Francis Bacon; a sketch of his life, works, and literary friends, chiefly from a bibliographical point of view

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Francis Bacon: a sketch of his life, wor

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FRANCIS BACON

KROM THE " KESUSCITA'I'IO,'' 1657

FRANCIS BACON

A SKETCH OF HIS LIFE, WORKS

AND LITERARY FRIENDS; CHIEFLY FROM

A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL POINT OF VIEW

BY

G. WALTER STEEVES, M.D.

WITH FORTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS

METHUEN & GO. LTD.

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.

LONDON

3
5%^

First Published in igio

PREFACE

IN placing this little volume before the public, no
more is presumed or attempted than is indicated
by its title, viz. a sketch of the chief events in the life
of Bacon, freed as much as possible from general
historical detail, followed by a " classification " and
short description of Bacon's chief works, together
with certain considerations bearing on his Life and
Letters.

It is hoped that the reproduction of the selected
title-pages, etc., which have been introduced may not
only serve as " object lessons," but altogether add to
the general interest of the subject.

The " classification " of the different works has been
modelled on that already adopted in many previous
treatises, with such variations and additions as will
best carry out the object in view. I have thought it
well to add some remarks on the intimate friends of
Bacon ; and to refresh the memories of those who have
not recently referred to the period, the chief incidents
in the lives of a few of these have been alluded to.
In this connexion I have endeavoured to utilize such
quotations, letters, etc., as not only illustrate those ties
of friendship which existed between Bacon and his

vi FRANCIS BACON

literary associates, but which, at the same time, exhibit
his style and art in such communications.

The idea of issuing such a publication, which should
serve more especially as a bibliographical record, was
suggested to my mind by certain difficulties that I
experienced some years ago when I first began to
make a serious study of Bacon's work. Even at the
present day I strongly suspect that there may be not
a few, interested in such literary pursuits, who find it
difficult to obtain the privileges of a great library, or
gain access to those rare and early editions which
sweeten the toil of the bibliophile and bibliographer
alike. Such students not only very frequently waste
much time which might be avoided, but direct their
energies in a channel which often proves misleading
and disappointing.

During the past few years the attention of readers
has been much attracted towards the literature of Bacon,
and probably as an incentive the Bacon-Shakespeare
discussion has in no small degree contributed. It is
not my intention to enter the argumentative arena
of those interesting and " disputed facts," dealing with
the authorship of certain dramatic and poetic works :
indeed, those who look for controversial food in these
pages will, I fear, meet with disappointment. Never-
theless, I am glad to have this opportunity of adding
that if in the prosecution of such studies, whatever
the motive, the public are led to take a deeper interest
in the great literature of the Elizabethan period,

PREFACE vii

especially that of Bacon and Shakespeare, then such
disputes have not altogether been in vain.

One may truly say that the attempt to wrRe a short
Life of Bacon is beset with many difficulties, not only
on account of the unusual personal qualities and eccen-
tricities of the man, but also because his whole life was
so full of historical interest and detail. To study such
a life in its completeness one must necessarily turn to
the actual pages of history, in which may be found all
those events and conditions which served as the im-
pulses of his actions and tested his moral character.
Therefore while I am deeply conscious of my respon-
sibility and the feebleness of the present effort, I
would wish at the same time to emphasize the fact
that my object has in no wise been to add to, or
supplant in any way, those larger works whose com-
prehensiveness and usefulness it is here my chief
purpose and duty to recommend.

In the consideration of the Works, if more atten-
tion has been given to some than may seem necessary,
or, on the other hand, the space devoted to the larger,
and what are usually considered greater, publications
of Bacon appears relatively and unnecessarily curtailed,
it has not been because the latter have been deemed
less important, but rather that a few of the less known
and smaller compositions have not hitherto received
their due.

As a matter of fact, many editions of the great
philosophical works, issued with copious explanatory

viii FRANCIS BACON

notes, are always accessible ; besides, it would be quite
beyond my present purpose to attempt a disquisition
on them ; my object being to endeavour to point out
the way to those who are on the threshold of a study
which is full of interest, whether approached from a
purely literary, bibliographical, or psychological point
of view, and if these few pages assist such inquirers
in any small degree, the pleasant "recreations" of my
leisure moments have been profitably chosen.

I wish to add my graceful acknowledgments to
those whose names will be found in different portions
of this book, and whose work on the subject has been
of the greatest service in the preparation of it. Finally,
I would express my indebtedness to many biographical
treatises, especially the Dictionary of National Bio-
graphy, from whose pages I have gathered much
valuable information relating to the subject.

G. WALTER STEEVES.
9, Cavendish Square, W.

CONTENTS

LIFE OF BACON

His home — Parents — Youth — Residence at Cambridge— Early
philosophical views — Entrance at Gray's Inn — On the Continent
— Invention of his cypher-writing system — Death of his
father and return to England — In monetary straits — Called
to the Bar— Member of Parliament — Letter of Advice to
Queen Elizabeth — His attitude towards the Puritans and
Catholics — Sworn "Queen's Counsel Extraordinary" — His
objections to the action of the Lords interfering with the rights
of the Commons in financial questions — Registership of the Star
Chamber — Rivalry of Sir Edward Coke for the hand of Sir
Thos. Cecil's daughter, and the offices of the Earl of Essex in
the matter — The friendship of Essex and Bacon — The liberality
of the former — Essex's administration in Ireland and his
subsequent downfall — Bacon's prosecution in the case of Essex
— Bacon receives his knighthood from James the First — The
Apology in Certain Imputations concerning the late Earl of
Essex — Appointed King's Counsel — His marriage to Alice
Barnham — Receives the appointments of Solicitor-General and
Attorney-General — Case of the "Post-Nati" of Scotland —
Publication of the Advancement of Learning — Wisdom of the
Ancients — Appointment of Lord Keeper of the Great Seals
— Hostility between Bacon and Coke — Cases in the Star
Chamber — Becomes Lord High Chancellor of England and
Viscount St. Albans — His country seat at Gorhambury — Essays
— Novum- Organum — His sixtieth birthday — Narrative of his fall
— His sentence— Freedom— Literary work during his retirement
— History of Henry VII — Translations of his Works^Applica-
tion for Provostship to Eton College — Publication of various
books — Translations of Psalms — His Prayers, etc. — His health
— Last scientific investigation — His death — Will, etc.-=-Con-
siderations with respect to his character, surroundings, and
influences . . . ... Pages 1-39

X FRANCIS BACON

THE WORKS OF BACON

Early writings: Notes on the State of Europe— Temporis partum
Maximum — Cogitata et Visa — Valerius Terminus — Partis
secundae Delineatis — Redargutio Philosopkiarum — Mr. Bacon in
Praise of Knowledge — Mr. Bacon in Praise of his Sovereign —
Certain Observations made upon a Libel — The Northumberland
Manuscript — Promus of Formularies and Elegancies . Pages 4 1-52

CLASSIFICATION OF THE WORKS

(i) Philosophical: De Augmentis Scientiarum — NovumOrganum
— Phenomena U^iversi — Scala Inlellectus — Prodromi — Philo-
Sophia Secunda . . . ... 53"^'

(2) Literary : The Essays, with the Colours of Good and Evil —
History of Henry VII— History of Henry VIII— The Beginning
of the History of Great Britain — In Felicem Memoriam
Elizabethae — In Henricum principem Walliae Riorum Francisci
Baconi — Imagines Civiles Julii Caesaris, et Augusti Caesaris —
A Confession of Faith— The Characters of a believing Christian
in Paradoxes and seeming Contradictions — The Prayers — Trans-
lation of Certain Psalms — Poetry and Poetical Works —
Apophthegms — The Wisdom of the Ancients . . . 81-139

(3) Professional : Speeches {Post Nati Naturalization of the
Scotch in England, etc. ) — Law Tracts {Rules and Maxims of the
Common Laws of England — Use of the Law — The Learned
Reading of Sir Francis Bacon, etc.) — Legal Arguments — Star-
Chamber Charges . . ... 140-161

LETTERS OF BACON

Earliest compositions — The publications of Robert Stephens and
David Mallet — In the Resuscitatio — Basil Montague's Works, etc.
— Letters of "Advice" and "Expostulation" — The value and
significance of Bacon's Letters . ... 161-167

CONTENTS xi

POSTHUMOUS WORKS

Certain Miscellany Works by Wm. Rawley — Sylva Syhiarum and
New Atlantis— 'R.a.yiley's Folio, 1638 — The Remaines — The
Mirrour of State and Eloquence — Isaac Griiter's publication —
Resuscitatio — Ofuscula Varia Posthuma — Tenison's Baconiana —
Stephens' Letters — Dr. Birch's publication — Blackbourne's com-
plete edition of the Works — Publications of David Mallet, Dr.
Shaw, Montague and Spedding — Recent Work . Pages 167-194

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS AND THEIR RELATION
TO HIS WORK

William Rawley — Tobie Mathew — Ben Jonson — George Herbert —
Lancelot Andrews — Thomas Meautys — Thomas Bodley — The
Fathers Fulgentio and Barazano — Selden, Hobbes, and Sir John
Constable . . . ... 195-220

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Portrait of Bacon .... Frontispiece

Portrait of Bacon at the age of eighteen years . Fcuing page i
Title-page of Lady Bacon's translation of the Apology for the Church

of England, 1564 . . . ... 3

Title-page of the first edition of A Declaration of the Practises and

Treasons committed by the Earl of Essex, i(xil . . .15

Document containing the signatures of Bacon, his wife, and others

Facing page 16
Title-page of the first edition of Bacon's Apologie concerning the late

Earl of Essex, 1604 . . . . . . ig

Bacon's Monument in St. Michael's Church Facing page 30

First page of the Northumberland Manuscript . . . 44
Reproduced from the work of Mr. Frank J. Burgoyne by his kind permission.

Title-page of the first edition of the £>e Augmentis Scientiarum, 1623 55

,, ,, Advancement of Learning, 1605. 59
,, ,, Novum Organum, 1620

Facing page 62

,, ,, Historia Naturalis, 1622 . . 65

,, ,, Historia Ventorum, 1653 . 69

,, ,, Historia Vitae et Mortis, 162^ . 73
„ ,, Sylva Sylvarum, 1627

Facing page 76

,, ,, New Atlantis, 1627 . . 77

Essays, 1597 . . . 83

Title-page of the edition of the Essays issued in 1612 . . . 87

1625 . . . 91

BACON AT THE AGK OF EIGHTEEN YEARS

FRANCIS BACON

A SKETCH OF HIS LIFE

FRANCIS BACON was born at York House on
22 January, 1561. At the bottom of Buck-
ingham Street, in the Strand, and facing the Embank-
ment gardens, still stands the ancient "York Water
Gate," which nearly marks the site of the old home-
stead ; and this interesting gateway, designed for the
Duke of Buckingham by Inigo Jones, was formerly
used as the approach to York House from the Thames.
Here was the residence of his father, Sir Nicholas
Bacon, the first Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of
England, a man who in his day was held in high
esteem on account of his profound learning and wisdom.
His mother, the daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, tutor
to King Edward the Sixth, was one of the most
scholarly and accomplished ladies of the day, and ac-
cording to William Rawley, "eminent for piety, and
virtue, and 1 -g, being exquisitely skilled for a
woman in the uicek and Latin Tongues." She is now
remembered chiefly for her faithful translation of Bishop
Jewell's Apology for the Church of England, and it is
interesting to notice that this work of hers was so

2 FRANCIS BACON

esteemed for its accuracy that it "was published for
common use in 1567, by the special order of Arch-
bishop Parker." In this connexion, one may be
permitted to add, that in a summary of what was
proposed to be done in the Convocation of 1562, it
was decided that Newel's Catechism, then completed,
but not yet published, and Jewell's Apology, "lately
set forth, should be joined with the articles of religion
which were to be prepared in one book, and by
common consent authorized as containing true
doctrine." It may not be generally known that this
identical translation of the Apology of the Church,
by Lady Anne Bacon, is still printed and circulated
by the " Society for Promoting Christian Know-
ledge." Possessing parents, therefore, of such
recognized ability and attainments, Bacon entered
the arena of life under the most favoured and happy
conditions.

He very early showed evidences of an inquiring
mind and, indeed, intelligence and precocity much
beyond his years. This attracted the attention of all
around him, and it is said that Queen Elizabeth
delighted to call him her "Young Lord Keeper." As
an indication of his youthful wit, it is recorded that on
one occasion the Queen, on asking him how old he
was, received the reply, "Just two years younger than
your Majesty's happy reign." Dr. Rawley says : " His
first and childish years were not without some mark of
eminency ; at which time he was endued with that
pregnancy and towardness of wit ; as they were
presages of that deep and universal apprehension
which was manifest in him afterwards " ; and Arch-

An Apologie

or anfVcre in defence of the

€bmc^t of (ZEnglanDe,

Declatationoftljetroc
l&clfgtonp}ofe(reb

iVt fame*

Ltondiniy \^mo Domini

LIFE OF BACON 5

bishop Tenison speaks in like manner : " It is observed
that in his tender years, his pregnancy was such, as to
give great indication of his future high accomplish-
ments." When quite a child we find him interested in
the laws of sound ; and, among other curious investiga-
tions, attempting to discover the cause of an echo.
Many such instances foreshadowed unusual intelligence
and genius ; and the intellectual atmosphere of his
home would tend to foster and develop this.

In the year 1573, being then only thirteen years of age,
he was sent, with his brother Anthony, to Trinity College,
Cambridge. It was not long before we find him show-
ing his dissatisfaction with the teaching system of the
University ; for the promotion of knowledge on the old
conservative lines was not congenial to his inquiring
and progressive mind. Consequently he soon mani-
fested an aversion to the philosophy of Aristotle —
according to his dictum — " barren for the production of
works for the benefit and use of man." We gather that
his views attracted little friendly sympathy, and this
need not surprise us when we consider the period,
and mental attitude of young Bacon.

From his tutor Dr. Whitgift, afterwards Archbishop
of Canterbury, we learn next to nothing. It is quite
evident, however, from other sources of information,
that Bacon's intellectual horizon, even then, was not to
be limited by the existing philosophic dogmas of the
University. He altogether distrusted its academic
methods, and though we know so little of him here, we
may infer that at this stage of his career he planned
some of those schemes which he lived to unfold in sub-
sequent years.

6 FRANCIS BACON

During his residence in college the irresistible bent
of his mind in the direction of Natural Philosophy be-
came more pronounced, and when he left Cambridge he
carried with him " a fixed conviction that the system of
academic education in England was radically vicious."

Of Dr. Whitgift, the Master of Trinity, we know
little that is creditable. He seems to have been a mean
time-serving prelate, whose aspirations and duplicity
would scarcely escape the keen observation of Bacon ;
indeed, such an experience would serve as a valuable
object lesson in determining certain phases of character
to be moulded and utilized by him later on in life.

In the year 1576 he left Cambridge without taking a
degree, having been in residence three years ; and both
he and his brother were at once entered at Gray's Inn,
de societate magistrorum. We next find him in Paris,
whither his father had sent him under the care of Sir
Amias Paulett, the English Ambassador at that Court.
He at once exhibited marked diplomatic ability, and was
soon entrusted with important missions — even one to
the Queen — on which he was highly commended. In-
deed, he gave every promise here of a distinguished
career.

It was at this time that he invented his cypher-writing
system, the importance of which has of late so
prominently been brought before the public, more
especially in relation to the Bacon-Shakespeare con-
troversy. One can readily understand that his inten-
tion was to utilize this method in his diplomatic capacity.
The reference to this may be found in his Augmentis
Scieniiaruin, Lib. VI : " Ut vero suspicio omnis absit,
aliud invertum subjiciemus, quod certe cum adolescentali

LIFE OF BACON 7

essemus Parisiis excogitavimus, nee etiam adhuc visa
nobis eis digna est quae pereat."

After leaving Paris he travelled into the provinces of
France, and we also have good evidence that he visited
♦ Italy, especially Rome, still further extending his
observations on such subjects as " The force of imagina-
tion," " Secret passages of sympathy between persons
of near blood," and upon Echoes, a subject which
seems to have had a peculiar fascination for him.

On the death of his father in 1580 he was hurriedly
called back to England. His contemplations were
thus suddenly cut short, and he found himself face to
face with the stern realities of life. On his return he
was disappointed to find his eldest brother in possession
of the estate, only a small portion having been allotted to
himself It is evident that at this time Bacon, on
account of his slender income, was obliged to postpone,
those pursuits and studies most dear to him. He
received no assistance from his uncle Lord Burghley,
then Prime Minister, and it was plain that this noble-
man was not desirous to promote the interests of his
nephew when the welfare of his own son was his chief
concern.

-That Bacon was in sore monetary straits at this time
we have good evidence, as several letters exist written
by him to Lord and Lady Burghley soliciting their
influence and assistance. These communications were
humble, and almost servile, and tell a sad story. He
now diligently pursued his legal studies, soon being
called to the Bar. He became Member of- Parliament
for Melcombe Regis in 1584, and also sat for Liverpool
in 1589. It was during his membership for the former

8 FRANCIS BACON

constituency that he wrote his Letter of Advice to Queen
Elizabeth, probably in the year 1584. The minds of the
people were just then much exercised over various
important religious questions, especially those which
might in any way affect Protestantism. Bacon did not
fail to see that such sectarian troubles as already existed
were likely to assume serious proportions, and he there-
fore took the opportunity of advising the Queen on the
policy he desired her to follow and the attitude he was
wishful she should adopt towards those — the Recusants,
as they were then styled — who would not uphold her
religious supremacy. With the House of Commons
Puritanism had no little influence, and the Queen was
not desirous that any change in the formalities of the
Church should take place. In this treatise Bacon pro-
nounced his views both as regards the Catholics and
the Puritans. He declared that the former were Eliza-
beth's enemies, and "that whosoever would not bear
arms against all foreign princes, and namely the Pope,
that should in any way invade Her Majesty's dominions,
should be a traitor." At the same time he emphasizes
his feelings towards the " preachers," remarking, " I am
provoked to lay at your highness's feet my opinion
touching the preciser sort " ; and he adds that he is
" not addicted to their preciseness." No doubt Bacon
was anxious to prevent hostile religious feeling among
the people during the Queen's reign ; at the same time
he desired to see an end to the Catholic influence. The
interesting historical details of this movement cannot
be continued here. It is only necessary to add that, as
far as Bacon himself was concerned, he feared the in-
fluence of the Papists on the State, and was anxious

LIFE OF BACON 9

that all disloyal religious sentiment should be sup-
pressed.

In 1588 he was sworn "Queen's Counsel Extra-
ordinary," and five years later (1593) he became Member
of Parliament for Middlesex. Very soon after, when
the House was summoned, increased supplies were
demanded on account of the difficulties arising out of one
of those serious Popish plots which had come to light.
Naturally the House of Commons undertook to deal
with such _/?«««aia:/ questions; but the Lords insisted on
interfering with their rights, both as to the main issue
of increased subsidy itself, and also the conditions of
all the proposals under consideration. Bacon took a
prominent part in the discussions now raised, and did
not hesitate to emphasize his objections to the action
of the Lords, feeling that the propositions and sugges-
tions of the Upper House were quite out of place and
ill-advised. Though he acted in perfectly g^od faith,
his views were not understood or well received, and it
is said that not only the Court, but even the Queen
showed her annoyance at the utterances he then
made.

He had previously procured the Registership of the
Star Chamber, but the latter carried no emolument
with it. Though it was said to be worth £1600 a year,
it brought nothing to him immediately; in Bacon's
words, " it was like another man's ground buttailing
upon his house, which might mend his prospect, but it
did not fill his barns." It now became evident to all i
that his parliamentary career was destined to become '
one of success and distinction. His eloquence im- \
pressed the House at once, as it did the judges in the '

lo FRANCIS BACON

court and all who listened to him, Ben Jonson and
many of his time fully testifying to this.

Let us now briefly refer to an event which, though
domestic in character, is of further importance on
account of the action and solicitude of the Earl of
Essex on behalf of Bacon's private concerns.

The wealthy widow of Sir William Hatton, and
daughter of Sir Thomas Cecil, became the engrossing
object of Bacon's attentions, and though he had pro-
posed to her, he had received scant encouragement.
Sir Edward Coke, who henceforward was to prove
Bacon's chief antagonist and enemy, and indeed who
had already, in 1 594, been promoted over his head to
the position of Attorney-General, now appeared as a
rival for the hand of this alluring lady. Bacon was
refused, and the rich and prosperous Coke preferred, in
spite of his " seven objections — his six children and
himself." It must now be pointed out that, in his
anxiety to gain this lucrative prize. Bacon employed^
Essex in the furtherance of his cause ; and the latter,
then on the eve of his expedition to Cadiz, was thus
addressed by Bacon : " My suit to your Lordship is for
your several letters to be left with me dormant to the
gentlewoman and either of her parents. Wherein I do
not doubt but, as the beams of your favour have often
dissolved the coldness of my fortune, so in this argu-
ment your Lordship will do the like with your pen." We
have no record of Essex's intervention with the heiress,
but he wrote to Sir Thomas Cecil, enlarging on the
" virtues and excellent parts " of Bacon, and his qualifi-
cations — professional and otherwise — using indeed
every persuasion. He addressed somewhat similar

LIFE OF BACON ii

letters to Lady Cecil and others who he thought might
favour the suit.

Bacon had the satisfaction later on of knowing that
Coke's union with this gilded widow was a very unhappy
one. There can be little doubt but that Bacon hoped
to replenish his pocket by such a marriage, but again
he had been outwitted by his crafty opponent. This is
one of the instances which demonstrate the unselfish
kindness of Essex towards Bacon, and it is worthy of
notice.

Bacon now became closely attached to the Earl of
Essex, and apparently possessed a deep regard and
close feeling of friendship for him ; while Essex im-
plicitly trusted Bacon, and was ever ready to render him
any affectionate service within his power. Their ideals,
however, were widely separate ; and one is driven to
the conclusion that the attachment of the former
existed, for the most part, as a means for the accom-
plishment of selfish ends, though, at the same time, it is
only fair to add, as subsequently stated by Bacon, that
Essex may have been considered " the fittest instrument
to do good to the State — therefore I applied myself to
him in a manner which I think happeneth rarely among
men."' •

On the-other hand, the relations between Lord Burgh-
ley and Bacon were less cordial. No doubt the Cecils
were jealous that he should ally himself in any manner
with Essex, and this feeling was very evident when the
office of Solicitor -General became vacant. On this
occasion Essex used every endeavour for his friend,
but they had to face disappointment, and the influence
of the Lord Keeper, or Burghley and Robert Cecil, or

12 FRANCIS BACON

possibly the combined voices of the three, were too
strong with the Queen.

Then came a fine act of liberality on the part of
Essex. He presented Bacon with a magnificent estate
at Twickenham, a consolation which must have been
most acceptable. For here, from time to time, he was
able to retire from the public gaze and indulge in those
literary pursuits which appealed more to him than all
his legal and parliamentary duties, and, indeed, were
always uppermost in his mind.

During the year 1 597, when the Essays first appeared,
his literary reputation became greatly enhanced, and so
widespread was their popularity that translations into
Latin, Italian, and French soon followed. This first
edition contained only ten essays, and was reprinted
the following year. Several subsequent editions came
before the public until it reached its complete form
(fifty-eight essays) in 1625, the year before the author's
death.

The unfortunate position in which the Earl of Essex
found himself through his faulty administration of Irish
affairs and his impetuous and unstatesmanlike conduct
at home soon brought about his utter downfall.

There can be no doubt that Bacon strongly advised
him not to undertake the Irish leadership, but his ex-
postulations were of no avail, and in March, 1599,
Essex left London for Dublin as Lord-Lieutenant,
and it is a matter of history how lamentably the entire
expedition was conducted. As we know, it terminated
in complete failure and in the disgrace of Essex.
Naturally Bacon's position was a difficult one. He
earnestly desired to befriend Essex, and he dare not

LIFE OF BACON 13

risk the Queen's displeasure. The advice which he
gave Essex on his arrival from Ireland was such as one
would expect in the circumstances, knowing Elizabeth's
susceptibilities and eccentricities as he did. And in
spite of all, as he tells us, Essex acted contrary to his
wishes on every point.

On the other hand, when Essex was committed and
afterwards stood his trial. Bacon's attitude can never be
altogether excused. He knew full well that however
tactless as an administrator, however impetuous and
wanting in caution as a soldier Essex may have been,
no crime had been perpetrated that called for the
scaffold.

It is contended by some, however, that by disregard-
ing the express commands of his Sovereign in Ireland,
and the reckless management of his troops there, the
Queen was obliged to treat Essex as a criminal
offender. However we view this question, it is im-
possible for us to reconcile the behaviour of Bacon,
and the vehement and quite unnecessary attacks he
made in the prosecution of one who had many times
befriended him, and who had frequently incurred en-
mity on his account. It is difficult to think that Bacon
only acted thus in order that the public should profit
by his own achievements and advancement ; nor, indeed,
is it necessary to infer that his professional position en-
forced such a course on him. Here all the conditions
of the case were quite exceptional. When he found he
could produce no impression, in favour of Essex, on
the Queen privately, he might have nobly stood aside
altogether and left the prosecution to other hands.

Essex was executed. Bacon was scorned by many

14 FRANCIS BACON

for his attitude in this case, and for a time the Queen
even became unpopular. She now /elt that some step
should be taken to remove the prevailing doubts of her
subjects as to the justification of the whole proceeding.
She knew well that no one could help her more effectu-
ally than Bacon ; so she ordered him to publish a
pamphlet, and it appears he was ready to do this. This
tract was styled : A Declaration of the Practices and
Treasons attempted and committed by Robert late Earl
of Essex and his Complices, against Her Majestie and
her Kingdoms; and thus, in the words of Macaulay,
he "exerted his professional talents to shed the Earl's
blood and his literary talents to blacken the. Earl's
memory."

Soon after James the First came to the throne Bacon
received his knighthood, in spite of the unfavourable
public feeling existing against him at the time ; for the
tragedy of Essex was not soon forgotten. Lord South-
ampton, who had been imprisoned in the Tower with
Essex, was now released, much to the delight of his
friends, but it was difficult for Bacon personally to
congratulate him, so he addressed a servile and apolo-
getic letter to him, in which the following sentence
occurs : " This great change has wrought in me no other
change towards your Lordship than this, that I may
safely be that to you now, which I was truly before."
We have no record of a reply from Southampton ; but
we may at least conjecture his feelings !

Bacon now, knowing that there still existed much
animosity against him on account of the part he took
in the trial of Essex, addressed to the Earl of Devon-
shire his well-known Apology in certain Imputations

DECLARATION

of the Praflrifes &Treafons

attempted and committed by T{^ert
late Earlc o^Epx and his Complices,

againft her Moieflie and her Kingdoms,

and ofche proceedings as well at the

Arraignments & Conui£hont of ^e

laidIatcE3rIe,andhis adhc<

rents,as after:

Together mth the very ConfeJ^ions

and other parts of the Euidenccs them-

/clues^word fot word taken out of

the Originals.

(V)

^Imprinted at London by ^bert

^ayker,?nntei to the Quecncs

moH excellent Maiellie.

(V)

Anmo i6oU

^^«^i^a!*^^

%...
C

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■^■..'■f~:y.^^e../fi'i.M^J^?^i„-„..

i X,---^ e„i/?,:r(-'J ,JU-'~^'r ^^/.Tlfi^M fH,^.,,.~!-/L, .T,£/.

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,;^.gy^.:^i ;^"^^i«'^^2^:2^>l^i^|g^

i^/^i-.i; y^oi.il.^

iv?-**i

;,L*.^ A-ril!-.

Jko ye/zr/a//'

wmii

7JZ.f'^ „

-.^

DOCUMENT CONTAINING THE SIGNATURES OF BACON, HIS WIFE AND OTHERS

LIFE OF BACON 17

concerning the late Earl of Essex. In this he really
made out a bad case for himself; for the excuse that
he acted as "mere Secretary," and that the affair in-
volved him in no personal responsibility, he having
acted only according to the Queen's bidding, in no wise
absolves him from blame. Those who attempt to justify
the "Apology" lay much stress on the relations that
had previously existed between Bacon and Essex — the
neglected advice ; the headstrong actions ; the want of
consideration towards the Queen, etc. on the part of
Essex : that in view of all this and more, it was only
right that Bacon should plainly announce such details
as had not previously been laid before the public. The
majority of readers, however, will probably concur in
the opinion that it would have been better had such
an Apology never appeared at all, as it in no way
strengthens Bacon's case or palliates his conduct.

It was not long before ' Bacon found favour with his
new sovereign. He was appointed King's Counsel in
1604, with a fee of £ifi a year, and in addition ;^6o a
year was settled on him for " Special Services." His
marriage to Alice Barnham, the daughter of a wealthy
alderman and Cheapside merchant, took place in May,
1606. Their union does not seem to have been a very
congenial one, though we actually know little as regards
their domestic relations. He received the Solicitor-
Generalship in 1607, and five years later was made
Attorney-General. He was, indeed, reaching the summit
of his ambition. He occupied a most prominent posi-
tion in Parliament, conducting important cases here, as
well as in the Exchequer Chamber — such as the
memorable and historical case of the " Post-Nati of

1 8 FRANCIS BACON

Scotland." The part he took in this, and his method
of handling it, added very much to his reputation, and
though the legality of the judicial decision may be
called in question, as Macaulay points out, " the bene-
ficial effect must be acknowledged, and was in a great
measure attributed to his dexterous management." At
the same time he had finished his Advancement of
Learning, which was published in 1605, and a few years
later (1609) the Wisdom of the Ancients appeared. In
the year 1617 he received the appointment of Lord
Keeper of the Great Seals.

There had always been a strong feeling of hostility
between Bacon and Sir Edward Coke, and though the
latter was by no means a light comparable to Bacon in
his intellectual acumen, he was, beyond doubt, the
strongest legal advocate of the day. The fact that he
had been promoted to the positions of Solicitor-General
and Attorney-General many years before had, together
with other provocations of jealousy, embittered Bacon
to such a degree that he at once deprived Coke of his
office of Chief Justice, and his name was erased from
the list of Privy Councillors.

Bacon conducted many painful cases in the Star
Chamber. This was a Court of Civil and Criminal
jurisdiction at Westminster, and was of very ancient
origin. Its powers became much abused, however, and
in the reign of Charles the First it was altogether
abolished. Of the many cases that came before him
here, some were so important that permanent records
have been preserved. There is the charge against
certain persons for the crime of duelling. Another,
against a Mr. Oliver St. John, who wrote various letters

SIR FRANCIS

BACON HIS APOLO-

GIE, IN CERTAINE

imputations concerning the Late

Earle of Ejfex,

Written to the right Hono-
rable his very good Lord, theEarlc
afDcMnjhire, LordLieute-
nant of Ireland.

LONDON^

Printed for Felix Norton

and are to be (bid in Pauls church-
yard at the fignc of the Pa-
rot. 1504.

LIFE OF BACON 21

against the King, and one in particular stating that he
had violated his Coronation oath by unjustly levying
Benevolences. But among all such cases brought before
Bacon in this Chamber, one has always been singled
out as reflecting much discredit on him. It was that of
a Mr. Peacham, an old clergyman nearly seventy years
of age, who was arraigned on a charge of treason for a
sermon that he never preached or published. This poor
old man, while in torture on the rack, was examined by
Bacon, and no confession was forthcoming. He was
convicted, however, and though the sentence was not
executed, he was allowed to pass the remainder of his
days in prison, and to die there.

The case of Sir Thomas Overbury, who was poisoned
in the Tower in 16 13, was a very interesting one, more
especially on account of the fact that the Earl and
Countess of Somerset were concerned in the tragedy.
All these Star Chamber cases are carefully chronicled,
but as far as one can ascertain very few of them were
published as separate tracts, either at this time or at a
later date.

In 1618 Bacon became Lord High Chancellor of
England, with the title Baron Verulam ; and the year
following, Viscount St. Albans. Whenever he could
free himself from his professional and parliamentary
duties, he would retire to his beautiful and luxurious
country seat at Gorhambury, where he lived in great
pomp. Everything was here conducted in a most
liberal and lavish spirit; nothing was wanting that
might conduce to his happiness and peace of mind.
For his gratification "musique was provided in the
next room where he meditated," and "every meal.

22 FRANCIS BACON

according to the season of the year, he had his table
strewed with sweet herbs and flowers which he said did
refresh his spirits and memorie." All the appointments
of the establishment and estate were on the same scale.
The servants dare not approach him without their
Spanish boots, and always wore livery adorned with
his crest. He was reckless in his extravagance, and little
wonder that he was never free from debt.

All this seems like further evidence of the contra-
dictory character of the man, for at the same time he
used this quiet retreat for meditation and literary work.
At this period of his career he was continually adding
to and translating his essays, and finishing his great
work, the Novum Organum.

The year 1620 was an important one in the history
of Bacon, for it may be said that at this date he
actually reached the pinnacle of his fame and pros-
perity. He had risen to great power through occupying
the highest administrative positions in the land. His
speeches and work had been applauded by the public,
and his literary reputation had spread far beyond the
limits of his own country. His residences, both in
London and Gorhambury, were kept in a state be-
fitting royalty itself It seemed that all his ambitions
had surely been realized.

In the same year his Novum Organum was published.
This colossal work had been his special study for
many years, and indeed we marvel that a man, con-
stantly engrossed with legal problems, parliamentary
anxieties, and grave State concerns, could have com-
piled such a grand philosophic fabric, the first book
of which is, according to Macaulay, his "greatest

LIFE OF BACON 23

performance." Bacon, no doubt, considered himself
that this was his maximum opus, for he took unusual
care in the writing and preparation of it, and we are
told by Rawley, his chaplain and biographer, that he
had seen "twelve autograph copies of it corrected and
improved." It was at once welcomed and admired by
all scholars in England, but probably more especially
by men of letters abroad, for, according to Rawley,
" his fame is greater and sounds louder in foreign parts
than at home in his own nation."

The celebration of his sixtieth birthday in January
of this year was an interesting event. It took place
at York House in company with many old friends, and
we find Ben Jonson among them. He composed a
poem in honour of the day, which has been preserved,
and in which the following lines appear : —

.... This is the sixtieth year
Since Bacon, and thy Lord was born and here,
Son to the grave wise Keeper of the Seal,
Fame and foundation of the English weal.

But a sudden and tragic fall from the high pedestal
on which he stood was soon to prostrate him, and it
is now necessary to briefly record the saddest event
in his memorable life. That the catastrophe which
darkened his latter days came as a great surprise to
him there can be no doubt, and indeed little or no
warning of his overthrow seems to have reached him.
At first there was a cloud of murmur and suspicion
that some form of corruption was permitted in the
public service. It was not long before Coke, who was
now the head figure in Parliament, vigorously began
an inquiry, and soon the House of Commons recom-

24 FRANCIS BACON

mended that the Lords should deal with such an
important matter.

Bacon had an intimation from the King as to what
was going on, but he had every confidence in his own
unassailable position, particularly as he reckoned on
the unwavering support of James and Buckingham.
At the same time he knew what to expect from
Coke's animosity should an opportunity arise for
this old enemy to press any charges likely to injure
him.

A Committee from the House of Commons was now
appointed to inquire into " The Abuses of Courts of
Justice" (March, 1620). It was not long before the
unhappy Lord Chancellor found himself charged with
corruption, and special cases were immediately brought
forward against him. Many accusers were not slow to
press the charge of bribery ; a certain person Aubrey,
among others, who affirmed that he had presented his
lordship with a gift of .£'100. Another suitor, Egerton,
had made him a presentation of ;^400, as well as
valuable plate. Bacon was obliged to answer to all
the special charges against him. He acknowledged
himself guilty of corruption, but justified many of his
acts by alleging that he received the gifts after judg-
ment, or as New Year's gifts, etc.

It was an accepted practice in those days for judges
to accept presents and fees, and it has been suggested
by Mallet that Bacon had doubtless been courted in
this manner by certain persons who "afterwards received
a verdict unfavourable to their expectations." These
would take the opportunity of appearing as accusers.
During the investigations Bacon was confined to his

LIFE OF BACON 25

house through illness. By many it was thought that
his indisposition was pretended, and that he dare not
face his judges.

A Committee from the Lords then waited on him
at his residence, and to their question, whether the
signature to the confession were his, he replied, " My
Lords, it is my act, my hand, my heart ; I beseech your
lordships to be merciful to a broken reed ! "

He was at once relieved of the Great Seal, and when
the Commission arrived to receive it, his answer was,
" By the King's great favour I have received the Great
Seal ; by my own great fault I have lost it."

No proof of his innocence could be suggested or
maintained by the King or Buckingham, or even by
himself, so none was attempted. The Lords declared
him guilty, as was expected, and he was sentenced to
" a fine of ;£"40,ooo, to be imprisoned in the Tower
during the King's pleasure, to be incapable of holding
any public office, and of sitting in Parliament, or of
coming within the verge of the Court," but he was not
deprived of his titles of nobility ; the bishops saved
him from this indignity. He was sent to the Tower,
but only detained in prison one day, and the fine was
subsequently remitted.

Not being allowed to live near London, he now
retired to his country seat at Gorhambury. Bucking-
ham was extremely anxious to acquire York House for
his own residence, and through the agency of friends
eventually became possessed of it, though the method and
intrigue employed reflected small credit on him and the
other parties concerned. He intimated to Bacon, through
his friend Sir Edward Sackville, that his liberty depended

26 FRANCIS BACON

on this sacrifice. One cannot vouch for the truthfulness
of this assertion.

Bacon wrote to the Lords appealing for his complete
liberty, adding that he was " weak, ruined, in want,
a very subject of pity." Bishop Williams, his successor
to the office of Lord Keeper, was not favourable to his
cause, and the favour shown to Bacon by James in
assisting him in his pecuniary difficulties met with the
Bishop's disapprobation. It was not till the year before
the King's death (1624) that the sentence was completely
pardoned.

We are not surprised that his health was affected by
this judgment, but his spirits were not totally crushed,
and we find his indomitable energy shown in a letter to
the King which ran as follows : " This is my last suit
which I shall make to your Majesty in this business,
prostrating myself at your mercy seat, after fifteen years'
service, wherein I have served your Majesty in my poor
endeavours with an entire heart, and, as I presumed
to say unto your Majesty, am still a virgin for matters
that concern your person and crown ; and only craving
that after eight steps of honour, I be not precipitated
altogether. But because he hath taken bribes is apt to
give bribes. For if your Majesty will give me peace
and leisure, and God give me life, I will present your
Majesty with a good history of England, and a better
digest of your laws."

In spite of the degradation and ignominy lately
heaped upon him, his ever active mind was still alert,
the unquenchable ambition again asserting itself, and
the happy allusion to bribes in the above letter showed
that his wit had not forsaken him.

BACON S MONUMENT IN ST. MICHAEL S CHURCH

LIFE OF BACX)N 27

The King's confidence in Bacon's opinion on ques-
tions of law and general administration remained
unshaken. A few months after his freedom, James
consulted him respecting the reform of the Courts of
Justice, and Bacon, taking courage, makes overtures to
the King as to his reinstatement and employment. He
never again, however, acted in a public capacity.

In his retirement we find him still pursuing his studies,
and writing- various pamphlets and letters, some of
which have been preserved. Two of these tracts,
entitled Some Considerations touching a War with
Spain, and An Advertisement touching a Holy War,
were written for Buckingham, and are supposed to be
a kindly acknowledgment for his offices in relieving
him of the final portion of his sentence.

But the important work which issued from his pen
at this time was his History of Henry VII, first pub-
lished in 1622. The subject of this philosophic history
is said to have been suggested by James himself.
With the preparation of- it he took the greatest care ;
even the manuscript was corrected by the King and
others. On its completion copies were presented to
the King, Queen of Bohemia, Buckingham, and the
Lord Keeper. The latter's acknowledgment of the book
" to his very good Lord — the Lord Viscount St. Alban,"
well illustrates the character of this dignitary, who had
so recently opposed Bacon's complete liberation. *' My
very good Lord — I heartily thank your Lordship for
your book, and all other symbols of your love and
affection, which I will endeavour, upon all oppor-
tunities, to deserve, and in the meantime do rest your
Fordship's assured faithful poor friend and servant."

28 FRANCIS BACON

Bacon was anxious that it should be translated into
Latin, as he says " those modern languages will, at one
time or another, play the bankrupts with books," so it
soon appeared both in Latin and French, and many
editions followed.

In the translations of many of his best works, espe-
cially this history, it has been said that he was much
indebted to Ben Jonson, Herbert, and other friends.

In the year 1623 the Provostship to Eton College
became vacant, and it is remarkable as an evidence of
his energy and zeal for work even now, that he applied
for the position. In a letter written to Sir Henry
Saville many years before, after a visit to Eton, one
finds that Bacon, among all his other exercises, had
not neglected the question of the education of the
young. It may have been that he now wished to turn
his attention, in his declining years, to a more serious
study in this department, also, probably, to augment his
income, his pecuniary needs becoming more pressing.
However that may be, he was unsuccessful in his
application, and Sir Henry Wooton received the
appointment.

This was the last occasion on which Bacon sought
any definite occupation outside his book-world.

He now proceeded with his literary labours, publish-
ing his De Augmentis, Historia Vitce, Historia Ventorum,
and other books, among which must be mentioned the
final and complete edition of his Essays in the year 1625.

An allusion must also be made here to certain
literary productions, of a somewhat different character,
which proceeded from his pen, viz., . his translations
into English verse of a number of the Psalms, dedicated

LIFE OF BACON 29

to George Herbert, as well as a few separate poetical
pieces which are well known. Many of his prayers
are beautiful, and are to be found, not only as special
supplications in his hours of trouble, but also embodied
in his best prose works, as at the beginning of the
Instauratio Magna and the conclusion of the preface.

His writings were mostly published both in English
and Latin. He always had a predilection for the latter,
and felt that his works would best live in the minds
of posterity in that tongue, and be more universally
read. He frequently takes the opportunity of empha-
sizing this. For instance, in presenting the King with
his De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum, he says,
"For since my end of putting it into Latin was to
have it read everywhere, it had been an absurd con-
tradiction to free it in the language, and to pen it
up in the matter." Referring to the Great Instauration,
Tenison says in the Baconiana : Bacon " knowing that
this work was desired beyond the seas, and being also
aware that books written in a modern language, which
receiveth much change in a few years, were out of use,
he caused that part of it, which he had written in
English, to be translated into the Latin tongue by
Mr. Herbert and some others, who were esteemed
masters in the Roman eloquence."

Bacon was delicate from his birth, and never enjoyed
robust health. We have this on the authority of many
observers, such as Rawley, Aubrey, etc. ; and, indeed,
he himself points to the fact in the Novum Organum :
" If anyone, therefore, should despair, let him consider
a man as much employed in civil affairs as any other
of his age, a man of no great share of health, who

30 FRANCIS BACON

must therefore have lost much time." . . . He seems
to have been especially prone to attacks of giddiness
and fainting. He was, however, most careful in his
regimen, taking much precaution against ordinary
ailments, and we do not know that he ever suiifered
from any protracted or serious illness.

During the year 1625 it was noticeable that his
health was beginning to fail, and the .latter part of
that year he remained altogether at Gwfcambury. In
a letter to a friend he writes : " I thank God by means
of the sweet air of the country I have obtained some
degree of health " ; also to Buckingham he says, " I
have gotten some step into health " ; all showing that
he was somewhat concerned as to his condition. Early
in the following year, however, as an evidence of his
improvement, he returned to Gray's Inn, the retreat
he loved so well.

Devotion to the cause pf research and scientific
investigation now brought this illustrious life to a
close. During one of his excursions into the country
he conceived the idea that animal substances might
be preserved by means of snow ; as he himself puts
it : "I was desirous to try an experiment or two
touching the conservation and induration of bodies ;
as for the experiment it succeeded excellently well."
He procured a fowl from an old woman at Highgate
and conducted the experiment himself A severe
chill was the result, and he was put to bed at the
house of the Earl of Arundel. An acute illness,
which his enfeebled frame could not withstand, im-
mediately followed, and he died on the 9th of April,
1626, at the age of sixty-five years.

LIFE OF BACON 31

His will contained the following wish : " For my
burial, I desire it may be in St. Michael's Church, near
St. Albans : there was my mother buried, and it is the
parish church of my mansion-house at Gorhambury,
and it is the only Christian church within the walls of
Old Verulam " ; and he bequeathed his " name and
memory to men's charitable speeches, to foreign nations,
and the next ages."

His wife survived him twenty-four years. They left
no family. In concluding this sketch of his life, a few
considerations respecting his character, surroundings,
and influences must be briefly noticed. It has been
seen that at an early age he evinced a striking interest
in philosophy and scientific methods of thought. As a
boy he cared little for sports or the games of youth.
He would even remain in seclusion, quite apart from
others, engrossed in some scheme or problem of nature.
His more philosophic works were probably planned
before he was fifteen years of age, and his youthful
sagacity was evident to all, including the Queen. When
quite a lad he possessed a rapid and correct judgment,
and in matters legal and philosophical he had the
" courage of his convictions." This was shown in his
college days and during his travels on the Continent.
Though he was a great reader, Rawley says "he was
no plodder upon books." No doubt his rapid perception
would enable him to gather and assimilate all that he
desired to use for his purposes with the least expenditure
of time. The small things in nature never escaped his
notice, and the peculiarities and functions of living
bodies were always open to his investigation. His
strongly developed imaginative faculty suggested many

32 FRANCIS BACON

phenomena of interest, and, as indicating the use he
made of his powers and experiences in his daily walks,
we find him, in his Sylva, discussing such psychical
problems as "whether a man constantly and strongly
believing that such a thing shall be — that such a one
shall recover a sickness or the like — it doth help any-
thing to the effecting of the thing itself," etc. As he
advanced in years his imagination grew stronger, and it
has been said that in this characteristic Burke resembled
him.

It may be assumed that the history of a life should
never be considered apart from its environment or with-
out a complete knowledge of the history of the period ;
and when in the case of any person, be he lowly or
exalted, one's attention is directed to certain traits of
character calling for deliberate and fair treatment, judg-
ment must be based on reliable data. It is to be
regretted that the defects which unfortunately existed
in the character of Bacon are often not only exaggerated
through an ignorance of such considerations, but cited
as condemnatory of his entire reputation. The first
step, therefore, in the study of his life should be a study
of the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James the First,
more especially the intricacies of the former period. This
will at least have the effect of making the inquirer
more sympathetic, and enable him to approach the
subject in a truer spirit.

Bacon was born with an unquenchable ambition, and
this was the mainspring of his life. In the attainment
of some of his objects he did not hesitate to resort to
many practices and mean devices that shock our sense
of morality and outrage our feelings. In his desire to

LIFE OF BACON 33

be popular with all men he sometimes overtaxed even
kis capabilities ; and in those days greater tact and
judgment were necessary in the public service even
than at present.

That he found himself stooping to acts and conduct-
ing cases which his conscience did not sanction, in order
to further his own interests and assist him in climbing
the ladder of fame, is true ; and for much of his con-
duct I can find no palliation, no excuse. Further,
I cannot agree with some of those writers who suggest
that he possessed a high moral standard and keen
appreciation of right and wrong. That he recognized
such a standard, and could well differentiate the right
from the wrong, one can quite understand, but that he
actually possessed such attributes or lived up to them
in all his dealings it is impossible to believe. In his
meditations he no doubt had many an hour of remorse
and bitterness — for he was a man of tender feeling and
religious instincts, and his mental punishment would be
proportionate. Though appreciating all this, those who
have watched his career with an unbiased eye must
admit that he was hard and unyielding in his legal
transactions, even to the point of cruelty, rather than
that his personal aims should be thwarted or allowed to
suffer. We have so many evidences that he was at
heart a reiigious man, in the ordinary acceptation of
the term, that it is quite unnecessary to enumerate
them. His deep convictions in this respect are inter-
woven in all his best works, and his Confession of Faith
remains with us demonstrating his mental attitude
towards Christianity. Macaulay, in alluding to his
feelings regarding the moral sense of public bodies, says :

3

34 FRANCIS BACON

" Bacon well knew to how great an extent the happi-
ness of every society must depend on the virtue of its
branches ; and he also knew what legislators can and what
they cannot do for the purpose of promoting virtue.''

The early chroniclers of his history do not think it
worth while to tell us much that pertains to his homely
habits, conversations, or virtues. All that we know of
this side of his life is much to his credit. In concluding
this reference to his private character, let us add a few
words of his own from the preface to the Historia
Naturalis, which will enlighten us as much as anything
to be found in his life : "If, therefore, there be any
humility towards the Creator, any reverence for or dis-
position to magnify his works, any charity for man, and
anxiety to relieve his sorrows and necessities, any love
of truth in nature, any hatred of darkness, any desire
for the purification of the understanding, we must in-
terest men again and again, to discard, or at least set
apart for a while those volatile and preposterous philo-
sophies which have preferred these for hypotheses, led
experience captive, and triumphed over the works of
God ; and to approach with humility and veneration to
unroll the volume of Creation, to linger and meditate
thereon, and with minds washed clean from opinions to
study it in purity and integrity." Is it not too evident,
as has been tersely stated by a modern writer, that
Bacon, " like other human beings, was a mixture of good
and evil ; being a great man, in him both good and
evil are on a large scale"? In the inner struggles of his
heart he must have often uttered with Faust the despair-
ing cry : —

" Zwei Seelen wohnen ach ! in meiner Brust."

LIFE OF BACON 35

Taken altogether, such a character cannot be judged
too harshly, and to denounce him as a learned profligate
and knave, as some have done, only demonstrates an
incomplete and biased study of the man and the age in
which he lived. It has been said that Bacon worked
only for fame, and many lesser lights in literature and
politics have accentuated their opinions in regard to
this. I can only affirm that his ambition was not out of
proportion to his actual achievements, and whatever
his motive, he has left us, as the result of his labours,
a heritage that his countrymen will for all time be
proud to acknowledge. He expected to live in the
minds of posterity by his writings, though he felt that
during his lifetime his abilities would be chiefly measured
by his State successes. Through all his chequered
career and full life we should remember that he never
wearied in his devotion as a student of nature and a
seeker after truth. Here his ambition led him to strive
for and achieve some great good for mankind. In the
words of Dean Church, " To teach men to know, is only
next to making them good," and we should agree " that
all generations to come must shield him from the insult
of Pope's famous and shallow epigram" — "Wisest,
brightest, meanest of mankind." It is impossible to
concur with a modern writer who insists " that of all
the better known writers of the sixteenth century, even
prose writers, Bacon is the most prosaic, the most
insipid, and the most pedantic " ; but one is glad to read
in his book that " there is much that is clever in
Bacon's ^jj^^j, here and there depth and originality,
although scarcely anything which wafts towards us, as
it were, a high revelation, like one of the hundreds of

36 FRANCIS BACON

never-to-be-forgotten utterances of Shakespeare." My
own idea has always been that the Essays are incom-
parable in their " depth and originality," and moreover,
convey truths with a power and charm that no writer in
any form of literature has ever surpassed, not excepting
even Shakespeare.

As a speaker in the House of Commons and elsewhere
his ability was early recognized. In difficult and obscure
legal cases, such as those brought before the Star
Chamber, he was much employed, owing to the fact that
his methods of dealing with such were successful, though
we cannot always reconcile those methods with our
ideas of fairness and rectitude. It would seem that
the noble purposes of his Hfe were at times completely
laid aside, and he would then not hesitate to satisfy his
ambition by gaining some temporary distinction, even
though it were necessary to treat some poor prisoner in
the most cruel and tyrannical fashion.

As to his eloquence we have much testimony, but the
words of Ben Jonson, though already so frequently
referred to by various writers, are worth quoting: "There
happened in my time one noble speaker who was full of
gravity in his speaking. His language, where he could
spare or pass by a jest, was nobly censorious. No man
ever spoke more neatly, more pressly, more weightily,
or suffered less emptiness, less idleness in what he
uttered. No member of his speech but consisted of his
own graces. His hearers could not look aside from him
without loss. He commanded where he spoke, and had
his judges angry and pleased at his devotion. No man
had their aifections more in his power. The fear of every
man that heard him was lest he should make an end."

LIFE OF BACON 37

Bacon loved luxury and graceful surroundings. He
was always hampered with debts. In his younger days,
we are told, he was even obliged to borrow money from
the Jews, and his mother would frequently supply him
with poultry and ale from the country house at
Gorhambury. Later in life, when he resided there him-
self, his table, decorations, servants, etc. all exhibited
princely lavishness, and even when his liabilities were
heaviest there was no diminution in his personal and
domestic extravagance. At his death his debts amounted
to ;^20,ooo. The regulation of his finances had no
place in the methods of his philosophy!

When we consider the vast amount of work that he
accomplished — literary, parliamentary, and judicial — we
wonder that a somewhat frail constitution could have
endured the strain put upon it, more especially when
much of his life was deluged with public anxieties and
personal troubles. Pecuniary difficulties and the enmity
of jealous office seekers at all times pursued him, so
that he was obliged to allow himself frequent periods
of rest and recreation ; but he never indulged in in-
temperance or excess in his private life, much of which
was spent at Gorhambury. By judiciously varying his
form of study, by walking, driving in his coach, bowls,
etc. he would here recover from the fatigue of public
duties. The leisure devoted to his philosophic works
was " recreation " to him. My business, he says, " found
rest in my contemplations."

It is difficult to estimate the influence that this great
man exercised on those even of his own day. It is, of
course, evident from the observations of Jonson and ,
others this must have been considerable. In the force

38 FRANCIS BACON

of his reasoning, logical deductions, and imaginative
powers he had no equal. His elegance in style and
metaphor, coupled with a characteristic suavity of
manner, at once raised him above contemporary
speakers. In his persuasiveness and adroitness in bring-
ing an apparently hopeless case to a successful issue,
even Coke, his great rival, was in no sense his equal.

Method was Bacon's watchword. In his keen atten-
tion to detail and careful arrangement of facts in every
department of his work, both public and private, how
evident this is. It enabled him to wield that influence
in the Star Chamber, and in his literature, which estab-
lished his eminence. At the same time his mental
processes were usually broad and comprehensive. This
has been well described by one writer when he says :
" For Bacon we claim the decided superiority in com-
prehensiveness of mind. He alone seemed to take in
at one glance the whole circumference of human know-
ledge ; he alone knew how to assign to each separate
branch its proper position, to detect the prejudices by
which it was impeded, to furnish the true method by
which advancement in every case was to be made."

He was gifted with a good memory, and so he was
constantly able to utilize those details which his obser-
vant mind was at all times gathering and storing. The
art of recalling impressions was a special study with
him.

He was a master in fine distinctions, and he saw
"differences in apparent resemblances, and resemblances
in apparent differences '' ; this it was that made him
excel all others in his philosophic and scientific observa-
tions. At the same time he was always clear and

LIFE OF BACON 39

unambiguous in his statements, and his language,
though often aphoristic, was appropriate and seldom
redundant, in spite of the frequent repetition of apt
phrases and quotations.

He lived in the reign of a king who did not and could
not do justice to his talents, though he quite understood
his abilities and power. He could no more depend on
the allegiance of the Court officials than on the sym-
pathy of Queen Elizabeth or James ; and his opponents
and enemies in Parliament were ready to depreciate his
best endeavours. Here was a man of extravagant
tastes, impecunious, the object of jealousy, cared for by
none, excepting a very few learned friends, and withal
possessing an ambitious zeal to further the knowledge
of mankind. In the light of such considerations, though
fully recognizing Bacon's infirmities, let us not indulge
in a too ready denunciation, but rather turn to his
own acknowledgment, which he makes to Sir Thomas
Bodley : "I do confess since I was of any under-
standing my mind hath in effect been absent from that
I have done, and in absence are many errors which I
willingly acknowledge, and amongst the rest, this great
one, which led the rest, that knowing myself by inward
calling to be fitter to hold a book than to play a part,
I have led my life in civil causes, for which I was not
very fit by nature, and more unfit by pre-occupation of
mind."

That he spoke the words of his heart when he made
this declaration we can have no doubt ; and though
there is much that we can never excuse, there is more
that we must ever admire and applaud in the life of this
great man.

THE WORKS OF BACON

EARLY LITERATURE

BEFORE directing our attention to those greater
and better known works of Bacon, it will be well
to briefly notice some of those early productions, which
are especially interesting to us, as indicating Bacon's
method and line of thought whilst formulating his more
ambitious philosophic schemes.

His small tract known as Notes on the State of Europe
was probably written in the year 1580, and is thought
by Mallet to be his first literary effort. The original of
this was formerly in the possession of Lord Oxford, but
is now among the Harleian Manuscripts in the British
Museum. It was printed in the Supplement to Stephens'
Letters, etc. (second collection, 1734), and was reprinted
by Mallet in 1760. It should be stated that Spedding is
not quite satisfied with the evidence of its authenticity.

Also, about this period. Bacon composed the draft of
another work, which received the high-sounding title
of Temporis partum Maximum ; this, however, in its
imperfect form, produced little or no impression, except-
ing on a few of his most interested admirers. Arch-
bishop Tenison, speaking of it, says : " This was a kind
of embryo of the Instauratio, and if it had been preserved
it might have delighted and profited philosophical
readers, who could then have seen the generation of
that great work, as it were, from the first egg of it, and

41

42 FRANCIS BACON

by reference to the tract it will be seen that it was sound
judgment." Many years afterwards we find an allusion
to this fragmentary treatise in a letter to Father
Fulgentio : " Equidem memini me quadraginta ad hue
annis juvenile opusculum circa has res conficisse, quod
magna prorsus fiducia et magnifico titulo Temporis
Partum Maximum." Spedding says : " This is probably
the work of which Henry Cuffe (the great Oxford
scholar, who was executed in 1601 as one of the chief
accomplices in the Earl of Essex's treason) was speak-
ing when he said that ' a fool could not have written it,
and a wise man would not ! ' "

The Cogitata et Visa de Interpretatione Naturae was
one of the most important of these early tracts, as much
of the matter which it contained was reproduced in the
Novum Organum, and also because it introduced Bacon's
primary ideas with regard to the Instauration. For
these reasons it will be better to postpone further refer-
ence to it until considering the greater work later.

Valerius Terminus was the name given to a literary
fragment, which according to Spedding contained " the
germ of all that part of the Instauratio which treated of
the ' Interpretation of Nature.' It was to be a state-
ment of Bacon's method without professing either to
give the collection of facts, to which the collection was
applied, or the results thereby obtained." It was, in-
deed, the precursor of the Advancement of Learning,
and was written before the year 1605 — the date of the
publication of the latter work — and this, in its turn, was
to be still later expanded into the De Augmentis Scien-
tiarum — part I of the Great Instauration.

Griiter collected in his Scripta in Naturali et Uni-

EARLY LITERATURE 43

versali Philosophia (1653) a number of the early philo-
sophical pieces of Bacon, and entitled them Impetus
Philosophici. This contained the preface to the Novum
Organum, the Partis Secundae Delineatis et Argu-
mentum, as well as a fragment of the Redargutio Philo-
sopkiarum. Spedding suggests that this latter " may be
considered as the first chapter of the second part of the
Instauratioy as it was then designed," and he publishes
it with the Delineatio in the third volume of his works.
It may be added that these early tracts and fragmentary
pieces may be found here, printed in full.

In the supplement to the second edition of Stephens'
collection (1734) may be seen two interesting tracts
entitled Mr. Bacon in Praise of Knowledge and Mr.
Bacon in Praise of his Sovereign, and the manuscripts
of these are still preserved in the British Museum.

It appears to have been customary in Elizabethan
days to entertain royalty with pageants, or " Devices,"
as they were called, on notable festive occasions ; and
on the anniversary of the coronation of the Queen in
1595 Bacon and Essex both took part. It is said "that
certain speeches, unquestionably written by Bacon,
were delivered in a Device presented by Essex," and
Spedding further adds, " I strongly suspect that two of
the most interesting among his smaller pieces were
drawn up for some similar performance in the year
1592." He referred to those just mentioned, and the
same authority goes on to say : " My reason for suspect-
ing that they were composed for some masque or show,
or other fictitious occasion, is partly that the speech in
praise of knowledge professes to have been spoken in a
Conference of Pleasure, and the speech in praise of

44 FRANCIS BACON

Elizabeth appears, by the opening sentence, to have
been preceded by three others, one of which was in
praise of knowledge — partly that, earnest and full of
matter as they both are (the one containing the germ of
the first book of the Novum Organum, the other of the
Observations on a Libel, which are nothing less than a
substantial historical defence of the Queen's govern-
ment), there is nevertheless in the style of both a certain
affectation and rhetorical cadence, traceable in Bacon's
other compositions of this kind, and agreeable to the
taste of the time." . . .

Another important tract, most interesting from an
historical point of view, issued from the pen of Bacon
at this period — probably in the year 1593. This was
entitled Certain Observations made upon a Libel, and was
written by him in answer to a pamphlet called the
Responsio ad edictum Reginae Angliae, the work of a
certain Father Parsons, who in it made grave charges
on behalf of the Roman Catholics against the English
Government after the Armada defeat.

Those' who are desirous of studying these early
publications should consult Spedding's Works, the
seventh volume of which contains those of most
interest.

In connexion with this part of our subject it is
necessary to refer to an old manusc'ript (now known as
the " Northumberland Manuscript ") that came under
the notice of Mr. John Bruce in 1869, when examining
various ancient documents belonging to the Duke of
Northumberland, at Northumberland House, Charing
Cross. This small folio, consisting originally of about
twenty-two sheets, was found among certain documents

r^

■^'vr

/^:":;rf*^^ w^ % ^ -# "l

pyti^

First page of the Northumberland Manuscript

EARLY LITERATURE 47

and pamphlets written in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
It was a miscellaneous collection, and Mr. Bruce says :
" Among the papers taken out of these boxes I found
the transcripts of the papers of Bacon." In the Cata-
logue of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, the
manuscript is thus described : " Folio, A ' Conference
of Pleasure ' by Francis Bacon ; with the manuscript is
bound a large-paper Copy of the printed work (1870)."
The " large-paper copy " was edited by Spedding, and
he published at the same time a smaller edition for
public use. On the outer page, and at the top of the
original document, will be seen the titles of the four
addresses by Bacon, written in 1592, which were
probably delivered at the " Device " in honour of the
Queen — already alluded to. These " Praises " are to —
Fortitude, Love, Knowledge, and the Queen, and appear
here, as follows : —

" The Praise of the worthiest virtue."
" The Praise of the worthiest affection."
" The Praise of the worthiest power."
" The Praise of the worthiest person."

Although this page is much damaged, many interest-
ing entries may readily be recognized, and it would
seem that this was intended to serve as a sort of title
page to the volume ; for we find, beside the names
of Bacon and Shakespeare in repeated variations of
style, scribbled irregularly all over it, such phrases as :
"Philipp against Monsieur," "Speeches for my Lord
Essex at the tylt " ; " Orations at Graie's Inne revells,
by Mr. ffrancis Bacon " ; " Essaies by the same author " ;■
" Rychard the second"; "Rychard the third"; "Asmund

48 FRANCIS BACON

and Cornelia"; " He of dogs frmnt" (supposed to be
a fragment by Thomas Nashe), etc. On an examination
of the contents it will be found that some subjects not
stated on the cover are included, while, "by accident
or design," certain most important pieces mentioned on
the outside page are missing, such as the plays of
Shakespeare and the one by Nashe. From the cover,
it originally contained the Essays, and this point has
been thought important as indicating the probable date
of the manuscript itself; for in the dedication of the
first edition. Bacon says : " Loving & beloved Brother, I
doe now like some that have an Orcharde ill neighboured,
that gather their fruit before it is ripe, to prevent stealing.
These fragments of my conceits were going to print. . . .
Therefore I holde it best discretion to publish them my-
selfe as they passed long ago from my pen, without any
further disgrace, than the weaknesse of the Author." In
the work of Mr. Frank Burgoyne, published in 1904,
which deals exhaustively with this manuscript, it is
stated : " This letter points to the extensive circulation
of the Essays in manuscript, which would cease on their
issue as a book. They were printed in January, 1597,
and again in 1 598, and so were easily to be procured in
book form after February, 1597. This appears to fix
the date of the manuscript as about that period, for
it is not reasonable to suppose that the expensive and
printed editions had appeared. The same argument
applies to the plays of Rychard ii and Rychard Hi,
which are included in the list of contents. These, also,
were first printed in 1597, and issued at a published
price of sixpence each. It seems, therefore, reasonable
to conclude that the manuscript was written not later

EARLY LITERATURE 49

than January, 1597, and it seems more probable that
no part of the manuscript was written after 1596."
Mr. Burgoyne, at the end of his volume, gives us fac-
simile reprints of the pages of the manuscript. Mr. T.
Le Marchant Douse also made an examination of this
manuscript at Alnwick Castle, and published the results
in 1903, He issues an excellent reproduction of the
facsimile of the outside leaf from the original copy,
which will be found in his work.

Among the Harleian Manuscripts in the British
Museum there is one of much interest, which seems
beyond doubt to be the work of Bacon's own hand ;
the title of this is Brontus of Formularies and Elegancies,
on the first page of which appears the date of 1594 : it
is presumed, therefore, that it was begun at this time.
While referring the reader to the seventh volume of
Spedding's Works for a short description of this, as well
as to the Extracts which are quoted by him from
the manuscripts, I cannot do better than repeat a por-
tion of his introductory remarks referring to its nature
and composition. '' It consists of single sentences, set
down one after the other without any marks between,
or any notes of reference or explanation. This collec-
tion (which iills more than forty quarto pages) is of the
most miscellaneous character, and seems by various
marks in the manuscript to have been afterwards
digested into other collections which are lost. The
first few pages are filled chiefly, though not exclusively,
with forms of expression applicable to such matters as
a man might have occasion to touch in conversation —
neatly turned sentences describing personal characters
and qualities — forms of compliment, application, excuse,
4

so FRANCIS BACON

repartee, etc. These are apparently of his own inven-
tion, and may have been suggested by his own experi-
ence and occasions. But interspersed among these are
apophthegms, proverbs, verses out of the Bible, and
lines out of the Latin poets, all set down without any
order or apparent connection of subject, as if he had
been trying to remember as many notable phrases as
he could out of his various reading and observation,
and setting them down just as they happened to present
themselves. As we advance, the collection becomes
more miscellaneous, as if his memory had been ranging
within a smaller, circumference. In one place, for in-
stance, we find a cluster of quotations from the Bible,
following one another with a regularity which may be
best explained by supposing that he had been reading
the Psalms, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes, and then the
Gospels and Epistles (or perhaps some commentary
upon them) regularly through. The quotations are in
Latin, and most of them agree exactly with the Vul-
gate, but not all. . . . Passing the Scripture series, we
come again into a collection of a miscellaneous char-
acter. Proverbs, French, Spanish, Italian, and English
— sentences out of Erasmus's Adagia — verses from the
Epistles, Gospels, Psalms, Proverbs of Solomon,lines from
Seneca, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, succeed each other. . . .
There is not much that is original in it, but the
selected phrases and quotations are so set down, with-
out comment or application, as to suggest that Bacon
had intended to make use of them when the occasion
presented itself"

In 1883 Mrs. Pott published, for the first time, a
complete transcript of this manuscript, " with a view to

EARLY LITERATURE 51

proving from internal evidence Bacon's authorship of
the plays known as Shakespeare's," and she attempted
to show that all the illustrations and quotations found
here had been introduced for a definite and set purpose.
For instance, she cites the fact that over two hundred
proverbs here mentioned are borrowed from John Hey-
wood's collection of epigrams published in 1562, and
that three-fourths of these "have been found directly
quoted or alluded to in the plays attributed to Shake-
speare." Also, she further points to the fact that these
proverbs are not made use of by Bacon in his " acknow-
ledged writings."

Dr. Abbott, while making it quite clear in his preface
to Mrs. Pott's work that he does not accept her view
as to Bacon's authorship of the Plays and Sonnets,
admits at once that she "has shown that there is a
very considerable similarity of phrase and thought
between these two great Authors." And he proceeds
with the following observations, the importance of
which will be very evident to those interested in the
Bacon-Shakespeare controversy : " The Promus seems
to render it highly probable, if not absolutely certain,
that Francis Bacon in the year 1594 had either heard
or read Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Let the
reader turn to the passage in that play where Friar
Laurence lectures Romeo on too early rising, and note
the italicised words : —

' But where unbruised youth with unstuff'd brain
Doth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign :
Therefore thy earliness doth me assure
Thou art up-roused by some distemperature.'

Romeo and Juliet, 11. 3. 40.

52 FRANCIS BACON

"Now let us turn to entries 1207 and 1215 in the
following pages [Dr. Abbott here, of course, refers to
Mrs. Pott's work], and we will find that Bacon, among
a number of phrases relating to early rising, has these
words almost consecutively, ' golden sleep ' and ' up-
rouse.' One of these entries would prove little or
nothing ; but anyone accustomed to evidence will per-
ceive that twooi these entries constitute a coincidence
amounting almost to a demonstration that, either (i)
Bacon and Shakespeare borrowed from some common
and at present unknown source, or (2) one of the
two borrowed from the other. The author's belief is
(pp. 95-7) that the play is indebted for these expres-
sions to the Promus; mine is that the Promus borrowed
them from the play. But in any case, if the reader
will refer to the author's comments on this passage
(pp. 65-7), he will find other similarities between the
play and the Promus which indicate borrowing of
some sort." Mrs. Pott's book, in the compilation of
which infinite care and painstaking research have been
expended, should be consulted by all who are in-
terested in the study of Bacon, whether they agree
or disagree with the conclusions she so ably endeavours
to demonstrate.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE WORKS

A STUDY of the works of Bacon, from any point of
view, necessitates some form of classification
which shall be comprehensive and convenient. The one
usually adopted is a division of his writings under the
three heads : Philosophical, Literary, and Professional.
Although it must be understood that no arbitrary
division of such a vast accumulation of writings, on
such varied subjects, could be attempted, as an aid to
those who are only beginning the study of Bacon, this
definite arrangement will be adhered to as closely as
may be possible.

(i) Philosophical

I. De Augmentis Scientiarum.
II. Novum Organum.
Instauratio III. Phenomena Universi.
Magna. IV. Scala Intellectus.

V. Prodromi.
VI. Philosophia Secunda.

(2) Literary

The Essays, with the Colours of Good and Evil ;
Historical, Religious, and Poetical Works ; Apophthegms,
New and Old; The Wisdom of the Ancients.

53

54 FRANCIS BACON

(3) Professional

Many speeches and legal papers come under this
heading, but the consideration of these must be left
until the more important literary works of Bacon have
had our attention.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS

INSTAURATIO MAGNA

Bacon's great philosophic conception is included
under the head of the Great Instauration, and the
component parts of this gigantic scheme are those six
productions already referred to. The idea of this
undertaking dawned on him during his student days
at Gray's Inn, and through the busy and anxious years
that followed he continued to accumulate facts which
served to illustrate his ambitious design. A short time
before his death he says : " In that purpose my mind
never waxed old, in that long period of time it never
cooled." Many literary fragments and notes from his
pen prove the correctness of his words. One of his
youthful productions bearing on the matter, and which
he entitled the Greatest Birth of Time, has been
destroyed, and all that now remains of it are some
undated fragments of manuscript (already referred to),
with the title. Partus Temporis Masculus, substituted.
Indeed, the component works of the Instauratio were
augmented and altered many times before the final
design was brought before the public, and of course it
was not then in a complete form. A much longer life
than Bacon's could not hope to accomplish such an

OPERA

F R AN C I SC I

BAR ONIS

D E

VERVLAMIO,

VICE-CO MITIS

Sancti Albani;

T O M V S P R 1 M V S:

Qui concinet

'De 'Dignltate (s* JugmentU SeientiamnLj
L I B R o s 1 X>

AD REGEM SVVM.

InOfficinaloANNis Haviland.
MDCXXIII.

INSTAURATIO MAGNA 57

undertaking as he proposed. Ellis, in his work, says :
" The Instauratio is divided into six portions : the first
is to contain a general survey of the present state of
knowledge. In the second, men are to be taught how
to use their understanding aright in the investigation
of nature. In the third, all the phenomena of the
universe are to be stored up as in a treasure house, as
the materials on which the new method is to be em-
ployed. In 'Cat fourth, examples are to be given of its
operation and of the results to which it leads. The
fifth is to contain what Bacon had accomplished in
Natural Philosophy, without the aid of his own method ;
'ex eodem intellectus usu quem alii in inquirendo et
inveniendo adhibere consueverunt.' It is therefore less
important than the rest, and Bacon declares that he
will not bind himself to the conclusions which it con-
tains. Moreover, its value will altogether cease when
the sixth part can be completed, wherein will be set
forth the new philosophy — the results of the application
of the new method to all the phenomena of the universe.
But to complete this, the last part of the Instauratio,
Bacon does not hope ; he speaks of it as a thing, ' et
supra vires et ultra spes nostras coUocata.' "

DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM

Instauratio Magna, Part I

The first edition of this work was published in 1623,
under the full title of Tomus primus, qui continet de
dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum, Libros IX, and was
considered by Archbishop Tenison as the " fairest and
most correct edition." It is one of the rarest of English

58 FRANCIS BACON

classics, and is seldom met with in the original. Of
course there is a copy to be seen in the British Museum.
It was written in Latin, as Bacon had small hopes that
his books would live in the English tongue. Writing
to his friend, Tobie Mathew, he says : " For these
modern languages will at one time or another play the
bank-rowte with books."

The Advancement of Learning, published in 1605,
was the forerunner of the De Augmentis. The latter
is, indeed, the expansion and remodelling of the former.
The full title of this book was The Twoo Bookes of
Francis Bacon. Of proficiencie and advancement of
Learning, divine and humane. It appeared first as a
small quarto of 118 leaves, and was not reprinted till
1629. A third edition, known as the " Oxford Edition,"
came out in 1633.

In the year 1640 Gilbert Watts published a retransla-
tion into English of the enlarged Latin work of nine
books. This was of folio size, and contained the
portrait of Bacon. A second edition of this followed in
1674. Some fragments and notes written by him early
in life, such as the Cogitationes de Scientia Humana and
A Discourse in Praise of Knowledge were expanded and
grafted into this greater effort.

The Advancement at once placed Bacon in the fore-
most rank both as a writer and thinker ; for, at the
time, this work was received with even more acclamation
than the Essays. No doubt in it his literary genius
shines out to the full, and of all contemporary books of
secular interest it was the finest. It directed men " how
to think of knowledge, to impress upon them all that
knowledge might do in wise hands for the elevation and

THE

Tvvoo Bookes of

Francis Bacon.

Of the proficience and aduance-

ment of Learning, diuine and

humane.

To the Kjpg*

At London,

^ Printed for Henrie Tomes y and

arc to be fould at his (hop at Graics Innc
Gate in Helborne. ifos.

NOVUM ORGANUM 6i

benefit of man ; to warn them against the rocks and
shallows of error and fallacy which beset the course and
inquiry, and to elevate the quest of truth, and the
acquisition of wisdom into the noblest aim and best
assured hope of the human species."

NO VUM ORGANUM
Instauratio Magna, Part II

When this work was first published in 1620, though
well received by many, it did not meet with entire
approval.

The King just then was not in a very favourable
frame of mind towards Bacon, and his opinion of the
book was embraced in the remark that " it was like
the peace of God, it passed all understanding." Neither
was Coke's judgment of a flattering character ; for he
takes the opportunity of snubbing the author, as he
wittily plays on the frontispiece of his ex auctore copy,
and Brant's allegorical ship, by writing between the
pillars of Hercules these lines : —

" It deserveth not to be read in Schools
But to be freighted in the Ship of Fools."

It appeared in folio, with an engraved title by Pass,
and contained a preface and dedication to James the
First.

Interesting portions of the work had been submitted
to several of his friends, including Sir Thomas Bodley
and Bishop Andrews, the best known and most
esteemed treatise being the Cogitata et Visa. This was
written in 1608, and inay be considered as the origin and

62 FRANCIS BACON

foundation of the Novum Organum. From Bodley's
words that the book " showed him a master-workman,"
it is evident that it was highly appreciated, and the
further eulogium was added : " That it could not be gain-
said but all the treatise over did abound with choice
conceits of the present state of learning and with worthy
contemplations of the means to procure it." The
Cogitata was written in Latin, and was, in reality, the
completed form of a tract which he had previously
compiled in English but never finished, called the Clue
of the Labyrinth {Filum Labyrinthi). The work in its
finished state was aphoristic in style, and carried great
weight on account of its directness of thought.

It was not actually published until the year 1653, when
Griiter included it in his little volume of that year,
(which will be further noticed in the" posthumous works"),
and an interesting allusion to this publication, and also
to that of the De Augmentis, issued at Leyden in 1645
by the same author, may be found in Mr. Edwin Reed's
work on Francis Bacon our Shakespeare (1902).

The Novum Organum was written in Latin, and
although portions of it were translated into English at
various times — by Watts in 1640, also in the Resuscitatio
(167 1 edition), etc. — a complete translation did not
appear till the year 1733 ; this was made by Dr. Peter
Shaw.

It was divided into two books, and annexed to those
was the Parasceue, which is considered the beginning
of the third part of the Instauratio, the Natural History
proper, and which the author calls "Parasceue ad
historiam Naturalem et experimentalem" together with
a Catalogus historiarum particularium secundem capita.

TITLE-PAGE OF THE FIRST EDITION OF THE " NOVUM ORGANUM," 1620

NOVUM ORGANUM 63

The Parasceue has a separate pagination. The first
book of the Novum Organum is the most important
and interesting.

In character of expression this great work retained
much of that aphoristic method found in the Essays
and some of his later works. In substance it contained
the meditations and thoughts of many anxious years.
It fully explains his philosophic reasoning founded
on the new Inductive method, and was prepared
throughout with the utmost care. Rawley tells us
that he had " seen at least twelve copies of the
Instauration, revised year by year, and every year
altered and amended." At Gray's Inn, during his
legal studies— in his public life, and while he was
indulging in his recreations, his constant devotion to
this scheme — the most important subject and problem
of his life — never forsook him. It was, indeed, the
study of his life, and one has little doiibt but that
the full accomplishment of the Instauratio was a greater
ambition in his life than the dignity of Chancellorship
and the Great Seal. Much has been written with
regard to the method pursued and views expressed
in this work, and in this study it is not proposed to
discuss these, but the chief object of his philosophy
is well described in a few lines by Macaulay, when
he says : " In Bacon's opinion philosophy was made
for man ; it was a means to an end, and that end
was to increase the pleasures and mitigate the pains
of millions, who are not and cannot be philosophers."
Bacon, here, took a strong stand against the old
process of reasoning and the previous philosophical
methods which proceeded from insufficient data or

64 FRANCIS BACON

hypotheses without any foundation of fact. He
attempted to make evident, and once for all banish,
the pitfalls of syllogistic reasoning, the conclusions
of which could only be founded on unreliable premises ;
alone being content to go back to " first principles,"
and thence proceeding by a scientific and true method
of deduction. This, indeed, was the chief aim of his
work. Thus would his observations and experiments
provide a sure basis for reasoning, and we must
acknowledge that he did much to establish this great
lesson, without which no true advance in any science
can be made.

PHENOMENA UNIVERSI

Instauratio Magna, Part III

Under this head we have those works which treat
more especially of Natural Philosophy and Natural
History. Bacon arranges his subjects in separate
treatises — as follows : —

1. Historia Naturalis et Experimentalis ad condendam

philosophiam : Sive Phoenomena Universi: Quae
est Instauratio Magna — Pars Tertia.
This was first issued in the year 1622 in an octavo
volume of 285 pages.

2. Sylva Sylvarum.

The first, or Historia Naturalis, included the follow-
ing subjects, with the distinct titles : —

(«) Historia Ventorum.
{b) Historia Densi et Rari.

FRANCISCI

BARpNIS

VERVLAMIO

VICE-COMITIS

Sancti Albant^

HISTORIA MATVRALIS

ET EXPERIMENTALIS

AD CONDENOAM

Philosofhiam:

Si VE,

PHiENOMENA VNIVERSIr

Quaeelllnftaurationis Magnac

PARS TERTIA.

Ir O M D I N I,

In OfEdna Io.Havilan d,< impends
MattkdLffwmshLQuiHelmi Barm.

t 6 t t.

This particular copy belonged to Isaac Walton. See his initials at the top of the page

s

HISTORIA NATURALIS 67

(c) Historia Gravis et Levis.

(d) Historia Sympathiae et Antipathiae Rerum.

(e) Historia Sulphuris, Mercurii et Salis.
(/) Historia Vitae et Mortis.

The Historia Ventorum appeared in full, and the
Introductions only of the remaining five portions.
Bacon's anticipations were not realized in this work ;
for although the Historia Vitae et Mortis was separately
published two months later (January, 1622,) the Historia
Densi et Rari did not appear until 1658, when Rawley
inserted it in his Opuscula Varia Posthuma. The
remaining three were not issued at all as separate
tracts, but the subjects were subsequently discussed
in the Sylva Sylvarum.

As we approach this period of Bacon's work we
become more fully alive to his design and scheme of
philosophical inquiry. While the task he imposed upon
himself was greater than he could possibly accomplish,
he never wearied in the attempt, for his self-reliance
and belief in his own abilities at no time forsook him.
He now proceeds to emphasize the necessity for a clear
comprehension of such phenomena as " Concretes —
Latent Processes and Latent Configurations," in support
of his Inductions ; as he says in his dedication of the
Historia Naturalis to the Prince of Wales : " For a
small well-ordered Natural History is the key of all
knowledge and operation." His study in this respect
was most serious, and he now arrives at the conclusion,
as Dr. Abbott states, that " even if the Organum were
completed and men willing to use it, they could make
little progress without the Natural History!' " Whereas

68 FRANCIS BACON

the Natural History without the Organum would ad-
vance it not a little. . . . But all this devotion and
pathetic confidence cannot conceal the fact that his trust
in the new Natural History appears to increase in pro-
portion to his distrust of the New Induction ; and it is
startling indeed to find the term " key " now transferred
from the latter to the former, which he now ventures to
call " the key of all knowledge and operation,"

Historia Ventorum

As we have already stated, this, the opening treatise
in the Historia Naturalis, was published in 1622, and it
was afterwards translated into English in the year 1653,
in a small duodecimo volume, which contained a portrait "
of Bacon, by Cross. In this, Bacon conducts an elabor-
ate inquiry into various subjects and experiments —
thirty-three in all — which are mostly borrowed from
the Natural Histories of Pliny, Aristotle, and Acosta.
In accordance with his own views and observations, he
describes the action of the air on the vanes of a wind-
mill ; the rigging and method of sailing of a battleship,
etc. ; but the work, as a whole, possesses no value from
a scientific point of view, and is seldom referred to at
the present day.

Historia Vitae et Mortis

Of the remaining five subjects which Bacon attempts
to deal with in the Historia Naturalis by far the most
important is the Historia Vitae et Mortis, and conse-
quently we may next briefly consider it. The completed
work was first published in 1623, as a small octavo
edition, and was written in Latin, as were all the other

T H F

NATLIRALL

AND

Experimental!

HISTORY

O F

WINDS &'^

Written in Larinc by the Right

Honorable FrancU Lo: Ve-

rulam^ Vifcount St Alb an .

TranflatedintoEnglifh by
R. G. Gent.

LONDON,

Printed for Humphrey LMcfcltf^ at

the Princes Armes in St Fauli

Church- yard jand Ths. Drmg

at the George in Fleet-

ftrcct. 1 6 5 J .

HISTORIA VITAE ET MORTIS 71

works included in the Historia Naturalis. A very good
and reliable English edition by William Rawley ap-
peared in 1638.

Bacon himself attached much importance to this
effort, dealing, as it did, with "the prolongation and
setting up of human life." It was prepared with much
care and attention to detail, and was the last publication
during his life. In it he describes how the processes of
life influence longevity, and attempts to establish a
theory of the presence of a vital spirit permeating all
animals and plants, the properties of which cannot be
determined. He then deals with the " quantity,"
"quality," and "regulation of spirit," and lastly with
the " effects of spirit upon the body." He extended his
inquiries and observations to many matters bearing on
the preservation of health and longevity, as well as
"the causes of the consumption of the body and the
modes of reparation." This work is of considerable
interest, and though not now much read, was formerly
held in high esteem.

Historia Denii et Rari

This tract was written in the year 1623, and the
Introduction of it was also included in the Historia
Naturalis. It was not published, however, until 1658,
when it appeared in the Opuscula Varia Posthuma Philo-
sophica of Rawley. It was an unfinished manuscript,
and that portion of it which has come down to us was
printed by Spedding, who says that Rawley's copy is
his " only authority for the text," and that the condi-
tion of the manuscript when found is not stated. Sped-
ding adds, " I apprehend, however, that it came into his

72 FRANCIS BACON

hands unfinished or mutilated." It deals with various
experiments conducted by Bacon with reference to
specific gravities, the density of bodies, conversion of
fluids into air, and many problems of a like nature.
Ellis says that his Table of Specific Gravities is the only
collection of quantitative experimental results that we
find in Bacon's works ; and I would refer any one inter-
ested in this special department of investigation to
Ellis's excellent Preface on the subject, which fully
explains Bacon's views.

The remaining three subjects grouped under the His-
toria Naturalis, viz. those relating to The Heavy and the
Light, The Sympathies and Antipathies of Things, and
Sulphur, Mercury, and Salt, are only fragmentary, being
represented in this connexion merely by their Introduc-
tions.

Several additional treatises, mostly unfinished, in the
same line of thought, may here be mentioned, such as
those on Light, Sound, and the Magnet. The last-
mentioned, with the title Inquisitio de Magnete, was
published by Rawley in his Opuscula. Mr. Spedding
says that it may be regarded as a loose leaf belonging
to the third part of the Instauratio.

Sylva Sylvarum.

In my classification I have thought it wise to
include this work under the Phoenomena Universi,
though, from the nature of its contents, it is somewhat
difficult to assign an appropriate place for it. It was
written about the year 1624, but was not published by
Dr. Rawley till 1627, the year after Bacon's death,
under the title Sylva Sylvarum, or a Naturall Historie

FRANCISCI

BARONIS

VERVLAMIO,

VICE-COMITIS

Sancti Albani,
Hiftoria Vita 6c c^Mortis.

Si VE,

TITVLVS SECVNDVS

inHiftoriiNatLirali & Expcrimcncali
ad condendam Philofbphiam :

Qua eft

msrAV%ATlOHlS MACIi^

PARS TERTIA

L O N D I N I,

In Officina I o. H a v i l a n d, impends
Matthaei Lownes. idi^.

SYLVA SYLVARUM 75

in Ten Centuries. It appeared in folio, and contained a
portrait of Bacon and a beautiful engraved title by
Thomas Cecill, bearing the Latin quotation " et vidit Deus
lucem quod esset bona." Rawley in his preface dedicates
the work to King Charles I, beginning thus: "The
whole body of the Naturell Historie, either designed or
written by the late Lo. Vicount S. Alban, was dedi-
cated to your Majestie, in his Booke de Vends, about
foure yeeres past, when your Majestie was Prince : So
as there needed no new Dedication of this Worke, but
only, in all humblenesse, to let your Majestie know, it
is yours."

The New Atlantis, a Worke Unfinished, has a place
at the end of the volume, and Rawley says in his
preface (" to the Reader ") of the work : " This Worke
of the New Atlantis (as much as concerneth the Eng-
lish Edition) his Lordship designed for this place ; In
regard it hath so neare affinity (in one part of it) with
the Preceeding Naturall History" The Sylva was pub-
lished in English, and was reprinted in 1635, 1639, and
many subsequent editions. There have been differ-
ences of opinion as to the origin of the title. Sped-
ding's suggestion that Bacon here meant the idea of " a
Collection of Collections" is probably the most reason-
alile one. The work is indeed a miscellaneous collec-
tion of various experiments and observations, many of
which appear to us at the present day not only unscien-
tific, but unreasonable and ridiculous. As Fowler says,
however, " it is probably the best and most complete
single collection of the kind that up to that time had
been published."

Bacon not only gives minute details of many experi-

76 FRANCIS BACON

merits made by himself, but also refers to many facts
recorded by Aristotle, Pliny, Sandys, etc. All these are
contained in one thousand paragraphs; and, as showing
the nature and diversity of the subjects discussed, a few
may be mentioned, such as the following: The con-
version of air into water. Nature of flame. Actions of
various medicines on the body. Nutritive value of meats
and drinks. Diets, Musical sounds. Germination of plants.
Sleep, Preservation of bodies. Odours, Sympathy of
men's spirits, etc.

The New Atlantis

It will be convenient to consider this work here, not
only because it was published at the conclusion of the
first edition of the Sylva Sylvarum, as " his Lordship
designed," but also for the reason that it was con-
sidered by the author himself to have a " neare affinity
with the Naturall History''

Though probably written about the year 1624, it was
first issued — though the title page bears no date — in
1627, and it was subsequently many times reprinted,
appearing with every edition of the Sylva up to the
year 1676. It was translated into French in 163 1, and
into Latin in 1633. A good translation into the latter
tongue by Rawley in 1638 came out in folio form, along
with other productions of Bacon ; and finally, among
the reproductions may be mentioned an article entitled
Essay VII, the Sumine of my Lord Bacon's New Atlantis,
pubHshed in 1676 in a volume bearing the general title
Essays on several, important Subjects in Philosophy and
Religion, by Joseph Glanvill, Chaplain in Ordinary to
His Majesty.

TITLE-PAGE OF THE FIRST EDITION OF THE " SYLVA SYLVAEUM," 1627

NEW

ATLANTIS

A Worke vnfinished.

Written by die Right Honourable,FRANcis
LordVerulam, Vifcamt St. zAlban.

NEW ATLANTIS 79

The introduction " To the Reader " by Rawley runs
as follows : —

"This fable my lord devised, to the end that hee
might exhibite therein, a modell or description of a
college, instituted for the interpreting of nature, and the
producing of great and marvellous works for the benefit
of men ; under the name of Salomons House, or the
College of the Six Dayes Works. And even so farre
his lordship hath proceeded as to finish that part. Cer-
tainly, the modell is more vast and high than can possibly
be imitated in all things ; notwithstanding most things
therein are within men's power to effect. His lordship
thought also in this present fable, to have composed a
frame of lawes, or of the last state or mould of a
commonwealth ; but foreseeing it would be a long
worke, his desire of collecting the Naturall Historie
diverted him, which he preferred many degrees before
it. This worke of the New Atlantis (as much as con-
cerneth the English edition) his lordship designed for
this place ; in regard it hath so neere afifinitie (in one
part of it) with the preceeding Naturall Historie!'

This work has always been held in high esteem, and
although left in an unfinished state, it certainly is one
of Bacon's most interesting productions. Spedding
says : " Among the few works of fiction which Bacon
attempted, thef New Atlantis is much the most con-
siderable." It is interesting to note that it is supposed
to have " suggested the foundation and programme of
our own Royal Society."

Bacon's principal object in the execution of this work
seems to have been to establish the idea of " a model

8o FRANCIS BACON

political constitution and a model college of philo-
sophy " ; as he here says, " The end of our foundation is
the knowledge of causes and secret notions of things
and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to
the effecting of all things possible." His method and
treatment of the whole subject exhibit his imaginative
genius to an extent not to be found in any of his other
literary productions.

After a truly original description of a "voyage
imaginaire," attended with great privation and hard-
ship, a Utopian "fair city" on an unknown island is
discovered in the Pacific Ocean. He presents the
picture of an ideal institution under the designation
of " Solomon's House," existing in a State — the model
of perfection — where there was to reign a happy
constitution of superior intellectual development. The
riches, joys, and fascinations of this fair spot, as well
as the necessary accessories to the well-being and
scientific advancement of man, are recounted by the
" Father of the House." And finally, various devotional
exercises are described for the " illumination " of their
labours, and for " the turning them into good and holy
issues."

The character of the work may possibly not appeal
to all, but it is well written, and leads the reader to
contemplate a condition of things that Bacon vainly
anticipated might be the ultimate realization of his
natural history work "carried on through successive
generations."

SCALA INTELLECTUS AND PRODROMI 8i

SCALA INTELLECTUS AND PRODROMt
Instauratio Magna, Parts IV and V

With reference to these two treatises one has little
to say, beyond the fact that Bacon had here intended to
instruct us how " to gradually ascend the logical ladder
(per scalam veram)," after we had accumulated the
necessary experiences and observations in our Natural
History studies. He did not get very far in this, how-
ever, for only a very small portion of either of them is
left to us. Rawley makes no mention of them, and
the date of their composition is not known. What
remains of them was published by Griiter in 1653. It
was Spedding's opinion "that they were intended as
prefaces to the fourth and fifth part of the Instauratio
respectively."

Whatever Bacon may have written of the last part
of the Instauratio — the Philosophia Secunda — it was
never published, and we know nothing of it beyond the
fact that it was probably intended " to contain the re-
sults of the application of the New Philosophy to all
Phenomena,"

THE LITERARY WORKS

Of all Bacon's works the one that stands highest in
popularity and importance is his earliest literary pro-
duction — The Essays, They were first published in a
small duodecimo volume in the year 1597, with the
title Essayes, Religious Meditations, Places of Perswa-
sion & Disswasion — Scene & allowed, and dedicated to
his " deare Brother M. Anthony Bacon," as follows : —
6

82 FRANCIS BACON

" Loving and beloved Brother, I doe nowe like some
that have an Orcharde ill neighboured, that gather
their fruit before it is ripe, to prevent stealing. These
fragments of my conceites were going to print ; to
labour the staie of them had been troublesome, and
subject to interpretation ; to let them passe had beene
to adventure the wrong they mought receive by untrue
Coppies, or by some garnishment, which it mought
please any that should set them forth to bestow upon
them. Therefore I helde it best discreation to publish
them my selfe as they passed long agoe from my pen,
without any further disgrace, than the weaknesse of the
Author. And as I did ever hold, there mought be as
great a vanitie in retiring and withdrawing men's
conceites (except they bee of some nature) from the
world, as in obtruding them : So in these particulars
I have played my selfe the Inquisitor, and find nothing
to my understanding in them contrarie or infectious to
the state of Religion, or manners, but rather (as I
suppose) medicinable. Only I disliked now to put
them out, because they will be like the late new halfe-
pence, which though the Silver were good, yet the
pieces were small. But since they would not stay with
their Master, but would needes travaile abroade, I have
preferred them to you that are next my selfe, Dedi-
cating them, such as they are, to our love, in the depth
whereof (I assure you) I sometimes wish your infirmities
translated upon myselfe, that her Majestie mought
have the service of so active and able a mind, and
I mought be with excuse confined to these Con-
templations and Studies for which I am fittest, so
commend I you to the preservation of the divine

Effayes.

Religious Meditations.

Places of perfwafion and
dilTwanon.

Scene and allowed.

At London,

Priobd for Humfrcy Hooper, ancJare

to be fold at the blacke Bearc

in Chaunccry Lane.

I r 9 7.

THE ESSAYS 85

Majestic. From my Chamber at Graies Inne this
30 of Januarie 1597."

It contained only ten Essays, the subjects of which
were as follows : —

(i) Of Studie. (2) Of Discourse.

(3) Of Ceremonies and Respects,

(4) Of Followers and Friends. (5) Of Sutors.
(6) Of Expence. (7) Of Regiment of Health.

(8) Of Honour and Reputation.

(9) Of Faction. (10) Of Negociating.

These were printed in English, as was also The
Coulers of Good and Evill, at the end of the volume.
The Meditationes Sacrae occupied a place between
the two, and appeared in Latin. They had each a
separate title page. The pagination of the Colours
and Meditations was continuous, and independent of
that of the Essays,

A second edition was issued in 1598 (in this the
Meditationes Sacrae were translated into English), and
they were further reprinted in 1604 and 1606. In 161 2
an enlarged edition, printed by John Beale, was pub-
lished, dedicated to his " loving Brother " Sir John
Constable, containing, according to the "Table of
Contents," forty Essays, but the last two on Of
Publikes and Of Warre and Peace were not included.
This edition contained the Essays only, and " The
Table " eniimerates the subjects as follows : —

(i) Of Religion. (2) Of Death.

(3) Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature.

(4) Of Cunning, (5) Of Marriage and Single Life,

86 FRANCIS BACON

(6) Of Parents and Children. (7) Of Nobilitie.
(8) Of Great Place. (9) Of Empire.
(10) Of Counsell. (11) Of^ Despatch.
(12) Of Love. (13) Of Friendshippe.
(14) Of Atheism. (15) Of Superstition.

(16) Of Wisdom for a Man's selfe.

(17) Of Regiment of Health. (18) Of Expenses.
(19) Of Discourse. (20) Of Seeming Wise.
(21) Of Riches. (22) Of Ambition.

(23) Of Young Men and Age. (24) Of Beautie.
(25) Of Deformitie. (26) Of Nature of Men.
(27) Custome and Education. (28) Of Fortune.
(29) Of Studies. (30) Of Ceremonies and Respects.
(31) OfSutors. (32) Of Followers.
(33) Of Negociating. (34) Of Faction.
(35) Of Praise. (36) Of Judicature.

(37) Of Vaine Glory.

(38) Of Greatness of Kingdomes.

(39) Of the Publikes. (40) Of Warre and Peace.

Lowndes makes no mention of the 1604 edition, so
he styles the one published in 1606 the third edition,
and adds that the latter appears to be a '' pirated
reprint" of the second issue. Another edition ap-
peared in the year 1612, printed by John Jaggard.
This Lowndes also describes as "pirated." It is an
interesting copy, being divided into two parts ; the first
contained the ten Essays of the original ; and the
second, placed after the Meditationes and Coulers of
Good and Evill, has the additional twenty-nine, thus
making a total of thirty-nine.

The Essay of Honour and Reputation, which does

(T j|(g j fe^ll | gBryMWl i«i^-^j£ggjg^^

THE

ESSAIES

lOF S*^ Francis!

Bacon Knight, the
K^ngs SoUtciter

Generall.

N

SI

(!^ Imprinted a tL(7W(7» by
loHN Beale,

16 I 2.

THE ESSAYS 89

not appear in the former edition, is added. Of the
three last-named editions Aldis Wright, in his preface
to the Essays, says : —

" A pirated edition was printed for John Jaggard in
1606, and in 161 2 he was preparing another reprint,
when the second author's edition appeared. In conse-
quence of this, Jaggard cancelled the last two leaves of
quire G, and in their place substituted ' the second part
of the Essaies,' which contains all the additional Essays
not printed in the Edition of 1597. On the authority
of a manuscript list by Malone, Mr. Singer mentions
an edition in 1604, but I have found no trace of it,"

In the next edition — 1613 — though the "Table"
enumerates forty-one Essays, we find only thirty-nine
actually printed. The one Of Honour and Reputa-
tion is placed at the end, but those Of the
Publique and Of Warre and Peace are mentioned
in the " Table," but not published, nor do they seem
ever to have found a place among any of his writings,

A small octavo edition was issued by Andro Hart
in Edinburgh in 1614, and other reprints again ap-
peared in London in the years 1619, 1622, and 1624.
Then came the Quarto, which was published in 1625,
and which was the last that appeared during Bacon's
life, as he died the year following. This was the com-
plete edition of fifty-eight Essays. Twenty altogether
new ones had been addedj^ and many of the others
had been altered and enlarged. The following subjects
were then included : —

(i) Of Truth, (a) Of Death.
(3) Of Unity in Religion.

90 FRANCIS BACON

4) Of Revenge. (5) Of Adversitie.

6) Of Simulation and Dissimulation.

7) Of Parents and Children.

8) Of Marriage and Single Life.

9) Of Envy. (10) Of Love.
11) Of Great Place. (12) Of Boldnesse.

13) Of Goodnesse and Goodnesse of Nature.

14) Of Nobility. (15) Of Seditions and Troubles.
16) Of Atheisme. (17) Of Superstition.
18) Of Travaile. (19) Of Empire.
20) Of Counsell. (21) Of Delayes.

22) Of Cunning. ,

23) Of Wisedome for a Man's Selfe.

24) Of Innovations. (25) Of Despatch.
26) Of Seeming Wise. (27) Of Friendship.

28) Of Expence.

29) Of the true Greatnesse of Kingdomes and
Estates.

30) Of Regiment of Health. (31) Of Suspicion.
32) Of Discourse. (33) Of Plantations.
34) Of Riches. (35) Of Prophecies,
36) Of Ambition. (37) Of Masques and Triumphs.

38) Of Nature in Men.

39) Of Custome and Education. (40) Of Fortune.
41) Of Usurie. (42) Of Youth and Age.
43) Of Beauty. (44) Of Deformity.
45) Of Building. (46) Of Gardens.

47) Of Negociating.

48) Of Followers and Friends. (49) Of Sutours.
so) Of Studies. (51) Of Faction.

52) Of Ceremonies and Respects.

53) Of Praise. (54) Of Vaine-Glory.

THE

E S S A Y E S

COVNSELS,

C I VI LL AND

MORALL,

OF

f%a:^cis lo. vE^rLJM,

VISCOVNT S'. Alban.

!^>(f»lj/rpritten.

LONDON,

Printed by I o h n Ha v i l a n d for
Hamma Ba&rbt.

THE ESSAYS 93

(55) Of Honour and Reputation.

(56) Of Judicature. (57) Of Anger.
(58) Of Vicissitude of Things.

These were reprinted in 1629, 1632, 1639, ^"d '"
many subsequent editions.

Translations into Italian and French soon appeared,
and of these the Italian rendering by his old friend
Tobie Mathew, dedicated to Cosmo de Medici, should
be mentioned. The title ran as follows : Saggi Morali
con un altro suo Trattato delta Sapienza degli Antichi,
tradotti in Italiano Lond: 1618.

His translation of The Wisdom of the Ancients
followed immediately after the Essays, and occupied
more than half of the little volume. This was also
the first edition of the latter work in Italian.

While alluding to this part of the subject one should
refer to the excellent translation into French by
Arthur Gorges in the year 1619. It is a rare book,
but a copy of it may be seen at the British Museum.
The earliest German translation of which I can find
any record is the one printed at Nuremberg in 1654.
Of this there is also a copy in the British Museum.
Archbishop Tenison, in speaking of the Latin trans-
lation of the Essays, and of the book itself, says : —

" The Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral, though a
by-work also, do yet make up a book of greater weight
by far than the Apothegms; and coming home to men's
business and bosoms, his lordship entertained this
persuasion concerning them, that the Latin volume
might last as long as books should last. His lordship
wrote them in the English tongue, and enlarged them

94 FRANCIS BACON

as occasion served, and at last added to them the
Colors of Good and Evil, which are likewise found
in his book De Augmentis. The Latin translation
of them was a work performed by divers hands : by
those of Dr. Hacket (late Bishop of Lichfield), Mr.
Benjamin Jonson (the learned and judicious poet),
and some others whose names I once heard from
Dr. Rawley, but I cannot now recall them. To this
Latin edition he gave the title of Sermones Fideles,
after the manner of the Jews, who called the words
Adagies or Observations of the Wise, Faithful Sayings ;
that is, credible propositions worthy of firm assent and
ready acceptance."

Rawley published a folio volume in 1638, entitled
Opera Moralia et Civilia, in which appeared a Latin
translation of the Essays — Sermones Fideles, sive
Interiora Rerum. The other subjects included in the
book were as follows : —

Historium Regni Henrici Septimi Regis Angliae.
Tractatum de Sapientia Vetorum.
Dialogum de Bella Sacro.
Et Novum Atlantidem.

It is uncertain how much of this translation was
actually performed by Bacon, or indeed whether he did
any of it himself He, no doubt, would take very good
care that the work was entrusted to reliable hands, and
no one would do more justice either to him or his books
than his old friend Rawley.

Of the later editions, that issued by Bensley in 1798
is interesting from a bibliographical point of view.
Four copies of this were printed in folio on large paper

SAGGI MORALI

DEL SIGNOR.E

FRANCESCO BACONO,

CAVAGLIERO INGLESE,

GRAN CANCELLIERO
D'INGHILTERRA.

Con vn'altro fuo Trattato

DELLA SAPIENZA

DEGLI ANTICHI.

Tiadotti in Italtano.

IN LONDRA

Appreflb di Giovanni JSiliio.
I 6 I 9,

THE ESSAYS 97

for the Countess Spencer, and she presented one to
each of the following, viz. the Duke of Devonshire,
the Rev. C. M. Cracherode, Mr. James, and Lord
Spencer. These presentation copies are specially
mentioned both by Montague and Lowndes, and the
latter authority states that one of these copies is now
in the British Museum. Some years ago I was fortunate
enough to obtain one of these beautiful issues. It had
formerly been in the Earl of Gosford's library, but from
which of the four original libraries it was derived
I cannot be certain. This is the only copy I have seen.
In it the Essay on Death and the Fragment of an
Essay on Fame are included.

One word regarding the so-called spurious essays.
Rawley in his Resuscitatio, 1657, published what he calls
" A perfect list of his Lordship's true works, both in
English and Latin — as for other pamphlets, whereof
there are several put forth under his Lordship's name,
they are not to be owned for his."

An Essay of a King, though printed in 1648 in The
Remaines of the Right Honourable Francis Bacon, Lord
Verulam, is not included in the Resuscitatio, and the
composition is not believed by many to be the work of
Bacon. Mr. Spedding is convinced that An Essay on
Death is also spurious, and alludes to the possibility of
its being from the pen of Sir Thomas Browne. If this
piece was genuine surely Rawley would have mentioned
the fact and included it in his list, but he does not do so.

Mr. Spedding, in his preface to this part of the subject,

says : " Among the innumerable editions of Bacon's

Essays that have been published, there are only four

which, as authorities for the text, have any original or

7

98 FRANCIS BACON

independent value ; namely, those published by Bacon
himself in 1597, in 161 2, and in 1625 ; and the Latin
version published by Dr. Rawley in 1638. The rest are
merely reprints of one or other of these."

As for the more recent editions of the Essays, it
would be almost impossible to enumerate them. Even
those of our own day have been many, and some of
them are rendered all the more valuable to the student
by the addition of instructive notes by different writers.
With these the ordinary reader will be more or less
acquainted, and so, in this connexion, in addition to the
names of Spedding and Ellis, it is hardly necessary to
mention those of Basil Montague, Whately, Aldis
Wright, etc.

An interesting fact with reference to an early Ameri-
can edition is mentioned by Montague in his Notes.
He says : " The first book published in Philadelphia
consists partly of the volume of Essays. It is entitled
The Temple of Wisdom, printed by William Bradford,
Philadelphia, 1688."

When Bacon published his book of Essays he was
thirty-eight years of age, and therefore in the very
prime of his intellectual activity. It is true he had not
yet encountered those bitter experiences that, a few
years later, were thrust upon him, but he had already
been placed in many difficult positions, both public and
private, which enabled him to well appreciate the
mental attitudes and ambitions of those who entered
into his varied life. His sensitive brain and acute
observation had already had great opportunities of
gathering much material, which was now so well utilized
in the formation of those brilliant and -unique Essays.

THE ESSAYS 99

From the year when they were first issued, till his final
edition of 1625, Bacon was constantly correcting and
adding to them ; as he said, " I always alter when I
add, so that nothing is finished till all is finished."

In the Essays, Dean Church says, " he writes as a
looker-on at the game of human affairs, who, according
to his frequent illustration, sees more of it than the
gamesters themselves, and is able to give wise and
faithful counsel, not without a touch of kindly irony at
the mistakes he observes."

In character they were aphoristic and epigrammatic,
especially the earlier ones, and in this respect have been
likened to Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. As we
approach the later editions, especially the one published
in 1625, we find his thoughts become less condensed
and his language more fluent, but he never frees himself
from that conciseness and happy brevity of expression
on which to a very large extent the charm of his Essays
depends. They are often suggestive of some sudden
mental impression or recollection, and a characteristic
abruptness of expression frequently ushers in the Essay,
to be gradually expanded into a moral exhortation,
adorned with apt quotation and metaphor. His Essay
Of Revenge is a good illustration of this, which begins :
" Revenge is a kind of wild justice, which the more
man's nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it
out." And again, his Meditations had led him to the
sayings of Seneca, and he opens the Essay Of Adversity
thus : " It was a high speech of Seneca — that the good
things that belong to prosperity are to be wished, but
the good things which belong to adversity are to be
admired," and he concludes the theme with the well-

loo FRANCIS BACON

known dictum " for prosperity.doth best discover vice, but
adversity doth best discover virtue." This was one of
his latest and most beautiful productions.

It is unnecessary to multiply such instances as the
above. They are well known to all readers, and have
already been exhaustively discussed by many writers.

I cannot better conclude this part of our subject than
by adding Macaulay's eulogium : " It is in the Essays
alone that the mind of Bacon is brought into imme-
diate contact with the minds of ordinary readers.
There he opens an exoteric school, and talks to plain
men, in language which everybody understands, about
things in which everybody is interested. He has thus
enabled those who must otherwise have taken his
merits on trust to judge for themselves ; and the great
body of readers have, during several generations, ac-
knowledged that the man who has treated with such
consummate ability questions with which they are
familiar may well be supposed to deserve all the praise
bestowed on him by those who have sat in his inner
school."

The Meditationes Sacrae and Colours of Good and
Evill were both published with the first edition of
Essays. The former treatise was printed in Latin, and
consisted of a series ot sermons under various heads :
Bacon's subsequent literary and philosophical works
contained many of the ideas that are here discussed.
These Meditations were twelve in number, on the
following subjects : Of the Works of God and Man ;
Of the Miracles of our Saviour ; Of the Innocency of
the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent ; Of the Exalt-
ation of Charity ; Of the Moderation of Cares ; Of

HISTORICAL WORKS loi

Earthly Hope; Of Hypocrites ; Of Impostors ; Of the
Several Kinds of Imposture ; Of Atheism; Of Heresies;
Of the Church and the Scripture.

It will be noticed that the subject of Atheism is
included, and it was not until 1612, in the edition of
the Essays of that year, that he again treats of this in a
separate Essay. It is to be found also in the 1625
edition, considerably enlarged and altered.

The Colours of Good and Evill, ten in number, were a
collection of "colourable arguments on questions of
good and evil, with answers to them." These fallacies
and " popular signs " were contained in the Promus of
Formularies and Elegancies, a manuscript by Bacon, in
the British Museum, already referred to, and . were
collected by him many years previously to the publica-
tion of the fully illustrated tract. It has been stated on
good authority that, in the first instance, a copy of the
manuscript was sent by the author to Lord Mountjoy,
to whom it had probably been dedicated. The contents
of this little work, with some additions, afterwards
found a place in the Advancement of Learning. Those
who are interested in these special literary items may
be referred to the works of Montague and Spedding.

THE HISTORICAL WORKS

As we turn our attention to this division in our clas-
sification, the one work that pre-eminently claims our
special study is Bacon's Historie of the Raigne of King
Henry VII, published in April, 1622. Issued in a small
folio, it contained a portrait of the King by Payne, and
opened with a dedication to Charles Prince of ^^i'ales.

I02 FRANCIS BACON

It was reprinted in 1629, and many times, subsequently.
It should be mentioned in this connexion that there
has just been sold at Sotheby's rooms (March, 1910) a
most rare copy of this work, which bears the date 1628.
The following note was appended to the description of
it in the catalogue : " A hitherto unknown edition, of
which there is no copy in the British Museum, and no
record in the printed catalogues of any of the great
libraries, public or private. It must have been sup-
pressed for some reason, as the bibliographers are not
aware of any issue between the original of 1622 and the
so-called second edition of 1629." An edition in Latin
was published by Dr. Rawley in 1638, and it had
previously been translated into French by Holman in
1627.

The subject had been recommended to him by the
King some years previously, but it was not begun till
early in the summer of 162 1, almost immediately after
he had been released from the Tower, and it was
finished in October of the same year. It is evident,
therefore, that while at Gorhambury he did not spare
himself in this literary task, and we know from his notes
on this and kindred subjects, prepared many years
before, that it was one in which he had always taken a
very special and deep interest. Through his friend Sir
Thomas Meautys we learn that Bacon sent the manu-
script to the King for his correction ; and as showing
his anxiety for the success of the work, we are informed
that a number of his friends were pressed for their
opinions and criticisms before it had passed into the
publisher's hands.

It was ably written and well received ; for it was

HISTORY OF HENRY THE SEVENTH 105

acknowledged to be a faithful representation of the
character of Henry, and in general outline and detail
the history of the period was considered sufficiently
accurate to be followed by later historians.

There has existed a good deal of controversy as to
Bacon's object in writing this work when he did, and it
may not be out of place just to refer to this. Sir James
Mackintosh, for instance, says : " Lord Bacon was the
man of highest intellect among the writers of history,
but he was not the greatest historian " ; and he further
adds : " It is due in the strictest justice to Lord Bacon
not to omit that the history was written to gratify
James I, to whom he was then suing for bitter bread.
. . ." Mr. Spedding does not agree with this view,
replying: "Is it not the very same subject which at least
fifteen years before he had wished some one else to
undertake for the simple purpose of supplying a main
defect in our national literature? Did not the defect
still remain? and was he not now at leisure to under-
take the subject himself? Why then seek any further
for his motive in choosing it ? " After a careful con-
sideration of the point at issue, I believe the more
general opinion will be that Bacon did not write this
history with the object of flattering the King. It cer-
tainly was not his sole object. Any one who wishes
to inquire farther into this interesting question may
be referred to Spedding's preface to the History oj
Henry PY/(Vol. VI of the Works).

Bacon at this stage of his literary career did not seem
at all anxious to continue his historical researches,
although Prince Charles had urged him to do so.

io6 FRANCIS BACON

Several items, however, not of any great importance,
did follow from his pen.

The History of Henry the Eighth, which seems to
have been contemplated by him several years before,
was now begun. Of this he accomplished a very small
portion, and what there is left to us may be seen in
manuscript in the British Museum. It was published
by Dr. Rawley in 1629 in Certain Miscellany Works of
the Right Hon. Francis Verulam, Viscount St. Alban.

Another unfinished historical tract — The Beginning
of the History of Great Britain, composed probably
about the year 1609 — was first published in Rawley's
Resusdtatio, 1657. It deals with various interesting
events in the early years of James the First's reign,
and according to Spedding " is one of the best things
of the kind that Bacon ever wrote."

In Felicem Memoriam Elizabethae

Written in the year 1608, this little work was not
published until 1651, when it appeared in a small duo-
decimo volume along with two other tracts; and it
afterwards found a place in Dr. Rawley's Opuscula
Varia Posthuma (1658).

A reliable translation taken from the original manu-
script copy in the British Museum has been rendered by
Mr. Spedding, and is well worth consulting. That Bacon
himself had a very high opinion of the production may
be inferred from the fact that he specially mentions it
in his will, with a wish that it should be published. It is
a dissertation on the virtues of the Queen and the
troubles and factions she experienced and overcame.
He speaks of the " temper of her people, eager for war.

THE

FELICITY

OF
Q^U E E N

ELIZABETH:

And Her Times,

With other Tbingsj

B/ the
Right Honorable
FKANCIS V BACON
Vifcount S' Man.

Printed by T, Uttvcemt, for

Qtag/e Lathm at the Bi/liops Head in
St. f^M/j Church-yaid. i6iu

THE FELICITY OF QUEEN ELIZABETH 109

and impatient of peace " ; and adds : " This peaceable
disposition of hers, joined with success, I reckon one of
her chiefest praises ; as being happy for her people,
becoming her sex, and a satisfaction to her conscience."
He refers to the Spanish Armada and her victory, and
that she was " not less happy in disappointing conspira-
cies than in subduing the forces of her open enemies."
Reference is also made to the plots which the priests
had designed, and the legal measures which she enacted
to foil the attacks made upon herself and her domain.
He ends this most interesting tract with the words :
" To speak the truth, the only proper encomiast of this
lady is time, which for so many ages it has run, never
produced anything like her, of the same sex, for the
government of a kingdom."

In Henricum principem Wallie Elogium
Frandsci Baconi

The manuscript of this historical Eulogium is to be
found in the Harleian Collection in the British Museum,
from which it was first printed by Birch in 1763, and it
has since been translated into English by Spedding. In
it the mental and physical excellencies of the Prince are
described by Bacon, who seems to have been much
impressed by the simplicity and attainments of the
young man's character both in his public and private
life ; for he speaks of his reverence and affection towards
the various members of his family, his devotion to
learning and love of the arts, and his " curiosity and
capacity" attracting all those around him. So it was
said of the lad : " Whoever diligently observed what fell
from him, either by way of question or remark, saw it

no FRANCIS BACON

to be full to the purpose and expressive of no common
genius." Again, to quote from this study: " He had, by
the excellence of his disposition, excited great expecta-
tions among great numbers of all ranks ; nor had the
shortness of his life disappointed them." Henry Prince
of Wales died on the 6th of November, 1612, aged
nineteen years, " to the extreme concern and regret of
the whole kingdom." There was a rumour that he had
been poisoned, but Bacon says " this soon vanished, as
no signs of this appeared."

Imagines Civiles Julii Caesaris, et Angus ti Caesaris

Under this title I have to refer to two short treatises.
The one on Julius Caesar was probably finished by
Bacon, but of the other only a small fragment remains,
and it is quite possible that more of it never was
written than appears in the works of different writers.
These, as well as his other short histories, were written
and published in Latin. The Imagines first appeared in
Dr. Rawley's Opuscula in 1658, and they were sub-
sequently (1661) translated into English, in the second
edition of the Resuscitatio. The first of these, that on
Julius Caesar, described the characteristics of the man,
his passions, understanding, and actions. Bacon
alleges that " he worked only for his own present and
private ends " ; that " he endeavoured after fame and
reputation, as he judged they might be of service to
his designs " ; and that " he courted reputation and
honours only as they were instruments of power and
grandeur." And the last portion of this essay, after
further dilating on Caesar's personal attainments —
his learning and pleasures— finishes thus : " This being

RELIGIOUS AND POETICAL WORKS in

his character, the same thing at last was ttie means
of his fall which at first was a step to his rise, viz.
his affectation of popularity; for nothing is more
popular than to forgive our enemies. Through which
virtue, or cunning, he lost his life."

The unfinished item on Augustus Caesar is in a
somewhat different tone. In it Bacon draws a com-
parison between the two characters. As illustrating
this he says : " For Julius Caesar, being of a restless,
discomposed spirit . . . cleared the way to his own
ends with the utmost address and prudence. His
error was the not rightly fixing his ends. . . . Whereas
Augustus, sober and mindful of his mortality, seemed
to have thoroughly weighed his ends, and laid them
down in admirable order." And the conclusion of
this fragment is worth adding : " Hence in his youth
he affected power ; in his middle age, dignity ; in
his decline of life, pleasure ; and in his old age, fame
and the good of posterity."

RELIGIOUS AND POETICAL WORKS
I will refer to these in the following order : —

1. Meditationes Sacrae.

2. A Confession of Faith.

3. The Characters of a Believing Christian in Paradoxes

and Seeming Contradictions.

4. The Prayers.

5. Translation of Certain Psalms.

6. Poetry and Poetical Works.

Allusion has already been made to the first — the
Meditationes Sacrae — in connexion with the Essays,

112 FRANCIS BACON

including a brief mention of the Colours of Good and
Evil at the same time, and I do not propose to discuss
the subjects or contents of these further than has
already been done, for no other better reason than
that the treatises themselves are always at hand with
the Essays for consultation and study.

A. Confession of Faith

It has been stated that the religious feelings and
sentiments of Bacon are almost everywhere to be
found in his various works, but it is not from such
" incidental allusions," as Spedding says, that " we
are left to gather his Creed." In his own Confession
we have it explicitly set forth. This formulary was
first printed in quarto form in the year 1 641, and is
a little work of excessive rarity. Indeed, this special
edition was unknown to Lowndes and Hazlitt, and
of late years, so far as I know, only two copies have
appeared for sale — one in May, 1903, and the other
in May, 1905, both at Messrs. Sotheby's rooms. It
contains a large portrait of Bacon on the title. The
next publication of this tract was in The Remaines
(1648), and it was subsequently issued in the Mirrour
of State and Eloquence in 1656, and also included in
the Resuscitatio the year following. There are
altogether four manuscripts of it in the British
Museum, and they all fairly well agree ; two of them,
however, are the work of a later hand than the others.
It was probably written in the year 1603, and it is
interesting to remember that at this very time his
life was full of anxiety, not only with weighty problems
of State, but also with pressing private concerns. In

A CONFESSION OF FAITH 113

his ambition he was then most eager to obtain high
office under James the First, and the appointment of
King's Counsel was then bestowed upon him. About
this date also his Apology concerning the Earl of Essex
appeared. Thus it is that at almost every turn of
his eventful life we not only observe the "dual
nature" of the man, but the versatility of his mental
powers is strikingly apparent.

As an evidence that contemporary opinion testified
to Bacon's sincerity as a believing Christian, Dr. Rawley
says : " For that treatise of his Lordship, inscribed A
Confession of Faith, I have ranked in the close of this
whole volume ; thereby to demonstrate to the world,
that he was a Master in Divinity, as well as in Philo-
sophy and Politics, and that he was versed no less in
the saving knowledge, than in the universal and adorn-
ing knowledges ; for though he composed the same
many years before his death, yet I thought that to* be
the fittest place, as the most acceptable incense unto God
of the faith wherein he resigned his breath, the crown-
ing of all his other perfections and abilities, and the
best perfume of his name to the world after his death.
This confession of his faith doth abundantly testify that
he was able to render a reason of the hope that was
in him." Spedding closes his remarks on this subject
thus : " If any one wishes to read a sumina theologiae
digested into seven pages of the finest English in
the days when its tones were finest, he may read it
here."

114 FRANCIS BACON

The Characters of a Believing Christian in
Paradoxes and Seeming Contradictions

This tract will be found published in The Remaines,
1648. It is not mentioned either by Rawley or
Tenison, but it is said to have been printed as a
separate publication in the year 1643. I have never
seen a copy. There are some fragmentary papers on
the subject, both in the British Museum and Lambeth
Library, which are supposed to be the work of Bacon,
but this is quite hypothetical. Even Montague, than
whom a more conscientious collaborator has never
lived, stamps this item as spurious. Spedding is not
so pronounced in his opinion, as I understand him ;
but it must be borne in mind that there are many who
recognize here the hand of Bacon, and would always
include it among his works. As taken from The
Remaines, we perceive the author's attitude towards
his Creator, his conduct of life, the advantages of self-
abnegation, the mercy and providence of God, etc. As
a specimen of its style and character, the concluding
paragraphs may be quoted : " He lives invisible to
those that see him, and those that know him best
do but guess at him ; yet those many times judge more
truly of him than he doth himself." And again : " The
world will sometimes account him a saint when God
accounteth him a hypocrite ; and afterwards, even when
the world branded him for a hypocrite, then God owned
him for a saint."

The Prayers of Bacon

Four of these have been preserved for our study.
The first is called the Student's Prayer, and was pub-

THE PRAYERS 115

Hshed by Tenison in the Baconiana (1679). This sup-
plication is in the following words : —

" We humbly and earnestly beg that Human things
may not prejudice such as are Divine ; neither
that from the unlocking of the gates of sense,
and the kindling of a greater natural light, any-
thing of incredulity or intellectual night may
arise in our minds towards Divine Misteries.
But rather, that by our mind throughly cleansed
and purged from fancy and vanities, and yet
subject and perfectly given up to the Divine
Oracles, there may be given unto Faith the
things that are Faith's."

The Author's Prayer is also to be found in the
Baconiana, appearing at the same time as the above. The
tenor of this may be judged by the concluding invoca-
tion : " Wherefore if we labour in Thy works with the
sweat of our brows, thou wilt make us partakers of thy
Vision and Sabbath. We humbly beg that this mind
may be steadfastly in us, and that thou, by our hands,
and also by the hands of others, on whom thou shalt
bestow the same spirit, wilt please to convey a large-
ness of new alms to thy family of Mankind. . . ."

The third, entitled A Prayer made and used by the
late Lord Chancellour, is a much more lengthy supplica-
tion, and was first printed in The Remaines in 1648. It
was used by Bacon himself, and may be considered
very beautiful both in structure and intention. It was
couched in terms of submission, sincerity, and lofty
aspiration, and at the close the Father is invoked to

ii6 FRANCIS BACON

grant his mercies to " all those that are in need, misery,
and distress," and to vouchsafe them " patience and
perseverance in the end and to the end."

The fourth Prayer is also one " made by the Lord
Chancellor of England," and may be found in Rawley's
Resuscitatio. For our purpose it is scarcely necessary
to add any further observations on these productions.
For a more extended study of them the reader may be
referred to the Prayers themselves, as printed in the
original works of Tenison and Rawley, and more
recently reprinted by Spedding in one of his volumes
specially devoted to this portion of our subject.

Translation of Certain Psalms

Under the title Certaine Psalmes in Verse, a sma)I
quarto was published in London in 1624. Lowndes, in
his Bibliographers Manual, gives the date as 1625, but
as a matter of fact these verses were first printed in
December of the former year. They were dedicated to
his old friend George Herbert. This will be specially
alluded to later, when discussing the literary friends
of Bacon.

It has been suggested that being very deeply in debt at
the time. Bacon's object in publishing these translations
was to relieve himself from the pressing pecuniary claims
of his printer. As has been pointed out by Dr. Abbott,
however, " it seems unlikely that a little pamphlet could
have gone far in the direction of paying the printer's
bill for the author of such abstruse works as the Novum
Organum and subsequent Latin works," and this writer
further suggests that " he may have published them as
a kind of thankoffering for his recovery." To my own

THE

TRANSLATION

certaine'psalmes

INTO ENGLISH
VERSE:

By

THE RIGHT HO-

NOVRABLE,

Francis

L 0. V E R V I A M,

Vifcount

London,

Printed for Z/iw4 Brfrr^/.and jR»/&ir</ W&/«/»fc'r,and

- arc to be fold at the fignc of the Kings Head.

inPauls Church-yard. id»j.

TRANSLATION OF CERTAIN PSALMS 119

mind, the latter is the more reasonable view, especially
when we consider that Bacon, being well aware that
his health was still so uncertain, would naturally lean
towards such devotional exercises.

The Psalms which he thus translated were the ist, 12th,
90th, 104th, 126th, 137th, and 149th; and inasmuch as an
examination of them involves a consideration of Bacon's
versification, his claims as a poet are naturally suggested.
There are few questions in the whole realm of literature
that have caused keener discussion or provoked harsher
criticism than this — Was Bacon a poet ? The Shake-
speare-Bacon controversy has done much to emphasize
this inquiry, but unfortunately only too often it has
resulted in drifting men's minds away from the initial
question, and in consequence Bacon has had either too
much or too little left to his credit! There are those
who have taken the trouble to read his poetical writings
with an unbiased mind who agree with Coleridge that
" Bacon was not only a great poet, but a great philoso-
pher." With this opinion I cannot agree, any more than
I could here place ^h&poet before the philosopher. Still
more difficult would it be to admit that Bacon was the
author of the Sonnets of Shakespeare. These are not
the work of the "great philosopher" as we know him.

The following is a portion of the first Psalm, which,
however, can scarcely be considered one of his best : —

" He shall be like the fruitful tree.
Planted along a running spring,
Which, in due season, constantly
A goodly yield of fruit doth bring ;
Whose leaves continue always green.

I20 FRANCIS BACON

And are no prey to winter's pow'r :
So shall that man not once be seen
Surprised with an evil hour."

His translation of the 90th Psalm is better, and we
may take a stanza of this as an example : —

" Thou carriest man away as with a tide :
Then down swim all his thoughts that mounted high ;
Much like a mocking dream that will not bide,
But flies before the sight of waking eye ;
Or as the grass, that cannot term obtain
To see the summer come about again."

Spedding in alluding to this portion of the Psalm
says : " The thought in the second line could not well be
fitted with imagery, words, and rhythm more apt and
imaginative, and there is a tenderness of expression in
the concluding couplet which comes manifestly out of
a heart in sensitive sympathy with nature, and fully
capable of the poet's faith

that every flower
Enjoys the air it breathes."

It should be remembered that we have had many of the
highest literary culture in this country who eulogized
Bacon as a poet of great distinction, including Shelley,
Lytton, and Macaulay. The first of these says "his
language has a sweet and majestic rhythm, which
satisfies the sense no less than the intellect." Macaulay,
in one place, speaks of " the poetical faculty as power-
ful in Bacon's mind." In his allusion to the 104th Psalm
Spedding says that " the heroic couplet could hardly do

TRANSLATION OF CERTAIN PSALMS 121

its work better in the hands of Dryden," and another
reference by the same commentator may be added. He
says : " For myself at least I may say that, deeply
pathetic as the opening of the 137th Psalm always
seemed to me, I have found it much more affecting
since I read Bacon's paraphrase of it." As far as we
know, up to this time his literary labours had almost
altogether been confined to prose, Rtid the poetry he has
left us was composed hurriedly in failing health, and on
a theological subject not the best suited to exhibit
his poetic fancy and style. That he possessed great
imaginative power and " poetical faculty " we must
admit, though we may not allow him a foremost place
in the rank of poets. This is very evident in much of
his prose, as in some of the Essays and other works,
and will be obvious to any one who will employ the
interesting experiment suggested by a recent writer of
"paraphrasing in verse the prose essays." But one
must remember that Bacon was essentially a student
of nature, ever striving after truth in all its depart-
ments. Little wonder, therefore, that his imagination
was scarcely ever allowed to take him into the paths of
the poet.

One has said that " he had all the natural faculties
which a poet wants — a fine ear for metre, a fine feeling
for imaginative effect in words, and a vein of poetic
passion," That he had a high opinion of his own
abilities in this direction seems evident, for in a letter
written to Sir John Davies, the poet, in the year 1603,
he speaks of himself as a "concealed poet."^ As

^ The first publication of this letter may be found on page 62 of TAe
Remaines (1648).

122 FRANCIS BACON

a further proof that he had been the author of
certain poetical pieces we have the authority of Stow
and Homes in their Annales. He is here included
" among our moderne and present excellent poets." In
an article written by Mr. George Stronach in the
Fortnightly Review (March, 1905) this testimony is
referred to, as well as a very pertinent allusion to the
dedication of Edmund Waller's Poems (1645). In this
the following passage occurs : " Not but that I may
defend the attempt I have made upon Poetrie, by the
examples of many wise and worthie persons of our
own time, as Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Fra. Bacon . . .
these Nightingales sung onely in the Spring, it was
the diversion of their youth."

Waller evidently had in his mind some youthful
poetical productions by Bacon, though we are practi-
cally left in the dark as to what these were. The British
Museum contains at least two short poetical efforts
which are attributed to Bacon, but the evidence here is
very uncertain. That he did occasionally write short
poems and sonnets we have undoubted testimony in
some of his writings, not frequently read. For instance,
I find in a passage in The Apology concerning Essex,
when speaking of a visit of the Queen to him at Twick-
enham, he says : " At which time I had, though I profess
not to be a poet, prepared a sonnet directly tending and
alluding to draw on her Majesty's reconcilement to my
lord: which I remember I shewed to a great person,
and one of my lord's nearest friends who commended it."

In the year 1629 Thomas Farnaby published a col-
lection of Greek Epigrams, with the title Florilegium
Epigrammatum Grecorum Eorumque Latino Versu a

Florilegium-j
EPIGRAMMATVM

GR^CORVM, EORVM-

QVE LATINO VERSV
a varijs redditorum.

LONDINl,
Excudebat Felix KyngHonius,

16 2^.

POETRY 125

variis redditorum, and in this is found a poem by Bacon,
which is generally accepted as quite genuine. It
appears under the heading Hue elegantem U.C.L.
Domini Verulamii -n-apaiSiav adjicere adlubuit. This
English version by Bacon is a parody on the Latin
version of the Seven Ages of Man, and Farnaby supplies
a Greek translation on the opposite page. As portions
of this poem have frequently been quoted by certain
literary combatants, I may be allowed to add it in its
entirety : —

" The world's a bubble, and the life of man

Lesse than a span,
In his conception wretched from the wombe,

So to the tombe ;
Curst from the cradle, and brought up to yeares

With cares and feares.
Who then to fraile mortality shall trust,
But limmes the water, or but wrestes in dust.

" Yet, since with Sorrow here we live opprest,

What life is best ?
Courts are but only superficial Schooles

To dandle Fooles :
The Rurall parts are turn'd into a Den

Of savage men :
And Where's a City from all Vice so free.
But may be term'd the worst of all the three ?

" Domesticke Cares afflict the Husband's Bed,
Or paines his Head :
Those that live single, take it for a Curse,
Or doe things worse :

126 FRANCIS BACON

Some would have Children, those that have them
none;

Or with them gone :
What is it then to have, or have no Wife,
But single Thraldome, or a double Strife ?

" Our owne Affections still at home to please,
Is a Disease :
To crosse the Sea to any forraigne Soile,

Perils and Toile :
Warres with their noyse affright us : when they
cease,

Ware worse in Peace :
What then remaines ? but that we still should cry,
Not to be borne, or being borne, to dye."

In the appendix to Joshua Silvester's Panthea, or
Divine Wishes and Meditations, published by him, and
revised by James Martin in 1630, we discover an
English version under the heading Human Life
Characterized : By the Right Noble Peere, Francis
Viscount St. Albans, late L. High Chancelor of Eng-
land. Aubrey refers to the "excellent verses of his
Lordship's, which Mr. Farnaby translated into Greek,"
and subsequent writers always mention the fact that it
was first printed by Farnaby in 1629, but I do not think
that Silvester's publication has been pointed out by any
of them. Undoubtedly the Panthea is an excessively
rare volume, and the copy I possess is especially in-
teresting, as it was formerly in the Walmisley library,
being a presentation copy to Lady Juliana Walmisley,
her sister Mrs. Mary Walmisley, Lady Anne Osborne,

Apophthegmes

NEW AND
OLD.

COLLECTED BY

THE RIGHT HO-

NOVRABLE,

Francis

L O. V E RV L A M,

FifcounL.

S*. A L B A N.

London,

Printed ioxHanoa Barret y and

'Richardwhittaker, and arc co be

fold at the Kings Head in

Pauls Chiitch-yard. i6ij.

APOPHTHEGMS 129

and Mrs. Elizabeth Sherborne, with J. Martin's auto-
graph inscription filling the whole page before the title.
Among the poems found among the papers of Sir
Henry Wotton we also have an English version of the
same poem, and this was published in the Reliquiae
Wottonianae in the year 165 1.

Apophthegms, New and Old

This little collection of maxims and pithy sayings —
two hundred and eighty altogether — was first published
in a small duodecimo edition in 1625, and reprinted the
year following. The preface reads thus : —

" Julius Caesar did write a collection of apophthegms,
as appears in an epistle of Cicero. I need say no more
for the worth of a writing of that nature. It is a pity
his book is lost ; for I imagine they were collected with
judgment and choice, whereas that of Plutarch and
Stobaeus, and much more the modern ones, draw much
of the dregs. Certainly they are of excellent use : they
are Macrones Verborum, pointed speeches. Cicero
prettily calls them salinas, salt pits, that you may ex-
tract salt out of, and sprinkle it where you will. They
serve to be interlaced in continued speech : they serve
to be recited upon occasion of themselves : they serve,
if you take the kernel of them, and make them your
own. I have for my recreation in my sickness fanned
the old ; not omitting any because they are vulgar (for
many vulgar ones are excellent good), nor for the mean-
ness of the person, but because they are dull and fiat,
and added many new that otherwise would have died."

One would expect to find that when Rawley first pub-
lished the Resuscitatio in 1657 he would have included
9

130 FRANCIS BACON

this work among the compositions of Bacon, but we
notice he does not do so, and it has been supposed that
he did not consider it of sufficient importance to have a
place in the " perfect list of his Lordship's true works."
The evidence of its authenticity, however, is now quite
established.

There appeared another small duodecimo edition in
1658. This contained only 184 Apophthegms by
Bacon, and was entitled Witty Apophthegms delivered at
several times, and upon several occasions, by King James,
King Charles, the Marquis of Worcester, Francis Lord
Bacon, and Sir Thomas Moore. With reference to this,
Tenison in the Baconiana states that " His Lordship
hath received much injury by late editions of which some
have much enlarged, but not at all enriched, the collec-
tion ; stuffing it with tales and sayings too infacetious
for a ploughman's chimney corner. And particularly, in
the collection not long since published. . . . For besides
the addition of insipid tales, there are some put in, which
are beastly and immoral: such as were fitter to have
been joined to Aretine or Aloysia, than to have polluted
the chaste labours of the Baron Verulam."

In the second edition of the Resuscitatio (1661)^
seventy-one of the original Apophthegms are omitted
and thirty-nine new ones added. It has been assumed
that Rawley made up this collection from loose and
imperfect manuscripts, as the order and text are so
entirely changed. Montague suggests, however, that
as this edition was published during Rawley's lifetime,
the additions were probably genuine. A good deal of
meddling and alteration in these Apophthegms evidently
took place in the later editions ; for instance, by referring

APOPHTHEGMS 131

to the 1 67 1 edition of the Resuscitatio, it will be seen
that the number of them had been increased to 308.
Indeed, after Rawley's death in 1667, little reliance can
be put in the accuracy of such publications. It is
evident that during this period of ill-health the activity
of Bacon's mind never seemed to abate. The year
before his death he was still busy and full of purpose ;
for it will be remembered that he then published, in an
extended form, the final edition of the Essays, as well
as the translation of the Psalms; and we cannot help
being impressed with the pathetic sadness of the
moment, as he now tells us that these final efforts are
to him a " recreation " in his sickness.

In order to illustrate the character of the work and
tiie variety of the subjects here discussed, a few of
these Apophthegms, taken at random, may be added.

" Queen Elizabeth was dilatory enough in suits, of her
own nature; and the Lord Treasurer Burleigh being
a wise man, and willing therein to feed her humour,
would say to her, ' Madam, you do well to let suitors
stay ; for I shall tell you, bis dat, qui cito dat ; if you
grant them speedily, they will come again the sooner.' "

" Sir Nicholas Bacon, who was Keeper of the Great
Seal of England, when Queen Elizabeth, in her progress,
came to his home at Gorhambury, and said to him,
' My lord, what a little house you have gotten !' answered
her, ' Madam, my house is well ; but it is you that have
made me too great for my house.' "

" There was a young man in Rome, that was very
like Augustus Caesar. Augustus took knowledge of
him, and sent for the man and asked him, ' Was your

132 FRANCIS BACON

mother never at Rome?' He answered, 'No, sir, but
my father was.' "

The Wisdom of the Ancients

Bacon wrote this popular little work in the year
1609, and it was then first published, in Latin, under the
title De Sapientia Veterum Liber. It was issued in
a small duodecimo volume containing 129 leaves, with
an introduction and dedication ; further reprints in the
same form appeared in 1617 and 1633. The first
English translation was made by his great admirer
Sir Arthur Georges in 1619. This was also a small
i2mo edition, the title of which ran as follows:
The Wisdome of the Ancients^ written in Latine — By the
Right Honourable Sir Francis Bacon Knight, Baron
Verulam and Lord Chancelour of England. It had
a dedication to Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James
the First and wife of the Elector Palatine. This
remained the only English translation until the year
1836, when Pickering published Montague's work. Of
foreign translations, that of Tobie Mathew into Italian
has already been referred to with the translation of
the Essays in 16 18.

A short time before his death Bacon desired that
this work should be included, with the Latin transla-
tions of Henry the Seventh, the Essays, New Atlantis,
etc., in a special volume, and this was done some years
afterwards by Rawley in his Operum Moralium et
Civilium, published in 1638. Also it may be mentioned
here that three of the Fables, in a somewhat altered
form, were included in the De Augmentis Scientiarum
in I1623.

R A N C I S
B A C O N I

EQJ/ITIS AVRATI,

PROCVRATORIS SE-

cvNoij Iacobi Regis

Magnx Britannix,

DE S APIENT I A

Vbtervm Libbr,

Ad Inclytanu Academiajfu

Cantabngienfemjt

L O N D I N I,

Excudebat Robertvs Bar-
ker v s, Sereniflima: Regis
MaicCtacis Typographus.
Anno 1^09.

THE WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS 135

Soon after its completion, Bacon, when sending
Tobie Mathew a copy of the book, writes as follows : —

" I do very heartily thank you for your letter of the
24th of August from Salamanca; and in recompence
therefore I send you a little work of mine that hath
begun to pass the world. They tell me my Latin
is turned into silver and become current : had you
been here, you should have been my inquisitor before
it came forth ; but, I think, the greatest inquisitor in
Spain will allow it. But one thing you must pardon
me if I make no haste to believe, that the world
should be grown to such an ecstasy as to reject truth
in philosophy, because the author dissen teth in religion;
no more than they do by Aristotle or Averroes. My
great work goeth forward ; and after my manner, I
alter ever when I add. So that nothing is finished
till all be finished. This I have written in the midst
of a term and parliament ; thinking no time so
possessed, but that I should talk of these matters
with so good and dear a friend. And so with my
wonted wishes I leave you to God's goodness. From
Gray's Inn. Feb. 27, 16 10."

Tenison, in his reference to the work, in the Baconiana,
says it is "a book in which the sages of former times
are rendered more wise than it may be they were by
so dextrous an interpreter of their fables " ; and Mallet
speaks of it as becoming "the same stamp of an
original and inventive genius with his other per-
formances."

Bacon's motive in writing this treatise is somewhat
uncertain, and has not been understood by many writers.

136 FRANCIS BACON

Probably one object he had in view was " to obtain a more
favourable hearing for certain philosophical doctrines of
his own." Also he meant to make clear, by an original
method, the conclusions he had drawn from the various
mental attitudes and actions suggested by these ancient
Fables ; and the deductions he presents to our minds are
not only skilful in their argument and interpretation, but
full of quaint surprises and moral significance.

As to the accepted meaning of the Fables themselves,
this is quite a secondary consideration, as it seems to
me ; nor is it necessary, from a literary point of view,
to criticize too closely the exact scientific signification
of some of the views involved. That Bacon seemed
to be ignorant of many problems already settled by
acknowledged observers even of his own day is
accepted, and not a little surprising to us ; but this
fact can scarcely detract from the value and interest
of this treatise, so full of ingenuity and cultured phrase;
a work, according to Macaulay, " which, if it had pro-
ceeded from any other writer, would have been
considered as a masterpiece of wit and learning."

These Fables are thirty-one in number, and that
on Narcissus, or Self-Love, may be taken as an
example — not only of Bacon's beautiful literary style in
dealing with this class of subject, but also his power of
interpretation and apt illustration.

" Narcissus is said to have been extremely beautiful
and comely, but intolerably proud and disdainful ; so
that, pleased with himself, and scorning the world, he
led a solitary life in the woods ; hunting only with a
few followers, who were his professed admirers, amongst
whom the nymph Echo was his constant attendant. In

THE

WISEDOME

OF THE ANCIENTS,

WRITTEN IN LATINE

ty the 'Bfght HoHourt^U Sir

fRANCIS BACON Kttightf

Baron of Verulam ana

Lord Chaneelonr of

Bttglani,

Done into Englifli by Sir
Arthur (7«rg« Knight.

ScHtitm iuHineihiUfieleu

LONDON

Imprinted by I o h n Bin*
1619*

THE WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS 139

this method of life it was once his fate to approach a
clear fountain, where he laid himself down to rest, in the
noonday heat ; when, beholding his image in the water,
he fell into such a rapture and admiration of himself,
that he could by no means be got away, but remained
continually fixed and gazing, till at length he was turned
into a flower, of his own name, which appears early in
the spring, and is consecrated to the infernal Deities,
Pluto, Proserpine, and the Fairies. This fable seems to
paint the behaviour and fortune of those, who, for their
beauty, or other endowments, wherewith nature (with-
out any industry of their own) has graced and adorned
them, are extravagantly fond of themselves : for men of
such a disposition generally affect retirement, and
absence from public affairs ; as a life of business must
necessarily subject them to many neglects and con-
tempts which might disturb and ruffle their minds.
Whence such persons commonly lead a solitary, private,
and shadowy life ; see little company, and those only such
as highly admire and reverence them ; or like an Echo,
assent to all they say. And they who are depraved,
and rendered still fonder of themselves by this custom,
grow strangely indolent, unactive, and perfectly stupid.
The Narcissus, a spring flower, is an elegant emblem of
this temper, which at first flourishes, and is talked of,
but when ripe, frustrates the expectation conceived of
it. And that this flower should be sacred to the infernal
powers, carries out the allusion still further ; because
men of this humour are perfectly useless in all respects;
for whatever yields no fruit, but passes, and is no more,
like the way of a ship in the sea, was by the ancients
consecrated to the infernal shades and powers."

I40 FRANCIS BACON

THE PROFESSIONAL^ WORKS

To undertake a detailed description of the separate
works which fall to this portion of our subject, how-
ever brief, would not only be a task more fitting
a legal mind, but for our present purposes quite
unnecessary.

The subjoined list of tracts, legal papers and docu-
ments, with the information bearing thereon, has
practically been taken from the works of Montague and
Spedding, as well as from the collections in the British
Museum and my own library. After a careful collation
of the manuscripts, correcting them, and adding certain
notes of his own, Mr. Spedding published many of them
separately, with a preface to each. In Basil Montague's
edition the Speeches and many letters bearing on
judicial matters are well set forth, with interesting
prefaces ; and to a few of them very useful notes are
appended. So that for an intimate acquaintance with
this portion of Bacon's literature it is necessary for the
inquirer to turn to these two standard works, and he
may then supplement his knowledge by a perusal of the
various manuscripts readily available at the British
Museum.

A few of the principal speeches and papers have
already been alluded to in connexion with Bacon's
public affairs, but I will now enumerate all those
attributable to him that have come to my notice, and
it may be a convenience to refer to them under four
heads, viz. — (i) Speeches ; (2) Law Tracts ; (3) Legal
Arguments ; (4) Star-Chamber Charges, etc.

SPEECHES 141

The Speeches include the following : —

The Speech of the Lord Chancellor of England, in the
Exchequer Chamber touching the Post-nati.

Delivered 1608, and first printed 1641.

Naturalization of the Scotch in England.

First printed 1641.

Union of the Laws of the Kingdoms of England, and
Scotland. First printed 1641.

A Report made by Sir Francis Bacon Knight, in the
House of Commons of a Speech by the Earl of Salisbury,
aud another by the Earl of Northampton upon Spanish
Grievances. Delivered 1608.

Notes of a Speech concerning a War with Spain.

First printed 1624.

A Petition touching Purveyors. Delivered 1603.

About the Undertakers. Delivered 1615.

On the Grievances of the Commons.

Delivered 1610.

On Wards and Tenures.

Declaration for the Master of the Wards.

Delivered 16 10.

On persuading the House of Commons to desist from-
further question, on receiving the King's messages by their
Speaker, etc. Delivered 16 10.

Of Impositions on Merchandises imported and exported.

Delivered 16 10.

On persuading some Supply to be given to his Majesty,
etc. Delivered 1610.

Touching the scarcity of Silver at the Mint.

To the Speakers Excuse.

Upon the motion of Subsidy. Delivered 1 597.

142 FRANCIS BACON

LAW TRACTS

A Collection of some principall Rules and Maxims of
the Common Laws of England. First printed 1630.

The Use of the Law. First printed 1629.

The Learned Reading. First printed 1642.

The Elements of the Common Laws of England.

First printed 1630.

Discourse upon the Commission of Bridewell.

An Account of the Office of Compositions for Aliena-
tions. Written 1598.

A Draught of an Act, against a usorious shift of gain,
in delivering Commodities instead of Money.

Advice to the King for reviving the Commission of
Suits.

LEGAL ARGUMENTS

The Case of Impeachment of Waste, Before the fudges
in the Exchequer Chamber.

Low's Case of Tenures, In the King's Bench.

The Case of Revocation of Uses, In the Kin^s Bench.

The Jurisdiction of the Marches.

The Office of Constables, with Answers to Questions.

Ordinances made for the better and more regular
administration of Justice in Chancery to be daily
observed.

Case De non procedendo Rege inconsulto.

A Proposition for the repressing of singular combats
or duels.

Reasons why the New Company is not to be trusted and
continued with the trade of Clothes.

Cases of Treason.

Certaine Reasons and Arguments of Policy, why the

T" H F

CHARGE OF
SIR FRANCIS

Bacon KNIGHT, HIS

Maiellics Attourney generally

touching DuellSf vpon an informa-

tion in the Star-chamber againfl

Prieft and Wright.

With

TTje Decree of the Star-chamber in

the fame caufe.

Printed for Robert JVilf^n^ini are to be fold at Graics

Inne Catc^ and in Paules Churchyard at ihc figne

of the Bible, I 6 1 4,

LEGAL ARGUMENTS 145

King of England should hereafter give over all further
Treaty, and enter into war with the Spaniard.

A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons by Robert
Earl of Essex. First printed 160 1.

Bacon's Apology in certain imputations concerning the
late Earl of Essex. First printed 1604.

Considerations touching a war with Spain.

First printed 1629.

A wise and moderate Discourse concerning Church
affairs. First printed 1641.

Discourse of the happy Union of England and Scot-
land. Written 1603, First published 1603.

Certain Considerations touching the better Pacification
and Edification of the Church of England.

Written 1603. First published 1604.

Essay of a King. First published 1642.

Sixteen Propositions concerning the Reign and Govern-
ment of a King. First published 1647.

Relation of the Poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury.

First published 1651.

Offer of a Digest of the Laws.

Proposition for compiling an Amendment of our laws.

Certain Observances upon a Libel, published this present
year 1 592.

A True Report of the detestable Treason intended by
Doctor Roderigo Lopez, a Physician attending upon the
Queen's Majesty, whom he, for a sum of money promised
to be paid him by the King of Spain, did undertake to
have' destroyed by poison; with certain circumstances
both of the plotting and detecting the said Treason.
Penned during the Queen's Life.

146 FRANCIS BACON

STAR-CHAMBER CHARGES, &c.

The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, His Majes-
ties Attorney Generall touching Duells, upon an informa-
tion in the Star-Chamber against Priest and Wright,
With the Decree of the Star-Chamber in the same cause.
Delivered 1614. First published 1614.

The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, the King's
Attorney Genei^al, against William Talbot, a counsellor
at Law, of Ireland, upon an information in the Star-
Chamber. Delivered 1614.

The Charge given by Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, His
Majesty's Attorney General, against Mr. Oliver St. John,
for scandalising and traducing in the public sessions, letters
sent from the Lords of the Council touching the Benevolence.

Delivered 161 5.

The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, His Ma-
jesty's Attorney General, against Frances Countess of
Somerset, intended to have been spoken by him at her
arraignment on Friday, May 24. 1616, in case she pleaded
not guilty.

The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, His Ma-
jesty's Attorney General, by way of evidence, before the
Lord High Steivard, and the Peers, against Robert, Earl
of Somerset, concerning the poisoning of Overbury.

The Speech which was issued by the Lord Keeper of
the Great Seal in the Star-Chamber, before the Summer
Circuits, the King being then in Scotland, 16 17.

The Speech used by Sir Francis Bacon, Lord Keeper of
the Great Seal of England, to Sir William Jones, upon
his calling to be Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, 161 7.

The Speech of Sir Francis Bacon, Lord Keeper, in the

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STAR-CHAMBER CHARGES 149

Exchequer to Sir John Denham. upon his calling to be one
of the Barons of ye Exchequer in 161 7.

The Speech of Sr. Fran: Bacon Lord Keeper of the
Great Scale of England in the Courte of Common Pleas
to Justice Hatton upon his calling to be one of the Judges
of the Common Pleas,

The Charge of Owen indited of high treason in the
King's Bench by Sr. Francis Bacon, Knighte, His Ma-
jesty's Attorney Generall.

The Charge of the partie Parliament in Ireland which
brake and receded from Parliamente there assembled and
after came over to justifie and excuse the same, by Sr.
Fran: Bacon his Majesties Solicitor, before his Maj^t'^
sitting in Counsell where the delinquents were convented.

The Charge against Mr. Lumsden, Sir John Went-
worth, and Sir John Holies, for scandal and traducing of
the King's Justice in the proceedings against Weston in
the Star-Chamber — Nov: 10. 1615.

A Charge at the arraignment of the Lord Sauquhar, in
the King's Bench at Westminster — June 29. 161 2.

A Speech by the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of
England, at the taking of his place in Chancery, in per-
formance of the charge His Majesty had given him, when
he received the Seal. May 7 — 16 17.

The Charge against Whitelocke — 16 13.

I have the contemporary manuscripts of nearly all of
these Star-Chamber Speeches. Expert opinion pro-
nounces them not in Bacon's own writing, but executed
by some official, employed for the purpose of taking
down verbatim such Charges.

Although no attempt will here be made to discuss

ISO FRANCIS BACON

seriatim these various Tracts and Speeches, there are
a few which call for a brief mention. Among the
Speeches, the first three mentioned are of special in-
terest, more particularly the Post-Nati. This was
delivered by Bacon in the Exchequer Chamber in the
year 1608, when he was Solicitor-General. It dealt
with the union of England and Scotland, a subject
which was very dear to the King ; and the manner in
which the case was conducted was greatly applauded,
not only by James, but by all \yho had the privilege of
listening to the able discussion of the points involved.
It marked him as an orator of unusual ability, and
enhanced his reputation in the management of diffi-
cult cases probably more than any speech he ever
delivered.

It may be stated that the Commissioners who were
appointed to consider the Union declared that by law
the natives in both countries, born after the accession
of James the First, were naturalized in both. The
Commons not consenting to this, a committee from
this House, after a deliberation with certain repre-
sentatives of the Lords in 1607, assented to the intro-
duction of the measure by Bacon.

The Post-Nati •was printed long after his death (1641),
along with the other two tracts dealing with the same
subject. There was one general title page to these,
and the licence ran as follows : —

" 15 May. 1641 — At a Committee appointed by the
Honourable House of Commons in Parliament for
examination of books, and of the licencing and sup-
pressing of them. It is ordered that these three Speeches
or treatises be published in print. Edward Bering."

THREE

i SPEECHES

OF

The Right Honorable , Sir Francis

Bacm Knight, then his Majefties Soilicitor

Gcncrall,after LordVbrulam,

Vifcount Saint Alban.

r Po S T-N ATI

\ naturalization of the Scotch ia
Concerning they England

J VnionoftheliMvts eftheKingdomti
( of England and StotUnd.

PublHlicd by the Authors Copy,

and

Licenfedby Authotity.

London,

^ ViixAi6i\>y Kiehard Badger, io\ Samuel Breun , and are
^ to be fold at his (hop in St. Pauls church-yaj-d
X at the fignc of the white Lyo n and Ball.

I

It
It

:^

^

I £4 1.

A

COLLECTION

OF SOME PRINCIPALL

RvLEsandM aximesoF the

Common Lawes of

England^

WITH THEIR LATI-
TVDEand Extent,

Explicated for the more facile Introdu-

^on of fuch as are fludioufly addi(^ed
to that noble Profcfsion.

By Sir F R A N c, 1 s B A c o N, then 5ollicitor

^tnerall to the late renowned Q^ene Eli-

zi\)cx!ai*ndjince LordChmceUor

o/En GLAND.

Orhefamo fednon oeeiduf.

LONDON,

Printed by the Afsigncs of John Moon Efij.
^n»0clo.b.c.xxx.

CVM PI^IVILBCIO.

LEGAL TRACTS AND SPEECHES 155

From the above it would appear that this was the
first authentic edition of each of the three Speeches.
I have by me, however, a copy of A Speech delivered by
Sir Francis Bacon in the lower House of Parliament
quinto Jacobi, concerning the Article of Naturalization of
the Scottish Nation, also dated 1641. This Speech was
therefore printed separately, in the same year as the
triple Tract, and is additionally interesting as containing
an excellent portrait of Bacon opposite the title page.

As has been seen, his Tracts on legal subjects were
many, having for their object the elucidation of the
laws and customs of the land. The Maxims were
probably written in 1597, and first published in 1630
with the second edition of The Use of the Law.
There are at least two manuscripts of the tract, one
in the Cambridge Library and the other in the British
Museum. They are not identical, for the former, bear-
ing the date 1 596, is a much shorter document, having
twenty rules only instead of twenty-five, as in the
Harleian manuscript at the British Museum. It is
probable that Bacon himself made additions to the
smaller copy. It is quite possible that the Use of the
Law may be " spurious." Of the two manuscripts of
this known to Heath, one was among the Harleian
papers and the other with the Sloane collection. In
neither case did the author's name appear, and their
texts differ. It was probably written about the same
period as the Maxims, and appeared in print for the
first time in 1629. It was then published anonymously
in the same quarto with Sir John Dodderidge's Lawyer's
Light, bearing a distinct title page and having a
separate pagination. In the following year (1630) a

iS6 FRANCIS BACON

second edition appeared with the first issue of the
Maxims of the Law, as we have seen, and in this
quarto we find a general title page, and also a separate
one to each treatise. Here we notice for the first time
on the title of the Use of Law, " By the L: Verulam
Viscount of S. Albon's," etc.

In connexion with this portion of our subject, a word
may be added with regard to The Learned Reading of
Sir Francis Bacon. It is termed " his double Reading to
the Honourable Society of Graye's Inne," and was
given in the Lent vacation of 1600, on the subject of
" The Statute of Uses." This tract was first printed in
1642. To give an example of Bacon's style in intro-
ducing his views on such questions, and of his fondness
for metaphorical methods, the opening sentence may be
quoted : —

" I have chosen to Read upon the Law of Uses made
37 Hen. 8. a Law whereupon the Inheritances of this
Realme are tossed at this day like a Ship upon the sea,
in such sort that it is hard to say which Barke will sinke,
and which will get to the Haven, that is to say, what
assurances will stand good and what will not ; whether
in this any lack or default in the Pilots their grave and
learned Judges : but the Tydes and Currents of received
errours, and unwarranted and abusive experience, have
been so strong, as they were not able to keepe a right
course. . . ." He then proceeds to discourse on " the
nature and definition of a Use"; what may be considered
" reasonable and convenient " in a Statute dealing with
Uses, and the " Rules and Expositions " of the Laws to
be applied.

Many of these legal documents and papers Bacon

THE VSE

OF THE

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Provided for Prefcrvation

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Our<(joods, and

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LONDON.

Printed for B e N : F i s h E R, and arc to

bee foldac his Shop wtthouc t/4 iti*r/gati, itthe

SiffKoitheTalhot. i62p.

The

LEARNED

READING

Of

Sir Francis Bacon,

One of her Majcfties learned Coun-
(el I at LaW) upon the Statute of

USES:

Being his double Reading to the Honou-
rable Society of Gk a teS Inne.

PublilTitd for che Cwnmon good.

LONDON :
Printed for Mathen> fValhtfteke j and Laurence
patan. 1 6 4 2t

LETTERS OF BACON i6i

no doubt had intended to publish, as several of the most
important were found bearing his own corrections ; very
few of them, however, could have appeared in a printed
form during his lifetime.

LETTERS OF BACON

The earliest composition by Bacon discovered by
Spedding is a letter written in his twentieth year from
Gray's Inn. It was dated July i ith, 1 580, and addressed
to Mr. Doyly, then in Paris. Beyond the fact that this
seems to be the first of his writings, there is no special
interest attached to it. It is to be found among the
Lambeth manuscripts.

At least three other letters have come to our know-
ledge, all written from Gray's Inn in the same year.
One of these is addressed to Lady Burghley (September
1 6th, 1580), another of the same date to Lord Burghley
(both among the Lansdowne manuscripts), and the
third dated October i8th, 1580, likewise to Lord
Burghley.

Many of Bacon's letters were written during the
reign of James the First, and were collected and published
by Robert Stephens in 1702. We also have a pretty
full publication by David Mallet, which will be found
in the fourth volume of his Works (1740). Several
letters, printed zn extenso, will be found here addressed
to Queen Elizabeth upon various subjects, such as on
the presentation by Bacon of New Year's gifts to the
Queen, the choice of Commissioners in the Star-Chamber,
written during the year 1600, and another in the same
year concerning the Earl of Essex. There are also
II

1 62 FRANCIS BACON

many to the Lord Treasurer Burghley, the Lord Keeper
of the Great Seal, the Earl of Essex, etc., including
" A Letter of Advice to my Lord Essex immediately
before his going into Ireland i S99." Following these are
the letters written in James the First's reign. William
Rawley in his Resuscitatio (1657) publishes the "several
Letters by this Honourable Authour,to Queen Elizabeth,
King James, divers Lords and others " ; and in the same
volume, following a separate title page, " Other Letters,
by the same Honourable Authour, written in the Dayes
of Queen Elizabeth." All these collections have sub-
sequently been included in the more comprehensive
works of Montague and others.

On referring to this department of the writings
of Bacon, one is struck with his habit of frequently
addressing letters of " Advice " or " Expostulation " to
various persons who held office at the same period;
sometimes these were of a congratulatory character,
at others most condemnatory, and according to our
present interpretation, most vindictive. As an example
of the former type, let us briefly notice his Advice to
Sir George Villiers, afterwards Duke of Buckingham,
on his becoming a favourite with the King in the
station of Prime Minister. Bacon begins by com-
mending his ambition and complimenting him on his
fitness for such advancement. Then he proceeds to
give his advice for his " carriage in so eminent a place,"
and the danger of an unwise discharge of duty. Later
he says, and the passage is worth quoting, " Remember
well the great trust you have undertaken, you are as a
continual Centinel, always to stand upon your watch
to give him true intelligence ; If you flatter him, you

LETTER

ADVICE

WRITTEN

BY

S'.Francis Bacon

To the "Duke of

Buckingham ,

When he became Favourite to

King James ,

Never before Printed..

London^ Printed for K. H. and W. B, and arc to be (old

at f^f/?w;/«/?crr and the Royal Exchange, 1661.

A LETTER OF ADVICE 165

betray him, if you conceal the truth of those things
from him which concern his justice or his honour
(although not the safety of his person) you are as
dangerous a traitor to his state, as he that riseth in
arms against him. A false friend is more dangerous
than an open enemy. . . ." He ends his long admoni-
tion with a series of exhortations to the effect that
this new " favourite " should be " rightly persuaded
and settled in the true protestant religion, professed
by the Church of England," that he should not be
"an instrument to countenance the Romish catholics,"
that " Colleges and schools of learning are to be
cherished and encouraged," adding that " this kingdom
hath in latin ages been famous for good literature."
His concluding remarks deal with the promotion of
justice ; the services and duties of counsellors of state ;
foreign negotiations ; trade, both at home and abroad ;
and the plantation of colonies, " which are very
necessary, as outlets, to a populous nation, and may
be profitable also if they be managed in a discreet
way."

As we now turn to an expostulation to Lord Chief
Justice Coke, we perceive Bacon in quite a different
vein. A sentence or two from this communication
will suffice to demonstrate Bacon's invective and
method of attack : —

" All men can see their own profit, that part of the
wallet hangs before. A true friend (whose worthy
office I would perform, since, I fear, both yourself
and all great men want such, being themselves true
friends to few or none) is first to shew the other, and
which is from your eyes.

i66 FRANCIS BACON

" First therefore behold your errors. In discourse
you delight to speak too much, not to hear other
men. , . . You cloy your auditory when you would
be observed. Speech must be either sweet or short,

"You converse with books, not men, and books
especially human ; and have no excellent choice with
men, who are the best books : for a man of action and
employment you seldom converse with, and then but
with your underlings ; not freely, but as a schoolmaster
with his scholars, ever to teach, never to learn : . . . You
will jest at any man in public, without respect of -the
person's dignity or your own ; this disgraceth your
gravity, more than it can advance the opinion of your wit:

" And now we beseech you, my lord, be sensible both
of the stroke, and hand that striketh ; learn of David to
leave Shimei, and call upon God; he had some great
work to do, and he prepareth you for it ; he would
neither have you faint, nor yet bear this cross with
a stoical resolution. There is a Christian mediocrity
worthy of your greatness ; I must be plain, perhaps rash."

At the end he says : " For friends, although your
lordship be scant, yet I hope you are not altogether
destitute ; if you be, do but look upon good books : they
are true friends, that will neither flatter nor dissemble ;
be you but true to yourself, applying that which they
teach to the party grieved, and you shall need no other
comfort or counsel."

; It will at once be perceived that many of Bacon's
finest and most delightful utterances are to be found in
some of his letters, and it seems highly desirable that
those who are interested in the literature of the period

POSTHUMOUS WORKS 167

should turn their attention rather more than they have
done in the past to such sources of wit and wisdom. A ,
little patient study in this direction will not only unfold
unexpected gems of thought and homely philosophical
truths, but will also assist in throwing much light on
the true character of the author. Indeed, it is not a
little surprising that the value and significance of
Bacon's Letters have not hitherto been fully appre-
ciated, especially those which appeared at various im-
portant epochs in his life and history. For instance,
it has been well pointed out by Dr. Abbott that those
written at the time of the " fall of Essex " " are well
worth studying as specimens of Bacon's literary and,
we may almost say, dramatic power." It would be
quite unnecessary, and beside my present purpose, to
reproduce examples in order to show how his mental
processes and characteristics are illustrated and reflected
in such writings.

POSTHUMOUS WORKS

After Bacon's death many memoranda, including
Speeches, Notes of Advice, Letters, etc., were found.
The first collection of these was made by his old chap-
lain William Rawley, D.D., and published in a small
quarto in the year 1629 under the title Certaine Mis-
cellany Works of the Right Honourable Francis Lo:
Verulam, Vicount S. Alban. It contained the four
following tracts : —

(i) Considerations touching a Warre with Spaine,
written about five years since, and inscribed to his
Majestic, at that time Prince of Wales.

1 68 FRANCIS BACON

(2) An Advertisement touching an Holy Warre,
written in the yeare 1622 — Dedicated to Lancelot
Andrews.

(3) An offer to oiir late Soveraigne King James of
A Digest to be made of the Lawes of England.

(4) The History of the Reigne of King Henry the
Eighth.

In 1627, the year after Bacon's death, Rawley had
already published the Sylva Sylvarum, with the New
A tlantis,

A folio was next issued in 1638 with the full title
Francisci Baconi Baronis de Verulamio, Vice-comitis
Sancti Albani, Operum Moralium et Civilium Tomus.
Cura et Fide Guil: Rawley. This began with an intro-
ductory dedication by Dr. Rawley to Prince Charles
of Wales, and contained also a portrait of Bacon by
Pass.

The following works, all written in Latin, were pub-
lished in this volume, viz. The History of Henry the
Seventh; The Essays ; The Wisdom of the Ancients;
A Treatise concerning a Holy War; The New Atlantis ;
The De Augmentis Scientiarum ; History of Winds;
and The History of Life and Death.

In the year 1648 a small quarto appeared, which was
published anonymously. It was entitled The Remaines
of the Right Honourable Francis Lord Verulam, Viscount
of St. Albanes, sometimes Lord Chancellour of England,
being Essay es and severall Letters to severall great Per-
sonages, and other pieces of various and high concernment
not heretofore published. This contained An Essay of a
King; An Explanation what manner of persons they

CERTAINE

Mifcellany Works

THE RIGHT

HONOVRABLE.

Francis Lo. Verulam,
Vifcount S. A L B A N.

PVBLISHED

By WILLIAM %AlVLSr,
Dodlor of Diuinity,one of his

MaicAics Chaplaincs.

London,

^ Printed by 7. Hauiland for Htmphrej ^obitifon,
dwelling at the fignc of the three Pigeons

in PmIj Chuich-yard. iCi^. t "^

FRANCISCI

BACONl,

BARONIS DE

VERVLAMIO, VICE'COMITIS

SANCTI ALBANI,OPERVM

MORALIVM ET CIVILIVM

Tomus.

^Hifioritm Regai Heitrici SeptmiJRegif Anglic-
I Sartitanei Fidelet, five Jnteriora Sentm-
Qui continet ^ TraSatum de S<akntia Veterum,
I DiMpim de BeSo Sacra.
\Et Nmam Atlanlideiit'

Ab iplo Honoratidimo Audlrdre, prxterguam
in paucis, Laciaitate donacus,

Cura& Fide GuilielmiRawUy, Sacrse Thcologia: Doftotis, olitn
Dominationi fua;,nunc Sereniflimx MajeRati Regis, ^ Sacris.

In hoc volaoainejcerumexculi, incladaotui

CTni8atHs de Augmeutit Scietttiamm.
imftmia Venterum.
CHifioria yitti ^ Mortit.

q'^f.'Atun^ f'e^^ ^IB^¥ ^^' '^^J^i-'-^

Cum Pri<vikgio,
LONDINI.
2x!:vl\xmty^\sEd-»ardiGr'tffini; Pfo(lant;idIa(^nia Rcgiain C«<
meutioD.'Paiili.apad'KicbardumlVbitahnm. i6j&

THE REMAINES 173

should be, that are to execute the power of Ordinance of
the King's Prerogative ; Short Notes of civill conversa-
tion; An Essay on Death; His Opinion concerning the
disposition of Suttons Charity, delivered to King fames;
A Letter of Advice written to Sir Edward Cooke, Lord
Chief fustice of the King's Bench; A Letter to the Lord
Treasurer in excuse of his speech in Parliament against -
the treble subsidy; A Letter to my Lord Treasurer,
recommending his first suite touching the Sollicitof's place;
A Letter of Ceremony to Queen Elizabeth upon the send-
ing of a New Year's gift; Another to the Queen upon
the like Ceremony ; A Letter of Advice to the Earle of
Essex, to take upon him the Care of the Irish businesse,
when Mr. Secretary Cecill was in France; A Letter of
Advice to the Earle of Essex upon the first Treaty with
Tyron in 1598, before my Lord was nominated for
the charge of Ireland; Another Letter of Advice to my
Lord immediately before his going into Ireland; A Letter
to the said Earle, of offer of his service when he was first
enlarged to Essex-house ; Two Letters to be framed, the
one as from Mr. Anthony Bacon to the Earle of Essex,
the other as the Earle' s answer thereunto delivered, with
the advice of Mr. Anthony Bacon; My Lord of Essex
his answer to Mr. Anthony Bacon's Letter; A Letter to
Mr. Secretary Cecill, after the defeating of the Spanish
Forces in Ireland; A Letter of Recommendation of his
Service to the Earl of Northampton, a few days before
Queen Elizabeth's death; A Letter of Offer of his
service to his Majesty upon his first coming in; A Letter
to Mr. Fauls in Scotland, upon the entrance of his
Majesties Raign; A Letter of commending his love to
the Lord of Kinlosse upon his Majesties entrance; Letter

174 FRANCIS BACON

commending his love and occasions to Sir Thomas
Challenor in Scotland, upon his Majesties entrance; A
Letter to Mr. Davies, then gone to the King at his first
entrance; A Letter to Mr. Pauls 28 March 1603; A
Letter to Dr. Morrison, a Scottish Physician, upon his
Majesties coming in; A Letter to Mr. Robert Kenny
upon the death of Queen Elizabeth; A Letter to my Lord
of Northumberland mentioning a Proclamation for the
King; A Letter to my Lord Southampton upon the
King's coming in; A Letter to the Lord of Northumber-
land after he had been with the King; A Letter to the
Earl of Salisbury, touching the Advancement of Learn-
ing; A Letter to the Lord Treasurer Buckhurst upon the
like Argument; A Letter of Expostulation to the Attour-
ney Generall Sir Edward Cook; A Letter to the Lord
Chancelloiir of the like Argument; A Letter to the
King concerning the Sollicitour place; A Letter to the
Earl of Salisbury of courtesie upon New Year's guift;
A second Letter to the Lord Chancellour; Another Letter
to the Lord Chancellour touching the former argument;
An Expostulatory Letter to Sir Vincent Skinner; A
Letter to Mr. Davies his Majesties attourney in Ireland ;
A Letter to Mr. Pierce, Secretary to the Lord Deputy of
Ireland; A Letter to Mr. Murrey; A Letter to my Lady
Packington ; A Letter to Mr. Matthews imprisoned for
Religion; Sir Thomas Bodlefs Letter to Sir Francis
Bacon, about his Cogitata et visa, wherein he declareth his
opinion freely touching the same; The Characters oj a
believing Christian in Paradoxes and seeming contradic-
tions; A Confession of the Faith, written by Sir Francis
Bacon, Knight, Viscount of St. Alban, about the time he
was Sollicitour Generall to our late Soveraign Lord

8g^g^;i5g^^8lSug§atl3i:i^|&i5g!&i^!&:i^l& ^

^

TH E

REMAIN ES

RIGHT HONORABLE

Francis Lord VeRulam

Vifcount of St: Albanes, fometimes Lord
Chanccllour of Englund,

g§j BEING

^ I Eflaycs and ieverall Letters to fcvcrall grcit Per-

foliages , and other pieces of various and- high con-
_rt j ccramenc not heretofore publtfhed. A Table whereof
?^ I for the Readers more eafe is adjoyncd.

&

LONDON:

Primed by £. jtlfip, for LavreMceClmpmm, and are to be fold at
his Shop neer the Savoy in the Sitand, 1 648.

^

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Apud Ludovicum Elzevirmin .J053,

TITLK-PAGE OF GRUTEr'S " SCRIPTA IN NATURAL! ET
UNIVERSALI," 1653

ISAAC GRUTER'S PUBLICATION 177

King James ; A Prayer made and used by the Lord
Bacon.

I have thought it wise to give in detail the list of the
subjects included in this little volume in the order in
which they may be found, for many of the items are of
considerable interest and are here published for the first
time.

It will be noticed that the first issue of Bacon's
Confession of Faith and A Prayer used by the Lord
Chancellor Bacon are to be found in these Remaines.
The same may be said of the Characters of a believing
Christian. This is certainly the first available publica-
tion of this interesting tract ; and if there was a separate
issue in 1643, as already suggested, I have not met
with it.

Isaac Griiter published a small duodecimo volume at
Amsterdam in 1653 under the title Francisci Baconi de
Verulamio Scripta in Naturaliet Universali Philosophia.
This was in Latin, and the subjects which it included
were arranged under the six following heads : —

I. Cogitata et visa de Interpretatione Naturae.
II. Descriptio Globi Intellectualis.

III. Thema Coeli.

IV. De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris.

V. De Principiis atque originibus secundum Fabulas
Cupidinis et Coeli.

VI. Impetus Philosophici in quibus continentur.

1. Indicta vera de Interpretatione Naturae.

2. Phenomena Universi.

3. Scala Intellectus, sive Filum Labyrinthi.

178 FRANCIS BACON

4. Prodromi, sive Anticipationes — Philosophiae

Secundae.

5. Cogitationes de Natura rerum.

6. Filum Labyrinthi, sive Inquisitio legitima De

motu.

7. Aphorismi, et Consilia de Auxiliis mentis.

8. De Interpretatione naturae Sententiae.

9. De Interpretatione naturae Proaemium.
10. Topica Inquisitio De luce et lumine.

A tract was published in the year 1656 with the title
of The Mirrour of State and Eloquence. Represented in
the Incomparable Letters of the Famous Sr. Francis
Bacon, Lord Verulam, St. Albans, to Queene Elizabeth,
King fames, and other Personages of the highest trust
and honour in the three Nations of England, Scotland
and Ireland.

It was a quarto, and, according to Lowndes' descrip-
tion, " contains pages 103, with title and contents three
leaves. The running title is ' Bacons Remaines.' " On
comparison it is in all particulars a reprint of the latter
work, with the exception of the title page, and it is a
little difficult to understand why this had been changed
after the lapse of eight years. It contains an unusual
portrait of Bacon, which much resembles that in the
edition of the Advancement of Learning published by
Gilbert Wats in 1640. On careful examination, how-
ever, certain differences will be detected. In the latter,
as Bacon is seated at his desk writing, the book which
lies before him has inscribed on it the title of the
Instauratio; while in the former, the book in which Bacon
is represented as making certain entries contains, in

The Mirrour of State
E L O Q_V E N C E-

REPRESENTED

In the Incomparable Letters of the Famous
S\ Francis Bacon Lord Verulam, S\ J/kas^ to

Queene Etiz/»BETH,Krng James, and other Perfonages
of the bi'gheft fruft.and honour in the three Nations

of England, Scotland, and JreUnd.

Concerning tie better and more fure EAablidimenC
of thofe Nations in the affaires oi Peace and Warrf.

WITH

An ample and admirable accompt of his

Faiibj written by the exprcfs Comaiand
of King I A M E S :

Together with the Chara&er of a true ChriSiiMtiy
and fame ether adj units ofrare^
^tvatlon.

LONDON.

Pfinced for Laarenct Chapmaa, and are to be fold at his Shop
next doore to ihe Fountaia-Tivetnc in the Strand,
I 6 J 6.

Tvacijiopour, vetrtiie,Learntnii,witt,
i4ve air mltnin, tiiis Portjore Kniib .'
JlruC Cffi to time tHat it may telT,
W^at nartH within, this Vi'ere didAiveu

BACON FKOnI "the MIRROUR OF STATE AND ELOQUENCE,"
1656

THE RESUSCITATIO i8i

addition to some writing which is difficult to decipher,
the word " Faith." This is interesting, inasmuch as in
the Mirrour of State and Eloquence we find Bacon's
Confession of Faith, and it points to the fact that this
portrait was specially designed for the work, indicating
the accepted importance of the Confessionj which is here
reproduced. As far as we know, the Remaines was
never issued with a portrait. There is a good copy of
the little work among the Thomason Tracts in the
British Museum.

Resuscitatio, or Bringing into Public Light several
Pieces of the Works, Civil, Historical, Philosophical and
Theological, hitherto Sleeping.

Such was the title of the much-esteemed folio edition,
which was published by William Rawley in the year
1657. It was issued with a portrait of Bacon, and con-
tained a narrative of his life, from which all subsequent
biographers have been enabled to gather many import-
ant details relating to his private character and personal
relations. Probably no one had the same opportunity
of collecting the facts of Bacon's life, and the materials
for the publication of his various tracts, as his old
chaplain, and so we find he introduces his theme " To
the Reader " in the following words : —

" Having been employed, as an Amanuensis, or dayly
instrument, to this Honourable Author ; and acquainted
with his Lordship's Conceits, in the composing, of his
Works, for many years together ; especially in his writing
time; I conceived that no man could pretend a better
interest or Claim, to the ordering of them, after his

1 82 FRANCIS BACON

Death, than myself. For which cause I have compiled
in one, whatsoever bears the true stamp of his Lord-
ship's excellent Genius, and hath hitherto slept, and
been suppressed ; In this present volume, not leaving
anything to a future Hand which I found to be of
moment, and communicable to the Publick, Save only
some few Latine works, which by God's favour and
sufferance, shall soon after follow."

This folio contains in fact the translations and
English works of Bacon, and in the subsequent editions
of 1 66 1 and 1671 a few other tractates were added.

In the first issue of the Resuscitatio the following
subjects were published : —

1. Speeches in Parliament, Star-Chamber, King's

Bench, Chancery and otherwhere.

2. Observations upon a Libell, published in Anno 1592.

3. A true Report of Doctor Lopez, his Treason.

4. An Advertisement, touching the Controversies of the

Church of England.

5. A Collection of the Felicities of Queen Elizabeth.

6. A brief Discourse of the Union of England and

Scotland and A rticles and Considerations, touch-
ing the Union, aforesaid.

7. A Beginning of the History of Great Britain.

8. A Letter and Discourse, to Sir Henry Savill, touch-

ing Helps for the. Intellectual Powers.

9. Certain Considerations, touching the better Pacifica-

tion and Edification of the Church of England.

10. Certain Considerations, touching the Plantation in

Ireland.

11. Advice to the King, touching, Mr. Sutton's Estate.

Refufcitatio,

Or, Bringing into

PUBLICK LIGHT

SEVERALL

PIECES,

OF THE

WORKS,

Cml,Hiflorieal,Pi>ilo/ophica!f 8c Theological,

HITHERTO

SLEEPING

Ortbe Right Honourable

FRANCIS BACON

BaroD of yemlatit, Vifcount Saint ^4^40.

According to the beft Corrcaed C O P P I E S.
Together, With his Lordlhips LIF&

By William R awl e y , Doftor in Divinity, His

Lordftiips Firft, and Laft, CHAPLEINE.
Afterwards, C H A P L E I N E, to His^e M A I E s T Y.

LO N DON,

Printed by Sdrak Oriffin, for mllim Lte .and are to be fold at

bit ShopinriatjIrM, atthe fignof theTurk«-he»(l, neer

iShopJL

the Miirc Tncm, i < 5 7-

OPUSCULA VARIA POSTHUMA 185

12. A Proposition to the King, touching the Qompiling

and Amendment of the Lawes of England.
IS- A Fragment of an Essay of Fame.

14. Letters to Queen Elizabeth, King fames, divers

Lords and others,

15. Other Letters.

16. A Confession of the Faith.

The Opuscula Varia Posthuma Philosophica, Civilia
et Tkeologica, was the name given to a small octavo
volume, containing some of the Latin works of Bacon,
and published by Rawley in 1658. The title page
contained the announcement " Cura et Fide Guilielmi
Rawley, Sacrae Theologiae Doctoris,primo Dominationi
suae, postea Serenissimae Majestati Regiae, k Sacris,"
This little work opened with a preface, and a life of
Bacon by Rawley, followed by laudatory verses by
George Herbert and John Burroughs, all in Latin. Its
contents were : —

1. Historia Densi et Rari.

2. Historia, sive Inquisitio de Sono, et Audibilibus.

3. Articuli Inquisitionis de Metallis et Mineralibus.

4. Inquisitio de Magnete,

5. Inquisitio de Versionibus, Transmutationibus,

Multiplicationibus, et EfFectionibus Corporum.

6. Topica Inquisitionis de Luce et Lumine.

7. Epistola ad Fulgentium.

8. In felicem memoriam Elizabethae Angliae

Reginae.

9. Imago Civilis Julii Caesaris.

10. Imago Civilis Augusti Caesaris.

11. Confessio Fidei.

1 86 FRANCIS BACON

After Rawley's death, Archbishop Tenison, who
was at all times a great admirer of Bacon, obtained
many of the papers pertaining to his work, and from
these, in 1679, published an octavo volume, to which
he gave the title Baconiana, or Certain Genuine Remains
of Sir Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam and Viscount
of St. Albans. This treatise he divided into five parts,
as follows : (i) Baconiana Politico-moralia, under which
certain Charges and Letters appeared. (2) Baconiana
Physiologica, which contained Bacon's views on the
Compounding and Union of Metals, the Incorporation
of Iron with Stone, the Amalgamation of Metals,
and many such problems. (3) Baconiana Medica, in
which were recorded various papers dealing with the
" Prolongation of Life " and Medical Receipts. (4)
Baconiana Theologica, where we find only three items,
viz. Lord Bacon's Questions about the Lawfulness
of a War for the Propagating of Religion, and Two
Prayers composed by Sir Francis Bacon. The first
is what is known as "The Student's Prayer," and
the other "The Writer's Prayer." (5) Baconiana
Bibliographica, under which head were arranged certain
papers relating to the books and life of Bacon ; and
among these appear three short literary extracts on
his Character, which are well worth referring to as
illustrating contemporary feeling and opinion, more
especially as regards his philosophical attainments.
The first is styled A Character of Lord Bacon, Given
by Dr. Peter Heylin, in his Life of Arch-Bishop Laud.
Part I. Pag. 64 — Anno 1620." In this we read : "The
Lord Chancellor Bacon, was a man of the most strong
Brain, and a chymical Head ; designing his endeavours

OPUSCULA

Varia Pofthuma,

PHILOSOPHICA,

C I V I L I A,

Et

THEOL O GIGA,

Fa ANC I SC I B A CON I,

Baronis dc Femlamio Vicc-
Comitis Sanffi t^/bani ,

Nunc primum Edita.

Cura & Fide GuiLlELMi RawLey,

Sactx Theologiae Do£toris,primo Do-

mlnationi fu2£,po{tea SecenifTimx

Majeftati R.egix , ^ Sactis.

Vna. cuMHohili^'mi j/fuSiorls Fita.

L O N D I tJ J,

£x OfHcina R. Damielis, 1658.

BACONIAN A 189

to the perfecting of the Works of Nature; or rather
improving Nature to the best Advantages of Life, and
the common benefit of Mankind. Pity it was, he was
not entertained with some liberal salary, abstracted
from all Affairs both of Court and Judicature, and
furnished with sufficiency both of Means and Helps
for the going on of his Design. Which had it been,
he might have given us such a body of Natural
Philosophy, and made it so subservient to the public
good, that neither Aristotle, nor Theophrastus, amongst
the ancients ; nor Paracelsus, or the rest of our latter
Chymists, would have been considerable."

The second appears under the title A Character
of the Lord Bacon given by Dr. Sprat, in his History
of the Royal Society, Part I. Sect, 16. Pag. 35-36.
Referring here to the " New Philosophers who have
disagreed from the Ancients," the biographer proceeds
thus : —

" I shall only mention one Great Man who had the
true Imagination of the whole extent of this Enter-
prize, as it is now set on foot ; and that is, the Lord
Bacon. In whose Books there are everywhere scattered,
the best Arguments, that can be produced for the
defence of Experimental Philosophy; and the best
directions that are needful to promote it. . . . Who
had always lived in the crowd, and borne the greatest
burden of Civil Business ; should yet find leisure
enough for those retired Studies, to excel all those
Men who separate themselves for this very purpose.
He was a man of strong, clear, and powerful Imagina-
tions. His Genius was searching, and inimitable.
And of this I need give no other proof, than his

I90 FRANCIS BACON ,

Style itself; which as, for the most part it describes
men's minds, as well as pictures do their bodies : So
it did His, above all men living. The Course of it
was vigorous, and majestical : The Wit bold and familiar.
The Comparisons fetched out of the way, and yet the
most easie : In all expressing a Soul equally skilled in
Men and Nature. . . ."

The third is described as A Character of the Lord
Bacon's Philosophy, by Mr. Abraham Cowley,, in his
Poem to the Royal Society. The last few verses of this
may be quoted : —

" From these, and all long Errors of the way,
In which our wandering Predecessors went
And like the old Hebrews many years did stray
In Deserts but of small extent.
Bacon, like Moses, led us forth at last,
The barren Wilderness he past,
Did on the very Border stand
Of the blest promis'd Land,
And, from the Mountains top of his exalted Wit,
Saw it himself, and shew'd us it.
But Life did never to one Man allow
Time to discover Worlds, and conquer too ;
Nor can so short a Line sufficient be
To fathom the vast depths of Nature's Sea.
The work he did we ought t'admire.
And were unjust if we should more require
From his few years, divided 'twixt th'excess
Of low Affliction, and high Happiness :
For who on things remote can fix his sight
That's always in a Triumph, or a Fight ? "

Or Certain Genuine

REMAINS

O F

S^ Francis Bacon,

Baron of V e r u l a m,
AND

Vifcount of St. Albans •

la Arguments Civil and tjlJofal^ ^T^tural,
^Medical ^ Theological^ and "bibliographi-
cal-^ Now the Firft time faithfully Pub-
liftied.

An Account of thefe Remains^ and of all his
Lord/hip's other Work^^xs given by the Publiflieri
in aDifcourfe by way of In t roductio n.

L nv n,

Printed by J. V. for Richard Chifivell, at the Rofe
and Crown in St. Paul's Church- Yard, i6jp.

PUBLICATIONS OF STEPHENS, ETC. 193

In the year 1702 Robert Stephens published the
Letters of Sir Francis Bacon, written during the Reign
of King fames the First, and two subsequent editions
of these Letters, both containing portraits of Bacon by
Vertue, appeared in the years 1734 and 1736 respec-
tively. The former of these was termed Letters and
Remaines, and the latter, Letters, Memoirs, Parlia-
mentary Affairs, State Papers, with some curious pieces
in Law and Philosophy. It may be pointed out that at
the end of this 1736 edition several of the early philo-
sophical treatises or fragments composed by Bacon will
be found, viz. In praise of Knowledge ; Valerius Ter-
minus of the Interpretation of Nature, with the anno-
tations of Hermes Stella ; Filum labyrinthi ; Sequela
chartarum ; de calore et frigore ; and Redargutio philo-
sophiarum. The last tract is published in Latin. In
this volume also An Account of the Life of Bacon is
given.

With reference to this special portion of our subject,
it should be mentioned that Thomas Birch, D.D., issued
a collection of unpublished Letters and Speeches in
1763. This volume also contained some additional
Charges, Advices, etc., as well as a Supplement.

John Blackbourne had the honour of being the first
to publish a complete edition of the Works of Bacon.
This appeared in 1730, in four folio volumes, having a
portrait of Bacon by Vertue. Following this, in 1740,
David Mallet issued his edition of the Works, which
was also in four volumes. Lowndes says that a few
copies of this were "printed on a superfine large
paper" and that Mallet's Life of Bacon "was pub-
lished separately in 1740." A reprint of these Works
13

194 FRANCIS BACON

came out in three volumes in 1753, which is described
as being " more methodical, more elegant, and in every
way more complete than any preceding."

Allusion has already been made to the translation of
the Novum Organum by Dr. Peter Shaw in 1733. This
was included in his publication of the Philosophical
Works methodized and made English from the Origi-
nals ; with occasional Notes, which was issued in this
year. Since Mallet's, we have had several other
editions of the Works of Bacon by different writers, and
two of these must be specially mentioned, as being the
most accurate and exhaustive, viz. those of Basil Mon-
tague (1825), and Ellis, Spedding, and Heath (1857).

Lastly, in this connexion, it may be permitted to
refer to certain well-known publications with which we
have been favoured since these greater and more com-
prehensive works. The majority of readers are familiar
with Macaulay's Essay on Bacon, and though we may
hot wholly agree with the views and criticisms it con-
tains, it must always be acknowledged as a valuable
source of information and a masterpiece in our litera-
ture. The Essays and Advancement of Learning, by
Aid is Wright, and the Novum Organum, by Fowler,
both issued by the Clarendon Press, should be specially
noticed as reliable editions of the individual works of
Bacon ; while quite recently the labours of Dean Church,
Dr. Abbott, Mr. Sidney Lee, and some others are
deservedly appreciated by all.

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS

AND THEIR RELATION TO HIS WORK

THOUGH it would appear that the friends of
Bacon visited him from time to time both at
York House and Gorhambury, we are able to glean
from contemporary records very little accurate informa-
tion as to these gatherings, or who actually took part in
them. We may, however, conjecture from repeated
personal allusions in his letters that only a few privi-
leged companions enjoyed such hospitality ; and as we
notice the effect produced by Bacon's various publica-
tions as they appeared, and the assistance rendered
by those most attached to him, we have an additional
opportunity of forming an opinion as to this.

Of these faithful students and admirers, such names
as Rawley, Tobie Mathew, and Jonson at once occur to
us. These men had watched Bacon's career during a
great portion of his life, often rendering him signal
service ; and, therefore, it is through them that much
valuable and interesting information has been handed
down to us. In this connexion, too, there are others
whose influence and character bore directly on his
work.

William Rawley was intimately associated with Bacon
during the most active period of his life. Graduating at
Cambridge in 1606, and afterwards receiving the fellow-

I9S

196 FRANCIS BACON

ship of Corpus Christi College, he later on was appointed
to the rectorship of Bowthorpe, Norfolk (1612). It was
about this time that he met Bacon, who exerted his
influence in obtaining for him the living at Landbeach.
He was made a Doctor of Divinity in 1621, having
previously become private chaplain to Bacon. From
this time he takes every opportunity of assisting his
friend in the preparation and publication of some of his
ablest works. Many of the prefaces and dedications
were written by him ; for instance, the preface to the
New Atlantis in 1627 ; and likewise we may notice on
the title page of the De Augmentis whep it first ap-
peared the announcement " cura et fide Giul : Rawley."
The works published by him were : —

Sylva Sylvarum and New Atlantis (1627) ; Certaine
Miscellany Works (1629); Operum Moralium et Civilium
(1638); Resuscitatio (1657), which contained a Life of
Bacon ; and Opuscula Varia Posthuma Philosophica
Civilia et Theologica (1658).

As these works were completed Rawley presented
copies of them to Corpus Christi College, and we read
that he bequeathed also to the same institution Cam-
den's Britannia as well as the works of Cicero and
Plato.

It is interesting to notice Rawley's private opinion of
Bacon's character, and a few extracts from his Life as
it appears in the Resuscitatio best illustrate this. After
referring to his early life, his marriage, and his works,
he further adds : —

" There is a commemoration due as well to his abili-
ties and virtues as to the course of his life. Those

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 197

abilities which commonly go single in other men,
though of prime and observable parts, were all con-
joined and met in him. Those are, sharpness of wit,
memory, judgment, and elocution. For the former three
his books do abundantly speak them ; which with what
sufficiency he wrote, let the world judge ; but with what
celerity he wrote them, I can best testify. But for the
fourth, his elocution, I will only set down what I heard
Sir Walter Raleigh once speak of him by way of com-
parison (whose judgment may well be trusted), That
the Earl of Salisbury was an excellent speaker, but no
good penman ; that the Earl of Northampton {the Lord
Henry Howard') was an excellent penman, but no good
speaker ; but that Sir Francis Bacon was eminent in both.
" I have been induced to think, that if there were a
beam of knowledge derived from God upon any man in
these modern times, it was upon him. For though he
was a great reader of books, yet he had not his know-
ledge from books, but from some grounds and notions
from within himself; which, notwithstanding, he vented
with great caution and circumspection. His book of
Instauratio Magna (which in his own account was the
chiefest of his works) was no slight imagination or
fancy of his brain, but a settled and concocted notion,
the production of many years' labour and travel. I my-
self have seen at the least twelve copies of the Instaura-
Hon, revised year by year one after another, and every
year altered and amended in the frame thereof, till at
last it came to that model in which it was committed
to the press ; as many living creatures do lick their
young ones, till they bring them to their strength of
limbs.

1 98 FRANCIS BACON

" In the composing of his books he did rather drive at
a masculine and clear expression than at any fineness
or affectation of phrases, and would often ask if the
meaning were expressed plainly enough, as being one
that accounted words to be but subservient or minis-
terial to matter, and not the principal. And if his style
were polite, it was because he would do no otherwise.
Neither was he given to any light conceits or descant-
ing upon words, but did ever purposely and industriously
avoid them ; for he held such things to be but digres-
sions or diversions from the scope intended, ,and to
derogate from the weight and dignity of the style.

" He was no plodder upon books ; though he read
much, and that with great judgment, and rejection of
impertinences incident to i^ny authors ; for he would
ever interlace a moderate relaxation of his mind with
his studies, as walking, or taking the air abroad in his
coach, or some other befitting recreation ; and yet he
would lose no time, inasmuch as upon his first and
immediate return he would fall to reading again, and so
suffer no moment of time to slip from him without
some present improvement.

" His meals were refections of the ear as well as of the
stomach, like the Nodes Atticae or Convivia Deipno-
sopkistarum, wherein a man might be refreshed in his
mind and understanding no less than in his body.
And I have known some, of no mean parts, that have
professed to make use of their note-books, when they
have risen from his' table. In which conversations, arid
otherwise, he was no dashing man, as some men are, but
ever a countenancer and fosterer of another man's parts.
Neither was he one that would appropriate the speech

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 199

wholly to himself, or delight to outvie others, but leave
a liberty to the co-assessors to take their turns. Where-
in he would draw a man on, and allure him to speak
upon such a subject, as wherein he was particularly
skilful, and would delight to speak. And for himself,
he contemned no man's observations, but would light
his torch at every man's candle.

". . . This is most true ; he was free from malice ;
which (as he said himself) he never bred nor fed. He
was no revenger of injuries ; which if he had minded,
he had both opportunity and place high enough to have
done it. He was no heaver of men out of their places,
as delighting in their ruin and undoing. He was no
defamer of any man to his prince. One day, when a
great statesman was newly dead, that had not been his
friend, the King asked him, What he thought of that
lord which was gone ? he answered. That he would
never have made His Majesty's estate better, but he was
sure he would have kept it from being worse ; which was
the worst he would say of him : which I reckon not
among his moral, but his Christian virtues."

In the year 1626, immediately after the death of
Bacon, Rawley published a small tract containing a
number of Latin verses to the memory of his departed
friend. These were by different authors, and among
them we find one by George Herbert. The title page
of this quarto ran as follows : Memoriae Honor atissimi
Domini Francisci Baronis de Verulamio vicecomitis
Sancti Albani Sacrum.

Rawley died at Landbeach at the age of seventy-
eight years, and was buried there.

200 FRANCIS BACON

Tobie Mathew was of all Bacon's literary associates
probably the most trusted and the one in whom he at
all times placed the greatest confidence. He was the
son of the Archbishop of York, and was born at Salis-
bury in IS 77- During his residence at Christ Church,
Oxford, his career as a student gave much promise,
and he was accepted as a " noted orator and disputant,"
as well as a universal favourite. It was about the year
1 60 1, when he became member of Parliament for
Newport in Cornwall, that he first met Bacon, and he
very soon became closely attached to him. In a letter
to the King at this time Bacon describes him as "a
very worthy and rare young gentleman." A little
later, when Bacon represented Ipswich in Parliament,
Mathew succeeded him as member for St. Albans.
Whilst travelling in Italy during the year 1606,
through the influence of a persevering Jesuit, he em-
braced the Roman Catholic faith, and though on his
return to England he attempted to keep his conversion
a secret from all, Bacon soon became aware of it, and
at once communicated the fact to the Archbishop of
Canterbury, who did all in his power to show Mathew
the error of his ways. He was not moved, however,
by such intervention, and not obeying the King's
command to take the oath, was soon committed as a
prisoner to the Fleet, there remaining for six weeks.
While in custody Bacon frequently dispatched letters
to him, and he was allowed frequent visits from his
friends. During the Plague epidemic (1608) some
measure of freedom was granted, and very soon after,
owing chiefly to the intervention of Bacon, his release
was obtained absolutely. Being permitted to proceed

\ BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 201

again on his travels abroad, he made his way to
Madrid, and it was here that he received from Bacon
a copy of the Advancement of Learning, and a little
later his De Sapientia Veterum. He remained on the
Continent till the year 1617, and on his return to
England visited Bacon at ' Gorhambury. He again
became the affectionate companion of his old friend,
and the following year issued the Italian translation
of his Essays and the Wisdom of the Ancients in one
volume. It is interesting to note that in the second
edition of this translation (1619) we find the Essay
On Seditions and Troubles, and it was not until the
complete edition of all the Essays was published in
1625 that this appeared in English. After two years,
Mathew was once again forced to leave the country, on
account of his renewed refusal to take the Allegiance
Oath. He seems to have then spent much of his time
in Brussels, occupying himself with various transla-
tions, and it was from here that he wrote to Bacon on
Spanish Affairs. During the year 1621 he was again
permitted to return to London through the good offices
of Lord Bristol, and a knighthood was conferred upon
him by James the First in 1623.

When the Earl of Strafford proceeded to Ireland
on his appointment as Lord Lieutenant, Sir Tobie
accompanied him, and it was very soon suspected that
he was taking serious steps to procure the advancement
of the Catholics ; indeed, it was thought that he acted
as a spy from the Church of Rome, and he himself
knowing that his movements were closely watched,
hurriedly left for Ghent at the time of the Rebellion.
There he died in the year 1655.

202 FRANCIS BACON

Such was Bacon's confidence in the opinion and
criticism of Mathew that he often communicated with
him on the subjects and matter of his works, and he
would accompany the presentation copies to him with
affectionate letters which well illustrate the terms on
which they constantly lived. For instance, when
sending him the Wisdom of the Ancients, he ends his
note thus : " This I have written in the midst of a
term and parliament ; thinking no time so possessed,
but that I should talk of these matters with so good
and dear a friend, and so with my wonted wishes, I
leave you to God's goodness. From Gray's Inn. Feb :
27. 1610."

Reference should be made to an important manu-
script which was dispatched to him by Bacon at the
time he was visiting Florence. It was one of those
early fragments intended to initiate his doctrines,
afterwards to be included in his great work of the
Instauration, and styled the Redargutio Philosophi-
aruin. This is termed by Dean Church as " perhaps
the most brilliant, and also the most insolently unjust
and unthinking piece of rhetoric ever composed by
him." It was accompanied by the following letter
to Sir Tobie Mathew : —

" I send you at this time the only part which hath
any harshness ; and yet I framed to myself an opinion,
that whosoever allowed well of that preface which you
so much commend, will not dislike, or at least ought
not to dislike, this other speech of preparation; for
it is written out of the same spirit, and out of the
same necessity. Nay it doth more fully lay open
that the question between me and the ancients is

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 203

not of the virtue of the race, but of the rightness
of the way. And to speak truth, it is to the other
but as palma to pugnus, part of the same thing more
large. . . . Myself am like the miller of Huntingdon,
that was wont to pray for peace amongst the willows ;
for while the winds blew, the wind-mills wrought, and
the water-mill was less customed. So I see that
controversies against religion must hinder the advance-
ment of sciences. Let me conclude with my perpetual
wish towards yourself, that the approbation of yourself
by your own discreet and temperate carriage, may
restore you to your country, and your friends to your
society. And so I commend you to God's goodness.
"Gray's Inn, this loth of October 1609."

In addition to other acts of regard, Bacon dedicated
his Essay On Friendship to him. It has been said
that he was " the most trusted of all Bacon's friends,"
and judging from the fact that many of the finest
literary performances were subjected to his approval,
this would appear to be quite the truth. That there
was a cordial harmony of feeling on Mathew's part
there can be no doubt, and among his eulogiums one
may be quoted : " It is not his greatness I admire, but
his virtue. It is not the favours I have received of him
that have enthralled and enchained my heart, but his
whole life and character ; which are such that, if he
were of an inferior condition, I could not honour him
the less, and if he were my enemy, I should not the
less love and endeavour to serve him."

Altogether the life of Tobie Mathew was a very full
and long one, and, in addition to other occupations,

204 FRANCIS BACON

much of it was spent in Church controversy, and on
general matters of Catholic interest.

Benjamin Jonson claimed as his friends, not only
many of the poets and dramatists of his day, including
Shakespeare, Drayton, Fletcher, Chapman, etc., but
also such lights in prose literature as Camden, Selden,
and Bacon. It may therefore not be out of place to
remind my readers of a few incidents in the life of this
illustrious contemporary. He was born in Westminster
not far from the sacred Abbey which contains the
tablet bearing the words " O rare Ben Jonson 1 " — this
"time-worn stone" marking the resting-place of the
great thinker and poet. A few days after his birth
(1574) his father died, and as Benjamin grew into a
strong and able lad he was obliged to toil as a young
bricklayer among the ordinary workmen. He had pre-
viously attended Westminster School for a short time,
and it is presumed that he was taken away from this
when his mother married again. Serving for a time as
a soldier, he afterwards entered St. John's College,
Cambridge, where he remained for a short time — how
long is uncertain. He next appeared on the stage of a
theatre at Clerkenwell, but he did not make a success of
this, and soon altogether dropped this vocation. It was
not long, however, before he became famous ; for the
production of Every Man in his Humour, in which
William Shakespeare appeared as one of the actors, at
once established his reputation. Jonson wrote many
comedies and tragedies ; among the former may be
specially mentioned The Alchemist and Volpone, and of
the latter, perhaps the finest are his Cataline and

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 205

Sejanus. All of these, fifty-two in number, were
afterwards published together in a small folio (1616),
but his Poems were not issued till the year 1640,

It has been said that he not infrequently assisted
Bacon in the production of some of his works. One
must admit that there is much uncertainty as regards
this. It does seem probable, however, that he took
some part in the translation of Henry the Seventh.
That he was a great admirer of Bacon we have ample
evidence, and indeed this is apparent from his own
statements. We have already seen that his public
speeches were much appreciated and lauded by him,
and we may infer from Jonson's attitude towards him
that they had frequent opportunities of meeting privately
as well.

Reference has also been made to the one convivial
occasion which probably outstripped all others in
interest and magnificence, namely, the celebration at
York House of Bacon's sixtieth birthday, and an
extract from the poem then composed by Jonson has
already been cited; but it may, in this connexion, be
quoted in full : —

" Hail, happy Genius of this ancient pile !
How comes it all things so about thee smile ?
The fire, the wine, the men ! and in the midst
Thou stand'st as if some mystery thou didst !
Pardon, I read it in thy face, the day
For whose returns, and many, all these pray ;
And so do I. This is the sixtieth year.
Since Bacon, and thy lord, was born, and here ;
Son to the grave wise Keeper of the Seal,

2o6 FRANCIS BACON

Fame and foundation of the English weal.
What then his father was, that since is he,
Now with a title more to the degree ;
England's high Chancellor : the destined heir,
In his soft cradle, to his father's chair :
Whose even thread the fates spun round and full,
Out of their choicest and their whitest wool.
'Tis a brave cause of joy, let it be known,
For 'twere a narrow gladness, kept thine own.
Give me a deep-crowned bowl, that I may sing,
In raising him, the wisdom of my king."

George Herbert must have been a confidant for whom
Bacon had the greatest regard and affection. Born at
Montgomery Castle in Wales in the year 1593, he had
the benefit of a high moral training at the hands of a
good mother, and he early in life showed a marked
inclination towards the study of divinity. After leaving
Westminster School he proceeded to Cambridge, gradu-
ating there in 161 2. He became an accomplished
scholar and good musician, and his contributions to poetry
very soon placed him in the foremost rank among the
literary circles of his day, Soon after his appointment
as Deputy Orator at Cambridge, he was advanced,
chiefly through the influence of Sir Francis Nethersole,
to the full Oratorship at the University, a post he had
long coveted. In this capacity he was necessarily
brought into contact with court officials, and others of
distinction. It was then that he made the acquaint-
ance of Bacon, and we find him expressing a tribute of
gratitude to his new friend in one of his orations, on
the bestowal of the Instauratio to the University of

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 207

Cambridge. Herbert, as a man and a poet, was as
much appreciated in his own day as he is at the present
time. He counted as his admirers and friends such
writers as Crashaw, Vaughan, and Donne; and the
revered Izaak Walton not only delighted to quote his
poetry, but bequeathed to us a description of his Life
for which we shall ever be grateful. Speaking of his
Temple, Walton says : " It is a Book in which by de-
claring his own spiritual conflicts, he hath comforted
and raised many a dejected soul, and charmed them
with sweet and quiet thoughts."

Bacon, in referring to the translations into Latin of
his Henry the Seventh and the Essays, says that the
work was performed "by some good pens that do not
forsake me," and by this he is supposed to refer to
the assistance rendered by Herbert, Selden, and Ben
Jonson.

The Dedication of his Psalms into Verse runs as fol-
lows : " To my very good Friend — Mr. George Herbert
— The pains that it pleased you to take about some
of my writings I cannot forget, which did put me
in mind to dedicate to you this poor exercise of my
sickness. Besides, it being ray manner for dedications,
to choose those that I hold most fit for the argument, I
thought, that in respect of divinity and poesy met,
whereof the one is the matter, and the other the
style of this little writing, I could not make better
choice : so, with signification of my love and acknow-
ledgment, I ever rest your affectionate friend.

Fr. St. Alban."

Herbert died in the year 1633, at the early age of
forty.

2o8 FRANCIS BACON

Dr. Lancelot Andrews was a very prominent divine
and great favourite in the reign of Elizabeth. After
completing his collegiate course at Cambridge, he
was appointed chaplain in . ordinary to the Queen,
and acted in a like capacity to Archbishop Whitgift.
He afterwards became Dean of Westminster and Privy
Councillor for England and Scotland. Finally, he was
further honoured by being made successively. Bishop of
Ely, Chichester, and Winchester.

Being a man of unusual intellectual gifts, he was
selected to assist in the preparation of the Authorized
Version of the Bible. His scholarly mind and able
preaching were later on much appreciated by King
James, who held him in high esteem also for "his
social qualities and rare sense of humour."

His best-known work, written in Latin, was entitled
Tortura Torti. Besides this he published many sermons
which were edited by Laud and Buckeridge. Most of
the prayers composed by him are well known, and
those for special use in the consecration of churches are
still employed.

He saw very much of Bacon, and we may infer that
he was intimately associated with him during his whole
life. They died in the same year — 1626, the Bishop
having reached the age of seventy-one years.

Bacon was in the habit of seeking his advice on
various philosophical subjects relating to his works, and
in the Miscellany Works, published in 1629, appears a
long letter from Bacon to him, pertaining more espe-
cially to the Instauration, and he adds in this : " I have
also entered into a work touching Laws." He alludes
to the Reign of Henry the Seventh in the following

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 209

words : " So now being (as I am) no more able to do
my Country service, it remained unto me to do it
honour, which I have endeavoured to do in my work of
the Reign of King Henry the Seventh" " As for my
Essays," he addSj " and some other particulars of that
nature, I count them but as the recreations of my other
studies, and in that sort of purpose to continue them,
though I am not ignorant that those kind of writings
would, with less pains and embracement (perhaps),
yield more lustre and reputation to my name than those
other which I have in hand. But I account the use that
a man should seek of the publishing of his own writings
before his death to be not an untimely anticipation of
that which is proper to follow a man, and not to go
along with him."

The literary fragment which Bacon has left on an
Advertisement touching an Holy War contains a dedica-
tion to Bishop Andrews ; and in a letter accompanying
the presentation of a copy of the Cogitata et Visa one
finds the following remarks: "And because you were
wont to make me believe you took liking to my
writings, I send you some of this vacation's fruits, and
thus much more of my mind and purpose. ... If your
lordship be so good now, as when you were the good
Dean of Westminster, my request to you is not by
pricks, but by notes, you should mark unto me whatso-
ever shall seem unto you either not current in the style,
or harsh to credit and opinion, or inconvenient for the
person of the writer; for no man can be judge and
party : and when our minds judge by reflection of our-
selves they are more subject to error. . , ."

Sir Thomas Meautys. Special mention should be
14

2IO FRANCIS BACON

made of the name of Bacon's devoted secretary, Sir
Thomas Meautys, who was at all times brought more
into intimate association with him than any of the
others that have been noticed. As will be readily under-
stood, much correspondence passed between them on
many important occasions, and it would be almost im-
possible to make special comments on this, but as
illustrating the affectionate regard which Meautys
entertained for his master, the final portion of one of
his letters may be quoted : —

"And now, my good lord, if anything make me
diffident, or indeed almost indifferent how it succeeds,
it is this ; that my sole ambition having ever been, and
still is, to grow up only under your lordship, it is
become preposterous, even to my nature and habit, to
think of prospering or receiving any growth, either
without or besides your lordship. And, therefore, let
me claim of your lordship to do me this right, as to
believe that which my heart says, or rather swears
to me, namely, that what addition soever, by God's
good providence comes at any time ' to my life or
fortune, it is, in my account, but to enable me the more
to serve your lordship in both ; at whose feet I shall
ever humbly lay down all that I have, or am, never to
rise thence other than

" Your lordship's in all duty and reverent affections,

"T. Meautys.
"September ii. 1622."

He continued to manifest his love and loyalty in
every way and after Bacon's death erected a fitting

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 211

monument to him in St. Michael's Church, bearing
an appropriate inscription composed by Sir Henry
Wotton.

The body of Sir Thomas Meautys was afterwards
buried close to this monument, a suitable resting-place
for one who "loved and admired Bacon in life and
honoured him when dead." By a special clause in
Bacon's will he was left ;^500, and we find that, though
not previously appointed as one of the administrators,
he afterwards acted with Sir Robert Rich in that
capacity, as those legally deputed refused to accept
the responsibility.

Sir Thomas Bodley, whose name will always be
gratefully remembered and honoured as the founder of
the great library at Oxford, was born at Exeter in
the year 1545. The early years of his life were spent
principally in Geneva, owing to the fact that his father
was obliged to leave England in the reign of Queen
Mary on account of his Protestant views. Here in his
youth he studied under Calvin, Beza, and Constantine,
receiving careful tuition from these authorities in
Divinity and Greek. When Elizabeth came to the
throne he returned to England with his parents and
entered Magdalen College, Oxford ; in 1 564 he became
a Fellow of Merton College, having taken his degree
in arts the year previously. He subsequently spent
several years on the Continent, becoming thoroughly
proficient in the French, Spanish, and Italian languages.
He was selected to transact some very important
diplomatic business in Denmark in 1585, and this was
carried- out in such a manner as to give much satis-

212 FRANCIS BACON

faction to the Queen, who continued to grant him her
confidence in various matters of state. Indeed, his
ability in conducting missions of unusual difficulty,
more especially in connexion with foreign embassies,
was acknowledged by all in authority, and he was
afterwards admitted as a member of the Council of
State. He relinquished all public duty in 1596. Soon
after this the idea occurred to him that the restoration
of the public library at Oxford — " which then in every
part lay ruined and waste" — was an urgent necessity.
His efforts were assisted by the University itself, and
outside help was promptly forthcoming ; so that although
" the timber works of the house were rotten and had
to be new made,'' the building was successfully con-
ducted. Many volumes of rare books were gratuitously
presented, and those newly published were supplied by
the Stationers' Company. Bodley's exertions in collect-
ing books of interest, both from the Continent and at
home, together with the care and discrimination he
used in their selection, resulted in the formation of a
library which stands not only as a worthy monument
to himself, but a treasure-house of literature for which
we cannot be too thankful^ This, "the first public
library in Europe," was opened by the King on the
8th November, 1603. Bodley died in the year 1613,
and was buried in the chapel of Merton College,
Oxford.

It should be added that he received his knighthood
from James the First soon after his accession.

Bacon was in the habit of submitting his treatises to
Bodley for his criticism and opinion, and on these
occasions each work was accompanied by a letter from

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 213

him. Among the earlier items which were to form
the framework of the great Instauration was the one
already referred to — the Cogitata et Visa — and this
was dispatched to Bodley for his usual examination.
Sir Thomas afterwards wrote Bacon a letter " wherein
he declareth his opinion freely touching the same," and
some of his critical remarks were not favourable or
altogether to the liking of the author. In the post-
script to his letter we read : " One kind of boldness
doth draw on another, insomuch, as me thinks I should
offend not to signifie, that before the transcript of your
Book be fitted for the Presse, it will be requisite for
you to cast your eye upon the stile, which in the
fraiming of some periods, and in divers words and
pharases, will hardly go current. . . ."

It would appear by the tone of one of Bacon's letters
at this time that Bodley's opinion was not of much
value to him, and it has been suggested that Bacon
looked to him more for books than ideas. One can
only say that Bacon's other conduct towards his friend
hardly substantiates this view; for instance, on the pre-
sentation of the Advancement of Learning, he thought
it right to state in his accompanying letter, after
alluding to the dedication to the King : " The second
copy I have sent unto you, not only in good affection,
but a kind of congruity, in regard of your great
and rare desert of learning; for books are the
shrines where the saint is, or is believed to be,
and you having built an ark, to save learning from
Deluge, deserve, in propriety, any new instrument
or engine, whereby learning should be improved or
advanced."

214 FRANCIS BACON

Let us now refer to two foreign correspondents with
whom Bacon remained in friendly intercourse, through
his letters, almost up to the time of his death, viz. the
Fathers Fulgentio and Baranzano. The former was a
Venetian divine in whom he was much interested, and
among the letters to this worthy there is one of special
value, for in it Bacon sketches out pretty fully the plan
of his great undertaking — the Instauratio — and ex-
presses his disappointment in that he has "given up
all hope" of ever seeing the full accomplishment of
his philosophic scheme. After alluding to his own
health in the opening passage, Bacon continues : " I
wish to make known to your Reverence my intentions
with regard to the writings which I meditate and have
in hand ; not hoping to perfect them, but desiring to
try, and because I work for posterity; these things
requiring ages for their accomplishment. I have
thought it best, to have all of them translated into
Latin, and divided into volumes. The first volume
consists of the books concerning the Advancement of
Learning, and this, as you know, is already finished
and published, and includes the partitions of the sciences,
which is the first part of my Instauration. The Novum
Organum should have followed : but I interposed my
moral and political writings as being nearer already.
These are : First, the History of the Reign of King Henry
the Seventh of England, after which will follow the
little book, which in your language, you have called
Saggi Morali. But I give it a weightier name, en-
titling it Faithful Discourses — or the Inwards of Things.
But these discourses will be both increased in number,
and much enlarged in the treatment. The same

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 215

volume will contain also my little book on the Wisdom
of the Ancients. And this volume (as I said) interposed,
not being a part of the Instauration. After this will
follow the Novum Organum, to which there is still a
second part to be added — but I have already compassed
and planned it out in my mind. And in this manner
the second part of the Instauration will be completed.
As for the third part, namely the Natural History, that
is plainly a work for a King or Pope, or some college
order : and cannot be done as it should be by a private
man's industry. And those portions which I have pub-
lished concerning Winds, and concerning Life and
Death, are not history pure : because of the Axioms, and
greater observations that are interposed : but a kind of
writing mixed of natural history and a rude and imper-
fect intellectual machinery ; which is the fourth part of
the Instauration. Next, therefore, will come to the
fourth part itself: Wherein will be shown many ex-
amples of this machine, more exact and more applied
to the rules of induction. In the fifth place will follow
the book which I have entitled the Precursors of the
Second Philosophy, which will contain my discoveries
concerning new axioms, suggested by the experiments
themselves : that they may be raised as it were and set
up, like pillars that were on the ground. And this I
have set down as the fifth part of my Instauration.
Last comes the Second Philosophy itself — the sixth part
of the Instauration, of which I have given up all hope but
it may be that the ages and posterity will make it flourish.
Nevertheless in the Precursors — those I mean which
touch upon the universalities of nature — no slight founda-
tions of this will be laid. . . ." He signs himself " Your
Reverence's most devoted friend, Fr. S. Alban."

2i6 FRANCIS BACON

Soon after the publication of the Novum Organum,
among the many literary and congratulatory com-
munications which Bacon received from various sources,
there was one of considerable importance from Father
Redemptus Baranzano, who was a professor of philo-
sophy and mathematics at Anneci. This letter has
unfortunately not been preserved, but it is said to
have been of a most interesting character, containing
inquiries as to the method and principles of the Induc-
tive process, already sketched out. We have Bacon's
answer, however, and I will now add some portions of
it:—

"London, 1622. ... I have read your letter with
pleasure, and since between lovers of truth ardour
begets candour, I will return to your ingenuous ques-
tions an ingenuous reply. I do not propose to give up
syllogism altogether. Syllogism is incompetent for the
principal things rather than useless for the generality.
... In the Mathematics there is no reason why it
should not be employed. Be not troubled about the
Metaphysics. When true Physics have been discovered
there will be no Metaphysics. Beyond the true Physics
is divinity only."

Bacon then points out when and how Syllogism may
be applied — his desire for a Natural History "out of
which philosophy may be built," and expresses a wish
that he may have "fit assistants"; suggesting that
Baranzano should prepare a " History of the Heavens,
in which only the phenomena themselves, and the
different Astronomical instruments, with their uses,
and then the principal and most celebrated hypotheses

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 217

both ancient and modern, and at the same time the
exact calculations of the periodic returns, and other
things of that kind, shall be set forth plainly and
simply, without any doctrine or theory whatever. And,
if to this History of the Heavens, you will add a His-
tory of Comets (concerning the composition of which
I send herewith certain articles and as it were par-
ticular topics), you will have erected a truly magnificent
frontispiece for Natural History, and done the greatest
service to the Instauration of the Sciences, and a very
great favour to myself" He then speaks of the trans-
lation of the Advancement of Learning, and alludes to
the fact of having seen the published works of Baran-
zano. This youthful and gifted Father died very soon
after, at the age of thirty-three ; and a correspondence
which would, no doubt, have proved most useful to
Bacon and valuable to us all was suddenly cut short.

Some correspondence passed between Bacon and his
cousin Sir Henry Wotton on different occasions, but on
the whole this was of no special interest. Sir Henry,
'as an accomplished man of letters, appreciated very
highly the work of his learned relative, and no doubt
would be eager to possess his publications as they
appeared. When the Novum. Organum was issued
Bacon sent three copies to him, and on the receipt
of them, Wotton writes : " I have by the care of my
cousin Mr. Thomas Meautys, and by your own special
favour, three copies of that work wherewith your lord-
ship hath done a great, and ever-living benefit to all the
children of nature, and to nature herself in her utter-
most extent of latitude j who never before, had so noble,

2i8 FRANCIS BACON

nor so true an interpreter, or (as I am readier to style
your lordship) never so inward a secretary of her
cabinet. . . ." Specimens of Bacon's poetry were also
found among Wotton's papers after his death, and
these were subsequently published in the Reliquiae
Wottonianae in the year 165 1.

In addition to these contemporaries there were a few
others who were more or less personally interested in
the literary work of Bacon.

John Selden' and Thomas Hobbes are supposed to
have occasionally assisted him ; the former, on one
occasion at least, gave him the benefit of his opinion
as to the judgments of the House of Lords, and he
is reported to have expressed the sentiment that
"never was any man more willing or ready to do
your lordship's service than myself"

That both he and Hobbes aided Bacon in the
rendering of some of his translations, more especially
with those of the Essays and Henry the Seventh, seems
pretty certain, but it is difiScult to produce definite
evidence on this point.

Finally, the name of Sir John Constable, Bacon's
brother-in-law, should be mentioned in this con-
nexion, for it will be remembered that the edition of
the Essays "imprinted at London by John Beale
i6i2"was dedicated to him; and he was afterwards
appointed one of Bacon's executors, receiving the valu-
able legacy of all his books.

From what has been said it will be obvious that the
part played by the friends of Bacon, both in the pro-
duction of his works and in his actual literary advance-

BACON'S LITERARY FRIENDS 219

ment, was very considerable. We have already observed
how in his political life the good offices of those whom
he selected for special purposes were utilized to the full
in order to gratify an ambition in state affairs ; and as
we now turn to his successes in literature we are im-
pressed with the fact that, with the same keen dis-
crimination, he chose those as coadjutors who were best
able to advance his interests in this special department.
Indeed, as we have seen in his writings, he makes no
attempt to conceal this. At the same time it would be
far from the truth to assert that he only associated him-
self with those loyal friends on account of their ability
and readiness to render him assistance in such work.
Bacon at all times carefully determined the means at
his disposal for the accomplishment of the ends he had
in view, and he was. fortunate to include aniong his
companions those who considered it a privilege and
honour to benefit him on every possible occasion.
They were thus endeared to him on account of the
appreciation they showed for his labours no less than
by the trust and confidence he was able to enjoy. He
"understood well the value of friends, including the con-
ditions and means whereby they could be most profit-
ably employed for his designs, and, in addition, wisely
anticipated the future in those practical words in his
essay on Friendship : " Men have their time, and die
many times in desire of some things which they princi-
pally take to heart ; the bestowing of a child, the finish-
ing of a work, or the like. If a man have a true friend,
he may rest almost secure that the care of those things
will continue after him."

He had the happy satisfaction of possessing such

220 FRANCIS BACON

friendships as enabled him to say that "no receipt
openeth the heart but a true friend, to whom you may
impart griefs, joys, fears, hopes, suspicions, counsels,
and whatsoever Heth upon the heart to oppress it, in a
kind of civil shrift or confession " ; and the effect of
such fellowship is beautifully rendered when he writes :
"For there is no man that imparteth his joys to his
friend, but he joyeth the more, and no man that im-
parteth his griefs to his friends but he grieveth the
less." With characteristic and dramatic abruptness
he closes this learned discourse with the impressive
aphorism, " If a man have not a friend he may quit
the stage."

INDEX

Abbott, Dr. .... 194
his preface to Mrs. Pott's

work . . . ■ S'
observations on her views . 51
reference to A'ot'mot Organum

and the Natural History 67

reference to Psalms in Verse 116

Abuses of Courts of Justice . 24

Acosta 68

Advancement of Learning, first

edition . . . ■ $8
reception by the public . c,%
its scope and use , 58, 61

Colours of Good and Evil,

with additions found in . loi
Advertisement touching on an
Holy War, dedication to
Bishop Andrews . . 209
Alchemist, The , . . 204
Andrews, Bishop Lancelot,
Novum Organum sub-
mitted to . . .61
as a friend of Bacon . . 208
his works .... 208
letter from Bacon in Certaine

Miscellany Works . . 208
dedication of Advertisement

touching on an Holy War to 202
letter on presentation of
Cogiiata et Visa . . 209
Apology in certain imputations
concerning the late Earl of
Essex .... 145
Apophthegms, first publication

of, etc 129

preface to . . . .129
its authenticity . . .130
edition of 1658 . . .130
Tenison speaks of this edi-
tion in his Baconiana . 130

Apophthegms

reprint of 1661 . . .130
illustrations given . - 131
Aristotle . . . .68
Bacon's aversion to the philo-
sophy of . . . ,6
Atheism included in Medita-

tiones Sacrce . . .101
also in 1612 edition of The

Essays . . . .101
also in 1625 edition of The
Essays .... lOI
Aubrey, his gift of ;^ioo to

Bacon . . . .24

reference to Bacon's verses . 126

Author's Prayer, The . . i IS

B
Bacon, Anthony
Bacon, Francis, birth
parents
as a child .
youthful investigations
early signs of genius
at Cambridge
entered at Gray's Inn
in Paris
his cypher-writing system
legal studies at the Bar
M.P. for Melcombe Regis

,, Liverpool
travels in France and Italy
on The Force of Imagination
on Secret Passages of Sym

pathy between persons of

near blood
views regarding Catholics

and Puritans .
sworn Queen's Counsel Ex

traordinary . , ,

221

222

FRANCIS BACON

Bacon, Francis

M.P. for Middlesex . . 9
attitude in dealing with

financial questions . . 9
Registership of the Star

Chamber ... 9

attachment to Earl of Essex 1 1
publication of tract on The
Practices and Treasons of
Robert, late Earl of Essex 14
receives his knighthood . 14
finds favour with James I . 17
appointed King's Counsel . 17
marriage to Alice Burnham 17
Solicitor-Generalship . .17
Lord Keeper of the Great

Seals .... 18
hostility between him and

Sir Edward Coke . . 18
deprives Coke of Chief

Justiceship, etc. . .18
Lord High Chancellor of

England . . . .21
Viscount of St. Albans . 21
height of his fame and pro-
sperity . . . .22
reception of his Novum Or-

ganum . . . .23
celebration of sixtieth birth-
day 23

his fall . . . .23
charged with corruption . 24
illness at the time of his fall . 25
action of the Lords at time

of his confession . . 25
forfeits the Great Seal . 25

his guilt and sentence . . 25
retirement to Gorhambury . 25
appeals to the Lords for his

liberty . . . .26
his pardon . ... 26
appeals to the King . . 26
retirement . . . .27
literary work at the time . 27
last literary efforts . 28-29
wish that his works should

be published in Latin . 29
general health and the evi-
dences of it . . 29-30
last scientific investigation . 30

Bacon, Francis

death 30

burial 31

character, surroundings, and

influences . . .31
ambition . . . .32
as a speaker . . .36
method of dealing with cases 36
eloquence, and Ben Jon-
son's testimony as to this 36
pecuniary difficulties . . 37
recreations . . • ■ 37
influence in his own day . 37
method and comprehensive-
ness . . . .38
memory . . . .38
age when he published The

Essays . . . .98
his creed . . . .112
his ' dual nature ' . .113
as a believing Christian . 113
as a poet . . . .119
Certaine Psahnes in Verse

composed in failing health 121

speeches . . . .141

character . . . 186-189

friends . . 195, 218-219

Bacon, Sir Nicholas . . i

Baconiana . . . .186

divisions of . . . 186

Baranzano, Father, letter to .216

Beale, John, edition of Essays

printed by . . .85

Beginning of the History of

Great Britain, The . .106

date of composition . . 106

first publication . . . 106

Bensley, issue of The Essays

by him . . . .94

Beza 211

Birch, Thomas, his collection
of Bacon's letters and
speeches . . . .193
Blackbourne, John, his com-
plete edition of The Works 193
Bodley, Sir Thos. ... 39
Bacon's acknowledgment to

him as to his errors . . 39
Novum Organum submitted
to 61

INDEX

223

Bodley, Sir Thos.

opinion of Cogitata et Visa,

etc. . . .62, 213

as a friend of Bacon . .211
foundation of library at Ox-
ford . . , .211

Bradford, William, early
American edition of The
Essays printed by . .98

Browne, Sir Thomas, possi-
bility of his being the
author of An Essay on
Death . . . .97

Bruce, John, with reference to
Northumberland Manu-
script . . , .44

Buckingham, Duke of . .1
acquires York House . . 25

Burghley, Lady, letter to . 161

Burghley, Lord, his attitude
towards Bacon when the
Solicitor-Generalship be-
came vacant . . .11
letter to ... . 161

Burgoyne, Frank, work in con-
nection with Northumber-
land Manuscript . . 48

Calvin 211

Cataline .... 204

Catholics, Bacon's views on . 8
Cecill, Thomas, engraved title

to Sylva Syharum, by . 75
Certaine Miscellany Works . 167
letter from Bacon to Lancelot
Andrews in . . . 208
Certain Observations made

upon a Libel . , .44
Certaine Psalmes in Verse first
printed . . . .116
dedication, etc. . . .116
composed in failing health . 121
Characters 0/ a believing Chris-
tian, in Paradoxes and
seeming contradictions f\ih-
lishedin The /iemaines 114-177
published as a separate pub-
lication . . ,114
Montague's opinion , .114

Charles, Prince, urges Bacon
to continue his historical
researches . . .105
Church, Dean . • i3S, 194
the importance of education 35
description of Bacon's atti-
tude in The Essays , 99
opinion of Redargutio Philo-
sophiarum , . . 202
Cogitata et Visa de Interpreta-

tione Naturae , . .42
Bodley's opinion of . 62, 213
publication by Grtiter . 62

letter to Bishop Andrews
on presentation of . . 209
Cogitationes de Scientia Hu-
mana , . . .58
Coke, Sir Edward, Lord Chief
Justice, as Bacon's rival
for the hand of Sir Thomas
Cecil's daughter . . 10
letter of expostulation to . 165
Coleridge , . . -47
opinion of Bacon as a
poet . . . .119
Colours of Good and Evil 85, 100
Concretes . . . .67
Confession of Faith, A

112, 177, 181
manuscripts . . .112
first printed . . .112
copies of first edition sold in

recent years . . .112
subsequent issues . .112
Rawley's allusion to , .113
Constable, Sir John . .218
Essays of 16 12 dedicated to 21
as executor .... 218
legacy of Bacon's books . 2i8
Constantine . . . .211
Cooke, Sir Anthony . . i
Cowley, Abraham
his verses on The Character
of Lord Bacon's Philosophy igo
Crashaw .... 207
Creed, Bacon's, set forth in A

Confession of Faith . .112
Cuffe, Henry, speaks of Tern-

poris partum maximum . 42
Cypher-writing system . . 6

224

FRANCIS BACON

D

Davies, Sir John

letter from Bacon to . . 121
Death, Essay on , . .97
De Augmentis Scientiarum . 6
first edition . . -57
Tenison's opinion . . 57
communication to Tobie

Mathew on . . -58
The design of, and repro-
ductions . . ■• 58
Declaration of the Practices
and Treasons by Robert,
Earl of Essex . ■ 14S
Delineatio, published by Sped-

ding .... 43
Devices or Pageants . . 43
Devonshire, Earl of . -14
Bacon addresses his Apology
in Certain Imputations
concerning the late Earl of
Essex . . . .17
Discourse in Praise of Know-
ledge . . . .58
Donne ..... 207
Douse, T. Le Marchant
examination of Northumber-
land Manuscript . . 49
Doyly

letter to . . . .161
Duelling . . . .18

Echoes 7

Education of the Young

Bacon's interest . . .28
Egerton makes a presentation

to Bacon . . .24

Elizabeth, Queen ... 2
Letters of Advice to . .8
anniversary of Coronation,

1595 .... 43
In Felicem Memoriam Ehza-
bethae .... X06
Ellis, his division o{ the Instau-

ratio Magna . . -57
preface to Historia Densi et
Pari . . . .72
Ellis, Spedding, and Heath , 194

Essay VII, the Summe of
my Lord Bacon's New
Atlantis . . . .76
Essay of a King, An . . 97
Essays, The
first appearance of , .12
first published . . .81
dedication to Anthony

Bacon . , . .81
subjects in first edition . 85
editions of 1604 and 1606 . 85
second edition 1612 re-issue. 85
subjects in 1612 edition . 85
Jaggard's edition of 1 612 . 86
edition of 1613 . . .89
enumeration of the Table . 89
reprints of 1619, 1622, 1624 89
the quarto of 1625 . . 89
full lists of subjects in edition

of 1625 . . . 89-90
subsequent editions . . 93
translations into French and

Italian . . • . 93
translation into German . 93
translation into Latin in
Rawley's Opera Moralia et
Civilia . . . .94
issue of 1798 . . i 94
irecent editions . . .98
an early American edition . 98
the character of . . -99
translation into Latin , . 132
as recreations . . . 209
Essex, Earl of, his action on
behalf of Bacon in the
case of Sir Wm. Hatton's
widow . . . .10
presentation by him to
Bacon of the Twickenham
estate . . . .12
Irish leadership and Bacon's

attitude . . . 12-13
presentation of Device to . 43
his fall and execution . 13-14
Declaration of the Practices
and Treasons by Robert,
Earl of Essex . . 14S

Apology in Certain Imputa-
tions concerning the late
Earl of Essex ■ • '45

INDEX

225

Eton College, Bacon's applica-
tion for Provostship . 28
Every Man in his Humour . 204

Fables

■36

Fame, Essay on . . .

97

Farnaby, Thomas

publication of Greek Epi-

grams, etc.

122

Father of the House in New

Atlantis ....

80

Filum Labyrintki . . 62,

193

Fowler

194

Friendship, Essay on

219

Fulgentio, Father, allusion to

Temporis partum maxi-

mum, in

a letter to .

42

214

Georges, Sir Arthur

translation of The Essays

into French . . -93
translation of The Wisdom
of the Ancients . . 132
Glanvill, Joseph . . ■ 76
Gorhambury, Bacon's leisure

and work there . .21
Griiter, Isaac, Scripta in Natu-
rali et Universali Philo-
sophia . . . .42
his publication . . .177

H

Hart, Andro

issue of The Essays . . 89
Heavy and the Light, The. . 72
Henry, Prince of Wales

description of by Bacon . 109
Herbert, George

Certaine Psalmes in Verse
dedicated to . .116, 207

as a friend and confidant of
Bacon .... 206
Heylin, Dr. Peter

Bacon's character given by . 186

IS

Heywood, John

regarding proverbs in the

Promus . . . .51
borrowed from his Epigrams 51
Historia Densi et Rari . .71
when and where published . 71
manuscript . . . -71
Rawley's copy of . -71
matters dealt with . . 72
Ellis's preface . . .72
Historia Naturalis . . 64

subjects included under thi§

heading . . . 64-67
dedication to the Prince of
Wales . . . .67
Historia Ventorum , . 68
publication of . . .68
subjects and experiments de-
tailed .... 68
Historia Vitae et Mortis . 68

first edition of completed

work . . . .68
questions discussed . -71
Historie of the Raigne of Kini;
Henry VII . . . 208
publication, dedication, and

editions . . . 101,132

translations . . 102,205

the rare 1628 edition . . 102

Bacon's object in writing the

history .... 105

History of Henry the Eighth,

The . . . .106

manuscript of . . . 106

pubUcation by Rawley . 106

Hobbes, Thomas . . .218

Hue elegantem U.C.L. Domini

Verulamii irapaBiav adji-

cere adlubuit . . .125

I

Imagines Civiles fulii Ccesaris
et Augusti Casaris, pub-
lication, translation, etc. . no

Impetus Philosophici . .43

In Felicem Memoriam Eliza-

bethae . . . .106

In Henricum principem Wallice
Elogium Francisci Baconi 109

226

FRANCIS BACON

In Praise of Knowledge . , 193

Inquisitio de Magnete . . 72
Insiauratio Magna

S3, S4. 206, 208, 213
component parts . . 53, 54
accumulated facts . . 54
Introductions to various sub-
jects . . . .72

J
Jaggard, John,

edition of Essays printed by 86
James I, confidence in Bacon's

opinion . " . . 27
the subject of reign of Henry
VII recommended by him 102
Jewell, Bishop

translation of his Apology for
the Church of England \i^
Lady Anne Bacon . . i
Jones, Inigo . . . . i
Jonson, Benjamin, his poem in
honour of Bacon's sixtieth
birthday . . .23, 205
as a friend of Bacon . . 204
publication of works and
poems .... 205

K

Key of alt Knowledge and

Operation, The . . 68

Law, Hules and Maxims of the

Common Laws of England 155

The Use of the Law . . 155

The Statute of Uses . . 1 56

Law Tracts . . . .142

Learned Reading of Sir Francis

Bacon, The . . .156

Lee, Sidney . . . .194

Legal arguments . . . 142

Letters of Bacon . . .161

value and significance of 166-7

publication by Robert

Stephens 161
publication by David Mallet 161
of Advice , . . .162
of Expostulation . .162

Light 72

Longevity discussed in His-

toria Vitae et Mortis . 71
Lowndes mentions the 1798

edition of The Essays . 97
Lytton, Lord . . . 120

M

Macaulay, opinion of the

Novum Organum . . 22
opinion of The Essays . 100
allusion to Bacon's ' poetical

faculty ' . . . .120
Essay on Bacon . . . 194
Mackintosh, Sir James
reference to Bacon's King
Henry VII . . .105
Magnet, The . . . .72
Mallet, David, on the accept-
ance of fees and presents
by judges . . .24
reference to the Notes on the

State of Europe . .41
publication of Bacon's letters

by 161

edition of The Works . 193

Malone on manuscript list of

Essays , . . .89
Martin, James . . . 126
Mathew, Tobie
translation of The Essays

into Italian . . .93
translation of The Wisdom

of the Ancients . . 93
letter from Bacon to . . 13S
as a friend of Bacon . . 200
dedication of the Essay on
Friendship to him . . 203
Meautys, Sir Thos. . .102
as Bacon's friend and secre-
tary . . . .209
Medici, Cosmo di
dedication of Tobie Mathew's
edition of The Essays

to 93

Meditationes Sacra . 85,111
translation into English . 85
subjects discussed . . 100

INDEX

227

Memoria Hotwratissimi Do-
mini Francisci Baconis de
Verulaviio vice - comitis
Sancti albani Sacrum, a
small quarto published by
Rawley . . . .199

Mirrour of State and Elo-
quence, The . . 112,178

Mr. Bacon in Praise of his

Sovereign . . .43

Mr. Bacon in Praise of Know-
ledge . . . .43

Montague, Basil . . .194
edition of The Essays pub-
lished in 1798, specially
mentioned by . . -97
opinion of Characters of a
Believing Christian . 1 14

N
Narcissus . . . .136
Naturalization of the Scottish

Nation .... ijo

New Atlantis . . 75,132

Rawley's preface to . -75

date of composition and issue 76

translations . . -76

special reproduction . . 76

interest of the work . . 79

Bacon's object . . .79

his imaginative genius shown

in the work . . .80

Newel's Catechism ... 2

Northumberland Manuscript ,

The . . . .44
contents . . . .47
date of . . . .48
Notes on the State of Europe . 41
Novum Organum, first pub-
lished . . . .61
opinion of King James I . 61
Coke's judgment . . .61
divisions, etc. . , .62
character of expression . 63
objects of . . . .63
Sir Henry Wotton's letter on
receipt of copies . . 217
Nuremburg

first German edition of The
Essays at . . -93

O

Of Adversity . . . -99
Of Honour and Reputation,

first appearance . . 89
Of Revenge . . . -99
Oliver, St. John . . .18
Opera Moralia et Civilia . 94
Operum Moralium et Civilium

Tomus . . . 132-68
Opuscula Varia Posthuma
Philosophica, Vivilia et
Theologica . . .71
contents of. . . .185
Oxford, Lord, formerly pos-
sessed original of Notes on
the State of Europe . . 41

Pagination of Colours of Good
and Evil . . .85
of Meditationes Sacrce . 85

Parasceue ad historiam Nat-

uralem et Experimentalem 62
Parker, Archbishop . . 2
Parsons, Father, charges on
behalf of the Roman
Catholics . . -44

Partis secunda Delineatis et

Argumentum . . -43
Paulett, Sir Amias . . 6

Phenomena Universi . . 64
works included under this
heading . . . .64
Philosophia Secunda . 64, 81
Pickering, publication of Mon-
tague's work by . .132
Pirated editions of Essays 86-89
Pliny, subjects of Historia Ven-
torum, borrowed from the
Natural History of . .68
Poetry of Bacon, evidences of

certain writings . .122

Pope, famous Epigram, etc. . 35

Post-Nati of Scotland . 17, 150

the part taken by Bacon in

this .... 18

Pott, Mrs., her publication of

the Promus . . -So

228

FRANCIS BACON

Prayer made by the Lord Chan-
cellor of England . .116
found in The Remaines . 177
Prayer made and used by the

late Lord Chancellor . 115

Prayers of Bacon, The, 114, 115,116

Prodromi . . . . 8l

Professional Works . .140

Spedding and Montague's

publication of . . . 140

enumeration of . . .140

Promus of Formularies and

Elegancies . . 49, loi

date of, and Spedding's

description . . .49

Protestantism, Bacon's views on 8

Psalms translated by Bacon 190-120

Psychical problems . . 32

Puritanism .... 8

R

Rawley, William, his opinion

of the talents of Lady

Anne Bacon ... I
opinion of Bacon as a youth 2
refers to Novum Organum . 63
dedication oiSylvaSylvarum

to King Charles I . .75
preface to New Atlantis . 75
English edition of the His-

toria Vitae et Mortis . 7 1
publication of the Inquisitio

de Magneto . . .72
introduction to New Atlantis 79
Opera Moralia et Civilia . 94
History of Henry the Eighth 106
remarks on a Confession of

Faith . . . .113
as a friend of Bacon . -195
theworks of Bacon, published

by him .... 196
his private opinion of Bacon's

character . . 196-197

Recusants, The ... 8

Redargutio Philosophiarum 43, 193

Dean Church's opinion of . 202

Reed, Edwin, allusion to his

work . . . .62

Ramaines, The . . . 168
contains An Essay of a King 97
Responsio ad edictum Regince

Anglice . . . .44
Resuscitatio . . 62, 106-112
refers to a ' perfect list ' of

Bacon's true works . . 97
description of contents, etc. 182
Rules and Maxims of the
Common Law of England 155

St. Michael's Church, Bacon's

burial in . . . .31
Saville, Sir Henry, reference to

a letter from Bacon. . 28

Scala Intellectus and Prodromi 8 1

publication of . . .81

intention of these treatises . 81

Sejanus 205

Selden, John . . . .218

Seneca 99

Sermones Fideles, sive In-

teriora Rerum . . 94

Shakespeare .... 204
a comparison to Bacon . 36
reference to in Northumber-
land Manuscript . . 47
Shaw, Dr. Peter
his translation of Novum

Organum . . .62
his publication of the Philo-
sophical Works . .194-
Shelley

eulogy of Bacon as a poet . 120 ,
Silvester, Joshua

a poem by Bacon in his Panlhea 126
Singer mentions an edition of

Essays, 1604 . . -89
Society for Promoting Christian

Knowledge ... 2
Solomon's House in

New Atlantis . . .80
Sound . . . • -72
Southampton, Lord
imprisonment in Tower and

release . ... 14
Bacon's letter to him at the
time . . . .14

INDEX

229

Spanish Armada . . .109
Spedding on the authenticity
of
Notes on the State of Europe 4 1
alludes to Temporis partum

Maximum . . .42
references to certain Devices 43
opinion of the New Atlantis 79
, , as to the intention of
Scala Intellectus and Pro-
dromi , . , .81
remarks on those editions of
The Essays as authorities
for the text which have
original or independent
value . . . - 97
considers An Essay on Death

as spurious . . -97
opinion of The Beginning
of the History of Great
Britain . . , .106
reference to Bacon's JCing

Henry VII . . .105
reference to Bacon's creed in

A Confession of Faith . 112
reference to Bacon's Trans-
lation of the o/ath Psalm . 120
reference to Bacon's Trans-
lation of the 104/A Psalm 120
Speeches by Bacon . . . 141
Sprat, Dr.

Bacon's character given by . 189
Spurious essays . . -97
Star Chamber . . 9, 18

cases conducted by Bacon

here . . . .18

charge against Peacham . 21

Sir Thomas Over bury . . 21

Star Chamber Charges . . 146

contemporary manuscripts of 147

Statute of Uses, The . . 1 56

Stephens, Robert

publication of Bacon's letters

by 161

" Supplement to Letters,"

1734 .... 41
his Letters of Sir Francis
Bacon .... 193
Stow
reference to Bacon's poetry . 122

Stronach, George

allusions to Bacon as a poet 122

Student'' s Prayer . . • 1 1 S

Sulphur, MercurjLr and Salt . 72

Sylva Sylvarum . . .64

date of its composition . 72

its publication . . .72

dedication . . . -75

subsequent editions . . 7S

origin of the title . . 75

contents of the work . . 76-

Sympathies and Ant^thies of

Things . . . .72

Temporis fartum Maximum . 41
Temple of Wisdom, The . . 98
Tenison, Archbishop
opinion of Bacon as a youth 5
description of Temporis par-
tum Maximum . .41
remarks on Latin translation

of The Essays . . .93
speaks of Apophthegms in

\i& Baconiana . . .130

reference to The Wisdom of

the Ancients . . -135

Translations of Bacon's works 27

Translation of Certain Psalms 116

U
Use of the Law, The

155

Vaughan .... 207
Valerius Terminus . 42, 193

Villiers, George

• letter to . . . .162
Vital Spirit discussed in His-

toria Vitae et Mortis . 7 1
Volpone .... 204

W

Waller, Edmund

allusion to Bacon as a poet . 122
Walton, Izaak . . , 207

230

FRANCIS BACON

Watts, Gilbert, publication of
Advancement of Learning,
1640 . . . -58
Whitgift, Dr. ... 5

Williams, Bishop

attitude towards Bacon . 26
Wisdom of the Ancients, The,
publication and description 1 32
reprints . . . .132
first English translation . 132
dedication . . . .132
Tobie Mathew's translation

into Italian . . .93

foreign translations . .132

Bacon's motive in writing

this treatise ■ . 135-6

Works of Bacon

early productions . .41

Wotton, Sir Henry

appointment to Provostship
to Eton College . . 28

poem by Bacon in the Reli-
quice Wottoniance . .129

letter to . '. . . 217

letter to Bacon on receipt of
Novum Organum . .217
Wright, Aldis . . . 194

references to various editions
of The Essays in his Tie-
face to The Essajfs of Bacon 89

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