it. A little to
the south-east, lies Eish lake, located on section
eleven, a deep lake containing a good supply of
fish, from which it takes its name. To the south-
west, in section fifteen. Grass lake appears, ex-
tending south into section twenty-two, and is
about one mile in length. In sections twenty-
Seven and twenty-eight is located Peter's lake.
Numerous small lakes and ponds are scattered
through the length of the valley. From them
heads a creek that empties into the Mississippi
river north of Hastings. On section six is located
Mud lake, some portions of it quite deep; a creek
flows out of it and runs south-west and enters the
Mississippi river in Ramsey county. The soil of

Woodbury is variable. In the eastern part the
soil of the prairie is of a loamy nature, while in
the western part, extending among the hills and
valleys, there exists a clayey sub-soil, some por-
tions of which are a little inclined to be sandy,,
though but a small part. The whole town is well
adapted to wheat raising; in what was the tim-
bered parts of the town, the yield is large and of
the finest quality, though not quite so large a
yield as on the prairie. Its agricultural interests
are large and varied, and in this respect, Wood-
bury is second to no other town m the county.
On account of the roughness of the land in the
western part of the town, and the amount of land
held by speculators, it was thought by the early
settlers that it would be many years before the
land would aU be improved. In this they were
disappointed. Its rich and well watered lands
attracted the intelligent eye of the practiced and
skillful farmer, and settlers came and filled the
town in a comparatively short sime.

EARLY SETTLERS.

Among the early settlers who first came to this
town, were Alexander and John McHattie, two
brothers, who came in the fall of 1844, and staked
out claims on sections 23, 26 and 27. In the
spring of 1845, they returned and settled on them,
having sold the claim which they had purchased,
where Afton now stands. At the time they made
their own claims, they also staked out a claim for
William Middleton. The brothers built a house
on that portion where John now Uves, and lived
together for some time. In the spring of 1845,
Mr. James Middleton, Sr., the father of William
Middleton, settled on the claim of his son. He
having a large and industrious family, improve-
ments of a substantial nature began to make their
appearance. Mr. Middleton also made for him-
self a claim of the land on which his son, James
Middleton now lives. Mr. James Middleton is a
representative man to an eminent degree. In
early life he was deprived of the advantages of
an education, but combining in his early strug-
gles, the agricultural with the educational, he
succeeded to a large extent in conquering both,
as his well wrought fann will testify. In the
higherwork of an education, which is both practi-
cal and elevating, he has been quite as successful,
turning it not only to good account for himself,

WOODBVBY—OBGANIZATION.

387

but for the town in which he lives; the county and
the state all having honored him. The town with
its highest office, and the county bestowing upon
him an equal honor, which was shared by that
portion of the state which sent him as its repre-
sentative twice to the state capitol at St. Paul.
Such men ensure the success of every enterprise
they embark in.

In 1846 Robert Cummings and his brother
Linn, settled on section 26. They remained but
a few years then disposed of their land and moved
to Minneapolis. In 1849, came Judge David
Cooper, and made a claim on section 25 ; his
brother, Joseph Cooper, settled on it the following
year. John Tanner settled on section 6 about
the year 1850. After 1850 the settlers came slow
and continued so until 1864, when there came a
change, the prospects of the town brightened, and
the settlers came in rapidly. Among the number
of those that might be called early settlers is Mr.
Abenezer Ayers, who settled on section 33. Mr.
Ayers connection with all the material interests
of the town of his adoption, has been such as to
entitle him to something more than a passing
notice. Coming here at an early day, with the
intention of making it his home, and readily see-
ing the wants of a young town, he prepared him-
self to meet them.

His wisdom has been fully appreciated by the
people of the thriving town of Woodbury, who
have showed their confidence in his justice and
integrity, by repeatedly calling on him to fill its
most responsible and important offices. The rep-
resentative district in which he lives, has also ap-
preciated his ability by twice electing him to the
legislature, where he had an opportunity to show
his legal attainments, displaying a knowledge of
parliamentary rules and a wariness in getting
through the bill which he had carefully prepared,
that would do credit to the trained veteran in the
halls of legislation. Mr. Ayers takes an active
interest in the educational and agricultural de-
velopment of the town. At a later date came
J. H. Cram, whose intelligence and energy has
contributed largely to the growth and pros-
perity of the town. With Mr. Cram came many
others who might be mentioned as having con-
tributed largely to the improvement and wealth
of the town.

ORGANIZATION.

The town was organized under the nameof Eed
Rock, taking its name from a painted rock, lo-
cated on the east bank of the Mississippi river, in
the fractional part of the town which was added
to Woodbury at the time of its organization. Said
fraction lay west of sections 29 and 30, containing
a little more than two sections. The painted
rock from which it takes its name, was painted
by the notorious Little Crow, whose band was lo-
cated on the west side of the river. His trail ran
from this point across the township to Afton.
The town held the name of Red Rock until May,
1859, when the legislature notified them that
they would have to make a change, as there was
another town in the state bearing the same name.
The board changed it to Woodbury, after the
Hon. Judge Woodbury of New Hampshire, he
being a particular friend of Mr. Colby, who at
that time was chairman of the board. Tlie frac-
tion was set off from this town and added to
Newport, by order of the board of county com-
missioners, at a meeting held at Stillwater, March
6th, 1861, which act was brought about by S.
Powers, chairman of the board for 1860, also com-
missioner at the same time. Said act was against
the knowledge and wishes of a majority of the
legal voters of the town.

TOWNSHIP RECOHDS.

Twenty-eight electors of the town of Red Rock
met at the house of Henry M. Lawson, October
20th, 1858, to organize the government of said
tswn, by the election of officers. David Little
was called to the chair, and called the meeting to
order, when John Colby was chosen moderator;
David Little and Christian Schmeiding, judges of
election; Ebenezer Ayers, clerk. The meeting
then proceeded to the election of the following
officers: John Colby, chairman of board of su-
pervisors; John A. Ford and J. J. Miller, super-
visors; Ebenezer Ayers, clerk; David Little, as-
sessor; JST. Gilbert and David Holton, justices of
the peace; James Middleton, collector; Alexan-
der McHattie, overseer of the poor; John Ander-
son and Joseph Lawson, constables. The annual
meeting was called at the house of Henry M.
Lawson, April 5th, 1859. David Little moder-
ated the meeting, and John Colby, Newington
Gilbert and John Farmer were elected supervis-

388

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

ors; E. Ayers, clerk. A special meeting was
called at the clerk's office, April 30th, 1859. The
board voted a tax of one hundred dollars for cur-
rent expenses of the town. Also at a meeting of
the board held May 7th, 1859, a tax of fifty cents
on each one hundred dollars was voted for road
purposes.

At a meeting of the board held at the clerk's
office May 28th, 1859, the clerk reported an official
notice, that the name of! the township must be
changed, as there was another township in the
state having the same name; the first named
town had the precedence. The board voted to
call it Minnesota, but rescinded the vote, and Mr.
Colby, the chairman, was permitted to name it
after his friend Judge Woodbury, of New Hamp-
shire.

The next annual meeting was called at the
house of Henry M. Lawson, April 18th, 1860. A
tax of f 125 was voted for town purposes, and the
following officers elected: Simon Powers, Hemry
Kernkamp and John A. Pord, supervisors; E.
Ayers, clerk. At a meeting of the board held
April 18th, 1860, a tax of fifty cents on each one
hundred dollars of real estate was voted for road
purposes. Annual town meeting held at the
house of Henry M. Lawson, April 2d, 1861: A
tax of $150 was voted for current expenses of the
town for the year, and elected Henry Kernkamp,
John Mitchell and J. M. Nippoldt, supervisors.
The clerk presented the following notice: that
the county commissioners, at a meeting held at
Stillwater, March 6th, 1861, had set ofE to the
town of Newport, the fractional part Included in
township 28, range 22. On motion, the meeting
appointed N. Gilbert, James Middleton and Wil-
liam Bhine a committee to investigate the tran-
saction and report to the meeting. They having
accomplished the business assigned them, made
the following report:

"Whereas, We have just been notified that
the county hoard of commissioners of the county
of Washington, at a special meeting lield March
6th, 1861, did dismember our town of Woodbury,
by setting off the Bed Rock fraction, without the
knowledge of but few of the voters of the town,
or by the knowledge or consent of the voters af-
fected thereby; and

"Whereas, We have heard that the chairman
of the board of supervisors of our town, did,

without the advice or consent of a majority, or
even a respectable minority of our voters, ad-
vocate and acquiesce in such dismemberment,
against the wishes of all parts of our town; there-
fore be it

"Resolved, By the legal voters of the town of
Woodbury in town meeting assembled, that the
dismemberment of our town was without our
knowledge or consent.

"Resolved, That the chairman of the board of
supervisors, by giving his consent to the nefarious
tjansaction acted in bad faith toward his constit-
uents.

"Resolved, That the voters of the town, by pub-
lic resolutions and also by petition, request the
rescinding of the order of the county board.

"Resolved, That the clerk be requested to trans-
mit the proceedings of this meeting to the board
of county commissioners.''

This meeting appointed E. Ayers superintend-
ent of public schools.

Annual town meeting held at the house of Mrs.
H. M. Lawson, April 1st, 1862, a tax was voted
of $100 for current expenses. Elected John
Mitchell, Henry Kernkamp and James Middleton
supervisors. At a meeting of the board held
April 19th, 1862, a two days poll tax and fifty
cents on every $100 of real estate was voted.

The annual town meeting was held at the
house of H. M. Lawson, April 1863. A tax of
$140 was voted for current expenses, also a tax of
$160 for roads and bridges. Elected John An-
derson, John M. Nippoldt and John Sloan, super-
visors. Annual town meeting was called at the
house of Earnest Wandry, April 5th, 1865. A
tax of $150 was voted for current expenses and
$100 for roads. The following officers were
elected: John Sloan, John M. Nippoldt and
James Middleton, supervisors. A special tax
was voted of two days poll tax and twenty-five
cents on each $100 of real estate. The annual
town meeting was called at the hovise of Jacob
Marshall, April 4th, 1865. A tax of $100 was
voted for current expenses. Special tax of one-
sixteenth of one per cent, per $100 was voted, and
the following officers were elected: E. A. Ruther-
ford, Benjamin Munson, and John M. Nippoldt,
supervisors. The annual town meeting was held
at the house of Earnest Wandry, April 3d, 1866,
a tax of $100 was voted for current expenses, and

WOODBUBT—WAB BECOBD.

389

twenty-five cents on every $100 valuation for
roads. The following board was elected: E. A.
Eutherford, Benjamin Munson, J.M. Nippoldt,
supervisors; E. Ayers, clerk.

The annual town meeting was called at the
house of C. W. Pierce, April 2d, 1867, a tax of
one hundred dollars was voted to pay Jacob
Horresberger a bounty for being a soldier; also
twenty-flve cents on each one hundred dollars
valuation of real estate for roads. The follow-
ing officers were elected; J. B. Thompson, Mar-
tin Brookman and J . C. Dickhudt, supervisors.
The annual town meeeing was called at the house
of C. W. Pierce, April 7th, 1868; a tax of $150
was voted for town expenses. The following board
was elected; James Middleton, Eichard Combs
and John Ortman, supervisors. The annual
town meeting was called at the house of C. W.
Pierce, April 6th, 1869; a tax of two hundred dol-
lars was voted for town purposes; James Middle-
ton, August Heidle and John Eisch were elected
supervisors; E. Ayers, clerk. The annual town
meeting was called at the house of C. W. Pierce,
April 5th, 1870, a tax of two hundred dollars was
voted for current expenses; also twenty-five cents
on each one hundred dollars valuation of real
estate. The following board were elected; J.
H. Cram, August Heidel and J. W. Eisch, super-
visors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town
meeting was called at the house of Moses Cross,
March 14th, 1871, a tax of two hundred dollars
was voted for current expenses, and twenty-flve
cents on each one hundred dollars of real estate
for road purposes. The following officers were
elected; J. H. Cram, P. Dornfield and Charles
Metzger, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The
town meeting was held at the house of Moses
Cross, March 12th, 1872. A tax of fifty cents on
each one hundred dollars valuation was voted.
The following officers were elected; John H.Kern-
kamp, Charles Metzger and Thomas McNaughton,
supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual
town meeting was called at the house of Moses
Cross, March 11th, 1873. A tax of two hundred
dollars was voted for current expenses. The fol-
lowing officers were elected; Henry Kernkamp,
M. S. Classen and Christian Mahle, supervisors;
A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting
was held at the house of Moses Cross, March 10th,
1874. A tax of two days poll and one hundred

dollars for road purposes was voted, and the fol-
lowing officers elected; J. Middleton J. C. Mahle
and M. S. Classen, supervisors. The annual town
meeting was held at the house of M. Cross, May
9th, 1875. On motion it was voted to build a
town house not to cost over six himdred doUars,
and a tax was voted for that purpose. The fol-
lowing officers were elected; James Middleton, J.
C. Mahle, Michael S. Classen, supervisors; A. Pe-
terson, clerk. The annual town meeting was
held at the new town hall, located on the north-
east corner of section 21, March 14th, 1876. A tax
of one and one-half mills was voted for roads, and
the following' officers were elected; John S. Wei-
ser, John W. Eisch, M. S. Classen, supervisors ;
A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting
was held at the town hall, March 13th, 1877. A
tax of three-quarters of a miU was voted for
current expenses, and two and one-half mills for
roads. The following officers were elected: Joel
S. Weiser. E. A. Eutherford and M- S. Classen,
supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk.

The annual town meeting was held at the town
hall March 32th 1878. A tax of twenty-five cents
on each one hundred dollars of real estate was
voted for roads, and the following officers elected:
W. J. Bachmann, J. C. Mahle and J. H. Cram,
supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual
town meeting was held at the town house March
11th, 1879. A tax of one hundred and fifty dol-
lars was voted for current expenses, and two hun-
dred and eighty dollars for roads and bridges.
The following officers were elected: Jacob Stutz-
mann, John Sloan and E. Ayers, supervisors; W.
J. Bachmann, clerk. The annual town meeting
was held at the town house March 9th, 1880. A
tax of one hundred and fiftj dollars was voted for
current expenses and one hundred and fifty dol-
lars for roads and bridges. The following offi-
cers were elected, Jacob H. Cram, Jacob Stutz-
mann and John Sloan, supervisors; W. J. Bach-
mann, clerk. John Sloan, resigned, and Fredolin
Marty was appointed in his place.

WAE RECOBD.

The town of "Woodbury was among the first to
step forward and make up its quota. No draft
was allowed. But promptly to the call of its
country the town issued a call for a meeting of
the patriotic citizens of the town to be held at

390

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

the school-house, near the German Methodist
church, January 2d, 1864, for the purpose of de-
vising ways and means to raise the quota due
from their town under all calls to date. Tlie fol-
lowing resolutions were passed:

Resolved, That a committee of three be ap-
pointed to examine into and report to the provost
marshal at St. Paul, all cases of improper or
fraudulent exemptions of persons in the town of
Woodbury.

Eesolved, That there be offered to volunteers
from "Woodbury, one hundred dollars bounty, who
will enlist before the next draft.

Resolved", That the supervisors be authorized
to issue bonds to the amount sufficient to pay all
volunteers from the town. A tax of seven hun-
dred dollars was voted to be levied on the taxable
property of the town, to be used in the purchase
of volunteers, also ordered town bonds of five
dollars to the amount of seven hundred dollars be
issued at the rate of eight per cent, interest, pay-
able March 1st, 1865.

A special meeting was called at the clerk's
office February 18th, 1864. The supervisors were
ordered to issue bonds of the town sufficient to
pay volunteers necessary to fill the quota of the
town for all calls to date, said bounty to be one
hundred dollars. Total amount of said bonds
not to exceed twenty-three hundred dollars, in
addition to the seven hundred issued January
7th, 1864.

At a meeting of the board of supervisors
held at the office of the town clerk, April 23d,
1864, an order was issued instructing the county
auditor to place on the tax list the amount
of three thousand dollars to be levied on
said town in the tax of 1865, to redeem the
town bonds of January 7th, 1864, and February
1st, 1864. A special meeting of the town was
called August 27th, 1864, and the following res-
olution was passed. To vote a tax of twelve
hundred dollars on the taxable property of the
town of Woodbury to pay bounties to volunteers
to fill the quota due from the town on the call
made by the president for 500,000 men. The
meeting also voted to issue bonds to the amount
of twelve hundred dollars, payable April 1st,
1866. A special meeting was called Jamiary
25th, 1865, to determine the best means of rais-
ing the funds to purchase volunteers to fill the

quota due from this town under the call for
300,000 men. A tax to the amount of thirteen
hundred and forty-iive dollars was voted. A
special meeting was called for March 28th, 1865,
and a tax of six thousand one hundred dollars
was voted to pay principal and interest for all
bonds issued up to date. The total amount of
money appropriated by the township to purchase
volunteers and pay interest on bonds, was six
thousand four hundred and sixty-eight dollars.

CHURCHES.

The German Methodist Episcopal church was
organized in 1853, with a membership of about
thirty. The first church was built in 1855 and
lecated on section seventeen. Eev. Jacob Young
was the first pastor, and Eev. John Plank the first
presiding elder. The increase of the society and
the small size of the old church made it necessary
that more commodious quarters should be pro-
vided. The work of building a new church was
commenced in 1867, and completed the following
year, and dedicated December 18th. Eev. John
Horst was pastor at that time. The new house
is located on a beautiful ground, and is 36x60
built of stone. A large share of the work
was done by the members of the society. The
cost of the new edifice, aside from the work of
the members, was eight thousand three hundred
dollars. A parsonage buUt at the back of the
church cost six hundred dollars. The present
pastor is the Eev. Christian Nachtrieb; the pres-
ent membership is one hundred and seventy-six.

Evangelical Lutheran Salem Congregation of
Woodbury, was incorporated in 1865, with a mem-
bership of forty families, Eev. F. W. Huffman
pastor. In 1869, Eev. A. Kuhn became their
pastor. Under the ministrations of the Eev.
Theodore Nordeck, the new cliurch was built, and
dedicated, September 3d , 1876. In October of the
same year, the present pastor, Eev. M. II. Quecl,
came to the charge. He has, in connection with
his other labors, established a parochial school.
The new church was built at an expense of
twenty-five hundred dollars. Adjoining the
church the society has a beautiful cemetery, also
a parsonage.

SCHOOLS.

School district number twenty-five was the
first district formed in the town and was organ-

WOOBBUBT— SCHOOLS— POST-OFFICES.

391

ized in 1855. The boundaries of the district were
the east half of Woodbury township, and one
tier of sections on the west side of Af ton. The
first school was held in a small house owned by
William Middleton, and was taught by Miss A.
P. Colby. She received twelve dollars per month
and boarded herself. The records were destroyed
and the dates cannot be given. On account of
some trouble, the district was divided for a few
years. In 1860 the two districts were united.
On March 10th, 1860, the voters of the two dis-
tricts met at the house of James Middleton.
N. Gilbert was called to the chair, with J. Mid-
dleton, clerk. The following oflScers were elected:
W. H. Guernsey, A. McHattie, and George
Clymer, trustees ; James Middleton, clerk. A
tax of five hundred dollars was voted to build a
new house, together with the proceeds derived
from the sale of an old house, enabled them to
build one of the finest houses In the county. It
was completed and a school held in it in the winter
of 1860. John Watson was the first teacher.
Many changes have been made in the boundaries,
and the large size of the school required a larger
house, which was made by adding to the old
one, and making repairs to the amount of three
hundred dollars. James Middleton has held the
otfice of clerk since its organization.

School district number 29, was organized May
26th, 1855, by the voters of the district, who met
at the house of F. Leyde, and organized by the
election of E. Walton, F. Leyde, and W. Buck,
trustees; E. Ayers, clerk. The district was
known as the Union district, but was soon
changed to number 5. The first school was held
in an old house on Mr. Ayers land for two terms,
then in an old house of Mr. Marr's for one year.
The district is now changed to number 29. A
tax was voted, and a new school house built in
1860, at a cost of two hundred and fifty dollars,
and located on section 33. The present officers
are John J. Connally, director; A. Nattimier
treasurer, E. Ayers, clerk.

School district number 28, was organized in
1860, and the first house built the same year, at
an expense of three hundred dollars ; size 18x24.
Ko record being kept, the first board cannot be
given. The new house was built in 1867, size
22x36, at an expense of eight hundred dollars;
it was located on section 29. The present board

of officers are Valentine Eemenschneider, di-
rector; C. Bielenberg, treasurer; John A. Ort-
man, clerk.

School district number 27, house located on sec-
tion 8, was organized in 1860. The school was
held in private houses until 1862,when a new house
was built at a cost of three hundred dollars.
The first teacher was Alexander Oldham. The
first board of officers were: J. H. Kernkamp,
director; F. Walterstrop, treasurer; J. M. Nip-
poldt, clerk. A tax of six hundred dollars was
voted to build a new house in 1872, and three
hundred dollars additional in 1873.

School district number 41, located on section
4, was organized in 1864, with John Bershan, di-
rector; Henry Besti, treasurer; John Sloan, clerk.
The first school house was an old one purchased
in Lakeland and moved to section 32, in Oakdale.
In 1870 the old house was moved to its present
site in Woodbury, and repaired. The district
comprises sections 4, 5, and 6, in Woodbury, and
sections 31, 32, and 33 in Oakdale; present num-
ber of scholars, forty-five.

School district, number .47, was organized
August 6th, 1867. The legal voters of the dis-
trict met at the house of Jacob Kumly, and or-
ganized the district by the election of the follow-
ing officers: James Clark, director; Henry Marty,
treasurer; John Anderson, clerk. The first school
was taught in the house of Jacob Kumly, by Miss
A. S. Davis. In 1868, a tax of $500 was voted to
build a house, which was located on the north-
east corner of section thirty-four. The expense
of building the house was $550. The present
board are: John Bahl, director; F. Neimann,
treasurer; Henry Marty, clerk.

POST-OFFICES.

The first post-office was established in Wood-
bury at the house of Gottfried Hartoung, on
section twenty-seven, in 1870, and removed to the
house of Alexander McHattie, on the same sec-
tion, in 1874. It was discontinued for awhile,
and then re-established at the blacksmith shop of
Henry Schultz, corner of section twenty-three.
May 4th, 1876. This office receives its mail by a
daily stage running from Afton to Langdon.
There is also a post-office located on section three
called Oakdale, which has mails once a week.

392

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

INITIAL EVENTS.

The first road laid in the town was the old mil-
itary road running from the south-east corner of
the town, on the line between Wooubury and
Cottage Grove, to the east line of section thirty-
three, thence north-west through sections thirty-
three, thirty-two, twenty-nine and thirty to St.
Paul, known as the St. Paul and Point Douglas
road, and surveyed by Captain Stimson in 1849.
Ptrst road laid by the town was surveyed in
1852, running from the east line, between
sections twenty-four and twenty-flve, on same
line to the west line of the town. The next road
was run from the south-east corner of section
twenty-two, diagonally across the town to the
north-west corner of section six, known as the
Afton and St. Paul road. A road on the north
line of the town known as the St. Paul and Hud-
son road, was a territorial road.

The first white child born in Woodbury, was
Sarah Middleton, daughter of John and Jane
Middleton, afterwards the wife of Anthony Pritz,
of Newport.

The first death, was Miss Sarah Middleton,
who died May 24th, 1849. The first marriage
celebrated in the town of Woodbury, was that of
John McHattie and Miss Jane Middleton, Jan-
uary 15th, 1856. A pleasing incident occurred in
connection with this ceremony. The bride's
father being a member of the Scotch Presbyterian
church was strongly opposed to having the nup-
tials solemnized by a common justice of the peace ,
and urged them to defer the matter until some
missionary should come that way. But as there
was none within a hundred miles, the matter could
not be deferred. The father was at last persuaded
to give his consent, and a justice from Cottage
Grove was called to the paternal home to perform
the ceremony. The justice in the excitement,
this being the first marriage ceremony that he
had performed, made a slight mistake by using
the bridesmaid's name instead of the bride's.
The father seeing the mistake rushed in, peremp-
torily stopped the ceremony, and the justice
commenced again.

POPULATION AND PRODUCTS.

The political proclivities of Woodbury lean to-
wards the democracy in town, county and state
elections, but in the choice of president it has

given the republican candidate a small majority.

The township is largely composed of Germans
and Swedes, with some Americans, Irish and
Scotch. The numeration for 1875 was 1,153, and
for 1880, 1,134.

Wheat, 8,300 acres, 112,233 bushels; oats, 1,850
acres, 38,807 bushels; corn, 995 acres, 57,613 bush-
els; barley, 1,144 acres, 16,001 bushels; potatoes,
129 acres, 15,035 bushels; tame hay, 1,033 acres,
1,161 tons; cows, 475, butter, 30,083 pounds;
cheese, 2,000 pounds. Valuation of real estate,
1381,445, of personal property, $82,879.

In passing through the town of Woodbury,
many fine improvements present themselves to
view. Among the model farms are those of Hon.
James Middleton, Hon. Ebenezer Ayers, A. and
J. Horresberger, J. H. Cram and others that
might be mentioned in this enterprising town.

BIOGKAEHICAL.

William L. Avery, born in Waterville. Maine,
in 1836, where he remained until 1857, when he
moved to Hastings, Minnesota, and resided there
for about two years, working part of the time log-
ging on Knife river. Moved from Hastings to
Cottage Grove, and entered the employ of J. W.
Purber for four years, buying eighty acres of land
from him in 1861, which he held for one year,
and sold it, then renting a farm for two years.
In 1867 purchased forty acres in Woodbury and
is now living on it. Married July 3d, 1867, to
Miss Anna McHattie. They have two children.

Ebenezer Ayers was born in Herkimer county,
jSTew York, August 20th, 1817. In early life he
evinced a great desire for knowledge, improving
every opportunity to acquire sufficient education
to teach school. In 1836 his parents moved to
Port Wayne, Indiana, then eighteen miles to the
nearest post-office. He commenced teaching
school soon after and continued until 1840, when
he returned to the academy at Aurora, Erie coun-
ty. New York, to perfect his education. In 1844
moved to Shelby county, Kentucky, and taught
school six years. Married in 1846 to Miss Lucy
Connelly from the same county. Moved to Buffa-
lo, New York, in 1850, and engaged in mercantile
business until the spring of 1854, when he emi-
grated to Minnesota and located on his present
farm. Mr. Ayers has always taken an active and
leading part in the affairs of his county and town.

WOOBBUBY—BIOGBAPHICAL.

393

He has held many important positions. Elected
to the legislature in 1867 and again in 1872. In
the session of 1872 he prepared and procured the
passage of the bill for the sale of the internal im-
provement lands. Elected to the oflace of town
clerk for eleven years, and justice of the peace in
1860 and held the office since. Also the super-
intendent of schools for "Woodbury, and in 1873
nominated for lieutenant governor on the anti-
monopoly ticket. Mr. Ayers has one of the finest
farms in the county.

Martin Bach was born in Germany in 1816, lived
with his parents until twenty- three years of age.
Came to America in 1839, landing in New Or-
leans, where he stayed about two years, and then
moved to St. Louis, Missouri; bought property
and lived there fourteen years. Moved to St.
Paul, Minnesota, in 1856, stayed there a short
time and moved to Woodbury, buying 160 acres
on section seven. Lived there about twelve years,
sold out, and bought 240 acres on section six.
Married twice; first marriage to Maggie Henning,
who died; second marriage to Anna Henning.
Have had by the two marriages sixteen children,
thirteen now living.

William J. Bachman, was born in Michigan in
1849, lived with his parents until eighteen years
of age, when he moved to Woodbury, Minnesota;
in 1875 bought 160 acres and settled on it. Mr.
Bachman has held a number of town offices, con-
stable, chairman of the town board, assessor for
five years and town clerk. Married in 1873 to
Amelia Strate.

John Bahls was born in Germany in 1832.
Moved to America and settled in St. Paul, Min-
nesota, in 1857, where he remained one year)
when he moved to Isanti county. Made a claim
and lived on it five years. Sold out, and moved
to Woodbury, and is now living on section thirty-
five. Married in 1858 to Christina Eoths. They
have eight children: Charles, Lena, Mary, Anna,
Henry, John, Louise and Christina. Mrs. Bahls'
parents live with her. Her father, Charles Eoths,
was born in 1801. Her mother was born in 1812.
They were married in 1827.

Peter Bef ort was born in Germany in 1846; lived
with his parents until nineteen years of age,
when he went to Belgium as a book-keeper for
three years; then returned home, where he re-
mained about six months before starting for

America. On landing in New York city, he
started for St. Paul, Minnesota, where he re-
mained about eight years, following various oc-
cupations, when he came to Woodbury, making
his home with Mathew Krentey.

Henry Beste was born in Germany in 1821.
Came to America, landing in Philadelphia, in
1847; remained there a short time and moved to
Detroit, Michigan, and purchased five acres about
two miles from the city, where he lived about
seven years. Sold out and moved to St. Paul,
Minnesota, and from there to Woodbury, and
purchased eighty acres of land on section five,
where he now lives. Married in 1848 to Jose-
phine Dunnebeck. They have eleven children:
Frank, John, Conrad, Elizabeth, Barbara, Mary,
Henry, Nicholas, Anthony, William and Joseph.

A. J. Borene was born in Sweden, in 1831.
Came to Quebec, Canada, in 1857. The same
year, he moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, work-
ing a few months on Mr. Gilbert's farm, thence
to the employ of Mr. James Middleton, where he
remained for a little longer time; in 1859, moved
to his present residence. Married, April 12th,
1859, to Miss Isabel Middleton. They have six
children living.

Nicholas Brockman, born in Germany, in 1824.
Came to America in 1850, landing in New York
city, and immediately started for St. Paul, Min-
nesota, thence to Woodbury and rented a farm
for three years. In 1850, he bought the place
where he now lives and moved on it in 1853.
Married in Germany in 1849, to Miss Mary Brock-
man. They have four children living: Theresa,
Ernest; Peter and Mary.

John Classen was born in Germany in 1828.
Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of
age. Emigrated to America in 1850, going di-
rectly to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he remained
about two months, then went to Woodbury,
working on different farms for three years, when
he bought eighty acres where he now lives. Mar-
ried in 1861 to Susan Lunnars. They have ten
children: Mary, Catherine, Michael, Helen, Nich-
olas, John, Susan, Arma, Henry and Bernard.

J. H. Cram was born in Brooks, Waldo county,
Maine, January 12th, 1823. He was engaged on
a farm during his early life. In 1844, engaged in
the lumbering business at Bangor until 1855,
then located in Grant county, Minnesota. He

394

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, in the spring of
1866, and located on his present farm. Mr. Cram
enjoys the confidence of his townsmen, having
held the office of town supervisor for three years,
school treasurer eleven years, on the board of of-
ficers of the agricultural society of Washington
county since its organization. Has a fine farm
with all the modern improvements around him,
and one of the best farms in the^town. Mar-
ried in 1859 to Miss Sarah M. Wing, of Maine.
They have five children living: William E„ Frede-
rick W., Henry J., Charles and Ida E.

Lyman E. Crossman was born in China, Maine,
in 1838, remaining with his parents until twenty-
one years of age, when he shipped in the brig
Alston, bound for the West India islands. Re-
turning after a seven months, trip, he engaged in
the lumber business until 1861, when he enlisted
in Company I, Sixth Maine Infantry, served three
years, and was discharged at Washington, D. C,
m 1864; then returned home and engaged in the
picture business for one year, moved to Chicago,
lUinois, in 1865; remained there about five years,
moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1871, and
in 1875, removed to St. Paul and worked in the
Harvester works five years. Then rented a farm
in Woodbury, where he now lives. Married, in
1864, Mary E. Mitchell. They have three chil-
dren, William H., Charles E. and Bertha A.

William Donaghue, born in New York, 1830;
remained at home until 1853, when he went to
Connecticut and Chicago, stopping a few months
in both places; then returned home, staying there
a year; thence to New Orleans for a few months,
when he moved to St. Paul, Minnnsota, working
on the river a short time; worked a rented farm
in Ramsey county three years, then went to Afton
and bought forty acres; sold it, and bought three
hundred and fifty acres in McLeod county, and
lived on it five years; sold that and bought eighty
acres in Woodbury, Washington county, where he
now lives. Married, in 1853, Mary Padden. They
have had six children.

Michael F. Egan was born in Lowell, Massa-
chusetts. When one year of age, his parents
sold out and moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, where
they stayed two years; moved to Woodbury, pur-
chased forty acres on section sixteen, where they
remained about ten years, then bought eighty
acres more on the same section, built a new

house, when the subject of this sketch took charge
of the farm, his father retiring to St. Paul, Janu-
ary 1st, 1880. M. F. Egan was married, in 1880,
to Miss Cora E. Clark.

Ellen Finnin was born in Ireland, 1824. Lived
with her parents until twenty-four years of age.
Her parents both died in 1848, when she emi-
grated to Canada, and remained in Quebec one
year; then moved to Vermont and married Wil-
liam Finnin, in 1849. In 1866 came to Ramsey
county, Minnesota, where they remained two
years, and then moved to Woodbury and bought
forty acres of land. William Finnin died in 1876.
They have'seven children living, John, William,
Michael, Thomas, James, George and Edward.

Francis A. Foley, was born in Ireland, in 1836,
emigrated to America in 1848. Landed in New
York and lived in the state four years; enUsted in
the army and went to Texas; discharged in 1856,
at Fort Mcintosh; returned to New York and
remained until 1857. Moved to Woodbury, Wash-
ington county, Minnesota, in 1859, bought forty
acres, sold it, and bought the 160 he now lives on.
Has been constable for twenty years. Married in
1857 to Catherine Phelps. They have seven chil-
dren living.

August Frieboldt was born in St. Paul, Minne-
sota, in 1853. Lived with his parents until
twenty-one years of age, when his father gave him
a deed of one hundred and twenty acres of land
in the town of Woodbury, Washington county,
Minnesota, where he now lives. Married in 1874,
to Miss Mary Stutzman. Tliey have two chil-
dren.

Charles A. Fritze was born in Detroit, Michi-
gan, 1853. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in
1859, where he remained one year, then moved to
Woodbury and bought land and lived on it with
his parents until 1878, then rented a farm, on
which he now lives. Married in 1878, to Miss
Amelia Ileidel, by whom he had two children.

John George, a native of Germany, was born
in 1825. Lived there until he was twenty-five
years old, learned the blacksmiths trade with his
father; came to America in 1851, landing in Bal-
timore, where he remained two years, then came
to Rarnsey county, where he lived for seven years.
Moved to Woodbury and bought one hundred and
twenty acres, where he now lives. Married in

WOODBTJEY—BIOGBAPHICAL.

395

1858, to Elizabeth Either. They have ten chil-
dren living.

James Healey, bom in Ireland, in 1816, lived
with his parents for twenty-four years. Emi-
grated, to Canada, and remained in Quebec a short
time, and went to Springfield, Massachusetts,
and remained a number of years, engaged in
railroadiQg. Moved to Wisconsin and remained
about ten years, when he moved to "Woodbury,
Minnesota, in 1867, and settled on his present
farm. Married in 1846 to Helen Lynch. They
have three children living.

Charles Hellert was bom in Germany in 1829.
Immigrated to America in 1846. Landed in New
York, and worked at the tailoring business for
about five years. In 1851 moved to Afton, Min-
nesota, where he remained four years, then to
Woodbury, and purchased the farm on which he
now lives. Married in 1855 to Margaret Taylor.
They have four children living.

Louis Hoffman was born in Gernlany, in 1836.
Immigrated to America in 1859, and located in
Chicago, Illinois, where he remained for a few
months, then moved to Isanti county, remaining
there a short time when he moved to Woodbury,
and rented a farm for six years, and then moved
to Denmark and purchased a farm on which he
lived for two years ; returned to Woodbury and
purchased his present farm. Married in 1866 to
Miss Mary Baha, who died leaving five children.
He married again in 1878 to Miss Mary Ilatzfelt,
by whom he has two children. John, William,
Theodore, Albert, Henry, by his first wife, and
Otto and Charles, by second.

Andrew Horresberger was born in Switzerland
in 1838. Remained there until 1854, when he
started for America, landing, in Nesv York, and
going to Philadelphia, where he remained one
year, thence to St. Louis for one year, and then
to St. Paul, Minnesota, and worked several years
on a farm in Eamsey county. Went to the Yel-
low Medicine and remained two years. In 1862,
went to Port Eidgely and drilled a while. Went
home on a furlough; heard the Indians had com-
menced hostilities, returned to the fort, and went
with a party to the Little Cottonwood to bring
away a family of seven hiding there in the woods.
Went home in 1864, and the same year went to
Woodbury, worked a year, and bought a farm on
section 14, where he now lives. Married in 1865,

to Christina Pagel. They have four childi-en
living.

Jacob Horresberger was born in Switzerland
in 1836. Came to America in 1855; landed in
New York, and went to Philadelphia; thence to
St. Louis, where he remained one year. In the
spring of 1857 went to St. Paul, Minnesota, stay-
ing there a short time, then removing to Wood-
bury, where he remained until 1862, when he en-
listed in Company H, Seventh Minnesota Vol-
unteers. Discharged in 1865 in St. Paul, and
returned to Woodbury, and is now living on his
farm in section twenty-three. Married in 1867
to Miss Pauline Schultz.

Mons Johnson was born in Sweden in 1827;
lived there until 1854, when he emigrated to
Quebec, Canada. Moved to Detroit, Michigan,
thence to Oakland county, and worked on a farm
for two years; then moved to Woodbury, Wash-
ington county, Minnesota, bought a farm, and
settled on it in 1860. Enlisted in 1864 in Com-
pany C, Seventh Minnesota. . Discharged in St.
Paul, May 10th, 1865. 'Married in 1853 to Han-
nah Anderson, by whom he has five children
living.

Herman Kernkamp was born in Missouri in
1851, where he remained three years; then moved
with his parents to Woodbury, Washington
county, Minnesota, and lived with them until
1875, when he bought the farm he now lives on.
Married in 1875 to Christina Eode. They have
one child.

Ernst Koenig was born in Germany, in 1842.
His parents died while he was young, and he went
into the German army, and served eight years.
Emigrated to America, landing in New York,
and proceeded at once to Illinois, where he re-
mained two years. Moved to St. Paul, Minneso-
ta, m 1872, thence to Afton and taught school three
years, worked on a farm one year. Moved to
Woodbury, in 1876, and has been teaching ever
since. Married in 1874, to Miss Minnie Siehl.
They have three children, Bruno, Emeline and
Merta.

Matt. Leithauser, was bom in Germany, in
1857. Emigrated to America in 1865, and located
in New Jersey, where he remained eighteen
months. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and
learned the mason's trade. In 1875, moved to
Woodbury, and rented a farm, and is now follow-

3 96

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON' COUNTY.

ing his trade as a mason and working his farm.
Married in 1880, to Miss Mary Neubauer, from
Germany.

William Lindemann was born in Germany, in
1850; came with his parents to America, in 1855,
remaining in New York state about twelve years.
Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1867, and to
"Woodbury, and in 1873, bought the farm where
he now lives. Married in 1876, to Henrietta
Goers. They have two children, Gertrude and
Luella.

Stephen Maisch was born in Germany, in 1821;
came to America in 1848; landed in New York,
and started at once for Michigan, where he re-
mained until 1857, when he moved to Woodbury,
Washington county, Minnesota, and purchased
the farm he now lives on. Married in 1852, to
Miss Henrietta Bunker. They have six children
living.

Fredolin Marty was born in Switzerland in
1831. Came to America in 1850, landing in New
York, and proceeded to Stillwater, Washington
county, Minnesota, whei'e he remained for about
fourteen years, then went to Woodbury and
bought the farm on which he now lives. Mar-
ried, in 1857, Sophia Tussy. They have nine
children.

Archibald McCallum was born in Scotland, in
1833. He came to America, in 1851, with his
parents, locating first at Albany, then at Cale-
donia, Livingston county, New York. He re-
mained there until 1863, when he came to Hast-
ings. The next year he bought eighty acres in
Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, on
which he now lives. He was married in 1871, to
Mary Taggart, who has borne him two children.

Alexander McHattie was born in Scotland and
remained with his parents until sixteen years of
age, when he worked as teamster two years and
farmed three years. In 1833 came to America
and lived in Vermont two years, thence to Her-
kimer county. New York, for a short time; also
in Ohio a short time, and Indiana on the Wabash
and Erie canal, then to La Porte on the railroad
for a short time, thence to Galena and engaged in
mining. Left Galena in the fall of 1839, and
went to St. Croix Palls and remained a few
months lumbering, went to Prescott to hold a
claim and remained there until the fall of 1840.
In 1841, purchased a claim of the land where the

village of Af ton now stands. Went from there
to Gray Cloud Island in the employ of Mooers and
Eobinson's trading post, where he remained rmtil
the spring of 1841 , when he returned to his claim,
which he sold in 1844, and moved to Woodbury,
Minnesota, and lived with his brother until 1848,
when he married Miss Margaret Middleton. They
have eight children living: Jane, James A., John
A., Ellen, Annie, Matilda, George L. and Marga-
ret E.

John McHattie, bom in Scotland in 1809.
Moved to Canada in 1833, where he remained a
short time, and then went to Vermont, remaining
there a few months when he moved to Herkimer
county. New York. Thence to Ohio for two
years, and Indiana one year; Illinois two years,
and to Gray Cloud Island in the full of 1840. In
the spring of 1841, took a claim at Afton and
lived on it three years. Moved to Woodbury in
1844 and located, where he now lives. Married
in 1846 to Jane Middleton. They have seven
children living.

James McMahon, bom in Ireland in 1822.
Lived there fifteen years, when he went to Scot-
land and remained five years; returned to his na-
tive land and stopped a short time, and in 1844,
came to America, landed in New York, went to
Boston, Massachusetts, returned to New York
state and lived in Orange county six years, from
there to Pennsylvania for four years. Thence to
St. Paul, Minnesota, for two years, and to Afton
about twelve years, when he sold out and moved
to his present farm in Woodbury. Married in
1854 to Catherine Devery. They have six chil-
dren living.

Thomas McNaughton was born in Scotland in
1825. Moved with his parents to Canada in 1831,
and lived with them until twenty-two years of
age, going to Ottawa in 1847, and worked at lum-
bering. In the spring of 1848 went to Quebec,
engaged three years lumbering and surveying,
then to Vermont for a short time. Moved back
to Canada, and in 1856 moved to St. Paul, Min-
nesota, and to Woodbury, working there and in
Oakdale a number of years, and settled on his
present farm in 1863. Married in 1867 to Laura
J. Lawson. They have three children.

James Middleton, Jr., born in Ireland in 1833.
Immigrated with his parents to America in 1845
and settled on a claim made by his brother, in

WOODBURY— BIOOBAPHIGAL.

397

section 26, in Woodbury, "Washington, county,
Minnesota, in 1844. Being employed on a farm
his advantges for an education were quite limited.
His perseverence in obtaining all that circum-
stances would permit is deserving of commenda-
tion. Mr. Middleton is, in an eminent degree,
a self-made man, has filled many positions of
trust in connection with the town, county and
state. In 1860 was elected clerk of Ms school dis-
trict and has held it since; served as chairman of
the board of supervisors for several years; county
commissioner for five years. In 1854 he received
the appointment of sergeant-at-arms in the legis-
lature. Elected in 1876 to represent his district
in the legislature. Has been one of the ofiicers
of the academical board of Af ton Academy since
its organization, also an officer in the county ag-
cultural society since it was founded. His father,
James Middleton, made a claim of the land on
which he now lives, in 1845, and which fell to
him in the division of the property. In 1853 his
parents came to live with him. His father died in
1854 and his mother followed him in 1866. Mr.
Middleton is a model farmer, has his farm under a
fine state of cultivation, with good improvements;
is now paying considerable attention to sheep
raising, having a choice flock of southdowns,
which are his pride. Married in 1866 to Miss
Eldra Masterman. They have four children liv-
ing: Carrie E., Georgia E., James E. and Mar-
garet J.

Benjamin Munson was born in Sweden, 1826.
Emigrated to America, landing in New York;
and from there to Illinois, where he remained for
two years. Moved to Stillwater, Washington
county, Minnesota, in 1853, and to Woodbury the
same year, and purchased the farm he now lives
on. Was elected supervisor in 1855. Married,
in 1860, Miss Helen Anderson, by whom he has
six children living.

August Neubauer was born in Germany in
1854. Emigrated to America in 1856; landed in
New York and moved to Illinois, where he re-
mained one year, then went to St. Paul, Minne-
sota, and remained twelve years, and from there
to Woodbury and settled on the land he now
occupies. Married, in 1880, to Miss Matilda
Ehion.

Erederick N.ejian was born in Germany in
1838. Emigrated to America in 1^56; landed in

New York, and went to Illinois, where he re-
mained for seven years, thence to Woodbury,
Washington coxmty, Minnesota. Rented a farm
for four years, and bought it in 1867, and now
lives on it. Married, in 1859, Miss Julia Polil.
They have eight children living, Mary S., John
E., Mellosiena J., Henry A., Albert J., Josephine
E., Anna A. and Louisa.

John A. Ortman was born in Germany in 1824.
Emigrated to Quebec, Canada, in 1847, moved
from there to Detroit, Michigan, where he re-
mained about five years; thence to St. Paul, in
1854; remained a few months, and moved to
Woodbury, and settled on a farm of eighty acres,
lived on it five years, sold it and bought one hun-
dred and sixty acres, where he now lives. Mar-
ried, in 1854, to Antonie Brahmer. They have
six children living, John, Edward G., Emma L.,
Anna E., K. Benj. and Katherine E.

Andrew Peterson was bom in Sweden in 1837.
Emigrated to Denmark in 1853; lived there and
in the northern part of Germany for five years.
Came to America in 1858, and went to Minnesota,
settling in Afton. Enlisted in 1861 in Company
B, Third Regiment Minnesota Volunteers. Dis-
charged in St. Paul, September 28th, 1864, and
returned to his farm. Moved to Woodbury in
1867. Elected town clerk for nine years, and
justice of the peace for six years. In 1878 elected
member of the state legislature, and re-elected
in 1880. Married November 13th, 1862, to Miss
Mary C. Eherenbery. They have seven children
living.

Charles W. Pierce was born in St. Johns, New
Brunswick, in 1830. He went to New York city
in 1846 and enlisted in Company D, First Dra-
goons, and went to Mexico. Served five years,
and was discharged at Port Snelling in 1851, and
went to Woodbury, bought one hundred and sixty
acres, worked it several years, sold, and bought
forty acres where he now lives. Married in 1868
to Mary A. Cafflray, by whom he has seven child-
ren.

Charles Porth was bom in Germany in 1830.
Emigrated to America in 1846 and went to
Wheatfleld, Niagara county. New York, where
he remained with his parents until twenty-one
years of age. Bought land in the same town
and lived on it for fourteen years, when he sold
and moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, and bought

398

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

the farm he now lives on. Married in 1852 to
Frederica Werth who died July 29th, 1878. He
has eleven children living: Cora, August, Minna,
Augusta, Matilda, Anna, William, Lena, Charles,
Mary and Ida.

Charles Reichow was born in Germany in 1833.
Lived with his parents for twenty-eight years,
when he came to America, landing in New York
in 1861. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, the
same year, and lived there until 1869, when he
came to* Woodbury and settled on section four,
where he now lives. Married in 1869 to Miss
Hulda.Vaber. They have four chjjdren: Albert,
Otto, Rudolph and Edwald.

J. R. Reynolds was born in Westchester, New
York, in 1837. Lived with his parents until
1851, when he went to Illinois and remained five
years. Moved to St. Paul in 1857, went to
Power's lake in Woodbury, rented a farm, and
engaged in the sugar trade for seven years. To
Redwood Falls in 1876; went to Afton in 1878,
and in 1879 to Dakota; took a claim in Valley
City, and returned to Woodbury in 1881.

John P. Rhein, was bom in Germany, in 1832.
Emigrated to America, m 1848, and went to Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin, and back to Detroit, Michi-
gan, where he remained about ten years. Moved
to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota,
worked a farm for two years, and rented a farm
four years; went to St. Paul and sold milk nine
years, returned to Woodbury in 1875, and bought
the farm where he now lives, and holds the office
of constable and road master. Married in 1864,
to Doratha Metzger. They have eleven children
living.

Anton Rode, was bom in Germany, in 1823.
Emigrated to America, in 1840, and went to In-
diana; 1841, went to Port Wayne, engaging on
the canal, worked there three years and then went
to Illinois, and remained there for three years;
returned to Indiana, in 1848, and lived there un-
til 1867, engaged in the railroad business. Sold
out and went to St. Paul, Minnesota. Stopped
there a short time, and then moved to Woodbury
and purchased the farm he now lives on. Mar-
ried in 1852, to Christina Niermann. They have
nine children living.

Christian P. Schakel was bom in Germany, in
1826. Lived with his parents until 1844, when
he moved to America, landing in Baltimore,

thence to Indiana, where he remained untU 1865,
when he moved to Woodbury, Washington county,
Minnesota, and purchased the farm he now lives
on. Married in 1847, to Louisa Kocha, who died
in 1863, by whom he had eight children. Married
again in 1864, to Caroline Newbours, who bore
him ten children.

Louisa Schilling was bom in Germany, in 1821.
Emigrated to America in 1843, landed in New
Orleans, where she remained eight months, went
to St. Louis, Missouri, and remained there until
1855, when she moved to Woodbury, Washington
county, Minnesota, and purchased the farm she
now lives on. Married in 1848, to Henry Schil-
ling. She has five children living.

Henry Sehultz,born in Denmark in 1849,leam-
ed the blacksmith trade in the old country, and
emigrated to America in 1869, stopping in New
York about two months, when he went west,
stopping a short time in Michigan, Chicago, and
working at his trade one year inTopeka, Kansas;
thence to Washington county, Minnesota, and
bought the farm he now lives on; has been i)ost-
master since 1875. Married in 1874 to Mary
Bertelson. They have two children living: Liz-
zie A. and Annie.

Joseph Streifl was born in Switzerland in 1825.
Came to America in 1861, remained in New
York city about a year, went to St. Paul, Min-
nesota, in 1853, thence to Lake Superior, opened
a hotel and conducted it until 1866, when he
moved to Minneapolis, and the same year to
Woodbury, opening a store, hotel, and keeping
the post-offlce, which he contimied to keep until
1874, when he went to farming, stiU retaining the
post-office. Married in 1862, and now has four
children: Anna, Lizzie, Paulina and Joseph.

Herman Thees was born in Germany in 1834.
Emigrated to America in 1859, landed in New
York, and went to Indiana; bought ten acres and
lived on it six years; from there to Rainsey coimty ,
Minnesota, and remained three years, from there
to Woodbury and located where he now lives.
Married in 1868 to Christina Danar. They have
six children.

R. B; VoUmer was born in Germany in 1818.
Emigrated to America in 1851, went to St. Paul,
Minnesota, thence to Lakeland, where he lived
twenty-three years, and then to Woodbury and
settled where he now lives. Married in 1840 to

WOODBUBT—BIOGBAPHIGAL.

399

Catherine Shafer. They have six children living.

B. r. Wells was bom on Long Island, New
York, in 1866. Lived with his parents twenty
years and learned the wagon making business.
Went to Minnesota in 1878, and stopped at New-
port, thence to Cottage Grove and worked at his
trade eight months, thence to Afton, working on
a farm nine months, then to Woodbury postoffice
and started a wagon shop, where he is now pros-
ecuting his business.

Frank Zurn was born in Wisconsin in 1858.
Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of
age. Came to Woodbury, Washington county,
Minnesota, in 1878, and worked on farms arid dif-
ferent places for a few years, when he bought one
on section 4, where he now lives. Was married
in 1881 to Miss Mary Egan.

William Zurn, born in New York in 1862.
Went with his parents to Washington county,
Wisconsin, and remained with them until 1874,
when he went to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to
Woodbury and worked for the farmers about three
years, and in 1877, rented the farm where he
now lives. Married in 1877 to Elizabeth Brock-
man. They have two children: Rosa and Theresa.

AFTON.

CHAPTEE LVII.

DESCBIPTIOK — EARLY SETTLEMENT — TOWN OB-
GANIZATION — WAE RECORD — VILLAGES —
SCHOOLS — ST. CROIX ACADEMY — CHURCHES
POST - OFFICES — MILLS — STATISTICS — BIO-
GRAPHICAL.

The township of Afton is composed of twenty-
four whole and five fractional sections. It is
bounded on the north by Lakeland, on the east
by Lake St. Croix, south by Denmark and west
by Woodbury. A portion of the congressional
township extends on the east side of the St.

Croix river. In the spring of 1858, when the
commissioners were appointed for the organizing
and naming of the towns, were adjusting the
boundaries, the township of Lakeland insisted on
having Bolle's creek for the southern botmdary
of their town. To this proposition, Afton ob-
jected; but at last a compromise was effected and
the difficulty adjusted by setting off to Lakeland,
section two and the north half of the north half
of section eleven. The surface of Afton is very
broken and uneven. Prom the lake westward it
becomes bluffy, with deep ravines extending back
through the hills for two miles. To the west and
south extends a beautiful rolling prairie, which is
relieved by an occasional range of hills. There
is considerable timber of a small growth, with
here and there a venerable tree which has escaped
the fires, and the pioneer's axe. The soil is of a
sandy loam with a clay subsoil, excepting small
localities, which are quite sandy; the eastern part
is admirably adapted to gardening purposes being
rich and productive. The town is well adapted
to wheat growing and equals the neighboring
towns, both in quality and quantity.

Bissell's mounds, on section eight, are three
singular mounds of different sizes, occupying
from one-half to one-quarter of an acre, situated
on high ridges. They rise abruptly to a height
of from forty to fifty feet. In these mounds are
found quarries of stratified magnesian limestone,
which makes fine building stone. Elijah Bissell
made a claim near these mounds in 1842, and
from him the name is taken.

The town is watered on the east by Lake St.
Croix, which bounds it from north to south, a
beautiful sheet of water varying from half a mile
to a mile in width, forming a curve at a point
just east of the village of Afton, and Bolles'
creek, with its two branches. The north branch
enters Afton in section five, passes through sec-
tions four, nine, ten and fifteen, and empties into
the lake in the south-east of the south-west of sec-
tion 14. The south branch has its source in the
south-west of the south-east of section seventeen,
and passes through to section sixteen, and
enters the north branch on section fifteen. Both
branches are fed by springs. The north branch
is supposed to be an outlet to Lake Elmo, which.
is situated in Oakdale township, passing under
the ground for some distance, coming to the sur-

400

HISTOET OF WASHINGTON GOUNTT.

face in the south-west part of Lakeland. Being
fed by springs, the creeljs are always open. The
coldest weather fails to congeal their rippling
waters.

EARLY SETTLEMENT.

The first settlers in Afton were French fami-
lies from the Eed River of the North, who set-
tled at the mouth of Bolles' creek some time in
1837. Joseph Haskell and J. S. Norris made a
claim on section 21 in the fall of 1839, and settled
on it in the spring of 1840. They made improve-
ments, and broke the first land for farming pur-
poses in the town. In 1841, came Alexander
McHattie, and made a claim of the land where
the village of Afton stands. In 1855 he sold a
portion of his claim to the association that laid
out and platted the village of Afton. Andrew
Mackey made a claim on the same section, about
the same time. Lemuel Bolles made a claim on
section 15, in 1842, and built his mill in the spring
of 1843. Baptiste Turnier made a claim on sec-
tion 5, in 1841. In the summer of 1843, came
Jacob Fisher, and buUt a house for Paul J. Carli,
near Afton. In 1841 Taylor F. Randolph rented
a piece of land of Mr. McHattie, and built a cabin.
He afterwards made a claim further west in the
town. In 1845 W. H. Johnson made a claim
on section 21. In 1847 came James M. Getchell.
Francis Oldham came in 1850, and W. H. Guern-
sey in 1851. E. M. Cox made a claim in 1851,
and settled on it in 1852. From 1845 to 1850,
few settlers came to Afton. The roughness of
the land and attractions in other directions, per-
haps deterred many from settling here. After
1850 there seemed to be a great change, and the
town began to be rapidly developed. Improve-
ments were made in every part of the township.
Large numbers of the settlers were from the east-
em states, men of brains, energy and pluck,
Maine being well represented. The improvements
were rapid and substantial; among them was the
erection of a saw-mill at the village of Afton, by
the Lowery Brothers, in 1854, who put in their
machinery and cut about one hundred thousand
feet of lumber, when for an unexplained reason
they closed their mill, sold the machinery, and
the enterprise was gone. In the spring of 1855,
Thomas and Sons, from Indiana, erected a mill
in the village, operated it three seasons, then sold
the machinery to the government, and it was taken

to the Winnebago reservation. Thus, another
enterprise was delayed, but not stopped. In the
spring of 1857, Tilton and Newman erected a
saw-mill, and operated it three years; adjoining
this last mill, in the same year, C. S. and J. N.
Getchell, built a steam planing and shingle mill.
In 1861, they sold their engine to parties that used
it for power to run a threshing machine, the first
steam power used for that purpose in the state.
The same year the Getchells erected a saw, plan-
ing and shingle mill, a Uttle south of the village.
In 1863, J. N. Getchell sold this interest to W. 8.
Getchell, the firm being C. S. Getchell and Com-
pany. In September, 1876, this mill was de-
stroyed by fire.

TOWN ORGANIZATION.

A meeting of the legal voters of the town of
Afton was called at Paterson's hotel, in the vil-
age of Afton, October 20th, 1868, W, H. Getchell
was chosen chairman, Joseph Haskell elected
moderator, and Richard Buswell clerk. On mo-
tion, the meeting was adjourned to the school-
house, and elected Joseph Haskell, G. W. Cutler
and H. L. Thomas, supervisors; M. H. Thomas,
clerk; J. J. Rice, assessor; S. P. De Puy, collec-
tor; Enos Gray, overseer of the poor; S. P. De
Puy and G. W. Bolles, constables; R. BusweU,
and J. J. Rice, justices.

The annual meeting was called to order at
the school-house in Afton village. April 5th,

1859. Voted a tax of $150 for current expenses,
thirty cents on every hundred dollars of taxable
property for roads, and two days poll tax. Elected
Joseph Haskell, H. L. Thomas and G. W. Getch-
ell, supervisors; M. H. Thomas, clerk. Annual
meeting was called at the school-house, April 3d,

1860, and elected H. L. Thomas, Thomas Per-
sons and P. F. Gage, supervisors; M. H. Thomas,
clerk. Voted a tax of one mill per dollar for
current expenses, and twenty-five cents per hun-
dred dollars for roads. Annual town meeting
was called at the same place, April 2d, 1861, and
voted a tax of two and one-half mills for school
purposes, one mill for town and two and one-half
mills for roads. Elected H. L. Thomas, G. W.
Cutler and J.. A. Gray, supervisors; M. H.
Thomas, clerk; Simon Putnam, superintendent
of schools. Annual meeting at the school-house,
April 1st, 1862. Voted a tax of two and one-half

AFTON—WAR RECORD.

401

mills for current expenses, and two mills for
roads. Elected Joseph Haskell, H. L. Thomas
and J. A. Gray, supervisors; 8. H. Paterson,
clerk. The annual town meeting was called at
the school-house, April 7th, 1863. Voted a tax of
one and one-fourth mills for current expenses,
one-fourth mill for military expenses, one and
one-half mills for roads, and elected C. S. Getch-
ell, E. M. Cox and 8. Rosenquist, supervisors; 8.
H. Paterson, clerk. Annual town meeting was
called at the school-house, April 5th, 1864. A
tax of one and one-half mills was voted for roads,
C. 8. Getchell, E. M. Cox and 8. Rosenquist were
elected supervisors, and W. H. Getchell, clerk.
Annual meeting of the town was called at the
school-house in Afton, April 4th, 1865. A tax of
one and one-half mills was voted for roads, and
the old board of officers re-elected.

At the annual town meeting called at the school
house, April 3d, 1866, a tax of two mills was voted
for roads and bridges, and C. 8. Getchell, E. M.
Cox, P. T. Paterson, elected supervisors; "W. H.
Getchell, clerk.

Annual meeting, April 5th, 1877, at the BoUes
school house, a tax of two mills was voted for
roads, and a special tax of f 150 was voted for the
same purpose. Elected Joseph Haskell, A. Stege-
mann, "W. H. Guernsey, supervisors. The annual
town meeting at the BoUes school-house, April
7th, 1868, a tax of one mill voted for roads, and
one mill for town purposes; E. M. Cox, W. H.
Guernsey, A. Stegemann, supervisors. The an-
nual town meeting at the BoUes school-house,
April 7th, 1869, a tax of one mill was voted for
roads, and one mill for current expenses; elected
E. M. Cox, C. Heuer, 8. E. Persons, supervisors.
Annual town meeting at Bolles school-house,
April 5th, 1870, a tax of four mills was voted for
roads and the old board elected. Aimual. meeting
at the Bolles school-house, March 14th, 1871, a
tax of one mill was voted for current expenses
and four mills for roads; elected C. Heuer, 8. E.
Persons, Peter Landes, supervisors. Annual town
meeting at Bolles school-house, March 12th, 1 872, a
tax of three mills voted for current expenses, and
four mills for road expenses; elected the old board.
Annual town meeting was held at the Bolles
school-house, March 11th, 1873, a tax of four mills
for roads; and two mills for current expenses was
voted; elected P. T. Paterson, 8. E. Persons, M.
26

Bahnemann, supervisors. A special town meet-
ing was called November 9th, 1873, to discuss the
question of license. On motion a vote was taken;
one hundred and thirty-one votes were cast, with
seventy-nine against and fifty-one for license. An-
nual town meeting held at the Bolles school-house
March 10th, 1874, a tax of three mills was voted
for roads, and two mills for current expenses;
elected E. M. Cox, P. F. Gray, P. Landes, super-
visors.

The annual town meeting was held at the
Bolles school-house, March 9th, 1875; a tax of
two mills was voted for roads. Elected E. M.
Cox, P. F. Gage, F. Stegemann, supervisors.
Annual town meeting was held in the Bolles'
school-house March 14th, 1876. A tax of two
mills was voted for current expenses, and three
mills for roads. . Elected C. Heuer, F. Dick, F.
Stegemann, supervisors. The next annual town
meeting was held at C. Riedel's store, March 13th,
1877. A tax of two hundred dollars for roads
and bridges was voted, and one-half mUl for
current expenses. Elected C. Heuer, F. Dick,
A. Stegemann, supervisors. The annual town
meeting was called at C. Riedel's store, March
12th, 1878. A tax was voted of one mill for cur-
rent expenses, and two and one-half mUls for
roads. Elected E. M. Cox, John Murphy, F.
Fredericks, supervisors. The annual town meeting'
was called at the store of C. Riedel, March 11th,
1879. Voted a tax of one mill for current ex-
penses, one mill for roads, and a special tax of
two and one-half mills for roads. Elected E.
M. Cox, John Murphy, F. Fredericks, supervisors.

Annual town meeting at the store of C. Riedel,
March 9th, 1880. Voted a tax of one mill for
cuiTcnt expenses, and two and one-half mills for
roads. Elected Thomas Eastwood, M. F. Bach-
mann, T. F. Jackson, supervisors. W. H.
Getchell was first elected town clerk April 5th,
1864, and has held the office ever since.

WAK RECORD.

The patriotism of the citizens of Afton town-
ship was manifest in the fact, that, when the call
was made for ihen to assist in putting down the
rebellion, volunteers rushed to the front leaving
their shops, their ploughs, and their mills, to
rescue the imperiled union. A home relief so-
siety was at once formed with W. H. Getchell

402

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTOJSr COUNTY.

for its secretary, to look after and provide for the
wives and children belonging to the families of
those who nobiy risked their lives in the defence
of their country. No draft was allowed. No
tax was needed to purchase volunteers; there was,
however, a tax of eight hundred dollars voted
February 23d, 1864, for the purpose of retaining
the names of eight volunteers to the credit of the
town, and at the close of the war, there was many
years of service credited to the town in advance
of its quota. As it was impossible to obtain a
complete list of Afton's soldiers, the names of
those learned is given. Capt. W. Thomas, N. M.
Chase, J. M. Getchell, Asa Tracy, G.IIayford,r.
Hayford, James Coop, James Newman, Joseph
Mertz, Joseph Dernley, W. Carnithan, Colonel
Miner Thomas, C. C. Cushing, Consider King,
Daniel Buswell, E. Pray, Simon Persons, Simon
Putnam, Myron Putnam, L. Culbertson, J. Har-
risburger, Wm. Middleton, Victor Peterson,
John Peterson, J. Harvey. This is a partial list
of the volunteers. They enlisted and served in
several different regiments.

VILLAGES.

The village of Afton is located on section 22,
on the right bank of Lake St. Croix. It was
laid out and platted by R. Haskell, Joseph Has-
kell, H. L. Thomas and C. S. Getchell, in May.

1855. It has a main street passing from north to
south, with short streets extending up the sides
of the bluffs. At the head of Main street stands
the St. Croix Valley Academy, while in the cen-
ter of the village is a beautiful park covered
with a thick growth of native oaks. In the cen-
ter an auditorium has been erected, where meet-
ings are held in the pleasant weather of summer.
Mrs. C. S. Getchell has the honor of naming this
beautiful village, Afton. The name was taken
from Bums' poem "Afton Water," which gives
a fine description of the "neighboring hills, and
the clear winding rills." A beautiful incident is
connected with this village. In the summer of

1856, the Hutchinson family were passing up the
lake, on the steamer U.S. Allen, to fill an appoint-
ment at Stillwater. The steamer stopping at the
wharf to discharge freight, one of the troupe
asked the captain the name of the place. When
informed, they stepped out, and in their own
inimitable way, sang " Sweet Afton."

South Afton, located one mile south of the vil-
lage of Afton, is A small burg, which contains one
store of general merchandise kept by B.P. Squires,
a warehouse and elevator owned by J. P. Purber,
30x60 feet, capacity ninety thousand bushels,
built in 1869, and operated by steam; leased by
Dill and Miller January 12th, 1881. There is a
ferry across the river, owned by Mr. Furber,
built in September, 1879, and operated with a
rope.

St. Mary's. In 1857 Messrs Cathcart, Marshall,
and others laid out and platted a town site on
section 14, and named it St. Mary's. Several
lots were sold and houses built. In the fall of
the same year, parties from Norristown, Penn-
sylvania, erected a saw-miU on the point, op-
erated it one year, and failed. What then bid
fair to be a village of some size, has vanished in
smoke, leaving only a few blackened ruins to
mark the spot.

Valley Creek, a small hamlet located two miles
northwest of Afton, on sections 9 and 10. In the
spring of 1857, Erastus Bolles came to this wUd
spot on the line of the Stillwater and Point Doug-
las road, which passes through the vaUey, built a
house and opened a blacksmith shop, which he
carried on for two years, when he purchased a
small water- power, on what is known as BoUes
creek, bringing the water through a race to his
shop, to which he added a trip-hammer and other
machinery. He then engaged in the manufactur-
ing of agricultural tools, until the spring of 1875,
when he turned the shop over to his son, C. E.
Bolles, who bought additional power, moved the
shop further down the stream, and added corn
and feed grinding. The mill is called Valley
Creek mill.

The North Star flour mill is located in this
village or hamlet, on the north branch of Bolles
creek. It was built in 1860, by Buswell and Gil-
bert; size, 24x32, witli three ran of stone; power,
thirty-two foot overshot wheel; capacity, 700 bar-
rels per month, with custom and merchant work;
they grind about two hundred bushels per day.
In 1861, Mr. Buswell enlisted in the army, leav-
ing his intere&t to O. A. Pray; at the end of a
year, D. C. Buswell purchased Mr. Pray's lease.
Mr. Gilbert sold his interest to P. P. Persons,
from Afton. In 1878, Mr. Persons sold to J,
Home. The firm is now Buswell and Home.

AFTCN— SCHOOLS AND CHUBCHES.

403

SCHOOLS.

District No. 23, was organized April 14th, 1865,
at the house of Joseph Haskell, under the name
of the Haskell district, and the following officers
elected. Thomas Persons, H. F. Dayton and J
Haskell, trustees; C. C. Gushing, clerk. A tax
of $400 was voted to build the house on land do-
nated by Jesse Jackson. It is located in a beau-
tiful grove, on section 21, on the line of the Af-
ton and Cottage Grove road. First school was
held three months commencing July 12th, 1856.
Mr. Oldham has been clerk for twenty-two years.
The name was changed to its present No. 23, in
1862. School district No. 24, located in Afton
village, was organized in 1856. The first board of
trustees were C. S. Getchell, S. H. Paterson, and
Eev. S. Putnam; M.H. Thomas, clerk. The orig-
inal number was three; the first house built in
1856; the first school was taught by Rev. Simon
Putnam, in the kitchen of his house; the new
house was built in 1876, of brick, 26x48. The
records have been mislaid, and we cannot give a
full account.

School district, number 39, was organized April
7th, 1863, at the house of Erastus BoUes. O. A.
Pray was called to the chair, and G. W. BoUes,
clerk. Erastus Bolles, director. Voted a tax of
$400 to build a school-house, 24x40 feet. Eirst
teacher, Miss C. L. Rice.

School district, number 46, located on section
seven, was organized May 7th, 1868. Eirst board
elected: Peter Landes, director; Benjamin Mun-
son, treasurer; E. A. Rutherford, clerk. The
first school-house was built at an expense of
$1,001. The site was donated by Mr. Eisher and
Peter Landes. Size of the building, 24x32 feet.
The first teacher was Sophia Tyler.

ST. CKOIX ACADEMY.

The importance of securing better advantages
for the education of the youth of the St. Croix
Valley, had often been agitated in the minds of
the older settlers of Afton and vicinity. A meet-
ing was called December 6th, 1867, at the village
of Afton, of all who were interested in the educa-
tion of the youth from different parts of the
county, to consider the propriety of building an
academy. After due consideration it was
decided to appoint a committee to solicit funds to
start the enterprise, consisting of Rev. A. D. Roe

and C. S. Getchell. The canvass was prosecuted
with vigor for the next sixty days. Success
crowned their labor, having secured pledges to
the amount of ten thousand dollars.

A meeting was called for February 25th, 1868,
and the following board of trustees elected: Rev.
Alva D. Roe, president; Richard Buswell, vice-
president; W. W. Getchell, secretary; L. T. Olds,
Hon. J. Warren Eurber, P. E. Walker, J. B.
Thompson. Hon. A. Huntoon, N. M. Chase,
David Cove, E. M. Cox, James Middleton, R.
Lehmicke, C. S. Getchell. Executive committee:
R. Buswell, A. D. Roe, E. M. Cox, N. M. Chase,
C. S. Getchell. The academy was erected during
the spring and summer of 1868; the corner stone
of the building was laid June 18th, 1868, by the
Free Masons. The building was pushed forward
to completion in the same spirit with which the
enterprise was begun. It was dedicated in the
fall of 1868. During the winter a set of philo-
sophical apparatus was added, and in the fall of
1871 a library was presented to the school by the
village of Afton. The building is a handsome
three-story brick edifice, surmounted with tower
and bell. It is finished in black walnut and oak,
and is furnished with neat and convenient single
desks. The music room is furnished with pianos
and organs. The faculty, at the opening of the
institution, were: W. Gorrie, principal, and in-
structor in classics and higher English; Miss
Flora A. Hammond, teacher in vocal and instru-
mental music; Miss Jennie Gorrie, assistant in
English branches; Miss Anna V. Wandry, assist-
ant teacher in German.

CHTJECHES.

The Congregational church of Afton was or-
ganized June 24th, 1858, with a membership of
thirteen. The first pastor was Rev. Simon Put-
man. The organization of the society was ef-
fected March 30th, 1860. For some time they
held meetings in the school-house. In the spring
of 1867, the society commenced raising funds for
the erection of a house of worship, and succeeded
in securing $1,800, which, with $500 received from
the church erection fund, they were enabled to
erect their present beautiful edifice. It was ded-
icated in September, 1868, free of incumbrance.
The Rev. George Hood is the present pastor.

Scandinavian Methodist Episcopal church was

404

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

organized in April, 18.59, first pastor, Rev. C. F.
Fosburg. Tlie church located on section 18, was
built in 1854 and '55, through the exertion of their
presiding elder, Eev. A. Shogran. Size of house
24x36 feet. There is a fine cemetery connected
with the church.

St. Peter's German Lutheran church, located
in the south-east corner of section 6. The so-
ciety was organized in the spring of 1863, and
the church built in the fall of the same year. The
first pastor was Rev. John Carven. The next
pastor Eev. O. Cloeter, who came in 1868. In
connection with the church is a paaochial school,
supported by the congregation, which was or-
ganized the same time as the church.

CEMETEEIES.

At the time of the platting of the village of Af-
ton, the proprietors set apart and donated to the
village twenty acres in section twenty-two, for a
cemetery. It was dedicated in 1855.

Evergreen cemetery is owned by the Evergreen
Cemetery Association. The land was' deeded to
the association May 28th, 1873. It is located on
the north-west quarter of section twenty-two.

POST-OFFICES.

The first post-oflSce in the town was opened at
Mr. L. BoUes' mill, on section fifteen. He re-
ceived his appointment in 1852 and transfeiTed it
to M. H. Thomas, who moved it to Afton village.
He was succeeded by R. Buswell, who returned it
to H. Thomas. He was followed by S. Barton,
who transferred it to Paterson in 1867.

Valley Creek post-office. In 1874 Mr. E. BoUes
opened a general stock of merchandise at Valley
Creek, and was appointed postmaster the same
year, holding the office until 1880, when his store
was burned and the office transferred to B. Bus-
well, in the North Star mill.

MILLS.

Afton Flour Mill. Lemuel Bolles made a claim
on section fifteen, in the summer of 1842, and
commenced building his mill in the spring of 1843.
To do this he picked up slabs on the lake shore,
carrying them a mile and a half on his back to the
point where his mill was located, on the creek
named after him. Not having nails to con-
struct his building with, he used wooden pins.
In the building thus constructed he placed a

small run of stone, which he purchased of John
McKusick of Stillwater. His dam,when construct-
ed, gave him a fall of but nine feet. This primi-
tive mill was the first flour mill, excepting the old
government mill at St. Anthony, north of Prairie
du Chien. He operated it some time then trans-
ferred it to Christopher Carli, and he to Andrew
Mackey, who made some improvements and run
it one year, when he transferred it to F. Robecke
in 1872, who rebuilt the mill on the old site, put-
ting in one run, and a feed mill, with a wooden
turbine wheel, under a nine foot head. In 1875,
Emil Munch purchased it and put in three run of
stone, one set of rollers and a feed mill, driven by
a twenty-inch LefEel wheel, under a thirty-five
foot head. Capacity of mill, fifty barrels per day
besides his custom work, size of mill 34x40 feet.
The name of the mill has since been changed to
"Reliance Mill."

Saw-mill. Messrs. Olds and Lord's steam saw-
mill, located at Glenmont on the east side of the
lake opposite Afton, was buUt by L. I. Olds in
1857. Size 44x80, with boiler house 30x50. Ca-
pacity, sixty thousand feet in twenty-four hours.
The mill was run by Mr. Olds until 1872, when
he sold a half interest to J. H. Lord. They
make dimension-sawing a specialty. This miU,
though not located in Afton, on account of the
difficulty in obtaining title to lands at that time,
is still an Afton enterprise.

"GERMAN farmers' MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE
COMPANY OF afton"

was organized under the statutes, March 17th,
1879. They had a fund of $1,714.50 under a
mutual organization which had existed for twelve
years, but not under a legal form until 1879.
Under the present organization the following
officers were elected: C. Heuer, president; F.
Fredericks, secretary; P. Dornfleld, treasurer.
Amount of business December 4th, 1880, $116,-
230.

INITIAL EVENTS.

The first white child bom in Afton was Helen
M. Haskell, daughter of Joseph and Olive K.
Haskell.

The first death was that of Paul J. Carli who
was drowned in St. Croix lake in 1845. A man
named Merty Moore was also drowned the same
year. Mrs. Tyler Randolph died in 1846. The

AFTON— BIOGRAPHICAL.

405

first road built in Afton township was the old
military road, known as the Point Douglas and
Fond du Lac road, surveyed and opened in 1845
by General Thorn. The next was the Stillwater
and Point Douglas road in 1847. The first hotel
built in the village of Afton was by S. H. Pat-
erson in 1856, who run it for three years, when
it was destroyed by fire. The second hotel was
opened by Charles C. Gushing in 1867, who died
in 1876. His wife still keeps the house open and
in good style. During the summer months the
house is crowded with pleasure-seekers. Mr. S.
II. Paterson opened his first store in the village of
Afton in 1867, and is now carrying a fine stock
of general merchandise.

POPrLATION, VALtTATION AKD PRODUCTS.

The population of Afton township, number-
ing nine hundred and twenty-five, is composed
of about one-half American, the other half Ger-
man and Swede. Politically the republicans
have the majority, though not so large as to pre^
vent the contest from being close and sharp.

The valuation for 1880 was: real estate, $248,-
555 ; personal property, $71,848 ; wheat, acres,
4,752, bushels, 62,956; oats, 782 acres, 31,252
bushels; corn, 510 acres, 19,102 bushels;, barley,
320 acres, 8,017 bushels; rye, one acre, 15 bushels;
potatoes, acres, 50, bushels, 6,915 ; tame hay,
acres, 855, tons of hay, 963; cows, 229, pounds of
butter, 14,034; cheese, 100 pounds.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

B. r. Babcock, deceased, was born in Oneida
county. New York, March 26th, 1836. His early
life was spent there and in Rome, New York.
Received his collegiate education in Connecticut.
In the fall of 1858, went to Lake Superior,
remained one year, and in the fall of 1857 came
to Stillwater. Was married May 9th, 1859, to
Amelia C. Van Vleck, daughter of Judge Isaac
and Cornelia Curtis Van Vleek, and came imme-
diately to Afton, "Washington county, Minnesota,
where he practiced medicine until his death, Sep-
tember 9th, 1870. Pour children were born to
them; two are now living.

M. F. Bahnemann was born in Niagara county.
New York, in 1845. When twenty years of age,
he moved with his parents to Afton, "Washing-
ton county, Minnesota, his father buying a farm
of two hundred and eight acres. Married in

October, 1868, to Miss Caroline Bruner. They
have five children, all living.

David Berry was born in Manchester, England,
October 29th, 1814. Came to America with his
mother, when young, remaining but a short time,
and returned to his native country. Returned to
this country in 1837. Served for a time in the
Florida war, and in 1842 returned to England,
and was married in 1 844 to Miss Elizabeth Holt,
and in 1854 came back to America and settled at
Afton, where he has since resided. His wife
died in Afton May 28th, 1880. He has four child-
ren now living.

Erastus BoUes was bom in Madison county,
New York, March 9th, 1821. Moved with his
parents to Oxford and learned the trade of black-
smithing and tool-making with his father. At
twenty-one, went to New Boston, Connecticut,
working at his trade two years; thence to South-
bridge, Massachusetts, and engaged in the jew-
elry business nine years, and two years making
hoesin Millbury, Massachusetts. In 1856, came
to Afton and built the first house, which is still
a part of his present residence in Valley Creek.
Soon after, started a blacksmith shop, and two
years later added a water-power, and began the
manufacture of farming tools. In 1873, gave up
Ms business and started a store at Valley Creek,
which burned in March, 1880. "Was the first
postmaster at Valley Creek. Married in 1847,
Miss Sophrona Hayward, of Oxford, New York.
They have three children living.

G. "W. BoUes was born in Chenango county.
New York, in 1836, where he learned the blaekr
smith's trade, and remained until 1856, excepting
two years in Massachusetts. In 1856, came to
Afton, and one year later, started a blacksmith
shop at Valley Creek, and remained one year,
then farmed until 1867, when he again started a
shop at Valley Creek, and remained there until
he came to Afton in 1875. He has been married
three times, the last time in 1879, to Mary M.
Mclntire.

J. "W. Boxell, born in Muskingum, Ohio, Feb-
ruary 6th, 1824. Received his education at the
common schools, which was supplemented by a
term at Mclntire Academy. He remained at his
native place thirty years, teaching part of the
time. In 1854. came to Afton and bought a
farm where he lived untU the breaking out of the

406

HISTORY OF WASEmQTON COUNTY.

war, when he enlisted in Company B, Third Min-
nesota Volunteers, and served until honorably
discharged in 1863, and returned to his home.
During the winter of 1859-'60, he founded what
has since beeij known as the Boxell school, which
enjoyed a wide and favorable reputation. Mr.
Boxell has always kept pace with the times, never
losing sight of the fact that " man is never too
old to learn." He has devoted much attention
latterly to fruit culture, which he thoroughly un-
derstands. Married in 1848 to Mary Shaw. They
have had eleven children, nine now living.

Richard Buswell was born in Grafton county,
New Hampshire, in 1829. Spent his early life on
a farm. Came to Afton in 1856, and worked at
carpentering four years, then took an interest in
the North Star flouring mills at Valley Creek.
Married in 1852 to Miss Ellen M. Thompson.
One son, F. W. has been born to them, who is
now in business with his father.

John G. Carlson was born in Sweden, February
21st, 1834. Came to America in 1858, and set-
tled in Stillwater and worked at his trade as
stone mason ten years, then moved to Afton and
bought eighty acres; has now three hundred and
sixty acres in his farm. Married, in 1869, Miss
NeUie Nelson, born in Sweden, June 10th, 1848.
They have five children.

WUliam Carnithan was born at "Washington,
New York, November 10th, 1834, where he re-
mained until 1867. He learned the carpenter's
trade, came to Afton in 1857, and has since re.
sided here. Enlisted in Company C, Seventh
Minnesota, and served until honorably discharged
at Port Snelling in 1865. Married Miss Emily
Gushing. They have three children living.

Samuel D. Clymer was born at Logansport,
Indiana, in 1844, where lie remained until the
spring of 1858, when he moved to Afton. In
1865, began life for himself on the farm his
parents first settled upon. Married, in 1875,
Mary Ingalls. They have one child living.

James Cooney was born in Ireland, in 1815.
Spent his life in England until fourteen years of
age, when he went to sea and followed it fourteen
years; went on two whaling voyages In the Arctic
ocean, twice doubling the cape. After leaving
the sea, worked for awhile in the lead mines at
Chester, England, then came to New York city,
where he worked three years; thence to Taylor's

Falls, Minnesota, working a few months, and
finally to Afton, and in 1864 enlisted in Company
C, Seventh Minnesota; afterwards transferred to
the veteran reserve corps, and served until the
close of the war. He returned to Afton, where
he has since lived. Married, in 1845, at Chester,
England, to Mary Dunn. They have three chil-
dren now living.

E. M. Cox was bom in Orange county, New
York, December 11th, 1822. Moved to the terri-
tory of Michigan in 1832, and settled at Pontiac.
Farmed there until 1851, when he started for
Washington county, Minnesota, by rail to Elgin,
Illinois, to Galena by Frink and Walker's stage,
thence to St. Paul by steamer "Dr. Franklin No.
2." Worked on Judge Cooper's farm inOakfield,
now Woodbury, for three months; during that
time, made a claim in Afton, which he now owns.
In the fall of 1851 returned to Michigan and made
some collections, and to Illinois and purchased
an outfit of an ox team and wagon, drove to Ga-
lena and shipped to Stillwater on steamer "Me-
nomin&e," arrived at his claim in the spring of
1852, and built a log cabin. Has made this his
home ever since. Mr. Cox has held the oflSce of
chairman of the town board several times and has
taken a lively interest in the affairs of the town.
Married October, 1855, to Eliza A. Brimhall of
Worcester county, Massachusetts. They have six
children living.

Francis Dick was born in Scotland in 1833.
Came to America in 1855, and engaged at clerk-
ing in a dry-goods store in Boston two years. In
1857, came to Minnesota and stopped in St. Paul
a short time; thence to Cambridge, Isanti county,
and took a claim which he abandoned in 1859.
Following lumbering until 1867, when he bought
a farm in Afton, where he has since resided.
Married in 1871 to Miss Lydia Cummings. They
have three children, all living.

Baptiste Fournier was born in Canada East,
March 15th, 1814, where he remained until twenty-
three years of age, then went to work for the
American Fur Company, and went to Lake Su-
perior, where he remained for some time. Spent
one year at St. Croix Falls, and in 1841, came to
Afton and made a claim of one hundred and
twenty acres where he has since resided. Mar-
ried in 1841 to Sarah Folstrom. They have one
child: Margaret, bom in 1842.

AFTON—BIOGBAPHIGAL.

407

Jacob Folstrom deceased, was born at Stock-
holm, Sweden, June 25th, 1793. Came to Ame-
rica when fourteen years of age, went to Canada,
and very soon acquired a knowledge of both the
French and Iriquois languages while in Canada,
was engaged as a fur trader, and later employed
as head trader for the American Fur Company,
in their employ seven years, as traveling buyer.
He was at the mouth of the St. Peter river,
ten years before Fort Snelling was built
After the building of the fort, he was employed
there two years by the government. Went to Prai-
rie du Chien and spent one year, returned to Fort
Snelling and remained two years in the quarter-
masters department. "Was sent to Galena and
remained one year, and again returned to Fort
SneUing. Soon after, settled in Lakeland in
1840, then engaged in missionary work in which
he remained until his death. While at Lake-
land, he was employed to carry the mail from
Prairie du Chien to St. Croix Falls, and during
that time met with many hair-breadth escapes
from the hostile tribe of Indians. Moved to
Afton and settled at Valley Creek in 1850. Mar-
ried in 1823 to Margaret Bungo, a Chippewa, who
was born at Fond du Lac, Superior, in 1797.
The eldest son, John was born at Leech Lake
and married Margaret Kevi, who died March
28th, 1865. Nancy was born at Sandy Lake and
is still living. Sarah, bom at Gull Lake, now
the wife of B. Fournier. Jane, wife of J. Mc-
Knight, died February 22d, 1861; James and
George died when small. George, the second is
now living and married to Miss Catherine H.
Simondet. James second, now living. Cecilia,
the wife of Chas. Villendrer.

Magaloire Fortin was bom in Canada East in
1827. He remained there till twenty-one years
old, then moved to Watertown, New York, and
remained eleven years. In 1856, came to St.
Paul and stayed one winter. In the spring of

1857, moved to Rutherford settlement, where he
remained until he settled on his farm in Afton,
which has been his home ever since, excepting
five years spent in Wright county. Married, in

1858, Ellen Hayes, who died in 1872. Married
his second wife, Adelaide Boyer, in 1 874. He has
one son now living, John A.

Putnam F. Gage was born at Bedford, Hills-
borough county, New Hampshire, Jan. 26fch, 1821 ,

Went to Boston, Massachusetts, and engaged in
the grocery and grain trade until 1844. Went to
St. Louis, Missouri, and opened a restaurant,
which he continued until 1850. Went to Hudson)
Wisconsin, for about two years, then to Lakeland
and opened a blacksmith shop, and continued it
four years; then moved to Afton and bought a
farm; thence to Woodbury, engaging in farming
and blacksmithing. January, 1863, went to Fort
Abercrombie as post blacksmith in the quarter-
master's department; removed to Fort Snelling,
where he remained in the same capacity during
the war. After the war, moved to the village of
Afton, remained two years, then bought a farm
near the south line of the town, and opened a
blacksmith shop. In 1870, became almost blind
ror five years; finally entirely recovered througb
the skill of Dr. Hagan, of St. Paul. Mr. Gage
has held most of the town offices; was elected
first sheriff of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, but
refused to serve. Married, October 2d, 1849,
Miss Esther E. Griffiths. They have five chil-
dren living.

John T. George was born in Adams county,
Pennsylvania, October 24th, 1832. Moved to Mif-
lin county and remained six years, then to Cass
county, Indiana, where his mother died in August
and father in September, 1867. His father was a
soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. George moved to
Afton in 1863 and followed lumbering until 1870,
when he settled where he has since resided.

Henry Gerke, a native of Prussia, was born
January 20th, 1828. Came to America in 1843
and settled in Buffalo, New York, remained one
year thence went to Chicago and worked at the
wheel- Wright business six years. Came to Minne-
sota and remained a short time, and moved to
Osceola Mills, Wisconsin, and worked as a mill-
wright four years, thence to Lakeland and car-
ried on a wagon shop four years. Then to Still-
water and worked at his trade five years, when
he bought a farm of two hundred acres in Afton
and now lives on it. Married in 1861 to Mary
Rengen. They have two children living.

James M. Getchell was born in Somerset coun-
ty, Maine, May 18th, 1819, where he remained
until twenty-five years of age. Then moved to
Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and engaged in lum-
bering six years, and three years in Detroit,
Michigan, when he came to Afton and engaged

408

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

in lumbering until 1862; then enlisted in Company
C, Seventh Minhesota Volunteers. "While at
Eastport, Mississippi, received internal injuries
from which he never entirely recovered. Honor-
ably discharged at Vicksburg at the close of the
war, returned to Af ton and bought a farm, and in
1874 bought his present farm. Married in 1858
to Mary Brimhall, who bore him two children and
died in 1871. MaiTied again in 1872, to Eliza
Newman.

William H. Guernsey was born in Saratoga
county, New York, April 8th, 1823. Moved with
his parents to Rochester, where his father died,
his mother still lives at that place. In 1832,
went with an uncle to Niles, Michigan; remained
until 1842; was in Chicago a short time, thence
to Eock river, making Dixon and Sterling his
home until 1847. Then engaged with a lumber-
ing company and came north in their employ,
spending the winter of 1847-8 in the pineries of
Minnesota. Returned to Rock river, in June,
1848, and stayed one year, when he returned to
Stillwater and remained one summer, returned to
Illinois and brought his family to Washington
county, and located on Judge Cooper's farm,
which adjoins his present location in Afton.
Made his claim in 1851, of one hundred and sixty
acres, and has since added eighty acres more. Mar-
ried in 1845, to Miss Virginia Sampson, who was
born at Doxbury, Massachusetts, July, 1827.
They have three children living.

Newington Gilbert was born in Onondaga
county. New York, February 17th, 1815. Re-
mained at home untU 1851, when he removed to
Washington county, and settled in Woodbury,
buying a farm of Ex-Governor Ramsey; while
here, in company with D. C. Buswell, he built the
North Star mill, at Valley Creek, in 1860, holding
his interest in it for eleven years, when he sold it
to Mr. Persons. In 1864, came to Valley Creek
to live; he was a member of the state constitu-
tional convention, but since that time has taken
no active part in politics, his business engrossing
his entire attention. Married in 1850, to Celestia
Bangs. They have two children living.

Joseph Haskell, son of Joseph and Mary Has-
kell, was born in Kennebec county, Maine, Jan-
uary 9th, 1805. Worked on his father's farm un-
til 1827, when he went to Hingham, Massachusetts,
and farmed four years. In 1831 he purchased an

interest in a stage route from Hingham to Bos-
ton. Held it four years; sold it, and returned
to Somerset county, Maine, and commenced on a
new farm he had bought. Was engaged in
plowing one morning, when his plow fell to
pieces. He decided at once to dispose of the
whole thing and "Go west, young man." He
started for Indiana in October, 1837, stopping in
Orleans county. New York, and remaining
during the winter. In the spring he resumed his
journey by steamer up the Maumee river to
Maumee City. From there he paddled his way
in a boat to Port Defiance; went on foot across
the country to Fort Wayne, where he took pass-
age on a canal- boat to Logansport; thence to
Terre Haute. Here he found a friend, and they
both worked on the canal. They both had the
chills and fever, which lasted until March, 1839,
when they determined to find a different climate
and walked to La Fayette, where they bought a
canoe and paddled their way three hundred miles
down the Wabash river to its mouth, landing at
Shawneetown, and there took a steamer for St.
Louis. Here his friend was taken sick again.
He worked in a saw-mill until July 7th, when
they took the steamer "Ariel" for Fort SneUing,
arriving there July 24th, 1839, where he engaged
to a company that was building a saw-mill at St.
Croix Falls. He helped row a boat of supplies
from Fort Snelling to the falls; then worked on
the mUl and dam untU the company failed.
Wishing to hear from home, he and his friend
bought a canoe and went down the river to Cal^
fish bar, opposite the present village of Afton.
Here they left the boat, and started on foot across
the country, following the Indian trail. When they
reached the prairie at the head of the ravine the
land he now owns attracted his attention. They
went to Red Rock; thence to Fort Snelling, the
post-office for the North-west. Returning to Red
Rock they again struck the traU, and came to the
point, which had before attracted their attention,
made a claim, and returned to St. Croix Falls
and spent the winter in getting out logs for the
St. Louis market. In the spring found all they
had made was their board and a few old tools.
March 1st, 1840, they returned to their claim,
stopping on their way at Marine mills to buy 1 ,000
feet of lumber, for which Mr. Haskell gave his
note for twenty dollars, and as a compliment to

AFTON—BIOGBAPHICAL.

409

him, they gave him slabs enough to cover their
shanty, made a raft of it and floated it down the
river. They left Marine after dinner on Monday,
and that was the last they had to eat until
Wednesday night. They then hired an old half-
breed woman, with one ox and a cart to haul their
lumber to the foot of the ravine running from
Bolles creek to his present farm. They then
stuck up a few boards for shelter until they could
get their lumber to their land and build their
cabin, which was completed May 1st, 1840. June
8th, 1840, began improvements and broke the first
land that was occupied as a farm north of Prairie
du Chien, with four yoke of oxen and a cast-iron
plow, and at the end of six days they had broken
three acres, at a cost of fifteen dollars per acre!
They planted it with corn and potatoes. Their
claim was the only settlement above the mouth of
the St. Croix to Stillwater, for two years. In the
spring of 1841, his partner left him. He worked
on alone, making improvements until September,
1844, when he made atrip to Maine, and returned
in June, 1845. From these beginnings have
sprung one of the finest farms in the St. Croix
valley. Mr. Haskell has held many prominent
positions in the state, county and town. Was
county commissioner at the time this county was
under the Wisconsin territorial legislation. Also
commissioner under the Minnesota territorial leg-
islature; was a member of the legislature in 1869
and 1871; held a position on the board of the
Normal schools of the state two years; chairman
of the first board of supervisors of Afton, held
the position three times. Married in 1849, to
Miss Olive K. Furber, of Maine. They have four
children living, Helen M., Mary E., Henri Pitt
and Hiram A.

Charles F. Holmstrom was born in Sweden,
May 18th, 1826. Came to America in 1852, and
settled in Austin, Texas, where he remained until
1867, when he moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and
remained nine years, then bought a farm of one
hundred and fifty acres in Afton, where he has
since resided. Married, at Austin, Texas, Sarah
L. Peterson, who was born in Sweden in 1822,
and came to Austin, Texas, in 1854. One son,
Charles Victor, has been born to them.

James Jackson was born in England in 1826,
came to America in May, 1848, and settled in
Denmark, where he remained one year; moved to

Afton and took a claim of one hundred and sixty
acres, and still lives on it. Mr. Jackson is un-
married.

Preston T. Jackson, son of M. Y. and Martha
Jackson, was born at Wabash, Indiana, in 1850;
came with his parents to Washington county in
1854, and settled in Lakeland, where he remained
until 1871. Then was engaged in the govern-
ment survey in the Red Eiver valley until 1874 .
Since that time has lived in Afton. Married, in
1874, Ali-ce Gilbert. They have three children.

Michael Mackey was bom in Ireland in 1824,
came to America when a child with his parents,
and settled in New Brunswick; lived there twen-
ty-four years, engaged in logging and farming.
Went to Aroostook county, Maine, and followed
lumbering until 1852, then came to Washington
county and worked at lumbering, until he and
his brother moved to Afton and bought two hun-
dred and forty acres of land. Married, in 1857,
Ellen Sparrow. They have eleven children, all
living.

Andrew Mackey is a native of Ireland, born
about 1800. He is one of the oldest settlers in
the St. Croix Valley, having arrived in June, 1838.
He came to America at the age of twenty years,
and began as laborer on railroads in different
states, finally arriving at Galena, Illinois, where
he engaged with a lumbering company for the
Chippewa river, but they came to St. Croix in-
stead. They landed at Prescott, June 19th, 1838,
and from there came up to the Falls of St. Croix
in a mackinaw boat, their three yoke of oxen be-
ing driven by land. The Galena company was,
Mr. Mackey claims, the first to commence opera-
tions in lumbering in this region. They engaged
at the mouth of the Snake river, where they found
rich forests of pine. They were often interrupted
by hostile Indians, who considered them invaders
on their domain, as the treaty ceding these lands,
had not been ratified. The Indians collected in
numbers and frightened the lumbermen, who fled
precipitately down the river. They did not stop
to make the portage, but shot both the falls, pre-
ferring death by water, rather than at the hands
of the savages. The St. Croix Lumber Company
had in the meantime taken possession of the Big
Falls and the head-long haste of the pursued was
checked when they discovered that there were
other whites in the wilderness. The Indians

410

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

were soon brought to terms by evidence that the
treaty had been ratified, and did not afterwards
molest the lumbermen. Mr. Mackey and his
company returned to Snake river during the
winter of 1838-'9, but soon went to Kettle river.
In the fall of 1840, Mr. Mackey was employed by
one Tuttle, to hold a claim near Prescott, for
which service he received one barrel of beef, one
barrel of flour and two barrels of whisky. March
4th, 1841, he moved to the claim he had previ-
ously made in Afton. It embraced the present
site of the village. He was married in 1845 to
Miss Hamilton, who was then living with Dr.
Car 11. In 1855, he sold his farm to the founders
of the village of Afton. His wife died in 1873,
since which time he has lived alone.

William Meyer was born in Niagara county.
New York, March 15th, 1850, remained there
fifteen years, then moved with parents to Wash-
ington county, and settled in Afton. Married
in 1877 to Miss Carrie Frederich, a native of New
York, and settled where they now live. They
have one son, Henry, born May 4th, 1880.

Samuel Middleton, deceased, was born Iq Ire-
land in 1820. Came to America in 1845, and
shortly after made a claim in Afton and Wood-
bury where he lived until he enlisted in Company
E, Tenth Minnesota, in 1864. Was taken sick,
and died in the hospital at Memphis, Tennessee,
February 24th, 1865. Married in 1852 to Mary
Colter, who was born in Ireland, January 22d,
1830, and came to America with her mother in
1849, and settled in new Brunswick, where they
remained one year, then in Chicago two years,
thence to St. Paul, where her mother died in
1870. Mrs. Middleton has three children living.

Emil Munch, the subject^ of this sketch, was
born in Prussia, in 1831. Came to America in
1849, and in 1852 settled in Taylor's Falls. Here
he followed the carpenter's trade until 1857, then
went to Chengwatona and engaged in the lum-
ber trade, and while there held the office of
register of deeds of Pine county. In 1860-1
represented that district in the house. In the
spring of 1861, enlisted in the First Minnesota
Battery, and was elected its captain. Wounded at
the battle of Shiloh, in the right thigh in 1862.
After his recovery returned to his command, and
was honorably discharged at Camp Douglas in
1865, and returned to St. Paul, and was appointed

deputy state treasurer which ofllce he held until
elected to the state treasurership in 1868. Held
the office until 1872. During this time he built
a saw-mill at Lakeland, which he ran until 1874,
then went to Franconia for a short time, and
in 1875 settled at Afton, and since that time has
owned the flouring mill at Afton. Married in
1865 to Bertha Seeger. They have four children
living.

Francis Oldham, born in England, in 1826. In
1 849 came to America and settled in St. Paul for
a short time. Went to Fort Gaines, now Fort
Kipley, and in 1850 came to Afton and took a
claim of 160 acres; soon bought forty more. He
has held the office of county commissioner and
many of the town offices, and for twenty-three
years clerk of school district. No. 23. Married in
St. Paul to Miss Betty Jackson. They have four
cliildren living.

John Oldham, deceased, was born in Cheshire,
England, January 23d, 1801. Here he was en-
gaged in working in a cotton mill most of the
time until he moved to America. Married in
March, 1825, to Miss Ann Mosely, who was born
in Tideswell, Derbyshire, England, May 14th,
1803. They started for America in January, 1854,
and landed in Washington county in April, in the
same year and settled in Afton, taking a claim of
120 acres. Mrs. Oldham died July 8th, 1869, and
was followed by her husband September 2d, 1877,
leaving Francis, Nancy and Alexander, who are
still living.

L. I. Olds was born in Windham county, Ver-
mont, July 15th, 1825. When fourteen years old
moved with his parents to Rock county, Wiscon-
sin. In 1849 engaged in the sash, door and blind
business at Beloit until 1857, then moved to Glen-
mont, Wisconsin, opposite Afton. Here he has
been engaged in the saw mill and lumbering busi-
ness ever since, living in Afton. Married in 1849
to Ehoda A. Randall, of Lewiston, New York.
They have two children living.

August Olson, born in Guttenburg, Sweden
November 10th, 1827, where he remained until
1853, when he came to America and stayed in
New York city two years. Returned to his na-
tive country for a few months, returned to New
York and remained until 1857, when he again
visited his old home for two years, and again
came to New York city, and soon after engage I

AFION—BIOOEAPEICAL.

411

as sailor on the vessel Gahoba, which was used as
a transport vessel by the United States govern-
ment. When the war broke out he was employed
on a supply schooner, which was captured by the
rebels, but was afterward released. During the
war went to Sweden again for a short time. On
returning he was engaged as a helper to the
preacher on the ship "John Wesley," which was
a battle ship and used as a house of worship. In
In 1864 left the ship and returned for the fourth
time to his native country as a missionary of the
Methodist Episcopal church. In 1866 came to St.
Paul in charge of the Swedish Methodist Episco-
pal church; thence to Chisago Lake for one year;
to Afton four years; Vasa, Goodhue county, two
years, Kandiyohi county one year; then returned
to his home near Afton. Mairried twice, the last
time to Albertina Johnson, by whom he has fiye
children, and three by his first wife.

Charles Pennington was bom in Aroostook
county, Maine, in 1842, remained there till the
family moved to Stillwater. After a short time
they moved to Kanabec county, Minnesota, where
they remained till they moved to Washington
county, and followed farming and lumbering un-
til 1868, when he bought a farm of eighty acres m
Afton, where he now lives, and has added eighty
acres. Married, November 20th, 1870, to Vesta
Morton. They have three children.

George H. Pennington was born in Aroostook
county, Maine, in 1844, remained there eleven
years, then moved to Stillwater and remained a
short time, then to Kanabec county, Minnesota,
where he lived five years, returning to Washing-
ton county in 1875, and settled in Afton. Mar-
ried, in 1877, Miss Panny Van Slyke. They have
two children living.

William Pennington was bom in New Bruns-
wick, January 4th, 1836. Moved to Holton,
Aroostook county, Maine, remained there till he
moved to Stillwater in 1854. Moved to Kanabec
county, Minnesota, on Snake river, and engaged
in lumbering five years. Then he moved to
Afton. and bought a farm of two hundred acres
which is now his home.

Simon E. Persons was born in Waterford, Ver-
mont, November 19th, 1833. Came to Wisconsin
when twelve years old, and removed to Washing-
ton county, and made Afton his home until he
enlisted in Company C, Seventh Minnesota, in

1862. While in the quartermaster's department
at Memphis, Tennessee, was thrown from a mule
and broke his left arm, which kept him in the hos-
pital three months. Was honorably discharged
in August 1865, and returned to Afton. In 1867,
bought his present farm. Married May 27th,
1868, to Miss Annie Cooney. They have five
children, Sarah, Marion, May, William and
Ralph.

Thomas Persons was born at Littleton, New
Hampshire, June 16th, 1814. Moved to Water-
ford, Vermont, and remained until twenty-one
years old, then to the northern part of the state
for eight years, and Middlesex for three years,
and soon after to Dunkirk, Dane county, Wiscon-
sin, living there three years. Returned to his
native state and spent three years. Again to
Dane county, Wisconsin, for one season, thence
to Red Cloud, Indiana, for one year, and from
there to Afton and bought a farm of 120 acres,
and has since added eighty acres more, and
made it his home. Mr. Persons has held the of-
fice of town treasurer of Afton thirteen years.
Married in Waterford, Vermont, in 1834, to Miss
Maria Huntley. They have four children living.
Two of their sons served in the army during the
late war.

Samuel H. Paterson was born in Wayne county,
Indiana, in 1826. Spent his early life in St.
Joseph county. In 1856, came to Afton and buUt
a hotel, which was burned in 1861. Was then en-
gaged in the quartermaster's office at Port Ripley,
and on the plains twenty-eight months. Returned
to Afton in 1866, and engaged in merchandise,
following the business since. Married in 1852,
to Miss Francis Brown. They have one son now
living. James B. now in business with his
father.

William Forth was born in Wheatfield, New
York, in 1845, where he learned blacksmith-
ing, and remained till he enlisted in Company F,
Eighth New York Volunteers, in 1862. SeiTed
till honorably discharged in 1865, then came to
St. Paul, and worked six years at his trade, then
bought land, where he now lives, and in the
spring of 1879, started a blacksmith shop on sec-
tion 8. Married in 1871, to Elizabeth Fahnstel.
They have two children.

Charles Riedel was born in Prussia in 1827.
Served in the war of 1848 in his native country.

412

HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Came to America in 1854 and settled at Frank-
fort, Kentucky, for a stort time. Lived one
year in St. Louis; then came to Stillwater, and
followed gardening four miles out for ten years.
Then bought a fancy store In the city, which he
conducted till 1873, when he came to Valley
Creek and started his nursery. Married in Prussia
in 1853 to Caroline Burchardt. They have six
children living.

B. r. Stanley was born in Cazenovia, New
York, June 20th, 1842. Attended the seminary
at that place, now known as the New York Cen-
tral Seminary. Graduated in 1862, and taught
in his native town until 1868; then came to Chi-
cago and engaged in the real estate business four
years. Engaged in teaching in different places
in Illinois until 1879, when he took charge of the
St. Croix Valley Academy. Married in 1865 to
Miss Callsta A. Stanley. They have one child,
Guy K., born in 1868.

August Stegemann was born in Prussia in 1840.
Came to America with his parents when six years
old. Settled in Niagara county, New Y'ork, and
engaged in farming till 1861, when he moved to
Afton. In 1862, bought forty acres in section
eight; sold it in 1864 and settled where he now
lives on section six. Has held the office of super-
visor a number of times, and the past three years
assessor. Married in 1862 to Caroline Pagel.
They have six children living.

Adam W. Willock was born in Montgomery
county, New York, May 31st, 1834, where he
remained until seventeen years of age. Then
moved to Hampton, Oneida county, and re-
mained four years. Came to St. Paul in 1853,
and worked a short time in the "Merchants"
hotel; thence to Washington county, and in 1862
bought a farm of forty acres. Now owns two
hundred and forty acres, with one hundred and
twenty under cultivation.

J. S. Hartman, a native of New York city was
born June 14th, 1826. Having learned the car-
penters trade, in the spring of 1856, he came to
Chicago, Illinois, resided there for five years,
then removed to Des Plaines, where he farmed
one year. In 1861, he came to St. Paul, and in
May to Lakeland. In 18Q.3 he sold his farm and
removed to his present location on section 30.
Married in 1859, at Des Plaines, to Harriet N.
Jefferson. They have three children living.

LAKELAND.

CHAPTER LVIII.

FORMATION OF THE TOWN SETTLEMENT —

EABLY EVENTS— SCHOOLS— CHUKCH ORGAN-
IZATIONS — OFFICERS AND PROCEEDINGS

VILLAGE or LAKELAND — BIOGRAPHICAL.

In the division of the original fractional town-
ship in 1858, of which the towns of Lakelandand
Baytown are composed, it was found that there
were already collected two small villages on the
lake shore, within the township. A large share
of the population was gathered at, or near these
points, either of which objected to go to the
other to vote, or do their town business. A com-
promise was effected through their representative,
Socrates Nelson, who was on the committee for
the division of towns, by a division of the ter-
ritory on a section line east and west through the
center of the township, which gave to Lakeland
twelve full and three fractional sections. Subse-
quent to this division, the people of this town
endeavored to have the southern boundary line of
their town changed, to have Bolles Creek as the
line between Lakeland and the town of Afton. To
this encroachment, the people of Afton were
strongly opposed. After several hard contests
over the matter, a compromise was effected by
giving to Lakeland all of fractional section two
and eighty rods off from the north part of sec-
tion eleven. The surface of Lakeland is some-
what broken. From the lake extending back
toward the west for the first few miles in places,
it is quite bluffy, then it becomes more level; in
the south and east there are some small strips of
prairie. The soil is of a loamy nature, and in
places has a clay subsoil, while others are sandy.
The principal drainage of the town is from the
Lake St. Croix, which extends on the east line
from north to south. On the line between this
town and Oakdale there is a small lake called
Horse Shoe lake, with a small stream passing
from it through the south-west corner of the
town.

LAKELAND— SETTLEMENT— SCHOOLS.

413

SETTLEMENT.

As early as 1840, a small settlement of half-
breeds had gathered at the point where the site
of the village of Lakeland is located. Kev. Mr.
Randolph, from Maine, came to this place and
labored with this people, but died soon after. In
1842 a young man, George Clark, located at this
point and made a claim of the land where the
ferry now lands, but was drowned. William
Leith with his family located at this point about
a year later, but subsequently removed to Gray
Clond Island, where he now lives. Edwin Worth,
from St. Croix Falls, came the following year, but
remained only for a short time, when they re-
turned. In 1844, Elias McKean came to the
town and made a claim on section twenty-two,
and broke thirty acres; he being engaged in lum-
bering, made the claim for the purpose of having
pasture for his cattle, the claim being duly en-
tered in 1848, when the land came into market.
Jacob Fisher came to the town about this time,
and aside from the cabins of the half-breeds,
built the first frame house built in the town,
which was 18x20, and is now a portion of the
house owned by Charles Schultz. Very few
white settlers came to the town until 1848, when
the arrivals became more frequent. George W.
Leach and family took a claim of the land where
Sarah E-. Staples now lives. Other parties came
soon after. Captain John Oliver with his family
of sons, William, Edwin and John, cametheyear
following. James and A. B. Green came soon
after, also Jonas Newell and A. D. Kingsley.
Thus the settlement of the town began to in-
crease quite rapidly. In 1849 there were no
buildings on what is now the site of the village,
the half-breeds having removed to different parts
of the country. Soon after this, Moses Ferin
came to this point, and securing the land where
the village now stands, laid out the town plat.
John Molton, Benj. Bonsell, Futnam F. Gage,
Ilubbell Robinson, James Green and Sheldon
Gray located at this point about that time. Mr.
Perin, being the leading spirit in this enterprise,
exerted his utmost in trying to buUd the town at
this point, he himself erecting several buildings
both for business and resident purposes. The
first proclamation of the gospel to the white set-
tlers at this point was by Rev. Charles Thayer,
about 1855, he being settled at Hudson, came

across the river and preached occasionally; also
the Rev. Mr. Marshall and Rev. Gibson visit-
ing them from time to time. Henry W., son
of Edwin and Mary C. Worth, was the first
white child born at this point, November, 1844.
The next was Henry P., son of A. B. Green,
born July 11th, 1852. The first death was
George Clark, already spoken of as being drowned
in 1842. The next was Rebecca F. Bonsell, Sep-
tember 6th, 1854. The same year, September
12th, Mary EUza, a daughter of A. B. Green.
The first marriage was that of William Oliver to
Mary Davis in 1848. Next A. B. Green to Miss
EUza M. Oliver, October 1st, 1861.

SCHOOLS.

With the advance of civilization came the de-
sire to provide the means for the education of the
youth of the then promising township. The first
application for the fordaation of a school district
was made by Hiram W. Greeley to the board of
commissioners of Washington county, which was
granted December 18th, 1851; said district to be
composed of township 29, range 20. A meeting
for the election of ofiicers was called at the house
of George W. Leach, December 31st, 1851, and
district number 1 was organized by the election
of the following officers: George W. Leach, Hi-
ram W. Greeley and D. H. Fisk, trustees; and
A. B. Green, clerk. The first school was held in
the house of Elias McKean, and taught by Har-
riet A. Newell. In 1855 a tax was voted of $300
to build a school-house in the village. The num-
ber of the district was changed in 1862 from 1 to
21. The present school building was erected in
1869, jjn the old school site. The subject of
forming an independent school district had been
discussed for some time; to bring the matter be-
fore the people for their decision, a meeting
was called December 13th, 1867. The whole
number of voters present was twenty; the vote
being cast it was found that a majority of four-
teen votes had been cast in favor of the new
district. A meeting for the election of oflScers
was called December 27th, 1877, with the follow-
ing result: for one year, J. 'R. Dickinson and
Joseph Shaw; for two years, J. C. Higgins and
Mrs. B. K. Watson; for three years, R. H. San-
derson and F. C. Tyler, were elected trustees.
This board met January 7th, 1878, and organized

414

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

by the choice of E. H. Sanderson, president; J.
C. Higgins clerk, and J. E. Dickinson treasurer.
The hoard of officers are the same at this time as
those elected in 1878. The school is in charge of
J. W. iSTesbit, and Miss Lucy A. Hunger, and
the enrollment numbers ninety scholars.

The following is a specimen of a notice for a
school meeting dated August, 1853: "Neighbors I
If there is an atom of soul in your worldly frames,
if humanity has not taken her fair image from
your poor hearts, do attend a special school meet-
ing to be held" etc.

School district number 20, was organized May
9th 1859, at the home of Daniel VoUmer, by the
election of the following oflSeers: William Be-
bernger, Fred Eentz, and Christian Schrande
trustees; and William Leith clerk. They erected
a school-house the same season, locating the
same on the south-west quarter of section 32,
but it was removed in 1869 to the north-east
quarter of section 31; it was refitted in 1877.
The first teacher was W. W. Morgan. The
present oflScers are, E. Lewerer, clerk; Nicholas
Eeimus, director; and Trad Kappler, treasurer.
The past term was taught by Mattie A. Elliott,
number of scholars fifty.

School district number 19 was organized June
22nd, .1861, by a meeting called at the house of
Elias McKean for the election of the necessary
officers, the result of the election being as follows:
John Oliver, Jr., A. Andrew and Elias McKean,
trustees, and H. W. Greeley, clerk. At a meet-
ing held July, 1862, it was voted to purchase a
lot 50x100 feet from Elias McKean, as a site for
a new school house, which they erected in the
summer of 1863. The first school was taught
by Joseph Shaw. The present officers are, John
Oliver, director; Elias McKean, treasurer; and
Newton McKusick, clerk.

CHUECHBS.

The First Baptist church was organized in 1868.
Rev. Enos Munger was chosen pastor and re-
mained as such until 1862, when he enlisted as a
soldier. Eeturning in 1865 with poor health he
resigned his pastoral care, but returning in 1868
he preached for them until 1872. The church
was organized with ten members. Their house
of worship was built in 1868, completed and dedi-
cated in the spring of 1869. The house was built

in octagon shape, with a radius of nineteen feet,
fronted with a vestibule and steeple sixty-four
feet high, with a fine bell of 225 pounds weight.
The last pastor was Eev. E. Cooley; he left in the
spring of 1876.

The First Congregational church of Lakeland,
was organized May 6th, 1858, with about sixteen
members, under the ministration of Eev. Mr.
Marshall, then of Hudson, Wisconsin. The first
pastor installed was Eev. Mr. Putnam. Their
church edifice was erected in the spring of 1867
and dedicated in August of the same year, size
26x42 feet. Eev. Geo. Hood is their present pas-
tor.

The German Evangelical Lutherean Trinity
church was organized January 1st, 1857, under
the care of Eev. F. W. Wier. The original mem-
bership was six. Prior to theTorganization of the
society, services were held in the house of George
Vollmer. Their church was dedicated October
25th, 1857. In 1877 there was a division in the
church in relation to points of doctrine, one
branch going to the church one mile south, which
belonged to the Missouri synod. The other branch
to the church located in the town of Oakdale, a
branch of the Buffalo synod. There is a ceme-
tery connected with the first church. The first
death was Catherine, wife of Daniel VoUmer, July
20th, 1856; the first baptism was Catherine, daugh-
ter of George YoUmer, March 30th, 1856; first
marriage, Anton Schneider to Elizabeth Schmidt,
April 28d, 1857.

The Zion Methodist Episcopal church "was or-
ganized under the ministration of Eev. Jacob
Young of Stillwater. They have a small house
of worship located on section 32. Their present
membership is twenty- five. Their present pastor
is Eev. C. Nachtrieb. Some fine improvements
were made to the church in 1877.

The Evangelical, St. Lucas church was organ-
ized about the spring of 1863; their house of wor-
ship was dedicated May, 1865. Prior to this they
held services in the house of S. Marty. Their
original membership was nine. First pastor, Eev.
W. Hoffman. Their present pastor, the Eev. H.
Blankenhahn, with a membership of about forty
families. The society has a chuich 20x30, with
cemetery attached and a comfortable parsonage. ^
f The Lakeland cemetery was donated to the vil-
llage by Moses Perin, in 1854, as a public burial

LAKELAND— OBOANIZATION.

415

ground. Ida, the daughter of Joseph and Mar-
tha Tyler, was the first person buried in it.

ORGANIZATION.

The town of Lakeland was organized October
20th, 1858. The election of officers for the gov-
ernment of the same, was held at the school-house,
in the village of Lakeland, on the same date, with
the following result: E. H. Sanderson was chosen
chairman of the meeting; Daniel T. Watson,
moderator; A. L. Ballard, clerk. The judges of
election were D. T. Watson and A. L. Ballard.
The total number of votes cast, 144; the result of
the canvass was, Charles A. Oliver, Elias Mc-
Kean and A. D. Kingsley, supervisors; George
W. Leach, assessor; Preeman C. Tyler, collector;
S. S. Young, clerk; L. A. Huntoon and A. L.
Ballard, justices of peace; I. L. Watson and A. A.
Vye, constables; William H. Oliver, overseer of
poor; D. A. Butler, road-master; A. E. Jackson,
pound-master. The second annual town meeting
was called at the school-house April 5th, 1859,
and the following oflScers were elected, viz: Moses
Perin, tJeorge W. Leach and W. Bebemeyer, su-
pervisors; Carlos Clement, clerk. The next an-
nual meeting was held April 3d, 1860, at the
school-house, and the following officers elected:
Charles A. OUver, Jacob Lowell and W. Bebe-
meyer, supervisors; W. W. Morgan, clerk. The
next annual town meeting was called at the
school-house, April 2d, 1861, and the results of
the election were as follows: Charles A. Oliver,
Preeman C. Tyler and W. Leith, Supervisors; W.
W. Morgan, clerk. A tax was voted of |160 for
current expenses, and $400 for school purposes.

The annual town meeting was called at the
school-house April 1st, 1862. A tax of |200 was
voted for current expenses, and the following was
the result of the election: E. H. Sanderson, Am-
mah Andrews and D. Yollmer, supervisors; Sam-
uel C. Molton, clerk. The annual town meeting
was called April 7th, 1863. A tax of two mills
for roads and bridges, and one-half mill for cur-
rent expenses. The following was the result of
the ^election: E. H. Sanderson, W. M. Leach
and Daniel Vollmer, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon,
clerk. At a special meeting of the town, called
August 9th, 1864, a tax of f 1,000 was voted on
the taxable property of the town- for the payment
of bounties to volunteers, necessary to fill the

quota of the town under call made in July. A
special meeting was called January 10th, 1865.
It was voted to raise the sum of $2,000 on the
taxable property of the town, for the purpose of
paying bounties to volunteers to fill the quota of
the town underthe callof December 9th,1864. The
annual town meetingwas called April 4th, 1865, a
tax of one mill was voted for road purposes, and the
following was the result of the election: E. H. San-
derson,John Burch and D.Vollmer,supervisors; L.
A. Huntoon, clerk. At the annual town meeting
held April 3d, 1866, the following was the result
of the election: John Burch, Fred. Kappler and
W. M. Leach, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk;
at the same meeting a tax of two mills was voted
for road purposes, and one miU for current ex;-
penses. The annual town meeting called at the
school-house April 2d, 1867. A tax was voted
of three miUs for road purposes, and the follow-
ing was the result of the election: E. H. Sander-
son, Thos. Hanna and Antoine Schneider, super-
visors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. At the annual
towii meeting held April 7th, 1868, a tax of two
mills was voted for road purposes, and the follow-
ing was the result of the election: E. H. Sander-
son, B. K. Watson and C. Schranda, supervisors;
L. A. Huntoon, clerk.

The annual town meeting called at the school-
house, April 6th, 1869. A tax of three mUlswas
voted for road purposes, and one mill for current
expenses. The following was the result of the
election: E. H. Sanderson, A. E. Jackson and C.
Shranda, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. At
the annual town meeting held April 5th, 1870. A
tax of two mills was voted for road purposes, and
the following was the result of the election: E.
H. Sanderson, E. C. Tyler and Heiu:y Brunner,
supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk.

At the annual town meeting held March 14th,
1871, in Sander's haU, a tax of one mill was
voted for town purposes and two mills for road
purpose, and the following was the result of the
election: F. C. Tyler, Henry Brunner and J. E.
Dickenson, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk.

The annual town meeting was called at Sander's
hall March 12th, 1872. A tax of three mills was
voted for road purposes,and one mill for town pur-
poses. The following was the result of the elec-
tion: Chas. A. Oliver, Henry Brunner and Oli-
ver Bailey, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk.

IJH

HIS'IOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

The annual town meeting was called at San-
der's hall, March 11th, 1873, and a tax of two
mills was voted for road purposes, and one mill for
town purposes. The following was the result of
the election: Charles A. Oliver, James K. Dick-
enson and Christian Kappler, supervisors; L. A.
Huntoon, clerk.

The annual town meeting was called at San-
der's hall, March 10th, 1874. A tax of one mill
was voted for road and bridges, and one mill for
town purposes. The following was the result of
the election: Charles A. Oliver, M. B. Stanchfleld
and r. Dornfeldt, supervisors. .It was voted at
the same meeting to purchase the Scott building
for town purposes, if the sum did not to exceed
one thousand dollars.

The annual town meeting was called March
9th, 1875, at Scott's hall. A tax was voted of
two mills for roads and bridges. The following
was the results of the election: Charles A.
OUver, A. E. Jackson and Ferdinand Dornfeldt,
supervisors. The annual town meeting was
called at Scott's hall, March 14th, 1876, and a tax
of two mills was voted for roads and bridges;
one mill for town purposes. The following was
the results of the election: Daniel McKean,
George A. OUver and F. Dornfeldt, supervisors.
The annual town meeting was called at Morgan's
hall, March 13th, 1877. A tax of one mill was
voted for town purposes and two mills for roads
and bridges. The following was the result of
the election: Daniel McKean, George A. Oliver
and F. Dornfeldt, supervisors. L. A. Huntoon,
clerk. The annual town meeting was called
March 12th, 1878, at Morgan hall, and a tax of
one mill was voted for town purposes and three
mills for roads and bridges. The following was
the result of the election: John Burcb, Chris.
Kappler and W. Mimch, supervisors. The
annual town meeting was called at Morgan's hall
March, 11th, 1879. A tax of one mill was voted
for town expenses and four mills for roads and
bridges, and the following was the result of the
election: John Burch, B. K. Watson and Fred.
■ Kentz, supervisors.

The annual town meeting was called March
9th, 1880, at Morgan's hall, a tax of two mills was
voted for town expenses and one mill for roads
and bridges; and the following was the result of
the election: John Burch, Daniel McKean and B.

K. Watson, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk.

A special meeting of the voters of the town of
Lakeland was called August 31st, 1880, and the
following resolution was adopted:

"Eesolved, That, whereas the Stillwater and
Hastings Railroad Company has complied with
the requirements of the law in regard to their
petition for the construction of said railroad; that
the chairman of the board, and the town clerk,
be, and are, hereby instructed to sign, and deliver
to Walter Mann, bonds of the town to the
amount of Qve thousand dollars, in exchange for
the stock of said railroad company. Signed by
John Burch as chairman, Daniel McKean and B.
K. Watson, supervisors."

At a meeting of the supervisors held October
1st, 1880, it was voted to raise a tax of two mills
to pay the interest on the bonds issued by the
town to the Stillwater and Hastings Railroad
Company. It was also voted that John C. Hig-
gins be appointed to take charge of the stock
issued by the company to the town of Lakeland.

VILLAGE.

Whatwas known as "Shanghai Cooley," a small
ravine of about forty rods in length, situated in
the northern part of the village plat, taking its
name from some large fowls brought there by F.
C. Tyler. This point as early as 1857, was the
center of the business portion of the then embryo
village of Lakeland, having at that time fourteen
stores, shops, and dwellings. The first mercan-
tile venture at this point was made by A. D.
Kingsley and Joseph Wilson, in 1855. The same
fall Kingsley purchased Wilson's urterest and
continued the business until 1858, when he took
as partner Elias Daggett, and they closed up the
business the following year. October 5th, 1857,
Carlos Clement and L. A. Huntoon established
business in a store located on the site where the
"Mill store" now stands; they continued for two
years when they removed to store which stood
just north of the Baptist church. In 1865 Mr.
Clement sold his interest to Mr. Huntoon, who
soon after took in as partner K. A. Huntoon,
which partnership continued until 1868, when L.
A. Huntoon purchased the entire interest and
soon after erected his present store, 20x72 feet.
He has in connection the post-olBce. In 1858
Daniel C. Bunker, Jr., began business in a store

LAKELAND— SAW MILLS.

il7

located in Shanghai Cooley, which he carried on
until the spring of 1861 when he sold out to Cle-
ment and Huntoon. In the spring of 1868 W.
W. Morgan embarked In business but soon suc-
cumbed to the hard times. The following year
Keynolds and Ballard opened a large stock of
goods in what was known as the "Ary store."
They, like "Jonas' gourd" flourished for a time,
but at the end of two years the hot sun of the
hard times caused a wilt. Several other mercan-
tile ventures were made in those early days but
were soon only known as things of the past.

The drug business was instituted by W. K. W.
Ary, in 1858, which he continued for one year,
when he yielded to the blasts of the hard times
that hart so far proved so disastrous to many
others at that time.

The milling interests of Lakeland were first
commenced by Mf^eaJPeyjin. in 1852, by the par-
tial erection of what was known as the Shanghai
mill, but for some reason the work was at a stand-
still for some time. When Freeman C. Tyler
visited this portion of the St. Croix Yalley in
search of business, he was induced to talte an in-
terest in the enterprise, which was soon completed.
The mill, when completed, was 60x80, two stories,
and propelled by a sixty horse-power engine,
which drove two sash saws, one rotary, and a
shingle and lath machine. The first year they
were enabled to turn out twenty thousand per
day. The mill was run by the proprietors for a
few seasons, when they leased it, then sold it;
but in both cases it came back to the original
owners, who, in 186Qj^sold the machinery to
parties from Hastings, and the frame to .Messrs.
Clement and Huntoon. In 1857, Ballard and
Reynolds built a steam saw-mill on a site in
Ballard and Reynolds' addition to Lakeland, 50x
70, two stories, with one circular saw, a lath ma-
chine, one trimmer and edger, and side saws,
propelled by a large engine with two boilers.

They operated it for some two years when
they closed it up and it lay idle for three or four
years, when it was sold to difEerent parties and
distributed to different parts of the country.

in 1857 what is known as the "C. N. Nelson
Lumber Company's mill" was erected by the
firm of Stearns, Watson and Company at an ex-
pense of $46,000. The machinery was shipped
from Bangor, Maine. This company operated it
27

for a short time, when feeling the effects of the
tidal wave of those hard times, they were
obliged to close the mill. The property passed
through the hands of several parties, when in
1879 it became the property of C. IST. Nelson and
Company, then the "C. N. Nelson Lumber
Company," who rebuilt the mill the same winter
to the size of 90x98 feet, adding new machinery,
which consisted of a twenty-seven saw gang, and
one double rotary, with a capacity of one hundred
thousand feet per day; two shingle machines
with a capacity of fifty thousand per day. The
engine and boiler room is of brick and iron, 50
x60 feet. The mill is propelled by a De Pew-
Corliss engine, twenty-four inch ■ cylinder with
thirty inch stroke, run with six boilers twenty
feet long and forty-four inch shell. There is also
an auxiliary engine with pump and boiler con-
nected; also a first-class machine shop, with
the machinery necessary for making all repairs.
They have a planing-mill connected with the
yard. The entire works give employment to
seventy-five men. The annual capacity is six-
teen million feet of lumber, fifteen million
shingles and eight million lath.

Hale, Fay and Company built a steam mill in
1857, at the foot of Shanghai Cooley, 30x60 feet,
it was propelled by an engine of forty horse-
power. The enterprise was operated about two
years, when it stood idle for some time, after
which it was leased to different parties. In 1868,
Kippen Brothers purchased the property and re-
fitting it ran it until 1874, when it was closed
again and the machinery sold to other parties.
The old frame still stands. The Osgood mill was
built in 1857, by Messrs. Osgood and Company
on section 23, near the point where the railroad
crosses the river; size 40x60 feet, driven by a forty
horse-power engine, and stocked with a double
rotary and a shingle and lath machine. The mill
was operated by the company until 1860, when
it was closed for some time. About 1865, it was
sold to D. A. Baldwin, of Hudson, Wisconsin.
In 1866, he removed the entire miU to Hudson,
where it was fitted up and run for several years,
but was finally destroyed by fire. In 1859, Messrs.
Ballard and Reynolds erected a grist-mill 30x40
feet, three-stories with two run of stone, using
the same power used in running their saw-mill.
In June, 1862, Mr. Ballard died, and the enter-

418

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

prise tecoming involved in debt, passed into the
hands of Alfred. Goss, of Hudson, Wisconsin.
About 1863, the machinery was removed to New
Eichmond, Wisconsin.

The first ware-house for the handling of wheat
was erected in 1861 by the firm of Clement and
Huntoon, using the timbers from the Shanghai
mill in its construction. Said building was
burned in 1866. Soon after this building was
distroyed, Moses Ferin remodeled his store, which
was a large building 40x80 feet, three stories,
with a basement, and used the first story for a
storage room for grain, the secoHd for oflSees, and
the third for a public hall. In 1869 while run in
the interests of John Robinson, of Winona, the
whole was destroyed by fire, which was thought
to be the work of an incendiary. The present
ware-house of which J. C. Higgins is proprietor,
was built by Messrs. Kelley and Company, of
Milwaukee, in 1869, with W. S. Evans, of Hud-
son, Wisconsin, as manager. It was purchased
by J. C. Higgins in 1874, and is now operated
by him. The building is 36x48, three stories,
with a capacity of 25,000 bushels.

The first hotel built at Lakelan'd was by James
Pritchard in 1857, 30x40, two stories in highfo
with a wing 16x20. The property has changed
hands several times since. In 1866 it was rented
by S. H. Bush, who run it until 1876, when it
was used as a dwelling by S. T, Merritt.

The next hotel was .built by J. B. Dickinson
in 1858, who run it until 1866, when it ,was
transferred to Day and Hanson, who changed it
into a boarding house. It afterwards passed into
the hands of the Nelson Lumber Company. In
1858, Eobert Flett began the erection of a large
hotel, in Stearns and Watson's addition. It was
completed in 1859, and carried on as a hotel for
about two years, when it become the property of
Steams, Watson and Company, and abandoned as
a hotel, and sold to other parties. Other hotels
have been started, but have not met with success
sufficient to warrant their continuation for any
great length of time. As early as 1850, Hubbel
Eobinson opened a shop for the making and re-
pairing of wagons. In 1853, James Green opened
a shop in the "Cooley," for the same purpose. In
1857, Henry Jerkey erected a wagon shop, which
he operated until 1857, when it was remodeled
into a hotel by S. H. Bush. A blacksmith shop

was first erected by P. F. Gage, about 1852, which
was transferred to Adam Vye, in 1855. Other
parties have started shops at different dates with
more or less success. The first attorney at law
was Augustus Ballard, who flung his shingle to
the breeze in 1857; he died in 1862, since which
time the law has not had a representative in
Lakeland. In 1855, Doctor Edward W. Johnson
located in Lakeland and ministered to the wants
of the people in his Une until 1864, when he
changed his field of operation to Owatonna. Dr.
BoUes now holds the fort with success in the lar
bors of his profession. Freeman C. Tyler re-
ceived the first appointment as postmaster for
Lakeland, in 1854. He transferred it to A. D.
Kingsley, in 1855, who held it until 1858, when
W. E. W. Ary received the appointment, which
he held for one year, when it was transferred to
Augustus Ballard. He held it until his death
January, 1862, when W. W. Morgan was ap-
pointed and served until 1876, when it was trans-
ferred to L. A. Huntoon, who is the present in-
cumbent. Before the establishment of this office
the settlers were obliged to send or go to Still-
water, then to Hudson. They now have a daily
mail. The first saloon opened in Lakeland, was
by a man by the name of Gray, in 1856. He sold
without license, but seeing the sheriff in town
one day, and supposing he was after him, he con-
cluded it was safer to make himself absent, which
he did and has not been seen since. The next
was opened by S. D. Prentice, but closed in 1858,
since which time they have not had one.

The "Golden Eule" Lodge, No. 65, A. F. and
A. M., began under dispensation in the spring of
1867; charter granted October 23d, 1867, and the
society regularly organized the 19th of November
following. The officers under the dispensation
were: K. A. Huntoon, master; J. W. Boxell, S.
W.; E. N. Pray, J. W.; and H. W. Getchell, sec-
retary; with twenty-three charter members.
Their present membership is about twenty. Their
meetings are held every second and fourth Tues-
day in each month. The first man initiated in-
to this order was W. A. Morgan, March 5th, 1867.

The Temple of Honor was organized December
21st, 1877, by Grand Deputy Barney, with twelve
charter members. The first officers were: J. R.
Dickinson, W. C. T.; Joseph Shaw, W. V. T.;
John W. Tyler, P. W. C. T.; H. F. Green, W

LAKHLAND— BIOGRAPHICAL.

419

B.; Charles Dickson, W. T. The lodge is flour-
ishing, with a membership of twenty. Meetings
are held every Friday evening.

The I. O. G. T. Lodge, No. 200, was organized
December 13th, 1876, with over fifty charter
members. Their first ofiftcers were: J. K. Dick-
inson, W. Q. T.; Lucy A. Munger, W. V. T.;
Henry F. Green, W. Chap.; John S. Molton, sec-
retary; Alice S. Bailey, assistant secretary; Delia
M. Green, treasurer; Kich. H. Pearl, W. M.; S.
G. Pearl, D. M. March 16th, 1879, there was
granted to this lodge a charter to conduct a Juve-
nile Templars society, which is doing a good work
among the younger class. Their present member-
ship is forty.

The enterprise of boat-building was com-
menced by Munch Brothers and Company, in
1871. The steamboat "Osceola" was built by
them that year, also two or three barges, which
was the end of the enterprise at this point.

The livery business was established by F. C.
Tyler at Lakeland in 1854. He erected a stable
that year, 30x40, with an outfit of six horses. He
carried on the business until 1856, when he sold
out to Jones and Company, of Hudson.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Mrs. W. B. Bailey was bom at Brockport, Mon-
roe county. New York, 1839. She remained un-
der the parental guidance until fourteen years of
age, then came to Lakeland, accompanied by her
brother, Capt. F. C. Tyler and others. During
her seventeenth year the was married to Oliver
Bailey, with whom she lived at this place until
his death, which occurred November 25th, 1872,
leaving his widow and two daughters, Alice S.
and Josie. Mr. Bailey's life was a success, a re-
spected and prosperous citizen, and his death
mourned by all who knew him. His widow still
resides at the old homestead in the village of
Lakeland.

Eev. Henry Blankenhahn was bom in the pro-
vince of Westphalia, Germany, November 25th,
1850. His father, Gottleib Blankenhahn, being a
school master in that country, Henry was reared
and educated, and when a young man studied .
theology at the college at Barmen, Ehineland.
In 1869 he came to America, proceeding to Mil-
waukee, where his father had located previously.
He finished his studies at the Evangelical College

at Marthasville, Missouri, was ordained to the
ministry in 1875, at Portage, Wisconsin, and ac-
cepted a call as pastor from the churches of Lake-
land and Cottage Grove, the church at Cottage
Grove being organized under his pastoral care.
Married in 1871 to Augusta Schabedissen, a native
of Germany. Willie, Ella and Charles are their
children. Charles being adopted.

J. E. Dickinson was born in Deleware county,
New York, 1826. At the age of eleven years he
accompanied his parents to Bradford county,
Pennsylvannia, remaining with them till nearly
twenty-one, then paying his father ninety dollars
for the nine months yet due him he began work for
himself in an axe factory. Two years later he be-
gan attending the Canton Academy of Bradford
county. Spending some time in Tioga county,
in the milling business, he afterward embarked
iii the mercantile trade, in which he continued
until coming west in 1855. He pre-empted 160
acres in Star Prairie, Wisconsin, and later worked
in the Shanghai mill at Lakeland and the next
spring moved to his land on Star Prairie. Some
time later he disposed of his property and located
in Lakeland township in 1857. He engaged in
lumbering, mining and milling at different times
until 1878, locating at that time on his present
farm, having 315 acres. His wife was Alice L.
Smith. They have eight sons, Fred, Charles,
Grant, Clinton, Daniel, Albert, Eaymond and
Bum.

J'erdinand Domfeld, a native of Prussia, was
born July 1st, 1833. He came America in 1843,
accompanied by his parents, arriving at New York
after a voyage of fifty days. Proceeding to Ni-
agara county, New York, he attended a German
school, and when sixteen, began his experience on
the Erie canal. In 1862, a partnership with his
brothers was formed, the firm known as Dom-
feld Brothers; they carrying on a saw-mill, store,
boat building establishment, etc. Eemaining in
the firm two years, he afterward purchased eighty
acres in Lakeland township, and in 1871, erected
his present residence; having added to his farm,
he now has one hundred and sixty acres of fine,
land. He has held several ofiices of trust in con-
nection with the fown and county. His wife was
Henriette Wilke, married in 1860. Their chil-
dren are: Henry, Carl, August, Emil, Ferdinand,
Eudolph, Emily, Paul, Henriette and John.

420

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

David Hanna is a native of New Brunswick,
born in 1846. He first came to Lakeland in 1861 ,
his father, Thomas Hanna having preceded
him in 1856, and worked his father's farm.
Finally learned his trade of cariienter under E.
Sanderson, becoming indentified as one of the
firm of Sanderson and Hanna in 1872. This
firm is well-known, having erected many of the
finest buildings throughout the whole county.
Mr. Hanna was married in 1877 to Miss Mary
Willoughby.

Christian Kappler, a native of Germany, was
born in 1833. After attending school accordingto
the custom of that country, from the age of six to
fourteen; he was apprenticed as a butcher, serv-
ing, however, only nine months of his time. In
1848, he came to America, accompanied by his
mother, his father having preceded them. Mr.
Kappler located on a farm in New Jersey, where
he remained until 1858, except one year passed
in Philadelphia. During that year, he came west
and purchased a farm of one hundred and sixty
acres in Anoka county, which he sold soon after,
and in 1868, came to Lakeland, locating on his
present farm, to which he has added, having now
two hundred acres. His wife was Miss Anna
Vollmer, married May 1st, 1865: Henry, George
Louisa,, Frank and Clara, are their children.

Frederick Kappler was born in 1829, and is a
native of Germany, where he was reared by his
parents, and attended school, as was customary
in those days, until the age of fourteen. After
serving an apprenticeship of four years as a
blacksmith, he came to America, and followed
his trade in Philadelphia until coming west in
1860. He located in Lakeland on a farm of forty
acres, which he sold in 1867 and purchased one
hundred and twenty acres in the adjoining sec-
tion, on which he has since lived, being very
comfortably situated. In 1853 he married Miss
Katrina Hemtier. Their children living are
Emily, Jacob, Bertha, Caroline, Gottleib and
Benjamin.

Martin Lally was born at West Oxford, Berk-
shire county, Massachusetts, in 1841, Here he
was reared by his parents, and received his early
education, and at the age of eighteen came west
to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, engaging in the Steam
Variety Iron Works. He was assistant foreman
until the company reorganized under the firm

name of Green, Merritt and Company, and
formed an expedition to Pike's Peak, for the pur-
pose of putting in a quartz mill. Conveying
their machinery, etc., overland by team, they
located on Left Hand creek, at the foot of Gold
Hill, in Boulder District, and here Mr. Lally
acted as foreman and engineer. The company
finally sold the mill-site to Holt and HoUy of that
place, and the mills to Nye and Bradley of New
York Gulch; then their foreman erected a miU
at Leavenworth Gulch, and after getting it in
readiness for operation, he returned to Cedar
Rapids, resuming his labors in the Variety
Works. In 1862 he enlisted in Company I,
Twentieth Iowa Volunteers, but was discharged
the next year on account of disability, and re-
turned to his former position. In 1865 he entered
the service of Pond and McVicker, lumbermen,
at Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he remained
two years, when the firm sold to Messrs. Wilson
and Foster, in whose service he continued five
years. He gave his attention chiefly to his lum-
bering interests until 1879, then came to Still-
water, and after being in the employ of C. N.
Nelson Lumber Co.'s mills at that place and at
Lakeland, he was finally given the superintend-
ency, which position he stUl occupies. His mar-
riage with Miss Margaret Mahony, occurred in
1864. J. M., George M., and Johanna M., are
their children.

James Martin was born in the city of Exeter,
England, 1830. At thirteen years of age he came
to Quebec, with his parents, residing there about
four years, afterward going to New Brunswick.
His time was given chiefly to lumbering on the
Penobscot and Merrimac, until 1853, then came
to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to Stillwater. Soon
after, he started for the pineries, and for twenty -
five years served as cook every season. In 1862,
he purcliased his present farm and residence in
Lakeland, owned formerly by Dr. Edward John-
son. Mr. Martin still remains a bachelor.

W. II. Markle, was born at Blooming Grove,
Wisconsin, 1853, and when quite small, moved
with his parents to Watertown, and attended
school until fifteen years of age, then accom-
panied his parents to Menominee and commenced
work in the saw-mills. He has given special at-
tention to sawing and filing, in which he has suc-
cessfully won a first-class reputation. March 4th ,

LAKSLAND-BIOQBAPHICA L.

421

1880, lie removed to Lakeland, and has since been
engaged in the saw- mills of C. N. "NTelson Lumber
Company, as head sawyer. His wife was Miss
Susie Wilson, married October 14th, 1880.

Daniel McKean was born in Bradford county,
Pennsylvania; here he received his early educa-
tion and grew to manhood. When twenty-seven
years of age, he came west to Minnesota and set-
tled in Lakeland, residing with his brother Elias,
until the call from his country was heard. En-
listing in 1861, in Company K, Brackett's Batal-
lion, he served until the fall of 1862, when he was
discharged on accoimt of disability. In 1871, he
moved to his present farm, one hundred and sixty
acres, and four years later, built his present resi-
dence. His brother and sister are living with
him.

Elias McKean was born in Bradford county,
Pennsylvania, June 30th, 1817. He received a
practical education; his father was one of the as-
sociate judges of Bradford county , for twenty-eight
years. In 1841 he leftthe home of his parents and
entered the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Com-
pany. In company with Capt. Daniel M. Erazer
and four others, he went to St. Louis, waiting in
that city about three weeks for a boat specially
cliartered by the company for the shipping of pro-
visions, etc. They started up the Mississippi, in-
tending to make St. Croix Ealls, but the boat was
stranded near Stillwater, and the whole party,
numbering one hundred and fifty, were obliged to
walk to Marine. Mr. McKean procured a small
skiff and paddled his "own canoe" the remaining
distance to St. Croix Falls. Nothing to make one
comfortable was to be found, not enough blankets
to protect them and no shelter for some time.
After working for this company over a year, he
came to Marine, making a contract with the Ma-
rine Lumber Company; serving his stated time
he took sawed lumber for his pay and rafted it to
St. Louis, in company with Calvin Leach. After
disposing of their lumber they purchased supplies
for a mill at Stillwater, which they erected and
had in completion in the spring of 1844. He con-
tinued in lumbering until 1851 and was in part-
nership with Calvin Leach until his death in 1849.
Mr. McKean purchased land in Lakeland in 1848,
and located there three years after, there being
but one settler in the township, Mr. Northrup.
His wife was the widow of Calvin Leach, whom

he married in 1851. Tliey have six sons: Frank,
Grow, Grant H., John, Samuel and Ben Scott.

Newton McKusick, son of John McKusick, is
a native of Stillwater, Minnesota, born 1850. His
early education was received at home, finishing
his studies at the University at Minneapolis. He
was afterward employed in the United States and
American Express office in St. Paul; as this busi-
ness was detrimental to his health, he removed to
Lakeland and settled on a farm, which his father
had purchased for $10,000, consisting of 215 acres
and residence. Mr. McKusick has since expended
nearly as much more money and time in improv-
ing and beautifying the property and surround-
ings, having added a large green-house and now
has a fine variety of choice plants, etc., which re-
quire much time and attention. His taste is ex-
cellent and his home, farm, mill and other build-
ings are examples of neatness and thrift. June
6th, 1872, he married Miss Jennie L. Green, a
native of Alabama. Mary, Elva, Jennie and
Ruth are their children.

Mrs. L. A. Munger nee Miss Lucy TefEt, was
born in Exeter, Ehode Island, 1831, and was
reared under the protection of her parents, her
father having been a Bhode Island farmer. When
eighteen years of age, she went to West Newton,
Massachusetts, to attend the normal school, from
which she graduated about three and one-half
years later, after which she taught school at
Farmington and Salem. November 25th, 1856,
she was united in marriage with Eev. Enos Mun-
ger; the next year they came west to Red Wing,
Minnesota, thence to Lakeland. Since the death
of her beloved husband, which occurred October
4th, 1873, she has been employed in teaching,
school, having taught at Lakeland for six years
past. She has three children.

Rev. Enos Munger, was the son of Rev. Dexter
Munger. Was born in Munson, Massuehusetts,
in the year 1825. He was converted when about
sixteen years of age, and became a Christian.
After reaching his twenty-first year, while em-
ployed in a mechanical trade, his mind was
strongly exercised upon the duty of preaching.
Following this conviction, he left his business
and commenced a preparatory course of study.
He entered Brown University in 1849, and gradu-
ated in 1854, having spent the third year in teach-
ing in Middleboro' Academy. Three years later

422

HI8T0BY OF WASHINOTON COUNTY.

he graduated from Newton Theological Seminary;
and soon after thus completing his course of study
in these institutions, he was ordained in Provi-
dence, Ehode Island, and then left his native New
England for a life in the "Far West." In the
spring of 1858 he became pastor of the newly-
organized Baptist church, in Lakeland, Minne-
sota, where he assiduously labored until the
breaking out of the war, when he enlisted, as a
private, in the Seventh Minnesota Regiment. A
year and a half later he received an appointment
as chaplain of the Sixty-second U. S. Colored In-
fantry, which position he held nine months, when
hemorrhage of the lungs and general prostration
compelled him to resign and return north. After
a rest of two years he had so far recovered as to
be able to resume preaching; when he became
pastor of the church in Belle Plaine, Minnesota,
preaching also at Jordan and Lexington. Having
served in this field of labor one year and a half,
he received an urgent invitation to return to his
old field in Lakeland. Accepting this invitation
he preached here four years, when he again re-
signed, hoping, after a short rest, to resume pas-
toral labor elsew'here. But in this liope he was
disappointed. He had labored hard, mentally and
physically, both to lift the little church above its
embarrassments, to build for them a neat house
of worship unencumbered with debt (which he
also accomplished, much with his own hands and
means), and to provide what the church lacked
in ability to furnish for his own family. Disease,
contracted in the army, had gained upon a pros-
trated and broken constitution; and this present
autumn he has been laid away, a noble sacrifice
to an unabated desire to serve his Lord and
Master, and his fellow-men for His sake. He
was spared a lingering sickness, from which he
instinctively shrank. For though reduced in
strength and condition, he was allowed to keep
about, and busy himself in preparations to leave
his wife and children comfortable, until Saturday
October 4th, when, without any known cause,
profuse bleeding took place; and in a few mo-
ments he had passed away, without being able to
communicate a sentence to the dear ones who
were obliged in silence, to witness the scene. But
his sudden departure leaves no one in doubt as to
his happy entrance into the rest of saints. His
life was a preparation for his reward. Earnest

and devoted as a Christian; laborious and con-
sistent as a minister; discriminating and plain as
a preacher; discreet and kind as a counsellor; de-
voted and trustworthy as a friend; he has left a
noble monument behind, and, doubtless is enjoy-
ing that blessed condition for which he so earn-
estly sought to prepare others; he "rests from his
labors, and his works do follow him."

John Oliver was born at Dorchester, Massachu-
setts, 1823. On attaining his majority, he was
employed in the Boston harbor, and later was
made pilot, in which capacity he continued until
coming to Lakeland in 1848, accompanied by his
brother Edwin, for the purpose of selecting lands
for himself and his father. Captain John Oliver.
He pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres, made
arrangements for the erection of a house, and re-
turned to his native place, leaving his brother in
charge. The next year his father and family
came west to take possession of their new home,
and after one more visit to Boston, Mr. Oliver
also settled on a portion of the land, and has since
made it his home. In December, 1853, he mar-
ried Miss Mary Newell, who has borne him four
children, Clara A., EUen M., Emma M. and
Gracia A.

C. H. Pratt was born in Ontario county. New
York, 1834. He remained under the home pro-
tection until a young man, then began working
in the saw-mills in Lycoming county, Pennsylva-
nia, subsequently becoming head-savsryer. In
1857 he came westward to Minnesota; in Lake-
land he had charge of Reynolds and Ballard's
saw-mill until their failure, after which he was
head-sawyer in the "old Osgood" mill. Remov-
ing to Hudson, Wisconsin, in 1861, he embarked
in the grocery and provision trade, then made a
visit to Pennsylvania, and returned in 1863. He
was head sawyer in Day, Hanson and Company's
saw-mills at Lakeland, also in the Getchell mill
at Af ton. Finally in 1870, he purchased a farm
in Lakeland, which he tilled, but resided in the
village, until 1878. then sold and secured his pres-
ent place from A- E. Jackson. Mr. Pratt was
married in 1 856 to Maria Callahan. Julia and
Jennie are their only children.

Clarence W. Rogers, manager and accountant
of the Lakeland branch of C. N. Nelson Lumber
Company, was born at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, 1856.
He grew to manhood under the careful training

LAKELAND— BIOGBAPHICAL.

423

of his parents, and graduated from the Eipon
College, also from Daggett's Business College, of
Oshkosh, after which he read law two years. In
1877 he came to Stillwater, Minnesota, and en-
gaged with the C. N. Nelson Lumber Company,
and has since been in their employ. During the
summer of 1880, he was placed in charge of their
extensive interests at Lakeland, where he now
resides. His marriage with Miss Emma Fritzen,
took place January 2, 1879.

Keuben H. Sanderson, of the firm of Sander-
son and Hanna, carpenters and builders, was
born in. Genessee county, New York, in 1831.
After acquiring a common school education, he
attended the Collegiate Seminary at Brockport,
and subsequently learned the carpenter's trade,
making it is business thus far through life. In
1852, he removed to Brockport and formed a
partnership with F. H. Lisk; three years later, he
sold to his partner and came to Minnesota, lo-
cating immediately at Lakeland. Begining at
once in the pursuit of his trade, he soon estab-
lished a reputation as a workman, and has since
been a respected and industrious citizen. He
was the first justice of the peace in the precinct;
was elected delegate to the convention of 1857,
and was chosen as chairman of the board of su-
pervisors a number of years in succession. His
wife was Martha E. Tyler, married in 1854.

Henry Schaar, a native of Germany, was bom
May 15th, 1847. He came to America in 1867
with his mother, his father having died some
time previously. They proceeded westward to
Minnesota, and fOr some time Mr. Schaar was
employed by Christian Schrade, also the Wolf
brewery and the pineries. In 1875, he purchased
a farm in Lakeland township, which he sold and
bought his present farm. His marriage with
Henrietta Hatte took place at the residence of
Mr. Schrade in 1875. Henry, Rudolph, Herman
and Willhelm, twins, are their children.

Christian Schrade, a native of Germany, was
born in 1824. He attended school until fourteen
years of age, then apprenticed for a term of three
years as a carpenter; after serving his time, he
continued two years longer in the employ of the
same firm. To avoid being drafted into the army,
he visited Switzerland, and after a brief period
returned to his native country only to flee again
for the same purpose. In 1847, he left Switzer-

land for America, landing at New Orleans, and
came up the river as far as Stillwater, Minnesota,
in 1848. While here, he built the first ware-
house, which, it appears, was a very small affair.
On concluding to try farming, he purchased two
hundred and eighty acres in Lakeland township,
having since added three hundred and twenty
acres, and settled in that township in 1856. Mr.
Schrade has been thrice married; his present
wife was Mrs. Juliana Willomine, married in
1876. She had two daughters: Emma and Au-
gusta; John, Christian, Wilham, Phillip and Frede-
rick, are his children by his first and second wives.
John is a farmer in Lakeland.

Joseph Shaw is a native of Broome county.
New York, where he received his education and
grew to manhood estate. In 1857, acting under
the advice Horace Greeley has given, he came
west and visited Lakeland, where he located with
his family ia 1859, and has resided at his present
place since 1873. He married Miss Jane Ann
Mitchell, in 1847. Their children are Jennie L.,
who is Mrs. Wm. Lovatt, of Lakeland, John and
Bessie A.

John Streif was born in Canton Glarus, Swit-
zerland, 1840. When five years old he came with
his parents to America, and located at Galena,
Illinois, making his home at that place until 1868,
then commenced running with the steamers on
the Mississippi and tributaries, some of which
were the Wisconsin, Ohio, Arkansas, Red river
of the south, and others; was also connected with
the boats Milwaukee, Dubuque, David Pike,
Alex. Mitchell, War Eagle, Granite Star, also
the Diamond Joe five seasons. In 1876, he went
to the Red River of the North and engaged with
the Red River Transfer Company, running on
their boats on Red River, also on the Assiniboiae
between Winnipeg and Fort ElUs. Being well
acquainted with the river channels it renders him
very prominent as a steamboat employe. At Ga-
lena, in 1863, he married Miss Edith B. White,
who has borne him three sons and one daughter,
Charles H., Frederick, John E. and Jessie B.
His family resides at Lakeland.

F. C. Tyler is a native of St. Lawrence county.
New York, born in 1821. Wbgn a lad of twelve
years, he moved with his parents to Rochester,
Monroe county, making it his home about four
years, removing thence to Brockport, where he

424

mSTOBT OF WASHINOTON COUNTY.

was in the canal-boat packet service eighteen
years. During the latter part of the time on the
canal he was captain of the "Eed Bird" and the
"Jenny Lind," owning a one-half interest in
both. Coming to Minnesota in 1858, he located
at Lakeland and invested in the Shanghai Mill.
Disposmg of his interests, he purchased a farm
and erected a house, having since been a tiller of
the soil. His marriage with Miss Maria Higgins
took place in 1846. She after a number of years
of suffering departed this life in 1880, leaving
six children to mourn their loss: Charles T.,
Henry C, Annie M., Stillman A., Lillian A. and
Martha J.

Burnham K. Watson was born' in Somerset
county, Maine, in 1837; moved to New Hamp-
shire with his parents when four years old; in
1856 he came to Minnesota, and the next spring
located at Lakeland. His father, in company
with others, at once opened a saw-mill, the firm
being Stearns, Watson and Company, and here
he was in employ until 1861; then went to St.
Paul and for about three years was proprietor of
the Iforth-western steam bakery. After making
a visit to the oil regions of Pennsylvania he be-
came a member of the firm of T. B. Tenney and
Company, merchant tailors in St. Paul. In 1865
he purchased a farm in Lakeland, and since 1874
has resided on it and given his attention to agri-
culture. Mr. Watson has been twice married; to
his present wife, who was Annette Martin, in
1865. One daughter, Mary C, has been born to
them.

BAYTOWN.

CHAPTER LIX.

DESCEIPTION— FIRST SETTLEMENT ^^ORGANI-
ZATION— WAR RECGRD—SCnOOLS—cnURCHES
— VILLAGE OF SOUTH STILLWATER— MILLS-
POST OFFICE— RAILROADS— BIOGRAPHICAL.

The township of Baytown is located near the
center of the tier of towns bordering on Lake
St. Croix, in Washington county. It is a frac-

tional township containing twelve full and three
fractional sections of land. It is bounded on the
north by Stillwater, on the east by Lake St.
Croix, south by Lakeland, and west by Oakdale.
The division of the congressional township was
made anterior to the admission of the state in
1858. The villages of South Stillwater and
Lakeland were already established, and to accom-
modate both sections and place the voting pre-
cincts within easy access, the division was made.

Socrates Nelson has the honor of naming Bay-
town. The surface of the town is quite broken;
from the lake west for eighty rods is a level
plain, and from this point extending an equal
distance still further west, it is rolling. Then
comes a high ridge extending through from north
to south. In the south-west lies a fine level
country, also in the south-east are located some
fine level farms. In its wild state it would be
called oak openings. What timber still remains
is a thick under-growth of oak. The soil is well
adapted to the raising of wheat, the yield being
equal to that of any part of the state. The soil
varies somewhat, from Ught sandy to a heavy
clay and loam, which, with proper tillage, yields
a good return for the labor of the husbandman.

It is drained by Lake St. Croix, which washes
its entire eastern shore from north to south; its
average width is about three-quarters of a mile,
with a curve in it opposite South Stillwater.
Prom this curve extends a bay into the land, run-
ning north-westerly about half a mile. The
narrow neck or point of land extending between
the bay and main lake, is known as Kittson's
Point. It is covered with a thin growth of oak.
On section three are some fine springs, from
which flows a small creek, which, extending in
a south-eastern direction, and called Perro creek,
enters the lake on section 11. The water of
this creek is conducted through a race for some
distance, supplying the power which runs the
Baytown flour-mill. In the western part of the
town, located on sections 7 and 8 is a fine lake,
covering about fifty acres, called McDonald's
lake, in honor of R. McDonald, one of the
oldest settlers in that part of town.

FIRST SETTLEMENT.

The first settlement in this town was made by
one Francis Bruce, who built a block house on

BAYTO WN—OEQANIZATION.

42 5

the present site of the St. Croix Lumber Com-
pany's office, in 1842. The same year Norman
Kittson, in the employ of the American Fur Com-
pany, built a cabin on the point opposite the
ground now occupied by the Stillwater Dock
Company. Mr. Brace's house was occupied by
different parties engaged in lumbering on the
river. In 1852, the same house was occupied by
Mr. Ambrose Secrest, who with his wife and six
children, his father and mother, and three
brothers, came up the river on the Steamer Me-
nominee on their way from Indiana, and located
at this point. They were attacked with cholera,
and his mother, two brothers, wife and one child,
died within three days, and the father died soon
after. In 1847, came John Short and made a
claim on section three, built a house and made
some improvements. The same year Albert Har-
ris made a claim on section fifteen. In 1847
Joseph Perro, who had served as pilot on the river
for twenty-six years, came to the town and made
his home a portion of the time with John Short,
he purchased Mr. Short's claim in 1848; now lives
on the same farm, having made some fine im-
provements. In the spring of 1848 Mr. A. B. .
risk made a claim and settled on section ten. In
1850 Mr. John Marty made a claim and settled on
section five, where he now lives, and has made
many improvements. F. Marty settled on the
same section the same year. From this time on,
the settlers began to flock in, making claims and
settling in all parts of the town.

OLDEST IlirHABITA]SrT.

Adam Marty is the oldest person living in the
town. He was born in Switzerland, November
22d, 1786. Occupation, farming among the
mountains of his native home, until duty called
him to the defence of his native country, when
quite young, to assist in driving back the invading
French army. During that time he was taken
sick and sent to the hospital, where he was par-
tially restored, but never fully recovered from the
effect of the malady. He emigrated to this
country in 1846, and settled in St. Louis, Missouri.
In 1850 settled in Baytown, "Washington county,
where he now lives. Mr. Marty is ninety-five
years old. He is great-grandfather to sixteen
children and grandfather to seven. His oldest
son is seventy-one years old.

TOWN ORGANIZATION.

A meeting of the electors of Baytown was
called at Secrest and Perro's store, located in what
is known as South Stillwater, October 20th,
1858, to consider the subject of town organiza-
tion. On motion H. W. Crosby was called to the
chair, and James H.- Crofut, clerk. On motion
it was voted to adjourn to the school-house, for
more room, in district No. 3, and Ambrose Se-
crest and John J. Hale elected judges of election.
On motion voted to make the compensation of
the town clerk, assessor, overseer of poor, and
supervisors to be elected, -12.00 per day when
attending to business out of town, $1 .50 when
attending to business within the town. It was
then voted that, in accordance with power granted
by section two of article eleven of the township
organization act passed in the winter of 1857-8,
they proceed to organize the town of Baytown by
the election- of the following officers: Ambrose
Secrest, John Parker, W. H. Crosby, supervisors;
John J. Hale, clerk; Henry B. Beach, collector;
David B. Loomis, assessor; Joseph Perro, over-
seer of poor; Henry B. Beach, A. Flynn, con-
stables; William Gowen and Richard McDonald,
road overseers; W. H. Crosby, pound-master;
James H. Crofut and George Kern, justices.

Annual town meeting was called to order at
school-house No. 3, April 3d, 1859. John Parker
in the chair. Elected Ambrose Secrest, John
Parker and W. H. Crosby, supervisors.

Annual town meeting at the house of Secrest
and Perro, April 3d, 1860, James H. Crofut in
the chair. Voted a poll tax of two days' work,
and a tax of f 150 for roads and bridges, and two
mills for town purposes. Elected Andrew Secrest,
John Parker, W. H. Crosby, supervisors; James
II. Crofut, superintendent of schools.

Annual town meeting at school-house number
three, April 2d, 1861, J. B. H. Mitchell in the
chair. On motion, a tax of $500 for school pur-
poses was voted, and one mill on a dollar for cur-
rent expenses. Elected John Parker, J. B. H.
Mitchell, A. J. McClelland, supervisors; A. Gar-
rison, clerk.

Annual meeting called at school-house number
three, April 1st, 1862. A tax of two mills voted
for current expenses. Elected A. Secrest, N. A.
Williams, Theodore Leonard, supervisors; J. H.
Crofut, clerk.

426

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Annual meeting at school-house number fifteen,
AprU 5th, 1863, A. J. McClelland in the chair.
Voted two mills tax for current expenses, and
two mills for road purposes. Elected John Par-
ker, A. Secrest, N. A. Williams, supervisors.

Annual meeting called to order at school-house
number fifteen, April 5th, 1864. Voted a tax of
five mills for current expenses. Elected John
Parker, A. Secrest, N. A. Williams, supervisors.

Annual meeting at Oak Park, April 4th, 1865,
A. Secrest in the chair; voted a tax of four mills
for current expenses; voted $2,700 on the taxable
property of the town for paying bounties to vol-
unteers; Elected A. Secrest, J. 'Whalen, N. A.
Williams, supervisors.

Annual meeting at school-house number 14,
April 3d, 1866, B. Baker in the chair; voted a tax
of three mills for current expenses, also a tax of
$300 to pay interest on bonds issued April 4th,
1866; elected John Parker, Samuel Burkleo, A.
Forbes, supervisors.

Ammal meeting called at school-house number
14, April 2d, 1867, Hector Anderson in the chair;
voted a tax of two mills for current expenses;
elected A. Forbes, Joel M. Darling, S. Burkleo;
supervisors.

Annual town meeting held at school-house
number 14, April 7th; 1868, S. L. Secrest in the
chair; a tax of three mills was voted for current
expenses; elected A. Secrest, S. Burkleo, Edward
Mackey, supervisors.

Annual meeting held at school-house number
14, April 6th, 1869, S. L. Secrest in the chair;
voted a tax of four mills for current expenses;
also tax of $400 to redeem county bonds of Sep-
tember 5th, 1864; elected Ambrose Secrest, Sam-
uel Burkleo, E. Mackey, supervisors.

Annual meeting was called at school-house
number 14, April 5th, 1870, J. Whalen in the
chair; voted a tax of three mills for current ex-
penses; elected A. Forbes, S. L. Cowen, John R.
GofE, supervisors.

Annual town meeting at school-house number
14, April 6th, 1871, David Cover in the chair;
.voted a tax of three mUls for current expenses;
elected S. L. Cowen, A. Forbes, John R. GofC,
supervisors.

Annual meeting called at school-house number
14, March 12, 1872, D. A. Clark in the chair. The
followiag resolution was passed by the meeting:

" Resolved, that the town of Baytown will not
allow the sale of spirituous or fermented liquors
in said town during the year 1872;" voted a tax
of three mills for current expenses; elected A.
Secrest, Edward Mackey and J. Whalen, super-
visors.

Annual town meeting called at school-house
No. 14, Marchllth, 1873, Charles B. Fisk, in the
chair. Voted a tax of three mills for current ex-
penses; elected A. Secrest, J. Whalen and E.
Mackey, supervisors; David Cover, clerk. The
question of license was again voted on, with one
for and twenty-seven against. Annual town
meeting called at the school-house in South Still-
water, March 9th, 1875. Voted to authorize the
treasurer to transfer the bounty money in hand,
to the road fund; voted a tax of one mill for cur-
rent expenses; voted two mills for road purposes;
elected J. Whalen, A. Secrest and Joseph Perro,
supervisors; David Cover, clerk. Annual town
meeting was called at the school-house, in South
Stillwater, March 14th, 1876, O. R. Buckman in
the chair. Voted a tax of one mill for current
expenses, and one and a quarter mills for road
purposes; elected J. Whalen, A. Forbes and
Joseph Perro, supervisors. Aimual town meet-
ing was called at the old school-house, in South
Stillwater, March 13th, 1877, A. W. Smith in the
chair. Voted a tax of one and a half mills for
current expenses, and two mills for roads; elected
J. Whalen, Frederick Albrecht and William Pea-
body, supervisors. Annual town meeting was
called at the old school-house, in South Still-
water, March 12th, 1878, A. Secrest in the chair. .
Voted a tax of two mills for roads and one and a
half for current expenses; elected A. Secrest, J.
Whalen and F. Albrecht, supervisors; 104 votes
against license and forty-two for it. Annual
town meeting was called at the oldj^school-house,
in South Stillwater, MaiX'h 11th, 1879, Edward
Mackey in the chair. A'oted a tax of two mills
for roads and one and a half for current expenses;
elected A. Secrest, F. Albrecht and J. Whalen.
supervisors. A vote of sixty-six against license
and thirty-two for it. Annual town meeting was
called at the old school-house, in South Still-
watei:, March 9th, 1880, T. B. Hopkins in the
chair. Voted a tax of two and a quarter miUs
for roads and one and a quarter for current ex-
penses; sixty-four votes against license and thirty -

BAYTOWN—WAB BEC0BD—8CH00L8.

427

nine for it; elected A. Secrest, J. Whalen and E.
Flynn, supervisors; David Cover, clerk.

WAR RECORD.

A spirit of patriotism vyas manifested by the
people of Baytown during the great struggle to
suppress the rebellion and hold the union of states
intact. At the call for men and means, they re-
sponded, with alacrity. The first call was
promptly met. At the second call, a draft was
permitted, and the following names were drafted:
Ambrose Secrest, David Cover, J. B. H. Mitchell,
Nicholas Snell, Luther Cobb, Aaron Garrison,
Alexander Underwood. All were men of years,
and, with a single exception, having families de-
pendent upon them, and yielding to the dictates
of a noble consanguinity, they all furnished sub-
stitutes. At the next call the town made ample
provision, by calling a special meeting of the
voters of the town at the Oak Park school-house,
Au'gust 11th, 1864, to take steps to raise all the
funds necessary to pay bounties to men to fill the
quota; they promptly voted to raise $3,000 for
that purpose. It was also voted to circulate a
paper for subscriptions to said fund, and that the
monies be paid into the hands of David Cover,
town treasurer. Also at the annual town meeting
held at South Stillwater August 4th, 1865, a tax
of $2,700 was voted to be levied upon the taxable
property of the town, for 1865, to apply on town
bonds and the money to be used to pay volunteers.
A special meeting was called at the school-house
in Oak Park, June 24th, 1865, and the following
resolution was passed :

"Resolved, That the meeting proceed to vote
on the question of issuing bonds for the payment
of the money advanced to fiU the quota of the
town under the call of the president for 300,000
men."

Not only were all demands met at the call, but
in addition, we find the following names on the
roll of honor, those who were ready to give their
lives to save the imperiled union: Vincent Cover,
David Carmichael, John Blake, P. W. Piske,
Hugh Gillen, Robert Kerr, George McNelley,
Joseph Bonner, Charles Gray, Benjamin Gaynor,
Charles Estabrook, John G. Cover, Thomas Mc-
Dermott, Daniel Estabrook, W. Stout, Jacob Se-
crest, Monroe Secrest, H. W. Crosby, Azom
Forbes, S. B. Mckerson, T. B. Leonard, John

Densmore, Amos Porbes. These enlisted during
the early part of the war; most of them in the
Eighth Minnesota Regiment at Port Snelling,
and were anxiously waiting to march to the seat
of war, but the Indian outbreak came and they
were sent to suppress that. When it was over,
they were sent south, performing every duty as-
signed them, until the surrender of Lee, which
they witnessed.

SCHOOLS.

The first school district organized in Baytown
was number three. The organization was affected
in 1854 by the election of Joseph Miner, director;
Joseph Bonin, treasurer; Ambrose Secrest, clerk.
The first school house was built by subscription,
and located on the flat in the north part of what
was then Baytown village. In 1860 the house
was moved further north and located near the cen-
ter between the village of Oak Park and Baytown
where the old house now stands. In 1862 the
legislature changed the numbering of the school
districts in the county, and this was made four-
teen. In 1875 a division was made, and the legal
voters of Oak Park and Elfelts addition to Still-
water, met at the shop of A. Forbes, July 5th,
1875, and organized a new district by electing the
following officers: Joseph Perro, director; Wil-
liam Nissinger, treasurer; David Cover, clerk.
On motion the meeting voted the issuing of bonds
to the amount of 53,000, to purchase a site and
build a house, they still retaining the old number
fourteen house. The new one is 24x40 feet, two
stories high, and was completed November 1st,
the same year. First school was taught by Frank
Berry and his sister Nellie Berry.

School district number sixteen, originally called
number two, was organized October 20th, 1855,
at the house of William Gowan, on section 15,
Baytown, with J. B. H. Mitchell in the chair, and
H. W. Greeley, clerk. The following officers
were elected: John Gowan, Sr., Hiram W. Greeley
and John Watson, trustees ; .J. B. H. Mitchell,
clerk. First teacher Charles L. Nelson. First
school held at the house of Samuel Burkleo.
First school-house built was in 1870. The dis-
trict as first organized took in a part of Lakeland.
The district was divided July 2d, 1859, renum-
bered by act^of legislature in 1862. Bonds issued
to the amount of 1800 and a new house built in
1879.

428

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

School district number fifteen, was organized
December, 1875, by the election of the following
officers: L. B. Castle, director; Frederick Mer-
cer, treasurer ; O. R. Buckman, clerk. On mo-
tion the meeting voted the issuing of bonds to the
amount of $3,000, with interest at ten per cent,
payable in ten years, to build a school-house; the
site for the same was donated by the St. Croix
Railway and Improvement Company, and located
near the center of South Stillwater. New house
is 36x50 feet, two stories,

CHURCHES.

The St. John's German Lutheran church is lo-
cated on section 6, Bay town. Was organized
under the ministry of Rev. F. W. Wier, August,
1855, with a membership of nineteen. They
held their first services at the house of A. Boese,
in Oakdale. In 1856, the money was raised by
subscription to build a church. George Kern, Sr. ,
donated the site. In 1862, there was a dvisionin
the church caused by a clause in the creed of the
old established church, requiring private confes-
sions. Rev. Wier with a portion of the members
withdrew and formed another church in Oakdale.
Rev. W. Hoffman then took the charge of the
present church, and also of the parochial school,
remaining seven years, followed by Rev. J. Se-
crest for three years. It is now in charge of the
Rev. Seifert, who has had its care for the past
eight years. It now has a membership of forty
families.

A Union church was erected in South SitUwa-
ter in the summer of 1880, to be used for union
services. The site donated by the St. Croix Rail-
way and Improvement Company, and the means
to complete the building were donated by the peo-
ple of all denominations. A union Sunday-school
is held every Sunday, and religious services from
time to time.

CEMETERIES.

In 1858, Messrs. Secrest and Perro laid out and
platted a piece of land adjoining the village of
Baytown, now South Stillwater, calling it Secrest
and Perro's addition to Baytown. Block five of
this addition was laid out as a cemetery, and
named Hazelwood cemetery. In 1873, they sold
half of the block to the city authorities of Still-
water, for a Potter's field. The same year they
sold one block and a half to the north of Hazel-

wood, to Bishop Grace for a cemetery, to which
was removed the bodies of the Catholic dead
from the old burying ground in Stillwater, also
from other parts of the county. It is called the
St. Michaels cemetery, and is under the super-
vision of Rev. Father Murphy, of Stillwater.

SOUTH STILLWATER.

As before mentioned, the first settlers of Bay-
town located in what is now South Stillwater.
But very little improvements were made until
1852, when Socrates jS'elson, D. B. Loomis, and
others, under the firm name of Nelson, Loomis
and Company, surveyed and platted a town at
this point, which was called Baytown.

In the following year they built a saw-mill,
which they operated till 1858, when the company
dissolved, and Baytown with all the improve-
ments became the property of Socrates Nelson,
who operated the mill but a portion of one or
two seasons for the next ten years.

In 1854, Secrest and Booth erected a grist-mill
on the small stream, which is supposed by some,
to be the outlet of Lily lake. This stream comes
suddenly out of the ground one and a half miles
from the margin of the lake. The mill is still
in operation, but has changed owners so often
that the enterprise has not been very successful.

In 1858, Secrest and Perro laid out an addition
to Baytown, which was called Secrest and Perro's
Addition. In this addition is now located the
cemeteries of South Stillwater.

During the railroad excitement of 1856, Ex-
Lieutenant Governor Holcombe laid out another
addition called Middletown, which was annexed
to Baytown, and about the same time still an-
other was laid out by Isaac Staples and others,
which adjoined Baytown on the south and was
called Bangor, for the great lumbering town of
that- name in the Pine-Tree State.

For the next ten years very few changes, and
not many improvements were made; but in
1868 Torinus, Staples & Co. purchased the origi-
nal village of Baytown and all its appurtenances,
with the intention of rebuilding the old ''Nelson
mill," and manufacturing lumber to supply a
lumber yard, which they intended to establish at
St. Louis, Missouri. This plan, however, was
never carried out, and in 1872 the whole property
was sold to the "St. Croix Railway and Improve

BAYTOWN— SOUTH STILLWATEB.

429

ment Company," which consisted of the follow-
ing named gentlemen: Gen. Samuel F. Hersey,
Isaac Staples and L. E. Torinus, Stillwater, and
Horace Thompson, E. P. Drake, A. H. Wilder,
G. L. Merriam, I'eter Berkey, A. B. Stickney,
and E. Blakeley, St. Paul. This company then
bought the additions known as Bangor, Middle-
town, and Secrest and Perro's, resurveyed and
platted the whole purchase, and called the new
town South Stillwater. They also built a spur
railroad track from Stillwater to the town, a dis-
tance of three miles.

During this year, and soon after the above
transaction, the "St. Croix Lumber Company"
was organized, consisting of L. E. Torinus, Wil-
liam Chalmers and William Graves. They at
once purchased from the St. Croix Railway and
Improvement Company thirty acres of land with
2,000 feet lake front, including the old "Nelson
Mill" site. After consummating this bargain
they proceeded without delay to rebuild the old
Nelson mill, at a cost of 530,000, operating it till
the winter of 1875-76, when it was again remod-
eled and reconstructed at an additional cost of
$35,000. Failure seemed to be stamped on the
enterprise, for when this splendid new mill was
opened in the spring, it was found the mill- wright
had failed in his calculations, and the hum of
success was not in the machinery.

But "luckily for the company," as one of the
firm afterwards remarked, it was consumed by
Are, having run but forty-four days. There was
not a dollar of insurance upon the structure, and
the $65,000 invested in rebuilding, remodeling
and reconstructing, passed away in smoke and
ashes. But the destruction of this industry did
not wipe out the St. Croix Lumber Company.
They immediately leased from the St. Croix Rail-
way and Improvement Company a mill adjoining
their old site on the south. This originally was
the property of Gaslin and Castle, who in the year
1874, purchased two mill lots and moved their
mill machinery from St. Petersburg, Wisconsin,
opposite Stillwater, to their lots. They, however,
ran the mill but a short time, failing at the end
of two years. The property then passed into the
hands of lessors, who gave a lease for two years
to the St. Croix Lumber Company. At the end
of this period, 1878, it was purchased by Durant,
Wheeler and Co., Smith, Ellison and David

Tozer, and has since been known as Ellison and
Company's mill.

South Stillwater has always been looked upon
as a most favorable location for manufacturing,
yet it has not always been fraught with success.
We have to record several cases of this kind. In
1873 Messrs. Keller and Krueger bought from
the St. Croix Railway and Improvement Com-
pany four mill lots adjoining the St. Croix Lum-
ber Company on the north. Thereon they erected
a saw-mill which they operated three seasons and
failed. The mill and machinery have since gone
to ruin. Again in 1874, Messrs. Spencer Broth-
ers and Bergeron bought two mill lots north of
Kellerjand Krueger's property. They constructed
and operated for three years a shingle mill at the
end of which time they failed. The machinery
was afterward moved to Wisconsin and is now in
active service.

In 1877 an organization was formed called the
"South Stillwater Agricultural Works" for the
purpose- of building threshing-machines. The
works covered the greater portion of two blocks,
and consisted of a wood-working shop, a mar
chine shop, a foundry, and an engine house and
boiler room. They did business a part of two
seasons when the company failed and the whole
property fell into the hands of the St. Croix Lum-
ber Company, who have utilized the buildings in
the following manner: the wood-shop is used as
a door, sash and blind factory, and the other
buildings for the purposes originally intended, as
machine and blacksmith shop and foundry, in
the latter of which is manufactured the well-
known "Crystallized iron plow."

At the expiration of the "St. Croix Lumber
Company's" lease of the mill of the St. Croix
Railway and Improvement Company in 1878,
they at once commenced the erection of their
present mill.

The St. Croix Lumber Company's miU is
erected on the old "Nelson" mill site, as was
the one previously referred to, which was de-
stroyed by fire. It is a double rotary mill, with
a gang, edger and all the necessary trimmers, etc.,
two shingle machines, one gang batten bolter,
and lath machine. It has an annual capacity of
fifteen million feet of lumber, ten miUions of shin-
gles and four millions of lath. The cost of the
mill was $30,000.

430

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Intimately connected with this is the St. Croix
Lumber Company's planmg mill. This was built
in 1874, at a cost of $15,000. The building is 46
x80 feet, two stories high, and contains one sur-
facing machine, two tongue and grooving ma-
chines, two re-saws and one siding saw. The
propelling power of the saw-mill machinery is a
five-boiler engine, with a twenty-inch cylinder
and thirty-inch stroke. The breeching conveys
the smoke to a circular brick stack one hujidred
and twenty-flve feet in height. The engine room
of the planing mill adjoins the same, and is 40x40
feet. The smoke stack is eighty feet high, and
is built of stone and brick.

Boarding house. In the spring of 1880 the old
"Nelson" boarding house, which was the property
of the St. Croix Lumber Company, was destroyed
by fire, and immediately a new one was erected.
It is 40x100 feet, and two stories; it has two
wings 32x60 feet, and is capable of accommodat-
ing one hundred guests.

Ellison and Company's saw mill. Durant,
Wheeler and Company, Smith, Ellison and David
Tozer, proprietors. This mill is located at South
Stillwater; it came into possession of its present
owners in 1878, who refitted, enlarged and added
a large amount of new machinery of the most ap-
proved pattern. It produces amiually twelve
million feet of long lumber, and three million
each of shingles and lath. It is 40x150 feet, and
contains one double and one single rotary saw,
one gang edger and two trimmers, with a capacity
of seventy-five thousand per day. The engine
room is built of stone, 38x42 feet, eighteen feet
high, and joins the mill. The engine is a power-
ful one, having four boilers twenty-four feet long
and forty-two inches in diameter, with two twelve
inch flues in each.

Stillwater Dock Company, was organized Octo-
ber, 1877, with a capital stock of |10,000, with
the following partners: Durant, Wheeler and
Company, St. Croix Lumber Company and Jo-
siali Batchelder; with E. G. Wheeler, presi-
dent; L. E. Torinus, secretary and treasurer;
Josiah Batchelder, general manager. The busi-
ness of this company is large and extensive.
Its model steamers are fine specimens of ar-
chitectural skill. New work and repairs keep a
large force of men employed. Last season the
company built three new steamers: The Pauline,

K. G. Wheeler and Kit Carson, which are the
pride of the St. Croix waters, and have three
more new ones to build the coming season.

Baytown Flour mill was erected in 1853, by 8e-
crest and Booth. The first mill was 30x32 feet,
and run by an overshot water-wheel of twenty-
four feet diameter. They continued business un-
til 1856, when J. Perro purchased Mr. Booth's in-
terest. The firm was then known as Secrest and
Perro, in a short time Mr. Perro sold to S. L. Se-
crest. The firm of Secrest and Brother ran the
mill till 1868, when S. L. Secrest sold to Butler
and Dodd, the firm run the mill for two years,
when Dodd sold to Butler. The business increas-
ing, the mill was enlarged by the addition of
twenty feet. The firm of Butler and Secrest
operated it until the fall of 1879, when A. Secrest
bought Butler's interest. It then stood still till
August, 1880, when it was rented to Mr. Buch-
walter.

South StiUwater soap and rendering factory was
established in the spring of 1868, and located
on Eairy creek, by Moore and McKenzie. In
1880, Moore's interest was purchased by McKen-
zie and brother, the capital increased to $3,000,
and the works moved to South Stillwater, and
new machinery for rendering, added. The com-
pany now have an office in Stillwater.

POST OFFICE.

The first post-office in Baytown was established
at the office of the St. Croix lumber Company,
in 1872, William Graves appointed post-master
the same year. In 1876 the office was moved to
the store of the same company. Mr. Graves
resigned, and Mr. A. Deragisch was appointed.
The mail is received daily by a stage running
from Cottage Grove to StiUwater and return.

The village of Oak Park is located on section
three. The village plat was laid out and platted
by John Parker in 1857. Is a fine location for
residents. Many elegant private residences have
been erected, and more, on a larger scale, con-
templated.

In the north-east of section 4, another village
was laid out and platted by F. O. J. Smith, in
1856, called an addition to Stillwater which is
waiting for occupants.

ROADS.

The first road laid out in Baytown was the

BAYTO WN—BIOOBAPHIGAL.

431

territorial road Icnown as the Stillwater, Point
Douglas, and St. Louis river road. It enters the
town on section three on the north, and runs south,
leaving the town from section 15; also the terri-
torial road called the St. Paul and Stillwater,
passes through the north-west corner of the town.
The first road laid out by the town was in 1861,
the McDonald and Stillwater road, running from
the corner of section 17, due north and south.
The next was the Baytown and Stillwater road,
known as the town line road, laid out and
surveyed in 1862 by A. Van Vorhes, county sur-
veyor.

EAILKOADS.

The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Tails
railroad now operated by the Chicago, St. Paul,
Minneapolis and Omaha Kailroad Company, en-
ters the town in the north-west quarter of section
18, miming to the centre of section 9, where they
have a junction. One branch running to Still-
water, and the main line south-east to Hudson,
with another branch from near the bridge, run-
ning up the river to Stillwater.

POPULATION.

The population of Baytown is largely German
and Irish. Some Swedes and Norwegians and a
few Americans. The census of 1875, showed
952 inhabitants; in 1880, the.e were 1,254.

The valuation of real estate in 1880, was $125-,
595, of personal property, f 73,297. The products
for 1879 were; wheat, 2,203 acres; bushels, 29,-
760; oats, 435 acres; bushels, 16,370; corn, 294
acres; bushels, 12,225; barley, 64 acres; bushels,'
1,364; potatoes, 51 acres; bushels 6,175; hay, 514
acres; tons of hay, 489.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Frederick Albrecht, is a native of Prussia,
where he was born, December 31st, 1842. Here
he passed his boyhood days and settled in Ni-
agara county. New York. There he grew to
manhood, attended public school, and completed
his education at the Union Academy, at Lock-
port, New York. August 26th, 1862, he enlisted
in Company B, One Hundred and Pifty-flrst
New York Volunteer Infantry; served in many
important conflicts, he was mustered out of ser-
vice June 26th, 1865. After the close of his
military service, Mr. Albrecht returned to the
home of his parents in New York. He engaged

as hotel clerk for three years, then in custom
house at the suspension bridge three years longer.
In 1871, he came to Minnesota, and one year later
purchased his present farm in Baytown. His
marriage with Miss Caroline Zobel took place in
1871. They have four children: William, Mary
Sarah and Arthur.

Martin T. Allen was born in the town of Nor-
wich, Canada, July 24th, 1839. He lived with
his parents until the age of twenty, then came to
the states through which he has since extensively
traveled. He learned the trade of sawyer in
Michigan and Minnesota, and in 1871, came to
Stillwater, being employed by Hersey, Bean and
Brown, and is still the leading circular sawyer of
that firm. He married in 18S4 to Miss Mary
Pake, of Lexington, Michigan. The are the
parents of three children: Charles B., Lyman
B. and Frank E.

James Arthur, a native of Nova Scotia; and of
Scotch descent, was bom in July, 1830. Remain-
ing under the parental roof until the age of twenty;
he then went to Wisconsin, where he commenced
learning the trade of mill-wright, which he com-
pleted in California, having gone to that state in
in 1865. He remained in that state until 1871,
then came to Minnesota and has since resided in
the valley of the St. Croix and vicinity. He made
South Stillwater his home, and has since resided
there in the employ of the "St. Croix Lumber
Company." In 1872 he married Miss Jane Mc-
Beth, of Anoka, a lady of Scotch parentage, who
was reared in Canada.

John Atkinson, one of the earliest pioneers of
what is now Washington county, was born at
Lewiston, Maine, April 4th, 1805. He received a
practical education in his native town, where he
remained until 1833, when he removed to Pitts-
field, Somerset county. Here he stayed twelve
years, and .in 1844 started for the west. The
same year he crossed the St. Croix and "stuck his
stakes," in what is now Cottage Grove, at that
time a wilderness. Here he pre-empted eighty
acres of land, and buying more, opened and im-
proved a most desiiable estate, on which he re-
mained more than thirty years, an honored and
respected citizen. At Lewiston, Maine, Mr. At-
kinson was married to Miss Hannah Moore; she
accompanied him to the western wilds and re-
mained his beloved companion until death claimed

432

HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

her in 1874. She bore her husband seven chil-
dren, six of whom still live; Warren, Charles H.,
Nathan W., John A. N., Cynthia A. and Sarah
E., all of whom have been reared in this county.
Mr. Atkinson was married to Mrs. A. B. Fiske,
of Baytown. They still live happily, af the old
Fiske homestead at Baytown.

Mrs. Almira Atkinson was the daughter of
Captain and Mrs. Robert Bragdon, and was born
in the city of Portland, Maine, March 2d, 1808,
and has now passed her allotted time, three score
and ten. Her father was a seaman, and like
many other sailors, his grave was in the watery
deep. On returning from a voyage to foreign
ports, the vessel he commanded and all on board
were lost in the equinoctial storm of 1815. His
wife survived him only one year. Thus at the
early age of seven years, the subject of this
sketch was left an orphan. She grew to maturity
at Boston, in her uncle's family, and while quite
young was united in wedlock with David H.
Fiske, a merchant of that city. They continued
in that city until 1837, when they came west to
the Mississippi valley, and located at Galena, Illi-
nois. In 1848, they came northward and the
same year settled oh what is now known as the
"old Fiske homestead," in Baytown. Here Mr.
Piske died in 1856, leaving his widow with seven
small children. She remained on the farm and
reared her children to maturity. In 1875, she
was married to her present husband, Mr. John
Atkinson, living most happily on the old home-
stead. Though aged in years, they are youthful
in feeling, he being still able to read and write
without the aid of glasses.

Bennett Barker, one of the prominent men in
the St. Croix Valley, was born in Prussia, July
4th, 1831. He was left an orphan at the early age
of six years. When a lad of seventeen he sailed
for America, and landed in New York', he pro-
ceeded direct to Galena, Illinois, where he spent
six years in the lead mines, During the spring
of 1856, he came to Washington county, locating
at Baytown, where he now has a large landed
estate. In 1869 Mr. Barker, in company with
Governor Holcombe and others, laid out "Pair-
view," the new city cemetery of Stillwater; also
in 1870, the St. Michael's cemetery, the Catholic
burial place of Washington county. The next
year he removed from their various resting places

about three thousand bodies to the new grave-
yard. He also laid out the new county and city
cemetery for the burial of the poor and unknown,
and is now superintendent of all these. His
marriage with Miss Teresa Laeting took place at
Kenosha, Wisconsin, in 1855. Joseph B., Mary,
Eliza, Henry, David and Anna are their children
living.

Josiah Batchelder is a native of Wellington,
Maine, born May 30th, 1833. When a child his
parents removed to Bangor, thence to Exeter,
where he grew to manhood, receiving in the mean-
time his education, and a knowledge of the trade of
ship-building. Wlien a young man of twenty-two
he came to the great North-west, the same year
locating at Stillwater. He remained one year,
being busily employed in building flat-boats and
skMs. He then removed to Maiden Rock, Wis-
consin. Among other crafts constructed by him
while there was the "Lottie Lyon," the first local
packet that navigated Lake Pepin. In 1866 he
crossed Lake Pepin to Prontenac, and during his
four years' sojourn built many beautiful yachts,
sail and row-boats. Mr. Batchelder, in 1877,
finally located in South Stillwater, and began the
construction of the ways and docks for the
•'Stillwater Dock Company," of which he is
manager and part owner. He was married at
Red Wing, Minnesota, in 1859, to Miss Elizabeth
Bowers who has borne him four children: Jessie,
Edwin J., Harry L. and Maud.

Hiram P. Benner, a native of Maine, was bom
at Dennysville, in 1829. He attended the pub-
lic schools in his native place, and in 1849 re-
moved to Hancock county, making it his home
for the next twenty years, being engaged in lum-
bering and mill-wrighting. He then came west-
ward and remained at Somerset, Wisconsin, un-
til the autumn of 1873, when he moved to South
Stillwater, and has been in the employ of the
"St. Croix Lumber Company" chiefly since. His
wife was Miss Jennie Boynton, a lady of English
ancestry, to whom he was married in 1849. They
have eight children: Hiram A., Mary, Hartley
B., Herbert P., Nellie, Georgia, Bertha B. and
Herman.

Joseph Bonin, whose name is a familiar one
all along the St. Croix river, and whose history
includes in it the history of the St. Croix Valley,
was born in a little Prench settlement near Mon-

BA YTO WN~BIOGBAPHICAL.

433

treal, Canada, August 26th, 1820. Here he re-
ceived a common school education in the French
language. In 1839 he contracted to enter the
service of the American Fur Company, and
started on his long journey to the wilds of the
North-west. With a number of venturesome
companions, he embarked in a birch canoe, trav-
elling across the country by both land a'lid vs^ater,
enduring many hardships and privations: He
accumulated large stores of furs vidth which he
returned to the company. In 1842, as his time
of service had expired, he declined to renew his
contract. He immediately started with some
companions for civilization, and after a long,
perilous journey, during which were many acci-
dents and rough experiences, they reached St.
Croix Palls where they saw the first signs of the
white man. After continuing as far as St. Peter,
Mr. Bonin returned, remaining three years at the
falls, then came to Stillwater, and was in the em-
ploy of J. McKusick four years, in the old mill.
He made a brief visit to his childhood home, re-
turning to South Stillwater, where twenty-seven
years ago he purchased and improved a residence
site, and has since made it his home. During
several winters he carried on a traflSc with the
Indians and was acquainted with Little Crow,
and Hole-in-the-Day ; he cotild also speak the
Indian dialect fluently. Enlisting in the late
war in Company B, First Minnesota Heavy Ar-
tilery, he served until expiration of term of ser-
vice. In 1851 he married Miss Margaret Bruce.
They have five children: George E., Leon, David,
Mary M., and Ellen.

George Brassar is a native of the Province of
Quebec and is of French ancestry, born in 1833.
Since a mere boy he has beeja on the water, his
first experience being in sailing schooners on the
St. Lawrence; he afterwards rafted between Que-
bec and Montreal. Twenty-five years ago Mr.
Brassar wended his way to the waters of the Mis-
sissippi, and landed at Stillwater in 1855. Since
then he has piloted and rafted between Stillwater
and St. Louis. His first trip on a raft was made
under Joseph Perro, who was familiarly known
as "Big Joe." He has been engaged during late
years in piloting the tow boats of the Schulenburg
and Boeckeler Lumber Company, between Still-
water and St. Louis. In 1860 his marriage with
Miss Clotilda Chardin was celebrated at the Catho-
28

lie church, of Stillwater. Emma, George, Louis,
Amelia, Adolphus,Bosa, Cora and Walter are their
children.

Thomas Burns, son of Patrick and Ellen Burns,
is a native of the "North Star" state, born at Still-
water, March 11th, 1862. When a child his par-
ents removed to Baytown, where he has since
lived. His mother is a widow and one of the es-
teemed residents of Baytown. Mr. Burns is still
attending school, wisely determining to begin the
battle of life with a good education. He has
served three years in the shingle mill of the St.
Croix Lumber Company, and understands his
trade, being fitted to make his way up among men
when he reaches maturity.

Paul Caplazi is a native of Switzerland, born
March 3d, 1828, where he was reared by his pa-
rents, was educated and learned the carpenter's
trade". In 1854 he immigrated to America, mak-
Toledo, Ohio, his home two years, then came to
Stillwater, remaining twelve years, where he
worked at his trade, assisting in building many
of the prominent edifices of the city. He located
on a farm at Baytown, where he still lives. For
the past ten years he has been in the employ of
the St. Croix Lumber Company and is one of the
most skilled workmen in the factory. His mar-
rige with Miss Catherine Tour took place in 1861.
They have had thirteen children of whom eight
are living: Antoine, Ludwick, Lena, Eosa, Jose-
phine, Kate, Agnes and Bertha.

Mrs. Ellen Carlton nee Perro, widow of Peter
Carlton, was born at the ancient French city of
Kaskaskia, Illinois, where she was reared by her
parents. In 1848, she came to Minnesota with
her brother, Joseph Perro, with whom she lived
until her marriage with Mr. Carlton in 1851. He
was an esteemed pioneer of St. Croix Valley, and
died in 1866, at the family residence in Baytown.
Mrs. Carlton has four children liviag: George P.,
Matilda, Louisa and Rosa.

George P. Carlton, is a native of Washington
county, bom at Baytown, February 5th, 1853.
He is the son of Peter and EUen Carlton, and was
reared in this town. He received a good educa-
tion, and has always pursued the quiet calling of
farming, now having a desirable place of one
hundred and sixty acres in Baytown township.

Mrs. Rosalie Chardin, nee Perro, widow of
Louis Chardin, was born at Kaskaskia, Illinois,

434

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

February 15th, 1821 . Here she grew to maturity
and received her education at the Convent of the
Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which
was at that time, located at Kaskaskia, now at
St. Louis, Missouri. At the age of twenty-three
she was mamed to Louis Chardin, and 1857, she
was left a widow, and the year following, came
to Minnesota, and has since made her home at
her present residence at Baytown. She has three
children, the eldest is the wife of George Bras-
sar: Michael and Mary L.

J. G. Clymer was born at Mount Pleasant,
Henry county, Iowa, March 28th, 1850. At the
age of nine years, he removed with his parents to
Burlington, where he attended the graded
schools till 1866, when he removed to Des Moines.
He remained there one and one-half years, then re-
turned to Burlmgton. In 1870, he came to Min-
nesota and engaged in railroading until he met
with the loss of his right arm in 1874. He was
employed as clerk in the oflBce of the St. Croix
Lumber Company in 1879, where he still remains.
He was married at Stillwater in 1872, to Miss E.
E. Poss. They axe the parents of four children:
Everett, Blanche, Maud and Josephine.

David Cover was born in Westmoreland county,
Pennsylvania, May 22d, 1826. He remained there
with his parents until 1844, when he removed with
them to St. Louis, Missouri. Here he engaged
in the lumbering business six years, then started
up the river by boat to Stillwater, reaching there
after a tedious journey of one month. He gave
his attention largely to logging between Still-
water and St. Louis until 1868, since which time
he has been employed in the more retired occupa-
tion of farmmg, also as an agent for Are insur-
ance, representing a number of leading compan-
ies and doing a good business. Mr. Cover has
been county commissioner Ave years, town treas-
urer nine years, and school officer eighteen years.
He has been a leading citizen, and has a Ane resi-
dence at Oak Park. His wife was Miss Elizabeth
Herrell, whom he married in 1860. Their chil-
dren are John W. who is engaged in mining in
Colorado, and two younger sons who are still
with their parents.

John G. Cover, a iiative of Pennsylvania, was
born January 2d, 1887. He accompanied his par-
ents to St. Louis, in 1844, and after a residence
of about five years, removed to Rock Island

county, Illinois. In 1854, he came to Stillwater,
in company with his parents, where he remained
under their guidance until he enlisted in 1862, in
Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer In-
fantry. He served in the army of the Cumber-
land, and participated in the battle of Stone Eiver
and other engagements. He was honorably dis-
charged with his regiment in July, 1865, with the
. rank of first lieutenant. Returning home he soon
■proceeded to Hasting, and engaged in lumbering
two years, then returned to Stillwater, and has
since been in the logging business. He married
in 1862, Catherine C. Long. They have seven
children living, all girls.

Joel M. Darling, one of the pioneers of the St.
Croix Valley, and prominent in forwarding the
interests of Stillwater and vicinity, was born in
Madison county. New York. When but a child
he came with his parents to Galena, Illinois; after
making a home in that place several years, they
removed to Wisconsin. In May, 1848, Mr. Dar-
ling came to Stillwater, his present home. For
some time he was in the employ of Socrates Nel-
son, and was with him and others when they sur-
veyed and laid out the village of Baytown, in
1852. Three years later, he opened a farm of one
hundred and sixty acres in Dakota county, re-
maining on it until 1862, when he enlisted in
Company F, Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infan-
try. He engaged in the campaign against the
Indians under General H. H. Sibley, afterwards
continuing to serve until the close of the war.
Soon after returning, he located at South Still-
water, where he has since given his attention to
agriculture. Mr. Darling is a bachelor and
makes his home with Antoine La Point.

Justus A. Depew was born October 10th, 1847,
at Pomeroy, Ohio. Learned the trade of machin-
ist in Cincinnati, where he resided imtil 1865,
then removed to Minneapolis, Minnesota. He
followed his trade in the employ of Dean and
Ilardenbergh; thence to St. Paul, in the St. Paul
iron works three years. In 1871 he came to Still-
water as a journeyman at his trade, in a branch
shop for the same company; soon, however, he
engaged with the St. Croix Lumber Company,
and still remains. At St. Paul, April 12th, 1870,
he married Miss Annie Dwyre, who has borne
him five children, three sons and two daughters.

L. A. Deragisch is a native of Switzerland, born

BA Y TO WN—BIOGEAPHICAL.

435

in 1852. He immigrated to America with his
parents, at the age of eight years, locating at
Stillwater in 1861. He entered the store of L.
E. Torinus as salesman in 1869, and remaiaed
until the organization of the St. Croix Lumber
Company, of whose store he has had the manage-
ment since. He was married to Miss Jennie Se-
crest in 1874. Their children are, Edward,
Charles and Clara. Residence at South Still-,
water.

John Ehrig is a German by birth, born in 1845.
He crossed over to America in 1866, locating in
New York city, where he was in the grocery
business until 1878. Then came to Stillwater
and has since been in the employ of the "St.
Croix Lumber Company." In New York city,
1872, he married Miss Mary Keller. Four chil-
dren have been bom to them, two sons and two
daughters.

James Elliott was born on the "Emerald Isle,"
March 19th, 1823. At the age of nine years, he
crossed the Atlantic to St. Johns, New Bruns-
wick, with his parents. He remained in that
city until the age of twenty-seven, then emi-
grated to Nova Scotia and engaged in lumbering.
In 1852 he came west to Minnesota and located at
Stillwater in August of that year. He has re-
mained thereabouts and in the pineries since,
and is now living on his farm in Baytown. In
1878 he opened a farm of a half section in Swift
county, Minnesota, to which he contemplates
removing. He has been twice married; his first
wife was Bridget McBride who died in 1856.
His present wife, Sara A. Hogan, he married in
1857. They have six children, two sons and four
daughters.

Daniel S. Estabrooks was born in Maine, Sep-
tember 12th, 1836. Here he grew to manhood,
and received a good practical education. One
year before reaching his majority, he turned
westward to Oshkosh, and the year following re-
moved to Horicon, Wisconsin, where he acted as
town marshal one year. In 1858 he came to
Stillwater and engaged in business until the first
call for volunteers in 1861, when he enlisted in
Company F, Third Minnesota Volunteer In-
fantry. Four long and weary years of danger
and hardship he dedicated to the Union. He
was mustered out at the close of the war with the
rank of sergeant of ambulance corps. In Sep-

tember, 1865, he located in Baytown, and after
being engaged in farming in Wisconsin a number
of years, he again located permanently on his
farm at Oak Park. In September, 1865, he
married Mrs. Mary. E. Nickerson, widow of S.
B. Nickerson, who was killed at the battle of
Gettysburg. Mr. and Mrs. Estabrooks have four
children.

Jacob Fisher, the first man to make a claim in
Stillwater proper, was born near Hamilton, Can-
ada, November 30th, 1813. His father was ame-
clianic, and from him Jacob learned the trade of
mill-wright and carpenter. In 1835, he left home
and came to Chicago, where he remained a short
time and built a small wooden house for a citizen.
He then came to Galena, Illinois, where he re
mained till the fall of 1836, working at his trade.
Then went down the river, stopping at Fulton,
St. Louis, Vicksburg, New Orleans, Natchez and
other points in the south, where he remained
three years, returning to St. Louis in May, 1839.
There he remained till the spring of 1842, when
the spirit of adventure again siezed him, and he
came up the river to St. Croix Falls and was en-
gaged during that summer as mill-wright in
Hungerford and Livingston's mill of that place.
When winter came, he had no more to do at the
falls, so journeyed along down the river till he
came to the Tamarack house at Dakota,now Still-
water. There he remained all winter, using J. R.
Brown's court house for a capenter's shop, when
he chose to work there. In the summer of 1848,
he built a house at St. Mary's for Paul CarU, who
had made a claim there, and that fall began the
first saw-mill ever built at Stillwater. Mr. Fisher
was the pioneer mill-wright of Washington
county, having built or helped to build nearly all
the mills prior to 1855, and many later, and also
built many private- residencesand other buildings.
In 1861, enlisted and served three and one-
half years; he was with the army of the Po-
tomac in all its campaigns and actively engaged
in nearly every battle. He was wounded at
Spottsylvania Court House, and after the battle
sent to the hospital at Fort Snelling, where he
received his discharge. He was taken prisoner at
the battle of Reams station in August, 1864, but
discharged at Wilmington, after being six
months a captive. Mr. Fisher returned to Still-
water, and is now a resident of Baytown.

436

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Charles E. Estabrooks was bom at Holton,
Maine, January 15th, 1828. At the age of one
year he accompanied his parents to Milltown,
where he grew to manhood and attended the pub-
lic schools. When eighteen years of age he ap-
prenticed as a millwright, serving two years.
Soon after attaining his majority he moved to
Pennsylvania, taking charge of the timber land
for his brother for one year. In 1855 he started
for Minnnesota, locating at Stillwater the eame
year. He met and engaged with Isaac Staples,
in whose employ he has since been, with the ex-
ception of three years in the army. He enlisted
in 1862 in the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer In-
fantry, company C, which was first in the fight
against the Indians then to Murfreesboro, where
the command spent the winter. Like many
others he contracted a severe cold, resulting in a
severe sicknesss; he and forty-nine others were
taken to Lincoln barracks, twenty-three of whom
died in five days. He remained at the hospital
eleven weeks and was then ordered to Fort Snell-
ing, where he was honorably discharged. On re-
turning to his home and family, his health soon
returned and he resumed his former position,
having charge of the mill-wright department. At
the age of twenty-one he married Elizabeth Sim-
mons. Their children are now grown and mar-
ried: Mrs. Annie E. Danforth, Mrs. Mary E.
Warren, and Wilmar, who lives with his parents.

Francis W. Eiske, eldest son of David H., and
Almira Eiske, was bom at Boston, Massachu-
setts, March 1st, 1827. He came west with his
parents, and while living at Galena, Illinois,
made several excursions up the Mississippi, visit-
ing Eort Snelling, the trading hamlet of Mendota,
and visited Stillwater as early as 1844. He sub-
sequently spent a few years in lead mining in
Wisconsin, and returning to Minnesota, settled
permanently at Baytown, in 1848, where he now
Uves on his farm. In 1862 he enlisted in Com-
pany C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,
and took part in the Indian campaign, under
General Sibley, at the close of which the com-
mand was ordered south, and joined the army of
the Tennessee. He served until the close of tlic^
war, and was in many important engagementh.
His wife was Mrs. Ellen Jarvis, to whom he was
married in 1867. Mrs. Eiske has one daughter,
Ida, by her first marriage.

Michael Fortin was born April 12th, 1836, at
Ottawa, Canada. At an early age he left the
parental roof, and began learning engineering
on the lakes, and continued in it three years. He
then stopped at Detroit two years, and while
there, dredged the foot of Woodward avenue,
using the first steam dredge operated in that city.
In 1853, he came to Stillwater, and has sirice
made his home on his farm in Baytown. As an
inventor he has taken out letters patent on a
steam road wagon and traction engine combined,
issued April, 1878. It is a most ingenious affair,
and can readily be transferred to runners and
used in snow. Mr. Fortin attended the first ter-
ritorial fair, held at Fort Snelling, and has
attended every state fair since. He acted as
scout at the time of the Indian scare, taking an
active part. In 1879, he married Miss Mary Al-
verson of Baytown.

Edward C. Gamm was born in Germany, Au-
gust 24th, 1844. He learned a trade in the city
of Hamburg. He came to the United States in
1865, living five years in the city of New York,
in the piano trade. He then located on Long
Island, and entered a factory, working at scroll
sawing and turning, until ill health compelled
him to seek the more salubrious climate of Min-
nesota. Becoming a ret-ident of Stillwater ui
1875, he engaged with Seymour, Sabih and Com-
pany, for one year, then entered the service of the
St. Croix Lumber Company, and since May, 1878,
has assumed control of their factory, as foreman.
Mr. Gamm is expert in his trade, and energetic
in the performance of his duties. He was mar-
ried in New York city, in 1869, to iSliss Emily
Huhnke. Charles, Emma, and Edward are their
children.

Lemuel C. Garrison was bom in New Jersey,
March 27th, 1839. He remained with his parents
until the age of sixteen, and received a practical
school education. At that age he started for the
great west alone, and "paddled his canoe" as far
as the Wisconsin river. Here he at once boarded
a steamboat, and began to learn piloting. At the
end of four years he made a visit to the old home
of his parents, then came directly to Stillwater,
reaching here in 1860. Since then he has navi-
gated the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers, both
piloting and commanding. He is also a practica
artisan, having passed three years in machine

BA YTO WN—BIOGBAPSICAL.

437

shops at St. Louis, and often looks after all the
details of the engine-room himself. He married,
in 1872, Miss Mary E. Hiles, of Louisiana. They
have one child, Julius T.

Alexander C. Goltz is a native of Eussia, born
August 3d, 1861. He came to the United States
with his cousin, in 1875. He has since made
Stillwater his home, except a brief stay at Yank-
ton, Dakota territory. He was in the employ of
the St. Croix Lumber Company three years, and
is now a stud-ent of the Afton academy, from
which he proposes to graduate. Mr. Goltz is a
nephew of L. E. Torinus, and is a young man of
intelligence and good promise.

William E. Gove was born at Ripton, Addison
county, Vermont, October 18th, 1841. Here he
passed his youth, being chiefly engaged in farm-
ing. In 1862 he enlisted in Company G, Four-
teenth Vermont Volunteer Infantry, and served
in the army of the Potomac, until expiration of
term of service, when he was honorably disr
charged. Returning home he engaged in lum-
bering, which has been his business since. He
removed to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, in 1867,
where he resided until coming to Stillwater in
1878, at which time he accepted the position of
foreman of sash, door and blind factory of the St.
Croix Lumber Company. He married at Fond
du Lac, December 17th, 1873, Miss Ada Beer.
Their children are, Charles W., Carrie W. and
Georgia.

John Gowan is a native of New Brunswick,
bom November 3d, 1830. At the age of twenty
he crossed over to the states, coming direct to
Minnesota, and reached Stillwater in 1850. Six
years later he purchased and settled on his pres-
ent farm in Baytown. From 1850 to 1865 he was
engaged in logging on the St. Croix and tribu-
taries. During this time he cut and floated many
millions feet of logs down the St. Croix. Mr.
Gowan was married to Miss Hannah Curtis.
They have twelve children. The eldest, Marga-
ret A., is wife of Eugene O'Neil.

Frederick Gramenz was born in Prussia, Oc-
tober 2d, 1838. Here he was reared by his par-
ents and received his education. Crossing to
America in 1868, he stopped one year in Milwau-
kee, thence to Stillwater. After spending one
season on the river he engaged with Schulenburg
and Boeckeler Lumber Company, two years, after

which he located at his present home in South
Stillwater. He at once entered the employ of the
St. Croix Lumber Company, with which corpora-
tion he has since remained a trusted and valued
employe. His marriage with Miss Augusta
Beutsche, of Stillwater, a native of Prussia, oc-
curred April 22d, 1878. They have one child,
Clara.

Charles Gray was born in Franklin county, New
York, April 2d, 1817, at a place originally known
as "French Mills," which after the war of 1812,
was changed to Fort Collington, in honor of Gen.
Collington, who was killed in an engagement at
that point, with the British forces. When six-
teen years of age Mr. Gray moved with his par-
ents to St. Lawrence county, where he remained
until twenty years old. In 1836, he came to Michi-
gan, and after remaining two years returned to
his parents' home. In 1846, he again came westi
and settled at Diamond Lake, Illinois, and in
1855, came to Minnesota, locating at Stillwater
the same fall. Passing the winter in the pineries,
the next spring he went to Baytown and worked
for Socrates Nelson, in the first mill con-
structed at that place. August 13th, 1862, he en-
listed in Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volun-
teer Infantry, and served through the Indian
campaign under General Sibley. On account of
a serious disease of the eyes and temporary blind-
ness, he was honorably discharged in 1864. He
is now in charge of the St. Croix Lumber Com-
pany's stables, having the entire confidence of
his employers. Mr. Gray has been tvnce married.
His first wife, Mary M. Soper, died in 1848; his
present wife was Miss Mary Gilder, whom he
married in 1853. They have five sons and four
daughters.

Michael Huhnke was born in Germany, De-
cember 25th, 1838. He learned the trade of car-
penter, in the land of his nativity, and came to
America in 1865, locating at Jersey City, New Jer-
sey, remaining five years. He came to Stillwater in
1871, and followed his trade until he engaged
with the St. Croix Lumber Company, in their
sash, door and blind factory. In 1869, he married
Miss Augusta Guse. Six children have been
born to them, all of whom are living.

E. C. Iverson was bom at Calmar, Iowa,
April, 1856. He attended the graded schools of
Winona, Minnesota, completing his course at La

438

HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Crosse Business College. After finishing his
studies, he was book-keeper in the bank of Lan-
esboro, afterward cashier until 1877. He then
opened the bank of Caledonia for Sprague and
Easton, and continued there until he made a tour
through the west, visiting Yankton, Dakota ter-
ritory, and other points. In 1879, he came to
Stillwater and accepted the position of book-
keeper for the St. Croix Lumber Company at
South Stillwater.

Nels Jantzen is a native of one of the islands
of Denmark, born July 30th, 1842. When a child
of two years, he removed to the mainland with his
parents, where he was reared to manhood by
them, in the rtteantime receiving a good school
and musical education. In 1870, he came across
the Atlantic and proceeded directly to Minnesota.
With the exception of one year spent in traveling
through Arkansas, Tennessee. Mississippi and
other states, this state has since been his home.
He has worked at the carpenter's trade. In 1873,
he married Miss Christiana Olson, of Lansing,
Iowa, who has borne him three children.

Leonard Kemp was born in Hesse-Darmstadt,
August 9th, 1854. When an infant, he was
brought to America by -his parents, who settled in
Indiana. Here he was reared to the age o'f four-
teen, and in 1868, came to Hudson, Wisconsin.
After a stay of two years, he came to Grant
township and lived with his parents, who had re-
moved to that locality. In 1875, he came to Bay-
town, and has since been engaged with his father-
in-law, John Marty in farming. He was married
to Miss Anna M. Marty in 1875. They are the
parents of three children: Vernie, Christiana and
Anna.

George Kockis a native of the city of Germany,
bom Jan. 8th, 1837. He passed his youth with his
parents, receiving a good education. He learned
a trade in Germany, and came to America in
April, 1867. He made his home first at Ilobo-
ken. New Jersey, working at carpentering eight
years, then removed to Stillwater. He was in the
employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company until
1878, at which time he entered the service of tlie
St. Croix Lumber Company, and is still engaged
in their extensive factory. Mr. Kock was mar-
ried in 1867 to Miss Margaret Wick, by whom he
has six children: George, Eddie, Charles, Lena,
Anna and Emma.

John C. Lewis was bom in Rock Island county,
Illinois, 1848. He was taken by his parents
when an infant to what is now La Crosse county,
Wisconsin. Here he remained until fifteen years
of age, when he removed with his parents to the
village of Elver Falls, at which place he has
made his home a greater part of the time since.
He came to South StUlwater first to take charge
of the public schools, and is now the principal.
In 1875 he married Miss Jennie Austin, who has
borne him one child, Charles.

Lawrence Maddock, deceased, one of the old
settlers of Baytown, was a native of New Bruns-
wick, bom in 1827. After reaching manhood he
followed lumbering in the province until 1856,
when he came to the states and located at Bay-
town, engaged also in lumbering until hLs death,
which occurred December, 1880. He was a man
of good character, loved and mourned by aU who
knew him. His widow, Mary Maddock nee Kain,
was also bom in New Bnmsvsdck, and married to
him in 1855. She lived with him the remainder
of his life and still resides at the old homestead
in Baytown. She has eight children, five sons
and three daughters. Mary, the eldest, is the
wife of John McGowan, of Stillwater.

John Marty is a native of Switzerland, bom
1823. He received a fair education, and Uved
with his parents until eighteen years of age. He
then went to France and learned the art of man-
ufacturing straw goods; he spent several years in
Paris, Marseilles and other cities, working at hat
making, etc. In 1846 he took passage for Amer-
ica, landing at the port of New Orleans. Shortly
after, he proceeded up the Mississippi, and after
visiting cities on the way, reached Stillwater in
1848. Two years later he entered a claim, his
present farm, in Baytown, where he has since
lived. At St. Paul, 1856, he married Anna M.
Henry. They have only one child living, Anna
M., wife of Leonard Kemp, of Baytown.

J. P. Mclntyre was born at St. Albans, Ver-
mont, in 1836. He learned the trade of moulder
with the St. Albans Foundry Company, and con-
tinued in their employ twenty-three years. In
1873 he took charge of the Jackson machine
works, Jackson, Michigan, where he remained
until beginning business for himself at Athens.
Here he perfected the process of making crystal-
ized iron, known as Mclntyre's crystalized iron.

BA YTO WN—B TOQBAPHIGAL.

439

used in plows and all implements requiring a
hard finish; he also invented the center draft
plow. In 1861 he enlisted in the Pirst Vermont
Infantry ; re-enlisted in Seventh Vermont In-
fantry for three years, then re-enUsted as a vete-
ran for three years, and was honorably dis-
charged March 6th, 1865. He came to Stillwater
in 1879, and has since had the management of
the St^ Croix Lumber Company's iron works,
where he is at present located. Mr. Mclntyre
has been twice married; his first wife, Miss E. J.
Forest died at Champlain, New York; he married
Miss Louise Stannard in 1870. He has a family
of seven children.

Hugh McKenzie, proprietor of the South Still-
water steam rendering and soap factory, is a na-
tive of Upper Canada. In 1845 his parents
removed to Maine with him, and afterward to
Pennsylvania. He received an academic and
business education, and is a graduate of the
Pittsburgh business college. He learned the
manufacture of potash and soap with the Penn-
sylvania Soda and Salt Manufacturing Company.
Enlisted April 21st, 186i, in Company E, Tenth
Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. He served in the
army of the Potomac, from the beginning to the
close of the war; he was discharged with the
rank of orderly sergeant. He came to Stillwater
in 1875, where he still resides. He married Miss
Hose White in 1878, who has borne him one
son.

Brunson E. Meigs, is a native of Canada East,
born March 9th, 1836. He removed with his
parents to Arena, Iowa county, Wisconsin; here
and at Stevens Point, Pine river and other places
along the Wisconsin river, he was engaged until
1857, in the meantime learning the trade of saw-
yer. He first came to Minneapolis, Minnesota,
remaining two years, thence to Idaho City, where
he passed two years in mining. After making
an extensive tour through Washington, Oregon
and California, he returned to his former home
ia 1865. He engaged in milUng in that section
until 1870. Six years later he located at South
Stillwater, and entered the employ of the St.
Croix Lumber Company, as head sawyer. He
has since been in the employ of that corporation.
Married Miss Minnie Meffert in 1872. WiUiam
C, Plorilla E., Minnie and Estella, are their
children.

Frederick Mercier, deceased, was bom in Can-
ada, 1834. He came to Wisconsin twenty-five
years ago, and in 1876, located at South Still-
water, where he remained until his death in 1879.
His widow, Mrs. Mary Mercier, is a native of Ire-
land, but came to Canada in infancy, with her
parents. She is now proprietress of a boarding-
house in South Stillwater. She has seven children.

Hugh O'Neal was born in St. Lawrence comity
New York, December 14th, 1844. On reaching
his majority, he came westward, and after passing
one summer in Illinois, came to Stillwater in 1865.
He made this city his home until 1877, when he
purchased his present home in South Stillwater.
Has been continuously on the waters of the St.
Croix and Mississippi, in the capacity of either en-
gineer or pilot. At one time he owned a one-
third interest in the steamer "Minnie Will," but
the boat was wrecked on the rocks off New Bos-
ton, Ilhnois. The loss, which was total, was a
severe financial reverse; he has since been running
the tug-boats for the St. Croix Lumber Company.
He was married, 1875, to Mrs. Anna A. Spencer,
who has borne him one son.

Mrs. Susan Parker, nee Cover was born in West-
moreland county, Pennsylvania, and came west
to St. Louis with the family. In 1848, she was
married to John Parker, deceased, and removed
to this state with her husband. After a residence
of two years at St. Croix Falls, they located at her
present home in Baytown, where she has since
resided. Mrs. Parker has had three children:
Edwin E., the eldest was kUled by the explosion
of the steamer Penn Wright, near Winona, at
the age of twenty-four. EUa is the wife of Henry
Perry, of Stillwater; John C. is unmarried and
lives with his mother.

Sylvester Perro is a native of the North Star
state, born at Baytown in 1852, and was the first
white child born in that town. His childhood
was passed at his native home, and when fifteen
years of age, w^ent with his father, who was a
pilot on river-rafts to learn what he could of river
navigation. After accompanying his father four
or five years, he boarded the Lady Pike to ac-
quire a knowledge of steamboat piloting. Work-
ing two seasons on the steamers, he then went to
the Bed Elver of the N orth as a pilot and passed
each season there, until 1880, and the winters at
home.

440

HlSTOIiY OF WASHIJ^GTON COUNTY.

Asa E. Peterson was born at Eoyalton, New
Brunswick, March 6th, 1856. He remamed with
his parents till the age of nineteen. His educa-
tion was acquired at home and at Frederickton,
completing his course at the Frederickton mili-
tary academy, from which he holds a commission
with the rank of lieutenant. He emigrated to
Whitefield, New Hampshire, at the age of nine-
teen, where he engaged as shipping clerk for the
Brown Lumber Company. Returning home in
1878 he remained one year, then came to Still-
water and entered the service of Hersey, Bean
and Brown for a brief period, then with the St.
Croix Lumber Company as assistant book-keeper
where he still remains.

Edward S. Pitman was born at Penobscot,
Maine, in 1835. He remained with his parents
until the age of twenty, receiving in the mean-
tine his education at the public schools. He
visited Stillwater in 1855, in company with Josiah
Batohelder, but proceeded to St. Croix Falls,
where he engaged in lumbering two years. In
1864 he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Minne-
sota Volunteer Infantry, and served until honor-
ably discharged in June, 1865. Returning, he
made his home at Marine, Washington county,
until 1877, then removed to South Stillwater,
where he assumed the management of the St.
Croix Lumber Company's hotel and has since re-
mained in that capacity. Married Miss Christine
Johnson in 1862, who has borne him four child-
ren. The living are Lizzie and A. L.

J. S. Potter was born at Shaftsbury, 'Vermont.
His father conceived the idea of planting a col-
ony in Texas, and accordingly gathered a com-
pany about him and started on his journey,
taking his family with him. At this time his
son, J. S., was a lad of twelve years. At Natchi-
toches, Louisiana, he prepared his outfit and
started for his looked-for land. To the dismay
of the colonists, Mr. Potter, their leader, died on
the way. In less than two years, J. S. Pot-
ter started on his return trip to his former home,
at Granville, New York, with his invalid mother,
arriving after a long and wearisome journey. In
1858, he came west, making his home in St. Paul
for ten years, then went to Redwood Falls. He
engaged in farming in that township four years,
then returned to St. Paul. The year following
he located at South Stillwater, where he has since

been in the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Com-
pany. His wife was Miss Emeline Brown, whom
he married in 1848. They have four sons and
one daughter.

Frederick Schaser, is a native of Switzerland,
born in 1825. Here he received his education
and remained until the age of twenty-three. He
then sailed for America, and landed at New Or-
leans. Soon after he came to Stillwater, and at
this place made his home the next six years, en-
gaged in the pineries and in the mills. In 1855,
he purchased and settled on his present farm in
Baytown. In 1854, he was married at Stillwater,
to Miss Barbara Marty. Their children are Fred-
erick and Barbara.

Ambrose Secrest was born at Salem, Indiana,
1821. He removed with his parents, near Indian-
apolis at the age of ten years. He gave his at-
tention to farming and coopering till 1852, when
they removed to Stillwater. Immediately follow-
ing his arrival, that dreaded plague, cholera,
visited his household, and his wife, mother, two
brothers, sister, daughter and father, were taken
from him by death. Mr. Secrest, being among the
early settlers, secured a home with pleasant sur-
roundings at an early day. His pursuits are chiefly
milling and farming. His present wife was Mrs.
M. O. Griffith, of Stillwater, to whom he was
married in 1867. They have reared a large family
of children, only one of whom resides at the old
homestead.

Robert Slaughter was born at Cornwall, Can-
ada, September, 1839. Here he learned the trade
of miller, and in 1864 removed to Peshtigo, Wis-
consin. Here he resided until after the fire of
1871, at which time he met with considei-able
loss. Removing to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, he
engaged in car-building, and railroad construc-
tion, until the spring of 1877, since which time he
has followed millwrighting, etc. He became a
resident of Stillwater the next year and assumed
the management of the St. Croix Lumber Com-
pany works at South Stillwater, where he still re-
sides. His marriage with Miss A. A. Whitney,
of Fond du Lac, took place 1873.
. Mrs. Margaret Smith, widow of the late Wm.
Smith, is a native of the province of New Bruns-
wick, born in 1819. When a child her parents
removed to Calais, Maine. Here she grew to
maturity, and was married, and in 1856 came to

BAYTO WN-— BIOGRAPHICAL.

441

Stillwater with her husband. Making her home
in this city until 1867, she purchased and removed
to her present country seat at Baytown. Her
late husband, William Smith, died at Stillwater
in 1857. Her children are Alfred W., Frank,
James and Eva.

Miss Eva Smith was born at Calais, Maine, and
came to Stillwater in childhood with her parents,
Margaret and William Smith. She received a
common school education, and at an early age
obtained a certificate to teach in the Stillwater
public schools, where she has been employed as a
teacher continuously since. She now has charge
of the "Schulenburg school." Her life has been
a busy one, and she has in the meantime ob-
tained quite a fortune.

Jefferson L. Smith was born at Kingsbury,
Maine, 1 838. He followed lumbering a few years,
and in 1861 enlisted in Company D, Tenth Maine
Infantry. He received a severe wound in the
hip at the battle of Antietam; was also twice
wounded at the battle of Fisher's Hill. He
was honorably discharged in 1865. The same
year he came to Minneapolis, as assistant engineer
in the improvement of the Falls of St. Anthony
for three years; after which he was a lumberman
until engaging with the St. Croix Lumber Com-
pany at the time of their organization at Still-
water. He married Miss Mary Kannar in 1868.
They have three sons and three daughters.

John B. Starkweather was born in Wayne
county, Pennsylvania, May 3d, 1838. He was
left an orphan at the age of eleven years. Hav-
ing attended the public schools in his native
place, he completed his educational course at the
Wayne County University. After learning the
trade of machinist he came to Winona, Minne-
sota, in 1857. He pursued his trade there until
1878; when he came to Stillwater and engaged
with Seymour, Sabin and Company two years.
Since that time he has been engaged with the St.
Croix Lumber Company. In 1856 he married
Miss Mary E. Hedley, who has borne him three
children, Fred L., Harry and Minnie.

John H. Underwood was born in New Bruns-
wick in 1832, of Scotch arid English ancestry.
Here he grew to manhood, and in early life en-
gaged in lumbering pursuits. In 1856 he came to
Stillwater, and shortly afterward settled in South
Stillwater where he has since resided, having

been on his present home site for the past eight-
een years. His wife, Grace Underwood nee
Clyde, was also born in New Brunswick. She
remained with her parents until her marriage
with Mr. Underwood in 1854. She had in the
meantime received a liberal education and the
best of home training. Nine children have been
born to them, Alexander, John, Henry, Albert,
Allen, Frank, Maggie, Isabella and Grace. Mr.
and Mrs. Underwood are among the early settlers
of Baytown.

George Wilcox is a native of Buffalo, New
York, born February 22d, 1862. He came to St.
Paul with his parents at the age of seven years,
where he attended the graded schools. He com-
menced his trade as engineer at Chaska, Minne-
sota, with his father, and has had considerable
experience in stationary and marine engineering.
He is at present in the employ of the St. Croix
Lumber Company.

Henry W. Wissinger, son of the early pioneers,
William and Margaret Wissinger, is a native of
the "North Star" state, born at Stillwater, in
1858. He attended the public schools of Still-
water and Baytown, and has received a good edu-
cation. He chose the trade of machinist, begin-
ning with the St. Croix Lumber Company in
1874, with which he has since remained, and is
now well advanced in his trade.

William Wissinger is a native of Baden, Ger-
many, born in 1814. He came to America in
1851, and proceeded direct to Stillwater, where
he remained nearly one year, then purchased and
improved his present homestead at Oak Park.
His occupation is that of a stone mason, having
assisted in the construction of some of the prin-
cipal buildings of Stillwater. His wife, Mar-
garet, was also born at Baden, Germany, in 1820.
At the age of twenty, she married Mr. Wissinger
and came with him to America. They have three
children, William, Jacob and Henry W.

John Whalen was born in Queens county, Ire-
land, 1817. When eight years old his parents
crossed the ocean, settling in the province of New
Brunswick. Here he grew to manhood and fol-
lowed the calling of lumberman until 1852, when
he came to Minnesota and located at his present
home in Baytown. He has since been in the oc-
cupations of logging and farming. His wife was
Miss Mary Gowan, whom he married in 1844, and

442

HISTOMY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

who has borne him eight children: Margaret,
Francis B., Annie, Katie M., William, John F.,
Mary J. and Libbie E.

Alonzo C. Wakefield was born in Newport,
New Hampshire, August 8th, 1840. At the age
of seven he accompanied his parents to Illinois,
where he remained for six years and attended
school. Then removed to Minnesota and at-
tended the Ilamline University at Red Wing.
Enlisted in Company F, Sixth Infantry, and
served in the Indian campaign; then through the
south. Came to Stillwater in 1873 and has since
worked la lumber mills. Marcied in 1876, wife
died in 1878.

Jeremiah Whelan is a native of Ireland, born
March 31st, 1822. At the age of eighteen he
crossed the Atlantic and settled in the province
of New Brunswick, where he engaged in his call-
ing as a lumberman. In 1849 he removed to the
states and came to Stillwater, at that time only a
lumbering hamlet. For the succeeding fifteen
years he was a prominent lumberman on the St.
Croix river and tributaries. He purchased his
present valuable farm in Bay town in 1859, and
located on it ten years later. Mr. Whelan was
married in 1864 to Miss Annie Whalen. They
are the parents of one son and six daughters.

WUUs U. Wright was born at Painesville, Ohio,
1852. When a child of two years he came with
his parents to Linden, Wisconsin, where he
passed his childhood days and received his educa-
tion. At the age of fifteen he went to Black
Biver Falls and entered the service of the West
Wisconsin Railroad and began the study of tele-
graphy. After a few years he was placed in
charge of Hersey Station, and after serving two
years was assigned the important station of Still-
water Junction, having served in that capacity
seven years. He was married in 1874 to Miss
Libbie Curtis. They are the parents of three
children, Eugene, Elva and Maud.

Godfrey Zacher was born in Prussia, Novem-
ber 8th, 1829. When a boy of ten he crossed the
sea and became a resident of Buffalo, New York,
where he lived thirty years. He then came west
and located on his present farm in Baytown. His
trade is that of carpenter and builder. At Buf-
falo, New York, in 1853 he was married to Augus-
ta Hoffmeister, who has borne him six children,
five of whom are living.

OAKDALE.

CHAPTER LX.

DESCRIPTION — FIRST SETTLEMENT — TOWN OR-
GANIZED-WAR RECORD— CHURCHES— SCHOOLS
— POST-OFFICE— VILLAGES-ROADS— PRODUCTS
— BIOGRAPHICAL.

The township of Oakdale is located near the cen-
ter of the western tier of towns in Washington
county, and contains thirty-six sections. It is
bounded on the north by the town of Grant,
south by Woodbury, east by Baytown and Lake-
land, and west by New Canada, Ramsey county.
In its unimproved state would be called a tim-
bered town with a fair growth of white, black,
burr oak, or what might be called oak openings,
among which may be found some elm and bass-
wood; practically it is well stocked with wood.
The soil varies somewhat from a Ught sandy to
a heavy ■ clay. Some portions of the town are
quite level, but a larger part is broken and hilly.
About two-thirds of the township is under cul-
tivation; there are many excellent farms with fine
improvements. Showing what the industry and
enterprise of man can do, when properly directed
towards reducing the wilderness to a state of
cultivation. The drainage of the town is excel-
lent; within its boundaries are some fine lakes in
such close proximity, that they might be called a
chain of lakes, extending from the north-west to
the south-east corners of the town. On the north
is Long Lake, located in section 5, and extending
into Grant town; it is about a mile in length, with
high banks and deep beds of lime rock, is fed
from a beautiful spring of clear water that issues
from its rocky banks. A short distance to the
south-oast appears Lake De Monteville, occupy-
ing about two-thirds of a section. It is irregular
in shape, with fine banks covered with a light
growth of timber. This lake is well stocked with
fish, and received its name from the first
settler in that locality. Dr. C. De Monteville,
who opened a farm on its eastern shore
in 1863. Still further on in a south-easterly

OAKDALE— ORGANIZATION.

443

direction we find Lake Jane, a beautiful and
almost round sheet of water, with rather low
beaches, except on the south, which has a fine
shaded shore and a beautiful grove used as picnic
grounds. It also has a good supply of fish, and
is mucli resorted to. A little distance further on
to the south-east comes Sun-fish lake, which
occupies about one-quarter of a section, and a
few rods to the south lays Lake Elmo —a beauti-
ful lake, one and a half miles in length, with high
shores. Its former name was Bass lake, but after
the completion of the railroad, the company
through their agent, A. B. Stickney, began to
make improvements on the north shore, fitting
it up for a summer resort and changing the name
to Lake Elmo, in honor of Mr. Stickney's wife.
Now with its large and roomy hotel, its beautiful
surroundings, its fine bath-houses, and its sail-
boats, it makes a splendid resort for the excur-
sionist. A mile west of Elmo is located Eagle
Point lake, in sections twenty-two and twenty-
seven, taking its name from its peculiar shape.
Other lakes of smaller size are located in differ,
ent parts of the town; all combine to furnish a
supply of water and drainage not equalled by
any other town in the county.

FIRST SETTLEMENT.

_ The first settlement made in the town was by
John Morgan in December 1849. He made a
claim of one hundred and sixty acres on section
20, and built his house on the St. Paul and Still-
water road. The house has since been known
as the half-way house, which was opened to ac-
commodate the travel by stages between St.
Paul and Stillwater. Mr. Morgan was one of
those active and energetic men who stamp with
their intelligence, everything around them. Com-
ing into the wilderness as the first sheriff of
Washington county, under the then territorial
law, his professional duties called hiin from the
home of his adoption, often keeping him away
for days at a time. Still he found time to make
improvements in his new home, which were the
•first made in the town. But such men have a
magnetism about them which attracts others.
And in 18o0 came Maurice Malone, and located
a land warrant on sections 13 and 24. The same
fall his brother, Cornelius Malone, purchased
fifty acres of him, and they together began to

make improvements. In 1851, came Gr. H. Loh-
mann and his brother John, and settled on section
12. They opened the way for a large settle-
ment of Lohmanns who settled in the north-east-
ern part of the town. In the same year came
Patrick Day and settled on section 12. In 1854
came Arthur Stephen, and the following year,
W. P. Gray. Prom that time on the settlements
were rapid, and new farms were opened up very
fast. The echo of the pioneers axe was heard
throughout the town, and the march of civiliza-
tion began to leave its foot-prints in every quar-
ter of the township.

TOWN OEQANIZATION.

The town organization was effected Novem-
ber 1st, 1858, at an adjourned meeting of the
voters held at the house of B. B. Cyphers, known
as the Lake house. The meeting was called to
order and E. G. Gray chosen chairman, and Wil-
liam Armstrong, clerk. The following officers
were elected: E. G. Gray, John Bershen, E. L.
Morse, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk; Bobert
Aldrich, assessor and coUecter; Arthur Stephen
and C. Manny, justices; Robert Gray and Robert
Stephens, constables. On motion the next an-
nual meeting was to be held at the house of E.
G. Gray. The second annual meeting was caUed
to order at the house of E. G. Gray, April 6th,
1859, Robert Aldrich in the chair. On motion,
A. Stephen was appointed clerk pro tern. On
counting the votes it was found that the follow-
ing officers were elected: Arthur Stephen, John
Bershen and Maurice Malone, supervisors; W.
Armstrong, clerk; E. G. Gray, assessor; Robert
Aldrich, treasurer; P. Day and C. Manny, jus-
tices. On motion it was voted to hold the annual
meeting at the Lake house. Eirst meeting of
town supervisors was held at the clerk's office, A.
Stephen, in the chair. On motion it was voted
to divide the town into two road districts, dis-
trict number one to comprise the two south tiers
of sections, number two, the balance of the town.
The adjourned meeting was called to order at the
clerk's ofiice April 21st, 1859. On motion a two
days' poll tax was assessed, to be performed in
said town during the ensuing year, also a land
road tax of one-quarter of one per cent, on the
real estate of the town.

Special meeting, July 5th, 1859. On motion

444

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

it was voted to call a special meeting of the
voters of the town to be held at the office of B.
B. Cyphers, to vote a tax for the purpose of de-
fraying the expenses of the current year. The
first tax raised was $150. Annual town meeting
for the election of officers was held at the Lake
house, April 3d, 1860. The following officers
were elected: Isaac L. Carpenter, Peter Heniker
and Michael Classon, supervisors; W. Armstrong,
clerk; E. G. Gray, assessor and treasurer; Louis
Fisher, justice; H. Frank, road overseer of
district number one; Louis Fisher, road over-
seer of district number two.

June 26th, 1860. The board met and appointed
E. G. Gray first superintendent of schools for
Oakdale. July 10th, 1860. A special town
meeting to vote a tax of $175 for the current ex-
penses of the year. March 26th, 1861. At a
special meeting of the board it was voted to divide
the town into four school districts with nine sec-
tions in each district.

The annual meeting was called to order at the
Lake house, April 2d, 1861. Arthur Stephen in
the chair. E. G. Gray, clerk pro (em. A resolu-
tion was passed in favor of voting a tax of |180
for the support of public schools; at the same
meeting a tax of $150 was voted for current ex-
penses. Elected E. G. Gray, Michael Classon
and Maurice Malone, supervisors; I. L. Car-
penter, assessor and treasurer; W. Armstrong,
clerk; C. Manny, justice.

Annual town meeting was called to order at
the Lake house, April 1st, 1862. I. L. Carpen-
ter in the chair. After the annual report the fol-
lowing officers were elected: E. G. Gray, W. C.
Hempstead and A. Stephen, supervisors; W. Arm-
strong, clerk; I. L. Carpenter, assessor and
treasurer.

The annual town meeting was called at the
Lake house, April 7th, 1863, J. P. Boyd in the
chair. Elected, E. G. Gray, John Glady, James
P. Boyd, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk; Pat-
rick Day, assessor; W. C. Hempstead, treasurer.
The annual town meeting was called at the Lake
house, April 5th, 1864, and elected J. P. Boyd,
Maurice Malone, J. C. Smith, supervisors; W.
Armstrong, clerk. The annual town meeting
was caUed to order at the Lake house, April 4th,
1865, A. Stephen in the chair. Elected, E. G.
Gray, Maurice Malone, J. C. Smith, supervisors;

W. Armstrong, clerk. A tax of $150 was voted
for current expenses. The annual was called to
order at the Lake house, A. Stephens in the
chair. Elected, E. G. Gray, Maurice Malone,
John Bershen, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk.
A tax of $200 was voted for current expenses.

The annual meeting met at the Lake house,
April 2d, 1867, and elected E. G. Gray, Maurice
Malone, John Bershen, supervisors; W. Arm-
strong, clerk. A tax of one-half of one per cent,
was voted for roads.

Annual meeting was called at the Lake house,
April 11th, 1868, and elected E. G. Gray, M. Ma-
lone, John D. Glady, supervisors. A tax of $200
was voted for current expenses.

The annual meeting was called at the Lake
house April 6th, 1869, C. H. Mix in the chair.
Elected M. Malone, P. Day, Jacob Marty, super-
visors; W. Armstrong, clerk. Voted a tax of
1200 for current expenses.

At a meeting of the board of supervisors held
at the clerk's office April 7th, 1869, to consider a
bill presented by J. N. Castle, lawyer, for $130,
for services rendered the town as defendant in
case of Henry Besti, plaintiff, to recover damages
by reason of opening a road through his land,
said Besti enters action on ground that there was
no road laid out there. The town defended the
case before the district court at StiUwater, June
1869. A verdict rendered in favor of defendant.
The board allowed a biU of $100, and voted an
additional tax of $100 on expenses.

The annual meeting was called at the Lake
House, April 4th, 1870, and elected Maurice Ma-
lone, Patrick Day and Henry Frank, supervisors;
W. Armstrong, clerk; a road tax of one-half
per cent, was voted. The meeting adjourned
to meet March 14th, 1871, in accordance with an
act of the legislature requiring the towns of the
county to hold their annual elections on the sec-
ond Tuesday in March.

The annual election was held at the Lake
House, March 14th, 1871, and elected Adolph
Wier, John Dersh and C. Malone, supervisors;
Isaac L. Carpenter, clerk.

The annual meeting was called at the Lake
House, March 12th, 1872, and elected Adolph
Wier, C. Malone and W. Bershen, supervisors;
Patrick Day, clerk; a tax of $200 was voted for
current expenses.

OAKDALE—WAB BECORD.

44-5

The annual meeting held at the Lake House,
March nth, 1873, elected John Bershen, C. Ma-
lone and Prank H. Folsom, supervisors; P. Day,
clerk; voted a tax of five mills for current ex-
penses.

The annual meeting was held at the Lake
House, March 16th, 1874, officers elected; W.
Jennings, A. Wier and Andrew Holtzheimer, su-
pervisors; voted a tax of five mills for cun-ent ex-
penses.

Annual meeting held at the Lake house,
March 9th, 1875, ofiBcers elected; John Bershen,
Maxwell P. Day and G. H. Lohmann, supervisors;
Thomas Eamsden, clerk; a tax of two mills voted
for expenses.

At the annual meeting March 14th, 1876, the
officers elected were John Bershen, M. P. Gray
and G. H. Lohmann, supervisors; voted a tax of
one-quarter of one per cent, for roads.

1877. Annual meeting held at the Lake House,
the ofiBcers elected were, John Bershen, G. H.
Lohmann and M. P^ Gray, supervisors; voted $500
•for the road districts.

The annual meeting held at the Lake House,
March 12th, 1878; elected, M. P. Gray, Peter
Perrie and George Kern, supervisors; voted a tax
of two mills for expenses.
• Annual meeting at Lake house, March 11th,
1879, elected, M. P. Gray, George Kern and Peter
Perrie; supervisors; P. Day, clerk; W.Armstrong,
treasurer.

Annual meeting held at Lake house, March
9th, 1880; officers elected, M. P. Gray, H. B.
Volmer and George Kern, supervisors; P. Day,
clerk; voted a tax of two mills for expenses.

WAE EECOED.

During the great war of the rebellion, the citi-
zens of Oakdale township were not behind in
their patriotism, but came forward with men and
money, as the action of the town board in their
subsequent meetings will show. -A special meet-
ing of the board was called at the house of E. G.
Gray, February 22d, 1864, to consider the means
necessary to fill their quota. On motion it was
voted to issue bonds of suflflcient amount, pay-
able in one year, at eight per cent, interest, to be
negotiated to the best advantage. At the same
meeting the following order was made: "We do
hereby order and levy a tax of $2,500, to be levied

and collected on the taxable property of the town
of Oakdale, for the purpose of paying bounties of
volunteers and expenses of enlistment of same.
The said tax so levied to be collected the current
year, and the clerk is hereby ordered to notify
the county auditor of the levying of the tax so
that it may be extended on the tax roll of 1864.
August 6th, 1864, a special meeting was called at
the Lake house, to consider the propriety of bor-
rowing money on the town bonds to fill the quota
due from Oakdale under the call of the presi-
dent for 500,000 men. Again, January 5th,
1865, another meeting was called at the Lake
house to again fill their quota. A. Stephen in
the chair, W. Armstrong, clerk. The following
resolution was offered:

"Whereas, A call having been made by the
president for 300,000 more' men, and,

"Whereas, Our quota under said call is pre-
sumed to be five men.

Resolved, That we are in favor of procuring
said men by paying bounties to volunteers, and
do hereby authorize the board of supervisors to
carry the same into effect by appointing such per-
son or persons as they may deem fit to do so, and
we further place at their disposal the sums sub-
scribed for that purpose."

Whereupon the citizens present, stepped for-
ward and subscribed sums in cash to the amount of
$1 ,500, on the bonds. Meeting adjourned t« n;ieet
Monday, January 9th, 1865. The adjourned meet-
ing was called to order at the Lake house, J. P.
Boyd in the chair. The various sums subscribed
at the former meeting were paid in and bonds is-
sued for the money, due in fifteen months from
date. Other bonds were issued at the same meet-
ing due in fifteen months, to take the place of
bonds issued at the previous meetings, soon due.
The board also authorized the county treasurer
to receive the "One year Oakdale war bounty
bonds," in payment of town taxes to the amount
of fifty per cent, on principal of said bonds.

The last chapter of the war record of Oakdale.
At a meeting held at the clerk's oflBce, March 28th ,
1865, the following order was issued: "The un-
dersigned board of supervisors of Oakdale, in ac-
cordance with a vote of the citizens of the town,
taken on the 6th day of August, 1864, and on the
5th day of January, 1865, do hereby levy a tax of
14,000, the same to be charged to the taxable prop-

'14fi

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

erty of the town of Oakdale, for the year 1865,
for the purpose of paying the bonds issued by the
town to pay bounties to volunteers. Signed, J. B.
Boyd, chairman of board of supervisors; Maurice
Malone, and Joseph C. Smith."

CHURCHES.

The St. John's German Lutheran Church was
organized August, 1855, with a membership of
nineteen, under the ministry of the Kev. P. W.
Wier. They held their first meetings in the
house of A. Boese, on section twelve, until 1856,
when they built a new house of worship on the
St. Paul and Stillwater road in the edge of Bay-
town. In 1862, on account of a clause in the
creed of the old established church requiring pri-
vate confessions, to which the pastor and a por-
tion of the church strongly adhered, while another
portion dissented, caused a division of the church.
The pastor and a small portion of his congrega-
tion came into Oakdale and erected a small
church in which they worshipped until 1874,
when they built their present beautiful edifice,
with a tower eighty-five feet high, containing a
fine toned bell, whose Sabbath morning tones
call into this sacred temple one hundred and
thirty-nine communicants. It is a large and
prosperous society. They also have in connec-
tion a parochial school, which had been ui charge
of the pastor, Eev. Mr. "Wier, until 1868, when
they employed a German and English teacher;
the school now has an attendance of seventy
pupils. A fine cemetery lies adjacent to the
church, in which rest the loved ones of the society
gone before.

Church of the Holy Angels. Under the minis-
trations of Kev. Pather Piatt, of Stillwater, the
society of the Holy Angels was organized in the
winter of 1869, at the house of John Bershen, on
section thirty-three, where the meetings were
held until 1871, when a church was built. W.
Armstrong, one of the active members of the so-
ciety, did much to make it a success. In 1872,
an excellent bell was added to the church, wliicli
was dedicated by the Kev. Pather Sherrer. Tliey
have a beautiful cemetery connected with the
church. The many marble slabs erected here
and there in its sacred inclosure indicate that
many loved ones connected with the society, have
found a resting place. The first person buried

here was Adam Egan. The first person married
in the church was Jacob Engelsburg.

SCHOOLS.

At a special meeting of the board of supervis-
ors, held at the clerk's oflBce, June 26th, 1860, the
subject of making provision for the education of
the children of the town, was discussed, and on
motion, E. G. Gray was appointed superintend-
ent of schools. At a subsequent meeting held at
the clerk's oflBce, March 26th, 1861, it was voted
to sub-divide the town into four school districts of
nine sections each. At the annual meeting held
at the house of B. B. Cyphers, April 2d, 1861, a
tax of 1180, was voted for schools. At a meet-
ing of the legal voters of sub-district number
three, held July 29th, 1861, with E. G. Gray in
the chair, and Thomas Armstrong, clerk; elected
John Bershen, William Evans and Henry Prank,
trustees; W. Armstrong, clerk. At the same
meeting a tax of three pei: cent, was voted, to
build and locate a house on the north-west comer
of section 29. Many alterations were made in_
the boundaries of the district. By an act of the
legislature of 1862, the number was changed to
thirteen. In 1872, the district lost their house
by fire, and rebuilt it in the fall of the same
year. Among the first school districts established
in the town was number thirty-seven, located on
section 35, and organized with a division of terri-
tory made by the county commissioner under the
territorial law of 1851. The minutes of the meet-
ings during the first years of its organization
were mislaid and cannot be referred to. The
first clerk was Arthur Stephen. It is one of the
oldest districts in the county, and includes a por-
tion of Woodbury. District number sixty-two is
located in the south-east corner of section 6, and
was organized Pebruary 5tli, 1878, at the house of
Frank T. Combs. First officers, M. Welter, di-
rector; P. T. Combs, treasurer; E.F. Blase, clerk;
A lax of nineteen mills was voted to build a
house, which was completed December, 1879, at
a cost of $236.78. The first school of three
months was taught by Miss M. E. Condlin.

School district number twelve was organized
July 29th, 1861, at the house of John Morgan.
The legal voters of sub- district number one, met
to organize and elect officers for the new district,
and elected C. Malone, J. H. Lohmann and Lewis

0AKDALE—P08T OFFICES— BOADS.

447

Fisher, directors. It was voted to hold a school
for three months at the Lake house, and that Mr.
Morgan give the use of the room free, and that
he should have two dollars per week for board-
ing the teacher. At a subsequent meeting it was
voted to pay Mr. Morgan one dollar and fifty
cents for boarding the teacher and fifty cents per
week for use of room. The number- of this
district was changed to number twelve by act of
legislature in 1862. At a meeting of the board it
was voted to change the place of holding the
school to the house of H. D. Appmans, on sec-
tion ten. The next change was made to the
house of Jacob Sullwald. Steps were now taken
to raise funds to build a school-house, and at a
meeting it was voted to raise the funds by tax.
The house was completed and ready January 1st,
1868. Patrick Day was hired at thirty dollars
per month to teach a three months' school. The
entire expense of building the house was 1349.90.
It is located on the north-east corner of P.
Hough's farm, on section eleven.

School district number sixty-four was organ-
ized in April, 1879, by a meeting of the voters in
sections 22, 28, 26 and 27, which by a petition
granted were set off from district number thirty-
seven. The following officers were elected: John
Rawleigh, director; M. Kennedy, treasurer; Corn-
elius Malone, clerk. At the same meeting a tax
of $275 was voted to build a school-house, which
is located on Mr. Kennedy's farm. The first
teacher was Mary Horriga. The present board is
John Bawleigh, director; Leo. Leibish, treasurer;
C. Malone, clerk.

POST OFFICES.

The first postofflce in the town of Oakdale
was established at the house of Arthur Stephen,
on section 35, in 1857. He was appointed post-
master the same year, and held the position for
ten years. The office was called Oakdale. It
was subsequently moved to Woodbury, just
across the Une, a short distance to the east. May
15th, 1867, an office was established at the Half-
way house, and E. II. Gray appointed post-master.
It was called Lohmanville post-office. In 1873,
it was transferred to the house of Andrew Smith
at the Oakdale station, on the railroad, and Mr.
Smith appointed post-master, who held the office
until 1876, when it was discontinued until May

18th, 1877. It was then re-established at Bass
Lake Station, still retaining its former name,
until June, 1879, when A. B. Stiekney, employed
by the St. Paul and Taylor's Falls railroad, circu-
lated a petition and had the name changed to
Lake Elmo post office, christening the lake and
station at the same time. John W. Lohmann was
appointed post-master. May 18th, 1877.

VILLAGE.

The only village in the town is Lake Elmo. In
1874, a tract of one hundred acres was platted
by the railroad company at the head of the lake,
where the station and warehouse stands, and
called Bass Lake, since changed to Lake Elmo.
In 1877, the railroad company erected a large
hotel on the shore of the lake, within a conven-
ient distance of the passenger depot. The busi-
ness portion of the village comprises one store of
general merchandise, J. W. Lohmann proprietor.
A depot for the sale of all kinds of farm ma-
chinery, by J. W. Lohmann and Brothers, black-
smith and general repair shop by John Bauer,
restaurant and sample room by John McDermott.

BOADS.

The first roads built in the town of Oakdale
were the old territorial roads, the St. Paul and
Stillwater and the St. Paul and Hudson roads.
The St. Paul and Stillwater enters the town from
the east on section 12, and bearing south-west,
leaves the town from section 30. Many changes
have been made since it was first opened. The
St. Paul and Hudson road now runs between the
towns of Oakdale and Woodbury, formerly ran in
a diagonal direction from the south-east to inter-
sect the St. Paul and Stillwater road neai the
Half-way House, then known as the Willow
River road^ since changed to its present route.
The first road laid out by the town board was the
road known as the Lake house and blacksmith
road. Many changes have siace been made in
the route.

The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls
railroad was built in 1870-1. It has three stations
in the town; Lake Elmo, Oakdale and Midvale.
In 1880, it was changed to the Chicago, St. Paul,
Minneapolis and Omaha railway. A line of
stages was established shortly after the land of-
fice was opened at Stillwater by Willoughby and
Powers of St. Paul, running from St. Paul to

448

RISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Hudson. When first started the road from Hud-
son, took a diagonal course across the country
over the road called the Willow River road, mak-
ing connections with the through stages at the
Half-way house. The travel over these roads
was immense; several stages daily each way were
required to transport the passengers and luggage.

THE HALF- AV AY HOUSE.

During those early days was a busy place. It
was built and operated by John Morgan until the
fall of 1853, when he rented to Mr. Branch from
St. Paul for one year, then to B. B. Cypher's for
eighteen months. In May, 1B55, E. G. Gray
from Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania, purchased the
property of Churchill and Nelson, who took pos-
sesion in the fall of the same year, making many
valuable improvements. He died in 1874. His
sons now own the property.

The products of this town in 1880, amounted
to, wheat, 72,137 bushels; oats, 36,237 bushels;
com, 26,240 bushels; barley, 13,281 bushels; pota-
toes, 9,545 bushels; hay, 569 tons; butter, 17,310
pounds; number of acres under cultivation, 8,-
043. The population of Oakdale was in 1875,
679; in 1880, 845. The total assessed valuation
of real estate m 1880, was $269,187; of personal
property, 160,193.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

WUliam Boelter, a native of Prussia, was born
1858. He, with his parents, immigrated to this
country in 1870, and located on a farm in Oak-
dale township. Eemaining with his parents on
the farm until 1878, he went to make a home for
himself, and after working for different farmers,
he purchased his present farm and settled on it
the same year. July 18th, 1880, he married Miss
Emma Taungploat, a native of Germany.

Patrick Conlin, a native of Ireland, was born
1830. Immigrating to this country in 1864, he
settled at Chicago, remaining three years, thence
to Minnesota, locating at St. Paul. In 1860 he
removed to the North Star seed farms, in llamsey
county; was employed there until 1876, then set-
tled on his present farm in Oakdale townsliip.
Married, in 1854, to Miss Julia Galagher, of Ii-e-
land. Mary, Kate, Thomas, Martin, Patricik,
William and Charles are their children.

Patrick Day was born in Limerick county, I re-
land, 1822; came to America in 1847, and entered

the Mexican service, but was retained at West
Troy, New York, in the ordnance department,
five years. In 1852 he located a claim in Oakdale
township, then returned to New York, engaging
in the mercantile trade until 1855, when he again
came to Minnesota, and settled on his farm, since
following the quiet occupation of farming. Mr.
Day has held the office of town supervisor two
years, town clerk ten years, assessor one year and
county commissioner one year. His marriage
with Miss Ellen Carroll took place 1866. James,
John E. and Daniel are their children.

Julius C. Gohlike, a native of Germany, was
born December 8th, 1852. He came to America,
with his parents, in 1870, and worked at his
trade, that of carpentering, at St. Paul, four
years, locating the following year on his farm in
Oakdale township, there being one hundred and
sixty acres, ninety-five of which are improved.
His wife was Miss Minnie Boelter, who was born
in Germany, and whom he married in 1876.
Their children are Annie H. and Frederick A.

M. P. Gray was born at Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
vania, 1843, and with his parents removed to
Harrisburgh the same year. They engaged in
dairying and farming until 1855, then came to
Minnesota and for many years kept what was
known as the "Half- Way" house between St.
Paul and Stillwater. Mr. Gray was one of eight
children, and after the death of his parents,
which occurred in 1872-4. he was chosen admin-
istrator, and settled the estate, he and his brother
David carrying on the farm in company. He has
held the office of township supervisor for five
years, and has been chairman of the board two
years.

W. H. Gray was born at Pittsbm-gh, Pennsyl-
vania, 1837, and a is brother of M. P. Gray. He
settled in Oakdale township in 1855, and re-
mained with his parents until 1867; then returned
to Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania, and entered the em-
ploy of tlie Pennsylvania Central railroad. In
186 1, he enlisted in the First Pennsylvania Regi-
ment, and at expiration of term, re-enlisted in
the Fifty-flfth Pennsylvania, but was soon taken
sick, and in consequence was discharged. Re-
turning to the healthful climate of Minnesota, he
recovered and again re-enlisted, serving until the
close of war. The farm on which he now lives,
was presented to him by his father, on his return,

OAKDALE—BIOGBAPHICAL.

449

as his portion of the estate. His marriage with
Mrs. Annie Flood, of St. Paul took place in 1876.
They have two children, David M. and Clifton
G. Mrs. Gray's son Mathew, by her first hus-
band, lives with them.

William Jennings, a native of Yorkshire, Eng-
land, was bom 1846. At the early age of nine
years he went from hts boyhood home to earn his
livelihood. Working on a farm four years, he
entered as an apprentice to learn the training of
horses for the chase in fox hunting. In 1868, he
crossed to Canada, and there had charge of
fine trotting and draught horses for different par-
ties, also at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Illinois, and
with Col. W. S. King, in the same business. He
began tilling the soil in 1877, and finally located
on a farm in Oakdale township. His family con-
sists of his wife, who was Miss Elizabeth Spence,
married in 1873, and three children, Florence A.,
Sarah A. and Edward S.

J. W. Lohmann was bom in Germany, 1852.
When five years old, he immigrated with his par-
ents to America, and settled on a farm in Oak-
dale township. Kemaining till 1869, then went
to Buffalo, New York, to'study for the ministry;
being unable to master the rudiments of music,
which was required of him. he abandoned his
studies after two and one-half years, and engaged
in a wholesale trade at that city. He experienced
an illness and returned to his home; on recover-
ing, he removed to St. Paul and for a short time
was dealing in dry-goods, then went to Milwaukee
and learned cigar-making. From this time until
1877, he traveled about, engaging in different pur-
suits, then returned to Oakdale and opened a
general merchandise store. The next spring he
was appointed post-master and express agent, at
what is now Lake Elmo. In 1880, he formed a
a partnership with his brother, J. H. Lohmann,
in the sale of machinery and lumber and wheat
speculation, the same year receiving the appoint-
ment of agent of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneap-
olis & Omaha railway. His wife was Miss Mary
Schroeer, married in 1876. Two children were
bom to them, Gregory C. J. and Alphonso P. II.

C. D. Lucken was born 1843, in Germany. At
fourteen years of age he began learning carpen-
tering with his father, and five years later left the
home of his childhood to perfect his trade. The
death of his father occurred in 1866, and for two
29

years after he remained at home; married in 1868
to Miss Anna Sullwold and the next year they
came to America. Locating at Stillwater, Min-
nesota, he worked as a journeyman seven years,
and in 1876 purchased his present farm, which is
located on the shore of thfe beautiful "Jane lake."
He possesses very fine picnic grounds, also, keeps
a large supply of boats, fishing tackle, etc., for
the use of pleasure seekers. Gesine M., Henry
T., Charles J., John D., Frederick C. and Anna,
are their children.

Cornelius Malone, a native of Ireland, was bom
1828, and when reaching majority crossed the At-
lantic, landing in America, May 24th, 1850. Dur-
ing the fall of that year he came to the "North
Star" state, settling on a farm in Oakdale town-
ship, which he purchased from his brother Mor-
ris. Purchasing his presentfarm in 1868, situated
on the south shore of Lake Elmo, he tilled it in
connection with the one previously purchased,
until 1879, then sold and removed to his present
fine location. In 1861 he was married to Miss
Bridget Brody. Mary, Catherine, Cornelius,
Bridget, Josephine and Margaret, are their living
children.

W. J. Masterman is a native of Minnesota, born
in Grant township, 1861. Remaining with his
parents until twenty one, he then engaged at the
carpenter's trade, working in Stillwater and other
towns. In the fall of 1874 he made a trip to Cali-
fornia; not being favorably impressed, returned
during the spring of 1875, and purchased a farm
of one hundred and ten acres in Oakdale town-
ship, where he now lives. Mr. Masterman mar-
ried Miss Fidelia Masterman of Stillwater, who
has borne him three children: Lillie, Edna and
Clara.

John It^cDermott, a native of Ireland, was born
1842. In company with his parents he came to
America and settled in Illinois, in 1847, remain-
ing until 1853. The next year they came to St.
Paul, and the year following he started to earn
his own livelihood, which was in the employ of
others in different capacities until 1867. Open-
ing sample rooms in that year, he continued on
his own account, until his location on his farm at
Lake Elmo in 1876, except two years in the hotel
business. He married Miss M. Dewey in 1871,
Mary, John, Catherine and Charles are their child-
ren.

450

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

August Munkelwitz was born in Prussia, No-
vember 19th, 1852, and with his parents immi-
grated to this country in 1866, locating on a farm
in Oakdale township. He engaged as lumberman
for some time and in 1876 purchased his farm of
one hundred and sixty acres, one hundred and
twenty acres being at present under cultivation.
The following year he married Miss Sopia Koepke,
who has borne him two children, John T. C. and
Matilda M. E.

William Munltelwitz, a native of Germany,
born 1851, and when a lad of fifteen years came
to America with his parents, settling in Oakdale
township. Remaining with his parents until
1874, he then purchased his present farm of one
hundred and sixty acres; the same year being
united in marriage with Miss Catherine Wink.
They have three children, Lizzie, Winnie and
Lydia. Mr. Munkelwitz is an honest, industrious
farmer, having one hundred and twenty acres
under improvement; has hield the oflBce of school
clerk the past four years.

Arthur Stephen was born in Scotland, in 1830,
and came to America at the age of nine years,
locating in Knox county, Illinois. In 1844 he
began learning the trade of brick-layer and
plasterer, and five years later settled at St. Paul,
Minnesota; while there took the contract for
plastering the Market Street M. E. church, which
was the first brick structure in the state. In
1854 he moved with his family to his farm in
Oakdale; his house being consumed by fire in
1868, they removed to Stillwater, returning in
1876, his son having carried on the farm since.
Mr. Stephen has been county commissioner three
years, chairman of town board one year, and
post-master at Oakdale ten years. His mar-
riage with Miss Maria Payden took place in
1852. Harriet S., Arthur Jr., Elizabeth, and
Emma, are their children.

Jacob SuUwold was born in 1833, and is a Ger-
man by birth. He followed farming until 1859,
then came to America, making Duluth, Minne-
sota, his home for two years. In 1861 he went
to Ohio, and enlisted in the Thirty-seventh Ohio
Regiment, Company B. On account of sickness
he was discharged in 1862, and during the spring
of 1864 returned to Minnesota, purchased the
farm on which he now lives, and has since made
agriculture his chief pursuit. In 1866 he married

Miss Amelia Silaf, a native of Prussia. Five
children have been born to them: Henry and
Hulda, twins, Emma, Mary and Anna.

H. B. Volmer, a native of Switzerland, was
born 1846. When a child of two years, his
father, J. Bingeli, died at Paris. During early
life he attended the public schools of his native
country, and in 1853 was placed in a German
school, remaining two years, then attended a
French school two years. His mother, leaving
him at school, immigrated to America in 1856,
and lived for a short time in Lakeland, Minne-
sota, where she met and married Daniel Volmer.
Mr. Volmer immigrated to America in 1858, and
settled on the farm with his parents, assuming
his step-father's name. He married Miss Mary
Friedrick, in 1871, and moved to his present
farm four years later. Their children are, C. A.,
Julia, Susan A. T., E. E. Clara and Henry P. I.
He was enumerator of census of 1880.

Louis Volmer was born in Lakeland township,
Washington county, Minnesota, April 10th, 1855.
His early life was passed under the parental
guidance. His marriage with Miss Augusta
Friedrick took place in 1877. They purchased
and moved to their present farm the same year.
Louis W. D., and Henry C. J., are their child-
ren.

GBANT.

CHAPTER LXI.

ORGANIZED AS GREENFIELD — DESCRIPTIVE —
FIRST SETTLERS— ORGANIZATION — SCHOOLS —

SPIRITUALISTIC ASSOCIATION INCIDENTS •

BIOGRAPHICAL.

The town of Grant, prior to 1864, was known
by the name of Greenfield, which name it re-
ceived at the date of its organization in 1858, by
Socrates Nelson, then one of the commissioners
appointed by the state for the organization and

GRANT—ORGANIZATION.

451

naming of the several towns of which the county
was composed. The name of Greenfield was
given in honor of the town which was his former
home in Massachusetts. It was found at a sub-
sequent date that another town in the state had
received the same name, which was contrary to
an act passed by the legislature. The other town
having the precedence, this one was changed to
Grant, in honor of General U. S. Grant. Mr.
Jesse H. Soule has the honor of proposing the
name. The town is a full congressional town-
ship of thirty-six full sections, the surface of
which is quite rolling, and a large portion is cov-
ered with timber composed of burr and white
oak, with here and there small growth of tama-
rack. There are, however, many beautiful farms
in all parts of the town which have been reclaimed
f I'om the forests, and are now in a fine state of
cultivation, with the best of improvements,
which is especially the case with the eastern and
southern portions of the town. The drainage of
the town is good. On the east White Bear lake
occupies portions of six sections, or about twelve
hundred acres of surface, and is noted as a sum-
mer resort. It is a large, beautiful sheet of water,
shared about equally between Grant, and White
Bear of Ramsey county. This beautiful lake
is sought after by tourists and excursionists
from all parts of the country. Many people from
the sultry south make their homes during the
summer months on the shores of this lake.

Pine lake, to the north-east, is a small lake
about a mile in length. Other lakes, such as
Deep, Long, Ben's and Stone Quarry, together
with Brown's creek in the north-east, furnish
splendid drainage to the town. The water from
the creek is utilized by having the course of the
stream turned into McKusick's lake, from which
the city of StUl water receives its supply of water.

The soil of a large portion of the town is of a
loamy nature with a clayey subsoil, while some
portions are sandy. The first settlement in the
town was made in 1849, by Albion Master-
man and William Rutherford, who made their
claims and settled on them about the same time.
Next came James Rutherford the following
year. Following these in 1852, came Thomas P.
Ramsden, who erected a house and rented it to
Mr. George Bennett, who is now living in the
town of Marine. We have no record of other

accessions until the fall of 1864, when Joseph
Taylor and family settled in section 6. The fol-
lowing spring Jesse H. Soule located on section
2. In 1855, their number was increased by Mr.
John Shaughnessy and family, and R. Minouge
in 1856. The first white child bom in the town
was Castinia O. Rutherford, June 26th, 1860; the
second was W. J. Masterman, February 28th,
1851; the first marriage was at the house of Al-
bion Masterman, the happy couple was W. Mid-
dleton and lady from Woodbury town; were mar-
ried by Rev. W. T. Boutwell, September, 1850.
The next was W. Price to F. Wamsley July, 1855.
The first death was James M. Rutherford, son of
James and Elizabeth, July 24th, 1861. The first
public religious services held in the town was in
the school-house in district number 10, (the date
does not appear) by Rev. Mr. Hamlin, of the
Free Will Baptist, persuasion. His labors met
with some returns to the Master; he performed the
first rite of baptism at Ben's Lake to Mrs. Mor-
ris Masterman. The first house erected in the
town was by Albion Masterman; the first white
woman that came to reside in the town was Mrs.
Albion Masterman.

ORGANIZATION.

The meeting for the organization of the town
of Greenfield was called at the house of Thomas
Ramsden, October 20th, 1858. Joseph Cram was
chosen moderatar, and Jesse H. Soule, clerk pro
tem. An organization of the new town was ef-
fected by the election of the following officers,
thirteen votes being cast, viz: Albion Masterman,
chairman, James Rutherford and Joseph Cram,
supervisors; Jesse H. Soule, clerk; R. S. Thornton,
assessor; Daniel Getty, collector; O. L. Kingman ,
overseer of poor; Jacob H. Cram and S. R. Web-
ster, constables; Albion Masterman and Jesse
H. Soule, justices of the peace; overseer of roads,
Thomas Ramsden, of number one; J. B. Taft, of
number two, and S. R. Webster, of number three.

The next annual election was held at the house
of Reuben 8. Thornton, April 5th, 1859. on mo-
tion, the town was reorganized into four road
districts, with divisions of the town into four
equal parts. Number one comprised the south-
east, number two the south-west portion, num-
ber three the north-eastern and number four the
north-western portion. The following was the

452

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

result of the election: Albion Masterman, Chair-
man of the board; W. Kutherford and W. W.
Bradley, supervisors,

The third annual town meeting was held at the
house of Jesse H. Soule, April 13th, 1860. It
was voted to raise one hundred dollars for town
expenses. W. Rutherford was elected pound
master, he giving his yard for pound that year.
The following was the result of the election: Al-
bion Masterman, chairman of the board; "W.
Butherford and John B. Taft, supervisors.

The next annual town meeting was called at
the house of R. S. Thornton, April 2d, 1861. It
was voted to raise one hundred'doUars for school
purposes and fifty dollars for town purposes. The
following was the result of the election: Albion
Masterman, chairman of the board; Jacob H.
Cram and W. Rutherford, supervisors.

The next annual meeting was called at the
school-house, in sub-district number one, April
1st, 1862. The followmg was the result of the
election: George Walker, chairman of board; Al-
bion Masterman and W. Rutherford, supervisors.
The next annual town meeting was called at the
house of James Rutherford, April 7th, 1863. A
tax of $100 was voted for current expenses. The
following was the result of the election: A.
Masterman, chairman of board; W. Rutherford
and Daniel Getty, supervisors. The next annual
town meeting was called April 5th, 1864, at
school-house number 10. The following resolu-
tion was read and adopted.

"Resolved that we assess a tax of $1,200 to
pay bounties to volunteers or drafted men for
this town, and that the supervisors be instructed
to procure men enough to fill our quota, by pur-
chase or otherwise, and return to the county the
amount of tax necessary for such purpose. Not
to exceed the above named sum."

The following was the result of the election:
Albion Masterman, chairman of board; B. J.
Masterman and W. Rutherford, supervisors. The
annual town meeting was called at_ the house of
William Rutherford, April 4th, 1865. On mo-
tion it was voted tliat those in favor of issuing
the bonds of the town, to those persons who ad-
vanced money to clear the town of the draft un-
der call of December 19th, 1864, be requested to
deposit a ballot with the words "for bonds" writ-
ten thereon; and those opposed to the issuing

such bonds to deposit a ballot with the words
"against bonds" written thereon." The results
were eight for and five against. The amount of
f 1,200 was voted for town expenses and bonds.
Tlie following was the result of the election:
Jacob H. Cram, chairman of board; John B.
Taft and John Shaughnessy, supervisors. The
annual town meeting was called at the school-
house of district number eleven, April 3d, 1866.
It was voted to raise $1,200 for current expenses
and bonds. The following oflflcers were elected:
James Rutherford, chairman of board; B. J.
Masterman and Alexander Rutherford, super-
visors. A special town meeting was called at
school-house, number eleven, to consider the mat-
ter of voting funds to pay soldier bounty bonds.
After due consideration it was voted to raise
$1,200 for said purpose. The annual town meet-
ing was called at the house of James Rutherford,
April 2d, 1867. It was voted to raise $1,000, or
so much of it as shall be ordered by the super-
visors to pay soldiers bounty bonds; officers elected
were James Rutherford, chairman of boa?d; Alex.
Rutherford and B. J. Masterman, supervisors.
The annual town meeting of April 7th, 1868, was
held in school-house district number ten, resulted
in the election of James Rutherford, chairman;
B. J. Masterman and W. Rutherford, supervise
ors. The annual town meeting was called at the
school-house district number ten, April 6th, 1S69.
The results were as follows, viz: James Ruther-
ford, chairman; Albion Masterman and W. Ruth-
erford, supervisors.

The next annual town meeting was called at
the house of James Rutherford, April 5th, 1870,
with the following results, viz: B. J. Masterman,
chairman; James Rutherford and Fred Lohmann,
supervisors.

The next annual town meeting was called at
school-house number eleven, March 14th, 1871.
A tax of one hundred dollars was voted for cur-
rent expenses. The results of the election were
as follows: James Rutherford, chairman, Charles
II. Taft and D. P. Kallahan, supervisors.

At a meeting of the town board held at the
clerk's office, March 18th, 1871, it was voted to
divide the town into five road districts, with the
following territory, viz: District number one, to
embrace sections 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36; number
two, sections 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 19, 20, 23, 24;

GBANT— SCHOOLS.

453

number three, sections 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13 and 15;
number four, sections 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 21 and 22;
number five, sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 17 and 18.

The annual town meeting washeldMarch 12th,
1872. at school-house number eleven. A tax of
one hundred dollars was voted for current ex-
penses. The result of the election was as fol-
lows: James Kutherford, chairman; D. P. Kalla-
han and Fred Lohmann, supervisors.

The annual town meeting was called at the
school-house in district number eleven, March
11th, 1873. It was voted to raise one hundred
and fifty dollars for current expenses. The fol-
lowing was the result of the election, viz: B. J.
Masterman, chairman, 8. E. Webster and Frank
PflfEer, supervisors.

The next annual town meeting was call at the
school-house in district number IJ, March 11th,
1874; a tax of $100 was voted for current expen-
ses, with the following as the result of the elec-
tion: A. Masterman, chairman; W. Rutherford
and Roger Minogue, supervisors.

The annual town meeting was called at the
school-house in district number 11, March 9th,
1875; a tax of $100 was voted for current expen-
ses. The following oflScefs were elected : Albion
Masterman, chairman; Roger Minogue and W.
Rutherford, supervisors.

The annual town meeting was held in the
scliool-house in district number 11, March 14th,
1876; a tax of $100 was voted for current expen-
ses; the following was the result of the election:
J. B. Taft, chairman; John M. Keene and Fred.
Lohmann, supervsiors.

The annual town meeting was called at the
school-house in district number 11, March 13th,
1877; the following was the result of the election:
J. B. Taft, chairman; John M. Keene and Henry-
Westing, supervisors.

The annual town meeting was called at the
school-house in district number 11 , March 12th,
1878; a tax of $150 was voted for current ex-
penses; the result of the election was: J. B. Taft,
chairman; Henry Westing and Frank PfifEer, su-
pervisors.

The next annual town meeting was called at
the school-house in district number 11, March
11th, 1879; a tax of one mill on each dollar of
taxable property for current expenses was voted;

the result of the election: J. B. Taft, chairman;
Fred. Walt and Wm. Elliott, supervisors.

The annual town meeting of March 9th, 1880,
was held in the school-house in district number
11; a tax of $200 was voted for current expenses;
the result of the election was: Albion Masterman,
chairman; W. S. Soule and Otto Steindorft, super-
visors.

At the date of the last meeting seven road dis-
tricts bad been organized; at the organization of
the town, Jesse H. Soule was elected town clerk,
which he held until 1878, when J. M. Keene was
elected, and has held it since.

SCHOOLS.

With the enterprising settlers of Grant town
came the desire for knowledge, and with this de-
sire means were taken to provide for the educa-
tion of the children. The first school district or-
ganization was efEected in 1855, which comprised
the north half of the town, the then town of
Greenfield and the south half of Oneka town.

The first school-house built was in 1856, on
section one. Prior to this in order to secure the
apportionment of school money, a rude structure
was erected, which was hardly a protection against
rain or storm, and a school of about twenty schol-
ars was collected under the tutorship of Joseph
Cram. The following winter a comfortable build-
ing was provided. In 1859 this house was de-
stroyed by fire. An incident will show the enter-
prise which characterized those early settlers. A
neighbor came to Mr. J. H. Soule, the next even-
ing, which was Friday, and says our school house
is burned, but the windows, doors and books have
been saved. With this material as a commence-*
ment, and the knowledge of the fact that the dis-
trict was already badly in debt, he soon formed a
plan by which to secure at once a comfortable
place in which to continue the school. Spending
a portion of the night in forming his plans he was
ready for action at an early hour the following
morning. Going to his nearest neighbor he says,
we must have a new building at once.

But the neighbors saw a large mountain in the
way of such an enterprise. After some explana-
tion he got his promise to go at once to the swamp
and cut and draw a load of tamarack logs, and so
on to six or seven he extorted the same promise,
so that before night they had on the ground suf-

154

mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

fieient timber to erect quite a building. Monday
morning found thiem busy hewing and planing
for the new house. The next Monday morning
found the teacher with his pupils located in their
pleasant new quarters. This building answered
its purpose for six or seven years, when a new
frame house was erected on a new site, on section
two. In 1877, on account of the re-districting of
the town, it was thought best to erect a new house
on another site, which was accomplished the same
year. The first officers of this district were: J.
H. Soule, clerk; George Bennett, Garret Organ
and Jacob Cram, trustees.

School district number eleven was organized in
the fall of 1859 by the election of the following
officers: Daniel Getty, clerk; Eoger Minogue, di-
rector, and John Shaughnessy treasurer. Their
first school-house was erected in the summer of
1 860, on section fifteen. George Keller as teacher
opened the school with eight pupils, but was suc-
ceeded before the term was completed by Miss
Lydia Lowell.

This school-house has been used as the town
hall for several years, and shows the effects of
usage. By a full vote of the district it was de-
cided to erect a new house this present summer,
ready for the coming winter term.

School district number flfty-four was organ-
ized in October, 1872, by the election of the fol-
lowing officers: John Smith, clerk; Fred Schlee,
director; and Joseph Taylor, treasurer. The
district for their first school-house purchased a
building which had been used as a dwelling, and
fitted it up for a school-house. Said house is lo-
cated on section six. The school was opened with
twenty scholars imder the care of Miss O'Mara
as instructress.

School district number sixty was organized in
1874 by the election of the following officers:
Fred Lohmann, director; Herman Lohmann,treas-
urer; and Charles Taf t, clerk. Their first school-
house was erected on section thirty-five, and the
first school, with an attendance of ten pupils,
was taught by Theodore Wier.

With pride may the people of Grant town refer
to the position they took during those dark days
of the rebellion. Many were found among
them who would give their lives to the pro-
tection of home and country, while those that
remained at home rendered what assistance they

could with means to assist in maintaining those
who went to the front. Special meetings of the
town were called, and large sums voted to pur-
chase volunteers from time to time until the sum
of 14,500 of town bonds was used to assist in the
suppression of the rebellion. The last bond was
redeemed in 1870. Though most of the bonds
were held by her own citizens, still some found
their way far from home, even to the state of
Maine. One pleasant incident, spoken of by
many of those who were among the volunteers
that returned, was the pleasant party given by
Mr. W. Eutherford and family to the returned
volunteers.

An association was formed in 1868, under
the statutes of Minnesota, known as the "Spirit-
ualistic Association," with the following officers:
J. H. Soule, president; George Walker, secretary
and treasurer; George Walker, William Soule and
B. J. Masterman, trustees. Exercises were held
every Sunday, which were well attended during
the warm weather. The services of several emi-
nent lecturers were secured, among whom was
J. K. Bailey, J. L. Potter, Prof. E. G. Eccles, Dr.
Stewart, Mrs. Swain and others. With the ap-
proach of winter the interest declined and has
never been renewed to any extent, though no
formal disbandment has ever taken place, and it
may still be said to exist.

CHURCH.

The German Protestant Lutheran church was
organized May 13th, 1872, with the following
officers : Christian Harbke, president ; William
Heifort, secretary; W. Heifort, H. Godman and
H. Madans, trustees. The society erected a house
of worship the same year, 20x28 feet. Their first
preacher was Eev. Siegrist, with seven members
at organization which was increased to twenty.
In connection they have a burial ground with
here and there a marble slab indicating that some
of their loved ones have passed on before. There
is also located in section 2, what is known as the
neighborhood burial ground.

BO ADS.

The first public highway that traversed the
town of Grant, was the Eum river road, which
enters the town on section 24 from the east, pass-
ing almost directly west through section 17, when
it turns north-west, keeping near ■ the shore of

GRANT— EABLT INCIDENTS.

455

white Bear Lake, passes out from section 7. The
first road laid out by township authority, was
a road beginning on the line between James
Butherford and Thomas Eamsden, going south
passes out of the town in the south-east corner,
and was declared a legal road March 21st, 1861,
Jesse H. Soule, surveyor. The town is crossed
by the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, entering
from the east on section 24, it runs to section 20,
when it leaves to the north-west passing around
the north shore of White Bear lake. Said road
was built in 1872. A tract of land was laid out
and platted on section 20, known as Wilson,
about the same date, but never had any improve-
ments made or town built, only on paper.

An incident in the history of the town in con-
nection with its first surveys may be of interest.
As early as 1854, Joseph Taylor, coming into the
country to settle, brought with him a surveyor
from St. Paul to locate his lines and corner posts,
but by some error on the part of the surveyor the
work was all wrong, as the sequel will show.
In the course of time other parties in locating
their lands took his lines and stakes as starting
points, made their lines incorrect in proportion
as his were wrong. The public highways were
laid out on those lines, houses were built by new
settlers on what they supposed to be their own
land. But, as the lands were taken up to the
east, it became apparent that there must be some
great mistake. Jesse H. Soule was called upon
to survey a forty acre lot on the town line for
Charles Perry. They found an error of quite a
large piece in favor of a certain forty. Mr. Frank
Campbell seeing an opportunity to secure a fine
piece of land, with seven or eight acres cleared,
purchased the forty. Some dispute arose be-
tween Campbell and his brother-in-law, John
Smith, in regard to the correctness of the survey.
Campbell said: "I have purchased the forty, and
will have it surveyed," which he did, and proved
true what he had said. Thus things continued
until 1880, when by a correct survey it was found
that to make the lines correct it would necessi-
tate a removal of the lines three and three-tenths
rods west, and fourteen rods south. By this cor-
rection it was found that but two houses on the
section were on their proper land.

The town of Grant by the last census contained
a population of 518. The financial condition of

the town for the past fifteen years has been first-
class. No order against the tovra has been pre-
sented but what has been cashed at once.

In the history of every town, county, or state,
a chapter of romance or tragedy might be writ-
ten. Such was the history of Grant in 1874.
First on the list of tragic deaths was that of P.
Eathlesberger, a German. He with his wife and
John Widmer, a son-in-law, and wife, were living
together, but not pleasantly, it would seem. Both
men were what would be termed "hen-pecked,"
being often driven to desperation by the fault-
finding of the "strong minded frau." He, Eath-
lesberger, had often said he would hang himself.
April 16th was a more than usual trying day to
the simple-hearted old man. Being a carpenter
by trade, he had been called upon to make a
coffin. By mistake, he had cut one side too
short, which angered the wife. She in return
poured upon him the vials of her wrath to such
an extent that he could endure it no longer; he
left the house in his desperation, and proceeded
to carry out his often talked of revenge, by hang-
ing himself to a tree in th^ marsh, not far from
the house. Several days elapsed before the body
was found. When asked by the neighbors where
he was, his wife would say he had gone out to
hang himself, little thinking that such was the
fact.

The next case was that of a man by the name
of Blair, once a prominent citizen of St. Paul, but
by the use of strong drink had become so de-
graded that life to him had become a curse. He
was at this time engaged as hand on the raUroad
track. While at work. May 25th, same year, he
was sent back for something; on the way, he sat
down on the track; an engine came suddenly
around a curve; the engineer saw him, but too late
to stop; he threw himself in front of the engine,
and was crushed to death.

The following winter, one James Taylor, in the
employ of Mr. Schneider, of Ramsey county, was
crossing the lake; when near the east side it was
supposed he must have stepped into an air hole,
and was drowned.

In the early settlement of this town the heavy
timber surrounding the lake and extending north-
ward was infested with the timber wolf. The
settlers often had narrow escapes from the hun-
gry marauders. The old settlers to this day en-

456

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

joy relating their amusing incidents of when they
or some neighbor was obliged to'^ seek refuge in
some friendly tree just above the grasp of the
hungty pack that were on his track.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Carl Eggert, a native of Germany, was born
July 3d, 1841. Here he was reared by his parents
and attended the schnols until a lad of fourteen
years. During the spring of 1872, he emigrated
to America, landing at New York; then he pro-
ceeded westward to Minnesota, and settled at
Stillwater, working in the saw-mill for Schulen-
berg and Boeckeler. In 1876, he purchased a
farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Grant
township, on which he has since resided, making
many improvements. His wiffe was Miss Dora
Reier, a native of Germany, married in 1868.
They have three children living: Dora, Ida and
Emma.

William Elliott was born in Ireland in May,
1825, and lived at his birtb-place five years, then
came with his parents to New Brunswick. On
attaining his majority, he removed to Maine and
gave his attention to lumbering until 1850,
then came to St. Paul. Minnesota, and here also
engaged in lumbering on the Mississippi and St.
Croix rivers as pilot several years. In 1862, he
purchased his present farm, and in 1876 left the
river and removed to it, having since divided his
attention between farming and lumbering. Mr.
Elliott has been twice married;his present wife was
Miss Mary Crawford, of Belfast, Ireland, mar-
ried in 1855. They have eight children; Daniel
D., James B., William J., Theo.^'H., Martha R.,
Mary E., Eliza V. and an adopted daughter,
Mary A. Heary.

Joseph N. Fairbanks was bom at Phillips,
Eranklin county, Maine, in 1829. ^He engaged
in tilling the soil until the spring of 1868, when
he came to Minnesota and purchased the farm
on which he now lives, and has since been a
farmer. In 1862, he enlisted in Company D,
Twenty-eighth Maine Infantry, and was dis-
charged in 1863. He married Miss L. S. Dill, of
Maine, in 1854; she has borne him three children;
I. Herbert, O. Willis and O. Elbridge.

Silas P. Holden is a native of Franklin county,
Maine, born in 1831. At the age of twelve, he
was thrown on his own resources, on account of

the death of his father. His educational advan-
tages were somewhat limited as he began working
as soon as able. In 1865, he came westward to
Minnesota and settled in Grant township, where
about four years later he purchased a farm of one
hundred and twenty acres, and has since been
able to add sixty acres more; has built a comfor-
table home and made all the improvements since
his purchase. He married in 1873, Miss Melvi-
nia, daughter of J. Norris Masterman. They
are the parents of four children; the living are:
William A., Edmund and John Emmons.

John M. Keene, is a. native of Maine, born No-
vember 27th, 1840. During the late war, he en-
listed in Company C, Sixteenth Maine, in 1862;
at the battle of Gettysburg, he was taken prison-
er and held one month, and was discharged in
1865; Returning to Maine, he devoted his time
to agricultural pursuits, and in 1870, came to
Minnesota, settling in Grant township. He now
has an improved farm of one hundred and forty
eight acres, vnth good buildings. His parents
came west in 1879, and are living with him. His
wife was Miss Lena A. Fairbanks, married 1871.
Their only child is Edward O., Leslie E. died in
1872.

John Kempf was born at Darmstadt, Germany,
January 21st, 1816. He came to America in 1853,
locating m Clinton county, Indiana, where he fol-
lowed the milling business twelve years; thence
to Hudson, Wisconsin, making it his home until
the spring of 1876, then moved to his present
farm,' and has since been engaged in agricultural
pursuits, having eighty acres under cultivation.
His marriage with Elizabeth Heartman took
place June 8th, 1843. - They have had thirteen
children, only six of whom are living; all are mar-
ried except the youngest son, who still lives with
his parents.

Frederick Lamb, a native of Prussia, was bom
1825. Here he was reared under the parental
guidance and received his education; at the age
of sixteen he entered the Prussian army, serving
three years, and later, traveled through Switzer-
land, France, England and Italy, for Herr Von
Weiss, who was a prominent manufacturer in
Germany. During the war of 1848, Mr. Lamb
came to America, coming to Menominee, Michi-
gan, via Chicago. After a stay of about one year,
he returned to Chicago, thence to Stillwater,

GBANT-^BIOGBAPHICAL.

457

Minnesota, in 1849. Olianging about for some
time after this, he finally located at Stillwater, in
1852, remaining until he purchased, a farm in
Grant township, in 1866. His present farm of
one hundred and thirty-one acres was purchased
in 1876, where he has since lived. His wife was
Miss Lena Laroche, married 1851. Frederick,
their oldest son received fatal injuries while work-
ing in the saw-mill of Isaac Staples, at Stillwater,
from which he died the following day, Septem-
ber 27th, 1872; William is married, and resides
with his father; Lizzie, at the age of three years,
was so severely burned, that death followed soon;
Emma, Lizzie and Mary still remain.

Henry Mardans,a native of Germany, was born
1833. He attended school until fourteen years of
age, then worked for others until the age of twen-
ty-four, then came to America, proceeding direct-
ly to Toledo, Ohio, where he remained during the
winter with his sisters. In 1858 he came to Still-
water, Minnesota, and worked for Schulenberg
and Boeckeler. His present farm in Grant town-
ship, consists of two hundred and twenty acres,
which he has purchased from time to time,
locating on it first in 1862. lie and Miss Mary
Logrien were married in 1862 and have four child-
ren living: Emma, Joseph, Lizzie and Clara.

Albion Masterman was born in Franklin coun-
ty, Maine, 1823. After attaining his majority he
came west via the lakes and Chicago to La Salle,
thence to St. Louis; making only a brief stay he
went to Quincy, and in 1845 became a resident of
Stillwater, Minnesota, where he devoted his time
to lumbering for three years. In 1850 he moved
with his family to his farm, where he has since
lived, having held the ofllce of county commis-
sioner two years, chairman of town board ten
years, and assessor five years. His wife was Miss
EUza Middleton of Ireland, married in 1848.
Their children are, Eliza A., William J., Eme-
tine, Stillman and Albion D. Mrs. Masterman
was the first white woman who came to this
town, they being the first white settlers.

Benjamin J. Masterman was born in Franklin
county, Maine, 1824. He came to Washington
county, Minnesota, in 1855, living with Mr. Al-
bion Masterman four years, and worked at his
trade, that of carpentering. He moved to his
farm in 1859, and has since been engaged in agri-
culture and in the pursuit of his trade. Married

in 1844, his wife dying four years later, leaving
one daughter, now the wife of James Middleton.
His second wife was Abbie Marston, now de-
ceased. In 1858 he remarried to Miss Catherine
Middleton, a native of Ireland, who has borne
him four children; the living are, Orion B., James
and Jane.

J. Norris Masterman was bom in Maine, 1821,
where he grew to manhood's estate. His educa-
tional advantages were somewhat Umited_
During his youth he made manifest a passion for
hunting and sallied forth on many an expedition;
among other game that fell to the crack of his
trusty rifle was a monstrous bear, measuring six
feet in length, and four and one-half feet in
height; also some very large moose. In 1865 he
came west and settled in Grant township, where
he. has since resided. At the age of twenty-eight
years he married Miss Louisa Thorn, who has
borne him seven children, four of whom are
married.

Osborne Eussell was born at Hallowell, Maine,
1847, and lived at or near his birth-place until
1855, then moved with his parents to Carthage,
Franklin county. In 1869 came to Minnesota,
and lumbered on the upper Mississippi river, then
purchased his present farm in Grant township,
and has since lived here, giving his attention to
the improvement of his farm. He married Miss
Clara Webster, in 1875, and they have two chil-
dren to gladden their home, Eva and Irving.

James Eutherford was born in the parish of
Elsdon, Northumberland county, England, 1812.
When six years old, he accompanied his parents
to America, arriving at the port of New York,
coming thence via Quebec and the St. Lawrence
river to Ogdensburg, New York. Eemaining
with his parents until twenty years old, he then
began working on a farm for ten dollars per
month. In 1833, he was called upon to assume
control of a deceased uncle's farm, where he re-
mained until 1849. Coming to Minnesota at that
time he purchased one hundred and seventy-five
acres at his present location, then returned to.
New York for his family, and the next spring
settled at his country home. His marriage with
Miss Elizabeth Smith occurred in 1836. Their
living children are: D. Q., Ann E., Charles A.
and Harriet N.

William Eutherford was born at Bath, Steuben

458

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

county, New York, in 1823. At the early age of
eleven years he began life's battle by working on
a farm until reaching sixteen years old; then be-
gan in the lumbering business for |13 per month,
and continued six years. In 1845 he started
west and walked along the shore of Lake Michi-
igan from Michigan City to Chicago, a distance
of sixty-five miles; thence to Galena and on up
the Mississippi to Stillwater. Here he worked
in the saw-mills about one year, and afterward
speculated in the horse trade between Illinois and
New York. Finally he purchased his present
farm in 1848 and located thereon in 1849. In
addition to this farm he has several others,
making a total of seven hundred acres. At
Jackson, Michigan, in 1849, he married Miss
Christiana J. Holcomb. They have seven chil-
dren, four sons and three daughters. Cassey O.,
the oldest daughter, was the first white chUdbom
in Grant township.

Jesse H. Soule was born at Avon, Franklin
county, Maine, 1823. He came west in 1854,
coming by boat from Galena, Illinois, to St. Paul,
having a narrow escape. During the trip the
boat was wrecked, and with difficulty reached an
island where it sank almost immediately. All
on board were obliged to remain on the island
forty-eight hours, when they were rescued by a
passing boat, the "War Eagle." In 1855, Mr.
Soule pre-empted one hundred and fifty acres in
Grant township, there being at that time only six
famUies in the township. He built a shanty,
using only eight dollars worth of lumber, and for
one of the posts used a standing burr-oak tree.
When he and his family took possession of their
western home, they had only one month's supply
of provisions and fifty-eight cents. Little by lit-
tle he gained a foothold and by industry and econ-
omy gradually became independent. In 1878, he
presented the farm to his two sons, reserving
seventeen acres for himself, on which he has
erected good buildings, and where he intends
making the home of his old age. He has been
thrice married, his first wife living three and one-
half years, leaving one daughter at her death.
His second wife left two sons, twins, Osmer and
Winfield. In 1871, he married Rachel Michener,
who has borne him three children, Alice, Olive
and Eeuel. At the organization of the town of
Grant, in 1856, Mr. Soule was elected town clerk.

and held the office twenty-two years; was mem-
ber of the legislature in 1861; has also been
county commissioner, superintendent of schools,
assessor and justice of the peace, having held the
last named since the organization of the town.

Frederick W. Springborn was bom in the prov-
ince of Brandenborg, Germany, 1822. He came
to America in 1851, and located on a farm at
Martinsville, New York, and in 1865, came to
Minnesota, purchasing sixty acres in Grant
township, where he has since resided. His wife
was Wilhelmine L. C. WoLEE, married 1848. They
are the parents of thirteen children, nine of whom
are living.

C. Frederick Springborn, son of Frederick W.
Spiingborn, was born at Martinsville, New York,
1854. When a lad of eleven years, he came to
Minnesota with his parents, and lived with them
on the farm until purchasing his present home,
to which he moved in 1878. April 4th, 1880, he
married Miss Bertha Boelter of Oakdale.

Otto Steindorf , a native of Germany, was bom
May 1st, 1849. When three years, of age he ac-
companied his mother and sister to America, his
father having come one year previous. They lo-
cated at a village near Buffalo, New York. In
1867 Mr. Steindorf migrated to Minnesota,
where he has since engaged in tilling the soil,
purchasing his farm in 1879 from H. C. Book.
His marriage with Augusta Heuer of New York,
occurred in 1871. Their children are, Otto H.,
Edward R. and Amanda.

Almon Storer was born on July 4th, 1844, in
Franklin county, Maine. Here he was reared by
his parents and educated, and in the fall of 1868
came to Grant township. In 1871 he purchased
a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, situated
about four and one-half miles from Granite Falls,
Minnesota, where he intends making his future
home. During the spring of 1877 he settled on
the McKusick farm of two hundred and twenty
acres, where he has since remained, working by
shares. He married Miss Ellen Middleton in
1875, who has borne him one son and one daugh-
ter. Chares E. and Mary Belle.

Charles H. Taft was born at Deering, Hills-
borough county. New Hampshire, 1815. He ac-
companied his parents to Franklin county, Maine,
when eleven years old, remaining until reaching
his majority, then went to Old Cambridge, Mas-

ONEKA—BOUNDABIES.

459

sachusetts, and engaged in brick-making for six
years. After a brief visit at Charleston, South
Carolina, he returned and was married to Miss
Sarah, daughter of Colonel Newman, 1840. Lo-
cating on their farm in Franklin county, Maine,
they remained thirteen years, then went to Cali-
fornia and spent three and one-half years in
brick-making. He returned to Maine and sold
his old homestead, then came to visit Minnesota,
purchasing, while here, his present farm. He lo-
cated on his farm in 1877, and has one hundred
andsixty acres under cultivation. His only son,
Charles B., died in 1872.

John B. Taft was born at Weld, Franklin
county, Maine, 1825, and remained with his
parents until reaching man's estate, then engaged
in railroading, which he followed until 1857.
Coming direct to Stillwater during the spring, he
purchased eighty acres, and after living on it
eight years sold to S. B. Webster. The next fall
he purchased his present farm, which, in addition
to other lands, makes a total of four hundred and
twenty acres. In 1855 he married Miss Orpha
Newman, of Maine. They have an adopted son
and daughter, Alice and Franklin Newman, chil-
dren of Mrs. Taft's brother.

Samuel E. Webster was born at Weld, Frank-
lin county, Maine, 1823. He lived at, or near
his birth-place- until 1855, then came west to Min-
nesota, being detained at Chicago by the heaviest
snow storm ever known in that region, finally ar-
riving at Stillwater. Soon after, he pre-empted
one hundred and sixty acres, disposing of it, he
purchased of J. B. Taft his present farm in
Grant township during the spring of 1866. His
winters are devoted chiefly to hunting, he having
secured one hundred and thirty mink in one sea-
son. Plis wife was Miss Hannah Masterman,
married 1845. They have eight children living,
and two others have passed away.

William H. Wells was born at De Forest, Dane
county, Wisconsin, 1862, where he lived until
the age of twenty years, then acquired a knowl-
edge of engineering. Was engineer in one of the
Blue mills at Eau' Claire, Wisconsin, for Capt.
Sherman one year and continued in the business
until 1880. Previously he purchased one hun-
dred and sixty acres of land from F. W. Loh-
mann, and the same year, 1878, he married Miss
Ida Lohmann.

Fred. Wolf was bom July 25th, 1847, and is a
native of Holstein, Germany. ' In company with
his parents and one sister, he immigrated to Ame-
rica, landing at the port of New York. They
came farther westward, settled at StiUwater, Min-
nesota for a short time, then moved to their home-
stead in Grant township in 1866. Mr. Wolf pur-
chased his father's farm in 1878, and has since
lived here, his parents Uving with him. In 1871,
he married Miss Sophia Dagon, a native of Ger-
many: Christina, John, Emma, Anna and Mena,
are their their children.

ONEKA.

CHAPTER LXII.

BOUWDABIES— EARLY SBTTLEBS-

-OBGANIZA-

TlOSr TOWN OFFICERS SCHOOLS — BOADS —

INITIAL EVENTS— BIOGBAPHICAL.

The township of Oneka is located in the north-
western part of Washington county. It is
bounded on the north by Forest lake, on the
east by Marine, on the south by Grant, and west
by CentervUle, and embraces in its territory
thirty-six sections. The surface is diversified.
The eastern and south-eastern portions are quite
rugged and uneven, giving it a rolling appear-
ance. In the depressions, or valleys, are many
fine lakelets, some of which are supplied from
living springs; this section of the town is covered
with a growth of small oak, excepting where it
is cleared off for farniing purposes. The west-
ern portion of the town is divided from the
eastern by a tamarack swamp, and Rice creek,
which takes its rise in a lake of the same name.
This swamp forms a natural barrier or division
between the eastern and western portions of the
town. It is from one-fourth to one-half mile in
width, and extends from Rice lake to Forest lake,
in the town north, about ten miles. The west-
ern portion is comparatively level; along the

460

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

borders of Eice creek, extending for some dis-
tance westward, are fine hay meadows, while
still further west of these bottoms, a larger
growth of timber springs up. The eastern por-
tion is especially adapted to the growth of wheat
which is raised in large quantities, and of a very
fine quality. The drainage of the town is fur-
nished by a chain of lakes passing through the
center from north to south, with one in the south-
eastern part, on section 25, and a part of Bald
Eagle lake in the extreme south-western part.
The principal lake is Oneka, located on section 9,
and 16 near the center of ,the town that
takes its name from it. This is the finest and
largest body of water in the chain. Skirted with
high banks that support a fine growth of timber.
Eice lake, located on the line of sections twenty-
one and twenty-two, has long been the resort of
a band of Indians from Mendota, who go to it
every summer, bringing with them from eight to
twelve lodges; they gather rice during the sum-
mer, which they sell in St. Paul. The lake af-
fords them excellent fishing-ground, containing
more pickerel than any other lake in the town.
It is fed by springs on the east and west sides in
such a quantity as to furnish a steady flow of
water into Eice creek, which rises from it and
flows north to section thirty-four in Forest lake,
thence in a south-westerly direction, and again
entering Oneka in the north-west corner of sec-
tion four and flowing through the north-western
part of the town, finally emptying into the Miss-
issippi at Fridley in Anoka county. To the
south-east,on sections twenty-five and thirty-six, is
located School Section lake, which furnishes good
fishing. It was also the scene of a painful acci-
dent which occurred about eight years ago_
Stephen Luts, in company with a young friend,
was out one day enjoying the sport and pleasure
which these lakes furnish— trolling, when mid-
way in the lake the boat upset, precipitating both
into the water. Young Luts became tangled in
the line, and when taken out they found his
hands completely bound up in its meshes. Eagle
lake is located on section thirty-four in the south-
ern part of the town, and Egg lake on section
twenty near the St. Paul and Duluth railroad.
Bald Eagle lake is located in the extreme south-
western corner of the town, and on section four
is Horse-shoe lake.

EAKLY SETTLERS.

The first white man who settled in the town of
Oneka was Lewis Semper, who came in the fall
of 1855 and located on laud he had entered some
two years previous. He, in company with Joseph
Freeman and family, one of whose daughters he
had married, started out with strong arms to hew
out for themselves, homes in the wilds of this
new town. He, however, remained but one year,
when he transferred his claim to Charles Morgan,
of St. Paul, who rented it to Joseph Freeman,
who remained on it till 1860, when it was sold to
L. C. Dunn. The latter occupied it until the fall
of 1866, when he transferred it to V. B. Barnum,
who remained two years and sold to F. Young-
bluth, who is now living on it, a prosperous
farmer and respected citizen. Following close
upon Lewis Semper, came two young men by the
name of Austin and Tainter, who came for the
purpose of baling hay that grew in abundance
upon the rich bottom lands of Eice creek. They
located a tract of land now occupied by David
Hopkins, who is now one of the prominent farmers
and land owners of the town, and doing a large
dairy business, finding a ready sale for his choice
butter, etc., in the Stillwater and St. Paul
markets. Just how long Austin and Tainter re-
mained we were unable to ascertain, though they
were there some years, then settling in the west-
ern part of the town. In the eastern part came
John Beecrof t, and located near Horse-shoe lake
in 1868. He was a butcher by trade and came
for the purpose of Imnting and making a home
for his family; he left in 1863, entering the army
and is now in Chicago. WiUiam Hatch came in
1860 and built a shanty on section thirty-six.
Tlie farm is now owned by B. F. Judkins. Joseph
Lambert and father, who still reside in the town,
came in 1861 and are now living on section thirty-
six, in the south-east corner of the town. Oneka
did not escape the mania which took possession
of the people in 1856; a town site with the name
of " Wasliington" was surveyed, and platted on
Oneka lake, and filed with the register of deeds,
but like many of the paper towns of those days,
is as though it had never been.

OEGANIZATION.

The town of Oneka was organized by the coun-
ty commissioners, and officers appointed Septem.

ONEKA—TOWN BEC0BD8.

461

ber 9th, 1870. The first town meeting for the
election of officers was held at the house of
George Wallser, Septemher 27th, 1870. A. J.
Soule moderated the meeting, with George
"Walker, clerk. Two road districts were formed,
designated as numbers one and two, representing
the east and west divisions of the town. O. L.
Kinyon was appointed overseer of district num-
ber one, and V. B. Barnum for district number
two. The ofiicers elected were George Walker,
clerk and treasurer; George H. Kannady, asses-
sor; V. B. Barnum and Prescott Newman, jus-
tices; Francis Briggs and Joseph Lambert, con-
stables.

March 14th, 1871, annual town meeting was
held at the house of George Walker. J. Crysler
chosen moderator. Elected J. Crysler, O. L.
Kinyon, B. P. Judkins, supervisors. Voted a
tax of two hundred dollars for current expenses.

May 2d, 1871, a meeting was held at the house
of George Walker, to vote for arbitration on
Minnesota state railroad bonds; O. L. Kinyon,
moderator. The whole number of votes cast,
nine, all in the affirmative.

March 12th, 1872, annual town meeting was
held at the school-house in district number fifty-
one. The meeting was called to order by George
Walker, and A. J. Soule chosen moderator.
Elected O. L. Kinyon, B. E. Judkins, A. J.
Soule, supervisors.

March 11th, 1873, annual town meeting was
held at the school-house in district number fifty-
one, and called to order by George Walker; B. E.
Judkins chosen moderator. Elected O. L. Kin-
yon, Michael Houle, Joseph Luts, supervisors.
Voted a tax of two hundred dollars for roads and
one hundred dollars for town expenses.

March 10th, 1874, annual meeting was held at
the school-house in district number fifty-one.
Called to order by George Walker, and Prescott
Newman chosen moderator. Elected O. L. Kin-
yon, Joseph Luts, Michael Houle, supervisors.
Voted a tax of one hundred and fifty dollars for
current expenses.

1875. Annual town meeting was called at the
school-house in district number fifty-one, March
9th. Called to order by the town clerk, and A.
J. Soule chosen moderator. Elected A. J. Soule,
T. J. Withrow, Michael Houle, supervisors.

Voted a tax of one hundred and fifty dollars for
current expenses.

1876. Annual town meeting was held at the
school-house in district number 51, and called to
order by the town clerk, and A. J. Soule chosen
moderator; elected A. J. Soule, T. J. Withrow
and O. L. Kinyon, supervisors; voted a tax of
$150 for current expenses.

1876. Annual town meeting was held at the
school-house in district number 51, March 13th,
called to order by the town clerk, and O. L
Kinyon, chosen moderator; on motion of Thomas
J. Withrow, the compensation of supervisors and
town clerk was made one dollar per day; voted a
tax of $150 for current expenses; elected Michael
Houle, David Sawyer and E. Kunde, supervisors.

1878. Annual town meeting was held at the
school-house in district number 51, called to order
by P. Newman, and O. L. Kinyon, chosen mod-
erator; moved to strike out the article in the war-
rant to issue town bonds to raise money for town
purposes, and voted a tax of |150 for current
expenses; elected A. J. Soule, Michael Houle and
E. Kunde, supervisors.

1879. Annual town meeting was held in the
school-house in district number 51, on March
11th, and called to order by Prescott Newman,
O. L. Kinyon, chosen moderator; voted a tax of
$100 for current expenses; elected, A. J. Soule,
Joseph Luts and E. Kunde, supervisors.

1880. Annual town meeting was held in the
school-house in district number 63, March 9th,
the meeting was called to order by George Walker
and O. L. Kinyon, chosen moderator; voted a tax
of 1100 for current expenses;^lected, A. J. Soule,
E. C. Judkins and E. Kunde, supervisors.

SCHOOLS.

The first school was organized at the house of
V. B. Barnum, February 17th, 1867, and the fol-
lowing officers were elected: V. B. Barnum, di-
rector; Mathew Tucker, clerk; Albert Pluitt,
treasurer; Ruth Miller was the first teacher who
opened her first school May 1st, 1868, receiving as
compensation, thirty dollars per month for three
months. The house has since been moved to
Centerville station on section 20, for the greater
convenience of the district.

The next school organized was in 1871; the
building was located on section 26, and the dis-

462

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

trict numbered fifty-one. The first ofiBcers were
Joseph Luts, director; George Walkgr, clerk.
The first teacher was Mary Withrow, who had
an attendance of thirty-two scholars. This build-
ing served the purpose of the residents of the
eastern portion of the town until 1877, when a
division was made and a new district organized,
and numbered sixty-three. The old building was
sold to Soule, Briggs and Newman, and the
district immediately erected a new and neat build,
ing on section fourteen.

The new district erected a building about the
same time, on section thirty-^ix. This is the
largest and best school building in the town, and
is said to be the most complete country school-
house in the county. The first officers under the
new organization were Joseph Luts, director; T.
J. Withrow, treasurer, and O. L. Kinyon, clerk.
Miss Lida Yorks taught the first school of thirty-
six pupils. There are now in attendance fifty-
six scholars, with Lizzie Withrow for teacher.

BO ADS.

The first road laid out after the organization
of the town, began on section nineteen and ex-
tended eastward imtil it intersected the Still-
water road on section 26. It was surveyed by J.
H. Soule, October 2d, and established October
25th, 1873. A new road district was formed
April 5th, 1875, comprising sections 1, 2, 3, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28 and 24, by the supervis-
ors, who appointed George H. Kannady, over-
seer, and called it road district number three.

The St. Paul and Duluth railroad enters the
north-west comer of the town, on the line of sec-
tions 4 and 5, passing in a south-westerly direc-
tion through it, and leaving it a little east of the
center of section 31. This road has a station at
Centerville, on section 20, where there is a hotel,
store and sample-room, kept by Mrs. Kuchli.

INITIAL EVENTS.

The first birth in the town was Susie Semper,
daughter of the first settler, April 10th, 1856.
She was married June 26th, 1875, to W. H. Fish-
leigh of Chicago. The next birth was Iloyt
E. Kinyon, son of O. L. Kinyon, born December
27th, 1863.

The first death was a son of O. L. Kinyon,
Herbert, who died May 30th, 1869.

The first marriage was Joseph Lambert to Miss
Mary Courtoue, of Marine, November 13th, 1865.
He brought his bride to his father's house, where
they still reside.

POPULATION AND VALTTATION.

The population of Oneka in 1875 was two hun-
dred and ten; in 1880 it was three hundred and
seventy-nine.

The valuation in 1880, of the real estate, was
$114,501; of personal property, $11,830.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

P. V. Briggs was bom January 28th. 1848, in
Kennebec county, Maine, and came west with
his father, Calvin Briggs, when about eighteen
years of age. He located, with his father, in
Marine township, and finally moved to Oneka,
in 1874. Here they tilled the farm previously
purchased. In 1874 he married Castiua O.
Rutherford, who has borne him three children:
William E., Harry F. and Calvin V. Mr. Briggs
has now a farm of one hundred and twenty
acres, nicely improved.

PieiTC Girard was bom at St. Rose, Canada,
in 1814. Remaining at Montreal until the "pat-
riotic upstir," he then sought refuge in the
United States in 1839. Passing some time in
traveling about, he visited Chicago, Buffalo, and
other places, and engaged in different pursuits.
At times he was compelled to go long distances
on foot, experiencing many privations and diflS-
culties. For some time he made his home at
Prairie du Chien, and manufactured ginger beer,
also engaged in farming near there for five
years. In 1849 he came up the river to St. Paul,
and was employed in rafting, and as a lumber-
man cook, until the commencement of hostili-
ties, when he enlisted in Company I, Second
Minnesota Volunteers, serving until discharged
for injuries received, in 1862. During the fall of
the next year he removed to Stillwater, and in
1867 located on a farm in Oneka township, on
the lake shore.

Daniel Hopkins was born in 1820, and is a na-
tive of New Hampshire. Learning the trade of
tanner and currier in his native state, he worked
as such a number of years; also engaged in lum-
bering seven years. In 1850 he located at St.
Paul, Minnesota, and carried on general merch-

oni:k a—biogbaphical.

463

andising until failing health compelled him to
abandon the business, which he did in 1853, pur-
chasing a iine farm between St. Paul and St.
Anthony, on which he lived seventeen years and
dealt quite extensively in fancy horses. While
on a hunting excursion, he crossed his present
farm, and thought it so fine a locality that he sold
his farm and purchased four hundred and forty
acres, having since added two hundred acres
more. The St. Paul and Duluth railroad crosses
his estate, having a flag-station, commonly
called Hopkins' station. Mr. Hopkins has been
twice married; his present wife was Anatte
Johnson, a native of Norway, whom he married
in 1857. Edward, William M., Judson, Chester,
Prank, Henrietta, Marty and . John are his chil-
dren.

Michel Houle, a native of Canada, was born in
1832. Remaining under the home guidance and
protection until seventeen years of age, he then
sought the copper mines near Georgian bay,
working at mining a few months. After spend-
ing one summer with an exploring party, he re-
moved to Michigan peninsula and engaged in the
mines about four years, going thence to Dululh,
Minnesota, from which place he enlisted in 1864
in Company E, Independent Cavalry, receiving his
discharge at Fort Snelling in April, 1866. He
returned to Duluth, remaining until 1870; then
located on his present farm in Oneka township,
of one hundred and eighty acres. There is a
spring of clear, pure water near by his house,
having been made by his sinking a well forty
feet deep, which soon filled to overflowing. Mr.
Houle was married in 1869 to Mary Pleteir; their
living children are Adella, Adeline, Frank, Eliza
and Mary.

E. C. Judkins was born at Phillips, Maine, in
1851. When six years old he removed with his
parents to Stillwater, Minnesota, and six months
later to Anoka, where they remained one and one-
half years; then returned to Stillwater. Nearly
two years later his father purchased eighty acres
on Grant township, in which they lived some time,
finally purchasing a farm of two hundred and
twenty acres in Oneka township, which has since
been their home. Mr. Judkins was married in
October, 1880, to Carrie Prince of Stillwater.

George H. Kannady is a native of Maine, born
bom 1845. Here he made his home until July,

1862, when he enlisted in Company G, Seven-
teenth Maine Volunteers, passed through twenty-
one engagements, including Fredericksburg, Get-
tysburg, second Bull Run and battle of Wilder-
ness. During the last named siege he received a
gun-shot through the knee, for which he has re-
ceived a pension. In 1867 he came west to Still-
water, Minnesota, and purchased a farm in Ma-
rine township, on which he resided five years,
then sold, and in 1875 purchased one hundred and
twenty acres in Oneka township and has since re-
sided there. His marriage with Laura E. Church
occurred in 1867. Their children are, Charley E.,
Marshall E. and Eva M.

B. R. Kellogg was bom at Worthington, Ohio
and when three years of age went with his par-
ents to Holmes county; at the age of fourteen he
went to Wayne county, Iowa, remaining until he
enlisted in Company I, Fourth Iowa Infantry, un-
der Col. Dodge. He was discharged on account
of disability, August 6th, 1863, and in June, 1864,
re-enlisted for one hundred days. Having been dis-
charged at expiration of term at Keokuk, Iowa,
he engaged in the quiet pursuit of agriculture in
Des Moines county, and -in 1878 located in Oneka
township, having a fine farm and pleasant loca-
tion; he is now one of the justices. He was mar-
ried in 1865 to Miss Arma M. Carter, who has
borne him five children, viz: Charles M., Rebecca,
Luella, Fred L. and Florence.

Mrs. Francoise Kuchli, was bom in France,
province of Loraine, now Germany, in 1835. At
the age of eighteen she, with her brothers Joseph
and Jacob Klaen, sailed for America, landing at
New York city after a voyage of thirty-three
days. They proceeded directly to Cleveland,
thence to Detroit, and on to St. Marys, here she
married Mr. Kuchli, who had accompanied them
from their native country. In 1854 they removed
to Port Washington, Wisconsin, and after pur-
chasing a farm located and remained two years,
then to Superior City until 1875, then for three
years carried on a store of general merchandise.
They finally opened a store and hotel at Center-
ville Station, on the St. Paul and Duluth railroad.
Mr. Kuchli departed this life November 1, 1880,
and his widow still superintends the business
affairs; she speaks three languages, English,
French and German, and has an estate of one
hundred and thirty-three acres, adjoining her

46 1

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTS.

place of business. Her children are Joseph L,
who has a meat market at Minneapolis, Mary,
Henry L., Francoise M. and Louis F.

Joseph Lambert was born 1842 at Sorel, about
forty-five miles north of Montreal, Canada. When
a lad of fourteen, he came with his father to
Stillwater and worked in different capacities
until his final location in Oneka township on his
farm. It consisted of eighty acres, all under cul-
tivation, having on it a good residence and other
buildings. He and Miss Mary Courtoue were
united in marriage, November 13th. 1865. Their
children are: Eugene and Agnes.

Joseph Luts, a native of Canada, was bom in
1829, and when ten years old went to Clintonville
New York, and apprenticed in the rolling mills at
that place. . After learning the trade, he worked
at it about ten years, then returned to Canada and
and began farming. Visiting Minnesota in 1854,
he again retured to his native country, and about
ten years later again visited the North Star state.
In 1866, he located on a farm in Oneka township
where he has since resided with his family, hav-
ing been supervisor of the township the entire
time. He married Miss Elizabeth Papnow in
1848, who as borne him twelve children: Stephen,
who met his death by drowning in the lake ad-
joining the farm; Napoleon, Lizzie, Mary, John,
Axmina, Jane, Emily, David, EUen, George and
Louis.

Prescott Newman, son of Col. E. Newman,
was born at Weld, Franklin county, Maine in
1832. He came to Stillwater, Minnesota, in 1848,
returning the year following, afterward going into
business in that county. August 18th, 1862, he
enlisted in Company G, Seventeenth Maine, be-
ing soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant, was
discharged in 1863. Four years later, he returned
to Minnesota and purchased a claim in Grant
township; disposing of it, he purchased in Oneka
township, where he has since resided, having a
• farm of two hundred and forty acres. Mr. New-
man has been twice married, to his present wife,
who was Ellen M., daughter of Rev. J. S. Staplrs,
of Maine, in June, 1863. Their children are:
Gracia O., Prescott E., Charley T. and Harry C.

David Sawyer was born in Lower Canada,
1815. Here he learned the trade of carpenter and
joiner, serving five and one-half years as appren-
tice, then followed his calling until 1872, when

he came to St. Paul. During the spring of the
next year he moved to Stillwater, remaining until
moving to his farm in Oneka township, in 1874.
His marriage with Miss Cynthia Rowe took place
in 1834. She died at St. Paul, 1872, leaving four
children; the living are P. Benjamin, D. Hubert
and Alfred.

A. J. Soule, a native of Maine, was born 1837.
On reaching his majority he came to Minnesota,
and in 1861 enlisted in Company K, Brackett's
Battalion, serving until honorably discharged at
Fort Snelling, May 24th, 1865. He then pur-
chased a claim of eighty acres in Marine town-
ship, and in 1867 purchased one hundred and
sixty acres in Oneka township, and has since re-
sided there. June 22d, 1865, he married Pru-
dence A. Briggs; their children are, Oscar A„
Frank N. and Charles A.

George Walker was bom in Canada, 1823, and
when about three years of age, moved to New
Hampshire, where fQf some time he was employed
as book agent. In 1858 he went to Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, and engaged quite extensively in the
manufacture of blank books. Failing health
compelled him to seek the salubrious climate of
Minnesota, and in 1861 he purchased a farm in
Grant township, on which he lived nearly a year,
then removed to Stillwater. During the fall of
1864 he was appointed overseer of the Washing-
ton county poor farm, in which capacity he re-
mained three years, then purchased a home in
Oneka township, where he has since resided.
The first four town meetings were held at Mr.
Walker's house, he having served as town clerk
and justice of the peace ever since its organiza-
tion, except two years. He married Miss L. Dill,
in 1859; their children are, Ella, Franklin, Ar-
thur, Winfleld and Willard.

T. J. Withrow. a native of Nova Scotia, was
born 1829. He remained in the land of his na-
tivity until eleven years old, when at that early
age he went to sea as cabin-boy on a coasting
vessel, and followed the life of a sailor four years.
Locating at Boston, he remained untU twenty-
four years of age, then made his home at Still-
water, Minnesota, in 1854. He purchased a farm
in Marine township, on which he lived until 1874,
then moved to Oneka township, where he has
since resided. His wife was Miss Catherine
Clary, a native of Prince Edward Island, whom

F0BE8T LAKE -JEARLY SETTLERS.

465

he married in 1852. They are the parents of
eight children living.

Fred Youngbluth, a native of Prussia, was born
in 1845. At the age of fourteen, he came to
America with his parents, arriving at Baltimore
after a voyage of eight weeks, proceeding directly
to St. Paul, Minnesota. He then engaged with
Dr. Post, of that city, as coachman, serving as
such until enlisting in Company G, Second Min-
nesota, in 1863; was honorably discharged at
Fort Snelling, 1865. Eeturning to St. Paul, and
to his situation with Dr. Post, he remained some
time, then engaged in teaming at St. Paul sev-
eral years. In 1871, he settled in Oneka town-
ship, now having a farm of two hundred and thirty-
seven acres. His father and mother are making
their home with him. His marriage with Susan
Braitet, occurred in 1868. They have four chil-
dren, Anne, George, Emma and Kate.

FOREST LAKE.

CHAPTEE LXIII.

DESCRIPTIVE LAKES— SETTLERS ORGANIZA

TION STATISTICAL MOtTND BUILDER'S

RELICS— —VILLAGE — MISCELLANEOUS

BIOGRAPHICAL.

The township designated by the government
survey as township 32, range 21, was formerly
attached to Marine. It is a full congressional
township of thirty-six sections, organized into a
distinct body for judicial purposes, in the spring
of 1874, and took its name from the lake within
its limits. At the date of organization the town-
ship contained a population of only two hundred
and thirty-three.

The surface, less broken than that of Oneka, is
rolling and covered with a vigorous growth of
timber, consisting of white and black oak, birch
and poplar, and about the lake, ash, elm, basswood
and Cottonwood. A strip of land, extending
30

from the lake, south-east into Oneka, is some-
what hilly and rugged. Immediately west of
this ridge, a tamarack swamp commences, in
Oneka, at Kice lake, and entering Forest lake by
section thirty-four, extends in a north-easterly
direction to the head of Forest lake. It is
generally impassable, though the county built a
road across the northern portion, by laying a cor-
duroy about thirty rods in length.

No large streams run through the town though
it is well watered by the numerous lakes which
dot its surface, The most worthy of mention
being Forest and Clear lakes. Around the lakes
and along the small streams are low lands form-
ing rich hay meadows. Forest lake, which as
we have stated gave its name to the township,
derives its appellation from the heavy timber
skirting the shores. This lake having more
than twelve miles of coast, extends south-east
from the northern portion of section four, into the
south-eastern part of section thirteen, occupying
portions of twelve sections. The water is deep,
and the sandy nature of the shore affords many
fine landings. The region affords many induce-
ments to pleasure-seekers and sportsmen.

Clear Lake, smaller and more regular than its
neighbor, occupies portions of sections seventeen
and eighteen. Like Forest, it is surrounded by
timber, and a portion of the shore is sandy. At
the west end of the lake is a large swamp thickly
grown with wild rice, forming a breeding ground
for wild ducks, which are numerous and offer
strong inducements to the hunter. Many smaller
lakes and ponds also afford abundant hunting and
fishing.

EARLY SETTLERS.

Louis Schiel and family- were the first to settle
within the limits of the town. His father was a
piano-maker in Heilbrun, Germany, and Louis
attended school in his native town until eighteen
years of age, with the intention of preparing him-
self to enter a government office. When the
troubles of 1844 began, he identified himself with
the revolutionists, and on that account was com-
pelled to leave his country. Having selected a
piece of land in section fifteen and the north half
of the north-west quarter of section twenty-two,
he erected his house in 1855. This he afterward
converted into a barn and erected a new dwelling.

The same year a man by the name of Wilson,

466

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

from St. Paul, began work on section ten, and in
November brought his family to liveu)n it. Three
years later, he returned to St. Paul with his fam-
ily. Next came a Bostonian named Kice, who
settled on section twenty-two, lived alone until
fall, then brought his wife from Boston. In the
spring of 1856 they left.

Cyrus pray purchased the old Wilson place
and lived on it until 1861, then went to White
Bear Lake, but at the end of four years returned
to Forest Lake. He lost his life in a hotel fire in
Minneapolis, a few years later. The late Fred-
erick Veith with his family settled on the old
Wilson place in September, 1863.

OFFICEES.

A special meeting to elect oflScers and complete
the township organization, was held April 23d,
1874, at the depot in Forest Lake. Two hundred
dollars for town purposes was voted. M. Marsh
was chosen moderator, and Louis Schiel, clerk.
The ofiBcers elected were: H. D. Benedict . A.
C. York, Gerorge Simmons, supervisors; Louis
Schiel, clerk; Louis Schiel and S. P. Howell, jus-
tices of the peace; 8. P. Howell, district number
one, and Jonas Johnson, district number two,
road overseers. At the succeeding annual meet-
ings, the amounts voted for various purposes and
the supervisors elected, were as follows:

March 9th, 1875, two hundred dollars for cur-
rent expenses; H. D. Benedict, A. C. York and
James Johnson, supervisors; March 14th, 1876,
three hundred dollars for town purposes; H. D.
Benedict, J. Johnson and W. J. Simmons, super-
visors; March 13th, 1877, three hundred dollars
for expenses and one hundred for roads; A. C.
York, S. P. Howell and George Simmons, super-
visors; March 12th, 1878, two hundred and
twenty-five dollars for expenses and forty for
roads; A.C. York, S. P. Howell and George Hun-
ter, supervisors; March 11th, 1879, one hundred
and fifty dollars for expenses, twenty-five for
roads; A. C. York, Ole Aim and W. J. Simmons,
supervisors; March 9th, 1880, one hundred dollars
for expenses and one hundred and fifty for roads;
A. C. York, Ole Aim and Joseph Lunden, super-
visors. The offices of town clerk and justice of
the peace, have been held by Louis Schiel since
the township was organized.

The whole number of acres cultivated in the

township in 1880, was 511, producing 3,646'
bushels of wheat; 1,846 of oats; 2,390, of corn,
63, of rye; 2,475, of potatoes. The amount of
hay cut was about 499 tons; the amount of live
stock owned in the township is as follows: One
hundred and two cows, thirty-three horses, forty-
five sheep, twenty-nine hogs and ninety-four
oxen.

There are evidences in section 11 on a rise of
ground overlooking the lake, that at one time it
was used as a garden. Although covered by a
heavy growth of timber, some of the trees being
three feet in diameter, there are to be seen dis-
tinct out-lines as of garden beds. An eminent
officer of the ' United States army, who has
paid considerable attention to the study of relics
of the mound builders, was of the opinion that
these marks were left by that pre-historic race.

The territory between White Bear and Forest
Lakes was hotly disputed between the Chippe-
ways and Sioux. In 1856, the former built a
a rude fort, about one hundred and fifty rods
from the head of the outlet of Forest Lake, and
prepared to withstand the attack of the Sioux.
However they abandoned the fortification, which
was constructed of wood cut by the squaws,
and Michael Marsh alone reaped the benefits of
their toil by securing a large amount of fuel.

At another time two Chippeways were encamped
in a wigwam, on the shores of the lake. One
day while hunting, two Sioux stumbled upon
this camp, and entering, waited for the absent
Chippeways to return, intending to slay them.
One of the latter on returning was killed, but the
other becoming aware of the presence of his ene-
mies, turned the tables and killed both the Sioux.
This alarmed a party of Sioux warriors, who im-
mediately started in pursuit. A white woman by
the name of Stipe, who informed them of the di-
rection the fugitive had taken, was rewarded by
a fine saddle of venison.

VILLAGE OF FOREST LAKE.

This place was laid out by the railroad com-
pany in 1868, the spring following the completion
of the road. It is on the shore of the lake, on
fractional south half of the south-east quarter of
section five and fractional north-east quarter of
section eight. Here the company have a depot,
water tank and wood-yard.

FOBEST LAKE— STOBE— SCHOOLS-SOCIETIES.

467

FIBST STORE.

The first mercantile establishment in the town
was opened by Michael Marsh, just in advance of
the railroad. He furnished supplies to the few
families then living here.

First he opened at Clear Lake, in 1867, and a
year later in the village. In June, 1868, the store
and stock was burned, but Mr. Marsh imme-
diately purchased a new stock, opened in his
hotel just completed, and continued until 1873.

The first store built in the village, was that of
John Koller and company, erected by Ole and
Gustavus Aim, who carried a small stock of gro-
ceries until 1877, then sold to John Koller, who
added a general stock of merchandise. In March
1878, Koller took W. H. Sanborn into partner,
ship, and the latter being appointed post-master,
removed the office from the depot to the store,
the 1st of January. In the fall of 1880, C. V.
Smith opened a general stock of merchandise, to
this he proposes to add milling in the spring of
1881. Samuel Martin, the same fall, opened the
only saloon in the village. W. E. Lindstrom op-
erated a blacksmith shop in John KoUer's stable,
but soon removed it to a shop 16x126 feet.

North Shore house was the first public house
opened in the village. It is a large frame build-
ing erected by Michael Marsh, In the spring of
1868. Before building, the railroad company as-
sured Mr. Marsh that the road would come just in
front of the house, but when it was completed the
track was laid quite a distance away. When first
built contained six chambers, dining room, kitchen
and sitting room. The year following, Mr. Marsh
built a wing containing a bar and office, and five
chambers.

H. D. Gurney, in the spring of 1876 erected a
summer hotel and four cottages on the west bank
of the lake, where he cleared and fitted a commo-
dious picnic ground, about sixty rods from the
depot, just outside of the village limits. He
keeps ten row and two sail boats for the use of
• pleasure seekers.

SCHOOLS.

The township has but one school district, the
house being located in the village. This is known
as number fifty-six, and was organized Septem-
ber 23d, 1873, with the following officers: Louis
Schiel, director; S. B. Howell, clerk ; Cyrus Gray,

treasurer. The house was not erected until the
next year; the district officers were H. D. Ben-
edict, A. C. York, S. B. Howell.

SOCIETIES.

Forest Lake Lodge No. 179, 1. O. G. T., was
organized in June, 1879. They hold their meet-
ings every two weeks in the school house. The
charter members were A. C. York, Elizabeth
Spickler, R. H. McGee, I. M. Banty, Estella Bush,
A. W. Simmons, William Angevme, John Banty,
M. A. York, Minnie York, S. B. Howell, Sarah
Angevine, Mary Poston, David Banty, Eichard
Poston, John Erickson.

The Methodist Episcopal church was organized
in February, 1876, by Kev. Adam Ringer, pastor.
Meetings are held every alternate Sunday in the
school-house. The following were the early
members: A. C. York, Miriam York, W. A.
York, Esther Veith, Virginia Veith, Frederick
Veith, Rebecca Simmons, Rebecca A. Simmons,
Jeremiah Poston, Mary Poston, Mary E. F. Pos-
ton, John Banty, David Banty, Isaac M. Banty.
The present pastor is Rev. George Read.

Rebecca M. Simmons was the first white child
born in the township, April 24th, 1864. Her
parents are George and Rebecca Simmons. The
next was Henry A. son of Louis and Mary Schiel,
born September 2d, 1856. The first maixiage
was that of Francis Cartwright, to Mary Long,
of Taylor's Falls, in 1865. The next was that of
Allen Greenwald to A. Regan, in the fall of 1871,
followed by that of Richard W. Simmons and
Josephine Marsh in June, 1872. The first death
was that of Frederick Veith, senior, in 1867.
The next January, J. P. Veith followed.

BIOGEAPHICAL.

Ole Aim, a native of Sweden, was born in
1850, and is the son of Andrew Aim, the first
Swedish settler in Forest Lake. Coming to Ame-
rica in 1869 with his sister, he proceeded directly
to his parents, who had preceded him. In 1873,
he located at Forest Lake with his father, and
three years later, opened a store in company with
his brother. They sold the following year and
devoted their time and attention solely to farm-
ing. Mr. Aim was married in 1876 to Gustina
Erickson, a native of Sweden, who died in 1879,
leaving two children.

Robert Gronberger is a native of Kalmer, Swe-

468

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

den, bom in 1S40. He received his education in
his native country, and finished his course at the
gymnasium, afterward worl^ing as book-keeper.
In 1869, he came to America, making his way
directly to St. Croix Falls, "Wisconsin; thence to
Taylor's Falls, Minnesota. After visiting St.
Paul, he located on a farm in 1877, in Forest
Lake township, situated on the banks of the
lake. Some of his time was devoted to literary
pursuits, having written a history of the early
Swede settlers and pioneers of the north-west,
which was published in the Staats Tidning of
Minneapolis, also in the Skaffaren of St. Paul,
and has since been issued in book-form. He is
now contributor to these papers and to one Chi-
cago newspaper. He has been assessor at Forest
Lake for two years past.

A. P. Halsey was born at Elizabeth, New
Jersey, 1845, where he remained until twenty-two
years of age. Wishing to see the west, he came
to Davenport, Iowa, thence to Waterloo, which
place he made his home for four years. In 1871,
he went to Le Sueur, Minnesota, and carried on
an extensive business in the mercantile line, hav-
ing a large general stock. Finally disposing of
his goods, he came to Minneapolis, and being at-
tracted to Forest Lake, purchased fifty acres of
land very pleasantly located on the shores of the
lake. His residence commands a beautiful view
of the waters and surrounding wood-lands. He
was married January 2d, 1871.

S. B. Howell was born in Suffolk county. Long
Island, 1837, and on reaching maturity, embarked
in business as a photographer, ilugust 22d, 1862,
he enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth
New York Volunteers, Company II; was
wounded in tie hand by a shell in an engage-
ment at Bottom's Bridge, and was discharged
March 8th, 1864, through sickness, from which
he never fully recovered. He came with hiB
family to Minnesota, and located at Forest Lake,
where he has since resided on a farm pleasantly
situated on the banks of the lake. His wife was
Elizabeth Kent, married in 1859. They are the
parents of seven children.

John Koller, of the firm of Koller and Com-
pany, is a native of Germany, born 1844. When
a lad of seven years, he came with his parents to
America, and for six years made his home at
Eock Island, Illinois. In 1875 he removed to

Chisago county, Minnesota, and two years later
became a citizen of Forest Lake, purchasing the
stock of general merchandise from Ole Aim,
which he has increased to meet the wants of all
his patrons. W. H. Sanborn is the junior part-
ner, also post-master, the post-oflBce department
being in connection with the store.

W. E. Lindstrom is a native of Sweden, bom
1849. Here he received his early education, and
learned the trade of blacksmith. In 1879 he im-
migrated to America, landing in Boston, and
proceeded westward to La Crosse, Wisconsin
thence to North Branch, Chisago county, Minne-
sota. Deciding to locate at Forest Lake, he pur-
chased two lots in 1880 on which he built a
dwelling and a blacksmith shop, which was the
first shop of that kind in the place. Married, in
1873, to Matilda C. Geathburg, who was bom in
Sweden in 1847.

Michael Marsh, one of the oldest settlers of
Forest Lake, was born in Germany, March 28th,
1828. Coming to America in 1850, he passed
the first four years at Chicago and Aurora, Illinois.
In 1855 he removed to Hastings, Dakota county,
Minnesota, then a village of about two houses
and four shanties, and here opened a store, also
carried on a farm several miles away in Marshan
township. Remaining at Hastings until 1866,
then moving to St. Paul he established a grocery
and provision trade, and the year following located
a branch store at Forest Lake. Subsequently he
purchased land and erected a hotel, and for sev-
eral years carried on both store and post-oflSce.
In 1880 Mr. Marsh moved to St. Paul, and is ex-
tensively engaged in wood contracting at both
places. He married Mary Gekli in 1853, who
did at Hastings in 1865, leaving five children liv-
ing: Josephine, Peter, John, Katrina and Eos-
anna.

Mary Poston is a native of Ohio, born in 1833;
when a small child moved with her parents to
Adams county, Illinois, near Quincy, remaining
with her parents until her marriage with Jere-
miah Poston, April 19th, 1849. Six years sub-
se(iuently they removed to Minnesota, and lo-
cated on their pleasant farm of one hundred and
sixty acres in Wyoming township, removing later
to their farm adjoining in Forest Lake. For
the benefit of her husband's health and her
children's education, they removed to Le Sueur

FOREST LAKE— BIOGRAPHICAL.

469

in 1871, remaining four years; then returned to
their former home. On the 2d of December, of
the following year, Mr. Poston departed this life
aged fifty-eight. His widow still resides on her
farm, and is the parent of eleven children: Ash-
ford C, Lurianda C, Silas M., Bell, J. Golden,
Richard II., John K., Mary T. F., Wm. Grant,
Emma C. and Irene.

Louis Schiel was born in 1831, and is a native
of Germany, where he received his early educa-
tion, finishing his studies at the school of forestry
for the purpose of preparing for duties in civil
service. He landed at the port of New Orleans
in 1850, coming up the river to southern Illinois,
and in the summer of 1855 proceeded to St. Paul,
Minnesota. He experienced at this time a severe
illness; on recovering he joined a prospecting
party, passing through White Bear, thence to
Forest Lake, where he made a claim of one hun-
dred and sixty acres and built a log-cabin. The
same yeair his family came out from St. Paul, mak-
ing since that time their home on the farm. In '61
he enlisted in the First Minnesota Battery, and
was discharged in 1863 in consequence of inju-
ries received. Mr. Schiel has been justice of the
peace, town clerk and school director since the
organization of the town. In 1851 he married
Mary Freund, a native of Germany. Edward,
Harry, Lizzette, Emma, Fannie, Albert and
Edwin are their children. The latter is an
adopted child.

J. P. Simmons was born in Ohio, 1846, and
when a small boy came with his parents to Illi-
nois, locating near Quincy, and in 1855 came to
St. Paul, Minnesota, finally locating on Forest
Lake the next year. Here he lived with his par-
ents until the age of twenty then accompanied a
party to Vermillion gold mines, but soon returned.
In 1873 he purchased a farm in Forest Lake
township, on which he located in 1879, after hav-
ing visited California and other states. His mar-
riage with Miss Anna Peoples took place in 1879.

R. W. Simmons is a native of Ohio, born 1850.
When a mere child he moved with his paients to
Illinois, thence to Minnesota, living at White
Bear about two years, then located on a farm in
Chisago county, later in Forest Lake. On attain-
ing his majority he worked in St. Paul two years,
then purchased land in Wyoming and Forest
Lake townships, owning at present one hundred

and fifty-seven acres. His wife was .losephine
Marsh, married in 1872. Their children are,
George M., Allen, John H., and Clarence.

Wm. J. Simmons was born in Athens county,
Ohio, 1851. At the age of three years- he came
with his parents to Minnesota after a residence
of some time near Quincy, Illinois. In 1856 he lo-
cated on a farm in Wyoming township, subse-
quently to Forest Lake, where he remained until
reaching majority, then worked as a laborer two
years in St. Paul. Returning to his home in 1877
he purchased his present homestead of one hund-
red and sixty acres in Forest Lake township.
Married in 1874 to Julia Rioux. Charley, Ella,
and Jessie are their children.

C. V. Smith was born in Sweden, 1842, and
was there connected with the mercantile trade.
Coming to America in 1869, he landed at Quebec,
and proceeded to Chicago, Illinois, thence the
next year to St. Paul, Minnesota. He was in the
employ of several firms in that city until 1880,
then purchased village lots at Forest Lake and im-
mediately erected a new store and dwelling. He
carries a complete general stock of groceries, dry-
goods, boots and shoes, hardware, patent medi-
cines, etc.

A. L. Stromberg, is a native of Sweden, where
he received a good education, then finished his
studies at the college of Skara. In 1868, he came
to America, making his way to St. Paul, Minne-
sota; the first winter was devoted to the study of
the English language, also the manners and cus-
toms of the people. In 1869, he entered the em-
ploy of Langdon and Co., railroad contractors,
and occupied responsible positions for three years,
then made a short visit to his native country.
Returning to St. Paul, he assumed the position
of manager of the Swedish newspaper three years.
Subsequently he purchased land in Forest Lake
township, and in 1877, located on it. He is still
in the employment of Langdon and Co, which
often calls him to St. Paul. In 1880, he made
another trip to Sweden.

Esther P. Veith, daughter of Parker West, was
born in Ohio, 1828, and remained with her parents
until her marriage with William Long, in 1844,
who died four years later. She accompanied her
brother to Illinois some time later, and while
there married, in 1854, Mr. Fred Veith. They
came to Minnesota with their family and settled

470.

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

in Forest Lake township in 1864, purchasing the
land on which formerly lived Mr. Wilson, the
first settler of Forest Lake. Mr. Veith died
July 31st, 1867, leaving his widow with five chil-
dren, Franklin, Fred, Caroline V., William and
Adella.

MARINE.

CHAPTER LXIV.

VILLAGE OF MABINB — FIRST CLAIM — MARINE
LTTMBER COMPANY — STORES — POST-OFFCES —
TOWN RECORDS — VILLAGE CHARTER — ARCO-
LA MILLS — V ASA— SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES-
TOPOGRAPHY OF MARINE TOWNSHIP — BIO-
GRAPHICAL.

The village of Marine is located on high ground
overlooking the St. Croix river, about twelve
miles above Stillwater. It is particularly de-
scribed as on sections six and seven, township
thirty-one, range nineteen, and sections one and
twelve, township thirty-one. range twenty. In
addition to the St. Croix, which sweeps along
forming its eastern limit, a brook which affords
power to the mills, flows through and determined
the location of the village. This brook takes its
rise in, and is furnished with its crystal waters by
large springs. Two smaller brooks, taking their
rise in these springs, have their confluence within
the limits of the village as now platted. The
little brook is here stopped in its gambols and
made to perform duty in turning the wheels of a
flouring mill, and just below is caught again and
conveyed to the saw-mill, whose wheels it also
turns.

Let us now look back a little more than forty
years to the time when this little brook was al-
lowed to run as it would, and see the condition of
things at that time, following the changes up to
the present.

The St. Croix Lumber Company was formed

in the winter of 1837, and the steamer Palmyra
was chartered at St. Louis to take up men, sup-
plies and mill machinery for the enterprise. This
steamer, the first on the St. Croix river, landed
at St. Croix, July 16th, 1838, and as it brought
the pioneer party no improvements were visible
at any point on the St. Croix; indeed the same
could be said at that date from Prairie du Chien
north. One of the party by the Palmyra, L. W.
Stratton, took opportunity during the winter fol-
lowing to make a claim for himself, and, accord-
ingly, stuck the first stake at Marine, December
12th, 1838, which was the first claim. Stratton
cleared a portion of his land and put up twenty-
five cords of wood for the use of the steamboats,
*he first work of the kind done, it is said, above
Prairie du Chien.

The history of Marine, however, begins with
that of the Marine Lumber Company, now Walk-
er, Judd and Veazie.

In the fall of 1838, Lewis S. Judd and David
Hone of Marine, Illinois, selected this place for
their operations, and returning home by the same
boat on which they came up, formed a company
in their native town, consisting of Orange Walker,
Hiram Berkey, A. C. S. Parker, Lewis Judd,
George B. Judd, Albsrt Judd, Dr. Green, Lucius
Green, William B. Dibble, David Hone, Joseph
Cotrell, Samuel Burkleo and James M. Parker,
for the purpose of lumbering. During the fol-
lowing winter arrangements were perfected and
the company set out in the early spring for the
St. Croix. They reached Marine on the 13th of
May, 1839, and simply providing a temporary
shelter or shanty, began operations on the mill.
They were provided with suplies for a year, and
the machinery for a new mill, brought with them.
Fall found them with the frame of the mill up,
one muley saw and flutter wheel in position and
some lumber was manufactured. By this means
lumber manufacturing in the valley was begun;
the fall of 1839 is the date of its beginning and
Marine has the honor of inaugurating the busi-
ness.

The company were accompanied by McKnight,
a competent mill-wright, and Joseph McElroy,
blacksmith. During the winter following, '39-
'40, two thousand logs or 800,000 feet were cut.
Only four men were employed in the woods, all
members of the company, Parker, Berkey, Dib-

MABINE—EABLY EVENTS.

471

ble and Lucius Green. In the general manage-
ment of the business, the work was thus divided;
Parker superintended the logging,Berkey the mill,
and Walker the store. It should be mentioned
here that Marine led the van in St. Croix Valley
not alone in the manufacture of lumber, but in
trade, for, as above intimated, the company es-
tablished a store immediately and sold the first
goods, aside from the Indian traders, in the valley
of the St. Croix.

During the second season, an overshot wheel
was put in, also an additional saw, making the
capacity of the mill, 1,000,000 feet per annum.
No permanent buildings were erected here until
after the government survey in ]847-'48. The
first frame building was built by the company on
the point as a residence for Samuel Burkleo.
This house remodeled to its present style, is
owned and occupied by Hiram Berkey. After
the building of this house, others soon followed.

The first house, excluding the shanty built on
the arrival of the company, was a log house, since
demolished, built in the spring of 1840 for a
boarding house for men employed by the company.
This was 40x28 feet, and was located south of
the presentjlocation of "Walker, Judd and Veazie's
store. The first marriages were; William B. Dib-
ble and Eliza McCauslin in the winter of 1842;
in 1844, Samuel Burkleo and Susan McCauslin; in
April, 1848, B. T. Otis and Mrs. Jane Ann
Church. Bev. W. T. Boutwell officiated in aU of
these occasions.

The first birth at Marine, was that of a son.
Orange to Samuel Burkleo, date not ascertained;
the second, Henry to the same parents, February,
1847; the third, a child of Mr. Waterman, born
May, 1847; the fourth, Flora Ann Otis, now Mrs.
McDonald, of Marine township, a daughter of B.
T. Otis by his first wife, a half-breed, born in the
fall of 1847; the fifth, a daughter of J. K.
Meredith, born February 2d, 1848, named "Mar-
tha Jane.

The first death was a child of William Noble,
about 1843, in the fall; the body was subse-
quently removed to St. Paul; the second, the wife
of B. T. Otis, in the winter of 1847. The circum-
stances of this death were peculiarly trying. Mr.
Otis went to the woods, leaving his wife with
James Brown and wife (both women were half-
breedsl. During his absence Mrs. Otis was sick

with ague and sent by Brown for calomel. On
his return he brought two packages resembling
each other, but one containing strychnine and the
other the medicine required. He put them in
separate pockets, changing his memory with their
contents. Unfortunately his memory proved
treacherous, and the woman received the wrong
package and died from the dose taken before re-
lief could be obtained. The third death was that
of George Leapler, an employe of the company.

Some of the original company died; Lucius
Green, about 1845, in the summer; Lewis S. Judd,
in December, 1848. Both died at Marine, Illi-
nois. Samuel Judd, of the firm Walker, Judd
and Veazie,is a son of the last named deceased.

A law suit, said to be the first held in Wiscon-
sin territory, west of the St. Croix, was held at
Marine; Joseph R. Brown, justice; jury impan-
neled: S. Burkleo, Orange Walker, H. Berkey,
David Hone, Joseph^ Haskell, James Norris,
Francis Nason, Alexander McHattie, Andrew
Mackey, Hiram Sweezy, and two others. The
case was one of claim jumping between Philan-
der Preseott and Charles D. Foote; the land in
dispute was at Preseott but the case was brought
to Marine for trial because a jury could there be
obtained. The jury would make no decision
without viewing the premises, and for this pur-
pose embarked in canoes for Preseott in company
with the parties to the suit. At Stillwater the
boats were abandontdin consequence of ice in
the lake, and the remainder of the journey was
accomplished on land. A further inconvenience
was encountered on their return, for the birch bark
canoes had disappeared and only a little ashes re-
mained to indicate their fate.

Arrived at the claim in dispute, the jury dis-
agreed and the trouble was settled by Preseott al-
lowing Foote eighty acres of the claim.

The first road was the old government road
leading from Point Douglas, via Stillwater, Mar-
ine and Taylor's Falls, to Superior City on Lake
Superior.

The first farming was done by the Marine Lum-
ber Company. They broke fivff or six acres the
first season, 1839, and raised corn and potatoes.
The second season increased the acreage to about
twenty.

Mr. B. T. Otis, the death of whose wife was
before mentioned, settled for about six months

472

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

on section 19, township 31, range 19, where he
made some improvements and built a house.
Mr. Otis was the first, aside from the company,
to try farming. After the death of his wife, he
sold in the spring of 1 848, to one Blaise, who in
turn sold to a man named Harvey. In April of
that year, Otis married again, and settled July,
1849, on section 30, township 32, range 19. Here
he broke ten acres in 1849, and put in a crop;
after an absence in the woods, accompanied by his
wife, he returned and put in a second crop in 1851 .

Cai-twell, a German, also began farming in
1849, on the farm now owned by Abe. Johnson,
section 31, township 32, range 19; he remained
about five years, after which he returned to his
former home at Dubuque.

Edward Von Kuster settled in the spring of
1850 on section 26, where he remained about ten
years and sold to Fred. W. Lammers, who still
resides on the place. The old house is still
standing, though used for other purposes than a
residence.

Three Swedes, August Sandahl, O. Eoos and
Charles Famstrom followed in farming enter-
prise: they settled in section 27, in the spring of
1851, but made small improvements. In the fall
of the same year, Daniel Nelson and Magnus
England opened a farm on section 21. They
were married men and made valuable improve-
ments on their farm.

John Peterson in 1853 appears to be the next.
He settled on section 15, township 32, range 19,
and brought a family of eight children with him.
The first wheat was raised in 1854 by Hugh Camp-
bell on section 31, township 31, range 19.
S. V. Anderson is credited with being the second
man to raise wheat. His field was on section 35,
township 32. range 20. Eye had been produced
early by the Swedes, who ground it for use by
hand in large coffee mills. The mill, the incipi-
ent steps of which were previously stated, con-
tinued in the shape in which we left it at 1840
until 1852, when it was torn down and a mill
erected, 60x80 feet, by Judd, Walker and Com-
pany. The old company had been dissolved and
this new one formed. The power of the new
mill was derived from a forty foot overshot wheel.
Two sash saws, one rotary saw and a lath machine
were put in operation. The capacity of the mill
as remodeled was 2,000,000 feet of lumber per

annum, and 400,000 lath; twenty men were em-
ployed. It was operated by this company until
1863, when Orange Walker became sole proprie-
tor. Soon after this change in ownership, the
mill was destroyed by fire, and Marine was for a
few years without a mill. In 1866 a new com-
pany was organized, consisting of Walker, Judd
and Veazie, and the mill at once rebuilt; a little
lumber was sawed in the fall of 1866.

The new mill was 70x30 feet, furnished with
one double circular saw, one bolter, one lath ma-
chine, one shingle machine and one edger. The
wheel for the new mill was of the same dimen-
sions as that of the former. Its capacity when
complete was 3,000,000 feet per annum.

In the winter of 1872-'73 the company de-
termined to enlarge their mill and business. Ac-
cordingly this mill was torn down and a new one
constructed 102x56 feet, two stories. A seven-
teen and one-half inch Leflel wheel furnishes the
power; and a forty-two foot head was secured.
An engine was also introduced by which addi-
tional power can be furnished. Ttie combined
power of water and steam is rated at one hundred
and eight horse-power. To the saws employed
in the old mill were added a gang-edger and
trimmer. A planer and siding machine have
since been added, and also a run of stone
for a feed mill. The present capacity of the mill
is about 75,000 feet per day, or about 9,000,000
per annum.

The mill is under the same management as at
the time of its construction — Walker, Judd and
Veazie. This company have also a boom at
Marine with a capacity of 12,000,000 feet.

The company usually have cut about 9,000,000
feet of logs in the pineries, but during the winter
of 1880-'81 it amounted to nearly double the usual
amount. Walker, Judd and Veazie have other
branches, such as a store, stage, steamboat and
telephone. The history of the store may be given
briefly in this place.

The original Marine lumber company, as pre-
viously intimated, brought some goods with
them. They were not, however, well furnished
for this branch of business and sold little. In
1842 or 1843 they built the little store now used
by C. G. Lindquist, about 14x16 feet, and in-
creased their small stock. In 1847 they built a
larger building,two stories,and used the lower floor

MABINE—STOBES— MILLS.

473

for a store and the upper part for sleeping rooms.
In 1850 this gave place to one still larger, 24x40
feet, and two stories, with a warehouse 30x30.
In 1862 George B. Judd, Orange Walker and Com-
pany became proprietors, continuing in the same
store on the south-west corner of block seven.
This company dissolved in 1862, Walker forming
a partnership with Samuel Judd; George B. Judd
and Gaskill then occupied the former store.

Walker and Judd opened a store on the south-
east corner of block three. In 3866 they took in
a Mr. Veazie as partner, and the firm was styled
Walker, Judd and Veazie. In 1870, this last
named firm built a new store, the largest at this
time in Marine. It is 30x70 feet, two stories and
basement, and does a large business in general
merchandise and lumbermen's supplies. The
company have another store at station Veazie on
the Nimikogin river and Northern Wisconsin rail-
road, opened in 1871; this is a one and a half story
building, 24x30. They also have a hotel at Vea-
zie station, 30x30, with an L 20x40 feet, and
stable room for two hundred horses. Veazie is
their distributing point for the lumber camps.
The hotel though twice burned has been promptly
rebuilt. In 1876 this company bought a half in-
terest in the steamboat G. B. Knapp, and are how
joint owners with Smith Ellison, of Taylor's Falls.
This boat makes daily trips from Prescott to Tay-
lor's Falls.

Stages. Walker, Judd and Veazie run a daily
stage from Marine to Stillwater. Abe Johnson,
proprietor of the livery stable, also runs a daily
stage between the same points.

The company have telephone connection with
Stillwater estabUshed since August 5th, 1879.

Other stores. Judd and Gaskill, as previously
stated, began in 1862. They continued business
in company until January 9th, 1864, when the
building occupied was consumed by fire, though
a large part of their goods were saved. After
this, Gaskill joined the army while Judd prepared
to build again on the same location, occupying
what is now the St. Croix house as a store while
his building was progressing. He occupied the
new store until his death in 1872, when it passed
into the hands of his two daughters, under the
management of George F. Sabin. The business
was closed out in the spring of 1875.

The Union store was opened in 1871, under

the management of H. F. Boock and Frank N.
Peterson. Il^was burned after two years, and its
existence terminated.

Unfortunate ventures. Lund and Holmes
opened a store with general merchandise in the
fall of 1873. This ended in 1875 in failure.

Ballard, Draper and Company be'gan in 1857,
and failed after four years.

Van Lanshute traded in furs and hides for a
short time in 1858.

Dyke and Company, in 1857, opened for a short
time a store with fancy notions and toys.

A gun shop by A. C. Lull, in 1862, was of
short duration.

H. F. Boock and John Swenson, in 1856, were
engaged in business only a short time before
failure.

H. F. Boock, after the erection of the building
which subsequently became the St. Croix house,
in 1857, entered into partnership with Axel
Youngrein, in general merchandise, in the new
building. The concern failed after about two
years.

Van Kuster opened a store, and Campbell and
Swenson another, which were of short duration.

Marine flour and grist mill was commenced in
the summer of 1856 by Gaskill and Company; the
company being Judd, Walker and Company. In
September, 1857, manufacture of flour was begun.
In 1859 the company was styled Judd, Walker
and Gaskill ; in 1862 it was Judd and Gaskill, and
in 1864 George B. Judd became sole proprietor.
In 1872 in consequence of the death of Mr. Judd
the mill was carried on by his executors until
1878, when his son, George F. Judd became of
age and assumed the business. The mill is 51x56
feet, four stories. As first built, it contained two
buhrs but a third was afterward introduced by
the orignal company. Its power was obtained
from an overshot wheel, and the mill when built
was acknowledged to be the best in the state.
The mill has been repaired and remodeled by the
present owner, receiving one new run of stone, two
purifiers, one set of rollers and a thirteen and one
quarter inch Leffel turbine wheel, which replaced
the old overshot. The fall was increased from
forty to sixty feet by conveying the water through
a race one thousand feet. This improvement was
made in 1879 and from that date high grinding

474

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

has been done; tlie capacity of tlie mill is forty
barrels per day.

The establishment of Kose, Magnusen and Com-
pany, general merchandise, is one of the live in-
stitutions of the place. Opened by Schmidt and
Graf in the spring of 1870, it continued thus to
1879, when Graf removed. In July, 1880, Schmidt
sold two-thirds interest to Swen Magnusen and
John G. Eose, and the firm continues under the
above name. They are increasing their business
by the addition of a building 26x46 feet for farm
machinery.

Livery is kept by Abe Johnson. The business
was begun in 1870 by 8. D. Gaskill and Adam
Amos, who built the stable. It went into the
hands of McKusick and Wagner, and afterward
Wagner and McNeal before it was purchased by
Johnson, the present owner. He runs a stage,
carrying the mail between Marine and Stillwater.

The Marine brewery was started about 185*j by
Kaufman, a German from Hudson, on the lot
now owned by George F. Sabin. He sold to J. J.
GrofE and Son, who in 1865 built larger buildings
on the present site. They sold in 1870 to Wich-
man and Gartner, and in 1880, on-the death of
Gartner, John F. Wichman became sole proprie-
tor. He manufactures three hundred barrels of
beer annually, using nine hundred bushels of bar-
ley, employing two men. A saloon in connection
is kept by Wichman.

TEADES.

Blacksmithing was begun in Marine by Joseph
McElroy, in 1839, under the original lumber com-
pany. His tragic end and the hanging of the In-
dian murderer, has been previously recorded. In
1845. Zebulon Griflttn succeeded. McElroy, but in
1848, he went to Areola, and thence to California.
Edward Keefe followed to 1853, Joseph Solle to
1857, assisted in 1855-7 by Ole Westergren. In
1857, the latter formed a partnership with Walker
Judd and Veazie, in the management of this
shop, and in 1860, bought the entire business.
Mr. Westergren has several times enlarged the
shop, until at present he gives employment to
three men in a shop forty feet square with four
forges.

Wagon-making began in 1860, with Stephen
Tollman, followed by P. J^f . Leveeu, and is now

carried on by Peter Palmustein. Nels Talk also
conducts a similar business at his residence.

Boots and Shoes. Two shops, one carried on
by C. G. Lindquist, and another by Andrew
Eequist, for manufacture and repair. Each car-
ries a stock of harness hardware.

Township 32, range 20, has a blacksmith and
wagon-shop, kept on section 23, by Isaac Swan-
son and Simon Peterson.

The first physician was Dr. Wright, in 1849.
He died suddenly of cholera after two years, at
the time of the attack stricken with grief from
the death of his sister. Dr. J. K. Eeiner came
in 1853, and united book-keeping for Judd,
Walker and Company with his practice, remain-
ing until 1862, with an interim of two years.
Dr. E. Cooley practiced from 1857 to 1864.
Dr. J. E. M. Gaskill, now practicing at Marine
came in 1855, and engaged in milling. After the
war, in which he served honorably, he gave him-
self to the practice of his profession, and since
1873, has conducted a small drug store in connec-
tion with his practice.

George F. Sabin opened a law-offlce in the fall
of 1877, and still continues.

HOTELS.

When travelers first visited Marine, they were
entertained at the log boarding-house of the com-
pany, located just south of where the store now
stands. This old boarding-house was kept by
Mr. and Mrs. David Hone. Mrs. Hone was the
first white woman in the town. She came with
the pioneers of 1839, bringing two children.

The Marine house was the first hotel. This
was built by the Marine Lumber Company, in
1840, and was opened in the fall of that year un-
der the charge of Adam Lightner. He w^as suc-
ceeded by CorneUus Lyman, in 1851, WiUiam
Johnson in 1852, and then Adam Lightner re-
sumed. In 1857, M. ^\'elshons bought, but per-
mitted it to fall back to Walker, Judd and
Veazie, in 1866. William Lowell rented until
1871, when Hiram Berkey bought the property.
He sold to S. D. Gaskill, and S. D. Gaskill deeded
to Mrs. M. M. Judd; it has since reverted to the
estate of S. D. Gaskill. Since 1879, it has been
closed as a public house.

The Lightner house was built in 1858 by Adam
Lightner. It was transferred to Judd, Walker

MABINE— POST-OFFICE— BECOBBS.

475

and company and. by them to A. C. S. Parker.
Walker, Judd and Veazie have since bought the
house.

The St. Croix house was buUt in 1857 by H. F.
Boock, and afforded rooms at first for two stores
and a dwelling. In the spring of 1868, M. Wel-
hons increased the building, adding suitable
conveniences and opened a hotel. Subsequent
additions were made, and the house has twenty-
five chambers; parlor, sitting room, oflfice, sample
room and other conveniences.

POST OFFICE,

Fort Snelling was the nearest post-office until
about 1845, when an office was established at
Marine, called Marine Mills post-offlce. Previous
to this, Philip Aldrich carried the mail monthly
between the fort and Marine. The first post-
office was in the mill company store, Orange
Walker post-master. Adam Lightner succeeded
Mr. Walker, and A. C. Lull followed. Mr.
Walker then received the appointment again, and
in 1869 Samuel Judd succeeded him, and has
since held the office. The town-house of Marine
was built in 1872, of cut stone, quarried near the
place. The lot was generously given by Orange
Walker. It contains a lock-up, clerk's office and
assembly room.

TOWN KECOBDS.

The town of Marine was organized October
20th, 1858, and the first meeting held at the gun
shop of A. C. Lull, when the following officers
were elected: J. E. M. Gaskill, John E. Mower
and B. F. Allen, supervisors; A. H. Wilke, town
clerk; A. C. Lull and T. P. Cheney, justices of
the peace ; Hiram Berkey, assessor ; Orange
Walker, overseer of poor; S. B. Clark and Jona-
than Lawton, constables; John L. Hill, collector;
John E. Mower and M. Welshohs, overseer of
roads.

1859. J. B. M. Gaskill, J. E. Mower and B. F.
Allen, supervisors.

1860. N. C. Draper, Eobert Eich and H. F.
Boock, supervisors. Voted |100 for town pur-
poses.

1861. N. C. Draper, A. Tonngren. C. Ekdahl,
supervisors; voted two and one-fourth mills on
the dollar for all expenses, and three-fourths of
a mill for town expenses.

1862. Eobert Eich, H. F. Boock and Charles

Ekdahl, supervisors; voted one mill on the dol-
lar for town expenses.

1863. Eobert Eich, H. F. Boock and Charles
Ekdahl, supervisors; voted two mills on the dol-
lar for roads and one and a half for town pur-
poses.

March 1st, 1864, the town supervisors ordered
bonds issued for $1,000, payable in one, two and
three years, with interest at ten per cent, pay-
able annually, for the purpose of creating a vol-
unteer bounty fund> August 6th, 1864, another
tax of one per cent, was levied, also it was de-
termined to issue bonds in sets of three, each
$100, payable in one, two and three years, with
interest payable annually at seven per cent., and
that one set be issued to each volunteer credited
to Marine.

1864. J. E. M. Gaskill, J. E. Mower and C.
Peterson, supervisors; voted one and one-half mills
for town expenses and two mills for roads.

1865. Eobert Eich, F. W. Lammers and H.
Campbell, supervisors; voted one and one-half
mills for highway tax and one and one-half mills
for town expenses.

1866. Eobert Eich, F. W. Lammers and Ole
Westergren, supervisors; voted one and one-half
mills for town expenses and three mills for roads,

1867. Eobert Eich, Hugh Campbell and Erick
Faulk, supervisors; voted two mills for roads.

1868. Hugh Campbell, Ole Westergren and
John Swenson, supervisors; voted five mills for
roads.

1869. H. F. Boock, Charles Ekdahl and J. S.
Campbell, supervisors; voted five mills for roads.

1870. H. F. Boock, John Swenson and Jona-
than Huntley, supervisors; voted one mill for
town expenses and five mills for roads.

1871. M. May, J. Swenson number two, and
J. Huntly, supervisors; voted one mill for town
expenses, and five mills for roads.

1872. Morgan May, Ole Westergren and Chas.
Ekdahl, supervisors; voted one mill for town ex-
penses and five mills for roads.

Eesolved, that a town house be built of stone
or brick for the amount of $2,000, and that bonds
shall be issued for said amount, payable at ten
per cent, and a sinking fund of $200, provided;
voted a tax of two mills to cover first payment
and interest. P. E. Walker, H. F. Boock and

476

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

M. Welshons were elected building committee.
The lot was given by Orange Walker.

1873. F. W. Lammers, Ole Erickson and John
Huntley, supervisors; voted two mills for town
house bonds.

1874. F. W. Lammers, Ole "W. Erickson and
John P. Swenson, supervisors; voted two mills
for town expenses, and five mills for roads.

1875. F. W. Lammers, John P. Swenson and
Ole W. Erickson, supervisors; voted one mill for
town purposes and two mills for roads.

1876. H. Campbell, Ole W. Erickson and John
Swenson, supervisors; voted three mills for town
expenses and five mills for roads.

1877. Hugh Campbell, Andrew Linn and J.
P. Swenson, supervisors; voted two mills for
town expenses, two for bonds and three for
roads.

1878. Hugh Campbell, John Swenson and An-
drew Linn, supervisors; voted two mills for town
expenses, three for bonds and five for roads.

1879. Hugh Campbell, J. P. Swenson and
Peter Hagman, supervisors; voted one mill for
town expenses and five for roads.

1880. Hugh Campbell, J. P. Swenson and
Peter Hagman, supervisors; voted one mill for
tovm expenses and five for roads.

The charter for Marine village was drafted by
Dr. J. E. M. Gaskill, Porter E. Walker and Emil
Graf. The limits embrace "all that part of the
south half of section 31, township 32, and section
6, 7, and the north half of the north half of sec-
tion 12, township 31, range 19, lying west of the
St. Croix river, also the south half of section 36,
township 31, and section 1, 12 and the north half
of the north half of section 13.

The first election was held at the town house,
March 31st, 1875. Orange Walker, president;
J. R. M. Gaskill, Ole Westergren and Aaa S.
Parker, councilmen; P. E. Walker, justice and
recorder; P. N. Leveen, marshal ; J. H. Simon-
son, treasurer. First meeting of the council was
held April 1st, 1875, at the store of Walker, Judd
and Veazle.

1875. December 6th, J. R. M. Gaskill, presi-
dent; Ole Westergren, Asa S. Parker and M.
Welshons, councilmen.

1876. J. R. M. Gaskill, president; AsaS. Par-
ker, Ole Westergren and M. Welshons, council-
men.

1877. Samuel Judd, president; Ole Wester-
gren, John F. Wiekmaii, William Schmidt, coun-
cilmen.

1878. M. Welshons, president; Charles Wester-
gren, Gustof Carlson and Edwin St. John, coun-
cilmen.

1879. William Schmidt, president; Chas. Wes-
tergren, Ole Anderson and C. D. Simonson, coun-
cilmen.

1880. William Schmidt, president ; C. D. Si-
monson, Charles Westergren and John Elmquist,
councilmen; George F. Sabin, recorder; E. H.
Walker, treasurer.

At the time of the Indian massacre of 1862, a
company of about forty men was formed at Ma-
rine, Robert Rich, captain. Fifty stands of arms
were furnished by the government but the volun-
teers preferred their own guns for fighting In-
dians. The company was not called into service,
but were under marching orders sixteen days.

AECOLA MILLS.

Martin Mower; W. II. C. Folsom, John Brews-
ter and D. B. Lewis formed a company in 1846,
for the erection of a mill at this point, which was
completed, and sawing began in July. 1847. The
mill was 4Qx60, with one sash saw and an
edger. The power was obtained by a water-
wheel, thirty-four feet in diameter, enclosed in a
wheel-house, and the water was brought from a
spring about one hundred rods distant. Brewster
and Folsom remained but one year, and Loomis
withdrew after five years. This mUl has a ca-
pacity of 1,000,000 feet per annum.

In 1856, Martin Mower built a steam saw-mill
with a capacity of 2,000,000 feet. In 1869,
this was greatly enlarged and improved by
the addition of a new engine and machinery, giv-
ing a capacity of 5,000,000 feet. This mill has
not been operated for some years. At one time a
village was platted at Areola, but no record has
ever been made.

Mr. Mower had a store at this point from 1850
to 1865. He still maintains his residence here
and has a spacious and beautiful house.

YASA.

This town site was laid out within the present
limits of Marine, on section 30, township 32,
range 19, by B. T. Otis and John Columbus. It

MABINE— VASA— SCHOOLS.

477

was revised in September of the next year, by
Frank Eegister and James Russell.

Curious stories are current in regard to Colum-
bus, who entered this land at an early day. One
is that before his death he requested his friends
to bury him beside a favorite dog and that his
body be covered with twenty feet of earth.

A steam mill was built here in 1857, by James
Russell, James Silly and Prank Register. The
company, became bankrupt, Silly sold their logs
and took French leave with the money, lurching
hi s partners, and th e would-be town is now among
the things of the past.

Here were once stores, post-offlce and the inev-
itable saloon. John Columbus and John Cbpas
built a log store in September, 1854, carrying a
general stock of goods, besides liquors. In 1857
they erected a house, which as remodeled is now
the residence of John Copas.

Columbus died in 1859; Copas carried on the
store until 1861, since which time he has attended
strictly to farming.

Frank Register also kept a store at this point,
in 1858, but closed it about a year after.

A post-offlce was established in 1856, in a little
house since removed; Frank Register, post-mas-
ter. After the building of his store, Mr. Register
kept the office in connection with his business.
N. Heaven street was post-master subsequently,
and the office returned to its former quarters,
where it remained until discontinued after the
annexation of the town to Marine.

B. T. Otis kept a travelers' hotel at his house
from his first settlement h^re in 1849 until the
Vasa house was built in 1856, by James Russell.
The Yasa house was torn down and rebuilt at
Marine.

Still another house was opened as a hotel by
Otis, but this is now the farm house of Charles
Peterson.

Several Indian mounds here 'are worthy of
mention. Some have been removed, but two still
remain. One is directly in the rear of the school-
house, in which are buried Caroline Reid, a sister
of Mrs. B. T. Otis, and Hiram Otis, a son of the
latter. John Columbus was buried in a mound
on the farm of John Copas, cleared by him just
before his death with a view to preparing it for
his last resting place. His last injunctions are

given above. Bones in great numbers have been
exhumed from these mounds.

Townships 32, ranges 19, 20 and 21, was organ-
ized about 1858 into a town first called Vasa, but
afterward Otis; the change in name was inade at
a meeting held June 8th, 1859, in accordance with
an order from the state auditor notifying the
commissioners of the existence of another town
of the same name. September 7th, 1860, Otis
was formally made a part of Marine, in conse-
quence of a petition for re-annexation from its^.
citizens, and an election held in October, 1859.

A post-office was established May 1st, 1878,
known as Scandia, on section fourteen, near the
Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church; John M
Jonasson, post-master.

The I. O. O. F. was organized at Marine
April 5th, 1878. Its officers were installed by Jo-
seph Lewis, C. P. of the state of Minnesota, as-
sisted by George B. Kidder, D. D. G. M. of the
state of Wisconsin. Officers: George F. Sabin,
1^. G.; Andrew Gunderson; V. G.; Theodore E.
Ward, recording secretary; Emil Graf, treasurer;
nine charter members. Meetings every Saturday
evening.

SCHOOLS.

School number three. The first school was
held in the summer of 1849 in the old hewed log
house built in the summer of 1840, which had
served for lodging, store or any convenience, as is
customary in new settlements. Miss Sarah Judd,
now Mrs. Eldridge of Stillwater, was teacher,
and eight or ten children were gathered for her
instruction. Miss Godfrey taught next.

Teachers before 1852 were paid by private indi-
viduals. In 1852 the sum of $424 was raised
by subscription for building a school-house.

The first annual school meeting was held Jan-
uary 28th, 1853. Officers elected: M. Welshons,
O. Walker and John Holt, trustees; C. J. Buth,
clerk.

This was designated district number two, and
was so known until 1862, when it was changed
to number three by act of legislature. This first
school-house was consumed by fire in 1856, and
it was voted at a meeting held December 15tli of
the same year to build again. The new building
was two stories, and cost |2,437.

School number four. A school-house was
erected in this district as early as 1857 on section

478

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

thirty-one, but was moved in 1869 to section
thirty-two, on the lower road, and burned shortly
after. The first teacher is said to have been Miss
Leybold. Schools were then held in Martin
Mower's store and other buildings until 1868,
when the present house was built on section thirty.
. The earliest records found are of 1852. Martin
Mower, C. Lyman and Charles Murry, trustees;
J. E. Mower, clerk.

School nvimber two was organized August 4th,
1865. Eev. C. P. Argrelius, Daniel Nelson and
P. T. Peterson, trustees; W. C. Johnson, clerk.

First regular school was held at the house of
W. C. Johnson on section thirty-four, township
thirty-two, range twenty, taught by Mrs. Sally
Johnson. Previous to this Eev. Argrelius had
gratuitously taught a school one term.

The old log Lutheran church was purchased in
1860 for a school-house. In 1866 the old house
was torn down and set up again on section twenty-
six, and is still used.

School number one was opened in the winter of
1856 at the house of John Peterson, with about
eight scholars. Jacob Sanders, teacher.

It was bandied about from house to house
until 1868; when the district erected a house
on section eleven, near Goose lake. Magnus
Hoganson, John Peterson and Charles Ekdahl
were elected trustees and A. P. Johnson, clerk.

School number thirty-eight was organized in
the sununer of 1862, and the first school held by
Miss Emma Walker, now Mrs. Veazie, in the
house of N. John Nelson in the spring of 1863,
with about seven scholars. Schools were held at
private houses until 1867, when a school-house
was built on section five. Peter Danielson, John
Olsen and Carl Carlson, trustees; N. John Nel-
son, clerk.

School number forty was organized in 1864 and
a school-house erected on section thirty-one. The
first school was opened in the fall of 1865 with
twenty-five scholars, by Miss Kate Maloy. The
building was mysteriously burned in 1869, and
rebuilt the same year on about the same location.
First ofiicers: William Goggin, clerk; Enos Wood,
treasurer; J. L. Buckley, director.

School number fifty was organized in February,
1871, and the first school held at the house of
Andrew Carlson, on section 3, township 31, range
20, with about thirteen scholars; Jennie N.

Smith, teacher. School house was built in 1876,
on section 4, which was ready for use Novem-
ber 1st.

School number fifty-seven was organized in the
fall of 1874, and the house built in the summer
of 1875. The first school numbered about
twenty-five, and was taught by Andrew Holm.
Andrew Stury, clerk; Erick Magnuson, treasurer;
and A. W. Johnson, director.

School number sixty-one. The first school was
held in the summer of 1875, at the house of John
Swenson. This at that time belonged to the
district east, consequently two schools were sus-
tained by the same district.

In 1877 an organization was afEected with
Charles Lemed, clerk; John Edstrom, treasurer;
and August Elmstrom, director.

CHURCHES.

The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church was
organized as early as 1856. A log church was
built in 1856, on section 27, which subsequently
became a school-house. Nine members composed
the church at first; Daniel Nelson, John Abri-
hamson, Peter Eriekson, John Magnuson, S. D.
Anderson, Carl Carlson Jonas Istberg, Andrew
Linn and Andrew Larson; Kev. John Pearson,
pastor.

Nineteen new settlers in the northern part of
town soon united, and by their influence secured
the erection of the church on section 14. This
church, 32x48 feet in dimension, was begun in
1868, finished and dedicated in 1860. Services
were held in the church June 24th, 1858, before
its completion.

This became a flourishing church, and in 1874
a new and more commodious building was begun
on section 23, completed in 1875, and dedicated
in 1876. The new building is 50x80 with a
steeple eighty feet high, and a bell weighing one
thousand pounds. In the gallery is a pipe organ
with nine stops and one and a half octaves ped-
als; John Linwal, maker. Eev. E. Hedeen is
now pastor. Connected with the church is a
commodious parsonage, with forty acres of land.

The cemetery is on section 14, directly opposite
the new church.

The First Congregational society of Marine
was organized September 14th, 1857. "The ob-
ject of this society shall be to co-operate with the

MABINS—CHUBCEHS.

479

First Congregational church of Marine, in pro-
viding for and maintaining the public worship of
God in accordance with the faith and order
thereof."

The First Congregational church of Marine
was organized in December, 1858; E. J. Burgess
and P. E. Walker, deacons; Rev. Geo. Spaulding,
pastor and clerk; eleven members, Mr. and Mrs.
E. G. Burgess, Mr. and Mrs. P. E. Walker and
daughter, Mrs. Barton, Mr. and Mrs. George
Spaulding, Mrs. Lehmicke, and two others. The
church was erected and dedicated in 1859, 40x60,
20 foot ceiling, with steeple and bell.

The Swedish Methodist Episcopal church was
built in 1866 on section 27, south side of Long
lake. C. P. Argrelius, ilrst pastor; Magnus Eng-
lund, Adolph Seobiholm, Nels Eosengren, John
Eosenquist, Monson and Carlson, members. In
1864 the first church was torn down and the
church built on section 26, between Hay and Sand
lakes. B. Bergosan, pastor.

The Second Congregational church took its be-
ginning in a preliminary meeting held January,
1878, and was organized during the following
month with the following members: Andrew
Eichmond and wife, James Alcorn and wife,
Jonathan Huntley and wife, George Hinds and
wife, Dennis Huntley and wife, Mrs. Henry Otis,
Mrs. B. T. Otis, Mrs. John Alcorn, William Al-
corn, Mrs. B. Wilcox, Mrs. J. McDonald, Lydia
P. Huntley, Edna M. Huntley and Nellie Went-
worth; F. A. Wolcott, pastor, who still continues.
The church, 24x36 feet, with a vestibule in front,
is located on section 24. First officers: Andrew
Richmond and James Alcorn, deacons; George P.
Hinds, treasurer; Jonathan Huntley, clerk.

The Swedish Lutheran church was organized
March 16th, 1872, and building begun. In 1875
the church, 30x48 feet, with eighteen foot ceiling
and steeple, was ready for dedication. A bell
was added in 1 880. First officers: Nels Falk, Ole
Westergren and Andrew Carlson, deacons: F. N.
Peterson and P. N. Leveen, trustees; John
Lund, clerk; L. O. Lindh, first pastor; Rev. E.
Hedeen, present pastor.

Oakland Cemetery was organized April 10th,
1872, and belongs to the village of Marine. April
20th, 1878, the bodies deposited in JSTason Hill
cemetery, which had been organized and used for
burial since February 16th, 1856, were removed

here. A more convenient and desirable place of
burial was thus secured.

The town of Marine is quite broken in topog-
raphy. In the south-west the surface is more
level, and the lands of the south, and especially
the south-west, are by far the best in the town.
The banks of the river are quite abrupt and ter-
races are quite frequent. The modem residences
of the village are situated on the bluffs, and have
a commanding view of the river and picturesque
Wisconsin bluffs.

The country was originally covered with a
dense growth of timber, though not usually large,
except in the north-west, and consisted of black
and white oak, birch, poplar and small burr oak.

Several small creeks intersect the town. Silver
creek, on section seven, township thirty-two,
range nineteen, has within half a mile a fall of
seventy-four feet, and volume enough to run a
mill. The creek which furnishes the power for
the mills at Marine boasts no name, but might be
called "Busy" creek. Harvey creek is the outlet
of Big Jake.

Among the lakes the most noteworthy are Big,
Bony, Square and CarneUan. Besides these are
Terrapin, Fish, Long, Hay and others. These
lakes are very beautiful, and abound in fish.

The population in' 1875 was 1,567; in 1880 it
had increased to 1,773.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

Olof Anderson, a native of Sweden, was born
March 5th, 1844. He lived in his native country
until reaching man's estate. In 1868 he came to
America and located at Marine, Minnesota, where
he has since resided. His wife was Anna Pau-
line Oshell, whom he married in Sweden in 1867.
They are the parents of three children.

George W. Bennett was born in Springfield,
Illinois, January 7th, 1846. When only a child
he came with his parents to Washington county,
Minnesota, his father George Bennett being one
of the pioneers of that county. He enlisted in
Company G, Eleventh Minnesota Regiment, in
the fall of 1864; he served until honorably dis-
charged in 1865, at Gallatin, Tennessee. Two
years later he was united in marriage to Miss
Lizzie Rogers. They have five children living.
In 1875 they settled on their present farm in Ma-
rine township.

480

HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

C. M. Bergquist was born in Sweden" in 1842.
He passed his childhood days in his native coun-
try, where he also learned the tailor's trade. In
1869 he sailed for America, and settled in Centre
City, Chisago county, Minnesota, where he re-
mained ten years. He came to Vasa in 1879,
where he at present resides, and gives his atten-
tion to his trade. He was married in 1871 to
Christine Mongree, who has borne him two chil-
dren.

Capt. B. B. Borden, deceased, was a native of
Massachusetts, bom at Fall River, February 22d,
1812. At the age of eighteen he began the life
of a sailor, which he followed until 1856, a por-
tion of the time being on a whaling vessel. After
retiring from the sea, he came westward and pur-
chased a farm in Marine township of one hundred
and sixty acres, where he resided until his death,
which occurred February 14th, 1880. He was
married in 1842, to Miss Nancy Spooner, of New
Bedford, Massachusetts, by whom he had five
children; Daniel B., Henry N., Leonard J. and
Aurelia S. are living.

C. L. Boutwell, a native of Minnesota, was
born at Stillwater, 1851. He is a son of Rev. W.
T. and Esther Boutwell. His attention was
given chiefly to umbering, until 1873, when he
bought his present farm of eighty acres in Marine
township, and still resides there. His wife was
Maria O. Smith, a native of Steuben county, New
York. They were married in April, 1871.

A. BruUt, is a native of Lower Canada, born
near Montreal, 1832. He lived in the land of his na-
tivity until seventeen years of age, then moved to
Essex, New York, where he worked in the rolling
mills four years. He returned to his native coun-
try, thence to Stillwater, Minnesota, in 1855, tar-
rying only a short time, he located at Marine, and
has been engaged in lumbering fourteen years.
Purchasing a farm of eighty-three acres near the
village in 1878, he located, and there still remains.
In 1867, he married Mrs. A. Champeau, who has
borne him one child, Frank.

Michael Byron was born in Ireland, 1825, where
he learned the trade of brick and stone mason.
Coming to America in 1846, he settled in St.
Louis, at which place he made his home, until
coming to Stillwater in 1854. After living there
six years, working at his trade, he bought a farm
of sixty acres in Marine, where his .family have

since lived. He has since added to it, and now
owns one hundred and eighty acres. Mr. Byron
still continues his trade. His marriage with Miss
Catherine Brady took place in 1845. They have
had a family of nine children, six now living.

A. J. Carlson is a native of Sweden, bom in
1824. He came to America in 1869, locating at
Afton, Minnesota, and remained one year. He
then purchased a farm in Marine, on which he has
since resided. In 1846, he married Christine
Nelson. They are the parents of seven children:
three of whom are living.

John Copas was born in Italy, 1825. He immi-
grated to America in 1852 and remained one
year in New York, then came to St. Paul, Min-
nesota, tarrying six months, locating finally in
Marine township on a farm of forty acres. He
has prospered, and now owns one hundred
and twenty acres. In 1864, he enlisted in the
Fourth Minnesota and served untU the close of
the war, when he was discharged at Louisville,
Kentucky. He married Caroline Peterson, a na-
tive of Sweden, in 1857. They have five children.

Abrain Cronk is a native of New York, born in
Broome coimty, May 14th, 1816. There he en-
gaged in farming until 1861, when he came to
Marine and settled on the west bank of Big lake,
purchasing a farm of one hundred acres, where
he has since resided. In 1839 he married Miss
Martha Cole, a native of New York. They have
had seven children, tliree now living.

Joseph Dahlquist is a native of Sweden, bom
November 29th, 1653. His youth was passed in
his native country and in ] 870 came to America,
locatinpf at Marine. He bought forty acres of
land, to which he has since added forty more.
His father and mother are both living with him.
Mr. Dahlquist is one of a family of eight child-
ren, only five of whom are living.

John Daly, a resident of Marine, was bom in
New Brunswick, November 28th, 1848. When
twenty-two years of age he removed to Stillwater,
where he engaged in lumbering five years. He
then purchased a farm in Marine township and
moved on it the next year, and still remains. He
was married July 6th, 1875, to Clara Bennett,
daughter of George Bennett, a pioneer of the
county.

Charles Ekdahl is a native of Sweden, born in
1829. Coming to America in 1854, he worked the

MABINE—BIOGBAPHIGAL.

481

first winter in the pineries, then pre-empted a
farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Marine
township. He has been very prosperous having
now five hundred and thirteen acres. In Septem-
ber, 1864, he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Min-
nesota regiment, being honorably discharged in
June, 1865; he was in Sherman's march to the
sea. During the year 1875 he represented his
district in the legislature; has also held the ofiice
town supervisor several terms. He was married
in 1854, to Christiana Gustavson, a native of
Sweden. Ten children were born to them.

John Blmquest, a resident of Marine, was born
in Swedea, in 1842. He passed his childhood in
his native land, and learned the trade of stone
mason. In 1869 he emigrated to America, and
located, at Marine, where he has since worked at
his trade, being an industrious and respected citi-
zen. He was married in Sweden in 1866, to Jo-
hanna Cplson, who has borne him five children.

Andrew A. Falk is a native of Sweden, and
was born January 4th, 1847. He passed his life
in the land of his nativity until 1868, when he
came to America. His first location was at Ma-
rine, but he removed to Preebom county, Minne-
sota, after a brief stay. Two years later he re-
turned to Marine and purchased a farm of one
hundred and twenty acres, on which he still lives.
His marriage with Miss Emma C. Smith, a na-
tive of Minnesota, took place in 1876. Their
children are Victor, Morgan B. and John A.

Erick Talk was born in Sweden in 1833. He
came to the United States at the age of twenty-
three and located at Jefferson, Illinois. He made
that place his home until the fall of 1860, when
he came to Washington county, Minnesota, and
spent four years in lumbering interests. He en-
listed in Company G, Fourth Minnesota Volun-
teers, in 1864, and served until the close of the
war, being honorably discharged at Louisville,
Kentucky. Soon after returning from the war,
he purchased forty acres and has now a fine farm.
He has held the oflBces of assessor and justice of
the peace for a number of years. His family
consists of wife and two children.

James K. M. Gaskill was born in Madison
county, Illinois, in 1820. In 1843 he graduated
f rom McKendree College. He also graduated from
the medical department of the Missouri State
University in 1854. After practicing his pro-
31

fession in Centralia, Illinois, for a short time,
he came to Minnesota, locating at Marine. Here
he practiced; also was interested in milling, lum-
bering and general merchandise. He enlisted
and served in Sherman's army as surgeon of the
Forty-fifth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry
until the close of the war. He was a member of
the first legislature of Minnesota, and again in
1872-'73. His wife was Clara E. Hughes, whom
he married in 1861. They have one son and a
daughter.

Jonas Grandstrand is a native of Sweden, bom
in 1830. He grew to manhood in his native
country, and in 1862, came to America. After
making his home in Illinois one year, he came to
Taylor's Falls, Minnesota,workingin the old saw-
mill at that place one summer. He then worked
in the mills at Areola one year. He purchased
his farm in Marine township from the govern-
ment, on which he located with his family in
1864. He entered the war as carpenter, and worked
in the quartermaster's department at Little Bock,
Arkansas, until 1865. His wife was Anna C.
Nelson, whom he married November 19th, 1869.
They have eleven children living.

S. Hassler vs'as born in Sweden, 1835. He
came to America in 1855, locating at Marine, and
began working for Rev. Boutwell on a farm. He
engaged in lumbering, milUng and farming until
he enlisted in Company D, First Minnesota Keg-
iment, in July, 1865. After receiving his dis-
charge he remained over one year in Stillwater,
Minnesota, then purchased a farm of one hundred
and sixty acres in Marine township. His house
was destroyed by fire in 1871, but he rebuilt im-
mediately. He wedded Miss Emma Nelson in
1862, who has borne him eight children, seven of
whom are living.

Eev. Erik Hedeen was bom in Sweden, Febru-.
ary 28th, 1844. He came to the United States in
1869, and located at Paxton, IlUnois, where he
engaged in preparing himself for the ministry at
Augustana College and Seminary. He remained
five years, graduating in 1874. His first charge
was at New London, Kandiyohi county, Minne-
sota, where he remained five years. In October,
1879, he removed to Washington county and took
charge of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at
Marine, also at Marine Mills. He married Ma-

482

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

tilda C. Olson, of Illinois, in 1878. They have
one child, Anna T.

Henry Hickman was born in Tennessee, May
10th, 1829. He was in the Mexican war, having
enlisted in Company G, Fifth Tennessee, in 1847,
and served until honorably discharged in the fall
of 1848. He also enlisted in 1863, in Company
K, Second Minnesota Cavalry, and served against
the Indians mitil May, 1866, when he received his
discharge at Fort Snelling. About the year 1853
he came to Washington county, Minnesota, giving
his attention to lumbering for a few years, then
bought a farm at Vasa, where he has since made
his home. In 1862 he married Sarah Peterson.
They have a family of six children.

George P. Hinds is a native of Massachusetts,
bom at Boston, August 24th, 1845. When about
ten years of age, he left his home and moved to
Oxford county, Maine, remaining six years. In
1861 he came to Washington county, Minnesota,
and enlisted in Company C, Eighth Minnesota,
and served under General Sibley in the Indian
campaign two years. His command was then
ordered south and was under General Sherman in
his famous "march to the sea." In 1865 he was
honorably discharged at St. Paul, and returned
to his home in this county, where he has since
resided. For eleven years he was interested in
lumbering, and finally settled on his farm in Ma-
rine township. In 1866 he married Miss C. Wil-
cox, a native of New York. They have five
children.

George Holt was born in Jefferson county,
Kentucky, 1822. At the age of fourteen, he
moved with his parents to Madison county, Illi-
nois, and after a brief stay went to Galena, thence
to Praire du Chien, Wisconsin. He engaged in
rafting lumber on the Missouri, Mississippi and
Chippewa rivers for different parties a few years,
then returned to his home in Illinois, remaining
until 1845. He then was employed by Mr. A.
Judd of the Marine Mill Company, with whom
he remained until 1850. In company with his
brother, he went to Stillwater, Minnesota, wliere
they gave their attention to hotel and livery busi-
ness. Mr. Holt carried the first leather mail bag
on the route from Stillwater to Taylor's Falls via
Marine in 1851. The same year he was married
to Melinda Ward, and two years later removed to
Marine, where they have since lived. They have

a family of five children. In 1864, he enlisted in
Company G, Fourth Minnesota, and served nine
months, being honorably discharged at Louisville,
Kentucky.

John Holt, deceased, was bom in Jefferson
county, Kentucky, 1818. He removed with his
parents to Madison county, Illinois, and in 1845,
came to Minnesota, locating at Marine. In 1852,
he married Mary Jane Ward, a native of Ireland,
at Galena, Illinois. They came to Stillwater,
Minnesota, and kept the Minnesota house one
year, then removed to Marine and built the first
house outside of what was owned by the mill
company. Mr. Holt was engaged in lumbering,
and in 1857 met with a loss of nearly thirty
thousand dollars worth of logs. From over exer-
tion, he lost his eye sight the same year, which he
regained in 1865. He died January 12, 1874. Mr.
and Mrs. Holt have had four children, two of
whom are living.

John Hohn, is a native of Sweden, bom in 1814.
He came to America in 1865, and immediately
came to Marine, where he has since resided. He
was iharried in 1835, to Sarah Swenson, who has
borne him eight children, seven or whom are liv-
ing. Peter, the eldest son, came to Marine, in 1864,
and purchased the farm on which his family now
reside. Gustav is married, and is a farmer in
Marine township. Andrew J. is at present teach-
ing school ; three of the daughters are mar-
ried, one is single.

Jonathan Huntley was bom in Caledonia
county, Vermont, 1837. Here he lived until
about sixteen years of age, then came to Wash-
ington county, Minnesota, with his parents, his
father having purchased a farm of one hundred
and ninety acres, in Marine township. Mr. Hunt-
ley enlisted in Company "K," Second Minnesota
Cavalry, in 1863, and was honorably discharged
at Fort Snelling in 1866. His wife was Charlotte
Hill, whom he married in 1858; she is a native of
Vermont, and came to Washington county, with
her parents, in 1854. They have three children,
Satira L., Lydia P. and Edna M.

Abram Johnson, is a native of Sweden, bom in
1834. At the age of twenty-four years he came
to America, locating at Stillwater, Minnesota,
where he kept the Depot hotel for four years. He
then moved to Marine and bought a faim of four
hundred and forty acres, having also an interest

MABINE—BIOGBAPHICAL.

483

in the wood, trade. In 1869, he began lumber-
ing, and now does an extensive business, owning
fourteen hundred acres of pine lands. He took a
contract in 1878, of carrying the United States
mail from Stillwater, via Marine, to St. Croix
falls, and still holds the contract. Mr. Johnson,
carries on an immense business, all of which is
under his personal supervision. His mamage
with Caroline Parsons occurred in 1863. They
have four children living.

Andrew P. Johnson was born in Sweden,
March 12th, 1825. He came across to America
in 1854, and located at Marine, being obliged to
walk from Stillwater. He worked at his trade
in the village, until he took a claim of one hun-
dred and twenty acres in 1856. He first built a
small house 10x14 feet, his wife assisting him in
carrying the logs, they having no team. Mr. and
Mrs. Johnson have been prospered, and now own
a farm of four hundred and forty-seven acres.
They were married in 1851, she being Miss Mar-
tha Johnson. They are the parents of two sons
and three daughters.

August W. Johnson a resident of Marine, was
born in Sweden, 1842. He learned the tanner's
trade in his native country, and in 1864 came to
America. Proceeding to Minnesota, he located
in Marine township, and purchased one hundred
and sixty acres of land. He married Johanna M.
Hokinson in 1870, who has borne him five child-
ren, four of whom are living. Since their mar-
riage Mr. and Mr. Johnson have resided on their
farm.

P. G. Johnson, who has been a resident of Ma-
rine township since the close of the war, was
bom in Sweden in 1834. His childhood days
were passed in the land of his nativity and in 1853
he came to America. He engaged in lumbering
until 1865, when he purchased a farm in Marine
township. During October of the following year
he married Eva Parsons. Emil, Amanda A.,
Alice C, Jennie T., Mary, JuUus E. and Oscar "VV.
are their children.

J. A. Johnson was born in Sweden in 1842. He
came to America with his parents, who landed at
Quebec, and from there came to Stillwater,
Minnesota. After a brief visit they located at
Marine. He, being at this time about thirteen
years of age, and wishing an education, removed
to Stillwater where he attended school summers

and in winter did various kinds of work. He
went to Texas in 1860 and engaged in stock rais-
ing until compelled to abandon his efforts on ac-
count of the war. He was then a locomotive en-
gineer on the Ohio and Missouri raUroad, where
he continued until 1866. Mr. Johnson was en-
gaged in different occupations for a number of
years, finally opened a machine trade at Fargo,
Dakota territory, he being the senior member of
the firm of Johnson and Company. His wife was
Miss A. A. Coler, a native of Switzerland, whom
he married in 1865. Alice E.; John C, Clarence
F., Laura A., Lawrence E., are their children.

J.N.Johnson was born in Sweden,1828. He came
to Chicago in 1853, and in the spring of the year
following located at Stillwater, Minnesota, where
he worked in Nelson's saw-miU during the sum-
mer months, and in the pineries during the winter
for three years. After a two years' experience in
farming in Wisconsin, he came to Marine and pur-
chased a farm of eighty acres. Owing to his econo-
my and industry , he now has a fine farm of sis hun-
dred and twenty acres. Enlisted in Company D,
Second Minnesota and served until his discharge
in 1865. His wife was Christine Benson, a na-
tive of Sweden, whom he married in 1858. They
have ten children aU of whom are living.

A. N. Johnson, a native of Sweden, was bom
March 12th, 1846. On reaching his majority, he
started for the new world, landing in 1868. He
came immediately to Minnesota, locating at
Marine, June 12th of same year. He bought a
farm of forty-six acres in 1871, and since then
has engaged in farming. He was united in mar-
riage with Margaret Larson in 1871.

George J. Judd, deceased, was born at Farm-
ington, Connecticut, October 19th, 1799. He re-
moved to Boston with his grand-parents when a
small child, and at their death went to New York
to Uve with his uncle. In 1832, he removed to
Illinois, where he engaged in trade and farming
with his brother. He formed a parternship with
Mr. Hammond at St. Louis in 1844, where they
disposed of lumber manufactured at Marine,
Minnesota. He was in lumbering business until
1862, when he came to Marine, continuing his
trade until his death in 1872. His family con-
sisted of his wife and four children.

George F. Judd, son of the late George B.
Judd, one of the pioneers, and senior member of

484

HISTOBY OF. WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Marine Mill Company, was born at St. Louis,
Missouri, December 9tli, 1856. He came to Ma-
rine with his parents when only five years of age.
In 1877, he succeeded to the proprietorship of
Marine grist mill. His marriage with Clara E.
Kimbert took place December 8th, 1880.

Samuel Judd was born at Marine, Madison
county, Illinois, in 1840. He received a common
school education, which he completed at McKen-
dree College, Lebanon, Illinois. After finishing
his studies he immediately located at Marine, en-
gaging as clerk with Judd, Walker and Company.
In 1862 he entered into partnefship with Orange
"Walker, since which time he has been financial
agent and general manager for the firm. In 1869
he was appointed postmaster, which position he
stiU holds. He married in 1874, Amelia D. Flath-
erty of St. Louis, Missouri, who has borne him
two children Orange W. and Lucille M.

Frederick W. Lammers, a native of Germany,
was born 1829. He came to America in 1843 and
located at St. Louis, Missouri, making that place
his home two years. He then removed to Wash-
ington county, Minnesota, and for several years
worked on the river. In 1852 he took a claim in
Chisago county, and remained until 1865, when
he disposed of his farm and located at Marine.
Mr. Lammers was appointed the first justice of
the peace in Chisago county; he has also been
honored with nearly all the town offices where he
now resides. In 1852 he married Helen C. Nelson.
They have had fifteen children, thirteen of whom
are living.

John Lindgren is a native of Sweden, bom
August 10th, 1817. He came to America in
1854, and three years later purchased a farm
which he owned five years, then sold and moved
to Chisago lake. Here he resided five years then
moved to Marine and bought a farm of two hun-
dred and three acres, where he has since resided.
He has been twice married. His present wife
was Miss Ann Mattson, a native of Sweden, to
whom he was married in 1857. Their children
are : Charles, Mary C, John E., Frank and
Albert.

Erick Magnuson, a resident of Marine, was
born in Sweden, in 1824. He came to America
in 1854, and settled in Chisago county, Minne-
sota, where he remained until May, 1865, when
he purchased sixty acres in Marine township.

Since that time he has from time to time added
to it, and now possesses a beautiful and fruitful
farm of two hundred and sixty acres. He has
been twice married, his second wife being Jo-
hanna Jonason, a native of Sweden, to whom he
was married in 1857. Prank L., Mary J., Charles
W., Joseph I., Esther C, Emil O., and Exel L.,
are their children.

Swen Magnuson was bom in Sweden in 1848.
He accompaniud his parents to America, in 1853,
and settled in Chisago county, Minnes8ta, where
he lived about fifteen years. He then came to
Marine and commenced lumbering. la the sum-
mer of 1880 he formed a partnership with
William Schmidt and John G. Rose, in the busi-
ness of general merchandise. He was married in
1875 to Carrie Shiller, who bore him one child:
Lydia J.

Morgan May was bom in England, in 1818.
He entered the service of the East India Com-
pany as midshipman, at sixteen years of age.
After its demise he joined the naval forces and
served in the war with China, in 1840, as naval
officer. On leaving the sea, he learned the trade
of miller, and at the death of his father he suc-
ceeded to his mUls, which were located about
thirty-five miles from London. In 1851 he
crossed the Atlantic to America, and located at
New Orleans. Two years later, he purchased his
farm near Marine, and in 1858 came here with
his family to reside. He has enlarged his farm
from four hundred acres to two thousand, and is
a very prosperous and prominent farmer. Mr.
May has been twice married, his present wife
having been Catherine, daughter of K. McKen-
zie, member of parliament of Manitoba. They
have four sons and one daughter.

James McGuire, a native of Michigan, was
born in Livingston county in 1846. When eight
years of age he accompanied his parents to Still-
water, Minnesota, his father taking a claim in
that township in 1854. In 1874 he purchased the
farm he now owns in Marine township. His wife
was Miss Julia Bennett, to whom he was married
in 1874. Their children ai'e Lee L., Eoland C,
Grace E. and Clinton E.

J. K. Meredith was born in White county,
Illinois, August 22d, 1812. Here he passed his
childhood, and at the age of eighteen removed
to Galena, where he passed five years in mining.

MARINE— BIOQBAFHIGAL.

485

From there he went to Burlington, Iowa, finally
locating in Minnesota at Marine. He was em-
ployed by the Mill Company seven years, and in
1860 began farming at his present location. In
1837 he married Eleanor Freeman, who bore him
seven children, four of whom are living.

Charles Mermond, a resident of Marine, came
from Switzerland, where he was born in 1829.
lie passed his early manhood in the "country of
the Alps," until 1856, when he came to America.
After tarrying in Chisago county, Minnesota, a
few months he located at Marine, Washington
county. He was in the employ of the mill com-
pany three years; then started a saloon, to which
he gave his attention summers, and leaving it to
the care of his wife winters, he worked in the
lumber camps as cook. He married Rosaline
"VeHeiaux in 1857, who has borne him three chil-
dren.

John E. Mower, deceased, was a native of
Maine, bom in' 1815. In early life he received a
good business education, and after Uving a short
time in St. Louis, Missouri, and Keokuk, Iowa,
he settle^ near St. Croix Falls in 1845. He made
his home there two years; then moved to Areola,
about seven miles north of Stillwater. He was
chiefly engaged in lumbering till the time of his
death, which occurred in 1879. Mr. Mower rep-
resented that district in the legislature three
terms, and held the office of county commissioner
nine years. In 1840 he married Miss G. A.
Eemick. The living children are Helen, Emily
and Mary. James and Martha died.

E. M. Murch was bom at Plymouth, Maine,
1834. On reaching majority he removed to Min-
neapolis, and for several years worked in the
pineries of this state. He was in a saw-mill on
the Bum river four seasons, and has worked at
different mills at Anoka and Champlin. He
came to Marine in 1868, and was employed by
Walker, Judd and Veazie as foreman. In 1862,
he enlisted in Company B, Sixth Minnesota, and
served against the Indians under General Sibley.
He was honorably discharged in 1864, on account
of disability. In 1866 he married Dora Harper,
a native of New York state. Four children have
been born to them, three of whom are living.

John S. Nay is a native of Maine, born in Som-
erset county, 1823. He engaged in milling and
lumbering until 1855, when he removed to Wash-

ington county, Minnesota, locating at Stillwater.
He was a carpenter and mill-wright until the com-
mencement of the war. In 1862, he enlisted in
Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteers, and
served against the Indians, under General Sibley
two years, then went south, remaining until hon-
orably discharged at Fort Schuyler, New York
1865. He then- returned home and removed to
his present location at Marine. He married Miss
S. Kobinson inl851. Children: Fred E., Edgar
O., Wilmot H., Walter S., George A. and Car-
rie E.

Andrew F. Nelson, a native of Sweden, was
bom April 25th, 1849. He came to America in
1867, and followed lumbering mostly, until pur-
chasing his farm in Minnesota, at Marine, 1874.
He now owns one hundred and eighty acres.
He married Johannah Dahlquist in 1875. She is
a native of Sweden, born July 6th, 1851.

Jonas Nelson was born in Sweden, September
8th, 1880. He passed his youth in his native
country, and when twenty-six years of age, he
came to America. He proceeded immediately to
Minnesota and located in Marine township on a
farm of forty acres, and having only a small log
house, such as many of the pioneers were com-
pelled to inhabit at first. He now owns a fine farm
one hundred and fifty acres. His wife was Car-
rie Swenson, who was bom in Sweden. Andrew,
Peter N. and John are their children. Mr. Nel-
son's father is living with him, his wife having
died in 1867.

S. P. Newman is a native of Sweden, bom No-
vember 25th, 1836, where he learned the tailor's
trade. He came to America in 1868, and settled
at Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he worked at
his trade. He bought fifteen acres of land in
Marine township in 1874, but works at his trade
in Minneapolis the greater part of his time. His
wife was Hilda Hokinson, to whom he was mar-
ried in 1872.

John P. Norlander, a farmer in Marine town-
ship, was born in Sweden, February 8th, 1826.
He came to America in 1861, and located on a
farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Marine
township, where he has since resided. He was
married in his native country, to Anna B. Erick-
son, in 1850. Ingia B., Anna, Andrew P., Matta
K., Mary C. and Ida M., are their children.

OleOlin was bom in Sweden, October 11th,

486

BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

1829. He came to America in 1854, and soon
after came to Minnesota, locating in Marine, on a
farm of two liundred and forty acres, and lias
since made this his home. In March, 1865, he
enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota, and
served until the close of the war. He was mar-
ried to Juliann Christine Johnson, in 1852.

Pierce Organ, is of Irish birth, born in 1835_
He remained in his native place tintil 1850, then
came to America, and made his home at Buffalo,
New York, five years. He then came to Chicago,
livmg there two years, thence to Stillwater until
1874, engaged in lumbering. He removed to his
present location in Marine towBship at that time.
In 1861 he married Bridget A. Chute, a native of
Canada East, and who came to Stillwater with
her brother in 1857. Their children are Mary E..
Katie, Maggie, Elizabeth, Thomas, William,
Patrick P. L. and Aurelia B.

Henry r. Otis, a native of the"North Star"state,
was born in Marine township, 1844, son of the
early pioneer, Benjamin T. Otis. He enlisted m
1862, in Company C, Seventh Minnesota Volun-
teers, and served until severely wounded in 1864,
when he was taken to the hospital at Memphis,
Tennessee; he was honorably discharged on ac-
count of disability. Since that time he has made
his home in his native county. His marriage to
Miss Virginia Van Tassel, occurred in 1868.
They have a family of six children, "William H.,
Susan A., Theo. E., Margaret L., Julia M. and
Henry Fuller.

Asa S. Parker, a prominent citizen of Marine,
was bom in Windsor county, Vermont, July 11th,
1812. At the age of fifteen he removed to Greene
county, New York, and engaged in brick-making.
During the spring of 1839, he came to Marine,
Minnesota, and immediately began with the orig-
inal company of thirteen to build the Marine
Mills, and was associated therewith until 1857.
He withdrew his interest and has since been in-
terested in farming, except two years spent in
the mercantile trade. Mr. Parker has held the
offices of county commissioner, also several other
town ofiices. During the fall of 1859 he was
wedded to Isabella Thompson, a native of Scot-
land, who has borne him one child, Archie T.

Charles A. Peterson, bom in Sweden, 1840,
and came to America with his parents in 1853,
his father taking a claim in Marine township of

one hundred and sixty acres. On attaining his
majority, Mr. Peterson began business for himself
in lumbering and has always given much of his
attention to that branch of industry since. He
bought his present farm of one hundred and forty
acres atVasa,inl868, where he has since resided.
He represented this district in the legislature in
1878-'79. His family consists of his wife, who
was Miss Martha Olson, and five children. His
wife is a native of Sweden.

John G. Rose was bom in Sweden, June 24th,
1849. He came to America in 1854 and soon
after came to Minnesota, locating at Marine. He
was first engaged in farming arid afterward was
a dealer in agricultural machinery; he finally asso-
ciated himself with Messrs. Schmidt and Mag-
nuson in a general merchandise trade. He was
united in marriage with Christine Bloom. Four
children have been bom to them, two of wBom
are living.

C. A. Eutherford, bom in Steuben county. New
York, 1842. He came to Washington county, Min-
nesota, with his parents when eight years of age,
and made his home in Grant township. He lived
there until 1865, then enlisted in Company B,
Brackett's Independent Cavalry and served against
the Indians under Gen. SuUy until he received an
honorable discharge, February 22d, 1866. Three
years later he bought his present farm in Marine
township. January 30th, 1879, he married Emma
Saunders of Wisconsin. They have one chUd.

George F. Sabin was born in Cheshire county,
New Hamshire, 1844. He removed with his par-
ents to Fitchburg, Massachusetts. "When fifteen
years of age he entered the Middletown MUitary
and Collegiate institute at Middletown, New
Jersey, from which institution he graduated after
a three year's course. In 1862 he enlisted in
Company B, Fifty-third Massachusetts, and served
one year under Gen. Banks in Maryland. He re-
enlisted in the Fifty-seventh Veteran Kegiment
of Massachusetts in the winter of 1863. He re-
ceived a wound at the battle of Petersburg, Vir-
ginia, and was honorably discharged in the fall
of 1865. He was secretary of the Union Machine
Company four years and in 1871 came to Still-
water, Minnesota, and during the winter of the
same year came to Marine. He engaged in mer-
cantile pursuits three years and afterward took up
the practice of law, which he has since continued.

MAEINE—BIOQBAPHIGAL.

487

He married in 1872 Georgie M. Judd, daughtcrof
the late George B. Judd. They have had two
children, who are both living.

Hon. Wilhelm Schmidt, a native of Germany,
born in 1831 . At the age of twenty-two he came
to America, making his home at Toledo, Ohio.
While there he worked at blacksmithing and in
1856 came to Stillwater, where he remained thir-
teen years in the employ of Schulenberg and
Boeckeler Lumber Company, as blacksmith and
saw-filer. In 1869 he located at Marine, engaged
in mercantile pursuits in which he still continues.
He was nominated for representative by the re-
publicans in this district, in 1880. Notwithstand-
ing the strong opposition of other parties he was
elected and by his own popularity and straight-
forwardness. Mr. Schmidt was married at To-
ledo, Ohio, in 1853, to Caroline Dhol, a native of
Germany. Their children are Louis, Mena and
Louisa; the two former died in infancy.

W. J. Smith was bom at Bath, Steuben county.
New York, August 31st, 1847. His father is a
native of Scotland and his mother of New York
state. When nineteen years of age he moved
with his parents to Washington county, Minne-
sota, where he has since resided. He was a mem-
ber of the state militia at Bath, New York. Mr.
Smith is unmarried.

L. W. Stratton, the pioneer of Marine, was
born in New Hampshire in 1816. In 1837, he
went to St. Louis, Missouri, and while there, en-
gaged with the St. Croix Lumber Company.
Came up on the steamer Palmyra, arriving on
the 16th of July, 1838. December 12th of that
year, he made a claim where Marine mills is now
located, and during the winter, put up twenty-
five cords of wood for steamboats, the first wood
cut for that purpose above Prairie du Chien. In
1852, he settled at St. Anthony, and the following
year built the first bridge across the Bum river at
Anoka. In 1854, he built the first sail-boat on
Lake Miimetonka, and since 1871, has resided at
Excelsior, Hennepin county, Minnesota.

Samuel Staples was born at Topsham, Maine,
1805. He removed to Brunswick, with his par-
ents in 1820, where he received- a common school
education. In 1834, he went to Lee, Penobscot
county ,where he was engaged in farming and lum-
bering five years, then moved to Nashwak mills,
New Brunswick. He was employed as miller one

year, then returned to his native state, remaining
until 1854. Coming to Minnesota in that year,
he located at Stillwatter, being interested in lum-
bering until 1877. Two years later, he moved to
his farm in Marine township. Mr. Staples has
been twice married, his second wife was Mrs.
Langley, to whom he was married in 1879. He
is the parent of four children by his first wife.

John Swenson is a native of Sweden, born in
1828. He came to America in 1854 and settled
in Michigan, where he remained two years. He
then came to Minnesota, locating on a farm of
eighty acres in Marine township. He is a public
spirited man and respected citizen; has held the of-
fice of supervisor several terms. He enlisted in
Company D, Fourth Minnesota, and served until
honorably discharged in 1865. He was married
to his first wife in Sweden, who died in 1873, leav-
ing five children. His present wife was Mrs.
Mary Carlson, who has borne him two children.

Nels Thompson was born in Sweden, October
9th, 1847. He learned the carpenter's trade and
worked at farming in his native country. He
came to America in 1872, and first located at
Red Wing, Minnesota, but during the same year
came to Marine, where he has since resided,
working at his trade. He married in 1876,
Mrs. Anna McCraa, who had one child by her
first husband,

Hon. Orange Walker, one of the founders of
Marine, and one of the most enterprising men
in Washington county, was born September 4th,
1803, at St. Albans, Vermont. He is of the old
Puritan stock, who were a brave and patriotic
people. He supplemented a common school ed-
ucation with a few terms at the academy in his
native town. At the age of sixteen he left his
father's farm, and gave five years apprenticeship
at the tanner's and currier's trade, and subse-
quently carried on the business two years at MUton,
Vermont. In October, 1834, he removed to J ack-
sonville Illinois, where he had an interest in a tan-
yard. Being in poor health he came with a com-
pany of pioneers to the site of Marine, the first
white settlers here. Marine was reached May
13th, 1839, and in a few days Mr. Walker had a
comfortable log cabin erected— the first in that
section — ready for occupancy. Ninety days after,
the company had a saw-mill erected and in opera-
tion. For about thirty years Mr. Walker has

488

BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON' COUNTY.

resided here engaged in milling, lumbering and
merchandising, being an energetic and successful
operator. Since 1864 he has been of the firm of
Walker, Judd and Veazie, who are carrying on a
business of about two hundred thousand dollars
annually. For many years after his first location
at Marine, there was no post-office nearer than
Fort Snelling; finally a mail route was established
and Mr. Walker was appointed post-master,
which position he held twenty-five years. Sep-
tember 16th, 1848, he married Mrs. Georgiana
E. Lockwood, nee Barton, of Prescott, Wiscon-
sin, a native of Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania.

P. E. Walker was born at St. Albans, .Vermont,
1816. He received his education at the academy
of St. Albans, and was superintendent of schools
of that place a number of, years. He remained
at the old homestead until J 848, then moved to
Milan, Ohio, where he was superintendent of the
public schools and teacher in the higher depart-
ments. He came to Minnesota, locating at Ma-
rine in 1856. Mr. Walker held the office of
county superintendent of schools six years, jus-
tice of the peace almost from the time of his
arrival to the present, and has also held many of
the town offices. In 1837 he married Sarah A.
Lewis, of Vermgnt, by whom he has five chil-
dren. She died in 1875. His present wife was
Elizabeth Cooley, a native of New Hampshire. .

John G. Ward was born in Philadelphia, 1838.
When quite young he moved with his parents to
Galena, Illinois. He lost his parents by death at
the age of twelve, and in 1851 came alone to Ma-
rine, coming on the old steamer Menominee from
Galena. He was the first white boy seen on the
upper St. Croix. He passed the winters a num-
ber of years in the pineries, and remembers very
distinctly his great terror of the Indians, who
were quite numerous about the camp. In 1870
he married Jessie J. Wishart, of St. Louis, Mis-
souri. Four children have been born to them.

Thomas E. Ward was born in New Bedford
county, Massachusetts, March 4th, 1838. He
moved with his parents to Philadelphia, where he
lived eight years; thence to Natchez, Mississippi,
about two years. He lived some time in Illinois
and Wisconsin, and in 1865 removed to Minne-
sota, making Marine his place of residence.
Lumbering occupied his time and attention a
number of years, and since then he has been in

the employ of Walker, Judd and Veazie as clerk
in a general store and on the steamer Knapp. He
married, in 1869, Miss Lizzie Coler, a native of
Switzerland. They are the parents of four chil-
dren.

M. Welshons, a native of Pennyslvania, was
born in Westmoreland county in 1818. Here he
lived until reaching man's estate and learned the
trade of carpenter. In 1843 he removed to
Galena, Illinois, where he worked at his trade
about four years, then came to St. Croix Falls,
Wisconsin. He located at Marine, May, 1848,
engaging in the pursuit of his trade until
1856. He then embarked in the hotel business,
and for nine years was manager of the "Marine"
house; then resumed his trade until he built his
present hotel, the "St. Croix," which affords ac-
commodation for fifty. He was married Novem-
ber 12th, 1848, to Mary J. Hooper. They have
five children living.

Ole Westergren is a native of Sweden, bom in
1825. He served an apprenticeship of four years
as a blacksmith in his native country. In 1855
he came to America, making Marine his home,
where he worked as a journeyman at his trade
two years. He then formed a partnership with
Judd and Walker, which endured three years;
then he bought the whole, and has continued
since alone. Mr. Westergren has held the office
of supervisor, and is now a member of the city
council. His wife was Anette Poison, to whom
he was married in 1852, and who has borne him
four children.

John F. Wichman was born in Germany in
1831. Hecame to America at the age of twenty-
two, locating at Bunker Hill, Illinois, where he
engaged in mason work for two years. He then
removed to Stillwater, and the next year to Ma-
rine, where he has since resided. In 1870 he
purchased his brewery from J.J. Groff, it being
the first estabUshed in the place. He married
Anna Simonson, who has borne him two children,
Pauline and Bertram.

Charles Reed was bom in Schuyler county,
Pennsylvania, in 1831, and remained there until
the age of twenty-four years, then removed to
Clarion county, and a short time after came to
Washington county, Minnesota; took a claim of
forty acres, and has since added eighty acres.
Married, in 1852, Hettie Hughes.

STILLWATER— TOPOQEATHY—FIBSTSETTLEBS.

489

STILLWATER.

CHAPTER LXV.

TOPOGRAPHY FIRST SETTLERS ORGANIZA-
TION— ROADS — POOR FARM — MILLS — SCHOOLS
— BIOGRAPHICAL.

The major part of the township is quite hilly
and broken. The better and richer portions are
to be found in the Lyman settlement, in the
north-eastern and the Macey-Boutwell, in the
western part, both comprising land well adapted
to farming. The township was originally covered
with a growth of scrub oaks, which has been
cleared off by the settlers.

Brown's creek, which is recognized by the gov-
ernment survey, formerly passed over sections
18, 19, 20 and 21, but by John McKusick its
course was turned south through sections 28 and
29, by way of McKusick's lake.

Trap Ranch creek, the outlet of Silver lake,
enters the river on section sixteen. About forty
rods from its source is a water- fall of forty feet.
In lo west water the fall is about four feet wide,
and in high water twelve feet.

Of the lakes in the township. Silver lake covers
about one hundred and fifty acres of land in sec-
tions seven and eight. The shores are gravel and
the water pure and clear, abounding with fish.
Twin lakes, on sections 18, 19 and 20, each oc-
cupy about one hundred acres of land and are
separated by a narrow ridge, which furnishes
room enough to drive on. The north lake is
shallow, the other deep and well suppled with
fish. Spruce swamp, the only one within an area
of about fifty miles, embraces within its limits
about one hundred acres. It is situated on sec-
tion eighteen and extends into Grant township.

The banks of the river are usually quite ab-
rupt. On section fifteen, just before the entrance
of Boom Hollow, the walls rise perpendicularly
to a height of one hundred feet. A road leads
though this hollow, on either side guarded by
stately pines.

The first to settle in the township of Stillwa-

ter outside of the limits of the city were, D. P.
and C. Storrs Lyman, who were accompanied by
their parents, Cornelius and Betsey, the latter
making their home with D. P. Previous to the
anlval of the family, C. 8. Lyman, had visited
the country and selected a claim, during the sum-
mer of 1843. After making some improvements,
he returned to Illinois. In 1844, David P. came
up, and the next two years, worked in saw-mills
at Stillwater and Marine. Then the two brothers
with their parents moved out on the land in 1846.
Each of the boys erected a small frame building
16x18 feet, one and one-half stories high, and
broke enough land to raise a patch of potatoes.
They then divided the land, D. P. , taking the
lower two hundred and twenty-five acres and C.
S., the. upper two hundred and forty acres. The
next year they broke about thirteen acres. The
breaking and planting was all done on the part
taken by D. P., the brothers working together.
In 1851, C. S. Lyman moved his house from un-
der the blufE where it had been built and located
it on the present site in section two. This house
is now occupied by Benjamin P. Lyman. In
1854, D. P. Lyman moved his house to its pres-
ent location, and has since built around it. C.
S. Lyman has resided on the farm continually
since, but the brother in 1858, went to Marine,
and part of the time since has made it his home.

Charles Macey staked out a claim in 1845, but
did not immediately move on it. The next
summer, while at work in the mill, he learned
that Walter Vail was breaking upon the land,
and immediately went out to the place. Remon-
strating with Vail, his objections were answered
by the remark that there was plenty of land for
all. As Vail did not seem willing to respect
Macey's claim, the latter compelled him to mark
out a claim. Macey then marked out a new
farm on section 19, and vowed vengeance against
any future intruders. However, he did not per-
manently reside there until in 1849, then batch-
ing until 1854, when he married Sarah Van Tas-
sell, and has reared a large family.

W. T. Boutwell, in 1848, bought W. R. Vail's
claim on section nineteen, and immediately be-
gan preparations to build, and in the fall com-
pleted a comfortable home, 18x24 feet, one and
one-half stories high, and cellar. A few years
ago this house was replaced by the large and

490

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

elegant dwelling of Mr. Jones, son-in-law of Mr.
Boutwell, who resides with him.

Sebastian Marty, came to Stillwater in 1845,
and for a time served as assistant cook in McKu-
sick's boarding house. In 1848 he made a claim
in section thirty-two, broke about two and one-
half acres and made some other improvements.
In the spring of 1850, his pre-emption right was
purchased by H. A. Jackman, who, in 1851, built
the house in which he has since resided. Marty
then went to Lakeland, where he has since re-
sided, on section thirty near Horse Shoe lake.

William Rutherford built a log shanty on sec-
tion 30, in 1849. In the fall* of that year, he
went east and in his absence the house was
burned. The site of this residence is now occu-
pied by the cemetery. As Mr. Rutherfard had
done all his breaking in Grant township, he re-
built on that part of his claim, and has since
resided there.

Dr. James Covey made a claim on section 2,
and part of his time was engaged in making im-
provements. He died in 1851, from the effects
of a cold contracted while sleeping in a newly
plastered room, and the property was divided
among his nephews S. and P. Trask. The place
is now owned by the heirs of John Mower and
A. Toss.

John J. McKensie took a claim on section two,
in 1848. He resided on it untU 1872, when he
went to Montana territory and engaged in stock
growing. Among the other early settlers who lo-
cated in this township are many who have owned
or now own property in and about the city of Still-
water. Of these were Joseph R. Brown, the
famous pioneer, Jacob Fisher and Alexander
Wilcox. The latter entered a claim in 1848, and
made some improvements. Soon after, he was
arrested and convicted of a dangerous assault
but escaped and left the country, his property;
was sold to Rev. Mr. Carl, and finally to Steele
and Thome, who laid it out into town lots, and
it now is mostly occupied by the city race-
course.

The first white child born in the township out-
side of the City limits was Emily A., daughter of
C. S. Lyman. She was born in October, 1846,
and is now Mrs. Alcorn. The next was Ilattie
B., a daughter of W. T. Boutwell, born in Decem-
ber, 1848. She was married, but got a divorce

and is now a teacher in St. Paul. The first mar-
riage was that of A. Click and Jane Sample,
which took place in the spring of 1853. They
are now living near Faribault, in well-to-do cir-
cumstances. The next was that of Charles Ma-
cey and Sarah Van TasseU. The first death was
that of Betsey, daughter of C. Storrs Lyman, oc-
curring in 1846, the next was that of Dr. Covey in
the fall of 1850.

The first election was held at the house of the
late Samuel Hoffman, in what is now a portion of
the city of Stillwater, April 3d, 1860. Cornelius
Lyman was chosen moderator, and Howard Pack-
ard, W. T. Boutwell and D. P. Lyman, were
judges of election. The first officers of the town
chosen were, Cornelius S. Lyman, Howard Pack-
ard, Henry A. Jackman, supervisors; Sylvanus
Trask, clerk; Wallace Rutherford, treasurer; J. C.
Gardner, assessor; C. S. Lyman, W. T. Boutwell,
justices of the peace; Daniel Houstin, W. T.
Bishop, constables.

The supervisors and clerks have since been as
follows :

Supervisors: 1861, '62, '63, '64— C. S. Lyman,
H. A. Jackman and H. Packard; 1865, '66, '67,
'68, '69, '70— C. 8. Lyman, H. A. Jackman and R.
Smith; 1871, '72, '73— C. S. Lyman, R. Smith and
J. Kilty. 1874— J. W. Wheeler, Andrew Rich-
mond and R. Smith; 1875, '76, '77, '78— Andrew
Richmond, H. C. Lyman and Fred Roche; 1879 —
Andrew Richmond, Albert Foss, Fred. Jarchow;
1880— Andrew Richmond, Fred. Jarchow, Patrick
Whalen.

Clerks: 1861 to '67 inclusive — Sylvanus Trask;
1868 to '72 inclusive— J. C. Gardner; 1873, L. R.
Cornman; 1874 to '80— John Kilty.

At the annual meeting held April 2d, 1866, it
was voted to raise $1,200 by taxation for bounty
to soldiers who had enlisted from the town.

The United States government road was laid
out in 1848, leaving the town by section two.
The town then opened a road connecting this
with a county road which is one and one-half
miles east. This road runs along the south
boundary line of sections two and three.

Washington county poor farm. This institu-
tion embraces in all two hundred and seven acres
of land which lie in sections five and sis. Eighty-
seven acres are in the former section, and one
hundred and twenty in the latter. The site was

BULL WATER— MILLS— SCHOOLS.

491

purchased in 1858 for the county by Harvey "Wil-
son, clerk of the court. The buildings are in
sections six, and will accommodate thirty in-
mates. The main structure is 34x36 feet, two
and one half stories high, and to this have been
added a kitchen 16x30 feet on the west end,
which was afterward removed to the north to
make place for a one and one-half story wing 22x
30, erected in 1878. The main building contains
twelve chambers; the wing, a sitting-room, dining-
room and four chambers. On the farm are two
barns, one of which, the old one, is used as a
storing place for machinery and grain. The
new one, built in 1879, is 50x65 feet, with twenty-
foot posts. It will house forty head of cattle and
one hundred tons of hay. It is a well built, ven-
tilated and drained structure, conveniently near
to Lake Louisa, which supplies water for the
stock. The lake, which is well supplied with
fish, covering about six acres, touches the farm
on the north. About one hundred acres of the
farm are under cultivation.

The first overseer was H. Packard, who was
succeeded in 1864 by Thomas J. Withrow, and in
the fall of the same year Andrew Richmond took
charge. In 1870 A. J. Soule was appointed, and
after serving one year was succeeded by Mr.
Eichmond, who has since held the position; he is
assisted by his wife. At first there were but
from one. to three inmates; at present the number
is ten. The greatest number was in 1868 — twen-
ty-two. They are apparently contented, and en-
joy clean, well kept apartments, and good whole-
some food.

WASHINGTON FLOUR-MILL.

This mill was built by Eutherford and Booth,
in 1857, on section nine. It is 40x40 feet, three
stories high and originally contained- but two
run of stone, one for flour, the other for feed,
operated by a thirty-foot breast water-wheel.
In 1859, John Eutherford purchased Booth's
share, and until 1867 operated the concern alone.
The latter year A. Brosious purchased one-half
Interest, and one year later the whole establish-
ment. He then replaced the breast-wheel by a
twenty-inch American turbine, and also added a
smut machine. The property was purchased ui
^ January, 1871, by J. E. Stussi, who put in a new
race and dam, which increased the fall from

twenty-five to twenty-nine feet. In 1875 he
added a new purifier and an extra bolting ma-
chine, and in 1880, replaced the American by a
fifteen-inch Leffel, also adding another run of
stone. The mill produces fifteen barrels of flour
per day, and has a capacity of four hundred
bushels of feed.

SCHOOLS.

A petition dated January 9th, 1851, signed by
W, T. Boutwell and others, praying that the
west half of sections 17, 20 and 29, and the whole
of sections 18,19 and 30, in township 30, range 20,
and township 30, range 21, be formed into a school
district, was presented to the board of county
commissioners, and by them granted. At the
first meeting in the district, William Eutherford
was chosen moderator, Abion Masterman clerk,
and the following officers elected: W. T. Bout-
well, James Eutherford, and Chas. Macey clerk.
The first term of school was commenced in the
spring of 1852. There were ten scholars at-
tending, and after teaching two months the
teacher. Miss Cynthia Pond, quit, and Hester C.
Boutwell finished the term. In. the summer of
1868 the present school-house was erected accom-
modating about seventy pupils. During the past
winter the attendance was about thirty- five. The
present, officers are Edward E. Jones, director;
Albion Masterman, treasurer; J. B. Taft, clerk.

School district number five was organized in
June, 1861, and the following elected as trustees:
J. E. Hathaway, director; Edward Coffin, clerk;
Howard Packard, treasurer. The first teacher.
Miss Emma Prescott, was paid thirteen dollars
per month and board. The school-house was
built in the fall of 1863, on section number five.
In the fall of 1870 it was burned, and the next
year rebuilt at a cost of six hundred dollars. In
October, 1874, it was voted to move the buUding
one-half a mile north of its location, on the same
section. The present ofiicers are: John Daley,
director; John Kilty, clerk; Andrew Eichmond,
treasurer.

School district number fifty-flve was organized
m 1873. At the first meeting held October 10th
the officers elected were: W. Van Tassell, di-
rector; L. E. Cornman, treasurer; J. W. Wheeler,
clerk. The house is situated on the north-west
quarter of section twenty, and was built in the
fall of 1874, at a cost of $1,000. The present of-

492

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

fleers are: J. W. Wheeler, director; J. A. Smith,
clerk; John McGuire, treasurer.

District number eight was organized in June,
1861, and a house costing four hundred dollars
built the following fall. It is situated on ground
donated by H. A. Jackman in section thirty-two.
The first officers were: H. A. Jackman, director;
J. C. Gardner, clerk; Fred Shaser, treasurer.
The present officers are: Philip Miller, director;
H. A. Jackman, clerk; Fred Bloomer, treasurer.

District number fifty-two was organized in 1870,
a site donated by F. J. Curtis on section nine,
and a house erected that year. The first officers
were: Eeuben Smith, clerk; F. J. Curtis, di-
rector; William Douglas, treasurer. The present
officers are: Theodore Jarchow, treasurer; E.
W. Rutherford, clerk; F. J. Curtis, director.

District number six was organized in 1861, the
site donated by Socrates Nelson and a house
erected soon afterward. The first officers were:
John J. McKensie, director; S. Trask, clerk;
Wallace Rutherford, treasurer. The present of-
ficers are: D. P. Lyman, director; T. C. Clark,
clerk; H. C. Lyman, treasurer.

Boom quarry, on section fifteen, was opened in
1868 by Seymour, Sabin and Company.

Home cemetery consists of an half acre donated
to the use of the neighborhood by William Ruth-
erford, whose child was the first buried in it.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

John D. Apmann is a native of Germany, born
in 1820. He was educated in his native country,
and at the age of seventeen, apprenticed as a
carpenter, serving three years. He was then
called into the military service of his country for
eight years, but after serving five years was
granted a release, subject however, to be recalled.
He traveled as a journeyman mechanic through
the provinces of Germany and Holland. In 1851,
he married Miss Gisine Evers, and the next year
they crossed to America, locating at Galena, Illi-
nois, after a journey of fifty-two days. Soon
after they removed to Iowa, spending a number
of years in farming and at his trade. He came
to Stillwater in 1861, and in 1870, moved to his
present farm. He has a very fine house which
he planned and built. Mr. and Mrs. Apmann
have four children: Mary, Annie, Lizzie and
John.

Sebastian Bloomer, a native of Switzerland,
was bom in 1850. When a small child, he came
to America with his parents. After a brief stay
in Chicago, they came farther west to Stillwater,
locating at Baytown. Here he was educated and
made his home with his parents until the
spring of 1873, when he bought a farm in this
township of one hundred and fifty acres. This
farm is pleasantly located with good buildings,
and on which Mr. Bloomer has since resided.
His wife was Miss Matilda Wolf, whom he mar-
ried in 1878. They have one son and one daughter.

Hiram Calkins was bom in Cayuga county New
York, 1815. At ten years of age, he accompa-
nied his parents to Genesee county, where he re-
mained until coming west. His earlier educa-
tion was obtained in the common schools, finish-
ing with a course at Wyoming Academy, after
which he taught school. In 1838, he came west-
ward to the territory of Wisconsin, then embrac-
ing Iowa and Minnesota. After a long journey
performed in such ways as he could at that early
day, he reached and settled in Delavan township,
on a farm, remaining four years. He then went
to Exeter, thence to Warsaw, where he practiced
law, also occupying the offices of judge, district
attorney, school superintendent, etc. In 1861,
he enlisted in Company B, First Wisconsin Cav-
alry, and was discharged on account of disability
in 1864. The same year, he was appointed United
States land office receiver at St. Croix Falls where
he remained until 1869. He located in Stillwater
township in 1872 on a fruit farm, and market gar-
den. His marriage to Miss Phebe Rood took
place in 1838.

Frederick J. Curtis is a native of Ireland, born
1818. His younger days were passed in the land
of his nativity and at the age of twenty-five came
to America. He had previously learned the trade
of boot and shoe making, and after his arrival in
New York, he followed his trade in the employ
of Right Reverend Bishop Hughes, at the Man-
hattanville convent. He spent some time in New
Orleans and St. Louis, afterward locating at Still-
water. He has since been engaged in the pur-
suit of his trade, also dealing in horses. In the
spring of 1 859 he moved to his present farm of
three hundred and sixty acres, having about two
hundred and fifty acres under cultivation, Mr.
Curtis has held several public offices; was deputy

STILLWATEB—BIOGBAPmCAL.

493

sheriff two years, one of the first police of the city
of Stillwater, town treasurer and school director
at the present time. He married Miss Bridget
Fenton in 1849, who has borne him thirteen child-
ren. The living are: Elizabeth, Daniel, Mary,
Thomas, Maggie, Ellen B. and James.

Albert Toss was bom in New Hampshire, 1822.
In his infancy his parents removed to Maine and
here his youthful days were spent. During the
fall of 1855 he came to Stillwater, and five years
later he purchased a farm in the township. In
1865 he enlisted in the engineer corps, serving un-
til honorably discharged in September of the same
year. Returning to Stillwater he married Miss
Mary Clara, the same year, and soon after they
removed to their farm. In 1868 Mrs. Foss died.
His present wife was Mrs. Caroline Kimburk who
has borne him one daughter, Hermie.

Hans Hanson was born in Denmark, 1842. He
attended school until the age of fifteen. In 1863
he came to America; after tarrying a short time
at Racine, Wisconsin, he proceeded to Stillwater,
where he engaged in lumbering on the St. Croix
river. He made a visit to his native country in
1870 and returned the year following. He was
chiefly engaged after his return as contractor for
the rafting of logs, etc. He settled on his present
farm of two hundred and eighty acres in Still-
water in 1880, and is making many improve-
ments. In 1871 he married Miss Christine Nel-
son. Their children are AnneB., Albert C, Jen-
nie C. and Frederick.

William Heif ort is a native of Prussia, bom jn
1829. When a young man he learned the miller's
trade and engaged in the pursuit of his trade in
his native country. In 1854 he crossed to the
new world, and about two years later located at
Stillwater, and for a number of years worked in
the sdw and flouring mills at that city. During
the spring of 1866 he removed to his farm in the
township, which he had purchased the proceeding
fall. He has been quite prosperous, and now has
a farm of three hundred and fifty acres.

Henry A. Jackman was born in Washington
county, Maine. At four years of age he accom-
panied his parents to New Brunswick, where he
received his education. He returned to Maine at
the age of twelve, where he remained until com-
ing west in 1849, locating at Stillwater. Three
years later he purchased his present farm, on

which he has since lived. He has also been en-
gaged in lumbering, for the past six years, being
in company with his son-in-law, Russell Pease.
Mr. Jackman has been identified with many of
the county offices, also in the territorial legislar
ture, in 1855 and 1856. He was county commis-
sioner eight years, and has also held many local
ofiices. In 1870 he was appointed prison warden,
in which capacity he served four years. His
wife was Miss S. Blanchard, whom he married in
1848. Her mother aged eighty-three resides with
them. They are the parents of three children,
Mary E., James E. and Alice.

Frederick C. Jarchow is a native of Germany,
bom in 1832. During his younger days he lost
his father by death, and at an early age he and
his brothers were obliged to begin the battle of
life by hard labor. They finally collected enough
of their earnings to enable the eldest, Joachim, to
cross the seas to America, which he did in 1854.
He soon found work, and by his industry and
economy soon saved enough to send for his broth-
ers, Frederick and Theodore. The year follow-
ing the three brothers were enabled to send for
the remainder of the family. In the spring of
1858 Frederick came west to Minnesota, locating
at Rush Lake, now called Rush City. Here he
made his home until 1863, then removed to Wash-
ington county, engaging in the quiet occupation
of farming in Baytown and Lakeland. He then
located at Stillwater, being in the employ of the
saw-mills. He settled on his present farm in
Stillwater township in 1871, having ninety acres,
also one hundred and ninety-nine acres in Marine
township. His marriage with Miss Dorothy Voss
occurred in 1855. Their children are Albert,
George, August, Emiel and Dorothy.

Edwin R. Jones was born in Indiana, April
6th, 1839. When a lad of eight years he moved
with his parents to Rock county, Wisconsin.
Here and in St. Croix county he received his
education, but was unable to complete his studies
on account of almost total loss of his eyesight.
He, however, recovered his sight afterwards.
His time was taken up in farming in St. Croix
county, until 1876 when he purchased his present
farm in StiUwater township, from Rev. WiUiam
T. Boutwell. In 1880 he erected his present
residence, which is a nicely proportioned house
with ample interior compartments. April 7th,

494

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

1864, he married Miss K. A. Boutwell, daughter
of Eev. W. T. Boutwell. They have four child-
ren: Eodney, Eddie, Nellie and Sterling.

David P. Lyman, one of the earliest pioneers
of Stillwater township, and of the eighth genera-
tion of the Lyman family ,descehdents of Eichard
Lyman Esq., who came over from England in
1631, was born in St. Lawrence county. New
York, in 1822. When a boy he moved with his
parents to Sangamon county, Illinois, and in 1844
came to Marine, Minnesota. The following year
he engaged in the lath manufactory. In 1846
he moved to his farm in Stillwater township,
where he has since resided. At Farmingdale, Illi-
nois, in 1850, he married Anna J. Hanna. Their
children are, David H., Arthur A., Mary J.,
Oscar C, and Maggie H. Mr. Lyman has been
justice of the peace many years.

C. Storrs Lyman, a brother of the early settler,
David P. Lyman, is a native of Vermont. He
came west to Sangamon county, Illinois, in 1833,
and ten years later started for the St. Croix Val-
ley to see the country, etc. He came by boat as far
as Point Douglas, then was compelled to walk to
Marine, only calling at Stillwater on the way.
Selecting lands in the north-eastern part of Still-
water township he returned to Illinois, and in
1846 moved with his family to the farm. Mr. and
Mrs. Lyman have had fourteen children, eleven of
whom axe still living. He was left a widower by
the death of his wife, February 20th, 1878.

Cornelius Lyman, son of C. Storrs Lyman, is a
native of Illinois, born August 28th, 1844. He
moved to Stillwater with his parents in 1846,
where he remained with them until he engaged
in the service of his country. He enUsted in 1864
in Company C, Brackett's Battalion, serving un-
til honorably discharged at Port Snelling, May,
1866. He then returned to civil life and now has
a farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Still-
water township. October 31st, 1870, he was mar-
ried to Miss Ellen Burns, a native of Stillwater.
Pour children have been born to them, Prank D.,
Katie, Cora and Margaret.

Horace C. Lyman, son of C. Storrs Lyman,
was bom in Illinois, in 1839. During hisinfancy
he came with his parents to Marine, Illinois, and
when a child of seven years accompanied them to
Stillwater, where he attended school during that
summer, being under the control of Miss Judd.

In the fall they moved their little house with
them to their farm. Mr. Lyman is still unmar-
ried and resides on his farm, which he began im-
proving in 1864 and on which he built his resi-
dence in 1870.

Charles Macey is a native of Canada East, bom
in 1821. He was made an orphan when thirteen
years old, then made his home with a farmer,
Mr. Jenny, until reaching his majority. He then
started for St. Louis, being obliged to go by canal,
steamboat and railroad. His money was all ex-
pended before arriving at his destination. He
found employment near Alton, Illinois, and re-
mained until the next spring, then entered the
employ of the American Pur Company, in whose
service he remained until 1843. He was then
employed by another fur company for two years.
During this time he experienced many adventures
and accidents, having been compelled many times
to hunt his own food. In 1845 he came to Port
Snellmg, thence to Stillwater. The next spring
he selected his present farm and on it built a
small house in 1848. He located on it in
1850 and has since tUled the soil summers
and engaged in teaming winters. His farm con-
sists of one hundred and seventy-three acres. He
married the present Mrs. Macey in 1854, who has
borne him eleven children, ten of whom are liv-
ing, four sons and six daughters.

William H. Newman, is one of Minnesota's
sons, born in Stillwater township, January 29th
1857. His father, Mr. Liberty Newman, settled
on the old homestead in 1852, where he lived un-
til his death in 1876. William, being the oldest
son, continues his father's estate, which com-
prises one hundred and forty acres in Stillwater
and two hundred and nine acres in Grant town-
ship. December 12th, 1878, he married Miss
Mary J. Ramsden.

Andrew Richmond was bom in Ireland, 1843.
He was reared and educated, under tlie guidance
of his parents until sixteen years of age, when
he came to America, landing in Canada in 1860.
The following year, he removed to the United
States, locating at Peoria, Illinois, where he ac-
quu-ed a knowledge of brass moulding and finish-
ing. He became a resident of Stillwater in 1866
resided in the city until his appointment as over-
seer of the poor farm in 1867. With the excep-
tion of one year, he has been overseer since

STILL WATEB—BIOGBAPEIOAL.

495

Mr. Eichmond owns a fine farm of one hundred
and seventy acres. May 3d, 1864, he was united
in marriage with Mrs. Sarah Baine, who has
borne him two children; George A. and Edmund
J. Mr. and Mrs. Richmond have, by their untir-
ing zeal, won the respect of all and established
a reputation to be proud of, having proven them-
selves worthy of their trust.

Alva D. Eoe is a native of New York, born in
Dutchess county, in 1825. Here his early days
were passed, being reared by his mother, his
father having died during his infancy. He re-
ceived a common school education, finishing by a
course at the Troy Conference Academy, of Ver-
mont, with a view to entering college. He finally
decided to enter the study of law, which he did
and was admitted to the bar in New York. He
returned to his native place and practiced law
five years. He then, with his wife, conducted a
school in New England about ten years, arid in
1863, that estimable lady departed this life. The
year following he attended a course of lectures
at the Union Theological Seminary, in New
York city, and the next year was licensed as an
evangelist, and then entered the service of the
Home Missionary society. In 1866 he came to
Minnesota, and located at Afton, Washington
county, where he presided over the Congrega-
tional churches at Afton and Lakeland, until
1880, then removed to his farm, which he had
previously purchased. He served as county

superintendent of schools for several years. He
is giving his time and attention to the study and
cultivation of small fruits. His present wife was
Miss Sarah Burgess, whom he married in 1866.
They are the parents of eight children.

W. W. Rutherford was bomin Steuben county,
New York. Here he lived'until reaching man's
estate, and received his education. He came to
Stillwater in 1852, and the next year purchased
a farm in that township, on which he remained
until May, 1868, at that time moving to his
present place, situated on the Marine road. He
is now dealing in ornamental fruit and shade
trees, also shrubbery of all kinds. He married
Miss Mary A. Wilcox, in 1831, who died in 1868,
leaving, six children: Eva, Edward W., Zonie,
Cora, George W., and Francis.

Judson A. Smith is a native of Maine, bom in
1829. He afterwards moved with his parents to
different parts of the state. After receiving
thorough instruction in the blacksmith's trade,
at the age of twenty-five started westward. He
became a resident of Stillwater in . 1854, where
he made his home until he settled in Stillwater
as a farmer in 1871, having one hundred and
fifty acres, which he purchased a year or two
previous. While living in the city he was a black-
smith, being in partnership with Mr. York. His
marriage with Maria Orne took place at Still-
water, May 20th, 1855. Their children are: Ed-
ward K., Willis J., Mary E., and Judson A. Jr.

496

HISIVBY OF WASHINGTON COUNIY.

CITY OF STILLWATER.

CHAPTEK LXVI.

PAINTED ROCKS — BATTLE OF CHIEFS AT ZION'S
HILL — FIKST MEN AT STILLWATER — JOSEPH
E. BROWN — JACOB FISHER— ELIAS MCKEAN —

CALVIN F. LEACH — ELAM GREELEY JOHN

MC KUSICK— LUMBER COMPANY.

It has been so many tames remarked as to have
become a truism that the sites of cities have al-
most without exception, been at some former
tune occupied by Indian villages, or marked by
some burial mound or other evidence of special
regard by the unerring instinct of the Aborigines.

So universal has this proved that speculators
and locators of town sites note as of special im-
portance the previous occupancy of tribes of In-
dians.

The valley of the St. Croix was, however, a sorti
of neutral territory, and though the measures of
the government for peace between the Chippewas
and Sioux led to the establishment of a definite
dividing line at "the old trysting tree," so called,
previously described, still permanent villages
could not be established by either nation on what
was liable at any time to become a battle ground,
since the lawless tribes could not be restrained by
any treaty from venting their long cherished ha-
tred. Some evidences still remain near Stillwater
and within the limits of the city, to mark this as a
battle ground and a point worth fighting for.

A short distance above Stillwater, at a bend in
the river, are found the painted rocks, in former
years a point of great interest to tourists, who
came up the river in large numbers to enjoy the
beautiful scenery of the Mississippi and St. Croix.
Here for several rods the smooth surface of the
clifE was decorated with fanciful colors to suit the
rude taste of the savages. Figures of animals
were clearly delineated and a chapter of Indian
history was written in their strange hieroglyphics.
The Indians, after settlement by the whites be-

gan, attempted to interpret the text of this strange
chapter. It was found to relate to battles and
victories won over foes and seemed fully intelli-
gible to the Indian visitor. As often as they
passed the cliff they were in the habit of perform-
ing ceremonies, which their superstition led them
to believe were efficacious in rendering any enter-
prise in which they might be engaged, successful.

The operations of the Boom company at this
point, in blasting the rocks, and the wasting hand
of time have nearly obliterated these figures, so
that they show but dim outlines of what was once
full of meaning.

"Zions Hill," near the center of the present city
of Stillwater, was, during aboriginal occupation of
this region, the scene of Indian tragedy.

A narrative is given, obtained from the manu-
script of an old Indian trader, named Thomas
Connor, who was found at the mouth of Goose
creek, tJhisago county, by some of the first settlers
of the vaUey. He stated that he had been in the
country since childhood. He had his squaw and
large family of children, and had become identified
with the Indians, whose habits he had partially
assumed and whose mode of life fascinated him.
In 1831 he was the only licensed trader above the
falls of St. Croix on the Minnesota side.

His manuscript states that a celebrated Indian
chief, whose name is not given, met his fate on
Zion's hill under the followuig cu-cumstances.

At one time the war between the Chippewas
and Sioux, which can almost be said to have had
no beginning or end, had culminated in desperate
battles, in which many of their braves, squaws
and children had fallen under the merciless toma-
hawk. So dreadful was the slaughter that the
chiefs of the two great tribes became alarmed
for their future. The tepees of both contestants
were filled with scalps and trophies, without proof
of decided advantage on either side. Both tribes
had become weary of war, and determined that

CITY OF STILLWATER.

497

some new policy must be pursued. Finally, by
signs understood by the tribes, it was determined
to end the war by a personal combat between the
two great chiefs. The place of meeting was this
very point, "Zion's Hill," where they were to
meet in a hand to hand struggle, using only toma-
hawks and knives.

An hour or more was consumed in mortal com-
bat, while the braves of each side stood looking
on. At one time a general battle seemed immi-
nent, but the outburst was restrained, and the
blows of the contending chiefs were alone struck.
One hour elapsed and both showed signs of weak-
ness, covered with gashes, blood flowing from
head to foot, when a well aimed blow from the
Sioux chief nearly ended the battle. This cut
off the left cheek of the Chippewa, carrying
with it the ear and destroying the eye. The
Sioux had just received a visit from his antagon-
ist's knife, which cut his abdomen completely
open, letting his bowels out; but, true to his na-
tion, he held them up with one hand and hurled
the fatal tomahawk with the other. Although so
weak from wounds and loss of blood that they
reeled and staggered like drunken men, they
again rallied and in a final clinch staggered, fell,
and lay where they dropped, each imable to do
the other further harm. The question alone re-
mained which could live the longer. The braves
on each side now took possession of their chiefs,
according to previous agreement. The Sioux
chief was carried to Sunflsh lake, now Lily lake,
where he died the following day, and was buried
on its shore.

The Chippewa chief was removed a few rods
from where he had encountered his equal, if not
superior, and there received all the attention his
braves could render. Before he died, he called
his braves around him to tell them of the future,
saying: "This is a beautiful spot where I die. The
white man is coming and will soon be here; then
you must all go away. He will build buildings;
one to settle his quarrels in, and not fight like the
Indians, another will he build, where the children
will learn to be good and not fight as I have done
to-day. The Great Spirit will build another for
the white man, and he will call it His tepee."

This valorous chief expired the same night, and
his death decided the struggle in favor of the
Sioux. He was buried with due honor and
32

solemnity, next day, in what is now known as
Battle Hollow, where the state prison stands. By
referring to page 103 an account of the battle of
Stillwater will be found which occurred in 1839,
and gave the name Battle Hollow to this spot.

This legend recorded by Connor, affords a
pleasing introduction to the history of the now
thriving town of Stillwater since its prophecy has
been so accurately fulfilled. It would be inter-
esting to extend this chapter by drawing at large
upon the rich store of Indian reminiscenses of
events that centre here. These events are mostly
of a tragic nature, however, and have left their
own record in the bones of the actors. Leaving
these revolting scenes, which continued to be
enacted after Stillwater had become a village of
some importance, simply referring to page 333
for the last episode, the history of StiUwater under
the whites will now follow.

The history of Stillwater begins with the names
Joseph R. Brown, Jacob Fisher, Elias McKean,
Calvin F. Leach, Elam Greeley and John Mc-
Kusick. In the few years which intervened be-
tween the consummation of treaties with the In-
dians in 1837 and the formation of the territory of
Minnesota in 1849, parties of explorers, in search
of a "golden fleece," were pushing out into the
north-west, taking up all available points along
the rivers in the country newly opened to settle-
ment.

Some of these Jasonites did not await the
consummation of the treaties but pushed on
ahead of licensed settlement, determined to an-
ticipate all rivals. We find some claims made in
1836, when there no longer existed much doubt
but that the lands would soon be open to settle-
ment.

Joseph R. Brown, who was the pioneer of
Stillwater, was on hand ready for any opportunity
for he came into what is now Minnesota when a
boy of fourteen with a detachment of troops, that
were sent in 1819 to erect a fort at the junction
of the St. Peter's, now the Minnesota, and Mis-
sissippi rivers. In 1825, being then only twenty
years of age, he left the garrison and engaged in
the Indian trade. In 1838 he made a claim on
Gray Cloud Island, established a trading post and
held by appointment the oflSce of justice of the
peace. It has been said Brown was about the
only man among the Indian traders of that time

498

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

with sagacity enough to distinguish, in the hub-
bub of the wild movement of speculation and emi-
gration that characterized the year 1837, the
march of that great westward development which
was soon to take in the then remote wilderness of
the upper Mississippi.

About two years after this he formed 'the first
settlement or laid out the first townsite at the
head of Lake St. Croix, about half a mile above
the original site of Stillwater, and called it Dahko-
tah, and thus became the pioneer town builder of
Minnesota. In 1840 he was elected a member of
the Wisconsin legislature from Crawford county.
Here he succeeded in getting' an act passed or-
ganizing St. Croix county, with his town, Dahko-
tah, as its county seat. After the session he vis-
.ited his half-sister, Mrs. Paul Carli, now Mrs.
Christopher Carli, of this city, who lived on Fox
river, Illinois, and persuaded her to move to his
claim at Dahkotah. Mr. Paul Carli had gone to
Texas for his health. She acquiesced, and ac-
cepting the plan of her brother, was soon on her
way up the Mississippi by steamboat in company
with her three children, brother and brother-in-
law, Christopher Carli, while Joseph E. Brown,
his two brothers, S. F. and N. B. and one Givens,
a hired man, made the trip by land.

These parties met at Gray Cloud Island, June
13th, 1841 . The women stayed with Mr. Brown's
family, while the men proceeded to the new town
site at Dahkotah, now a part of Schulenberg and
Carli's addition to Stillwater. They then com-
pleted a house begun by Mr. Brown the preceding
fall, long after known as the old Tamarack house
because built of tamarack logs. The sides were
plastered with mud, so that after every rain, it
became necessary to replaster the side on which
the storm had beaten, and as the occupants did
not possess a trowel, it was necessary to do the
work with the hands or rude implements.

When the house was partially completed Mr.
Brown returned to Gray Cloud Island and brought
the women left behind to the new home, where
they arrived June 29th, 1841. The two families
occupied this house jointly for more than one
year, when Mr. Brown moved out in pursuit of
new business in trading. Mr. Paul Carli came
from Texas about the same time, and joined his
family. He soon made a claim at St. Mary's,
near Afton, to which in 1844 he moved his fam-

ily. He was drowned in the spring of 1846, when
Mrs. Carli returned to the old Tamarack house,
to which Mr. Brown, induced by the prospects of
business, had also returned in 1844, and the two
families were again joint tenants as before.

Thus was made the first settlement and the first
house built by one who, under the name of Major
Brown, Joe Brown, and a variety of appellations,
has exercised an important influence on the for-
tunes and politics of Minnesota. Leaving this
double family in the old Tamarack house^ we
must now look up the fortunes of another party
who have been making a settlement and taking
steps more important in their business relations
than was the simple building of this first house.

In 1842, while Jacob Fisher was finishing the
front of a business house in St. Louis, his em-
ployer introduced him to a Mr. Hungerford,
who hired him to go to the Falls of St. Croix and
do carpenter work for the St. Croix Lumber Com-
pany.

In a few days Mr. Fisher started for the Falls
of St. Croix, where he arrived in the early part
of June, 1842, but found things in a very un-
settled condition, so that he could not proceed
according to the contract made at St. Louis, and
was forced to undertake such work as he could
get. His first job was to make a wheelbarrow,
then some repairing in the mill of the St. Croix
Lumber Company. After spending the summer
at the Falls, he and Sylvester Stateler, a black-
smith, came to Dahkotah, and spent the winter
working in the basement of the court-house
built by Joseph R. Brown. During the early
spring, while Mr. Fisher was strolling along the
plateau in search of a stick of timber to make
an ax handle, he discovered some raccoon tracks,
the ground being covered with snow at the time.
Mr. Fisher went back, told Mr. Stateler of the
prospective game. Both gentlemen started,
found the tracks near where the mill was after-
wards built. Following them they were led up
the bluff to what now is McKusick's lake. Mr.
Fisher discovered what seemed to him to be a
favorable location for a saw-mill. They returned
to the Tamarack house, but the thought lingered
in Mr. Fishers mind. In a few days he revisited
the ground, when his practical eye soon led him
to conclude, that Brown's creek, formerly known
as Pine creek, could be turned into the lake

CITY OF STILLWATEB—EABLY EVENTS.

499

above, and a canal of about sixty feet in length
at the lower end of the lake would conduct the
water into the lake, over the bluffs, down a
ravine near the shore of Lake St. Croix, where
it could be utilized in a mill enterprise. Nothing
more was thought of the project till in the month
of June, when Elias McKean,. Calvin F. Leach,
Elam Greeley and Jacob Fisher met at the Tama-
rack house.

Mr. Elias McKean left his home in Pennsyl-
vania in 1841, and arriving at St. Louis hired
to the "St. Croix Lumber Company." They sent
him to St. Croix Falls to work in their mill.
He arrived at the falls in the latter part of May,
and continued in the employ of this company till
fall; then he went to Marine and worked for the
"Marine Lumber Company" for one year. In
the spring of 1843, having taken part of his pay
in lumber, he proceeded to raft it down the river
to St. Louis, accompanied by Calvin F. Leach who
had also taken lumber in part payment for services
of the same company. On their way down the
St. Croix they were wind-bound just above where
Stillwater is located. They went ashore to spend
the night at the old "Tamarack House," the only
place that offered entertainment to strangers.
Here they met Jacob Fisher and Elam Greeley,
who were rafting logs at the head of the lake,
which had floated down from the boom at the
Falls of St. Croix, broken by the high water
following recent heavy rains. During the con-
versation of the evening, such as speculators are
wont to encourage, Mr. Greeley inadvertently
said: "I would give more for a saw-mill within a
mile of this place than any point at St. Croix
Falls." Fisher quickly replied: "What will you
give me if I show you a good mill site within
a mile of this place?" Mr. Greeley said: "I
know all about Brown's creek; it is not possible to
use it in that way." After some promiscuous talk
all retired for the night. Next morning, after
breakfast, the company concluded to visit the
prospective mill site. As they passed along the
plateau, all engaging in free jokes, Mr. McKean
would ask Fisher, as they crossed several small
rivulets, if this was his mill site. This hectoring
was not calculated to awaken the best of feeling
on Mr. Fisher's part. Slowly the company pro-"
ceeded up the ravine till they had gained the
summit of the bluff and viewed the surroundings.

All agreed that the outlook was favorable; that
Brown's creek could be turned into the lake
above, and a canal constructed at a comparatively
small expense, which would conduct the water
to the desired place for a saw-mill project.

Then and there plans for a mill company were
formed, to be carried into effect as soon as arrange-
ments could be made and means secured. A few
days after this Messrs. McKean, Leach and Fisher
went down to the lake and staked out a claim,
beginning at the south boundary of J. R. Brown's
claim, and running south about. one hundred rods
along the shore, so as to cover all that would be
included in a mill site. They never thought of
staking out a western boundary line, not dream-
ing that anyone would ever attempt to farm the
country back from the lake. They simply blazed
the trees, and on a prominent one, making a flat
surface with an axe, marked with red chalk the
date of taking th; claim in the name of Jacob
Fisher.

Messrs. McKean and Leach proceeded to St.
Louis with their lumber. Mr. Fisher wrote to John
McKusick, who was at this time at Burlington,
Iowa, soliciting his co-operation in the enterprise.
The next we know of McKean and Leach they
are at St. Louis in consultation with John Mc-
Kusick about the proposed mill speculation.
John McKusick left Cornish, Maine, and spent
the winter of 1839-'40 in Illinois. Then desiring
to see more of the lumber districts in the North-
west, he proceeded up the Mississippi, spent the
summer of 1840 in various pursuits; then in
the fall commenced to work for the St. Croix
Lumber Company. After working some time,
and then running the mill one season, at settle-
ment he was compelled to take as part payment a
quantity of logs lying some miles above Marine.
As there was no market for logs, and no logs
had been rafted down the river prior to this date,
McKusick thought of building a mill to manu-
facture the logs spoken of into lumber. Mr.
Greeley worked for the company during the same
time, and at settlement was compelled to take a
quantity of logs in the same boom, on the same
conditions as John McKusick had done. This
added another factor for a mUl enterprise.
Messrs. Greeley and McKusick were planning
for some feasible way of converting their logs
into lumber, when they learned of Jacob Fisher's

500

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

movement, in which McKean and Leach had
some interest.

Mr. McKusick went to St. Mary's to see Fisher
and in the conversation Fisher stated that he had
heard of a mill project by Greeley and McKusick.
Mr. McKusick said: "We will build a mill, if we
can find a location of fair prospect, and can effect
suitable arrangements." Then Mr. Fisher gave
a delineation of his discovery, the steps that had
been taken to secure it, etc.; and added that the
company, Fisher, Leach and McKean, were not
able to proceed with the enterprise. McKusick
then said if they could take the claim on favora-
ble terms they would do so, and pay Fisher some-
thing for his claim when they got able. This
proposal met with Mr. Fisher's approval. In a
few days after this raterview, Mr. McKusick went
to St. Louis, where he met McKean and Leach.
After some deliberation, these parties agreed to
secure the necessary outfit for a saw-mill, which
was obtained in a few days and on board a steam-
boat going up the Misissippi, and landed at the
site of Stillwater, October 11th, 1843. Then an
agreement was effected with Mr. Fisher, by which
the company promised to pay him f 300 for his
claim, which in due time was done, and employ
him as mill-wright. These arrangements being
understood, all parties concurring, the following
agreement was made and entered into on the 26th
day of October, 1843. We offer no apology for
the insertion of a copy of the first articles of agree-
ment made on what is now included in the cor-
porate limits of Stillwater. There was no lawyer
or person who was in the habit of drawing legal
documents among the company, and hence the
parties to the contract dictated and one of the
employes committed the agreement to paper,
which was afterwards copied.

Then came the question of a name; "What
shall we call the placeV" All proposed a name,
but the name of Stillwater, proposed by John
McKusick, was adopted. This name was sug-
gested by the stillness of the water in the lake,
the anomaly of building a mill beside still water,
and by fond recollections of Stillwater, Maine.
At this date no one thought of a town here, only
a saw-mUl site was anticipated.

Copy of agreement:

"This agreement made and entered into this
twenty-sixth day of October, Anno Domini eight-

een hundred and forty-three, by the following
named individuals, viz: John McKusick, Elias
McKean, Elam Greeley and Calvin F. Leach, for
the purpose of building a saw-mill near the head
of Lake St. Croix, Wisconsin territory, and for
carrying on the lumbering business in all its vari-
ous branches.

Article first. It is understood by this agree-
ment, that the heretofore named individuals form
themselves into a company to continue and exist
by the name of the Stillwater Lumber Company.

Article second. It is agreed, too, by the here-
tofore named individuals, that the whole amount
of property owned and business done by the
aforesaid company shall be included in fifteen
shares, and to be divided and owned by each in-
dividual of the aforesaid company as follows, viz:
John McKusick, five-fifteenths; Elias McKean,
three-fifteenths; Elam Greeley, fourrfifteenths;
and Calvin F. Leach, three-fifteenths.

Article third. It is furthermore understood,
that each proprietor of the aforesaid company,
shall pay his proportion of all the expenses aris-
ing from all the business done or transacted by
the aforesaid company, and to continue the same
ratio, so long a time as said company shall exist
and continue to do business under the present
form, and likewise any gain or loss, arising or ac-
cruing, from any or all of the business done by
the aforesaid company, shall be shared or sus-
tained, by each proprietor of the aforesaid com-
pany, in the same ratio as above named in propor-
tion to each above named proprietor's share of
stock owned in the aforesaid company.

Article fourth. It is furthermore agreed to,
that the whole amount of money or property that
each or either, of the proprietors of the aforesaid
company shall invest, advance, or pay for the
benefit or use, of the aforesaid company, the same
amount shall be credited to the separate credit of
the proprietor or either of the proprietors of the
aforesaid company making such investments, on
the books of accounts kept by the aforesaid com-
pany. "

Article fifth. It is furthermore understood,
that for the amount of money or property that
any one of the proprietors of the aforesaid com-
pany, shall invest, advance or pay for the benefit
or use, of the aforesaid company, more than his
proportional share of the whole amountof money,

CITY OF STILLWATEB—FIBST HOTELS.

501

or property invested, by the aforesaid company,
the same amount of money, with interest, shall
be paid, or refunded back to said proprietor, by
the aforesaid company, out of the first proceeds,
arising from the business done by the company
aforesaid.

Article sixth. It is furthermore iinderstood,
that in case any one of the aforesaid proprietors,
should at any time hereafter be disposed to sell,
transfer or dispose of his share of stock owned in
the aforesaid company, he shall first pay to said
company, all the liabilities, or indebtedness, of
said share of stock, and then give said company
the preference of purchasing and owning said
share of stock, at the same rates by which said
proprietor may have an opportunity to sell said
shares of stock.

Article seventh. It is furthermore understood,
that the proprietors of the aforesaid company in-
dividually shall have no right, or power, to sign
any obligation or due-bill, make any contract, or
transact any business of importance in the name
of, or binding on the aforesaid company, except
some one proprietor of the aforesaid company
should hereafter be fully authorized, by the afore-
said company, to act and transact business as
agent, for the aforesaid company.

In testimony whereof we hereunto set our
hands and seals this twenty-sixth day of October,
Anno Domini eighteen hundred and forty-three.

John McKusick.
Elam Gkeeley.
Elias McKean.
C. E. Lhach.

Attest: C. Simonds.

This agreement and dates are taken from the
original book of records in the possession of
John McKusick, and forever settles the question
of the date of beginning work on the first mill
at this point. The first week after landing was
spent in constructing a boarding shed, shops and
a place for the safe storing of machinery, sup-
plies, etc. When these arrangements were per-
fected, work on the mill proper began. Since no
one had been chosen to act as agent for the com-
pany, and transact its business, it became neces-
sary, when any arrangements or any purchases
were to be made, to call the company together
to act in the premises. The business of the com-
pany was conducted for some time on this plan.

The long hours of winter evenings were rendered
cheerful by the association of the following per-
sons, who spent the winter with this company:
Nelson Goodenough, Joseph Brewster, Jesse
Taylor, James Patten, Hugh McFadden, Wil-
liam Middleton, Jack Drake, Edwin Phillips,
machinist; Jacob Pisher, mill-wright; and Syl-
vester Stateler, the blacksmith; in all fourteen
persons. The work progressed rapidly, so that
the basement story was raised on the first day of
January, 1844, and was so far completed by the
third day of April following, that two or three
logs were sawed with one saw, when by a sudden
rising of the lake all operations were stopped.
Early in June, work was resumed, and the full
capacity of the mill was utilized in reducing the
logs on hand to lumber which was sent down the
river to market. The description of this roill
will appear in the description of mills further
on.

CIIAPTEE LXVIII.

FIEST HOTEL HOUSES BUILT FIRST LAW-
SUITS— MABBIAGES, BIBTHS, DEATHS — EAELY
MINISTERS — TEMPER ANCE MOVEMENT — BUSI-
NESS ENTBBPBISES — LAND-SLIDE — PEBILOUS
POSITION.

In the spring of 1844 Anson Northrup makes
his debut on the boards at Stillwater in his
famous character as hotel builder, after which
successful engagement he appears as an ubiqui-
tous individual on the scene at various points in
the North-west, wherever a few shanties had been
erected and the ambitious settlers, looking for-
ward to a city, demanded a hotel. He built the
St. Charles hotel at St. Anthony, and laid the
first brick in Minneapolis, in the erection of the
famous Bushnell house. Hotels in those days
were most important both as boarding houses
and houses of entertainment, for families were
scarce.

AnsonNorthrup first came into the country
in 1839, bringing a drove of oxen for the mUi

502

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

company on the Chippewa river, and at the Falls
of St. Croix. After two trips of this kind, in
which he showed the metal of which he was
made, his quick apprehension grasped this want
and his indomitable energy made his success.
The mill company, alive to the interest of their
settlement, offered inducements for the enter-
prise, and Mr. Northrup, taking advantage of
suspension of work at the mills, on account of
high "vvater, obtained the services of Jacob Fisher
and others; part of the lumber was brought
from Marine. Thus the Northrup house was
built, the first hotel in what is "Washington
county, and equally noteworthy, Anson North-
rup's first hotel. In the fall of 1844, William
Willim came to Stillwater and plastered the
Northrup hotel, and this was the first plastering
done in Stillwater. This hotel fulfilled its func-
tions and proved a valuable acquisition until
1846, when it was destroyed by fire.

A stable for the hotel was the next building
erected, but this was soon converted into a store
occupied by Walter R. Vail first, and afterwards
by others. Changed and euUirged, this building
is now located on the corner of Main and Nelson
streets, where it is occupied by John Kinney,
confectioner.

Socrates Nelson built a store and dwelling im-
der one roof, which was the next. Here he lived
and conducted a general merchandise trade until
May 6th, 1867, when his death occurred.

John McKusick's boarding house came next,
built in 1845, on the site where his present house
stands, between Main and Second street. This
building was burned in the fall of 1845, or early
spring of 1846.

The next was Elam Greeley's residence, built
on Main street, near the comer of Chestnut,
nearly in front of the site of the Minnesota
house. This house was removed and became the
residence of William Willim, where he lived for
about twenty-five years.

In 1847, Frank Roberts, brother of Leonis
Roberts, of St. Paul, built a saloon and bowling
alley; this was the next building.

John McKusick's store comes next, built on the
corner of Main and Myrtle streets. This build-
ing has been subject to a variety of vicissitudes,
used first as store then school-house, law-ofiice.

court-room, church, etc., and now is owned and
occupied by Isaac Staples as meat-market.

Leaving the settlement to go on, let us return
to the business enterprise, to which it owed its
existence. Stillwater would forfeit its preroga-
tive as a St. Croix town, had its origin been any
obher than the pineries and saw-mills. In early
times water-power alone was used for mills, for
reasons well understood, based on economy and
lack of capital.

The little stream conducted over the bluff from
McKusick's lake, did its duty in inaugurating
business, but when population and wealth in-
creased, and more power was demanded than
could be obtained from the little stream, the canal
was closed again and the pure water of the lake
became the reservoir of the city as it stUl con-
tinues.

While, however, it was pouring over the buck-
ets of the great overshot wheel, it helped to build
other towns. The first frame house in St. Paul,
located at the upper end of Third street, was
built from the lumber of this mill. The next
lumber taken from Stillwater to St. Paul buUt the
American house, just opposite.

Some of the plank used in the construction of
the dam at the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1847, was
also a product of this mill.

Our pioneer, Joseph R. Brown, is said to have
been the first man to descend the St. Croix with
with a raft of lumber.

The first work of the mill was in manufactur-
ing the logs of McKusick and Greeley into lum-
ber as previously stated. In the winter of 1844
and '45, logging on the river St. Croix, for furnish-
ing future business began. This was carried on
by John McKusick, Elam Greeley and Joseph R.
Brown, at first, and was developed in proportion
to the rapidly increasing demand by the forma-
tion of numerous logging companies.

We have briefly traced the origin of the saw-
mill enterprise which has made Stillwater the
principal lumbering point on the St. Croix and
developed one of the most enterprising cities of
the North-west.

One industry cannot prosper without encour-
aging many others, and we shall therefore, find
contemporaneous with this mill other trades and
industries represented.

We have already seen that Jacob Fisher was

CITY OF STILLWATEE—STOBES.

503

the first mill-wright. He came to the site of
Stillwater in 1842, and has remained in or near it
ever since, and is probably the oldest of his trade
in the valley.

Sylvester Stateler, the first blacksmith, has also
appeared, corning to Joseph R. Brown's town of
Dahkotah in 1842, working for the mill company
in 1843 and '44. Stateler and Ramsden ironed
the first sleigh ever made in Stillwater, for Walter
R. Vail. Milton Taisey opened a blacksmith
shop here in 1848, and Z. K. Foss, J. C. York,
M. Moffat and others followed.

General merchandise; John McKusick kept
supplies for the men employed on the mill, while
in process of erection, beginning in the fall of
1843 and enlarging his stock in the spring of 1844
so as to meet the wants of the families and board-
ing houses that had gathered around the enter-
prise of the mill.

In the fall of 1844, Socrates Nelson opened the
first store for general merchandise, beginning in
a small way in a board shanty belonging to An-
son Northrup. During.the summer of 1845, as
before stated, he built his store and dwelling
combined on what is the corner of Main and Nel-
son alley.

John McKusick soon opened a store at what
is the corner of Main and Myrtle streets.

J. R. Brewster landed in Stillwater in June,
1846, and opened a store with general merchan-
dise, near where A. Buth's boot and shoe store
now stands.

Hersey and Staples opened a store a few years
later vfhich has continued under various names
to the present time.

Samuel Burkleo engaged in the mercantile
business in company with W. H. Mower about
1850, but failed during the crash of 1857. The
old stone building stood at the foot of Chestnut
street, near the railroad crossing. At the spring
flood of 1859, the building was floated off its
foundation. Mr. Burkleo then moved to his
farm in Bay town, where he resided until his
death.

McComb, Simpson and Company engaged in
the "same business in 1851 and '62, continued only
a year or two.

William E. Thome began in 1865 with general
merchandise, soon after adding clothing, hats,
caps, boots and shoes. After a few years, he re-

duced his stock to dry-goods alone, and became
the first dry-goods merchant of Stillwater. He
still continues.

The next departure from a general stock was
that of J. Schupp, who opened a grocery busi-
ness in 1856, in what was known as Nelson's
block, where N. F. Schwarz's boot and shoe
store stands. He still continues located on Main
street.

Christopher Carli was the first physician and is
still a resident of Stillwater, the oldest physician
in the St. Croix valley. The doctor came here
when this was St. Croix county in 1841, and was
for many years the only physician.

Others were Dr. J. B. Covey in 1845; Dr. E. G.
Pugsly, in 1850; Dr. Joel K. Reiner and Dr.
Noyes, in the summer of 1855; Dr. MuUer, in
1856; Dr. J. C. Rhodes, who prospected in 1856
and moved here in May, 1857, and is the only one
of those named who continues practice.

The first attorney was H. L. Moss, in the spring
of 1846. M. S. Wilkinson opened a law office in
the summer of, 1848; followed during the same
year by E. R. Bartlett and A. E. Arne. Theo-
dore E. Parker came in 1850, and in 1853, Gold T.
Curtis, McMillen and L. E. Thompson.

H. R. Murdock began law business and public
life in Stillwater, in 1856, and about the same
date William M. McCluer arrived. . These men
represented the early legal fraternity of Still-
water.

Dr. Morey was the first dentist, opening his
ofiiceinl850. After him came Dr. NeweU and
others. Dr. Merry came October 14th, 1868,
and is the oldest now engaged in the profession.

A record of the first lawsuit would be interest-
ing, and in the absence of such records we give
the account received from early settlers. This
was the trial of an Indian for killing a white man
and is related by J. D. McComb, who acted as
sheriff in the arrest and detention of a young In-
dian as a witness in the case. Mr. McComb kept
his prisoner for two weeks prior to the trial at his
own • house, only using such vigilance as would
prevent him from wandering off. During the
day he was locked in a bed-room; during the
morning and evening, while McConib was about
the house, liberty of the premises was granted.

On a Sabbath, intervening between the arrest
of the witness and the trial of the culprit, Mr.

504

HISTOR r OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

McComb and the Indian were sitting on the steps
of the house, when suddenly a deer bounded past.
The Indian, true to his instincts, started in pur-
suit at full speed, but Mr. McGomb called out:
"Come back, you are a prisoner." He obeyed,
saying, "I forgot."

The trial of the culprit took place before Judge
Dunn, and he was acquitted.

The first suits on record occurred after the or-
ganization of the territory of Minnesota.

"Attorney, David Lambert. February term.
William Ryan and James M. Ryan vs. Michael
Trumley: in attachment; debt $204. Affidavit
filed and writ issued August 9tfi, 1849; returned
second Monday in February, 1850. SherifE re-
turns August 12th, 1849, "No property found."
And now, February loth, 1850, the parties not
appearing, judgment of non-suit is entered.
Fees paid."

The St. Croix Union was the first newspaper
issued October 9th, 1854, under the management
of Cable and Easton, and was democratic in poli-
tics. The paper was suspended in November,
1857. The Messenger followed in 1866 and the
Gazette in 1870.

The first marriages were: Jesse Taylor and
Miss Abigail Edwards in the winter of 1844;
William Cove and Miss Nancy Edwards. The
wives were sisters of Mrs. Anson Northrup.

The first white child was Lisette Carli, daughter
of Paul and Lydia A. Carli, horn July 15th, 1843,
ip the old Tamarack house, in Joseph R. Brown's
town, Dahkotah, now forming a part of Still-
water. The first child born in Stillwater proper
was William Taylor, a fruit of the first marriage
mentioned above, in the early part of the winter
of 1845.

The first deaths. Two men, who were en-
gaged in rafting at the head of the lake during
the summer of 1843, became sick from careless-
ness of health during the hot weather. One' of
them, a Mr. Cole, was brought to the Tamarack
house, where he died July 14th. The other,
name unknown, died in the basement of the old
court-house two days later. These two deaths
and that of a child of Joseph R. Brown, occurred
in Schulenburg and Carli's addition to Stillwater,
and the bodies were buried on the blufE just
above where the Tamarack house stood. The
exact spot is not known. In making an exca-

vation a few years ago, some bones were found,
supposed to be the remains of one of the men
buried there. The first death that occurred in
Stillwater proper, was that of Oscar F. Strick-
land, employed in the mill, who contracted dis-
ease, and died about the first of October, 1844.
At this date no place had been chosen for a bury-
ing-place. This death suggested the necessity
of making some provision for the disposition of
the dead. The bluff rising some forty feet
above the street, as it now appears, at the corner
of Myrtle and Third streets was chosen. Mr.
Strickland was buried there. A gentleman, an
eye-witness of the occasion, says: "The occasion
was solemn. The duties of honor and respect
were performed by his companions of the mill
employes. This being the first death of our
number caused a deep feeling on the part of all
present." Mr. Strickland was held in high es-
teem by his fellow-craftsmen.

Early ministers. Rev. Mr. Hurlbiurt, a Metho-
dist Episcopal missionary, conducted a funeral
service at the "Tamarack house," sometime during
the summer of 1843, probably that of Mr. Cole,
whose death has been mentioned. Revs. Hurl-
burt and Brace visited this country on their mis-
sionary tours, as occasion offered during the years
of 1842 and '43. It is affirmed that one, and per-
haps both of these missionaries, preached several
times at the above named place prior to any move
in the way of a settlement at the site of Still-
water. After the opening of business operations
at Stillwater, Rev. W. T. Boutwell at that time
superintending the mission at Leech Lake, passed
through Stillwater and preached a sermon in the
boarding-house of John McKusick during the
erection of the first mill. This service was in all
probability in the early summer of 1844. Rev.
Boutwell says speaking of the service: "It was
the first Sabbath service ever held in what is now
Stillwater." Time passed away; the pineries in
upper portions of the St. Croix valley attracted
the attention of lumbermen to Stillwater, which
began to be regarded as the center of lumbering
interests; new interests developed, and men be-
gan to seek the town for a home. About' this
time Rev. Mr. Boutwell, feeling that he could do
more good here than among the Ojibways, took
up his residence in the summer of 1847, and im-
mediately began to hold services in Stillwater.

CITY OF STILLWATEB— EARLY MINISTERS.

505

At first these services were held in the dining
hall of the Northrup House. The pioneer
preacher was in the habit of passing up and
down the street, shaking the dinner bell to call
his congregation together. In a few weeks the
place of holding services was fixed at the room
over John McKusick's store, on the corner of
Main and Myrtle streets. After this change, the
pioneer preacher procured a bell of his own,
sending to St. Louis for it, which he used as be-
fore in calling his people together. This bell is
still in Eev. Mr. Boutwell's possession. Among
the early men, who were willing to sacrifice for
the gospel's sake, we find the names of Revs.
E. A. Greenleaf , James Harrington, L. Nobles,
Whitney, Brown, etc.

In connection with the early work of mission-
aries an account is here given as furnished by
Rev. W. T. Boutwell, expressly for this history,
relating to the traffic in liquor by Indian traders.

Mr. Boutwell frequently visited the logging
camps and preached to the workmen after their
days' work was over; and when these visits oc-
curred on the Sabbath, preaching services were
held during the day. On one of these tours, he
visited the camps on Snake river. Starting from
home on Saturday, he reached the first camp
about dark, twelve miles from Pokegama, the
mission station. Here was a trading post kept by
Jack Drake and Henry Rust. These men had
been in the employ of the lumber companies and
had gained a limited knowledge of the Indian
language, sufficient to conduct a trading post.

Mr. Boutwell preached at ten o'clock the fol-
lowing morning at this camp and proceeded to
another six miles further on for an afternoon ser-
vice, where he preached at three in the afternoon.
In the evening, he preached at a third camp six
miles from the last, and remained over night with
Elam Greeley.

At three o'clock next morning they were
aroused by a man calling at the door: ''Greeley."
Mr. Greeley arose from the humble bed on the
floor, shared with Mr. Boutwell, and enquired
what was wanting. The messenger informed
them that Rust had been shot by the In-
dians, and was bleeding profusely. He entreated
Mr. Greeley to come and stop the blood or the
man would die. Mr. Greeley, Mr. Russell and
Mr. Boutwell started at once and reached the

second camp a little after daylight. Here they
got a cup of coffee, and had proceeded about
three miles when they were met by a messenger
who informed them that Rust was dead. After
this their rapid pace was moderated. On arrival
at the camp about seventy-five lumbermen were
found collected, with all the muskets obtainable,
determined to follow the Indians and retaliate
with wholesale slaughter. The Indians were,
however, not to be found, and the party reluc-
tantly returned to take measures for the burial
of the dead.

The company requested Mr. Boutwell to carry
the body on his conveyance down to the mission,
have a coffin prepared and grave dug, and all
would come down the following day to attend
the funeral services. After the body had been
brought out and placed on his conveyance, and
the house cleared of goods and furs, a couple of
barrels of whiskey were rolled into position, the
heads knocked out, a bunch of hay placed be-
tween them, a shovel of coals thrown upon it,
and the door closed. This proceeding was in
accordance with the unanimous verdict that rum
was the cause of the murder, and too dangerous
an element to be tolerated.

Mr. Boutwell viewed with sa.tisfaction the
curling of the dense black smoke as it destroyed
a little of what had undermined his missionary
work. After seeing the fire well under way, and
the thatched roof of the cabin in full blaze,
he proceeded with his charge to the mission
station.

The next day the lumbermen came down in
mass to attend the funeral services. As it was
late in the afternoon before the ceremonies ter-
minated, Mr. Boutwell urged them to accept his
hospitality for the night, as he liad often shared
theirs. The company was so large that they
were accommodated, as well as possible, at the
house of Mr. Boutwell, and Mr. Russell, the In-
dian farmer.

At a meeting in Mr. Boutwell's house after tea,
the temperance movement, which it is the especial
purpose of this narrative to set forth, was planned.
The murder, and the burning of the whisky to-
gether with the solemn services just witnessed,
had prepared the minds of all for a determined
stand against the whisky dealers. A pen and ink
was called for and resolutions drafted, in sub-

506

HISTOBY OF WASHIJVGTON COUNTY.

stance as follows: That they would visit every
trading post in the region and destroy all the
whisky that could be found. Eesolutions to this
effect were signed with enthusiasm by every man.
Next morning, after breakfast, they carried oiit
their resolutions by visiting a post in sight of Mr.
Boutwell's door, just across the lake. As they
were about starting Mr. Boutwell said: "Gentle-
men, wait a moment; permit me to accompany
you and see that everything is done with due pro-
priety." Accompanied by Mr. Boutwell, the
company proceeded to the post. Mr. Greeley,
acting as spokesman, said to the proprietor: "We
have come to destroy your whisky." He protest-
ed, saying it was not paid for. The answer was:
"We will pay you for it at our lumber camp in
flour and pork, but we are determined to have the
whisky, and will have it." Seeing the wisdom of
a prompt acquiescence, the proprietor opened a
trap door and a couple of stout men hoisted a
barrel from the cellar, rolled it out on the ground
and knocked in the head, when the whisky rip-
pled away among the chips.

The success here inspired them with fresh
courage, and they went from post to post until
they had destroyed the whisky at all the trading
posts in their vicinity. As often happens after
the excitement of a radical reform, a reaction
took place in the spring, although the remainder
of the winter was unusually free from disturb-
ance. With the opening of navigation, kegs and
barrels of a suspicious nature came up, addressed
to some of these same men who had signed the
resolutions for reform, and they were seen with
kegs of whisky going to trade with the Indians
who committed the murder, exhibiting as much
eagerness for the prospective profits as they had
in the reformatory movement.

Drake, the partner of Rust, was killed in the
same way a few years later, trafficking in whisky
with the Indians.

The first white woman in Stillwater was Mrs.
Paul Carli, now Mrs. Christopher Carli, whose ar-
rival with Joseph R. Brown has already been
chronicled. Mrs. Allen came next. In 1845,
what is now Stillwater, rejoiced in eight women;
Mrs. Carh, Mrs. AUen, Mrs. Andrew Mackey,
Mrs. Anson Northrup and her two sisters, Mrs.
Jesse Taylor and Mrs. William Cove, Mrs. S.
Nelson and Miss Sarah L. Judd.

First carpenters. Jacob Fisher, who came in
the winter of 1842-3, has been already mentioned
as a mill-wright. He built the Minnesota house,
the only one of the early hotels now standing.
Nelson Goodenough and Edwin Phillips came
with the mill company in the fall of 1843. G. W.
Battles landed here in the fall of 1846, and built
the old St. Croix house in the summer of 1847.
WiUiam M. May is said to have followed the
trade longer than any one now a carpenter in
Stillwater.

Early painters. Miller and Cogswell opened a
paint-shop about 1849, on Main street, and Cogs-
well painted about thirty-five years ago,the old sign
on the Minnesota, spelled M-i-n-e-s-o-t-a. Some
may be ignorant of the original spelUng of the name
of the state. It was spelled as on this old sign, with
one "n," until changed by act of congress in ac-
cordance with a resolution offered by Joseph R.
Brown and adopted by the convention held at
Stillwater, August 14th, 1848, preceding the or-
ganization of the territory of Minnesota.

H. Kattenberg opened the first clothing store
in 1847, followed by Gerhart, J. E. Schlenk and
others. P. C. Cutler is the oldest in the trade at
present, in our city.

H. K. McKinstry opened the first meat-market
in the rear of the building which stood where
Keru's shoe shop now stands, followed by Wells,
Louis Began, Dick Sinclair and others.

William Holcombe and R. B. Johnson opened
the first livery stable about 1850. They sold, in
1855, to C. A. Bromley, who in a few years took
in S. S. Denton as partner. The latter sold after
a time and started a stable on Second street,
joined by A. J. Orff. Orfl still continues, like-
wise Bromley, who is the oldest Uvery man now
engaged in the business.

The first grist-mill was a small affair, about
where the engine house now stands and obtained
its power from the old saw-mill. It was built in
1850 by Samuel BoUes, but was swept away in
1852 by the land slide.

About 1854 Ambrose Secrest built a grist-mill
at Baytown, now South Stillwater, for custom
business. He stUl continues.

Mr. Sublett kept a little confectionery store in
1848.

A. M. Crosby opened a gunsmith shop in 1850,
in a house near where Daniel Elliott's boarding

CITY OF STILLWATEB -ST0BE8.

507

house now stands. He was followed by C. Feis
about 1851, Major Van Vorhes and others.

Mrs. A. Eldridge made daguerreotypes first in
the spring of 1848, and continued in Stillwater
two years; succeeded by Truax, Everett and
others.

Eobert Putz opened the first tinshop in this
city in the spring of 1854, on Main street. He
was succeeded by Capron and Morris, and this
firm by Edward Capron, who has continued al-
most constantly from that date to the present.

Martin Johnson and R. C. Johnson came to
Stillwater in 1854, and opened a jewelry store.-
They have been succeeded by Pierson, B. IlUng-
worth, W. J. Stein and Joseph Taenhauser. Mr.
Stein has outlived his fellow craftsmen and is still
engaged in the business.

A bakery was opened by R. Hussey in 1850.
His shop was on a cross street, running from
Third to Chesnut, near the present site of the
post-oflBce; he only remained two years, and was
succeeded by Jacob Seibert in 185(i, who con-
tinued till the war in 1861, enlisted in the Second
Minnesota, and was killed at the battle of Chicka-
mauga.

William Armstrong, colored, opened a barber
shop in the summer of 1866. Charles Sandretzky
came to Stillwater one year later and engaged in
this business for about twelve years then moved
to Minneapolis. Joseph A. Tanner opened a shop
about 1865, in the basement of the Minnesota
house; he is the oldest barber in the city.

Henry McKenty, R. E. Slaughter and F. O. J.
Smith, were among the first real estate men in
this growing and active city. Thompson, Parker
and Mower began in this special line in 1855 and
were the prime movers in the boom of 1856-'o7.

Norbert Kimmick commenced the brewery
business in 1860, on the corner of Chestnut and
Third streets, now occupied by W. Zuercher.
His apparatus for brewing was in the kitchen
where the family lived. His successors in business
have been Frank Aiple, G. Knipps, J. Wolf and
H. Tepass.

Bell and Carter opened a book-store as early as
1865; F. G. Brown in 1856; the first was located
where Selleck now is; the second where Eohr-
bach's clothing store now stands. A. Eldridge
is the oldest now in this business in Stillwater.
Dr. C. Carli opened a broker's office in the old

Lake House in 1855. Darling, Carswell and
Scheffer started a bank in 1856, in a little wood
building located where the First National bank
now stands. This firm, after a few years changed,
and was known as Scheffer and Thompson's
bank, and subsequently merged into the present
First National bank.

Thomas Lowery started the first furniture
store in the city, located where Wolf's liquor
store now stands. He commenced in 1854, and
sold out to M. S. Willard in 1856, who continued
the business till the fall of 1880, when it passed
into the hands of J. Fowler, Jr. PhiUp MuUer
has been in this business for the last twenty
years and Simonet for about fifteen years.

Cutler and Cogswell started the first foundry,
located at what is now South Stillwater, about
1855, the business did ,not prove a success, and
soon closed up. This line of mechanical enter-
prise under the management of Isaac Staples, D.
M. Swain and Seymour, Sabin and Company is
doing a prosperous business.

The Peckham brothers, opened a boot and
shoe store in 1855; their place of business was on
Main street between Chestnut and Myrtle; fol-
lowed in a few years by Wilson and Larson , and J .
Kaiser. The first shoe-maker was Conrad Brown,
father of Jacob Brown, a resident of this city.
Mr. Brown commenced business in 1852, and
having occasion to go to St. Louis, was drowned
on the way.

Governor William Holcombe was the first sur-
veyor of logs and lumber; Mahlon Black and
Harvey Wilson were first surveyors of land.

John Morgan opened a saloon in 1848, located
in Nelson's block; he was followed by Berry and
Farmer and plenty of others.

The first post-offlce was established January
14th, 1846, Mr. Elam Greeley, first post-master.

The first circus spread its tent in Stillwater in
the summer of 1850, under the name of Antonio
Brothers. Adeline Patti, when but twelve years
of age, sang in Pugsley's hall, in the summer of
1854. Ole Bull accompanied her. Mr. Bull re-
mained in the city a fortnight, went a fishing,
and invested in town lots.

The first steamboat that attempted to land at
the point where Stillwater is located, was the
Otter, under Captain Harris, which brought up
the company's outfit in the fall of 1843. The

508

mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

next spring a regular line was established, and
during tiie summer, boats visited the place once
every two weeks, running regularly between Still-
water and Galena. The first boat of this line was
the Lynx, undtr Captain Hooper.

Before 1848, the settlement had made a de-
cided advance, and the first measures were taken
in the summer of 1848 looking toward a town.
The government survey had been made and soon
after Harvey Wilson surveyed and platted the
village of Stillwater. Previously and at this
time no title to land had been given legally, nor
could such title be secured until the original
claims were proved up and the entries made. In
the meantime claims had been divided and subdi-
vided by various transfers and transactions in an-
ticipation of the land sale. The sale came in
1848, and in view of the circumstances it was
deemed necessary that some one be selected to bid
off the tract embracing the town-site as agent for
all the parties interested. The title would then
rest in him, to be subsequently deeded to the vari-
ous individuals interested. John McKusick was
selected to perform this responsible duty, since
by purchase of the interests of some of the origi-
nal owners he had become the largest owner. A
bond was requested of him for the faithful per-
formance of the trust. This he cheerfully gave
and honorably performed the duty imposed. Af-
ter returning from the sale he deeded lots already
sold, to citizens.

March 4th, 1854, the town was incorporated by
act of legislation. The charter has three times
been amended, in 1870, 1873 and 1874.

In 1852 occurred the great "landslide" which
was of so important a character, both in the dis-
aster it wrought at the time, and the change it
produced in the topography of the town, as to
entitle it to a place in the integral part of this
history and dignify it above a simple incident.

The position of McKusick's lake and the canal
over the bluff has been described in connection
with the first mill enterprise.

This was the scene of the disaster. After
years of peaceful submission on the part of tlie
lake and little stream to the dictation of its new
lords, in the direction of its discharge, a rebellion
took place in the spring of 1852.

Eain had fallen almost incessantly during the
month of April until the sandy soil of the bluffs

was soaked to about the consistency of children's
mud-pies, and would almost flow of itself. The
lake above the bluffs was very full, and the little
creek had become a boisterous stream.

This condition continued until May. On the
12th and 13th a heavy fall of rain occurred, but
May 14th a terrible thunder-storm burst over the
lake and bluffs in such volumes that the stream
washed out the base of the high banks on each
side, and the soft mass above slid down into the
stream to be carried along by its violent current.
One slide followed another, forming occasional
dams by collections of debris, until an accumu-
lated force would sweep away the barrier and
carry increased power of destruction in its course.

The extent of the disaster and the changes in
surface wrought may be conjectured from the
summary. The banks of the stream on both
sides, one hundred feet wide by fifty in height,
for a distance of two hundred rods, was swept
out and deposited where a portion of the business
part of Stillwater now stands. The extent of
ground covered was about six acres to an average
depth of ten feet.

Before daylight of the memorable 14th of May,
some of the citizens heard "the voice of many
waters," and looking out of their windows saw
rushing down the ravine, trees, gravel and mud.
Nothing impeded its course as it rushed on, cover-
ing barns, small tenements, shops and three smaU
rafts of lumber, moored in the neck of the lake
which bends up toward the bluffs. William
Willim had the day previous brought the rafts
for buildings about to be constructed.

The lower story of the mill was completely
filled with dirt and the machinery buried. It
was thought to be ruined, but after the flood
had subsided tiie water from the canal was turned
into the mill, and the entire deposit removed;
even the large wheel entirely covered was re-
lieved and made ready to run again by the wash-
ing from the canal. Indeed the condition of the
mill was found to be greatly improved by the
banks of sand that braced up its sides, and, fur-
ther, the quagmire on the low-lands was fitted
for building sites, now occupied by many of the
business houses of the city. The improvement
extended to the shore of the lake, where the land-
ing was made much more convenient by raising
the banks.

CITY OF STILLWATEB -EARLY FLOODS.

509

It is not to be wondered at that when John
McKusick surveyed the prospect o'er on the mo-
mentous morning, that his heart sank, and he
imagined himself a ruined man, for mill, store
and land appeared a complete wreck, and he
would not at first listen to an encouraging view,
which some of his neighbors attempted to point
out. When the clearing up began from the cellar
of the store, various articles were dug out, but
three barrels of pork, not found at that time,
were exhumed three years later, when further
explorations were made, and were found in a per-
fect state of preservation. A few years proved,
what threatened financial ruin to Mr. McKusick,
to be really almost a bonanza. Land rated at
$1.25 per acre, soon advanced to $50 and $500.
One of the editors of the day facetiously re-
marked that it was a very extraordinary move-
ment of real estate. The development of years
has robbed the sentence of its wit and converted
it into a prophecy.

A peculiar relic. In the winter of 1857-8, the
workmen, engaged in excavation on Third street,
near Myrtle, exhumed what is supposed to be the
tusk of a mastodon. It was six feet long, curv-
ing slightly and pointed. Its grayish color and
brittle texture bear witness to its long burial un-
der the bluff. It was found in a horizontal po-
sition thirty-six feet below the surface. A sec-
tion of this curiosity is on exhibition at the his-
torical society in St. Paul.

In the early days, before Stillwater became a
place of importance and before railroads brought
daily freight and mail, the arrival of a steamboat
was an important event. From a clipping we
learn that the levee, during the summer of 1856,
was the scene of excitement on the arrival of each
boat. Hundreds thronged the wharf, business
men in expectation of freight, politicians in quest
of election news, some to see the boat and others
to be in the excitement.

This continued until the close of navigation.
During the summer, the steamer Banjo made fre-
quent excursions with a theatrical troupe,who had
a stage on board and performed their plays. On a
certain evening the troupe arrived and announced
a performance on board the boat in the evening.
Many of the young men were anxious to attend
who had not received payment for services from
the mills for some time, and were out of money.

Some brought bunches of shingles from the yards'
of their respective employers, which were ac-
cepted instead of money as admission fee.
Others, for the want of money or shingles, were
excluded and determined to vent their spite on
the boat. At at the close of the performance,
after the citizens had all left the boat, the mal-
contents showered it with a volley of stones,
which attack the men on board returned with
powder and shot, and a lively scene ensued. Both
parties beat a retreat, the boys in some confusion
to a safe distance and the boat in as good order
as the darkness of the night would permit. The
Banjo never returned and the extent of her dam-
age was not known. "No one was hurt on our
side."

FLOODS.

The river and lake St. Croix is subject to floods
during the months of May and June. The banks
are high and usually hold the spring freshets. In
the spring and early summer of 1850 a general
freshet occurred, caused by heavy snows on the
upper St. Croix and the long continued warm
rains. The streets in the lower parts of the city
were not as high then as now by some feet. The
whole lower part of the town was inundated.
Several small buildings along the lake were re-
moved from their foundations and two of them
floated down the lake. In the month of June
the boat "Argo" moored in front of the Minneso-
ta house in Main street, and let her passengers
oif on the steps of the hotel. The water was
about four or five feet deep in the street, so that
the boat found no difficulty. Again in June,
1859, another freshet occurred, fully equal to that
of 1850. The water rose some three inches higher
than in 1850, but owing to the fillings caused by
the land slide and the hand of man, the water did
not reach Main street, though the cellars and
warehouses bordering the lake were filled. No
serious damage was done. The ofiice of the Boom
corporation, at the foot of Chesnut street, was
raised from its foundation, but being secured by
cables, was saved. The contents of cellars, stores
and some warehouses along the lake were re-
moved, causing some loss and inconvenience. A
number of these freshets have occurred from time,
but since the extensive filling no damage or se-
rious inconvenience has been sustained.

Perilous position. During a severe thunder

510

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

storm, wliicli passed over the city on the even-
ing of May 12th, 1879, Julius Duel, one of the
proprietors of the St. Croix Post, a German paper
of this city, published by Schermuly and Duel,
started to go with Miss Emma Schermuly, a
young lady about eighteen, daughter of the sen-
ior proprietor, to their house in Schulenburg's
addition. Going up Main street to a point op-
posite the Novelty carriage works, they found
the street submerged and almost impassible.
They, therefore, turned and went on tl^e railroad
supposing it to be dryer and the safest way home.
The track is upon a trestle work, but tightly
boarded, until the span is reached "through which
logs are run into Staples' mill-pond. From this
point a double row of plank, one upon each
side, below the level of the track, extends to the
end of the trestle. Pedestrians are compelled
to walk on these narrow plank or on the bare
ties. They chose the plank and would have
passed safely, but suddenly two dazzling flashes
of lightning completely blinded both. When
Duel recovered, an instant after, the girl was
gone, and a scream from the dark water twenty
feet below, told that she had fallen into the deep
water of the lake. He immediately leaped after
her, and coming to the surface he saw, by another
flash-of lightning, the girl just sinking, probably
the second time. Duel swam and seized her,
and after considerable persuasion, calmed her
excitement so that she released the convulsive
hold with which she had nearly drowned them
both. By the light of successive flashes, he
swam with his burden to a log, and from that to
another directly under a rope attached at one end
to the spiling, and at the other to a trail of logs.

With considerable difficulty the girl was raised
on the log, with a hold on the rope, where they
rested for a time, as Duel was nearly exhausted
with the efforts already made. He soon at-
tempted a reconnoitre by swimming away from
the log, but, as often as he swam away the ex-
hausted girl would be tumbled into the water by
the waves. Finding these attempts futile, he
resumed his position and commenced to halloa
for help. Fortunately it was near at hand in the
peisons of Joseph Carli and another gentleman
who were taking the same route our unfortunates
were following on their way home.

Some delay was occasioned, after their perilous

position was ascertained. A boat was sought at
Staples' mill, but none was found, and afterward
at Nelson and Company's mill, where the watch-
man, misunderstanding the pressing demand, re-
fused the boat. A rope and lantern was finally
secured at Staples' mill, and with some difficulty,
owing to the continuing storm, first the girl and
afterward Duel were hauled up on the trestle,
completely exhausted by their exertions, and be-
numbed by the cold water in which they had been
for half an hour. During all this time the rain
was pouring in torrents and the wind blowing al-
most a hurricane. Taken as a whole, it was one
of the most remarkable escapes from drowning
that has ever occurred in this vicinity, and too
much praise cannot be accorded to Mr. Duel for
his fearless risk of life, and to the rescuers of
both who by prompt action saved both.

CHAPTER LXVIII.

CITY OFFICIAL ROSTER.

The city was granted a charter in the winter of
1854, and organized by electing the following
officers on the first Monday in April, J 854: John
McKusick, mayor; C. D. GilfiUan, recorder; W.
H. Mower, treasurer; Jonathan E.' McKusick,
marshal; J. C. York, J. N. Masterman, C. Carli,
councilmen.

1855. John Fisher, mayor; John J. Robertson,
recorder; G. M. Stickney, treasurer; Asa B.
Green, marshal; J. N. Masterman, Mahlon Black,
Robert Hasty, councilmen. May 2d, John D.
Turnbull, marshal, vice A. B. Green, ineligible;
June 9th, W. C. Penny, marshal, vice Turnbull;
August 27th, M. Johnson, treasurer, vice Stick-
ney, resigned.

1856. William Willim, mayor; A. C. Bryant,
recorder; Isaac Staples, Louis Hospes, L. H.
Foss, councilmen; W. J. Anderson, marshal;
Martin Johnson, treasurer; Mahlon Black, sur-
veyor; C. Carli, Horace McKinstry, John Fisher,
appointed board of health. May 3d.

1857. Albert Stinson, mayor; Francis O. J.

CITF OF 8TILLWATEB— OFFICIAL BOSTEB.

511

Smith, recorder; Isaac Staples, Michael McHale
and C. Carli, councilmen; Joseph C. Mason, jus-
tice; Dennis Sullivan, marshal; S. S. Murdock,
treasurer; Myron Shepard, surveyor; S. Trussel,
appointed justice, September 19th; Mahlon Black,
councilman, wee Staples, resigned September 26th.

1858. A. B. Gorgas, mayor, Myron B- Hill,
recorder; J. S. Proctor, Mahlon Black and L. H.
Foss, councilmen; Eobert Hasty, marshal, David
Brown, treasurer; J. B. Preston, attorney;
Alfred Muller, physician; P. E. Delano, surveyor.

1859. T. M.Fullerton,mayor; J. D. McComb,
recorder; William McKusick, William M. May
and S. M. Register, councilmen; Thomas Sinclair,
marshal; E. A. Polsom, treasurer; H. R. Mur-
dock, attorney; B. P. Babcock and A. Eldridge,
board of health; A. VanVorhes, justice.

1860. Mahlon Black, mayor; Robert W. Peck-
ham, recorder; Albert Stinson, J. S. Davis and
Wm. A. Clay, councilmen; Cyrus Stark, marshal;
John J. Robertson, treasurer; H. R. Murdock, at-
torney.

1861. Mahlon Black, mayor; J. J. Stinson, re-
corder; J. S. Davis, Albert Stinson and Edward
W. Durant, councilmen; Duncan Chisholm, mar-
shal; Francis W. Noyes, treasurer; H. P. Noyes
P. R. Delano, board of health; L. E. Thompson,
attorney.

1862. F. R. Delano, mayor; A. Eldridge, re-
corder; W. A. Clay, E. W. Durant and A. Stinson,
councilmen; S. S. Murdock, justice; Duncan Chis-
holm, marshal; George Davis, treasurer; A. El-
dridge, treasurer, vice, Davis, resigned, May 13th.

1863. David Bronson, mayor; A. Eldridge, re-
corder; Joseph Schupp, S. 2felson and A. Stinson,
councilmen; John Shortall, marshal; A. K. Doe,
treasurer; A. C. Lull, justice.

1864. David Bronson, mayor; Charles J. But-
ler, recorder; Joseph Schupp, S. Nelson, A. El-
dridge, councilmen; I. E. Staples, treasurer; John
Shortall, marshal; William M. McCluer, ap-
pointed mayor, June 11th, vice Bronson, resigned;
A. Eldridge, treasurer, vice Butler, resigned.

1865. William Grover, mayor; A. M. Dodd,
recorder; Joseph E. Schlenk, A. C. Bromley and
S. Nelson, councilmen; William M. McCluer, at-
torney; A. C. Hospes, treasurer; A. Van Vorhes,
justice; John Shortall, marshal.

1866. William Willim, mayor; A. K. Doe, re-
corder; John S. Proctor, C. A. Bromley, and Jo-

seph E. Schlenk, councilmen; John S. May,
marshal; A. C. Hospes and E. G. Butts, justices.

1867. William Willim, mayor; A. K. Doe,
recorder; D. Bronson, E. W. Durant and John S.
Proctor, councilmen; A. C. Hospes, treasurer; A.
Van Vorhes, justice; P. E. Keefe, marshal; John
S. May, marshal, September 18th, vice Keefe.

1868. C. J. Butler, mayor; William G. Bron-
son, recorder; J. C. Rhodes, D. Bronson and J.
S. Proctor, councilmen; O. R. Ellis, treasurer;
John Shortall, marshal; J. N. Castle, attorney.

1869. W. Holcombe, mayor; O. R. Ellis, re-
corder; D. Bronson, J. C. Rhodes, and Michael
Moffat, councilmen; W. G. Bronson, treasurer;
John Shortall, marshall; Duncan Chisholm, ap-
pointed marshal January 3d, 1870, vice Shortall.

1870. William Holcombe, mayor; W. S. Con-
rad, recorder; J. C. Rhodes, Michael Moffatt and
Isaac Staples, councilmen; W. G. Bronson, treas-
urer; H. R. Murdock, attorney; John Shortall,
chief of police; William McKusick, appointed
mayor September 16th, vice Holcombe, deceased.

1871. William McKusick, mayor; W. S. Con-
rad, recorder; Michael Moffatt, Isaac Staples
and E. L. Hospes, councilmen; Henry C. Shep-
ard, treasurer; John Shortall, chief of police; H.
R. Murdock, attorney.

1872. William McKusick, mayor; Ferdinand
Schultz, recorder; Isaac Staples. Henry West-
ing, Patrick Moore, councilmen; H. C. Shepard,
treasurer; John Lyons, chief of police; H. R.
Murdock, attorney; W. S. Conrad, appointed
recorder November 23d, vice Schultz.

1873. A. K. Doe, mayor; S. D. Bronson,
treasurer; Patrick Moore, David Tozer, A.
Taylor, first ward, J. S. Anderson, Samuel
Matthews, T. Jassoy, second ward, George M.
Seymour, Jacob A. Deragisch, third ward, alder-
man; J. S. Davis, Isaac Van Vleck, O. H. Com-
fort, justices; W. S. Conrad, recorder; J. N.
Castle, attorney; J. C. Rhodes, W. D. Cutler,
William Casey, board of health; John Lyons,
chief of police.

1874. W. G. Bronson, mayor; William Oleson,
treasurer; W. S. Conrad, clerk; Patrick Moore,
David Tozer, A.Taylor, first ward, J. S. Anderson,
Samuel Mathews, T. Jassoy, second ward, G. M.
Seymour, A. Hausner, J. A.Deragisch, third ward,
aldermen; J. L. Davis, Isaac Van Vleck, O. H.

512

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Comfort, justices; Matthew Shortall, chief of
police.

1875. W. G. Bronson, mayor; William Oleson,
treasurer; Patrick Moore, David Tozer, A. Tay-
lor, first ward, J. S. Anderson, S. Matthews, T.
Jassoy, second ward, G. M. Seymour, A. Haus-
ner, J. A. Deragisch, third ward, aldermen; J.
S. Davis, C. P. Gregory, O. IT. Comfort, justices;
T. Jassoy, clerk; Matthew Shortall, chief of
police.

1876. W. G. Bronson, mayor; F. A. Seymour,
treasurer; J. C. Callinan, David Tozer, A. Tuor,
first ward; J. S. Anderson, John Gardner. T.
Jassoy, second ward; G. M. Seymour, A. Haus-
ner, J. A. Deragisch, third ward, aldermen; E,
A. Hopkins, clerk; Fayette Marsh, attorney, J.
S. Davis, C. P. Gregory, C. E. jSTorgord, justices;
Matthew Shortall, chief of police.

1877. E. W. Durant, mayor; F. E. Joy, treas-
urer; John O'Shaughnessy, A. Tuor, George S.
Bronson, first ward; W. M. May, Phillip Miller,
T. Jassoy, second ward; J. A. Deragisch, G. M.
Seymour, A. Hausner, third ward, aldermen; E.
A. Hopkins, clerk; Matthew Shortall, chief of
police.

1878. John S. Proctor, mayor; F. E. Joy,
treasurer; E. A. Hopkins, clerk; C. E. Korgord,
judge of municipal court ; Daniel Elliott, J. O'
Shaughnessy, George S. Brown, first ward; Sam-
uel Matthews, W. M. May, Philip Miller, second
ward; A. C. Hospes, J. A. Deragisch, August
Hausner, third ward, aldermen; F. S. McKusick,
chief of police.

1879. John S. Proctor, mayor; F. E. Joy,
treasurer; E. A. Hopkins, clerk; C. E. Norgord,
judge of the municipal court; George S. Brown,
Daniel Elliott, J. O'Shaughnessey, first ward;
J. D. MeComb, Samuel Matthews, W. M. May,
second ward; G. M. Seymour, A. C. Hospes, J.
A. Deragisch, third ward, aldermen; M. Shortall,
chief of police.

1880. John S. Proctor, mayor; D. W. McKu-
sick, treasurer; P. B. Smith, judge of the muni-
cipal court; E. A. Hopkins, clerk; A. L. Gilles-
pie, George S. Brown, Daniel Elliott, first ward;
J. H. Townshend, J. D. McComb, S. Matthews,
second ward; J. A. Deragisch, G. M. Seymour,
A. C. Hospes, third ward, aldermen; M. Shortall,
chief of police.

CHAPTER LXIX.

THE FIRST MILL LUMBER MILLS MISCEL.

LANEOUS MANUFACTURES OF STILLWATER .

In December, 1842, Jacob Fisher arrived at the
Tamarack house, from St. Croix Falls, where he
had gone the preceding spring. Here he boarded
during the winter, and one day seeing what he
supposed to be the tracks of a raccoon, on what
was known as "Brown's creek," he followed them
to what is now McKusick's lake. While there
he took a general view of the surroundings, and
being somewhat impressed, returned a few days
later and explored the locality thoroughly. His
practical eye discovered that there was a possi-
bility of changing the course of Brown's creek,
which entered the river above the present site of
the Schulenberg and Boeckeler Lumber Com-
pany's mill, so that by turning the creek through
the lake and giving a direct channel to the river,
a rapid descent could be obtained and a good '
water power created at a very small expense. In
June, 1843, he located a claim in the heart of the
present city of Stillwater, witli a view to eventu-
ally utilizing his mill site. He was a practical
mechanic, but did not possess the means neces-
sary to buUd and equip a mill; he therefore, after
locating his claim, told of his discovery to Elam
Greeley, Elias McKean and C. F. Leach, who
were engaged with him in rafting logs on the
lake, and also wrote to John McKusick, a friend
who was then at Burlington, Iowa. These gen-
tlemen at once investigated and found Mr. Fish-
er's canal proposition not only feasible, but very
easy and perfectly practicable. Messrs. McKu-
sick, McKean, Greeley and Leach went to St.
Louis, where a company organization was effected
and the machinery for a saw mill purchased,
which was shipped on the steamer "St. Louis
Oak," to Galena, Illinois, where it was transferred
to the "Otter," commanded by Capt. Harris, ar-
riving at its destination, October 10th, 1843. Tlie
company then purchased Fisher's claim and en-
gaged him as mill- wright, to erect the "first-born"
of what has since become one of the greatest lum-
ber manufacturing cities in the North-west. A
canal was cut from Brown's creek to McKusick's

CITY OF STILLWATEB— LUMBER MILLS.

513

lake, a distance of about sixty rods, and a dam
constructed across the creek, thus diverting its
channel into the lake. A canal through a bank
of about fifty feet at the southern end of the
lake, conveyed the v^ater to a ravine which con-
ducted it by a direct route to the river, giving a
fall of about one hundred and fifty feet, from the
lake to the river. The erection of the mill was
commenced at once and finished the following
spring. It was in size, 42x80 feet, two stories
high, and was located near where Web. McKu-
sick's livery stable now stands. The machinery
consisted of two sash saws and one lath machine;
the capacity was about twelve thousand feet in
twenty-four hours. It was a belt^geared mill
and run by an over-shot wheel of thirty feet di-
ameter. It commenced running in the spring of
1844 and was in operation steadily for ten years,
then only at intervals for the next five years,
when a grist-mill was added, and soon the old
saw-mill wholly disappeared. McKusiek's lake
has since been purchased by the Stillwater Water
Company, the canal has been dammed up and
the water turned into the main which supplies
the city.

THE SECOND MILL.

The second parties to erect a saw-mill were
Sawyer and Heaton, who built where the "St.
Croix Lumber Mills" now stand. Jacob Tisher
was the mill-wright, and it was built in the
spring of 1850; it contained one sash saw and one
lath machine. It was run by steam, and the ca-
pacity was about five thousand in twenty-four
hours. This mill was destroyed by fire in the
spring of 1852, but was at once re-built by Saw-
yer and Heaton, Jacob Fisher again being the
mill-wright. The new mill contained one sash
saw, one muley saw and one lath machine, with a
capacity of ten thousand per day. In 1853, Mr.
Heaton sold his interest to William Lowell, and
the firm name was changed to Lowell and Saw-
yer, which continued until 1855. when William
Clay purchased a third interest, and the firm was
known as Clay, Lowell and Sawyer, for a couple
of years, when Lowell retired, and Clay and Saw-
yer conducted the business until 1866, but were
not very successful, and the property passed into
the hands of S. Atlee and Company. This firm

owned it until the summer of 1869, when it was
33

purchased by Isaac Staples, who is the present
proprietor. It is now known as the

ST. CROIX LUMBER MILLS.

Mr. Staples became the owner of this establish-
ment in July, 1869, and immediately commenced
to re-model and improve, putting in entirely new
machinery and making it, at that time, one of the
finest mills in the state. In it he has manufac-
tured, during the past ten years, many million feet
of lumber, and has given employment to hundreds
of men. He has recently given the mill a thor-
ough overhauling, and added many improvements,
and we will now give the reader a brief descrip-
tion of this hive of industry, which employs an
average of one hundred and seventy-six men.

The mill proper is 44x105 feet, and contains
two rotary saws, with a capacity of seventy-five
thousand per day; one three-saw lath machine,
and one six-saw lath bolter, with a capacity of
forty thousand per day; and two shingle machines
with a daily capacity of sixty thousand, besides
the necessary edgers and trimmers.

The gang department is 20x96 feet, and con-
tains one forty-saw gang, one four-saw edger, and
five cutting off saws, trimmers, etc., with a daily
capacity of sixty thousand feet.

The planing department is 32x66 feet, and con-
tains one tongue and grooving machine, with a
capacity of twenty thousand per day; one surfac-
ing machine, capable of double surfacing thirty
thousand per day; one moulding machine, with a
daily capacity of five thousand; one sticker, one
forty inch re-saw, and one siding saw.

The engine room is 42x44 feet, sixteen feet
high, and is built of stone. The engine is of one
hundred and sixty-five horse-power, and wasbuUt
by the North Star Iron Works, Minneapolis; it
has a twenty-six inch cylinder and thirty inch
stroke, with eighty revolutions per minute.

There are six boilers, twenty-two feet long and
forty inches in diameter, with two fifteen inch
flues in each. The water furnished this engine
is by a Knowles and Sibley pump, with a twelve
inch steam cylinder and twelve inch stroke.

The breeching from this engine leads into a
smoke stack, which is built of brick and stone,
eighty feet high and resting on a stone base,
fourteen feet square.

Mr. Staples also does an extensive logging

514

HI8T0BT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

business, employing in the various departments,
upwards of six hundred men and nearly two
hundred horses. During the winter of 1880-'81,
sixteen different camps were in operation, located
as follows: three on Ann river, one on Upper
Snake river, one on Chesley brook, two on
Straight river, one on Chase's brook, two on St.
Croix river, three on Moose river, two on Lower
Snake river and one on Casey brook.

About forty million feet of logs are put in the
river at these camps during the winter. The
mill manufactures from fifteen to eighteen mill-
ions, and the balance are sold to parties who do
not bank enough logs for their own use, or who
bank none at all.

The supplies for the different camps are
conveyed by the following routes: to Isaac Sta-
ples Kettle Kiver Station, on the St. Paul and
Duluth railroad, seventy-five miles from Stillwa-
ter, where Mr. Staples has a ware-house, store,
stable and boarding house, thence on a road forty-
five miles long, cut through the forest to Moose
river, which reaches all the camps on Moose
river. Upper St. Croix and Chase's brook. From
the same station a road is made twenty-seven miles
west and reaches the Chesley brook and Upper
Snake camps. The Ann river and Lower Snake
supplies are shipped to Pine City, where Mr.
Staples has a ware-house and agent, and thence
by " tote " teams to the camps. The nearest rail-
road point to the Casey brook camp, is Chandler,
on the North Wisconsin raUroad, to which all the
supplies are shipped.

SCHTJLENBUKG AND BOECKELER LUMBER COM-
PANY'S MILLS.

In the fall of 1863, P. Schulenburg and A.
Boeckeler, of St. Louis, under the firm name of
Schulenburg and Boeckeler, commenced excavat-
ing and preparing grounds for a mill on the site
now occupied by the Sclmlenburg and Boeckeler
Lumber Company's mill in this city. Mr. Louis
Ilospes arrived soon after and superintended the
work. The mill commenced running in the
spring of 1855 and was completed during that
season. The motive power consisted of, four
boilers twenty-two feet long, with forty-two
inch shells and two engines, one fourteen and the
other sixteen inch cyhnder, and both forty inch
stroke. The amount of lumber manufactured

the first season was from two and a half to three
million feet. The first sawing was done with an
old fashioned sash saw, but during the summer,
a gang, containing some twenty saws was put in,
and the next winter, a flooring rotary was added.
During the winter of 1856-7, the old sash saw was
taken out and a small live gang of eighteen saws
was put in its place; large sums of money were
expended in improvements from year to year.

In April, 1857, Louis Ilospes became a partner
and the firm name was changed to Schulenburg,
Boeckeler & Co. In the winter of 1865-6, a stock
gang of twenty-four saws was added to the mar
chinery and the original gang was built over and
changed to a forty-inch slabbing gang. The
fourteen by forty-inch engine was also removed
and a larger one put in its place, having a twenty-
inch cylinder and thirty inch stroke, another
boiler was also added to the original four.

In June, 1868. a fifty-six inch rotary was put
in. During the winter of 1873-4, a sixth boiler
was added, and the old steam dome and mud-
drum replaced by new ones, and the boUers gen-
erally overhauled; and thus reconstructed and
improved, this mill slashed the logs with new
energy, and did a steady business untUMay 16th,
1877, when the whole structure was destroyed by
fire.

Hardly had the ruins ceased to smoke, when
the enterprising company were on the ground
with new plans and specifications, and the present
large mill was soon commenced, and pushed to
completion. This building is 84x132 feet, and is
a double mill throughout. It contains two thirty-
six saw gangs, and two double rotaries, with a
capacity of from one hundred and fifty to one
hundred and seventy-five thousand per day; one
shingle machine with a capacity of one hundred
thousand, and two gang lath machines, with a
capacity of sixty thousand per day. The build-
ing, consisting of the engine room, machine and
blacksmith shop, is 40x60 feet, and is built of
brick, with an iron roof. The annual product
of this mill is from thirty, to thirty-five million
feet of lumber, fourteen to fifteen million shingles
and ten to twelve million lath. Two hundred
men are employed in the different departments
of these mills.

On January 1st, 1878, another change was
made in the company, Louis Hospes retiring and

OITT OF STILL WATEE—LUMBEB MILLS.

515

Charles W. Behrens and E. L. Hospes becoming
members of the Stillwater firm, and also of the
firms of Schulenburg and Boeckeler, and A.
Boeckeler and Company of St. Louis.

The next change was made February 14th,
1880, when the Stillwater firm of Schulenburg,
Boeckeler and Company, and the St. Louis firms
of Schulenburg and Boeckeler, and A. Boeckeler
and Company, were incorporated under the laws
of the state of Missouri, and the firm name was
adopted of Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber
Company, with the following officers : A. Boeck-
eler, president, E. L. Hospes, vice president;
Charles W. Behrens, secretary; and L. C. Hirsch-
berg, treasurer.

The products of the Stillwater department are
rafted, and towed by its own boats, to the St.
Louis yards, where is located a large planing-
mill, a saw-mill and extensive lumber yards,
they handle at that point about sixty million feet
of lumber annually. Besides the business above
mentioned, they have lumbering interests to
some extent on the Chippewa river.

NOBTHWESTEBlir MILLS.

Hersey, Bean and Brown, proprietors. In the
fall of 1853, Isaac Staples came to Minnesota, lo-
cated a large amount of pine lands and decided
to engage in the lumber business at this point.
Accordingly he returned to Old Town, Maine,
where he organized the firm of Hersey, Staples
and Company, and in the spring of 1854, Mr.
Staples and his partner arrived at Stillwater and
commenced the erection of Hersey, Staples and
Company's, mills. This mill, through much
changed and greatly improved, is still in active
service, in the yards of Hersey, Bean and Brown.
It contained, when completed, one muley saw,
three sash saws, one live gang and one small
circular; the capacity was about forty thousand
per day. It also contained a shingle and lath
machine. In April, 1861, the firm of Hersey,
Staples and Company settled up and dissolved,
and a new company was formed under the name
of Hersey, Staples and Hall, which continued
until October 1st, 1866, when Mr. Hall retired,
and the firm name was changed to Hersey, Sta-
ples and Bean. This company, however, was
confined to lumber business only. The mercan-
tile business which, from the beginning had been

conducted in connection with the lumbering, was
now made a separate thing, and a new company
formed under the name of Hersey, Staples and
Doe, who took charge of the mercantile business.

In 1871, Mr. Staples sold his third interest in
the company of Hersey, Staples and Bean, to
Gen. S. E. Hersey, and the firm was change to
Hersey, Bean and Company, and in May, 1872,
E. S. Brown purchased a third interest, or that
sold by Staples to Hersey, and the firm name was
changed to Hersey, Bean and Brown, as it still
remains.

Although many important changes and im-
provements were made in this establishment from
1854 to 1872, yet there was still room for more
improvement. During the winter of 1872-3 the
mill was remodeled and rebuilt, and a large
amount of new machinery put in. Although a
certain amount of improvements and changes are
necessary each year, yet there have been no ma-
terial changes in the mill to the present time.
The mill is 66x150 feet, and contains one forty-
six saw gang, one double rotary, and one muley
saw, with a daily capacity of ninety thousand feet,
two shingle machines, with a daily capacity of
one hundred thousand, and one lath machine,
with a daily capacity of fifty thousand. The ma-
chinery in this mill is propelled by two engines,
one twenty-four and one twelve inch cylinder, and
each with thirty inch stroke; eighty revolutions
per minute is the speed of each. There are six
cylinder boilers, thirty feet long with thirty-two
inch shells, and three return flue boilers twenty-
four feet long, with forty-two inch shells.

In 1873, this company erected another mill about
an eighth of a mile below the one above described,
but in the same yard. This mill was constructed
especially for the purpose of sawing long lumber
for railroad bridges, etc., and to facilitate this
scheme a cutting off saw is in operation on the
pond; which is run by steam, thus enabling them
to cut a log any desired length before removing it
from the water. Also a loading machine is in
the yard, by which all long and heavy timber is
loaded on the cars; this is also worked by steam.

The mill is 50x1 6D feet and contains one double
rotary with a capacity of fifty thousand per day,
one shingle machine with a capacity of thirty
thousand per^day, and one lath machine with a
capacity of fifty thousand per day. It has also

516

BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNIT.

three planing machines, three re-sawing machines
and one edger, with all the necessary trimmers,
etc. The engine is a twenty inch cylinder and
forty-eight inch stroke, with three Bessemer,
steel hollers, twenty-six feet long and forty-two
inch shell. The smoke from hoth these mills, is
conveyed in tunnels running under ground to the
bluff near by, and thus into the smoke stacks
which are there located.' In the yard is located
two "Curran and Wilcox's dry kilns," which are
used principally for drying shingles and lath, so
as to make them lighter for shipment. Prior to
1872, all the lumber manufactured at this mill
was rafted and sent down the river, but as rail-
road facilities were then obtained, nearly all the
lumber has since been shipped by rail. As a pro-
tection from fire, a reservoir has been built on
the bluff above the mills, the bottom of which is
higher then the ridge-poles of the buildings; the
capacity is eight hundred hogsheads, and it is
connected with the mills by an iron pipe, which
runs the entire length of the yard. These mills
give employment during the summer season, to
two hundred and twenty-five men in all depart-
ments. They produce annually about eighteen
million feet of lumber and nine million each of
lath and shingles. The mills and yards occupy
five-sixths of a mile lake front. No traveling
salesmen ''are employed by this firm, all sales
being conducted either by correspondence or per-
sonal interview at the office. Since 1877, Hersey,
Bean and Brown have conducted a general store
in connection with their lumber business. The
first two years they occupied rooms in Hersey
and Staple's block, but have since erected a store
adjoining their yards where the business is now
carried on. This company cuts from ten to
twelve million feet of logs each winter, the bal-
ance for Tise is purchased from other parties.
During the winter of 1880-1, they had four
camps, at which were employed one hundred and
thirty men, forty horses and seventy-two oxen.

THE C. N-. NELSON LUMBEE COMPANY'S MILL.

This mill was built in 18T3 by Seymour, Sabin
and Company. It contained at that time one
rotary, with the necessary edgers, trimmers, etc.,
and had a capacity of fifty thousand feet per day.
It also contained a shingle and lath machine,
and was considered at that time one of the best

mills in the valley. This company operated the
mill until 1878, when the property was leased to
D. M. Sabin and C. N. Nelson under the firm
name of C. N. Nelson and Company. About
this time the mill was greatly improved, and
among other additions was a twenty-seven saw
gang, which is said to be the "fastest" gang in
the state, attaining a speed of two hundred and
sixty strokes per minute. An addition to the mill
building was also made at this time, and the
shingle and lath machines moved thereto. The
above-mentioned lease was for a term of two
years, at the expiration of which time a new or-
ganization was effected by the consolidation of
the "St. Louis Kiver Lumber Company" and the
"C. N. Nelson and Company." The name of
new firm is the "C. N. Nelson Limiber Company,"
and was incorporated in September, 1880. The
"St. Louis Eiver Lumber Company" was an or-
ganization in which D. M. Sabin and C. N . Nel-
son were largely interested, their scene of opera-
tions being on the St. Louis river, with a saw-
mill in process of erection at the time of consol-
idation, located at "Knife Falls."

The officers of the "C. N. Nelson Lumber Com-
pany" are: C. N. Nelson, president; C. H. Graves,
of Duluth, vice-president; P.M. Eanney, Knife
Palls, secretary, and W. R. Merriam, St. Paul,
treasurer.

The mUl at Stillwater is 36x150 feet and con-
tains one twenty-one-saw gang and one rotary,
with a capacity of ninety thousand per day; one
shingle machine, forty thousand; and one lath
machine of thirtj'-five thousand daily capacity.
Eighty-five men are employed in and about the
mill and yards during the season, and the annual
capacity is fourteen million feet of lumber, seven
million shingles, and five million lath. The lum-
ber manufactured at this mill is shipped almost
exclusively by rail to southern and western
markets. There are two engines used in driving
the machinery; one is a twenty inch cylinder and
thirty inch stroke; and the other is a fourteen
inch cylinder and twenty-two inch stroke; the
combined power of the two is one hundred and
fifty horse. There are five boilers, twenty feet
long and forty-two inch shell each.

The C. N. Nelson Lumber Company have also
a large logging business in operation; their camps
are located as follows: six on Ground House

CITY OF STILLWATEB—FLOVB MILLS.

517

river, one on Main Snake river, one on Hanging
Horn lake, one on Sand creek in Minnesota, one
on South fork of Clam river, two on Apple river,
and one on Upper Namekagon river, making in
all thirteen camps, at which are employed about
three hundred men, ninety horses, and thirty-six
oxen. The supplies to these camps are shipped
over the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, and toted
from the various stations. During the past win-
ter upwards of twenty-six million feet of logs
were banked at these camps, all for the company's
own use at their mills in this city and Lakeland,
at which latter point the firm has recently com-
pleted a very fine mill, a description of which ap-
pears in the Lakeland chapter. In addition to
the above logging operations about twenty mil-
lion feet of logs were banked this year by them
On the St. Louis river, which of- course required
nearly as large a force of men and teams in the
woods as above detailed. This company also
owns some sixty or seventy acres of land in the
city of St. Paul, on which they have located a
planing mill and three lumber yards.

MCKUSICK, ANDERSON AND COMPANY'S MILL.

This mill is located on the Wisconsin side of
the river, at the east end of the bridge, directly
opposite Stillwater. - It was built in the spring of
1870, and is 32x124 feet, two stories high. During
the first four years it was a circular mill, but the
increase of business necessitated additional ma-
chinery, and in the spring of 1874, a twenty-four-
saw gang and a shingle machine were added^
A new engine was put in with an eighteen
inch cylinder and twenty-four mch stroke,
and in 1878 two more boilers were added, making
four in all.

In 1879 a lath machine, planer and tongue and
grooving machine were added. Eighty-five men
are employed in this mill, yard and on the rafts.
The daily capacity of the mill is fifty thousand
feet of lumber, thirty thousand shingles and
twenty thousand lath.

This firm does quite an extensive logging busi-
ness in the winter season. They had six camps
in operation during the winter of 1880-1, located
as follows: three on Pokeguma river, one on
Chesley brook, one on upper Snake river and one
on Hay Sreek. In these camps are engaged two
hundred and twenty-five men, seventy-five horses

and ninety oxen; this includes those engaged in
hauling supplies to the camps. About twenty
million feet of logs were banked this season.

In addition to the above firms engaged in log-
ging are the following:

DURANT, WHEELER AND COMPANY.

This company does not manufacture, but has
twenty camps in the woods, viz. foUr on Snake
river, one on Kettle river, one on Yellow river,
two on the West Wisconsin railroad, one onToto-
gaticonce river, four on Apple river, six on Toto-
gatic river, and one on Namekagon river, five
hundred men and one hundred and eighty horses
and oxen are employed; thirty-five milUons were
banked during the winter of 1880-'81.

JORDAN AND MATHEWS.

This company does not manufacture, but like
Durant, Wheeler and Company, put their logs in
for sale. They have four camps located as fol-
lows: two on Totogatic river, one on Clam river,
and one on Chibonazie river; sixty-five men and
seventy-two horses and oxen are employed; eight
millions were banked last winter.

STILLWATER FLOUR MILLS.

The proprietors of this mUl are a company
formed under the state laws for the purpose of
conducting a general flour and feed business.
This company was formed in the fall of 1877, and
the oflBcers are: D. Bronson, president; R. F. Her-
sey, secretary; and L. Hospes, treasurer. The
board of directors consists of the officers above
mentioned, and D. M. Sabin, Henry Westing,
Smith Ellison and Dr. P. H. Millard. The miU
was built during the winter of 1877-'78, and
commenced running in May of the -latter year.
It is 50x70 feet, and five stories high above the
basement. To the left of the mill proper, is a
brick addition 20x70 feet, the basement of which
contains the engine and boilers, and the first floor,
the mill office. The engine which furnishes the
motive power is a Reynolds-Corliss condensing
engine of one hundred and seventy-five horse-
power, v?ith a twenty inch cylinder, forty-two
inch stroke, making seventy-eight revolutions
per minute and is propelled by two boUers four-
teen feet long and sixty inch shell. In the rear
of the boiler room is the stone base upon which
stands the circular brick smoke stack one hun-

518

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

dred and one feet high. Ample provisions have
been made, to guard against a surprise by Are.
On the left of the engine stands a Knowles
pump, and near by it as well as on each floor of
the mill is a hose carriage, containing sufficient
hose to flood the whole mill in a very short space
of time; a three inch stand pipe runs from the
pump to the top of the mill with a hose attach-
ment on each floor ready for use at a moments
warning, as well as a number of Babcock extin-
guishers at various points in the mill.

The mill basement contains the line of shaft-
ing which runs the stones, and one Becker brush
machine.

The first floor contains eight run of stone,
three flour packers, one Beardslee scourer; the
line of shafting that runs the corrugated rolls,
and also a counter line which runs the porcelain
rolls.

The second floor contains twelve sets of corru-
gated rolls, ten sets of porcelain rolls, six Ad-
vance middlings purifiers, and one cockle ma-
chine.

The third floor contains two Sturtevant fans,
used for blowing shorts to the ware-house, six
Advance middlings purifiers, one wheat grader
and one set of chilled iron rolls.

The fourth floor contains one wheat heater,
four aspirators, twenty-one flour bolts, one set
of porcelain and one set of chilled iron rolls,
one Barnard and Lea's separator, and two Ad-
vance middlings purifiers.

The fifth floor contains, besides dust rooms
and elevator heads, one Eichmond bran duster,
one rolling screen and one grading reel. A
steam coil for heating the mill is conveniently
arranged on each floor. This was the second
mill in the state, built on the Hungarian system
of gradual reduction with porcelain rolls, for
making patent flour, and is continually adding
new machinery to enable it to keep its position
as a first-class mill. The improvements for
1880-81 amount to nearly 120,000, which brings
the aggregate cost of the mill to about $100,000.
Thirty men are employed in this mill which runs
day and night, and produces 400 barrels every
tweii ty-f our hours. The popular shipping brands
are known as, "Bronson's Select," "Porcelain
Koller," "Bun Hersey," and "Billy Boy."

TOWNSHEND EOLLER MILL.

This mill was built in the fall of the year
1872, by the Messrs. W. ¥. Cahill and J. H.
Townshend. The mill was originally 40x50 feet,
two stories high, and furnished with three run of
stone, with a capacity of fifty barrels per day.
The motive power was an overshot wheel, forty-
four feet in diameter, probably the largest wheel
of the kind ever built in the state. Water was
drawn from the old McKusick brook. In 1873
the firm became Cahill, Townshend and Com-
pany, Barron Proctor becoming a partner. In
1875, Townshend bought out Cahill and the fol-
lowing year Townshend and Proctor built an ad-
dition on the north side of the original miU, 30x56
feet and four stories high, at the same time add-
ing to and improving the older property, both be-
ing brick veneered. Six run of stone besides the
feed mill, now responded to the force of the water-
fall, upon the old wheel. The Hungarian system
having proved satisfactory, this concern placed in
'78, eight sets of smooth rollers, and in '79 and
'80, added nine more sets. To make room for this
improvement, the stones were all removed, with
the exception of one run, which is still in use.
Besides this, there is one run of stone used for
grinding feed for use in the pineries. During the
same year the roller system was introduced,
the firm purchased a Corliss engine of one hun-
dred horse power, which they enclosed in a room
30x42 feet, distinct from the boiler room, that
contains the three boilers. In 1880 Mr. Proctor
disposed of his interest to Mr. Townshend and
the latter formed a partnership with D. M. Sabin,
under the firm name of Townshend and Com-
pany. Facilities for handling the product of the
mill were increased that year, by building a spur
track from the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, with
yard room for ten cars. They also fitted up com-
modious offices and flour rooms. The capacity
of this- mill is three hundred barrels per day, the
principal brands manufactured being "Butterfly,"
"Crusade," "Baker's Extra," and "Standard," all
well known in the market. The mill furnishes
employment to twenty men, under the supervision
of Henry Drews, head miller, who has been with
this mill for the past seven years.

ST. CEOIX FLOtTEING MILL.

This mill was built by Isaac Staples, in 1877.

GITY OF STILLWATER— MANVFAGTUBE8.

519

It is 40x60 feet, and four stories high above the
basement.

The first floor contains five run of stones, three
sets of smooth rolls, one wheat separator, one
feed run and two flour packers.

The second floor contains flour, wheat, corn,
oat and bran bins, dust room, brush and magnet
machines, two middlings purifiers, three two-reel
bolting chests and seven sets of corrugated rolls.

The third floor contains one brush machine,
one "Beardslee" scourer, eight middlings purifiers
and five two-reel chests.

The fourth floor contains all the elevator heads,
dust room, suction fan, flour mixer, graham cool-
er, etc. In the basement is the line of shafting
that runs the stones, and one cobble machine.

On the first floor is the main driving pulley, six
feet in diameter, with a twenty-two inch face, on
the end of an iron shaft running direct to the
engine, two hundred and thirty-five feet distant.
The engine room is built by the side of that
which contains the saw-mill engine, already de"
scribed, and separated from it by a stone partition
wall. It is also built of stone, 42x44 feet and six-
teen feet high. The engine is an "Atlas Corliss, '>
and has two boilers fourteen feet long and fifty
inch shell, and each containing seventy-two three,
inch flues. The engine is of one hundred and
sixty horse-power, and the water is supplied by a
pump of the same pattern as that described in the
saw-mill article.

Twenty men are constantly employed, and the
capacity is two hundred and fifty barrels per day.
The principal brands are "SnowPlake," "Minne-
sota" and "Hiawatha."

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

Seymour, Sabin and Company. The manufac-
turing interests of this company, conducted in the
state prison, have grown to mammoth proportions.
The first contractors for the convict labor, were
Seymour and Willim, at a time when the inmates
of the institution numbered but seventeen.

In the spring of 1868, they were succeeded by
Seymour, Sabin and Company, the firm consist-
ing of George M. Seymour, one of the early set-
tlers of Stillwater, and also one of the first con-
tractors for the convict labor, and D. M. and J.
11. Sabin, who had recently arrived from one of
the eastern states and settled in Minnesota.

The firm at this time employed about forty
convicts and an equal number of citizen help in
the manufacture of doors, sash, blinds, tubs,
buckets and cooperage.

The partnership continued, the business in the
meantime steadily increasing, until July, 1874,
when the company felt the necessities of more
capital to meet the demands of their growing
trade, and formed a joint stock company, incor-
porating under the name of Seymour, Sabin and
Company. They soon after commenced the man-
ufacture of the threshing-machine, which, under
their management, has become so justly cele-
brated, and has taken the front rank in the thresher
family, until to-day the "Minnesota Chief" has a
world-wide reputation, and its manufacturers
have placed on the market more machines in a
single year than any other manufactory in the
world.

In addition to this extensive industry, they
also do an aggregate business of over a quarter
of a million dollars annually in doors, sash,
cooperage, general oflice and bank fixtures, and
furniture of all kinds in that line.

They have also established an extensive ma-
chine and boiler-shop, for the manufacture of
portable farm engines, of which three hundred
are being placed on the market the present year.

The firm has on its pay-rolls upward of six
hundred men, being the largest of any single
corporation in the state of Minnesota or the
North-west.

In 1876, J. H. Sabin, the junior member and
secretary of the company, was removed by death,
the firm thus sustaining an irreparable loss by
being deprived of the assistance and counsel of
one of the brightest and most promising young
men of the West. Although but twenty-seven
years of age, he had acquired a standing and
reputation in the business world, achieved by
but few men of greater age.

He was succeeded in the concern by "W. S.
Goodhue, of Polo, Illinois, who has since been
secretary, of the company, and takes entire
charge of the general and field agents, of whom
there is a multitude, in the interest of the "Min-
nesota Chief" thresher and other manufactures.

Major J, H. Elward, formerly of the St. Paul
Harvester Works, holds the position of general
superintendent of the machine department, and

520

BISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

is also the patentee of a number of valuable im-
provements on the threshing machine and horse-
powers, likewise a traction and straw-burning
engine which seems destined to go to the front
and prove a profitable investment for the com-
pany, as well as a boon to the wheat raisers on
the boundless prairies, where wood and coal is
so expensive and difficult to obtain, and straw,
which is a burden, is better and easier used for
fuel than any other method of disposition.

George M. Seymour holds the office of vice-
president and takes general charge of their build-
ing and outside operations, of which the com-
pany has enough to make a veiV large business
of itself.

The president, D. M. Sabin, has held this re-
sponsible position from the time the company
was organized, succeeding from the old firm to
the same position in the corporation, involving
the general and financial management of a con-
cern whose monthly pay-roll may be counted by
a score of thousands, and whose annual business
far exceeds a million dollars.

This company until last year has been largely
interested in the lumber business, having one of
the most efllcient and best appointed saw-mills on
the St. Croix river. This, however, has been
sold to the "C. N. Nelson Lumber Company,"
one of the most extensive lumber corporations in
the Northwest, in which Mr. Sabin is one of the
leading spirits. We here give a description of each
department in these extensive works:

OflBce. On the first floor of the prison build-
ing, and to the right of the main entrance, is lo-
cated Seymour, Sabin & Co.'s ofiices, in which a
large force of book-keepers and accountants are
constantly employed.

Foundry. This building is 85x120 feet, and
contains two sixty inch cupolas,i n which are
melted twelve tons of iron per day. A forty
horse-power engine adjoins the foundry, which
furnishes power to run the cupola, fans and other
machinery. In addition to the necessary amount
of casting for the works, a large amount of job-
work is done for parties in the city. Sixty-two
men are on the pay-roll in this department.

Machine shops. This department occupies
a room 48x112 feet and two stories. Eighty-five
men are here employed, who operate the follow-
ing described machinery: two planers, four bolt-

cutters, four longitudinal boring machines, eight
upright drill presses, one boring bar, manufac-
tured in the shop, and used for boring cylinders,
one gang-drill machine, used for drilling cyUnder
bars; it drills eleven holes at once, and is one of
the most useful machines in the establishment;
one fifteen-inch stamping machine, fourteen vises,
one full set of steel shell reamers, and guage
rings, ranging in size from five-eighths, to two and
a half inches, one single and two double milUng
machines, one punching machine, three key-seat-
ing machines, and thirty-four turmng-lathes.
New machinery is being constantly added to this
department.

Blacksmith shop. This building is 40x80 feet.
Fourteen forges are in constant use, and about
thirty men are employed. The shop contains one
trip-hammer, one bolt-heading machine, capable
of making six thousand bolts per day, large
punches, shears, and aU other necessary ma-
chinery.

Hard and soft wood shops. In these shops are
prepared all the wood work for the "separators"
and horse-powers.

There is one double surfacing machine, one
tongue and grooving machine, one "Daniels"
planer, one gang boring machine, circular saws,
and a large amount of heavy machinery such as
is generally used in working hard wood. From
fifty-five to sixty men are employed in the two
shops, which adjoin each other.

Wagon shop. In this building is made aU the
running gear for the separators, horse-powers and
farm engines. It is 40x80 feet, and is weU fitted
up with all the latest improvements for setting
axle skeins, turning spokes, guage lathes, etc.
About fifteen men are employed in this depart-
ment.

Setting-up room. This room is 65x104 feet, and
twenty-five men are employed in the different de-
partments. Here all the separators and horse-
powers are set up, the material being all prepared
in the other departments and delivered here in
bulk. The labor of setting up the separators is
ingeniously divided mto seven departments, the
machine being moved along as fast as each set of
men complete their part of the work. When they
are finished, both separators and horse-powers are
run from a half an hour to an hour, so that any
inaccuracy in the mechanism may be detected

CITY OF STILLWATER— MANUFAGTUBES.

521

before leaving this room. They are then run on
an elevator and hoisted to the paint shop, which
is directly over the setting-up room, and where
the machines are made ready for market. Up-
wards of thirty men are employed in this de-
partment.

Farm engine shop. This building is 40x112
feet. Twenty-five men are employed in the vari-
ous departments of this shop, which is well sup-
plied with flexible drills, forges, and all other ma-
chinery necessary to complete the machines with
neatness and dispatch.

Belt shop. This adjoins the paint shop and
gives employment to ten men, who manufacture
the conveyancer, stacker, and all other belts used
on the various machines manufactured, and also
for use in the works.

Planing mill. This department gives employ-
ment to eight men, and contains all the ma-
chinery, such as surfacing, moulding, flooring
machines, etc., usually found lq a well appointed
planing mill.

The carpenter and cabinet shop occupies a
room 64x210 feet and furnishes employment to
eighty-six men. Here are manufactured sash,
doors, blinds, and all kinds of bank and office
furniture, besides a large amoimt of brackets,
scrolls and other builders' furnishings. One
hundred and flf ty thousand dollars worth of goods
are manufactured in this department annually.

Pattern shop. Eight men are employed here
in the preparation of patterns for the horse-
powers, separators and other machinery in pro-
cess of construction. The shop is 30x40 feet.

Cooper shop. These shops occupy two floors
of a building 24x150 feet. The manufactures are
principally pork and flour flarrels. About forty
men are employed, and six hundred barrels per
day are turned out of the shops.

Fire department. Extensive precautionary
measures have been taken to guard against a seri-
ous conflagration in the works. On the hill which
overlooks the prison yard, a reservoir has been
built with a capacity of four thousand five hun-
dred barrels, which is supplied by a Blake's du-
plex direct acting pump. This reservoir affords
a pressure of seventy-five poimds to the square
inch. Located at different points in the works
are upwards of fifty hose-valves, to each of which
are attached from fifty to one hundred feet of

hose, in condition for use at a moments warning.

The city water works are also attached to these
pipes, by which, at a moments notice, by the sim-
ple opening of a valve, the entire supply and
pressure of an inexhaustable supply of water can
be turned on.

Engine and boiler room. The vast field of ma-
chinery described in the foregoing article is kept
in motion by two engines, located in an engine
room 30x45 feet. The larger of the two is an
AUis-Corliss, with a twenty-six inch cylinder and
forty-eight inch stroke, and three hundred and
fifty horse-power.

The fly-wheel is twenty feet in diameter, with
a forty inch face, and weighs forty thousand
pounds. The smaller engine has a twenty-four
inch cylinder and thirty inch stroke, and one
hundred and flf ty horse-power. The boiler room
is 30x40 feet and contains six tubular boilers of
five hundred and fifty horse-power.

Besides the above mentioned working force, a
large number of men are employed in the capa-
cities of engineers, firemen, night-watchmen, re-
pairers, teamsters, loaders, etc.

mOTS MANUFACTURES.

Swain's machine-shop, D. M. Swain, proprietor.
This establishment, which has grown to con-
siderable proportions during the past decade, had
for its corner-stone a very small beginning. D.
M. Swain, the present proprietor, began his bus-
iness in 1873, in an old warehouse on Main street.
He soon took for a partner a Mr. Gray, but at the
end of the first season he withdrew from the
business, which has since been conducted by Mr.
Swain. In 1874 he erected his present establish-
ment, which is located on Third street between
Myrtle and Chestnut; it is built of brick, 28x50
feet, and two stories high.

The machinery used consists of flve iron turn-
ing-lathes and one wood lathe, one bolt cutter,
one upright drill, one brass finishing lathe, one
iron planer, one stationary engine of his own
manufacture, one emery wheel, and a large
amount of other machinery, necessary for a
fully-equipped machine-shop.

His manufactmes consist of portable, station-
ary and marine engines, mill machinery and all
kinds of job work in his line. Twenty men are

522

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

employed in the works, and the business amounts
to $60,000 annually.

Swain's foundry, George Swain, proprietor.
This establishment is located directly in the
rear of D. M. Swain's machine-shop. It was
started by George Swain, the present propri-
etor, in 1874. The building is 40x40 feet, two
stories high, and although not making a very
great show, yet a large amount of work is turned
out annually. His manufactures consist chiefly
of engine-work, and in addition a considerable
amount of mill-casting, farm-machinery, etc., is
done.

St. Croix Iron Works and *Door, Sash and
Blind Factory, Isaac Staples, proprietor. These
buildings are located on the river bank, near the
Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha round-
house. The first building to be erected was the
machine-shop, 45x60 feet, about 1865, by Corning
and Depew, of St. Paul, who run it as a machine-
shop a number of years.

In 1874 the property passed into the hands of
D. S. Stombs, who erected a foundry 40x60 feet,
and a boiler-shop 36x60 feet; he only run the
business a short time, however, when it passed
into the hands of Isaac Staples, who has since
conducted it.

In 1878 Mr. Staples moved his machinery for
the manufacture of doors, sash and blinds from
his mill to this place, and set it up in its present
location, in the second story of the machine shop.
The machinery contained in the machine-shop,
consists of, four turning-lathes, one eighteen-foot
planer, one upright drill-press, five vises, etc.
Six men are employed in this department.

The sash factory contains one jig-saw, one mor-
ticing-machine, two cut-ofE saws, one planer, one
tenoner, one sand-papering machine, etc. Seven
men are employed in this department.

There is also a boiler and blacksmith-shop, in
which five men are employed. The whole ma-
chinery is propelled by a forty horse-power en-
gine with a ten-inch cylinder and fourteen-inch
stroke, supplied by a tubular boiler, forty inches
in diameter and eighteen feet long. The engine
is located in the basement of the machine-shop.
Three men are employed in the foundry, which,
in addition to the local work, does a large amount
of casting for parties m Wisconsin. The door,

sash and blind factory does an annual business of
$20,000.

BHICK TAED

Frederick Steinacker, proprietor. This estab-
lishment commenced the manufacture of brick
in 1859, under its present management, in a yard
located in Ramsey and Carter's addition to Still-
water. He employed from three to four men,
and manufactured about 200,000 brick annually,
until 1875, when his increasing business com-
pelled him to purchase more land, which he did
at the lower end of Sunflsh lake, where he is
now located. Since that time his business has
rapidly improved, and he has averaged at least
500,000 brick annually, and employed an average
of eight men. In 1880, he employed fourteen
men and manufactured between 800,000 and 900,-
000 brick.

CARRIAGE MANUFACTURERS.

Pioneer carriage manufactory, WilUam Muller,
proprietor. In 1866, the present proprietor pur-
chased this location and erected a shop 20x40
feet and two stories high; on the first fioor was
his workshop, and on the second floor his resi-
dence. He did a successful business for several
years, and in 1870 increasing business compelled
him to erect larger shops. He added a shop 28x
60 feet and two stories; the first floor was used
for blacksmithing and the second as paint and
carriage trimming shops.

In 1873, the whole works were destroyed by fire,
and as there was no insurance on the buildings,
Mr. Muller sustained a serious loss; but not dis-
couraged, he in 1875 rebuilt his shops on the same
plan of those destroyed two years before. He has
regained his former patronage, and is doing a
flourishmg business. Six men are employed in
the manufacture of buggies, cutters, sleighs,
wagons, etc. The works are located on Main
street.

Stillwater carriage works, D. J. Sullivan, pro-
prietor. This business was established in Octo-
ber, 1878, in a building one door east of the Saw-
yer house, but as the accommodations there were
too small, Mr. Sullivan soon secured his present
commodious building on Second street, which is
40x80 feet and two stories high. The first fioor
is used for blacksmith and wood shops, and the
second floor for pamt and carriage trimming

CITY OF STILLWATER— MANUFACTURES.

523

shops. Ten men are employed in the various
departments, and the goods manufactured con-
sist of buggies, sleighs, platform and other wagons
besides a large amount of repairing. The annual
business amounts to upwards of $10,000.

Novelty carriage works, Richard Daw, proprie-
tor. Mr. Daw began this enterprise in May, 1875,
in the building now occupied by the "Stillwater
can-iage works." He did business there until
1877, when he removed to his present location.
This building is 40x60 feet, and two stories high.
The second story is used for paint and carriage
trimming shops, and a portion of the first story is
used for a wood shop. The balance of the first
floor is occupied by J. Connors, blacksmith, and
in this shop the iron work of Mr. Daw's car-
riages is done. Mr. Daw manufactures carriages
of all kinds, sleighs, platform wagons, etc. Four
men are employed in his establishment.

Albert Saeker's wagon shop. Mr. Saeker es-
tablished this business in 1872. He makes a
specialty of lumber wagons, but is prepared to do
any work in his line. His place of business is on
Second street, between Myrtle and Chestnut.

BBEWEKIES.

Hermann Tepass' brewery, is the outgrowth of
the first brewery and still in the comity, if not in
the state. In 1851 , Norbert Kimmick started a
small whisky still on the corner of Third and
Chestnut streets. This was located in the kitchen
of his dwelling, and he manufactured about five
barrels per week. In 1852, he built a brewery
where the one now operated by Mr. Tepass
stands, and which he conducted alone for two
years, when he took as a partner, Frank Aiple,
and they, run the business together until Mr.
Kimmick's death, which occurred in 1857. Mrs.
Kimmick conducted the business with the as-
sistance of her husband's former partner until
January 1st, 1860, when she became his wife.

Mr. Aiple then assumed active management of
the brewery, which continued until the destruc-
tion of the building by fire in May, 1868. Mr.
Aiple at once rebuilt on the old site, but scarcely
had he completed the work when he received an
injury while putting in some water pipes, which
caused his death on November 5th, 1868. Mrs.
Aiple was thus again compelled to assume con-
trol of the establishment, which she conducted

successfully until her marriage with Mr. Tepass,
the present proprietor, which event took place
December 14th, 1869.

The building is of stone, 45x75 feet, and three
stories high. The front part of the first floor is
occupied by the fifteen horse-power engine and
brewing room, and in the rear is the wash room;
the balance of the buildijig is occupied by a com-
plete set of brewing apparatus. Seven men are
employed, and four thousand barrels of beer are
annually manufactured. The brewery is on lower
Main street.

Wolf's Brewery, Joseph Wolf proprietor. This
establishment is located on Main street at the
corner of Nelson, and the enterprise dates back
to the spring of 1868, when Martin Wolf, a brother
of the present proprietor, erected on these
premises, a small wooden building about 40x50
feet, and one story high. He conducted the busi-
ness here until March, 1871, when it passed into
the hands of Wolf, Tanner and Company; Joseph
Wolf and A. Tanner being the principal owners.
The business was conducted in the old wooden
building until March 25th, 1872, when it was de-
stroyed by fire. The erection of the present
buildings was soon after commenced. The "Pa-
cific hotel," which is on the street comer was first
erected, it is 30x90 feet and three stories high.
The first fioor was at first used for a grocery store
but is now a wholesale and retail liquor store.
The second and third stories being the hotel.
The brewery was then built, which is 40x90 feet
and two stories high in front, but as it is built on
the face of the bluff, the rear of the building
towers up to four and five stories in hight. In
May, 1876, Joseph Wolf purchased the whole
business and has since conducted it. During the
summer of 1880, a commodious brick ofiice was
erected, adjoining the brewery. It is 14x20 feet
and two stories high. In this establishment are
consumed annually 18,000 bushels of barley and
over 6,000 barrels of beer are manufactured. The
works are run by a fifteen horse-power engine
with a boiler of thirty-five horse-power. Twelve
men are employed and the business amounts to
160,000 annually.

BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTOEY,

F. W. Kern, proprietor. This establishment
is located in Union block, on Main street. It

524

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

was started under the firm name of Drews and
Kern, on Chestnut street, in 1874, in a building
22x50 feet. The capital invested at that time
was about $3,000.

The business was conducted under this man-
agement, and at this location, until^l877, when
Mr. Drews withdrew from the company, and his
brother, Herman Drews, became a partner and
the firm name was changed to Kern and Com-
pany. The location was also changed to the
present quarters, but at the end of six months,
Mr. Drews sold his interest to Mr. Kern and
went to Germany, thus leaving him sole proprie-
tor. His business has since rai)idly increased,
until now he employs ten men. The manufac-
turing department is 25x55 feet, and his sales-
room 25x75 feet. He does an annual business
,of $35,000.

Boat shop, George Miiller, proprietor. This
enterprise was first started in 1873, by Miiller
Brothers in a building 20x40 feet. They did
most of their work by hand^for two years, when
the increase of business demanding more facili-
ties, they put in a four horse-power engine and
some machinery and added fifty feet to their
building. Thus they continued for three years,
when they found it necessary to add more ma-
chinery to enable them to keep pace with their
still rapidly improving business. An eighteen
horse-power engine was put in, two cross-cut and
two rip saws,"one twenty-four inch surface planer,
one stroke jointer, one shaper, one jig saw, one
guage lathe, and one hand lathe, etc., and have
since added improvements from year to year.
The brothers did business together till November
10th, 1880, when George purchased his brother's
interest, and now conducts the business. Six
men are employed, and [orders [are^ filled for the
building of boats of all descriptions. Lumber-
men's tools are also manufactured here, besides a
large amount of other job work. It is the only
boat building establishment in the city.

Stillwater coloring works, J. M. Burbridge and
Sons, proprietors. This business is located on
Second street, south of the post-office, and was
established in October, 1879. Two rooms are in
use, one as coloring-room and the other for press-
ing. They do a good business and are giving
satisfaction.
Vinegar factory. In the summer of 1875 John

Ciopac and Anthony Tuor formed a partnership
and began the manufacture of vinegar. A stone
building of two stories was occupied. The
amount of capital invested was $1,500. After
several changes in the firm, Tuor became sole
proprietor. Not meeting with success, he leased
the factory to his son-in-law, A. Manthey, in
1881, and the establishment is now in use as a
vinegar, soda-water and ginger ale factory.

Sod Hill green-house, Marcel Gagnon, pro-
prietor. This business was established in 1877
by Mr. Gagnon in a building 12x40 feet, in which
he did a successful business. During the past
year he has completed a 14x20 feet addition.
He has a fine stock of plants of different varie-
ties suited to the climate, and does a thriving
business.

Chicago bakery and confectionery manufactory.
The only establishment of this kind is that of
Heitman and Becker. This business was estab-
lished by the present firm April 7th, 1879, and
since that time has been quite successful. The
bakery and candy manufactory are located on
Second street, and their sales-room on Main
street. They also have in connection with their
other business a restaurant, and deal largely in
fruits, cigars, tobacco, etc.

CHAPTEK LXX.

BANKS— HOTELS — LI VERY STABLES — W ATER-
WOEKS — FIEE DEPARTMENT — EXPRESS COM-
PANIES— TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COM-
PANIES—PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

The first banking of any kind done in Still-
water was by Dr. Christopher Carli, who, about
1854, made arrangements for conducting an ex-
change business with St. Louis and Chicago
bankers; he did not open a regular banking office,
but had a room in the rear of his drug-store,
which was his bank.

The Pirst National Bank is the outgrowth of
the first bank established in Stillwater; it was a
private bank, and was started about 1856, by K.
A. Darling, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, L. E..'

CITY OF STILLWATEB— BANKS.

525

Carswell, of Hastings, Minnesota, and Charles
Scheffer, of Stillwater, under the firm name of
Darling, Carswell and Scheffer. ^ Their oflBce was
on Second street, adjoining the land-oflBce. Sep-
tember 20th, 1858, Mr. Carswell withdrew from
the firm and it was then known as Darling and
Scheffer for a time, but after a few years they ob-
tained a charter for a "State Bank," with the
name of the "Bank of Stillwater," which con-
tinued until July 19th, 1865, when the present
"First National Bank" was organized with a cap-
ital of $50,000. The stockholders were, Charles
SchefEer, of Stillwater; J. E. Thompson and
Horace Thompson, of St. Paul, and Louis Hospes
and O. B. Ellis, of Stillwater. The first officers
were, Charles Scheffer, president; Louis Hospesi
vice-president, and O. E. Ellis, cashier. The
capital has since been increased to $130,000, with
a surplus of $26,000. The discounts amount to
$400,000, and the deposits to $300,000. The pres-
ent officers are: Louis Hospes, president; C. 2Sr.
Nelson, vice-president, and F. A. Seymour, cash-
ier. The directors are: Louis Hospes, C. N. Nel-
son, D. M. Sabin, Henry Westing, H. K. Mur-
dock and E. A. Seymour, of Stillwater; George R.
Einch and Albert SchefEer, of St. Paul, and Smith
Ellison, of Taylor's Ealls. This bank is located
on Main street, near the Opera House.

LtTMBEBMEW'S NATIONAL BANK.

This bank was organized January 10th, 1871,
by Isaac Staples and Samuel F. Hersey, of Still-
water, and E. S. Edgerton, P. Berkey and II. W.
Cannon, of St. Paul. The latter was connected
with E. S. Edgerton, president of the Second Na-
tional bank of St. Paul at the time, but imme-
diately moved to this city and has held the posi-
tion of cashier and general manager of the bank
to the present time. The business of the bank
was conducted for a time at the corner of Myr-
tle and Stimson streets, in a room now used by
the Lumbermen's Board of Trade, the balance of
the building being occupied by Hersey,Staples and
Bean, at that time, one of the largest lumbering
concerns in the St. Croix Valley. The authorized
capital stock was half a million dollars, fifty
thousand of which was paid in on the day of or-
ganization. The first officers were, Isaac Staples,
president; Samuel F. Hersey, vice-president; and
H. W. Cannon, cashier. On December 2d of the

same year, the capital stock was increased to
$100,000. On March 19th, 1872, the bank was
removed to its present elegant banking rooms, on
the comer of Myrtle and Main streets, which bad
been in course of preparation for some time, and
at this time the capital stock was also increased
to $125,000. During the financial panic of 1873,
when many heavy banks were more or less em-
barrassed, and many more compelled to succumb
to the pressure brought to bear on them, this
bank did not suspend currency payments, but in-
stead, increased its capital to $150,000, and what
is very remarkable in the history of this institu-
tion, it is stated that less that $500 has been lost
on discounted paper. The present officers are,
Isaac Staples, president; E. F. Hersey, vice-pres-
ident; and H. W. Cannon, cashier; the directors
are, Isaac Staples, John McKusick, D. M. Sabin,
David Bronson, David Tozer, I. E. Staples, H.
W. Cannon and E. S. Edgerton; this board of
directors represents upwards of $3,000,000.

Stillwater Saving's Bank. This institution was
founded at the request of Hon. Samuel F. Her-
sey, an old and influential citizen of Stillwater,
he thinking that a savings bank would be bene-
ficial to the working men of this city. Accord-
ingly on January 10th, 1873, the bank was incor-
porated under an act of the legislature of 1867,
with the following named gentlemen as trustees:
Isaac Staples, David Bronson, Dwight M. Sabin,
Louis E. Torinus, William Willim, I. E. Staples,
and Henry W. Cannon. Until March 1st, 1879,
six per cent, was paid on deposits, but since that
time five per cent, only has been allowed. The
officers are: Isaac Staples, president; D. Bron-
son, vice-president; H. W. Cannon, secretary and
treasurer. Although no profit has accrued to the
trustees, the bank has been kept open and there
are now two hundred and seventy-five accounts
open, principally minors, laborers and women.

Stillwater Board of Trade was organized in
January, 1871. The first officers were: David
Bronson, president; C. J. Butler, vice-president;
D. W. Armstrong, secretary; and C. N. Nelson,
treasurer. Board of directors: John KcKusick,
Isaac Staples, J. E. Schlenk, J. O'Shaughnessy,
M. Moflatt, E. W. Durant, J. N. Castle, B. G.
Merry, G. M. Seymour and L. E. Torinus. Meet-
ings are held on the last Thursday of each month,
in a room on Myrtle street, corner of Stimson's

526

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

alley. The present officers are: E. S. Brown,
president ; William G. Bronson, vice-president;
and John S. Proctor, secretary.

HOTELS.

The first hotel in Stillwater was known as the
Northrup house, and was erected by Anson
Northriip in the early summer of 1844. He oc-
cupied it one year, then rented it to Robert Ken-
nedy, who ran it one year, at the end of which
time Mr. Northrup resumed control. After an-
other year it went into the hands of Stanchfleld
and Vail under a lease; these gentlemen occupied
the house until it was destroyed by fire in Decem-
ber, 1847. The six-year-old daughter of Mrs
French, a lady employed in the house, was sleep-
ing in a rear addition, and lost her life; no trace
of her body was ever found.

The Minnesota house was built by Elam Gree-
ley, for a private residence, in 1846, but after en-
closing and roofing the building, it stood vacant
for nearly a year. It was then purchased by Judd
and "Walker, who finished the building for a ho-
tel and rented it to Ilarley Curtis. In 1849, Mr.
Hartshorn became the proprietor and ran the
house until 1851. Gray and Trimble had it until
1855; Samuel Burkleo then occupied it two years.
It was then managed by different parties for short
terms each, until old age had caused the building
to be unfit for use as a public house. The old
house still stands on the corner of Main and
Chestnut streets, and is occupied by the St. Croix
Post publishing company and a saloon.

The St. Croix house was built in 1848 by Anson
Northrup, who conducted it as a hotel for two
years. It then passed through a series of changes,
finally falling into the possession of John Booren
in 1874. Three years later, it was destroyed by
fire.

The Lake house, built in 1849, by John H.
Brewster, was next in point of time. This
house, like the others, had a number of different
proprietors. It was finally occupied as a tene-
ment, and in 1874 was burned.

The Liberty house was built by JJr. John N.
Ahl, who, after running it a few years, changed
the name to the Lakeside hotel. Dr. Ahl was
the proprietor until his death in 1 872. The house
was then conducted by several parties, and is now
under the management of Paul Selb, and is

owned by Miss Amanda Ahl, the daughter of the
original owner. The house is located on Main
street, near Nelson.

The Sawyer house, the leading hotel of Still-
water, was built by Henry Sawyer in 1857, but
was not opened to the public until 1860. It was
opened under the management of A. B. Whitcher,
who conducted it with success for two years,
after which Jacob and Albert Lowell took pos-
session. In the meantime, eastern parties be-
came the owners. In 1864 Isaac Staples pur-
chased the house, and two years later sold to
Dudley Hall, who owned it until 1871. In 1866
he leased it to John and Albert Lowell for five
years, and at the expiration of that time it was
purchased by Albert Lowell who has since owned
and conducted it. The size of the building is
90x100 feet, and four stories high. It has accom-
modations for about seventy-five guests.

The Stillwater house was built by Peter Al-
derman in 1869. It is located on Mulberry street
between Second and Main. Michael Whyte is
the present landlord. The house is now owned
by George R. White.

The Farmer's Home hotel was built by Miller
and Simonet in 1867, and was occupied as a store
for three years. The partnership then ceased,
and a portion of the building became a hotel
known as the St. Louis house and subsequently
the Farmer's Home. Henry Goeck has been pro-
prietor for the past two years.

The Williams house was erected in 1870 on the
corner of Mulberry and Second streets. Will-
iams died in 1875, and since that time the house
has been run by A. A. Uleu, his partner.

In October, 1870, Frank Raiter built and opened
the Wexio hotel, and ran it for nearly ten years.
Raiter still owns the house, and rents it to August
Nellison, the present proprietor.

The Keystone house was erected in 1872 by
Horace Voligny, at a cost of $3,000, and has been
conducted by him since. This house is a com-
modious and well-kept hotel.

The Central house has been known since the
spring of 1879. It was built at that time by
August Booren at a cost of $8,000. The house
is of brick, 30x72 feet, and three stories high.
The hotel is run by John Booren, and August
Booren has a saloon in the house. This hotel
will accommodate about forty guests.

CITY OF STILLWATEB—WATEB SUPPLY.

627

In 1872 John Disch built the Mansion house.
This hotel is of brick, 40x70 feet, ana furnishes
accommodations for eighty guests. Mr. Disch,
the originator of the enterprise, has been the
landlord since the hotel was opened.

LIVERY STABLES.

Phoenix stables. The first to engage in this
business in Stillwater, was C. A. Bromley in the
fall of 1853. His stable was 40x50 feet, and he
continued in it until 1857, when he rented a sta-
ble which stood on the premises now owned and
occupied by him, which he purchased after six
years. He enlarged his buildings but in 1875,
fire destroyed them. The year following, he
built the present stable, which is of brick, 50x56
feet, and three stories high. He has over twenty
horses and a thoroughly equipped stable.

A. J. OrfE first began livery business in this
city about 1870, in company with Mark Manter,
in the stable now occupied by Eahr and
Hanson. After two years Manter and Denton be-
came partners for two years, at the expiration of
which time, the firm dissolved. Mr. Orff then
started alone on Main street, and in 1877, re-
moved to his present location on the corner of
Myrtle and Second streets. For three years from
1876, he ran a stage line between Stillwater and
Marine. He has now a finely appointed stable with
thirty horses and the necessary carriages, sleighs,
etc., also a hearse.

Eclipse stable, H. C. Farmer, proprietor. This
business was established at the present location,
on Second street between Chestnut and Myrtle,
in 1877. He has twenty horses and three hacks,
besides the usual outfit of buggies, Gutters, etc.

Eahr and Hanson's stable was first occupied by
M. Manter, then by other firms until September,
1879, when the present firm took possession.
The stable is located on Second street between
Mulberry and Commercial Avenue, and is 40x60
feet, two stories high and basement. Tliis es-
tablishment is thoroughly equipped with a num-
ber of horses, new carriages, etc., and is meeting
with well-deserved success, as both gentlemen
are well-known and popular.

Web. McKusick's stable is one of the oldest
landmarks in the city, being all there is left of
the old McKusick grist-mill into which the old
saw-mill of 1844 was merged. After it ceased to

run as a mill, it was used as a sash fax;tory and
for a machine-shop. In 1872, Mr. McKusick
converted it into a livery stable. It is located on
Main street, between Mulberry and Commercial
Avenue. About twenty horses are kept. Mr.
McKusick also has hay scales convenient to, and
in connection with his stable.

The Hathaway Water Supply . Charles Hatha-
way procured a lot on Third street, between
Myrtle and Chesnut, for the purpose of building
a shop and home. At one end of the lot water
fiowed from the bank in large quantities. Cut-
ting into the bank until he reached the clay, he
built a reservoir of about three hundred barrels
capacity and laid a pipe to the street below with
conveniences for loading. The reservoir has an
elevation of fifty feet above the street. This
water is used by Hathaway in his shop and is also
used for street sprinkling purposes. The cost of
putting in pipe, etc., was '$900. The supply
amounts to seven hundred barrels per day and
shows no signs of exhaustion.

Stillwater Water Company. This company was
organized April 15th, 1880, with a capital stock
of fl00,000. Board of directors: D. M. Sabin,
Isaac Staples, E. W. Durant, R. F. Hersey, H.
W. Cannon, C. E. Gray, and W. H. Swift. E.
W. Durant, president; K. F. Hersey, vice-presi-
dent; H. W. Cannon, secretary and treasurer.
.This organization was effected in compliance
with a city ordinance, for the establishment of
water works, which provides that the city shall
rent eighty-five hydrants and that the rates
charged private consumers shall not be greater
than the average rates in St. Paul, Dubuque and
Clinton. The reservoir at McKusick's lake covers
upwards of thirty acres, with an average depth
of ten feet, the lake being fed by springs. At the
foot of the lake is established a filtering well and
sub-reservoir for purifying the water. The pump-
ing and engine houses are located near the lake
and contain two Blake pumps with a capacity of
1,000,000 gallons every twenty-four hours, at a
low rate of speed or in case of an emergency
2,000,000 gallons. In addition to the pumping
system 2,000,000 gallons more may be supplied in
twenty-four hours to the lower portions of the
city by natural gravity, owing to the elevated po-
sition of the lake. The principal main from the
lake is sixteen inches in diameter and from that

528

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

the water is forced througli eight miles of pipe,
for distribution through the city. The lake is
one-quarter of a mile from the city and elevated
one hundred and fifty feet above Main street.
These works were put in by the Messrs. Fruin
and Company of St. Louis, and are probably the
finest in the state.

UNION ELEVATOR COMPANY.

In 1870-71, the Union Elevator and Improve-
ment Company built an elevator here of 50,000
bushels capacity. C. W. Newcombe was presi-
dent of the company. The elevator was built
and the company formed because of the advan-
tage of transferring wheat here, on account of
the navigation of St. Croix Lake being superior
to the Mississippi at St. Paul. This company op-
erated the elevator until 1877, when they leased
it to the St. Paul & Duluth Kailroad Company,
who operated it till 1880, and sold it to D. M.
Sabin, who again sold it to the "Union Elevator
Company." This organization was effected in Oc-
tober, 1880. The capital stock is f 100,000, and
the ofiBcers are, Louis Hospes, president, J.
H. Townshend; vice-president; and H. W.
Cannon, secretary and treasurer. They have
increased the storage capacity from fifty to three
hundred thousand bushels, and furnished the ele-
vator with all the modem improvements for un-
loading barges, cars or wagons.

GAS-LIGHT COMPANY.

On May 12th, 1874, this company was organized
and on the same day a city ordinance was passed,
granting the exclusive rights to the company to
manufacture and sell gas in this city for forty
years. The stockholders who also constituted
a board of directors, consisted of John McKusick,
D. M. Sabin, Isaac Staples, D. Bronson, H. W.
Cannon, L. E. Torinus and C. H. Nash. Isaac
Staples was elected president, and H. W. Can-
non, secretary aud manager. During the follow-
ing summer buildings were erected and about
four miles of main pipe was laid through the
principal streets, and gas turned on the city the
same fall. The capital stock is $25,000, and they
have increased their main lines to between five
and six miles. The company is still under the
same direction and management.

EXPKESS COMPANIES.

In the winter of 1854-5 the first express office

was opened in this city by the North-western Ex-
press Company. Short, Proctor and Company
were the agents. In 1857, John Eisher was ap-
pointed agent, and in February, 1858, he was su-
perseded by D.W. Armstrong, and soon after, the
American Express Company purchased the
North-western, Mr. Armstrong continuing as
agent of the new company until 1864, when A.
M. Dodd, who was his former partner, succeeded
him. He took as a partner, C. J. Butler, known
as Butler and Dodd until the fall of 1869, when
the United States Express Company established
an office here. In 1871, the American was repre-
sented by Bronson and Folsom, and the United
States by Frank E. Joy, who continued to repre-
sent the latter company until the consolidation in
1876. After the lower road was extended to this
place in 1871, Bronson and Folsom gave up the
agency of the American, and L. E. Morris, star
tion agent, acted as agent for one year, then Mr.
Armstrong had it tiU the consolidation in 1876,
and afterward, till March 10th, 1880, when the
present agent, Frank Netzer, took charge of the
office. Mr. Netzer is the only express represent
ative here.

Telegraph and telephone companies. In 1863
A. C. Lull, an old telegraph operator, came to
Stillwater and endeavored to establish a tele-
graph line and office. The result" of his [efforts
was a subscription of f 1 ,500 which was paid to the
Northwestern Telegraph Company as a bonus to
establish an office in the city. Mr. LuU was the
appointed manager, but business was so mea jre
that for a time it was feared the company would
be obliged to close the office. Soon population
increased and with it the business of the tele-
graph line,^which now has a monthly business of
about 1400. The office is on Main street between
Chesnut and Myrtle, and is under the manage-
ment of C. E. White.

The" National Bell Telephone Exchange, es-
tablished an office in Stillwater in January, 1880,
and is meeting with liberal patronage. There
are about fifty instruments in use connecting the
city with St. Paul and Minneapolis.

FIRE DEPARTMENT.

The first efforts for the organization of a com-
pany to resist fire, were made in February, 1859.
After several meetings of citizens and slight

CITY OF STILLWATBB—FIBE BEPABTMJUNT.

529

action on the part of the city council, the matter
was allowed to drop without the formation of any
organization for the protection of property. In
1872, after the city had been visited by several
destructive conflagrations, the city council or-
dered the erection of a temporary building for
housing a fire engine. Steps were at once taken
to secure an engine, and resulted in the purchase
of a "Silsby," at a cost of $7,375. The condition
on which the engine was purchased, was a test as
follows: the engine, stationed near the lake, was
to force a stream through fifteen hundred feet of
hose and throw it over the court-house dome.
The test was made May 29th, 1872, with satisfac-
tory results. A company was at once formed
numbering sixty volunteer members, with the
following officers: David Bronson, chief engi-
neer; B. G. Merry, first assistant; H. P. West,
second assistant; C. C. Johnson, engineer; W. T.
Per Lee, secretary; Fayette Marsh, treasurer.

The first call of this company for active duty,
was on the evening of June 3d, 1872. They were
on hand at the scene of the fire promptly, and in a
few moments, by well-directed efforts, suppressed
the flames. Since then the department has ren-
dered efficient service. The equipment consists
of a number three Silsby engine, two hose-carts
and fifteen hundred feet of hose. The engine-
house is of brick, and is located on Commercial
street, between Main and Second. The otficers
are: David Bronson, chief engineer; A. K. Doe,
first assistant; William M. May, second assistant,
Officers of steam flre engine department, known,
as '"Stillwater, NumberOne," J. W. Johnson, en-
gineer; R. Day, fireman; F. E. Joy, foreman; S.
A. Krone, driver; J. C. Rhodes, secretary; and
Joseph Tanner, treasurer.

St. Croix Hook and Ladder Company Number
One, is also located on Commercial, between
Main and Second streets. This company has
been of great value in the suppression of fires,
and is an able assistant of the engine company.
The officers of this organization are: Charles Mc-
Millan, foreman; D. B. Loomis, assistant fore-
man; A. K. Doe, secretary and treasurer. This
company has been presented, for services ren-
dered, a purse of one hundred dollars, by L. E.
Torinus, flag and stafiE by Schulenburg and Boeck-

eler Lumber Company, valued at one hundred
34

and fifty dollars; and a desk, valued at fifty dol-
lars, for hall, by Seymour, Sabin and Company.

The first building destroyed by flre was a house
belonging to John McKusick, which stood where
his present residence is located. The next was
the Northrup house, which burned in 1847. The
great fire of Stillwater, as it is called, occurred on
the morning of December 26th, 1866._ The fire
started on Main street, in the second building
from Chestnut street, and before it could be
brought under control, destroyed twelve build-
ings. The losses were quite heavy, and fell upon
a class hardly able to bear them. March 6th,
1872, a fire broke out in a building, comer of
Main and Nelson streets. Six buildings were
consumed and three families left homeless. Two
men lost their Uves during this fire. In Decem-
ber, 1872, a fire started in a building adjoining
the Lake house. The engine was promptly on
hand and for a time did good work, then became
disabled. The Lake house and four buildings
were destroyed. In 1873, a fire occurred at the
state prison, but the fire companies were prompt
and checked it with small loss. A number of
small fires have occurred, but Stillwater has thus
far escaped a conflagsation of much magnitude,
and with the present efficient flre department, may
feel secure against future visitations.

BUSINESS BLOCKS, AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

The Sawyer block was built by Henry Sawyer,
in 1856, and was the first stone building erected
in Stillwater. The upper story of this building
was used as lecture room and for public hall. In

1856, the blocks erected, were the McComb, built
by McComb, Simpson and Company, now owned
by Isaac Staples and used as a general merchan-
dise store, and the Falen block, of brick. In

1857, the Eldridge brick block and the Bernhei-
mer block, built by Elam Greeley. 1858, the Hol-
combe block, built by Wm. Holcombe; the Odd
Fellows meet in a hall in this block. In 1865,
Mr. Schlenk built a block of stone, known as
Concert Hall. In 1866, the First National Bank
erected its block. The year following, the L. E.
Torinus block was built. The Morin brick block
was built in 1869. The Brunswick, the Green,
and the Ilersey and Staples blocks were erected
in 1871. Wolf's brewery was built in 1872, and
the same year, Deragisch and Henning and West

530

mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

ing and Ditman built. The Union block was
built in 1873-4, by three different parties; H.
Evans and E. Sinclair, in 1873, P. H. Potts, in
1874, and Geo. Volmer, in 1876. Other blocks
erected in 1873, W. W. Holcombe's and the
Staples block. In 1874, the Shultz block was
built by T. Shultz. The Marsh block by F.
Marsh, in 1879. The Schermuly and Hardy block
in 1880. '

COUBT-HOUSE.

As previously stated, the first court-house was'
built by Joseph R. Brown about 1841. It was
located near where Sehulenburg and Boeckeler's
lumber mill now stands. It is not certain that
this building was ever used for judicial purposes.
It was finally torn down and the material used
in the construction of a building at Stillwater.
The second court-house was erected on the
corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, in 1849,
at a cost of f 3,600. The lot was donated by
John McKusick. This building was 31x60 feet,
and but one story high, furnishing one large
room and two small ones. This was the first
court-house in the territory of Minnesota. In 1866
the people began to consider the need of erecting
new buildings for the use of Washington county,
which led to the submission of the question to
the people at the fall election, and resulted in a
decision in favor of their erection.

In the spring of 1867 the county commissioners
invited proposals for the construction of county
buildings, consisting of court-house and jail. A
city block was donated for the site by Messrs.
Churchill and Nelson . The contract was awarded
to G. M. Seymour and W. M. May, the building
to cost 146,500, and to be constructed in accord-
ance with plans submitted by A. F. Knight
architect. The contractors agreed to complete
the buildings as indicated by the plans, leaving
off the two upper tiers of cells. The cost, in
addition to the contract, on account of changes
ordered by the commissioners, was $9,757, making
a total cost of 155,257. The jail is in the wing
on the south-east of the court-house, and is both
strong and convenient. In 1868 the board of
commissioners had a Wall erected on the north
and east sides of the lot. The buildings are
finely located, and are a credit to the county of
Washington and city of Stillwater.

POST-OFFICE.

The pioneers of this embryo city were subject
to many inconveniences for the want of facilities
for forwarding and receiving mails. Prairie du
Chien being the nearest point on the south from
which they could obtain their maUs. Wl^en any
one of their number was called upon for business or
pleasure to make a trip to the south or east, he
was commissioned as post boy and well loaded
with business as well as letters of kindly re-
membrance to the loved ones left behind in the
eastern home. The iufrequency of these trips,
down river as they were termed, made it very in-
convenient for the settlers. Much more so when
by negligence the one sent by, forgot to deposit
the mail in the office, but on his return found the
package in his trunk, such being the case with
one entrusted with the transmission of mails to
Prairie du Chien. The increase of settlers to-
gether with the increase of facilities soon began
to obviate these difficulties. In the faU of 1845
a petition was forwarded to the department at
Washington from the citizens asking for the es-
tablishment of an office at this point, also for the
transportation of the mails, which was granted,
and a commission forwarded to Elam Greeley as
post-master, January 18th, ' 1846. The office was
kept in the store of John McKusick, comer of
Main and Myrtle streets. The commissions be-
ing very light, Mr. Greeley concluded at the end
of one year, that it did not pay him to devote his
time to the office, and it was transferred to Mr.
John McKusick. At the expiration of his term, it
was transferred successively to John S. Proctor,
Harley Curtis, Mahlon Black, Abraham Van
Vorhes, D. H. Cutler, and E. G. Butts, the pres-
ent incumbent. After the office left the store of
Mr. McKusick, it was kept at different points
until it reached its present locality, corner of
Second and Chestnut streets. The business of
the office has increased steadily, but rapidly, from
the beginning. At the close of the first ten
years, it was found that in 1856, the total receipts
of the office for the year for stamps -alone was
$2,536. Prior to November, 1856, the mails were
only received tri- weekly, but after that date
through the earnest efforts of the citizens, a daily
mail was received. Soon after the money order
department was added to the office which greatly
increased the facilities for business. In 1870,

CITY OF STILLWATEB—0PEBA HOUSE.

531

this branch of the office issued six hundred and
flfty-nine money orders, amounting to $12,957.99,
also paying two hundred and' eighteen orders,
amounting to $5,505.80. In 1871, the office is-
sued nine hundred and twenty-six orders amount-
ing to $15,771.90, and paid two hundred and
twenty-two orders, amounting to $6,488.81. The
receipts of the office for box rent, stamps, and
postage on papers and periodicals with envelopes
and wrappers for 1879, was $7,891.08; the expen-
ses for the same year were $3,337.20, making the
total income for the year $4,553.88. The receipts
for 1880, were $10,825.83, and the expenses for
the same were $3,445.75, giving a total income
from the office of $7,380.08. Money received for
orders for 1879, was 138,820.46, and money paid
on orders same year, $16,683.24. Money received
for orders 1880, was $30,943.99, and paid $20,-
729.17. Number of registered packages for 1879,
was 2,312; for 1880, was 2,774; number of letters,
postal cards, newspapers to subscribers, transient
printed matter; merchandize packages and official
letters for 1870, was 400,720, and the same for
1880, was 745,680.

PUBLIC HALLS.

Among the first buildings erected in new towns
provision is made for a hall or place where the
people can congregate for purposes of amusement
and education. The first building used for pub-
lic entertainments in Stillwater, was the Lake
house, built in 1849. Next was the Schlenk hall,
in the Sawyer block, built in 1855. The Armory
hall was opened to the public in 1855. Joseph
Carli and Samuel Mathews erected a frame build-
ing in 1866, known as Opera hall. In 1872, Hor-
sey and Staples built a block on the comer of
Main and Myrtle streets, the third story of which
was finished for a hall with a seating capacity of
six hundred. This was known as Opera hall and
was the principal public hall until the building
of the

GRAND OPERA HOUSE.

This building, the pride of the city and the
finest opera house in the north-west, was erected
in 1880-'81, by L. E. Torinus, E. W. Durant, E.
J. Wheeler and A. T. Jenks. These enter-
prising gentlemen purchased of Dr. Carli, in the
spring of 1879, a lot on Main street, between
Chesnut and Nelson, for which $10,000 was paid.

The foundation was completed during that sea-
son and the superstructure in 1880. The mside
finishing and furnishing was completed in May,
1881. The design was furnished by EadclifE of
St. Paul and the supervision of the work was en-
trusted to Samuel Eldred. The building has a
frontage of ninety feet and a depth of one hund-
red "and twenty feet. On the ground floor are
four large store rooms with plate glass fronts.
The railroad transfer tracks run in the rear of the
building and afford excellent facilities for the re-
ceipt and shipment of goods. In the walls were
used 600,000 brick and the building has been pro-
nounced by competent judges, a structure of un-
usual strength. The basement is divided by stone
walls corresponding to the stores above, and has
a floor of cement. The exterior of the building
is handsomely finished and is a combination of
the Queen Anne, Victoria, and the Gothic styles
of architecture. The trimmings are of Kasota
stone, making it the finest looking building in the
city. The main entrance is at the north-west
comer and from it a stairway ten feet in width
leads to the second fioor.

At the head of the stairway is located the office
of Durant, Wheeler and Company, which is fin-
ished in hard wood and elegantly furnished. To
the left is the ticket office, in gothic style, and
again to the left is a short fiight of stairs leading
to the main corridor, which is 12x52 feet. At the
end of the corridor is the ladies' toilet room,
richly furnished. From the corridor six arches
open into the auditorium, affording easy egress
for the largest audience that could be placed in
the theatre. The hall is arranged after the usual
plan, dividing it into four sections, dress circle,
paiquette, balcony, and gallery, and has a total
seating capacity of 1,217, of which the dress
circle seats 446, parquette 190, balcony 415, gal-
lery 150 and boxes 16. The opera chairs are of
an improved pattern, with a hat-rest beneath each
one. Numerous aisles, all carpeted, lead through
the dress circle to the parquette, affording easy
access to every seat. The circle railing is very
handsome, of heavy bronze wire, with gold ornar
ments, and the rail upholstered with crimson
plush. The auditorium is beautifully frescoed. In
the center of the proscenium arch is a large me-
dallion of Shakspeare, and around the hall eleven
others, Hayden, Schiller, Bach, Goethe, Dickens,

532

EI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Handel, Walter Scott, Longfellow, Mozart, Tenny-
' son and Beethoven. In the dome is a beautiful
painting representing the genius of fine arts, in
the center of a group consisting of poetry, paint-
ing, architecture, sculpture, music and the drama.

The proscenium boxes, four in number, form
part of the arch, two on each side, one above the
other, and by the great beauty of their decora-
tions add greatly to the effect of the stage. On
top of each upper box is a beautiful female figure
representing summer and autumn, and on the
same box, stands a life-like bust of Newton and
Byron.

The stage, which is the flne§t west of Chicago,
is thirty-nine feet wide by sixty-six feet long, and
is supplied with all the mechanical appliances of
a well-appointed stage. The scenes are all
worked from the top, and there are no slides on
the floor, thus giving the entire size of the stage.
The scenery is all first-class, and so arranged
that it can shifted in the shortest possible space
of time. To the right, and underneath the stage,
are the dressing-rooms, nine in number. The
ladies' rooms are elegantly furnished and sup-
plied with gas and water conveniences. The
star's room is luxuriantly furnished with Brussels
carpet, large mirror and furniture to correspond.

At each side of the wings are two standing
water-pipes, each having a hose attached and
ready for use; also in the fly galleries there are
two pipes with hose connected. Any, or all of
these are ready for use at a moment's warning,
and the house can be flooded in a few minutes
time. Every precaution has been taken to guard
against fire.

The drop curtain is 32x26 feet, and is a marvel
of beauty and fine work, representing a scene in the
garden of the Tuileries in the time of Louis XIV.
The drapery of the curtain is a beautiful scene
typifying spring inachariot drawn by butterflies.
The whole was painted by Signor Arragoni, the
scenic artist, and is a credit to both the artist and
the owners. The orchestra pit, which is lowered
so as to not obstruct the view of the stage, is
railed in with a handsome and massive silver
plated railing.

The facilities for heat, light and ventilation,
are in every way first class. In the cellar are two
sets of boilers, one for heating the stores and
the ofiice of Durant, Wheeler and Company, and

one exclusively for the opera house. Air passages
lead from the basement to the third floor, where
the heat is diffused throughout the house by one
thousand small registers. The steam radiators
in the balcony and in the corridor, also assist in
heating. The system of ventilation is as perfect
a one as is used. The hot air passes through the
ceiling through two ventilators which are not
visible. In the pipes, which are five feet in di-
ameter, leading from the ventilators to the ori-
fices in the roof, are placed steam ventilators
which heat the air as it passes out, and thus aid
materially the ventilation of the building. The
entire building is lighted by gas.' Two large
globe lamps light the street entrance and a twelve
light chandelier is placed in the lobby. In the
corridor are forty jets, and in the auditorium one
hundred and one jets judiciously arranged give
ample light. The arrangement of the stage
lights has been such that the greatest effects can
be obtained, and the lights of the whole house
can be controlled from the stage.

Taken altogether, this opera house is most
complete in its appointments, and the enterpris-
ing owners deserve great credit for their generous
outlay in furnishing the city of Stillwater with
an opera house of which any city might be proud.
The formal opening took place on Wednesday,
May 11th, 1881. Prior to the rolling up of the
curtain, Hon. WUliam M. McCluer came upon
the stage and formally presented the house to the
public in language substantially as follows:

'■'■Ladies and Gentkmen: A dedication to the
public use of any public building is a matter of
interest to those to whom it is dedicated.
Especially is this the case when it. marks a step
in its advance, and it becomes a pleasure to pay
tribute to the influences which have brought the
enterprise about. Through all history probably
nothing has given us a clearer insight into the
civilization of past ages than the temples which
they have erected devoted to the amusement of
the people. The Coliseum, even in ruins, testi-
fied to the power and wealth of the Koman em-
pire, and had all the marks of the ruder sports
which prevailed, and which testified to the dis-
regard of human life which existed. The more
chaste and elaborate temple of Olympia was the
evidence of the more refined civilization which
prevailed at that time. Both of these magnifl-

CITT OF STILLWATER— STATE PBISON.

533

cent buildings are the products of the arts in
periods of the highest civilization, and the theater
has ever been the object upon which the supremest
efforts of architects, sculptors and painters have
been bestowed. Shall we then say that these may
work the debauchery of the people of this place
for a moral and political desolation? I might
say much more on this point than the time will
permit by returning to the good old days. Must
I say that the halcyon days of the theater have
passed away? We no longer look to the state
for the building of temples of amusement, and
must rely upon the enterprise of private citizens,
and it is not the least of our reasons for congre-
gating to-night that we have persons who have
been willing to lay at our feet the product of their
wealth, taste and enterprise for our dedication.
Perhaps no place has fostered from the earliest
time all dramatic entertainments so much as ours.
We may regard this as a verification of the
proverb that 'as the twig is bent the tree will in-
cline.' This is historically true, for it lives in
tradition that when a strange craft came up the
stream, which proved to be Jake Fisher's wagon,
he tied it to a Korway stump, and attracted by
the musical sounds of an Indian drummer, he
espied the stately outline of an Indian tepee, to
which he made his way. No box-office proved a
barrier to his way, and the ushers, without checks,
showed him to the reserved seats, and the scalp-
dance went on. It is needless to say the enter-
tainment was an unqualified success, and that he
was invited to a dog-feast in the green-room at
the close. Is it any wonder, then, that this
public, led by the influence of its early settlers,
should have a taste for the drama in all its forms?"
The speaker went on to recite that it was im-
possible for him to give any history of the drama
in Stillwater, but in a felicitous manner referred
to the earlier times of amusement in the city,
touching them with bits of humor and local hits
that were greeted with applause and laughter by
the audience. "But all these places have passed
away," continued Mr. McCluer. "They have
performed their part, and we have a more mag-
nificent place for our amusement, and, I trust,
for our improvement. I can only hope that those
whose taste, liberality and enterprise have given
us this beautiful place may never have occasicin
to regret their choice, and that its chaste beauty,

and the elegance in all its appointments, may
exert such an influence upon the actors that there
will be no cause to call to the face of any auditor
a blush of regret. May its stage exert a re-
fining influence, such .as its beauty must ever con-
tinue to do."

CHAPTER LXXI.

MINNESOTA STATE PRISON BRIDGE SECRET

SOCIETIES NEWSPAPERS SCHOOLS

CHURCHES.

This institution was located at Stillwater by an
act of legislature passed November 1st, 1849.
In 1851 a lot four hundred feet square was in-
closed by a fourteen foot wall, four feet thick at
the bottom and two and one-half at the top. In
this was the prison house, a building 30x40 feet,
three stories high, back of which, a wing 20x60
feet, contained six cells and other rooms for the
closer confinement of prisoners. In 1853 an
addition containing six more cells and a dungeon,
was built. The entire cost of buildings and
ground, five thousand dollars, was paid by the
United States government. The machinery,
costing eight thousand dollars was the property
of the warden, an d consisted of sash and door,
and shingle machinery.

By an act approved in 1853, the control of the
prison was put into the hands of a warden, and
a board of inspectors, and in accordance with
this act, P. R. Delano, the first warden appointed
entered upon the discharge of his duties in March,
1853. The first year there were no convicts.
The second year there were two convicts, and
seven or eight persons from counties which had
no suitable quarters for their confinement; in
1856, one, and in 1857, none.

By an act of the legislature, the warden was
directed to receive all persons committed from
counties unprovided with suitable jail buildings.
In consequence of this act, the prison was filled
to its capacity. ~

The rule charging three dollars per week for
board, and requiring payment for five weeks in

534

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

advance, was adopted. If, at the expiration of
that period, board was not again paid in advance,
the prisoner was released. This led to such
abuse of power, and carelessness on the part of
the prison oflBcials that the attention of the grand
jury was attracted, and they made the following
report:

"We, the grand jury in and for the county of
Washington and territory of Minnesota, at the
general term of the district court of the Second
judicial district, held at the court-house in the
city of Stillwater on the 2d day of November,
1857, beg leave to. submit the following report to
the honorable court: That in the discharge of
our duties we have visited and examined the ter-
ritorial penitentiary, situated in the city of Still-
water, Minnesota territory, and found F. R.
Delano, warden, and Michael McHale, deputy
warden, in charge thereof, and with them made a
personal inspection of the same, and find that
there is now conflned in said prison six persons;
that since April, 1855, there have been eleven
escapes of prisoners, and that five have been dis-
charged and set free by the officers of the prison
for the reason that the county commissioners of
the several counties from which they came, have
not paid their board in advance, many of whom
were committed for high crimes, and some of
them for the highest crime known to law, to-wit;
murder, as is shown by the records of the prison-

"It further appears to the grand jury that from
the negligent and careless mariner in which the
affairs of the prison are conducted, that one Abel
Wilcox, who was committed on a charge of mur-
der, did escape, as is shown by the records, by
means unknown to the warden, and that no re-
ward has been offered and no steps whatever
have been taken for his apprehension.

"And it further appears that on the morning of
his escape the cell in which he was coiT&ned was
found locked and in good order, and with no
marks of violence thereon or about the same, but
that his escape must have been with the assist-
ance and privity of some person or persons con-
nected with the prison and having access to the
keys. It also appears that the keys to the prison
and cells were kept in so careless a manner in die
office, that they were accessible not only to per-
^ons in and about the prison, but to outsiders.
It was also found in such examination that one

Maria Eoffin, committed on a charge of seUing
spirituous liquors to Indians within the territory
of the United States, escaped, in the words of the
record, 'by leaving the prison,' and it is a matter
of astonishment to this grand jury that she so
magnianimously consented to leave the peniten-
tiary behind her.

"The grand jury also find that within the past
two years there have been numerous escapes of
prisoners, which if the manner and means could
be ascertained, would cast a deep shadow over
the fair fame of our territory, and consign the
officers of the prison to any place but an office of
trust. It is the opinion of the grand jury that
the prison, with some slight repairs, is, ui its
present state, sufficient, with due care and atten-
tion on the part of its officers, for the safe-keep-
ing of a limited number of prisoners; but that an
immediate enlargement and improvement is abso-
lutely necessary for the increasing wants of the
territory, and to put it in a state of permanent
security.

"Prom the best information obtainable, suffi-
cient appropriations have been made by the
United States, and contracts entered into for the
completion of an addition to the prison contain-
ing ten new ceUs, but from reasons unknown to
this body, said contracts have never been fulfilled,
and we are of the opinion that the responsibility
lies principally at the hand of the inspectors of the
prison, who should receive a rebuke from the
proper authority.

"An act has been presented to this body pur-
porting to have been passed at the late railroad
extra session of the legislature of the territory
conferring upon the officers of the prison, almost
unlimited power as to the receiving, safe keeping
and discharging of prisoners, under which they
claim the right to set the order or judgment of
any court committing for trial at defiance, unless
the board of prisoners shall be prepaid by the
county from which such prisoners are sent.

"They do not receive a prisoner unless his
board be prepaid for five weeks, at the rate of
f 8.00 per week, and a sufficient amount of cloth-
ing furnished; and at the end of that period
should the county neglect to prepay his board,
they discharge the prisoner and are exonorated
from all liability for his safe keeping; and for so
slight a reason persons guilty of all crimes known

CITT OF STILLWATEB— STATE PBI80N.

535

to the laws, are turned loose upon the commu-
nity and allowed to go scot free.

"There are other features in the act which ar-
equally obnoxious, and it is a matter of surprise
that an intelligent legislature could he found who
would pass such an act; and still more surpris-
ing that a person holding the high position of the
executive of the territory, should lend his oflttcial
signature to the same. We take this occasion to
respectfully call the attention of the executive and
approaching legislature to the provisions of the
act, arid to the general management of the terri^
torial penitentiary, all of which is respectfully
submitted. J. E. McKusick, H. "W". Greeley,
Thomas Wright, James Shearer, W. C. Penney,
W. P. Spencer, George Harris, William H.
Mower, S. Partridge, Alfred Wright, SalmaTrus
sell, J. R. Meredith,' James R. Moore, E. D.
Farmer, A. D. Kingsley, George Holt, Samuel
Goff."

This state of affairs was amended by special
legislation, and the management of the prison
henceforth gave better satisfaction. In 1860 the
number of convicts cared for was ten, and were
provided with a uniform designed by John S.
Proctor. Previous to this, one-half of the head
was shaved to distinguish the prisoners. This
prison garb, cap, close-fitting hip-coat and pants,
was made of heavy blanket cloth, with black
stripes on white ground. In 1861 the number of
convicts was sixteen; in 1862 all that could
possibly be cared for. This led to an application
for increased facilities.

John S. Proctor, after a term of eight years,
as warden, was succeeded by Joshua L. Taylor,
of Taylor's Falls, February 15th, 1868. A com-
mittee from the legislature made a visit to the
prison during this month, and perceived the
necessity of providing for the care of a larger
number, and the result of the visit was that im-
mediate steps were taken to enlarge the grounds,
and erect more commodious buildings. The con-
tract to build dry-house and shops, costing f 14,-
500, was awarded to Seymour, Sabin and Com-
pany, May 3d, 1869. During this year, the walls
were extended, enclosing nine and one-half acres
of ground.

The principal prison building was erected in
1870, costing $74,000, and has since been enlarged,
at a cost of about five thousand dollars. It J

contains the hospital, deputy warden's residence,
chapel, guard's room, mess-room, kitchen, prison
offices, and two hundred and ninety-four cells,
for males and five for females.

The area of floor room in the shops besides
that occupied by the engine and boilers, is fifty-
five thousand square feet. The engine and boil-
ers were taken by the state during the past cur-
rent year at an appraised value of $19,906.55, to
be paid In convict labor, at the rate of forty
cents per head per day. The value of prison
property, appraised by the board of inspectors in
December, 1869, was $72,251.19: appropriations
since, $299,121; improvements not paid for
amount to $5,447.06; total valuation of property
at present is, $376,819.25. The total number of
commitments to November 26th, 1880, is 1,243;
number of inmates, November 26th, two hundred
and fifty-two.

The following are the dates upon which the
various wardens have entered upon the discharge
of their duties: F. E. Delano, March, 1853;
Francis O. J. Smith, March 4th, 1858; H. N. Set-
zer, August 4th, 1858; John S. Proctor, January
1st, 1860; Joshua L. Taylor, February 16th, 1868;
A. C. Webber, March 16th, 1870; Henry A. Jack-
man, October, 1870; J. A. Reed, the present in-
cumbent, August 3d, 1874. The board of prison
inspectors now consists of, E. G. Butts, Stillwa-
ter; L. E. Reed, St. Paul; John DeLaittre, Min-
neapolis; the warden, ex officio clerk of board.

The oflBcers of the prison are: J. A. Reed,
warden; Abraham Hall, deputy warden; W. H.
Pratt, physician; W. H. Harrington, chaplain;
M. E. Murphy, Catholic chaplain; J. W. Dins-
more, clerk; W. H. Smithson, steward; D. W.
Bolles, hospital steward; Miss Annie Dowling,
matron; W. C. Reed, usher; W. H. H. Taylor, Jr.,
hall guard; B. F. Burns and C. F. Dinsmore,
gate-keepers; A. H. Chase, H. C. Pierce, Lester
Bordwell, DetlofiE Jarchow, George Sencerbox,
John C. Gardner, Leonard Craig, wall guards.

The number of convicts since 1858 have been
as follows: 1858, two; 1859, five; 1860, sixteen;
1861, twelve; 1862, seven; 1863, eight; 1864,
seven; 1865, eleven; 1866, twenty-nine; 1867,
thirty-six; 1868, thirty-one; 1869, forty-seven;
1870, thirty-nine; 1871, sixty; 1872, fifty-nine;
1873, sixty-four; 1874, ninety-three; 1875, ninety-
six; 1876, ninety; 1877, one hundred and forty-

536

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

five; 1878, two hundred and eighteen; 1879, two
hundred and flfty-four.

On Thursday evening, December 11th, 1879, a
convict named John Clark, committed from Hen-
nepin county, was reported to the guard as in-
subordinate. A few days before Clark had made
a murderous attack with a putty-knife on a
fellow convict named Ramsden, and but for the
interference of others would have killed the man.
For this he was punished by several days soli-
tary confinement. After his release he was set
to painting wagon-wheels. Forty is an average
day's work, though generally Clark painted only
from fifteen to eighteen a day. On the day men-
tioned twenty were allotted to Clark, who refused
to perform the labor. Upon being informed by
the guard, deputy warden Hall went to the paint-
shop and ordered Clark and another convict who
had been, shirking to go to their cells. The other
prisoner obeyed, but Clark profanely refused to
do so. Hall took out his watch and told Clark
he had three minutes in which to obey. At the
expiration of five minutes Hall drew his revolver
and asked the prisoner if he did not intend to
obey, and received in answer,'"No!" Hall then
fired, the prisoner received the ball through the
heart and instantly expired. A coroner's jury
exonerated Mr. Hall from all criminality in the
affair, as Clark was an exceedingly desperate
character, and had at the ' time in his hand a
double-edged putty-knife, which he would not
• have hesitated to use on any person attempting
to take hold of him.

STILLWATER BRIDGE.

The legislature of 1875 authorized the question
of erecting a bridge across the St. Croix, to be
voted upon by the people at the annual election
in April. The question was carried by a major-
ity of six hundred and ninety-three votes.

At a meeting of the council held May 4th, fol-
lowing, the bridge was located at the foot of
Chestnut street, and a bridge committee ap-
pointed. The contract was awarded to John
Lawlor, of Prairie du Chien, at $24,400. It has
a three hundred foot pontoon draw, near the west
shore of the lake, a two hundred foot truss and
ten sixty foot spans, ten spans of thirty feet at
each end of the draw. The short spans are so ad-
justed that they can be made level with the pon-

toon at any stage of the water. The draw is op-
erated by a small steam engine, and is controlled
by a seven hundred foot chain, used as a guy.
The structure was completed in 1876, and a toll
is charged to passengers.

SOCIETIES.

Freemasonry was introduced into the territory
of Minnesota by dispensation granted from the
Grand Lodge of Ohio, August 4th, 1849, to es-
tablish a lodge with the title of "St. Paul's
Lodge," at St. Paul. October 12th, 1850, a dis-
pensation was granted from the grand lodge of
Wisconsin to establish a lodge with the title of
"St. John's Lodge, Xo. 1," of Stillwater. Dur-
ing the year 1852, a dispensation was also granted
by the grand lodge of Illinois, for the organiza-
tion of a lodge under the. title of "Cataract
Lodge," at St. Anthony. Delegates from the
three lodges thus formed met at St. Paul, Febru-
ary, 28th, 1853, and organized a Grand Lodge,
with A. E. Ames as first grand master.

The officers under the dispensation out of which
St. John's lodge was formed were F. K. Bartlett,
W. M.; H. N. Setzer, S. W., and W. Holcombe,
J. W. The regular organization under charter
was efEected October 9th, 1852, with the follow-
ing officers: F. K. Bartlett, W. M.; H. N. Setzer,
S. W.; W. Holcombe, J. W.; Daniel McLean,
treasurer; A. Van Vorhes, secretary. At this
date the lodge is prosperous and in fine working
order with the following list of officers: A. K.
Doe W. M.; Frank Chase, S. W.; W. H. Pratt,
J. W.; E. A. Folsom, S. D.; II. T. King, J. D.;
E. Capron, treasurer; W. H. Richardson, secre
tary; R. Daw, tyler; A. Ricker, S. S., and John
Brown. J. S.

The Washington Royal Arch Chapter No. 17,
of Stillwater, was organized Mai'ch 9th, 1868, by
virtue of a dispensation issued February 22d,
1868, by Luther Dearborn, the most excellent
high priest of the state of Minnesota. This chap-
ter was organized with ten charter members, and
the following officers: K. A. Hvmtoon, M. E. H.
P.; Robert Langley, "king," and John Green,
"scribe." The large list of active members
evinces the prosperity of the chapter, which meets
in their beautiful rooms on the last Thursday of
each month, on Main, between Myrtle and Chest-
nut streets. At this date eighty-three active

CITY OF STILLWATEE -SOCIETIES.

537

members are enrolled with the following officers:
Hugh Hall, M. E. H. P.: B. G. Merry, E. K.;
J. A. Eeed, E. S.; A. K.Doe, C. H.; P. B. Smith,
P. S.; Abe. Hall, E. A. C; C. B. Jack, G. 1st V.;
W. D. King, G. 2d V.; F. H. Lemon, G. 3d V.;
E. Capron, treasurer; J. W. Dinsmore; secretary.

Bayard Commandery, No. 11, Knights Templar,
of Stillwater, was organized March 27, 1878, with
thirteen charter members, by dispensation issued
from the "Eight Eminent Grand Commander" of
the "Grand Commandery," of the state of Minne-
sota, with the following officers: W. G. Bron-
son, E. C; E. E. Hersey, G. and D. B. Loomis,
C. G. At the triennial conclave of the general
grand encampment, held in Chicago, in August,
1880, this commandery acted as escort to the
grand commandery of the state, and at
the grand review ■ received the highest com-
pliments from the grand commander for their
prompt and graceful display of Knights Tem-
plar tactics. The present membership is fifty-
four, with the following officers: "W". G. Bronson,
E. C; E. E. Hersey, G.;E. G. Merry, C. G.; John
W. Dinsmore, secretary, and J. H. Eeed, treas-
urer.

Early in the history of the territory of Minne-
sota, the Independent Order of Odd Fellowship
was established at Stillwater, by a deputy grand
master from Galena, Illinois, who in the spring of
1849 instituted what was known as Lodge Number
One, the same to work under the jurisdiction of
the grand lodge of the United States. The fol-
lowing were among its charter members: Henry
Moss, W. Hollingshead, Albert Harris, D. D.
Loomis, Sylvanus Trask, G. W. Battles, W. Stout
and Martin Johnson. It became a flourishing
lodge and continued so until 1863, when, in con-
sequence of its number being so greatly dimin-
ished by its members enlisting as soldiers in the
army for the suppession of the rebellion, the in-
terests of the society were in a great measure lost,
so much so that on the 4th day of March, same
year, the charter was surrendered, together with
eight hundred dollars, the amount of the widows^
and orphans' fund then in the hands of the so-
ciety. On the 5th day of January, 1876, a new
charter was granted by the grand lodge of the
state of Minnesota. On the same date a new
lodge was instituted, known as Stillwater Lodge,
Number Fifty-one. The following officers were

duly installed by Grand Master Joseph Bergfleld:
George Low, N. G.; Lewis Grant, V. G.; Joseph
Wilkinson, past grand; F. D. Hall, secretary, and
Thomas Francis, treasurer. The lodge at this
date is in a flourishing condition, with a member-
ship of ninety. The present officers of the lodge
are as follows: S. C. Proctor, N. G.; W. S. Buf-
fer, V. G.; James Peterkins, secretary; James
Sinclair, treasurer, and John S. Proctor, deputy
grand master. In connection with the lodge is a
branch of the Minnesota Odd Fellows Mutual
Benefit Society.

Stillwater Lodge, number seven, of the Knights
of Pythias, was organized under dispensation,
November 30th, 1872, and under which it worked
until January, 1873, when a charter was granted
and a reorganization effected by the election of
the following officers: E. W. Durant, P. C; B.
G. Merry, C. C; D. H. Hersey, V. C; E. Leh-
micke, P. ; J. H. Sabin, K. of E. and S.; A. Fred-
erick, M. E.; F. Seibold, M. F. The society is in
a prosperous condition, with a membership of
ninety. Its meetings are held on Tuesday even-
ing of each week on Main, corner of Chestnut
street. The present officers are as follows: W.
II. H. Wheeler, P. C; B. G. Merry, C. C; Dr. W.
H. Caine, V. C; Geo. W. Culver, P.; J. C. Neth-
away, K. of E. andS.; W. H. Fellows, M. E.; E.
Holmes, M. F.

St. Croix Lodge No. 14, of the Ancient Order
of United Workmen was organized in Stillwater,
July, 1876. The first Past Master Workman was
M. O. A. Eicker; the next in course, M. A. Fred-
rick, followed by O. H. Comfort, L. Sargent, H.
J. Chambers, L. Proctor, M. Johnson, C. C.
Eeed, and A. Adams. Their present officers are:
C. C. Eeed, M. W.; H. J. Chambers, O.; F. E.
Joy, E.; G. W. Kelly, F.; A. A. Adams, G. F.; T.
H. Yarnell, E.; S. C. Morton, G.; W. SchilUng,
I. W.; L. C. Proctor, O. W. The meetings
of the society are held every Friday evening.
The object of the society is two-fold: that of
mutual benefit, and mutual life insurance. Its
growth is unprecedented in the history of secret
societies. Its present membership in the United
States is ninety-seven thousand, of which Minne-
sota has a large • proportion. The amount paid
by this order, in the way of life insurance in the
United States, in 1880, was $1,064,900, of
which, Minnesota paid $34,000.

538

HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Stillwater Lodge, No. 3, of the Sons of Herman,
was organized January 23d, 1876, by tlie German
citizens of Stillwater, for mutual benefit, in
connection with a life insurance department,
whereby each member's family, at his death,
receives $1,000. The order is said to be very
wealthy. Its present officers are Edwin Heppner,
president ; William Becker, vice president ;
August Arndt, secretary; Joseph Tanner, treas-
urer.

A second lodge of the same character was or-
ganized January 11th, 1881, and known as Con-
cordia Lodge of the Sons of Herman, No. 19.
The history of this lodge will be reserved for the
future. Its present officers are: Albert Drews,
president; Emil Kruger vice president; Robert
Gabbert, financial secretary; Albert Mellin, treas-
urer.

The Stillwater post, No. 13, of the Grand
Army of the Republic, was established by Grand
Commander, H. G. Hicks, March 4th, 1868,
assisted by Captain Schum, of Minneapolis. The
organization was effected by the election of the
following officers: W. M. May, post commander;
P. E. Keefe, post adjutant; S. Bloomer,
quartermaster. This post existed for two
years when it was discontinued. It was re-
organized in 1873, with Isaac Van Vleck as
post commander, and lived for about one year,
when it agam yielded to the fate of its predeces-
sor.

The present post was organized in 1874. The
present officers are Adam Marty, provisional
department commander; Samuel Bloomer, assist-
ant adjutant general. Muller Post, No. 1, meets
second and fourth Wednesdays of each month at
Knights of Pythias hall.

Stillwater City Hospital. The hospital asso-
ciation was organized March 22d, 1880, under the
corporate name of Stillwater City Hospital. The
corporators were Mrs. John McKusick, Mrs. Jas.
H. Spencer, Mrs. A. B. Easton, Mrs. E. D. Tay-
lor, Mrs. David Cover, Mrs. C. J. Butler, Mrs. J.
B. Davis, Mrs. B. P. Rice, Mrs. Elam Greeley,
Mrs. John G. Nelson, Mrs. John J. Robertson,
Mrs. Prank A. Seymour, all residents of the city.
The officers are Mrs. John McKusick, president
and superintendent; Mrs. James H. Spencer, vice-
president; Mrs. E. D. Taylor, secretary; Mrs.
John S. Proctor, treasurer. The building is sit-

uated on a half acre lot on an elevation about one
and one-half miles south-west of the business
center. It is two stories high with a one story
wing, the main part containing the matron's
room, dining room, and four rooms for patients
on the first floor, steward's rooms and four for pa-
tients on the second, the kitchen being in the
wing. The establishment will accommodate
fifteen patients. The largest number at one time
during the past year was fourteen. The property
was purchased of Henry Westing for ¥1,500, and
about one thousand dollars spent in repairing and
enlarging it. During the year past eighty-four
patients have been cared for, five of these gratui-
tously, some paying only a portion of the rates,
others full rates. The nationalities of these were,
German, seven; British and Canadian,twenty-two;
American, twenty-eight ; Scandinavians, twenty-
seven. There were eight deaths in the insti-
tution, four occurring within three days after the
arrival of the patients. Of twenty-five cases of
typhoid fever treated, only one has proved fatal.

The Stillwater Library association was organ-
ized January, 1859, with the following public-
spirited ladies as officers: Mrs. W. M. McCluer,
president; Mrs. E. W. Durant, secretary; Miss
Carrie Denton, treasurer and librarian.

The library has occupied several locations, and
is now kept at the rooms of the board of educa-
tion on the corner of Main and Myrtle streets.
Sixteen hundred volumes are now on its shelves.
H. R. Murdock, president; J. C. Rhodes, secre-
tary; Mrs. N. McCluer, treasurer; Mrs. E. J.
Treat, librarian.

The Washington County Bible society was or-
ganized in 1851; Major A. Van Vorhes, treasurer.
This society was organized in connection with the
Minnesota Bible society, an auxiliary of the
American, which had branches in the various
counties. From 1851 to 1870 local agencies were
maintained in nearly all the towns in the county,
which have since been discontinued.

1881. W. S. Goodhue, president; J. C. Webb,
vice-president; J. 8. Burnell, secretary; A. C.
Lull, treasurer and depositary; Rev. A. A. Kiehle,
Rev. D. Tice, D. W. Armstrong, Isaac Gray and
Peter Plummer, executive committee.

St. Joseph's Benevolent society is formed by
the male members of the German Catholic church
Of Stillwater, and was organized in November,

CITY OF STILLWATER— SOCIETIES.

539

1879, having for its object the cultivation of
sociability among members and the care of the
sick. Members are admitted between the ages
of eighteen and fifty years upon payment of
fifteen dollars initiation fees. The regular meet-
ings are held monthly. The oflScers are: Frank-
lin Storkamp, president; Ignatius Fazendin, sec-
retary; Louis "Wolf, treasurer.

St. Ann's society; instituted in November,
1866, by the married ladies of the German Cath-
olic church of this city. Its object is social and
benevolent relations between members of the
church. The membership numbers forty-five; the
fees are ten cents per month. The officers are
Mrs. John Smith, president; Mrs. Frederick
Roesche, secretary; Mrs. Anthony Krantz, treas-
urer.

The Young Ladies Society of the German
Catholic church was organized in November,
1879, for social and literary purposes and to se-
cure funds to furnish a library designed to pre-
serve the German language. The members,
numbering thirty-three, are young ladies belong-
ing to the church, who are admitted upon pay-
ment of twenty-five cents initiation fee, and ten
cents per month. The regular meetings are held
monthly, with Miss Minnie Roesche, president;
Miss Carrie Wolf, secretary; Miss Mary Miller,
treasurer.

St. Vincent de Paul conference, established
October 23d, 1870, has for its object the assist-
ance of the needy, and is under the patronage of
the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church.
The officers are: Rev. M. E. Murphy, spiritual
director; J. O'Shaughnessy, president; Edward
Flynn, vice-president; James Kelly, secretary;
John Karst, treasiurer.

L'etoile du Nord Lodge, number fifty-seven, I.
O. G. T., was organized at Masonic hall May 17th,
1866, with twenty charter members. The cere-
monies were conducted by State Deputy R.
Gregg. The first officers were: J. N. Castle,
Mrs. Kate W. Stickney, R. Lehmicke, A. C. Lull,
E. F. Everett, James Gibbin, Miss Abbie Pres-
cott, E. E. Herron. This lodge continues its
regular meetings at present.

Good Templar Lodge of Stillwater. After a
series of lectures delivered by Rev. John Quig-
ley, G. W. C. T. of Minnesota, this lodge was
organized by the election of the following officers

in 1859: Rev. T. M. FuUerton, W. C. T.; Mfs.
C. Staples, W. V. T.; George Hooker, W. M.;
Miss Maggie E. Sawyer, W. S.; C. W. Lockwood,
W. O. G.; B. Webster, W. T. S.; W. Cover, W.
C; Miss H. T. Hinman, W. E. M.; Mrs. M.
Johnson, W. R. H. S.; Mrs. M. C. Wells, W. L.
H. C; J. S. Anderson, P. W. C. T.

Father Matthew Temperance Society was organ-
ized in November, 1872. The fees are one dollar
for initiation and ten cents per month thereafter.
The officers are: Daniel Donahue, president; J.
O'Shaughnessy, secretary; M. O'Brien, treasurer.

The Y. M. C. A. of Stillwater, was organized
in 1878, and is largely due to the energetic efforts
of J. C. Henning. The officers are: J. C. Hgn-
ning, president; W. T. Per Lee, secretary. At
first, meetings were held in the various churches,
but increasing prosperity created a demand for
permanent quarters, and in December, 1878,
steps were taken, and funds secured for the erec-
tion of a permanent building, which was com-
pleted in January, 1879, at a cost of one thousand
dollars. The association was duly incorporated
October 29th, 1878. In May, 1879, Mrs. J. L.
Treat was chosen librarian. The books are
mostly donated, and number about two hundred
volumes. The periodicals received at the reading-
room consist of twenty weeklies, four daUies,
three semi-monthlies and three monthlies. The
reading-room is open from eight o'clock, a. m.,
to nine p. m., each day. The oflBcers are: E.
Borscht, president; H. A. Rogers, secretary; A.
F. Saftenberg, treasurer; Mrs. J. L. Treat,
librarian.

Stillwater Temple of Honor, No. 10, was or-
ganized in September, 1876, with about fifty char-
ter members. In two years time it had increased
to about two hundred and fifty. The fees are
four dollars for initiation, and an annual charge
of two dollars. Present officers are, J. C. Gard-
ner, W. C. T.; J. H. Heisinger, W. R.; C. W.
Jellison, W. T.; A. F. Saftenberg, D. G. Still-
water Social Temple of Honor, No. 7, is an or-
ganization, supplementary to No. 10. The name
designating its object.

Northwestern Benefit Association, No. 1, a mu-
tual aid society, was organized in September,
1879. This is a lodge of an order working chiefly in
Wisconsin, Minnesota and Dakota. The lodge
has a membership of one hundred and twelve

540

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

and is composed of men between the ages of
twenty-one and fifty-flve years. Applicants,
are admitted after passing a satisfactory physical
examination, upon the payment of five dollars in-
itiation fee, and an assessment upon the death of
a member. No-policy exceeding $2,000 is allowed.
The officers are James Connors, president; Samuel
Bloomer, secretary; Julius Duel, treasurer.

Subordinate Union number one hundred and
sixty-five of The Equitable Aid Union of Penn-
sylvania, was established October 7th, 1880, with
the following officers: E. W. Chambers, presi-
dent; Myron WUUm, secretary; Samuel Bloomer,
treasurer. This order is a beneficiary organiza-
tion enabling the insurance of the lives of many
who would otherwise be unable to provide for
their families in case of death. Every person
presenting an application for a benefit is required
to pay to the accountant two assessments for the
benefit fund. The members are assessed a death
rate from time to time proportioned to the amount
of insurance carried. The officers are George
Borrowman, president; Myron Willim, secretary;
Samuel Bloomer, treasurer.

The StiU water Building Association was organ-
ized under the laws of the state, March 31st, 1877.
The object of the association was the raising of a
fund which in turn was loaned to its members to
assist them in the purchasing of a site and the
erection of a house, which became their property
by complying with the terms of the contract.
The association commenced business on the 5th
day of May, 1877, to continue for eighteen years
on certain conditions set forth in the constitu-
tion. The incorporators were as follows: D. M.
Sabin, F. Siebold, S. W. Conrad, E. E. Joy, E.
E. Hersey, John N. Darms, J. C. Henning, L. E.
Torinus, Ernest L. Hospes, Rudolph Lehmicke,
H. W. Cannon, Theodore Jassoy, E. A. Seymour
•and H. E. Murdock. Its elections to be held on
the 5th of May of each year. At the annual
meeting, its stockholders are requu-ed to pay fif-
teen cents on each share held, also a monthly in-
stallment of twenty-five cents. By rules of the
association the capital stock must never exceed
f 50,000, to be divided into five hundred shares.
It began business when f2,500 of stock had been
taken. Up to date four series had been issued;
the first issued May 5th, 1877, of $2,000; second
of $1,000, in 1878; third of $500, m 1879; the

fourth of $1,000, in 1880, making the total present
capital stock $4,500.

The organization of the old settlers association
was effected at the office of Durant, Wheeler and
Company, November 17th, 1875. The following
is the draft of the by-laws adopted by the asso-
ciation:

"The undersigned residents of the territory,
now state of Minnesota prior to January 1st,
1850, with the view of continuing old acquaint-
ance, maintaining friendly relations and enabling
us to keep alive the pleasant reminiscences and to
preserve the history of the early settlers of the
St. Croix Valley, do hereby agree to organize for
such purpose and adopt as regulations for the
government of our society, the following by-laws.
to- wit:

1. "This association shall be known at the St.
Croix Valley Old Settlers Association.

2. "AU males who were adults prior to Jan.
1st, 1850, and then residents of the Minnesota
portion of the St. Croix Valley shall be entitled
to membership in this asssociation.

3. "All persons eligible may become members
of this association by paying into the treasury,
the sum of one dollar.

4. "The first annual meeting to the held No-
vember 17th, 1875, and thereafter on the third
Wednesday of October in each year at the same
place.

5. "The officers of the association shall con-
sist of a president, vice-president, secretary and
treasurer. The last two offices may be held by
one and the same person, who shall be elected at
the annual meeting, but shall hold their respec-
tive offices until their successors shall be elected.

6. "The president, or in his absence the vice-
president shall preside at all meetings of the asso-
ciation, and he shall annually appoint an execu-
tive committee of three members, who shall have
a general supervision of all affairs of the asso-
ciation.

7. "The secretary and treasurer- shall keep a
record of the proceedings of all meetings of the
association, and shall receive all moneys due the
same, and pay them out upon the order of the
executive committes.

8. "This association shall not be dissolved so
long as three members of them shall convene at
the annual reunion, and may be continued until

CITY OF STILLWATER— NEWSPAPUBS.

541

the last surviving member shall have been called
to his final accounti"

The meeting convened with some forty mem-
bers.

The following ofiicers were elected, C. E. Leo-
nard, of Point Douglas,, president; Andrew
Mackey, of Afton, vice-president; D. B. Loomis,
Stillwater, secretary and treasurer: Wm. B. Dib-
ble, of Point Douglas; J. S. Proctor and John
McKusick, of Stillwater, executive committee.

Stillwater Mannerchor, a musical organization,
was founded in 1875. The first officers were P.
Seibold, president; Joseph A. Gunner, treasurer;
Charles Spangenberg, secretary. Any person
may become a member by paying two dollars
initiation fee, and monthly dues of twenty-flve
cents. The society furnishes an instructor in
vocal and instrumental music, meeting once a
week for practice, and once a month for business.
The officers are : H. Lahmann, president ;
Joseph "Wolf, vice president ; T. Jassoy, secre-
tary.

The first German society organized in the city,
was the Stillwater Gesangverein, or singing so-
ciety. The founders were: Carl Scheffer, Dr.
Carl Gerlicher, and Joseph E. Schlenk. At the
first meeting, held January 31st, 1859, the follow-
ing officers were elected: Louis Hospes, president;
Jos. Schlenk, secretary; C. Scheffer, treasurer;
-E. Lehmicke, musical director. The society was
doing good work when the War broke out, and
most of the members entering the army it was
disbanded. The funds on hand, amounting to
over one hundred dollars, were used in aiding
volunteers and their families. The last meeting
was held January 27th, 1863.

A German society was organized September
10th, 1869, under the name of Deutscher Verein,
but though it had quite a large membership dis-
solved-in 1872. The property was sold, and the
proceeds, as well as the cash on hand, were di-
vided among the members,

Stillwater Turnverein. This societywas founded
in 1859 by Louis Miller, who with a number of
other members, enlisted in Company B, of Still-
water, at the breaking out of the war. Miller,
who had attained the rank of captain, was killed
■ at the battle of Gettysberg. His remains were
brought to Stillwater, and buried by the society.
Sooh after this the society disbanded, and hav-

ing about eight hundred dollars in the treasury,
erected a monument over the grave of its founder,
in Baytown cemetery. The second organization
was effected August 23d, 1871, but disbanded
April 10th, 1873, with about one hundred dollars
in its treasury; re-organized in 1877, and again
in 1879, with the following officers: Henry
Goeck. president; C. Drechsler, vice president;
Julius Duel, secretary; N. E. Schwartz, treas-
urer; Joseph Deering, first gymnast; William
Becker, second gymnast. In 1877, the society
fitted up the old Episcopal church for a hall and
gymnasium, and two years later removed it to
the site of the Grand Opera house, then when
that building was begun it was again removed
to its present location near Chestnut street.

NEWSPAPERS.

Stillwater had been in existence ten years
before any effort was made towards the estab-
lishment of a newspaper. Among the first
thoughts of the settlers of a western town is the
newspaper, which serves as a medium for the
dissemination of local and foreign news, and by
its circulation in eastern homes sets forth the
advantages of the country and attracts immigra-
tion. The first newspaper published in Still-
water was "The Union," the first number of
which appeared October 2d, 1854. It was pub-
lished by a stock company consisting of Governor
Holcombe, Socrates Nelson, W. H. Mower, H.
N. Setzer, Thompson Parker and others. P. S.
Cable and W. M. Easton were the editors and
publishers. This paper was democratic in poli-
tics; it was discontinued November 13th, 1857.

The "Stillwater Messenger" was established
September 17th, 1856, under the auspices of A. J.
Van Vorhes, editor and publisher. This is the
oldest paper in the country that has had a contin-
uous existence. In politics it has always been
republican. A few months subsequent to the
establishment of the paper, W. M. Easton be-
came associated with Van Vorhes, and the part-
nership continued until 1858, when he sold his
interest to the latter who continued the manage-
ment alone for a time. He then sold the concern
to W. S. Whitmore who successfully managed the
paper until October 1st, 1863. Easton and Stick-
ney published it one year under a lease, and at
the expiration of that time A. B. Easton ran it

542

HISTOBT OF WASHIJSIGTON COUNTY.

one year. Mr. Whitmore then resumed charge
and conducted it until March 17th, 1868; then
sold it to G. K. Shaw. One year later, Shaw sold
out to Woodruff, who published the paper until
1873, when he sold to V. C. Seward and S. S.
Taylor, under whose able management the paper
has since been issued. It is an eight-column
paper, and with all its changes in ownership has
filled an important place in the interests of Still-
water and Washington county.

The "Stillwater Gazette" was first issued on
August 6th, 1870, published by A. B. Easton,
who continued sole proprietor until the associ-
ation with his son not long since. The growth
of this paper has been constant and satisfactory
from the start. It was an eight-column paper,
independent in politics, devoted to general and
local news and miscellaneous reading matter.
For some years the printing was done on a hand-
press, but in 1879 Mr. Easton put in a steam
power-press and enlarged the paper to nine col-
umns. He has made the paper a success, and
also does a large amount of job printing, for
which the oflflce is well fitted.

The Lumberman was established in 1875. The
general desire for a party organ expressed by
some of the leading republicans of Stillwater and
Washington county, led to the ofEering of a bonus
for the establishment of a republican journal in
this city. The offer was accepted by E. H. Fol-
som, and he began the publication of the Stillwater
Lumberman in April, 1875. The following sum-
mer S. A. Clewell and H. A. Taylor, under the
firm name of Taylor and Company took an inter-
est in the paper and by the investment of $7,000,
placed it on a sound financial basis. During that
year Taylor withdrew and the establishment was
moved from its quarters in the Mower block, to
the Bemheimer block. In 1878, E. D. Taylor
became interested in the business and shortly
after, H. A. Taylor sold his interest. Since then
S. A. Clewell and E. D. Taylor have continued
under the name of "The Lumberman Steam
Printing Company." This concern is thoroughly
equipped with four power presses, latest improved
ruling and paging machines, perforator and all
necessary machinery for the prosecution of all
kinds of work pertaining to printing, book-bind-
ing, and engraving on wood. The Lumberman
newspaper is widely circulated among the best

class of readers in the St. Croix valley, and its
job department in the extent of the operations,
the field covered and the money value of work
done, compares favorably with any job-printing
house in Minnesota.

The "St. Croix Post," the only German news-
paper in the St. Croix valley, began in 1876, un-
der the management of W. P. Schilling and Wil-
liam Schermuly. It began its existence in one
corner of the Gazette office, and was printed on
their press. After a few months removed to a
room in the Union block, and from to the
Bernheimer block adjoining the Lumberman
office. The press work was done by the lat>
ter concern. The paper did not prove a financial
success and after a time Schilling withdrew.
Schermuly removed to the Minnesota house, and
with the assistance of his two daughters, pub-
lished the paper at irregular intervals. In 1878,
Julius Duel became a partner, and the office was
thoroughly overhauled, anewhand-pressgob-press
and English type for job-work added, and the
paper enlarged to double its former size, appeared
as an established and recognized journal. This
paper has a large and steadily increasing circula-
tion. It is a four-page eight column paper, with
four-page, five column supplement, and reaches
every German home in the St. Croix valley. In
1880, a stationery house was established in con-
nection, under the title of the English and Ger-
man Printing and Stationery House.

SCHOOLS.

The dawn of educational enterprise in this city
was seen in the little school taught in 1846 by
Miss Sarah L. Judd, who is still living a resident
of Stillwater, now well known as Mrs. A. El-
dridge. The little school numbered nine pupils,
and was held, it is said, in a vacant dwelling on
or near what is now Union alley. Two children
of Carli, three of Anson Northrup, two of Ly-
man, one of Carmody, and a French girl whose
name does not appear, constituted the entire
school. While this first term was in progress a
substantial and commodious school-house was
building on a morass in the rear of the location
of the old St. Croix house, soon after built.

The second term was taught during the summer
of 1847, by Mrs. Greenleaf, a resident of Mmne-
apolis. Hon. William McKusick was the next

CITY OF STILLWATDB— SCHOOLS.

543

teacher during the following fall and winter. It
appears that the school was held over what has
been known as the post-offlce building, on the
comer of Main and Myrtle streets, during the cold
weather.

Early records of schools in Stillwater, as fre-
quently occurs in other towns, are imperfect, and
for some periods wholly missing. We find, how-
ever, the names of Miss Bishop, Miss Hosford,
Miss Daily, Mr. Kingsley, C. D. GilfiUan, Mr.
Watson, John J. Eobinson, Mr. Waite, Mrs. J.
D. McComb as early teachers, in addition to
those first named. Miss Hosford is now Mrs. H.
L. Moss, of St. Paul; Mr. Kingsley is now a resi-
dent of Waseca county; C. D. Gilflllan, now of
St. Paul, was elected to the state senate in 1878;
John J. Eobinson is now a resident of Stillwater.

A house was built in the spring of 1848, at
what is the comer of Third and Olive streets,
where the residence of C. J. Butler is located.
This was built by private enterprise, and the use
of the lot for the purpose donated by John Mc-
Kusick. It was moved ofE, subsequently, and
now forms a part of Isaac Gray's residence. A
private house in Schulenburg's addition was used
at the same time for school purposes.

In 1850, the organization of the district under
territorial law occurred, and this became district
number one, but was changed by an act of the
legislature of 1862 to number nine.

When the demands of increased numbers called
for more and better accommodations, the board
of education leased from Mr. Mower two unfin-
ished rooms, up-stairs in the Mower block, for
three years, agreeing to finish them in good style
as consideration for their use during the term.
The cost of finishing and furniture amounted to
J449.80.

In the summer of 1861, after the expiration of
this lease, the board purchased a small frame
house on lots 11 and 12, corner of Holcombe and
Abbott streets, at the cost of f 1,000, and fitted it
for the use of schools.

About this time Messrs. Churchill aijd Nelson
donated four lots in block 35 to the city for
school purposes, and the board erected thereon a
two-story building 38x56 feet, at a cost of $3,000,
which furnished four commodious school-rooms.

In 1862, the board built a school-house in block
11 on Government Hill, at a cost of $3,000, suita-

ble for the accomodation of that part of the city.
These provisions accomodated the city until after
the close of the war.

On the last Saturday of March, 1863, the dis-
trict was organized as the special district of
Stillwater in accordance with a special act of the
legislature.

In consequence of the growth of the city in
wealth and numbers during the years of activity
at the close of the war, further demands for
school accomodations were made.

Forced to action, the board of education planned
and completed in 1869, the Central school build-
ing, which is now an ornament to the city.

It is built with rubble walls, 53x85 feet, three-
stories and belfry and is substantial and com-
modious building with eight rooms. The build-
ing was contracted at $28,000, but, with steam
heating apparatus, school-room fiurniture and
other fittings cost not less than $45,000.

The two story building built in 1861, was re-
moved to give place to this and was used in build-
ing another school-house, 30x45 feet, in CarU and
Schulenburg's addition, known as the Schulen-
burg school on a lot donated by Frederick Schul-
enburg; $2,700 was expended in this building.

In 1873, the high school building was erected
on the west half of block 3, Government HUl.
It is 55x95 feet, three-stories, with rubble walls,
affording ten commodious rooms. In architec-
ture it exhibits good taste and is an ornament to
the city and monument to the enterprise of
citizens. The contract price for the building was
$30,000, but with steam fiting, fixtures and fur-
niture, the entire cost was about $45,000.

In 1875, the house on lots 11 and 12, Govern-
ment Hill was moved on lot 122, block 2, Gray
and Slaughter's addition, and is now known as
West Primary school. Schools are held during
nine months each year. In January, 1881, eleven
hundred pupils were enrolled. Board of educa-
tion; John S. Proctor, president; John McKusick,
William M. McCluer, R. A. Foyle, treasurer;
Myron Shepard, clerk.

Names of teachers, grades taught and salaries
for school year. High school: E. P. Frost, su-
perintendent and principal, $1,500 ; Miss A. M.
Taylor, first assistant, $600; Miss J. A. Smedley,
second assistant, $550. Government Hill: Miss
Emma E. Currie, first grammar, $550; Miss M.

544

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

A. McGrath, second grammar, 1560; Isabella
Hale, third grammar, |400; Clara B. Chambers,
first intermediate, |550; Miss Clara Kniffs, sec-
ond intermediate, 1400; Miss M. A. McComb,
first primary, $500; Mrs. S. A. Kood, second
primary, $550. Central: Mrs. A. M. Gates, first
grammar, $500; Miss C. A. Bancus, second gram-
mar, $500; Miss E. J. Fay, third grammar, |500
S. Maggie Macartney, first intermediate, $500
Sara A. O'Brien, second intermediate, $500
Rosa O'Brien, first primary, $400; Lida A. Yorks,
second primary, $450; Clara H. Willim, third
primary, $360. WeSt Primary: Miss Phoebe
Greeley, $500. Schulenburg Primary: Miss Eva
Smith, 550; Miss Laura B. Dexter, vocal music,
$400. Total salaries paid to teachers in all de-
partments, $11,310.

A comparison with the report of Ariel Eld-
ridge, clerk in 1863, -will indicate the progress in
educational work. In 1863, total pupils, 364; in
1881, 1,100. In 1863, expenses for teaching one
term, ending July 24th, $375; a contrast to the
amount of more than eleven thousand dollars
now paid each year.

The German Catholic school was organized in
1871, and a building erected soon after, on Fifth
street, between Pine and Oak. The entire cost
of site, building. Sister's house and furniture,
about $12,000. The school was opened with
about ninety scholars, under the direction of
two sisters from St. Joseph. Salary of sisters
was about $65 per month for both. At present
John Geolz, is teacher, with salary of $50 per
month; pupils, sixty-four.

A German school was organized in the spring
of 1873, at the German Lutheran church, on
Third street, between Oak and Olive, with forty
pupils; teacher, Jacob Siegrist. The number of
pupils at present is thirty-three; teacher, Her-
man Kunzman, salary $30 per month.

CHURCHES.

Episcopal Ascension church took its beginning
in the labors of Rev. E. A. Greenleaf , missionary
of the domestic board, who held the first Episco-
pal service in the city, in June, 1840, at the house
of Elam Greeley, on Main street. For about two
months, services were held weekly in this house,
afterward in McKusick's hall. During the year
three children were baptized, and on Christmas

the communion service was administered for the
first time in Stillwater to four communicants.

Rev. Greenleaf visited other points and held
services at St. Croix Falls and Point Douglas
during two years. His first marriage ceremony
was performed in uniting John McKusick, still a
respected citizen of this city, and Miss Phebe D.
Greeley.

The death of one of the first communicants oc-
curred in March, 1848, named Mrs. McKusick.
Rev. Greenleaf preached the funeral sermon.

The same year, 1848, Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper,
who was the first missionary bishop of the JSTorth-
west, made his first visit to this parish. Services
were held at McKusick's hall, at which four can-
didates for confirmation were presented: Mrs.
Hannah Greeley, Miss Sarah Greeley, Miss Servia
Greeley and Mrs. Elizabeth Harris. Rev. Green-
leaf left Stillwater in 1848. In June, 1850, Rev.
Lloyd Breck and his associates, Rev. Wilcoxson
and Merrick, visited Stillwater, and during the
summer held services in the Lake house, and the
winter following, in the school-house.

On Ascension day, 1851, the comer stone of
the first Episcopal church in Stillwater, now used
as a blacksmith shop, near Dr. CarU's, was laid
by Rev. Father Green, with appropriate cere-
monies, he also delivered the address; Revs. Wil-
coxson, Breck and Merrick were also present.
The church was erected and consecrated in the
summer of 1853. Bishop Kemper officiating.
The first rector of this parish was Rev. Joseph A.
Russell, who began his duties in May, 1855, with
nineteen communicants.

Bishop Whipple, who was the first bishop o
the diocese of Minnesota, made his first visit to
Stillwater in 1860, and during this year Mr. Rus-
sell was succeeded by Rev. Chas. D. Clinton, who
remained but six months. There seems to have
been no regular pastor from tliis time until the
spring of 1863, when Rev. Horace Hills, Jr., took
charge, preaching his first sermon on the first
Sunday in May of that year, continuing m the
rectorship till June 9th, 1872, when he was suc-
ceeded by Rev. Wm. Johnston, and the following
year, 1873, the corner stone of a new church was
laid by Bishop Welles, of Wisconsin. In April,
1875, Rev. Johnston was succeeded by Rev.
Theophilus J. Brooks. Mr. Brooks came from
the Iowa diocese, and his first work was the com-

GIIY OF SllLLWATEB-GHUBGEES.

545

pletion of the unfinished church, accomplished in
four weeks, and on August 26th, 1875, the new
Ascension church was consecrated, Bishop Whip-
ple conducting the ceremonies, in the presence of
a large congregation, and thirteen visiting clergy-
men.

In the spring of 1878, Eev. Mr. Brooks resigned
the rectorship of the parish. The Rev. D. D.
Chapin took temporary charge in June; in Octo-
ber he accepted the rectorship.

At the present time about one hundred families
are connected with the parish and the number of
communicants is about seventy- five. The parish
is entirely free from debt.

The Pirst Presbyterian Church grew out of
earnest missionary work of Rev. W. T. Boutwell,
in 1847 and 1848. In 1848, Rev. J. C. Whitney
had charge of the mission, and December 8th,
1849, the church was organized by Revs. J. C.
Whitney, W. T. Boutwell and E. D. Neill, with
eight members: William Holcombe and wife,
Cornelius Lyman and wife, Ebenezer K. Colton
and wife, Mrs. Storrs Lyman and Mrs. Eliza B.
Whitney. William Holcombe, Cornelius Lyman
and Ebenezer K. Colton were first elders. A
church was built in 1851, and a second, which is
still used, in 1857, which is quite large and com-
modious.

The Second Presbyterian Church was organized
November 26th, 1856; Rev. J. C. Caldwell, pastor;
William Holcombe, elder; James McPhail, M. H.
Abbott and WiUiam Holcombe, trustees. The
first church was commenced in 1857, but when
nearly completed, was totally destroyed by fire.
Within one week a sufficient sum was subscribed
to enable the trustees to replace the building de-
stroyed. Ground had previously been piurchased
of Churchill and Nelson, on which a small build-
ing was erected, which was afterwards remodeled
and made suitable for a parsonage. In April,
1869, Rev. Caldwell resigned, and Rev. J. Coch-
ran was elected, succeeded in 1873 by Rev. A. J.
McGowan until 1876. After an interim of one
year. Rev. P. C. Emerson took the charge. He
resigned after one year. Since then no service
has been held in the church, and nearly all its
members have united with the First Presbyterian.

In 1877, Itev. A. Kiehle became pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church, at which time its
membership was one hundred and fifty. Under
35

his successful ministration this church has in-
creased in strength until now it numbers two
hundred and fifty members, and sustains a Sun-
day school with two hundred and fifty scholars,
pf which W. S. Goodhue is superintendent. The
church is located on the comer of Third and
Myrtle streets, which is now outgrown, and will
doubtless soon give place to one more commo-
dious.

The Methodist Episcopal church dates its be-
ginning from a society formed by Rev. James
Harrington in 1850. Services were discontinued
in consequence of the death of Rev. Harrington
and the records were lost.

The church was regularly organized November
10th, 1853, with six members, by Rev. Thomas
M. FuUerton. Of the original members Mrs. J.
T. Anderson alone survives. The first quarterly
meeting was held November 12th and 13th, 1856,
by Rev. David Brooks. The first church was
begun in 1854 at a cost of about |1,300, and was
dedicated November 19th, 1856. It was 24x33
feet, located on Myrtle street between Second and
Third. William Cover, John AUibone, Benja-
min F. Hoyt, Nathaniel McLean and James T.
FuUerton, trustees.

This church was enlarged and repaired in 1862.
The present one was built in 1870 on lot seven-
teen, block nineteen, fronting on Third street.
It is a frame building 36x60, costing $3,000,
neatly furnished, calcimined and carpeted. Rev.
Henry J. Shaffer was at that time pastor, and
the membership was forty-three.

A parsonage was built in 1874 at a cost of
:?1,200. Present membership, one hundred and
thirty-nine. Prof. E. P. Frost, J. S. Anderson,
W. W. Young, Isaac Staples, L.,W. Eldred,
Jacob Bean, George B. Davidson, Thomas Moir
and H. H. Chase, trustees. Rev. David Tice,
pastor.

Swedish Methodist Episcopal church. The
organization was effected July 27th, 1880, mainly
through the efforts of Rev. C. S. Carlander. The
society consisted of eleven members when first
organized. Services were held in the Methodift
Episcopal church of this city, and afterwards at
the Young Men's Christian Association hall, but
the society has now secured the use of the Pres-
byterian church in which to hold services. The
present pastor is Rev. O. F. Linstrom, and the

546

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

members have increased to thirty. The trustees
are John Larsen, C. H. Carlson and Axel Ander-
son.

Catholic. Church of St. Michael was organ-
ized in 1852, with a verj small, congregation, and
a building erected during the same year, Father
Fisher in charge, who was succeeded by Rev.
Thomas Murray. In 1870, Rev. Maurice Murphy
was assigned to the church and still continues.
The congregation is evidently the largest in the
city.

The church of St. Mary, German, was organ-
ized in 1865, with eighteen families, under the
jurisdiction of Rev. Aloysiuy Plut. The old
Presbyterian church between Myrtle and Mul-
berry streets was purchased, and a house for the
priest built on an adjacent lot. The cost of
the church, repairing, and priest's house, was
about $4,800. The present number of families
belonging to the parish is about sixty, under the
charge of Rev. Willebrod Mahowald, O. S. B.

The Universalist society dates its organization
June 1st, 1861, when a constitution was adopted
and signed by about twenty-five members, Oliver
Parsons, president; M. S. Willard, secretary and
treasurer; John S. Proctor, Z. H. Foss, Charles
O. Farrar, trustees.

June 6th, 1868, the society was incorporated;
M. S. Willard, James S. Davis and Edward Ca-
pron, trustees ; A. A. Capron, secretary and
treasurer. Meetings were then held in a room
known as Armory hall.

July 26th, 1870, it was determined to build,
and a building committee appointed, who pro-
ceeded so rapidly with their work, that the
walls of the church were up and a vestry finished
for service December 18th, 1870, at an expense
of $7,751.50, and the society requested the com-
mittee of fellowship and discipline to confer
ordination on their pastor. Rev. George Adams.
The church proper was completed and dedicated
December 2d, 1880, at an additional expense of
about $6,000. A bell was added worth $500,
provided by the will of the late (Jeueral Hersey.
The church edifice, built of stone is in durability,
convenience, comfort, beauty of finish, acoustic
properties and other appointments, mucli the
most desirable in the county.

The first Universalist preaching in Stillwater
was in 1852, by Rev. E. A. Hodsdon of St. An-

thony. Revs. Barnes, Adams, Bisbee, Bowen,
King, Porter, Haskell, Marvin, Harrington, have
also either supplied or been pastors of the church.
The present pastor Rev. W. H. Harrington holds
the appointment of chaplain of the state prison,
The present officers are: Hon. John S. Proctor,
president; Orris E. Lee, secretary; F. E. Joy,
treasurer; A. S. Gillespie, George Low and R. H.
Pendergast, trustees.

The German Lutheran church was built and
dedicated in 1871. The organization had been
made duiing the same year, and embraced twenty-
five families. In 1873, Jacob Siegrist took
charge, at which time fifty families were embraced
in the parish. In 1881, this number has increased
to one hundred and twenty, and the entire con-
gregation numbers over six hundred, and is, ex-
cepting the one at St. Paul, the largest in the
synod. The church is located on Third street,
betweet Oak and Olive. The school-room is in
the basement.

The Swedish Lutheran was legally organized
in 1871, with twenty-eight communicants, and
the same year a church edifice was built on the
comer of Olive and Fourth streets, 30x50 feet.
Rev. J. Ausland in charge, united to his charge
at St. Paul. This joint arrangement continued
until 1877, when Rev. A. F. Tornell took charge;
number of communicants at that time was, one
hundred and seven. In 1881, the membership is
217, and the entire parish number three hundred
and fifty. Charles Thelande, N. P. Nelson, P.
Liljegren, Gust. Holcomb, A. Magnuson andN.
P. Krantz, deacons; John Hallen, Gust. Holcomb
and Charles Holcomb, trustees.

Cemetery. Before any location had been
chosen for a burial place, two grown persons and
two children were buried not far north of the old
Tamarack house. By common consent of the
early settlers, the lot of ground on the bluff, near
the corner of Third find Myrtle streets, was used
as a burial ground. Oscar F. Strickland was the
first person buried in this place, about the 1st of
October, 18 14. After about twenty interments,
the citizens concluded the location was not favor-
able for the health of the village. After some
consideration on the part of the officers of the
village a burying ground was located in what is
now known as block three of the original survey
of the city, and the bodies interred in the first

CITY OF STlLLWATEIt—GENEBAL NOTES.

547

burying ground were removed to it. A Mr.
Brown who died at the Northrup house, was
the first person buried in this cemetery. These
grounds were used for burial purposes till 1867,
when the present cemetery grounds were pur-
chased by an association known as the "Fair
View Cemetery Association." This association
was organized November 9th, 1867, under the
revised statutes of Minnesota, by the election of
nine trustees, L. E. Cornman, Isaac Staples,
George M. Seymour, David Bronson, William M.
May, Abraham Van Vorhes, Samuel M. Regis-
ter, William Holcombe and AV. E. Thome. The
following officers were elected: Abraham Van
Vorhes, president; L. R. Cornman, secretary, and
W. E. Thorne, treasurer. The grounds were pur-
chased of W. B. Palmer, and are located in sec-
tion thirty-three, township thirty, range twenty,
west, on the corner of Fourth and Orleans streets.
the grounds were surveyed and platted by A. Van
Vorhes, county surveyor, completed August 1st,
1868, and accepted by the trustees on the 25th
day of August, 1868. At a regular meeting of
the city council, December 3d, 1872, an order was
issued to remove the bodies from the old ceme-
tery on or before the 15th day of May, 1873. A
Mr, B. Barker was secured to do the necessary
work. The city purchased a portion of block five
of Secrest and Ferro's addition to South Still-
water, in April, 1873, for a Potter's field, to
which the remains of the poor and strangers were
removed, by the authority of the city council,
from the old cemetery grounds. These grounds
are neatly kept, affording a pleasant spot for the
people of Stillwater and adjacent country to bury
their dead.

CHAPTER LXXII.

GENERAL RESUME OF THE CITY— PRESEKT
BUSINESS HOUSES — DESCRIPTIVE — POPULA-
TION.

We have seen that Stillwater began in reality
with J. R. Brown's town of Dahkotah, which con-
sisted in 1841, of the old Tamarack house only.

and that partly completed, but, for all that, Dah-
kotah was the county seat of St. Croix county,
Wisconsin.

By act of legislature, January, 1846, Stillwater
became the county seat. September, 1849, it be-
came the county seat of Washington county, on
the organization of the territory of Minnesota.

In 1844, Stillwater consisted of a few cabins
and shanties rudely constructed. For many years
the business of the town exceeded the buildings
to do it in. Everything indicated a temporary
camp for lumber business. Before many years
it became evident that an active town was to
spring up here. In 1853, a demand for building
lots arose, which developed in 1855 into a regular
boom, lasting two years, and quite a village was
the result. In 1855, the population did not ex-
ceed one thousand, accommodated, it is said, by
about ninety houses. In 1857, the dwellings
numbered three hundred and forty eight, and
forty-five buildmgs were occupied by stores,
hotels, etc. The population was estimated at
about 2,500.

In 1855, business was conducted in seventeen
stores and shops; in 1857, the number was in-
creased to thirty-eight. In 1855, two churches
existed, but no sidewalks; in 1857, we find six
churches and sidewalks along the principal
streets. At the latter year, five large mills were
running day and night, cutting an aggregate of
200,000 feet of lumber every twenty-four hours.
During this year a large flouring mill was begun
and several stores were erected.

The effect of the large crop of grain and the
increased logging business, stimulated trade in
all directions and increased the number of set-
tlers, which, during the following year exceeded
the entire amount of ten years preceeding. A
check then took place, which continued for some
time after the war closed. In 1868, another
boom occurred, building followed, unparalleled
by anything in the history of the city. Mill im-
provements during the year amounted to $236,-
000. A large and imposing court-house added a
new feature to the city, and a number of business
houses were added, as well as scores of private
residences.

During 1870, eighty-eight buildings were
erected at a cost of about $256,975; in 1871, one
hundred and fifteen, costing about $531 ,200. The

548

HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COVNIY.

manufacturing interests for these years increased
in a corresponding proportion.

The total number of manufacturing establish-
ments was thirty-four, employing a capital of
$199,500, producing $410,000 in manufactured
staple goods, furnishing employment to several
hundred men.

For the year 1874, from a carefully compiled re-
cord of the improvements made, we insert the fol-
lowing: on Main street, fourteen buildings were
erected, costing $76,000; on Second street, seven
buildings, costing 111,000; on Third street, six-
teen buildings, costing $19,000; on Fourth street,
nine buildings, costing $23,800; on Fifth street,
two buildings, costing $8,500, andin the additions,
sixty-nine buildings, costing $133,000. The total
number of buildings erected during this year, was
one hundred and forty, costing $330,000.

Since the year 1874, no year has exhibited a
proportionate increase in the nutnber of buildings,
but those erected have been of a more substantial
and better class. Some of the blocks added dur-
ing the last few years, clearly show that the build-
ers entertained a more exalted idea of the present
and future of Stillwater. Witness the opera house
elsewhere described.

The present business of Stillwater is represented
by the following departments, firms and individ-
uals. Besides the principal business, under
which an individual or firm is classed, other minor
branches are often connected, so that the follow-
ing exhibit may be said to represent fairly the
entire business interests of this busy little city.

Attorneys— J. N. and I. W. Castle, L. E.
Thompson, McCluer and Marsh, F. V. Comfort,
C. P. Gregory, Thomas Lechy, Orris F. Lee,
Edwin G. Butts, Budolph Lehmicke and H. E.
Murdock. The last two connect insurance with
law business.

Physicians — W. H. Caine, Christopher Carlr,
H. S. Hersey, W. H. Pratt, J. C. Bhodes, O. A.
Watier, A. L. Zuercher, P. II. Millard. Veter-
inary surgeon, D. S. Hall.

Dentists — A. E. Knapp, M. P. Goodwin, Frank
L. Eoberts and B. G. Merry.

Music teachers — J. L. Jones, Anna A. Lane,
Faith A. Sabin, W. P. Schilling and S. II.
Ilayner, the latter leader of orchestra, and iiiano-
tuner. Insurance agents— Frank h. Joy, Theo-

dore Franks, David Cover, A. T. Lindholm and
the attorneys previously mentioned.

Banks— First National, Lumbermen's National
and Stillwater Savings bank.

Newspapers and publishers — Stillwater Ga-
zette; Stillwater Lumberman, the company are
also book-binders and wood-engravers; St. Croix
Post, the company also are insurance agents and
conduct a store with stationery and toys; Still-
water Messenger.

Manufacturers — Lumber: McKusick, Anderson
and Company, St. Joe; J. S. Anderson and Com-
pany; Bronson andFolsom; Durant, Wheeler and
Company; Gillespie and Harper; the two last
named operate tow-boats; Ellison and Company,
South Stillwater; Hersey, Bean and Brown; St.
Croix Lumber Company; Schulenburg andBoeck-
eler; C N. Nelson Lumber Company; the four last
named carry on stores with general merchandise
and clothing; Isaac Staples, who also operates
tow-boats, stores with general merchandise, hard-
ware, harness, boots and shoes, a foundry and
a meat-market. Flouring-mills; Stillwater mills;
Staples' mill and Townshend Roller MiU.

Foundries— George Swain and others, men-
tioned elsewhere.

Boilers — Daniel A. Stombs.

Boat builders — Durant, Wheeler and Com-
pany, who also run tow-boats, and have a ship-
yard at South Stillwater; and Miiller Brothers.

Carriages and wagons — Daw and Connors ; L.
Keene, W. MuUer, D. J. SuUivau ; the two last
are painters, and the last trimmer.

Carriage trimmer — Andrew Ohlsen.

Breweries — Herman Tepass; and Joseph Wolf.

Dye works — J. M. Burbridge and son.

Bricks — Fred Steinacker.

Cooper — W. G. Carley, with carriages.

General merchandise — Joseph Schupp, Bronson
and Folsom, J. Lowell; the two first carry crock-
ery and glassware; the mill companies elsewhere
noticed.

Dry goods Louis Albenberg, Ludwig Kahn,
W. E. Thorne; all carry carpets; the first hair
goods, and the last curtains and draperies.

Ladies furnishing goods— Shuttinger and Com-
pany.

Clothing— John F. Burke, Conhaim and Com-
pany, A. Rohrback, also the mill companies.

Groceries — Dahm and Son, Thomas Haggerty

CITY OF STILLWATER— PRESENT BUSINESS.

549

Alex. McMillan, St. Joe, Wheeler Brothers, J. N.
Darms; the two last named carry glassware; Mrs.
M. Hebenstreit, James McCoy, Kilty Brothers,
in connection with a meat market.

Boots and shoes— August Buth, Ferguson
Brothers, F. W. Kern, A. Ilankinson, W. Han-
itsch, J. O'Shaughnessy, with sewing machines,
N. r. Schwarz, P. J. Stenstrom, who keeps
tobacco and cigars; "W. Linhoff, Peter Gilbert;
the two last named are makers. The mill stores
and general merchandise stores also carry boots
and shoes.

Hardware — E. L. Hospes and Company, with
sportsman's goods; J. Karst, with guns, rifles,
etc; L. E. Torinus, W. M. Capron, stoves, tin-
ware, house furnishing goods and roofing; Saw-
yer, Wallace and Company, stoves and tinware.

Agricultural implements — H. L. Foster, with
wagons and carriages; Seymour, Sabin and Com-
pany, with a foundry.

Book sellers — George N. Culver, with fancy
goods; A. Eldridge, with news depot; A. C. Lull,
Duel and Schermuly, in connection with their
publishing and other business.

Drugs— King and Seymour, Henning and Mil-
lard, Scott and Opsahl, Albert Wilkinson, H. M.
Crandall, wholesale and retail.

Pianos and organs — H. W. Hitchcock.

Sewing machines — George Blake, with cellu-
loid goods; others, with other business.

Commission merchants— Samuel C. Norton,
with fire and building brick, cement, hair, lime,
etc.; Kilty Brothers & Company.

Wines and liquors, wholesale — Phillip Potts,
Joseph Wolf.

Ice — E. Rhiner, Owen Mower.

Meat-markets— Fee and Sons, Charles Le
Comp, Hanson and Company, Isaac Staples, with
his other extensive business.

Livery— A. J. OrfE, C. A. Bromley, P. W. Mc-
Kusick, H. C. Farmer, Web McKusick, Rahr
and Hanson.

Eeal estate— R. M. Coles, V. C. Seward, My-
ron Shepard, also surveyor.

Confectionery and fruit— Frank Bronson, Char-
les L. Clegg, Henry Desowtelle, T. J. Dunn,
Thomas Francis, Daniel Fry, John Kenny, Jr.,
Charles Lindbloom, John Olson; N. Patwell,
Peter Patwell, Julia Starker, Robert Welch.

Florist— Marcel Gagnon.

News stand — D. D. L. Burlingham.

Railroads and express companies — Chicago, St.
Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railway, G. M.
Brush, agent; St. Paul and Duluth railroad, S.
W. Kelley, agent; United States Express com-
pany, Frank E. Netzer agent; North-western
Telegraph company, C. E. White, manager; Tel-
ephone Exchange, Miss A. McCausley, manager-

Contractors— George Lown, Stephen and Spin-
dle, John Green, William Willim, William M.
May, Thomas Rooney, John Rooney , Jake Fisher,
George M. Seymour, A. E. Jordan, Michael Mc-
Hale.

Machinist — D. M. Swain.

Stencil cutter — A A. Capron.

Marble works — P. N. Peterson.

Gas and steam fitters — Joseph Kelso, John
Quinlan.

Painters — W. MuUer, D. J. Sullivan, James
Keefe, Wright and Webster, J. Van Buskirk,
H. W. Smith, Stanley and Mosier.

Carpet weaver —Adam Schoenberger.

Blacksmiths — James Casey, James P. Fitzger-
ald, William Muller, Staples and Kearney, D. J.
Sullivan.

Harnesses — George Borrowman, Louis Roth-
man, B. F. Rice, Simmons and Company, Isaac
Staples, in connection with his other business.

Tailors— W. R. Daimond, Hospes and Cutter,
Louis Gross, Thon Brothers, Samuel Lamphear.

Upholsterers — J. S. Fassett, and the furniture
dealers.

Watches — C. Henningson, John Calesar; W.
J. Stein, Joseph Taenhauser.

Bakers— Heitman and Becker, with confection-
ery and groceries; Charles Neuendorf, with feed
store and groceries.

Dress and cloak makers— Mary Phillips, Miss
G. C. Morgan, M. Malcomb, Josephine Lamay,
Anna Christanson, D. B. Glass, Mrs. E. Risley,
Mrs. J. H. Shannon, hair dealer and worker; M.
J. Scanlerm.

Milliners— Fanny H.Tield, D. B. Glass, F. E.
Jordan, Johanna Siebold, Mrs. E. P. Smith.

Photographers— F. E. Loomis, James Sinclair,
Mr. Kuehn.

Steam rendering and soap factory — McKenzie
Brothers, South Stillwater.

Barbers— Hadley and Jackson, B. McSweeney,

650

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

L. E. Nolen, Mrs. J. Simpson, George Kogen-
tine.

Laundries— Samuel Lung, Mrs. Westerliouse.

Billiards— Samuel Bloomer, P. S. Deragisch,
Bernhardt Thelan, Emil Krueger.

Boarding houses— Mrs. II. Mead, Mrs. T. Dunn,
Daniel Elliott, Charles Boo, Patrick Barrett, Mrs.
F. Mercier, J. H. Morgan, Thomas Shattuck, Mrs.
L. Tanner.

Hotels— Sawyer house, Farmers Home, Lake-
side house, Wexio, Central, Keystone, Stillwater,
Williams.

Restaurants— Octave Willetti P. Willett and
Company, Herveux and Shepherd, A. Mellin.

Bands — Schillings, Hayner's, Stillwater Cornet.

Saloons— Twenty-six in number, of the various
grades and classes usually found in cities of the
size of Stillwater.

We give below the names and business of a few
of the leading merchants of Stillwater.

S. Simonet, dealer in furniture, began his busi-
ness in this city in ISiyj, in partnership with P.
H. Muller, in the present location, in a building
40x45 feet. In the spring of 1868 Mr. Muller
withdrew and the business has since been con-
ducted by Mr. Simonet. His sales-room is 20x55
feet, and the workshop 16x55 feet. It is located
on lower Main street.

Joseph Dahm's grocery store is located on
lower Main street. It is a triangular but com-
modious store, built on the face of and partially
beneath the bluff. It was erected in 1860, by S.
Demler, who soon after died; his widow married
the present proprietor. In the rear of the store
are two cellars, each 35x45 feet, hewn out of the
solid rock, where fruits, syrups, etc., are stored.
In the center of one is a living spring of pure
water, and through the roof is a ventilator, cut
perpendicularly through the solid rock to the sur-
face. Since 1870, Mr. Dahm has devoted his en-
tire attention to the grocery business.

James Fowler, Jr.'s furniture business was es-
tablished in 1854, by S. Willard, and by him con-
ducted till November 15th, 1880, when he was
succeeded by Mr. Fowler. The building has a
frontage of thirty feet, one hundred and twenty
feet deep, three stories high, and has a large base-
ment room. Mr. Fowler is rapidly placing him-
self among the foremost businessmen of the city.
He is located on Main street.

Louis Albenberg came to Stillwater in 1871.
and. with only a few hundred dollars commenced
what has since grown to be one of the most ex-
tensive dry goods stores in the city. He opened
his present store in 1876, and is now doing an
annual business of f60,000. His location is on
Main street.

Joseph Schupp became identified with the mer-
cantile interests of Stillwater in 1856, when he
started a general store in Socrates Nelson's block,
opposite where the Grand Opera house stands, in
a room 20x40 feet, with a $400 stock of goods.
His business rapidly increased until, in 1869, he
purchased the grounds and erected his present
place of business. It is substantially built of
stone, twenty-five feet front, with a depth of
seventy-four feet and two stories high. He em-
ploys three clerks and does an exclusive cash
business of $60,000 annually.

John Karst, hardware. This business was es-
tablished in 1877 under the firm name of Karst
and Kennemann, and so continued till August,
1878, when the company dissolved. Mr. Karst
then conducted the business alone for about a
year, when he took as partners Joseph Deiring
and his son Charles Karst, under the firm name
of John Karst and Company. This continued
until March, 1880, when Mr. Karst purchased
the entire business and has since been sole owner.
He is located on Main street, in a building 25x140
feet, and does a business of $30,000 annually in
stoves and tinware, roofing and sheet-iron work,
wood and iron pumps, shelf and heavy hardware,
carpenter's tools, etc.

A. G. Shutthiger opened a ladies' bazaar in
September, 1880, on Main street. He deals in
notions and ladies' ready-made clothing, corsets,
ribbons, hosiery, etc. Although of recent origin,
this bazaar is doing a large business, keeping al-
most constantly employed three ladies and two
gentlemen. Mr. Shuttinger has done a propor-
tionate amomit of an aimual business of $20,-
000 since commencing.

In 1873, Nicholas F. Schwarz, began business
in boots and shoes in a small frame building on
Lower Main street; here he continued until 1876,
when he removed to his present location on Main
street near Nelson. His building is 20x40 feet,
and four men are employed in the manufacture
and sale of boots and shoes.

CITY OF STILLWATER— PRESENT BUSINESS.

551

Ariel Eldridge purchased the book store kept
by Martin Johnson, in 1862. and he has since con-
dected it. Mr. Eldridge is gehial and accommo-
dating as a business man, and enjoys a large pat-
ronage.

J. O'Shaughnessy began business in boots and
shoes in 1862, in a small shop on Main street with
one workman besides himself. In 1866, he put
in a stock of ready-made goods and increased his
facilities, removing to Nelson's block on Lower
Main street, but after a few successful years,
again removed to the St. Croix building, where
he was burned out in 1873. He then occupied a
room in Hospes's block until October, 1879, when
he took possession of his present place. Em-
ploys three men and does custom and ready-made
business.

August Buth made a modest beginning in boots
and shoes on Chestnut street in 1870. The first
two years he had a shoemaker's shop only,
but, in 1872, opened retail boot and shoe store in
connection. His business soon out-grew his
meagre accommodations in this location, and he
accordingly moved to his present commodious
quarters on Main street. His sale-room is 20x42
feet, and manufacturing department 20x30 feet.
Four men are employed, and his busmess amounts
to $12,000 annually.

P. J. Stenstrom began business in boots and
shoes in 1872, in a shoemaking shop, hut in 1874,
added to this business a stock of ready-made
goods, in which line he still continues, also in
same building has a separate sale-room devoted
to the sale of tobacco, cigars, etc. Three men
are employed in the manufacture of boots and
shoes.

Albert Wilkinson, druggist, established his
business in November, 1878, at his present loca-
tion on Main street. This is the outgrowth of
Dr. Carli's old drug store, the first in the city.
Mr. Wilkinson commenced business with a cash
capital of |2,000, which he has since increased to
$6,000. He also owns one-half interest in the
North Star Pharmacy on Main street. His store
is 22x70 feet, and two salesmen are employed.

Ferguson Brothers commenced business in
boots and shoes at their present location on Main
street, March 18th, 1878, with a cash capital of
only $2,000. Their sales-room is 20x45 feet, and
they do an annual business of $22,000. This firm

though comparatively young, ranks among the
leading boot and shoe houses of the city.

W. S. Conrad, wholesale and retail dealer in
tobaccos and cigars, began business in 1869, on
Chestnut street, with a stock of $1,500, doing, the
first year, a business of |4,000. He remained
there until 1871, and then removed to where Isaac
Staples meat market is now located, but the ac-
commodation not being sufficiently ample to meet
the requirements of his rapidly increasing busi-
ness, he, in 1874, again removed to Upper Main
street, where he remained until May, 1881, and
moved to his present commodious quarters in
MoKusick's block, at the corner of Main and Myr-
tle streets. He has a frontage of twenty-four
feet, eighty-five feet deep, and handles tobaccos,
cigars and every variety of smoking articles.
Four men are employed in the house, and two
traveling salesmen, and his goods find a market
in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Dakota and Montana.
In 1880, he did a business of $80,000.

In 1875, August Hawkenson began business in
boots and shoes in this city where Townshends
and Company's mill office is located, with O. S.
Johnson as a partner. In 1877, they moved to '
Mr. Hawkenson's present location. In June,
1879, Hawkenson purchased Johnson's interest
and has conducted the business alone, employing
from two to four workmen.

George Borrowman, harness maker, began busi-
ness in 1878 at the corner of Stioison's alley and
Chestnut street, manufacturing collars only, but
he was soon enabled, by careful industry to en-
large his business and secure more commodious
rooms; he accordingly established himself in his
present location on Main street. He now manu-
factures all kinds of light and heavy harness.
Three men are employed, and the business
amounts to $12,000 annually.

Kilty Brothers' grocery and meat market was
opened in March, 1878, by the Kilty Brothers on
Fourth street, between Goodwood and Churchill,
in a building 1 1x20 feet. They remained there
until 1879, when they leased the building they
now occupy on Fourth street corner Churchill.
They enlarged their stock and opened a meat
market in connection with their grocery depart-
ment. Their rooms consist of a grocery depart-
ment 26x33 feet a meat market 24x26 feet, and a
feed store 18x26 feet. In 1880 they also started

652

HISTOBY OF WASHINGION COVNIY.

a general commission liouse on Cliestnut street,
in Green's block, dealing in grain, flour, feed, etc.
These brothers deserve much credit for their
pluck and perseverance in business, actually
starting with a borrowed capital of |200. They
now do a business of 120,000 annually.

W. M. Capron, dealer in hardware, stoves and
tinware. The nucleus of this business was
formedin 1854, when A. A. Capron, a brother of
the above named gentleman came to this city and
bought out a man named Putz, and established
the business with a man named Morris, the firm
being Capron and Morris. This firm continued a
number of years, and sold out to Edward Cap-
ron, the father of A. A. and W. M. He con-
ducted it awhile and sold to the present proprie-
tor, who afterwards sold to his father Edward,
and again re-purchased in October, 1878, since
which time he has carried on the business. He
has recently moved from the old stand on Chests
nut street, and is centrally located on Main street.
He keeps four men constantly employed in the
work-room and does a business of from 115,000
to $18,000 annually.

" The firm. Staples and Kearney, blacksmiths,
consists of Edward Staples and Andrew Kearney.
The business was begun by Mr. Staples in 1871 in
a building directly opposite their present location,
but the following spring the shop where they now
do business, was completed and the business
moved thereto. In 1874, Kearney purchased an
interest, when the present firm name was adopted.
Their shop is 28x61 feet two-stories, they have
three forges and all the necessary appurtenances
on the first floor. The second floor is rented to,
and used by Keene for wagon and repair shop, etc.

Thomas Dunn opened a confectionery, fruit,
tobacco and cigar-stand, in 1876, on Main street,
opposite the Stillwater flouring-mills, where he
keeps a fine assortment of the best in the market.
Baskets of fruit and refreshing, healthful cor-
dials are furnished.

Miss Fannie E. Jordan opened a millinery and
fancy goods establishment on Chestnut street,
between First and Second, where she continued
until June, 1880, when she removed to her pres-
ent location on Main street, between Nelson and
Chestnut streets. Here she enjoys a liberal
trade and carries one of the most complete stocks
in the city.

The manufacture of organs was commenced by
C. W. Hitchcock, in the spring of 1880, on a
small basis, which admitted of the construction
of two organs per month. At this time, about
one year from the beginning of the enterprise,
the business has been increased to manufacture
ten per month. Mr. Hitchcock is sole proprietor,
and his store is located on Second street, between
Chestnut and Myrtle, where he keeps organs of
his own make, pianos, and a general stock of
musical merchandise. The manufactory is on
Olive between Third and Fourth streets.

David Bronson started a dry goods and grocery
store in 1859, in a store on Myrtle and Main
streets, continuing until January, 1866, when
David Cover, Wm. G. Bronson and E. A. Folsom
were admitted, under the firm name of Bronson,
Cover and Company, and in the spring of that year
moved into the store now occupied by Isaac Sta^
pies. They continued two years, when they were
succeeded by Bronson and Folsom, David Bronson
andE. A. Folsom. In 1872, Hersey and Doe were
admitted, under the firm name of Hersey, Bronson,
Doe and Folsom, and the company moved into
the store now occupied by Rees' clothing-house.
Two years later they sold out to Hersey, Bean
and Brown.

In 1877, David Bronson, E. A. Folsom and
George O. Haskill formed a partnership under
the firm name of Bronson and Folsom, and carry
a general stock in a store on Main street.

Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company,
established their store at its present location in
the year 1856. The building was, at that time,
16x20 feet, and one and one-half stories high.
In 1859 they enlarged it to 16x38, and added a
ware-room in the rear, 12x38. In the summer of
1871, they again enlarged it, making it this time,
16x54, and increased the ware-room to 25x64.
They carry a line of general merchandise. In 1871
they built an office and vault on the south side of
their store, 16x30 feet, where the business of the
wliole establishment is transacted. The one-half
story above is used as a store-room.

R. J., J. L., and W. H. H. Wheeler formed a
partnership April 1st, 1875, under the firm name
of Wheeler Brothers, carrying a general line of
groceries, in the Bernheimer block. In January,
1881, J. L. and W. H. H. Wheeler formed a
partnership with Durant, Wheeler and Company

CITY OF STILLWATEE— BUSINESS HOUSES.

553

under the flrm name of Wlieeler Brothers and
Company, and now occupy a rooni in the Grand
Opera House block, 21x120 feet, with basement
for storage, and have now one of the finest stores
and stocks in the city, and are doing a business
of about $100,000 per year.

Ludwig Kahn, formerly of Chicago, established
his stock of dry goods and carpets in Stillwater,
in the Holcombe block, in April, 1877. In March,
1881, he moved to a store in the Grand Opera
House block, 24x120 feet, two stories and base-
ment; basement used for carpets, second story
for manufacturing and storage. He is one of
Stillwater's most enterprising business men.
He is also a member of the flrm of Charles Con-
haim and Company retail clothers. This house
was established in the spring of 1880, in Wolf's
block, and in the spring of 1881, moved into the
Holcombe block, and does an extensive business
in the clothing line.

Phillip Potts established his wholesale liquor
store September, 1874, in a building built by him
comer of Main street and Nelson Avenue, 24x70,
two stories, using both stories for his business;
carries a general line of Uquors, and does a
business of $30,000 per year.

John Kenny, Jr., established his confectionery
store in Main street, in a building 16x30, one
story high, in the spring of 1877, and carries a
stock of about $600, doing a very fine trade.

Hardware — E. L. Hospes and W. K. Wurde-
man, proprietors. This business began Novem-
ber, 1874. In May, 1875, Mr. Hospes purchased
Mr. Wurdeman's interest, and conducted the
business alone, employing Mr. "Wurdeman as a
clerk. This continued till AprU, 1876, when
W. McPherson became a partner, and the concern
was known as E. L. Hospes and Company. In
March, 1880, McPherson withdrew, selling his in-
terest to Hospes and "Wurdeman, or E.L. Hospes
and Company, who continue the business to the
present time. They have a sales-room 20x70 feet,
and two ware-rooms; employ three salesmen.
They deal in shelf and heavy hardware, etc.

Sawyer, Wallace and Company. This estab-
lishment began in 1876, under the firm name of
Sawyer and Company, on Bridge square, in a
building 20x40 feet, with a capital of two hun-

dred dollars. The next year they removed to
Union block on Main street, demanding more
room. Here they remained two years, when the
flrm was changed, T. W. Wallace becoming
associated, and was known as Sawyer, Wallace
and Company. Soon after this they moved to
their present location on Main street, near Nelson.
•They occupy a room 30x100 feet and a basement,
employing five men in the shop and three sales-
men, and doing a business of about $25,000 per
annum, dealing in hardware, stoves, house fur-
nishing goods, etc.

Wm. E. Thome established a general store in
1855 on a small scale in Nelson's block. In 1859
he moved to his present location, corner Main
and Chestnut, in a building 25x60. Since 1860 he
has carried dry goods exclusively.

Hardware — Westing and Torinus estabUshed,
in 1859, a general store, on the west side of Main
street, between Chestnut and Nelson Avenues.
In 1864, L. E. Torinus succeeded to the business
and moved to the old Nelson building. In 1867,
the firm changed to Torinus and Staples, and
moved to the present commodious store, 25x110
feet, three stories in height. In 1868, Wm. G
Bronson was admitted under flrm name Torinus,
Staples and Company. In 1873, L. E. Torinus
succeeded to the business, and changed to exclu-
sive hardware. From 1875 to' 1878, the firm was
Torinus and Wilkinson; since then, L. E. Tori-
nus. Carries a general line of hardware, nails,
iron, stoves, etc., and is doing a business of 180,-
000 per year. Mr. Doe, formerly of Hersey and
Doe, has charge of the business, and to him is
due a great deal of the credit of the prosperous
condition of the enterprise.

Thomas Francis established his ice cream par-
lors on Main street, and continued for some years,
adding a restaurant business for a time; then
added a stock of fancy goods and toys, in connec-
tion with his ice cream parlors. In this latter
business, he has secured a fortunate business. In
1879, he removed to the corner of Chestnut and
Second streets, where he opened his present con-
.fectionery and ice cream parlors, and may be
found in one of the pleasant centers of the city
of Stillwater.

James K. Van Buskirk, established a paint
shop on Third street, between Myrtle and Mul-
berry in March , 1875. He does both house pain

554

BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

ing, ,sign painting and frescoing. His busi-
ness increased gradually from the time of estab-
lishing himself here to the present. At first
he employed but one helper, gradually gaining a
reputation in business until in 1880-'81, he em-
ployed four helpers. The proceeds of business
has aggregated about four thousand dollars per
annum for the last two or three years. He ranks,
among the prominent men in his line of trade.

E. Rhiner is the proprietor of the St. Croix
ice house. He established this business in 1863,
beginning small and enlarging from time to time
as the trade demanded. The lirst building was
24x40 feet, the present one is large enough to
store away about three thousand tons and help
enough is employed to store the ice and distribute
it in the summer.

Henry Staples and Company, general merchan-
dise. This firm was established in 1854, and
consisted of Samuel F. Hersey, Isaac Staples,
D. C. Hall, J. Brooks Tenno and J. P. Whitney
They started their business in which is known as
the Columbus building. They remained one year
and went to their own building on the comer of
Main and Myrtle. About this time the firm name
was changed to Staples, Bronson and Company,
by which it was known until 1858, when the old
name was adopted. In 1861 , the style of the
firm was changed to Hersey, Staples and Hall.
In the fall of 1866, it made another change, tak-
ing in A. K. Doe, Chas. and Jacob Bean, and
was then styled Hersey, Staples and Doe. This
continued for five years and was then changed to
Staples, Doe and Hersey, which lasted until Au-
gust, 1875. Samuel F. Hersey died in 1874, but
in August, 1875, Dudley H. Hersey, a son, and
A. K. Doe bought the business. The same fall
they consoUdated with Bronson and Folsom, and
it was styled Hersey, Bronson, Doe and Fol-
som. This partnership was dissolved in Novem-
ber, 1877. This firm did a business of $190,000
to $265,000 per year from 1866 to 1877, larger
than any other in the city in the merchantile
trade. They had six clerks besides A. K. Doe,
who managed; at the above mentioned time, tliey
sold to Hersey, Bean and Brown, who run
the store in the Hersey, Staples' block until
the summer of 1879. In 1878, they erected their
new buildings at the mill, where they are now
located. The store room is 28x40 feet, two stories

both used for their business. To this there is an
" L " on the south, 26x40 feet, and two stories.
The first floor is occupied by Hersey, Bean and
Brown as an oflice for their lumber and mill de-
partment. The second floor is occupied by Her-
sey and Bean as an ofBce for their logging and
land department. Each floor is furnished with
a commodious vault 8x12 feet and fire proof. In
the store are two clerks.

Isaac Staples, general merchandise. In 1875,
after Hersey and Doe, bought out the old firm,
Isaac Staples, began business in what is now
used for the general office. In the summer of
1876, he moved the goods to their present location,
corner of Main and Myrtle, stone block. Their
store is 30x80 feet, three stories and basement, all
used for the business. There are six clerks em-
ployed to do the business.

The city of Stillwater is beautifully and ro-
mantically located at the head of Lake St. Croix,
twenty-five miles above Point Douglas. When
settlement began here, the plateau near the lake
was of limited area, and little elevated above the
surface of the lake. In shape the tract resembles
the segment of a circle, the bluffs forming the
circumference and the bank of the lake the se-
cant line. The bluffs above are high, and ra-
vines indicate that streams once flowed from
lakes and streams above to the lake below. The
level tract, where settlement began, now occu-
pied by the business portion of the town, may
have been reclaimed from the lake by gradual
filling from the high bluffs during a long period
of years previous to settlement, or by some rapid
action, analagous to the land-slide of 1852. For
many years residences and business houses were
built only on this low land, and its adaptation for
building sites was greatly enlarged by the land-
slide above referred to, and by the artificial fill-
ing done by public and private enterprise. Some
of the bluffs have been graded down to a level
with the higher portion of the low land. Some
of the present citizens can remember when the
bluffs rose proudly up, embracing Myrtle street at
its junction with Third, when from its summit
one could look down on the roof of Myrtle street
church. From a point a little north, the ob-
server could look down in a ■ similar manner on
the Methodist church. The gradual ascent from
Myrtle street on Third is now about forty feet

CITY OF STILLWATEB—8GENEBY.

555

lower than at the time to which reference is made.
That portion removed has been deposited in low
and marshy places along Main street. In 1853,
natural causes produced the land-slide which ex-
pedited the filling most effectually. These
changes have materially altered the appearance
of both the bluffs and the land along the lake.
The deep ravines have nearly disappeared, and
some are found who cannot see in the artificial
changes the beauty that once existed in the ab-
rupt bluffs and irregular ravines in a state of
nature. However this may be, a full equivalent
. for beauty lost is paid for by utility gained.
Enough is left to mark this still as a point of
rare beauty.

The bluffs, both at the north and south of
the town, come down to the lake so as to admit
only a narrow roadway for railroads and carriage
road between their abrupt walls and the lake.
At some points, as near the Sawyer house, the
ascent is steep until it reaches a bench, or flat
surface of considerable elevation, where the
city hall, churches and many dwellings are
erected. The citizens have taken advantage of
the natural topography to adorn their grounds
with beautiful terraces. The effect of these
attractive places, and the public buildings on the
rising blufls, when seen from the lake is very
striking.

The scenery which the citizen enjoys from
these sightly residences is grand, for the bluffs
•on the "Wisconsin side of the lake are bold and
high. The still water of the lake which lies
between, amidst this grandeur, affords a beauti-
ful foreground to the landscape, ever varying in
the scenes it presents. JSTow, it may be, one of
the great Mississippi steamers is seen on its
waters, or many smaller steamboats, adapted to
the shallow waters of the St. Croix river. Again
it may be covered with rafts of logs, built up
with a superstructure of lumber and shingles, at
which a spiteful tug boat is puffing, straining and
screaming. Barges, row-boats, sail-boats and
other crafts of all kinds are seen plying on its
waters, for this is not alone the highway for com-
merce with the world at large, but it is the place
of recreation and pleasuee.

Prom south hill a fine view of the city is ob-
tained. If a stroller along these bluffs could, at
the same time that he takes in the present pros-

pect, carry a picture of StiUwater as it was a
little more than thirty years ago, the contrast
would be almost incredible. On his picture he
would see the old mill building and a few rude
board shanties. Where now block eighteen is,
with its wealth of business blocks, the picture
has a quagmire. Where now stand the churches
and public buildings, near the crossing of Myrtle
and Third streets, the old picture shows the
bluffs rising up abruptly forty feet or more.
Elegant residences have usurped the place of
hastily constructed dwellings, and poor shanties.
Here is the new city hall. Myrtle street, the
Methodist and Episcopal churches. Eurther up
the north hill, more fine dwellings and the school
building. The bluifs here have been cut down
on Third street about forty feet, varying some-
what to suit the grade to the topography. A
little to the west of the school building is Isaac
Staples' residence, prominent on a point of the
bluff in block eight, corner of Cherry and Second
streets, looking down the lake, affording a mag-
nificent view of the entire lake. Here the once
rugged and steep face of the bluff has been trans-
formed into a succession of giant steps, built of
solid masonry, rising one above the other until
the summit is reached, on which the residence is
located. On the plateau below, the eye rests on
the state prison, the most prominent feature
where extensive business is carried on, at the
same time that criminals are made to suffer the
penalty of the law; the C. N. Nelson Lumber
Company's mill, while further up the lake is
Schulenburg and Boeckeler's large saw-mill, near
the spot where in early days stood the old Tama-
rack house, and the old courthouse. At this old
court house Judge Dunn appeared in 1842 to
hold a session of court in J. R. Brown's time.
On the approach of the judge, it is said. Brown
disappeared, whether ashamed of the coarse
hospitality which he should be obliged to extend,
or the fact that at his solicitation his town with-
out inhabitants had been made the county seat,
this deponent sayeth not. The judge, however,
received such hospitality as Mrs. Brown could
give, and' slept in ignorance that Mr. Brown had
been skulking in the bushes on the blufi. In the
morning the judge determined not to hold a term
of court, and departed.
The climate of Stillwater is like that of Minne-

556

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

nesota at large. The uniformity of the tempera-
ture and the dryness and quietness of the air make
the winter's quite endurable. Variations from
this rarely occur. In 1877, a marked exception
occurred. Spring and fall had been as usual, and
people had settled down to the realities of winter.
But scarcely had the frost king turned his icy
key, before the south wind opened the door to a
few summer days, taking away at the same time
the snow and ice. The steamer Ida Jb'ulton left
the wharf at Stillwater, December 28th, 187T, for
the falls of St. Croix, with a large excursion
paxty, amid the waving of handkerchiefs and the
cheering of the crowd on shore assembled to see
them off. Linen coats and straw hats formed a
part of the attire of many of the excursionists.
Some of the jolly party imagined they had dis-
covered a mosquito, awaking from slumber to
learn what was happening on the old St. Croix,
which it had left more than a month before,
locked in the grasp of King Winter. The Ida
Fulton returned to Stillwater on the 29th of De-
cember. The first day of 1878, this freak of na-
ture ceased, when King Winter again ascended
his throne to rule by virtue of his office.

The population of Stillwater in 1875 was 5,749;
the population in 1880 was 9,061, showing a grat-
ifying increase.

CHAPTEE LXXIII.

BIOGRAPHICAL, A, B, C, D, E, F.

Alexander Adams, son of Robert and Elizabeth
Adams, was bom in Wakefield, Yorkshire county,
England. Lived there until eighteen years of
age; then came with his parents to America, and
settled at Eipon, Wisconsin. Here his parents
resided twenty-two years, when the mother died,
March 19th, 1879, and his father removed to Olm-
sted county, Minnesota, and died October IStli,
the same year. In 1858, Alexander engaged in
farming, and in 1860 went to Racine and spent
two years in the foundry department of Thomas
Ealva's reaper works. At the end of that time
he went to Chicago and worked at his trade untU

1867, when he was elected president of the co-
operative foundry of Chicago, and held the office
until 1868. Next going to St. Louis, he stayed
there a short time, and returned to Chicago to
take charge of the Caledonia machine shops. In
May, 1870, went to Michigan City, Indiana, and
took charge of the foundries of the Haschal and
Barker Car Company. Remaining until Decem-
ber, 1871, he again went to Chicago; in 1872, came
to St. Paul and took charge of Parker, Bailey,
Ilowson and Company's foundries. Came to
Stillwater in 1877, and started Seymour, Sabin
and Company's iron foundries, which he has _
since conducted. May 29th, 1871, he married
Amelia E., daughter of Henry C. and Maria
Hoesch, of Michigan City, Indiana. His chil-
dren are Carrie E., Charles L., EUen M. and
Alice.

Dr. John Nicholas Ahl, deceased, was bom in
Strasbourg, on the Rhine, October 7th, 1807. He
lived with his parents, John and Elizabeth Ahl
until eighteen years of age, when he entered the
Strasbourg Medical College, and after seven
years thorough study of medicine, graduated in
1839, emigrated to America, settled in Galena,
Illinois, practiced seven years, then in 1850, came
to Stillwater, and in 1852, built the Washington
hotel. In 1858, the name was changed to the
Liberty house, and Mr. Ahl kept it as such until
his death, meanwhile attending to a large practice
as a physician. After his death, the family kept
the house until 1873. Dr. Ahl married Lucretia-
Hartman, of Galena, lUinois, in 1846; the chil-
dren-are: John N., Henrietta, Amelia, William,
Louis, Henry, Lucia, Elizabeth and Amanda.

Louis Albenberg was born in Bingen-on-the-
Rhine, January 2d, 1852. Came to America in
1870, acquired a common school education, then
came to StUlwater in 1871, and for five years did
a small business in the- vicinity. Next opened a
large and complete dry-goods establishment which
he still conducts.

J. S. Anderson was born at Marshalltown,
Marshall county. West Virginia, Eebmary 3d,
1826. In the fall of 1836, his parents John and
Susan Ward Anderson removed to Burlington,
Iowa, and engaged in pork packing and farming.
Young Anderson assisted his father on the farm
until 1846. On the first of Nov. of that year, he
came to Stillwater on a visit, but remained work-

CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOGBAPHICAL.

557

ing four years in the woods; he accumulated
enough to commence business for himself, and
has since been identified with the lumber inter-
ests of this city. He formed a partnership with
McComb, Simpson and Company, which lasted
until the financial crisis of 1857. During this
time he built the stone block now occupied by
Staples' store, when he lost everything. He next
followed rafting until 1864, again accumulating
enough to engage in logging, continuing this un-
til 1868, the firm of McKusick and Anderson was
formed. He was married in 1852 to Hannah T.
McDonald. His children are: Kobert M., Sybilla
S., William L. and Etta P.

John Anderson, foreman of D. M. Swain's iron
works, was born in Yonkopeng, Sweden, April
15th, 1846. When John was eleven years old his
father died, and four years later he began to learn
the machinist's trade at his birth place, working
at it untU twenty years of age. Next went to
Stockholm and worked as machinist in the gov-
ernment railroad works. On the 15th of April,
1871, he started for America, arriving in May.
Then came to Stillwater, worked for two years
at carpentering for Isaac Staples, and in April,
1873, commenced work as machinist for D. M.
Swain and in July, 1877, was made foreman of
the shops, and has since held the position. In
1873 he married Ellen Carlson, of Sweden. They
have one child, Anna.

Charles A. Appleton, carpenter, Minneapolis,
was born in Orange, Texas, October 3d, 1843.
At the age of fourteen he went on the sea, re-
maining fourteen years. During the rebellion,
he held the rank of first lieutenant in the Sixth
Texas Cavalry, Confederate States of America.
In the fall of 1865 he went to Michigan and lived
four years at Salzburgh. In 1877 removed to
Minneapolis, and has since lived therje. November
20th, 1869, he married Carrie A. Stata, of New
York. She died September 4th, 1874, leaving
one son, Frederick Eugene.

D. W. Armstrong was born in Yates county,
New York, March, 1819. In 1853, he entered
the employ of the Fremont and Indiana railroad
company, then was financial agent and was en-
gaged in various mercantile pursuits until he
came west on account of health. Until the
financial crash of 1857, he was cashier of the St.
Croix Valley Bank, when it passed into the hands

of eastern capitalists, who continued Mr. Arm-
strong in his position as cashier until 1861, when
it was removed to Hudson, Wisconsin. Next
turned his attention to various occupations until
appointed wheat inspector for the mills and
board of trade in 1878. Was married in July,
1841, to Lucy Hale, who bore him four children,
but one of whom is now Uving, Harry D. His
wife having died, he married Lucy C. Loder, of
Cleveland, Ohio, November, 1853. Flora E.,
Belle and Alma Maud are their children.

Edward M. Barrett, moulder for Seymour,
Sabin and Company, was born in Miramichi, New
Brunswick, October 80th, 1858. In 1868 his
parents, Patrick and Margaret Barrett, removed
to Stillwater. At the age of eleven years Ed-
ward began to learn the harness trade, but find-
ing that his health was failing, abandoned it and
began work with his present employers. Inl877
he entered the moulding department, and has
since continued. Married on the 21st of October,
1879, Miss Maggie Casey of Stillwater. Resides
at the comer of Martha and Mulberry streets.

Eichard Barron deceased was born in New
Brunswick, Canada, January 18th, 1833. Has been
for a long time identified with lumbering in the St.
Croix valley, having come to this place in 1850.
For a number of years past he was engaged in
company with Patrick Sullivan in cutting logs
by contract for Schulenburg, Boeckeler and Com-
pany, L. E. Torihus and Bronson and Company.
His death occurred October 16th, 1880. Mr.
Barron was married February 2d, 1859, at Still-
water to Miss Lizzie Mathews who was born in
New Brunswick, May 8th, 1829. Her father,
James Mathews, was a lumberman in that country.
After the death of her father and mother, Mrs.
Barron, with her six brothers and two sisters,
came to Stillwater where she has since resided.
She is the mother of foijr sons and one daughter.

Joseph Becker, of the firm of Heitman and
Becker, was bom at Kreis, Warrendorf , Germany,
December 5th, 1849. Came to America in 1866,
and after following the sea two years, visited St.
Louis, Missouri, Sacramento and Los Angelos,
CaUfomia, Colorado, Texas and New Orleans.
Remaining there a short time he went to St.
Louis and in 1878 came to St. Paul. Came to
Stillwater in 1879 and engaged in his present
business with Charles Heitman.

558

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Clifton A. Bennett was born September 7th,
1841, in Shalersville, Portage county, Ohio. "When
ten years old, removed with his parents to Cleve-
land, remaining four years, and then to Freedom,
Portage county, attending school at Hiram Col-
lege, President Garfield being his teacher. En-
listed April 24th, 1861, in Company D, Twenty-
third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was pro-
moted to the staff of General W. D. Hazen, and
honorably discharged at Columbus, Ohio, in
October, 1866. After the war he came west to'
Morrison, Illinois, read law, was admitted to the
bar in 1867, in the spring of 1868 came to Still-
water, and for ten years was iri the ofHce of the
surveyor general of logs and lumber. In 1878 he
was elected clerk of court, and now occupies
that oflBce.

Louis N. Bergeron was bom at Quebec, Feb-
ruary 5th, 1844. When about ten years old, he
moved with his parents to a farm near Quebec,
lived six years, then returned to the city and was
employed in the boom works about five years.
Then went to Battle, Maine, remaining in the
shingle trade two years. He next came to St.
Paul, remained one year and to Stillwater to
work for the Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber
Company. In January, 1880, was appointed
foreman of the mill. Mr. Bergeron was married
August 9th, 1871 to Miss Emma Kreuger, of
Germany. They have one child: Amelia.

Chailes Boo was born October 3d, 1847, in
Sweden. Came to America in 1868, located in
Stillwater and followed lumbering until 1876,
when he opened a boarding house and saloon,
which he still conducts. His mother, aged sixty-
one years lives with hun. Was married Septem-
ber 19th, 1874, in Marine, Minnesota, to Matilda
Lindbloom. They have two children: Lyda A.
and Carl A.

August Booren, a natlye of Sweden, was born
March 6th, 1850. Came to America in 1866, with
his brothers Peter and Joseph, located in this
city, followed laboring and farming a while, then
attended school at Red Wing. In 1872, in com-
pany with C. P. Ilolcomb, leased and conducted
the St. Croix house. The winter of 1878-'9, he
spent in Sweden, and in the spring of '79, pur-
chased the site and erected the Central house,
which he leased to his brother, he himself being
engaged in the saloon business. Married Carrie

Wingren, of St. Paul, March 27th, 1873. They
have two children living: Minnie S. and Geo. W.

George Borrowman, harness-maker, a native of
Canada, was bom January 9th, 1850. Came to
Minneapolis at the age of fifteen years, completed
his trade of harness-maker, thence to this city in
1876. He commenced business at the comer of
Stimson alley and Chestnut street. His shop and
sales-room is now located in Green's block, where
he employs three men, and does an annual busi-
ness amounting to about $12,000. He was mar-
ried at Waterford, Wisconsin, November 18th,
1871 to Miss Maggie Kelly, they -have three chil-
dren living; one has died.

Rev. W. T. BoUtwell, one of the pioneer mis-
sionaries of Minnesota, and one who has proved
faithful to his trust in fighting the good fight,
is a native of Lyndeborough, Hillsborough
county, New Hampshire, born February 4th,
1803. His practical education and preparation
for college was acquired at Exeter, New Hamp-
shire. In 1828, he graduated from Dartmouth
college, and three years later from Andover Theo-
logical Seminary, being ordained as a missionary,
in company with Mr. Sherman Hall, who accom-
panied him on his missionary labors, at Wobum,
Massachusetts, June 7th, 1831, under the direc-
tion of the American Board of Conunissioners
for Foreign Missions. Rev. Milton Badger
preached the ordination sermon. Mr. Boutwell
with Mr. and Mrs. Hall left Boston, June 13th,
for Mackinaw, with the expectation of establish-
ing missions among the Chippewa Indians,'
arriving after a tedious journey of one month.
It was thought advisable for Mr. Boutwell to
remain at that point some time for the purpose
of acquiring the language of the Ojibways. Giv-
ing his attention and untiring zeal to the study
of this language he soon became familiar enough
to understand and make himself understood by
tlie natives. Subsequently he received an invita-
tion from Mr. Schoolcraft, United States agent
for Indian affairs in that quarter, • to accompany
him on an extensive. tour among the north-west-
ern Indians, for the purpose of exploring the
field, noting the condition of the aborigines and
establishing if possible, mission stations. He
accordingly left Mackinaw, June 7th, 1832, arriv-
ing at Fon du Lac the 23d, Mr. Schoolcraft hav-
ing dispatched a canoe and other necessaries for

CITY OF STILLWATEB— BIOGRAPHICAL.

659

his comfort. In a letter to the board he says:
"On arriving here I was not a little surprised to
find four hundred souls, French, half-breeds and
white men. The scene at our landing was such
as I never before witnessed, and enough to fill
one, unaccustomed to the like as myself, with
wonder, if not with fear. The yelling of Indians,
barking of dogs, crying of children, running of.
the multitude, discharge of musketry, and
flourish of flags, was noise in the extreme. But
my feeUngs were indescribable, when I came to
my senses and felt that on myself devolved the
duty of preaching to this motley group, the only
salvation, by Jesus Christ. And what depressed
me more than all, the majority neither under-
stood my language, nor I theirs, sufficiently to
address them except through an interpreter.
The Lord, however, opened a wide and effectual
door, and gave me utterance. At ten o'clock
I preached to about forty in English, the first
sermon ever preached here; and at four p. m., I
addressed, through Mr. Johnson, more than
twice that number, French, half-breeds and In-
dians. Many of the latter of whom, for the first
time, listened to the word of life. All listened
with attention and interest. My interpreter sat
on my right, while a chief occupied a seat at my
left, around and below me, on the floor, sat his
men, women and children, in a state of almost
entire nudity, many of whom had no more than
a cloth about the loins, and blanket, but some of
the children not even a blanket. All with their
pipes and tobacco pouches, painted with all the
variety of figures that can be imagined."

From thence he proceeded to the sources of the
Mississippi river, and after traveUng nearly 2,400
miles in the short space of sixty days, arrived, on
his return, at La Pointe, where Mr. Hall was re-
siding. La Pointe is on an island in a large bay
near the south-west portion of Lake Superior,
about four hundred miles west of Mackinaw, and
was a place of frequent-resort for a large number
of Indians, besides about two hundred who hved
there. Here he began his labors in establishing
a mission, and found more to be done than there
was time or strength for. However, a school was
established; the number of pupils varied, owing
to the unsettled state of the Indians and their
indifference on the subject of their education
from twelve to fifteen or twenty. As there were

no hooks in the Ojibwa language, it was neces-
sary to instruct them orally and in elementary
books in English, the progress being quite slow.
Mr. Boutwell, after a faithful prosecution of his
duties for more than a year, at La Pointe, gave
this work into other hands, and proceeded, in
September, 1833, to Leech lake, to commence a
mission station in that quarter for the Ojibwas.
In giving an account of his reception by the Indi-
ans, he says: "When I arrived, the men, with
few exceptions, were making their fall hunts,
while their families remained at the lake and its
vicinity, to gather their corn and make rice. A
few lodges were encamped quite near. These I
began to visit, for the purpose of reading, singing,
etc., in order to interest the children and awaken
in them the desire for instruction. I told them
about the children at Mackinaw, the Sault, and
at La Pointe, who could read, write and sing.
To this they would listen attentively, while the
motherwould often reply, 'My children are poor
and ignorant.' To a person unaccustomed to In-
dian manners and Indian wildness it would have
been amusing to have seen the little ones, as I
approached their lodge, running and screaming,
more terrified, if possible, than if they had met a
bear robbed of her whelps. It was not long,
however, before most of them overcame their
fears; and in a few days my dwelling, a lodge
which I occupied for three or four weeks, was
frequented from morning till evening, by an in-
teresting group of hoys, all desirous to learn to
read, sing, etc. To have seen them hanging,
some on one knee, others on my shoulder, reading
and singing, while others, whether from shame
or fear, I know not, who dared not venture with-
in, were peeping in through the sides of the cot-
tage, or lying flat upon the ground, and looking
under the bottom, might have provoked a smile;
especially to have seen them as they caught a
glance of my eye, springing upon their feet and
running like so many wild asses colts. The rain,
cold, and snow were alike to them, in which they
would come, day after day, many of them clad
merely with a blanket and a narrow strip of
cloth about the loins. The men at length returned,
and an opportunity was presented me for reading
to them. The greater part hstened attentively.
Some would come back and ask me to read more.
Others laughed and aimed to make sport of both

560

WISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

me and my book. I heeded as if I understood
not. I had been laughed at and called a fool be-
fore. Besides, I remembered to have read the
" servant is not above his master." Here he en-
dured the privatious and hardships of that lonely,
desolate place inhabited only by the dark-hued
tribes, with still darker souls striving by the help
of God to instruct and enlighten their minds.
In 1834, he made a trip to Fond du Lac, where
he married an interesting and well eductated An-
glo-Ojibwa lady. Miss Hester Crooks, who was a
teacher at Yellow Lake mission. Eetuming they
commenced house-keeping in a bark lodge. Send-
ing his men to the lake for the winter's supply of
fish, which was their principal means of suste-
nance, he proceeded to build a house. This hab-
itation when completed was a rude hut, the tim-
bers of which he assisted in cutting and carrying
on his shoulders; the walls were of mud, the
window of deer skins and the only articles of
furniture, a box which served for both chair and
table and an Indian mat for a bed. Continuing
his labors in that locality till 1837, he was then
compelled to leave his post in consequence of the
hostilities of the Leech Lake Ojibwas, who were
threatening to drive him away and had already
cruelly murdered Mr. Alfred Aitkin, the trader
in charge of the American Pur Company's post.
Later he was connected with the mission at Lake
Pokegama some time. In 1847, he came to Still-
water and officiated as pastor at St. Croix Palls,
Marine Mills and Cottage Grove. He was re-
lieved of his cares at Stillwater in 1848, by Rev.
J. C. Whitney, retiring then to St. Croix Palls
and Point Douglas, where he pursued his pastoral
labors until 1853. The Home Missionary society
then assigned to him, the charge at Point Doug-
las and Marine, where he still does duty as pastor.
He assisted Eev. Whitney in establishing the first
church in Stillwater in 1849, which was of Pres-
byterian belief. His first wife was born May
30th, 1817, on Drummond Island, Lake Huron.
When seven years old, she was placed in the
mission school at Mackinaw, and when seventeen
accompanied Mr. Ayer and wife as teacher and
interpreter at Yellow Lake. The next year,
1834, she married Mr. Boutwell and assisted him
in opening the mission at Leech Lake. Being
familiar with English, Prench and Indian, she
met with much success in interesting and teach-

ing both men and women, and in her energy
and untiring zeal in her good work proved her-
self to be worthy of her work. She passed to
her reward October 15th, 1863, at Stillwater.
She bore him five sons and four daughters; the
living are: Elizabeth A., Eamsey C, WilUamT.,
Kodney C, Catherine A., Hester E. and Corne-
lius L. His second wife was Mary Ann Bergin,
of Lancaster, New Hampshire, who was born
May 17th, 1809, and married September 26th,
1854. She came to Iowa as a teacher under the
patronage of Governor Slade, of Vermont. Feb-
ruary 5th, 1868, she departed to her rest.

Clark Boughton was bom in Litchfield county,
Connecticut, April 2d, 1831. When he was three
years old his parents removed to Loraine county,
Ohio. At the age of seventeen he commenced
learning milling, and one year later came west to
Galena, Illinois. Worked at his trade till 1850,
then went to California, across the plains, and
for two years engaged in mining. Next, coming
to Hastings, he engaged in milling, but lost
everything by high water after three years,and then
went to Colorado, remained a while, came back
to Minneapolis, and in 1877 took charge of the
St. Croix mills of this city. Was married in
August, 1854, to Anna Hanson, who has borne
him three boys and two girls, all of whom are
living.

Dennis Boyle was bom in New York city, May
21st, 1849. His parents removed to Green Lake
county, Wisconsin, where he received his educa-
tion. In 1865 he came to Stillwater and com-
menced lumbering. This he has since been con-
tinuously engaged in, and at present is foreman
for the C. N. Nelson Lumber Company. Also
has a valuable farm in Nobles county. In 1875
Mr." Boyle, was married to Miss Katie Whalen of
Baytown, Wisconsin. They have two children,
Mamie J. and William H.

C. A. Bromley was born in Plattsburg, New
York, October 3l8t, 1829. At the age of nine-
teen he removed to Kenosha, Wisconsin; thence
removed to Richmond, where he remained until
he came to Minnesota, arriving at St. Paul in
1851 and at Stillwater in 1853. Previous to the
war, he was captain of the Stillwater guards, and
at the beginning of the rebellion enlisted in the
First Minnesota Volunteers, as captain of Com-
pany B. After three months resigned and re-

CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHIGAL.

561

cruited Company I, Sixth Minnesota, served nine
months, then again resigned and returned home
and resumed his old business, livery. Served
one term as alderman. Was married here.

Elisha Brown, contractor and builder, was
born in the town of Knox, Waldo county, Maine,
April 7th, 1821. Lived in his birth-place until
eighteen years of age. Having learned the car-
penter trade at the age of twenty-one, he went to
Boston, Massachusetts, remained there about
three years working in the city and vicinity.
Then he returned to Maine, contracting and
building until 1854, then removed to Stillwater,
where he has since been engaged in contracting.
In 1862, he enlisted in the Eighth Minnesota
Volunteer Infantry, and served until July, 1865,
when he was mustered out at Fort SneUing.
Next went to Port Kidgely, remained eight
months, then returned to Stillwater and resumed
his business. Mr. Brown married jannette L.
Stephens, daughter of John and Hulda Irish, in
April, 1846. They have had four children, one
of whom survives. Flora H., who was married to
F. W. Getchell, of this place, in 1864.

Edward Scott Brown was born in Orono,
Maine, February 8, 1830. Keceivedhis education
in the common schools and academy at Foxcraft,
Maine. Learned the trade of mill-wright and
built the first gang saw -mill on the Kennebec.
In 1852 he went to Puget Sound, crossing the
isthmus of Panama, where he was compelled to
wait twenty-one days for a steamer. Took pas-
sage on the steamer Cortez, to San Francisco
thence embarked in a sailing vessel for Puget
Sound. Built and operated for one year the saw-
mills of the Puget Sound Lumber Company,
erecting the first gang saw-mill on the Pacific
coast. Returned to Orono in 1854, and in 1855
came to St. Anthony for Franklin Steele. In
1873 removed to this city and represented this
district in the state senate one term.

George S. Brown was born in Orono, Maine,
March 23d, 1845. At the age of ten years he re-
moved with his parents to Lewiston, where he
lived until sixteen years old, then came to St.
Anthony, and in the fall of 1863 enlisted in Com-
pany B, Brackett's Independent Battalion, and
served against the Indians. In the spring of
1866 he was honorably discharged at Fort SneU-
ing, returned to St. Anthony and conducted a
36

lumber yard until 187^. Next run a lumberyard
in Wells two years and in 1872 came to Stillwater
and went to work for Ilersey, Bean aqd Brown,
as foreman of yards, and has since held that po-
sition. Married, in 1870, Miss Ida F. Eogers, of
St. Anthony. They have three children.

Jphn Brown was born in Cork, Ireland, April
17th, 1820, where he lived until he was twenty-
six years of age. His father having died when
he was eighteen months old, Jje was reared by his
mother, Josie Brown. In 1846 came to America,
settled in New York, and for ten years was en-
gaged in railroading. In 1856 came to Stillwater
and worked for Hersey, Staples and Hall until
that firm dissolved, then went to work for Hersey,
Staples and Doe, continuing until 1878. In 1863
he purchased one hundred acres of land in Still-
water township, and in 1880, forty acres adjoin-
ing. Married, May 3d, 1847, Miss Anna Leary,
of New York city. They have had ten children,
five of whom aie living, William H., James L.,
. Mary M., Josie A. and Francis L.

Joseph Renshaw Brown, deceased, an ex-editor
and publisher of Minnesota, one of the most
widely known public men of the state, and at
his death the oldest white settler, was born Jan-
uary 5th, 1805, in Hartford county, Maryland.
When about fourteen years of age his father
apprenticed him to a printer in Lancaster, Penn-
sylvania. Being treated with great harshness
and injustice by his employer, he soon after ran
away, came to what is now Minnesota, with the
detachment of troops that built Fort Snelliag In
1819, and remained a resident of Minnesota, en-
gaged in public and private business, until his
death, in New York, November 9th, 1870. Leav-
ing the army about 1825, he resided at Mendota,
Stillwater, Saint Croix, and other points in the
state, engaging in the Indian trade, lumbering,
and other occupations. He acquired a perfect
acquaintance with the Dakota tongue, and at-
tained an influence among that nation (being
allied to them by maxriage) which continued
unabated while he lived. He was elected mem-
ber of the Wisconsin legislature from St. Croix
county in 1840, 1841, and 1842, taking a promi-
nent part in those sessions. He was a leading
member of the Stillwater convention of citizens
held in August, 1848, to take steps to secure a
territorial organization of what is now Minne-

562

mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

sota. He was secretary of the territorial council
of 1849 and 1851, and chief clerk of the house of
representatives in 1863, a member of the council
in 1854 and 1855, and of the house in 1857; was
territorial printer in 1853 and 1854. He was also
a member from Sibley county in the constitu-
tional convention of 1857. In August, 1852, he
purchased the Minnesota Pioneer, and edited
and published it under his own name, for nearly
two years. In 1857 he established at Henderson,
a town founded and laid out by him, a short
time before, a journal called the Henderson
Democrat, which soon became a prominent po-
litical organ, and was continued with much
success until about 1861. In the Indian war,
which broke out in 1862, Major Brown took
active part. He figured somewhat as an inventor.
He had force, originality and genius of invention
in him, which was always impelling him in new
paths. It was a favorite project of his to build
a wagon propelled by steam, which would travel
at win over the dry hard roads of our prairies.
While perfecting this invention he died in New
York, jSTovember 9th, 1870.

Julius r. Brunswick, deceased, a son of John
G. and Eagula Brunswick, was born in Haupt-
weil, Canton Thurgau, Switzerland, May 12th,
1826. He lived here until he was twenty years
of age. Having learned the Italian and French
languages in Italy and Paris, in 1846 he came to
America and lived a short time in Illinois; then
came to the St. Croix valley. He at first was en-
gaged in the lumber regions working for other
parties, but as soon as he accumulated enough
started in a small building in mercantile busi-
ness, ceasing to work for others. By close econ-
omy and perseverance, he gradually accumulated
property, and in 1857 opened a general merchan-
dise store in a room of Charles Scheffer's old
bank building. This he carried on for two years
with considerable success. He then bought a
stock belonging to one Porstahal, paying $2,000,
and added it to his business. In connection
with his store, he also ran a warehouse, handling
grain and farm machinery. After conducting this
a time, he bought a lot adjoining the store and built
a large warehouse. He has also dealt largely in
pine lands and farming. February 29th, 1859,
he married Miss Margaret Darms of this city.
They have had seven children, all of whom are

now living: John G., Anna, Rosa, Albert, Clara,
Emma and Amelia.

George M. Brush was born March 9th, 1850, at
Fairfax, Vermont. Came with his parents to
Illinois in 1857, and attended school until 1860,
when he left home and clerked in a dry-goods
store until 1865, then came to Minnesota and
worked on the Winona and St. Peter railway. At
one time was chief clerk in the general ot&ce, and
afterwards supply agent. During the year 1872,
was agent for the Chicago and Northwestern Bail-
way Company at Sparta, Wisconsin. Came to
Stillwater in 1874 to take the position he now
holds, agent for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneap-
lis and Omaha Railway Company,

Anthony H. Bryan, mechanical engineer, was
born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, September,
29th, 1850. Lived in that place with his parents,
John W., and Margaret Bryan untU he was
twenty-one years of age, then went to Cincinnati,
Ohio, and entered the steamboat works of Ar-
thur Moore and Sons. After remaining two
years, he went on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers
as assistant engineer of the Charles Bodman and
other steamers of the Cincinnati and New Orleans
Packet Company. At the end of two years re-
ceived a license as second engineer, and was for
two years engaged as such on various boats.
Then receiving license of first engineer, ran in
that capacity on the Mississippi and its tributa-
ties until 1879. That year he came to northern
Minnesota and worked for the Winnepeg and
Western Transportation Company, then settled
in this city, working in the winterin the machine
shops of D. M. Swain. Marrinl Miss Mary
Colby, of Taylor's Falls, December 4th, 1879.

William Buchanan was born in Glasgow,
Scotland, March 4th, 1837. When quite young
his parents both died, and at the age of twelve,
he was apprenticed for five years to learn the
machinist's trade in Todd and McGregor's Ma-
rine Ironworks, in (ilasgow, Scotland, then held
for two years the position of foreman of that in-
stitution. Afterwards \Yent to Liverpool and
was foreman for Nicholas and Duncan in their
great printing establishment. From 1857 until
1868, he was engaged as engineer on various
ocean steamers on the Atlantic. Then came to
Indianapolis, Indiana, and remained eighteen
months with Greenleaf and Company. Moved to

CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOORAPHIGAL.

663

St. Louis, thence to Chicago, working at machin-
ist's work. Next worked in various points in
Wisconsin, and was at St. Paul three years. In
October, 1879, came to Stillwater and engaged in
the mechanical department of Seymour, Sabin
and Company's works. He was married in Chi-
cago to Miss Margery McDonald, of West Can-
ada.

J. M. Burbridge was bom in Bass county, Ken-
tucky. At the age of six years, he came with his
father to Illinois, where he was reared. Having
learned carpentering, he came to McGregor, Iowa,
in 1850, and engaged in carpentering and build-
ing. Next removed to Decorah, working at his
trade until October, 1879, then came to Stillwa-
ter. Mr. Burbridge was married to Miss Eliza-
beth Wood, of Jo Davies county, Illinois. ■ Of
their eight children, but two, Mattie and Wil-
liam H. are now living. Mrs. Burbridge died in
November, 1869.

Benjamin P. Burns was born in Whitehall,
Baltimore county, Maryland, July 15th, 1843.
Lived in the vicinity of his birth-place, engaged
in farming, until 1869; then came to St. Paul and
afterwards to Stillwater. For about two years
he was in the employ of the Lake Superior and
Mississippi Railway Company as baggage-master.
In 1871 he was appointed guard at the Minnesota
state prison, which position he now holds. Mar-
ried Miss Emma Oben, of Praii-ie du Chien, Wis-
consin, December 28th, 1874. They have three
children: Mary V., John H. and Charles B.

August Buth was bom in Europe, August 18th,
1847. Learned the trade of boot and shoe maker
in his native country. Came to America and
located at Stillwater in 1865. After working for
different firms for a time, he accumulated su
cient capital to start a shop of his own in 1870,
and soon began to employ labor. In 1872 he
added a retail boot and shoe store. His business
has steadily increased, and now amounts to about
$12,000 per year. Was married in 1872 to
Augusta Myres. Harry, LiUie and Alma are
their children.

Dr. W. H. Caine was born at Ravenna, Ohio,
May 10th, 1854. Came with his pargnts to St.
Paul in 1858, attended the graded schools and
graduated from the high school of that city in
1869; then took a course in the Bryant and Strat-
ton Commercial college. For two years follow-

ing he was engaged at clerking in St. Paul; then
commenced the study of medicine, spending two
years in preliminary study at home, next taking
a partial course in Hahnemann Medical College
of , Chicago, then completing it at the Cook
county, Mercy and Hahnemann hospitals. After
finishing his medical studies he came to Still-
water in April, 1877. In 1880 he was elected
county physician. September 4th, 1880, he per-
formed the first successful operation in trache-
otomy in the county. He is a member of the
American Institute of Homoeopathy, the West-
ern Academy of Homoeopathy , the Minnesota State
Institute of Homoeopathy, the Hahnemann Med-
ical Institute of Hahnemann college, the Eamsey
County Homoepathic Medical Society and a licen-
ciate of the lUinois State Board of Health. Was
married at St. Paul, October 23d, 1873, to Mary
H. Ten Eyck of that city. Their children are
Arthur and William A.

Albert Caplazi was born in Canton of Greschon,
Switzerland, January 13th, 1824. Was educated
by his parents, his father being a miller. At
the age of ten years, went with his parents
to the province of Wurtemberg, Germany, where
he learned the trade of carpenter; then at the
age of twenty-two years returned to his birth-
place. Came to America in 1854 with three
brothers and one sister. Stopped two years in
Ohio, and, in 1856, came to Stillwater. Worked
at his trade until the spring of 1861, when he
enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota Volun-
teers, received several severe wounds, and was
honorably discharged at Fort Snelling in May,
1864. Re-enlisted as a substitute in April, 1865,
but his services were not needed, and he se-
cured his discharge the same summer. Was
married January 13th, 1867, in St. Louis, to
Christiana Deichlar, who was bom in Germany
March 12th, 1842. They have one son and two
daughters: Peter P., Rose and Otelia.

Joseph N. Caplazi was born in Switzerland,
December 18th, 18S2. Lived with his parents
until twenty-two years old. At the age of twen-
ty learned the carpenter's trade. Came to Amer-
ica in 1854, was at Piqua, Ohio, one summer, at
Chicago two years, came to Stillwater, remained
four months, returned to Chicago, and in 1858
came back to this city. In 1862 enlisted in Com-
pany C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry.

564

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Mr. Caplizi is one of the oldest and best known
carpenters of this city. Married Barbara Johe,
of Germany, November 6th, 1859. They have
three children, Clara, Leo and William -A.

William M. Capron was born in Stamford, Con-
necticut, June 19th, 1835. When he was twelve
years of age he moved with his parents to New
York city. His father was a gas fitter and
plumber, and engaged in the manufacture of tin-
ware, and he learned the trade before reaching
manhood. In 1855 came to Stillwater, and at
once engaged in business with his brother, Alon-
zo A., who had preceeded him one year. His
father and mother, now aged 'residents of this
city, accompanied him. Mr. Capron has been in
the hardware business ever since.

Joseph Cardwell was born in the county of Gray,
Canada, April 18th, 1852: attended the common
schools until eighteen years of age, when he went
to Marquette, Michigan. Then was- engaged in
government employ for several years, and for
three years run a saloon at Clayton, Wisconsin.
Next came to Stillwater in June, 1880, and en-
tered, m company with Charles Dyson, into saloon
business on Main street. Married Miss Clara
Thomas, of Clayton, Wisconsin, February 28th,
1879. They have one daughter, Grace.

Henry W. Cannon was born in Delhi, New
York, September 25th, 1850. He is the son of
George B., and A. E. Cannon, who educated him
at the Delaware Literary Institute. At the age
of fifteen years he was appointed deputy post-
master at Delhi. After holding this position
two years he was paying teller in the First
National bank of Delhi. In 1870 he came to St.
Paul; in March, 1871, came to Stillwater and has
since been prominently identified with its busi-
ness interests. Is cashier of the Lumbermen's
National bank, and holds important positions in
the water-power and gas light companies, and the
Union elevator company.

Jeremiah E. Cary was born in New York city,
December 9th, 1848. Lived with his mother
until he was twelve years old, his father having
died when Jeremiah was quite young. Then
went to Jefferson, Wisconsin, where he remained
until twenty years of age, then for two years was
at Neenah. Spent the next six years at De Pere,
handling pumps and wind-mills. Next, was
eighteen months at Eiver Palls. In 1876 came

to Stillwater, and has since resided here. July
14th, 1873, he married Miss Katie Jones, who
was born in Peshtigo, Wisconsin, December 1st,
1853. They have three children.

Christopher Carli, M. D. The subject of this
sketch, who is the oldest living male settler in
what is now the city of Stillwater, is the son of
an Italian merchant, and was born in Prankfort-
on-the-Main, Germany, December 7th, 1811. His
youth was entirely devoted to study; at sixteen
he went to Heidelberg and became a student in
the Gymnasium, and afterwards in the Univer-
sity, giving the best years of his life to literary
and medical studies. In the fall of 1831, he
sailed in the Constitution for America, and ar-
rived in New York, February 8th, 1832, after a
voyage of eighty-eight days. The same spring
he went to Buffalo, New York, where he was en-
gaged in the practice of medicine till December,
1835, when he returned to Europe, and was absent
nearly two years. After his return in 1837, he
practiced medicine in Cliicago one season, then
visited the south and returned to Chicago in 1839.
In the spring of 1841, he set out for the point
then called Dahkotah, now Stillwater, in company
with his brother's wife and three children, and
her half-brother, Joseph K. Brown, who had previ-
ously made a claim here and had a house
partially erected. He arrived at Gray Cloud Is-
land, on the Mississippi river, June 13th, 1841,
then moved to the head of the St. Croix Lake,
and in company with J. R. Brown, built the house
that became famous as the Old Tamarack house,
which was the first built in Stillwater. In tliis
building Dr. Carli opened the first drug-store in
Stillwater. He also opened the first bank, and
was a member of the first council. Was ap-
pointed in 1859, by Governor Sibley, surgeon of
a brigade of the state militia. He married Mrs.
Lydia Ann Carli, widow of Paul J . Carli.

Mrs. Lydia Ann Carli. This lady, the first to
make a home in what is now Stillwater, was born
near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, March 13th, 1818.
When seven years of age, her parents moved to
lirie county, where her father died and her
mother again man-ied. In the company of some
friends, in the spring of 1834, this young girl set
out for Chicago, where she arrived safely, and in
the fall of the same year, married Paul J. Carli,
at that time a well to do German residing in that

CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHICAL.

565

city. No event of special importance occurred
until the spring of 1841; her husband having gone
south for his health, Mrs. Carli, accompanied by
her half brother, Joseph R. Brown, her husband's
brother, Christopher Carli, and her three children,
set out for her brother's claim, at the head of
Lake St. Croix, in the then territory of Wiscon-
sin. On the 29th of June, 1841, Mrs. Carli
landed ' at Dahkotah, now Stillwater, much sur-
prised to find much of the badinage of her brother
on the way regarding wilderness, half-roofed
dwelling, etc., literally true. It is difficult to
imagine the feelings of this intellectual and cul-
tured woman, thus placed alone with her babes,
far from home, scores of miles from the nearest
white woman, and her every-day companions,
necessarily, the savage, or the adventurous fron-
tiersman. In about a year and a half her hus-
band arrived, but the family continued to occupy
the "Tamarack house" until 1844, when Mr.
Carli determined to make a new home for him-
self, and accordingly selected a site at St. Mary's,
about ten miles below Stillwater, where the fam-
ily removed. Here Mr. Carli was drowned while
sporting on Lake St. Croix. Soon afterward she
married Dr. Carli, and has since resided in Still-
water.

Ira Wallace Castle was born at Shefford, Shef-
ford county, Canada, December 18th, 1848. Un-
til he was sixteen years of age, he remained on
his father's farm, receiving a common school
education. In 1867 came to Stillwater, and the
next five years attended the University of Minne-
sota, at MinneapoUs. ISText studied law with his
brother, J. IST. Castle, and at Michigan Univer-
sity, graduating in 1877, was admitted to the bar
in this city the same year, and has since been
junior member of the firm of J. N. and Ira
W. Castle: Married Miss Emma M. Lanpher
of Stillwater, in October, 1880.

James N. Castle was born in ShefEord, Shef-
ford county, Canada. Received his education in
the common schools. After reading law four
years he came to Minnesota in 1862, and taught
school at Afton, studying law with Smith and
Gilman, of St. Paul, until 1865. He then was
elected county attorney of Washington county.
In 1868 he was elected to the state senate serv-
ing two years. Was elected again in 1878 for
four years. Is unmarried.

Luke B. Castle was born in Waterloo, Shefford
county, Canada, January 10th, 1844. Lived with
his parents until eighteen years of age. Then
went to Massachusetts to learn a trade. In 1863,
to Grand Rapids, Michigan, remaining until 1864,
and then enlisted in company B, Sixteenth Mich-
igan Volunteer Infantry, and served until the
close- of the rebellion, and was mustered out at
Detroit, Michigan, July, 1865; then returned to
Shefford county, Canada. In the fall of 1867
came to Stillwater; during the winter took a com-
mercial course at St. Paul, and for the next two
summers was engaged in building in this city.
He was then several years interested in a planing
mill. In February, 1879, he took his present
position, fqreman of Staples' planing mill. He
married Miss Nannie Getchell, of Stillwater,
May 21st, 1873. They have had three children,
one now living, Shirley.

Benjamin Cayou was born in St. Louis, Mis-
souri, January 30th, 1845. His father dying, his
mother married Samuel Mercier, and when Ben-
jamin was six years old they came to Stillwater,
and have since resided here. Enlisted at the
beginning of the rebellion in company K, Second
Minnesota Sharpshooters. Went to St. Louis,
and in August, 1862, came back to Stillwater.
Re-enlisted in Company C, Eighth Minnesota
Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of the
war. Came home and spent three years farming
at White Bear lake, then was five years at Litch-
field, and the next six months at Morris. Tn the
fall of 1873 he returned to Stillwater, and has
since been a guard at the prison. Married April
27th, 1868, Susan, daughter of Dillon and Eliza-
beth O'Brien of St. Paul. They have four child-
ren: Lizzie, Josie, O'Brien and Thomas.

W. A. Chambers, a native of Muscatine, Iowa,
was born March 9th, 1854. Attended the graded
schools until sixteen years old, then for three
years clerked for the lumber firm of Chambers
Brothers, of Atlantic, Cass county. In the fall of
1877 came to Minnesota and spent the winter in
the woods, coming down on the "drive" in July,
1878. Concluding to remain in this city, he en-
tered the office of Durant and Wheeler, as second
book-keeper, and in 1879 was given entire charge
of their office as cashier and book-keeper.

The Reverend Densmore D. Chapin A. M., is a
native of Connecticut. Received his education

566

SISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

at Trinity college, Hartford, graduated in theol-
ogy, and was ordained by Bishop Kemper, at
Nashotah, "Wisconsin, in 1862. Then went to
California and had charge of several parishes
there. Was the first rector of St. Peter's church,
San Francisco, for several years edited the Pacific
Churchman, and was connected editorially with
the Churchman of New York city. In 1878 he
came to Stillwater, from New York city, and
took charge of his present parish.

Aaron H. Chase, prison guard, a native of East
Machias, Maine, was born July 25th, 1829. At
the age of fourteen he began lumbering, and was
chiefly occupied in that line until 1861. At the
beginning of the war he enlisted in Company H,
Ninth Maine Volunteer Infantry, served until
January 1st, 1864, then re-enlisted in the same
regiment as a veteran. Was mustered out at
Raleigh, North Carolina, with the rank of first
lieutenant. In 1876 he came to this city, was
appointed prison guard and has held the position
since. Married, May 6th, 1852, Miss Lucy H.
EUsemore. Their children are, EUsha C, Bertie
L., William L., Hattie V. and Edna.

Z. W. Chase, son of Ezra and Hannah Chase,
of Dennysville, Maine, was born July 4th, 1831.
Eeceived his education at the common schools,
attending winters. In 1854 came west to La
Crosse, Wisconsin, and went into the lumber
business for C. C. Washburn. At the end of two
years came to the St. Croix valley and entered
into business with his brother, A. M. Chase, un-
der the firm name of A. M. and Z. W. Chase.
This firm cut and rafted the first logs, from the
Totogatic river to the market below. In 1866
spent a few months in Colorado, prospecting for
silver, but returned to this city and has been in
business here since. Mr. Chase was married to
Miss Lydia M. Jordan, June 4th, 1859. They
have five sons, Albert M., Elmer E., William E.,
Ernest M. and George O.

W. A. Clay was born at Gardiner, Kennebec
county, Maine, April 4th, 1818. Went to school
until eighteen years of age, then began lumber-
ing for his father in the mills. In 1850, visited
Stillwater, but remained only a short time. The
winter of 1851-'52, he was in North Carolina, en-
gaged in lumbering, but returned to Maine and
spent the summer. In 1856, came to Black Elver,
Wisconsin, and to Stillwater the following win-

ter; until 1867, he owned an interest in the Clay
mills. In 1871, Mr. Clay entered the employ of
the Lake Superior and Mississippi Hallway Corn-
way in the land department. After remaining
with them four years, he began surveying logs
and has since been in that business. Mr. Clay
was married in 1837 to Miss Sarah Douglas, of
Gardiner, Maine. She has borne him six children,
but one of whom is living.

C. L. Clegg, a native of Louisville, Kentucky,
born May 4th, 1844, is a son of Wm. C. and Ellen
Clegg. At the age of twenty-one years, he went
to St. Louis, Missouri, and remained about three
years, then came to Dubuque, Iowa, and worked
for the Illinois Central Railway Company two
years. On April 14th, 1868, he came to this city,
and for four years was with the Sehulenburg,
Boeckeler Lumber Company, then, about five
years worked on the St. Croix river, lumbering.
In 1877, he opened the well-known CaUfomia
fruit store on Third street. Mr. Clegg was mar-
ried June 24th, 1870 to Miss Amelia Etzel of
this city.

John Cogswell was bom September 24th, 1834,
in Enfield, Grafton county, New Hampshire.
Lived with his parents until he was eighteen
years old, then commenced railroading as fireman
on the Northern New Hampshire railroad. At
the breaking out of the war of the rebellion he
enlisted in the United States navy, serving under
Commodore Porter until July 2d, 1862, at that
time receiving his discharge at Point Lookout,
Maryland. After spending four years railroad-
ing in Iowa, he came to Minnesota and was en-
gaged in the same business until January, 1878,
when he came to this city, was appointed prison
guard, and has since held that position. Married
Miss Jane M. Reed, of Cedar EaUs, Iowa, June
17th, 1866. Of their three children, Frank E.
and Mary P., are living.

Robert M. Coles, real estate dealer is a native
of Massachusetts, born at Hopkins in 1845. At
Worcester, he learned the trade of shoemaking,
and coming to Stillwater in 1871, opened a shoe-
shop, which he run until 1874, then began specu-
lating in lands. His wife was Miss Margeret
Burns, of this city, who has borne him two chil-
dren: Robert M. and Otho.

Francis V . Comfort, a native of Wisconsin, was
born at Mineral Point, August 7th, 1853. Until

CITF OF STILLWATEB— BIOGRAPHICAL.

567

seventeen years of age, he lived on a farm, at
that age he went to Missouri, then came to Still-
vvrater in August, 1872. After attending school
in Portage, Wisconsin, he commenced studying
law with his brother, O. H. Comfort, and then
with H. E. Murdock. Was admitted to practice in
Washington county, February 4th, 1878, and com-
menced practice in this city with his brother. In
1880, he was admitted to practice in the United
States circuit court.

Neil Conklin, conductor on the St. Paul and
Duluth railway, was born in Geneva, Walworth
county, Wisconsin, January 16th, 1856. When
but a child removed to Winona with his parents.
Commenced railroading as brakesman on the
Southern Minnesota railway in 1869, worked in
that capacity on several railroads in the state,
and in 1878 was made passenger conductor on
the St. Paul and Duluth road. Mr. Conklin re-
sides with his parents on the corner of North Hill
and Second streets.

James Connors, bom April 6th, 1831, is a native
of Pictou, Nova Scotia. Learned blacksmithing
with his father in Eestigouche, New Brunswick,
and came with him to- Wisconsin in 1865. In
1873 came to Stillwater and worked at his trade
for Isaac Staples until 1877, then started for
himself, and has enlarged his business until he
now employs six men, doing an annual business
of f 17,000. Married Miss Annie Clark, of Ees-
tigouche, New Brunswick, in October, 1858.
They have three children.

W. S. Conrad was born in Eichmond, Virginia,
in August, 1845. Grew up and received his ed-
ucation at Eichmond college. Came to this city
in 1865, and was two years clerk in the dry goods
store of Levy and Daniels, then in the surveyor
general's office one year, and in the winter of
1867-'68 was chopping in the woods. In the fall
of 1869 commenced business for himself as
wholesale and retail dealer in cigars and tobacco.
Mr. Conrad married Miss Eliza C.McKusick of this
city, on the 27th of September, 1869. They have
had two children, one of whom, Edwin M., is
living.

John Covell, a native of Upper Canada, was
born December 3d, 1826. His education was re-
ceived in three-months' terms in winter schools
until he was fourteen years old; was then ap-
prenticed to learn carpentering, afterward learn-

ing the mill- Wright trade. After acquiring a trade
came west in 1850 and stopped at Milwaukee; in
1865 removed to Anoka, in 1868 came to Still-
water and has been in the employ of Seymour,
Sabin and Company since. He was married at
Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, in 1859, to Miss
Abbie M. Burr. They have two daughters, An-
gelica M. and Edith P.

Charles W. Crowell was born at Gardiner,
Maine, August 5th, 1842. At the age of twenty
he began to learn the trade of miller, and worked
five years with Esquire Gardiner, founder of the
town of Gardiner. Then went to Lawrence,
Massachusetts, and was in Taylor and Davis'
great flouring-mills eight years. He next came
to Minneapolis and was eighteen months in the
Washburn A mill, then came to Stillwater and
has since been engaged as superintendent of the
Stillwater Mills. Mr. Crowell married Miss Ida
J. Madison, of Minneapolis, July 29th, 1880.

William E. Cummings was bom in the town
of Williamsburg, Stormont county, Canada,
January 28th, 1843. When twelve years old he
began learning the mill-wright trade. After
working four years in Lindsay, then went to the
town of Pinch, where he spent eight years work-
ing for J. R. Chregsler and Sons. Eemoved to
Minneapolis in 1876, shortly afterward went to
Clayton, Wisconsin, where he built a mill, and
resided in that town one year. In 1877 came to
Stillwater and engaged with Seymour, Sabin and
Company as mill-wright, and has been with them
since. He married Miss Sarah J. Green, of Bed-
caygeon, Canada, on the 30th of June, 1869. They
have had five children; but three, Albert, Olive
and Minnie, are living.

Gold T. Curtis, deceased, was a native of Mor-
risville, Madison county. New York, born Aug-
ust 16th, 1821. When but fourteen years of age,
he passed the preliminary examination at Yale
college, but the faculty were unwilling to admit
him on account of his youth. His father then
took him to Hamilton college. New York, whence
he graduated in 1840, at the age of eighteen years.
Was admitted to practice when twenty-one years
of age. In 1850 he married Miss Mary A. Ander-
son, of Belleville, Illinois, and for four years
practiced in that place. In 1854 he came to Still-
water, and at once entered into a lucrative prac-
tice, for a time holding the offices of district

568

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON C0UN2Y.

attorney and judge of probate. Was a member
of the constitutional convention of 1857. At the
breaking out of tlie rebellion he enlisted as a pri-
vatein the Fifth Minnesota Volunteers; was pro-
moted to first lieutenant and afterwards to
captain. When about to be transferred to Gene-
ral Halleck's staff, was taken ill and died July
21th, 1862. His remains were brought to Still-
water and buried with military and Masonic
honors.

Joseph Dahm, a native of Germany, was born
December 11th, 1835. Attended schools until the
age of twelve years, then learned the baker's
trade, and in 1857, came to America, locating at
Stillwater and engaged in cooking in lumber
camps and on the drives until 1862, when he
opened a saloon, towhich was added in 1869, a
stock of groceries. In 1870, he leased the saloon
and devoted himself entirely to groceries. Is as-
sisted by John Demler, and his own son Leonard.
In 1862, he married Mrs. F. Demler, widow of S.
Demler, who built the building now occupied by
Dahm.

Lawson M. Dailey is a native of St. Lawrence
county, New York, born March 10th, 1852. Lived
with parents until he was fifteen years old,
then learned a trade, spent two years in the large
lumber mills of Lovelace, Funday and Company
at Norwood, then was in machine shops at Pots-
dam, St. Lawrence county. Returning to Nor-
wood, he remained in charge of Lovelace, Cool
and Company's planing mill until 1873. March
24th, came to Stillwater, and has since been su-
perintendent of Hersey, Bean and Brown's plan-
ing mill. Was married at St. Paul, January
16th, 1874 to Miss Hattie M. Dailey, of Water-
town, New York. She has borne him two chil-
dren: Russie L. and Bertrand.

George Davis, county auditor, a native of
Massachusetts, born at Lancaster, September
22d, 1832. Received his education at common
school and at Berlin and Lancaster Academies.
His father dying when George was only eleven
years old, he was compelled from that time to
make his own living. Came west to St. Louis in
1852, and, in 1853, to Stillwater. Until 1K58, was
engaged as clerk, for various firms, then was
appointed deputy sheriff, and in 1861, elected
sheriff, holding the office ten years. Was next de-
puty clerk, then clerk of district court, and in 1876,

was elected county auditor holding that office
since. Married Georgia Stanchfield in 1865, and
has five children: Harry W., Orris C.,WarrenW.,
Adella and John H.

James B. Davis was bom in Old Town, Penob-
scot county, Maine, January 1st, 1836. When
twenty-two years of age, he started west, and the
next seven years were spent traveling through
California, Nevada and Montana. At Fort Ben-
ton in 1867, he, with fifteen others built a Mack-
inaw boat and went down the Missouri to Sioux
City. On the trip which required forty days,
four of the crew were wounded in skirmishing
with Sioux Indians, though no lives were lost.
In March 1868, he came here and has since been
lumbering, as foreman for Isaac Staples. Mr.
Davis married December 2d, 1856, Miss Martha
A. Bradford, of Old Town, Maine. They have
three children: James. E., Nora L. and Gert-
rude May.

Richard Daw, a native of England, was born
March. 31st, 1845. Came to America with his
parents in 1847, and Uved there until 1856, the
family then rernoving to Stevenson county, Illi-
nois. Learned the trade of carriage-making with
a Mr. Bass of Freeport. In 1871 removed to St.
Paul and worked at his trade until March, 1872,
then came to Stillwater and commenced business
for himself, continuing to reside here since.

Silas S. Denton, born November 28th, 1810, is
a native of Jefferson county, New York. In
May, 1854, he came to the St. Croix vaUey and
bought a tract of land bordering on Carnelian
lake, and in September brought his family to
their new home. Soon after he came to the city
where he has since resided. Bought an interest
in the livery business with C. A. Bromley, run
it two years, sold out, and was engaged in that
business in various localities until 1879, when he
sold the stock, but retains the buildings and
grounds. Married Miss Sophronia Cowles, of
Durham, Greene county. New York, December
21st, 1842. Of three children born to them but
one survives, Carrie E., now the wife of James
Pennington, Jr., who lives in tliis city.

Alexander Donald was born in Hancock county,
Illinois, March 17th, 1847. His parents dying
when he was but eight years old, he was left in
the care of an uncle who was a farmer. Worked
on the farm in the summer and attended district

CITY OF STILLWAIEB- BIOGRAPHICAL.

509

school winters until eighteen years old. Then
entered the state normal school at Bloomington,
Illinois, and spent two and one-half years there.
"Was engaged teaching, in insurance business, and
steamboating until 1875. Then commenced
studying medicine. Graduated at Hahnemann
medical college, Chicago, and practiced a while
in that city. June 19th, 1880, came to Stillwater
and has since practicted here. Dr. Donald
married Mary Ferguson, of Illinois. They have
had two children, both deceased.

Jacob A. Deragisch was born in Switzerland,
February 2d, 1844. In 1854 he came to Toledo,
Ohio, with an uncle, remaining a short time.
Came to this city, and for several years attended
the city schools in the winter and in the summer
worked in the mills. In August, 1857, he met
with an accident by which he lost the thumb and
two first fingers of the right hand. He then at-
tended school about eighteen months, and March
16th, 1859, entered the store of the Sehulenburg
and Boeckeler Lumber Company, where he has
since remained. During the past seven years he
has been alderman from the third ward. Was
married in 1871 to Josephine McLean, and has
two children.

P. S. Deragisch is a native of Switzerland,
born July 11th, 1847. When thirteen years old
he came with his parents to America, arriving at
Stillwater in the spring of 1861. At flrstworked
on a farm at four dollars per month, then in a
cigar and tobacco establishment at eight dollars
per month. Was next in the employ of the Sehu-
lenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company until
1871. Then engaged for himself in the New
I4ea sample rooms. Married in this city to Miss
Elizabeth McLean, who has borne him three
children, two of whom are now living, Jerome B.
and Emily.

Conrad Drechsler was born in Germany, Octo-
ber 23d, 1836. Came to America in 1855, and to
Stillwater in 1858, and followed lumbering for
several years. In 1870, erected his present build-
ing, and has since run his saloon in it. Mr.
Drechsler is the oldest saloon-keeper in Stillwater.
Was married in this city to Miss Mena Lustig, in
1862. Six children have been born to them, four
of whom are now living: Amel, Emma, Willie
and Clara.

Julius H, Duel, of the firm of Duel and

Schermuly, publishers of the St. Croix Post, was
born July 16th, 1858, in Mecklenburg, Germany.
Soon after, his parents removed. to Prussian Ger-
many, where he received his German education.
At the age of nine years he had attained the
fourth seat in a school of one hundred and twen-
ty-flve scholarSjin Germany, scholars being seated
according to scholarship. When about ten years
of age his parents emigrated to the United States.
In 1871 he attended the higher school in Lake-
land, and in 1872 his parents removed to St:
Croix county, Wisconsin. In 1873 he attended
tlie academy at Afton, three months, then entered
the Stillwater high school. His father desired
him to settle on the farm, but wishing to pursue
his studies, he sought a place to work for his ,
board, and while thus engaged became acquainted
with Mr. Easton, of the Gazette, for whom he
took care of a horse for his board, attending
school through the winter. In the spring of 1875
he entered the Gazette office as apprentice, work-
ing three years in that capacity, then became as-
sociated with the St. Croix Post, a German paper.
On the 11th of December, 1879, he was married
to Miss Emma Schermuly, oldest daughter of his
partner.

Edward White Durant, is a native of Koxbury,
Massachusetts, born April 8th, 1829. He is of
Huguenot descent, and about the sixth genera-
tion from Captain Edward Durant, who moved
from Boston to Newton (Cambridge), Massachu-
setts, in 1732, and who two years later, was re-
fused the privilege of building a pew in the meet-
ing-house. His son Edward Junior, was one of
the leading patriots of Newton, strongly ojJposing
the arbitrary measures of the British government
for several years before the revolution. He was
chairman of the committee on commercial corre-
spondence and delegate to the provincial congress
of 1774 and 1775. William W. Durant, the father
of our subject, removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, when
Edward was about nine years old. Here he at-
tended a boys' academy one year, the family then
going to Whitesides county, Illinois. After
spending four years on a farm, they removed into
the little village of Albany, in 1 844. When nine-
teen years of age, Edward left home and came to
Stillwater, for three years being engaged in raft-
ing on the river. Next, was pilot on the river
from Stillwater and St. Paul to St. Louis, during

570

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

fifteen years. Then the next fourteen years was
general manager along the river for Hersey,
Staples and Company. In 1872 became a mem-
ber of the firm of Durant, Wheeler and Company,
being engaged in buying and selling lumber. Mr.
Durant is grand master of the Masons of Minne-
sota. He married Miss Henrietta Pease, of Al-
bany, Illinois, December 29th, 1853. They have
had three children, two of whom are living.

Albert C. Dutton was born in Warren county.
New York, in October, 1849. Came with his
parents to Stillwater when four years of age.
Worked on a farm until fifteen years of age, then
began learning the trade of tnachinist, and until
1875, worked at that trade. Since then has been
engineer for the Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lum-
ber Company,

Henry Dyer, a native of England, was born in
Gloucestershire, November 24th, 1854. When
Henry was five years old his parents, Edmund
and Ann Dyer, removed to Canada. After learn-
ing a trade, he came to the United States, spent
one year in the Globe marine iron works, at
Cleveland, Ohio, two years as engineer on the
lakes, two years in the Lake Shore and Michigan
Southern railway machine shops, and two years
in the Northern Ohio Insane Asylum, as engi-
neer. In 1879 came to Stillwater and entered the
machine shops of D. M. Swain, remaining there
since. Mr. Dyer married April 10th, 1870, Miss
Kate Collard of Canada. They have one child,
Sydney.

Charles Dyson was born in Dutchess county.
New York, October 20th, 1846. At the age of
fourteen removed to Sauk county, Wisconsin,
with his parents, and worked on a farm until he-
came to Stillwater, in 1869. Was engaged in
Gaslin's mill as sawyer for five years, then for
five years in Hersey, Bean and Brown's, in the
same capacity. In 1880 began business for him-
self in company with Joseph Cardwell in their
present location, known as Jo's and Charley's
saloon.

A. B. Easton was born at Mesopotamia, Trum-
bull county, Ohio, March 1st, 1828. His parents
were natives of Massachusetts, tracing their lin-
eage to the Pilgrim Fathers. At the age of
fourteen years he was clerk in a store, but obey-
ing the regards of his parents, left the store and
attended school, finishing his studies by a course

at the high school. Soon after he again assumed
the position of clerk, in which he continued two
years, when, in 1855, took charge of his. father's
hotel. Two years subsequently he came to Still-
water, beginning work as compositor for the
Stillwater Messenger, A. J. Van Vorhes, proprie-
tor. During the absence of the proprietor, Mr.
Easton was manager. Finally in 1863, he and A.
B. Stickney rented the paper, which they op-
erated one year, then carried it on alone until
1865. During this time Mr. Van Vorhes had
been filling the position of quarter-master, and
on his return, made Mr. Easton foreman, where
he continued until 1868. The St. Paul Dispatch
had just merged into existence, and he was con-
nected with the interests of this paper until re-
turning to Stillwater in 1869. August 6th, 1870,
he issued the first number of the Stillwater Ga-
zette. From that time his paper has steadily
grown; using at first a hand press, now having a
steam-power press with the modern improve-
ments. His son, William E., was taken as a
partner in 1876. October 14th, 1849, Mr. Easton
and Miss Julia Burke were married. She has
borne hin three daughters and four sons.

WiUiam E. Easton, oldest son of A. B. Easton
was born at Mesopotamia, Ohio, 1850. He ac-
companied his parents to StiUwater and was
much of the time about his father's printing of-
fice, working as typo; when so small as to be
unable to reach the case without standiag on a
chair, he would set more type than any boy of his
age in the state. In 1868, he was promoted to
compositor, and two years later identified him-
self with the Gazette, being made a partner in
1876, holding the position of foreman. His wife
was Josephine McGowan, married in 1878.

L. W. Eldred, born at Elyria, Ohio, July 19th,
1832. During early years, he studied architec-
ture, then engaged as a clerk in a hotel. On at-
taining majority, he came westward and located
at Dubuque, Iowa; until 1868, he followed clerk-
ing on boats on the Mississippi, then returned to
his former home, where he remained until 1880,
engaged in building. Keturning to Stillwater, he
took charge of the construction of the opera
house. His marriage with Miss S. M. Conger, of
Canton, New York, took place in 1854. Hattie,
their only daughter is now the wife of Albert
Pennington.

CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOOBAPHICAL.

571

A. Eldridge, a native of Hartford, Vermont,
born June 10th, 1815. At the age of nine years,
he was placed under the guardianship of his
uncle at Cambridge, New York, where he learned
the trade of comb making, and remained nine
years; then went to New York city and worked
one year at his trade, and five years in New Jer-
sey as carpenter. In 1844, be removed to Platte-
ville, Wisconsin, working in the lead mines four
years, then came to Stillwater where he pursued
his trade a few years. He contracted the carpen-
ter work of the state prison in 1853, afterward,
until 1862, he continued in his trade, then pur-
chased the book-store he how occupies, of Martin
Johnson. Mr. Eldridge married in 1849, Miss
Sarah L. Judd. He has held the office' of justice
of the peace, county commissioner, and in the
city council.

Daniel Elliott, a native of the Emerald Isle,
born August 16th, 1832, and when a small child
his parents crossed with their family to Fred-
erickton, New Brunswick, then to Stanley, about
twenty-five miles distant. Here Daniel grew to
manhood and acquired an education, also was en-
gaged in black-smithing and lumbering. During
July, 1856, he came to the St. Croix valley, and
has since been a resident of the now thriving
city of Stillwater. Much of his time has been
passed in lumbering, and in 1875, abandoned this
business, being unable to undergo so much ex-
posure, and opened a boarding house at his resi-
dence near the lower depot. For three years he
has been a member of the city council. In 1861,
he married Miss Mary A. McDermott, of New
Brunswick, who has borne him three children:
James E., Mary E. and Thomas P.

John H. Elward was born at Providence,
Khode Island, February 22d; 1839. He was left
an orphan when six years of age, and as many
other boys, living near the sea, had a great desire
to be a sailor. He made four voyages to the
"West India Islands, visiting each time Hayti.
After returning from his last trip, he learned the
trade of machinist, at what was then the Corliss
and Nightingale Steam Engine Works, in which
he continued two years. The sea having so great
a fascination for him, he decided to make a trip
to California with his brother, who was second
mate of a brig. On their outward passage the
brig was wrecked near Cape Hatteras, he, his

brother, and a portion of the crew succeeded ui
reaching the shore. He then forsook the sea,
and after visiting different cities, he, in 1855, en-
tered the employ of Samuel Talcott, at Eockton,
Winnebago county, Illinois, beginning also his
career as inventor, having made some profitable
suggestions in regard to improvements in a hand
corn-planter, which he manufactured. During
the winter of 1856-'67, he took part on the free-
state side, in which was known as the Border
Ruffian war, and while so doing, contracted a
fever which prostrated him for some time. In
1858, he returned to Illinois, locating near Ottawa
and there invented and operated what was known
as the Elward Under-ground Ditching Machine
or Mole Plow, receiving a patent in fall of 1860-
He also in 1858, built his first harvester, and con-
tinued making improvements on it. April, 1861,
he enlisted in his country's cause, assisting in
raising the company, and was the third man to
enroll his name as volunteer from Ottawa, Illi-
nois. He was promoted to second lieutenant of
the Fifty- third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for
meritorious conduct at the battle of Pittsburg
Landing. Being injured in 1863 by his horse
falling with him, he obtained a leave of absence,
but in 1864, rejoined his company and was pro-
moted to first lieutenant of One Hundred and
Thirty-eighth Eegiment Illinois Volunteers, and
served until promoted to major; was mustered
out during the summer of 1865. Returning to
Ottawa, in 1870, perfected and put into use
the Elward Harvester, which is now manufac-
tured by the St. Paul Harvester Works of that
city. In 1876, he invented the principal parts of
the Minnesota Chief, threshing machine, Sey-
mour, Sabin and Company, furnishing material
for the first machine. That firm makes the man-
ufacture of this machine their principal business.
Mr. Elward has also since then patented the El-
ward Equalizing Horse-power, the Elward Straw-
burning Boiler tod Engine, and the Friction
Traction Engine, all of which are manufactured
by Seymour, Sabin and Company. In 1866, Mr.
Elward was united in marriage with Miss Mary
Brand. They have two children: W. A. R. and
Mary D.

Charles W. Emerson was bom in New Hamp-
shire, December 23d, 1839. He worked on his
father's farm until 1856, then entered upon a three

572

HISTOBY OF WASHMGTON COUNTY.

years' apprenticeship as a carriage blacksmith,
with S. S. Stevens, West Amesbury, now Merri-
mac, Massachusetts. After finishing his trade he
worked at it as a journeyman nine years, then
opened a shop of his own in which he continued
imtil coming to Stillwater in 1878. Here he en-
gaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company, and
assumed charge of their blacksmithing depart-
ment. At West Amesbury, Massachusetts, in
1868, he married Miss Eunices. Stevens, who has
borne him two children, Nellie E. and Addle TI.

Ignatius Fazendin, a native of Switzerland,
was born December 23d, 1851. He came to
America in 1873, accompanied by his brother,
Christopher, and arrived at Stillwater the same
year. Until 1876 he was a day laborer, then en-
gaged with Mr. Wolf, brewer, in whose employ
he has since remained, having charge of the office
since January, 1879. September 2, 1879, he mar-
ried Miss Mary Wolf; they reside with her parents.

Andrew Fee was bom m Indiana county, Penn-
sylvania, September 7th, 1832. He grew to man-
hood on his father's farm, and in the meantime
acquired a practical education at the district
school. In 1854, he came westward to Marine,
Washington county, and two years later pur-
chased a farm of one hundred and twenty acres
in Polk county, Wisconsin. He engaged in agri-
cultural pursuits until opening his present meat
market in 1880 at Stillwater. Mr. Fee enlisted
in the Fourth Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry in
the spring of 1865, and was ordered south where
he was taken sick and was unable for service; was
mustered out in July, 1865. He has been twice
married; his present wife was Miss Albertine
Enk, married 1862. They have had two daugh-
ters, Matilda and Emma, both deceased. His son
William, by his first wife, is now interested with
him in the market.

Ferguson Brothers are natives of New Bruns-
wick, and there grew to manhood. After acquir-
ing a common school education, Frazier, the
elder, came to Stillwater in 1867, and engaged in
lumbering. Thomas M., accompanied by his pa-
rents, came to Stillwater in 1869, where he ('ora-
pleted his education in the high school, then
clerked in clothing houses in this city and St.
Paul. These brothers succeeded in accumulating
enough capital to establish a boot and shoe trade
for themselves, which they did in 1878. Their

first capital was two thousand dollars, and they
now do an annual business of twenty-two thou-
sand dollars. This firm, though young, rank
among the leading boot and shoe firms of the city.

James P. Fitzgerald is a native of New Bruns-
wick, born June 30th, 1846. Here he passed his
youth, and learned the blacksmith's trade. In
1868 he located at Stillwater and was in the em-
ploy of Z. H. Foss, until 1871, then opened an
establishment for himself. Four years later, his
shop and all the fixtures were totally destroyed
by fire; his loss included all his accumulations
since his first start. In company with J. C.
Ehine leased and run a shop one year; disposing
of his interest he removed to Morris, Stevens
county, turning his attention to agriculture, but
on account of grasshoppers was obliged to return
and continue his trade. After returning in 1879,
he leased as a shop the old Episcopal church, a
relic of early days, the first in the city, and
said to be the second in the state. Here he still
remains, running two forges. He and Miss Mary
E. McCarthy were united in marriage October
6th, 1876. Alice E., Emma B., and Charles K.,
are their children.

Eichard Fitzgerald was born in Maine, Janu-
ary 11th, 1852. At the age of five years, re-
moved with his parents to Stillwater, where he
received a good practical education. He worked
as a day laborer until 1879 then opened his
present sample room in business for himself.
September 8th, 1879, he married Miss Louise
Foley. Louise is their only child.

James G. Foley, a native of Washington county,
Maine, was born March 15th, 1843. He accom-
panied his parents to Stillwater in 1854, and here
acquired his education; then engaged in lumber-
ing until war was declared. In 1862 he enlisted
in Company K, Fifth Minnesota Infantry, and
participated in many of the leading battles.
After the battle of Vicksburg he was prostrated
by a sunstroke and conveyed to the hospital, and
honorably discharged in 1865. Eeturning to
Stillwater, he again embarked in the lumber
trade, continuing until 1875, when he entered the
oflice of the county auditor and clerljed. Was
elected auditor in 1880, which oflice he now fills.
His wife was Miss Elizabeth A. Colsen, whom he
married in 1877. They have one daughter and one
son.

CHT OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAFHIGAL.

573

Colonel Edwin A. Folsom was bom at Exeter,
New Hampshire, June 30th, 1833.- At the age
of seven, the family removed to Bangor, Maine,
where he was educated at the graded schools.
He afterward engaged as clerk in a store in that
city. During the spring of 1856 he came to Still-
water and was book-keeper for Hersey, Staples
and Company six years. In 1862 he raised a
company and enlisted in the Eighth Minnesota
Volunteers as captain of Company C, serving
two years against the Indians; then to the south.
He was promoted to major, lieutenant-colonel
and brevet colonel. After returning to civil life
he was elected treasurer of Washington county,
serving six years. Then engaged in mercantile
business in company with David Bronson. His
marriage with Miss Frances E. Staples occurred
October 12th, 1862. They have two children
living.

James Fowler, Jr., was born at Ogdensburgh,
St. Lawrence county. New York, in 1859, and at
the age of sixteen commenced the study of med-
icine at Saginaw, Michigan. At the end of three
years he gave up the study on account of the
failure of his eyesight. He, however, continued
the study of chemistry and drugs until 1880.
One year previous he located at Stillwater, and
at the time mentioned became successor to the
oldest furniture dealer in the city, Mr. S. WUl-
ard. His buildiag has a frontage of thirty feet,
three stories and two basements, and contains
everything in the furniture line. In March, 1878,
he married Miss Eliza L. Lord. They have one
son, James.

Thomas Francis is a native ' of Fuma, Austria,
born November 25th, 1840. When thirteen
years old he went to sea, visiting nearly every
port of importance, and made the entire voyage
around the world. In 1856 he landed at New
Orleans, and soon after joined the Morgan steam-
ship line between New Orleans and Mobile, serv-
ing until 1860, then returned to sea life. He
voyaged until 1864 then, for some time, sailed on
lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie. Two years
subsequently his sea-faring life ended and he
began business at Chicago. In 1870 he came to
St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to Stillwater, and
has since been engaged in the manufacture of
confectionery.

Christian Frederickson, born in Denmark, No-

vember 23d, 1848. He attended school until
fifteen years old, then served five years appren-
ticeship at the carpenter's trade, acquiring a
thorough knowledge of the trade, after which he
worked at Copenhagen. In 1871 he began the
life of a sailor, visiting many ports on the east-
ern continent, then crossing the Atlantic, landed
at Baltimore. After visiting the West Indies
he returned and forsook the sea in 1873. Pro-
ceeding to Chicago,- he remained only a^^rief
time, and the next year became a resident of
Stillwater, where he has since followed his trade.
June 29th, 1870, he married Miss Mary Lawson,
a native of Denmark. One daughter has been
born to them, Annie.

Edwin P. Frost, A. M., was bom at Charles-
town, New Hampshire, May 4th, 1839, and is of
Scotch-Irish descent. He attended the school
and worked on his father's farm until the age of
eighteen theii went to the New London Literary
and Scientific Institute, graduating in 1861.
During his attendance he taught school winters.
The next fall he entered Amherst College,
from which he graduated in 1865, then took
charge of the central district of Virginia freed-
men's schools, maintaining this one year, also
one year in charge of the academy at Winchester,
New Hampshire. The Auburndale boy's select
boarding school was established by A. B. DarUng
of New York city, of which he was principal.
Coming west to Peoria, Illinois, he was for six
years principal of the high school, but on account
of the failing health of his wife, came farther
north to Glencoe. Minnesota, residing on a farm
until the fall of 1880. He came to Stillwater at
that time as principal of the high school. In
September, 1865, he married Kate Whipple, a
graduate from Kimble Union Academy at Meri-
den. New Hampshire. Alice M., Bertha, Mabel
B., and Edwin C. are their children.

Bert D. Fuller, a resident of Stillwater, was
born at Lawrenceburg, Ripley county, Indiana,
April 3d, 1854. When six years old his parents
removed to Kankakee, Illinois, where he acquired
a common school education, and grew to man-
hood. Emigrated to western Iowa in 1875, and
for three years engaged in farming, then removed
to Stillwater; was employed in the stcire of Isaac
Staples two years. In 1880 he engaged with his
present firm, Bronson and Folsom.

674

EISTOET OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

CHAPTEE LXXIV.

BIOGRAPHICAL, G, H, I, J, K, L, M.

Marcel Gagnon, proprietor of the "Sod Hill"
green house, was born in Lower Canada, August
17th, 1825. His youth was passed at his native
place; on reaching man's estate came to the
United States and entered the employ of the
American Fur Company, going up the Missouri
river to what was called Blackfoot fort. Then
came to the St. Croix valley, and for several years
gave his time and attention to lumbering on the
St. Croix. In 1863 he enlisted in Minnesota Vol-
unteer Independent Battalion, serving three
yeaxs, chiefly on the Bed Biver of the North; was
mustered out at Fort Snelling in 1866. Beturn-
ing to his former occupation, he continued until
1877, then established his present busmess. Mr.
Gagnon is one of the earliest settlers of this county.

William Gallagher, lumberman for Hersey,
Bean and Brown, was bom in Frederickton, New
Brunswick, August 26th, 1843. When twelve
years old he accompanied his parents to Still-
water, where he grew to manhood and received
his education. When sixteen years old he en-
tered the employ of the St. Croix Boom Company,
and continued until 1860. Enlisting in Company
C, Eighth Eegiment Minnesota Volunteer Infan-
try, in 1862, he served until his discharge at Fort
Snelling after three years of service. Eetuming
home, he engaged in his former pursuits, and for
several years past has been connected with the
different lumber firms of the city; is now in the
employ of Hersey, Bean and Brown. September
7th, 1874, his marriage with Miss Mary Sullivan
took place. Willie and Katie are their children.

Charles J. Gardner, a native of Canada, was
born in 1846. lie accompanied his mother to
Buffalo, New York, when only a child, and re-
mained until fifteen years old, then began the
machinists's trade. He worked at Buffalo one
year, then to Cleveland, Ohio, in the niacliine
shops; in the great Vulcan iron woi'ks tliree years.
After working at his trade in different portions
of the country he, in 1870, came to St. Paul and
entered the St. Paul iron works; the next year
purchased a farm on the St. Paul and Pacific rail-

road and located his family, then returned to the
St. Paul iron works. In May, 1880, he engaged
with Seymour, Sabin and Company as foreman
in their engine department. Under his direction
has been completed three traction engines, twelve
horse-power, and Elward's patent straw burner,
with credit to himself and to the firm. Mr.
Gardner married Miss Fanny Kelsey, of Bufialo,
New York, in 1863. She departed this life in
1876, leaving four children: Edward C, Willie
A., Bertie L. and George H.

John C. Gardner, prison-guard, was bom Jan-
uary 5th, 1822, in Washington county, Maine.
He grew to manhood at his birthplace, and in 1850
came to Stillwater, givmg his attention chiefly to
agriculture and lumbering untU 1873, when he
was appointed prison-guard; for eight years he
has held this position with credit. Being one of
the early settlers, he has been instrumental in the
improvement of the city. He owns a fine farm
of one hundred and sixty acres joining the city
limits. While living on his farm he held the
ofiBces of township clerk, assessor and justice of
the peace; was also member of the city council in
1875. His wife was Miss Mary B. Jackman,
married in 1845. Their living children are:
Frederick A. and Albert'L.

David C. Gaslin was born Febraary 20th, 1838,
at the village of Dead Biver, Franklin covmty,
Maine. When ten years old, he went to Farm-
ington Hill; attending school at that place one
year, then going with the family to Augusta,
where he engaged as clerk in a cotton factory,
after another year spent in acquiring an educa-
tion. The following year, he removed to Wind-
sor to reside with an uncle, with whom he lived
three years. In 1852, he went to Illinois, re-
mained two 5'ears with his widowed mother, then
started for himself, having in the meantime
gained a good practical education. Coming to
Minnesota in 1854, he tarried a brief time at
St. Paul, thence to Anoka county, where he was
interested in agriculture until 1863. He then
came to Stillwater, and has since been engaged
in lumbering. Mr. Gaslin has been twice mar-
ried; his present wife was Miss Phoebe Castle,
married in 1873. She has borne him three chil-
dren, of whom only the youngest, Ida, is living.

Dwight L. Gilbert was born at Fond du Lac,
Wisconsin, in 1852. Here he was reared under

CITY OF STILLWAI'EIt— BIOGRAPHICAL.

675

the guidance of his parents and received his ed-
ucation. .When a young man he became inter-
ested in engineering, and first took charge of the
stationary engine for H. D. Bannister and Com-
pany in the Pond du Lac stone works, the wagon
factory of E. R. Ferris and Company, and the
city flouring-mills. In 1872 he came to St. Paul,
Minnesota, making that city his home three years,
employed by the Carver Pump Company as agent.
During the fall of 1875, he removed to La Crosse,
and was there employed as engineer in the saw-
mill of C. L. Colman, where he remained until
locating at Stillwater in 1878. He entered the
employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company, havmg
been for the first eight months engineer at the
state prison, and since then been setting up the
steam-thresher engines. His wife was Mary
Reillywhomhe married in 1875. Phoebe M. is
their only child.

A. L. Gillespie was born at Shiloh, Randolph
county, Illinois, in 1836. His education was ac-
quired at the Chester, Illinois, high school.
During the fall of 1855 he came to Stillwater;
after a residence of four years he removed to
Colorado, and engaged in mining one year; then
returned to the St. Croix valley, being interested
in lumbering. Enlisting in Company D, Second
Wisconsin Cavalry, in 1863, he served until mus-
tered out at Austin, Texas, in 1865. Returning
to his former home, Stillwater, he began in the
commission and rafting business, in which he
has since continued, taking as partner, in 1880,
Aaron A. Harper. In 1877 he was elected alder-
man of this city, and re-elected in 1880, which
fact proves his worth. His marriage with Adelia
P. Wilson took place in 1860. Alma I., James
E. and Hattie A. are their children.

Henry Goeck is a native of Germany, born
September 21st, 1849, and at the age of twenty
years came to America, residing two years at Free-
port, Illinois. After spending one year in travel, he
became foreman of the Sterling brewery at Ster-
ling, Illinois. In 1876 he removed to Stillwater,
and for one year was connected with the liquor
business, after which he removed to the St. Louis
hotel, now known as the Parmer's Home. He
married at Sterling, Illinois, June 4th, 1876, and
has two children, Frank and Ellen.

John Goelz, a native of Germany, was born
July 29th, 1829. His father, John, was a school-

master in that country for a period of sixty years.
Mr. Goelz lived with his parents until seventeen
years of age. Then attended the Catholic semi-
nary at Bensheim, an institution devoted to the
preparation of students for teaching. After a
course of two years, he passed the examination
and obtained a diploma. Two years later he
passed his final examination at the city of Darm-
stadt, qualifying him as a permanent teacher.
He remained in the land of his nativity in the
pursuit of his profession until coming to Amer-
ica in 1873. Proceeding westward from IS'ew
York, he visited St. Louis and late in the fall
secured a position in the Catholic school in con-
nection with the St. Augustine church of St. Clair
county, Illinois; was also organist at church. He
taught in different portions of Illinois until 1878,
then came to Minnesota, and two years later lo-
cated at Stillwater, being now master iti the
German Catholic school of the "Immaculate Con-
ception" of this city. He married Miss Mary
Seipelin 1862, who died in 1866. Their three
children died in infancy.

Phillip Goodman is a native of Canada, born in
1832. When a young man of eighteen years he
went to Vermont and the following year went to
Pennsylvania. About 1854 he came to the St.
Croix valley, having since been a resident of Still-
water. He has given his entire time and atten-
tion to lumbering on the St. Croix river and tribu-
taries. In 1860 he married Miss Catherine Curtis
of Stillwater, who is a native of Ireland. They
are the parents of eleven childTen, five of whom
are living: James, Abbie, John, Michael and
Catharine Laura.

John Goodrich was bom in Somerset county,
Maine, 1828. Here he grew to manhood and ac-
quired his education, occupying his time chiefly
with farming, also lumbering. In 1854 he came
to the St. Croix valley, living since that time in
Stillwater. Lumbering occupied his time until
he enlisted in company C, Eighth Minnesota Vol-
unteer Infantry, in 1862; was discharged at Fort
Snelling in 1865, serving two years against the
Indians in the meantime. Returning to Still-
water, he has for sixteen years been deputy sur-
veyor of logs and lumber. His long experience
and practical knowledge ranks him among the
first in the profession. His marriage with Miss
Mary E. McKusick of Stillwater, took place in

576

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

1856. Mattie H., Mary E. and John B. are their
children.

Elam Greeley, one of the early pioneers of the
St. Croix valley, was born at Salisbury, Merrimac
county. New Hampshire, August 1 3th, 181 8. When
about eight years of age he accompanied his par-
ents to Maine, remaining until attaining majority.
In 1839 he turned his steps westward, making the
journey to Rockford, Illinois, by wagon, thence
by wagon to Prairie du Chien,to Reed's Landing
by steamboat, and on to Chippewa Falls on foot,
a distance of ninety miles. The fall of the same
year, in company with John McKusick, he made
a trip to Prairie du Chien in a canoe, commonly
called a "dug-out," a distance of three hundred
miles. Subsequently returning north to St. Croix
Falls, he in company with J. McKusick and others
organized a company and built a saw-mill in 1843,
where now Mr. McKusick's stable stands. After
one year's experience Mr. Greely sold his interest
to his faithful partner and till the present time
has given his entire attention to logging, rafting
and shipping. His average amount of lumber in
logs per year has been from two to six million
feet. He was the first postmaster in Stillwater ;
was elected to the second territorial legislature in
1851, and was a member of the legislature in
1856. August 25th, 1850, his marriage with Han-
nah P. Hinman took place; she has borne him five
children: Phoebe, Judson H., Kate, Douglas and
John E.

John Green, a native of Ireland, was born
March 1st, 1818. He came to Charlottetown,
Edward's Yalley, an island in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, in 1836. The following year he went
to Boston, there learning the trade of mechanic.
His first work at his trade was that of building a
log cabin on the Boston commons. In 1810, he
went to New York, remaining three years, thence
to Cleveland, Ohio. At the time was war declared,
his home was in Alabana, but on account of his
loyalty was forced to return north. During the
war was in the employ of the government, and
in 1866, became a resident of Stillwater, where he
has been engaged as contractor and builder, hay-
ing erected a number of the fine buildings in the
city. In 1838, he married Miss M. J. Pinkerton,
making the voyage to his native land for that
purpose. Eight children have been born to
them, four of whom are living.

James J. Griffin was born at St. Joseph, Sus-
quehanna county, Pennsylvania, 1848, and is of
Irish descent. He worked in the lumber region
of that state three years, then in 1870, came to
Minnesota. He kept a trading post among the
Indians on the Kettle river two years, and about
1873, removed to Brainard where he was in the
hotel business more than a year. He took charge
of the lumber yard at Pine City for the Pine
City Lumber Company till 1876, then came
Stillwater where he has since remained in the
employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company having
in charge fifty men and fifteen teams. • His wife
was Miss Mary McAboy, married in 1871: Kate
M., Mary E. and Anna J. are their children.

Samuel 11. Hadley is a native of Alabama, bom
September 4, 1848, and since nine years old has
been doing for himself. In 1861 he went to Chi-
cago, Illinois, and learned the barber's trade, re-
maining tUl the fall of 1865, then to Omaha, Ne-
braska, and on to Salt Lake, White Pine mining
camp. Tarrying a short time, he went to Cedar
Rapids and Dubuque, Iowa, and LaCrosse, AVis-
consin, thence to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he
worked at his trade until 1869. He then came to
Stillwater and has since resided here and carried
on his barber shop. In February 1881, Mr. Had-
ley went to Alabama and married Miss Olivia
Lanier, who is a native of that state; returned
with his bride March 31, to Stillwater.

Abe. Hall, deputy warden of the ^Minnesota
state prison, was born in Luzerne county, Penn-
sylvania, February 8th, 1835. He attended school
in Bradford county until the age of fourteen; be-
ing of a fun-loving disposition, he did not enjoy
the confinement of the school room. His father,
taking him from school, taught him the trade of
clothier. Mr. Hall remained in that business
five years, then went to Wilkesbarre, Pennsyl-
vania, making it his home over two years. Com-
ing to AVisconsin in 1858, he was engaged the
following year at the Wisconsin state prison at
\Vaupun,as yard master. While connected with
the prison in 1861, he married Miss Letta Ames,
who has borne him two daughters, Cora and Eva.
In 1864 he left the prison and began in the hotel
business, continuing until coming to Minnesota.
Since 1867 he has been connected with the Min-
nesota state prison, and was commissioned deputy
warden in 1876.

CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOQBAPHICAL.

577

David S. Hall is a native of Eoxburyshire,
Scotland, born March 23d, 1843. When ten years
old he came with his father and family to
America and settled in New York. Four years
later he began the veterinary study with Dr. Mc-
Clure, of Albany, New York, continuing thus
employed until attaining his majority. He then
returned to Ediaburgh, Scotland, and graduated
from the Eoyal Veterinary College. During the
spring of 1863, he came again to the United States
and shortly after enlisted in Company B, One
Hundred and Fortieth New York Zouaves, fifth
army corps, under General Warren, serving until
the close of hostilities, being mustered out July
26th, 1865. His rank was that of orderly ser-
geant. Coming to Michigan he was veterinary
surgeon of the iron mining districts until 1874,
then went to the copper districts, where he was
surgeon for four years longer. In 1878 he located
at Stillwater, where he has had a large practice
in his line.

George D. Hall, Jr., was bom at Boston, Mass-
achusetts, August 23d, 1856. Until twelve years
of age he attended the public schools at Boston,
then entered the Vermont Episcopal Institute at
Burlington; one yeai later went to Winchester,
New York, remaining three years. He then be-
gan clerking for Nevins and Company, wholesale
dry goods dealers, Boston. On reachiag man's es-
tate he came to Stillwater and entered the employ
of Isaac Staples; after being in the store sometime
he became clerk in the iron works; in 1877 took
charge of the shop as superintendent. His mar-
riage with Miss Gertrude Lane occurred in 1879.
One son, Arthur Dudley, has been born to them.

Paul Hanson, a native of Denmark, was born
in April, 1856. Coming to America in 1874, he
located at Stillwater the same year, and was a
day laborer until being employed by S. S. Den-
ton. The following year, he in company with
John Eahr purchased the livery bam where they
are now doing business. Married at Hudson,
Wisconsin, December 16th, 1879, to Miss Lotta
Kron, of that place, who died September 2, 1880.

W. H. H. Harrington was born at Brighton,
Washington county, Iowa, July 28, 1840. His
parents emigrated from Ohio in 1839, and located
at Brighton on a farm where Mr. Harrington was
born, his mother departing this life at his birth.
In 1841, his father returned to Ohio, giving his
37

orphaned child into the hands of his grand par-
ents. Here he resided until sixteen years of age,
receiving in the meantime, only a common school
education. At that time he came west and went
to Hutchinson, McLeod county, Minnesota, to
live with an uncle. After the "Indian outbreak"
he gave his attention to teaching a few terms,
then entered the "Hygiene Home," at St. An-
thony, to study medicine. Spending one sum-
mer there he then served one year in the civil
war. Divines often came to preach in camp and
there he was made to see the truth as it is; on re-
turning to civil life, he entered the Canton Theo-
logical School, in connection with the "St. Law-
rence University," of New York, from which he
graduated after three years of laborious study.
In January, 1871, he began his labors at Morris,
Otsego county. New York, being ordained to the
ministry the following fall. After a stay of two
years, he came westward to Belvidere, Illinois,
thence to Minneapolis, Minnesota. In 1877, he
was called to Anoka, Minnesota, where he la-
bored pleasantly and profitably one and one-half
years. Eemoving thence to Stillwater, he has
since resided in this city in charge of his flock.
In 1875, he married Miss Ella Adams of Otsego
county. New York. Two children have been
bom to them.

C. M. Hathaway was bom at Buckfield, Maine,
October 27th, 1828. When a lad of seventeen
years, he went to Augusta, and learned the trade
of blacksmith, after which he did considerable
traveling. In 1855 he located permanently at
Stillwater, his family joining him the next year.
In consequence of failing health he determined to
make a visit to his native home in 1864; while
east he enlisted in the Fourth Massachusetts
Heavy Artillery, and served until honorably dis-
charged at the close of hostilities. During the
fall of that year he returned to his family at Still-
water, resuming his former trade. In 1874 he
purchased the ground and built his present shop
and residence. Married June 23d, 1851 , to Miss
Susannah E. Coleman. WiUis, Effle, Addie E.,
Harry L. and Annie S. are their children.

August Hawkenson, a native of Sweden, was
bom February 1st, 1849. He learned the trade
of shoemaker in his native country, and in 1868
came to America, locating first at Eed Wing,
Minnesota. He worked at his trade also at Tay-

578

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

lor's Tails, St. Paul and Minneapolis, and in
1875 located at Stillwater. Where Townshend
and Company's oflSee now stands he first began
business in company with O. S. Johnson; in 1877
moved to their present location. Two years sub-
sequently he purchased Mr. Johnson's interest,
since conducting the business alone, employing
four workmen. July 28th, 1880, his marriage
with Miss Louise Peterson took place at Marine.

Margaretha Hebenstreit was born June 5th,
1838, and is a daughter of John May of Germany.
She attended school, as was customary, from six
to fourteen years of age, and in 1864 accompanied
her parents to America; after a residence of about
two years at Dunkirk, New York, located at
Stillwater. In December, 1856, Margaretha
May married Nicholas Hebenstreit, who was en-
gaged in different speculations until 1861, when
he enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota, serv-
ing until discharged in 1864. Beturning to Still-
water, he embarked in the grocery trade, and
continued till his death which happened Febru-
ary 15th, 1872. His widow lived a retired life
imtil 1878; then commenced in the groeerybus-
iness, opening a store on Seventh street. John
P., Lizzie T., Rose and Eddie are her children.

Nicholas Hefty is a native of Switzerland,
bom in 1830. Remaining under the parental
guidance until 1851, he then came to America,
proceeding at once from New York to the St.
Croix valley and remained at Stillwater one
year. Then for two years he traveled through
Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, South and North Car-
olina, Nebraska, and other states. In 1855 he
returned to the St. Croix valley, and gave his at-
tention to lumbering until 1861. Two years
later he purchased a farm in Baytown, Wash-
ington county, disposing of a portion of it in
1880. Removing thence with his family to
Stillwater, he has a fine residence and surround-
ings. His marriage with Miss Maria Kern, of
Baytown, occurred in 1862. They are the parents
of five children; the living are Edith, Bertie and
Maria E.

Charles Heitman of the firm of Ileitman and
Becker, was born in Gluikstadt, Schleswig-IIol-
stein, Germany, November 11th, 1850. On at-
taining man's estate he came to America and
located at St. Paul, engaging in the trade of a
baker, of which he had acquired a knowledge in

his native country. In 1879 he became a resident
of Stillwater, where he embarked in his present
business.

Roscoe P. Hersey, bom at Milford, Maine, July
18th, 1841. He removed with parents when
quite young to Bangor, where he acquired his
education. In 1858, he formed a partnershp with
Robert Davis Jr. in the flour, grocery and com-
mission business, firm name known as Hersey
and Davis. In spring of 1862, he enlisted and
was appointed second lieutenant of Company P,
Eighteenth Maine Regiment, also mustering of-
ficer for the state. The July following, he was
promoted to first lieutenant and to the rank of
captain in 1863, was severely wounded at Spott-
sylvania two days after the battle of the Wilder-
ness, the company sustaining a loss of twelve
killed and fifty-two wounded. He located at
Lake City, Minnesota, in 1867, in the interest of
Hersey, Staples and Bean, and in 1872, came to
Stillwater. He represented this district in the
senate in 1877. At Bangor, Maine, January 4th,
1864, he married Miss Eva Wardwell: their chil-
dren are Jennie A., Eva E. and CUnton B.

Dudley H. Hersey was bom at Bangor, Maine,
December 25th, 1847. His education was com-
pleted at the Westerbrook Seminary of Portland,
having graduated from that institution. Snbse-
quently he became a resident of Stillwater, and
was here employed as clerk for Hersey, Staples
and Company, having charge of the mercantile
department. In 1872, he was admitted as one of
the firm of Hersey, Bean and Brown, and is still
one of the firm. His marriage with Miss A.
Estelle Wardwell, of Bangor, Maine, took place
in 1870. They have one son, Samuel P.

John Hoey is a native of Canada West, born
August 4th, 1850. AVhen yet a child his parents
moved their family to Galena, Illinois, where in
1852, both father and mother were taken by
death. Soon after, tlie remainder of the family
went to Lansing, Iowa; here John remained until
fifteen years old, then began his career on the
river. In 1865, he went on board the Petrel on
the Mississippi, and the next year began rafting
from Reed's Landing to St. Lo^gf,, In 1868, he
came to Stillwater, and for about five years rafted
on the St. Croix and Mississippi, then obtained a
pilot's Ucense, and in 1876 received a captain's
and pilot's license, and has been running the

CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOOBAPSIGAL.

579

steamer Isaac Staples. His wife was Miss Lizzie
Donahue, married in 1876. Ernest is their only
child.

C. P. Holcombe, a native of Sweden, was born
March 6th, 1848. When six years old he came to
America with his parents, they locating at Ma-
rine, "Washington county, Minnesota. Since then
Mr. Holcombe has been a resident of this county.
Eeceiving a common school education he at an
early period began lumbering, which he followed
till 1869. He then was manager of the St. Croix
hotel at Stillwater until 1873, when he was ap-
pointed deputy sheriff. His duties were per-
formed so acceptably that in 1879 he was elected
sheriff, which position he still occupies. At St.
Paul, March 8th, 1872, he married Miss Chris-
tine Larson. Frederick E., Aurora C, Selma V.
and Carl E. are their children.

Adolphus C. Hospes, treasurer and secretary
of the St. Croix Boom Corporation, was born in
Greene county, Missouri, 1842. When a lad of
twelve years he came to Stillwater, here attended
the graded schools and completed his studies at
Jones' Commercial College, at St. Louis. In 1861
he enlisted in Company B, Eirst Minnesota Vol-
unteer Infantry, and served through its entire
campaign, being one of the remnant of six sur-
viving from the thirty-six that entered the battle
of Gettysburg ; was taken prisoner at Antietam,
after being in Libby prison a few weeks was
among the fortunate ones to be paroled and re-
turned to his regiment on the eve of the battle of
Fredericksburg. He was honorably discharged
at Fort Snelling, May 5th, 1864. Engaging in
mercantile business he was first connected with
the firm of Westing, Hospes and Company; con-
ducting a general business; after their dissolution
he in company with Mr. Downs opened a dry
goods store, continuing two years. Mr. Hospes
then purchased his partner's interest and con-
tinued alone until December, 1880, when he was
appointed to his present position. Married in
1870 to Miss Aurora, daughter of Isaac Staple^.
Olivia J., Louis and Eva are their children.

Louis Hospes was born in Germany, February
8th, 1809, where he attended school until sixteen
years old. He then went on an estate to make a
practical study of agriculture, and three years
later went to the university at Gottingen to study
theoretical agriculture and veterinary, finishing

his course in 1830. In July, 1832 he embarked
for America; visiting the principal cities after
landing, he proceeded farther west in company
with others. Traveling accommodations were so
poorly arranged and so few that it required a
month to reach St. Louis, Missouri, being ob-
liged to undergo m»ny inconveniences and per-
plexities. Mr. Hospes finally located on a farm
in St. Charles county, Missouri, about thirty miles
from St. Louis. The far west had a fascination
for him and this life in agricultural pursuits was
not at all distasteful,- enjoying also many hunting
excursions, as game of aJl kinds was abundant.
After eight years residence on a farm he sold and
removed to Greene county, was in the distUUng
business six years and while here made the ac-
quaintance of Major Nathan, son of old Daniel
Boone. In 1848 he went to St. Louis in the em-
ploy of Schulenherg and Boeckeler, a lumbering
firm of that city, working in their saw-mill. In
1853 this firm conceived the idea of extending
their business and erecting a saw-mill at Still-
water, Minnesota territory. In 1864 Mr. Hospes
was dispatched to superintend the construction
of the mill. His family accompanied him, still
making this city their home. During 1870-71 he
he visited Europe and the home of his childhood,
meeting with many of his friends of youth after
a separation of nearly thirty-eight years. In 1865
he became interested in the First National bank
of Stillwater, and is now its president. He re-
mained with Schulenherg and Boeckeler as mana-
ger a few years then became a partner, remaining
until 1878 when his connection was dissolved.
His marriage with Eliza Wardemann took place
in June, 1837; she has accompanied him through
all the vicissitudes and perplexities of these many
years of hard labor and they now live to enjoy
the fruits. They are the parents of ten children,
six of whom are living.

John lUing worth, is a native of Ertgland, born
March 28th, 1839. His parents immigrated to
America in 1841, settling in Cleveland, Ohio.
John came to Stillwater in the fall of 1850, and in
1855 commenced in the meat business, and is the
oldest butcher in the city. He is now buyer and
manager of Isaac Staples' market, having held
this position since 1871. Was married in this
city to Miss Henrietta Clark, of Illinois, in 1871,
who has born him one daughter Kittle.

580

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Charles Jackson, of the firm of Hadley and
Jackson, was bom in Edenton, Georgia, in 1851.
In 1864 he was with the Union army in Sherman's
march to the sea. In August, 1865, he came to
Stillwater, where he has since lived, having
learned the barber's trade. In 1872, bought an
interest in a barber shop and has ever since car-
ried on that business. On the 23d of March,
1872, Mr. Jackson was married to Miss Mattie
Porter, a native of Missouri; they have five chil-
dren.

Theodore Jassoy was bom in Germany, April
15th, 1836. Was left an orphan before he had
reached the age of two years. ' His parents left
ample means to give him and his twelve brothers
and sisters a good education. Until the age of
ten years received private instruction; then en-
tered a scientific school and graduated at the age
of fourteen. Immediately entered the oflBce of a
mercantile house to prepare himself for business.
Then clerked one year at Bingen, on the Rhine,
and one at rrankfort^on-the-Main. Came to
America, and for two years was in Illinois, thence
to Stillwater, October 1st, 1862, to take charge of
Ilersey, Bean and Staples' books, and ever since
has held the position. Married in 1857 to Maria
Goebel, who has borne him two children, Her-
man and Emma.

Charles W. Jellison, bom in Penobscot county,
Maine, September 28th, 1828. Spent his youth in
his native place, several years being on the Ar-
gyle booms of the Penobscot river. In 1855,
came to this place, and the following summer was
spent on the farm of Smith Ellison. In 1857
commenced work on the upper booms at Osceola,
and operated them for three seasons. Next, took
charge of the lower booms on Lake St. Croix, and
ever since has held the position of bpom-master.
Mr. JelUson married, January 23d, 1854, Miss
Elizabeth Misser, of Enfield, Maine. They had
eight children, three of whom are dead. Those
living are Charles P., Ernest R., Walter P., Ed-
ward C. and Eugene A. Mrs. Jellison dying June
17th, 1873, Mr. Jellison, in October, 1874, mar-
ried Augusta Peterson of this city. She has
borne him three children, but two of whom, Mary
D. and Grace Greenwood, survive.

A. T. Jenks, of the firm of Durant, Wheeler
and Company, is a native of Essex county, New
York, born October 1 2th, 1833. Here he remained

until twenty-one years of age, attending and
teaching school. Came to Albany, Illinois, in
1854, and for a time was employed on the river,
and in the winter taught school. Until 1874, was
mostly engaged as pilot on the river, then entered
the firm of Durant, Wheeler and Company, and
has since been identified With it. In 1871 he
built the "Brother Jonathan," which was the
second boat ever built for rafting purposes. Was
married in 1866 to Harriet Bennett, by whom he
has had two children.

Alexander Johnson, of the firm of James S.
Anderson and Company, is a native of Sweden,
bom March 16th, 1838. Lived with his parents
in his native country until he was twenty years
of age, then in 1858 came to America and in
August of that year settled in Stillwater, where
he has ever since lived. Until 1866 was in the
lumber regions for other parties, then entered in-
to partnership with J. G. Nelson, the firm stiU
existing, though Mr. Johnson is largely interested
in the firms of Brofison and Folsom, and James
S. Anderson and Company. Was married Octo-
ber 15th, 1875, to Miss Ida Nelson, of this city.
They are the parents of three children, George A.
Ernie and Edwin.

Andrew F. Johnson, foreman and draughts-^
man in Seymour, Sabin and Company's pattem
and model department, was born in Sweden, Oc-
tober 8th, 1843. At the age of eighteen his
father sent him him to a polytechnical academy,
where he spent three years, graduating in me-
chanics and civU engineering. During the next
three years mill-wrighting; then in 1867 came to
America, settled in St. Paul, and most of the first
summer was engaged in rafting on the Mississippi.
In 1869 he was engaged as pattem maker in the
St. Paul iron works, worked in that capacity for
a time in Minneapolis, and in 1874 removed to
Isanti county and built a feed and grist mill. In
1876 sold out and removed to Stillwater taking
his present position with Seymour, Sabin and
Company. Mr. Johnson was married June 16th,
1869, to Miss Christine Peterson, of Sweden.
They have had seven children, six of whom are
living. Perry J., David H., Johnny J., Phoebe M.,
Ruth D. and Clara N.

Christopher C. Johnson was born in Philadel-
phia May 16th, 1816. He gi-ew up and learned the
trade of machinist in his native city. After

CITT OF STILLWATEB—BIOGBAVHICAL.

581

spending many years driving railroad and steam-
boat engines, he came to Minnesota in 1866, and
for a time was engaged on different steamers. For
a number of years past has been with Isaac Sta-
ples as engineer. Was married at Springfield,
Illinois, December 16th, 1843. Has had eleven
children, five of whom are now living, Marrietta,
John W., Harry E., Benjamin F. and Charles G.

J. W. Johnson, born December 10th, 1850, is a
native of Springfield, Illinois. Lived at Spring-
field until 1867, attending school most of the
time, then came to Stillwater with his parents.
Learned the trade of machinist at St. Paul, and
in 1873 was engaged as engineer of the city fire-
engine. Was married November, 1874, to Eliza
Macy, of this city. They have two children, both
of whom are living.

Joseph L. Jones was born in Danville, Steuben
county. New York, February 4th, 1828. At the
age of eight years he lost his father, and shortly
afterwards he removed with the family to Portage
county, Ohio. Here his mother again married,
and lived until 1850. She died while on a visit
to some children in Indiana. At the age of
fourteen Joseph began the study of music with
Professor Machold of Columbus, Ohio, and was
with him until twenty-two years old; then taught
in the school and graduated in 1852. July 2d,
1861, he enlisted in the band of the Fourth Wis-
consin Volunteer Infantry, and was discharged
on account of failing eyesight in 1862. Then
came to Hudson and remained until 1867, coming
to Stillwater with his family in May. Since
then he has given his entire attention to vocal
and instrumental music, for thirteen years has
been organist of St. Michael's church. Married
at Painesville, Ohio, Sarah N. Chapman, who
died in 1853, and in 1858 he married Mary A.
Wright of Chicago.

Fanny E. Jordan, a native of Massachusetts,
was bom June 10th, 1849. When she was but
three years old her parents, Charles O. and
Augusta Jordan, went to Maine, and when thir-
teen she returned to her native state and attended
school six years; then with her mother came to
this city in 1869. Two years later she estab-
lished a millinery store on Chestnut street and
has since been a resident of this city.

John Karst was born in Germany April 17th,
1832. At the age of seventeen he removed to

London, England, and resided there nine years;
thence to Canada where he remained eight years.
In 1866 he came to Stillwater and has remained
here since, at first working as a laborer until he
was enabled to start in business for himself. Mr.
Karst was married in London in 1854 to Miss
Isabella Johnson, of Scotland. They have two
sons living, Charles and John J.

Edward W. Kearney, a native of Canada, was
born in Montreal January 31st, 1848. At the
age of five years he came with his family to Ham-
ilton, Minnesota. Came to this city in 1870, and
learned his trade v?ith C. M. Hathaway; worked
with him until 1874, then purchased an interest
with Edward Staples, and has since been a mem-
ber of the firm of Staples and Kearney. Mr.
Kearney married Miss Susan Gillespie July 10th,
1872. Their children are George A., Mary Olivia
and Edna.

James Keefe, bom October 22d, 1834, is a
native of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Keceived his
education and learned his trade, fresco and
sign-painting, at Boston, Massachusetts. After
working in many of the larger cities in the
country, he settled in 1855 at Hudson, Wisconsin.
In April, 1861, he enlisted in the Fourth Wiscon-
sin Eegiment, Company G, as second lieutenant.
Received commissions as first lieutenant, cap-
tain and major, and was discharj^ed in the spring
of 1866. He came to Stillwater in 1871, and has
since resided in the city, working at his trade.
He married in 1866 Miss Melvina Champlin of
Hudson. Horace L., James H., Julia M. and
George C. are their children.

Luman T. Kellogg, born in Bradford county,
Pennsylvania, in 1825, is a son of Luman Kellogg,
a native of Connecticut. Remained in Penn-
sylvania until 1846, then came west to Chicago,
Illinois, next to Columbia county, Wisconsin,
and engaged in lumber business until 1857. Was
engaged in fur trade in Mankato, Minnesota,
from 1857 to 1872. Came then to Stillwater,
where he has since resided, traveling for A. O.
Bailey, of St. Paul, in fur trade. His family
consists of his wife and two children: Willam H.
and Lionel D.

Joseph Kelso was born in Cleveland, Ohio,
December 18th, 1853. At the age of five years
removed with his parents to Chicago, and there
acquired his trade, plumbing,and education. Came

582

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

to Stillwater in 1873, and until 1877, was with
Torinus, the plumber. Then began business
on Chestnut street as Kelso and Company, but
after one year sold out and commenced on Main
street dealing in gas pipes and fittings, pumps,
brass goods, etc. Married in Minneapolis, April
12th, 1880, Miss Belle Parsons.

John Kenny, Sr. a native of Ireland, born Oc-
tober 17th, 1817. About 1840, he came to Amer-
ica with his mother, and the first year was en-
gaged in farming in New York. After spend-
ing a couple of years more in Brooklyn, he went
to Pennsylvania, and for two years worked in the
coal mines. Next was engaged firing in the
Montorer Iron Works for several years. In 1855
came to this place, and ever since has been in
the lumber mills which now belong to Hersey,
Bean and Brown. Mr. Kenny, since 1855, has
lost but two week's time, and that was caused by
illness with lung fever. He has three children
living.

r. W. Kern was born in Germany, February,
1851. He came to America in 1863 and settled
in St. Paul, Mimiesota, where he was engaged in
boot and shoe business. Came to this city in
1874 and engaged in hispresent business, a history
of which may be found elsewhere. Married at
St. Paul in 1873 to Miss Emma Steinke, who
died in 1877, leaving two children. Mr. Kern
again married in Minneapolis in May, 1879,
Miss Thekla Spiegel.

Reverend Amos A. Kiehle, son of James and
Elizabeth Kiehle was born on the 22d of Eebru-
ary, 1847, in Danville, New York. At the age
of seventeen, he began teaching in the Canan-
daigua Academy. After teaching two years, he
entered the freshman class of Hamilton College,
and graduated in 1871. Entered Union Theolog-
ical Seminary and graduated in 1874, then came
to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and was ordained
and installed as pastor of the Franklin Avenue
Presbyterin church, over which he presided un-
til 1878, and sipce February 15th, 1878, has been
a resident of this city, in charge of the Presby-
terian chiuch of Stillwater, Mr. Kiehle was
married on the 13th of May, 1874 to Miss Julia
V. Reed, of Livonia, New York. Mrs. Kiehle
died August 18th, 1878, leaving two children:
Bessie M. and Grace J.

Kilty Brothers, Timothy and Patrick, came to

this city with their father, Timothy Kilty in 1858.
They began business in 1878 on Fourth street,
with a borrowed capital of $200, but soon began
to expand, and in a short time they leased their
present stand, and in connection with groceries
opened a meat-market. In 1880 they started a
general commission house on Chestnut street,
and there deal in flour, feed and groceries.

John A. Larson, is a native of Noiway, bom in
1852. Lived with his parents Lars Hanson and
Christine Hanson, until 1869, then came to Amer-
ica and spent one year in Iowa. In 1871 he came
to this city where he has since resided. Is a mem-
ber of the firm of Long and Larson, barber-shop,
which they bought in 1880. Mr. Larson's
mother died while he was an infant; his father
lives in Norway.

Orris E. Lee was bom inRandolph, New York.
His parents removed to Allegany, New York,
thence to Cannelton, Indiana, where they re-
mained until 1864. They then removed to Corry,
Pennsylvania, where Orris finished his education
in the high schools, in 1875. He came immedi-
ately to this city and entered the law-oflSce of Mc-
Cluer and Marsh, read law, and was admitted in
1879. His office is on the comer of Main and
Chestnut streets.

Rudolph Lehmicke, a native of Prussia, was
born on the 14th day of November, 1823. When
fifteen years of age he learned the trade of cabi-
net-making, afterwards that of piano and organ-
making. Spent several years in traveling over
Europe, and three years in the Prussian army.
Then came to America in 1849. Went toPough-
keepsie and worked in a piano and organ factory.
In 1854 he came to Stillwater. In the fall of
1857 was elected justice of the peace, commenced
studying law, and in the April, 1859, term of the
district court was admitted to the bar. He
opened an office in Holcombe's block, and con-
nected an insurance and real estate agency.
From 1859 to 1875, he held the office of county
auditor. In 1876-8-80, he was elected judge of
probate. Has been inspector of the prison, su-
perintendent of the public schools, and a mem-
ber of the board of education. Is a member of
the state board of education. Judge Lehmicke
was married in Coldwater, Michigan, to Miss
Jennie Tackeberry, who has borne him ten chil-
di-en, seven of whom are living.

CITT OF STJLLWATEB—BIOGBAPHICAL.

583

Frank II. Lemon, a native of Medina, Ohio,
born November 19th, 1863. At the age of twelve
years, being left an orphan, vsras bound out to a
farmer, but soon ran away; went to Massillon,
and began working for Eussell and Company,
painting threshing machines. Concluding to
learn painting, he worked day-time and took les-
sons nights and Sundays; got money enough to-
gether to take a trip to England, to complete his
trade. After making a trip to the West Indies,
came home again, and for a time was master-
painter in the Wooster Agricultural Works in
Ohio, and at Fairfield, Iowa, in the North-west-
ern Carriage Works. For the last five years has
been master-painter in Seymour, Sabin and Com-
pany's works.

Charles E. Leonard, of Princeton, Minnesota,
a native of Worthington, Hampshire county,
Massachusetts, was born February 25th, 1810.
His father died when the subject of this sketch
was but four years of age, and his mother sup-
ported herself and two children until 1817, by
teaching school. She then married Alpheus
Nichols, who removed to Rodman, Jefferson
county. New York, which was then a new and
sparsely settled country. When fourteen years
of age Charles went to live with a widowed sister
of his step-father, and aided by her son, who was
four years his junior, carried on her farm of one
hundred and ten acres until he was twenty-one
years of age. The lady then gave hini one hun-
dred dollars in cash, and sufficient clothing to last
three years. He then went to Louisville, New
York, and hired to Judge I. W. Bostwick, a law-
yer who carried on a large farm, to take charge
of it for one hundred and thirty-two dollars per
year, out of which he was enabled to save one
hundred and ten dollars. Worked for him two
years, and then rented the farm, but the expense
was so large that he was unable to make any-
thing, so gave it up. Next farmed for three
years on a place of his own, but finding that he
had injured his health by hard labor, gave up
farming. He next run a hotel at Depauville, but
continuing poor health obliged him to give it up
also. Leaving his family with his mother, Mr.
Leonard started west, and in 1846 engaged in
mercantile pursuits in Hancock county, Illinois.
Sent for his family, which arrived in the spring
of 1847. Findiag the climate still unfavorable

to health, he again started to seek a home.f urther
north. Embarked on the steamer Highland
Mary, came to Stillwater, which he found to be a
very desirable place, and beg^n to make prepara-
tions to stay. Here he opened a store in a build-
ing rented of Dr. Carli. In the latter part of
December he received a letter from his wife say-
ing that their little girl was very sick and not ex-
pected to live. Locking up the store, giving the
key to Dr. Carli, in the bitter cold winter he
started on foot for Illinois. After much suffering
arrived where the family was, a few days before
the child died, having traveled over three hun-
dred miles and sleeping nights on the snow. He
then, in the spring of 1848, brought his family to
their new home, to find that his property had
been almost entirely destroyed by flre in his ab-
sence. He then bought a set of carpenter's tools,
and went to work at two dollars per day, mean-
while building a house for himself, working on it
mornings and evenings. In the spring of 1850
he removed to St. Anthony, lived there until 1856
then went to Point Douglas. Lived there untU
1880, and removed to Princeton, his present
home. Mr. Leonard, as sheriff of St. Croix
county, opened in the town of Stillwater, the first
court held in Minnesota, Judges Aaron Goodrich
and Cooper presiding. He was a member of the
constitutional convention of 1857, and has held
many other offices of honor in the territory and
state. Was one of the first to go through to the
relief of Fort Ridgely in the famous seige by the
Sioux. Married, January 1st, 1835, Miss Catha-
rine Sendes, of Louisville, New York. They
have had three sons and one daughter. James
E. and George Y. are living.

Theodore Leonard, a native of Lincolnton, Lin-
coln county. North Carolina, was born November
24th, 1834. At the age of ten years, having lost
his parents, he went to South Deerfield, Massa-
chusetts. Here he learned the carpenter trade
and worked at it until he came west to Stillwater
in 1854, in company with Socrates Nelson, whom
he had met while visiting at South Deerfleld.
Mr. Leonard has since resided in this city, work-
ing at his trade. Has worked on many of the
most prominent public and private buildings of
the city. Married in 1857, Miss Eleanor McCar-
thy, who died in December, 1875, leaving two
children, Nancy B. and Carlos. Again married

584

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

June 17th, 1878, to Miss Kebecca Simmons, who
has borne him one son, George.

John C. Lillis, born July 5th, 1840, in Kil-
rish, Ireland. When five years of age the father
brought the family to America. His father
was the owner of a large slate quarry in the old
country and did an extensive business in all parts
of Ireland. After living a time in Michigan the
family came to this city in 1854, and have since
made it their home. In the fall of 1860 John be-
gan business for himself, logging, employing four-
teen men and five yoke of oxen. In 1862 he en.
listed in the United States service and remained
until 1866. Then returned home and until 1877
was engaged in cutting logs, winters, and contract-
ing and building summers. In 1875 he went to the
Pacific coast and spent two years, then was three
years in Texas. In the spriug of 1 880 he returned
to this city and has since been foreman of the
Seymour, Sabin and Company's building depart-
ment. Mr. Lillis was married June 16th, 1870,
to Miss Mary Carley, who was born in this city,
October 29th, 1853. James E. and John S. are
their children.

August V. Linden was born in Germany, in
1837. Came to America in 1858 and settled in
New Jersey. Enlisted April 27th. 1861 , in Com-
pany r, Third New Jersey, in three months ser-
vice was honorably discharged and re-enlisted
August 14th, in Company C, Fourteenth Regi-
ment, and served until honorably discharged in
1865. He then went to New York city, and in
1869 came to Stillwater, which has since been his
home. Mr. Linden was married September 27th,
1871, to Miss Etta Beale, who has borne him one
son, Charles.

Axel T. Lindholm is a native of Sweden, born
in Guttenberg, May 9th, 1835. After graduating
from Guttenberg College and Latin school, and
also from a commercial college, in the same city,
he came to America August 5th, 1854, and was
engaged in keeping books for a firm in Galva, Ill-
inois, until 1856. Came to Minnesota in the fall
of that year and was employed as book-keeper and
cashier in the First National Bank of Mankato
until December, 1871. Next went to St. Paul
and in company with Colonel Hans Mattson, then
secretary of state, opened a private bank under
the firm name of II. Mattson and Company. In
1874 removed to Goodhue county and engaged in

mercantile pursuits until the spring of 1878, then
came to Stillwater and in 1880 engaged with J. S.
Anderson and Company. Mr. Lindholm was
married in Mankato, in June, 1860, to Miss Anna
Olson. Their children are Jenny A., Anna L.
and Josephine Elizabeth.

Harry C. Lindsay was born at Springfield,
Maine, June 14th, 1849. In 1850 his father died
and in 1852 Harry's mother removed to Lowell,
Massachusetts, remained one year and in 1854
came to Minneapolis and until 1856 kept a board-
ing house on the east side. At the age of four-
teen he was deprived of his mother, and began to
work in lumber mills. After working in various
parts of the state he came to this city in 1880, and
has since been foreman and chief filer in Hersey,
Bean and Brown's lower mill. Married in 1873,
in St. Paul, Miss Alice J. Hanley. They have
two children, Grace M. and Myrtie L.

Davis Long of the firm of Larson and Long,
barbers, is a native of Washington county, Min-
nesota, born at White Bear Lake in 1860. His
parents were early settlers in the state; the father
died in 1864 at the lake. His mother stiU lives
at the early home. Mr. Long entered into part-
nership with Mr. Larson in 1880.

David Burt Loomis was bom at WUlington,
Tolland county, Connecticut, April 17th, 1817.
In 1830, his father moved to Upper Alton, Illi-
nois, where David received a common school ed-
ucation. From 1834, untUhe came to Minnesota,
was clerk for different firms in Illinois. He was
employed by Godfrey Gilman and Company in
1837. One night a mob attacked their ware-
house for the purpose of destroying a press in it
belonging to E. P. Lovejoy. The press was de-
stroyed and Mr. Lovejoy killed. Mr. Loomis as-
sisted in their fight and watched all night with
the corpse. Came to Minnesota in 1843, and
has since been engaged in the St. Croix valley as
clerk in mercantile houses and as a lumberman.
Was a member of the first territorial legislature
in 1849. Enlisted in July, 1861, in Company F,
Second Minnesota Volunteer Infantry as first
lieutenant, was promoted to captain and served
until 1864, when he resigned on account of disa-
bility. Mr. Loomis has been elected both to the
territorial and state legislatures, besides holding
numerous local oflflces.

Frank E. Loomis, a native of Geneva, New

CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHIOAL.

585

York, was born September 1st, 1851. Was edu-
cated in the common schools and at Hobart Col-
lege, then learned photography, and for a time
traveled through the union. In 1877, commenced
business in Chicago, but after a short time was
burned out. Came to this city in June, 1877,
and commenced with Stratborg, whom he soon
bought out. He has since enlarged and now has
the finest faciUties of any similar establishment
in the valley. Mr. Loomis married Miss Alice
J. Sinsabaugh, of Mattoon, Illinois, in 1876. She
died January 4th, 1880, leaving two children:
Eay E. and Bert.

George Low was born in Clinton, Maine, March
24th, 1852. Here he acquired a common school
education, and at the age of fifteen years com-
menced his business career by constructing a large
dam atHolyoke, Massachusetts. From that time
he was variously engaged in different states un-
til 1875, then came to this city and has since
been engaged in manufacturing and building, em-
ploying, during the summer, from fifteen to
twenty men. Married at Minneapolis in 1875, to
Miss Ossina Pollard, of Milo, Maine; they have
had two children one of whom Harry Everett is
now living.

Albert Lowell was born at Concord, Somerset
county, Maine, July 10th, 1819. His early days
were spent in the vicinity of his birthplace, en-
gaged in farming on the banks of the Kennebec.
In 1854 he came to this place and in the fall of
the same year brought his wife and two children
to their new home. Soon after his arrival, he
purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land
in the suburbs of the city, near Lily Lake, a por-
tion of which is now used as the fair grounds.
He paid for the same $1,800, and in 1857 sold it
to a speculating company for $16,000. He then
engaged in lumbering, and soon afterward lost all
his money. Then engaged in farming until 1866,
when he went into the hotel business with his
brother John, and has ever since been proprietor
of the Sawyer house, which he bought in 1871.
He married, January 6th, 1850, Miss Abby B.
Reed of Madison, Maine. They have had four
children, of whom Elmore, Charles A. and Ernest
survive.

William Lowell, deceased, a native of Maine,
was born in Concord, on the Kennebec river,
April 26th, 1807. Emigrated to Stillwater in

1853, and until his death was successfully en-
gaged in logging in the St. Croix valley. For a
few years he resided in Marine where he kept a
public house. While residing at that place he
was elected twice to the legislature. In all the
avenues of life, public and private, Mr. Lowell
made and retained many friends and admirers.
He died on the 15th of July, 1873.

John Lund, a native of Sweden, was born De-
cember 9th, 1843. He received a good common
school education in his native country, and came
to America in 1865, reaching Stillwater on the
8th of August. Was engaged in lumbering until
1870, when he opened a general store in Marine
and ran it until 1874. From that year until 1880
he was town clerk and village constable of Marine.
Then removed to this city, was appointed deputy
sheriff of Washington county and has since held
that position. He was married in St. Paul, De-
cember 13th, 1871, to Miss Mary Holm. Carl
G. A., Euth A., Mattie H. and John L. are their
children.

Charles Lustig was bomin Stillwater May 11th,
1860. Here he grew to manhood, and received
his education in the graded schools. Then he
learned the miller's trade, but ill health com-
pelled him to engage in other business, and he
entered the employ of B. Thelan, where he is
now located.

John Lyons, a native of New Brunsvyick, bom
January 14th, 1830. Lived in the province until
twenty-six years of age, during the latter years
being engagedin lumbering. In 1856 came to Still-
water and began lumbering. Enlisted, in 1864,
in Company B, Eleventh Minnesota Volunteers,
and served until honorably discharged at St.
Paul, in 1865. Since his discharge he has lived
in Stillwater. In May, 1875, he was appointed
chief of police, and held the position three years.
Mr. Lyons married on the 6th of December, 1865,
Miss Mary Sullivan, who died March 6th, 1877,
leaving one child. March 27th, 1878, married
Mary Quinlan, who has borne him two children.

James Mackey, is a native of New Brunswick,
born December 25th, 1833; he Uved with his par-
ents until eighteen years of age, when he came to
Aroostook county, Maine, where he resided until
1852, then removed to the St. Croix valley, spend-
ing a short time at Stillwater, then to St. Croix
Falls, engaged in a saw-mill and at lumbering un-

586

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.^

til 1862, when he embarked in business as one of
the firm of Mackey Brothers, who carried on quite
an extensive lumbering business until 1873. One
of the brothers sold his interest to the remaining
two, who continued until 1877, when James as-
sumed the entire control, which he continued
with success. In 1880, his drive was one and one-
half millions; in 1881 , one million one hundred
thousand feet. lie was married September 4th ,
1862, to Miss Jane E. Sauntry, of New Brunswick.
They have five children, William P., Mary J.,
Edward P. James H. and Alexander.

Eev. W. Mahowald, O. S. B., was born in
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, December 28th,
1846. He remained with his parents until nine-
teen years of age, when he began his studies in
Europe. He emigrated to this country in 1868.
The two first years were spent in travel. In No- .
vember, 1870, he commenced his studies at St.
John's college. Steams county, where he re-
mained nearly four years; in 1874 he entered the
noviciate of the order of St. Benedict at the Ab-
bey of St. Vincent, Pennsylvania, remaining one
year; he returned to St. John's and completed his
studies; iu 1877 he was ordained, and was placed
in charge of a congregation at St. Wendels, where
he remained until the last of 1878, when he re-
turned to St. Paul and took charge of the Oak-
dale mission of Washington county; many im-
provements"in the mission were" accomplished
during his ministry. In 1880 he was placed in
charge of the Church of the Immaculate Concep-
tion at Stillwater, where he still resides.

Bobert Malloy was born near New Castle,
province of New Brunswick, in 1832. In Octo-
ber, 1853, he with the family, emigrated to Still-
water. Since his arrival he has given his entire
attention to the lumbering business. In 1861 he
embarked in the business alone until 1866, when
he took as partner his brother James, until 1871 ,
when they separated; again in 1875 they united
under the firm name of Malloy Brothers; in 1880
their drive was three million two hundred thou-
sand feet; in 1881 two and one-half millions. He
was married in 1870 to Miss Jane E. Brady, of
Wisconsin. She was born in Massachusetts, 1851;
died 1877. By her he had three children, Charles
H., Jennie M., John F. deceased. He was mar-
ried again April 16th, 1879, to Ellen S. Phalan,
of Stillwater; by this union they have one child.

Alfred Marcell, proprietor of the New Ameri-
can sample rooms, was bom in Canada, April,
1846. In his younger days he received a common
school education, while with his father on the
farm. Removing to Stillwater in 1870, he en-
gaged in the lumber business until 1873, when he
opened the Montreal saloon. He was married
November 26th, 1878. They have one son, Fred-
die, born December 12th, 1879.

Adam Marty was born in Switzerland in 1839.
His mother died and he was placed in charge of
his grand parents. In 1846 they emigrated to
this country and located in St. Louis, when he
was placed in the arsenal, making cartridges for
the Mexican war. In 1879 he came to Stillwater
and engaged- the first year in the family of John
McEusick. He then went to live with his father
who was located on a farm in this county, where
he remained two years. In 1852 he went to live
with an uncle on a farm, attending school at Still-
water during the winter months for two winters.
In 1856 he began learning the painter's trade,
which has been his business since. April 29th,
1861, he enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota
Regiment; he was severely wounded at Gettys-
burg, and lay in the hospital eight months, when
the regiment was ordered to Fort SnelUng and
mustered out May 5th, 1864. Mr. Marty has al-
ways taken an active part in all public enterprises;
he took an active part in organizing the first fire
company in Stillwater; he was elected^ post com-
mander of the G. A. R. society in this city; also
department commander and president of the first
regimental association. He was married in 1869
to Miss Othela Hoffman, daughter of Eev. W. H.
Hoffman, of this city. She and their only daugh-
ter died in 1871.

W.C. Masterman was born ui Stillwater January
14th, 1858. Was educated at the public schools; at
the age of eighteen years he entered the employ of
the St. Croix Boom Company as deliverer of logs
to owners. Afterwards spent several years in the
employ of Isaac Staples as scaler and camp clerk,
then to the mill oflice for six months, to the main
office in 1878, as book-keeper, where he remained
until August, 1880, when he engaged to J. H.
Townshend and Company's flouring mill as cash-
ier and book-keeper.

W. M. May was born in Monongolia county.
West Virginia, June 18th, 1830. His parents re-

GITT OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPMICAL.

587

moved to western Pennsylvania, in May 1835,
and settled on the Alleghany river near Pitts-
burgh. At the age of ten years he was left an
orphan, from that time he lived with an uncle
until May 11th, 1846, when he went to Pittsburgh
and engaged with Aaron Floyd to leai-n the car-
penter trade, agreeing to stay until he was twen-
ty'one years of age, which he fulfilled and then
engaged one year as foreman. On the 20th of
May, 1852, he went to Philadelphia, then to Cape
Island city, New Jersey, and engaged with a
company who were building the Mount Vernon
hotel, remaining six weeks; returning to Phila-
delphia he engaged to the gas company to take
charge of the erection of their office buildings,
until August 1st, 1852, when he removed to New
York city and engaged at his trade on several im-
portant jobs. November 5th, 1855, he came to
Stillwater. He was married September 13th,
1858, to Miss Elizabeth J. McKusick, eldest
daughter of Capt. J. E. McKusick. On the 29th
of April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the First
Minnesota regiment at Fort Snelling. Companies
B and G, were ordered to Fort Eidgley; while
there he was promoted as second sergeant; in
June the regiment was ordered to Washington,
going through Baltimore about the time of the
great riot: the "Plug-uglies" not liking the looks
of the six hundred six-footers did not venture to
disturb them. From Washington they were or-
dered to Fort Ellsworth, and took part in the first
Bull Kun battle; soon after he was promoted to
orderly sergeant. September 21st,1862, he was pro-
moted to second lieutenant; October 4th, 1863, pro-
moted to first lieutenant; being wounded.at Get-
tysburg he was discharged May 3, 1864. In Jime,
1864 he was employed as quartermaster with the
expedition to build Fort Wadsworth; returning to
Stillwater he worked at his old trade until April,
1880, when he was employed by the Standard Oil
Company as superintendent of building at their
farms in Polk county, Minnesota. His family
consists of his wife and six children, all living.

William M. McCluer, born in Franklinville,
Cattaraugus county, New York, September 6th,
1831. He graduated from the Temple Hill Aca-
demy, Geneseo, New York, 1850. He studied
law in Moscow, .New York, graduated at the
State and National law school at Poughkeepsie in
1854, practiced in Franklinville, New York, for

two years, removed to Stillwater in September,
1856 and opened an office in February the follow-
ing year, and has since been actively engaged at
his profession. He was married September 27th,
1858, to Helen A., daughter of C. H. Jencks, of
Waterford, Saratoga county. New York; the
union has been blessed with one child, Charles M.
born August 5th, 1859.

James D. McComb was born February 13th,
1827, in Washington county, Pennsylvania. With
his parents he removed to Fort Madison, Iowa,
in 1841, where he attended school for a time,
then on a farm for a while when he entered Chas.
Brewster's store as clerk. In 1845, he spent a
short time at Copperas Creek, Illinois, in 1846,
he came to Stillwater, and here formed' a part-
nership with Robt. Simpson and James S. An-
derson in building the large stone store on corner of
Main and Myrtle streets, and then traded until
1838; in 1860, he became a clerk in the office of
the surveyor general of logs and lumber of the
first district. In 1867, Gov. Marshall appointed
him surveyor general of logs and lumber, which
office he filled for four years, when he accepted
the position as clerk with his successor with one-
half interest until 1877, since which time he has
received a salary. Mr. McComb has always
taken an interest in county affairs; in 1847, he
was appointed deputy sherifC of St. Croix coimty,
then Wisconsin territory; he served as city re-
corder in 1859. He was married March 4th,
1854 to Miss Eliza J. McKusick; sLx -children
were the fruits of the union: Chas. E., Mamie
A., Edgar J. and Carrie Belle are living.

Alexander J. McDougal was born in Cornwall,
Upper Canada, February 15th, 1851, where he
lived with his parents James and JuUa Ann Mc-
Dougal, employed on the farm until 1880, when
he came to Stillwater, since that time he has
been in the employ of Mr. Staples. Mr. Mc-
Dougal was married in 1879 to Miss Anna Abra-
hams of Canada. She was born in Hogansburg,
New York, in 1857. They are the parents of a'
fine boy, James Edward McDougal.

John McDonald was born in London, Canada,
March 2d, 1851; he removed with his parents to
Watertown, Wisconsm, when quite young. At
the age of fourteen, he left his home and be-
came a sailor, he followed the lakes during the
summer and working at his trade, that of carriage

588

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

painter,diiring the winter months until 1862, when
he removed to Port Huron, then to Canada,
where he remained one year at his trade. Steam-
boating on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers
as mate for two seasons, then to Montana, Fort
Benton, Yankton, Dakota territory and Kansas
City. From there to Texas, where he followed
railroading and herding. In March, 1880, he re-
turned to Kansas City and remained till July,
when he shipped as mate on the Belle of LaCrosse
from St. Louis to St. Paul, then on the Mary
Burns on the St. Croix river for one month, when
he settled in Stillwater in company with Daniel
Morrill at his trade of painting.

Michael McHale was bom in Ireland. At the
age of fourteen he began learning the mason's
trade with his father. In 1856 he emigrated to
this country, and followed his trade in New
Jersey, New York, and other states. Came to
Quincy, Illinois, and spent the winter of 1839.
In the summer of 1840 he reached Galena and
spenttwo years at his trade and mining. In 1842
he came to Potosi, Wisconsin, where he remained
until 1849 at the same occupation. In 1849 he
came to Dahkotah, or what is now Stillwater, and
rented a small house of two rooms, for which he
paid $8 per month rent. In 1851 he received the
first contract for the mason^ work on the state
prison. Mr. McHale is the oldest resident mason
in the city. He was married inNovember, 1847,
to Miss Eosanna McDermott of Wisconsin. She
died in November, 1856. By her he had seven
children, five of whom are living. He was
married again in 1857, to Mary Murphy by whom
he had five children; four are living.

E. McKellar was bom in Middlesex county,
Ontario, December 25th, 1851, where he remained
until seventeen years of age attending school.
Then he began learning the carriage-making
trade at Belmont, Ontario. In 1867 he came to
Stillwater, and engaged with Seymour, Sabin
and Company at his trade. He is now foreman
in the wagon-shops. He was married September
25th, 1880, to Miss A. Smithson of Hoxboro.

D. W. McKusick, a native of St. Croix county,
Maine, was bom in 1838. Came to Stillwater
with his parents in 1847, and has resided here
since. While a young man he was engaged in
rafting between this city and St. Louis, and
caught a severe cold which resulted in inflam-

matory rheumatism. For twelve years he suf-
fered from the disease, and when he finally suc-
ceeded in getting rid of it, found himself crippled
for life. Mr. McKusick has filled many offices
of honor and trust, mention of which is made
elsewhere.

Ivory E. McKusick, is a native of Maine, born
in Cornish, York county. July 2d, 1827. In 1846
went to Massachusetts,near Boston,spent the sum-
mer and in the fall retumed home. In 1847 he came
to the St. Croix valley, and has ever since been
prominently identified with the interests of Still-
water. The first two years were spent working
in the old water-mill, the first mUl built at Still-
water; was engaged in lumber business until
1869. Then for a year retired from active busi-
ness, and in 1862 was appointed guard at the
prison, serving two years. In the spring of 1864
he was employed by the government to help build
Fort Wadsworth, Dakota. In 1865 he retumed
to this city, and in 1867 was appointed surveyor-
general of the first district of Minnesota, and
held the office untU 1875. In 1876 entered part-
nership with C. J. Butler, in ware-house and ag-
ricultural implement business. In 1877 they ad-
ded lumber, and run it two years, since then Mr.
McKusick,has conducted the lumber business in-
dividually. He was married, in the first church in
the city to Miss Sophia A. Jewett, of Stillwater,
February 9th, 1854. Their children are Herbert
N., Myron I., and Hattie B.

Charles H. Meeds, captain and owner of the
steamer, "Ida Fulton," was bom at Standish,
Cumberland county, Maine, July 29th, 1836.
When reaching man's estate he came to St. An-
thony, Minnesota, where he made his home and
began navigating the upper Mississippi, his first
trips being made on the noted old steamer, "Gov.
Eamsey," which was built in -1850, and the first
boat that ran above the St. Anthony Falls. Cap-
tain Meeds run this boat for four years, his line
extending from St. Anthony to St. Cloud. He
then retumed to his native state and remained
until 1864, in the meantime serving nine months
in the Twenty-seventh Regiment Maine Volun-
teer Infantry. Returning to Minnesota he re-
sumed river navigation, spending two years on
the steamer line from St. Paul to La Crosse,
Wisconsin, and in 1876 purchased the "Ida Ful-

CllY OF STILLWATER-BIOQBAPHIGAL.

589

ton," which he has since run. She is the largest
towing steamer on the Lalce St. Ooix.

B. G. Merry, dentist, was born at Edgecomb,
Maine, January 7th, 1834. While in infancy his
parents removed to Bath, in that state, where he
acquired a common school education, then studied
medicine three years, but in consequence of de-
clining health, was obUged to turn from it. En-
tering the office of his brother he began the study
of dentistry, but ere Ms profession was completed
entered his country's service in the Twenty-first
Maine Volunteer Infantry, being promoted to
the office of first lieutenant, captain and major.
At the expiration of his term of service, re-en-
listed in 1863, in Company B, Second Maine Cav-
alry Veteran Volunteers, and sei-ved until mus-
tered out in 1865. Returning to his old home, he
completed the profession as a dentist, andin 1868,
came to Stillwater. Here he has since practiced
his profession, and has won great popularity,
being one of the oldest in that line. At Bath,
Maine, 1855, he was united in marriage with Miss
Francis C. Coburn. Charles W. is their only liv-
ing child. Mr. Merry is a member of the order
of Knights of Pythias, of which he was grand
chancellor of state two years.

George Miiller, is a native of Pennsylvania,
born August 11th, 1853. While yet a child he
came to Stillwater, making this place his home
since. He attended the graded schools of the
city, then assisted his father in his labors until
embarking in business for himself as a boat
builder.

Phillip MuUer, born June 22d, 1826, is a native
of Darmstadt, Germany, where he learned the
cabinet and carpenter trade. In 1851 he came to
America and worked at his trade two years in
New York city. He located at Stillwater in 1855,
.after a brief visit in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.
Ten years later he embarked in the furniture
trade, having previously worked at his trade.
Married Miss Elizabeth Berg, a native of Ger-
many, in 1851. Eight children have been born
to them, seven of whom are living.

J. A. Millett, clerk of the St. Croix Boom Com-
pany, is a native of Palmyra, Somerset county,
Maine. He came to Stillwater in September,
1857, where he has since been connected with the
lumber business. During the year 1866 he began
as clerk for the St. Croix Boom Company; his

long continuance in this position is the best evi-
dence of his qualifications as a business man and
his proficiency.

Michael Moffatt, a native of England, was born
January 25th, 1824. When twelve years old, he
came alone to America, and began sea life on a
merchant vessel. On leaving the sea in 1839, he
located on a farm in Chenango county, New
York, remaining as a tiller of the soil two years,
then learned the blacksmith's trade. Completing
his trade in 1845, he came west and spent the
time in traveling until his location at Stillwater,
1855. Being for three years in the employ of
Isaac Staples and Company, he then engaged in
business for himself in the pursuit of his trade,
at his present location. He is one of the pioneers
and has toiled hard, and is now enjoying the
fruits of his labors. Married at this city, in 1865,
to Miss Mary Kelley. Three children have been
born to them, Mary A., WiUiam E. and Mat-
thew H.

B. J. Mosier was born at Macedon, Wayne
county New York, January 29th, 1847. Here he
lived until seventeen years of age, then enlisted
in Company H, One Hundred and Ninety-Fourth
New York, as corporal, and served until honor-
ably discharged at Elmira. Going thence to
Fortress Monroe, he served one year as clerk in
a store, afterward to Wayne county, Michigan,
for three years. He removed to Ottawa, Illinois,
making it his home three years; thence to Still-
water, where he has since been in the painting
business. Married, in 1870, to Clara Mason.
They are the parents of three children, two of
whom are Uving.

O. Mower was born at Glenbum, near Bangor,
Maine, March 22d, 1843. He remained at his na-
tive place until 1868, then came to Stillwater, and
for three years followed the St. Croix river and
worked in the lumber mills, at the end of which
time he purchased the two lots where his dwelUng
now stands. Until 1874 his time was mostly
employed in teaming and freighting, when he be-
gan dealing in ice, and in connection has three
freight teams. Miss Eva Eutherford, of Still-
water, became his wife in 1872. Grade A. and
Frank L. are their children.

William Muller is a native of Prussia, was
born February 6th, 1833. He served his appren-
ticeship as mechanic with his father, and when

590

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

fifteen years old was master of his trade. Start-
ing for himself he passed the first six years travel-
ing through Rhineland, Gei-many, and in 1854
came to America. Coming to Galena, Illinois,
he remained but a brief time, then embarked on
the steamer "War Eagle" for Stillwater. He
then footed it to Marine and among early settlers
endured the hardships of the pioneer life. Re-
turning to Stillwater in 1857 he worked at his
trade a short time then began farming, thereby
accumulating enough to establish his business as
manufacturer of wagons, carriages, etc. In 1858
he was married to Miss Wilhelmina Geneste.
Seven children have been born to them, only
two of whom are living, Henry and Louis.

James Mulvey was bom at Cranbrook, Kent
county, England, March 25th, 1836. When thu:-
teen years old he came to America, and for two
and one-half years i'esided in Chautauqua county,
New York. In May, 1853 he located at Still-
water, and engaged in lumbering on the St. Croix
for ten years. In 1862 he enlisted in company C,
Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, serving
until discharged at Eort Snelling in 1865. On re-
turning he resumed his former occupation, in
which he has been very successful. In the win-
ter of 1880-81 banked over two milUon feet of
logs. Married Miss Miranda Edwards of Still-
water, October 26th, 1865. Arthur J., Jesse A.,
Edna M., and Walter S. are their children.

HoUis R. Murdock, was born at Gouverneur, St.
Lawrence county, New York, August 15th, 1832.
He graduated at Williams college, Massachusetts,
in the class of 1854. Coming to Minnesota the
next year he soon after settled at Stillwater.
January 14th, 1856, he was admitted to the prac-
tice of law; was elected judge of probate of
Washington county in 1859, serving four terms
by re-election; elected to the legislature from the
Stillwater district in 1871; has been director and
secretary of the Stillwater and St. Paul Railroad
Company since its organization in 1867 and one
of the directors of the First National bank since
1873. His wife was Sarah A. Rice, whom he
married November 3d, 1857. Mr. Muiclock is
one of the representative men of Stillwater, and
has always taken active part in the advancement
of the interests of the city. He is among the
oldest lawyers in the city, having been in contin-
uous practice since 1856.

CHAPTER LXXV.

BIOGRAPHICAL, K TO Z.

John G. Nelson is a native of Sweden, born
December 13th, 1840. His father was a smelter of
iron in Sweden, and was able to give his children
but a limited education. At the age of fourteen,
John immigrated to America and came to Knox
county, Illinois. In 1856, came to the St. Croix
valley and has since been engaged in lumbering.
Is partner in the firms of Nelson and Johnson,
James S. Anderson, and Company, Nelson, Fol-
som and Company, and Long and Nelson, which
are among the most enterprising firms of the city.
Married Miss Johanna S. Ekman, of Wright
county, July 19th, 1868. They have six children:
Andrew O., Amanda K., Alice L., Anna M.,
Olivia S. and John A.

Socrates Nelson, deceased, an early settler of
this city, was born in Franklin county, Massa-
chusetts, January 11th, 1814. Received his edu-
cation in the Academy at Deerfleld, taking only
a partial course. Then entered mercantile life
at Conway. In 1839, he came to Illinois prospect-
ing and buying furs, the next year went to St.
Louis selling goods and collecting furs until 1844.
Then came up the Mississippi to the mouth of the
Chippewa, opposite Reed's Landing and located
a trading post on the Mississippi. This was
known as Nelson's Landing, and was maintained
for several years. After coming to this city, he
was engaged for about eleven years in mercan-
tile business, then went into the lumber business
in Baytown, now called South StUlwater, was as-
sociated with D. B. Loomis for many years. A
large portion of this thriving city is on land pur-
chased of the government by Mr. Nelson nearly
thirty-seven years ago. Has held many offices
both under the city and state government. He
was married on the 23d of October, 1844, at
Hennepin, Illinois, to Mrs. Betsey D. Bartlett, of
Massachusetts; two daughters were the result of
their marriage. May 6th, 1867, Mr, Nelson died
jn the house which he had built for a store and
residence. A few years ago Mrs. Nelson and her
son-in-law, Fayette Marsh, built a large and ele-
gant residence on the bluff at the south end of
the city, and have since resided there.

CITY OF 8TILLWATEB—BI0GBAPRIGAL.

591

Mrs. Socrates Nelson, a native of Conway,
Franklin county, Massachusetts, was born Sep-
tember 6th, 1813. Her maiden name was Bertha
D. Bartlett. She was reared and educated in
the common and select schools of Conway.
Married August 23d, 1838, Mr. George R. Bart-
lett of her native place and with him moved to
Knoxville, Knox county, Illinois, where Mr.
Bartlett soon afterward died. She then returned
to her parents in Massachusetts, and with them
returned to Illinois, settling in Hennepin, Henry
county, in the spring of 1840. In the fall of
1844 she married Socrates Nelson and came with
him to Stillwater. She lived with him until his
death in 1867. Since then she has lived with her
son-in-law, Payette Marsh. Her daughter, Mrs.
Marsh, died November 26th, 1880. Mrs. Nelson
was the first white woman to settle in the St.
Croix valley.

Frank B. Netzer was born in New York city
in 1854. In 1857 his parents removed to Heed's
Landing, Wabasha county, where he grew to
manhood, and received his early education. In
1874 he entered the employ of the American Ex-
press Company at Eeed's Landing, and in 1878
was messenger on the Stillwater and Taylor's
Falls railway between this city and St. Paul. In
March, 1880, he took charge of the American and
United States express offices as agent for the two
companies. Mr. Netzer was married November
4th, 1880, at Wabasha, to Miss Hattie, daughter
of Henry Buisson, and grand-daughter of the
oldest white settler of Wabasha county.

James S. O'Brien is a native of Miramichi,
New Brunswick, born October 19th, 1847. The
next year his parents removed with their family
to Old Town, Maine, where they remained until
1853. They then removed to St. Croix valley,
passing the winter at St. Croix Falls, removing
the following spring to Stillwater, where they
have since lived. James here grew to manhood
and acquired an education, and when fifteen years
of age began in the logging business for Elam
Greeley. During the winter of 1867 he began
this business for himself in company with Durant,
Hanford and McKusick, the next two seasons
with Mr. McPheters. Since that he has lum-
bered with James S. Anderson, and his brother
John O'Brien. In 1875 James went to Kentucky
and brought the famous race horse, "Gol.Eicely,"

which he still owns. In 1879 he was married to
Miss Josephine Gilmartin. John E. is their only
son.

Edward A. Olson, local minister of the Swedish
Methodist Episcopal church, is a native of Gut-
tenberg, Sweden, born October 7th, 1886. He be-
gan sailor's life when nineteen years old, making
his first voyage to Boston harbor and five years
more were given to sea life under the American
flag, a portion of the time being during the civil
war. During this time he first experienced a de-
sire to know more of the realities of religion and
has continued to search after the good and true.
In 1863 became to Chicaigo and after sailing some
time on Lake Michigan he made a visit to his old
home in Sweden. Returning, he resumed sailing
on the lakes and occupied the position of second
mate on the "Great West." In 1876 he came to
Minneapolis; on receiving an appointment at
Centre City he removed thence, remaming one
year, also one year at Marine. His vfife is a
faithful worker and established Sabbath schools
at these places, being their superintendent; she
richly deserves much credit for her energies. In
October, 1879, Mr. Olson moved his family to
Stillwater and has since given his attention to
contracting and building. His wife was Miss
Augusta Newlander, married 1875. Sidney E.,
Hattie A., Charles E. and Arthur' E., are their
children.

A. J. OrfE was born at Levant, Penobscot
county, Maine, 1838. He remained at his native
town attending school and learning the cooper's
trade until eighteen years of age, when he started
for the west, arriving at Stillwater in 1855. Here
he gave his attention to lumbering fifteen years,
after which he engaged in the livery business in
this city, in which he still continues. About the
year 1879 he interested himseU in farm lands,
purchasing near Glyndon, Clay county, Minneso-
ta, six hundred and forty acres, four hundred and
sixty of which is now under cultivation. In 1860
Mr. Orff and Miss Kilbourn were united in mar-
riage. Six years subsequently she died, leaving
one daughter, Harriet, now the wife of Amos
Boughton. He was married in 1871 to Miss
Georgie Cram who departed this life in 1879.

J. O'Shaughnessy, a native of Ireland, was
born. June 8th, 1838. When a lad of eleven
years, he came to America and leatned the^rade

592

EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

of shoe-maker in Massachusetts. He came to
Stillwater in 1862, and began busienss at once in a
small shop with limited means. Owing to the
increase in trade, he removed to more commodi-
ous quarters in Nelson's block, and later to the
St. Croix building. In 1873, his stock was de-
stroyed by fire, then he took refuge in a room in
Hospes block and continued his trade there until
taking posession of his present place of business.
Since 1872, he has been agent for the Singer
Sewing Machine Company. Married at Milford,
Massachusetts, May, 1859, to Miss Mary Milon,
They have had eleven children seven now living,
all reside at home.

Peter Otto was bom in Germany, 1853, but
when a child came with his parents to America.
Making their home at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,
till 1859, they then moved to Stillwater where
Peter grew to manhood, and in the fall of 1870,
went to St. Paul. For the space of three years
he was in the employ of different firms, and in
1873, in cpmpany with George L. Oaks, opened
an eating house and news depot, adjoining the
St. Paul Miimeapolis and Manitoba depot at St.
Paul. The firm of Otto and Oaks continued un-
til 1877, when Mr. Otto became sole proprietor,
he carries the stock of news and fruits for the
Manitoba railroad line.

Howard Packard was born at Mount Vernon,
Kennebec county, Maine, July 7th, 1825. "When
eight years old he accompanied his parents to
Augusta, where he was reared. On attaining
majority he began life for himself, giving his at-
tention chiefly to agricultural pursuits till the fall
of 1854, when he came to the northern wilds of
Minnesota, in what is now the thriving city of
Stillwater. Until 1857 he engaged in lumbering
on the St. Croix, then took charge of the Wash-
ington county poor farm, and during bis stay of
five years made many improvements; he cleared
and broke seventy acres, fenced one hundred, and
built a barn and granary. In 1863 he went to
Virginia City, Idaho territory, and passed one
year in the gold mines, then returned to Leaven-
worth, Kansas, and was in the employ of the
United States government. He went to Santa
Fe, New Mexico, as a commissary, then returned
to Leavenworth, and soon after helped to build
three government posts, respectively, on the Big
Horn, Little Horn and Powder Horn rivers. He

was post scout at Fort Phil. Kearney at the time
of the memorable massacre by the Sioux; was
then detailed to carry dispatches to Fort Larar
mie. Coming to Omaha, Nebraska, he left the
government service and returned to Stillwater,
via Hannibal, Missouri, arriving in 1866. His at-
tention was given to boarding-house keeping,
lumbering and other pursuits, until his appoint-
ment as guard of the Minnesota state prison,
which position he has since held with the excep-
tion of two years, which was occupied as toll col-
lector at the Lake St. Croix bridge. His wife
was Miss Debora Taylor, of Maine, married
April 22d, 1850. Leonora A. Samuel T. and
Emma E. are their children.

Napoleon Patwell is a native of Ottawa, Can-
ada, born May 15th, 1843. He is the son of Peter
and Josie Patwell, who were natives of Canada,
and who removed to St. Paul, Minnesota, when
Napoleon was three months old. Here he lived
until 1865, then removed to Stillwater, and for
eight years was engaged in the lath-mill of Her-
sey. Bean and Brown, and has since kept a con-
fectionery store. His present location is on
Second street, where he keeps a large stock of
fruits, cigars, etc. His marriage with Miss An-
gelina A. Edwards, of Stillwater, took place Jime
6th, 1867. Almira, Bertien H., Ella M., Stella
and Kuth are their children.

James Pennington, Jr., was bom near Fred-
erickton, New Brunswick, July 17th. 1839. His
parents, James and Mary A. Pennington," moved
with their family in 1840 to Aroostook coimty,
Maine, where James grew to manhood. In 1854
he came west to Stillwater, and decided to make
this his home. For five years he and his father
were lumbering on the St. Croix river, and in
1861 Mr. Pennington purchased a farm of two
hundred acres in Af ton township, and for four
summers engaged in agriculture, the winter
seasons bemg passed in the lumber regions.
During later years he has given his entire atten-
tion to cutting and rafting logs, and for some
time has been identified with the enterprising
lumbermen of the valley. He has been twice
married; his present wife was Miss Carrie Denton
of Stillwater whom he married in 1871. Lillian
D. is their only living child.

Edward Perrelle was born on the Island of
Jersey, May 11th, 1848. At the age of fifteen

CUT OF STILLWATER— BIOGB A fHICAL.

593

years he began a seafaring life as fireman on
steamships and tug-Boats, and when twenty-one
years old went to Toronto, Canada, and took
charge of the engine of the Royal Dominion
mills. Owing to its changing owners, he was
relieved and went to Cobourg, Ontario, as engi-
neer in the woolen mills. Thence to Grand
Kapids, Michigan, in Taylor's plaster-mills, and
in April, 1880, came to Stillwater as engineer in
Townshend and Company's flouring-mills, where
he is at present located. His engine-room is a
model of neatness and beauty, and shows to a
good advantage the skill of a practical engineer.
Mr. Perrelle is unmarried.

N". W. Peterson was born in the province of
Skane, near Christianstad, Sweden, October 1st,
1847. Here he passed his childhood and received
an education, coming to America in 1868. His
first winter was passed at Centre City, Chisago
county, Minnesota, but during the following
spring he came to Stillwater. Nearly two years
were passed in the employ of John McKusick,
and in 1872 he engaged at the Sawyer house as
porter, where he has since remained. December
26th, 1880, he married Miss Minnie Hanson, who
is a native of Sweden.

Jesse Phillips was born at Farmington, Michi-
gan, May 27th, 1844. When he was three years
old his parents removed to Baraboo, Wisconsin,
remaining seven years; thence to Houston coun-
ty, Minnesota, near the village of Hokah. When
tliiirteen years of age, Jesse went to Milwaukee
and there learned the mill-wright's trade; after
five years apprenticeship, remained as a work-
man two years. He then visited a number of
cities in Missouri, Louisiana, Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, and in 1868 came to Minneapolis, Minne-
sota. Two years later he located at Stillwater,
where he has since made his home, working at
his trade in this city and vicinity. His marriage
with Miss Eva Giddis took place March 1st, 1874.
John J., Ella G. and Eva are their children.

Henry C. Pierce was born at East Machias,
Washington county, Maine, April 17th, 1847. He
lived with his parents until reaching manhood,
then in 1868, came to Michigan and engaged in
the mercantile business two years, and came to
Stillwater in 1870, giving his attention for four
years to lumbering. Warden Jackman then ap-
pointed him guard of Minnesota state prison,
38

which position he has since held with credit. He
and Miss Mattie M. Orr were united in marriage
in 1863. Charles E. and Mattie E. are their chil-
dren, living. Frederick H. died.

Phillip Potts was born May 2d, 1839, and is a
native of Prussia. His early life was passed in
his native town, and in 18-55, accompanied by his
brother Fred, came across the Atlantic to
America and located at Stillwater, and soon after
began clerking for his brother, Eobert, in the
hardware trade. Subsequently he began steam-
boating on the St. Croix and Mississippi, follow-
ing it until he enlisted June 3d, 1861, in Company
D, Second Minnesota. At the battle of Chick-
amauga he received a scalp wound and was
honorably discharged at Nashville, Tennessee,
June 10th, 1864. He returned to Minnesota, and
after a brief time at St. Paul, went to Memphis,
Tennessee, and was in the confectionery trade
eight months. He was then located at Owaton-
na, Minnesota, three years: Returning to Still-
water, until 1875 he was in the general merchan-
dise trade, and has since been in the wholesale
liquor trade. In 1865 he married Philomena De
Ceprez, who has borne him five children, three of
whom are living.

John S. Proctor was born at Cavendish, Ver-
mont, February 26th, 1826. His father died in
1837, leaving five daughters and two son.s. At
the age of eleven years, he began work on a farm,
which employment he continued during sum-
mer months till he arrived at the age of seventeen,
attending the district schools one term each win-
ter. After teaching school two winters, he com-
menced the mercantile life. Coming to St. Louis,
Missiouri, in 1846, he remained three years, em-
ployed in a wholesale dry-goods establishment.
He came to Minnesota in 1849, was elected reg-
ister of deeds at first election of Washington
county, and held the office two terms, being at
the same time, postmaster. In 1852, he engaged
in the general merchandise business and con-
tinued with the firm of Short, Proctor and Com-
pany until 1856, then opened a hardware store in
company with his brother, the firm name being
Proctor Brothers, this firm closed their business
in 1860. During that year, he was appointed
warden of the Minnesota state prison, which po-
sition he occupied eight years, during the time
was also secretary and treasurer of the St. Croix

594

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Boom Company, filling the position until Decem--
ber, 1880. He was chosen mayor of the city in
]878-'79-'80, and received the appointment of
surveyor general of logs and lumber of the first
district, from Governor Pillsbury, which term
commenced April, 1881. Mr. Proctor was mar-
ried in 1854 to Caroline M. Lockwood: Levi C. is
their only son.

John Quinlan was born at Brooklyn, New
York, January 20th, 1859. He removed to Still-
water while yet a child, with his parents, and here
learned the trade of plumber, gas and steam fit-
ter, he is also dealer in gas pipe fittings, brass
fixtures, pumps, etc. His building is located on
Chestnut street, is 14x30 feet, affording employ-
ment to three mechanics.

John Eahr, a native of Denmark, was born in
August, 1854. Coming to America in 1873, he
passed the first summer at Sparta, Wisconsin,
and during the fall of the same year came to Still-
water and followed lumbering two years, then en-
gaged with S. S. Denton in the livery business.
He remained in this occupation until he, in com-
pany with Paul Hanson,began his present business.
Married at Hudson, Wisconsin, June 21st, 1880,
to Miss Christinia Mattson, who departed this
life October 13th, of the same year.

Frank M. Baiter Was bom February 14th, 1842,
and is a native of Sweden. He learned the tai-
lor's trade in his native country, and in 1864 came
to America, locating at Stillwater. For six years
he was employed as cook on the river, then
erected the Wexio hotel, which he still owns.
He, however, still retains the sample-rooms in
connection with the hotel. Married at Marine,
Washington county, September 16th, 1870, to
Miss Eliza Hawkinson. They have had two
children. Hattie is the only surviving one.

John A. Reed was born at Grafton, New
Hampshire, December 25th, 1831. In conse-
quence of the death of his father, at the age of
seven years lie went to live with his grandfather '
in Merrimack county, and engaged in agricul-
ture until attaining majority. His education was
acquired at the Andover Academy, after which
he taught school. In 1854 he removed to Clay-
ton county, Iowa, where he was engaged in teach-
ing winters and tilling the soil during the sum-
mer seasons. Four years later he located on a
farm in Blue Earth county, Minnesota, remain-

ing until enlisting in 1861, in Company I, Fifth
Iowa Cavalry, afterward detached and known as
Company B, Brackett's Battallion Minnesota
Cavalry; was mustered out as captain in June,
1866. Returning to Blue Earth county he was
elected to the legislature, and by re-election,
served three successive years. July 16th, 1874,
he was appointed warden of the Minnesota state
prison, which position he still occupies. His wife
was Rachel France, married in 1856. Their
children, living, are, W. C, Clara L., Willie and
Belle.

Captain Samuel M. Register was bom in the
vicinity of Dover, Delaware, 1827. There he
grew to manhood on a farm. His parents Fran-
cis and Mary Register, are of French descent,
their ancestors having settled in Delaware about
the time of the revolutionary war. Captain Reg-
ister came to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1850, on
board the steamer, "Highland Mary No. 2," com-
manded by Captain Atchison, which landed April
20th. The next day he took stage for Stillwater;
the coach being a heavy lumber wagon, and the
roads being almost impassable, the captain con-
sequently received a thorough jolting. Since his
first arrival at this city it has been his home. He
has been prominently identified with the early
lumberman of the St. Croix valley, and has also
dealt quite extensively in pine lands. In 1852, he
was pilot on the river, the rafting at that early
day being done by anchor and line. In 1871 he
began running the steamer, "Helen Marr," in
which he owned one-third interest; this boat he
run as captain five or six years. Since then he
he has run boats for Isaac Staples as captain.-
His thorough knowledge of the river renders him
very prominent in his profession, and an active
man in navigation. He was a member of the ter-
ritorial legislature, 1854-55, and in the early days
of the city was a member of the council several
terms. His marriage with Miss Minerva Mc-
Causlin,,of Stillwater, took place in 1856. They
have five children living, Emma, Frank, Charles,
Samuel and George.

E. Rhiner, a native of Switzerland, was born
February 16th, 1819, and lived with his parents
until twelve years old. He then engaged in
freighting in different parts of his native country
until 1853, then came to America, and during the
same year landed in Stillwater. For three sea-

CITT OF STILLWAIEB - BIOGBAPHWAL.

595

sons he was employed as a lumberman for Isaac
Staples, also two years more for himself. He
then dealt in horses in this city with much suc-
cess until 1863, when he established his present
business. Mr. Rhiner has been twice married,
his present wife was Miss Verene White, married
in 1860. Kate, Emma, Anna, Alice, Rosa, Susie
and Frederick, are the children.

Charles H. Rhoads is a native of Kentucky,
born June 5th, 1828. While yet a small child his
parents removed with him to Illinois. When
Charles was a lad of ten years they moved to a
point about nine miles north of St. Louis, named
Rhoad's Point in honor of this family being its
first settlers. Here he began river life, his father
being a pilot, and soon acquired a thorough know-
ledge of the river; was first made engineer, then
mate and has since been pilot. His first steamer
was "Walk-in-the- Water," on the Illinois river.
In 1852 he came to the St. Croix valley, where he
began as pilot from Stillwater to St. Louis. Being
one of the first pilots in this region his thorough
knowledge of the river ranks him in the first
class; he is one of the oldest pilots now living in
this city. Miss Anna E. Scobee was made his
wife April 7th, 1859, at St. L'ouis. January,
Jesse, Fanny, Charles H., James C, George S.
and Charlotte B. are their children.

James C. Rhodes, M. D. was bom at Bridge-
water, New York, June 24th, 1824. He prepared
for college at Clinton, but left Hamilton college
in the jimior year; after a brief respite from
studies began reading law at Pulaski, Oswego
county, he however soon abandoned it, preferring
the study of medicine. He read medicine with
Dr. Hiram Murdock of that place, and attended
lectures at Geneva medical college, receiving his
diploma in 1847; practiced six or seven years in
Jefferson county, about three years in Oswego
and Brockport, being also proprietor of a drug
store at these places. In 1857 the doctor settled
in Stillwater and here practiced twenty-one years
steadily, except while in military service. In
1862 he enlisted as private in the Seventh Minne-
sota Infantry, three months later was made as-
sistant surgeon of the Pirst Minnesota Mounted
Rangers; in the south he was contract surgeon
in the field. During the fall of 1864 he was dis-
abled by sickness but on recovery was appointed
assistant surgeon of the First Minnesota Heavy

Artillery; was mustered out of service during the
autumn of 1865. Dr. Rhodes has been county
commissioner, coroner, member of the city coun-
cil, health oflScer of the city, and for the past nine
years a member and clerk of the school board,
also gives much time to the pursuit of his profes-
sion. Miss Esther K. Murdock became his wife
in May, 1848. Of their four children, three are
living, Frances E., Marion L. and James C, Jr.

Seward P. Richardson, aresidentof Stillwater,
was bom at Bangor, Maine, February 18th, 1844.
Here he acquired a practical education and learned
the trade of mill-wright. Enlisting in the First
Maine Heavy Artillery in 1864, he served until the
close of hostilities and returned home in the fall
of 1865. He engaged in mercantile business till
1871, then came west to Stillwater and entered
the employ of Torinus, Staples and Company in
their hardware and general store, remaining
about four years. He then engaged with his
present firm as assistant book-keeper, and is now
cashier and book-keeper. His marriage with Miss
Elizabeth A. Bent, of Bangor, took place at Bos-
ton, Massachusetts, May 16th, 1869. Their only
son is Harry B.

William H. Richardson was born at Bangor,
Maine, December 29th, 1846, where he lived until
1868, the last three years of the time being em-
ployed in a wholesale drug house. During the
spring of that year he came to Stillwater and be-
gan clerking for the St. Croix Boom Company,
where he continued two years, then two years in
a store. For two years longer, he was steam-
boating on the St. Croix, then book-keeper for
Isaac Staples the same length of time. Finally
in November, 1878, he was appointed deputy
county treasurer which office he still holds. His
grand-father Marcus Richardson, of Bangor,
Maine, died in 1831, at the age of one hundred
years and two and one-half months and was sup-
posed to be the oldest Freemason in the world.
Mr. Richardson and Miss Mary Mower of this
county were married in 1873. Two children have
been born to them, both living.

Dr. F. L. Roberts was born at Ludlow, Ver-
mont, March 4th, 1854. When ten years old, he
with his mother and sister came to Alton, Illi-
nois, his father having preceded them one year
and opened dental rooms. During the same fall
they removed to Madison, Wisconsin, returning

596

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

to Alton two years later, which place has
since been the parental home. Mr. Eoherts had
the very best advantages, studying his profession
with his father, and in 1874 opened, dental rooms
at Virden, Illinois, practicing until 1876, then
went home to enter into partnership with his
father. In consequence of declining health, he
remained only three years, then came to Stillwa-
ter with the intention of returning as soon as his
health would permit. He however was prevailed
upon by friends to locate in Stillwater, which he
did in 1880. Finding his health rapidly improv-
ing and being delighted with the country and
climate, he opened a dental office, and intends
making this his future home.

John F. Honey is a native of Frederickton,
New Brunswick, born June 14th, 1847. While
yet a babe his parents removed to Fort Kent,
Maine, where John grew to manhood. When
eight years old he began attending school, but as
years passed on he was obliged to confine his at^
tendance at school to the winter months, and as-
sisted his father during the summer. He soon
acquired a thorough knowledge of his father's
trade, that of contractor and builder. In 1866
he in company with his father and uncle, came
to Minnesota, arriving at Stillwater July 24th.
Engaging with Seymour, Sabin and Company, he
assumed charge of the coopering department,
and the next three years occupied the same posi-
tion in the carpenter shop assisting in putting up
the first threshing machine. After about one
and one-half years in the employ of others, he
returned to this firm and is now foreman in the
setting-up shop, having fuU charge of that de-
partment. His wife was Melinda Goodine, mar-
ried in 1866. Ida C, William A., Josephine M.
and Margie are their children.

James Boot was born at Albany, New York,
November 8d, 1843. At the age of fourteen he
began the railroad business as brakesman; four
years were passed on the Hudson River railroad,
then about one year on the Michigan Southern
and Northern Indiana railroad. In 1863 he en-
listed as a minute man in defense of Indiana
against "Morgan's Raid," thence to Cincinnati on
the same mission, but was soon after mustered
out. He then ran on the Louisville and Nash-
ville railroad as engineer, then to Chattanooga,
and ran the engine for hospital trains. Coming

to Stillwater in 1866, he was second engineer in
the mills of John Atley about one year, then on
the steamer "Tiger" made two trips from Still-
water to Lake Pepin. In 1868 he went to Duluth
and has since been engineer for the St. Paul and
Duluth railroad. Miss Ellen M. Fox. of Still-
water, became his wife December 25th, 1869.
They have one bright-eyed boy, Edward J.

Dwight M. Sabin was bom at Marseilles, La
Salle county, lUmois, April 25th, 1843. His
father was an extensive land-owner and stock-
raiser, but subject to continued turns of ill health,
which at eleven years of age threw the entire
management of affairs on the oldest son, Dwight.

This continuance of ill health induced the
family to remove to Connecticut in 1856, for the
purpose of being near the seaside, and at the age
of thirteen young Sabin, was placed at school in
a New England village and continued there for
two years, when his parents settled again on the
old farm in Killingly, Connecticut, where they
resided until the death of the father in 1864. In
the meantime Dwight's youthful aspirations of
fitting for the legal profession received its check
in the continued, ill health of his father, necessi-
tating his close attention at home in the care of
the farming, wood and lumbering operations con-
nected with one of the large, heavily-timbered
old New England farms, so that his schooling
consisted of four or five months winter attend-
ance on one of the country schools in the "old
red school-house at the four corners," the summer
time being devoted to farm-work and continu-
ance of studying the common branches as oppor-
tunity afforded, his preference being historical
works and mathematics, working through a
full course of the latter studies.

After the death of his father, the subject of
this sketch removed, in 1867, with his mother
and younger brother, to this state, settling the
following year at Stillwater and forming the
present firm of Seymour, Sabin and Company.
Since Mr. Sabin's residence in this state, his ca-
reer is so familiar as to need but little comment.
The mammoth corporation of which he is presi-
dent and treasurer, manufacturing more thresh-
ing machines than any other concern in the world,
has been built up under his management and
speaks for itself. His enterprise is also strikingly
. illustrated in his connection With the extensive

CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAP SIC AL.

597

lumber concern of C. N. Nelson and Company,
one of the largest in the conntry, as also the
milling and elevator interests of Stillwater, and
the presidency of the Duluth Iron Company.
Success has attended in a remarkable degree all
his enterprises, which is the strongest evidence
of financial and business ability that can be
offered.

In the political world Mr. Sabin has borne a
conspicuous part. Has served two terms in each
branch of the state legislature, occupying some
of the most important chairmanships on com-
mittees. Is also at present member of the na-
tional repubUcan committee for Minnesota, and
has been a delegate to each of the national re-
publican conventions for the last sixteen years.

L. Sargeut, a native of New Hampshire, was
born February 6th, 1837. While yet a child his
parents removed with their family to Haverhill,
Massachusetts. At the age of twelve years Lon-
drus went to Lowell and served an apprentice-
ship of three years in James Hart and Com-
pany's sash, door and blind factory, and after-
ward spent two years more as a journeyman. In
1855, he began a sailor's life, goijig first on board
a whaling vessel as ship carpenter, bound on a.
whaling voyage to the South Pacific. After a
service of twenty-one months, he left her at the
Caroline Isles, remaining there among the sav-
ages four months, then joined the barque Kose
Poole as carpenter and harpooner, remaining un-
til her return in May, 1860. He then became sec-
ond mate of the barque Norman, which during
the entire civil war was cruising along the shores
of Chili and Peru; she returned to New Bedford
and Mr. Sargent here abandoned her and sea life.
He resumed his former occupation, and in 1868,
went to Omaha, Nebraska, where he spent four
years at his trade. Coming to Stillwater at that
time he entered the employ of Seymour, Sabin and
Company, and has since held the position of su-
perintendent of their sash, door and blind, job-
bing department, with credit to himself and the
company. His marriage with Miss Emma Ham-
mond took place in 1867: Bertha W., Edith E.,
Erancis H. and Alfred B. are their children.

William Schermuly was born in Germany, in
1836. The place was formerly a fortress and at
the well preserved old castle, which had been
converted into a school building, he attended

school till the age of fourteen years, then com-
menced the study of music at the gymnasium at
Weilburg. He played with a band some time
and traveled with a circus through England. In
1852, he immigrated to America, located at Evans-
ville, Indiana, where he learned the baker's trade.
Coming to Stillwater in 1860, he engaged with
Mr. P. Schulenburg to take charge of his board-
ing house which he kept two years, then went
into the pineries as cook. In 1876, he.wdth Prof.
W. P. Schilling, begERi printing the St. Croix
Post in German. Three years later JuUus H.
Duel purchased Mr. Schilling's interest, the
firm name now being Duel and Schermuly. Maria
E. Berg became his wife in 1856, and has borne
him ten children: Ernest, August, Emma, Annie,
Minnie, Lurie, Maria, Willie, Albert and Geo. W.

William P. Schilling, professor of vocal and
instrumental music, was bom June 28th, 1849,
in Germany. When a lad of twelve years, he be-
gan the study of music and two years later went
to Montabaur, to receive private instruction on
the piano, organ and violin from Prof. Kalten-
bach, remaining two years preparatory to enter-
ing the Musical Academy. After passing an ex-
amination, he entered the Academy from which
he graduated in all branches of music after a
course of three years. Soon after, he was ap-
pointed by the government as organist and vocal
instructor. In 1870, he came to America, com-
ing to Stillwater the next year. He organized
the Germania orchestra, the Schilling juveniUe
string band, which consists of seven instruments,
also the Stillwater Maennerchor, of which he is
leader. Mr. Schilling has given his undivided
attention to music all these years and is a com-
petent teacher; was elected leader of the Stillwa-
ter Cornet Band, August, 1880.

Joseph Schupp is a native of Baden, Germany,
born March 7th, 1831. On reaching man's es-
tate, he came to America and located at Buffalo,
New York, removing thence to Sandusky, Ohio,
where he was clerk in a hardware store one year,
then went to Toledo. Here he weighed grain in
an elevator until coming to Stillwater in 1858, and
embarked in the dry-goods and grocery business,
opposite the present new opera house, with a $400
stock of goods. Owing to the increase in trade,
he purchased the lot and erected his present
building, and is now doing an exclusive cash

598

HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

business of sixty thousand dollars annually. His
wife was Magdalena Fuller, a native of Switzer-
land, married at Toledo, Ohio, 1855. Five chil-
dren have been born to them, four of whom are
living.

Nicholas F. Schwarz was born in Butler county,
Pennsylvania, October 1st, 1842. He was there
educated and learned the shoemaker's trade, then
made a tour through Pennsylvania, Ohio and In-
diana; after engaging in _ business at different
places, he proceeded to Stillwater, via St. Louis,
reaching here in 1871. For two years he worked
as a journeyman, then began business for himself
in a small, frame building on lower Main street.
In 1876 removed to his present location and em-
ploys four men in the manufacture of boots and
shoes. His marriage witli Miss Caroline Otto, oc-
curred October 29th, 1876. Two children have
been born to them, Lena and Nicholas J. C.

Walter Scott was born at Montpelier, Vermont,
April 8th, 1852. Coming west to St. Anthony,
Minnesota, he here attended the public schools,
subsequently learned the machinists' trade at the
Miimesota Iron Works of Minneapolis. In April,
1876, he removed to Stillwater and has since been
in the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company,
being at present foreman in their machine shops.
His wife was Miss Stiurtevant, who has borne
him three children.

Eev. Jacob Siegrist, pastor of the German Lu-
theran church of Stillwater, was born in Germany,
October 12th, 1846. From six years of age to
fourteen he attended the public schools, then be-
gan his studies at Kloster, Maulbronn, remaining
four years. He then went to Basil, Sweden, and
spent five years in the study of theology at the
St. Christiana college. In 1869 he came to
America, stopped a brief time at St. Paul, Min-
nesota, and was then called to St. John's church,
Washington county, where he began his duties as
pastor of that congregation also that of Stillwater.
In April, 1873, he gave to other hands the work
of the St. John's and has since presided over the
church in this city. Reverend Siegrist was mar-
ried at St. Paul, in 1870, to Miss Ottilie Ebert, of
Prussia. Three children have been born to them,
two of whom survive.

Paul Selb, born June 3d, 1831, at Baden, Ger-
many. Coming to America in 1851, he made his
home at St. Louis, one year, in Iowa four years.

and in 1856 removed to Eau Claire, Wisconsin,
where he was a lumberman until enlisting. He
entered company C, Eighth Wisconsin Infantry,
served four months in the ambulance corps, twen-
ty-two months as wagon master, and was honora-
bly discharged in 1864. Returning to Eau Claire,
he continued lumbering one year, then in the
liquor trade till 1869, afterwards was proprietor
of a brick yard till 1876. After engaging in the
hotel business three years at Menomonee, Wis-
consin, he located at Stillwater, where he is now
manager of the Lake Side hotel, having in con-
nection a boarding and livery stable. Married
June 8th, 1865, to Miss Johanna Miller. Her-
man, Amelia, Rosa, Julius. Annie and Freddie,
are their children living; Robert and Louisa died.

George Sencerbox was born at Warsaw, Han-
cock county, Illinois, July 3d, 1853. His father,
J. W. Sencerbox, made several visits to Minne-
sota as captain of the steamer John B. Gordon,
one well known on the waters of the Mississippi
at an early day. His son George came to Shak-
opee in 1860 and during youth attended the pub-
lic schools of that place. On leaving school he
took charge of a livery barn three years, then was
in the employ of the St. Paul and Sioux City rail-
road company as locomotive fireman, and in 1875
came to Stillwater. The same year he was ap-
pointed guard of the Minnesota state prison, and
for six years has held that position. Married
Miss Lillie M. Lumbard, of Shakopee, in 1873.
They have two children, Anna May and George B.

V. C. Sewai'd was born July 10th, 1845, at
Laketon, Wabash county, Indiana. When ten
years old he accompanied his parents to Man-
kato, Minnesota, and served an apprenticeship in
the office of the Mankato Independent, which
paper was founded in 1857. Entering the West-
ern Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio, in 1866,
he was obliged to leave during sophomore year,
ui consequence of ill-health. Accepting a posi-
tion as news editor of the Cleveland, Ohio, Lead-
er, he remained only a few months, then resigned
and returned to Minnesota. In September, 1869,
he founded the Redwood Falls Mail, and four
years subsequently came to Stillwater, having
purchased the Messenger, in company with Pro-
fessor S. S. Taylor, of St. Paul. His wife was
Miss Elizabeth Putnam, of St. Paul, married in
1869. They are the parents of one child.

CITY OF STILLWATUB—BIOGBAPHICAL.

599

G. M. Seymour isanative of Onondaga county,
New York, born March 26th, 1829. He passed
his early life on a farm, and in 1845 commenced
learning the carpenter's trade. Four years later
he engaged in the manufacture of lumber and
staves, and soon after in the manufacture of salt,
in what is now a part of Syracuse, continuing for
five years. In 1856 he again engaged as architect
and builder; three years later came to Stillwater,
still following his trade. In 1861 was awarded
the prison contract, and engaged in making coop-
erage. In 1863 he took as partner W. Webster,
and continued three years, when Mr. W. Willim
became a partner, the firm name being Seymour,
"Webster and Company, until the expiration of
the contract, which was in 1869. The same year
a new copartnership was formed under the title
of Seymour, Sabin and Company; and was incor-
porated in 1874 with the title of "The Manufac-
turing Corporation of Seymour, Sabin and Com-
pany," with Dwight M. Sabin president, and G.
M. Seymour vice-president. Mr. Seymour has
held the office of sheriff of this county two years,
and has been for eight years past member of the
city council. During the late war he was provost
marshal three years. He has an interest in sev-
eral silver mines in Leadville, which occupy much
of his time. Miss Anna B. Kingsley became his
wife in 1851. Frank A., their only son, is now
cashier of the First National bank of Stillwater.
Marian O., their only daughter, graduated with
high honors in 1880 from Mount Holyoke Semi-
nary.

Mathew Shortall, a resident of Stillwater, was
born in New Brunswick, June 2d, 1846. On
reaching manhood he came to Stillwater and gave
his attention to lumbering, to which he devoted
his time until appointed on the police force in
1871. Two years later he received the appoint-
ment of chief which position he still holds.
Married in 1869 to Miss Ellen Organ who died in
1874, leaving two children to mourn their loss.
Mr. Shortall re-married in 1877 to Mary Kenny
who has borne him three sons, two of whom are
living.

A. G. Shuttinger was born in Madison
county, Illinois, September 12th, 1858. He fin-
ished his education at the Central Wesleyan
college of Missouri after which he returned home
and for five years was clerk in a hardware store.

He then removed to Hastings, Minnesota, and
clerked in a clothing-store a short time, thence
to Stillwater, June 10th, 1878, landing in the
city penniless. Possessing an ambitious nature
he at once sought a situation which he gained
with Seymour, Sabin and Company at one dollar
per day. Subsequently he entered the store of
Louis Albenburg, as clerk, where he remained
until he accumulated enough to begin business
for himself in 1880. His marriage with Miss H.
L. Tracy, of this city, occurred November 6th,
1880.

Harry Simmons, blacksmith, is a native of
England, born November 28th, 1855. He learned
his trade in his native country, andin 1873, came
to America. During the spring of 1877, he be-
gan business at his present location, at Stillwater,
the following year taking as partner, Mr. Grant,
the firm name being Simmons and Grant. Both
being practical workmen, they do a good business
in that line. In 1879, Mr. Simmons in company
with H. Jassoy opened a harness shop with a
capital of $500; employing at present four men,
his business having increased to a capital of
12,000.

S. Simonet, a native of Switzerland, was bom
September 20th, 1833. Learned the carpenter's
trade in the land of his nativity, and in 1857,
came to America, locating at Stillwater. After
a brief visit, he removed to St. Peter, Minnesota,
there engaging in the pursuit of his trade till
1866. He remained one year in St. Paul, then re-
turned to Stillwater and began business with P.
Muller as furniture and cabinet makers. In 1868,
his partner withdrew,since which time Mr.Simonet
has continued alone, making several additions to
his building, and now carries a liarge assortment.
Miss Caroline Carpetz became his wife in June,
1859, at St. Peter. Ten children have been born
■ to them, six of whom are living.

James H. Sinclair was born at Bacine, "Wiscon-
sin, and at the age of seventeen years, he began
the machinist's trade at that place, serving an
apprenticeship of five years. , Subsequently he
established a sash, door and blind factory, also a
planing mill in Chicago, which he sold in 1873,
but continued in the same business for some
time in the employ of Kickets and Mavor. Going
thence to Dallas, Texas, he remained two years
in the employ of "\Vitt and Stair. In 1878, came

630

HISTOBT OF WASH1NG20N COUNTY.

to Stillwater having held the position of superin-
tendent of the soft wood department of Seymour,
Sabin and Company's thresher building. His
wife was Miss Emma A. Stearns, married in
1872. Harry is their only child.

John Smith is a native of Prussia, born in the
Rhine district of Trier. When he was eight
years old his parents came with their family to
America, living six years, at Buffalo, New York,
then removed to. Racine, Wisconsin. Here for
thirteen years John run threshing machines in
that vicinity, during the time giving much
thought to the invention of a more perfect
thresher. Accordingly in 1870, he began the
model of what is now one of the most complete
and least complicated machines in existence, the
Pride of the West, this masterpiece he completed
in March, 1871. This well-known thresher is
now quite extensively built by the McDonald and
Company of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Mr. Smith
also invented a horse plow called the John Smith
horse plow, receiving a patent in November, 1876.
Two years later he came to Stillwater and en-
gaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company as
foreman of the horse-power building department,
having since made several improvement on their
different powers. Miss Katherine Johanas be-
came his wife in 1863: Margaret, John, Nicholas
and Mary, are their children.

William H. Smithson wasbomatHawkesbury,
Ontario, March 4th, 1844. His father being a
farmer he assisted him in his labors on the farm
in summer, attending school during winter. The
school-house was of logs and presided over by a
pedagogue, who believed more in the efficiency of
birch than books, as a propagator of knowledge.
WUliam's advantages for gaining knowledge, were
therefore limited, both as to time and instruction.
Owing to a severe strain, caused by heavy lifting,
when sixteen years of age, he was afflicted with
hemorrhage of the lungs, which continued at in-
tervals for a number of years, unfitting him for
manual labor. In 1865 he came to Stillwater; his
health being greatly improved he engaged in the
occupation of a lumberman till 1874, when he ap-
plied for, and secured the position of guard, at the
Minnesota state prison, remaining in that posi-
tion two years. By the resignation of the ste-
ward he was appointed to fill the vacancy, where
he still remains. Mr. Smithson has been twice

married; his present wife was Miss Emma Rob-
erts, of Minneapolis, married October 8th, 1S79.
He is the parent of three children by his first
wife, Edith D., William H. and Cora E.

James H. Spencer, one of the early pioneers of
St. Croix valley, is a native of Missouri, bom at
Columbia, February 19th, 1829. When sixteen
years of age he came to the valley and first set-
tled at Marine Mills, making his home there un-
til 1854, then located at Stillwater. The first
four years were passed in the pineries, in the em-
ploy of Elam Greeley, was also in the employ of
the Marine Lumber Company till 1849. He then
began lumbering in his own interest continuing
with success until 1860. Two years later he com-
menced exploring pine lands for Hersey, Staples
and Hall, which he continued two years. After
three years in Missouri, passed in the pursuit of
agriculture, he returned to Stillwater and to his
explorations. In 1874 he erected a shingle mill
at South Stillwater, and after three or four years
experience, disposed of it and resumed the ex-
ploring of pine lands and has since given his en-
tire attention to it. Mr. Spencer has been twice
married, in 1869 to Miss Rose Winters, of Wi-
nona. They have one son, James H., Jr.

Elzey J. Spindle, of the firm of Spindle and
Stephens, contractors and builders in brick and
stone, was born at Kaskaskia, Randolph county,
Illinois, October 6th, 1851. Here his father died
in 1866, then his mother and her family came to
Stillwater, which has since been their home. Mr.
Spindle served an apprenticeship of five years at
the brick-layer and plasterer's trade, after which
in 1877, he entered into full partnership with his
instructor, Mr. Stephens. This firm has done
much in this city and vicinity in their line. His
wife was Miss Hattie J. Stephens, married in 1872.
Their only child is William E.

Edward Staples was bom in Saco, Maine, De-
cember 10th, 1833. In boyhood his opportunities
for an education were limited. In 1856 he came
to Stillwater and learned the blacksmith's trade.
After working for Hersey, Bean and Brown four
years, commenced business alone; in 1874 formed
a partnership with Andrew W. Kearney, and
since that date has been senior member of the
firm of Staples and Kearney.

Isaac Staples. This gentleman, so well known
as an extensive business man, lumber manufac-

CITY OF STILLWATER-BIOGBAPHICAL.

601

turer and merchant, wasborn in Topsham, Maine,
Septembea: 2.5th, 1816. -His father, Kev. Wins-
low Staples, shortly afterwards removed to Bruns-
wick, where the boyhood days of Isaac were
spent till the age of sixteen. At eighteen years
of age he bought his time of his father till he
should become twenty-one, for 1360, and went to
work in the lumber woods of the Penobscot river,
driving in the spring, and working on the booms
of General Samuel Veazie at Old Town, which
he continued for two years. At the age of twenty
he engaged in general merchandising at Old Town,
which he continued one year. He then went
into the lumbering business, handling logs and
dealing quite extensively atOld Town with Samuel
F. Hersey, who was afterwards . one of his part-
ners in this city. In 1849 Mr. Staples was ap-
pointed by Governor John W. Dana, of Maine, as
Indian agent for the Penobscot tribe of Indians.
In October, 1853, he came to Minnesota for the
purpose of locating pine lands, and during the
following winter located ten thousand acres. De-
ciding to locate at Stillwater, he returned east,
organized a lumber company, as mentioned else-
where, in this work, and the following spring,
1854, he moved his family to this city, then in its
infancy. On his arrival here he purchased for
a residence the house known as the "Stillwater
house." Mr. Staples then engaged, with his asso-
ciates, in the lumber business which they prose-
cuted to a great extent until 1869, when Mr.
Staples disposed of his pai-tnership and has since
conducted the lumber business alone. He has
also a flouring-mill and store and is largely inter-
ested in other enterprises. Mr. Staples has laid
out several additions to Stillwater, and built a
number of fine business blocks. He was elected
president of the Lumbermen's National bank of
this city on its organization in 1871, and still
holds that office. He has been twice married,
first, in 1839, to Miss Caroline B. Rogers, of Old
Town, Maine, by whom he had one child.
Mrs. Staples died in 1840. He was again married
January 31st, 1841, to Miss Olivia J. Pettengill,
also of Old Town, by whom he has had eight
children. Mr. Staples has been remarkably suc-
cessful in business, having begun with nothing,
and earned his first money by working out for
seven dollars a month. We see him as the ener-
getic, enterprising boy, purchasing his time of his

father at the age of eighteen. He is next the
active lumberman and merchant, though he has
scarcely attained his majority. Next he is organ-
izing business to take advantage of the opportu-
nities for larger enterprise in a new country.
He grows up with the new city of StUlwater,
taking and holding a prominent place in its build-
ings, manufactures and merchandise. As a busi-
ness man he is far-sighted, systematic, energetic
and persistent. These qualities combined have
made him one of the most -successful business
men of Minnesota.

Josiah Staples is a native of Maine, born at
Brunswick, Cumberland county, June 20th, 1826,
and is a son of Samuel and Binca Staples, who
were natives of the old "Pine Tree" state. When
Josiah was thirteen years old the famUy removed
to Penobscot county and later to New Brunswick,
and lived in Frederiekton three years. About
the year 1840 they returned to Maine, where the
parents remained until 1856, then came to Still-
water. Previously, in 1848, Josiah came to Still-
water and decided to locate; his first work here
was to assist in enclosing a saw-mUl at Areola,
which had been ranning some time in an open
frame. He also sawed in the first saw-mill
at Stillwater a portion of the lumber used in
the erection of the American hotel, by Anson
Northrup, at St. Paul. Mr. Staples was one of
guests at the old American house "warming" and
danced with the St. Paul pioneers. Since his first
arrival here he has been chiefly engaged in lum-
bering; in 1856 he entered into partnership with
J. S. Anderson in the rafting business, which
continued several years with marked success.
For several years he transacted an individual
business in the same line. During the summer
of 1871, he run on the steamer "Swallow" as cap-
tain, and in which he held one-half interest. He
has since had in charge the business of other com-
panies and lately that of Elam Greeley. During
these thirty years of his life as a lumberman, he
has never lost a half dozen days of working time.
His marriage w^ith Miss Lydia McLaughlin oc-
curred in 1853. Albert E., Edward F., Llewellyn
M., Harry J., Joe, Blanche E. and Granville M.
S., are their living children, three having died.

Frederick Steinacker is a native of Bavaria
kingdom, Germany, born March 22d, 1829. On
attaining majority he entered the Germany army.

602

HISTORY OF WASEIJVGTON COUNTY.

and in July, 1852, started for America, arriving
after a voyage of lifty-two days. Two years were
passed in New York, tlien went to Virginia, sub-
sequently to Ohio in the brick-making business.
After spending some time at St. Louis, New Or-
leans, Mobile and Memphis, he engaged with the
Little Eock raih-oad. In 1856 he came to Still-
water and three years later opened a brick yard,
which he operated until he enlisted in company
B, First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, serving
until his discharge at Brooklyn, New York, in
1863. Eeturning to his home at Stillwater, he
was married in 1865, to Miss Magdalene Stoltz.
Joseph, August, Theresa, Albert, Martin and
Frederick, are their children.

Edward Stewart was born in New Brunswick,
February 25th, 1836. "When about fifteen years
of age he accompanied his parents to Milltown,
Maine, and in 1856 Edward came to the St. Croix
valley, locating at Stillwater, and has since given
his entire attention to lumbering. In 1864 he
entered into partnership with J. McDermott,
which firm did a successful business for about
four years, then dissolved and Mathers and Stew-
art were in partnership three or four years.
Since 1875 he and E. Hospes have carried on a
business together in connection with Schulen-
burg, Boeckeler and Company's lumbering works.
Mr. Stewart married Miss Elizabeth Bergen, of
Stillwater, in 1868.

P.J. Stenstrom was bom in. Sweden, June
30th, 1849. He learned the trade of shoemaker
in his native country, and in 1868 crossed the
ocean, coming to Stillwater via New Y'ork. He
worked at his trade as journeyman until begin-
ning for himself in 1872. Two years later he
added a stock of ready-made goods; also in the
same building in a separate sale-room, a stock of
tobacco, cigars, etc. Married in March, 1876, to
Miss Ellen Larson. Carl O. and Hilda M. are
their children.

Daniel S. Stombs is a native of Salem county.
New Jersey, born November 13th, 1828. When
about eight years old he accompanied his parents
to Ohio, settling near Batavia, and after the
death of his father went to Cincinnati and in 1 S-VI
began coppersmithlng and sheet-irou work, con-
tinuing one year, then went to California and
engaged in gold mining one year with consider-
able success. Keturning to Cincinnati, he en-

gaged in plumbing and gas fitting and built
several petroleum oil factories; also invented one
of the first apparatus for separating and refining
petroleum. In 1859 he came to St. Paul, Minne-
sota, and there opened a shop for steamboat re-
pairing, which he run till 1874 with marked suc-
cess, then sold and came to Stillwater and
established the St. Croix iron works. Mr. Stombs
married Miss Nancy Noland in 1847. She has
borne him three children; Sarah A. and Samuel
B. are the living.

D. J. Sullivan was bom April 22d, 1855, at
Norwich, Connecticut, and removed to Bockford,
Illinois, in 1872, where lie learned his trade with
the firm of Hall and Bartlett. He came to Min-
nesota August 28th, 1878, locating at Stillwater,
which city is still his place of residence.

E. D. Taylor was born at Euclid, Ohio, in 1842.
In the fall of 1861 he enlisted in company A,
Forty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which
was made up of students of Hiram college. This-
was the first company made up for President
Garfield's regiment. He served until 1864, then
went to Poughkeepsie, New York, and for a time
attended school. In 1867 he became editor of
the Temperance Patriot of Utica,New York, and
in 1868 was city editor of the Utica Daily Herald.
In 1875 he accepted the position of editor of the
Eome Sentinel. In 1878 purchased an interest in
the Lumberman printing office of this city. Mr.
Taylor was married in the spring of 1868 to Miss
Etta Eoney, of Utica, New York. They have
two children.

Captain W. H. H. Taylor, a native of North
Bend, Ohio, was born on the 21st day of March,
1837. His mother was the youngest daughter of
General W. H. Harrison, the ninth president of
the United States. He attended the village
school one year, then for five years his father em-
ployed private teachers. In 1856-'7 he attended
Ilerron's seminary at Cinciimati, then was ap-
pointed deputy in the clerk's office of Hamilton
county. In 1861 the miUtary company of which
he was a member was the first frbm Cincinnati
to respond to the call for 75,000 volunteers. They
went to Washington, where he was appointed
first lieutenant. August 11th, 1862, was pro-
moted to captain. After resigning from the army
he retm-ned to Cincinnati and was appointed clerk
in the post-office, his father being postmaster. In

CITY OF STILLWATEB^BIOQBAPHIGAL.

603

1867 he moved with his father upon a farm eight
miles above Minneapolis. In 1876 he was ap-
pointed special on the Centennial police guard.
Since April 3d, 1879, Captain Taylor has been on
the prison force.

Mrs. Susannah Tepass nee Burkhard, was born
in Germany, August 10th, 1824. Came to Ameri-
ca with her parents in 1847, settling in Freeport,
Illinois. Here she was married to N. Kimmick,
and in 1849 came to Stillwater. Her husband
died in 1857. In 1860 she married Mr. Frank
Aiple, who died November 10th, 1868. Decem-
ber 9th, 1869, she married her present husband,
Mr. Herman Tepass. Mrs. Tepass is one .of the
earliest settlers in the St. Croix valley, and after
suffering extreme hardships is now in easy cir-
cumstances. Her children are Mary T. Aiple,
Herman Aip'le and Frank Aiple.

Benjamin Thelen, a native of Germany, was
bom in October, 1832. Came to America in 1853,
and was employed as laborer until 1856. That
year he engaged in business for himself. His en-
tire block 75x150 feet, was burned December
24th, 1866, and the following year he rebuilt it
and now occupies a part of it for his saloon and
billiard hall, and residence. Was married in 1872
to Miss Sarah Plaine of this city. Their children
are Eveline, Sylvester, Bernhardt F. W. and
Louis B.

Levi E. Thompson, a native of Gouverneur, St.
Lawrence county, New York, born May, 5th,
1829. When twelve years of age he entered the
Troy Wesleyan Seminary. At the the age of
fourteen he commenced the study of law with his
brother, and was admitted to practice by the su-
preme court in 1849. After practicing two years
in partnership with his brother he came to Still-
water in 1852 and formed a partnership with
Theodore E. Parker. In 1855 Allen Dawson of
Hudson was admitted to the firm, in 1858 Mr.
Thompson withdrew and one year later formed a
partnership with John Vandenburg. Mr. Thomp-
son married Miss Martha G. Harris, daughter of
Albert Harris of this city, October, 1856. They
have three children all of whom are living.

Martin A. Tlion, a native of Norway, was born
May 3d, 1851. When eighteen years of age he
immigrated to America, locating at Madison,
Wisconsin. After a short residence there, he re-
moved to Blue Mound, thence to Oconto, where

he was employed by Farnsworth and Company.
In May, 1862, he came to this city and began
working at shoemaking. At the end of two years
his attention was turned to tailoring, which he
has since followed. Married Annie M. J. Han-
son, of Stillwater, in April, 1880.

William E. Thorne, born March 16th, J 81 7, is
a native of Poughkeepsie, New York. Entered
a store as clerk in 1835, in New York city. In
1849, he left New York, and embarked in the
hardware and house furnishing business at St.
Louis. At the end of four years he sold his in-
terest to his partner and started for Stillwater,
arriving here in September, 1854. After examin-
ing the resources of the town, he determined to
settle, and in May, 1855, opened with a small
stock of dry goods, in Nelson's block on lower
Main street, and has since been in business here.
Married Miss Olive A. Anderson, of Belleville,
New York, September 11th, 1862. They have
had two children, both of whom died in infancy.

Reverend David Tice was bom in Caistor, Lin-
coln county, Canada, November 12th, 1829. The
youngest of fourteen children, it was intended
that David should remain on the homestead until
he was twenty-one years of age, but being ambi-
tious, he sought and gained his father's consent
to seek his own fortunes, when but thirteen years
of age. After leaving home, his time was spent
alternately in working, and attending school.
After reaching manhood, he was engaged in
many business enterprises in the town of Caistor-
ville, of which he was proprietor. Here he owned
stores, a brick-yard, and was engaged in farming.
In 1857, Mr. Tice gave up his business interests,
and entered the ministry. He is at present pas-
tor of the Methodist Episcopal church of Still-
water.

J. H. Townshend is a native of Illyria, Ohio,
born September 28th, 1846. Was educated at the
Western Reserve College, of Ohio. On account
of failing health, was unable to complete his
course. For a time he was engaged in traveUng
in New Mexico. After leaving' New Mexico, he
visited W. F. Cahill, of Minneapolis, who is re-
lated to him by marriage, and was persuaded by
him to join in building a flouring mill at this
place. He took charge from the beginning, in
1872, and has since operated it. Is also president
of the Union Elevator company of Stillwater.

604

HISTOB¥ OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Albert Tozer is a native of Canada East, bom
May 4th, 1846. Came to the St. Croix valley in
August 1863, and settled at this city. For three
years was in the employ of an older brother,
David Tozer. In company with D. Gillis, he be-
gan logging in 1866, and shortly after admitted a
third partner, the firm name being Tozer, Gillis
and Company. In 1867, he was in the employ of
Torinus and Company, and from '68 to '70, was
in partnership with his brother, the firm being
known as D. and A. Tozer. Prom '77 to '81
Sauntry and Tozer had charge of cutting and D.
and A. Tozer the rafting. This year their cut
was seven millions. Mr. To^er married Miss
Rosanna Downes, of this city, in 1871. Their
children are Albert W., Lydia, Adelia and Alice.

David Tozer, a resident of Stillwater, is a na-
tive of New Brunswick, and came to Stillwater
in 1856. Since his first arrival in the city he has
been engaged in the lumbering business.

Sylvanus Trask was born in Otsego county,
New York, November 16th, 1811. When nine-
teen years of age he went to Genesee county and
spent four years at the Middlebury Academy.
After this he traveled in Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Michigan and Canada, for several years, as a
teacher, In 1848 he settled in Stillwater, and has
since resided here. The first year he was deputy
postmaster, and since, has been engaged in sur-
veying logs for various lumber companies.
March 10th, 1852, he married Miss Euphemia
Turner, of St. Paul. Rev. E. D. Neill officiating.
His two sons are named, Byron W. and George
W.

Joseph A. Tenner, bom in Switzerland in 1839.
Came to America in 1860, and settled at this city.
In 1861, he enlisted in Company B, Pirst Minne-
sota Volunteers, was wounded at Gettysburg by a
shell, this kept him in the hosptal nine months.
Was honorably discharged in 1864, and returned
to Stillwater and started a barber shop, which he
has since conducted. In the spring of 1881, he
started the Helvetia sample room on Main street
nearly opposite the Grand Opera house. Mar-
ried in 1867 to Miss Jennie Deragisch, who has
borne five children, all of whom are living.

Thomas H. Turner, a native of England, was
bom in Sheffield, January 19th, 1839. When four
years old his father brought him to America. In
1848 his father started the first saw factory in

Cincinnati. At the age of eighteen, Thomas- be-
gan learning the trade and worked at it until
April 19th, 1861, when he enlisted in Company
C, Pifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. After serv-
ing through the war, he returned to Cincinnati
and worked at his trade until 1868. Spent two
years at his trade in Chicago, and three at La-
crosse, and until J 878, was in different places.
Then in 1878, he located at Hudson, resided
there two years, then came to this city. July 2d,
1862, he married Miss Martha A. Walcot, of La-
crosse.

A. A. Ulen was bora in Norway, Pebraary
15th, 1843. Immigrated to America, May 3d,
1867, 'and first stopped at Portland, Maine.
The next two years he was farming at Dane
county, Wisconsin. Came to Stillwater in
1869, and for two years was employed by lumber
firms. In 1871, commenced tending bar, soon
after took a half interest,' and in 1876, purchased
the entire establishment. He married Martha Wil-
liams at Martell, Wisconsin, AprU 23d, 1876, they
have two children: Andrew O. W. and Ida
Amelia.

James VanBuskirk was bom in Westmoreland
county. New Brunswick, July 23d, 1845. Having
learned painting, he left home In 1868, and trav-
eled for a time through the eastern states. Came
to Minneapolis in July, and during the summer
he worked on a farm and in the winter taught
school at Eden Prairie. In the spring of 1869,
he commenced working at his trade, and in 1872
came to this city and began working for M. Web-
ster. In 1875, he coijamenced business for him-
self. In November, 1876, he married Miss Pan-
nie Moss, of St. Paul; they have had two chil-
dren of whom one is living.

Theodore VanTassell was bora in Brooklyn
New York, May 26th, 1854. He was educated in
the public high schools of that city. Came to Still-
water in the- spring of 1875 and entered the law
office of McCluer and Marsh in November. After
a thorough and diligent course of study, he was
admitted to practice in February, 1878. In April
he was elected associate judge of the municipal
court, and in September, married Ida Berniee,
daughter of William Lowell.

Abraham Van Vorhes, deceased, was born in
•Washington county, Pennsylvania, December 2d,
1793. He was in the fullest sense a self-made

UITT OF 8TILLWATEB— BIOGRAPHICAL.

605

man. Unaided by early culture and unsupported
by, the means and opportunities necessary for
more than a mere shadow of common school edu-
cation—not exceeding eighteen months— his
thirst for knowledge in his early years led him
to acquire books by such shifts as are known to
enterprising country lads, and he became a better
educated boy than many, more blessed with op-
portunity. He soon manifested aspirations and
purposes that were not to be deterred from the
achievement of creditable distinction in the hon-
orable pursuit of scientific knowledge. One of
his school-books, " Workman's Element's of
Geography," contained some simple philosophical
problems. These he mastered fully, and upon
them his whole life history rests. More philo-
sophical and scientific books were purchased and
thoroughly digested, so that he became a scholar,
a philosopher and an inventor purely by his own
unaided efforts.

About 1828 he purchased a set of blacksmith's
tools and soon made himself not only a skilled
mechanic but an excellent machinist. In 1831
he moved to Athens county, Ohio, and settled at
Hebbardsville, some six miles from the county
seat, where he remained several years, studying
intently as was ever his custom and familiarizing
himself with various mechanical pursuits.

During these years of retiracy he was success-
fully enriching his mind with stores of useful
knowledge for subsequent use, and this silent
process of "steeping" himself quietly in his
studies at that time, has been productive of grand
results In the later years of his life.

In 1837 he moved to Athens, the county seat,
and became the editor and proprietor of the
"Western Spectator" which was afterwards
changed to the "Hocking Valley Gazette," which
paper he edited with decided ability. In
the conduct of this paper he was ably assisted
by his two sons who became model printers and
eventually succeeded their father in the publi-
cation of the paper.

In 1840, he was elected to the lower house of
the Ohio legislature, and was afterwards sent to
the senate four terms. He also served as county
surveyor six years and as county treasurer one
year. In 1849, he was appointed, by President
Taylor, register of the first land-oifice in Minne-
sota, and came to Stillwater' in October, of the

same year, to discharge its duties. In 1854, he
was appointed by Governor Ramsey territorial
auditor, and in 1855-6, he served one term in the
Minnesota legislature. In 1860, Governor Eam-
sey appointed him commissioner to locate the
capital lands and the balance of the Minnesota
State University land appropriated by congress.
He located several thousand acres, in a manner
entirely satisfactory to the state. In 1862, he
was elected county surveyor of Washington
coimty, and held the ofllce by re-election for
twelve continuous years. About 1864, he was
appointed postmaster of Stillwater, which posi-
tion he filled acceptably for several years, when
he resigned in favor of his successor. He has de-
cidedly a mathematical and inventive mind, hav-
ing invented all the instruments he used in apply-
ing mathematics to astronomy and other subjects.
To detail the minuteness of his knowledge of me-
chanics, and the laws and principles of motion,
would require a volume. He kept a weather rec-
ord and calculated all the eclipses for this region,
the power and force of his mind enabling him to
overcome the disadvantages of early life, and to
become well informed on the current topics of
the day. Mr. Van Vorhes was married in 1817
to Mary W. Vorhes, of Washington county,
Maryland, whose family at that time resided in
New Jersey. Eight children were born to them
five of whom are still living. Mrs. Van Vorhes
died in Stillwater, December 19th, 1861. His
eldest son. Colonel Nelson H. Van Vorhes, is one
of Ohio's brightest representative men. His sec-
ond son, Andrew Jackson Van Vorhes, who died
in January, 1873, established the Stillwater Mes-
senger in 1856, and conducted it until 1868, ex-
cepting two years that he spent in the army,
when the editorial chair was occupied by A. B.
Easton, the present editor of the Stillwater Ga-
zette. He was born in Wa,shington county,
Pennsylvania, June 30th, 1824. In 1844, he, in
company with his brother Nelson, purchased of
their father the Hocking Valley Gazette, which
was subsequently changed to the Athens Messen-
ger. He came to Stillwater in 1855, and was so
well pleased with the young city that he returned
in the following year and started the paper as
above mentioned. He was a member of the Min-
nesota legislature in 1859-60, and clerk of the
supreme court one term. From the spring of

606

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

1863 to 1865, he was quartermaster in the army,
with the rank of captain. His death occurred at
the Sawyer House, Stillwater, in January, 1873,
while his wife was absent on a visit to her friends
in the east.

His youngest son, Henry C. Van Vorhes, was
born in Athens, Athens county, Ohio, in 1839,
and came here with his father's family, in 1850.
During the war he enlisted in the First Minne-
sota Infantry, Company B, April 27th, 1861; went
to the front and was engaged in a number of se-
vere battles; took sick and was sent to the hos-
pital, arid afterwards discharged for disability
after serving about eighteen months. He after-
wards accompanied his brother, Captain A. J.
Van Vorhes, of this city, but was not on active
duty. After his return from the south, he came
to Stillwater, which has since been his residence.
He was married at Areola, February 9th, 1865,
to Miss Emily Mower, a daughter of one of the
first settlers of Washington county. Their eld-
est son, Albert H., died at the age of one year;
Edward M., Willis H. and Mary M. are their liv-
ing children.

George Watson was born at Muncy, Lycoming
county, Pennsylvania, September 14th, 1823. At
the age of eight years the protection of a father
was taken from him by death, and four years
later he came with his brother to Ohio, where he
lived three years. In 1837 he came to Chicago
and there began the carpenter's trade. Working
at his trade as a journeyman until 1849, he then
visited Stillwater, St. Anthony and St. Paul with
a view to locating a home. He finally located at
Hudson, Wisconsin, making that place his home
until 1871, then removed to Stillwater. He is
one of the oldest carpenters in this county, and
has erected many fine buildings in this city and
vicinity. Married in 1860, Miss Francis Lyman,
of Hudson. Willie L. is their only child.

Oscar A. Watier was born November 14th, 1855,
in the parish of St. Anicet, province of Quebec.
He began attending school at five years of age,
entered the commercial aeademy at ten years,
and two years later entered college. Subse-
quently he attended the military scthool at Mon-
treal, from which he holds a certili(;ate of cap-
tain and one as lieutenant-colonel. He then en-
tered the Victoria University to pursue medical
studies, graduating with the degree of M. D. C. L.

in 1878, and was licensed as such before the col-
lege of physicians and surgeons of the province of
Quebec. From the age of ten years till
1880, he resided at Montreal. Having prac-
ticed his profession two years at that city, he
then came to the United States and located at
Stillwater, March 8th, 1880.

Joseph C. Webb, is a native of England, bom
December 17th, 1825. His parents came to
America with their family in 1842, locating in
Brunswick county, Massachusetts, where the
father died in 1853, leaving Joseph to care for his
mother. During 1847-48 he was superintendent
of the gold mines of North Carolina, then re-
turned and for two years was superintendent of
the iron mines at Lennox, afterward taking
charge of the engines of the Lennox Iron Works,
owned by Peck, Collins and Phelps, continuing
until 1862. Coming to Stillwater that year he
has since been engineer for different firms. His
present position is that of chief engineer in the
lumber mills of Hersey, Bean and Brown. July
8th, 1862, he married Miss Julia Hastings. They
have six children living, Willis H., Evelyn M.,
Carrie E., Lizzie P., Frank C. and Joseph C, Jr.,
Mary L. died.

C. S. Webster was born at Owego, New York,
November 25th, 1846. Here he passed his child-
hood, and in May, 1866, came to Frontenac, Min-
nesota, and for three months engaged as painter.
During the spring of 1873, he removed to Still-
water where he has since lived and followed his
trade. His wife was Miss Helen Prescott, mar-
ried in 1871. Four children have been bom to
them, all are living.

Mortimer Webster was born at Owego, Tioga
county. New York, December 16th, 1836. Here
he grew to manhood and received his education,
also learned the painter's trade. He did consid-
erable painting at Bingham ton and other cities in
his native state. In 1856, he came to Hudson,
Wisconsin, from Chicago, and in the vicinity of
Bichmond, puichased a half-section of land; dur-
ing that summer, he, in company with his brother
William , came to Stillwater and established the
firm of ^Vebster Brothers, painters, continuing
till 1800. Mr. Webster afterward engaged in
livery business and real estate until about 1866,
when he sold his livery stock and has since given
his entire attention to real estate. In 1869, he

CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHIGAL.

607

laid out what is known as Webster's first addi-
tion, and again in 1870, purchased five acres and
opened Webster's second addition. He now owns
one-half interest in five hundred lots adjoining
the South Stillwater limits; has also land and
buildings at Fargo, Dakota territory, valued at
eight thousand dollars, and has ever been success-
ful in all his business undertakings.

William Webster, real estate dealer is a native
of Owego, Tioga county, New York. He
learned the trade of painter at his native place'
and in 1855, came to Stillwater. Here he was
associated with the prison contractors for five
years and followed his trade, dealing also in real
estate. He has lately given his attention to real
estate, also to breeding and raising fast horses,
having on hand at present some very promising
ones. Mr. Webster is among the early settlers
of this thriving city; he is still unmarried.

Horace Greeley West was born on Chestnut
Ridge, Chester county, Pennsylvania, March
28th, 1859. The incidents of his youthful days
are many and amusing. His educational advan-
tages have been somewhat limited, being obliged
to assist his father in his labor, attending school
only a few weeks at a time. In 1861, he removed
with his parents to Wooster, Ohio, making that
city his home until 1876, when he came west,
passing one winter in Wisconsin. In May, 1877,
he arrived at Stillwater and entered the employ
of Seymour, Sabin and Company in the setting
up shop of their agricultural works, where he
has remained except a short visit to his parents
and a few weeks passed in traveling for his em-
ployers.

J. L. Wheeler, a native of New York, was
born January 23d, 1836. He remained with his
parents until they arrived at Wabasha, then be-
gan clerking for Alexis Bailly, remaining about
two years. Three years more were passed clerk-
ing at Nelson's Landing, North Pepin, Wiscon-
sin. Engaging in business at Omaha, Nebraska,
he continued about two years, thence to New Or-
leans, and in 1861 returned to Wabasha. In 1866,
he purchased a cotton plantation in Louisiana, two
years later he purchased a farm in Missouri, and
after two years experience in farming, returned
to Stillwater, and since 1875, has been in the
grocery business. At Greenwood, Louisiana, he
married in 1867, Miss E. Orne. Four children

have been born to them, three of whom are
living.

W. H. H. Wheeler was bom in Chautauqua
county, New York, March 24th, 1842. While yet
a babe he accompanied his parents to Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, thence to Wheeling, West Vir-
ginia, and after a residence of four years returned
to their former home at Pittsburgh. In 1852 Mr.
Wheeler came to Wabasha, Minnesota, and at
the age of fifteen years commenced clerking in a
drug store winters but during the summer months
worked on the river. Locating at Stillwater in
1862 he continued on the river until 1872, then in
company with John N. Darms, engaged in the
general merchandise trade for three years. He
then formed a partnership with E. J. and J. L.
Wheeler in the grocery trade, the firm being
known as Wheeler Brothers and Company. His
marriage with Miss Lura M. Mears occurred June
20th, 1876. Leslie M. is their only child.

Henry White, first mate on steamer the Isaac
Staples, is a native of this "North Star" state,
and of the thriving city of Stillwater, bom Sep-
tember 14th, 1855. At the age of fourteen years
he began the river life on the Mississippi and St.
Croix, running on different steamers, some of
which are the, James Means, F. B. Clark, G. B.
Knapp, Penn Wright, and Dispatch. In 1880 he
joined the Isaac Staples as first mate, with Cap-
tain Eichter, and has had quite extensive ex-
perience in river navigation from Stillwater to St.
Louis. He has three sisters and one brother liv-
ing in this city, his parents having died in 1869
and 1878.

Albert Wilkinson was bom at Dubuque, Iowa,
December 15th, 1852. He acquired a common
school aud academic education, and in April,
1875, came to Stillwater. He was employed as
book-keeper in the hardware store of Torinus and
Wilkinson until engaging in business for himself
in 1878, at his present location. His business
amounts to |6,000; he also owns one-half interest
in the North Star Pharmacy, in Main street, and
employs two salesmen. Married at Stillwater,
June 26th, 1878, to Miss Eose Lehmicke, daugh-
ter of E. Lehmicke, judge of probate.

Octave Willett, proprietor of Willett's restaur-
ant, is a native of Maine, bom September 13th,
1847. While still in infancy his parents removed
to Orono, where his youthful days were passed.

608

SISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY,

As he merged into manliood he began lumbering
and continued until coming to Stillwater in 1873,
where he still continued it five years. In 1878
he, in company with his brother opened the "Live
and Let Live" restaurant, he however withdrew
two years later and established his present res-
taurant and oyster bay, under the Lumberman's
National bank. Married at Stillwater, in July,
1879, to Miss Mary J. De Mars. They have one
son, Joseph A.

William Willim, contractor and builder, was
born in England, June 21st, 1821. Here he ac-
quired a knowledge of the stone mason's trade
from his father, and when seventeen years old
came to America. In 1840 he located at St.
Louis, and while living there took the contract
of plastering a hotel at Point Douglas, Wiscon-
sin territory, for David Hone. After completing
that he visited Stillwater, and plastered the first
house there, which was the Northrup house. He
plastered many of the first dwellings of the pio-
neers of this country; as he was the only mason
for many miles around his services were in great
demand. In 1847 he built the first lime-kiln,
making quite a success of burning lime. In 1865
he entered into partnership with Seymour and
Webster as coiltractors for the convict labor of
the state prison, which contract was taken for a
term of six years. Mr. Willim, however, sold his
interest and began the manufacture of brick,
which he carried on in connection with his trade
for six years. His business has since been ex-
clusively, contracting in brick and stone, and plas-
tering. He has been twice married, first to Miss
Clara Haskell, who died in 1850; remaining alone
six years, he then married Joanna Hinman, who
has borne him three children, Clara H., Myron
S. and William B.

Henry L. Wilson, deceased, an old and highly
esteemed citizen, was born in Saratoga county.
New York, 1816. During the year 1840 he emi-
grated to Missouri and four years later moved to
St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. In 1847 he came to
Stillwater, where he resided until his death in
1876. By profession he was a civil engineer,
making the first survey and plat of the city of
Stillwater. He held the office of clerk of district
court from 1848 until his death. He leaves a
widow, but no children. Mrs. Wilson has one
daughter by her first husband, who is now the

wife of Mr. Davis.'^Mr. Wilson's' religion ^con-
sisted of a life of noble deeds and quiet acts of
benevolence, ever giving to his brother man the
warmest sympathy; he was beloved and respected
by his many friends and acquaintances.

Adfiison Wright was born in Greene county,
New York, 1842. At the age of six years he ac-
companied his parents to Kock county; his early
days were passed in traveling, and in 1867 located
at Stillwater. Here he learned the trade of
painter and worked as journeyman until 1871,
then formed a partnershipjwith Smith and Web-
ster, which was of short duration. He was asso-
ciated with^different parties till 1872, then went
into company with B. J. Mosier, the firm being
known as Wright and Mosier. In the musical
interests of the city, he has taken an active part
in both brass and string bands. In 1870 married
Annie M. Tobin, of this city, who died in 1875,
leaving two children. His present wife was Miss
C. Tobin, who has borne him Maggie L.

Captain A. K. Young, one of the early naviga-
tors of the upper Mississippi and St. Croix rivers,
was born in Somerset county, Maine, in Novem-
vember, 1827. At the age of seventeen years, he
began river life, and two years later run as en-
gineer. In 1849 run the Sea Gulf between Bath
and Boston. In 1850 he came to St. Anthony,
Minnesota, where he resided about twelve years.
In 1873 he removed his family to Stillwater,
where he has a fine^residence.

Alfred Zurcher was bom at'Menzingen, Canton
Zug, Switzerland, September 5th, 1850. When
four years old his parents removed to Zug,
the capital of the canton, where he attended
school, also took tlie classic courses at the gym-
nasium. In 1862 he was sent to the college of
the Jesuit Fathers at Feldkirch, in Austria, pass-
ing through a full course of classics and sciences.
He began his studies of medicine at tlie Uni-
versity of Basel, in Switzerland, continuing four
years at Wurzburg and Zurich, graduating early
in 1874. Sailed for America the same year, and
practiced one year in Pennsylvania, thence to
New Munich, Stearns county, Minnesota, and in
1876 came to Stillwater, where all his children
have been born. His wife was Miss Mary Broker
of St. Cloud, Steai-ns county. Their children are
Mary, A.lfred and Anna.

TOWNSHIP DIBEGTORIES.

609

TOWNSHIP DIRECTOPvTKS.

Valley Creek,
Afton,

Yalley Creek,
Valley Creek,
Yalley Creek,

AFTON.

p. o.
Albreeht C. farmer, Valley Creek,

Almquist C. P. farmer, Afton,
Anderson August, f arm'r, Woodbury,
Babcock Amelia, fruit g'r, Afton,
Bahnemann M. farmer. Valley Creek,
Bahnemann M. F. farmer and thresher,

Valley Creek,
Bahnemann E. farmer.
Berry David, farmer,
Bentel Chris, farmer,
Bohn Wm. farmer,
BoUes Erastus, farmer,
BoUes Geo. W.bl'ksmith, Afton,
Belles C. E. mlr. & mnfr. Valley Creek,
Boxell J. W. fruit growr. Valley Creek,
Brumer Emanuel, farmer. Valley Creek,
Bus well R. miller, Afton,

Buswell r. W. miller. Valley Creek,
Buswell & Persons, North Star Mills,

Valley Creek,
Buswell & Home, millers. Valley Creek,
Brownlee J. H. engineer, Afton,
Carlson J. G. farmer, Afton,
Camathan Wm. carpt. and farmer,'

Afton,
Closeter O. minister,
Clymer S. D. farmer,
Clymer Geo. farmer.
Cox E. M. farmer,
Cooney James, farmer,
Cooneyhan T. farmer,
Connor T. farmer,
Culbertson Linda, farmer, Afton,
Gushing Phoebe, hotel, Afton,
Day John, farmer. Valley Creek,

Davies G. E. farmer, Afton,
Dick Erancis, farmer, Afton,
39

Valley Creek,

Afton,

A. s.

80 6

54 26

80 30

60 24

80 17

80 8

80 17

200 22

80 7

80 6

150 10

15 10

170 16

150 17

50 9

368 19

120 22

120 19

360 30

125 28

40 33

132 9

80 7

92 32

80 28

P. o.
Dill and Miller, wheat buyers, Afton,
Eastwood M. farmer, Afton,
Eastwood Thos. farmer, Afton,
Ehrenberg B. farmer, Afton,
Fay E. farmer, Afton,

Folstrom Geo. farmer. Valley Creek,
Folstrom Mrs. J. farmer. Valley Creek,
Foumier B. farmer. Valley Creek,

Fortin M. farmer. Valley Creek,

Fosberg C. G. farmer, Afton,
Frederick F. farmer. Valley Creek,
Gage P. F. farmer and blacksmith,

Afton,
Gedatus L. farmer. Valley Creek,

George John T. farmer, Afton,
Gench Chris, farmer. Valley Creek,
Gerke Henry, farmer. Valley Creek,
Getchell J. M. farmer, Afton,
Getchell W. S. clerk, Afton,
Getchell W. H. farmer, Afton,
Gilbert New. farmer. Valley Creek,
Gorgas Geo. farmer. Lake Elmo,

Guernsey, W. H. farmer, Afton,
Hablitzel J. V. farmer. Valley Creek,
Haskell Joseph, farmer, Afton,
Hartman J. S. farmer, Afton,
Heuer Mrs. J. F. farmer. Valley Creek,
Heuer C. F. farmer, Valley Creek,
Heuer Geo. farmer, Valley Creek,

Heuer Chris, farmer, Valley Creek,
Holms C G. farmer. Valley Creek,

Holstrom Chas. F. farmer. Lakeland,
Jackson G. T. farmer. Lakeland,
Jackson James, farmer, Afton,
Kelley Peter, farmer. Valley Creek,
Kumme Aug. farmer. Valley Creek,
Lingren Paul, farmer, Afton,
Landers Eliz'h, farmer. Valley Creek,
Mackey M. farmer, Valley Creek,

Munch E. miller, Afton,

A. s.

120 21

20 21

80 19

120 11

120 5

120 9

120 5

240 8

160 27

180 17

160 33

60 16
29

51 7

200 10

140 34
22

160 20

174 9

160 6

240 34

80 16
21

116 30

160 18

80 19

40 19

80 17

80 7

150 4

240 3

160 28

80 4

88 16

40 33

120 7

240 6

209 15

610

HISTORY OF WASHINGION COUNTY.

p. 0.

A. S.

Margroft F. farmer,

Valley Creek,

120

Barker B. farmer,

S. Stillwater,

80 16

Meyer W. carpenter,

Valley Creek,

Berger F. farmer.

Stillwater,

Meyer A. farmer,

A^alley Creek,

Burns Ellen,

S.Stillwater, 200x1 50 ft

Middleton Mary, farmer

Afton,

149

Burkleo H.

Stillwater,

Nelson P. farmer,

Afton,

Burkleo S.

Stillwater,

Oldham F. farmer.

Afton,

120

Burkleo Susan,

Stillwater,

320 15

Oldham N. farmer.

Afton,

Burmeister E.

Stillwater,

80 8

Olds L. I. lumberman.

Afton,

Brassai- Geo. pilot.

Stillwater,

38 4

Olson A. minister and farmer, Afton,

120

Burk D. lumberman.

S. Stillwater,

lots.

Paterson S. H. and Son,

gen'l. mer. Afton,

Benner H. F. artisan,

S. Stillwater,

lots.

Pechman F. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Bonner James,

S. Stillwater,

lots.

Pennington G. H. farmer

, Cottage Grove, 160

Bonnaman Fred, farmer

Stillwater,

40 17

Pennington Chas. farmer. Cottage Grove

160

Buckboltz A. carpenter.

Stillwater,

1 8

Pennington W. farmer.

Afton,

200

Bronson Folsom,

Stillwater,

40 5

Persons C. farmer,

Afton,

Carlton Mrs. E.

Stillwater,'

Persons S. E. farmer.

Afton,

Carlson T. A.

Stillwater,

Persons Thos. farmer.

Afton,

200

Cai-michiel A.

StUlwater,

Peterson Peter, farmer,

Valley Creek,

Casey W.

Stillwater,

Porth H. farmer,

A^alley Creek,

Caplazi P. artisan,

S. Stillwater,

80 9

Rentz J. farmer,

Lakela,nd,

Carlton George, farmer,

Stillwater,

160 4

Remas N. farmer,

Lakeland,

Cowen S. L. lumberman

Stillwater,

lots.

Richart F. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Clancy M. farmer,

Stillwater,

77 18

Rice Laura, farmer.

Afton,

Cover J. G. lumberman.

Stillwater,

lots.

Riedel C. Jr. gardner.

Valley Creek,

Cover D. insurance agent and farmer.

Riedel L. cooper.

Valley Creek,

StUlwater,

80 3

Riedel C. Sr. gardner,

Valley Creek,

CoUer J. farmer,

StUlwater,

36 10

Sahnow P. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Deragisch A. merchant.

Stillwater,

2 lots.

Sahnow W. C. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Doran James, farmer and logger,

Schuster Chas. farmer,

Afton,

120

StUlwater,

80 4

Schultz A. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Eliott James, farmer,

Stillwater,

19 3

Squires B. P. merchant.

Afton,

Estabrook Chas. E. millwright,

Stahenow A. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Stillwater,

lots 3

Stegemann A. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Estabrook Mary E.

StUlwater,

lots 3

Wendt W- farmer,

Valley Creek,

Estabrook D. S. mechanic, Stillwater,

lots 3

Weyer W. farmer.

Valley Creek,

Ellison & Co. mills.

S. StUlwater.

Wetzel W. farmer,

Valley Creek,

159

FiesC.

Stillwater,

3 3

Willock Adam, farmer.

Afton,

240

risk F. W. farmer,

Stillwater,

20 15

Zanhel W. F. farmer.

Valley Creek,

120

Flynn E. farmer.

Stillwater,

160 17

Zanbel William, farmer

Valley Creek,

120

Fortin M. farmer,
Gamm E. C. mechanic.

StUlwater,
S. StUlwater,

200 6
lots.

BAYTOWN.

Gardner C. R. farmer.

StUlwater,

260 7

Albrecht F. farmer.

Stillwater,

Gillis D. fanner.

Stillwater,

40 15

Anderson L. farmer,

Stillwater,

Give W. machinist,

S. StUlwater,

Anderson 0. M. employe St. C. L. Co.

Gray C. hostler,

S. StiUwater,

3 lots.

S. Stillwater,

2 lots

Godfrey E.

Anderson Eric.

Gowan John, farmer,

Stillwater,

80 15

Arthur Jas. millwright.

Stillwater,

2 lots

Gramery Fred, cai-penter, S. Stillwater,

3 lots.

Atkinson John, farmer,

StUlwater,

Griffin, farmer,

Stillwater,

40 8

Barker T. farmer.

S. Stillwater,

230

Hammerstrom 0.

TOWNSHIP DIBECT0BIE8.

611

p o. A. s.
Holmquest John.
Harrington M.

Hefty Nic. Stillwater, 100 5
Hopkins T. B.

Huey Allen , far. & logger, Stillwater, 80 4
Kannar J.

Kern Sol. farmer, Stillwater, 69 6

Kern John, farmer, Stillwater, 360 6

Kroening Chas. farmer, Stillwater, 80- 16

La Point A. retired. So. Stillwater, Lots
Lundberg P. A.
Lundahl Hans.

Mackey Ed. farmer, Stillwater, 280 18

Maddock Mary, farmer, Stillwater, 24 4

McDonald Mrs. C. farmer, Stillwater, 200 8
Meister W.

Meigs B. C. sawyer, So. Stillwater, 2 Lots

Mercier Mary, So. Stillwater, 2 Lots

Marty John, farmer, Stillwater, 104 5

Moffatt Eobert, trader, Stillwater, 10 lots 3

Miller Sarah A. Stillwater, 40 4

Mundt W. farmer, Stillwater, 80 4

Nelson Nels, farmer, Stillwater, 55 10

■ Nehring N. farmer, Stillwater, 20 5

Newman Mrs. farmer, Stillwater, 40 9

Nolan Thos. fanner, Stillwater, 34 4
NorrUl M.

O'Nfeil Hugh, engineer, So. Stillwater, 3 Lots

O'Plarerty D. farmer. Lakeland, 37 18

PaUi Martin, farmer, Stillwater, 80 8

PaUi V. farmer, Stillwater; 240 9

Perro Joseph, farmer, Stillwater, 136 3
Perro 8.
Perro W. H.

Parker Mrs. Susan, Stillwater, 10 lots 3
Pittman Christ.

Potter J. 8. sawyer. So. Stillwater, 3 lots 3
Eheiner V.

Eeibe W. farmer, Stillwater, 80 7

Eichart A. farmer, Stillwater, 40 17
Schaar Phil.

Schisser Fred, farmer, Stillwater, 260 5&8

Schindler Geo. farmer, Stillwater, 80 6

Scully Dan. & Jas. far. Stillwater, SO 17
SchuU Nic.
Sinclair "W".

Sinnett M. farmer, Stillwater, 160 18

Secrest ^. retired, So. Stillwater, 56 10

Smith M. P. farmer, Stillwater, 10 10

p. 0.

Stillwater,

2 lots

Stillwater,

So. Stillwater

, 76

Smith Eva, teacher,

Staltzman Christ.

Sullivan O. farmer,

Trost II. farmer,

Tourman H. farmer,

Ulrich W. farmer.

Underwood I. H. logger. So. Stillwater, lots

Voelker W. farmer, Stillwater, 40 8

Voelker Chas. farmer, Stillwater, 30 8

Wakefield A. C. engr. S. Stillwater, 2 lots

Walton Mary, farmer, Stillwater, 4 10

Weir F. W. minister and farmer.

Lake Elmo, 70 18

Wissinger L. farmer, Stillwater, 40 9

Wilke H. farmer, Stillwater, 40 8

Whalen Jer. farmer, Stillwater, 100 10

Whalen Mary, farmer, Stillwater, 4 10

Whalen John, farmer, Stillwater, 65 15

Wissinger W. stonema'n, StiUwater, 40 9
Wissinger J. farmer, Stillwater,

Wolf A. farmer, Stillwater, 80 16

Wolf M. farmer, Stillwater, 40 16

Zabel Gott. farmer, Stillwater, 46 8

Zabel Fred, farmer, Stillwater, 40 17

Zueker Godf. farmer, Stillwater, 40 17

COTTAGE GROVE.

Adams C. P.

Ames Oliver, farmer, Langdon,

Anderson Chas. farmer, Langdon,

Anderson O.

Amy F. farmer^ Newport,

Arbuckle S. C. farmer, Langdon,

Austin Lewis, farmer, Langdon,

Austin A. E. farmer, Langdon,

Arney John, farmer, Newport,

Atkinson John, farmer, Stillwater,

Bailey Mrs. John, farmer. Cottage Grove, 80 11

Baugh John, farmer. Cottage Grove, 145 3

Bailey Levi, farmer,- Langdon, 320 17

Barrett & Co. merchants, Langdon, lots 21

Bahls John, farmer. Cottage Grove, -80 10

Benson John, farmer, Langdon, 120 32

Belden Henry, farmer, Langdon, 266 5

Benson Jerome, farmer, Langdon, 80 16

Brunelle David, farmer, Langdon, 40 32

Burwell Mrs. L. farmer, Hastings, 40 36

Borth Aug. F. blacksm'h. Cottage Grove, 1 12

Burdick Mary A. farmer, Cottage Grove, 160 10

Brunelle Jas. farmer, Langdon, 20 32

944

120

480

149

612

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

p. 0.

p. 0,

Case Jas. E.

Hill Lewis, farmer.

Langdon,

Chamberlain N.

House Henry, farmer,

-Cottage Frove,

191

Clark E. farmer,

Hastings,

160

House and Roberts,

Co well Mrs. M. A. farmei

, Newport,

253

Jones Ransom,

Cottage Grove

Colwell John, farmer,

Langdon,

291

Keene W. A. farmer.

Hastings,

100

Cowan W. doctor.

Winnipeg,

250

Keene A. farmer,

Langdon,

160

Colby Mary D. farmer,

Cottage Grove,

Kelsey Wallace, farmer.

Cottage Grove

116

Connelly John, farmer,

Newport,

146

Kemp W. E. farmer,

Langdon,

lot

Crandall J. H. farmer.

Langdon,

388

Keene, W. C. farmer.

Crippen G. R. farmer,

Cottage Grove

160

Kemp D. A. farmer.

Langdon,

242

Daly Jerome, farmer.

Langdon,

520

Kemp Jas. far, and agri. imp's, Langdon,

109

Daly Ed. farmer.

Laramy John, farmer.

Cottage Grove,

360

Daly Mrs. M. farmer.

Langdon,

Le Borius Jos. gardener,

Cottage Grove, 15o

Daly John, farmer.

Langdon,

785

Langdon butter and cheese factory.

Daly G. II. farmer.

Langdon,

120

Lavery A. M.

Damerel Chas. farmer.

Hastings,

Laramy W. S.

Daulton Jas, farmer.

Langdon,

200

Ladd Uriah, farmer.

Cottage Grove,

De Arton A.

Link W. Jr. farmer.

Langdon,

De Arton J. F. farmer.

Langdon,

320

Lyde Mary H.

St. Paul,

Doyle Edward, farmer.

Langdon,

160

Mars Hartly, farmer.

Cottage Grove

Dixon Mrs. Nellie,

St. Paul,

Mars John, farmer.

Newport,

116

Dudley W. E. painter and far. Cottage Grove

Mars Albert,

Newport,

Dunkisley W.

Mantaux Chas. farmer,

Newport,

160

Dnrand Mrs. Caroline,

Newport,

McCallum Arch, farmer,

Cottage Grove,

Elkins S. farmer.

Newport,

McCallum Dimcan, farmer.

Elwell M. M. farmer.

Cottage Grove

lot

Cottage Grove,

Eisk Geo. A. farmer.

Langdon,

168

McChesney, Robt. farmer, Cottage Grove,

320

Fritye Anton,

McChesney, J. G. farmer

Cottage Grove

240

Fowler Wm. farmer.

Newport,

369

McCluskey Mrs. S.

Cottage Grove,

lots

Fryty Casper, farmer.

Langdon,

120

McClusky Harriet.

Fritye Adam, farmer.

Langdon,

348

Meilicke F. S. farmer,

Hastings,

240

Fritye A. farmer,

Newport,

285

Miller M. farmer,

Langdon,

120

Furber J. P. farmer.

Cottage Grove

509

Miller T. F. propietor Langdon elevator,

FnrberTheo. farmer,

Cottage Grove

320

Morgan John, farmer.

Langdon,

Furber S. W. farmer.

Cottage Grove

240

Morgan Henry F. farmei

, Langdon,

Furber J . W. farmer,

Cottage Grove

,280

Morey John, farmer.

Hastings,

376

Furber Geo. M. merchant. Cottage Grove

Morey Reuben, farmer.

Cottage Grove

120

Gaffney M. farmer.

Hastings,

160

Mosher Jacob, carpenter, Langdon,

Gillett Hannah,

Langdon,

lots

Munger, W. R. farmer,

Langdon,

238

Gilmore Sarah, farmer,

Langdon,

668

Munger J. M. farmer.

Langdon,

165

Glenn W. H. hotel,

Cottage Grove

Munger L. M. Mrs.

Langdon,

Grouskras J.

Munger E. G. farmer.

Langdon,

Hatton W. carpenter.

Langdon,

Munson W.

St. Paul,

Hart E. J. painter,

Cottage Grove

100

Nelson Swan, farmer,

Tjangdon,

120

Heselton John, farmer.

Hastings,

236

Nessell Mrs. I.

Langdon,

lots

Heselton Derby, farmer,

Hastings,

Norils Mrs. J. S. farmer

Cottage Grove,

120

Harriman F. farmer.

Cottage Grove

Noltemeier Aug. farmer.

Newport,

120

Hancock G. N.

Noltemeier Fred, farmer, Newport,

320

Holman A. L. farmer,

Cottage Grove

111

Olson Peter, farmer,

Newport,

TO WJ^ SHIP BIBEGTOBIES.

613

P. o. A.

Pettet J. A. farmer, Langdon, 106

Eoberts K. farmer, Cottage Grove, 200

Boot E. N. farmer, Cottage Grove, 172

Eosenquist, S. P. farmer, Langdon, 80

Sinclair Mrs. S. E. Cottage Grove, lot

Spoor Theresa, farmer, Newport, 76

Stacey Joel H. farmer,
Stevens J. N. farmer,
Stevens J. A.
Swetlan Martha J.
Steen A. H. physician,
Thompson Joel B. farmer. Cottage Grove, 120
Thompson Peter, farmer, Cottage Grove, 125
Cottage Grove, 80

Langdon, 121

Cottage Grove, 40

Cottage Grove, 120
Cottage Grove, 4

160

244 25-6

156 26

276

Thornton C. farmer,

Tibbetts Frank, farmer, Langdon,

Tucker J. C. farmer, Langdon,

Tuttle Matilda, farmer, Langdon,

Tuttle C. D. farmer, Langdon,

Vial Frank.

Vial Mrs. Mary O. farmer, Langdon,

Voelker E. farmer,

Watson Eobt. farmer,

Watson Wm. farmer,

Watson John, farmer,

Weber Chris, farmer, Hastings, 37

Welch Edmond, farmer, Langdon, 80

Wilkins Margaret, Langdon, 160

Wilkins Eobt. farmer, Langdon,

Woodward Geo. farmer, Langdon, 866

Woodward & Son, merch. Langdon,

Wolf Ludwig, farmer, Cottage Grove, 160

Zelch John, farmer. Cottage Grove, 160

DENMAKK.

s.
27
15

24
12
13
14
1
19

Cottage Grove, 100 24

Cottage Grove, 240 1&2

Cottage Grove, 275 9

Cottage Grove, 205 9

Behrens Henry, farmer,
Bennett J. D. farmer.
Black Malcom, farmer,
Brendenmuhl F. farmer,
Brendenmuhl A. farmer.
Burton John, farmer.
Bush Geo. farmer,
Cohoes John.
Cohoes W. J. farmer,
Clark W. No. 1, farmer,
Coflman John, farmer.
Cook Allen, farmer,
Conley J. farmer,
Connelly J. W. farmer,
Davis W. S. farmer,

Cottage Grove, 240
Cottage Grove, 172
Cottage Grove, 200
Cottage Grove, 200
Cottage Grove, 80
Point Douglas, 60
Point Douglas, 130

Point Douglas, 210 5

Hastings, 120 17

Hastings, 80 6

Cottage Grove, 160 4

Hastings, 160 6

Hastings, 165 6
Point Douglas, 9&10

p. o. A. s.

Davis O. P. Sr. farmer. Point Douglas, 280 1 4

Davis O. F. Jr. farmer. Point Douglas, 10 17

Delamore Ed. farmer. Point Douglas, 40 5

Dibble W. B. farmer Point Douglas, 400 33

Downing David, farmer. Point Douglas, 200 28

Fetherly Simon, farmer. Point Douglas, 140 33

Fisher T. farmer, Point Douglas, 140 33

Gallinger D. B. farmer. Cottage Grove, 120 5

Gallinger Henry, farmer, Cottage Grove, 190 5

Hageman W. G. farmer, Hastings, 823 30

Henry I. C. farmer. Point Douglas, 200 33

Henry John, farmer, Point Douglas, 200 33

Hetherington T. farmer. Point Douglas, 340 22

Harris G. farmer, farmer. Point Douglas, 80 5

Hone John H. farmer. Point Douglas, 27 33

Howard John W. farmer. Cottage Grove, 75 6

Hummel Peter, farmer, Cottage Grove, 80 28

Holt Geo. farmer. Cottage Grove, 225 19

Keene W. H. farmer. Cottage Grove, 640 29

Kruger J . F. farmer, Hastings, 6

Laforce E. farmer. Cottage Grove, 90 4

Leavitt Eliza, farmer, Hastings, 360 6

Leavitt H. J. farmer, Hastings, 160 1
Leonard J. C. warehouse.

Landen W. S. farmer. Point Douglas, 160 26

Marty Jacob, farmer. Cottage Grove, 80 7

McGill John, farmer. Point Douglas, 40 4

McDermottThos. farmer, Hastings, 160 7

NicoU A. farmer. Point Douglas, 68 34

O'Brian J. "sawyer," Point Douglas, 240 21

O'Connor M. farmer. Point Douglas, 210 9

Orr Samuel, farmer. Point Douglas, 263 10

Page J. farmer. Point Douglas, 80 32

Page W. A. farmer. Point Douglas, 80 29

Page W. farmer, Point Douglas, 80 28

Perkins James, farmer, Hastings, SO 20

Pristty Walter, farmer. Point Douglas, 120 31

Screeton F. farmer. Cottage Grove, 55 6

Sebolds F. farmer. Cottage Grove, 115 4

Shearer James, farmer, Point Douglas, 245 6

Shearer A. M. farmer, Point Douglas, 160 27

Shingledecker S. farmer. Cottage Grove, 160 5

Stone Henry farmer,' Afton, 170 6

StotesburyA. M. farmer. Point Douglas, 90 16

Stotesbury Arthur ,farmer,Point Douglas, 80 16

Swanson Peter, farmer. Cottage Grove, 400 20

Swingler M. M. ferryman, Hastings, 34 7

Van Alstine Geo. farmer, PointDouglas, 160 16

Whitaker E. H. farmer, PointDouglas, 193 8

614

HI8T0BT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

p. 0.

p. 0. ,

Wright John, farmer,

Cottage Grove, 180

Swenson John, farmer, Forest T;ake,

Wright Kobt. farmer,

Point Douglas

, 80

Veith Fred, Mrs. farmer. Forest Lake,

Wright Geo. farmer,

Point Douglas

, 95

Wigren J. P. farmer. Forest Lake,

Wright Mark Jr. farmer

Cottage Grove, 145

York A. C. farmer, Forest Lake,

FOREST

LAKE.

GKANT.

Aim August, farmer,

Forest Lake,

200

Arcand Jos. farmer, Stillwater,

Aim Ole, farmer,

Forest Lake,

160

Arcand Ros. farmer.

Anderson Chas. farmer,

Forest Lake,

Black John, farmer.

Angquist E. farmer.

Forest Lake,

120,

Blackbird Julius, farmer.

Bergerson Hans, farmer

, Forest Lake,

Boetcher, Ludwig, farmer.

Ekstrom John, farmer,

Forest Lake,

103

Busch Albert, farmer.

200

Eriekson Nels, farmer.

Forest Lake,

Campbell Frank, farmer.

Erickson Andrew Sr. far

. Forest "Lake,

Castler John, farmer.

((

160

Eriekson Andrew Jr. farmer,Forest Lake,80

Crowley David, farmer.

112

Grant Andrew, farmer,

Forest Lake,

104

Diethurt Fred, farmer,

Grant Swen, farmer.

Forest Lake,

Doran James, farmer.

160

Gromberger Robert, farmer. Forest Lake, 20

Dougherty Mike, farmer.

110

Halsey Anthony, farmer

, Forest Lake,

Eck Heni^, farmer,

178

Heller Jos. farmer.

Forest Lake,

Eggert Chas. farmer.

120

Heller Mike, farmer,

Forest Lake,

Eggart August, farmer,

HoweU S. B. farmer,

Forest Lake,

Elliott W. farmer.

320

Hmiter Feo. N. farmer,

Forest Lake,

105

Fairbanks Jos. N. far. Mer,

Huxtable Ed. farmer,

Forest Lake,

Fenner Carl, farmer.

160

Jensen Martin, farmer.

Forest Lake,

Gabbart Henry, farmer.

240

Johnson Jonas, farmer.

Forest Lake,

143

Gagne Mack, blacksmith.

Johnson John, farmer.

Forest Lake,

120

Goodman Henry, farmer.

ti.

Johnson Swen, farmer,

Forest Lake,

Gunderson Hans, farmer.

(.1

Johnson Arn, farmer.

Forest Lake,

Harbke Christ, farmer,

Koller John, merchant,

Forest Lake,

Holden Silas P. farmer.

180

Lindstrom W. E. blacksmith, Forest Lake,

Kardetzky Berthold farmer,

Lundin Jos. farmer.

Forest Lake,

200

Kaplin J. F. A. farmer,

160

Marsh Michael, hotel,

Forest Lake,

Keene John^M. farmer,

140

Martin S. saloon keeper.

Forest Lake,

Kempf John, farmer,

Noyes A. P. farmer.

Forest Lake,

Kleps Godf. farmer.

Poston Mary,

Forest Lake.

Kopke Fred, farmer.

160

Poston A. D.

Forest Lake,

Klingbrail Fred, farmer.

160

Rahm G. Swrmer,

Forest Lake,

257

Kuhn Gustave, farmer.

Rioux G. farmer.

Forest Lake,

Kreisell Fred, farmer.

;i2

Rioux H. farmer,

Forest Lake,

160

Kreisell Aug. farmer.

Rioux Ed. farmer,

Forest Lake,

Laub Fred, farmer.

157

Schiel Louis farmer.

Forest Lake,

160

Mardans Albert, farmer.

109

Simmons A. W. farmer.

Forest Lake,

Mardans Henry, farmer.

220

Simmons W. J. farmer.

Forest Lake,

160

Masterman B. J. farmer.

140

Simmons, R. W. farmer,

Forest Lake,

156

Masterman J. N. farmer,

240

Simmons, J. P. farmer.

Forest Lake,

162

Masterman Albion, farmer,

360

Smith C. W. merchant.

Forest Lake,

Minogue Roger, farmer.

240

Stromberg A. L. farmer,

Forest Lake,

Meinke Louis, farmer,

((

160

Stripe Richard,

Forest Lake, vil. lots 8

Morrissey Pat. farmer,

TOWNSHIP DIREGT0BIE8.

615

p. 0.

O'Shaughnessy Mary, far. StUlwater,

120

Huntoon L. A. merchant

, Lakeland,

Otto John, farmer,

Jacobi Louis, farmer.

Lakeland,

Pfiffer Prank, farmer,

£C

398

Johnson Eli,

Lakeland,

Powell S. W. farmer.

Kappler Fred, farmer.

Stillwater,

120

Eamsden T. P. farmer,

((

195

Kappler Chris, farmer,

Lakeland,

200

Rutherford Wm. farmer.

700

Kilty Thos, farmer,

Stillwater,

Eutherford Jas. farmer,

181

Kronkard Louis, farmer

Stillwater,

Russell Osborne, farmer,

1.1.

Kronkard Peter, farmer.

Stillwater,

Seibert Henry, farmer,

Kuntz Phillip, farmer.

Lakeland,

Schaefer Andrew, farmer, "

Lange Carl, farmer.

Stillwater,

120

Soule Jesse H. florist,

Leith Joseph, farmer.

Lakeland,

Smith John, farmer.

Lewerer Rudolph, farmer, Lakeland,

120

Springborn C. F. farmer.

Lewerer Chris, farmer,

Lake Elmo,

160

Springborn Fred, farmer

Lovatt Wm. M. farmer.

Lakeland,

Steindorf Otto, farmer.

Markle W.H.head sawyei

•, Lakeland,

Steindorf Ernst, farmer.

Marty Joachim, farmer.

Stillwater,

Taf t J. B. farmer.

420

Marty S. farmer.

Stillwater,

Taft Chas. H. farmer.

160

Martin James, farmer.

Lakeland,

Thelander John, farmer.

■ 208

McKean Dan, farmer.

Lakeland,

160

Tompser Jos. farmer.

McKean Elias, farmer,

Lakeland,

483

Ucke Fred, farmer,

120

McKusick ]Srewton,f arm'

r,Stillwater,

215

Van Emmons Mrs. E. J. far. "

160

Merritt S. F. farmer,

Lakeland,

lots

Wagner Heniieh, farmer

Meyer Xavier, farmer.

Lakeland,

160

Webster S. R. farmer.

400

Morritz John P. farmer.

Stillwater,

Webber John, farmer,

Morrissey Thos. farmer,

Stillwater,

200

Wells H. W. farmer.

160

Moulton John S.

Lakeland,

Welter Michael, farmer.

Munger Mrs.Lucy,teacher Lakeland,

Wolf Fred, farmer,

159

Nelson James, farmer.

Lakeland,

Nelson C. N. & Co., prop.

saw-mill. Lakeland.

LAKELAND.

Noonan W. farmer.

Stillwater,

BaUey Mrs. W. B.

Lakeland,

O'Brien Con, farmer.

Lakeland,

Bebermeyer Mrs. C. far.

Lakeland,

160

Oliver Geo. A. farmer.

Lakeland,

Birch John,

Lakeland,

Oliver John, farmer,

Lakeland,

220

Borrer Frank, farmer.

Lakeland,

217

Pratt C. H. farmer.

Lakeland,

BrockerWm. farmer.

Lakeland,

Pritzell Chas. farmer.

Stillwater,

120

Brumer Henry, farmer.

Lakeland,

120

Radunzel Julius, farmer.

Stillwater,

Bush Saml. hotel.

Lakeland,

lots

Rentz Fred, farmer.

Lakeland,

160

Charrier D. farmer.

Lakeland,

Rentz Christian, farmer.

Lakeland,

Daggett Ellas,

Lakeland, .

Rentz Johanna, farmer.

Lakeland,

Dickinson J. R. farmer.

Lakeland,

315

Sanderson R.H.carpenter, Lakeland,

Domfleld Fred, farmer,

Stillwater,

160

Schaar Jacob, farmer.

Lakeland,

155

Downs John, farmer.

Stillwater,

19^

Schaar Henry, farmer.

Lakeland,

Frederick Caroline, far.

Lakeland,

Schrade Chris, farmer,

Lakeland,

600

Green H. F. carpenter.

Lakeland,

Schrade John, farmer.

Lakeland,

100

Gross Geo. farmer,

Lakeland,

Schultz Carl, farmer.

Stillwater,

Hanna Thos. farmer,

Lakeland,

160

Schneider Anton, farmer, StUlwater,.

160

Hanna David, builder,

Lakeland,

Shehan John, farmer.

Stillwater,

Hertzfeild W. farmer.

Lakeland,

Shaw Joseph, farmer,

Lakeland,

Higgins J. C. grain dealer. Lakeland,

Sailer Samuel, farmer.

Stillwater,

616

HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

p. 0.

Smith W. H. farmer,

Stillwater,

Steine F. farmer,

Lake Elmo,

Streifl John, steamboat steward, Lakeland.

Sinnett John, farmer,

Stillwater,

160

Tyler Freeman C. farmer. Lakeland,

Tyler C. 0.

Lakeland,

Tyler J. W. moulder.

Lakeland,

Volmer Emanuel, farmer, Lakeland,

157

Watson B. F. farmer,

Lakeland,

140

Watson D. T. farmer,

Lakeland,

100

MARINE.

Anderson Lambert, far.

Marin^ Mills,

Anderson John, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Anderson S. V. farmer.

Marine Mills,

160

Anderson J W. farmer.

Marine Mills,

130

Anderson Aug. farmer.

Scandia,

Anderson Andrew, "

Marinie Mills

Anderson Swen, farmer,

Marine Mills,

Anderson Swen,No.2, "

Scandia,

Anderson Peter, farmer.

Scandia.

Anderson Olof, sawyer.

Marine Mills,

Anderson Nels, farmer.

Scandia,

Anderson Andrew, "

Scandia,

Alcorn James, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Alcorn John A. farmer.

Stillwater,

Allen James, farmer,

Scandia,

130

Bennett Geo. farmer,

Stillwater,

Bennett Geo. W. farmer

Stillwater,

Benson Nels, farmer.

Scandia,

160

Benson John, farmer.

Scandia,

160

Berkey Hiram, farmer.

Marine Mills,

346

Bergreen Oliver, farmer.

Marine Mills,

120

Bloom John, farmer,

Scandia,

Bloomquist Chas. farmer

Scandia,

Borden H. N. farmer.

Stillwater,

140

Boutwell C. L. farmer,

Stillwater,

Bruilt A. farmer.

Marine Mills,

Buckley J. H. farmer.

Stillwater.

Byron M. mason and far.

Stillwater,

Campbell Hugh, farmer.

Marine Mills,

125

Campbell Mr. Jas. "

Marine Mills,

166

Carlson And. farmer.

Marine Mills,

Carlson Peter, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Carlson C. J. farmer,

Marine Mills,

Chairman John, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Christopherson C. farmer, Marine Mills,

ClifEord, Mich, farmer.

Stillwater,

Copas John, farmer.

Marine Mills,

120

P. o.
Cronk Abram, farmer. Marine Mills,
Cronk Chancey, farmer, " "
Dalquist Jacob, farmer, " "
Dalquist Joseph, farmer, " "
Dalquist Swen, farmer, " "

Daley John, farmer, Stillwater,

Dallen John, farmer, Scandia,
Dallen P. E. farmer, Scandia,
De Wolf Jos. P. farmer. Marine Mills,
Eckdahl D. farmer. Marine Mills,

Eckdahl Chas. farmer, Scandia,
Eckegreen John, farmer, Scandia,
Edstrom John, farmer, Scandia,
Elenquest J. stobe mason. Marine Mills,
Elenquest And. farmer, Scandia,
Elg Olof, farmer, Scandia,

Erickson Ole W. farmer. Marine Mills,
Erickson Swen, farmer, Scandia,
Erickson John P. farmer, Scandia,
Erickson Jonas, farmer, Scandia,
Erickson John, No. 1, far. Scandia,
Erickson J. No. 2, fa'er, Scandia,
Erickson J. No. 3, farmer, Scandia,
Encke Chas. farmer, Scandia,

Falk And. A. farmer, Marine MUls,
Falk And. B. teacher, Marme Mills,
Falk Erick, farmer. Marine MiUs,

Forcel Erick, farmer, Scandia,
Freiburg Sol. farmer. Marine Mills,
Frederickson A. farmer, Scandia,
Frederickson P. farmer, Scandia,
Gaskill J. E. M. physici'n. Marine Mills,
Gabrielson Jonas, far'er, Scandia,
Goggui Jas. farmer, Stillwater,

Goggin W. farmer, Stillwater,

Granberg And. farmer, Marine Mills,
Granberg John, farmer, Scandia,
Grandstrand Jonas, far'er,Marine MUls,
Gustavson P. G. fai-mer, Scandia,
Hanley Thos. farmer, Stillwater,
Hale J. U. fai-mer, Marine Mills,

Hagman P. M. farmer, Scandia,
Hanson Hans, farmer, Stillwater,
Hassler Swen, farmer. Marine MUls,
Iledeen Rev. E. clergy 'n, Scandia,
Hellfrick P. farmer, Stillwater,

Hickman Henry, farmer. Marine MUls,
Hinds, G. P. farmer, Marine MiUs,
Hokinson J. F. farmer, Scandia,

100 30

80 4

68 28

160 38

133 30

59 31

80 19

90 19
513 13
240 7

91 31

40 23

80 19

109 28

79 22

80 19

80 10

154 1

79 22

120 14
34

80 34
120 16

40 4

80 16

90 2

120 31

262 31

120 18

693 18

40 14

170 19

93 31

40 22

110 35
120 18

80 29

84 30

80 24

120 6

TOWNSHIP DIBEGT0B1E8.

617

p. o.

40
185

80
160

Hokinson Peter, farmer, Marine Mills,
Hokinson P. G. farmer, Scandia,
Holm Gustav, farmer. Marine Mills,
Plolm Peter, farmer. Marine Mills,
Holm Andrew J. teacher. Marine Mills,

Holmburg, farmer. Marine Mills, 80

Holcombe Magnus, far'er, Scandia, 120

Halmquist John, farmer, Scandia, 200
Holt Geo. farmer, Marine Mills,

Holt Mrs. John, farmer. Marine Mills, 46

Huntley J. farmer. Marine Mills, 160

Jackson John, farmer, Scandia, 80

Johnson Abe. lumberman, Marine Mills, 500

Johnson A. P. farmer, Scandia, 447
Johnson Aaron, farmer, Scandia, 50

Johnson A. W. farmer, Scandia, 160

Johnson John N. farmer, Scandia, 620

Johnson Eric, farmer. Marine Mills, 20

Johnson A. N. farmer, Scandia, 46
Jonasson J. M. post-master, Scandia,
Judd Geo. F. prop, flour-mill, Marine Mills,

Judd Samuel, prop, lumber-mills. Marine Mills, 6

Stillwater,

Scandia,

Marine Mills,

Stillwater,

Scandia,

Marine Mills,

Scandia,

Kiesow Carl, farmer,

Klas Peter, farmer,

Kuno Andrew, farmer,

Kimdert Casper, farmer.

Lake Magnus, farmer,

Lammers F. W. farmer,

Larson Gus. farmer,

Larson Andrew Jr. farmer, Scandia,

Larson Abe. farmer, Scandia,

Larson Nels, farmer, Scandia,

Larson Martin, farmer, Marine Mills,

Larsons John, farmer, Scandia,

Lindgreen P. A. farmer. Marine Mills,

Liudgreen John, farmer, Scandia,

Lindberg J. L. farmer, Scandia,

Lindberg, N. D. farmer, Scandia,

Lund Charles, Scandia,

Lundquist August, tailor, Marine Mills,

Lynn Andrew, farmer, Scandia,

Lynch Michael, Stillwater,

Magnuson Sweri, merchant. Marine Mills, 6

Magnuson Gus. farmer, Scandia, 120 24

Magnuson Eric, farmer, " 260 25

Magnuson Chas. farmer, " 80 16

Martinson John, farmer, " 80 11

Matteson Alfred, farmer, " 60 16

May Morgan, farmer. Marine Mills, 2000 15

120
80

120

160
40

160
80
40

120

135

203

160

19
1
30
29
5
35
16
21
15
31
34
15
35
26
21
21
17
5
26
30

p. 0.

McGuire James, farmer.

Stillwater,

120

McDonald John E. farmer ,Marine Mills

Meredith J. K. farmer.

bb tc

Monson John, farmer,

Mormond Charles, saloon, " "

Morrison, J. C. farmer.

Scandia,

160

Mower Martin, lumberman, Stillwater,.

500

Nay John S. farmer.

•li

200

Nelson Erick. farmer.

Scandia,

Nelson Jonas, farmer.

150

Nelson Nels, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Nelson Andrew, farmer.

180

Nelson Peter, farmer.

t( fcb

Nelson N. P. farmer.

•'

Newman S. P. tailor.

Scandia,

Nordun John, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Norstrom Gus. farmer.

Scandia,

Norlander J. P. farmer.

Marine Mills,

200

Okes Anna, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Olson Chas. farmer.

Scandia,

Olsen Joseph, farmer.

Scandia,

Olin Ole, farmer.

Scandia,

160

Olson E. & A. farmer.

Marine Mills,

206

Olson Chas. N. farmer.

Scandia,

120

Olofson Michael, farmer

Scandia,

Otis Benj. T. farmer.

' Stillwater,

Parker Asa S. farmer,

Marine Mills,

Palm Peter, farmer.

Marine Mills,

Peterson Sol. farmer.

Scandia,

160

Peterson N. P. farmer.

.80

Peterson Allen, farmer.

(.;.

240

Peterson Chas. lumberm'

a, Marine Mills,

140

Eaiter Chas. farmer.

Scandia,

Reed Chas. farmer,

Marine Mills ,

Rose J. G. merchant.

It ((

130

Rosengreen Nels Jr. far.

U ((

Rosengreen Nels Sr. far.

!.<. (I

Roselle Nels, farmer.

It tl

Roettger H. farmer.

Stillwater,

113

Rogers Thos. farmer.

120

Rutherford C. A. farmer

160

Rydquist A. shoemaker.

Marine Mills,

Rydin Magnus, farmer,

" "

Sabin Geo. F. lawyer.

tk u

Sahlstrom John, farmer.

4( U

Sampson Peter, farmer.

LL. tC

105

Sanquist J. P. farmer.

Scandia,

132

Samson Peter.

Sandgreen Peter, far. &

3arpt. Scandia,

618

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

P. o.
Schmidt, Magnuson & Eose, merchants,
Marine Mills,
Schmidt W; merchant, "

Shuster G. farmer, Scandia,

Shoberg John, farmer, "

Smith W. J. farmer, Stillwater,
Soderling P. farmer, Scandia,

Sodergreen R. farmer.
Staples Saml. farmer, Stillwater,
Swanson Zach, farmer, Marine Mills,

120

160

220

Swanson and Peterson, blacksmiths, Scandia,
Swanson Sel, farmer " 80

Swanson John, farmer, '• 140

Swanson J. P. farmer, " 240

Swanson L. John. "

Taft John, farmer, " 40

Thayer H. farmer, Marine MUls, 200

Thompson Nels.carpenter, " "
Turrell, M. N. farmer, " " 160

Veazie W. H. of firm Walker, Judd & V.,

Marine Mills,
Walker, Judd and Veazie, lumberman,
Marine Mills,
Walker Orange, lumberman, " "
Walker P. E. retired.
Ward Thos. E. clerk, "

Ward John G. saloon,

Weiberg J. L. farmer, " " 80

Weiberg Nels, farmer, " " 80

Weiberg Lars, " "

Weiberg Chris, "

Weiberg Chas. "

Wichman John, brewery, " "
Westgreen Chas. clerk, " "

Welshons M.St. Croix hotel, "
Westergreen Ole, blacksmith , "• "

NEWPORT.

Ames Oliver, farmer, Langdon,

Bigelow G. M. Newport.

Brown Clara A.

Burns Peter, section boss,

Buseen Joseph, farmer,

Cowell Mrs. M. A.

Durand H. A. miller,

Everitt L. C. farmer.

Fowler G. H. station agent,

Eord r. C. farmer,

Eord John A. farmer,

6
6
11
16
33
12
22
33
18
23
11
14
2

12
2
6

P. O.
FuUerton Samuel, farmer, Newport,
Hess David P. farmer, "

Holton John, farmer, "

Ilugunin J. H. merchant, "
Irish Joseph, farmer, "

Kelley John, farmer, "

Lyon E. P. farmer, "

Leith Peter, farmer, "

Leith Wm. farmer, "

Maxon L. B. farmer, "

Mortimer John, farmer, "

McGuire Pat, farmer, "

Parker C. A. farmer, Newport,
Parker Emily, farmer, Newport,
Schofleld E. B. farmer, Newport,
Schofield Jennie, Newport.

Schofleld Harvey B.miller, Newport,
Schabacker C. J. blacksh. Newport,
Seaniore George, Newport,

Shelton E. M. town clerk, Newport,
Shelton L. W. engineer, Newport,
Trevette W.E. just, peace, Newport,
Trevette I. E. Newport^

Turpin John, farmer, Langdon,
Turpin Prank, farmer, Langdon.
Turpin Fred, farmer, Langdon.
Turpin Alec. Langdon.

Willoughby John, farmer, Newport,
Wentworth Eliza, Newport,

Willoughby & Parker, far. Newport,

A. S.

360 13

80 13

313 25

80 12

786 25

140 12

40 25

20 25

272 13

120 25

40 25

220 36

200 1

308 12

lots,
lots,
lots,
lots,
lots,
lots,
lots.

40 36

541 12
lots.
42 11

320

lot.

112

192

OAKDALE.

Abresch Chris, farmer,
Appman John H. farmer,
Armstrong W. farmer,

Armstrong Thos. farmer,
Armstrong Jas. farmer,

Armstrong D.
Berschen W. fai-mer,
Berschen Geo. faimer,
Berschen Mrs. A. M. "
liloomer Seb. farmer,
Blase E. F. farmer,
Boelter W. farmer,
Brochman M. farmer,
Busch G. farmer,
Condlin P. farmer, .

St. Paul,
Lake Elmo,
St. Paul Har-
vester Works,
Oakdale,
St. Paul Har-
vester Works,
Oakdale,
Stillwater,
Stillwater,
Oakdale,
Stillwater,
St. Paul,
St. Paul,
Oakdale,
Lake Elmo,
St. Paul,

240 19

220 24

80 28

54 28

100 16

290 10

160 11

244 33

135 12 .

160 6

80 17

80 19

80 35

80 7

TOWNSHIP DIRECTORIES.

619

p. 0.

CoUopy Thos. farmer,

Stillwater,

CoUopy M. farmer,

Stillwater,

Collopy John, farmer.

Stillwater,

400

Combs F. T. farmer.

St. Paul,

Day Pat, farmer.

Stillwater.

Day J. C. farmer.

Lake Elmo,

Dersch John, farmer,

Lake Elmo,

Dick John, farmer.

Lake Elmo,

Dittman C. farmer.

Oakdale,

160

Eberle W. farmer.

St. Paul,

igo

Flaherty Dennis,

Lake Elmo,

Frank Henry, farmer.

Oakdale,

160

Frederick C. farmer.

Lake Elmo,

120

2*^

Frederick E. farmer.

Lake Elmo,

Frederick Aug. farmer,

Lake Elmo,

Frederick F. farmer.

Lake Elmo,

Garren F. farmer.

Lake Elmo,

106

Geary Pat, farmer.

Oakdale,

Gerner Thos, farmer,

Lake Elmo,

Gohlike Jul. farmer.

St. Paul,

160

Gray M. P. farmer,

St. Paul,

1066,

Gray D. W. farmer, care F. P. Strong,

Gr^y W. H. farmer, care F. P. Strong,

160

Gross Ant. farmer,

Lake Elmo,

Grunke Fred, farmer.

Stillwater,

120

Hall W. W. farmer.

Stillwater,

160

Harms Chas, farmer.

Lake Elmo,

Hauck Peter, farmer.

Stillwater,

Henrick C farmer.

Lake Elmo,

Honer W. farmer.

Stillwater,

Kempf Geo. farmer.

Stillwater,

Kennedy M. former.

Lake Elmo,

263

Kern Geo. farmer.

Lake Elmo,

Kern Chas. farmer.

.Stillwater,

135

Kranz Fred, farmer.

St. Paul,

Krause Chris, farmer.

Stillwater,

fl4

Kundert P. farmer.

Stillwater,

Kmiz John, farmer,

St. Paul,

80,

Lanners Mich, farmer.

Oakdale,

120

Lavine Mrs. farmer,

TiSke Elmo,

Liebisch Leo, farmer.

T;a.ke Elmo,

Lindeke Aug. farmer,

Lake Elmo,

200

Lohmann H. C. farmei:.

Lake Elmo,

160

Lohmann G. H. farmer,

Lake Elmo,

160

Lohmann John, farmer.

Lake Elmo,

120

Lohmann J. H.-Sr. far.

Lake Elmo,-

260

Lohmann J. W. merch.

Lake Elmo,

Lohmann J. H. Jr. merch. Lake Elmo,

Lucken C. D. farmer.

Stillwater,

132

St. Paul,
Lake Elmo,
Oakdale,
St. Paul,
St. Paul,

Lake Elmo,
St. Paul,
Stillwater,
Lake Elmo,

Lake Elmo,
Lake Elmo,
Lake Elmo,
Stillwater,
Lake Elmo,
St.' Paul,

p. o.
Malone Cor. farmer. Lake Elmo,

Malone Maurice, farmer. Lake Elmo,
Manny James, farmer, Lake Ehno,
Marks David, farmer,
Masterman, far. & carpt.
Miller Jacob, farmer,
Morris Frank, farmer,
Mundt H. farmer,
Munkelwitz, Aug. farmer, Stillwater,
Munkelwitz, W. farmer, Stillwater,
Murdick M. farmer,
Ott W. J. farmer,
Papst Carl, farmer,
Pocksee John, farmer,
Purnhagen J. H. farmer. Lake Elmo,
Eamsden T. P. farmer, Lake Elmo,
Eawleigh John, farmer,
Richard Fred, farmer,
Kowe J. W. farmer,
SchafEer John, farmer,
Schneider John, farmer,
Schultz Henry, farmer,
Schiltgen C. and J. far'er, Oakdale,
Schilling John, farmer, Stillwater,
Schmidt L, farmei:, St. Paul,

Sliney M. farmer, Llake Elmo,

Smith J. C. farmer, Stillwater^

Splittstoeser Carl, farmer, St. Paul,
Stephen Ar. Sr. contrac'r. Lake Elmo,
Stephen Ar. Jr. farmer. Lake Elmo,
Stoltz Joseph E. farmer.
Stark W. H. farmer,
Sullwold J. farmer,
Sullwold M. B. farmer,
Sullwold J. M. farmer,
Tanglen M. farmer,
Volmer, H. B. farmer,
Volmer Louis, farmer,
Webster Frank, farmer,
WeikofE H. farmer,
Weir A. farmer,
Weir L. farmer,
Weinscharnk C. farmer,
Westphall Fred, farmer,
Westphall John, farmer, Stillwater,
Wichman H. farmer, Lake Elmo,

Lake Elmo,
Lake Elmo,
Stillwater,
Stillwater,
StUl water,
St. Paul,
Lake Elmo,
Lake Ehno,
Lake Elmo,
Lake Elmo,
Lake Elmo,
Lake Elmo,
Stillwater,
Stillwater,

A. S

137 26

138 24
160 15
160 30
110 21

80 34

160 32

80
153
160

100
160

80
120

120 36

40 25

133 24

80 8

80 26

80 16

120 16

80 3

160 12

120 29

177 33

80" 1

60 19

80 28

160 2

200 20

160 35

80 12

80 14

80 11

160 9

87 11

160 18

120 35

80 36

50 21

80 26

80 13

112 23

40 11

ONEKA.

Bibeaux P. farmer, Stillwater,

80 36

77 26

620

HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

p. o.

Blackbird Fred, farmer,

Stillwater,

Youngbluth P. farmer,

White Bear L

237

Blackbird C. Sr. farmer,

Blackbird C Jr. farmer.

STILLWATER.

Blackbird W. M. farmer.

Appman J. D. farmer.

Stillwater,

200

Blackbird Louis, fai-mer.

Bloomer 8. farmer.

160

Blackbird Mrs. C. farmer

)

Boutwell Wm. T. clgym'n

Bourke R. farmer.

Brasseau Paul, farmer.

Briggs F. V. farmer.

120

Brosius A. farmer,

Briggs C. farmer,

Burns Hugh, farmer.

Crollon Morris, farmer,

Clark Nelson estate,

160

l!ck Nels, farmer.

White Bear L.

Cook J. P. miller,

lots

Girard Pierre, farmer.

Stillwater,

Corkman Dan.

if.

Hatch I. P. farmer,

120

Curtis P. J. farmer.

360

Hopkins Joseph, farmer.

160

Dockindorf H. farmer,

((

Hopkins J. S. farmer.

White Bear L.

Poelker W. farmer.

240

Hopkins D. farmer.

White Bear L.

640

Poss A. farmer.

Houle M. farmer,

Centerville,

180

Gelhays Chas. farmer.

Jndkins E. C. farmer.

Stillwater,

220

Grady John, farmer,

(.i

200

Kannady Geo. H. farmer

((

120

Hanson H. farmer,

280

Kellogg B. E. farmer.

White Bear L.

Hanson N. farmer.

Kuchli Mrs. P. merahant

(I (;

133

Heifert W. farmer.

180

Kinyon 0. L. farmer,

Stillwater,

140

Hermon C. farmer.

Kunde P. farmer,

HoUiham Jer. farmer.

Lafave J. farmer.

Hultquist P. farmer.

ii.

Lambert Jos. Jr. farmer,

'36

Jackman H. A. farmer.

120

Lamoreaux A. farmer,

320

Jarchow P. fanner.

Laplante P. farmer.

Jarchow Theo. farmer,

280

Lovely J. B. farmer.

Johnson, farmer.

/.i

Luts John, farmer.

i.i

Jones E. E. farmer.

196

Luts Nap. farmer.

Kiesow August, farmer,

((

Luts Jos. farmer.

Kline P. farmer,

Miller John, farmer,

White Bear L.

103

Kilty John, farmer.

Newman J. H. farmer,

Stillwater,

Kilty Dennis farmer.

120

Newman Pres. farmer.

240

Lyman H. C. farmer.

100

Newman Holland, farmer, "

160

Lyman C. S. retired.

Newman James H. farmer, "

100

Lyman D. P. farmer,

225

Peliken M. farmer.

Lyman Cor. farmer.

120

Plaisted, G. W. farmer.

105

Lyman Benjamin, farmer

234

Eiley Oliver, farmer.

Macey Charles, fai-mer,

173

Sawyer David, farmer,

240

Marty Elizabeth, fai-mer.

Slawa John, farmer,

White Bear L.

120

Marty J. farmer,

'•

111

Soule A. J. farmer.

Stillwater,

160

Mathews Ellen, farmer.

((

140

Swanson Aug. farmer.

White Bear L.

McGnire John, farmer,

Swanson Chas. farmer.

McGeary James, farmer,

160

Tingley W. J. farmer.

Stillwater,

Mower M.

Thaen John, saloon.

White Bear L.

Neiman John, farmer,

Trumbly, S. farmer.

Stillwater,

Neiman Jos. Jr. farmer,

'.i

Walker Geo. farmer.

((

Newman W. H. farmer,

Ct.

Withrow Thos. farmer,

120

Oppgren Thor. farmer,

TOWNSHIP BIREGTOBIEB.

621

p. 0.

Powers John, farmer,

Stillwater,

120

Preely Pat, farmer.

Woodbury,

Revoird Geo. farmer.

101

Pritze Chas. farmer.

St. Paul,

Revoird Narces, farmer.

((

Pinnen Ellen, farmer.

Oakdale

Richmond A. overseer poor farm, "

170

George J. farmer.

Woodbury,

233

Robinson G. W. farmer.

3 lots.

Groess Chas. farmer,

Oakdale,

Rosche r. farmer.

Grim Louis, farmer,

Oakdale,

Rutherford D. Q. farmer

140

Guille Peter, farmer.

St. Paul,

Rutherford W. W. nurseryman, "

Haase Christina, farmer,

Oakdale,

Sinnett John, farmer.

120

Harrisberg And. farmer,

Woodbury,

240

Smith J. A. farmer,

150

Harrisberg J. farmer.

Woodbury,

240

Steinberg Charles, farmer, "

116

Hassenbank J. farmer,

Woodbury,

197

Stussi Rud. miller.

*' mill prop.

Healey James,

Newport,

Van TassellW. E. estate

L(.

160

Heidel Aug. farmer.

Woodbury,

-200

Wilcox Maria,

lots.

Hellert Chas. farmer.

Woodbury,

Whalen P. and M. farmers, "

212

Hoffman Lewis, farmer,

Cottage Grove

160

Wheeler J. W. farmer.

Holtzheimer P. farmer.

Oakdale,

160

Whooley Dennis, farmer

120

Johnson Muns. farmer,

Afton,

Johnson S. W. farmer.

Woodbury,

WOODBURY.

Jopp Pred, farmer.

Woodbury,

Avery W. L. farmer.

Cottage Grove

, 40

Kernkamp J. H. farmer.

St. Paul,

180

Ayres Eben, farmer and justice, "

520

Kruger Carl, farmer,

St. Paul,

Bach Martin, farmer,

St. Paul,

240

Leithauser John, farmer

, Woodbury,

140

Bachman A. C. farmer,

Lfc (G

Leithauser M. plasterer,

Woodbury,

Bachman W. J. farmer.

Woodbury,

155

Lindeman W. Jr. farmer

, Woodbury,

Bahls John, farmer.

Cottage Grove

,360

Lindeman P. farmer.

Woodbury,

Besti Henry, fanner,

Oakdale,

160

Lindeman W. Sr. farmer, Woodbury,

Beibenburg C. M. farmer, Cottage Grove

, 80

Lucksinger Pred, farmer, Woodbury,

160

Brookman M. farmer.

Woodbury,

240

Lucksinger J. farmer.

Woodbury,

18o

Brookman N. farmer,

Oakdale,

144

Makle Chris, farmer,

Valley Creek,

200

Barthelmer Peter, farmer, St. Paul,

Maish S. farmer.

Woodbury,

120

Bolkes Fred, farmer,

u it.

102

Marty Henry, farmer.

Cottage Grove

360

Brocey G. farmer.

Oakdale,

Marty Pred, farmer.

Oakdale,

280

Classen M. farmer.

St. Paul,

Mathimore J. farmer.

Woodbury,

Classen John, farmer.

Oakdale,

180

Marschall J. farmer.

Woodbury,

Colby J. D. farmer.

Woodbury,

252

McGuire Pat, farmer.

Woodbury,

Cram J. H. farmer.

320

McHattie Alex, farmer.

Woodbury,

207

Cross Moses, farmer,

Woodbury,

McHattie J. farmer,

Woodbury,

120

Cum P. farmer.

Oakdale,

McCallum Arch, farmer

Woodbury,

Dickhudt P. farmer.

Woodbury,

160

McNaughty T. farmer.

St. Paul,

120

Dickhudt A. farmer.

Woodbury,

160

McMahon farmer,

Oakdale,

160

Donahue R. farmer,

Woodbury,

Metzger Chas. farmer.

Woodbury

210

Donahue W. farmer,

Woodbury,

Meyer, Pred. farmer,

Valley Creek,

Domfield, farmer, A.

St. Paul,

Meyer Carl, farmer.

Valley Creek,

Dornfield P. farmer.

St. Paul,

Meiers Henry, farmer.

Oakdale,

241

Egan Martin, farmer,

Woodbury,

160

Middleton J. farmer.

Woodbury,

280

Egan M. P. farmer.

Woodbury,

Michenhausen M. fa'er,

Woodbury,

Peeley J. farmer.

Woodbury,

100

Munson Benj. farmer.

Valley Creek,

320

Flemmer Chas. farmer.

Woodbury,

Munson J. C. farmer,

Valley Creek,

Poley P. P. farmer,

Woodbury,

160

Moll Aug. farmer.

Valley Creek,

622

BI8T0BT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.

p. 0.

Moll Fred, farmer,

Valley Creek,

15C

Somers Charles, far.

Oakdale,

Murphy John, farmer,

Cottage.Grove

,200

Sontag G. & A. far.

Woodbury,

'28

Neiman Fred, farmer.

Cottage Grove

,320

36.

Spangenburg C. far.

Woodbury,

120

Neubauer Wm. farmer.

Woodbury,

120

Stabenow Chas". far.

Woodbury,

117

Nilson John, farmer.

Woodbury,

Stabenow Got. far.

Oakdale,

Nippoldt G. W. farmer,

Woodbury,

120

Stabenow Aug. far.

Oakdale,

Neubauer, A. farmer.

Woodbury,

120

Stark Mich. far.

Oakdale,

Ortman J. A. farmer,

Woodbury,

160

Staltzman F. far.

Oakdale,

Peterson And. fanner.

Woodbury,

160

Spangenburg E. far.

Woodbury,

Pierce Chas. farmer.

Newport,

Streiff Joseph, far.

Oakdale,

120

Forth Aug. farmer,

Woodbuiy,

Strate Simon, far.

Woodbury,

159

Forth Chas. farmer.

Oakdale,

Strong Freeman, far.

Oakdale,

150

Raths Fred, farmer.

Woodbury,

160

Stutzman J. far.

Woodbury,

Eeichert Got. farmer.

Oakdale,

Thies Herman, far.

St. Paul,

120

Reil Herman, farmer.

Woodbury,

Thompson Eric, far.

Woodbury,

Reichow Chas. farmer.

OakdaJe,

Treboldt A. far.

Woodbury,

120

Reichow Fred, farmer.

Oakdale,

Volmer R. B. far.

T-ake Elmo,

160

Remensehneider Val. far. Woodbury,

Walter Got. farmer,

Woodbury,

160

Rhein J. P. farmer,

Newport,

160

Wattersdorf Fred, farmer, "

207

Robert Aug. farmer,

Oakdale,

Weitzell H. farmer.

160

Rode Ant. farmer.

St. Paul,

240

Wells B. F. wagon maker.

Ross Fred, farmer.

Woodbury,

Wendt Got. farmer,

VaUey Creek,

100

Rutherford E. A. far.

Afton,

160

Werth Martin, farmer.

Oakdale,

Scharfbilling J. H. far.

Oakdale,

Yordening C. farmer.

Woodbury,

160

SehilUng F. far.

Woodbury,

Zabel W. Jr. farmer.

Woodbury,

Schilling C. far.

St. Paul,

120

Ziehl Chas. farmer.

Woodbury,

Scharkell H. C. F. far.

St. Paul,

120

Ziehl Fred, farmer.

Woodbury,

Schultz H. far.

Woodbury,

Zum Wm. farmer.

Oakdale,

INDEX.

623

I N D E«X

EXPLOEEBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.

PAGE

Abraham, Plains of 1

Accault (Ako) Miohae], compan-
ion of Hennepin . 10. If, 20, 2.<, 24, 20

Described Dy La Salle 18

Leader of Mississippi Explo-
rations 19

Acliisanaga arrested by Perrot . . 12
Tried for murder before I>u

Luth i:i

Deatli of 14

Aiouez, see loways.

Al<o, see Accault.

Albanel, Jesuit missionary at

Sault fat Marie 11

AUouez, Jesuit missionary visits

La Pointe 4

At Lake Nepigon 4

Meets the Sioux at the ex-
tremity ol Lake Superior : 4

Describes the Sioux 4

Ames, M. E., early lawyer 122

Anderson, Captain in British ser-

Tice 81

Anderson, trader under Dickson,

at Leech Lake 77

Andrews, Joseph, killed by Sis-

seton Sioux 92

Aquipaguetin, Sioux chief men-
tioned by Hennepin 21, 2T

Assineboines 2, 9, 23, 43, 46, 85

Assineboiue Kiver, called by the

French St. Charles 69

Augelle, Antheny, alias Picard
du Gay, associate of Hennepin

10, 18,23,24, 26
Ayer, Frederick, missionary to

Ojibways 107

Ayoes, see loways.

Baker, B. F., Indian trader 112

Bailly, Alexis, drives cattle to

Pembina..... 93

Member of Legislaturo 93

Balcombe, St. A.D 127

Baldwin School, now Macalester

College, incorporated 125

Opened in June, 1853 125

Balfour, Captain 62

Bass, J. W., earlv settler at Sr.

Paul ' 116

Bear dance of the Sioux de-
scribed 83

Beauharnois, Governor, favors

Verendry e 68

Beau.ieu, urged bv Langlade of

Wisconsin, defeats Braddock.. 61
Bellin,Geographer,notices Ocha-

gachs' map 87

Alludes to FortKouge on Bed

river 87

Fort ou St. rroix Kiver 112

BelUnzany, of "Paris" receives
specimens of Lake Superior

copper

Beltrami, G. C, notice of 93

Arrives at Fort Snelling 93

Accompanies Major Long.... 94
Discovers northern sources

of the Mississippi 94

Berlhot, Colin, murdered at

Keweenaw

Bishop, Harriet E., establishes

school in St. Paul 114

Black River, called Chabadeba.. 18
Blue Earth Kiver explored . . .46, 47

Supposed mines at 47

Forton 41

U'Evaque visits §

PAOE 1 TO 128.

PAGE

Boal, J. M., early settler at St.

Paul 116, 118

Bobe, exposes La Hontan's mis-
statements 36

Bottineau, .1. B., exposed in a

snowstorm 102

Boisgnllhit, early trader on Wis-
consin and MIssis.sippi 32

Boucher, Mane, mother of Ver-

endi'>e 58

Bouchei', Pierre, described Lake

Superior cnipcr mines 7

Faliier ol Sieur de Le Per-

ricie 51

Bouchei vjlle, nfflcer at Lake

Pepin 53

Goods fuinisiied to Indians.. 54

Captured by Indians 64

Boudor, trades with tlie Sioux... 48

Attacked by 1 he Foxes 49

Pongainville, mentions Indian

tribes seen b\ Vereudrye 60

Boutwell, Rev. W. T., Ojibway

missionary 106, 113

Benioveslo Stillwater Ill

NoiiCK of Slillwater 114

Braddock 's (I efe.iit •.. 61

Bradley, one of Pike's corporals 76
Bremer. Fredrirka, Swedish nov-
elist in Minnesota 122

Brisbin,J.B 127

Biisbois, Lieui . in Briti.sh service 81

Bris.sette, Edward, noi ice of 114

Brown, Joseph K., drummer boy

at Fort Snellnig 96

Trading po.st at Lake Trav-
erse 102

Keeps a gro;? shop for soldiers 103

At Grey Cloud Island 113

Member ol Wisconsin Legis-
lature 113

Makes a town site near Still-
water 113

Secretary of Council, 1849 119

Bruce, trader at Green Bay 63

Brunson, Rev. A., Methodist

Missionary Ill, 113

Brunson, n. W 11.9

Brusky,Cbarle-i, Indian trader.. 77
Bulger, Capt., surrenders Fort

McKav 81

Bulwer, Sir K. L., translation of

Sioux Death Bung 67

Cadillac,La Mul te,on route to the

Pacific 36

In Ciunmand at Detroit .... 4S

Alludes to Le Sueur 48

Alludes to Boudor's expedi-
tion 48

On the sealing of brandy to

Indians 16

Cameron, Mnrdock, sells liquor

to Indians 74

Campbell, Colin, interpreter 92

Carver's Cave mentioned . . .66, 78, 84
Carver, Capt. Jonathan, early life

of.

lu battle of Lake George 64

Ariival at Miekinaw 61

Describes the fort at Green

Bay 64

Visits Winnebago Village.... 64

Visits Fox Village 64

Describes I'rairle du Chien... 64
Describes eaith works at Lake

Pepiu 65

Describes cave at St. Paul.... 66

PAGE

Describes.Falls of St.Anthouy 60
Describes Minnesota river... 06

Describes funeral rites 67

Reports speech of Sioux chief 07
Speech versified by Schiller.. 67
Translation by Bulwer and

Herschell 67, 68

His alleged deed for Sioux

land 70

U. S. Senate rejects his clairns 70
Grandsons of, visit Minnesota ii

Caumont, Sieur de 3:!

Chagouaml kon visited by Grosel-

llers andRadisson 2

Charlevoix on La Hontan's fabri-
cations 30

On Le Sueur's mining opera-
tions 45

Chatfleld, A.G., Territorial Judge 125
Chippeway,lndians,see Ojibways
Chouart, Medard, see Groselliers

Chrlstinaux mentioned 43, 41

Clark, Lt. Nathan, at Fort Snell-

ins PO.

Letters from Gen. Gibson !4

Arrests Sioux 98

Coe, Kev.Alvan, visits Fort Snell-
ing in 1829 106

Constans, William 121

Convention to form a State Con-
stitution 128

Cooper, David, Territorial Judge. 118
Copper mines of Lake Superior,

Early Notice of 7

A. D.16; 6 described by Sagard 7
A.D.164iidescribedbyBoucher 7

Of IsleKoyal 7

OfOntanagon T

Copper sent to Bellinzany, in

Paris 7

Copper mines spokeu of by Talon,

A.D. 1669 7

Coquard, Father, accompanies

verendrye 60

Mentions Rocky Mountain

Indians 60

Eulogy of St. Pierre 61

Cratte, Oliver 102

Dakotahs or Uahkotahs, see

Sioux

D'Avagour, Governor of Canada,

opinion of the region

West of Lake Superior 1

Day, Dr. David 124

De Corbiere, Lieut, at Lake

Champlain 6i

De Gonor, Jesuit, visits Lake

Pepiu 61, 58

Returns to Canada 54

Converses with Verendrye... 58
De la Barre, Governor, notices

DuLuth 11

Sends Perrot to the Sioux 29

De la Jemeraye, see Jcmeraye..
DelaTonr, Jesuits missionary.. 13
J>e la Tourette, Greysolon.bruili-

erol Du Luth 16

De Liguery, see Lignery

De Lusignan, visits the Sioux 75

Denis, Canadian voyageur, joins

Le Sueur 4i

Denonville, Governor, attacks

Senecas 15.

Orders Duluth to build a li'mt IB

Sends for western allies 30

Commissions Du Luth 32

624

INDJEJX.

PAGE

Denton, Kev. D., missionary to

Sioux Ill

D'Esprit, Pierre, see Kadisson. ..
D'Evaque, in charge of Fort

L'HiilIller 48

Abandons the Fort 48

Devotion, M., sutler at Fort

Snelllng 81

D'JberviUe, Gov., criticises Hen-
nepin 28

fielative of Le Sueur 39

Memorial on tribes of tlie

Mississippi 46, 4G

Dieskau, Baron 61

Dickson, Col. Kobert, visits Lt.

Pike 77

Trading post at Grand Bapids 78

AtMendota 78

During war of 1812 80, 81

At Lake Traverse 89

At Fort Snelliug 93, 90

William, son of Robert 90

Du Gliesnean, intendant of Can-
ada, complains of Duluth 11

Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon, early ♦

lifeof 9

Various spellings of his name 9
Plants Kings Arms at Mille

Lacs 9

Establishes a Fort at Kaman -

istigoya 9

DecendstheSt. Croi;. i-iverii, 112
Sends beaver skins to New

England 11

Attends a conference at Que-
bec 11

Visits France 11

Returns to Mackinaw 1 1

Arrests and executes Indians

at Sault St. Marie 11

Censured by Louis XIV n

, Brings allies to Niagara, for

De la Bane 15

Establishes a Fort on Lake

Erie..... 15

In battle with the Senecas. . . 15
Returns to Lake Erie with

his cousin Tonty 16

Brother of, from Lake Nepi-

gon 16

Disapproves of selling bran-

dyto Indians =- 16

In command at Fort Fron-

tenac 16

Afflicted with the gout 17

Death of 17

At Falls of St. Anthony... 18, 26

Meets Hennepin 25

Tribute to 27

His tour from Lake Superior

to Mississippi 112

Meets Accault and Hennepin 112
Protects Frenchmen from

Illinois 112

Du Pay, a voyageur 10

Durantaye, commander at Mac-
kinaw 33

At Ticonderoga 62

At Niagara IB

Ely, E.F., missionary teacher — 110
Emerson, surgeon at Fort Snell-

ing, complains of groggeries . . . 103
Knjalran, .Tesnit missionary at

Sault St. Marie II, 13

Wounded in light wilh Sene-
cas 15

English at Hudson Bay 10

Ktienne, Claude, widow of 1

Faffart. interpreter for Du Luth. 10

Vlsitsthe Sioux "li

Descends the St. Oolx River. 1 1
At Falls of Saint Anthony... is

Meets Hennepin 25

Falls of Saint Anthony, First

white man at 2!>

Firstmillat 93, 94

Described by La Salle If)

Described by Hennepin. 24,2.'^, 26
Described by Lt.Z.M. Pike, 7S, 70
Describedby Major Long ... 8.^

Women drawn over 99

First newspaper at 123

Bridge, First across Missis-
sippi 129

PAGE

Fireworks at Fort Beauharnois. B2

Fisher, trader at Green Bav 03

Fitch, pioneer in St.Croix Valley, 112
Flat Mouth. Ojibway Chief, visits

Fort Snelling A. D. 1827 97

His party attacked by Sioux. 98

Gratifies his vengeance 99

Referred to bv Nicollet 1 02

Forsyth, Major Thomas, accom-
panies first troops to Foit

Snelling 91

Pays Indians for reservation. 91
Fnrt Beauharnois established. A,

D. 1727, at Lake Pepin 51 52

Fireworks displayed at r<x

Highwaterai 53, t>5

Commanded by St. Pierre, 56, 57

Fort Crawford ico

La Reine, on river Assine-

boine 33, 87

Le Sueur, below Hastings... 37

L'Huillier,on BlueEartli river 43

Built by Le Sueur 43

Left in charge of D'Evaque 47

Maurepas .58

McRay 81

Perrot, at Lake Pepin 29

Rouge, of Red River 87

Shelby,at Prairie du Chien,80, 81
Fort Snelling, site securd by Lt.

Pike 75

Major Long's opinion 80

Order to establi.sh the post. . . 90

Troops for,at Prairie du Chien 90
Birth of Charlotte Ouisconsin

Clark 90

Events of A. D 1819 91

Major Forsyth pays Sioux for

reservation 91

Col. Leavenworth arrives at

Mendota 9!

First officers at cantonment.. 91

Red River men arrive at... 91

Events of A. D. 1820 91

Major Taliaferro, Indian

agentat 91

Troops at Camp Cold Water . 91
Cass and Schoolcraft visits.. 92
Col. Snelling succeeds Leav-
enworth 92

Officers at, October, 1820 92

Impressive scene at 93

Events of A. D. 1821 93

Advance in building 93

Eventsol A.D. 1822,A. D.1823 9:

I'lrst steamboat at 93

Beltrami, the Italian, at. . .93, 94

Major S. H. Long arrives at. . 94

Government mill near 94

Sunday School at 94

Events of A. D. 1824 95

General Scott, suggests name

for fort....: 95

Eventsof A.D. 1825, and 1826, 90

Mail, arrival at 90

Sioux woman kills herself 96

Great snow storm, March. 1826 90

High water at, April 21, 1820. 97

Slaves belonging to offlcers, lit 97
Steamboat arrivals to close of

1826 97

Duels at 97

General Gaines censures Col-
onel of 97

Eventsof A.D. 1827 98

Flat Mouth, Ojibway chief,

visits In 1827 98

Attacked by Sioux 98

Soldiers arrest (Sioux 99

Colonel Snelling delivers u.ui-

derers for execution . ... 99
Con.strncllon of, criticised by

(ioneral Gaines loo

Rev. AlvaCoe in 1829 pleach-
es at 100

Health of troops at loi

Desertion at lOl

J. N. Nicollet arrives at. . . . 102

Marilngesat iu2, 1C8, 120

Sioux and Ojibways light near 103
Annoyed by whisky .si'llers.. 103
Presbyterian church at 108

PAGE

Steamer Palmyra at, in July,
1838, with notice of ratifloa-

tinn of Indian treaties 112

Indian council held at by

Governor Ramsey 121

Fort St. Anthony, now Snelling.. 95
St. Charles, on Lake of the

Woods 58

St. .loseph on Lake Erie, es-
tablished by Du Luth 16

St. Pierre, on Rainy Lake — 58
Foxes attempt to Pillage Fort

PeiTOt 30

Interview with Perrot 31

Mentioned.33, 37, 38, 48, 46, 54, 55
Attack French at Blue Earth

River 48

Surren d er to Louvigny 60

Visited by Guignas 52

Franklin, Sir John, relics of, pass

through St. Paul 126

Frontenac, Governor of Canada, to

Friend of Duluth 11

Let ter to by Cadillac 16

Expedition against the Onei-

(fas 16

Encourages Le Sueur 39

Forbids trading with the

Sioux 49

Frazer, trader 78

Enters the British sei-vice ... 80
Fuller, Jerome, Territorial Chief

Just 1 ce 1 23

Furber, J. W 127

Galissoijiere, Governor of Cana-
da, notice of 59

Galtier, Rev. L., builds first

chapel in St. Paul 114

Gavin, Rev. Daniel, missionary., ill
Gibson, General, letters relative

to St. Anthony mill 94

Gillam,Capt.Zacharj of Boston
accompanied by Groselliers
and Kadisson sails for Hudson's

Bay in ship Nonesuch. 5

(joodbue, James M., first Minne-
sota editor 117

Death of 124

Goodrich, Aaron, Territorial

Judge 118

Removal of 123

Gorman, Willis A. Governor.... 125

Gorrell, Lieut, at Green Bay 62

Graham, Duncan, in British ser-
vice 81

Arrives at Fort Snelling lOo

Jane, daughter of Duncan

married....' 102

Grant, trader at Sandy Lake vis-
ited bv Pike 77

Gravier, Father James, criticises

Hennepin 28

(iieelev. Elam 109

GrilBn,' La Salle's ship 10

Vo^age to Green Bay 19

Oic'w pillage and desert to

ti e Sioux 10

GiiL'Uon, Captain in British ser-
vice 78, 81

(iio.si'liiers, Sieur, early life,...i, 6

M avriage l

Son of 2, 6

Second marriage 2

Visits Mille Lacs region 2

Is told of the Mississippi... 2

Moots the Asslneboiues 2

Returns to Montreal in 1660. . 2
Sormid visit to Lake Superior 2

Visits Hudsons Bay 4

Niime given to what Is now

Pigeon River 5

Visits New England o

Talis 5

Loudon 5

I' noouraged by Prince Rupert 5
Siiils for Hudson's Bay with

a Boston sea captain 5

Referred to by Talon c

Death of G

Guignas, Father, missionary at

Furl Beauharnois 51

Describes journey to Lake

Pepin 52

Fort Beauharnois 63

INDEX.

625

Guignas, Father, page

Captured by Indians 64

Nearly burned alive 55

Eeturns to Lake Pepin 66

Gun, grandson ot Carver 82

Hainajilt, Elizabeth.... 2

Madeline 2

Hall, Kev. Sherman OJibway

missionary 107

Move.s to Sauk Rapids Ill

Hayner, H. Z., Chief .Justice of

Territory 124

HempMead accompanies Major

Long, A. D. 1817 82

Hennepin Louis, Franciscan mis-
sionary, earl v life of 19

Date of his first book 18, 19

Criticism of first book 19

Depreciates .Jesuits 18

Meets a Sioux war party 19

At the marsh below Saint

Paul 19,20 22

At Falls of St. Anthony

16.22,24, 25

Denounced by La Salle 19

Chaplain of La Salle 20

His false map 20

At I^ake Pepin 22

Makfs adictionai'y 23

Baptizes an infant 2.3

Met by Du Luth 25

Career on return to Europe. . 25
His first and second book

compared 26

Replies to obicctors .... 27

Criticised by D'lberville 28

Criticised by Father Gravier 28

His later davs 28

Opinion of Jesuit Missions... 106 '

Henniss C. J. editor 122

Herscffell, Sir John, translates

Schiller's song of Sioux Chief. . 68
Historical Society, first public

meeting 119

Hobart, Kev.C 119

Holcomb. Cant. William 110

Hole-ih-the-Day, the father, at-
tacks the Sioux .. 103

VisltsFort Snellingin 1828... 103

Attacked bv Sioux 103

Visits Fort Snelling in 1839. . . 103

Pursued by the Sioux 103

Hole-in -the-Day. Jnnior. attacks

Sioux near St Paul 121

On first steamboat above

Falls cf St. Anthony 121

Howe, early settler at Marine. . . 113
Hudsoii's Bay visited by Grosell-

iera 4, 5

ByKadisson 6

By Capt. Zachary Gillam 5

Huggins, Alexander, mission far-
mer 107

HuronS driven to Minnesota 2

Dw^fell with loways 2

Live on Isle of the Mississippi 2
Kemove to sources of Black

KiVer 2

Unite with Oitawas at I.,a

Pointe 4

At War with the Sioux 4

Disastrous defeat 4

Ketreat to Mackinaw 4

Indiana Territory, organized... 73
Indians of Mississippi Valley,
earliest communication about. 46
Upper Missouri, seen by Ver-

epdrye 60

Minnesota 104

Iowav,s, visited bv Hurons 2

Visit Perrot at Lake Pepin. . 29

Mentioned 39, 42. 43, 44, 45

Iroquois, Virgin, her interces-
sion sought bv Du Luth 17

Isle, Pelee, of the Mississippi be-
low St. Croix Kiver 37

Lsle Koyal , copper in 1667, noticed 7

Itasca, origin of word 107

Jackson, Henry, early settler in

St. Paul ■ 114, 115

Jeineraje, Sieur de la, with the

Sioux 56

Nephew of Verendrve fi8

Explores to Bainy Lake . . .58, 59
Freparesamap 58

PAGE

Death of S9

Jesuit, Father AUouez 4

Chardon 52

De Conor 51

De la Chasse 5i

Guignas 5],r4,55, 66

Guymoneau : . 51

Marquette 5

Menard 2, 3

Messayei' 58

Jesuit missions unsuccessful. ... 106
Jesuit missionaries promised the

Sioux 51

.Johnson, Parsons K 119

Jonquiere, Governor of Canada. 60

Fort established 60

Juchereau at the mouth of the

Wisconsin 48

Conciliates the Foxes 49

Judd, early settler at Marine.. 113
Kalm, Professor, notices Veren-
drve 59

Ka;pasia Chief requests a mis-
sionary 114

Ifeel boats from Fort Snelling

attacked 99, iro

Kennerman, Pike's sergeant 76

Kertk, see Kirk

Kickapoos, at Fort Perrot 30

Mention of 40,46.54, 55

Capture French from Lake

Pepin 54

King, grandson of Carver 82

Kirk. Sir David Kirk, brother-in-
law of Eadisson 1

Lac Vienx Desert 3

I^a Hontan. his early life 35

Book of travels 35

Arrives at Fort St. Joseph, on

Lake Erie 35

- Ascent of the Fox Elver 35

Descends the Wisconsin Biver 3S
Alleged voyage of the Long

Kiver .■ 36

Pronounced a fabrication, in

1716. byBobe 86

CHticised b / Charlevoix 36

Noticed by Nicollet 36

l.,aidlow travelsfrom Selkirk set-
tlement to Prairie du Chien 91

Brings wheat by boat to Pem-
bina 91

At Fort Snelling 33

Lac qui Parle mission 109

Lake Calhoun, Indian farm es-
tablished 106

Lake Harriet, mission described 109
Lake Pepin, called Lake of Tears

Described in A. D. 1700....... 41

Fort Perrot at 29

Fort Beauharnois at 53

Lake of the Ottawas 3

Lake Pokeguma Mission loo

Battleat 109

La Monde, a voyageur 10

J-andsing, trader, killed 63

Lambert. David, early settler in

St. Paul 118

Lambert. Henry A., early settler

in St. Paul 119

Langlade, of Green Bay, urges

attack of Brartdock 61

Near Lake George 62

La Perrieie, Sieur de, proceeds to

Sioux country 31

Son of Pierre Boucher 61

Arrives at Lake Pepin 52

Builds Fort Beauharnois.. .. 52
His brother. Moutbrun, cap-

tBred by Indians 53

La Place,a French deserter killed

bv the Sioux 42

La Porte, see Louvigny.
La Potherie describes Fort Per-
rot, at Lake Pepin 29

Larpenteur, A., early settler at

St. Paul 116

La Salle licensed to trade in buf-
falo robes 10

Bnilds ship Griffin 10

His crew desert 10

Criticises Du Luth.... 10, 18
His Pilot attempts to join Du-

Lulh 10

PAGE
First. to describe Upper Mis-
sissippi 18

Describes Falls of Saint An-
thony 19

Poor opinion of Hennepin. . . 19
La Taupine, see Moreau.
Laurence, Phineas, pioneer in St.

Croix Valley lis

Leach, Calvin, a founder of Still-
water 113

Lead mines on iVlississippi 33

Described by Penicaut 34

Leavenworth. Colonel, establish-
es Fort Snelling 90

A nival at M endota 91

Changes his cantonment.... 91

Believed by Snelling 92

Le Due, Philip, robbed near nor-
thern b»undary of Minnesota.. 61
Legardeur, Augustine, associate

of Perrot 32

See St. Pierre.
Legislature, First Territorial,

meets Jan., 1849, officers of 119

Second Territorial, meets

Jan.. 1850, officers of 122

Third Territorial, meets Jan.,

1852, officers of 124

Fourth Territorial,meets Jan.

1863, officers of 124

Fifth Territorial, meets Jan.,

1854 officers of 126

Sixth Territorial, meets Jan.,

1855, officers of 126

Seven' h Territorial, meets

Jan., 18,'i6, officers of 127

Eighth Territorial, meets

Jan.. 1867, officers of 127

Special Territorial, 1857 127

First State 128

Leslie, Lt., command at Macki-
naw 62

L'Huillier, Fort, why named — 43
Le Maire, Jacques, killed by In-
dians 11

Le Sneur, a.ssociated wilh Perrot 32

builds a Fort below Hastings 32

A relative of D'lberville ..37, 39
At Lake Pepin In 1683 and

1fiS9 37, 40

At La Pointe of Lake Super-
ior. 1692 37

Builds a Post below Hastings 3T
Brings first Sioux chief to

Montreal 37, 83

Visits France 38

Encouraged by Frontenac. .. 39

Arrives in Gnlf of Mexico... b9

A.scendslhe Mississipid 39

Passes Perrot's lead mines... 40

Meets destitute Canadians... 40

At the River St. Croix 42

Builds Fort L'Huillier 43

Holds a council with the

Sioux 44

Returns to Gulf of Mexico 45, 74
Sails wilh D'lberville to

France 45, 74

Libbev. Washinglon, pioneer at

St. Croix Falls 113

Lignerv, commands at Mackinaw 50

At Fort Duquesue 61

Linctot, commander at Macki-
naw .• 61

Pursues thH Foxes 53

Little Crow, Sioux chief goes in

1824 to Wa.shington 95

Long, Major Stephen H., tour to

Falls of St. Anthony, A. D 1817 82

At Wapa.shaw village 82

Describes Sioux bear dance.. 83

Burialplace 83

Kaposia village 1-6

Carver's cave 84

Fountain cave 84

St. Anthony Falls 85

Opinion of the site of Fort •

Snelling 86

Arrives at Fort Snelling, A.

D. 1823 94

Loomis, Capt. Gustavus A., U.

S. A 108

Eliza marries Lieut. Ogden. . IDs

626

INDEX.

PAGE
Lonmis, D. B., early settler of

St. Croix Valley 122

Loras, Bishop of Dubuque 109

- LouisUina, transfer of 73

Louvifjny. Sieur cie, escorted to

Maekinawby Perrot 33, 50

HiaTecpption as commander 33

K"ealle(J 60

Expedition against tlie Foxes 60
Lowry, Sylvanus. early settler. . 127

Macalester College 125

Macl<inaw re-occupied 50

Surrendered by Americans.. 80

Presbvterian missinn at 106

Kev. T)r. Moise visits 106

Kobert Stuart resides at,.. .106
Kev. W. M, Ferry, missionary

at 106

Maba>! mentioned, 44, 45,46, 56

Ma ndans mentioned 46

Maginnis makes a claim at St.

Croix Falls 112

Map bv Franquelin indicates Du

Luth's explorations 9

The Indian Ochagach 8T

lie la Jemeraye ,.. 87

Vevendrve 87

Marest. James Joseph, Jesuit
missionary, signs the papers
tailing possession of the Upper

Mississippi 32

Letter t" Le Sueur 39

Commends Louvigny 60

Opinion of the Sioux 61

Marin, Launarque de, French

officer 60

In command at Green Bav... 61
Lt. Marin attacks English... 62

Marine, earlv "etrlers at 1!2

Marriages at Fort Snelling

102, 108, 110
Marshall, Hon. W. B., mentioned,

116, 126
Marquette. Jesuit mission ar. at

La Pointe 4

Martin. Abraham, pilot 1

Ma.''kouteT>s mentioned 37

At Fort Perrot 30

Massacre Island. Lake of the

Woods, origin of tlie name 69

Mc«illis. Hugh. N. W-Co. Agent,

Leech Lake... 78

McGregor, English trader, ar-
rested 15

McKay, trader from Albany 63

Lt." Col. William, attacks

Prairie du Chien 81

McKean, Ellas, a founder of Still-
water 113

McKenzie, old trader 87

McKusick, J. a founder of Still-
water 113

McLean. Nathaniel, editor 119

McLeod, Martin.exposed to snow

storm. 102

Speaker of council m 1853.... 124
Menard Kene, Jesuit missionary

letter of v vv ^

Among the Ottawas of Lake

Superior 3

Attempted visit to Hurons, m

Wisconsin 3

Lost in the marshes or killed 3
Said to have been on the Mis-
sissippi before Joliet and

Marquette 3

Medary, Governor. Samuel 127

Meeker, B. B., Territorial Judge,

Messaver, Father, accompanies

the Verendrve expedition 68

Miami Indians visited by Perrot. 30
Ask for a trading post on Mis-
sissippi 33

Mention of 38,'16, 44

Mill, first in Minnesota . . . . . 93, 98
Mille Lacs Sioux visited by Du

Luth 9

Hennepin ■■ • 22

Minnesota, meaning of the word 116

Kiver, first steamboat in 122

Historical Society, 119

Territory, proposed bounda-
ries 115

PAGE

Remonstrance against 115

Various names proposed 116

Convention at Stillwater 116

When organized 117

Fir-st election 118

First Legislature 118

First counties organized 119

Seal of 120

Becognized as a State 128

Mitchell, Alexander M., U. S.

Marshal 118

Candidate for Congress 125

Missions. .lesuit 5, 16, 106

Mission Stations, Mackinaw 106

LaPointe 107

Leech Lake 107

Yellow Lake 107

Lake Harriet 108

Lac-qui parle 109,111

Pokeguma 109

Kaposia lU

Traverse de Sioux Ill

Sliakpay Ill

Oak Grove Ill

Red Wing Ill

Missionaries, Rev. Alvan Coe,

visits Fort Snelling 107

Frederick Ayer 107

W. T. Boutwell 107

E. F. Elv, (teacher) 109

Mr. Denton Ill

Sherman Hall 107

Daniel Gavin Ill

John F. Alton Ill

Robert Hopkins Ill

Gideon H. Pon^ 107

Samup W Pond lOT

J.W.Hancock Ill

.L D. Stevens 107

S. R. Biggs Ill

T. S. Williamson M. D 107

M.N.Adams Ill

Montbnin, in returning from
Lake Pepin, captured 53

Montcalm, Marquis, dispatch to
Vaudreuil 62

Montgomery, General, death of. 1

Moreau. Pierre, with Du Luth at

Lake Superior 9

Arrested 10

Morri.«on, William, old trader T'. 87

T/Ln^s, Henry L., U. S. District
Attorney 118

Nadowaysioux. see Sioux

Negro woman found dead near
-Kaposia 113

Nepigon, Lake. Verendrye at.... 87

Neill, Eev. Edward D.', offers

firayer at opening of first legis-
ature 119

Delivers opening address of

Historical Society 119

Newspaper first in St. Paul, the

Pioneer 117, 118

Minnesota Register 118

Minnesota Chronicle 118

Chronicle and Beglster lis

Carriers Address 119

Dahkotah Friend 122

Minnesota Democrat 122

St. Anthony Express 123

Nicolet. .lean, first white trader

in Wi.scnnsin 1

Nicollet, J. N., astronomer and

geologist 102

Lettcrfrom St.Anthony Falls 102
Niverville, Boucher de, at Lake

Winnipeg 60

Norris, J. S 126

North, J. W 122, 128

Northwesi company trading

posts 73

Description of buildings 73

Territory divided 73

None, Roberta! de la, re-occu-
ples Du Luth's Post atthe head

ot Lake Superior 60

Ochagachs, draws a map for Ve-

rendrye 68

Mentioned by the geographer

Bellin

Ojibwars or Chippeways. . .30, 31, 37
Captive girls 31, 32

PAGE

Chief of, with Le Sueur at

Montreal 37

In council with Sioux 94

Killed near Fort Snelling, A.

D., 1826 97

Visit Fort, A. D., 1827

Treachery of 103

Conflict with Sioux near Fort

Snelling 103

Early residence of 105

Sioux name for 106

Principal villages of 106

Of Lake Pokeguma attacked 110
Attack at Kaposia Sioux. — 111

Treaty of 1837 112

Attack Sioux near St. Paul... 121
Passengers on first steam-
boat above Falls of Saint

Anthony 121

Attack Sioux in St. Paul streets 125
Kill a Sioux giri in a farm

house 127

Oliver, Lieut. U. S. A., detained

by ice at Hastings 91

Olmstead.S.B 126

Olmsled, David, President of

first council 119

Candidate for Congress 122

Eilitor of Democrat 126

One Eyed Sioux, alias Bourgne
Orignal Leve, Rising Moose. 85
Loyal to America during war

Oi 1812 81

Arrested by Dickson 81

Ottawas, their migrations 2

At Mackinaw 32

Ottoes, mentioned 42,43, 44

Ouasicoude. (Wah-zee-ko-tayl
Sionx chief mentioned hy Hen-
nepin 23, 27

By Long 82

Owens, John P., editor 123

Pacific Ocean, route to

36.60,58,60, 69

Pan'ant nicknamed Pig's Eye 113

Parsons, Bev. J. P 119

Patron, uncle of Du Luth 11

Penicaut describes Fort Perrot.. 29
Fort Le Sneur on Isle Pelee. . 37

Mississippi Kiver 42

Residence at Blue Earth Kiv-
er 47

Describes Fort L'Huillier 47

Pennensha, French trader among

the Sioux 53

Pere. see Perrot.

Perkins, Lt., U. S. A., in charge

of Fort Shelby ' 80

Perriere. see La Perriere.
Perrot, Nicholas, arrests Achiga-

naga at Lake Superior 12

Visits Keweenaw 14

IJarly days of , 20

Interpreter. A. D. 1671, at

Sault St. Marie 29

Account of Father Menard's
ascent ot the Mississippi

and Black River 2

Suspected ot poisoning La

Salle 29

Associated wil h Du Luth 29

First visit to Lake Pepin. ... 29

Visited by loways 29

Trades with the Sioux 29

Brings allies to Niagara .30

Strategy at Lake Pepin 3o

Presents a silver ostensorium 30
Terrifies the Sioux by burning
a cup of brandy and water. 30

In the Seneca expedition :<l

His return to Lake Pepin 31

Journeys to the Sioux 31

Takes possession of the coun-
try 32

Rescues Ojibway girls 32

Boldness at Mackinaw 32

Conducts a convoy from Mon-
treal 34, 38

Establishes a post on Kala-
mazoo river 34

Recalled 34

Threatened with death by

Indians '. 38

Interpreter at Montreal 88

INDEX.

627

PAGE

Name Of wife 34

Time of death 34

Peters, Kev.Samuel, interested in

the Carver claim 70,61, 96

Petnns, s^e Hurons.

Phillips, W. D., early lawyer at

St. Paul 116, 119

Pioard, see Augelle.

Pig's Eye, marsh helow St. Paul, 113

Origin of name 114

Pil<e,'Lt. Z. M., U. S. army at

Praii ie du Ohien 74

Council with Sioux at mouth

of Minnesota 74

Address to Indians 74

Treaty for sites for military

posts 75

Description of Falls of St. An-
thony 75, 76

Lo^t flag brought back 76

Block house at Swan Elver... 77

Visited by Dickson 77

At Cass or Eed Cedar Lake .-. 77

At Sandy Lake 77

At Leech Lake 78

Orders the Bi-itish flag to be

hauled down 78

At DicUsons trading post 78

Confers with Sioux at Minne-
sota river 78

Passes Kaposia village 78

Confers with Little Crow 78

Pinchon, see Penensha.
Pinchon, Fils de, Sioux chief,

confers with Pike 78

Pond, Kev. O. H., assists in bury-
ing slaughtered Sioux 103

1 ditor of Dahkotah Friend.. 122
Interpreter at treaty of I8.il . 124
Pond, Kev. S,imuel W., notifies
the agent of a Sioux war party 103
Erects the first house of saw-
ed lumber in the Minnesota

Vallev 107

Prepares a Sioux spelling

book 108

Grammar Ill

Porlier, trader near Sauk Kapids

76, 78

Poupon, Isadore, killed by Sisse-

ton Sioux 92

Prairie du Chien described by

0.,rver 64

During war of 1812-1815 80

Flirt slielby at 80

McKay at 81

Biitish officers at 81

Prescott, Philander, early lile. 91
Provencalle, loyal to America in

war of 1812 81

Quinn, Peter 103

Saolos, Madeline, wife of Nicho-
las Perrot 34

Badisson, Marguerite 2

Badisson, Sieur,- early life and

marriage 2

Second marriage 2

Brother-in-lawof Groselliers 2

Visits the Sioux 2

Sails with Capt. Gillam to

Hudson's Bay 6

Eae, Dr., Arctic explorer at St.

Paul i-il24

Ramsey, Hon. Alexander, first

Governor 117

Guest of H H. Sibley at Men-

dota 118

Becomes a resident of St.

Paul ^•■■118

Holds Indian council at Fort

Snelling 121

First message

Kandin, visits extremity of Lake

Superior 110

Bavoux, Kev. A., Sioux mission-

109

ary.

Eeaume, Sieur, interpreter 52

Ked Eiver of the North, men-
tioned 87

Why called 87

FoitEougeon 87

Scotch settlers at 87

Kival trading companies 87

Swiss immigrants to 89

PAGE

Renville, Joseph, mention of 76. 109

Renville, .fohn 109

Republican convention at St.

Anthony 126

Rice, Hon. Henry M„ steps to or-
ganize Minnesota 'Territory 115, 116

Moves to St. Paul 118

KlectedtoOongre.ss 125, 126

D. S, Senator 128

Eichards, F. S., trader at Lake

Pepin 117

Biggs, Rev. S. E., Sioux mission -

ary,letierof Ill

Interpreter at treaty of 1851 . . 123
Eohbinette, pioneer in St. Croix

Valley 112

Robertson, Daniel A., editor 124, 125
Rocky Mountains discovered by

Verendrye 60

Rooque or Koque, A., at Wapa-

shaw...; 117

Rogers, Captain, at Ticonderaga. 62
In charge at Mackinaw.. .62, 66
Skirmish with Durantaye . . . . 62
Alluded to by Sir W. Johnson 69
Rolette, Jo.<epU Br., in the Brit-
ish service 81

Rolette, Joseph Jr Vil

Koseboom, English trader, ar-
rested near Mackinaw 15

Roseboom, trader at Green Bay. 63
Rosser, J. T., Secretary of Terri-

torv 125

Rouville, Hertel de, French offi-
cer 51

Russell, Jeremiah, pioneer in St.

Croix Valley 109, 112

Marriage of 113

Sagard, in 1636 notices Lake Su-
perior copper 7

Saint Authimv Express, first pa-
per beyond St. Paul 123

Saint Anihiiny Falls, Suspension

bridge over '■ 126

Described by early explorers

19,24,25,76,76, 85

Government mill at s>3, 94

Saint Croix county organized — 114

Court in 114

Saint Croix River, origin of

name 42 112

Du Luth first explorer of 112

Fort on, spoken of byBelliu. 112
Pitt and party cut lumber ... 112

Pioneers in valley of 112

Early preachers In valley of. 113

First woman 113

Saint Paul, origin of name 114

Early settlers of . • 114

First School house in 114

Appearance in 1849 117

High water in 1850 121

Newspapers 117, 118, 119, 122

First execution for murder.. 124

Indian fight in si reels of 125

Relics arrive from Franklin's

expedition 126

Effort to remove seat of Gov-
ernment therefrom 127

Saint Pierre, Captain, at Lake

Superior , 50

AtLake Pepin 55, 65

Commander at Mackinaw... SI

Noticed by Carver 57

At Ifort La Keine 60

Arrests murderers 61

In N. W. Pennsylvania ...60, 61

Visited by Washington 60

Killed in battle 60

Tribute to 61

Saskatchewan, first visited by

French 69

Fort at 60

Schiller, versifies a Sioux chiefs

speech 67

Scott, Dred, slave at Fort Snell-
ing 97

Scott, General "Winfleld, suggests

the name of Fort Snelling

Selkirk, Earl , Thomas Douglas . . 87

Secures Ossiniboia 87

Forms an agricultural colony 87
ArrivesinNew York city.... 85
Reaches Sault St . Marie 88

PAGE

Discovers John Tanr er 88

Concludes a treaty with In-
dians 89

Passes through Minnesota ... 89
Semple. Governor of Selkirk set-
tlement, killed 88

Murderer of 88

Senecas defeated by the "French 15
Shea, J. G., on failure to estab-
lish Sioux mi.ssion 106

Sherburne, Moses, Judge 125

Shields, Gen. James, elected U.

S. Senator 128

Shingowabbay, Ojibway chief

with Le Sueur at Montreal 37

Sibley, Hon. H. H., at Stillwater

convention 115

Delegate to Congress from

Wisconsin Territory 116

Impression made at Wash-
ington Hi

Elected delegate to Congress 122
Silver ostensorium, presented by

Perrot, still pri-sei ved 30

Sioux, origin of the word 1

Defeat the Hurons 4

Described by Father Allouez 4
Attack Indians at La Pointe 4

Peculiar language of 4

Described in A. D. 1671 4

Attacked at Sault St. Marie.. 5
Villages visited by Du Luth.. 9

Described by Cadillac 16

Meet Accaiilt and Henne-
pin 19, 20

Words mentioned by Henne-
pin 21,22, 27

OfMlileLacs 22

Offering at Falls of St. An-
thony 26

Visited by Grosellier and

Badisson

Nicholas Perrot 29

Described by Perrot 31

Maiitantans 32

Meaning of the word 11,4

Different b.tnds of 104

Med-day-wah- kawn-twawn

villages 104, lo5

Warpaykutay division of 105

Waipaytwawns 105

See.'ieetwawns 105

Dictionary commenced ill

Friglitened by burning bran-
dy 30

Mantantaws 32, 44

Sissetons 32

Medaywahkauntwauns....32, 43

Oujalespoitons 43, 44

Assineboines, cause of sepa-
ration 43

War party arrested by Perrot 33

The first to visit Montreal 37

Cliiefs speech to Frontenac. . 38
Chiefs death at Monti-eal.... 38
War party against the Illi

nois 39, 40

Eastern and Western des-
cribed 48

Chiet visits Fort L'Huillier . . 43

In council with Le Sueur 44

Bands of, A. D. 1700 45

Attack Miamis 48

Visited by Jesuits 51

A foil to the Foxes 65

Attack convoy of Verendrye,

Deputation visit Quebec 57

Deputation visit English at

Green Bay 63

Bands described by Carver. . 66
Chiefs speech described by

Carver 67

Chiefs speech versified by

Schiller 67

Language, Carver's views on, 69
Chief, Orignal Leve, Pike's

friend 75; 81

Formerly dwelt at Leech

Lake 78

Bear Dance described by

Long 81

Sisseton murderer brought to

Fort Snelliiig 92

In council with Ojibways 04

628

INDEX.

PAGE

Sioux Delegation in A. D. 1824,

go to Washington 96

Kill Oiibways, A. D., 1826,

near 'Fort Snelling 98

Kill in 1827 98

Delivered by Col. Snelling. . 99

Execnted by Ojibways 99

Killed by Ojibways, April

1838 103

War with Ojibways in 1839 .103
Attack Lake Pokeguma band

inl841 110

Are attacked in 1842 ill

War party of Sioux at Apple

Kiver, 1850 121

Kill a teamster 123

Treaties of 1851 123

Attacked In St. Paul by Ojib-
ways 125

Siinp9on, early settler in St. Paul 114
Slav.es, African, in Minnesota... 97
Smith, C. K., first Secretary of

Territory 118, 119

Snelling, Col. Josiahf arrives at

Fort Snelling 92'

Censured by General Gaines. 97
Delivers Sioux assassins to

Ojibways 99

Hastens with Keel boats to

Fort Crawford 100

Death of 101

Tribute to 101

W. Joseph, son of Colonel

careerof 97

Author and poet 97

Pasquinade on N. P. Willis . . 98

Death of ; 98

Steamboat arrivals at Fort Snell-
ing to close of 1826 97

Virginia first at Fort Snelling 93
First to Falls of St. Anthony 121

Above 121

In Minnesota Biver 122

Steele, Franklin, pioneer in St.

Croix Valley 112,113

At Stillwater convention 1848 115
Foreman of Grand Jury ... 119

Stevens, Eev. J. D 106, 108

Stillwater, battle between Sioux

and Ojibways 103

Founders of 113

Notice of by Boutwell 114

Convention at inl848 115

Scalp dance in 121

Land slide in 1852 124

RfrattOD, pioneer in St. Croix
Vallev 112, 113

PAGE

Stoddard, Capt. U.S. A

Stuart, Robert, at Mackinaw, in-

ilnence of 106

Swiss emigrants, at Red Kiver. . . 89
Swartz, Andrew, teamster, killed

bySionx 123

Taliaferro, Maj. Lawrence, agent

for the Sioux, notice of 91

Letter to Col. Leavenworth . . 92
Takes Indians to Washing-
ton, A. D., 1824 95

Talon, intendant of Canada, re-
fers to Groselliers 6

Kfefers to Lake Superior cop-
per 7

Tanner, John, stolen from liis

parents 88

Became an Indian chief . . 88
Discovered by Earl of Sel-
kirk 88

Suspected of Murder 88

James, son of John 88

Ti'oublesome and deceitful . . 88

Tannery for Buffalo skins 46, 48

Taylor, Jesse B.. pioneer in St.

Croix Valley 112

.loshuaL 118

N. C. D., Speaker Hou'e of

Representatives 1851 126

Teeoskahtay, Sioux chief first in

Montreal 37

Speech to Governor Fion-

tenac 38

His death in Montreal 39, 44

Tegahkouita, Catherine, the

Iroquois virgin 17

Terry, Elijah, murdered by Sioux

atPembina 124

Thomnsou, David, geographer,

N. W.Co 78

Tonty, Henry, with Du Luth at

Niagara 15

Cousin of Du Luth 16

Traders forbidden to enter the

Sioux country 48

Treaties of 1837 with Sioux and

Ojibways 112

Tuttle, C. A., at Falls of St. Croix 112
University of Minnesota created 122

Van Cleve, Gen. H. P 90

Charlotte Ouiseonsin, wife of

Gen 90

Paper by 95

Varennes, Pierre Gu'altier, see

Vei'endrye

Vercheres, in command al Gieeu
Bay 61

PAGE

Verendrye, Sieur, early life of. . . 58

At Lake Nepigon 58

Obtains an Indian Map 58

Expedition west of Lake Su-
perior 58

A son killed by Sioux 59

Anephewdies 59

Sons of, reach Rocky Moun-
tains 59

Return to Lake of the Woods 95

Superseded 59

Restored 59

Death 69

Chevalier, notice of 59

Sieur Jr., accompanies St.

Pierre 59, 61

Wahkautape, Sioux chief visits

LeSueur -....43, 44

Wahmatah, Sioux chief 95

Wait, L.B 119

Wakefield, John A 116

Wales, W. W 127

Washington visits St. Pierre 60

Welch, W. H., Chief Justice of

Territory 125

Wells. James, trader married... 102

At Lake Pepin 117

Killed bv Sioux 102

Wilkin Alexander, Secretary or

Territory 124

Candidate for Congress 125

Williamson, Rev. T. S., M. D., ,

early life 107

Arrival among the Sioux. ... 107
Organizes church at Fort

Snelling 108

Missionary at Lac qui Parle.

Kaposia 114

Procures school teacher for

St. Paul 114

Willis, N. P., lampoons Joseph

Snelling 97

Winnebagoes, mentioned 40. 52

Attack Keel boats 99, 100

First notice of lo5

Successive removals 105

Wisconsin River, ca'led Mes-

chetz Odeba by La Salle 18

Described by Le Sueur 40

Guignas 52

Wolfe, General, death of 1

Wood, trader among Sioux 78

Yeiser, Capt. at Fort Shelby 8T

Yuhazee, executed at St. Paul. . . 121

INDEX.

629

INDEX

OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA.

[PAGE

Acton, murders 137

Admission of tlie state 129

Antietam, battle 1 52

Arctic cyclone 1S8

Arras Seized 116

Banks, state 130

Battles—

Antietam 152

Big Black Eiver 153

Blrcli Coolie 139, 149

Bristow's station 154

Champion Hills 153

Chickamauga 154

Oorlnth 152

FalrOaks 136

Fitzhugh's woods 154

Gettysburg 153

Glendale 135

Malvern hills 135

- Mill Springs 134

Mission Bidge 154

Mobile 156

Murf reesboro 135

Nelson's farm 135

Peach Orchard 135

Pittsburg Landing 134

Bed Wood Ferry 140

Savage's station 135

Spanish Fort 1S6

Tupelo 155

Vicksbiu'g 153

White Oak Swamp 135

Wood Lake. 151

Bonds-
Issued. ...: 129

Defaulted 130

Foreclosed 131

Proposed adjustment ,.. 157

BreadstutEs exported 131

Camp release 151

Capitol removal 157

Cavalry companips 134

Chippewa war threatened 146

Christian commissirfn 133

Corinth, battle 152

Currency, inflated 165

Currency depreciated 131

Drouth 154

Edward's Ferry 135

Elections. 131, 134, 156, 157, 158,159, 160
Enlistments. 132

PAGE 129 TO 160.

PAGE

Fair Oaks, battle 133

Fires, prairie 158

Forest City, stockade 147

Fort Abercrombie, .seise 148

Fort Eidgley, attacked 142

Frazier River, gold discoveries.. 130

Glenddle, battle 135

"Good Times" 156

Grasshoppers 159

"Hard Times" 130

Hutchin.smi, stockade 147

Believed 148

Impeachment, state treasurer. . . 168

Indian correspondence 160

Indians executed 152

Indian war closed 151

Inflation 157

Insane Hospital burned 160

Jay Cooke, failure 158

Lee, .surrender 166

Legal Tender Notes 135

Legislature-
July, 1858 129

Session, 1861 131

1862 134

Extra session 151

Session, 1870 157

1871 158

1874, '75, '77 159

Session, 1878 160

Light Artillery, first 134

Second 134

Lincoln A.ssassinated 156

Little Crow killed. . . • 153

Lower Agency outbreak 138

Malvern Hills 135

Military commission 151

Military force called out 130

Mill Springs, battle 134

Minnesota admitted 129

Missouri River expedition 153

Mounted Bangers 149

Murder at Garden City 156

Murders at Acton 137

Murfreesboro, baitle 135

Navigation of Red River 1-30

Nelson's farm, battle 135

New Ulm.seige 141, 143

Evacuated 144

Northfleld Raid 159

Northwest settlement 135

PAGE

Paynesville, stockade 148

Peach Orchard, battle 135

Pittsburg Lanuing. battle 134

Prisoners releaseil 150, 151

Railroads-
Commenced 129

Rolling stock 133

New organization 135

First completed 135

Building 157

Red River Hostilities 148

Red River navigation 130

Redwood Ferry, battle 140

Relief measures 133, 150

Regiment —

First 132

Second 13

Third l 3

Fourth 134

Fifth 134

Sixth 134, 136

Seventh 146

Eighth 145

Ninth 145

Tenth 145

Eleventh 155

Regiments return 156

Renville Rangers 141

Sanitai'v commission 133

Savage's station, battle 135

■ Scandinavian immigration 135

Seven days fight 136

Sharp shooters, first 133

"Shiliplasters" 136

Sibley's expedition. 145

Sioux Massacre 1.37

Sioux removed from state 153

Sioux pursued 154

Stockades, bnilt. 147, 148

Troops called for, 132, 133, 136, 154, 1.56

War prospective .' 130

War news 1.32

War meeting 1.36

Week of blood 145

"Wild Cat," banking scheme.. . 1.30
Wiiinebagoes removed from state 153

Wright county war 130

Wood Lake, battle 151

Yorktown, seige 135

630

INDEX.

NAMES.

PAGE

Abbott.F.W 276

Abbreviations 338

Adams, Alexander 5B6

Adams, Farijer 261

Afton.Town of 399

Ahl, Dr. John N 566 •

Albenberg l.ouis B50, 556

Albreeht,TFredeiicli 431

Aldrich, Leonard 356

Aldrich, Robert 443

AUiricli, Dr. Phillip, 220, 221, 226,

295, 296

Allen, Martin T 431

AlUbone, John 364

Aim, Ole 466, 467

Ames, Oliver 383

Ames William 355

Amusements oj settlers 214

Anderson. A. J 314

Anderson, J. S 556

Anderson, Joh'ii 567

Anderson, 0!af 479

Anderson, Ole 476

Anderson W. R 220,221

Andrews, A. D 268

Andrews, Amniah . . . 220, 222, 224, 227

Andrews, CD 268

Apmann, John D 492

Appleton, Charles A 557

Ap Roberts, G. 1 266,271

Areola Mlll« 476

Argrellus, Rev. C. P 478

Armstrong, E. H. & Co 280

Arny, Ferdinand H 373

Amy, John 373

Arthur, James 431

Ary, W. R.W 417,418

Atkinson, Mrs. Almira 432

AtRluson .John 365. 431

Atwrater, William 367, 359

Avery, William L 392

Ayers, Clias 281,284

Ayers, Ebenezer 387. 392

Ayers, Krederlck 197, 219

Babcock, B. F 406

Bach, Martin 393

Bachmair, William J 393

BaWs.Johu 393

Bahnemann, M. F 405

Bailey, Capt. A. S 346

Bailey, Jonathan 251,252

Bailey, Rev. M 266

Bailey, W. B 419

Baker, B.F 304

Baker, Col. James H 350

Baker, J. H 296,298

Baldwin, D. A 23i), 417, 240

Barker, Bennett 432

Barker, ■William 269, 271

Barrett, Edward M 567

Barril, Frank X 373

Barron, Richard 5S7

Bartlett, Junius A 28B

BatPhelder, Joslah 430, 432

Baytnwn. town of 424

Becker, Joseph 657

Beebe, Samuel h 249

Beer.Jullus 247

Befort, Peter 393

Behrens, Henry 369

Belden. Henry... 373

Benjamin. S. C 284

Benner, Hiram F 432

Bennett, Clifton A 658

Bennett, George W 454, 479

Bennett. J. D 359

Page

Bergeron, Louis N 568

Bergquisi. CM 480

Berkey, Hiram 193, 470

Berry, David 405

biographical—

Afton 405

Baytown 431

Cottage Grove H73

Denmark 359

Forest Lake 466

Hudson 238

Lakeland 419

Marine 479

Newport 383

Oakdale 448

Oneka 462

Osceola 284

Prescott 261

River Falls 271

Si. Croix Falls 293

Stillwater City 556

Stillwatfr Town 492

Taylor's Falls 309

Woodbury 392

Blssell, E ijah 399

Black, Mahlon 194, 320, 328

Black, Malcom 1360

Blakeslee, Rev. N. T 266

Blankenhahn, Rev Henry 419

Bloomer, Sebastian 492

Boardman, Francis H 249

Boardman, village of 236

Bodfish, Colonel 196, 294

Boeckeler, A 514

Boelter. William 448

Bolles, Erastus 405

Bolles,G. W 405

Bolles, Lemuel 400, 404

Bonin. Joseph 223, 432

Bousell, Benjamin 413

Boo,Carlos 5,58

Boock.H. F 473,475

Booren, August 558

BoreneA. J. 393

Borrowman George 551, 658

Berth, August F 374

Boston Lumber Company 294

Bouchea, Joseph 381

Bouchea, Peter 221,226,227

Boughton, Charles 0 261

Boughtoii, Clark 560

Bourn, Dr. R. H 271

Boutwell,C.L 480

Boutwell, Rev. W. T. 179. 187, 218, 295
330,358,471,489,560

Bowditoh,Rev. O.G 382

Bowron. Joseph.-. 223, 276, 294

Box«ll,J. W 418,405

Boyle, Dennis BSO

Brace, William 326

Brackett's B.Lttalion Cavalry... 361

Braokett, Major A. B 351

Bi'adley,C. J 298

Bradley, Theodore M 284

Bransar, George 433

Breck, Rev. J. L 268, 332, 868

Brendenmuhl, Albert 360

Brendenmuhl, Frank 360

Brewster, John H 329

Briggs.F. V 462

British Traders 162

Brockman . N 396

BromI ey, Capt. C. A 346, 560

Bronson & Folsom 552

Bronson, Rev. Alfred 381

Bronson, D 517.652

Page

Brown, Joseph R. 192, 196, 219, 222, 225

318, 330, 381, 471, 480, 497, 561

Brown's Wai'ehouse 219; 317

Br.iwn,Ellsha 561

Brown, Edward S 661

Brown, George S 561

Brown. John 561

Brownell, George W 193

Bruce, Francis 424

Brunson.Ira B 321,322

Brunswick. Julius F 562

Brush, George M 562

Bryan, A. N 562

Buchanan. William 562

Buena Vista, town of 22;

Buffalo, Indian chief 187

Burbrioge, J. M 524,503

Burkhardt, Christian 247

Burkhard t Station 237

Burkleo Samuel, 193, 219, 318, 320, 330

426, 470

Burns Benjamin F 563

Burns, Thomas 4)3

Burress, Oscar 326, 353

Burt. Capt. William H 347

Bush.GeorgeJ 359

Buswell, D.O 4U2

Buswell, Richard 406

Buth, August 551, 563

Byron, mchael 480

Caine, Dr. W. H 563

Calkins, Hiram 492

Camp, Lieuteuant 194

Camp, Coldwater 162

Campbell, Benjamin 356

Campbell, B. H 279

Campbell, Frank 455

Campbell, G. W 364, 355, 359

Caueday, D. A 298

Cannon, H. W : 56t

Caplazi, Albert 563

Caplazi, Joseph N 563

Caplazi. Paul 433

Capron, William M 662,564

Caldwell, Joseph 564

Carli, Cbristopner, 197, 329, 404,

498,564

Carli, Paul J 400. 404

Carli, Mrs. Lydia A 498, 664

Carlson, A.J 480

Carlson, Gustof 476

Carlson, John G 406

Carlton, Mrs. Ellen 433

Carltou, George P 433

Carnelison, A 221, 265

Carnithan, William 406

Cary, Jeiemiah K 664

Castle,IraW 665

Castle, J. N 444, 565

Castle, L. B 428, 566

Cailin , F. P 227, 239

Catlln, Hou. John 318, 319

Oatlln, Rev. S. T 281

Cavalry—

Brackett's Battalion 361

Independent Battalion 352

Second Regiment 351

Census of 1849 319

Cayon, Benjamin 565

Centre City 303

Chase, A. M 309

Chalmers, William 429

Chambers, W. A 565

Chandler, M. T 276, 293

Chapin.Rev. D.A 566

Chardiu, Mrs. Rosalie 433

INDEX.

631

Page

Chase, Aavon H 223, 866

Chase, Z. W 566

Chisago County-
County seat 302

Derivation ol name 300

History of 300

Organization 30O

Valuation of....' 302

Cliristnfferson . H ans 233, 239

Churchill, J. B 298

ChnbbucI?, J. E 239

Olarlc, A. L 239

Clarlt, L. R 314

Clark, O. A... 276

Clapp, N. H 239

Classen, ,Tohn 393

Clav, W. A 666'

Clegg,C. L B66

Cline, George D 240

Close, Kev Benjamin 3.32

Clvmer,.T. G 434

Clvmer, Samuel D 406

Colih.Kev. H. W 2B8

Copkburn . S. L 240

Coflman..John 360

Coggswell, James 240

Cogswell. ,Tohn 566

Cohoes, ,Tobn 354

Cohoes, William J 360

Coit. Samuel ,1 246

Colbv, William 192, 300, 305

ColbV, W.F 309

Coles. Robert M 566

Colver, Kev.C.K 266

Colville, Col. William 3S0

Colwell.John : 374

Columbus, John 476

Combacker, Dr. Henry E 284

Comer, Wil liam 309

ComJort. Francis V B66

Com.stock, Claris and Company.. 230

Comstock, John 230, 268, 240

Conliaimand Company 553

Conldin, Neil B67

Clonlev, John 360

Coulin.Patrick 448

Connelley. Johanna '360

Connors. James B67

Couraa.W. S 551, B67

Cook, Allen 361

Coon.C.R 240

Cooney, James 406

Cooper. Judge David 387

Copas, John 480

,Copp, W.J 252,255,256

Corner, Andrew 298

Corner, John 298

Corn man, L. R„ 490, 491

Cottage Grove, Tow> of 364

Cottage Grove, Village of 367

Cotrell, Josenh 470

Colton, Dr. Henry C 261

Courts-
First in St. Croix county 220

Covell, John B67

Cover. David 426,.427, 434

Cover, John G 434

Covev, Dr. James 490

Cox, C. B 252,264,268,269

Cox, E. M 334, 400. 400

Cram, J. H 387,4.52,393

Crandall. Harmon.... 220, 221, 276, 281

Cressey,Rev. E.W 257

Crippen , George R 367, 374

Croffutt, James H 425

Cronk, Adam 480

Crooks, Miss, Indian teacher.... 219

Crooks, Col. William 246

Grossman, Lyman E 394

Crowell, Charles M 567

Crowell,S. S 221

Cumminirs, Robert 387

(Jummings, William E B67

Curtiss, Frederick J 492

Curtis, Gold T 567

Cushing, Caleb 196 275, 294

Cyphers, P. B 215, 443,446

Daggett, Elias 416

Dahkotah, settlement at 498

Dahlquist, Joiieph 480

Dahm, Joseph B50, 568

Dailey, Lawson M 568

Dalltim. James F 321

Daley Jeremiah 374

Pagk

Dalv John 491, 480

Dana, Capt. N. J. T 168

Darling. Joel M ...434

Davis, George 568

Davis, James B 568

Daw. Richard 523, .568

Day Patrick 443,447,448

Da\ , R. L 240

Delamore, Edward 361

Delano, F. R 633

Denmark, town of 353

Denniston, Charles Y 240

Denton, Silas S ' 568

Department of Dakota 162

Depew, Justus A 434

Deragisch, A 430

Deragisch, L. A 434

Deragisch, J. A 569

Deragisch, P. S 669

Dewev, Governor Nelson 222

Dibble, W. B 330, 354, 470. 361

Dibble, William 193,326

Dick, Francis 406

Dickerson, Thomas 266

Dickinson, J. B 419

Dill, D.J 258 259,261

Dill, George A 261. 355, 262

Dinsmore, Robert 240

Dippo, David 2:2

Directorv C09

Doe.Hllton 265

Dodge. Gov. Henry 190, 196, 321

Donaghue, William 394

Donald. Alexander 668

Donaldson. Capt. Hugh S 362

Dornfpld, Ferdinand 419

DorrC.S 328

Dow.Kev. J.W 332

Downend, Robert 283, 285

Downie Col. Mark W 350

Downing. David 361

Dovle, Edward -. 374

Drake Jack 215. 326

Drechsier, Conrad 569

Drech.sler, Wllhelrh 247

Dresser. F. A 255

Duel, Julius H 669

Dugan. Joseph i'6l

Dnnbaij N. S 251, 257. 262

Dunn, Judge Charles 194,326

Dunn,L.C.... 460

Dunn. Thomas 552

Dunning. John 247

Durant, Edward W 569

Durant,H.A 366

Durant, Wheelers Co.... 552, 531,617

Dutton, Albert C 570

Dyer, Henry 5T0

Dyson, Charles 570

Eastman. Benjamin 0 222

East ou . A. B BTU

Ea.ston, W. E 570

Easton,.rohn 478

Egan, Michael F 394

Ecgert. Carl 466

Ehrig. ,Iohn ....435

Eighth Regt. M V. 1 348

Eldred. L. W 670

Eldridge, A 331 , 661 . 571

Eleciion of 1849 320

Eleventh Regt. M. V.I 360

Elliott, Daniel 571

Elliott, "William 466

Elliott. James 435

Ellis, C. R 266

Ellison , Smith .• 276

Elmquist, John 476, 481

Elward. John H.i 571

Ely Edmund F 179

Ely,M 326

Emerson, Charles W 571

Emery, Samuel 299

Enriglit, Timolhv. 361

Estabrook, Daniel 427

Estabrooks, Charles 427

Estahrooks, Charles E 436

Estabrooks, Daniel S 435

Evans,W. S 240

Falling, H.B 260

Fairbanks, Joseph N 466

Falk, Andrew A 481

Falk Eric 481

Fazendin, Ignatius ^Tl

Fee. Andrew 672

Page.

Felt, Leander 357

Ferguson Brothers 551,572

Ferguson, 'William 365

Fetterlv, Simon 361

Field. 6eorge 215,221

Fielding, Richard 262

Flfleld, S.S 275,280,285

Filth Regiment M.V.I 345

Filzen,Paul 285

Finnen, Ellen 394

First National Bank 524

First Baltalion M. V. 1 360

First Battery Light Artillery 353

First Regiment M. V. 1 339

Flsh.S. A 286

Fisher, Jacob ... 192, 329, 400, 413,

497, 513, 635

Fisher. Thomas Sr 261

Fisk, C. C 296, 299

Fiske, Francis W 436

Fitch, Dr 192

Fitch, Geo. W ; 274

Fitzgerald, James P 572

Fitzgerald, Richard 572

Foley, Francis A 394

Foley, James G 672

Folsom, Col. Edwin A 573

Folsom,Ed. H 309

Folsom. George 305

Folsom, Levi W 310

Folsom, W. H. C, 197, 294, 300, 303.

305, 476, .3 10

Folstrom, Rev. Jacob 295,407

Ford, FranltlinC 383

Ford, John A 321,381,383

Forest Lake, Town of 465

Forest Lake, Village of 466

Fort St. Anthony, now Snelling.. 161

Fort Snelling, Situation 161,165

Armament 165

Church organized 1 67

First steamboat at 163

Fur trade 164

Gristmill 167

Historic associations 161

Hospital 165

Lumber sawed 163

Mill valued 168

Mill sold 168

Missionary arrivals 166

Name recommended 163

Recent improvements 161

Records lost 165

Report of Lieut. Douglas 162

Reservation acquired 162

Reservation boundaries 164

Reservation mapped 163

Reservation reduced 163

Reservation, settlers on 163

Reservation sold 163

Saw-mill 163

Squatters removed 163

Slone prison at 165

Water supply 165

Fortin, Magaloire 407

Fortin, Michael 436

Fortune, George 269v271

FOS.S, Albert 490.493

Foster, Judge Joel. ..222, 226, 264, 198

Eeminisences of 198

Fournier, Baptiste 406

Fourth Regiment M . V. 1 344

Fowler,G. H 383,384

Fowler, James Jr 660, 673

Fowler, Wi' liam 334, 383, 374

Fox. Patrick 192, 305, 309

Francis. Thomas 553, 573

Franconia, Village of 313

Fredeiickson, Christian 673

Freeland, Isaac 276, 276

Freem an , A. A 269

Freeman, J. C 460

Freeman. J. R 261,256,261

Freemasons, 234, 268, 267, 282, 308, 536

Frieboldt, August 394

Friner, Joseph 262

Frilze, Charles A 394

Frost, Edwin P 573

Fuller,BertD 671

Fullerton, Capt. Samuel 384

Furtrade 168

Furber. George M 376

Furber, J.P 367

632

INDEX.

Paoe

Fiiiber, Gen. Joseph W., 192, 320, 328

365, 367, 376

Furber, Samuel W 375

Fiirber, Thsodoie . : .■ 369, 375

Furber. W 326, 333

Gage, Putnam F 413, 407

Gagnon, Marcel 524, 574

Gallagher. ■William 574

Gallineer, Henrv 361

Gamm, Edward C 4.%

Gardner. Charles 574

Gardner, J. G 490,574

Garlick, Dr. Carmi P 286

Garrison, Lemuel C 436

Garvais, Benjamin 169

Garvais, Pierre 169

Gaskill, Dr. J. R. M 474, 481

Gaskill.S.D 474

■ Gaslin, David 0 574

Gazette newspaper 542

Geiger, Veit 279, 286

George, John 394

George, .lohn T 407

Gerke, Henry 407

Getchell, (J. S 400,402

Getchell, James M 400,407

Getchell, J. H 334

Gibbon, Col. John 161

Gilbert, Dwipht L B74

Gilbert, Newington 408

Gilfillan. Col. James B 350

Gill,Eev. W 266

Gillen, Hugh 427

Gillespie, A. I, 575

Gillette, A. G , 366,368,376

Giimore. Henry 376

G'rard, Pierre 462

Glenn, "William 376

Goeck, Henry 575

Goelz John 575

Goh like, Julius C 448

Goltz Alexander 0 437

Goodman, Phillip 575

Goodrich, Judge Aaron v.. 220, 327

Goodrich, John 575

Gorman , Col. W. A 339

Gould. L. C 240

GoTe, William E 437

Gowen, John 437

Gramenz, Frederick 437

Grant, town of 460

Granstrand, Jonas 481

Granum. Andrew C 286

<Traves, Edward S ?4i

Gray Cloud Island 380

Gray, Charles 437

Gray, E. G 443, 446

Gray,M. P 448

Gray . W. H 448

Great European and American

Land Company 294

Greeley. Elam. ...192, 295, 497, 602, 576

Green, A. B 413

Green, ,Iohp 676

Green, Lucius.^ 470,471

Greene, Caleb 246

Greene, Lloyd G 246

Greenleaf. Kev. E. A 3.)2,544

Griffin, G.K 272

Griffin, James J 676

Gi-ifflth, li 264

Groll, Jo.seph 314

Gronbereer. Kobert 467

Guard, Erastus 310

Guernsey, W. H 400, 408

Guild, William 297

Hadley,8. H 670

Haggarty, Thomas 247

Hageman, W. J 302

Hale, Isaac 290

Hale Judge Isaac W 270, 281, 290

Hal 1 . A be r,78

Hall, Kev. Bordett 369

Hall. Davids .'■|77

Hall, George D 577

Hall , BeV. B 268, 205

Hallberg, Dr. Oscar 310

Halsev. A, P 468

Hancock. Gen. Wlnfield Scott,... 162

Hanna, David 420

Hanson, Christ 241

Han.son,Hans 493

Hanson,N . P 24!

Hanson, Paul 677

Page

Hanson, W.0 248

Harnsberger L. M 221

Harrington, Rev. Jnmes 3?2

Harrington, Joseph H 241

Harrington, Bev. W. H. H 577

Hartley, Biehard 241

Hartman, J.S 412

Harris, Arthur B 376

Harris, George 362

Haskell, Joseph, 194, 220, 326, 365, 400
471, 408

Ha3Sler,S 481

Hatch, Major E. A. C 362

Hathaway, CM 677

Hathaway, J. B 491

Hathaway Water Supply 627

Hauser, Casper 3io

Haw, Bev. 'William 267

Hawkenson, August 561,577

Healey, James 395

Heald , A. A 286

Heaton, A. D 221

Hebenstreit, Mrs. M 578

Herteen.Bev. E 478,481

Hefty, Nicho'as 678

Heifort, William 454,493

Heitman and Becker r,24

Heltman. Charles 678

Hellert, Charles 395

Hempstead, W. C 444

Benning John O 222 232

Hersey, Bean & Brow n 615

Hersey, Dufl. H 678

Hersey, E. F 678

Hess, David P 384

Heseltjin, George 376

Heseltcm, John L 376

Hetherington,Jane 362

Hetherington. Thomas 357

Hickman, Henry 482

Hill, Lewis : 376

Hinds, George P 482

Hobart. Eev. Channcey »?,f,

Hoev, John 578

Hoffman, D 241

Hoffman, Louis 395

Hoffman Kurinlph E 241

HoIcombe,C. P 679

Holcombe, W. S., 192, 275. 295, 318, 3.™

Holden. Silas P 45b

Holm, A. N 310

Holm, John 482

Holman. A.L 366

Ho'manA.N 265.257

Holnistrom, Charles F 409

Holt, George 482

Holt, John 477,482

Hone, David 193, 196, 326. 356, 470

Hone. Mrs. David 193,295

Hone,Heni-y 366

Hone. John H 357, .S62

Hopkins. Daniel 462

Horresberger, Andrew 395

Horresberger, Jacob 395

Hospes, Adolphus C 579

Hospes, E. L.&Co 563

Hospes, Louis ."iH, .'i79

Houle, Michael 401,463

Howell. S.B 4^6,468

Hoyt, Otis, M. D 22-', 227, 2U5, 241

Huilson Bay Company 102

Hudson, city of 226

Churches 213

Banks 230

Battle of the Piles 230

Buildings of 231

Business of '. 232

Fire Department 229

Mills and Ballroads 230

Municipal ofRcers 228

Newspapers 231

Societies 234

Huhnke, Michael 437

Hugglns, A.G 167

Humphrey. Jndge K. M 311

Hunt, Simon 212

Hungertord, W. S.... 19:>, 196,275,294

Hunllcv, Jonathan 476,482

Hnntoon, K. A 416

Huntoon.L. A 416,418

Hurtsill, Levi 363

Hutchinson, John B 377

Illingworth, John 679

Independent Battalion Cavalry. 352

Page

Indian Battles 186, 188, 497

Indians-
Frighten lumbermen 321

Methods of warfare 187

Plowing 135

Treaty with Chippewas 189

Treaty with Dakotas 190

Infautrv—

First Begiment 339

Second Regiment ... 342

Third EegTment 343

Fourth Kegimeiit 344

Fifth Regiment 345

Sixth Begiment 346

Seventh Eegiment 349

Eighlh Eegiment 348

Ninth Begiment 349

Tenth Eegiment 350

Eleventh Eegiment 350

First Battalion 360

Irish, Joseph 384

Ismon, James R 242

Iverson.E. C 437

Jackman, H. A *jU, 493

Jackson, Charles 680

Jackson, Henry 318,322, 327

Jackson, James 409

Jackson, Preston T 409

Jackson, Robert 362

Jantzen,Nels 438

Jarchow, Frederick 490, 493

J assov, Theodore 680

Jav, Henry A 262

.Jefferson, A.E 230

Jellison, Charies W 680

Jenks, A. T 580

Jennings, William 449

Jerome. Rev. T. C 266

Jewell , P. B 276. 242

Johnson', Alexander 680

Johnson, Abram 482

Johnson, A. N 4 3

Johnson. A, F 580

Johnson. Andrew P 483

Johnson. August W 483

Johnson, Chiistophcr C 580

Johnson, F. G 283

Johnson, Hans 290

Johnson, J. A 483

Johnson. James 249

Johnson.J.N 483

Johnson, J. W 581

■Johnson, Mons 395

Johnson, S. C 242

Johnson, W. C 478

Johnson, W.H 400

Johnson, William Jr 249

Johnson, Zadoc 368

Jones, E.R 491,493

Jones, Joseph L 681

Jones, Capt. J. K 351,353

Jordan, Miss Fannie E ...552,581

Jordan & Mathews 517

Judd, Albert 470

Judd, George B 19;, 47u

Judd, George F 473,483

Jndd, George J 483

Judd. Lewis S 196,470

Judd, Samuel 476, 484

Jiiell.Olnf M 248

Juilkins, B. F 460,461

Judkins. E. C 461,463

Kahn. Ludwig .' 553

Kannady, George H 462,463

Kaposia, plowiiic at 166

Kappler, Christian 420

Katipler, Frederick 420

Karst, John ,550, 681

Kearney. Edward W 581

Keech, G. W 242

Keefe, James 581

Keene, J. M 463

Keene, William 362

Kellogg, B. R 463

Kellogg, Joseph 242

Kellogg, Luman 581

Kellv, Thomas A 242

Kelley, John 246

Kelsey. Wallace 377

Kelso, Joseph 581

Kemp. Leonard 438

Kemper. Bishop Jack.son 332,544

Kempf , John 4B6

Kennedy, Daniel 383

INDEX.

633

Page

Kennedy, Dougald 292

Kennedy, Bobert 318

Kenny, John Sr 582

Eenney, John Jc 553

Kent, Andrew 292

Kent, Bev. A' 218

Kent, Benjamin F 286

Kent, Eobei't 275, 276, 286

Kent, Captain William,. 197, 223, 275
276, 278, 283, 287

Kern, F. W 523, 582

Kernkamp, Herman 395

Kiehle, Bev. Amos A 582

Kilty Brothers 551, 582

K-tmoall, Asabel 287

Kimball, Chapin 292

King, Charles F 343

King, Bev. David...' 330

Kingsley, A. D 413,416

Kinyon, O. L 461

Knapp, Captain O. F 183, 287

Knowlton, Judge Wiram, 222,254, 276
322, 326

Kock, George 438

Koemg, Ernst 395

Kollar, John 468

Kraplel, Jacob 243

Krueger, John F 362

Knohli, Mrs. Franooise 463

Kuley, Bev. T, E 266

Lacy, Thomas 311

Ladd, Uriah 377

Ladd, W, B 296,299

Lalorce, Edward 362

Lagerwall, L. F 311

Lakeland, Town of 412

Lally, Martin 420

Lamb, Frederick 456

Lambert, Joseph 460, 464

Lilmmers, F. W 475, 484

Land Office 294

Langdon, Village ot 368

LjM'amy, John H 377

IW%on, John A 582

Larson, Judge Ole 287

Lee, Orris E 582

Leach, Calvin 218, 497

Learned, C. J 220, 320

Leavenworth, Lieut. -Col. Henry,

162. 316

Leavitt, Martin .344, 359

Leavitt, William L 262

LeBorius, Joseph 377

LeBoutillier, Charles W 339

Lefi'ch, Gen. Samuel 327

Lehmieke, Budolph 582

Leitli, William 413

Leithauser, Matt 395

Lemon, Frank H 583

Leijnard, Charles E., 354, 356, 359, 583

Leonard, Theodore 583

Lester, Col. Henry C 343

Lewis, Daniel 248

Lewis, D. B., 476

Ee wis, H. M 254

Lewis, J. C 438

Libbey, James 192, 275

Light Artillery-
First Battery 363

Second Battery 353

Third Battery 353

Ligfitner, Adam 296, 474

Lindemann, William 396

Lillfs, John C : 584

Linden, August V 684

Lindgren, John 484

Lindstrom, W. E 468

Lindholm, A. T 584

Lindsay, Harry C 584

Little Crow, Indian , 332

Livingston, James 192, 275, 278

Lockwood, W 355, 256

Lohmann, J. W 447, 449

Londen, William S 362

Lopg, Davis 584

Loomis, Hon. D. B. . . .192, 300, 428, 584

Looinis, F. E 584

Loomis, Col. Gustavus 185

Lord, A. H ...272

Low, George 585

Lowell, Albert 585

Lowell, Hon. William 585

Ludden,J. D 221,300

Lumber, First sawed 163 .

PAGE

Lumberman, newspaper 542

Lumbering operations 197

Lumbermen's National Bank 525

Lund, John 585

Lustig, Charles 585

Luts, Joseph 461, 464

Lymau, Benjamin F 489

Lyman ,Cornelius, 330, 474, 478, 490, 494

Lyman, C. Storrs, 489,494

Lyman, D. P 489, 492, 494

Lyman, Horace E 494

Lynching of Indian 215

Lyon, Bev. A. S 382

Lyons, John 585

Macey , Charles 489, 491, 494

Mackey, Andrew 400, 404, 471, 409

Mackey, James 585

Mackey, Michael 409

Maddock, Lawrence 438

Magnuson, Erick 478, 484

Magnuson, Swen 474, 484

Mahoney, W. 0 192, 221

Mahowald, Key. Willibrod 680

Maisli, Stephen 396

Malloy, Bober t 586

Malone, C 443, 445, 449

Malone, Maurice 443, 444

Map of Sd. Croix Valley, opposite

page 1

Marcell, Alfred 586

Hardens, Henry 457

Marine Flour and Grist Mill 473

Marine, village of 470

Markle. W. H 420

Mars, Hartley 371

Marsh, Michael 468

Marshall, Dr. C. B. 287

Marshall, Joseph W 321

Marshall. W. E 221, 275, 29s

Martin, George 246

Martin, James 420

Martin, William 247

Marty, Adam 425, 586

Marty, Fridolin 396

Marty, Jacob 444

Many, John 438

Marty, Sebastian 490

Massey, Louis 226, 243

Masterman, Albion . . .451, 453, 491, 467

Masterman, B. J 452, 457

Masterman, J. N 457

Masterman, W. C 586

Masterman, W. J 451, 449

Maxon, Lucius B 385

Maxon, O. T 255, 256, 257, 261

May, Morgan 475, 484

May, William M 586

Mayo.F. G 279

MoCallum, Archibald ■ 396

McCarty, Nelson 276, 281

McChesnev, John G 378

McClelland, A. G 425, 426

McCluer, William M 587

McComb, James D 587

McCrav, Carlos 263

MoCutcheon, William 247

McDermott, John 449

MoDill, George D 282, 283, 287

McDonald, John 587

McDougal, Alexander 587

McDurand, W. H 247

McElroy, Joseph 470

McGregor, Alexander 322

McGregor, D 223,264

McGuire, James 484

McGuire, John 492

MeHale, Michael 588

McHattie, Alexander, 386, 400, 471, 396

McHattie, John 386, 396

Mclntire, J. P 438

McKean, Daniel 421

McKean , Elias 192, 413, 497, 421

McKellar E 588

McKensie, Hugh 439

McKensie, John J 490

McJCusiok,Anderson& Co.'sMill. 517

McKusiek, D. W 588

McKusick, Ivory 588

McKusiek, John, 192, 196, 329, 404, 489
497, 502, 544

McKusiek, Newton 334, 421

McLaren Col. B. N 221

McMahoa, James 396

McMillan, Alexander 248

PAGE

McMurphy, George W., 221, 255,256

257

McMurohy William 252,255

McNaughtou, Thomas 396

McPhaUl, Ool. Samuel 351

Meaoham, Capt. Edgar A 263

Mears, Cliarles E 275, 285, 287

Mears, Daniel, 197, S15, 223, 275, 296

288

Mears, Joseph 227

Meeds, Capt. Ghas. H 588

Meigs,B.E 439

Mercier, Ferdinand 439

Meredith, J. K 484

Mermond, Charles 485

Merrick, Bev. John A 332, SSg

Merrick, Lvman 372

Merry, B. 6 689

Messenger Newspaper 54i

Meyer, William 4io

Michaelson, Iver 288

Middleton, James, Sr 233, 334, 386

Middleton, James, Jr 396

Middleton, Samuel 4io

Middleton, William 386, 402

Miiller, George 524, 589

Mill, first in Si. Croix Valley 194

Miller, Griffln H 263

Miller. Stephen A 347

Miller, T. F. 367, 378

Military Cemetei'y. • I63

Military Beservations I62

Millitt, J. B 589

Minnesota, Territory organized. . 319

Mitchell, J. B. H 425, 427

Moffat, J. S 244

Moffatt, Michael 589

Molton, John 413

Monty, T. F , 288

Mooers, Hazen. ..219, 317, 326, 330, 38i

Moore, A.B 355

Morgan, Col. George N 339

Morgan, John. . . .280, 319, 328, 329, 443

Morgan, W. W 41 g

Morrasey, John 292

Morse, Abner 272

Morton, Thomas F 300

Mosher, Jacob 365, 378

Mosier, B. J 589

Moss, H. L 220,318, 319

Moss, Thomas F 244

Mounted Bangers, First Begt..-.. 351

Mower, John .■ 275, 295

Mower, J. E 475, 485

Mower, Martin 192, 276, 476, 478 •

Mower, 0 589

MuUer, William 522

MuUer, Phillip 589

Mulvey, James ,. 590

Munch, Capt. Emil .... 279, 353, 404 , 410

Munch, Paul 314

Munger, Elbridge G 378

Munger, Bev. Enas 414, 421

Mnnger Joel M :..365, 378

Mungar, Mrs. L. A 421

Munger, William E 378

Munkelwitz, August 450

Munkelwitz, William 460

Munson, G. S 244

Munson, Benjamin 397

Murch, E. M 485

Murdock, Dr. A. J 311

Murdock, Holiis B 590

Murphy, Colonel 196

Murrey, F. G 276

Myers,' E ; 326

Nason, N. B 281

Nason, Joel F 281, 299

-Nason, M. M 288

Nay, John S 485

Neill, Bev. E. D 219

NelHstadt, J 260

Nelson, Andrew F 585

Nelson, C. N 417

Nelson, Gustof 290

Nelson, John G

Nelson , Jonas 482

Nelson, Socrates, 197, 318, 329, 428,

405, 502, 590

Nelson, Mrs. Socrates 591

Nelson, The C. N. Lumber Com-
pany 561

Netterfleld, H 3U

Netzer, Frank B 591

634

INDEX.

Page

Nenbauer, August 397

Newman, Prescott 464

Newman, S. P 485

Newman , ■William H 404

Newport Town of 380

Newspapers, flret estaBlished. . . . 217

Nieman, Freneriek 397

Nobles, M. V 221, 227

Nobles, William ■. 275

Nolander. John P 486

NorriS, J. S. . .220, 320, 333, 365, 400, 378

Norris, J. VI 194

NorriS, Sophia Jane 379

North Hudson village 236

Northrup, Anson, 218, 275,279,295,
329, 601, 626

Northrup, Mrs. Anson 295

Northrup, Charles H 275, 295

Northwestern Lnraber Mills 575

Northwestern Territory 316

Notlnorodiu , (Indian) 326

Novelty Carriage works 523

Oakd ale. Town of 442

Oakey, C. H 288

O'Brien, James 591

O'Brien , Joh n 354 , 363

Old Maloney 168

Oldham, Francis 410

Oldham, John 410

Olds, L.I 404,410

Olds, Oliver H. P 244

Olive, J 251, 252

Oliver, John 413, 422

Olson, August 410

Olson, Edward A 591

Olson, Olof 290

O'Neal, Hugh 439

Oneka, Town of 459

Opera House 531

Orfl, A.J 591

Organ, Pierce 486

Orr, Samuel 363

Ortman, John A 397

Osceola 278

O'Shaughnessy, J 551, 591

Otis A. H 244

Otis', Benjamin' F. i . . . . . . isoo, 305, 330

Otis, Henry F 486

Otto, Peter 592

Owen, Kobert Dale 194

Packard, H 490,692

Page, Charles R 363

Page, George W 244

Parker, Asa 193, 326, 476, 486

Parker, Charles A 385

Parker, J. M 470

Parker, Mrs. Susan 439

Parks, Ira 264

Paterson, Samuel H 311

Patwell, N 592

Payne, James 311

Peabody, Kev.A. P 267

Peake, J. W 290

Pennington, Charles 411

Pennington, George H 411

Pennington, James 592

Pennington, William 411

Perrelle, Edward 692

- Perin, Moses .... 196, 220, 227, 413, 418
Perrington-, James. . .196, 222, 474, 275

Perro, Joseph 430

Perro, Sylvester 439

Perry, Abraham 169

Perry, Oscar 363

Persons, Thomas 411

Persons, Simon E 411

Peterson, Andrew 397

Peterson, Asa E 440

Peterson, Charles A 477, 486

Peterson, N. W 593

Phillips, Jesse 593

Pickett, J 284

Pierce county 260

Pierce, Charles W 397

Pierce, Henry C - 593

Pike Island 103

Pike, Lieutenant Zebulon Mont-
gomery 162, 163, 321

Pinney, Ovid 279

Pioneer Carriage Manufactory.. 522

Pitman, B.P 291

Pitman, Edward S 440

Plympton, Major 166

Pokegema, Church at 179

• Page

Mission established 179, 185

Point Douglas, Village of 365

Poitras, Louis T 379

Polk County 274

Fond Brothers, at Lake Calhoun, 160

Pecuniary aid 167

Pond, G. H 166,332

Pond,S. W 166,167,187

Pomeroy, Frank 272

Porth, Charles 392

Forth, William 411

Post, J 289

Foston, Mary 468

Potter, J. S 440

Potts, Phillip 653, 693

Powell, N. N 262,266,270

Powell. 0. S 264, 268, 273

Pratt, O.H 422

Pratt, E. P 227

Pratt, G. W 265

Pray, 0. A 402

Presbyterian church of Minne-
apolis 167

Prescott, City of 265

Prescott, Philander, 191, 220, 255, 326
330, 471

Proctor, John S 536, 593

Putnam, John D 273

Putnam, Eev. J. W 331

Putnam, William 219

Quinlan, John 694

Rahr, John 594

Hallways 217, 218

Kaiter, Frank M 594

Kamsey, W 281, 292

Kamsey, Gov. Alexander 319

Kedmon, E. N 26*

Keed, Charles 488

Keed, J. A 535, 594

Begister, Frank 477

Eegister, Samuel M 594

Reidel, Charles 411

Beymert, J. D 285

Beynolds,Eli C 311

Beynolds, J. B 398

Bheln.JohnP 398

Bhiner, E 594

Khoads, Charles H 596

Khodes, James C 596

Bice, Hon. Henry M 196, 319

Bioh, Eobeit 475

Biohardson, S. P 696

BIchardson, W. H 595

Bichmond, Andrew 490, 491, 494

Beichow, Charles 398

Eiver Falls 264

Boberts, F^L 595

Boberts, Griffiths .■. 248

Bobinson, Hubbell 413, 418

Bode, Anton 398

Boe, AlvaD 496

Eogcrs, Clarence W 422

BoUins, John 328

Boney. J. F 596

Boos, Oscar 309

Boot, James 596

Bose, John G 474,486

Bos3,FrankA 263

Bowcliff. Stephen 289

Bunge.Dr.H 289

Busseli, Jeremiah 179,324

Eussell, Osborne 458

Butherford, C. A 486

Eutherford, James 461, 491, 457

Butherford, W 462, 490, 467

Butherford , W. W 495

Sabln.D. M 268,590

Sabin, George F 473, 477, 486

Saeker, Albert 523

Samuels, Morris M 218, 221, 296

Sanderson, Eeuben H 423

Sargent, L. -■. 697

Sawyer, David 464

Sawyer and Heaton 513

Sawyer, Wallace & Co 563

Schaar, Heni;y 423

Schabacker, Christopher J 885

Schadegg. Eev. J 267

Schakel, Chi Istian F 398

Sohaser, Frederick 440

Schenk, Nicholas 248

Schermuly, W 597

Schiel, Louis 466, 466, 469

Schilling, Louisa 398

Pagf,

Schilling, William P 697

Schmidt, AVilhelm 487

Schofleld,E.B 381

Schrade, Christian 423

Schulenburg F 514

Schulenburg & Boeckeler Lum-
ber Company 652

Schulenburg & Boeckeler Lum-
ber Mills 614

Schultz, Charles «3

Schultz, Henry 276,378

Sehupp, Joseph 550, 597

Schwarz, Nicholas F 560, 698

Scott, Walter 608

Scott, Joel 281

Screeton. Thomas 363

Searles, Dr. Frank W 296, 299

Searles, Bev, J. D 267

Second Battery Light Artillery... 363

Second Eeglment Cavalry 361

Second Eegiment M. V. 1 342

Secrest, Ambrose 426, 426, 427, 440

Selb.Paul 598

Sencerbox, George 598

Setzer, H. N 192,275,301

Seventh Eegiment M. V. I 347

Seward, V.C 598

Seymour, G.M 599

Seymour-, G..W 311

Seymour, Sabin & Co 519, 535

Sharpshooters 351

Shaw, Joseph 423

Shearer, Austin M 363

Shearer, James 354

Shearer, John 363

Shingledecker, Samuel 357

Shlngledecker, Simon 354, 363

Shoilall.M 599

Shuttinger, A. G 599

Shuttmneller, Joseph 312

Sibley, H. H 162, 167, 194, 318, 327

Siegrist, Jacob 544,598

Silliraan, Dwight. 245

Simmons, George 466

Simmons, Harry 599

Simmons, J. P 469

Simmons,B. W 469

Simmons, W.J 466,469

Simonet. S 560, 599

Simonds,S.C 245

Sinclair, James H 599

Sioux Treaty 162

- Sixth Eegiment M. V.I 346

Slaughter, Eobert 440

Sleeper, Joseph. 263

Smith, Ansel SCO, SOS

Smith, C.V 469

Smith, Miss Eva 441

Smith, David L 379

Smith, D.F 294

Smith, F.O.J 430,535

Smith, Frank W 289

Smith, Guerdon 296

Smith, James O 260

Smith, John 600

Smith, Jefferson L 441

Smith, Judson A 495

Smith. Dr. L. B 295

Smith, Lyman, E 255,263

Smith, Mrs. Margaret 440

Smith, M.J 248

Smith, Hon. Eobert 168, 490

Smith, Capt. Thomas M 352

Smith, W.J 487

Smith.<ion, William H 600

Snaustrom, N 263

SnelUngFort 161

Snelling Col. Josiah 163

Soule, A. J 461,464

Soule, J. H 461, 462, 468

South Stillwater 428

Spangberg, Rev. M 312

Spaulding, Eev. George 479

Spencer, James H 328 600

Spindle, E. J 600

Sprlngborn , C. Frederick 458

Springborn, F W 458

Spooner, John C 245

Spoor, Thomas 379

Stambaugh, Colonel 274

Stanley, B.F 412

Staples, C. H 276, 289

Staples, Charles W 289

Staples, Edward 600

INDEX.

635

.,x , „ PAGE

btaples, Henry & Co , ... 554

Staples, Isaac 197, 328, 333, 429, 513, 554

600

Staples, Josiah ; . . 601

Staples, Samuel 487

Staples & Kearney 552

Starkweather, J. B 441

Starving Time 193

State Prison 533

Convicts in S34

Urand Jury's Report on 635

Officers of 535

Wardens ol 635

St. Croix in 1840 193

Kiver, Legend of 177

Settlement on 191

Boom Oompanv 197

Boom Corporation 197

Bridge Company 306

Dam Company.. ., 306

Flouring Mill 518

Indian Battle at 186

Ironworks 522

Lumber Company 295

Lumber Mills 513

Manufacturing & Improve-
ment Company 293

Post, Newspaper 542

Boundaries of 219

Buildings Erected 223

Created 317

Divided in Precincts 220

First Election in 219

First Officers 220

History of 229

Hudson made county seat of. . 223

Townships Organized 223

Population in 1850 222

St.Croix County Supervisor's Seal 223

Towns Established 221

Valuation in 1880 222

St, Croix Falls. Business of 296

Early Settlers 295

First School 295

History of 293

Stores and Hotels 307

Steamer Palmyra Arrives.... 192

St. Croix Valley

First Farming in 19 1

Early Saw Mills 196

History of 177

Survey 194

Topography of 183

St. Croix, Falls of Trading Post at 178

Steamboats, Building of 216

Steele, Franklin 163, 164,191,295

Steen, Dr. A. H 367, 368, 379

Stegemann, August 412

Steinacker, Frederick 522, 6t 1

Steindoif, Otto 458

Stenstrom, P. J 561,602

Stephen, Arthur 446, 447, 450

Stephens, E. E 269, 273

Stephens, A 364

Stephens, Miss Harriet 295

Stephens, Eev. J. D.. 166

Stewart, Edward 602

Stewart, Levi E 312

Stickney, A. B 268, 443, 447

Stillwater, City of 496

Aid Union 540

Agricultural Implements 519

A.O.U,W 537

Banks 524

Battle of Chiefs 496

Boat Shop 524

Board of Trade 525

Boot and Sl^oe Manufactories 623

Breweries 523

Brick -yard 522

Bridge 536

Building Associations 540

Business Blocks. 529

Carriage Factories 522

Catholic Churches 646

Cemetery 546

Chicago Bakery 524

Churches 544

City Hospital 538

Coloring Works 524

Court House ; 530

Early Courts 503

Early Ministers 504

PAGE

Stillwater—

Express Companies 527

FireCompany 528

First Mills 502

First Newspaper 504

Floods 509

Gaslight Company 528

German Lutheran Church 546

German Societies 441

Grand Opera House 531

Hotels 52B

Incorporation of 608

LO.G.T 539

Iron Manufactories 521

Knights of Pythias 537

Landslide 608

Library Association 538

Livery Stables •. 527

Lumber Mills 612

Maennerchor 641

M.E. Church 545

Mill Site, Prospecting for 498

Newspapers 541

Northwestern Benefit Asso-
ciation , 539

Odd Fellows 537

Official Eoster 510, 511, 512

Old Settlers' Association 540

Origin of Name 500

Pioneers of 604, 605, 606, 507

Post-office 530

Present Business 648

Prof ess'nal and Business Men 503

Public Halls 631

Keligious Services 604

Schools 642

Societies 636

Sod Hill Green-house 624

Sonsof Herman 638

St. Ann's Society 639

St. Joseph's Benevolent So-
ciety 638

St. Vincent de Paul Confer-
ence 539

Swedish Lutheran Church.... 646

Tamarack House, Built 498

Telegraph and Telephones. .. 628

Temple of Honor 539

Thrilling Adventure 510

Universal ist Society 546

Vinegar Works 624

Water Works 527

Y.M. C. A 539

YouDgLadies Society 639

Zions Hill .- 496

Stillwater Carriage Works ^2

Stillwater Convention ^18

Stillwater Flour Mills 517

Stillwater Lumber Co., Organized 5oo

Stillwater Savings Bank 525

Stillwater, Township of 489

Stirratt, Eev. James 266

St. Louis Lumber Company. . .273, 293

Stombs, Daniel S 602

Stone, Col. M 252

Stover, Almon 458

Stratton,L.W 487

Streif . John 423

StreifE, Joseph 398

Stromberg A. L 469

Strong, George B 245

Sullivan, D. J. 522, 602

Sullivan, Michael 245

Sullivan, Jacob 447, 450

Surrell.Nels 0 291

Swain's Foundry 522

Swain's Machine Shop 521

Swensou, John 487

Swingler, Mortimer M 364

Swiss Settlers 168

Taft, Charles H 452, 458

Taft, J. B 451, 453, 491, 459

Taliaferro, Lawrence 166, 190

Talbovs, W. A 275,279,283

Tang, Fred, Sr 312

Tanner, .John 387

Taiib, Count 196, 294

Taylor's Falls 304

Copper M ning Company 306

Newspapers 307

Schools 308

Societies. . . 308

Taylor.E.D 602

Taylor, Dr. George 366

Page

Taylor, H. A 232,244

Taylor, J. L.. 192, 275, 295, 304, 318, 326
535 312

Taylor, Jesse 304, 305, 326, S29, 465

Taylor, L. A 259,270

Taylor, N. C. D., 221, 296, 300, 309, 361

3I2

Taylor, W. H. H 602

Tenth Eegt. M. V. 1 350

Tepass, Herman 523

Tepass, Mrs. Susannah 603

Terry, Gen. Alfred H 162

Xewksbury, D. E 293

Xhees, Herman 398

Thelan. Benlamin 603

Third Begt.M. V. 1 343

Thompson, James 296, 279

Thompson, Joel B 379

Thompson, L. E 603

Thompson, Nels 487

Thompson, Peter 379

Thompson, Thomas H 299

Thon, Martin A 603

Thome, Henry 315

Thome, William E 653, 603

Tice Eev. David 603

Tilton, W. H 291

Titcomb, B. F 192,275

Tobin, John 248

Torinus, L. E 429, 653

Toule, A. S... 221

Town Histories—

Afton 399

Baytown 424

Cottage Grove 364

Denmark 353

Forest Lake 465

Grant 450

Lakeland 412

Marine 470

Newport 380

Oakdale 442

Oneka 459

Stillwater 489

Woodbury 386

Township Directory 609

Townshend J. H 603

Townshend, Eoller Mill 618

Tozer, Albert 604

Tozer, David 430, 604

Tozer, W 264, 270

Trask, Sylvanus 320, 490, 604

Treadwell, E. C 276,291

Treadwell.E.P 291

Treaties with Indians. 321

Trieb, William 249

Truax, Abraham 364

Truax, Caleb 354

Truax, Caleb, Jr 364, 367

True, J. E 251

TurnbuU, E. A 291

Tenner, Joseph A 604

Turner, Thomas H 604

Tuttle, Calvin A 219, 295, 317

Tuttle, Chauncey . D 380

Tweedy, Hon, John H 318, 319

Ulen, A. A 604

Underwood, J. H 441

Union Elevator Company 528

Vail, Walter E 502

Valentine, Oapt. Daniel H 346

Van Buskirk, James 553, 604

VanCleve, Gen. H. P 342

Vander Horck, Capt. John 345

VanDuzee, Ira 355

VanHollen, A 293

Van Meter, John 215

Van Tassell, Theo 604

VanTassell, W 491

Van Vleck, Isaac 306,312

Van Vorhes, A 327, 431, 604

Van Vorhes, H. C 606

Vasa, Village 476

Veith, Esther P 469

Virgil, William, J 250

Vincent, William J. .215, 275, 295, 299
Virginia, First Steamboat — 163, 316

Vitalis, Charles 315

Volmer, H. B 45o

Volmer, Louis 45o

Volmer, E.B 398

Wadsworth, H. L 266, 273

Wall, Samuel 29,

Walker, George 253, 464

636

INDEX.

Page
Walker, Orange.. 193, 197, 220, 470, 487

Walker, P. B 488

Walker, Judd and Veazie 472

Ward , Thomas E 488

Ward, John G 488

Ward, J. D 312

Washburn, C. C 262

Washington County 316

Agricultural Society 333

Bible Society 538

Boundaries 321

Climate 337

Buildings 328

Division into Towns 328

Early Incidents 329

Election Precincts 326

First Court 326-

First Land Sale 327

Missions 333

Officers 322

Poor Farm 334, 490

WarEecord 338

Washington Flour Mill 491

Watier, Oscat 606 <

Watson, Burnham K 424

Watson, George 606

Watson, John 380

Wehh, J oseph C 606

Webster, C. S 606

Webster, Samuel B 459

Webster, Mortimer 6U6

Wehstei\ William •. 607

Welch, Edward 380

Weld, Prof. Allen H 265, 273

Weld, Allen P 273

Page

Wells, B. F 399

Wells, William H 459

Welshons, M 475, 477, 488

West, H.fc 607

Westergren, Ole 474, 488

Weymouth, John 221, 275

Whalen, J 426, 441

Wheeler, James 607

Wheeler, J. W 334, 490, 491

Wheeler, It. G 430

Wheeler, W. H. H 607

Whelan, Jeremiah 442

Whewell, William 245

Whipple, Bishop 644

White, Henry 807

Whiting, Dr. E, D 312

Whitney, Bey. J. C 218

Wichman, John F 474, 488

Wier. Eev. F. W. , 446, 428

Wilcox, George 441

Wilcoxson, Eev. Timothy 332

Wilkin, Col. Alexander 349

Wilkins, Eobert 380

Wilkinson, Albert 551, 607

Wilkinson, Eev, John 258

Wilkinson, Hon. M. S., 194, 215, 318
320 329

Willett, Octave .'607

Williams, J. H 246

Williams, Samuel C 264

Willim, William 329, 356, 608

Williamson, Eev. T. S 167, 267

Williamson, Miss J. S 330

Willis, G. W 246

Willook, Adam W 412

Page

Willoughby, John 385

Willow Elver Valley 236

Wilson, George 279, 282, 322, 289

Willson, H. . . .220, 234, 296, 319, 354, 416

491, 608

Wisconsin admitted as State, 220, 317

Territory formed 317

Wise, P. V 251, 256

Wissmger, Henry 441

Wissinger. William 441

Withrow, T. J 461, 464, 491

Woodbury, Judge 387

Woodbury, Town of 386

Wolcott, F. A 479

Wolf's Brewery 523

Wolf. Frederick . . 4B9

Woilh, Edward 221, 296. 413

Worth, Mrs. Edward 295

Wright, Addison 608

Wright, J. B 281

Wright, Mark 354,357,364

Wright, Mary 364

Wright, Eobert 364

Wright. Willis U 442

Yoerg,L 246

York, A.C 466

Young, Theodore F 246

Youngbluth, F 460,465

Zacher, Godfrey 442

Zuercher, Alfred L 608

Zurn, Frank 399

Zum, William 399

'%i

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