Galloway and the Covenanters; or, The struggle for religious liberty in the south-west of Scotland

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Galloway and the Covenanters

LONDON
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., LMD.

PRINTED BY ALEXANDER f;ARDNER, PAISLEY

GALLOWAY AND THE
COVENANTERS

OR

THE STRUGGLE FOR RELIGIOUS

LIBERTY IN THE SOUTH-WEST

OF SCOTLAND

By

ALEX. S. MORTON

-^=^3=^-=-^

PAISLEY: ALEXANDER GARDNER

^nlilMhcr 1)G ^ppaintnunt ta tht lute (Qticen Victovia

1914

E,H.

"Your honourable ancestors, with the hazard of their lives, brought Christ to
our hands ; and it shall be cruelty to posterity if ye lose him to them." — Rutherfurd's
letter to the Earl of CassiUis, Sept. g, 1637.

PREFACE.

It is not surprising that comparatively little is known
of the Covenanters of Galloway. Their story is not
to be found in any single volume, but must be gleaned
here and there from many scarce and curious books
and other out-of-the-way sources. Believing the
story worthy of telling, and of preserving, I have
endeavoured to gather the threads of it together, and
the following pages are the result. It has been a
labour of love, carried on amidst many difficulties,
and it has assumed proportions I little dreamed of
when I began. No one is more conscious of its defects
and short-comings than I am myself, but when it
became a question of this or nothing, I preferred this.

I have freely availed myself of the works of others,
and I have not hesitated to follow Wodrow closely,
notwithstanding all that has been said against him.

The articles in the latter part of the volume, so
placed to be less cumbersome, are not in chronological
order.

" Many will be able to recognise the footprints of a remote ancestry, in situations,
and under circumstances, of which they were previously ignorant. . . . ' Here,
on this very spot where I now stand, centuries ago stood one whose blood I know,
or believe, to be circling in my own veins. . . His eye has rested on the same
object upon which mine own rests ; and has wandered over the surrounding expanse
under all the varied moods of mind which that exciting period would necessarily call
forth ; and which I can yet sympathise with and appreciate. In yonder village he
must certainly have signed the Covenant's *' National and Solemn League " perhaps
with that blood (many did so), a portion of which is the source of my own vitality.
And it must have been under that time-scathed tree that his dwelling once stood —
where he lived, worshipped, suffered (perhaps sinned), and died, for a cause which,
if 1 think lightly of, I am not worthy of such a sire.' " — Preface to Minute Book of
Stewartr^' War Committee.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION, - 21

CHAPTER I., - - 25

Early Scottish Covenants — Gordon of Aiids, the pioneer of the
Eeformatiou in Galloway — Bishop Gordon of GaUoway turns
Protestant — Parliament abolishes the jurisdiction of the
Pope, and ratifies the Confession of Faith — First General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland — Alexander Stewart of
Garlies a member.

CHAPTER II., ... - 32

Queen Mary in Scotland — Knox and the Ayr Covenant — Quentin
Kennedy, prior of Whithorn — Eupture between Knox and
the Master of Maxwell — The Friars Charoh of Kirkcudbright
granted by Mary to the Magistrates — Mary's marriage to
Darnley — Rising of Protestant lords — Cassillis, Maxwell,
Douglas, and Gordon of Lochinvar support the Queen —
Darnley murdered — Mary marries Bothwell: is defeated,
taken prisoner, and resigns the crown to her son James —
Galloway nobles sign Articles to oblige future Kings to
defend the true religion — Mary escapes — ^Many Galloway
families support her, but the Stewarts, Dunbars, and M'Kies
declare for the Begent — Langside — Mary flees to Galloway
— The Regent burns Kenmure Castle and issues a Proclama-
tion to the Wigtownshire lairds — Plotting among the nobles
— Stewart of Garlies killed — Episcopacy established — The
Begent Morton executed.

CHAPTER III., - - . - 4.3

The National Covenant — Pilgrimages prohibited, and Whithorn
suffers — Galloway lairds on the assize for the Euthven con-
spiracy — The Black Acts — Ministers refusing to comply to
quit the country — Lord Maxwell goes to Spain to urge an
attack on England — ^Returns and musters his followers to
act in concert with the Spanish Armada — The King marches
against him — Maxwell's narrow escape — He flees and takes
a boat at Kirkcudbright, but is captured by Sir William
Stewart, brother of Garlies — Act of Annexation — GaUoway
Commissioners to enforce Acts against Jesuits, etc. — Galloway
ministers to take subscriptions to National Covenant and

CONTENTS.

Confession of Faith— The King's panegyric on the Church —
The Charter of the Liberties of the Kirk— The Spanish
blanks.

CHAPTER IV., - . - 52

Bothwell's attempt on the Crown — Strained relations between
King and Kirk — ^A stormy meeting — The King's proclamation-
against the ministers — ^He leaves Holyrood for Linlithgow —
The ministers prepare for the worst, and invite Lord
Hamilton to place himself at the head of those embracing
the cause of the Kirk — The King marches on Edinburgh, and
in the High Church justifies himself and blames the ministers.

CHAPTER v., - - - - 55

James introduces Episcopacy — Death of Elizabeth — James goes
to England — Ministers assembled at Aberdeen apprehended —
John Welsh — The Parson of Penninghame constituted Arch-
deacon of Galloway — Gavin Hamilton made Bishop of
Galloway — The High Commission Court and Galloway Com-
missioners — The Glasgow Assembly of 1610 — ^Parliament
rescinds the Act of 1592, the great Charter of Presbytery —
The Five Articles of Perth opposed by Galloway ministers,
being particularly obnoxious to Gallovidians — Death of James
— Charles visits Scotland — Distributes honours — ^High Com-
mission Court established with Commissioners from Galloway
— Lord Galloway and Lord Kirkcudbright withdraw from the
Court on its showing bias against Presbyterians — Robert
Glendinning, minister of Kirkcudbright deprived of his living
— The Kirkcudbright magistrates ordered to be imprisoned
in Wigtown jail — William Dalgleish, minister of Kirkma-
breck, deposed — Samuel Kutherfurd banished to Aberdeen.

CHAPTER VI., 64

The Laud Liturgy — Jenny Geddes in St. Giles — King appealed
to — People assemble in Edinburgh — Sydeserf Bishop of
Galloway attacked, and Earls of Wigtown and Troqueer
going to his assistance also put in danger — The National
Covenant prepared — Signed in Grey Friars Church, Edin-
burgh — Copies sent all over the country — Signed with
enthusiasm in Galloway — Livingston, minister in Stranraer,
takes copies to London — The King's threat against him —
The King submits — The General Assembly of 1638 makes a
clean sweep of the Bishops, and libels Sydeserf — Arranges
Presbyteries and Synods — Preparations for war — Galloway
commanders — Terms arranged — Presbyterians in Parliament
—Civil war— Battle of Newburu — Gallantry of the Galloway
troops — Son of Patrick M'Kie of Larg killed in the engage-
ment.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII., 74

Parliament confirms the overthrow of Episcopacy — Contest
between Earl of Wigtown and Sir William Cowbuin for
office of hereditary nsber — Galloway members of Parliament
— Commissioners of Supply for Wigtownshire — The War
Committee — The Galloway Commanders of horse and foot
— The Solemn League and Covenant — Philiphaugh — Lord
Kirkcudbright's regiment — James Agnew receives thanks of
Parliament for his gallant conduct — Additional regiments
raised in Galloway — New Parliament members for Galloway
— List of War Committee for Wigtownshire, showing
unanimity of baronage — Charles surrenders himself to the
Scotch army — He is delivered to the English Commissioners,
tried, and executed — The Scotch proclaim his son King — '
Commissioners sent to Hague to lay conditions before him —
He ultimately accepts these and signs the National Covenant
and the Solemn League, and is crowned — ^Act of Indemnity
— Galloway Protesters and Resolutioners — Cromwell — The
Galloway leaders divided — Cromwell's Ironsides disperse the
Galloway levies — Kenmure Castle and the House of Freugh
burned — Lord GaUoway fined £4,000.

CHAPTER Vin., - 8,5

Death of Cromwell — Restoration of Charles — Ministers arrested
in Edinburgh — Cassillis refuses to sign Oath of Allegiance
unless limited to civil affairs — Large sum voted to the
King — List of Commissioners to collect in Wigtownshire and
Stewartry — Parliament rescinds all Acts from 1640 — ^Restora-
tion of Bishops — Sharp made Archbishop of St. Andrews —
Act of Supremacy — Synod of Galloway preparing a Petition
against Episcopacy is dissolved by the Earl of Galloway —
Whithorn complains to Parliament — Presbytery of Kirkcud-
bright appoint two of their members to present a Petition
to the Privy Council — Reasonableness of the Petition —
The Indemnity (so called) — Persons fined in Galloway.

CHAPTER IX.,- 96

The Drunken Act — Nonconformist ministers in Galloway— Privy
Council's Act against Galloway ministers — Certain Galloway
ministers compear personally — Outed ministers — Origin of
Conventicles — Induction of curates results in rioting at
Kirkcudbright and Irongray— Commissioners proceed to
Kirkcudbright— Lord Kirkcudbright and others sent prisoners
to Edinbuigh^ — Earlston refuses to introduce curate to his
parish — Commissioners proceed to Irongray — Arnot of Little-
park sent prisoner to Edinburgh — Sympathetic visitors to
the prison, and order by the Council — The Council's deliver-
ance — Prisoners fined and banished.

2

10 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER X., - - 106

Act against Presbyterian ministers from Ireland coming to Scot-
land — The Earl of Gallowa}' and others appointed to examine
them — John Gordon of Stranraer prisoner for treasonable
speeches — Episcopal ministers' trying time — Register of the
Synod of Galloway — Complaints of parishioners absenting
themselves from preaching ; of seditious ministers ; of their
own hard necessitous condition; of conventicle keepers —
Bond to be tendered to disorderly parishioners — The state
of the Glenkens — Episcopalians get no support there — Kirk-
cowan Curate cannot get a Session — Patrick Vans of Sorbie
to be proceeded against for disorderly baptism.

CHAPTER XL, - - 114

Proceedings against Welsh, Semple, Blackadder, Arnot, Peden,
and other ministers for keeping conventicles and baptising
— The people persecuted for hearing outed ministers — Sir
James Turner sent into Galloway to crush any opposition —
The rising at Dairy — The sufferings endured in Galloway —
Eines in Stewartry parishes — Quarterings and other aggrava-
tions.

CHAPTER XII., 121

Bitter persecution after Pentland — Sir William Bannatyne sent
into Galloway with large party of soldiers — Oppression of
the people — Eoger Gordon of Holm, Earlston, David M'Gill
of Dairy, Gilbert Monry in Marbreck, Alexander Gordon of
Knockbrack — Bannatyne's horrible cruelty — ^List of persons
pursued for forfeiture — Numbers ordered to be executed
when taken — Change of King's advisers — King's Indemnity —
Long list of exceptions — Bond to keep public peace — Parties
appointed in Wigtownshire and the Stewartry to get it
signed — Differences of opinion as to its true intent and
meaning.

CHAPTER XIII., - 128

Inquiry as to extortions by the military — Report showing what
Galloway had to suffer from Sir James Turner — Turner
dismissed — Bannatyne fined and removed from the Kingdom
— Those who have failed to take advantage of the Indemnity
to be seized — Lists of those in Carsphairu parish and Dairy
parish — Attempt on Archbishop Sharp — Pentland prisoners
dealt with — Another rising feared — Cockburn sent to the
Glenkens — Cannon of Mardrochat taken prisoner, and turns

CONTENTS. 11

infoimer — Indulgence — Withdrawal of troops from Galloway
— ^Dissensions among the Covenanters in Galloway over the
Indulgence— Mr. Park indulged to Stranraer, but Mr.
Naismith appointed by the Bishop.

CHAPTER XIV., - . 140

The parishioners of Balmaclellan and Urr fined for outrages
committed on their curates — Garthland ignores a letter from
the Privy Council to grant Bow, curate of Balmaclellan, a
presentation to Stonykirk— Gilbert M'Adam of Waterhead
gets up two Bonds extorted from him — Parliament asserts
the King's supremacy over all persons and in all causes
ecclesiastical within the Kingdom — Galloway men present at
armed conventicle in Fife — The Black Act — Field preaching
a capital offence — CassUlis speaks fearlessly against it —
Anna, Countess of Wigtown, fined for attending conventicles
— Gordon of Dundengh gets up a Bond extorted from him —
Another Indulgence to outed ministers — Parties sent out to
apprehend conventicle preachers — Reward of £400 offered
for arrest of Welsh or Semple — GaUoway lairds denounced
for harbouring inter-communed persons — William M'Millan
allowed to go to Balmaclellan — Welsh betakes himself to
North of England.

CHAPTER XV., 147

Proclamation that all heritors to bind themselves, and be
responsible for their families and servants, not to attend
conventicles, or baptize or marry with outed ministers —
Galloway lairds protest — Murray of Bronghton appointed for
Wigtown and Kirkcudbright to get the Bond signed — The
Highland Host — Their instructions — Sheriffs of Wigtown,
Kirkcudbright, and elsewhere get orders to convene heritors
to sign bonds for themselves, families, servants, tenants and
their families not to attend conventicles — Inhabitants to be
disarmed — The King takes lawburrows against his subjects
— The Highlanders ravage Ayrshire and Galloway — Lochnaw
and the House of Freugh suffer from them — Highlanders
return home laden with spoil as from a sacked city.

CHAPTER XVI., - 15S

Mnir, Commissary Clerk at Kirkcudbright, libelled for attending
conventieles—M'Dowall of Garthland, Hay of Park, M'Dowall
of Freugh, Blair of Dunskey, and others cited for resetting
John Welsh — M'Dowall of Freugh tried for seditious speeches
at instigation of Eow, the curate — Claverhouse quarters on
M'Meekan of Miltonise — ^M'Meekan's wife's capture, escape,
and re-capture — Bishop of Galloway gets dispensation to

12 CONTENTS.

reside in Glasgow or Edinburgh — Thomas Warner cited for
being at conventicles — Gordon of Earlston and many others
denounced and put to the horn for being at conventicles —
Proclamation for the arrest of Welsh, Semple, and Arnot.

CHAPTER XVIL, - l6l

Troops quartered in Galloway — William Kyle, Galloway minister,
captured — Sheriff's Depute appointed for Wigtownshire and
the Stewartry to enforce laws against non-conformists —
Galloway Presbyterians join others for self preservation —
Drumclog — Many flock to the Covenanters — Divided counsels
— Galloway horse exercise near Bothwell Bridge— Earl
Nithsdale ordered to call out the whole gentlemen, heritors,
and freeholders in Wigtownshire and the Stewartry, and
march to Edinburgh — The Covenanters differ about the In-
dulgence — Bitter feeling between them — They preach against
each other — Supplication to Monmouth — The Covenanters
cannot agree on anything, and are attacked by Livingstone
— Gallant conduct of Galloway men who are ordered to retire
from Bothwell Bridge — Defeat and rout of the Covenanters
— Gordon of Earlston killed — Proclamation against rebels —
Claverhonse follows the fugitives to Galloway, and harasses
the country— Andrew Sword tried and executed.

CHAPTER XVni., - - - 169

The Scottish nobility petition the King against Lauderdale in
" Some Particular Matters of Fact " — What Presbyterians
admittedly had to suffer — Forfeitures against those at Both-
well — Galloway gentlemen the first sacrifices — M'Dowall of
Freugh forfeited, and his estate granted to Claverhouse —
Other Galloway lairds forfeited — Bishop Aitken allowed to
reside in Edinburgh — Commission to get lists of those at
Bothwell — Instructions for regulating the Indulgence, with
special reference to Galloway — Garrisons placed at Kenmure
and Freugh.

CHAPTER XIX., 178

Graham has commission to uplift the moveables of fugitives in
GaUoway — Court at New Galloway — The Societies — The
Sanquhar Declaration supported by Galloway men — Pro-
clamation against Cameron and others — ^AU persons over
sixteen years of age to be cited in Minnigaff, Penninghame,
Carsphairn, Balmaclellan, Dairy, Kells, Irongray, and other
parishes to declare what they know of the traitors — The
oath sworn by the King.

CONTENTS. 13

CHAPTER XX., 184

Seven troops of horse and a regiment of foot sent into Galloway —
The country harassed — Incredible losses inflicted in Galloway
parishes — ^Ayrsmoss — John Malcolm, Dairy, captured and
executed — The Sheriff of Galloway ordered to sentence
tradesmen and others refusing to work for the orthodox
clergy — Courts at New Galloway, Dairy, and Kirkcudbright
— Proceedings ordered against those in Wigtown and Kirk-
cudbright in the late rebellion — The Test Act — Garrisons at
Dumfries and the House of Freugh — Persons forfeited for
BothweU to be pursued to the death — List of those in
Galloway — Sir James Dalrymple refuses the Test — The
Steward of the Stewartry, Sir Andrew Agnew, Viscount
Kenmure, and the Earl of Galloway refuse the Test, and
are deprived of their heritable jurisdictions — Wigtown Burgh
takes the Test.

CHAPTER XXI., - - 193

Glaverhouse sent into Galloway with troops — He is granted a
Sheriff's commission for Kirkcudbright, Wigtownshire, and
Dumfries — Letters from Glaverhouse referring to the Gordons
and to Sir James Dalrymple of Stair — Glaverhouse captures
M'Clurg, the Minnigaff smith — A trooper in trouble — Soldiers
ordered to Kirkcudbright to secure Lord Livingstone in the
Estates forfeited to him — Claverhoase writes Viscount Ken-
mure to prepare his house for a garrison — -His persecutions
— He seizes John Archibald, Anthony M'Bride, John
Cleanochan, and John Wallace, imprisons them in Stranraer,
and quarters horses at their houses — ^A troop of the horse in
Anwoth.

CHAPTER XXn., - - 203

Major Learmond, Barscobe, and others captured, and ordered to
be hanged — Execution not carried out — Letter showing how
soldiers quartered in Galloway — ^Andrew Heron of Kirrough-
tree dealt with for harbouring his son — Fined 5,000 merks,
and imprisoned till it is paid — Glaverhouse forces Sir John
Dalrymple to appear before the Council — Dalrymple fined
£500, and committed to Edinburgh Castle till it is paid.

CHAPTER XXni., - - - 208

William Martin of DuUarg indicted for treason — He produces a
renunciation, and the diet is deserted — William M'Clelland of
Auchenguil, Hugh Maxwell of Cnill, and William M'Culloch
of Cleichred libelled — Edward Atkin, Earlston's servant,
sentenced to be hanged — Proclamation appointing persons

14 CONTENTS.

to see the Test is taken in Galloway — John Cochrane of
Waterside, tried at Ayr Circuit, and forfeited — William
Thorburn of Stranraer forfeited — His sufferings — Comet
Graham holds Courts at Balmaghie — Courts at the Clachan
of Penninghame — William M'Bwmont refusing the Test, is
banished, and dies at sea — Thomas Lidderdale's persecutions
in Twynholm — Beport by Claverhouse on his work in
Galloway.

CHAPTER XXIV., - - - - 215

Coltrane, Provost of Wigtown, David Graham, and Sir Godfrey
M'CuUoch of Mertoun tender the Test in Wigtownshire —
List of Wigtownshire lairds refusing the Test — Wigtown
Burgh grants Bond to the King — The Commissioners hold
Courts at Wigtown — Examples of their dealings — ^Accused
parties committed to irons, fined, banished to the plantations,
and others sent for trial before the Lords of Justiciary.

CHAPTER XXV., 221

Commission to try " divers desperate rebels " in Kirkcudbright,
Wigtown, and Dumfries — James M'Gachan in Dairy and
others transported — Garrisons at Keumure, Machermore,
Minnigaff, and Carsphairu — The Cochraues of Ochiltree and
Waterside denounced rebels — The fugitive roll applicable
to Galloway — " A list of very good people persecuted for
conscience's sake" — Nearly 220 Galloway people to be
apprehended.

CHAPTER XXVI., . - - - - 232

New Justiciary Courts — Appointments for Wigtownshire, the
Stewartry, and Dumfries — Instructions to seize all preachers,
to turn out wives and children of forfeited persons, to im-
pose fines and quarter on the stubborn, to suffer no man to
travel with arms except gentlemen of known loyalty who
have taken the Test; to allow no yeoman to travel three
miles from his house without a pass — Hay of Park sent
prisoner to Blackness — Liberated a year later on Bond for
£1,000 — Courts at Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown —
A " Cheerful " offer to his Majesty of twenty months' cess —
WiUiam Martin and James Martin of DuUarg fined at Kirk-
cudbright — Their sufferings — James Martin dies in prison —
The Society's " Apologetical Declaration " — ^Proclamation
against it — Cruel persecutions — James Graham, Crossmichael,
executed, and William Auchenleck, Buittle, shot dead with-
out any reason — The Laird of Lagg at Dairy — Courts at
Twynholm and Kirkcudbright.

CONTENTS. 15

CHAPTER XXVII., - - - - 240

Women as well as men cited and examined on oath — Gavin
M'Clymont, Carspbairn, has seven cows taken away — John
Corson, Borgne, imprisoned and fined 6,000 merks — Intention
to sentence his wife to be drowned at Kirkcudbright — Lagg
holds Coarts at Carspbairn — Peter Pearson, curate of
Carspbairn, sits in Court and informs against the inhabitants
— The Glenkens has one visitation after another — Mrs.
M'Dowall of Gillespie forced to retire to Ireland — Charles
Stewart of Knock apprehended by Claverhonse, and im-
prisoned in Stranraer — ^Anchencloy — The troops' oppressions
in Galloway — John Hallam executed.

CHAPTER XXVIII., - 244

Death of Charles — General Election, and members for Galloway
— James grants an Indemnity — Sir James Dalryraple and
others put to the horn — Edward Kyan, from Water of
Minnock, shot dead — Dunbar of Baldoon, M'CuUoob of Myie-
ton, and others, to assist Colonel Douglas to put down rebels
— Five men shot at Ingleston cave — M'Kie of Larg with
the rebels — Andrew M'Quhan shot dead — Second Sanquhar
Declaration — David Halliday and George Short shot dead
— Machermore garrison strengthened — Ochiltree, Earlston,
Craighlaw, and other estates annexed to the Crown.

CHAPTER XXIX., - 251

Major Wynram stationed at Wigtown — Barnkirk house stripped
— Tenant's wife imprisoned in Wigtown for eleven weeks
with infant — John Wallace of Knockiebay has his house and
stock despoiled — Remission to Sir James Dalrymple — ^His son
made King's Advocate — James' Indulgences — The Cameron-
ians hold out — Eenwiok seized and executed — Invitation to
the Prince of Orange— His Declaration for Scotland — He
lands at Torbay, accompanied by Sir James Dalrymple — ■
Report of 10,000 Irish Papists burning Kirkcudbright — The
Privy Council's proclamation for the defence of religion —
The Galloway Commanders — The Cameronians in arms —
Griersou of Lagg — William orders a meeting of Scotch
Estates at Edinburgh — The Galloway representatives — The
Convention guarded by the Cameronians — Sir John Dal-
rymple refutes the claim of Divine Eight put forward for
James — The Crown settled on William and Mary — Parliament
abolishes Prelacy — Synod of Galloway — General Assembly
meets.

16 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXX., 262

DALRY RISING.

Sir James Turner sent into Galloway to collect fines — John
M'Clelland of Barscobe, John Maxwell of Monreith, Colonel
Wallace, and another rescue Grier from soldiers near Dairy,
and induce others to join them — Encounter with soldiers at
Balmaclellan — The Covenanters' Rising — ^March on Dumfries
and seize it. Sir James Turner being taken prisoner — They
return to Dairy, and proceed north — Welsh, Veitch, and
M'Kail join them at Bridge of Doon — Invitation from Clydes-
dale — March to Muirkirk — Renew the Covenants at Lanark,
and issue Declaration — March to Bathgate — Their forlorn
appearance — At Rullion Green — The Royal troops come up
to them (28th November, 1666) and put them to flight —
Proclamation by the Government — John Maxwell's narrow
escape — Excerpt from Glasserton Session Records — Document
showing William Maxwell had no accession to the Rebellion
— Eleven prisoners sentenced to be executed, including,
M'CuUoch of Barholm, Captain Arnot, and the Gordons of
Kuockbrex—Neilson of Corsock executed, though Turner tries
to save him — John Grierson and William Welsh hanged at
Dumfries — Memorial stones and inscriptions — The Martyrs'
monument and inscription — James Kirk's martyrdom —
William Welsh, John M'Call, James Muirhead, and others
sent to Ayr to be executed.

CHAPTER XXXI., 286

SAMUEL RUTHEBFURD.
A native of Roxburghshire — Professor of Humanity, 1623 —
Resigns owing to unfounded rumours — Called to Anwoth,
1627, through influence of Viscount Kenmure— His earnest life
and great enthusiasm — Rutherfurd's witnesses on Mossrobin
farm — Tragic death of dyker — Visit of Archbishop Ussher
and traditions — The eleventh commandment — Rutherfurd
summoned before High Commission Court, 1630 — ^Publishes
his famous work against Jesuits and AJminians, 1636 —
Summoned before the High Commission Court at Wigtown —
Lord Lome, afterwards Marquis of Argyle, befriends him,
but he is deposed and ordered to confine himself in Aberdeen
— ^Letters to his parishioners — ^Returns to Anwoth, 1638 —
Attends General Assembly of 1638 at Glasgow — Professor of
Divinity at St. Andrews — Letters to people of Anwoth —
Refuses professorship at Utrecht and Harderwick — Appointed
one of the commission to Westminster Assembly — Publishes
Lex Bex — Indicted for high treason — His answer to the
summons — ^Died 19th March, 1661 — Inscription on tombstone
— Monument near Gatehouse and inscription.

CONTENTS. 17

CHAPTER XXXIL, 300

ANWOTH CHURCHYARD.
Burial place of GaUoway families — Martyr's tombstone and in-
scription — Bell of Whiteside, his thrilling adventures and
hairsbreadth escapes — David Halliday of Mayfield, Robert
Lennox of Irelandton, Andrew M'Bobert, Beoch, James
Clement, and Bell surrender on promise of quarter, but are
immediately shot — Viscount Kenmnre challenges Lagg for
his barbarities — Tombstone in Balmaghie churchyard to
Halliday and inscription — Tombstone in Twynholm church-
yard to M'Robert and inscription — Tombstone in Girthon
churchyard to Lennox and inscription — Tombstone to
James Clement and inscription — Monument and inscription.

CHAPTER XXXIIl.,- 311

Kirkwood of Sanquhar helps two Galloway Covenanters to escape
— Piersou of Carsphairn a zealous persecutor — Some of the
Covenanters go to reason with him — ^A scuffle — Pierson is
shot by M'Michael — M'Michael responsible for a previous
tragedy, having inflicted a mortal wound on Eoan near Dairy
— Engaged in Enterkin Pass rescue — M'Michael killed on
Auchencloy Hill — ^Robert Ferguson, Robert Stuart, and John
Grier shot— Martyrs' tombstone in Dairy churchyard and in-
scription — Tombstone to Ferguson and inscription — Martyrs'
monument and inscription — Tombstone in Kirkcudbright
churchyard to William Hunter and Robert Smith.

CHAPTER XXXIV., 319

ALEXANDER PEDEN.

Born in Ayrshire about 1626 — Minister of New Luce, 1659 —
Ejected by the Drunken Act, 1662 — Farewell services — ^A
wanderer among the wilds of the South-west of Scotland —
Charged with conventicle keeping — Joined Dairy rising but
left them at Lanark — Forfeited by Act, 1669 — Miraculous
escapes — Arrested by Major Cowburn and sent to Bass
Rock — Transferred to Edinburgh Tolbooth — Sentenced to be
transported to Virginia — Sails from Leith with sixty others
banished — Foretells their delivery — Liberated — Returns to
Scotland — Foretells the Covenanters' defeat at Bothwell —
Preaching in GaUoway — Predicts his own death, and that his
body will be raised from the grave — His prophecy of the
death of John Brown fulfilled — His last illness, death, and
burial— His body raised from the grave, and re-interred
by the soldiers at Cumnock — Tombstone and inscription —
Monument and inscription.

18 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXV., 329

Martyrs' tombstone to John Wallace, WiUiam Heron, John
Gordon, and William Stuart — Monument and inscription —
Story of their martyrdom — Edward Gordon and Alexander
M'Cnbbin hanged at Irongray — Tombstone and inscription —
Bobert Grierson banished to West Indies, and returns after
the Eevolution.

CHAPTER XXXVI.,- - 335

Earlston Castle — Disciples of Wickliffe welcomed to Earlston —
Beligious meetings in Wood of Airds — Alexander Gordon,
refusing to receive curate at Dairy, is fined and banished to
Montrose — Member of General Assembly of 1638 — The Bishop
unsuccessfully objects to him — Some of Butherfurd's letters
addressed to his son William — William refuses to assist
Commission to settle curate at Irongray, and himself claims
the right of patronage — Indicted for conventicle keeping
and banished — Eeturns to Scotland — Prepares to join
the Covenanters at Bothwell, but, being delayed, sends his
sou and follows later — Not knowing of the Covenanters'
defeat, he encounters a body of English dragoons at Crookit-
stone, and refusing to submit is killed — Buried in Glassford
churchyard — Monument to his memory and inscription — His
son's narrow escapes — Alexander Gordon elected by the
Societies to advocate their cause abroad— He is apprehended
while setting sail at Newcastle, and casts his papers over-
board — He is taken to London, sent to Scotland, and con-
demned to be beheaded— Intention to torture him to get
confessions and implicate others — Thrice reprieved, and then
sent to Bass Eock — The Eevolution sets him free — Lady
Earlston's Soliloquies — Earlston a member of the Convention
which settled the Crown on William and Mary.

CHAPTER XXXVII., 347

iWilliam M'Millan of Caldow persecuted and becomes fugitive —
Goes to Ireland — Licensed to preach — ^Arrested in Galloway —
Extract from Kirkcudbright Burgh Eecords, showing an
order for his removal to Edinburgh Tolbooth — Imprisoned
at Dumfries for thirty-five months without any charge —
Liberated — Failing to appear is denounced rebel — Arrested
and taken to Wigtown — Sent to Kirkcudbright and then to
Dumfries Castle — Imprisoned in Edinburgh and afterwards
at Dunottar.

CONTENTS. 19

CHAPTER XXXVIII., aSi

STKWARTRY WAR COMMI'ITEIC.
Names of Committee and of those who received their instructions
— Commissioners — Gold and silver plate surrendered for the
cause — List of those delivering up silver work with details —
Assessment imposed, and crops valued — Valuers — Definition
of " cold covenanter " — Reports by members of Committee
of cold covenanters in their respective parishes.

CHAPTER XXXIX.,- 36l

ANDREW FORSYTH.
Blames his father for harbouring Covenanters — ^Meets Eenwick —
Throws in his lot with the Covenanters — Father's opposition
— Leaves home — Adventures and escapes — ^Eeturns to Kirk-
cowan after the Revolution.

CHAPTER XL., - - 364

Patrick Laing — John Ferguson of Weewoodhead — John Clark —
Escape from Edinburgh prison — Samuel Clark — John Fraser
— John Clement — John Dempster — Retribution — David
M'Briar — Bailie Muirhead of Dumfries — M'Roy of Half Mark
— The Gordons of Largmore — Eenwick in Galloway — His
adventures and escapes — M'Lurg shoots a spy and wields
the Galloway Flail — Kirkcudbright Burgh Records — ^Robert
M'Whae — The Kirkandrews Martyr — ^Alexander Linn — Craig-
moddie, Kirkcowan.

CHAPTER XLI., 389

IRONGRAY COMMUNION.

Awe inspiring circumstances — Congregation of 3,000 to 6,000 —
JTatnral surroundings — Sentinels posted — The memorials of
the communion — Samuel Arnot preached in the morning —
Welsh preached " the action sermon," and Blackadder and
John Dickson of Rutherglen took part — ^Blackadder's simple
and impressive eloquence — " The enemy are coming, make
ready for the attack " — The Clydesdale men form in battle
array — The men of Galloway and Nithsdale follow their
example — Rumours that the enemy are about, but no trace
of them can be got — The assembly disperses, guarded to
different points by horse and foot — Torrential rainfall — Huge
conventicle next day with horse and foot on guard — Monu-
ment and inscription — Communion cups amissing — The Old
Jail at Scaur and its tradition — Escape of Welsh of Scaur —
Similar story about John Clark of Drumcloyer — The Rev.
John Blackadder, minister of Troqueer.

20 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XLII., - 399

Tombstone at Caldons Wood and inscription — The fiist erected
by Old Mortality — James and Bobert Dun, Thomas and John
Stevenson, James M'Clive, and Andrew M'Call — Tradition
of their martyrdom — Captain Urquhart's dream and death —
Letter from privy council — A romantic story — Narrow escape
—The Dons of Benwhat.

CHAPTER XLin., 406

THE WIGTOWN MARTYRS.

Wodrow's narrative — The execution on 11th May, 1685 — Scenes at
the Bladnoch — Buried in Wigtown churchyard — Tombstones
and inscriptions — Napier's Case for the Crown in re. the
Wigtown Martyrs froved to be Myths — Petition by Margaret
M'Lauchlan for recall of sentence of death — A reprieve
granted, but not given effect to — Procedure in another case
showing pardon granted — Wigtown case had no such ending
— Proof of martyrdom shown by (1) Tradition, (2) Early
pamphlets, (3) Earlier Histories, (4) Minutes of local Church
Courts, Kirkinner, Penninghame, and Wigtown, (5) Monu-
mental evidence — Miscellaneous — Singular dream of Margaret
M'Lauchlau's daughter re. Provost Coltrain of Drummorral
— The Stirling monument — The Wigtown monument.

CHAPTER XLIV., 441

William Johnstone — John Milroy — George Walker — Peden's pro-
phecy — The Milroys of Kirkcalla, captured and tortured,
mutilated and banished — Gilbert Milroy survives the
Bevolution and returns to Kirkcowan.

CHAPTER XLV., 446

The sufferings in Penninghame — The sufferings in Kirkinner —
William Graham, the Crossmichael Martyr — Grierson of
Balmaclellan — The M'Cartneys of Blaikit — John Gordon,
Viscount Kenmure, and Lady Kenmure — Gabriel Semple —
John Livingstone, minister of Stranraer — Knox in Galloway
— The Coves of Barholm— The Galloway Covenants of 1638
— Borgue Covenant and signatures — Minnigaff Covenants and
signatures.

INDEX, - - 479

INTRODUCTION.

Nothing stirs the enthusiasm of Scotsmen more than
the story of the trials and triumphs of the Covenanters,
and yet we are apt to forget that the civil and religious
liberties which we now enjoy and take too much as a
matter of course have been secured to us only by the
noble stand and heroic sacrifices of our covenanting
forefathers.

No part of Scotland figured more prominently in
the struggle for religious liberty than the south-west
corner called Galloway. From the dawn of the
Scottish Reformation in the beginning of the sixteenth
century to that wonderful Revolution in the end of
the seventeenth, Galloway was the theatre of many
of the vital events of that most critical time. The
principal actors might play their parts elsewhere, but
to Galloway they came too, and the stage is crowded
with men and women of all creeds and of all (characters.
Here we meet with the stern and unrelenting Knox;
the beautiful but ill-fated Mary; Gordon of Airds,
Cassillis, and Garlics, our early reformers; Anna,
Countess of Wigtown, fined for conventicle keeping;
the Earl of Wigtown, ever foremost in the Privy
Council against Presbyterians ; Claverhouse, the heart-
less persecutor; Lagg, the notorious; Sir James Turner
and Sir William Bannatyne sent to crush the Coven-
anters, the former captured by a handful of Galloway

22 INTRODUCTION.

mea and the latter banished for his misdeeds; the
Earls of Linlithgow, Galloway, Annandale, Queens-
berry, Drumlanrig, and Kenmure; the Dalrymples of
Stair; Dunbars of Mochrum; Agnews of Lochnaw;
Macdoualls of Logan ; Murrays of Broughton ; Herons
of Kirroughtree; Dunbars of Maehermore; M'CuUochs
of Bar holm; Gordons of Earlston — and in fact all the
Galloway nobility and baronage and families of note;
Peden the Prophet; Eutherfurd of Anwoth; John
Welsh; Samuel Arnot, Gabriel Sample, and many
other outed ministers; Margaret M'Lachlan and
Margaret Wilson, the martyrs drowned in Bladnoch;
Neilson of Corsock; Cameron, Cargill, and B,enwick,
the last of the martyrs; and a host of others whose
names will be found in the pages that follow.

Here the Covenanters first took to arms and marched
against their oppressors, and ever afterwards, where-
ever a Declaration or Claim of B,ight was to be made
or a blow struck for freedom, the men of Galloway
were foremost in the fray. Pentland, Drumclog,
Bothwell, Ayrsmoss, and the Sanquhar Declarations
all testify that the men of Galloway never shirked
their duty, however dangerous it might be. The Privy
Council might thunder against them the most terrible
denunciations, might send upon them vast forces of
horse and foot, let loose the Highland Host, and
subject them to the bitterest persecution that the most
cruel heart could imagine, yet in their principles they
remained firm and immovable as the granite rocks of
their beloved Galloway.

INTRODUCTION. 23

Words cannot picture the sufferings that they en-
dured. Age or sex was no protection. Women were
imprisoned, fined, and tortured for speaking to their
hushands, and not revealing their hiding places, so
that they might be captured and shot. Parents were
similarly treated for their children, and children for
their parents. History affords scarce any parallel to
the atrocities committed. The country was devoured
with fire and sword. The people were hunted and
shot down on the moors and mountains like vermin,
their bodies refused burial, and even when interred
by friends raised again and hung on a gibbet. For a
time the land was literally soaked with the blood of
the martyrs, and there is scarcely a churchyard in
Galloway but has its monument to the memory of the
men and women who endured to the death rather than
betray those principles which they held so dear.
Others were imprisoned, fined of all they possessed,
soldiers quartered on them till everything was eaten
up, their crops deliberately wasted, their horses, cattle,
and sheep driven away, their houses burned down, and
the very plenishing destroyed or carried off. Women
were outraged, and, as well as men, were tortured,
mutilated, and banished from the country, many of
them being ship-wrecked and lost. Their cattle and
sheep were seized, and brought into the churches, and
cooked at fires made from the pews and seats. The
very plantations were burned, and the whole country
left desolate. Trade and agriculture were at a stand-
still, and famine was in sight when the dawn broke.

24 INTRODUCTION.

We can to-day scarcely realise that all this was done
simply because the people claimed the liberty to read
the Bible, and to worship God according to their con-
science; yet even the most prejudiced will admit that
these were the objects, pure and disinterested, of the
early Scottish Reformers, whatever motives they may
ascribe to some who joined the Presbyterians towards
the end of the struggle. If some who did not truly
share the views of the Covenanters joined with thein
in the hope of gaining a material advantage, the
Covenanters were not to blame, and if individuals of
the Covenanters in their desperation were led to
commit deeds of which we cannot approve, let us not
forget that they were driven to it by the terrible
persecutions and sufferings they endured; let us not
judge the whole by these isolated actions, which were
as soundly condemned by the Covenanters generally
as they can possibly be by us. Let us not linger over
the mistakes of the movement, but look to the glorious
victory which the Covenanters achieved, the fruits of
which the world is now enjoying.

GALLOWAY
AND THE COVENANTERS.

♦ »< ♦

CHAPTER I.

Early Scottish Covenants — Gordon of Airds, the pioneer of the
Eeformation in Galloway — Bishop Gordon of Galloway turns
Protestant — Parliament abolishes the jurisdiction of the
Pope, and ratifies the Confession of Faith — First General
Assembly of the Church of Scotland — Alexander Stewart of
Garlies a member.

The story of the Scottish Covenants goes back to the
time of Knox. In the beginning of the sixteenth
century, Scotland, in common with the rest of Europe,
was under the sway of the Pope. Already reformers
had been active on the Continent, and some of them
had paid the penalty with their lives, but a glimmer
of light from the martyrs' fires had pierced even to
Scotland, so true it is that no good work is done in
vain. Knox tells us that in 1556 most of the gentle-
men of Mearns vowed to refuse all society with
idolatry, and bound themselves to the utmost of their
power to maintain the true preaching of the Evangel

3

26 GALLOWAY AND

of Jesus Christ. It is not certain whether this was a
written Bond or a verbal undertaking. The following
year, however, a written Bond was entered into at
Edinburgh, by which the subscribers vowed that " we,
by His Grace, shall, with all diligence, continually
apply our whole power, substance, and our very lives
to maintain, set forward, and establish the most blessed
word of God." Many copies of this Bond were sent
out for signature, and a copy in the National Museum
of Antiquities in Edinburgh has the signatures of
Argyl, Glencairn, Morton, Lome, and John Erskine.

Galloway was not behind in the great work of
Reformation. Early in the sixteenth century, Alex-
ander Gordon of Airds, in the Stewartry, entertained
some of the followers of Wycliffe, and had a New
Testament in the Vulgar Tongue, which he read to
his neighbours, in a wood near his house, at a time
when severe pains and penalties were enacted against
all who did so. Among those who held the same views
and attended these secret devotional meetings was
Alexander Stewart, the eldest son of Stewart of
Garlics. He was sent to England as a hostage for
his father, who had been taken prisoner at Solway
Moss, and, on his return, he preached the reformed
religion in Dumfries. He was zealous for the
Reformation, and was a Commissioner from the Kirks
of Nithsdale to the General Assembly in 1560.

In the Scots Parliament of 1543, the first legislative
step to the final overthrow of the Roman Catholic
religion had been taken. The Solway Moss prisoners
had been thrown into company in England which

THE COVENANTERS. 27

confirmed their Protestant leanings. Cassillis had
lived chiefly with Cranmer and Latimer, and Garlies
witli followers of Wycliffe. Thus it came about that
a motion was made by Lord Maxwell, a Catholic,
that the Bible should be allowed to be read in the
vulgar tongue. This was bitterly opposed by Arch-
bishop Dunbar, a native of Galloway, and many
others, but, after much discussion, it was carried, and,
for the first time in Parliamentary strife, the prelates
found themselves in a minority in the Estates.

The Archbishop had been Prior of Whithorn, and
was a son of David Dunbar of Mochrum, and Janet,
daughter of Sir Alexander Stewart of Garlies. lie
conducted the education of the young King, and dis-
charged this important trust with much satisfaction
to the rulers of the kingdom, and James took many
opportunities of showing his gratitude to his early
benefactor. When Beaton was appointed to the
primacy of Scotland, Dunbar became Archbishop of
Glasgow.

Dunbar and Bishop Wemyss of Galloway afterwards
took part in the proceedings against George Wisi\art.
When banished from St. Andrews, Wishart came to
South Ayrshire and Galloway. He was supported by
Lord Cassillis, Lord Glencairn, and his son. Lord
Kilmaurs, and more especially by the young Laird
of Garlies. William Harlow, in Dumfries, on 23rd
October, 1558, denounced the Mass as rank idolatry,
and proclaimed the pure Gospel of Salvation in Christ.
He had begun his mission at Garlies, no doubt with
the warm approval of Alexander Stewart. When the

28 GALLOWAY AND

Dean sent a legal emissary to Harlow to ask by whose
authority he preached, being a layman, Garlies, who
had been threatened with proceedings for encouraging
heretical preachers and doctrines, boldly answered, " I
do avow them, and will maintain and defend such
against any or all kirkmen that may be put at them."

In Wigtownshire the good work had otherwise made
a beginning. John M'Briar, Canon of Glenluce, re-
nounced his vows in 1548, and preached the reformed
religion. He was apprehended, and imprisoned in
Hamilton Castle, whence he was rescued by John
Lockhart of Barr, and escaped to England.

In 1558, an enraged crowd in Edinburgh attacked
the procession in honour of St. Giles, the patron saint
of the city, smashed the image of the saint, and mal-
treated those taking a principal part in the pro-
ceedings. Andrew Durie, the Bishop of Galloway,
received such a fright on this occasion that he died
shortly afterwards. He was succeeded by Alexander
Gordon, son of John Gordon, Master of Huntly, and
Jane Stewart, natural daughter of James IV. Gordon,
however, had not long succeeded till he embraced the
Protestant faith, and has the distinction of being the
first prelate in Scotland to do so.

The leaders in the reform movement banded
themselves together in an association called " The
Congregation," which quickly grew in numbers and
influence. " The Congregation," in 1559, summoned
to Edinburgh a Parliamentary Convention, which
suspended the Queen Regent, and elected a Council
for the management of public affairs, four ministers

THE COVENANTERS. 29

being appointed to assist in the consideration of
religious matters. These were Knox, Willock, Good-
man, and Gordon.

In 1559, the Reformers entered into three Covenants,
the first at Perth on 31st May, " to put away all things
that dishonour His name, that God may be truly and
purely worshipped." The second in July, at Edin-
burgh, was afterwards adopted at St. Andrews as
" The Letteris of Junctioun to the Congregatioun,"
and, as such, was taken by more than three Imndred
persons. The third Covenant was entered into at
Stirling on 1st August — all having as their general
object the advancement of the Reformation. Another
Covenant was entered into at Edinburgh on 27th April,
1560, and in this Bond reference is made to the oppres-
sion by the French and the help expected from the
English. These were changed days from the time
when Scotland and France were great allies, but the
religious struggle in which Scotland as well as England
was engaged, was breaking up old compacts, forming
new friendships, and making many great changes.
This Covenant, Knox tells us, was signed by all the
nobility, barons, and gentlemen professing Christ
Jesus in Scotland.

These Covenants led to the Confession of Faith,
prepared by Knox, Winram, Spottiswoode, Willock,
Douglas, and Row.

Parliament met at Edinburgh in August, 1560, and,
as the Reformers were in the majority, the state of
religion was naturally the foremost subject of con-
sideration. Among the members were Alexander

30 GALLOWAY AND

Gordon, Bishop of Galloway; Gilbert Brown,* Abbot
of New Abbey; Edward Maxwell, Abbot of Dun-
drennan; Robert Richardson, Commendator of St.
Mary's Isle; the Earls of Cassillis and Morton; the
Master of Maxwell; the Barons of Lochinvar and
Gar lies. This Parliament repealed the Acts favouring
the Church of Rome, abolished the jurisdiction of the
Pope in Scotland, prohibited the celebration of Mass
under pain of death for the third conviction, and
ratified the Confession of Faith, which continued from
1560 to 1647 the recognised standard of the Church
of Scotland.

The first Book of Discipline was prepared for the
future government of the Church. It gave rise to
considerable discussion, was bitterly opposed, and
many of the nobles absolutely refused to sign it. The
clergy, however, approved of it. Two of its points may
be noted. It provided for the institution of parish
schools, and it committed the election of ministers to
the people. The Book of Discipline and the Confession
of Faith were both approved of by Alexander Gordon,

* Brown was descended from the ancient family of Carsluith in
Kirkmabreck parish. Over the armorial bearings above the door
of Carsluith is the date 1364, and under that, 1581. About the
year 1600 this Gilbert was engaged in a controversy with the cele-
brated John Welsh who was sometime minister at Kirkcudbright
and afterwards at Ayr. Welsh attacked the principles of the
Roman Catholic faith, and Brown wrote an answer. Welsh, in
replying, proposed a pubhc disputation, which Brown declined.
Brown was apprehended about 1607, and sent to Blackness.
A few days afterwards he was removed to Edinburgh Castle.
Shortly after that, he was allowed to leave the kingdom, and died
in France in I6I3.

THE COVENANTERS. 31

the Earl of Morton, the Master of Maxwell, and the
Barons of Gar lies and Lochinvar.

One Act ever to be regretted passed by this Parlia-
ment was that which provided for demolishing Abbey
Churches. Spottiswoode tells us that a pitiful de-
vastation ensued. The churches were either defaced
or pulled to the ground, the vessels employed for
religious uses were destroyed or sold, and — greatest
loss of all, the libraries and Church manuscripts were
cast into the fire. The monasteries of Galloway
suffered less than those of other places, thanks to the
good offices of Lord Maxwell and other powerful pro-
prietors. Thus the Abbey of Luce sustained no injury,
and Dundrennan Abbey remained intact for the
present, though it was afterwards burned down.

It may be noted that the first General Assembly of
the Church of Scotland was held in December, 1560,
in the Church of St. Mary Magdelene in the Cowgate
of Edinburgh. There were only forty-two members,
and only six of these are named as ministers. As
already mentioned. Garlics represented the Kirks of
Nithsdale.

32 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER IL

Queen Mary in Scotland — Knox and the Ayr Covenant — Quentin
Kennedy, prior of Whithorn — Rupture between Knox and
the Master of Maxwell — The Friars Church of Kirkcudbright
granted by Mary to the Magistrates — Mary's marriage to
Darnlej' — Eising of Protestant lords — Cassillis, Maxwell,
Douglas, and Gordon of Lochinvar support the Queeu —
Darnley murdered — Mary marries Bothwell: is defeated,
taken prisoner, and resigns the crown to her son James —
Galloway nobles sign Articles to oblige future Kings to
defend the true religion — Mary escapes — Many Galloway
families support her, but the Stewarts, Dunbars, and M'Kies
declare for the Regent — Langside — Mary flees to Galloway
— The Regent burns Kenmure Castle and issues a Proclama-
tion to the Wigtownshire lairds — Plotting among the nobles
— Stewart of Garlics killed — Episcopacy established — The
Regent Morton executed.

Mary Queen of Scots returned to Scotland from
France in 1561, her husband, Francis II., having died
at Orleans on 6th December, 1560. In 1562, she pro-
ceeded North as far as Inverness, winning many to
her side as she went. The following year, Mary came
to Galloway. She visited the Stewarts at Clary and
at Garlics, and she was entertained for two days,
13th and 14th August, 1563, by Sir John Gordon of
Kenmure. Considerable apprehension arose among
some of the Reformers as the result of her progress,
and Knox, alarmed by the rumours, prevailed on many
of the gentlemen of Ayr to enter into another Covenant

THE COVENANTERS. 33

at Ayr on 4th September, 1562, in support of the true
religion.

This Covenant was in the following terms: —

" We, whose names are under-written, do promise,
in the presence of God, and of his Son our Lord
Jesus Christ, that we, and every one of us, shall
and will maintain and assist the preaching of his
Holy Evangel, now of his mere mercy offered unto
this realm, and also will maintain the ministers of
the same against all persons, power, and authority
that will oppose the doctrine proposed, and by us
received. And further, with the same solemnity,
we protest and promise that every one of us shall
assist others, yea, and the whole body of Pro-
testants within this realm, in all lawful and just
actions against all persons ; so that whosoever shall
hurt, molest, or trouble any of our body shall be
reputed enemy to the whole, except the offender
will be content to submit himself to the judgment
of the Kirk now established among us. And this
we do, as we desire to be accepted and favoured
of the Lord Jesus, and re-accounted worthy of
credit and honesty in the presence of the Godly.
At the borough of Ayr, the ferd * day of Septem-
ber, the year of God, MDLXII."

Knox was appointed by the General Assembly of
1562 to visit the churches in Kyle, Galloway, and
Dumfries.

• Fourth.

34 GALLOWAY AND

At Dumfries he carried through the election of
iMr. Eobert Pont as Moderator for the congregations
in Dumfries and Galloway. Pont was entrusted with
the payment of parish ministers, the visitation of kirks,
and generally the duties hitherto devolving upon the
bishop. Knox had conferences with many individuals
of note on his way, and Quentin Kennedy of the House
of Cassillis, prior of Whithorn and Abbot of Crosa-
raguel, challenged the Reformer to a public discussion,
which afterwards took place at Maybole. In May,
1563, this same Quentin was tried for having the
previous month celebrated Mass in defiance of "an
Act and Proclamation," and was adjudged to be put
in ward within the Castle of Dumbarton. He seems,
however, to have kept out of the way, and could not
be apprehended. It is interesting to note that among
those on the Assize were Lochinvar, Sir John Maxwell
of Terregles, John Dunbar of Mochrum, and Gavin
Dunbar of Baldoon. At this time, Malcolm Fleming,
Commendator of Whithorn, was also proceeded against
for celebrating Mass, and was ordered to be put in
ward in Stirling Castle, there to remain during the
pleasure of the Queen.

Mary's first Parliament in 1563 passed an Act of
Indemnity since March, 1558, and the Earl of Morton
and the Commendator of St. Mary's Isle were among
the Commissioners appointed to consider who were to
get this privilege.

When Mary was on a visit to Stirling, Mass was
celebrated in the Royal Chapel at Holyrood, and two
Presbyterian ministers forced their way into the chapel

THE COVENANTERS. 35

and denounced the proceedings. Mary ordered them
to be put on trial for forethought felony, and Knox
at once summoned the brethren to meet him in Edin-
burgh to make common cause with the two ministers.
This led to a rupture between Knox and the Master
of Maxwell. Knox insisted that in spiritual matters
he owed no allegiance to any earthly sovereign. Max-
well listened respectfully, and then replied, " Well,
you will find men will not bear with you in time
to come as they have in the past." He then withdrew
in company with Gordon of Lochinvar, and the old
familiarity between them was never renewed. Knox
was afterwards tried for treason, but unanimously
acquitted.

In 1564, the General Assembly besought the Queen
to grant the Friars' Church of Kirkcudbright to the
Magistrates to be used as a parish church. She did
so, and it became the place of worship for a Protestant
congregation.

Mary's marriage to Darnley in 1565 led to the rising
of the Protestant lords, who were joined by Maxwell
and Douglas of Drumianrig. The Earl of Cassillis and
Lord Fleming approved of the marriage. Maxwell
wrote to the Queen that he had advised his friends to
disband, and that they were going to Dumfries to
consider the position. They refused to take Maxwell's
advice. Three thousand troops speedily assembled
under Mary's banner, and marched to Dumfries. As
they approached, the Protestant lords withdrew to
Carlisle, but Maxwell, Douglas, and Gordon of
Lochinvar waited the arrival of the royal army, their

36 GALLOWAY AND

loyalty on this occasion proving stronger than their
love for the reformed religion. These formed a
powerful trio, and still more powerful and equally
devoted to the cause of the Queen was the Earl of
Cassillis, whose influence in the South-west was pro-
verbial.

" Frae Wigtoun to the toon o' Ayr,
Portpatrick to the Cruives o' Cree,
Nae man need think for to bide there
Unless he ride wi' Kennedy."

On 9th February, 1567, Darnley was murdered.
Bothwell was the chief conspirator, and there can be
no doubt but Mary was cognisant of the whole plot.
On 15th May following, Mary married Bothwell.
This proved her undoing. Few had heart to support
her cause, and a month later she was taken prisoner
by the Earl of Morton, and lodged in Lochleven Castle,
and there Mary, on 24th July, 1567, was prevailed
upon to resign the Crown to her infant son, James,
and to constitute the Earl of Moray Regent of the
realm. The following day the nobles, barons, and
commissioners of towns signed certain Articles — in
fact, another Covenant — in which they bound them-
selves, among other things, to punish crimes, especially
the murder of Darnley, to defend the young prince,
and bring him up in the fear of God, and to oblige
future Kings and rulers to promise before their
Coronation to maintain, defend, and set forward the
true religion. Among those who subscribed this were
the following: — The Earl of Morton, Alexander Gor-
don, Bishop of Galloway, Kennedy of Blairwham,

THE COVENANTERS. 37

Dunbar of Mochrum, Douglas of Drumlanrig, James
Dalrymple of Stair, predecessor of the Earl of Stair,
Stewart of Garlies, Thomas MacDowaU, Charles
Murray of Cockpool, afterwards Viscount of Annan
and Earl of Annandale, Gordon of Lochinvar, Mac-
lellan of Bombie, James Rig, Provost of Dumfries,
James Wallace in Dumfries, M'CuUoch of Cardoness,
John Gordon, younger, of Craighlaw, John Cathcart
of Carleton, the Laird of Myretoun, Murray of
Broughton, Alexander Criohton of Newhall, Patrick
M'Kie of Larg, Roger Grierson of Lag, Vaus or Vans
of Barnbarroch, and William Kirkpatrick of Kirk-
michael.

On 2nd May, 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven
Castle, and many powerful nobles ranged themselves
on her side. These included the Lords Herries and
Maxwell, the Abbot of Dundrennan, Gordon of Loch-
invar, Maclellan of Bombie, Douglas of Drumlanrig,
Sheriff Agnew of Galloway, Bishop Gordon of Gallo-
way, the Commendators of Dundrennan, Soul-seat, and
Glenluce, the Kennedys headed by the M'CuUochs,
Gordons of Craighlaw, the Baillies of Dunragit, all
of whom put their forces in the field. The Stewarts
of Garlies, the Dunbars, and the M'Kies declared for
the Regent. The close connection of the Stewarts with
Darnley accounts for them having remained un-
softened to Mary during her subsequent troubles. Six
thousand men gathered under Mary's banners, but
Langside, 13th May, 1568, proved fatal to her cause.
Among her supporters taken prisoners were the eldest
sons of the Earls of Eglinton and Cassillis, and the

38 GALLOWAY AND

Sheriff of Ayr. Mary herself watched the engagement
from an eminence half a mile distant, and when she
eaw that all was lost, she sought safety in flight. She
was accompanied by the Master of Maxwell and his
followers of Galloway men, who were accused of
seizing the horses of their companions in arms to make
greater speed. A tradition has come down that, when
they were passing through the Glenkens, Earlston
Castle, which had been built by and was occasionally
the residence of Bothwell, was pointed out to Mary,
and that she became much agitated and burst into
tears. There is, however, good reason to doubt whether
Mary came this way. The result of careful historical
research is rather in favour of the Dumfriesshire route.
Mary waited a night or two in Galloway, and then
crossed to England, never to see Scotland again. She
left Galloway at a place called Port Mary, and her
landing place in England is now called Mary Port.

One result of this effort on behalf of Mary was
that the Regent brought an army into Gallowaj'^ to
punish those who had befriended her. He reached
St. John's town of Dairy on 15th June, where he ex-
pected to receive the submission of Sir John Gordon
of Lochinvar. As the latter did not appear, the Regent
marched to Kenmuir Castle, burned it, and then des-
troyed the houses of others in the neighbourhood who
had supported Mary. He issued a proclamation to
the lairds of Wigtounshire, calling on them to answer
before him at Ayr on 20th March to such things as
might be laid to their charge. It was in these terms: —

THE COVENANTERS. 39

" James, by the grace of God, with advice and
consent of our dearest cousin, our Regent — We
charge straitly Patrick Agnew, Sherifi of Gallo-
way; Hugh Kennedy of Chappell, Master Patrick
Vaux of Barnbarroch, Thomas Baillie of Little
Dunraggit, Andrew Bailzie of Dunraggit, Alex-
ander Gordon of Craighlaw, Thomas Hay, Abbot
of Glenluoe; Archibald Kennedy of Sinnyness,
William Kennedy, M'Culloch of Ardwell, M'Cul-
loch of Kelleser, to compeer personally before our
dearest goodsir and Regent, upon the 20th of
March inst., at Ayr, to answer such things as
shall be laid to their charge, under the pain of
tresson ; with certification to any of them gif they
failzie, ye said day being by -past, they shall be
repute, halden, esteemit, demesnit, and pursuit
with fire and sword, as traitors and enemies to
God, us their sovereign, and their native coun-
trie."

It was about this time that Cassillis was negotiating
for a lease of the Abbey lands of Glenluce, when
the Abbot died before the bargain was completed.
Cassillis, however, was not the man to let a trifie like
this stand in his way. He got a monk to forge the
dead man's signature to a deed purporting to convey
the lands to him. Then, fearing the monk might
betray him, he employed a man, Carnochan, to murder
the monk, and then, afraid that Carnochan might re-
veal too much, he induced his kinsman, Hew Kennedy

40 GALLOWAY AND

of Bargany, to accuse Carnochan of theft and hang him
in Crossraguel. " And sa the landis of Glenluce was
conqueist . ' '

During the minority of the King, there was plotting
and counter-plotting among the nobles. The Eegent
Moray was murdered in 1570. He had given the first
sanction of the Crown to the Reformation, and had
secured a short period of rest to the struggling Church,
and thus earned the title of " The Good Regent."
For some time after his death, the country was in a
deplorable state. There were two contending factions
— one in support of the young King, and the other in
favour of Mary — but each more intent on gaining its
own private ends than anything else. No man's
property or life was safe, industry was at a standstill,
and the nation was rapidly sinking into a state of
barbarism and bankruptcy. At last, on 12th July,
1570, the Earl of Lennox, Avho, as the father of
Darnley, naturally belonged to the King's party, was
appointed Regent with the approval of Elizabeth, but
the Queen's supporters avowed their resolution never
to acknowledge him, and both parties prepared for
war. Lennox was fatally wounded in an attack on
Stirling in September, 1571, and at the same time the
gallant Alexander Stewart of Garlics fell while bravely
supporting his kinsman. The Earl of Mar was then
chosen Regent. He died on 28th October, 1572, and
his death was not free from the suspicion of poison.
The Earl of Morton was the most able and powerful
of the nobility. Ho was supported by the great
majority of the nobles, by the influential party of

THE COVENANTERS. 41

the Churoli, and by Elizabeth, and he was accordingly
-chosen Regent on 24th November, 1572.

The same day died Knox, in his sixty-seventh year.

In this year also, the representatives of the Privy
■Council and a committee of ministers came to an
arrangement which amounted to nothing less than the
■establishing of Episcopacy in the Church of Scotland.
It was agreed " (1) That the names and titles of the
archbishops and bishops be not altered, or the bounds
■of the dioceses confounded, but that they continue in
■time coming, as they did before the reformation of
religion, at least till the king's majesty's majority
-or consent of Parliament; (2) that the archbishoprics
and bishoprics vacant should be conferred on men
■endowed, as far as may be, with the qualities specified
in the Epistles of Paul to Timothy and Titus; (3) that
■to all archbishoprics and bishoprics that should become
vacant, qualified persons should be presented within
a year and a day after the vacancy took place, and'
those nominated to be thirty years of age at the least;
(4) that the spiritual jurisdiction should be exercised
by the bishops in their dioceses; (5) that abbots,
priors, and inferior prelates, presented to benefices,
«hould be tried as to their qualification and their
aptness to give voice in Parliament, by the bishop
or superintendent of the bounds, and upon their
■collation should be admitted to the benefice, but not
otherwise; (6) that the elections of persons presented
to bishoprics should be made by the chapters of the
•cathedral churches; and because the chapters of divers
•churches were possessed by men provided before his

4

42 GALLOWAY AND

Majesty's coronation, who bore no office in the Church,
that a particular nomination of ministers should be
made in every diocese, to supply their rooms until the
benefice should fall void; (7) that all benefices, with
cure under prelacies, should be conferred on actual
ministers, and on no others; (8) that ministers should
receive ordination from the bishops of the diocese, and
where no bishop was as yet placed, from the superin-
tendent of the bounds; (9) that the bishops and super-
intendents, at the ordination of ministers, should exact
of them an oath for acknowledging his Majesty's
authority, and for obedience to their ordinary in all
things."

In 1578, Parliament approved of the demission of
the Regency by Morton, and of the King taking the
government upon himself, but Morton still retained
the real power. The day came, however, when he too
found the intrigues against him too much. He was
ultimately accused of Darnley's murder, condemned,
and executed, though great efforts were made to save
him by Elizabeth's representative. The barony of
Prestoun, in the Stewartry which belonged to Morton,
with the Castle of Wreaths which he frequently
occupied, was, upon his forfeiture, granted to the
family of Nithsdale.

THE COVENANTERS. 43

CHAPTER HI.

The National Covenant — Pilgrimages prohibited, and Whithorn
suffers — Galloway lairds on the assize for the Euthren con-
spiracy — The Black Acts — Ministers refusing to comply to
quit the country — Lord Maxwell goes to Spain to urge an
attack on England — Returns and musters his followers to
act in concert with the Spanish Armada — The King marches
against him — Maxwell's narrow escape — He flees and takes
a boat at Kirkcudbright, but is captured by Sir William
Stewart, brother of GarUes — Act of Annexation — Galloway
Commissioners to enforce Acts against Jesuits, etc. — Galloway
ministers to take subscriptions to National Covenant and
Confession of Faith — The King's panegyric on the Church —
The Charter of the Liberties of the Kirk — The Spanish
blanks.

In spite of the Covenants that had been signed, matters
did not go altogether smooth for the Eeformers. The
King, who had now arrived at years of discretion, was
far from favourable to them, but was afraid to risk
too much, yet, notwithstanding the vacillating policy
of both King and Parliament, and their frequent
efforts to impose the order of Bishops on the Church,
the Eeformers persevered in their noble work, and all
previous Covenants were eclipsed in interest and im-
portance by the National Covenant, or the second
Confession of Faith, prepared by John Craig, minister
of Holyrood House. Its original title was " Ane Short
and General Confession of the True Christiane Faith
and Religione, according to God's verde, and Actis of

44 GALLOWAY AND

our Parliamentis, subscryved by the Kingis Majestie
and his household with sindrie otheris to the glorie of
God and good example of all men at Edinburghe the
28th day of Januare, 1580, and 14th yeare of his
Majestie's reigne." In it the subscribers " protest,
that, after long and due examination of our own
consciences ... we are now thoroughly resolved
in the truth by the spirit and Word of God, and
therefore we believe . . . and constantly affirm
before God and the whole world, that this only is the
true Christian faith and religion, pleasing God and
bringing salvation to man, which now is, by the mercy
of God revealed to the world by the preaching of the
blessed evangel." The Confession of Faith is upheld,
and then it proceeds: "And therefore we abhor and
detest all contrary religion and doctrine; but chiefly
all kind of Papistry in general and particular heads,
even as they are now damned and confuted by the
Word of God and Kirk of Scotland." This Covenant
is now preserved in the Advocate's Library, Edin-
burgh. The immediate occasion of it was the discovery
of a secret dispensation from Rome agreeing to the pro-
fession of the reformed religion by Roman Catholics,
but instructing them at the same time to promote to
the best of their ability " the ancient faith." It was
well enough known in many quarters that the King
was in sympathy with the policy of Rome, but he durst
not resist the indignation of the people against the
Romish intrigues, and so he and his household signed
the Covenant. It Was afterwards subscribed by all
ranks throughout the kingdom, and the ministers of

THE COVENANTERS. 45

Galloway were particularly zealous in getting it signed
throughout their respective parishes.

The Act of 1581 (7 James VI., Cap. 104), prohibit-
ing the observance of Saints' Days, and suppressing
pilgrimages, must have told severely on Wigtownshire.
Royal and other pilgrims to the Shrine of St. Ninian
at Whithorn had spent lavishly as they passed to and
fro, but now this was all at an end.

In 1582, some of the Protestant lords, alarmed by
learning that the King had consented to arraign them
for conspiracy against his person, seized the King atj
Ruthven Castle, and kept him prisoner for nearly a
year. He then escaped, punished some of the con-
spirators, and pardoned others. Among those on the
Assize were the Master of Cassillis, Patrick Agnew,
Sheriff of Gallovray; John Gordon of Lochinvar, and
William M'Culloch of Myrtoun. Parliament met in
May, 1584, and set about the overthrowing of the
Presbyterian policy. Only these from whom no
opposition was apprehended were summoned to the
meeting, and they were sworn to secrecy at the opening
of each sitting. When some of the ministers got a
hint of what was going on, and sent representatives
to protest, they found the doors so closely guarded that
they could not obtain admission. The Rev. David
Lindsay was selected to carry a protest to the King,
but he was arrested and sent a prisoner to Blackness.
These Acts thus passed became known as the Black
Acts, and by them " (1) The ancient jurisdiction of
the three estates was ratified (one of the three being
the bishops), and to speak evil of any one of them is

46 GALLOWAY AND

treason. (2) The King was supreme in all causes and
over all persons, and to decline his judgment is treason.
(3) All convocations not specially licensed by the King
are unlawful (Church Courts are thus made to depend
on the King's will). (4) The chief jurisdiction of the
Church lies with the bishops (who thus take the place
of Assemblies and Presbyteries). (5) None shall pre-
sume, privately or publicly, in sermons, declamations,
or familiar conferences, to utter any false, untrue, or
slanderous speeches, to the reproach of his Majesty
or council, or meddle with the affairs of his highness
and estate, under the pains contained in the Acts of
Parliament made against the makers and reporters of
lies."

Three months afterwards, a further Act was passed
— that all ministers must, within forty days, subscribe
the Acts concerning the King's jurisdiction over all
estates, temporal and spiritual, and promise to submit
themselves to the bishops, their ordinaries, under pain
of being deprived of their stipends. As was to be
expected, many of the ministers refused, and were
commanded to quit the country within twenty days.
Some of them fled, but others remained and preached
openly, and disturbances took place in several parts
of the country.

The General Assembly met with the Royal sanction
in May, 1586, and James seemed desirous for a better
understanding between the two parties. David Lindsay
was elected Moderator, the King himself voting for
him. It was decided that " bishops " should mean
only such as are described by St. Paul; that they

THE COVENANTERS. 47

might visit certain bounds assigned to them, subject
to the advice of the Synod; and that in receiving pre-
sentations and giving collation to benefices, they must
act according to the direction of the Presbytery, and
they were to be answerable for their whole conduct to
the General Assembly. It was also agreed to have
annual meetings of the Assembly.

In April, 1587, Lord Maxwell went abroad, giving
surety that he would attempt nothing prejudicial to
the reformed religion. He kept faith by going straight
to Spain where the Invincible Armada was being fitted
out, and he urged that England should be attacked
through Scotland, and in pursuance of this scheme he
landed at Kirkcudbright the following year, and
mustered his kinsmen and adherents to act in concert
with the Armada on its arrival. Maxwell was at once
summoned before the King, but replied by arming the
royal castles of Lochmaben, Dumfries, Threave, and
Langholm, and his own castle of Caerlaverock. The
King at once marched to Dumfries, and Maxwell
narrowly escaped being captured. While the royal
troops were at the gate, he jumped on a horse, and
galloped to Kirkcudbright, where he embarked with
some others on a small boat, and set out in the hope of
falling in with the Armada. He was followed in
another boat by Sir William Stewart, brother of the
Laird of Garlics, and captured on the Carrick coast,
and sent prisoner to Edinburgh. All those who were
in the boat with him were condemned to the gallows.
Maxwell himself, however, was liberated the following
year, and he was afterwards appointed one of the

48 GALLOWAY AND

Commissioners to assist Lord Hamilton as Lord
Lieutenant while the King was in Norway.

Parliament, in July, 1587, passed an Act of Annexa-
tion, by which the temporal possessions of bishoprics,
abbacies, and priories went to the Crown, and this
meant practically the uprooting of Episcopacy, as the
bishops, deprived of their baronial possessions, could
not exert the same influence. The measure was after-
wards regretted by the King when the nature of its
operation became apparent, but the lands that thus
fell to him had passed out of his hands to needy and
greedy courtiers, and no remedy was left.

In 1588, the King signed " The General Bond," to
protect " the said true religion," and at Aberdeen, on
30th April, 1589, he and many others subscribed still
another Bond " for the defence and suretie of the said
trew religioun," and for the pursuit of " Jesuitis
Papistis of all sortis, their assisteris and pairttakaris."

Certain Acts having been passed against " Jesuits,
Seminarie Priests, and ex-communicated persons,"
Commissioners were appointed to see these enforced.
In Wigtownshire this duty was entrusted to Alexander
Stewart of Garlies; Uthred M'Dowell of Garthland,
and Patrick Vaux of Barnbarroch, and in the Stewartry
to John Gordon of Lochinvar, Thomas jM'Clelland of
Bombie, and James Lidderdale of St. Mary's Isle.

The Lords of Privy Council also authorised certain
ministers to take the subscriptions of the inhabitants
to the National Covenant and the Confession of Faith,
Mr. James Hamilton and Mr. David Blythe being
appointed for the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and

THE COVENANTERS. 49

Mr. Ninian M'Clenaehan and Mr. John Young for
Wigtownshire.

James personally attended the General Assembly
of 1590, and delivered a panegyric upon the Church of
Scotland which has often been quoted. He praised
God that he had been born " in such a time as that of
the light of the Gospel, and in such a place as to be
King in such a Kirk, the purest Kirk in the world.
The Kirk of Geneva keepeth Pasohc and Yule.* What
have they for them? They have no institution, and
as for our neighbour Kirk in England their service is
an evil-said mass in English, wanting nothing but the
liftings. t I charge you, my good people, ministers,
doctors, elders, nobles, gentlemen, and barons, to stand
to your purity, and exhort the people to do the same,
and I, forsooth, so long as I brook my life and crown,
shall maintain the same against all deadly."

Finding himself faced by certain difficulties, and
anxious to secure the aid of the Kirk, he began to
flatter it by unwonted concessions. The General
Assembly was not slow to notice this, and resolved to
take full advantage of it, so when Parliament met in
June, 1592, the Assembly presented the following
requests: — (1) That the Acts of Parliament made in
the year 1584 against the discipline and liberty of the
Kirk should be repealed, and the present discipline
ratified. (2) That the Act of Annexation should be
abolished, and the patrimony of the Church restored;
(3) That the abbots, priors, and other prelates pre-

* Easter and Christmas. t Raising the host.

50 GALLOWAY AND

tending to ecclesiastical authority and giving their vote
in matters without any delegated power from the Kirk
should not be hereafter permitted to vote in Parliament
or other convention.

The King felt it politic to consent, and an Act was
passed which is still regarded as the Charter of the
Liberties of the Kirk. It confirmed the system of
Church government by General Assemblies, Synods,
Presbyteries, and Sessions, declared that the Acts
passed in 1584 were not to be prejudicial to the
privileges of the office-bearers in regard to matters of
heresy, questions of excommunication, appointment
and deposition of ministers, and it rescinded the Act
giving commissions to bishops to receive the royal
presentation of bishoprics, etc.

The discovery, in December, 1592, of the Spanish
Blanks,* and the refusal of the Lords implicated to
surrender, led to an expedition to the North early in

* A Roman Catholic named George Kerr was arrested on board
a vessel when setting out on a secret mission to Spain. Among
his papers were found letters from Jesuits and seminary priests
in Scotland with blank sheets having affixed the signatures and
seals of the Earls of Huntley, Errol, and Angus, the Lairds of
Auchindoun, Fintry, and other zealous Roman Catholics. Kerr,
under torture, revealed the conspiracy. The King of Spain was
to land an army of 30,000 on the west of Scotland, where the
Roman Catholic Lords, with all the supporters they could muster,
would join him. 15,000 were to march across the border while
the remainder were to secure the overthrow of the Protestant
Church. The sheets were to be filled up by William Crichton, a
Jesuit, according to instructions which Kerr had received, and
were then to be deUvered to the King of Spain. Hence the plot
received the name of The Spanish Blanks.

THE COVENANTERS. 51

1593, and in Aberdeen the King and many nobles
entered into still another Bond for the maintenance
and defence of religion.

But as the dangers and difficulties that beset his
path disappeared or were overcome, he began to show
his leaning towards the Roman Catholics.

52 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER IV.

BotUwell's attempt on the Crown — Strained relations between
King and Kirk — A stormy meeting — The King's proclamation
against the ministers — He leaves Holyrood for Linlithgow —
The ministers prepare for the worst, and invite Lord
Hamilton to place himself at the head of those embracing
the cause of the Kirk — The King marches on Edinburgh, and
in the High Church justifies himself and blames the ministers,

BoTHWELL, encouraged by the Queen of England,
resolved to make an attempt on the King and Crown,
but the King got secret information of the plot, and
in the High Church of Edinburgh, after the sermon,
he informed the people of what he knew, and declared
his determination to lead his whole forces in person
against Bothwell, and then raising his hand to heaven,
he took a solemn vow to God that, if they would
instantly arm and advance with him, he would never
rest till, in return for such service, he had thoroughly
suppressed and banished the Catholic Lords from his
dominions.

Bothwell soon realised the hopelessness of his
adventure, dispersed his company, and became a
refugee in England.

But in spite of all these solemn Covenants, James
still hankered after Prelacy, and the relations between
him and the Kirk became strained to breaking point.
The ministers were in genuine alarm for their religion,
and certain of the Protestant Lords, with two ministers

THE COVENANTERS. 53

— Bruce and Watson — were sent to interview the King
in the Upper Tolbooth, Edinburgh, on 17th December,
1596. Bruce said they were come from the nobles,
barons, and ministers, assembled to bemoan and avert
the dangers threatened to religion. " What dangers?"
asked James, " and who dares convene contrary to my
proclamation?" "Dares!" retorted Lord Lindsay,
" We dare more than that; and shall not suffer the
truth to be overthrown, and stand tamely by." A
large crowd had followed them to the building. A
tumult arose between the factions, the King's person
was in danger, and matters looked black enough for
a time, but quietness was restored, and he returned to
Holyrood. Next day, however, he and his Court left
for Linlithgow, and the same morning a Proclamation
was made at the Cross of Edinburgh, in which refer-
ence was made to the treasonable uproar of the previous
day raised by the factious ministers, who, it stated,
after having uttered most seditious speeches in the
pulpit, had assembled with the noblemen, barons, and
others, had sent an irreverent message to the King,
persuaded the citizens to take arms and put his
Majesty's life in jeopardy. This treasonable conduct
had convinced his Majesty that the capital was no
longer a fit place for his residence or the ministration
of justice. He had, therefore, left it, and he now
commanded the Lords of Session, Sheriffs, and all other
officers of justice to remove themselves furth of the
city of Edinburgh, and repair to such other places as
should be appointed. Ail noblemen and barons were
ordered to depart to their own houses, and not to

54 GALLOWAY AND

assemble again till they had received the Royal per-
mission.

The ministers were not dismayed. They resolved
to prepare for the worst, and secretly invited Lord
Hamilton to place himself at the head of the nobles
and barons who had embraced the cause of the Kirk.
Hamilton, however, took the invitation to the King.
James summoned his followers from north and south,
and marched on Edinburgh. The Provost and Magis-
trates delivered the keys of the city on their knees to
the King, and professed their deep sorrow for the
recent tumult, of which they declared they were guilt-
less. James in the High Church, after sermon by
Mr. David Lindsay, made an oration to the people,
in which he justified himself, cleared his councillors,
and greatly blamed the ministers.

THE COVENANTERS. 55

CHAPTER V.

James introduces Episcopacy — Death of Elizabeth — James goes,
to England — Ministers assembled at Aberdeen apprehended —
John Welsh — The Parson of Penniughame constituted Arch-
deacon of Galloway — Gavin Hamilton made Bishop of
Galloway — The High Commission Court and Galloway Com-
missioners — The Glasgow Assembly of 1610 — ^Parliament
rescinds the Act of 1592, the great Charter of Presbytery —
The Five Articles of Perth opposed by Galloway ministers,
being particularly obnoxious to Gallovidians — Death of James
— Charles visits Scotland — ^Distributes honours — High Com-
mission Court established with Commissioners from Galloway
— ^Lord Galloway and Lord Kirkcudbright withdraw from the
Court on its showing bias against Presbyterians — Eobert
Glendinning, minister of Kirkcudbright deprived of his living
— The Kirkcudbright magistrates ordered to be imprisoned
in Wigtown jail — William Dalgleish, minister of Kirkma-
breck, deposed — Samuel Kutherfurd banished to Aberdeen.

James now began to bring about the establishment of
Episcopacy. Like all the Stuarts, he believed firmly
in the Divine Right of Kings, especially of himself,
and determined to assert his authority.

In March, 1598, at Dundee, the General Assembly,
in which the King had secured a majority, adopted a
proposal for certain of their number as Bishops or
Commissioners to sit in Parliament, but the proposal
had given rise to bitter opposition and was keenly
debated, James himself taking a leading part in the
discussion in its favour. It was carried by a majority
of ten. The election of Commissioners was to belong

56 GALLOWAY AND

partly to the King and partly to the Kirk. " Thus,"
says Calderwood, "the Trojan horse of Episcopacy
%vas brought in covered with caveats that the danger
might not be seen; which, notwithstanding, was seen
by many and opponed unto; considering it to be better
to hold thieves at the door than to have an eye unto
them in the house that they steal not; and indeed the
event declared that their fear was not without just
cause, for those Commissioners, voters in Parliament,
afterwards Bishops, did violate their caveats as easily
as Samson did the cords wherewith he was bound."

The death of Elizabeth, on 24th March, 1602, led
to James being declared heir and successor, and on
5th April, 1603, he left Scotland, accompanied by
many noblemen, prelates, and others, among whom
were Gavin Hamilton and Andrew Lamb, both after-
wards Bishop of Galloway. A month later he entered
London, accompanied by a large body of both Scotch
and English nobility, guarded and ushered by the Lord
Mayor and five hundred citizens on horse-back, and
welcomed by the deafening shouts of an immense
multitude of his new subjects.

In England, James was freer to promote Prelacy,
and he steadily persevered in his purpose. He ignored
repeated requests of the Scotch ministers that they
should be allowed to meet in the General Assembly,
and when some of them, in 1605, ventured to assemble
at Aberdeen without the royal authority, they were
apprehended. Their trial was a farce, as is shown by
a letter written by Sir Thomas Hamilton to the King
on the day sentence was passed. Lord Hailes, in

THE COVENANTERS, 57

publishing the letter, says: " We here see the Prime
Minister, in order to obtain sentence agreeable to the
King, address the Judges with promises and threats,
pack the Jury, and then deal with them without
scruple and ceremony." Six of the ministers were
thus found guilty of treason and sentenced to death,
but were afterwards ordered to be banished. Among
them was John Welsh, minister of Kirkcudbright, son-
in-law of John Knox. He went to France, where
Louis XIII. allowed him to preach. In 1622, James
gave him permission to return to England, but on no
account to cross the Scottish border, for he felt it
would be fatal to Episcopacy in Scotland if Welsh were
allowed to resume his ministration there. Neither
was he allowed to preach in London till he was near
his end. Then he was given permission. He preached
with great fervour, and died two hours afterwards.

Parliament assembled at Perth in 1606, and or-
dained that the bishops should be restored to their
formal Episcopal estates, to their ancient honours,
dignities, privileges, and rights, including their seats
in Parliament. Chapters which had been abolished
were again erected. The parson of Penninghame was
constituted archdeacon of Galloway and first member
of the Bishop's Chapter. In the Chapter were likewise
the parsons of Crossmichael, Twynholm, Kirkcud-
bright, Dairy, and Borgue. The church of the priory
at Whithorn was the Cathedral and Chapter House.

Gavin Hamilton was now promoted to the bishopric
of Galloway, which had been vacant for thirty years.
Its revenue was " so depleted that it scarcely was

5

58 GALLOWAY AND

remembered to have been." James, anxious for the
dignity of the bishops, conferred upon Hamilton the
Abbey of Dundrennan, the Abbey of Tongland, the
Priory of Whithorn, and the Monastery of Glenluce,
which the King had acquired by the General Annexa-
tion Act of 1587. This made it the richest bishopric
in Scotland, being inferior in revenue only to the two
primacies of St. Andrews and Glasgow. In Chalmers'
Caledonia, the net rental of the bishopric at the
Revolution, when Episcopacy in Scotland was sup-
pressed, is given at £5,634 15s., Scots, besides the
patronage of more than twenty churches, all then
vested in the Crown.

Shortly afterwards, the King instituted the two
Courts of High Commission,* composed of bishops and
their friends, with an archbishop as president. Among
the Commissioners for the South Division of Scotland
were the Earls of Cassillis and of Wigtown; the Bishop
of Galloway, James HaUiday, Commissary of Dum-
fries, and Thomas Ramsay, minister there. The two
Courts were afterwards united, and Cowper, Bishop
of Galloway was appointed a Commissioner. James
was very astute in the steps he took to secure the
establishment of Episcopacy in Scotland, and, while
doing everything to bring it about, he at the same
time openly encouraged the execution of enactments
against Papacy in the hope of allaying the alarm of

* The King's letter for the appointment of these Courts is dated
May 1608. Their jurisdiction extended over persons of all ranks,
whether churchmen or laymen, and there was no appeal from
their decisions.

THE COVENANTERS. 59

the Presbyterians. Reference is made elsewhere to
the great loss sustained through Abbeys being burned
and libraries consigned to the flames. In 1609,
Archbishop Spottiswoode of Glasgow proceeded to
New Abbey, and took possession of the house of
Gilbert Brown, the abbot, who was suspected of
Popish practices. A great number of Popish books,
pictures, images, vestments, and other articles were
seized, taken to Dumfries, and burned in the High
Street on market day.

A packed General Assembly met at Glasgow in
1610, conferred additional powers on bishops, and
declared the King to be the supreme governor and head
of the Church. The Earl of Wigtown, the Bishop of
Galloway, the Barons of Drumlanrig and Bombie,
with the following ministers from the Stewartry: —
John Aitken, William Hamilton, Robert Glendinning,
and James Donaldson; and from Wigtownshire: —
James Adamson, John Watson, and George Kinnaird,
sat in this Assembly. Its Acts were ratified by Parlia-
ment, with some omissions suggested by the King.
Thus the restoration of the Episcopal Government and
the civil rights of the bishop had been secured, but
" there was yet wanting that, without which, so far
as the Church was concerned, all the rest was compara-
tively unimportant." Accordingly, the Archbishop
of Glasgow, Lamb, the Bishop of Brechin, and
Hamilton, Bishop of Galloway, were summoned to the
English Court, and consecrated according to the form
in the English Ordinal, and this qualified them to give
valid ordination to the other bishops. In 1612,

60 GALLOWAY AND

Parliament formally rescinded the Act of 1592 — the
Oreat Charter of Presbytery.

Bishop Hamilton died in 1614, and was succeeded
by William Cowper, minister of Perth, who had been
for many years a zealous Presbyterian, but who, like
many others, had yielded to temptation in the shape
of promises and preferment. The Cowper Cairn, near
Glen Trool, is said to be named after him from his
habit of retiring to the hills for meditation.

The Assembly of 1616 decided to prepare a Liturgy
and a new Confession of Faith, and for this important
work, several learned divines were selected, the chief
of whom was the Bishop of Galloway.

James visited Scotland in 1617, and Cowper
preached before him at Dumfries. The King gave
orders for the repair of the Royal Chapel at Holyrood,
and for the erection of gilt statues of tlie Apostles.
The people, viewing these acts as the first step towards
Popery, became alarmed, and Cowper, as Dean of the
Koyal Chapel, thought it well for the peace of the
•community to dissuade the King from his purpose.

The General Assembly of 1618, at Perth, carried by
a majority what have since become known as The Five
Articles of Perth. They were bitterly opposed by
some, and James Simpson, minister of Tongland,
David Pollock, minister of Glenluce, and Thomas
Provan, minister of Leswalt, incurred the wrath of
the Bishop of Galloway for voting against them
according to the dictates of their conscience. The
Articles were ratified by Parliament in August, 1621,
by a majority of twenty-seven. The Earls of Wig-

THE COVENANTERS. 61

town and of Nithsdale, Lords Garlies and Sanquhar,
John Carson, Commissioner for Dumfries, and John
Turner, Commissioner for Wigtown, voted in support
of the Articles. David Arnot of Bareaple, Com-
missioner for Kirkcudbright, voted against them.
The Articles were particularly obnoxious to the
Gallovidians. By them —

(1) Kneeling at the Lord's Supper was approved.

(2) Ministers were to dispense that sacrament in
private houses to those suffering from infirmity or from
long or deadly sickness.

(3) Ministers were to baptise children in private
houses in case of great need.

(4) Ministers were, under pain of the bishop's
censure, to catechise all children of eight years of age,
and the children were to be presented to the bishop
for his blessing.

(5) Ministers were ordered to commemorate Christ's
birth, passion, resurrection, ascension, and sending
down of the Holy Ghost.

While all this was going on, the Reformers were
neither idle nor silent. They did what they could,
though it had little effect at the time, for those opposed
to them would brook no opposition in the course they
had determined to follow.

James died on 29th March, 1625, and was succeeded
by Charles, from whom much was looked for by the
Presbyterians. Charles, however, had other views.
It is doubtful whether his projects would ever have
succeeded, though many believe that, with time and
greater caution, he might have got his own way.

62 GALLOWAY AND

Certain it is that, with Laud as his adviser, and a
nature impatient of delay, and believing blindly in
his Divine Right, he never would have succeeded.

Charles visited Scotland in 1633, and distributed
honours with lavish hand, in the hope of conciliating
his northern subjects. He made Sir John Gordon
Viscount Kenmure and Lord of Lochinvar, Sir Robert
M'Clelland Lord Kirkcudbright, and advanced Vis-
count Drumlanrig to the Earldom of Queensberry.
Charles, however, had to return to England a dis-
appointed man, for he had failed to bring the Scottish
Church into conformity with the English Church, and
his conduct in the Scots Parliament in conniving at the
false declaration of a vote cost him the confidence and
affection of his Scottish subjects. He, however,
persevered with his purpose. Every new appointment
to the Scottish Church was made with the view of
exalting Episcopacy and degrading Presbytery. The
High Commission Court was established by warrant,
dated the 21st October, 1643. The Court had power
to deal with "All that are either scandalous in life,
doctrine, or religion, resetters of seminary priests,
hearers of mass, adulterers, contemners of church
discipline, blasphemers, cursors, or swearers." Those
appointed Commissioners for Galloway were the Earl
of Galloway, the Sheriff of Galloway, the Bishop of
Galloway, Lord Kirkcudbright, Sir John M'Dowall
of Garthland, the Provosts of Wigtown and Kirkcud-
bright, Mr. Abraham Henderson, minister of Whit-
horn, Mr. Alexander Hamilton, Mr. David Leach at
Dundrennan. The Court soon showed bias against

THE COVENANTERS. 63

Presbyterians, and Lord Galloway and Lord Kirk-
cudbright declined to have anything to do with it.
This, however, only gave greater freedom to the
clerical party who proceeded to prosecute avowed
Presbyterians. Robert Glendinning, minister of
Kirkcudbright, was deprived of his living by this
Court because he would not conform to a recent
innovation, and would not admit into his pulpit one
of the bishop's minions. The magistrates of the
burgh continued to attend his church, and listened to
his sermons, so the bishop * issued a warrant for his
arrest, but his own son, who was one of the baiHes of
Kirkcudbright, refused to imprison his venerable
father, who had reached the advanced age of seventy-
nine years. Accordingly, he and the rest of the
magistrates were ordered to be imprisoned in Wigtown
jail.

William Dalgliesh, minister of Kirkmabreck, was
next deposed for nonconformity. The same year,
Samuel Rutherfurd was summoned before the High
Court of Commission, and banished to Aberdeen, as
we shall see later.

* A bishop and four others fomied a quorum of the Court. It
acted in the most arbitrary manner, especially against the non-
conformists in Galloway, often without accusation, probation or
defence, when and where the bishop liked.

64 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER VL

The Laud Liturgy — Jenny Geddes in St. Giles — King appealed
to — People assemble in Edinburgh — Sydeserf Bishop of
Galloway attacked, and Earls of Wigtown and Troqueer
going to his assistance also put in danger — The National
CoTenant prepared — Signed in Grey Friars Church, Edin-
burgh — Copies sent all over the country — Signed with
enthusiasm in Galloway — Liudsa}-, minister in Stranraer,
takes copies to London — The King's threat against him —
The ^ing submits — The General Assembly of 1638 makes a
clean sweep of the Bishops, and libels Sydeserf — Arranges
Presbyteries and Synods — Preparations for war — Galloway
commanders — Terms arranged — Presbyterians in Parliament
— Civil war — Battle of Newburn — Gallantry of the Galloway
troops— Son of Patrick M'Kie of Larg killed in the engage-
ment.

In spite of many warnings, the King persisted in his
course of conforming the religion of Scotland to that
of England. The new Service Book was to be the
instrument of this. In an earlier draft it was mainly
the work of Bishop Wedderburn, Bishop Maxwell of
Ross, and Bishop Sydeserf of Galloway. The King
asked Laud to consider the alterations proposed by
the Scottish bishops on the English Prayer Book,
which had been taken as a basis. He seems to have
altered it considerably, and the book became known
as " Laud's Liturgy."

The King issued a Proclamation requiring every
parish to have two copies of it before Easter. This

THE COVENANTERS. 65

aroused great opposition, for many looked on the new
service as nothing but Popery in disguise. The
bishops took steps to enforce the Proclamation, but
the opposition grew greater every day. This attempt
to impose the Liturgy on the people precipitated the
crisis. Everybody knows the story of how, on 23rd
July, 1637, when Dean Hanna started to read the
Liturgy in St. Giles Cathedral, Jenny Geddes flung
a stool at his head, and, as the tablet recently erected
to her memory sets forth, " struck the first blow in
the great struggle for freedom of conscience."

The King was appealed to, but he had evidently
made up his mind, and ordered that the Liturgy was
not to be withdrawn. He also commanded that no
persons were to be elected magistrates of burghs who
would not strictly conform to the prescribed mode of
worship. Notwithstanding this, another application
was made to the King, whose answer was expected on
18th October, and on this date deputations of gentle-
men, ministers, and burghers assembled in Edinburgh
in great numbers from all the southern counties. The
Edinburgh magistrates were forced to join in a
petition against the Service Book. Then the crowd,
meeting with Sydeserf, Bishop of Galloway, and, re-
membering his unrelenting severity, attacked him with
shouts of "Papist loon! Jesuit loon! betrayer of
religion!" and were tearing off his coat to discover a
golden crucifix which he was said to wear under his
vest, when he was rescued, and sought refuge in the
Privy Council Chamber. The crowd surrounded it,
and demanded that he should be delivered up. The

66 GALLOWAY AND

Earls of Wigtown and of Troqueer, with their
followers, went to his relief, but they, too, found
themselves in a perilous position, for the crowd in-
creased and became more clamorous. Troqueer was
thrown down on the street, and his hat, cloak, and
white staff of office as Lord Treasurer taken from him.
It was only when some of the nobles opposed to the
Service Book earnestly requested the people to desist
that order was restored, and Sydeserf managed to
escape to Dalkeith.

No satisfaction was granted by the King, and the
Presbyterians decided to resort to the Covenant once
more. The National Covenant of 1580 was chosen,
and additions made to it in two parts — the part known
as " the legal warrant," summarising the Acts of
Parliament condemning Papacy, and ratifying the
Confessions of the Church was drafted by Archibald
Johnston of Warriston, the other part with special
religious articles for the time, and Bond suiting it
to the occasion, was drawn by Alexander Henderson
Luchars — and with these additions it became known
more than ever as the National Covenant. It was
written on a sheet of parchment, four feet long by
three feet eight inches broad. The spot chosen for
the solemnities of the first subscription was Grey
Friars Church, Edinburgh. " The selection," writes
the Historiographer Royal for Scotland, " showed a
sound taste for the picturesque. The graveyard in
which their ancestors have been laid from time im-
memorial stirs the hearts of men. The old Gothic
church of the Friary was then existing; and landscape

THE COVENANTERS. 67

art in Edinburgh has by repeated efforts established
the opinion that from that spot we have the grandest
view of the precipices of the Castle and the National
fortress crowning them. Here the Reformers gathered
' the legitimate charters ' of their nation into one
document, and presented them before Heaven. Hen-
derson began the solemnities of the day with a
never-to-be-forgotten prayer. Louden followed with
a fearless and inspiring address, and about four o'clock
in the afternoon Johnston unrolled the parchment in
which these Scottish chartei-s were inscribed, and read
them in a clear, calm voice. When he had finished,
all was still as the grave. But the silence was soon
broken. An aged man of noble air was seen
advancing. He came forward slowly, and deep
emotion was visible in his venerable features. He
took up the pen with a trembling hand, and signed
the document. This was the Earl of Sutherland, and
he was immediately followed by Sir Andrew Murray.
A general movement now took place. All the Presby-
terians in the church pressed forward to the Covenant,
and subscribed their names. But this was not enough;
a whole nation was waiting. The immense parchment
was carried into the churchyard, and spread out on a
huge tombstone to receive on this expressive tablet
the signature of the Church. Scotland had never
beheld a day like that. Both sides were crowded with
names. No place was left even on the margin for
another signature. So eager were the people to sign
it that, when little room remained, they shortened their
signatures, some writing only their initials so close

68 GALLOWAY AND

that it is difficult to ascertain how many have signed
it. Many signed it with their blood, whilst teare
bedewed their cheeks. This was the 28th of February,
1638, and when Charles learned what had taken place,
he exclaimed, ' I have no more power in Scotland than
a Doge of Venice.' "

Hundreds of copies of the Covenant were made, and
were carried through all the country for signature, and
nowhere was the Covenant welcomed with greater
enthusiasm than in the Wilds of Galloway. John
Livingston, afterwards minister of Stranraer, a man
of address and talent, was sent to London with several
copies. He was not long in London till the Marquis
of Hamilton sent him word that the King had said that
Livingston was come, but he would " put a pair of
fetters about his feet." Livingston took the hint,
bought two horses, and, avoiding the main thorough-
fares, hastened back to Galloway. The King tried an
astute move by introducing a rival Covenant. He,
too, took the Covenant of 1580, and added to it the
General Bond of 1588, but this attempt to divide the
Covenanters came too late, and entirely failed. He
soon realised that he must submit to the Covenanters,
so he abolished Courts, Canons, Liturgies, and Articles,
and consented to the calling of a General Assembly.
This was the first free General Assembly of the Church
of Scotland for forty-two years — the famous Assembly
of 1638, which met at Glasgow on 21st November.
It was dissolved after a few days by the Royal Com-
missioner when he saw the wort it intended to do,
but Henderson, the Moderator, pointed to the Royal

THE COVENANTERS. 69

Commissioner's zeal for an earthly King as an in-
centive to the members to show their zeal for their
Heavenly King, and, in spite of the Commissioner s
order to dissolve, the Assembly continued to sit. The
losses of the Assembly by the withdrawal of the
Commissioner and five members were compensated by
fresh accessions, namely: — Argyle, Wigtown, King-
horn, Galloway, Mar, Napier, Almond, and Blackball.
It made a clean sweep of the bishops, their juris-
diction, and their ceremonies. The Articles of Perth
were also expunged. The Assembly then took up a
complaint against Sydeserf, Bishop of Galloway. He
was called by an officer, but failed to answer. His Pro-
curator, John Hamilton, was also called, but likewise
failed to appear, and the libel was then read: — " That
he had taught Arminian tenets; that he kept a crucifix
in his closet, and defended the use of it by his own
example; that he, at his own hand, had indicted two
anniversary fasts in his diocesan Synod; that he had,
compelled the ministers to receive the sacrament of
the Lord's Supper kneeling; that he had deposed and
procured the banishment of some of the most eminent
of the ministry for nonconformity; that he had fined
and confined several gentlemen for no better reason;
that he had embraced excommunicated Papists, and
preferred more love to them than to Puritans; that he
had condemned the exercise of family prayer; and that
he was an open profaner of the Sabbath, by buying
horses on that day, and doing other secular affairs.
ALL which having been proved against him, he was,
deposed, and excommunicated."

70 GALLOWAY AND

Maxwell, Bishop of Ross, a Galloway man, was also
deposed and excommunicated.

Commissions for trying clerical delinquents were
appointed to sit at specified dates at Kirkcudbright
and half a dozen other places.

This Assembly made a new arrangement of Presby-
teries and Synods. The river Urr became the division
between the Presbyteries of Kirkcudbright and Dum-
fries, and the Synods of Galloway and Dumfries. The
eight parishes in the east of Wigtownshire with the
two parishes of Minnigaff and Kirkmabreck in the
Stewartry of Kirkcudbright were formed into the
Presbytery of Wigtown. The nine parishes in the
west of Wigtownshire with the parishes of Colmonell
and Ballantrae in Ayrshire were formed into the
Presbytery of Stranraer.

Having effaced almost every vestige of Episcopacy
and brought about the second Reformation, this
famous Assembly dissolved. Among those from
Galloway who had attended it were Samuel Ruther-
furd, minister of Anwoth; William Dalgliesh,
minister of Kirkmabreck; John M'Clelland, minister
of Kirkcudbright; Alexander Gordon of Earlston,
elder; William Glendinning, Provost of Kirkcud-
bright; Robert Gordon of Knockbrex, burgess, New
Galloway; Andrew Anderson, minister of Kirkinner;
Andrew Lauder, minister of Whithorn; Andrew
Agnew of Lochnaw, elder; Alexander Macghie,
burgess of Wigtown; John Livingston, minister of
Stranraer; James Blair, minister of Port Montgomery
(Portpatrick) ; Alexander TurnbuU, minister of Kirk-

THE COVENANTERS. 71

maiden; Sir Robert Adaii", elder; and James Glover,
Clerk of Stranraer. The Earls of Galloway, Wigtown,
Cassillis, EgUnton, and Dumfries also sat in the
Assembly.

After these steps nothing but war remained, and
both sides at once got ready. Lords Cassillis and
Kirkcudbright raised regiments, in which the younger
members of the baronage eagerly enrolled themselves
as captains, thoroughly trained officers from foreign
services accepted lieutenancies, and the people flocked
in hundreds to their standards. James Agnew,
Alexander Agnew, sons of the Sheriff, and James
Dalrymple of Stair were among the first named as
captains in these local corps. The great bulk of the
proprietary of Galloway identified themselves with the
movement, and the Galloway contingent was every-
where noted for its good appearance and discipline.

Twenty-five thousand men were enrolled under
Leslie, and encamped on Dunse-law ready to intercept
the King's forces when they advanced. Fortunately,
both sides were wanting in confidence, and negotiations
were entered into. Charles agreed that a General
Assembly should be held in August, and that a
Parliament would be called later to ratify its pro-
ceedings. The Assembly met (the Earl of Traquair
being the King's Commissioner), rejected the Service
Book, the Book of Canons, the High Commission,
Prelacy, and the ceremonies. Parliament met on 31st
August, 1639, as arranged. Traquair presided as the
representative of the King, and among those present
were the Earls of Wigtown, GaUoway, Cassillis,

72 GALLOWAY AND

Queensberry, and Annandale; the Lords Kirkcud-
bright and Johnstone; the Lairds of Larg and Kilhilt,
as representatives of Wigtownshire. William Glen-
dinning, Commissioner of the Burgh of Kirk-
cudbright; Robert Gordon, Commissioner of New
Galloway; Patrick Hannay, Commissioner of Wig-
town; and John Irving, Commissioner of Dumfries.
The Presbyterians had a large majority, and it was
easily seen that Parliament would go much further
than the King desired. The Royal Commissioner,
therefore, adjourned it from time to time, and then
prorogued it till June, 1640.

The King tried to prevent it meeting then, but it
assembled on 2nd June, without the King's Com-
missioner, and ratified the proceedings of the General
Assembly of 1639.

Once more civil war seemed inevitable, and the
Presbyterians were soon in arms. Colonel Munro
collected forces in Wigtownshire, Kirkcudbright, and
Dumfries, and joined the army which had assembled
at Dunse. They entered England, gained the battle of
Newburn, and took Newcastle, 28th August, 1640, and
then Charles agreed to the terms proposed by the
Covenanters. In this battle, a handful of Galloway
knights under Patrick M'Kie of Larg, whose son was
killed in the action, gave a splendid example of
gallantry, for with their long spears they threw the
dense body of the enemy into such confusion as to
secure an easy victory. They pursued the English,
and captured every man who tried to stand his ground.
Sir Patrick's son was standard-bearer to Colonel

THE COVENANTERS. 73

Leslie's troop. He was a brave young man, and

having seized the English General's colours, was

flourishing with them when he was mistaken for one

of the foe and slain. He was the only person of note

who fell on the side of the Covenanters, and was much

lamented by the whole party. Zachary Boyd, in a

long poem, entitled " Newburn Brook," thus laments

his death: —

" In this conflict, which was a great pitie,
We lost the son of Sir Patrick McGhie."

Mr. Livingston, minister of Stranraer, officiated as
Chaplain, and was present at Newburn.

Note. — Several copies of the 1638 Covenant, signed
in different parts of the country, are still extant. One
signed at Borgue, Kirkcudbright (22nd April, 1638),
is preserved in the Eegister House, Edinburgh.
Dr. King Hewison, in his admirable work on The
Covenanters, states that the tradition of the Covenant
being carried out of Grey Friars' church to the people
in the churchyard, and there signed on a tombstone
amid scenes of religious fervour, rests on an unsatis-
factory basis. Probably some of the details have been
overcoloured, but, even so, we have, as he says, " a
picture unique in Scots history."

74 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER VIL

Parliament confirms the overthrow of Episcopacy — Contest
between Barl of Wigtown and Sir William Cowburn for
office of hereditary usher — Galloway members of Parliament
— Commissioners of Supply for Wigtownshire — The War
Committee — The GaUoway Commanders of horse and foot
— The Solemn League and Covenant — Philiphaugh — Lord
Kirkcudbright's regiment — James Agnew receives thanks of
Parliament for his gallant conduct — Additional regiments
raised in Galloway — New Parliament members for Galloway
— List of War Committee for Wigtownshire, showing
unanimity of baronage — Charles surrenders himself to the
Scotch army — He is delivered to the English Commissioners,
tried, and executed — The Scotch proclaim his son King — i
Commissioners sent to Hague to lay conditions before him —
He ultimately accepts these and signs the National Covenant
and the Solemn League, and is crowned — Act of Indemnity
— Galloway Protesters and Eesolutioners — Cromwell — The
Galloway leaders divided — Cromwell's Ironsides disperse the
Galloway levies — Kenmure Castle and the House of Freugh
burned — Lord Galloway fined £4,000.

Parliament met at Edinburgh on 17th August, 1641,
Charles himself being present, and confirmed the Acts
of Parliament of June, 1640, overthrowing Episcopacy
and establishing Presbytery.

A curious incident occurred at the King's entrance
to Parliament. A contest having arisen between the
Earl of Wigtown and Sir William Cowburn of Lang-
ton regarding the office of hereditary usher to the
Parliament, Cowburn forcibly seized the mace, and

THE COVENANTERS. 75

carried it before the King at his entrance to the House.
A complaint having been made, the King without
investigation issued a warrant to apprehend Cowburn,
and confined him in the Castle, but the King after-
wards apologised and declared before Parliament that
he was not aware when he issued the warrant that
Cowburn was a member of the House.

The Earls of Galloway, Wigtown, and Cassillis,
Viscount Kenmuir, and Lord Kirkcudbright, with
Gordon, Laird of Earlston, from the Stewartry of
Kirkcudbright, the Lairds of Kilhilt and Merton from
Wigtownshire, and Sir Robert Grier of Lagg and Sir
John Charters of Amisfield from Dumfries, attended
this Parliament, with Commissioners from Kirkcud-
bright, Wigtown, Whithorn, and New Galloway. The
King submitted to the Estates a list of those whom he
had nominated to be Privy Councillors. Parliament
approved of the names of the Earls of Cassillis and
Wigtown, but expunged the names of the Earls of
Galloway and Dumfries. The Presbyterians had now
secured all that they wanted, but in the midst of the
gratification that this gave them, there was not
wanting the fear that, should favourable opportunity
ever occur, the King would take back all that he had
given them.

The rebellion in Ireland had its influence in
Galloway. Ten thousand men were ordered to b©
embodied, and Commissioners of Supply were named
for the respective counties: — The Sheriff of Galloway
and the Laird of Garthland for Wigtownshire, and the
War Committee was composed of Sir Andrew Agnew,

76 GALLOWAY AND

apparent of Lochnaw; Sir Robert Adair of Kilhilt;
James M'Dowall of Garthland; Alexander M'Dowall
of Logan; Gordon of Craighlaw; John Murray of
Broughton; John Vans of Barnbarroch; Uthred
M'Dowall of Freugh; James Ross of Balneil; Thomas
Hay of Park; Fergus Kennedy of Stranraer; Patrick
Hannay for Wigtown. Lord Kirkcudbright was
appointed to the horse of Kirkcudbright, the Laird
of Garthland to the horse of Wigtown, and the Earl of
Cassillis and Lord Garlies to command the foot.

Charles, however, had more than enough to attend
to in England.

The English Commissioners from the Long Parlia-
ment desired help from the Convention of Estates and
the General Assembly, and proposed that the two
nations should enter into a strict Union and League
with the object of bringing them closer together in
Church matters, and of extirpating Popery and
Prelacy from the land. Henderson suggested that the
League should be religious as well as civil, and this
was agreed to, and he thereupon drafted the famous
Solemn League and Covenant. It was accepted by
the Convention of Estates and by the General
Assembly, and by both Houses of the English Parlia-
ment. It breathed the spirit of the National Covenant,
condemned the Papal and Prelatic system, pled for a
constitutional monarchy, and outlined a comprehensive
programme for future efforts in extending the prin-
ciples of the Reformation. On September 25th, 1643,
it was subscribed in St. Margaret's Church, West-
minster. The members of Parliament in England and

THE COVENANTERS. 77

the Westminster Assembly of Divines stood with up-
lifted hands, and as article after article was read, they
took the Oath to God. TThe Commissioners from
Scotland (among whom were Rutherfurd and Lord
Cassillis) to the Westminster Assembly united with
the people of England in the solemnity of the day.
The Covenant was signed throughout Scotland,
England, and Ireland.

Charles somewhat reluctantly empowered the Earl of
Montrose to proceed against the Scottish Covenanters,
and he secured victory after victory till at Philiphaugh,
on 13th September, 1645, Leslie gained a decisive
triumph over him. In this battle, John, third Lord
Kirkcudbright, commanded a regiment which he had
raised at his own expense, chiefly among his Galloway
tenants. James Agnew was Lieutenant Colonel, and
received the thanks of Parliament for his gallant
conduct, and Sir Andrew Agnew afterwards was
awarded 3,750 merks as his brother's share of 15,000
merks awarded to Lord Kirkcudbright's regiment for
their bravery.

A new corps was raised in the valley of the Nith,
styled the South Regiment, and another in the west,
styled Lord Galloway's Regiment, of whom the first
Colonel was Alexander Agnew, the Sheriff's fourth
son.

Then besides Lord Kirkcudbright's Regiment, com-
manded by his third son, a second was raised in the
Stewartry by Lord Kenmure, which he commanded in
person. As to this corps, we find it mentioned in
the Parliamentary Journals, 15th December (1646):

78 GALLOWAY AND

" Orders to Viscount Kenmure's Regiment to march
to Montrose."

Towards the close of the year, there was a General
Election, when Sir Andrew Agnew, Knight, and Sir
Robert Adair, Knight, of Kilhilt, were chosen for
Wigtownshire, and William Grierson of Bargatten
for the Stewartry, and William Glendinning for the
Borough of Kirkcudbright.

This Parliament sat continuously until 1651.

The new Parliament named War Committees on the
18th April, 1648, that for Wigtownshire proving the
unanimity of the Galloway baronage at this period
of the struggle: —

Earl of Cassilis, Viscount Ardes, Lord Garlies,
Sir Patrick Agnew, Sheriff of Galloway; Sir Andrew
Agnew, younger, of Lochnaw, Knight; Sir Robert
Adair of Kinhilt; Lairds of Park (Hay), French
(M'Dowall), Craigcaffie (Neilson), Balneill (Roes),
Ardwell (M'CuUoch), Achrocher (Colonel Agnew),
Synniness (Kennedy), Gillespie (Kenned}''), Knock-
glass (M'Dowall), Killeser, elder and younger
(M'CuUoch); Andrew M'Dowall of LefnoU, Patrick
Agnew of Sheuchan, James Kerr, Factor to the Earl
of Cassilis; Lairds of Dunragit (Baillie), Larg
(Linne), Little Dunragit, Garnock (Cathcart), the
Provost of Stranraer, the Lairds of Barnbarroch
(Vaus), Craichlaw (Gordon), Mertoun (M'CuUoch),
Mochrum (Dunbar), Brochtoun (Murray), Kilcreache
(Cascreugh, Dalrymple), Baldoon (Dunbar), Grange
(Gordon), Glasnock, Fontalloch (Stewart), Wig
(Agnew), Dalregle (M'Dowall), DrummoreU (M'Cul-

THE COVENANTERS. 79

loch), Monreith (Maxwell), Drummastoun, elder and
younger (Houstoun); Houstoun of Cutreoch, the
Provost of Wigtoune, the Provost of Whithorne,
Stewart of Tonderghie, Francis Hay of ArioUand,
Dunbar, younger, of Mochrum, Gordon of Balmeg,
Hew Kennedy of Arieheming, Patrick M'Kie of
Cairn, Agnew of Galdenoch, William Gordon of
Penningham, the Laird of Garthland, and Mr. James
Blair (minister of Portpatrick).

The position of Charles became hopeless, and he
resolved to place himself in the liands of the Scottish
army. He came, disguised as a postillion (May,
1646), and was received with every respect, and many
were of opinion that had he accepted the Solemn
League and Covenant, all Scotland would even then
have espoused his cause. This, however, he could not
do. Among the Commissioners sent to treat with him
were the Earl of Cassillis and the Laird of Garthland.
The Scottish forces had a huge sum due by the
English, and, as they received £400,000 shortly before
Charles was delivered up to the Commissioners of the
English Parliament, they have been unjustly accused
of selling their King. The English army next
resolved to gain possession of the King's person, and
this being effected, Charles made great promises to
the officers. To Cromwell he offered the Garter, a
Peerage, and chief command of the army, and to others
different commands. But concessions and promises
came too late. He was accused of treason, found
guilty, and executed in front of hie own palace on
30th of January, 1649.

80 GALLOWAY AND

The Scotch Commissioners in London used their
iniluenoe to prevent the execution of Charles, but they
failed, and on 5th February, 1649 — six days after the
execution — the Parliament of Scotland had his son
proclaimed at the Market Cross of Edinburgh as King
of Great Britain, Ireland, and France. They were
eagerly anxious that he should be their King, but they
were equally determined he should not over-ride their
General Assembly or their Parliament. The Estates
resolved to put the country in a posture of defence,
and nominated colonels and commanders of horse and
foot for the various counties, those for Wigtownshire
being the Earl of Cassillis, the Sheriff of Galloway,
Sir Robert Adair, and William Stewart. Com-
missioners, among whom were the Earl of Cassillis and
Livingstone, were sent to the Hague to lay before the
youthful Charles the conditions upon which he would
be received as King. He would not accept their
conditions, and negotiations failed. Ultimately,
Charles came to see that his only chance of obtaining
the Crown was to accept the terms proposed. In
March, 1650, the Estates again sent the Earl of
Cassillis, Livingstone, and others to Breda to treat
with the King. An arrangement was come to, and
he subscribed the National Covenant and the Solemn
League and Covenant before landing in Scotland on
16th June, 1650. On 16th August, he agreed to the
Dunfermline Declaration that he would have no
enemies but the enemies of the Covenant, and that he
would have no friends but the friends of the Covenant,

THE COVENANTERS. 81

and expressing his detestation of all Popery, super-
stition, and idolatry, together with Prelacy, and all
errors, heresy, schism, and profaneness which he was
resolved not to tolerate in any part of his kingdom.
He was accordingly crowned at Scone on 1st January,
1651, when he again swore to and subscribed the
National Covenant and the Solemn League and
Covenant. The King was anxious that his own friends
should be allowed to serve in the army, and urged
that the Act which disqualified " malignants " from
defending their country should be repealed, and
ultimately an Act of Indemnity was passed. The
Commission of the General Assembly agreed that all
who showed evidence of repentance might be employed.
The Assembly confirmed the resolution, and a protest
was then taken against the lawfulness of the Assembly,
the five south-western counties, Renfrew, Ayr, Wig-
town, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries, taking the most
prominent part in these proceedings. Those who
took up this position were called Protesters, and the
others who adhered to the resolution were called
Resolutioners. Among the Protesters were Lord
Kirkcudbright, Samuel Rutherf urd, John Livingstone,
John M'Clellan, Adam Kae (Borgue), Thomas
Wyllio (Kirkcudbright), John Semple, Quentin
M'Adam, Alexander Gordon of Knockgray, Captain
Andrew Arnot. The people of Galloway warmly con-
curred in the protest, and Samuel Rutherfurd, .John
Livingstone, Thomas WylHe, and Lord Kirkcudbright
and Alexander Gordon of Knockbrex were among these

82 GALLOWAY AND

appointed to present it. Meanwhile, Cromwell had
obtained his first great victory, and proceeded to follow
it up.

The Galloway leaders unfortunately were divided.
Lords Cassillis and Kirkcudbright and the Laird of
Garthland declared for the King against Cromwell,
but sided with the Protesters. Sir Andrew Agnew,
Sir Robert Adair, and other lairds indignantly opposed
the Protesters, and declared for the King and the
Estates. Sir Patrick Agnew, Lords Galloway and
Kenmure, disgusted by the weakness of Parliament,
proposed to support the King independently of the
Estates, and were termed " Cavaliers."

Kenmure displayed great activity in enlisting
recruits, and had a large cask of brandy carried at
the head of his regiment which was known as
" Kenmure's drum."

Cromwell's Ironsides dispersed the Galloway levies *
near Dumfries, and then took Kenmure Castle, follow-
ing this up by a raid on Kirkcudbright, where the
victors took " 60 muskets and firelocks, 8 great barrels
of powder, each containing near three ordinary barrels,
match and ball proportionable, and great store of meal
and beef."

* It is not clear whether the older Galloway regiments kept
distinct from the new levies and followed Charles in a body when
he crossed the Borders, returning afterwards. In the Journals of
Parliament, 2nd December, 1650, it is "ordered by the House
that the Western Forces with the three regiments of Kirkcud-
bright, Galloway, and Dumfries, be joined with Robert Mont-
gomery and be under his command. "

THE COVENANTERS. 83

The King's cause went from bad to worse. Dunbar
and Worcester left him hopeless, and after many
escapes, he deemed it prudent to leave the country, and
betook himself to the Continent.

Cromwell was now at the head of affairs, and en-
couraged the ministers in the discharge of their sacred
duties, but he refused to let them interfere with State
business, and he prohibited General Assemblies. None
was allowed to interfere with the people in the
performance of their religious service.

In Ireland, also, Cromwell gained the ascendency,
and ordered the removal of " all popular Scots out of
Ulster." Among those were Lord Ardes — Sir Robert
Adair; Captain John Agnew; Patrick Agnew;
William Agnew; Francis Agnew; James Shaw; John
Blair; Andrew Adair; Alexander Adair; Alexander
Stewart; James Stewart; John M'Dowall; John
Dunbar; John Hannalf; all having a Galloway con-
nection. Lands were to be found for them south of
the Shannon in place of their lands in Ulster, which
were to be confiscated. Mr. Livingstone, minister of
Stranraer, obtained access to Cromwell, and succeeded
in bringing about a better understanding.

Galloway suffered severely from Cromwell. Ken-
mure Castle and the House of Freugh were burned to
the ground, and Lord Galloway was fined £4,000
merely for being an adherent of Charles I. He after-
wards petitioned to be compensated for this fine, but
instead of being relieved from the fines imposed " for
the relief of the King's good subjects who had suffered

84 GALLOWAY AND

in the late troubles," the Estates passed an Act or-
daining the Commissioners of Excise within the
Stewartry to give intimation to the heritors to meet,
that they might lay on the proportion of the levy thus
imposed, that the petitioner might have repetition
of what he had paid and given out more than his just
proportion. It is very doubtful whether he got satis-
faction.

THE COVENANTERS. 85

CHAPTER Vni,

Death of Cromwell — ^Restoiation of Charles — Ministers arrested
in Edinburgh — CassiUis refuses to sign Oath of Allegiance
unless limited to civil affairs — ^Large sum voted to the
King — ^List of Commissioners to collect in Wigtownshire and
Stewartry — Parliament rescinds all Acts from 1640 — Restora-
tion of Bishops — Sharp made Archbishop of St. Andrews —
Act of Supremacy — Synod of Galloway preparing a Petition
against Episcopacy is dissolved by the Earl of Galloway —
Whithorn complains to Parliament — Presbytery of Kirkcud-
bright appoint two of their members to present a Petition
to the Privy Council — Reasonableness of the Petition —
The Indemnity (so called) — Persons fined in Galloway.

Cromwell died in 1658, and steps were at once taken
for the restoration of Charles. James Sharp, minister
of Craill, was sent to London to look after the interests
of the Church of Scotland, but when too late, it was
discovered that he had betrayed his trust. The in-
tention of the Government soon became apparent.
Certain monumental inscriptions {e.g., those on the
tombs of Alexander Henderson and George Gillespie)
were ordered to be effaced, and Lex Rex, Rutherf urd's
famous treatise, was burned by the hands of the
common executioner. On 23rd August, 1660, some of
the leading Presbyterians, among whom was John
Semple, minister of Carsphairn, fearing the overthrow
of Presbytery, met in a private house in Edinburgh
to draw up a Supplication to the King. They were

86 GALLOWAY AND

arrested by the Committee of Estates and imprisoned
in the Castle. A few days afterwards, Sharp brought
a letter from his Majesty, in which he said, " V/e do
also resolve to protect and preserve the Government of
the Church of Scotland as it is settled by law." A
suggestion that this might be understood in two ways
was condemned as an intolerable reflection on the
King. Parliament met in January, 1661, M'Dowall
of Freuch and Murray of Broughton representing
Wigtownshire, and M'Briar of Newark the Stewartry.
The oath of allegiance administered to the members
declared the King's supremacy over " all persons and
in all causes." The Earl of Cassillis and the I;aird of
Kilbirnie alone refused to sign it until they were
allowed to limit the King's supremacy to civil affairs,
and this being refused, they withdrew from the House.
Parliament voted £40,000 to the King. The pro-
portion to be paid by the Sheriffdom of Wigtown was
£204 128., and by the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,
£348. The Commissioners appointed to collect it were
for Wigtownshire: — James, Earl of Galloway; Alex-
ander, Lord Garlics; Andrew Agnew, appearand of
Lochnaw; Thomas Dunbar of Mochrum; Patrick
MacDowall of Logan; Wm. Stewart of Castlestewart;
Uchtred Macdowall of Freuch; William Gordon of
Craighlaw; Sir Jas. Dalrymple of Stair; David
Dunbar of Baldoon; Alexander Maculloch of Ardwell;
John Murray of Broughton; John Houston of Drum-
maston; William Stewart of Myrton; WiUiam
M'Guffock of Alticry; Thomas Stewart of Glenturk;
Richard Murray of Broughton, Junior.

THE COVENANTERS. 87

For the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright: — Robert, Earl
of Nithsdale; James, Earl of Galloway; Robert,
Viscount Kenmure; Alexander, Lord Garlies; John,
Lord Herries; Robert, Master of Herries; John, Lord
Kirkcudbright; Sir James Murray of Barberton;
David M'Briar of Newark; James Maxwell of
Brackenside; Mr. Thomas Hay of Lands; Richard
Murray of Broughton; John Herries of Maybie;
William Maxwell of Kirkhouse; Alexander Spotswood
of Sweetheart; Roger Gordon of Traquair; William
Gordon of Shirmers; William Gordon, Earlston;
Robert Maxwell of Orchard ton; William Maclelland
of Colin; George Maxwell of Munches; Alexander
Macghie of Balmaghie; William Grierson of Bar-
gatton; John Carson of Sennick; Gilbert Brown of
Kempleton; John Dunbar of Machirmore; John^Muir,
tutor, of Cassincarie; Andrew Herron of Kirrouchtrie;
John Ewart of MuUoch; and the Provost and Bailies
of Kirkcudbright, and the Provost of New Galloway,
for the time being.

Parliament, in March, 1661, rescinded all the Acts
passed from and including 1640, and thus at one stroke
swept away all the civil sanction which had been given
to the Second Reformation. The Solemn League and
Covenant was burned with much parade at Linlithgow
on 29th May, 1661, the King's birthday, while a
fountain in the town ran plentifully with French and
Spanish wines, to the great joy of the inhabitants.

Sharp went back to London, and returned in the
end of August with a letter indicating the King's
determination to interpose his authority for restoring

88 GALLOWAY AND

the Church of Scotland " to its right Government of
Bishops as it was by law established before the late
troubles," and justifying his action by his promise of
the previous year. The Privy Council approved of
the King's determination, and Proclamation was im-
mediately issued announcing the restoration of bishops.
Sydeserf was the only one of the old bishops who
remained, and he was appointed to Orkney. Sharp
went to England in October, and the following month
he was appointed Archbishop of St. Andrews and
Primate of Scotland, and in December he was con-
secrated in Westminster Abbey after being privately
ordained as a deacon and a priest. At the same
time, Hamilton was consecrated Bishop of Galloway.
Parliament became the puppet of the King, and passed
the Act of Supremacy, giving all he claimed. The
Acts Rescissory declared the Covenants unlawful and
seditious deeds. No one was to be admitted to any
public trust or office unless he acknowledged that they
were unlawful. Ministers were to receive patrons'
presentation and Archbishops' collation or quit their
parishes. In April, 1661, the Synod of Galloway met
to prepare a Petition to Parliament against Episcopacy
and in favour of the liberty of the Church, but the
Earl of Galloway appeared and, in the name of the
King, dissolved the meeting. The Moderator, Mr.
John Park, minister of Stranraer, protested against
this encroachment as illegal, and would not disperse
the meeting till he had prayed and regularly dissolved
it.

THE COVENANTERS. 89

The people of Whithorn complained to this
Parliament that their town had been " altogether
depauperated by the quarterings of three troops of
English horse," and an Act was passed authorising the
magistrates to raise voluntary contributions within the
Sheriffdoms of Galloway, Nithsdale, Teviotdale, and
Lanark, " to relieve them from the burden which had
been thus imposed." In May, Parliament proceeded to
the trial of the Marquis of Argyle, who had been a
great friend of the Covenanters. Among the witnesses
were John, Lord Kirkcudbright; John Carson, Provost
of Kirkcudbright, and William Grierson of Bargatton.
He was sentenced to death, but escaped for the present.

Mr. Guthrie, a minister, was accused of framing
the " Western Remonstrance," and the " Cause of
God's Wrath," and he, too, was ordered to be executed.
These proceedings showed the people of Galloway what
they had to expect from the new Government.

The Court of High Commission was again estab-
lished for the peace and order of the Church, and on
behalf of the government thereof by archbishops and
bishops. In consequence of the encroachments upon
the rights of the Church and the prohibitions issued
by the Privy Council against the assembling of Synods
or petitioning for the redress of grievances, the Presby-
tery of Kirkcudbright, in January, 1662, appointed
Mr. John Duncan, minister of Rerrick, and James
Buglass, minister of Crossmichael, to proceed to
Edinburgh to present a Petition to the Privy Council,
but their request was disregarded, and though they
asked nothing but a fair hearing, this was denied.

7

90 GALLOWAY AND

The nature and reasonableness of the Petition may
be seen from the closing paragraphs: —

"And particularly we humbly beg, that we may
have liberty, with freedom and safety, to express
our minds against the re-introduction of Prelacy
upon this church and kingdom; in doing whereof
we resolve in the Lord to walk (according to the
measure we have received) close by the rules of
scripture, of Christian prudence, sobriety, and
moderation; in all oar actions testifying our real
affection, faithfulness, and loyalty to the king's
most excellent majesty; the preservation of whose
royal person, and whose long flourishing reign in
righteousness, is the thing in this world that is
and ever shall be dearest unto us, next unto the
flourishing of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ.

" His Majesty's gracious condescending unto
those our just and humble desires, will yet more
engage our already most deeply engaged hearts
and affections unto his majesty's person and
government, under whom it is the firm resolution
of our hearts, to live in all dutiful obedience,
praying that the Lord may long preserve his royal
person under the droppings of his grace, and
abundant loadenings of his best blessings, and
special mercies: and your honours' favourable
acceptance of this our humble petition off our
hands, and transmitting of the same to his sacred
majesty, seconded with your lordship's inter-
cessions for his majesty's grant of these our just

THE COVENANTERS. 91

desires, will make the present generation bless
you, and the generation to come call you happy,
and shall add to our former obligations to suppli-
cate at the throne of grace for the Spirit of counsel
and government, in the fear of the Lord, unto
your lordships, and that your persons and govern-
ment may be richly blessed of the Lord. Thus we
rest, expecting your honours' favourable answer."

The Presbytery had also under consideration the
form of an address to Parliament written by the Kev.
Mr. Wylie, minister of Kirkcudbright, but no oppor-
tunity was given for presenting it.

An Act of Indemnity was passed (1662), but several
hundreds had to pay fines " for the relief of the King's
good subjects who had suffered in the late troubles."
The Act was headed " The King's Free Pardon," and
narrated that the King, being desirous that all
animosities and differences should be buried in
oblivion, had resolved to grant a general Act of
Indemnity and Pardon, but had thought to burden this
pardon to some whose guiltiness had rendered them
obnoxious to the laws and placed their lives and
fortunes at his Majesty's disposal, with the payment
of some small sums. What these " small sums " were
may be understood when it is stated that they
amounted to over £84,000. In Galloway alone, an
immense sum was raised, and the following persons
were fined: — Colonel William Stuart, £600; Sir

Andrew Agnew, Sheriff of Galloway, £600;

Gordon of Grange, £1,800; M'CuUoch, younger

92 GALLOWAY AND

of Ardwall, £1,200; John Cathcart of Gennock,
£2,000; Francis Hay of Hareholm, £1,000; Patrick
Agnew of Sewchan, £1,200; Patrick Agnew of Whig,
£2,000; Gilbert Neilson of Catcheathie, £1,300;
Patrick M'Ghie of Largie, £260; William M'Kieffock,
collector of Wigtownshire, £3,600; George Campbell,
captain-lieutenant to Sir Robert Adair, £600; Alex-
ander Kennedy of Gillespie, £480 ; James Johnston in
Stranrewart, £600; John Bailie of Litledoneraclet,

£360; Alexander Bailie of Meikleton, £360;

M'Donald of Crachen, £360; John M'Dougal of
Creesein, £600; Alexander Agnew of Craoh, £600;
Martin M'Ghie of Penningham, £600. WilKam

M'Kuffock, £3,600; Stuart, bailie of Wigtown,

£360; Cantrair, late provost of Wigtown, £1,200;

William M'Ghie of Magdallen, £360; Ramsay

oi Boghouse, £400; John M'Culloch in Glen, £400;
Patrick Agnew of Galdnoth, £1,000; Thomas Boyd of
Kirkland, £360; Alexander Martin in Stranrewart,
£600; Patrick Kennedy there, £360; John Machans,
tanner, there, £600 ; Gilbert Adair there, £360 ; David
Dunbar of Calden, £4,800; John Gordon, merchant
in Stranrewart, £240; John M'Dougal there, £240;
William M'CuUing there, £240; John Adair of Little-
gennock, £600; Alexander Crawford, tutor of Hery-
men, £360; William Gordon of Barnfallie, £360;
John Hannah in Granane, £480; William M'Dougal

in Kilroe, £1,000; Frissel, burgess of Wigton,

£360; Adam M'Kie, late provost of Wigton, £1,000;

Stuart of Fintilloch, £1,000; James Maekitrick

in Kirkmaiden, £360; Michael Malrae in Stonykirk,

THE COVENANTERS, 93

£600; James Macnaught in Portpatrick, £360; Nevin

Agnew in Clod-house, £240; Agnew in Kilcon-

quhar, £240; John Macmaister in Kirkcum, £360;
John Macguieston in the Inch, £360; Andrew Agnew
of Park, £360; Patrick Hannah in Gas, £360; —
Mackinlenie in Darmenew, £300; Gilbert M'Cricker
in Knockedbay, £360; John Macilvain in Milboch,

£360; Mackinnen of Glenhill, £360; — Mac-

kinnen of Glenbitten, £360; Kennedy of Bar-

thangan, £240; Edward Lawrie in Derward, £240;
Mr. William Cleland in Sheland, £240; Thomas
Macmoran there, £360; John Paterson there, £360;
■ Mackinnen in Polpindoir, £240.

KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE .

Major M'Culloch of Barhome, £800; Robert Kirk of
Kildane, £360; Robert Howison, sub-collector, £240;
Alexander Gordon of Knockgray, elder and younger,
£120; William Whitehead of Milhouse, £360; John
Corcadi of Senwick, £1,200; David Arnot in Barn-
kapel, £360; Mr. William Gordon of Earlston,
£3,500; John Gordon of Rusco, £2,400; John Turner

in Adwell, £360; Gordon of Traquair, £2,400;

John FuUarton of Carleton, £1,000; John Macart in

Blaikit, £600 ; John Gordon in Waterside, £600 ;

Gordon of Ballechston, £300; James Logan of Hills,

£1,000; Logan of Bogrie, £480; Patrick Ewing

of Anchescioch, £1,000; John Maxwell of Milton,

£800; of Dendeoch, £600; William Gordon of

Midton, £240; Robert Stuart of Mungohill, £1,000;

94 GALLOWAY AND

Archibald Stuart of Killyreuse, £1,000; John Thom-
8on of Harriedholm, £240; John Brown of Muirhead-

8ton, £360; Brown of Lochill, £360; Alexander

Gordon of Culvennan, £600; John Lindsay of Far-
girth, £600; John Aitken of Auchinlaw, £360;
William Gordon of Chirmers, £600; James Chalmers

of Waterside, £600; Heron of Kerrochiltree,

£600; William Gordon of Kobertson, £360; William
Corsan there, £240; John Logan in Edrick, £240;
William Glendoning of Curroch, £360; William
M'CuUoch of Ardwall, £600; Eobert M'Lellan of
Bargatan, £360; Alexander Mackie, merchant in
Kirkcudbright, £200; Alexander M'Lellan, merchant
there, £200; Alexander M'Lelland, maltman there,

£280; William Telfer in Dunroe, £300; Gibson

of Brockloch, £360; John Stuart of Shambellie, £600;
David Gordon of Glenladie, £600; Alexander Gordon
of Auchincairn, £200; Laird Mertine, £240; William
Gordon of Menibue, £280; John Wilson of Corsock,
£600; Eobert M'Culloch of AuchiUarie, £240; Comet
Alexander M'Ghie of Balgown, £480; Edward Cairns

of Tore, £240; Corsan in Dundrennan, £200;

James Logan of Boge, £600; John M'Michan of
Airds, £360; John M'Millan of Brackloch, £360;
John Cannor of Murdochwood, £360; Eobert Gordon
of Grange, £2,400; John Grierson there, £600; Eobert
Gibson in the parish of Kells, £360; Edward Gordon
of Barmart, £480; Alexander Cairns of Dulliparish,
£480; James Glendonning of Mochrum, £480; James
Neilson of Ervie, £360; Grierson, son of Bar-
gatan, £600; Martin in Dullard, £360; William

THE COVENANTERS. 95

Glendonning of Logan, £360; Robert Ga there, £360;
James Wilson in Clierbrane, £240; Alexander Living-
stone of Countinspie, £360; Robert Corsan in Nether-
rerick, £360; James Black of Parborest, £240; Patrick
Corsan of Cudoe, £600; John Harris of Logan, £360;

Telfer of Hareeleugh, £1,800; James Thomson of

Inglistoun, £1,000; Robert M'Lellan of Balnagoun,

£240 ; Captain Robert Gordon of Barharro, £240 ;

Gordon of Gedgill, £300; Bugbie in Comrie,

£240 ; Edward Clauchane in Casselzowere, £240 ; John
M'Gill in Gall, £240; John Cannan in Guffockland,
£240; John Hamilton in the Muir of Kirkpatrick,
£240; Thomas Neilson of Knockwhawock, £240;
William Gordon of Mackartnie, £240; James Gordon
of Kilhaelnarie, £240; John Welsh of Skair, £240;
James Smith of Drumlaw, £240; Robert Greill in
Kinharvie, £240; William Maxwell in Nether-rait,
£600.

96 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER IX.

The Drunken Act — Nonconformist ministers in Galloway — Privy
Council's Act against Galloway ministers — Certain Galloway
ministers compear personally — Outed ministers — Origin of
Conventicles — Induction of curates results in rioting at
Kirkcudbright and Irongray — Commissioners proceed to
Kirkcudbright — Lord Kirkcudbright and others sent prisoners
to Edinburgh — Earlston refuses to introduce curate to his
parish — Commissioners proceed to Irongray — ^Aruot of Little-
park sent prisoner to Edinburgh — Sympathetic visitors to
the prison, and order by the Council — The Council's deliver-
ance — Prisoners fined and banished.

Steps were now being taken to enforce the Act against
ministers who would not obtain presentation from the
patron and collation from the bishop, and almost every
minister in Galloway refused to comply. The Act was
passed at what is known as the Drunken Meeting at
Glasgow, because only one member of the Privy
Council, Sir James Lockhart of Lee, was sober during
the proceedings. The following is a list of the non-
conformist ministers of Galloway at this time: —

Those marked with E, were alive at the revolution;
those marked with G were outed by the Act of Council
at Glasgow, 1662; those marked with C were confined
to their parishes; those marked with P were outed by
particular sentences of Parliament or Council; and
those marked with S were outed by the Diocesan
Synod.

THE COVENANTERS. 97

Synod of Dumfries.

ministers in galloway.

Messrs. John Welsh of Irongray, G; Kobert Paton
of Terregles, G E; John Blackadder of Traquair, G;
Anthony Murray of Kirkbean, G; William Mean of
Lochrutton, GR; Alexander Smith of Col vend, G;
Gabriel Semple of Kirkpatrick Durham, G R; George
Gladstone of Urr, C ; James Maxwell of Kirkgunzeon,
C (some lists make this Thomas Maxwell).

Synod of Galloway.

presbytery of kirkcudbright.

Messrs. Thomas Wylie of Kirkcudbright, P;
Thomas Warner of Balmaclellan, GR; Adam Kay
of Borgue; John Semple of Carsphairn; John Mac-
michan of Dairy; John Cant of Kells, R; John
Duncan of Rerick and Dundrennan; John Wilkie of
Twynam; Adam Alison of Balmaghie; John Mean
of Anwoth; James Fergusson of Keltoun; James
Bugloss of Corsmichael; William Erskine of Girton,
R; Thomas Thomson of Partan; Samuel Arnot of
Tongland; Robert Fergusson of Buittle.

PRESBYTERY OF WIGTOWN.

Messrs. Archibald Hamilton of Wigtown, R;
George Waugh of Kirkinner, R; Alexander Ross of
Kirkcowan; William Maitland of Whithorn; Alex-
ander Fergusson of Mochrum; William Maxwell of
Monygaff; Patrick Peacock of Kirkmabreck, R.
(One list adds Robert Ritchie of Sorbie).

98 GALLOWAY AND

PKESBYTERY OF STRANRAER.

Messrs. James Lawrie of Stony kirk, R; John Park
of Stranraer; James Bell of Kirkholm, R; Thomas
Kennedy of Kirkmaiden, R (another list makes this
Lisward); John Macbroom of Portpatrick; James
Wilson of Inch (another list makes it Kirkmaiden);
Alexander Peden of New^ Glenluce. (One list adds
John Dick of Old Luce).

In February, 1663, the Privy Council passed the
following Act against some of the GaUoway
ministers: —

" The lords of his majesty's privy council being
informed that there are seyeral ministers in the
diocese of Galloway, who, not only contrary to
the order of council dated at Glasgow, October 1st
last, do continue at their former residence and
churches, but in manifest contempt thereof, and
contrary to the indulgence granted them by the
late Act, dated December 23rd last, do yet persist
in their wicked practices, still labouring to keep
the hearts of the people from the present govern-
ment in church and state, by their pernicious
doctrine; and more particularly that Messrs.
Archibald Hamilton, minister at Wigton, WiUiam
Maitland at Whithorn, Robert Richardson at
Mochrum, George Wauch at Kirkindair, Alex-
ander Ross at Kirkcowan, Alexander Hutcheson
(it ought to be Fergusson) at Sorbie, ministers in
the presbytery of Wigtown; Messrs. Alexander

THE COVENANTERS. 99

Pedin at the Muirchurch, Glenluce, John Park
at the Shappel, Thomas Kennedy at Lisward,
James Lawrie at Stainkirk, James Wilson at
Kirkmaiden, John M 'Broom at Portpatrick,
ministers within the presbytery of Stranraer.
Messrs. Patrick Peacock at Kirkmabreck, William
Erskine, minister at Garston, Adam Kay, mini-
ster at Borg, Robert Ferguson at Boittil, vSamuel
Arnot at Tongland, John Wilkie at Twinam,
James Buglos, minister at Crossmichael, Thomas
Warner at Balmaclelland, John Cant at Keils,
Adam Alison at Balmagie, John M'Michan at
Dairy, John Duncan at Dundrennan and Rerick,
and Thomas Thomson, minister at Parton,
ministers in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright, and
Mr. Alexander Smith at Cowend and Siddock,
are the chief instruments in carrying on that
wicked course: have therefore ordained letters to
be directed against the forenamed persons,
charging and commanding them, and every one
of them, to remove themselves, wives, bairns,
servants, goods, and gear, forth and from their
respective dwelling places and manses, and out
of the bounds of the presbytery where now they
live, betwixt and the 20th day of March next; and
that they do not take upon them to exercise any
part of the ministerial function; and also charging
them to appear before the council, the 24th of
March next to come, to answer for their former
disobedience with certification as above specified."

100 GALLOWAY AND

A month later, Messrs. Maitland, Kay, Wilkie,
Waugh, Lawrie, Cant, Alison, M'Michan, and Smith,
" being called, compeared personally, and being
severely examined upon their obedience to the late
acts of parliament and council, anent their obedience
and submission to the government of the church, as
the same is presently established by law, declared they
were not yet clear to give obedience thereunto; but they
were ready and willing like as they then judicially
promised to obey the said acts, for removing from their
manses and parishes, and desisting from preaching,
conform to the same in every point. In consideration
whereof, the lords declare that they do continue (i.e.,
delay) to insist against them for their former carriages,
while they be of new cited." The others did not
appear, and were obliged to leave their kirks and
manses.

The outed ministers were not silent, nor did they
desert their flocks. They became, if possible, more
faithful and zealous in their work, and showed a firm-
ness of principle and a contempt of suffering which
greatly endeared them to their people.

They preached in the fields, moors, and on the hill-
sides, and this was the origin of conventicles. When
Gabriel Semple, minister of Kirkpatrick-Durham, was
outed from his parish, he took up his abode with
Neilson of Corsock. He preached in Corsock Castle
till the place would not hold his audience. Then he
took to the garden. It, too, became too small, and he
went to the open field, and so we have the beginning
of the field preaching that became so characteristic of

THE COVENANTERS. 101

the times of persecution. There were between three
and four hundred ministers outed, and they were
replaced by " the poorest creatures ever known as
ministers in Scotland, illiterate, juvenile, drunken, and
openly vicious," — little wonder that the people refused
to hear them.

The induction of curates resulted in rioting in
several places, and at Kirkcudbright and Irongray the
women took a prominent part in the proceedings. The
Chancellor wrote the magistrates of Kirkcudbright,
commanding them to discover the individuals who had
been engaged in the riot, and to order their appearance
before the Privy Council, with the husbands, fathers,
and masters of such women as had been concerned in
the tumult. In consequence of this injunction, there
appeared before the Council Adam Gumquhen, .John

Halliday, John M'Staffeu, Alexander M'Lean, • •

Renthoun, John Carson, and Alexander M'Kay, in-
habitants of Kirkcudbright, who denied that they had
taken any part in the tumult. M'Staffen and M'Lean
were ordered to find caution for the production of
their wives, and the rest were sent to prison until their
wives appeared before the Council. James Hunter,
cited and not compearing, was ordained to be
denounced. But the Council, finding there were no
acting magistrates in Kirkcudbright, appointed a
Committee to proceed to the South to make the most
searching enquiry into the particulars of this contempt
of authority. These Commissioners were the Earls
of Linlithgow, Galloway, and Annandale, Lord Drum-
lenrig, and Sir John Wauchope of Nidrie, and they

102 GALLOWAY AND

were accompanied by military force. They met at
Kirkcudbright in May, 1663, and called before them
all those who were supposed to have been engaged in
the riot, including over thirty women. After taking
evidence, they found that Lord Kirkcudbright, even
from his own confession, had opposed the introduction
of the curate, and had refused to give any assistance
in quelling the disturbance. They ordered him to be
sent a prisoner to Edinburgh. John Carson, late
Provost of Kirkcudbright, was dealt with in the same
way, and John Ewart, who had been chosen Provost at
the last election but refused to accept office, was
declared to be the chief cause of the disorganisation
of the magistracy, and had declined to give his advice
as to dealing with the tumult on the ground that he
was no Councillor, so he too was taken prisoner to
Edinburgh. A new election of magistrates was then
ordered. William Ewart was chosen Provost; John
Newall and Robert Glendinning, Bailies; and John
Livingstone, Treasurer. They all accepted office, and
signed a Bond for the faithful discharge of their
duties. After taking further evidence, the Com-
missioners found that Agnes Maxwell, Christina
M 'Cavers, Jean Rome, Marion Brown, and Janet
Biglam had been most active in the outrage, and they
were ordered to be carried prisoners to Edinburgh to
answer before the Privy Council. A dozen others were
ordered to be imprisoned till they found caution under
the penalty of £100 sterling to appear before the Privy
Council. Ellen Cracken and others were ordered to

THE COVENANTERS. 103

be apprehended by the Sheriff of Wigtown, and im-
prisoned by the magistrates of Kirkcudbright.

From Kirkcudbright the Lords addressed a letter
to Gordon of Earlston, requiring him to introduce the
curate of his parish, but he refused, as will be seen
in the article dealing with Earlston.

The Commissioners then proceeded to Irongray,
and called before them William Arnot of Littlepark,
George Rennie of Beoch, and several others. They,
found that Arnot had held several meetings before the
tumult for the purpose of opposing the admission of
Mr. Bernard Sanderson to the Church, and that, when
requested by the Rev. John Wishart and those who
went to serve the edict, to hold the women off them,
he declared he neither could nor would do it, and that
he afterwards drew his sword, and putting his back
against the church door, said, " Let me see who wiU,
place a minister here this day." Arnot was ordered
to be taken prisoner to Edinburgh. Rennie was
declared an accomplice because he had been present
and not assisted to overcome the opposition. He was
ordered to find security to a large amount to appear
before the Council when called. The whole of the
military were ordered to live on the inhabitants at
free quarters till the following Monday.

The Commissioners having given in their reports,
dated 25th and 30th May, 1663, to the Privy Council,
the men from Kirkcudbright who had appeared for
their wives, after finding caution for their good
behaviour, were set at liberty. Those still detained

104 GALLOWAY AND

seem to have had many sympathetic visitors, for the
following curious order was issued, 23rd June, 1663: —
" The Lords of council being informed that minister's
and other persons visit the prisoners for the riot at
Kirkcudbright, now in the tolbooth of Edinburgh, and
not only exhort, but pray for the said persons to
persist in their wicked practices, affirming that they
are suffering for righteousness' sake, and assure them
God will give them an outgate, recommend it to the
keeper to notice who visits them, and what their
discourse and carriage is when with them."

On the 13th August, the Privy Council gave the
following deliverance on the report of the Com-
missioners: —

" The Lords having considered several petitions
of the prisoners from Kirkcudbright and Irongray,
and the report of the commissioners sent to that
country, do find John Carson of Sennick, John
Euart, late provost of Kirkcudbright, and William
Arnot of Littlepark in Irongray, to have been
most guilty of the abuses and disorders there,
and fine John Carson in the sum of eight thousand
merks, and the said William Arnot in the sum of
five thousand merks: and order them to find
caution before they depart from prison, to pay the
said sums to his majesty's exchequer betwixt and
Martinmas next, with certification if they fail,
they shall be banished out of the kingdom: and
ordain and command the said William Arnot,
betwixt and the 25th of October next to come,

THE COVENANTERS. 105

to make public acknowledgment of his offences
two several Sabbaths at the kirk of Irongray
before that congregation. Like as the said lords
do banish the said John Euart forth of this realm
for his offence, and ordain and command him forth
of the same betwixt and this day twenty days,
not to be seen therein at any time hereafter,
without license from his majesty or the council,
at his highest peril.

" And the said lords finding Agnes Maxwell,
Marion Brown, Jean Rome, Christian M 'Cavers,
and Janet Biglam, to have been most active in
the said tumult, do ordain them, betwixt and the
15th day of September next to come, to stand two
several market days at the market-cross at Kirk-
cudbright, ilk day for the space of two hours, with
a paper on their face, bearing their fault to be
for contempt of his majesty's authority, and
raising a tumult in the said town; and ordain
them before they depart out of prison, to enact
themselves in the books of council, to give
obedience to this; and the magistrates of Kirkcud-
bright to execute this sentence; and if they fail
or delay so to do, that they cause whip them
through the said town, and banish them forth of
the same, and the liberties thereof."

106 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER X.

Act against Presbyteriau ministers from Ireland coming to Scot-
land — The Earl of Gallowaj' and others appointed to examine
them — John Gordon of Stranraer prisoner for treasonable
speeches — Episcopal ministers' trying time — Register of the
Synod of Galloway — Complaints of parishioners absenting
themselves from preaching; of seditious ministers; of their
own hard necessitous condition; of conventicle keepers —
Bond to be tendered to disorderly parishioners — The state
of the Glenkens — Episcopalians get no support there — Kirk-
eowan Curate cannot get a Session — Patrick Vans of Sorbie
to be proceeded against for disorderly baptism.

On 7tli October, 1663, the Privy Council passed an
Act to prevent Presbyterian ministers from Ireland
getting a shelter in Scotland, and also against those
who would not attend the parish church to hear the
curates. Among those appointed to call before them
persons coming from Ireland for examination were the
Earl of Galloway, the Provost of Ayr for the time,
Maxwell of Munches, the Provost of Wigtown for the
time, and Stewart of Tonderghie.

In January, 1664, the Chancellor wrote Sir James
Turner, as follows: — " Sir, — Upon information given
to his majesty's privy council of some treasonable
speeches uttered by one John Gordon burgess in
Stranraer, for which he is now prisoner in that Burgh,
they order you to send him in prisoner, with as many
soldiers as may be sufficient for that purpose, that the

THE COVENANTERS. 107

council may take such course with him, as tliey shall
think fit."

No more appears about him.

Although supported by the Government, the Episco-
pal ministers who were sent to Galloway had a very
trying time.

In the Register of the Synod of Galloway we get
frequent glimpses of the difficulties they had to
contend with. On October 26th, 1664, it is complained
that many of the parishioners wilfully absent them-
selves from the preaching of the Word and other divine
ordinances, and refuse to bring their children to the
church to be baptised by them, but either keep them
unbaptised or take them to outed ministers of their
own principles to be baptised privately by them.

On November Ist, 1665, it is represented to the
Bishop of the Synod that their bounds were much
pestered and troubled with seditious ministers who-
kept conventicles and unlawful meetings to the great
hindrance of the work of the ministry in those parts,
and the Presbytery of Kirkcudbright was instructed
to get detailed information and represent the same t»
the Lords of His Majesty's High Commission. The
Presbytery further declared that one of the chief
causes, as they supposed, why their bounds were in
such an unsettled condition was that they had not,
like other shires, Justices of the Peace who might
concur with them for the settlement of the same.

At a meeting at Kirkcudbright, on 26th April, 1666,
the ministers represented their hard, necessitous, and
singular condition as that they (being all and everyone

108 GALLOWAY AND

of them newly planted within this said diocese of
Oalloway, as alec come from the several places of this
kingdom) had vast expense and charge in accommo-
dating themselves for transporting themselves to, and
settling themselves in this then so unruly and unsettled
country. As also that they being now come do find
that their respective stipends, though mean, yet are
altogether unsettled. As also that these unsettled
stipends are very ill and unthankfuUy paid, partly by
reason of the backwardness of diverse disaffected and
mal-contented persons and partly by and through the
present deadness of trade, the principal nerves and
sinews of that country. They accordingly ask to be
relieved of an annuity imposed on them by Acts of
Parliament.

At the same meeting, representatives were appointed
to give the names of ministers who kept conventicles
Tvithin the presbytery, to Sir James Turner, who was
then in the town, desiring him to take such course as
may remedy the same. These ministers' names were as
follows, viz.: — Mr. Adam Allison, Mr. John Wilkie,
Mr. Samuel Arnot, Master James Buglass, Mr. Alex-
ander Robertson, Mr. William Hay, Master John
Cant, Mr. Thomas Vernor, and Master John Blaicater.

The several ministers within the diocese were com-
manded to give in an exact and impartial list of all
wilful and ordinary withdrawers, conventicle keepers,
and abettors of the same within their respective con-
gregations.

At this meeting a committee was appointed to advise
Tvith Sir James Turner as to the terms of a Bond

THE COVENANTERS. 109

to be tendered by every minister to their disorderly
parishioners. The draft Bond was submitted and
approved by the Bishop and Synod as follows, and
the ministers were ordained to have it observed:—

" I Forasmickle as Sir James Turner

commander of his Majesty's forces of foot in
Galloway having full and ample Commission to
take up ye fines imposed by act of Parliament
upon such as willfully absent themselves from the
church, the hearing of ye word and other divine
ordinances, and to punish such as frequent Con-
venticles forbidden by the law, and resetts such
outed ministers as do preach at these Conventicles,
And I being one of that number that have trans-
gressed in all or some one or other of ye premises,
And yet being most civilie discreetly and gentilly
delt with in ye matter of my fines for ray bygane
faults of that kind by ye said Sir James Turner,
in hopes of and upon my promise to keep ye
church duly and to frequent all divine ordinances
for ye future and to dishaunt all Private Con-
venticles and to disown and discountenance all
Conventicle preachers. Therefore wit ye me to be
bound and oblig'd like as by thir presents I bind
and oblige me to keep and observe this my promise
in all ye particulars above rehearsed, As likewise
in case it shall happen me at any time hereafter
to dishaunt ye church, hearing of ye word or other
divine ordinances for two Lords days together, un-
lesse I be hindered by sicknesse or by permission

110 GALLOWAY AND

of the minister of the Parish, And in case I shall
be found to be present at any private Conventicle
or meeting forbidden by ye law, or shall coun-
tenance or reset in my house, or contribute for
the supply of any Conventicle preachers. In
these cases and every one of them I bind and
oblige me by my heirs and executors to content

and pay to his heirs and executers the

summe of Scots money, and that within six

days next after my committing any of the said
failings in any particular of the premises the
samen being proven as accords in law, or, in case
I shall refuse to clear myselfe by the oath, before
ye minister of the Parish where I live or before
the Presbytery of the place. And for the moi'e
securitie etc."

At the same meeting, ministers who had not already
given in a list of wilful with-drawers and conventicle
keepers did so, and reference is made to a conventicle
at Glenvogie, within the parish of Penninghame, on
the last day of December, 1665, " but Mr. James
Garshore, minister of the parish, being not now in the
country," they could not get full information about
it. The Presbytery of Stranraer being interrogated
anent their wilful with-drawers, declared that they had
none except the Earl of Cassillis, the late ministers,
some chaplains (which chaplains the Synod ordained
them to proceed against conform to former Acts), and
one James Johnstone, a fugitive.

THE COVENANTERS. Ill

The state of the Glcnkens seems to have given the
Synod considerable trouble, and they agreed to write
certain gentlemen there: — in the parish of Carsphairn,
Gilbert Macadam of Waterhead, William Gordon of
'Dundeugh, and Alexander Gordon of Knockgray; in
the parish of Dairy, Robert Stewart of Ardoch, James
Logan of Bogue, and Robert Grier of Millmark; in
the parish of BalmacleUan, William Gordon, Shinners,
Gordon of Holm, and Robert Gordon, Trochqueen; in
the parish of Kells, the Provost of New Galloway;
James Chalmers of Waterside, and John Grier of
Dalton, desiring them to meet with some of the
ministers to confer anent settling of their respective
parishes. Many of these gentlemen were devoted
Covenanters. The Synod appointed their well beloved
brethren, Mr. James Colquhoun, minister of Penning-
hame, Mr. Andrew Simpson, minister of Kirkinner,
Mr. Alexander Cowper, minister of Sorbie, and Mr.
Alexander Irving, minister of Parton, to go to meet
them. These ministers afterwards reported that they
had proceeded to New Galloway as arranged, " but,
although they stayed there a considerable time, yet
none of the gentlemen that were written to and desired
to be present came except one of them — Shirmers — so
that nothing was done in the matter." Some of the
ministers were appointed to go there and preach, but
they one and all had some excuse, because we find
the following: — Reported by Mr. James Hutcheson
" That he could not keep the diet appointed the last
Synod by reason of the greatness of the waters."

112 GALLOWAY AND

Eeported by Mr. Thomas Ireland, " That he was lying
very sick of a fever." Eeported by Mr. Alexander
Cowper " That he went not, being unwell." Reported
by Mr. James Colquhoun " That he went to Cars-
phairn according to appointment, but he got not an
auditory." Eeported by Mr. Alexander Ir^dng " That

he was going, but (a very significant blank, excuses

having apparently run short). Eeported by Mr.
James Shaw " That he went not, conceiving that he
would get not auditory." Nothing further is required
to show how determined the Glenkens folk were to
have no dealings with Episcopacy.

At Kirkcudbright, on 29th April, 1669, the Bishop
and Synod having heard that within the Presbytery of
Stranraer there are several disordei-s, as some baptising
their children by outed ministers, and hearing alsQ
that it hath been the study of some gentlemen within
the bounds to break the discipline of the Church,
especially within the parish of Kirkmaiden, obstruct-
ing so far as they could Church censure against known
delinquents, illegally opposing the minister, and
weakening his hands in order to the exercise of
discipline in that part, ordained the Presbytery of
Stranraer to begin their visitations at Kirkmaiden
Church, and to cite before them such persons as are
guilty of said dismeanours, and if they get no satis-i
faction, to represent the matter to the Privy Council.

The Bishop and the Synod appointed the several
Presbyteries to write or speak to the late ministers
who kept conventicles and baptised children of other

THE COVENANTERS. 113

men's congregations, that they would desist from so
doing, or else application would be made to the Privy-
Council thereanent.

At a meeting at Wigtown, 28th April, 1670, the
minister of Kirkcowan complains that he cannot get
a Session to concur with him in the exercise of
discipline, and the Presbytery of Wigtown is recom-
mended to appoint some of their number to meet with
him to supply the place with a Session.

The proceedings contain reference to Patrick Vans
in the parish of Sorbie, for disorderly baptising of
his child, and the Presbytery of Wigtown is ordained
to proceed against him.

114 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XL

Proceediugs against Welsh, Semple, Blackadder, Arnot, Peden,
and other ministers for keeping conventicles and baptising
— The people persecuted for hearing onted ministers — Sir
James Turner sent into Galloway to crush any opposition —
The rising at Dairy — The sufferings endured in Galloway —
Fines in Stewartry parishes — Qnarterings and other aggrava-
tions.

Towards the end of January, 1666, at the instigation
probably of the bishop of Galloway, the Council
direct proceedings to be taken against " Mr. John
Welsh, late minister of Irongray; Mr. Gilbert Semple,
late minister of Kirkpatrick of the Muir; Mr. John
Blackadder, late minister of Troqueer; Mr. Robert
Archibald, late minister of Dunscore; Mr. Samuel
Arnot, late minister at Kirkpatrick-durham ; Mr.
John Douglas, late minister at ; Mr. Alex-

ander Peden, late minister at ; Mr. William

Reid, late minister at ; Mr. John Wilkie, late

minister at ; Mr. John Crookshanks, and John

Osborne in Keir, on the ground that they do still
presume to keep conventicles and private meetings and
presume to preach, and in their sermons and conference
traduce, reflect upon, and declare against authority
and the government civil and ecclesiastical, as it is
established by law in Church and State, and do not
only withdraw from the ordinary and public meetings

THE COVENANTERS. 115

for divine worship, but do most eeditiouely by their
practice and example and by their speeches and dis-
courses seduce and endeavour to withdraw others from
the same, and particularly the said Mr. John Welsh
does presume frequently at least once every week to
preach in the parish of Irongray in the Presbytery
of Dumfries, and himself and these who frequent his
conventicles do convene together armed with sworda
and pistols, at the which meetings he also baptises
children that are brought to him by disaffected
persons." Other charges of a similar nature are
narrated against the others, and of Alexander Peden
it is said that the conventicles were " kept under
cloud of night with a great deal of confusion, as also
the said Mr. Alexander rides up and down the country
with sword and pistol in grey clothes." Osborne's
crime is giving notice to the people of these unlawful
meetings. Accordingly, they are to be charged at the
Market Cross of Edinburgh, Dumfries, Kirkcud-
bright, Pier and Shore of Leith, to appear personally
before the Lords of Council at Edinburgh, to answer
to the premises under pain of rebellion and putting
to the horn.

Not only were conventicles forbidden, but all who
attended them were liable to severe pains and penalties.
The people met in the moors and fields to hear their
outed ministers, and were persecuted for so doing and
for refusing to hear the Episcopal curates. They were
hunted like criminals, and Sir James Turner was sent
into Galloway with troops to enforce compliance and

116 GALLOWAY AND

to crush any opposition. This led to the outbreak at
Dairy, followed by the defeat of the Covenanters at
RuUion Green. The facts and circumstances connected
with the Rising will be dealt with separately.

In a letter from a gentleman in Galloway, published
in Wodrow, it is stated that the first of these
sufferings was in 1663, about mid May, when -the
forces came into Dumfries and Kirkcudbright. The
second was in 1665, when the horse and foot came in
under Sir James Turner. " The third was in this
present year — 1666 — when about the month of March
or beginning of April the Party came in under the
command of Sir James Turner." After narrating the
hardships endured, the letter continues —

" These people are weakened in their estates
indeed, but confirmed in their opinion. It is
palpable that the extended conformity cannot be
gained by such extreme dealing, but rather
marred; and will not the report of this rigid
dealing (which cannot be hid) have influence upon
all those of their judgment to alienate them the
more from the course? I confess this con-
sideration is like to have little weight with some
covetous soldiers (employed here) assuming to
themselves an arbitrary power to pray upon a
desolate people for their own private gain, but
I expect that judicious and unbiassed men who
tender the good of the country and his Majesty's
interest therein, will lay this to heart and take

THE COVENANTERS. 117

their best way to represent it to our rulers for
remedy in the matter and moving their com-
passion towards a poor people that have few to
speak for them.

" Follows that brief relation of this country's
sufferings, which I promised you in my letter,
wherein this is enclosed, in which you have set
down, 1. The enumerate sums of money; 2. Some
general aggravations —

1. The Parish of Carsphairn, forty-nine
families in that called kirk fines, has
suffered the loss of £4,864 17 4

3. IntheParishof Dairy, forty-three families, 9,577 6 8

3. In Balmadellan, forty-nine families, 6,430 10 4

4. In the Parish of Balraaghie, nine families, 425 11 8

5. In Tungland Parish, out of two or three

poor families, - 166 12 8

6. In Twynam Parish, from some poor per-

sons,

7. In Borg Parish, out of twenty families,

8. In Girton Parish, out of nine poor families,

9. In Anworth Parish, from some poor

families,

10. In Kirkpatrick-durham Parish, out of

thirty-four inconsiderable families,

11. In Kirkmabreck Parish, some few families,

12. In MonygafF, three families,

13. In Kirkcudbright, eighteen families,

14. In Lochrutton Parish, out of thirty-seven

poor families, notwithstanding they want
a minister,

15. In Troqueer Parish, twelve poor families,

16. In Kells Parish,

17. In Corsmichael Parish,

18. In Parton Parish, from twenty-four families,

19. In Irongray Parish, forty-two families.

81 4

2,062 17

525 10

4
4

773 6

1

2,235 16
563 6
600

2,580

2,080
756 10
466 13
1,666 13
2,838 9
3,362 18

4

4
4
8

118 GALLOWAY AND

" In the Sheriffdom of Nithsdale
or Dumfriesshire —

1. In the town and parish of Dumfries, from

fifty-one families, was exacted the sum of 4,61 7 15 4

9. In the parish of Kirkmaho, from t\\enty

poor families, - 1,341 6 8

3. In Dunscore parish, from fourteen families, 1.411 13 4

4. In Glencairn parish, from families, 2,146 14 8

The total of these simis extend to - £51,575 13 4

" Besides the sums above named, it is to be con-
sidered that the great expense of quartering is
not received in most parts of the parishes above-
named, which would make a great addition to
the former sums, but it cannot well be counted.

" That all these forementioned sums are by and
attour all the fines imposed by the State which,
within the Stewartry of Galloway upon ninety-
one persons, extend to the sum of £47,860, and
in the Sheriffdom of Nithsdale upon forty-one
persons, extend to £29,260: which being laid to-
gether the Parliament fines within the Stewartry
of Galloway, and Sheriffdom of Nithsdale, extend
to £77,120: and that besides the expense of cess
and quarter for the fines themselves for several
persons, was put to pay near as much more cess
as their fines came to besides quarter.

" That by and attour all the foresaid losses,
there are many families (whose sums are not here

THE COVENANTERS. 119

reckoned) in probability totally ruined, and many
others scattered already: for instance in lioch-
rutton, a little parish, I find to be reckoned to be
above sixteen families utterly broken. In Iron-
gray parish the most part of the families put
from house keeping already, the soldiers having
violently taken away both there and elsewhere
from several families the thing they should have
lived on, even to the leading away of their hay-
stacks. I forbear to set down the rest of the
broken and ruined families until I can give you
a more distinct account: only I can tell you in
the general that utter ruin to the most part of
the families in this country is like to be the
consequence of these grievous and intolerable
impositions: and also to my certain knowledge,
there are several gentlemen who formerly were
well to live, that are now put from house keeping,
and forced to wander: yea, ofttime to be beholden
to others for a night's lodging, the soldiers having
possessed themselves in their houses, cattle,
plenishing, barns, etc.

" Ordinarily, wherever they came to quarter,
they do not rest content with sufficiency, but set
themselves to waete needlessly ; at some times send
for sheep off the hill, and cast whole bulks of them
to their hounds and ratches: also by treading and
scattering corn and straw, they and their pedies
at their pleasure, and usually saying, We came
to destroy, and we shall destroy you.

120 GALLOWAY AND

"It is specially to be considered, that besides
all which the country hath suffered hitherto, the
soldiers are sent forth through the country again,
and fine, cess, and quarter is imposed of new upon
the same persons and families who were fined
before, yea, upon some it is doubled and trebled.
I have lately heard that some yeomen are fined in
five hundred merks, besides, the gentlemen in six
or seven hundred pounds. I cannot see what shall
be the fruit of these things, except utter ruin to
their worldly estates.

" Notwithstanding all these impositions upon
that people and aggravation of their sufferings
above mentioned, yet the people are commanded
to take a Bond, wherein (besides all the particular
obligations required in that Bond) is contained
an acknowledgment that the commander of the
party has dealt civilly and discreetly with them."

THE COVENANTERS. 121

CHAPTER XII.

Bitter persecution after Pentland— Sir William Bannatync sent
into Galloway with large party of soldiers — Oppression of
the people-^oger Gordon of Holm, Earlston, David M'Gill
of Dairy, Gilbert Monry in Marbreck, Alexander Gordon of
Knockbrack — Bannatyne's horrible cruelty — ^List of persons
pursued for forfeiture — ^Numbers ordered to be executed
when taken— Change of King's advisers — King's Indemnity —
Long list of exceptions — Bond to keep public peace — Parties
appointed in Wigtownshire and the Stewartry to get it
signed — Differences of opinion as to its true intent and
meaning.

After tiie overthrow of the Covenanters at Pentland,
many of the outed ministers crossed to Holland, but
others continued to preach to the people at con-
venticles. Bitter persecution followed immediately
on Pentland, and then there was a lull, during which
the preachers became bolder, and multitudes flocked
to hear them. Sir William Bannatyne was sent into
Galloway with a large party of soldiers. He brought
four hundred foot and a troop of horses to Roger
Gordon's of Holm, in the parish of Dairy, and
quartered them there. They ate up everything about
the place, and when all was consumed they forced the
neighbours to carry to them. They then proceeded to
the house of Earlston, which they turned into a
garrison, and sent out parties to harass the whole
district. David M'Gill of Dairy was being searched

9

122 GALLOWAY AND

for, but he disguised himself in a woman's clothes, and
got away. The soldiers, asserting that his wife had
been privy to his escape, seized her and bound her and
tortured her by putting lighted matches between her
fingers. She suffered terribly, lost one of her hands,
and in a few days she died. Heavy fines were imposed
without any reason, and where they could not all be
paid at once, bonds were exacted for the balance.

Gilbert Monry of Marbreck in Carsphairn was fined
fifty merks without any alleged fault. When he asked
Sir William Bannatyne why he was fined, the other
answered, " Because you have gear, and I must have
a part of it." And indeed a similar answer might
have been given in regard to all his exactions.

Alexander Gordon of Knockbrack, for his sons being
at Pentland, was made to suffer a great deal, and
John Gordon in Carneval had everything taken from
him, his loss being 16,000 merks.

In the parish of Balmaghie, Bannatyne went into a
public house, and after getting some liquor, attempted
to take advantage of the mistress of the house. Her
husband went to protect her, and Bannatyne struck
him dead on the spot. " Bannatyne and his party
drank in the house most of the Lord's Day; and when
they could drink no more, let what remained run upon
the ground, and rifled the house of all in it. In short,
it was known in this country that Bannatyne never
refused to let his men rob and plunder wherever they
pleased. His oppressions, murders, robberies, rapes,
adulteries, etc., were so many and atrocious that the
managers themselves were ashamed of them, and we

THE COVENANTERS. 1»

shall afterwards hear that he was called to some account
for them, and forced to flee the nation."

Many were imprisoned upon mere suspicion. James
Grierson of Dargoner was imprisoned in Ayr without
any fault, although he earnestly craved trial. At
length he was let out upon giving caution for his
appearance when called. In August, 1667, a Justice-
Court was held at Edinburgh, when the Lord Advocate
produced a commission to pursue the following persons
for forfeiture before the Court as having been in the
late Rebellion in the west: —

" Colonel James Wallace, Major Joseph Learmont,
William Maxwell of Monreif younger, John M'Clellan
of Barsoob, John Gordon of Knockbrex, Robert
M'Clellan of Barmageichan, James Cannon of Barn-
shalloch younger, Robert Cannon of Mardrochat

younger, John Welsh of Scar, Welsh of Cornley,

Gordon of Garry in Kells, Robert Chalmers

brother to Gadgirth, Henry Grier in Balmaclellan,
David Scott in Irongray, John Gordon in Middleton
of Dairy, William Gordon there, John M'Naught
there, Robert and Gilbert Cannons there, Andrew
Dempster of Carradow, James Grierson of Dargoner

(who was delayed), James Kirk of Sundaywell,

Ramsay in Mains of Arnistoun, John Hutchison in

Newbottle, Row, Chaplain to Scotstarbet, Patrick

Listovm in Calder, Patrick Listoun his son, James
Wilkie in Mains of Cliftounhall, William Muir of
Caldwell, the goodman of Caldwell, Mr. John Cuning-
ham of Bedland, William Porterfield of Quarreltoun,.
Alexander Porterfield his brother, Robert Ker of Kers-

124 GALLOWAY AND

land, William Lockhart of Wicketshaw, David Poo
in Pokelly, Mr. Gabriel Semple, Mr. John Semple,
Mr. John Guthrie, Mr. John Welsh, Mr. Samuel
Arnot, Mr. James Smith, Mr. Alexander Pedin, Mr.

Orr, Mr. William Veitch, Mr. Paton, Mv.

John Cruickshanks, Mr. Gabriel Maxwell, Mr. John
Oarstairs, Mr. James Mitchell, and Mr. William
Porsyth."

The Court, upon their non-appearance, decerned
them to be denounced rebels and their lands to fall
to his Majesty's use. A simple forfeiture was not
reckoned a good enough claim for the estates to be
•disposed of, and the advocate urged to have the sentence
of death passed upon as many of them as he saw fit
to insist against. This was utterly illegal, but the
persecutors let nothing stand in the way to gain their
«nd, and accordingly proceedings were taken against
-Colonel James Wallace of Auchanes; Major Joseph
Learmont; John M'Clellan, Barscob; Mr. John
Welsh; Mr. James Smith; Patrick Listoun of Calder;
William Listoun, his son; WiUiam Porterfield of
Quarreltoun. They were, as a matter of course,
ordered to be executed when taken, and their estates
forfeited. A few days afterwards, 16th August, 1667,
the same farce was gone through against William Muir
of Caldwell; John Caldwell of Caldwell younger;
Robert Ker of Kersland; Mr. John Cuningham of
Bedland; Alexander Porterfield, brother to Quarrel-
toun; Maxwell, son of Monreif; Robert M'Clellan
of Barmageichan; Robert Cannon of Mardrochat,
j^ounger; Robert Chalmers, brother to Gadgirth;

THE COVENANTERS. 125

Mr. Grabriel Semple; Mr. John Guthrie; Mr. Alex.
Peden; Mr. William Veitch; Mr. John Crookshanks;
and Patrick M'Naught in Cummock. They also were
ordered to be executed when taken, and their estates
forfeited. Kobert Chalmers was afterwards (1669)
pardoned.

During this year, many changes took place among
the King's Councillors, and there was a disposition to
relax the proceedings against the Presbyterians, and
to disband the army. Sir Eobert Murray was sent to
Scotland to learn how matters stood, and on 23rd
August, 1667, the King's command was made known —
that the army was to be forthwith disbanded. On
Ist October, 1667, the King's Indemnity was given
to those in the Rebellion, excepting always from his
pardon the persons and fortunes of Colonel James

Wallace; Major Learmont; Maxwell of Monreif,

younger; M'Clellan of Barscob; Gordon of

Barbreck; M'Clellan of Barmageichan;

Cannon of Barnshalloch, younger; Cannon of

Barley younger; Cannon of Mardrochat,

younger; Welsh of Scar; Welsh of Cornley;

— — ■ Gordon of Garrery in Kells; Robert Chalmers,
brother to Gadgirth; Henry Grier in Balmaclellan;
David Scott in Irongray; John Gordon in Midtoun of
Dairy; William Gordon there; John M'Naught there;

Robert and Gilbert Cannons there; Gordon of

Bar, elder, in Kirkpatrick-durham; Patrick M'Naught
in Cumnock; John M'Naught, his son; Gordon of

Holm, younger; Dempster of Carridow; of

Dargoner; of Sunday well; Ramsay in the

126 GALLOWAY AND

Mains of Arnistoun; John Hutchison in Newbottle;
Patrick Listoun in Calder; William Listoun, his son;
James Wilkie in the Mains of Cliftonhall; the laird of
Caldwell, the goodman of Caldwell, younger; the laird
of Kersland, younger; the laird of Bedland Cuning-

ham; Porterfield of Quarrelton; Alexander

Porterfield, his brother; Ijockhart of Wicket-

fihaw; Mr. Trail, son to Mr. Robert Trail, some-
time chaplain to Scotstarbet; David Poe in Pokelly;
Mr. Gabriel Semple; John Sample; Mr. John
Guthrie; Mr. John Welsh; Mr. Samuel Arnot; Mr.

James Smith; Mr. Alexander Peden; Mr. Orr;

Mr. William Veitch; Mr. Paton, preacher; Mr.

Crookshanks; Mr. Gabriel Maxwell; Mr. John

Carstairs; Mr. James Mitchell; Mr. William
Forsyth; and of all others who were forfeited, or under
process of forfeiture, as also excepting all such who,
since the late rebellion, had been accessory to the
robbing of ministers' houses and committing violence
upon the persons of ministers, and processed for the
same, and found guilty thereof.

The pardon was only to extend to those who before
Ist January gave Bond for keeping the public peace,
and among those appointed to take this Bond were the
Master of Herries, the Sheriff of Galloway, the Laird
of Baldoon, Maxwell of Munches, and Max-
well of Woodhead for the Sheriffdom of Wigtown and
Stewartry of Kirkcudbright.

A Bond was also prepared to be signed by noblemen,
gentlemen, heritors, and feuars for themselves, tenants,
and servants, that they would keep the public peace

THE COVENANTERS. 127

(i.e., abstain from conventicles) under the penalty of
the heritor's yearly rent, the tenant's rent, and the
servant's fee. The Earls of Linlithgow, Annandale,
Galloway, and Lord Drumlanrig were appointed for
the Shire of Wigtown, the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright
and Shire of Dumfries, and Stewartry of Annandale,
to convene these parties at the heads of the different
districts on 7th November to sign this Bond.

There was considerable difference of opinion as to
the true intent and meaning of the words, " Keep the
public peace." Some accepted the Bond without
demur as containing nothing contrary to the principles
of Presbyterianism, some absolutely refused it as
homologating the Government both in Church and
State, and others took a middle course and signed along
with it a protestation against any supposed unlawful
meaning of the Bond, declaring that if it was intended
to oblige the subject to approve of and submit to
Prelatic government, or to restrict anything for
extirpation of the same, contrary to that great
indissoluble standing Bond — The Solemn League and
Covenant — it was most sinful and perfidious, and
utterly to be refused.

128 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER Xin.

Inquiry as to extortions by the military — Report showing what
Gallowiiy had to suffer from Sir James Turner — Turner
dismissed — Bannatyne fined and removed from the Kingdom
— Those who have failed to take advantage of the Indemnity
to be seized — Lists of those in Carsphairn parish and Dairy
parish — Attempt on Archbishop Sharp — Pentland prisoners
dealt with — Another rising feared — Cockburn sent to the
Glenkens — Cannon of Mardrochat taken prisoner, and turns
informer — Indulgence — Withdrawal of troops from Galloway
— Dissensions among the Covenanters in Galloway over the
Indulgence — Mr. Park indulged to Stranraer, but Mr.
Naismith appointed by the Bishop.

About the end of 1667, Sheriff Agnew, Lords
Galloway and Kenmuir made representation to the
Government as to the extortions of the miKtary, and
a commission was granted to Lords Nithsdale and
Kenmuir and the Laird of Craigdarroch (Ferguson)
to enquire into the conduct of Sir James Turner and
Sir William Bannatyne. The report anent Sir James
Turner shows how much the people of Galloway had
to suffer at his hands: —

" The Committee appointed for trial of Sir
James Turner's carriage, having given in their
report, bearing that, according to order, they
having met upon the 28th of November last, drew
up fit queries and instructions concerning it, and
orders to some gentlemen in the west, to take

THE COVENANTERS. 129

information of all sums of money exacted by Sir
James, or his order, for fines, cess, or otherwise,
and of all his deportments: and to be sure of a
speedy return, sent Thomas Buntine with letters
and orders above-mentioned, appointing him to
attend the prosecution of them, and bring back
the reports, which he accordingly did, before the
10th of January.

" The Committee did thereafter deliver to Sir
James a paper containing some grievances drawn
out from the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright only,
those in the other shires not being so clear andi
full. They allowed Sir James to see all the
reports in the Clerk's hands, and enjoined himi
to give in his answers in writing, the 17th instant,
which he did. And the Committee having read
and considered all, and examined Sir James upon
every point that occurred, after a full debate,
agreed to offer to the council their humble opinion,
that the council do, in obedience to his majesty's
commands, transmit to the secretary the following
report to be communicated to his majesty: —

" The lords of his majesty's privy council did
no sooner receive his command in his gracious
letter, of the 21st of November last, for taking
exact information of Sir James Turner's deport-
ment in the west, but they ordered and empowered
a committee of their number to enquire diligently
thereinto: and by their report it appears that upon
information from the Stewartry of Kirkcud-
bright, given in upon oath of parties, or their

130 GALLOWAY AND

masters or neighbours, many illegal exactions have
been made, and disorders committed, such as —

" Imo, Quartering of soldiers, for levying of
fines and impositions. 2nd, exacting cess, or
quartering money, for more soldiers than were
actually present, sometimes for double the
number, or more, and that besides free quarters
for those present, sometimes eightpence, some-
times twelvepence, sometimes sixteenpence, and
sometimes more for each man. 3tio, Cess exacted
for divers days, sometimes eight, ten, or more,
before the party did actually appear. 4to,
Imposing of fines, and quartering, before any
previous citation or hearing of parties. 5to,
Fining without due information from ministere.
6to, Fining such as lived orderly, as appears by
minister's certification. 7mo, Fining and cessing
for causes for which there are no warrants from
acts of Parliament or council; as, Imo, Baptising
of children by outed ministers. 2do, Baptising
by neighbouring ministers when the parish church
was vacant. 3tio, Marrying by outed ministei-s.
4to, For keeping of conventicles. 8vo, Fining
for whole years preceding his coming to the
country, and that after they had begun to live
orderly. 9no, Fining fathers for their daughters
baptising their children by outed ministers,
though forisfamiliate six months before, and
living in another parish. lOmo, Fining without
proportioning the sum with the fault. 11 mo,
Fining the whole parishes, promiscuously, as well

THE COVENANTERS. 131

those that lived orderly, as those that did not.
Fining the whole parishes, where there was no
incumhent minister. 13mo, Fining one that lay a
year bed fast. 14mo, Forcing Bonds from the
innocent. 15mo, Cessing people who were not
fined. 16mo, Taking away cattle. All those
actings were illegal.

" Misdemeanours of other kinds were. 17mo,
Agreeing for fine and cess both in one sum,
whereby accounts are confounded. 18mo, Not
admitting of complainers, who were cessed, to
come to his presence, alleged to be his constant
practice. 19mo, Permitting his servants to take
money for admitting people to him, and yet access
denied. 20mo, Increasing the number of quarter-
ing soldiers after complaints. 21mo, Exacting
money for removing soldiers after cess and fines
were paid. Everyone of the foregoing articles
was made out by information upon oath, which
yet doth not amount to a legal proof, which in
most of these cases will be difficult, if not im-
possible to obtain, in regard that no witnesses
can be had, that are not liable to exception, unless
by examining officers, soldiers, and servants,
which would take up much time and labour.

" Sir James Turner's defences, as to such of
the foregoing articles as he acknowledged, are
commission and instructions from the then lord
commissioner for quartering to raise fines, for
fining those who forbore going to church, or
married, or baptised by outed ministers, or kept

132 GALLOWAY AND

conventicles, and that upon the delations of
credible persons and to prefer them to those of
ministers, but he does affirm, that all the com-
missions and instructions were taken from him by
the rebels, when he was made prisoner, and so had
nothing to show for his vindication: And for all
the other heads above written, he either denies
matter of fact, ascribes the transactions to others,
or pleads ignorance.

" The sums of money received for fines and
cess, and bonds taken, he acknowledged to have
amounted to thirty thousand pounds Scots. The
sums charged upon him by the country, besides
quartering, came to about thirty-eight thousand
pounds Scots: wherein is not reckoned what was
exacted from any of those who rose in rebellion,
and some parishes whence no information was
returned."

Turner was dismissed the service.
In regard to Bannatyne, the Council, on 4th August,
1668, passed the following Act: —

" The lords of Council, considering the com-
plaints given in against Sir William Bannelden,
and the answers given thereto, do fine the said
Sir William in the sum of two hundred pounds
sterling, allowing him a precept drawn by the
lords of the treasury for one thousand three
hundred merks which he answered ; and in respect
the said Sir William hath exhibited aU the bonds
and papers taken by him in Galloway, and given

THE COVENANTERS. 133

sufficient caution to remove off the kingdom
betwixt and the first of September next, and not
to return without special order, under the penalty
of five hundred pounds sterKng, do assoilie the
said Sir William from all other pains and punish-
ments that might have followed upon the said
complaint."

He went over to the Low Countries, and was killed
by a cannon ball at the siege of Grave.

A Report being called for of how many had signed
the Bond to keep the public peace, it is stated that
" in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright 14 have taken
the Bond and 128 have not." On May 9th, 1668, a
Proclamation is made ordering magistrates and officers
to seize those who had failed to take advantage of the
so-called Indemnity. A huge list is given, among
the names being the following: —

In Carsphairit Parish.

Nathanael Cannon in Formator.
James Macmitchel in Knockinreoch.
John Macmillan in Strong-gashel.
Robert Macmillan in Kiltarsen.
WiUiam Macmillan in Bradinoch.
James Mackilney in Polmidow.
John Logan in Loch Head.
John Crawford in Drumjohn.
John Cunninghame in Longford.

' Macadam in Waterhead.

John Hannah there.

134 GALLOWAY AND

John Macmillan, younger, in Brockloch.
George Macadam in Bow.
George Ferguson in Woodhead.
David Cubbison in Moss.
James Macadam in Knockgray.
Alexander Macmillan in Bank.
William Smith at Bridge of Geuch.
John Wylie in Smiton.
Roger Macolm in Netherholm.
Robert Macolm in Netherglen.

In Dairy Parish.

David Cannon, brother to Morgrie.

Edward Criohton in Knockstring.

James Ferguson in Trostan.

Robert Criohton in Fingland.

Andrew Criohton there.

John Machutcheon in Clachan of Dairy.

James Welsh, his brother.

John Welsh in Skeoch.

Robert Wallat in Scar.

Herbert Biggar, son to Herbert Biggar of BaAuie,

Thomas Smith, son to James Smith of Drumlyre.

Robert Sinclair, son to Robert Sinclair in Lag.

William Welsh in Ingliston.

James Biggar in Margloby.

John Currier in Newark.

Robert Currier in Dalquhairn.

David Currier in Ruchtree.

Robert Colvin in Ingliston.

THE COVENANTERS. 135

John Hunter in Barncleugh.

John Wallat in Holhill.

John Welsh in Knachston.

John Wright in Larbreok.

John Whitehead in Cludden.

James Macbirnie in Crobmor.

John Wilson in Traquair.

Andrew Haining, servant to John Neilson of Cor-

John Gaw, son to Robert Gaw in Airncrogue.

The King's disposition at this time to allow Presby-
terians more liberty was checked by the attempt of
James Mitchell to shoot the archbishop of St. Andrews
at the head of Black Friar's Wynd, Edinburgh, on
11th July, 1668.

Following on a letter of 23rd July, 1668, the King
allowed the Council to do with those concerned in
Pentland as they saw fit. Some were banished to
Virginia, and others were admitted to take the Bond,
while William Welsh and James Welsh in Irongray,
whose names had been erroneously inserted in the
Proclamation of 9th May last, appeared before the
Council and satisfied them that they were not at
Pentland, and, on signing a Bond, were allowed to
go.

On August 12th, the Council, understanding that
some of the late rebels were gathering together,
granted power to the Earl of Linlithgow to dissipate
them, and ordered all where he came to assist him.
There was nothing like any stir among the Presby-

136 GALLOWAY AND

terians at this time, and it is difficult to say why this
alarm arose unless as a pretext for something else.
However, Lieutenant Mungo Murray was ordered,
September 3rd, to search with sixty horse in the heads
of Kylo and Nithsdale, and apprehend any rebels in
arms, and another party, under William Cockburn,
was sent to search in the Glenkens of Galloway.

It was probably at this time that Kobert Cannon,
jounger, of Mardrochat, contrived to be taken prisoner,
for in November the Council ordered Sir James
Turner, Chalmers of Waterside, and Mardrochat,
«lder to come to Edinburgh to be witnesses against
him. On 7th January, 1669, be was liberated, and
eight months later was pardoned. He proved worthy
of it, for he became a spy and informer, and sought
■every opportunity of betraying the Covenanters, some
■of whom had been his boon companions from his
«arlie8t years.

On March 4th, 1669, the Council prohibited the
baptism of children by any but the parish minister
established by the Government. For default, every
heritor was to forfeit a fourth part of his yearly valued
rent, each tenant £100 Scots, and suffer six weeks'
imprisonment, each cottar £20 and six weeks' im-
prisonment.

In April, 1669, the Council published another Act
against conventicles, specially applicable to the shires
of Lanark, Renfrew, Ayr, and the Stewartry of Kirk-
cudbright, certifying that each heritor in whose lands
a conventicle was held was to be fined £50 toties
quoties.

THE COVENANTERS. 137

For some time the feeling in the country had been
growing steadily in favour of greater liberty to
dissenters, and Lord Tweeddale prevailed upon some of
the Presbyterian ministers to send a letter to London
containing full expression of their affection for the
King, and disclamation of some positions alleged to
be treasonable, charged upon some Presbyterians.
Tweeddale undoubtedly used his influence in favour
of greater liberty, and on 15th July, 1669, the Council
received a letter from the King authorising them to
appoint so many of the outed ministers " as have
lived peaceably and orderly in the places where they
have resided, to return and preach and exercise other
functions of their ministry in the parish churches
where they formerly resided and served (provided they
be vacant) and to allow patrons to present to othec
vacant churches such others of them as you shall
approve of; and that such ministers as shall take
collation from the Bishop of the diocese and keep
presbyteries and synods may be warranted to lift their
stipends as other minieters of the kingdom." Those
who would not be collated were only to possess the
manse and glebe, and get a yearly maintenance. Those
of the outed ministers who had behaved peaceably and
orderly and were not re-entered were to be allowed
four hundred merks out of the vacant churches for
their maintenance, and instructions were given that,
as there were now no pretences for conventicles, if
any should preach without authority or keep con-
venticles, they were to be proceeded against with all
severity, both preachers and hearers.

138 GALLOWAY AND

The quarterings of the soldiers upon private persons
was ordered to cease, and finally instructions were
given for the withdrawal of the troops in Galloway. It
is a well known story that, when the Council decided on
this step, the archbishop of Glasgow exclaimed in
dismay, "0, my Lords, if the army is disbanded, the
Gospel will go clean out of the diocese."

The Indulgence gave rise to serious dissensions in
the ranks of the Covenanters. Many of them held that
it was sinful to accept it, as involving recognition
of the royal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters.
These were in the majority in Galloway, and refused
to hear the indulged ministers, while some of them
even went so far that they would have nothing to do
with those non-indulged who would not denounce the
indulged. These were named " the irreconcilables,"
the " hill folk," and afterwards " the Cameronians."
The banished ministers in Holland strongly condemned
the Indulgence, and this greatly strengthened the
Hill folk at home. The differences that now arose
among the Covenanters were never afterwards healed.
Under the Indulgence, the Rev. John Cant was re-
appointed to Kells, John M'Michan at Dairy, and
William Maitland, who had been minister at Whit-
horn, was appointed to Beith. Mr. Park was re-
appointed to Stranraer, but to defeat this the bishop
admitted one Naismith to the church three days after
Mr. Park was indulged. The town and parish would
not give any countenance to Mr. Naismith, and, as
one man, adhered to their former minister. The
bishop caused the parties to be summoned to Edin-

THE COVENANTERS. 13S^

burgh that the Council might determine the com-
petition. When Mr. Park appeared before the
Council, instead of going into the question of pre-
cedency between Mr. Naismith's admission and his
act of indulgence, which was the point upon which he
was cited, Mr. Naismith libelled Mr. Park for causing
the church doors to bo locked against him after his
admission by the bishop, the falsity of which was
made apparent by many of the people of Stranraer
cited for their adherence to Mr. Park. He also accused
Mr. Park of seditious doctrine. Notwithstanding
very mean and base methods used to secure a con-
viction, the libel was brought in "Not Proven."
When the Council came to the competition, it was
alleged for Mr. Naismith that his presentation was
prior to Mr. Park, and answered by Mr. Park that
it was a non habente potestatem, the King being
patron, and the bishop having most illegally taken
upon him to present, and, although Mr. Park's act
was prior to Mr. Naismith's admission, yet the Council
without even hearing Mr. Park decided in favour of
Mr. Naismith.

Mr. Park was a man of great learning, author of
a treatise on patronages. This book was considerably
enlarged by his son, Robert Park, Clerk to the General
Assembly after the Revolution, and Town Clerk of
Glasgow.

140 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XIV.

The parishioners of Balmaclellan and Urr fined for outrages
committed on their curates — Gartbland ignores a letter from
the Privy Council to grant Row, curate of Balmaclellan, a
presentation to Stonykirk — Gilbert M'Adam of Waterhead
gets up two Bonds extorted from him — Parliament asserts
the King's supremacy over all persons and in all causes
ecclesiastical within the Kingdom — Galloway men present at
armed conventicle in Fife — The Black Act— Field preachingi
a capital oflfenee — Cassillis speaks fearlessly against it —
Anna, Countess of Wigtown, fined for attending conventicles
— Gordon of Dundeugh gets up a Bond extorted from him —
Another Indulgence to outed ministers — Parties sent out to
apprehend conventicle preachers — Beward of £400 offered
for arrest of Welsh or Semple — Galloway lairds denounced
for harbouring inter-communed persons — William M'Millan
allowed to go to Balmaclellan — Welsh betakes himself to
North of England.

The English curates were not looked on with any
favour by the parishioners among whom they settled in
-Galloway, and there are one or two instances recorded
of violence against them. On 30th September, 1669,
:a party of three individuals dressed as females broke
into the house of Mr. Row, the curate at Balmaclellan,
during the night, dragged him out of bed, assaulted
him, and helped themselves to whatever they wanted.
Mr. Thomas Warner, James Grier of Millmark, his
father-in-law, Gordon of Holm, Gordon of Gordon-
ston, John Carean, and James Chalmers, heritors there,
T(vere charged as " actors, committers, at least con-

THE COVENANTERS. 141

trivei'8 and assisters, at least have since supplied or
reset them." Failing to appear, the heritors and life-
renters of Balmaclellan were decerned to pay Mr. Row
£1,200 Scots. As soon as they could, they proceeded to
Edinburgh, and offered to stand their trial. Nothing
could be proved against them, but they were ordered
to pay their shares of the fine imposed. Row was
afterwards transferred to Stonykirk, Wigtownshire,
and the Council wrote a letter to the Laird of
Garthland, patron there, to grant him a presentation.
Garthland, however, seems to have had other matters
to attend to, for in March, 1673, a complaint was made
to the Council that, when Row went to Stonykirk, the
kirk locks were spoiled, and he could not get access,
and was likewise hindered from possessing the manse
and glebe.

The Council ordered an inquiry, but nothing seems
to have followed on it. Row, however, got possession,
and he subsequently became a Roman Catholic.

Three men in disguise broke into the house of
Mr. Lyon, curate of Urr, in November, helped them-
selves to what they wanted, and, not finding him,
carried off his wife as hostage, but soon let her go.
The Council decerned the parish to pay Mr. Lyon
£600 Scots, and ordered out letters against one John
vSmith, alleged to be concerned in the affair. After
the Revolution, Mr. Lyon applied for admission as a
Presbyterian minister, and his application was
favourably received.

On 8th July, 1669, Gilbert M'Adam, Waterhead,
was allowed to get from the Clerk of the Privy Council

142 GALLOWAY AND

his Bond for 600 merks and another for 700 merks,
extorted from him hy violence by Sir William
Bannatyne.

Parliament met in October, 1669, and almost the
first thing they did was to pass that remarkable Act
asserting his Majesty's supremacy over all persons and
in all causes ecclesiastical within this his kingdom.

During 1670, further proclamations were made
against conventicles.

The first armed conventicle since the Restoration was
held at Beeth Hill in Fife by Mr. John Blackadder
and Mr. John Dickson about the middle of June,
1670. There were some Galloway men present,
including Barscobe and nine or ten others. While the
preaching was going on, a lieutenant of the Govern-
ment forces came on the scene, and afterwards wanted
to get away, apparently to bring the troops, so some
of the watch desired that he would stay till the
preaching was ended, telling him his abrupt departure
would offend and alarm the people. He refused, and
began to threaten, drawing his staff, but they held him
by force as he was putting his foot on the stirrup.
Upon this, Barscobe and another young man who were
upon the opposite side, seeing him drawing his staff,
which they thought was a sword, ran with pistols, and
cried, " Bx)gue, are you drawing?" Though they
raised a little commotion on that side, the bulk of the
people were very composed. The minister, seeing
Barscobe and the other hastening to be at him,
fearing they might kill him, immediately broke off
to intervene, desiring the people to sit still till he

THE COVENANTERS. 143

returned. Eventually the lieutenant was allowed to
go, and the minister returned, preaching for about
three-quarters of an hour. All the time there wei'e
several horsemen riding at the foot of the hill in view
of the people, but none offered to come near, for a;
terror had seized them, as was heard afterwards, and
confessed by some of themselves. This conventicle
gave new life to the friends of religion, and was the
means of multiplying and enlarging their meetings
throughout the United Kingdom, and was publicly,
given thanks for in the Scottish congregations abroad.

On 11th August, 1670, Mr. John Blackadder, for
holding ponventicles, was denounced and put to the
horn.

The Black Act was passed on 13th August, 1670.
It made field preaching a capital offence, attendance
at conventicles treason, and those who would not
volunteer information were to be held equally guilty.
Lord Cassillis, to his immortal honour, spoke fear-
lessly against it, but he was not supported, and stood
alone. When Leighton heard of it, he remonstrated
with the Earl of Tweeddale on the inhumanity of it,
and Tweeddale excused it on the pretext that it was
not intended to enforce it, and indeed religious matters
in Galloway were for a time allowed by the Govern-
ment to drift so that conventicles became an
institution, the bulk of the people attending the
preaching of their favourite ministers without fear of
molestation.

On 2nd March, 1671, Sir Charles Erskine, Lord
fjyon, had commission to deal with the estates, goods.

144 GALLOWAY AND

and gear of those forfeited for the rebellion of 1666
M'ithin the shires of Dumfries, Wigtown, and Kirk-
cudbright, for the year and crop 1670 and 1671, and
to call intromitters before that time to account. The
estates concerned were those of M'Clelland of Bars-
scobe, M'Clelland of Barmageichan, Canon younger
of Mardrochat, John Neilson of Corsock, John Gordon
of Knockbrex, Robert Gordon his brother, Major John
MacCuUoch of Barholm, Mr. Alexander Robertson,
George M'Cartney of Blackit, Gordon in Porpreck,
Cannon of Barshalloch, Welsh of Cornley, Gordon

of Holm, of Scar. It appears that the name of

M'Cartney of Blackit should not have been in the
Commission at all. The sufferings of this family are
dealt with separately.

On 27th July, 1672, Anna, Countess of Wigtown,
was fined four thousand merks for attending two
conventicles, while in most of the proceedings against
the Covenanters at this time it is noticed that the Earl
of Wigtown subscribed as a member of the Privy
Council. On 25th January, 1672, Gordon of
Dundeugh got up a Bond of six hundred merks, ex-
torted from him by Sir William Banna tyne. A new
Act was passed for observing the 29th of May, 1762,
as the anniversary of the Restoration of the King,
and instructing bells to be rung all day, bonfires at
night, and the ministers were to preach yearly on that
day, and give thanks to God Almighty for his so
signal goodness to these kingdoms. On 3rd September,
1672, another Indulgence was granted to the ministers
outed since 1667, and they were appointed to retire to

THE COVENANTERS. 145

the parishes named, and allowed to preach and exercise
the other parts of their ministerial functions therein.
In Carsphairn there were John Semple and Mr.
William Erskine; in Kells, Mr. Cant and Mr. George
Waugh; Dairy, Mr. John M'Michan and Mr. Thomas
Thomson; in Balmaclelland, Mr. James Lawrie and
Thomas Vernor in place of John Ross, who was going
to Stonykirk. This Indulgence, like all the others,
caused trouble amongst the ministers as to whether
it was right to accept it. On 2nd April, 1673, there
was another proclamation against conventicles. None
of the indulged ministers observed the 29th May, and
on June 12th letters were directed against those in-
dulged in Kirkcudbrightshire for not keeping it. On
July 12th, Messrs. John M'Michan in Dairy, John
Semple at Carsphairn, and John Cant at Kells, were
lined and lost the half of their stipend.

In 1674, parties were sent out to apprehend con-
venticle preachers, and any of the guard who should
apprehend Mr. John Welsh or Mr. Gabriel Semple
wore promised a reward of £400 sterling. On August
3rd, 1676, Alexander Gordon of Knockbrack, Henry

IM'Culloch of Barholm, Hay of Arrowland, old

Lady Monteith, Robert M'Clelland of Barmageichan,
Robert Vans of Drumblair, all in Galloway, were
ordered to be denounced for harbouring, resetting, and
speaking with inter-communed persons.

On May 3rd, the Earl of Dumfries represented to
the Council that Mr. William M'Millian had been for
some time imprisoned in Dumfries for nonconformity,
and that he should be let out and confined to Bal-

146 GALLOWAY AND

maclellan parish. This was agreed to. On February
13th, 1677, Lord Maxwell got authority to apprehend
Presbyterian ministers and preachers and substantial
heritors found at conventicles in the shires of Dum-
fries, Wigtown, and Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and
was empowered to uplift five thousand merks, a fine
imposed on the parish of Dunecore for riots.

John Welsh went to the North of England, but in
the spring of 1677 returned to Galloway, and con-
venticles became numerous. On August 4th, 1677, a
number of the indulged ministers appeared before the
Council, among them Mr. John Park of Stranraer,
and on 11th August, Mr. John Blackadder and
Mr. John Semple, Carsphairn. There is nothing to
show why they were brought, but doubtless it was in
connection with conventicle keeping. Then the records

bear that Mr. Gilchrist had been inducted by

Mr. John Welsh into the kirk of Carsphairn upon the
indulged minister's death, and that he now possesses
the kirk, manse, and glebe, so they ordained Mr.
Gilchrist to be dispossessed and brought prisoner tq
Edinburgh. It is, therefore, likely that Mr. John
Semple, Carsphairn, died about that time.

THE COVENANTERS. 147

CHAPTER XV.

Proclamation that all heritors to bind themselves, and be
responsible for their families and servants, not to attend
conventicles, or baptize or marry with onted ministers —
Galloway lairds protest — Murray of Broughton appointed for
Wigtown and Kirkcudbright to get the Bond signed — The
Highland Host — Their instructions — Sheriffs of Wigtown,
Kirkcudbright, and elsewhere get orders to convene heritors
to sign bonds for themselves, families, servants, tenants and
their families not to attend conventicles — Inhabitants to be
disarmed — The King takes lawburrows against his subjects
— The Highlanders ravage Ayrshire and Galloway — Lochnaw
and the House of Freugh suffer from them — Highlanders
return home laden with spoil as from a sacked city.

On August 2nd, 1677, Proclamation was made that
all heritors, wadsetters,* life-renters, had to engage
themselves by a Bond, not only for themselves and
families, but for all who lived under them, not to
attend any conventicles or baptise or marry with outed
ministers, under the highest penalties. Against this
the Lairds of Cassillis and Galloway, the latter's
brothers, the Lairds of Ravenstoun and Caetle Stewart,
all the Gordons, the M'Dowells of Freugh, and Sheriff
Agnew strongly protested. This had no effect, and
Richard Murray of Broughton was appointed for
Wigtown and Kirkcudbright to get the Bond signed.

* Lenders in possession of the security subjects.

148 GALLOWAY AND

The Presbyterians, of course, rejected the Bond, and
then the G-overnment, on the pretext that the Western
shires were in a state of rebellion, decided to overrun
them with a host of Highlanders in order to force
compliance with their wishes. The King in a letter to
the Privy Council, dated 11th December, 1677, says: —

" We have been very much concerned at the
accounts we have had, not only out of Scotland,
but from several other hands, of the great and
insufferable insolencies lately committed by the
fanatics, especially in the shires of Ayr, Renfrew,
Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and other adjacent
places, and also in Teviotdale, and even in Fife,
where numerous conventicles, which by Act of
Parliament are declared ' rendezvouses of re-
bellion,' have been kept, with solemn communions
of many hundreds of people, and seditious and
treasonable doctrine preached against our person,
and all under us, inciting the subjects to open
rebellion, and to rise in arms against us and our
authority and laws, unlawful oaths imposed, the
churches and pulpits of the regular clergy
usurped, by force invaded, and their persons still
threatened with assassination and murder, and
what they have not formerly attempted, preaching
houses have been lately built, and unlawful
meetings of the pretended synods and presby-
teries kept; thereby designing to prosecute their
rebellious intentions, and to perpetuate the
schism."

THE COVENANTERS. 149

The Commission for raising the Highlanclei-s is
dated 26th December, 1677. It proceeds on the
narrative that, as the Government has been of lata
much affronted, and " the peace of this our ancient
kingdom much disquieted by irregular flocking to field
conventicles, nurseries of rebellion, by withdrawing
from public ordinances, invading the persons and
pulpits of the orthodox clergy, building of meeting
houses, the killing, wounding, and invading of some
that were commanded in our name to repress the said
insolencies, wc have thought fit in maintenance of our
laws and out of the tender care which we have always
had of this our ancient kingdom, to require and em-
power the lords of our Privy Council to call together
not only our standing forces and militia, but we did
likewise warrant them to commissionate and empower
such noblemen and others as did offer to bring any
of their vassals, tenants, or adherents to the assistance
of our forces." They are authorised to take free
quarter, to seize all horses for carrying their sick men,
ammunition, and other provisions, and are indemnified
against all pursuits civil and criminal for anything
they do, whether killing, wounding, apprehending,
or imprisoning such as shall make opposition to
authority; and all whom they please to put upon must
rise and march with them, act, and say as they shall
be commanded upon their highest peril.

On 28th January, 1678, the Council's Committee
at Glasgow had the Sheriffs of Wigtown, Dumfries,
Kirkcudbright, and other counties before them to
receive their orders. They were instructed to convene

150 GALLOWAY AND

the heritors, liferenters, conjunct fiars, and others
within the shire to subscribe a Bond binding not only
themselves, but their wives, bairns, and servants, their
whole tenants and cottars, that they would no wise be
present at any conventicles or disorderly meetings in
time coming. They were instructed to disarm the
inhabitants, except Privy Councillors and soldiers in
the King's pay, noblemen and gentlemen of quality
having license to wear swords only, and to send in the
arms and ammunition within the shire, and they were
to report diligence before 7th February.

Few were prepared to take such a Bond, and before
7th February, six thousand Highlanders were scattered
all over Ayrshire living at free quarters, plundering
and destroying and behaving generally as if in an
enemy's country.

On 14th February, the Council passed an Act for
securing the public peace by taking lawburrows. This
narrated that the previous Bond not having been
accepted, his Majesty had just reason to suspect the
designs of those who refused or delayed to take the
Bona as tending to overthrow his Majesty's authority,
to subvert the established order of the Church, and
the peace of his Majesty's good subjects. Accordingly
all who refused the Bond were to enact themselves in
the books of the secret Council that they, their wives,
bairns, men, tenants, and servants, would keep his
Majesty's peace, and particularly that they would not
go to field conventicles, nor harbour, nor commune
with rebels or persons intercommuned, etc. The
Council had in fact decided that the Bond must be

THE COVENANTERS. 151

taken, or those who refused must be exterminated.
The Highlanders continued to the utmost ravaging
throughout Ayrshire and overspreading into Galloway,
wasted the country wherever they went, and left
behind them despair and devestation. They lived at
free quarters, robbed and pillaged everywhere, killed
cattle far beyond what they had any use for, drove
away vast multitudes of valuable horses, tortured and
outraged the inhabitants, and seemed intent on the
destruction of everything they came across.

Tradition has it that Lochnaw suffered severely from
the Highland Host. When they came to Lochnaw,
the Laird sent the ladies of the family away, and he
and his eon sought refuge in a cave on the sea shore
near the Sea King's Camp at Larbrax Bay. The
Highlanders not only lived at free quarters, but seem
to have delighted in destroying everything of value
about the place, for all the pictures, furnishings, and
heirlooms accumulated during generations of occupa-
tion up to this time have entirely disappeared.

The House of Freugh was also practically dis-
mantled by the Highlanders, and M'Dowall fled from
the scene vowing vengeance on those who had thus
wrecked his home.

The Highlanders were sent home in the spring of
1678. Wodrow says: " When the Highlanders went
back, one would have thought they had been at the
sacking of some besieged town, by their baggage and
luggage. They were loaded with spoil; they carried
away a great many horses and no small quantity of
goods out of merchants' shops, whole webs of linen

152 GALLOWAY AND

and woollen cloth, some silver plate bearing the names
and arms of gentlemen. You would have seen them
with loads of bedclothes, carpets, men and women's
wearing clothes, pots, pans, gridirons, shoes, and other
furniture whereof they had pillaged the country."

Note. — One of the most famous of the preaching
houses, refei'red to in the King's letter on page 148,
was on the west side of the Nith, opposite Dumfries.
Claverhouse describes it as a good large hotise, about
sixty feet in length. When he came to Dumfries, he
found conventicles being held here "at his nose,"
but he soon put an end to it, not without some regret,
perhaps, for his Report to the Privy Council on its
demolition concludes thus: — " So perished the charity
of many ladies."

THE COVENANTERS. 153

CHAPTER XVI.

Muir, Commissary Clerk at Kirkcudbright, libelled for attending
conventicles—M'Dowall of Garthland, Hay of Park, M'Dowall
of Freugh, Blair of Dunskey, and others cited for resetting
John Welsh— M'Dowall of Freugh tried for seditious speeches
at Instigation of Eow, the curate — Claverhouse quarters on
iI'Meekan of Miltonise — M'Meekan's wife's capture, escape,
and re-capture — Bishop of Galloway gets dispensation to
reside in Glasgow or Edinburgh — Thomas Warner cited for
being at conventicles — Gordon of Barlston and many others
denounced and put to the horn for being at conventicles —
Proclamation for the arrest of Welsh, Semple, and Arnot.

On 7th March, 1678, Henry Muir, Commissary Clerk
at Kirkcudbright, was libelled for being present at
house and field conventicles where Mr. John Welsh,
Mr. Gabriel Semple, and Mr. Samuel Arnot were. He
acknowledged he had once heard Mr. Samuel Arnot at
a field conventicle, and through bishop Paterson of
Galloway he was dismissed without further trouble.

On August 1st, 1678, M'Dowall of Garthland,
Thomas Hay of Park, M'Dowall of Freugh, John
Blair of Dunskey, and Mr. James Lawrie at Freugh,
had a process commenced against them for resetting
John Welsh and others, declared rebels. On 11th
September, 1678, the Council called before them
Patrick M'Dowall of Freugh, Thomas Hay of Park,
John Blair of Dunskey, Andrew Agnew of Sheuchan,
and Mr. James Lawrie of Freugh, charged with house

154 GALLOWAY AND

and field conventicles and resetting Mr. John Welsh
and Mr. Arnot. Andrew Agnew and John Blair com-
peared and denied the charge upon oath, and were
assoilzied. The Council superseded the extracting of
letters against the other three being absent. The same
date the diet against M'Dowall of Garthland for
certain seditious speeches was deserted upon absence
of witnesses, who were outlawed. The process was
resumed against Garthland, November 4th, charging
him with having on July 14th said that the King and
Lauderdale were establishing arbitrary government
contrary to the fundamental laws of the land, and that
every true-hearted Scotsman was concerned to oppose
them, and with having on July 21st, when Mr. John
Row preached in Stony kirk Church, where M'Dowall
is heritor, against the National and Solemn League
and Covenants, declared the said Mr. Eow unworthy
to be heard by the people.

The hand of Row is plainly seen in this prosecution.
He, it will be remembered, had scant courtesy shown
him by his parishioners in Balmaclellan.

Garthland appeared to stand his trial. Nothing was
proved against him, and the process dropped.

James Graham of Claverhouse, with a numerous
party of soldiers, quartered upon Gilbert M'Meekan of
Miltonise and Gass in New Luce Parish. M'Meekan
and his wife fled on their approach, and the troopers,
after thoroughly searching the house, started to use
whatever they wanted, killed the stock, and destroyed
what they could not consume. After waiting for
several days, they went off taking their valuable horses.

THE COVENANTERS. 155

Some of the party, suddenly returning, surprised
M'Meekan's wife, and bound her hand and foot and
mounted her behind a trooper. She contrived to
escape, and made up Glenw hilly. The officer in charge
of the party reported the matter to Sir Charles Hay,
who had accepted from the Government the bailiery of
the Kegality of Glenluce. He reluctantly gave his
aid, and the lady was apprehended and lodged in jail.
She was sent to Edinburgh, and is said to have been
confined in Greyfriar's Churchyard, all the prisons
being full. She was afterwards released on bail. The
laird himself weathered the persecution, and died in
1731, at the age of eighty-four. John Arrol, who
commanded the dragoons at Miltonise, was killed the
next year at Drumclog. About this time, the bishop
of GaUoway got a dispensation to enable him to reside
in Glasgow. This was a most unheard of proceeding,
and the terms of the dispensation may be in-
teresting: —

" Whereas none of our Archbishops or Bishops
may lawfully keep their ordinary residence with-
out the bounds of their diocese respective unless
they have our royal dispensation, warrant, and
License for that effect: those are, that in regard to
John, Bishop of GaUoway, is not provided in a
competent manse or dwelling house in the diocese
of Galloway, and for the better promoting of our
service in the church, do allow and authorise the
said bishop to live in or near the cities of Edin-
burgh or Glasgow, or in any other convenient

156 GALLOWAY AND

place where he may be able to attend the public
affairs of the church. With whose residence in
the diocese of Galloway, we, by virtue of our
royal supremacy in causes ecclesiastical, do by
these presents dispense, as well with the time past
preceding the date hereof as for the time to come,
during our royal pleasure, any canon of the church
or acts of parliaments, enjoining residence, not-
withstanding. And we strictly require all our
subjects, church-officers, and others, never to
quarrel or call in question the said John, Bishop
of Galloway, during the continuance of this our
royal dispensation and license, as they will answer
to us at their peril. Given at our Court at White-
hall, May 28th, 1678, and of our reign the SOth
year.

" By his majesty's command,

" Lauderdale."

On 16th January, 1679, Thomas Warner was cited
before the Council on a libel that having been indulged
to the parish of Balmaclellan, he had broken his con-
finement, being present at house and field conventicles,
and conversed with inter-communed persons. Not
appearing, he was denounced and put to the horn, and
a month later the parishioners were discharged from
paying him any stipend. The same day Gordon of
Earlston, Gordon of Holm, Gordon of Overbar,
Neilson of Corsock, George M'Cartney of Blackit,

THE COVENANTERS. 157

Maxwell of Hills, Hay of Park, M'Dowall of Freugh,
M'Dougall of Corrochtree, James Johnstone late

provost of Stranraer, William Spittle of Port,

Johnstone, Collector there, Mr. William Catheart and
John Inglis, Commissary of Kirkcudbright, failing to
appear on a charge of being at house and field con-
venticles since 1674 were denounced and put to the
horn. Inglis' ofiioe was declared vacant, and the bishop
of Galloway was recommended to have it filled. On
INIarch 11th, a Petition was presented on behalf of
Inglis, that he was unable to travel, and engaging to
live properly in future. The matter was remitted to
the bishop, and seems to have been amicably arranged.
On 2nd April, 1679, Gordon of Craighlaw yoimger,
and his spouse, Gordon of Culvennan, MacGhie of

Drumbuy, Eamsay of Boghouse, Dame Stuart, Lady
Castle Stuart, MacGhie, Laird of Larg, Heron of
Littlepark, Dunbar younger of Machiermore, Archi-
bald Stuart of Causeweyend, Anthony Heron in Wigg,
and his spouse, Stuart of Tonderghie, MacGhie in

Penningham, MacMillan in Craigwel, Stuart of

Ravenstoun, brother to the Earl of Galloway, and

Dame Dunbar, his lady, and , Provost of

Wigtown, were charged with withdrawing from
ordinances and being present at conventicles. Failing
to appear, they were denounced and put to the horn.

On February 6th, the Council issued a Proclamation
for the arrest of Messrs. John Welsh, Gabriel Semple,
and Samuel Arnot. It is rather an interesting
document, and is in the following terms : —

158 GALLOWAY AND

" Charles, by the grace of God, King of Great
Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the
faith, to our lovits.

macers of our council, messengers at arme, our
sheriffs in that part, conjunctly and severally,
specially constitute, greeting. Forasmuch as, by
sentence of our justice court, Mr. John Welsh,
Mr. Gabriel Semple, and Mr. Samuel Arnot are
declared traitors for being in open rebellion
against us, in the year 1666. And they having
for divers years past, made it their work to
prevent and abuse our people from their duty
and allegiance at their field meetings, these
rendevouzes of rebellion; and by their example
and impunity, several others inter-communed and
vagrant preachers having also followed that same
method and way, whereby our people by not
frequenting the public ordinances, and being ex-
posed to hear Jesuits or any other irregular
persons, who dare take upon them the sacred office
of the ministry are debauched to atheism and
popery. We, therefore, with advice of our privy
council, have thought fit, for the encouragement
of our good subjects, in apprehending and dis-
covering these persons, hereby do declare and give
assurance to any person or persons, who shall
apprehend and secure Mr. John Welsh (or so
discover him, as he may be apprehended) shall
have instantly paid to him or them, upon delivery
of his person, to any of our privy council or com-

THE COVENANTERS. 159

mitment of him to prison, nine thousand merks
Scots money, out of the first and readiest of our
cash, as a reward; and to any person who shall
apprehend and secure the said Mr. Gabriel Semple
and Mr. Samuel Arnot, also declared traitors, or
so discover them, as they may be apprehended,
three thousand merks for each of them, and to any
person or persons who shall apprehend and secure
any of these field preachers, who are declared
fugitives, or are intercommuned, for each of them
two thousand merks, and for each one of these
vagrant preachers in the fields that shall be
apprehended, the sum of nine hundred merks.
And which rewards we declare shall be instantly
paid to the person or persons who shall perform
the said service without any manner of delay or
defalcation. And further we declare that, if in
pursuit of the said persons, they or any of their
complices shall make resistance, and that there-
upon they or any of them shall be hurt, mutilate,
or slain, the said persons, apprehenders of them
or any assisting them, shall never be called in
question for the same, criminally nor civilly in
all time coming, but shall be repute and esteemed
persons, who have done us and their country good
and acceptable service. Our will is herefore, and
we charge you strictly and command that incon-
tinent these our letters seen, ye pass to the market
cross of Edinburgh and other places needful, and
thereat, in our name and authority, by open

160 GALLOWAY AND

proclamation, make publication of the premises,
that all our good subjects may have notice thereof:
and ordain these presents to be printed. Given
under our signet at Edinburgh, the 6th day of
February, 1679, and of our reign the one and
thirtieth year.

"Tho. Hay, CI. Seer. Concilii.
"God Save the King."

THE COVENANTERS. 161

CHAPTER XVn.

Troops quartered in Galloway — William Kyle, Galloway minister,
captured — Sheriff's Depute appointed for Wigtownshire and
the Stewartry to enforce laws against non-conformists —
GaUoway Presbyterians join others for self preservation —
Drumclog — Many flock to the Covenanters — ^Divided counsels
— GaUoway horse exercise near Bothwell Bridge — Earl
Nithsdale ordered to call out the whole gentlemen, heritors,
and freeholders in Wigtownshire and the Stewartry, and
march to Edinburgh — The Covenanters differ about the In-
dulgence — Bitter feeling between them — They preach against
each other — Supplication to Monmouth — The Covenanters
cannot agree on anything, and are attacked by Livingstone
— Gallant conduct of Galloway men who are ordered to retire
from Bothwell Bridge — Defeat and rout of the Covenanters
— Gordon of Earlston killed — Proclamation against rebels —
Claverhouse follows the fugitives to Galloway, and harasses
the country — Andrew Sword tried and executed.

On 13th February, 1679, one company of foot was
ordered to be quartered in Galloway, one troop of His
Majesty's Guards, and one company of dragoons.
They arrived in March, and immediately began their
search for the Covenanters. Many had narrow escapes,
and Mr. William Kyle, one of the Galloway ministers,
was captured.

Garrisons were placed at Ayr, Kirkcudbright, and
Dumfries. Murray of Broughton had been appointed
Commissioner to execute the laws against noncon-
formists in August, 1677. The Laird of Lagg,

162 GALLOWAY AND

Claverhouse, and Earlshall were now appointed
Sheriffs Depute for Wigtownshire, of which Sir
Andrew Agnew was Sheriff, and Captain John
Paterson, Claverhouse, and Earlshall were appointed
Sheriffs Depute of the Stewartry, of which the Earl
of Nithsdale was Steward, and special instructions
were issued to these Deputes to put the laws against
nonconformists in force.

Archhishop Sharp was murdered in May, 1679, but
the Galloway fugitives were not implicated.

Driven from their homes by the fierce persecution,
the Galloway men joined with other Presbyterians,
and, knowing that their lives were sought, they carried
weapons for self defence. Claverhouse came upon an
armed conventicle on Sunday Ist June, 1679, at
Drumclog, but was defeated and driven from the field.
The news of this victory was received with the greatest
jubilation in Galloway, and resulted in many flocking
to the Covenanters; but divided counsels prevailed and
golden opportunities were lost.

On 6th June, the Earl of Linlithgow acquainted the
Chancellor that there was information from Glasgow
that the rebels were about Bothwell Bridge and
Hamilton, where they exercised the previous day; that
two troops of horse from Galloway, Newmills, and
Galston, and a company of foot with colours and drums
had joined them, and that the country was gathering
to them. The Earl of Nithsdale was written to the
following day to call together the whole gentlemen,
heritors, and freeholders in Wigtownshire and the

THE COVENANTERS. 163

Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and to march straight to
Edinbui'gh. The Covenanters rapidly increased in
numbers at Bothwell, but serious differences aroso
among them, chiefly as to the Indulgence and as to
the exact cause of their taking arms. The one side,
known as the Moderates, sought freedom of conscience,
and, allowed that, were prepared to acknowledge the
King's government in other matters. John Welsh was
the leader of this section. The other side would have
no dealings whatever with those who tolerated Prelacy
in any form, or compromised the Presbyterian cause
by supporting indulged ministers. Donald Cargill
was the most prominent of the leaders on this side.
Bitter feeling prevailed, and these reverend champions
inveighed against each other in their respective con-
gregations, and voted on different sides in their councils
of war. At a meeting to choose officers, these differ-
ences got to such a height that some of them withdrew,
and those who remained actually -sent a supplication
—Welsh being one of those who went with it — to the
Duke of Monmouth, who was in command of the
Government forces, in which they represented the in-
tolerable grievances under which they had suffered,
and offered, instead of deciding the dispute by arms,
to leave the whole subject of controversy to be settled
by a free Parliament and a free General Assembly.
They received back certain proposals, but they could
not agree among themselves upon anything, and no
answer was returned, so Lord Livingstone, at the head
of the royal foot guards, came up on 22nd June to

164 GALLOWAY AND

force the bridge. He was opposed by the Galloway
men, who defended the bridge with great bravery.
They killed several soldiers, and stood their ground
till ammunition failed. They sent to Hamilton, their
commander in chief, for more ammunition or fresh
soldiers, and word came back to retire from the bridge.
With sore hearts they did so, and the royal army passed
the bridge and attacked the Covenanters. When the
King's forces got over the bridge, the Galloway troop,
commanded by Captain M'Culloch, joined with
Captain Thomas Weir of Greenridge, and was riding
down to attack them when Hamilton came up to him
and said, " What mean you. Captain? Will you
murder these men?" Mr. Weir answered he hoped
that there was no hazard, and that he might give a
good account of all the horses yet come along the
bridge, especially when but forming. When Hamilton
found the Captain's troop resolute, he dealt with the
Galloway troop, and magnified the difficulties so that
they shrank, and the Captain was obliged to retire
with them. Hamilton took to his heels with the horse,
and then the foot followed. Twelve hundred sur-
rendered without a stroke of a sword. Gordon of
Earlston was killed on his way to Bothwell, not
knowing that the day had been lost.

The Privy Council issued the following Proclama-
tion, discharging all persons from assisting, resetting,
or corresponding with any of the rebels under pain of
treason.

THE COVENANTERS. 165

Proclamation against Rebels, June 26th, 1679.

" Charles, by the Grace of God, King of Great
Britain, France, and Ireland, defender of the
faith: to all and sundry our lieges and subjects,
whom these presents do or may concern, greeting.

" Forasmuch as, upon the first notice given to
our Privy Council of the rising and gathering of
these disloyal and seditious persons in the west,
who have of late appeared in arms in a desperate
and avowed rebellion against us, our government
and laws, we did declare them to be traitors, and
discharged all our subjects to assist, reset, supply,
or correspond with any of them under the pain of
treason: and the said rebels and traitors, being
now (by the blessing of God upon our forces)
subdued, dissipated, and scattered; and such of
them as were not either killed or taken in the
field, being either retired secretly to their own
homes and houses, expecting shelter and protection
from the respective heritors in whose lands they
dwell, or lurking in the country; and we being
unwilling any of our good subjects should be
ensnared or brought into trouble by them, have
therefore, with advice of our privy council,
thought fit, again to discharge and prohibit all
our subjects, men or women, that none of them
offer or presume to harbour, reset, supply, corres-
pond with, hide, or conceal the persons of
M'Clellan of Barscob, Gordons of Earlston, elder
and younger, M'Douall of Freugh, the laird of

166 GALLOWAY AND

Ravenstone, brother to the Earl of G-alloway, the
laird of Castle-Stewart, brother to the said Earl,
Cannon of Mardrogat, Mr. Samuel Arnot, Mr.
Gabriel Semple, Mr. John Welsh, Gordon of
Craichley, etc., or any others who concurred or
joined in the late rebellion, or who, upon the
account thereof, have appeared in arms in any
part of this our kingdom. And to the end all
our good subjects may have timeous notice hereof.
We do ordain these presents to be forthwith
printed and published at the market crosses of
Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Stirling, Lanark, Ayr,
Eutherglen, Glasgow, Irvine, Wigton, Kirkcud-
bright, Dumfries, Cowpar in Fife, Jedburgh,
Perth, etc.

"Alex. Gibson, CI. Seer. Concilii.

" God Save the King."

The Earl of Galloway's two brothers subsequently
made it appear to the satisfaction of the Council that
they had not been engaged in the rebellion.

Claverhouse came to Galloway with some English
dragoons, several troops of horse, and some companies
of foot. In Carsphairn, he took abundance of horses,
and those of any use he drove away, one man in
Craigencallie having three taken from him. In the
same parish they took £50 from a poor widow because
they alleged a servant had been at Both well. In
Balmaclellan they pursued the same course, and
committed outrages upon some of the women.

THE COVENANTERS. 167

On IStli August, 1679, the King wrote the Council
to proceed against certain persons implicated at
Bothwell, among them being Andrew Sword in the
parish of Borgue, refusing to acknowledge the rebellion
to be a rebellion, or the archbishop's murder a murder.

On November 10th, Andrew Sword, now designed
as " weaver in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright," and
a great many others were brought before the
Justiciary. Sword confessed he had taken arms and
refused the Bond. He was ordered with four others to
be taken to the Muir of Magus and hanged on 18th
November, his body to be hung in chains until it
rotted, and his estates forfeited.

On the scaffold he declared that he was entirely
innocent of the death of Sharpe, having never to his
knowledge even seen a bishop. After singing the
34th Psalm, he blessed God for preserving him from
signing the "ensnaring bond." The bodies of the
whole five were at first suspended in chains in
accordance with the sentence, but afterwards interred
in a field near Magus Muir, and in October, 1728, a
stone with the following inscription was erected over
their remains: —

" 'Cause we at Bothwell did appear,
Peijurious oaths refused to swear ;
'Cause we Christ's cause would not condemn.
We were sentenced to death by men.
Who raged against us in such fury.
Our dead bodies they did not bury ;
But upon poles did hing us high,
Triumph of Bebal's victory.
Our lives we fear'd not to the death.
But constant proved to the last breath.

168 GALLOWAY AND

When the gravestone was set up, in 1728, the chains
were taken out of their graves, and some of their bones
and clothes were found undecayed — forty-nine years
after their death. The stone fared badly at the hands
of relic hunters, and has disappeared.

THE COVENANTERS. 169

CHAPTER XVni.

The Scottish nobility petition the King against Lauderdale in
" Some Particular Matters of Pact " — What Presbyterians
admittedly had to suffer — Forfeitures against those at Both-
well — Galloway gentlemen the first sacrifices — M'Dowall of
Freugh forfeited, and his estate granted to Claverhouse —
Other Galloway lairds forfeited — Bishop Aitken allowed to
reside in Edinburgh — Commission to get lists of those at
Bothwell — Instructions for regulating the Indulgence, with
special reference to Galloway — Garrisons placed at Kenmure
and Freugh.

jMany of the Scottish nobility had suffered through
Lauderdale's actings though supporting the Govern-
ment, and waited a favourable opportunity to table
their grievances to the King. Accordingly, a Petition
was framed, known as " Some particular matters of
fact." It is interesting as showing what the Presby-
terians admittedly did suffer during this period: —

" Some particular matters of fact relating to
the administration of affairs in Scotland, under
the Duke of Lauderdale, humbly offered to your
majesty's consideration, in obedience to your royal
command.

" The Duke of Lauderdale did grossly mis-
represent to your majesty the condition of the
western counties, as if they had been in a state
of rebellion, though there had been never any

170 GALLOWAY AND

opposition made to your majesty's authority, nor
any resistance offered to your forces, nor to the
execution of the law. But he, purposing to abuse
your majesty, that so he might carry on his
sinistrous designs by your authority, advised your
majesty to raise an army against your peaceable
subjects; at least did frame a letter which was
sent to your majesty to be signed by your royal
hand to that effect; which being sent down to the
council, orders were thereupon given out for
raising an army of eight or nine thousand men;
the greatest part whereof were Highlanders.
And notwithstanding, to avert this threatening,
the nobility and gentry of that country did send
to Edinburgh, and for the security of the peace,
did offer to engage, that whosoever should be sent
to put the laws in execution, should meet with
no affront, and that they would become hostages
for their safety. Yet this army was marched and
led into a peaceful country, and did take free
quarters, according to their commissions: and in
most places levied great sums of money under
the notion of dry quarters; and did plunder and
rob your subjects, of which no redress could be
obtained, though complaints wore frequently
made. All which was expressly contrary to the
laws of the Kingdom. In these quarterings it
was apparent, that regard was only had to that
Duke's private animosities: for the greatest part
of these places that were most quartered in, and
destroyed, had been guilty of none of the field

THE COVENANTERS. 171

conventicles complained of: and many of the
places that were most guilty were . spared upon
private considerations. The subjects were at that
time required to subscribe an exhorbitant and
illegal bond which was impossible to be performed
by them, ' That their wives, children, and
servants, their tenants, and their wives, children,
and servants, should live orderly, according to
the law, not to go to conventicles, nor entertain
vagrant preachers,' with several other particulars:
by which bond those who signed it were made
liable for every man's fault that lived upon their
ground. Your majesty's subjects were charged
with lawburrows, denounced rebels; and captions
were issued out for seizing their persons, upon
their refusing to sign the foresaid bond; and the
nobility and gentry there who had ever been
faithful to your majesty, and had appeared in
arms for suppressing the last rebellion, were
disarmed upon oath, a proclamation was also
issued forth, forbidding them, under great
penalties, to keep any horse above four pounds
ten groats price. The nobility and gentry
in the shire of Ayr were also indicted at the
instance of your majesty's advocate, of very high
crimes and misdemeanors, whereof some did
import treason. Their indictments were delivered
them in the evening to be answered by them next
morning upon oath. And when they did demand
two or three days' time to consider their indict-
ments, and craved the benefit of lawyers to advise

172 GALLOWAY AND

with in matters of so high concernment, and also
excepted against their being put to swear against
themselves in matters that were capital, which
was contrary to law and justice; all those their
desires were rejected, though the like had never
been done to the greatest malefactors in the
kingdom. And it was told them that they must
either swear instantly or they would repute them
guilty, and proceed accordingly. The noblemen
and gentlemen, knowing themselves innocent of all
that had been surmised against them, did purge
themselves by oath of all the particulars that were
objected to them, and were thereupon acquitted.
And though the Committee of Council used the
severest way of inquiry to discover any sedition
or treasonable designs which were pretended as
the grounds of leading in that army to these
countries, yet nothing could ever be proved. So
false was that suggestion concerning the rebellion
then designed, that was offered to your majesty,
and prevailed with you for sending the fore-
mentioned letter. The oppression and quartering
still continuing, the noblemen and gentlemen of
these countries went to Edinburgh, to represent
to your council the heavy pressures that they and
their people lay under, and were ready to offer to
them all that law and reason could require of
them for securing the peace. The council did
immediately, upon their appearance there, set
forth a proclamation, requiring them to depart
the town in three days, upon the highest pains.

THE COVENANTERS. 173

And when the Duke of Hamilton did petition to
stay two or three days longer upon urgent affairs,
it was refused. When some persons of quality
had declared to the Duke of Lauderdale that they
would go and represent their condition to your
majesty, if they could not have justice from your
ministers, for preventing that, a proclamation was
set out, forbidding all the subjects to depart the
kingdom without license, so that your majesty
might not be acquainted with the sad condition
of your subjects; a thing without all precedent
law, to cut off your subjects from making
application to your majesty; not less contrary to
your majesty's true interest (who must be always
the refuge of your people) than to the natural
right of the subjects."

Particulars of the sufferings of individuals followed.

The Complaint failed, but there was some hope that,
as a result of it, matters would improve, and the Duke
of Monmouth was expected to get some favours for the
Presbyterians.

In 1680, forfeitures were passed in great numbers
against those alleged to be at Bothwell. The Galloway
gentlemen were the first sacrifices. On February 18th,
Patrick M'Dowall of Freugh was called, having been
cited before. His name is in the proclamation ex-
cepting persons from the Indemnity. In absence,
evidence was produced against him and others,
generally speaking by soldiers and spies, who had
been hired to traffic up and down the country. Some

174 GALLOWAY AND

deponed they saw Freugh at Sanquhar a commander of
a body of four or five hundred men in arms, as they-
came to Bothwell. Two witnesses deponed they saw
him at Hamilton Muir among the rebels. He was
sentenced to be executed and demeaned as a traitor,
and his heritage, goods, and gear to be forfeited to
his majesty's use. His estate of Freugh was after-
wards granted by the King to John Graham of
Claverhouse. Mr. William Ferguson of Caitloch,
Alexander Gordon, elder, and also the younger of
Earlston, James Gordon, younger of Craichlaw,
William Gordon of Culvennan, Patrick Dunbar of

Machrimor, and ■ M'Ghie of Larg, were called.

Earlston, elder, had been killed after Bothwell. The
prepared witnesses deponed as to their accession to
tho rebellion, and they were all forfeited, except
'M'Ghie of Larg, whose case was continued until the
second Monday of June.

The lands of Caitloch, Earlston, and Craichlaw,
were given to Colonel Maine, Major Ogilthorp, and
Captain Henry Cornwall, but they did not hold them
long.

Another process of forfeiture was commenced on the
2nd of June, and ended July 6th, against the following
persons: — John Bell of Whiteside, John Gibson of

Auchinchyne, Gibson, younger, of Ingliston,

Gordon of Dundeugh, Grier of Dargoner,

Smith of Kilroy, M'Clellan of Barmageichan,

Thomas Bogle of Bogles-hole, ■ Baird, younger,

of Dungeonhill, Gordon of Craig, Lennox

of Irelandton, Gordon of Bar-harrow, John

THE COVENANTERS. 175

Fullarton of Auchinhae, David M'CuUoch, son to
Ardwel, William Whitehead of Millhouse, John

Welsh of Cornley, Neilson of Corsack, Robert

M'Clellan of Barscob, Samuel M'Clellan, his brother,

Fullarton of Nether-mill, George ^M'Cartney of

Blaikit, Gordon of Garrerie, Gordon of

Knockgrey, Heron of Little park, Gordon of

Holm, Gordon of Overbar, John M 'Naught of

Colquhad, Murdock, alias Laird Murdock, and John
Binning of Dulvennan. The libel and indictment
against these persons, is in the common form, murder-
ing the archbishop, though probably none of them
knew anything about it, burning the King's laws,
accession to the rebellion. All of them were absent.
Thomas Bogle and Baird of Dungeon-hill were libelled
as the rest, and likewise for attacking major John-
stone, of which they were entirely free. No probation
was adduced on this. Cannon of Mardrochat was
witness against the Galloway gentlemen. The judges
were not very exacting as to probation. The assize
was not particular in the verdict, but found the
pannels, in the general, guilty of the crimes libelled,
and they were all forfeited.

Alexander Hunter of Colquhassen, Old Luce, who
had been at Bothwell, was forfeited, and his estates
giveiT to the Countess of Nithsdale, and she possessed
them till 1689. Alexander Hay of ArieoUan, a
neighbour, was treated in the same way. His mother,
a pious old lady, about eighty years old, was im-
prisoned for mere nonconformity, and kept in
Dumfries Prison to the danger of her life. She was

176 GALLOWAY AND

likewise forfeited for her annuity and life-rent out'
of the estate, so that it might be given to a papist.

In January, a commission was given to the Earl
of Queensberry, Sir Robert Dalziel of Glenae, and
Claverhouse, or any two, or such as they should
appoint, to get exact lists of heritors who had been at
Bothwell from the shires of Dumfries and Wigtown
and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Annandale.

Bishop Aitken was translated from Moray to
Galloway, 6th February, 1680, with dispensation to
reside in Edinburgh, as he was advanced in years and
the people of his diocese were rebellious and turbulent.
He kept himself in touch with the ministers, presby-
teries, and synod, and by letters to them and a journey
thither secured as good order and discipline as if he
had been residing among them. He opposed James in
taking off the penal laws against Roman Catholics.

On 6th May, 1680, a garrison was stationed at
Balgreggan.

Instructions were then given for regulating the
Indulgence (14th May). The last of these directions
is worthy of notice, being specially applicable to
Galloway.

" 9hly. And seeing that we are informed that
the regular ministers in Galloway and some other
western places are exposed to great danger, from
the fury of some blind zealots among whom they
serve, and that even the necessaries of life, and
the help of servants and mechanics are denied
unto them for their money, you are, in a most
particular manner to consider their present case,

THE COVENANTERS. 177

and to consult their protection, and the security of
their persons in the best manner, and to see that
the sheriffs, justices, and other magistrates be
careful to have them defended and secured in their
persons and goods, and the necessaries for living
furnished and supplied unto them at the usual
and ordinary rates of the country, to the end they
may be effectually relieved and that our ancient
kingdom may be vindicated from any just im-
putation of so great and barbarous inhumanity.
Given at our Court at Windsor Castle, the 14th
day of May, 1680, and of our reign the 32d year.

" By his majesty's command,

" Lauderdale."

On 10th August, further efforts were made to
discover who were at Bothwell, and letters were sent
to the Sheriffs of Fife, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, and
Stirling: — " The Council, understanding there are
divers persons lurking in your shire who were in the
Rebellion and are reset, do require you to inquire
thereinto and appoint persons in the several parishes^
and do everything for that effect, and to send a list
of them, their resetters, and witnesses to the Advocate
betwixt and October."

On December 10th a garrison of thirty horse was
ordered to be placed at Kenmure and another at the
House of Freugh in Wigtownshire. Garrisons were
thus placed at particular houses for the double purpose
of punishing proprietors suspect of disaffection and
overawing the surrounding population.

178 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XIX.

Graham has commission to uplift the moveables of fugitives in
Galloway — Court at New Galloway — The Societies — The
Sanquhar Declaration supported by Galloway men — Pro-
clamation against Cameron and others — All persons over
sixteen years of age to be cited in Minnigaif, Penninghame,
Carsphairn, Balmaclellan, Dairy, Kells, Irongray, and other
parishes to declare what they know of the traitors — The
oath sworn by the King.

Gkaham had a commission to uplift the moveables of
those in Galloway who had been at Bothwell or were
fugitives. His brother, Cornet Graham, and he or
some depute by him went through the several parishes.
At New Galloway, there was a Court, at which all
between sixteen and sixty were charged to appear
under severe penalties, and declare upon oath how
many conventicles they had been at, who preached,
who were present, what children were baptised, etc.
Every Court day numbers were forfeited and fined,
and the money gifted to the soldiers, informers, etc.

After Bothwell, some of the sterner Presbyterians
went off to Holland, but, in 1680, a number returned,
following Mr. Donald Cargill, Richard Cameron, etc.
Next year they began to meet in Societies, and termed
themselves " The Societies United in Correspondence."
They separated from all the rest of the Presbyterian
ministers and others throughout the kingdom who

THE COVENANTERS. 179

would not reject tlie King's authority, and came to
state their sufferings and testimony upon that head,
and herein they stood by themselves, striving against
Prelacy on the one hand, and as bitterly against their
former friends on the other.

On June 22nd, 1680, the first anniversary of Both-
weU, there was the famous Sanquhar Declaration.

Richard Cameron and his brother Michael and
about a score of others, among them being some
Galloway men, rode into Sanquhar, and drew up at
the ancient Market Cross. The two Camerons dis-
mounted, a psalm was sung, prayer was offered, and
then Michael Cameron read the famous Declaration,
and fixed a copy of it to the Cross while the inhabitants
looked on in wonder and amazement. This document
was headed " The Declaration and Testimony of the
true Presbyterian, anti-prelatic, anti-erastian, perse-
cuted party in Scotland. Published at Sanquhar, June
22nd, 1680." It had the warm approval of the great
majority of the Galloway Covenanters, and was not a
frenzied outburst, but a deliberate statement made
after fully counting the cost, xls has been well said,
what was treason that day became only eight years
afterwards the Revolution Settlement. Its import
may be seen from the following excerpt: — " Therefore,
although we be for Government and Governors such as
the Word of our God and our Covenant allows, yet we
for ourselves and all that will adhere to us as the
representatives of the true Presbyterian Kirk and
Covenanted nation of Scotland, . . . do by thir
presents disown Charles Stuart that has been reigning

180 GALLOWAY AND

(or rather tyrannizing as we may say) on the throne of
Britain these years hygone, as having any right, title
to, or interest in the said Crown of Scotland for
Government, as forfeited several years since, hy his
perjury and breach of covenant both to God and His
Kirk and usurpation of His Crown and Royal prero-
gative therein, and many other breaches in matters
ecclesiastic, and by his tyranny and breach of the very
leges regnandi in matters civil, For which reason we
declare, that several years since he should have been
denuded of being King, Ruler, or Magistrate, or of
having any power to act, or to be obeyed as such. As
also, we, being under the standard of the Lord Jesus
Christ, Captain of Salvation, do declare a war with
such a tyrant and usurper, and all the men of his
practices as enemies to our Lord Jesus Christ and
His cause and covenants, and against all such as have
strengthened him, sided with, or any wise acknow-
ledged him in his tyranny, civil or ecclesiastic." It
disclaimed the Declaration at Hamilton, June 1679,
" chiefly because it takes in the King's interest," and
it disowned the Duke of York, " that professed papist,"
and protested against his succeeding to the Crown.

This was followed by a Proclamation against
Cameron and others, which set forth that Mr. Richard
Cameron and his brother, and Mr. Thomas Douglas,
accompanied by several rufiians and particularly John
Vallange, brother-in-law to Robert Park, one of the
Bailies of Sanquhar; Daniel M'Mitchell in Lorgfoot;

Thomas Campbell, son of Campbell, late of Dal-

blair in Auchenleck parish; John Moodie, brother to

THE COVENANTERS. 181

the miller at Cubsmill, in the same parish; John
Fowler, sometime servant to the deceased Lindsay of
Covington; Patrick Gamil, son-in-law to Charles
Logan, messenger at Cumnock Mains; James Stewart,
son to Archibald Stewart at Causewayend, near to the
Earl of Galloway's house; Alexander Gordon, called
of Kilstuare; Francis Johnstone, merchant in Clydes-
dale; Crichton, son to Robert Crichton of

Auchentitinch, now in Waterhead, and others to the
number of twenty-one persons, did, upon 22nd June,
enter within the Burgh of Sanquhar with drawn swords
and pistols in their hands, and after a solemn procession
through the town, did draw up at the Cross, and
published and affixed upon the Cross and other public
places thereof a most treasonable and unparalleled
paper " disowning us to be their King and defaming
us with the very same names and designations used by
the usurpers in their greatest rage after they had
murdered the King, our royal and blessed father of
eternal memory." Accordingly, they were declared
" open and notorious traitors and rebels," and all good
subjects were required to do their utmost diligence to
discover them.

" And to the effect that harbourers and resetters,
or those who neglect to discover them, may be known
and punished, we do require the haill heritors, or their
bailiffs, or chamberlains in case of the heritors' absence,
to cause call, and cite before them in a court, all
persons living upon their respective lands, men, or
women, above the age of sixteen years, in all the
parishes underwritten, viz.: — Carsphairn, Balmaclel-

182 GALLOWAY AND

Ian, Dairy, Kells, Bar in Carrick, the Moor kirk of
Kyle, Galston, Loudon, Tindergarth, Strathaven,
Lesmahago, Sanquhar, Irongray, Glencairn, Cumnock,
Monigaff, and Penninghame, upon the second and last
Tuesdays of July and August next; and to take the
oaths of all the said persons living upon their respective
lands, whether any of these traitors foresaid vi'ere in
that parish, and where and when; And lest they may
pretend not to know the said traitors, that they discover
upon oath any skulking or lurking persons, which they
have known to have been in that parish, after the
publication hereof in the respective shires and the
heritors or their bailiffs, and chamberlains in their
absence, to give an account of their diligence in
writing, within eight days after each diet foresaid,
to the sheriffs, Stewarts, bailies of regalities, magis-
trates of burghs, and shall adjoin thereto the following

declaration upon oath. I, , do solemnly swear

by the eternal God, that I have truly and faithfully
examined upon oath the whole persons, men and
women, living upon my lands, who compeared, who
are above the age of sixteen years, whereof I am
heritor, bailiff, or chamberlain, within the parish of

, and that I, , caused my officer give execution

upon oath, that he did cite all the said persons to the
aforesaid diets, and have given an account of the
persons who compeared not, or, compearing, refused
to give oath."

Those who may be inclined to take the view of this
Proclamation, and to think that Cameron and his party
were grossly to blame, should remember at the same

THE COVENANTERS. 183

time that the King to whom they owed allegiance was
the King who had sworn the following oath, and who,
by his breach of it, had forced Cameron and the other
Covenanters to take the stand they did: —

" I, Charles, King of Great Britain, France,
and Ireland, do assure and declare, by my solemn
oath, in the presence of Almighty God, the
searcher of hearts, my allowance and approbation
of the National Covenant, and of the Solemn
League and Covenant above written, and faith-
fully oblige myself to prosecute the ends thereof in
my station and calling; and that I, for myself and
successors, shall consent and agree to all Acts of
Parliament enjoining the National Covenant and
Solemn League and Covenant, and fully establish-
ing Presbyterial Government, the directory of
Worship, the Confession of Faith and Catechisms
in the Kingdom of Scotland, as they are approved
by the General Assembly of this Kirk and Parlia-
ment of this Kingdom. And that I shall give
my royal assent to the Acts and Ordinances of
Parliament passed or to be passed, enjoining the
same in the rest of my dominions, and that I shall
observe them in my own practice and family, and
shall never make opposition to any of these, or
endeavour any change thereof."

That was the King's solemn oath sworn to more than
once, and it was his deliberate and determined breach
of it that brought desolation to Scotland and disaster
to himself.

184 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XX.

Seven troops of horse and a regiment of foot sent into Galloway —
The country harassed — Incredible losses inflicted in Galloway
parishes — ^Ayrsmoss — John Malcolm, Dairy, captured and
executed — The Sheriff of Galloway ordered to sentence
tradesmen and others refusing to work for the orthodox
clergy — Courts at New Galloway, Dairy, and Kirkcudbright
— Proceedings ordered against those in Wigtown and Kirk-
cudbright in the late rebellion — The Test Act — Garrisons at
Dumfi-ies and the House of Freugh — Persons forfeited for
Bothwell to be pursued to the death — List of those in
Galloway — Sir James Dalrymple refuses the Test — The
Steward of the Stewartry, Sir Andrew Agnew, Viscount
Kenmure, and the Earl of Galloway refuse the Test, and
are deprived of their heritable jurisdictions — Wigtown Burgh
takes the Test.

On 30th June, 1680, seven troops of horse and a
regiment of foot were sent into Galloway. The
command was given to Linlithgow, Major Cockburn,
Strachan, Claverhouse, and others. Their avowed
object was to secure Richard Cameron, but all non-
conformists were harassed, and fearful severities
committed. Dreadful ravages were made by the
soldiers on the Sabbath Day, and incredible losses
were inflicted on Presbyterians in the parishes of
-Carsphairn, Dairy, Balmaclellan, Crossmichael, and
many others.

At Ayrsmoss, 22nd July, 1680, both of the
•Camerons fell. Many prisoners were taken, among

THE COVENANTERS. 185

them John Malcolm from the parish of Dairy. They
were sentenced to be hanged on 11th August, and were
executed at the Grass-market at Edinburgh.

In September, 1680, Captain Inglis was persecuting
violently in Carsphairn and in Dairy. He was par-
ticularly anxious to secure John Eraser and John
Clark. Robert Cannon of Mardrochat, Commissioner
to the persecutors, was made collector of cess and excise
in Carsphairn and neighbourhood, and Inglis, Living-
stone, and other commanders, who were hunting up and
down the country, went by his instructions. The
soldiers herded the whole countryside together, and
Cannon was sent for to inform against them. During
the harvest, courts were held at New Galloway, and
grievous injuries inflicted.

In October, 1680, the Council, alleging that some of
the orthodox clergy in Galloway were being defrauded
of their stipends, and indirect methods taken to force
them to leave, by tradesmen and others refusing to
work for them, ordained the Sheriff to give sentences
against such, and to call for soldiers to execute his
sentences. This kind of process obliging tradesmen
to work was something novel even in those days.

On 23rd December, 1680, the Council wrote to the
;Earl of Murray, to procure a remission to William
Gordon of Culvennan who had been in the Rebellion.
He resigned part of his lands in favour of some of
the managers, as others did, in order to escape the
sentences passed on them. In the beginning of 1681,
Cornet Graham held a court at Dairy, when all men
and women above sixteen years were cited to appear

13

186 GALLOWAY AND

and made declare upon oath whether they had ever
been at field meetings, or were married, or had children
baptised with those who preached at them. They were
also questioned on oath about their neighbours.
Grierson of Lagg, and Thomas Lidderdale of St.
Mary's Isle held similar courts at Kirkcudbright. On
21st June, 1681, it was represented to the Council that
many persons in Kirkcudbright, Wigtown, and Dum-
fries who were in the late Rebellion continued to reside
in their houses and intromit with their estates. The
Sheriffs and other magistrates were ordained to proceed
against them, and secure their rents and lands for his
Majesty's use.

On 31st August, 1681, the famous Act known as the
Test became law, under which all who held an office
had to take an oath that they judged it unlawful for
subjects, upon pretence of reformation or any other
pretence, to enter into covenants or leagues, or to
conrocate, convene, or assemble in any councils, con-
ventions, or assemblies, to treat, consult, or determine
in any matter of state, civil or ecclesiastic, without
his Majesty's special command or express license had
thereunto, or to take up arms against the King or those
commissionate by him, and that " I shall never so rise
in arms or enter into such covenants or assemblies,
and that there lies no obligation upon me from the
National Covenant or the Solemn League and
Covenant (so commonly called) or any other manner
of way whatsomever to endeavour any change or altera-
tion in the government either in Church or State
as it is now established by the laws of this kingdom,

THE COVENANTERS. 187

and I promise and swear that I shall with my utmost
power, defend, assist, and maintain his Majesty's
Jurisdiction foresaid against all deadly, and I shall
never decline his Majesty's power and jurisdiction,
as I shall answer to God."

This Act, as we shall see, led to great tribulation
in Galloway .

It would seem that former orders as to placing
garrisons in Galloway had not been fulfilled, and
on 6th October, the Council appointed the houses
previously named, with the Castle of Dumfries, and
the house of Freugh, instantly to be made patent to
receive garrisons.

On 8th October, 1681, special proclamation was
made that certain persons, having forfeited their lives,
lands, and goods for treasonable rising in arms at
Bothwell, did, notwithstanding, live at or near their
dwelling places, and by themselves or others enjoyed
their lands, rents, and goods, as if they were free and
peaceable subjects. Authority was, therefore, given
to the Sheriffs of Lanark, Ayr, Dumfries, the Steward
of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, Sir Andrew
Agnew of Lochnaw, Sheriff Principal of Wigtown,
and their deputes, to apprehend the said rebels and
traitors, and to pursue them to the death by force
of arms or drive them forth of the bounds of their
jurisdiction. Among those named in the Proclamation
are Patrick M'Douall of Freugh; Mr. William and
Alexander Gordons of Earlston; Mr. WiUiam Fer-
guson of Caitloch; Dunbar, younger of Macher-

more; John Bell of Whiteside; John Gibson of

188 GALLOWAY AND

Auchinchero; Gibson, younger of Ingleston;

Gordon of Dundeuch; Grier of Dargonar;

Smith of Kilroch; M'Clelland of Barma-

geichan; Gordon of Craigie; Lennox of

Irelandton; Gordon of Barharrow; John Fowler-
ton of Auchincrie; David M'CuUooh, son of Ardwall;
William Whitehead of Milnhouse; John Welsh of

Cornley; Neilson of Corsock; Robert M'Clelland

of Barscobe; Samuel M'Clelland, his brother;

FuUerton of Nethermill; George M'Cartney of

Blackit; — — - Gordon of Garrarie; Gordon of

Knookgray; Heron of Littlepark; Gordon

of Holm; Gordon of Overbar; John M'Knaught

of Culgnad; Murdock, alias Laird Murdock;

Andrew Sword in Galloway; John Malcolm in Dairy
in Galloway. Some of these had already suffered the
full penalty, but the present proceedings were intended
to secure their estates. Sir James Dalrymple, presi-
dent of the Court of Session, sought to add to the
Test a clause regarding the Covenant, that the recipient
professed " the true protestant religion as set forth
in the Confession of Faith of 1567," but this was
refused, and he felt himself unable to subscribe the
oath. On 2l8t October, 1681, the Council wrote his
Majesty's Secretary to get Sir James Dalrymple of
Stair, as heritable Bailie of the Regality of Glenluce,
to take the Test before his Grace the Duke of Lauder-
dale, and on 18th December, there is a letter from the
Secretary to the Council in which it is stated that
Sir James Dalrymple of Stair had informed him that,

THE COVENANTERS. 189

having quitted his public employment to his son, there
was no obligation on him by law to take the Test.
He removed to Galloway, and in October, 1682, went
privately to Ley den.

On November 10th, the Council wrote the Laird of
Lochnaw for the shire of Wigtown, and the Earl of
Nithsdale for the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, to send
an account against 1st December whether they had
taken the Test, that they may know and upon refusal
appoint persons for these jurisdictions.

Owing to the holders not taking the Test, the
following jurisdictions fell into His Majesty's hands.
The Stewartship of Kirkcudbright, held by the Earl of
Nithsdale, recommended to be given to Lord Livings
stone and Sir Robert Maxwell. The Sheriffship of
Wigtown, held by Sir Andrew Agnew, recommended
to be given to the Laird of Claverhouse. The regality
of Tongeland, held by Viscount Kenmure, recom-
mended to be given to the Laird of Claverhouse. The
regality of Whithorn, held by the Earl of Galloway,
recommended to be given to the Earl of Queensberry.
On January 26th 1682, the King approved of new
commissions to these gentlemen. Others, however,
were more compliant. Wigtown Town Council took
the Test on the last day of December, 1681, as appears
from their records: —

" Wigtoune, the threttie first day of December,
1681 zeirs. Wee, the magistrats, and Councell
of the burgh of Wigtoune under-subscribed,

190 GALLOWAY AND

eolemnlie sweare in presence of the Eternall God,
whom we invocat as judge and witnes of our
sincere intentione of this our oath. That wee
owne and sincerelie profess the trew protestant
religione contained in the Confessione of Faith
recordit in the first parliat, of King James the
Sixt, and that wee beleive the same to be foundit
on and agreeable to the Word of God. And Wee
promise and sueir that Wee shall adheare yrto
dureing all the dayes of our Lyftymes, and shall
endeavore to educat our childrine yrin, and shall
never consent to any change or alteratione con-
traire yrto; And that Wee Disoune and renunce
all such principles, doctrines, or practises, whither
popish or prauaticall, which are contraire unto,
and inconsistent with the said protestant religione
and Confessione of Faith. And for testification
of our obedience to our most gracious Soveraigne
Chairles the Second, Wee doe affirme and sueare
by this our solemne oath that the King's Majestic
is the only suppreame governour of this realme,
over all persones and in all causes als weill
ecclesiasticall as civile: and that noe forraigne
prince, persona, pope, prelat, state, or potentat,
hath or ought to have any jurisdictione, power,
superiortie, preheminencie, or autoritie, Ecclisi-
asticall or civile, within this realme. And their-
foir Wee doe vterlie renunce and forsaik all
forraigne jurisdictione, pouers, superiorities, and
autorities: And doe promise that hencefuith Wee

THE COVENANTERS. 191

shall beare faith and trew aledgeanee to the
King's Majestie, his aires and LauU Successors:
And Wee farder afferme and suere by this our
solemn oath that Wee judge it unlauU (unlawful)
for subjects vpon pretence of reformatione or any
vyr pretence qtsover, to enter into Covenants or
Leagues, or to convocat, convein, or assemble in
any councels, conventions, or assemblies, to treat,
consult, or Determine in any maitter of state,
civill or ecclesiastick, without his Majestie's
special command or express Licence yrto; Or to
talk up airmes agt the King or those commis-
sionated by him: And that Wee shall never so
rise in airmes, or enter into such covenants or
assemblies. And that ther Lyes noe obligatione
one Us from the Nationall Covenant, or the
Solemne League and Covenant (so commonlie
called) or any vyr mainer of Way qtsoever to
endevore any chainge or altematione in the
governement aither in church or state, as it is
now established be the Laws of this Kingdom,
And Wee promise and sueare that Wee shall with
our utmost pouer defend, assist, and maintaine
his Majesties jurisdictione forsd agt all Deidlie:
And we shall never decline his Majesties pouer
and jurisdictione, As Wee shall ansr. to God.
And finalie, Wee afferme and sueare this our
solumn oath is given in the plaine genuine sence
and meaning of the words, without any equivoca-
tione, mentall reservatione, or any mainer of

192 GALLOWAY AND

evasione qtsoever: And that Wee shall not accept
or use any Dispensatione from any creature
qtsoever. So help us God.

" (Signed) 1. Will. Coltrane, provost.

2. G. Stewart, baiellie.

4. Will. Clugstoune.

13. Archibald Ramsay, Clerk as

3. mandatory for Michael

Shank, Treasurer.

5. Johnne M'Keand.

8. A. (Adam) M'Kie.

6. Adam Kyneir.

9. A. (Anthony) Dalzell.

7. Will. Gordoun.
12. Patt. Blaine.

10. Patrick M'Kie.

11. JOHNE KyNNIER.

Andrew M'Guffock.
John M'Cracken.
Alexr. Stewart.
James Brounb.
George Kincaid.
Patt. Garrock."

THE COVENANTERS. 193

CHAPTER XXI.

Claveihouse sent into Galloway with troops — He is granted a
Sheriff's commission for Kirkcudbright, Wigtownshire, and
Dumfries — Letters from Claverhouse referring to the Gordons
and to Sir James Dalrymple of Stair — GlaTerhouse captures
M'Clnrg, the Minnigaff smith — A trooper in trouble — Soldiers
ordered to Kirkcudbright to secure Lord Livingstone in the
Estates forfeited to him — Claverhouse writes Viscount Ken-
mure to prepare his house for a garrison — His persecutions
— ^He seizes John Archibald, Anthony M'Bride, John
Cleanochan, and John "Wallace, imprisons them in Stranraer,
and quarters horses at their houses — A troop of the horse in
Anwoth.

On 27th January, 1682, Claverhouse was sent into
Galloway with a troop of guards, and was allowed to
make use of the house or chapel belonging to Sir John
Dalrymple to keep guard in, and of the house at
Kirkcudbright belonging to Sir Robert Maxwell.

He was granted a Sheriff's commission to arrange
all disorders, disturbances of the peace, and church
irregularities in Kirkcudbright, Annandale, Wigtown,
and Dumfries. The following are its terms: —

" Charles, by the grace of God, etc., greeting.
Forasmuch as we have already thought fit to give
and grant to John Graham of Claverhouse, a com-
mission to be sheriff of the shire of Wigton, fallen
in our hands, with the haill powers, privileges,
and casualties belonging to the said office, during

194 GALLOWAY AND

our pleasure, and considering that several persons
of disaffected and seditious principles, in the shires
of Wigton and Dumfries, and the stewartries of
Kirkcudbright and Annandale, have for disquiet
and disturbance of the peace, for divers years past,
not only deserted the public ordinances in their
parish churches, haunted and frequented rebellious
field conventicles, and committed divers other
disorders of that nature, to the great scandal of
religion, and contempt of our government, but
lately did break forth into, and joined in an open
and most treasonable rebellion, and notwith-
standing of the many reiterated offers of our
gracious indemnity to them they continue in their
former wicked and rebellious practices, being
encouraged therein by the not due execution of
our laws, and hopes of impunity, by their
skulking from one place to another, when they
are cited before our judicatories, and pursued and
sought for by our forces, and we being fully
resolved that our laws shall be put to due and
vigorous execution against these delinquents, and
these rebels brought to public punishment and
example, in the places where they have been guilty
thereof, do, with advice of our privy council,
require and command the said John Graham of
Claverhouse to call before him his deputes and
substitutes, the persons frequenting and residing
in the said shire of Wigton, guilty of withdraw-
ing from the public ordinances in their parish
churches, since our late act of indemnity, as also

THE COVENANTERS. 195

the persons guilty of conventicles, disorderly
baptisms and marriages, harbouring and resetting
of rebels, during the said space, and to impose and
exact the fines conform to the acts of parliament,
and to do and perform everything requisite and
necessary, for putting the same to due and
vigorous execution; and considering that the
persons guilty of these disorders, do remove from
one jurisdiction to another, when they are called
in question and pursued, and that we find it-
necessary for our service, in this exigent, that the
persons guilty of these disorders, in the places
adjacent, within the said shire of Dumfries, and
the Stewartries of Kirkcudbright and Annandale,
be brought to justice in order to the reducing
that country to the due obedience of our laws and
the securing the peace of our government, we,
with advice foresaid, do hereby nominate and
appoint the said John Graham to be our depute
within the said jurisdictions, for putting in
execution our laws, against transgressors and
delinquents in the cases foresaid, and to uplift
and exact the penalties incurred by them thereby.
It is hereby declared that this commission is no
ways to be prejudicial to the right of jurisdiction,
belonging to the sheriff of Dumfries, and Stewards
of the Stewartries of Kirkcudbright and Annan-
dale, and that the said John Graham is only to
proceed and do justice in the eases foresaid, when
he is the first attacker. And further we with the
advice foresaid, have thought fit to give and grant.

196 GALLOWAY AND

and do hereby give and grant to the said John
Graham of Claverhouse our full pover, authoritj',
and commission, as justice in that part, to call
before him any person, not being heritor; who
shall be apprehended for being in the late
rebellion, and have not in due time taken the
benefit of our gracious act of indemnity, and for
that effect, to fence and hold courts, create clerks,
sergeants, dempsters, and other members of court
needful, and to call assizes and witnesses as often
as need be, absents to amerciate, unlaws and
amerciaments to uplift and exact, and, in the said
courts, to put the said persons to knowledge and
trial of an assize, and, according as they shall be
found innocent or guilty, that he shall cause
justice to be administrate on them according to
the laws and acts of parliament of this realm:
Pkomitten to hold firm and stable whatsoever
things he shall lawfully do in the premises.
Given under our signet at Edinburgh, the last
day of January, 1682, and of our reign the
thirty-fourth year."

Claverhouse, in February, 1682, was passing up and
down through Galloway. In a letter to Queensberry,
dated from Newton of Galloway, 16th February, 1682,
he says: — "As to the Treasury Commission, I fear
I shall not be able to do what I would wish because
of the season. For of their corn and straw there is not
much left, and their beasts this time of the year ia

THE COVENANTERS. 197

not worth the driving." On lat March, 1662, from
Newton of Galloway, he writes: — " I wish the Gordons
here were translated to the North and exchanged with
any other branch of that family who are bo very loyal
there and disaffected here. I desire leave to draw
out of the two regiments one hundred of the best
musketeers who had served abroad, and I should take
the horses here amongst the suffering sinners."

On 5th March, he wrote from Wigtown: — " Here in
this shire I find the lairds all following the example
of a late great man and considerable heritor * among
them, which is to live regularly themselves, but have
their houses constant haunts of rebels and inter-
communed persons, and have their children baptised
by the same and then lay the blame on their wives.
But I am resolved this jest shall pass no longer here,
for it (is) laughing and fooling the Government."
He held his first court at Wigtown in March, and then
proceeded to Stranraer. In a letter from Stranraer,
dated 13th March, 1682, he mentions the capture of
M'Clurg, the smith at Minnigaff, and his resolve to
hang him.

" I am just beginning to send out many parties,
finding the rebels become secure, and the country so
quiet in all appearance. I sent out a party with my
brother Dave three nights ago. The first night he
took Drumbuit and one M'Lellan, and that great
villain M'Clurg, the smith at Minnigaff that made

* This was Sir James Dalrymple of Stair.
t M'Kie of Drumbuie.

198 GALLOWAY AND

all the clikys,* and after whom the forces have trotted
80 often. It cost me hoth pains and money to know
how to find him. I am resolved to hang him; for it
is necessary I make some example of severity, lest
rebellion be thought cheap here. There cannot be alive
a more wicked fellow." f

On one of his visits to Wigtown, one at least of
his troopers got into trouble with the citizens and
seems to have been severely handled by no less an
individual than the burgh treasurer. The Burgh
Records contain the following reference to the in-
cident; —

" Wigtoune, Junu sevinth, 1682 zeirs.

" In presence of William Coltrane, provest,
Compeared personalie Patrick M'Kie, burges of
Wigt. who becam inacted bind and obliest as
cationer and surtie for William Gordoune, Lait
Thessrer, burges of the sd burgh, and Elizabeth
Stewart, his spouse, that they shall oompeir befoir
the toun Court of Wigtoune vpon advertisement
to vnderly the Law for the alleged blood and
battrie, and vyr abusess committed by the ed
Elizabeth vpon William Meinzies, ane of the
gentlemen of Claverhous troup, and that vnder
the paine of Ane hundreth punds Scots money of
penaltie in caice of failzie attour preformance:
And the sds Wm. Gordoune and Elizabeth

* Cleiks, hooked knives on staves for cutting the cavalry bridles.
t M'Clurg seems to have escaped. At any rate, his name
appears in the list of fugitives.

THE COVENANTERS. 199

Stewart obleiss them to relieve their sd. cationer
of his cationrie for them in the premises, as also
compeired personalie Alexr., Mure, Chirurgiane,
burges of Wigt. Who becam inacted bund and
obleist as cationer and surtie for James M'Crobine
and Helen Stewart, his spouse that they shall
compeir befoir the toun court of Wigt. vpon
advertisement to vnderly the Law for the alleged
blood and battrie committed be them vpon the
sd. Wm. Meinzies, and for vyr abuses done to
him; and that vnder the paine of Ane hundreth
punds money foresaid, in caice of failzie attour
performance and the sds James M'Crobine and
Helen Stewart obleiss them to releive their sd.
cationer of his cationrie in the premises. In
Witness qrof their presents are subt. vpon day,
zeir, and place, forsd. befoir thir witnesses,
Thomas Stewart, lauU sone to George Stewart,
bailzie of Wigt. and Ard. Kamsey, toun clerk."

On September 2nd, 1682, the Council ordered a
company of soldiers to go to Kirkcudbright to secure
Lord Livingstone in the Estates forfeited to him.
Claverhouse's troops came in and kept garrison at
Kenmure this year.

The following letter from Claverhouse to Viscount
Kenmure is interesting as showing that the Viscount
had a week to prepare for his unwelcome visitors.

" My Lord: — It is a good tyme since the last
Chancelor wrot to your Lordship, by order of
Councell to make raid and void your house of

200 GALLOWAY AND

Kenmur, for to receive a garrison: and when I
cam into this contry som moneths agoe, it was
then in debeat wither or not the garison should
enter, but it was put af at my Lord's treasurer's
deseir, and my undertaking to secur the contry
from rebelles without it; but this sumer the
councell thought fit to give me new orders about
it. Wherefor, my Lord, I expect your Lordship
will remove what you think not fit to leave there,
for the garison must be in by the first of
November. I expect your Lords's answer, and
am,

" My Lord,

Your most humble
Servant,

J. Gkaham.
" Newton,
the 21 of October

1682.
" For the Viscount Kenmure."

Each horse had three pecks corn, and eight stone
■of straw or hay weekly. The troops settled at Kirk-
cudbright had for each horse two pecks corn and seven
stone of hay or straw. David Graham held Courts
■at Twynholm, getting his information from the curate.
He imprisoned several women with children at their
breasts because they would not give bond to keep the
ohurch and hear their persecuting incumbent.

In August, Claverhouse attacked multitudes of non-
conformists who were not so much as alleged to have

THE COVENANTERS. 201

been in any rising. At New Luce he seized John
Archibald, Anthony MacBryde, John Macleanochan
and John Wallace for not hearing the incumbent.
They were brought to Stranraer and put in prison for
twelve weeks, and soldiers were sent to quarter at their
houses. Twelve horses were quartered in one, seven
in another, and so on in proportion as their stock
would bear. The seven soldiers at MacBryde's had
plenty of victuals, but they would have his wife go
out one Sabbath Day and bring in two sheep and kill
them. This she refused, and one of them attempted to
throw her into a large fire, but was prevented by the
rest of the family. After being in prison twelve
weeks, Claverhouse ordered them to be tied two and
two together and set upon bare-backed horses to be
carried to Edinburgh to be tried. When they had
gone a day's journey, they were liberated on signing
■a, bond to pay one thousand merks each on demand,
and, although they paid the money, this did not
prevent their oppression afterwards.

A troop of horse came to Anwoth. Seven quartered
on one gentleman, where they wanted for nothing but
ale, and had milk in abundance. One of the soldiers
ordered the gentleman to provide ale. He answered
there was none about them to be had till the waters,
then very large, had fallen. The soldier answered
he would have to get ale though he should have to go
to hell to seek it. The gentleman replied, " If once
you were there, you will not come back to tell tlia
news." The soldier set on him with a thorn staff,
but the gentleman closed in and held his own and the

14

202 GALLOWAY AND

other soldiers separated them. The soldier then went
to the commanding officer with false charges and got
him arrested. The matter was not considered for some
time, and meanwhile the gentleman's horses were taken
away, and the whole stock, etc., destroyed. When
the officer came to consider the complaint by the
soldier, he found it groundless, and liberated the
gentleman, but gave him no satisfaction, and did not
punish the soldier.

THE COVENANTERS. 203

CHAPTER XXn.

Major Learmoud, Barscobe, and others captured, and ordered to
be hanged — Execution not carried out — ^Letter showing how
soldiers quartered in Galloway — Andrew Heron of Kirrongh-
tree dealt with for harbouring his son — Fined 5,000 merks,
and imprisoned till it is paid — Claverhouse forces Sir John
Dalrymple to appear before the Council — Dalrymple fined
£500, and committed to Edinburgh Castle till it is paid.

When any of the forfeited persons were captured,
the old sentence in absence was put into force. Thus
we find on 7th April, 1682, the Lords Commissioners,
having considered the dooms of forfeiture already,
passed on Kobert Fleming of Auchenfin, Hugh
Macklewraith of Auchenfloor, Major Joseph Lear-
mond and Robert M'Clelland of Barscobe for the
crimes of treason and rebellion, ordain them to bo
hanged on dates specified, the Magistrates of Edin-
burgh to see the execution carried out. However,
other infiuences came to bear, and the execution was
not carried out.

As showing the way in which the soldiers were
ordered to quarter on the inhabitants, the following
letter by Lidderdale of St. Mary's Isle is given: —

" Sergeant Persie, in obedience to my Lord
Livingstone's commands to me, you are hereby

204 GALLOWAY AND

ordered to go with your fifteen dragoons, presently
under your command, and quarter them pro-
portionally, as you think convenient, upon the
pretended heritors of Macartney and tenants
thereof, the pretended heritors and possessors of
the lands of Bar (and glaisters pertaining there-
unto), ay and while they come into Kirkcudbright
to me, and take tacks of the haill forementioned
lands from me, in name of George Lord Living-
stone, donatar of the same, and not only find
caution for the yearly rent thereof in time coming,
but also make payment of all bygones, preceding
the term of Whitsunday last from Bothwell.
You are to exact free quarter during your abode,
and, if need be, to take what you stand in need of
for your provision, from them, without prejudice
to any other. You are also to dispossess and
remove the lady Holm younger forth of the lands
of Macartney, and to cause some of your party
to possess the same till forther orders. And you
are not to remove from any of your quarters till
such time as you receive my order of new for that
effect. Subscribed for warrant at Kirkcudbright,
the 23rd day of October, 1682.

" Tho. Lidderdale."

In January, 1683, the Council had the case of
Andrew Heron of Kirroughtree before them, and the
following letter was written to the Secretary: —

THE COVENANTERS. 205

"My Lord,

" There being one Andrew Herron of Kerroch-
tree, pursued before his Majesty's privy council,
for harbouring, resetting, entertaining, and in-
tercomunning with Patrick Herron his second
son, Anthony M'Ghie late of Glencard, and other
rebels: and the said Andrew having come volun-
tarily to the lord high treasurer before any
citation given, how soon he understood the hazard
he was liable to by law, and confessed that out
of ignorance of the laws of the kingdom, and on
account of his near relation to his said son, and
his wife's nephew, he had sometimes seen and
conversed with them, and palliate a small trade
of cattle, which his son brought from England:
having confessed his crime humbly, and begged
his Majesty and the council's mercy: the council
having considered the specialities in his case, do
recommend to your lordship to interpose for a
remission both as to his life and estate. But
that others may be deterred from harbouring and
resetting rebels though never so nearly related,
the council desire that your lordship may procure a
letter under his majesty's royal hand, empowering
and authorizing them in this case (even though
the crime be capital in itself) to impose such a
fine as they think fit and just. This, in the
council's name, is signified by

Your lordship's etc.,

"Aberdeen, Cancel, I.P.D."

206 GALLOWAY AND

When intercession had heen made for a remission
as to his life and estate, the managers wanted a fine
from him before he was dismissed. Accordingly,
on March 8th, "Andrew Heron of Kerrochtree in
Galloway, compears, and is libelled, for being at house
and field conventicles, and intercommuning with, and
resetting his son Patrick Heron a ring leader at
Bothwell Bridge, and his son in law who had been
likewise there. The lords of his majesty's privy
council fine him in 5,000 merks and appointed him to
lie in prison till he pay it." On March 17th, 1683,
the cash-keeper reports he has paid his fine.

Claverhouse had shown great bitterness against
Sir John Dalrymple, whom he forced to appear before
the Council in February, 1683, and charged him with
" weakening the command of Government in the shire
of Galloway, with opposing the Commission, and with
himself adjudging on charges made against his own
tenants, purposely to give them too low for their
attendance at conventicles," also that he did insolently
laugh at Claverhouse's proclamations. To this Sir
John retorted that he was the person aggrieved, and
that he had occasion to complain against both Claver-
house and his subordinates; that he had presented
himself at the Sheriff Court, and Claverhouse caused
his oflSoers and soldiers to take the complainant by,
the shoulders and attack him, and that as to the fines
they had proved sufficient, and the people of Galloway
were becoming more orderly. "Orderly!" ejaculated
Claverhouse. " There are as many elephants and
crocodiles in Galloway as orderly persons." Dalrymple

THE COVENANTERS. 207

was deprived of his bailliery of the regality of Glen-
luce, and was fined £500 sterling, and committed to
the Castle of Edinburgh till he paid.

He then sought safety in Holland, where his father
and other exiles were quietly working for the over-
throw of the oppressor at home.

208 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXIIL

William Martin of DuUarg indicted for treason — He produces a
renunciation, and the diet is deserted — William M'Clelland of
Anchenguil, Hugh Maxwell of Cuill, and William M'CuUoch
of Cleichred libelled — Edward Atkin, Earlston's servant,
sentenced to be hanged — Proclamation appointing persons
to see the Test is taken in Galloway — John Cochrane of
Waterside, tried at Ayr Circuit, and forfeited — William
Thorburn of Stranraer forfeited — His sufferings — Cornet
Graham holds Courts at Balmaghie — Courts at the Clachan
of Penninghame — William M'Ewmont refusing the Test, is
banished, and dies at sea — Thomas Lidderdale's persecutions
in Twynholm — Report by Claverhouse on his work in
Galloway.

In January, 1683, William Martin, younger, of
DuUarg, was indicted for treason and rebellion. The
matter had heen compromised, as in the case of some
others, by a renunciation of part of his lands. When
the libel was read, he declared himself ready to stand
his trial as altogether innocent, and dissented from all
further continuation of it, and produced a renunciation
as follows: — " Be it kend to all men, me William
Martin, eldest son of James Martin of DuUarg, for
as much as I am pursued before the Lords of
Justiciary, for alleged being in the Rebellion 1679,
and seeing I am neither heritor nor guilty of the said
crime, therefore in their presence I renounce and resign
in favour of the King's Most Excellent Majesty, Lord

THE COVENANTERS. 209

High Treasurer, and Treasurer Depute, all lands and
heritages befallen to me wherein I was infefted or
had a right before the said Rebellion or His Majesty's
Gracious Indemnity, and oblige me, my heirs, and
Bucoessoi-s to denude myself hereof omni habili modo
at sight of the Lord Treasurer or Treasurer Depute
and consent these presents be registrated, etc." The
Lords, in respect of this, and his offering to abide trial,
deserted the diet simpliciter, and ordained him to enact
himself to compear when cited, whereupon he took
instruments.

On January 15th, William M'Clelland of Auchen-
guil, and Hugh Maxwell of Cuill, were dealt with in
the same way, and William M'CuUoch of Cleichred
renounced as above, took the Bond of Peace and the
Test, and was set at liberty.

On July 12th, 1683, the process of Edward Atkin
was before the Justiciary. He lived in the Abbey-
town of Crawfordjohn. He went out of Scotland
with Earlston as a servant and his guide, and was
taken prisoner with him at Newcastle. He was found
guilty of converse with Alexander Gordon and doing
favours to him, though he knew him to be a forfeited
and condemned traitor, and was sentenced to be hanged
at the Grassmarket on Friday, 20th July.

On 13th April, 1683, Proclamation was made for
Circuit Courts and for taking the Test, the Proclama-
tion appointing persons for this purpose, and naming
among others the following: — Sir Robert Grierson of
Lagg, Robert Ferguson of Craigdarroch, Sir David
Dunbar of Baldoon, Hugh M'Guffog of Ruscoe, Sir

210 GALLOWAY AND

Godfrey M'CuUoch of Myreton; Robert Lawrie of
Maxwellton.

On April 23rd, 1683, Grierson was continued the
Stewart Depute of Kirkcudbright till the justice airs
be over.

At the Circuit of Ayr, John Cochrane of Waterside
was charged with being with a party of country-
men who came from Galloway to Bothwell. He was
indeed at the town of Cumnock on business when they
passed on their road to Hamilton, and his acquaint-
ances in Galloway, hearing he was there, called for him
and he came out of a house and spoke to them. He
thought it safer to withdraw and leave the country.
In absence, witnesses were examined against him.
None of them would swear he had arms, but with some
difficulty they prevailed upon two to depone, in
terminis, that they saw him converse with rebels when
coming from Galloway to Hamilton. Upon this he
was forfeited. We shall meet with him later.

It was at this same Circuit that William Torbran,
ex-Provost of Stranraer, was cited, and afterwards
forfeited. In March, 1679, for mere nonconformity,
he was forced by a party of soldiers to leave his family
and retire to Ireland. Meantime, his house was rifled,
and the soldiers for some days helped themselves to
what they wanted, and went not off without a con-
siderable sum of money. In November the same year,
he was again forced to retire for three months. He
no sooner returned, than Claverhouse sent a party of
seven dragoons to quarter on him, and he had to pay,
a large sum before he was rid of them, besides the

THE COVENANTERS. 211

hurt they did to his business, and all this without
any sentence against him or crime laid to his charge,
save his non-compliance with Prelacy. A citation
was left at his house, May, 1683, to appear before
the circuit of Ayr, though one of the Bailies and
another person of credit in the town deponed that they
saw him some time before go off to Ireland. All his
lawyers could get done was to have sixty days allowed
to cite him as one furth of the Kingdom. When these
were out, he was forfeited and sentence of death passed
on him, and that upon no crime proven against him
but his non-compearance. The Lords' sentence was
intimated at his dwelling house at Stranraer. He was
at great expense in transporting his goods and family
to Ireland before the expiration of the sixty days.
During the four years, as he himself expressed it,
he was obliged to live in a strange land upon what
the locusts had left, and when he returned in the year
1687, he found his loss far greater than he imagined,
for his debtors would pay him nothing of what was
owing, whether having taken occasion to transact his
bonds with those who had the gift of his forfeiture, or
for what reason, is not said. One gentleman was
owing him 3,000 merks, another £60 sterling, two
others 1,000 merks each, of which he never got a
farthing. And for some time after his return, his
trade and business was quite stopped. It was but
few would venture to deal with him till he got his
forfeiture removed.

Comet Graham held his Courts at Balmaghie, and
the people of that parish and neighbouring parishes

212 GALLOWAY AND

were cited to the Kirk, and were rudely enough dealt
with. When they came before him, they were
welcomed with, " You dog, hold up your hand and
swear." Then it was asked, " How many conventicles
have you been at since Bothwell, who preached at them,
who had their children baptised?" and the like, and
it was really thought, by their rudeness and in-
discretion in many places, they designed to affright
some whom they could not otherwise reach, to non-
compearance. If anything was extorted by this
examination they were fined, and if they saw fit to
suspect, and had not full probation, the Test was
offered, and if refused they were suspect persons.

In the parish of Penninghame and neighbouring
places, multitudes were brought to trouble by these
Courts who never carried arms at Bothwell, Ayrsmoss,
or anywhere else, and upon mere suspicion the Test
was put to them, though none but heritors were named
in the letters about it. In these remote comers, the
persons entrusted by the Courts did what they pleased.
William M'Ewmont, weaver in Myreton's land, who
had never been in any rising was pressed to take the
Test, and, refusing, was sent prisoner to Edinburgh,
banished, and died at sea. The laird of Lagg is named
in the Proclamation for these Circuits, and he exercised
his power with the greatest virulence. He kept Court
at the Old Clachan of Penninghame, and forced
multitudes to take the Test, and in a very little time he
returned and obliged many of the same persons to
take it over again.

Thomas Lidderdale of St. Mary's Isle was likewise

THE COVENANTERS. 213

named, and in the parish of Twynholm he carried on
the persecution most violently. There was an old man
confined to his house, and Lidderdale came to him,
charged him with irregularities, and required to purge
himself by taking the Test. He refused. The soldiers
took away his cow, which was all he lived by, and
threatened to carry him to prison, — thus he was
prevailed on to take the Test. In a little, he was cited
to another court for alleged reset and converse with
his son, and there he was obliged never to reset or
converse with him. The like courts were held at
Kirkcudbright and Dumfries, and the same procedure
adopted.

In a report on his work in Galloway by Clavorhouse
to the Privy Council in 1683, he seems to glory in
the cruel methods he adopted. He says: —

" The churches were quyte desert: no honest
man, no minister in saifty. The first work he
did was to provyd magasins of corn and strawe
in evry pairt of the contry that he might with
conveniency goe with the wholl pairty wherever
the King's service requyred, and runing from on
place to ane other, nobody could knou wher to
surpryse him: and in the mean tyme quartered
on the rebelles, and indevoured to distroy them
by eating up their provisions: but that they
quikly perceived the dessein, and soued their corns
on un tilled ground. After which he fell in search
of the rebelles, played them hotly with pairtys,
80 that there were severall taken, many fleid the

214 GALLOWAY AND

country, and all wer dung from their Hants; and
then rifled so their houses, ruined their goods, and
imprisoned their servants, that their wyfes and
childring were broght to sterving; which forced
them to have recours to the saif conduct, and maid
them glaid to renounce their principles. . . .
He ordered the oolecttors of evry parish to bring-
in exact rolls, upon oath, and atested by the
minister, and caused read them every Sonday after
the first sermon, and marque the absents, who wer
severly punished if obstinat. And wherever he
heard of a parish that was considerably behynd,
he went thither on Saturday, having acquainted
them to meet, and asseured them he would be
present at sermon, and whoever was absent on
Sonday, was punished on Monday, and who would
not apear either at church or court, he caused
arest there goods, and then offer them saif conduct,
which brought in many, and will bring in all,
and actually broght in tuo outed disorderly
ministers."

Such then were the methods the Government
emissaries admittedly adopted to compel compliance,
but often greater cruelties and more heinous outrages
were committed by these heartless persecutors without
the slightest justification.

THE COVENANTERS. 215

CHAPTER XXIV.

Coltrane, Provost of Wigtown, David Graham, and Sir Godfrey
M'Culloch of Mertoun tender the Test in Wigtownshire —
List of Wigtownshire lairds refusing the Test — Wigtown
Burgh grants Bond to the King — The Commissioners hold
Courts at Wigtown — Examples of their dealings — Accused
parties committed to irons, fined, banished to the plantations,
and others sent for trial before the Lords of Justiciary.

In 1683, William Coltrane, Provost of Wigtown, was
appointed with David Graham, Claverhouse's brother,
and Sir Godfrey M'Culloch of Mertoun to tender the
Test to the inhabitants of Wigtownshire.

By the autumn, they had reported " that the haill
gentlemen and heritors " had taken the Test excepting
" Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw, James Agnew, his
son, William M'Dowall of Garthland, William Gor-
don of Craighlaw, and William and David, the said
William's sons, Stewart of Tonderghie, Mr. Kennedy,
minister in Ireland, Mr. James Laurie, who lives at
Ayr."

By October, 1684, pressure had been brought to bear
on all who had not taken the Test in Wigtownshire.
The Royal Commissioners were then at Wigtown, and
the knowledge that the houses of those who did not
obey would be immediately burned was not without
its effect, so that they are able to report that all had
complied except six or seven who were prisoners.

216 GALLOWAY AND

It is rather significant that just at this time the
Wigtown Burgh Records contain the following: —

" Bond to the King.

" Wigtoune, Octor., 15th, 1684.

" The qlk day the Provost, hailzies, and coun-
cell, for themselves and their successors in office,
for the tym being have subscribed ane voluntar
bond and offer to His Majestic, as a dew mark
of their loyaltie and aledgeance to his Majestie
and the preservan of themselves and posteritie and
for the advancement of His sacred Majestie's
royal power, authoritie, and greatness, and toward
the advancement of his Majestie's fources, and
ane just abhorence of all rebellion, have sub-
scribed ane voluntar bond and offer to His
Majestie of Fyve monthes cess yeirlie, for the
space of four zeirs, beginning the first termes
pejonent at Mertinmas nixt, and see freily to be
vplyfted duering the sd. space in the same manner
as the present supplie is collected and vplyfted,
and which offer is by and attour the present
supplie as also the Magistrates have bund and
obleist themselves and yr successors in office that
the haill inhabitants and communitie of the
Burgh shall leive regularlie and peaceably in all
tym coming, vyrwayes to extirpat and remove
them out of the Burgh. In witness qrof, ther
presents are subscribed day and dait forsd.

" William Coltrane, Provest.
" Patrick Stuart, Bailzie."

THE COVENANTERS. 217

Coltrane was a noted persecutor, and Stuart, as we
shall see, was the betrayer of the Wigtown Martyrs.

Excerpts from the proceedings of the Commissioners
at Wigtown show how relentlessly the Presbyterians
were harassed at this time. At a court at Wigtown,
on 16th October, 1684, John Stewart in Glenlukok,
refusing to take the Test, was committed to irons;
Andrew Sloan in Glenlukok confessed accidental con-
verse with William Kennedy, rebel, took the Test;
Walter Hunter in Linloskin confessed that Kennedy,
rebel, was at his house and drank there within these
last twelve months, took the Test; John M'Ghie in
Barnkirk agreed to take the Test, committed to prison ;
William M'Cammon in Culbratton refused the Test,
confessed he took the Covenant at Risk about five years
past when Mr. John Welsh preached, and had a child
baptised by him then, committed to irons; Alexander
Carson, servitor to Sir Godfrey M'CuUoch, deponed
that he met with Gilbert M'Ghie, rebel, and had
drunken with him, that the rebel called him Cousin
Carson, and that he knew him to be at Bothwell,
but considered him a free man in respect he was
Broughton's gunner. All this was within five or six
weeks by past, committed to prison. John Kincaid,
Chilcarroch, confessed he had heard Mr. Samuel Arnot
and Mr. George Barclay preach in the house of
Airyolland and Little Airies, and had a child baptised
by Mr. Thomas Kennedy, minister in Ireland, con-
fessed he was at the communion in Penninghame about
the time of the Rebellion, when Mr. John Welsh
preached, further confessed that he was at the breaking

IS

218 GALLOWAY AND

of the house of Mr. James Cowper, minister at
Methvin, Mochrum, immediately before the Kebellion
'79, committed to prison. John Henderson, being
interrogate against setting fire to the thief's hole door
at Wigtown, deponed — that that night the prison was
bm'ned, he met Margaret Doual at Bladnoch Water,
who told him that the prisoner expected furth that
night and that he spoke with the prisoner that night
before the escape, committed to the irons. Margaret
Milligan, spouse to James Martison, and Sarah
Stewart, spouse to William Kennedy, and Margaret
M'Lurg, spouse to Alexander M'Clingan, rebels;
Milligan and M'Lurg confessed harbouring their
husbands within a year and a half, but refused to
depone if they were there since. Sarah Stewart con-
fessed harbouring her husband within the past quarter
of a year, and having a child a year old unbaptised,
agreed that Mr. James Cahoun baptise the child, she
holding the child up herself. Milligan and M'Lurg
committed to prison. Sarah Stewart enacted. Next
day the Court resumed, and the following judg-
ments were pronounced:— John Stewart in Glenlukok,
William M'Cammon in Culbratton, William Sproat
in Clontarf , John M'Caffie in Grargrie, to be banished
to the plantations and to remain in prison till a fit
occasion for transporting them. John M'Kie in
Barnkirk found egregiously guilty of converse, yet
willing to take the Test — to remain prisoner in the
meantime. John Kincaid in Chilcarroch and John
Henderson, whose crimes are extraordinary, sent for

THE COVENANTERS. 219

trial before the Justice-General and Lords of Jus-
ticiary at Edinburgh. Margaret Gordon, Margaret
Milligan, and Margaret M'Lurg ordained to be
banished to the plantations and to remain prisoners
in the meantime.

Andrew Adair of Genoch declined to attend the
Episcopal service. The curate of Inch bided his time
and informed against him for having a child baptised
by a Presbyterian minister. " For this and for
Genoch's other nonconformity he was fined by Sheriff
Graham 15,000 merks." This was afterwards reduced
to 5,000 merks, which he was obliged to pay. John
M'Neill, a member of the Kirk Session of Glasserton
parish, paid 50 dollars to Mr. David Graham for
having had a child baptised with the Presbyterian
minister, and Michael Hannay, another member,
probably as in the former case a farmer, paid £40 to
Claverhouse's brother, and got a receipt for it, because
he had a child baptised by Mr. Alexander Ferguson,
a Presbyterian minister.

At the Sheriff Court, "Wigtown, August 19th,
1684, Catherine Lauder, spouse to Patrick M'Kie of
Auchlean, confessed that she had withdrawn from the
Church these two years bygone; Therefore the Judge
fines the said Auchlean in £250 Scots." In this case,,
the husband deponed on oath that for three years she
was so unwell she was not able to go out., Sheriff
Graham, however, was not satisfied. On the 20th of
August, John M'Gachie in Bordland deponed: — that
he had been seldom in church these two years bygone,.

220 GALLOWAY AND

through want of health. However, he acknowledged
he made a journey to Edinburgh, and went up and
down the country about his aSairs, and he was linedi
in £100 Scots for withdrawing.

On 19th September, 1684, Wigtown Town Council
again took the Test, as the Minutes show : — " The
qlk Day, the haill Magistrats councell and clerk have
taiken the test vpon their kneyes, conform to acts of
parliat. and councell maid yranent except only provest
Clugstoun and Antony M'Clure, who are not present,
and are to talk the same befoir they officiate."

THE COVENANTERS. 221

CHAPTER XXV.

Commission to try " divers desperate rebels " in Kirkcudbright,
Wigtown, and Dumfries — James M'Gachan in Dairy and
others transported — Garrisons at Kenmure, Machermore,
Minnigaff, and Carsphairn — The Cochranes of Ochiltree and
Waterside denounced rebels — The fugitive roll applicable
to Galloway — " A list of very good people persecuted for
conscience's sake " — Kearly 220 Galloway people to be
apprehended.

In the beginning of 1684, a Commission was granted
to James Alexander, Sheriff Depute of Dumfries, the
eldest bailie for the time there, James Johnston of
Westeraw, Stewart-depute of Annandale, Thomas
Lidderdale of Isle, Stewart-depute of Kirkcudbright,

David Graham, brother to Claverhouse, Bruce

of Abbotshall, Captain Strachan, William Graham,
Cornet to Claverhouse, or any three of them to try
and judge "divers desperate rebels" in Dumfries,
Kirkcudbright, Wigtown, and Annandale, to hold
Courts, create members, call before them the persons
foresaid not being heritors, put them to the trial of
an Assize, and pass sentence and see justice done
accordingly.

On June 19th, at Edinburgh, the Lords sentenced
James M'Gachan in Dairy, John Criechton in
Kirkpatrick, John Mathieson in Closeburn, John
OM'Chisholm in Spittal, libelled for reset and converse

222 GALLOWAY AND

with rebels, and found guilty by their confession
judicially adhered to, to be transported to the
plantations.

On April 22nd, Colonel Graham was ordered to post
his own troop at Dumfries or where he thought most
convenient in that country, and to post the two troops
of dragoons in the garrisons of Caitloch, Ballagan,
Kenmure, Machermore, or Minnigaff.

May 5th, the Council " appoint a garrison at Ken-
mure and because the Lady is to lie in, the soldiers
are for the time dispersed to Barscobe, Waterhead,
Knockgray, and Caitloch." The garrisons in the
south were increased as if it had been a country
conquered by an enemy. Two were set up in the
parish of Carsphairn. Parties from these garrisons
were the great instruments of many of the murdersi
in cold blood which now were becoming frequent.

An Act anent the army, August 1st, 1684, enacted
that the General's troops of dragoons and Captain
Strachan's lie at garrisons in Galloway and Nithsdale,
and Colonel Graham of Claverhouse, Lieutenant
Colonel Buchan or any of them or such as they shall
think fit to appoint in their absence were authorised to
call for and examine upon oath all who could give any
information as to rebels in arms, and such as had been
present at field conventicles or upon whose lands these
conventicles had been kept.

December 22nd, Mr. John M'Michan, Mr. Cant,
and Mr. Archibald M'Gachan were indicted before the
Justiciary for reset of rebels. They appeared and
offered to abide trial. The diet was deserted

THE COVENANTERS. 223

simpliciter, and the last enacted himself under five
thousand merks to appear when called, and on January
17th Mr. jM'AIichan and Mr. Cant were brought
before the Council, and their bond taken that they;
would live peaceably and not preach.

April 8th, John Cochrane of Waterside was charged
with having in June, 1679, joined the Laird of Bar-
scobe and a party of rebels of five or six hundred,
mounted his horse and rode with them and supplied
them with wine and other provisions. Sir John
Cochrane and his son were ordered to be denounced
fugitives, and yet on April 9th, the Lords continued
the Process of forfeiture against Sir John Cochrana
of Ochiltree till the second Monday of July. There
appears nothing more about him that year. The
Indictment against his son, John Cochrane of Water-
side, was taken up and witnesses adduced. One
deponed he saw Waterside with the rebels at Cumnock
at the Barrhill when rendevousing, but was at some
distance, and did not hear him speak with Earlston
and Barscobe. Another deponed that he saw Water-
side walking among the rebels as he thought with a
small sword. Another deponed that Waterside spake
for him to the rebels, and got him leave to go home that
he might return to them again. He was found guilty
of treason, and ordained to be executed, and demeaned
as a traitor M'hen apprehended.

On May 5th, 1684, the Council published the
fugitive rolls with a proclamation requiring all sub-
jects not only not to comfort or harbour the said
persons, but likewise to do their utmost endeavours to

224 CALLOWAY AND

apprehend them and to inform against them. There
are many mistakes in the rolls, " but they contain a
list of very good people persecuted for conscience sake "
(Wodrow).

The following is the list applicable to Galloway: —

Wigton.

Thomas Macneilly in Portpatrick parish.
James Semple there.

Andrew Martin of Little Aries, forfeited.
William Kennedy in Barnkirk.
James Stuart, son of Archibald Stuart, in Causey-
end.
Patrick Vause in Moohrum parish.
John Hay, brother to Aryalland.
James Maoyacky of Kenmuir.
James Macjarrow, servant to Culvennan.
George Stroyan in Kirkowan parish.
Archibald Stuart in Causey-end.
Alexander Clingen in Kilellan.
Alexander Hunter of Culwhassen, forfeited.
James Soffley, merchant, in Wigton.
James Martison in Glenapil, in Peningham parish.
John Hannay at the Mill, Peningham.
John Martison in Glenmougil, in the said parish.
Hugh Macdoual, weaver, in Wigton.
James Cairns in Peningham parish.
John Maclurg, smith, in Monnigaff.
Patrick Murdoch of that ilk.
Patrick Dunbar, younger, of Machrimore.

THE COVENANTERS. 225

William Stuart, son to Stuart, wadsetter, of

Larg.

Anthony Stuart, his son.

Stuart, his son.

Michael Mactaggart, liferenter in Glassock.

Mr. William Hay, brother to the laird of Aryal-
land.

John Mackilhaffy in Craichley's Land.

James Macyacky there. William Wilson in Stran-
raer.

William Tarbran, late bailie there.

Joseph Macdoual, servitor to Sir David Dunbar of
Baldoon.

Alexander Hay of Aryalland.

Alexander M'CleUan in Carse of Baltersan.

Stewartry of Kircudbright.

Adam Smart in Kircudbright.

Samuel Gelly, gardener, there.

Samuel Campbell, weaver, there.

John Heuchan.

James Robertson, merchant, there.

Alexander Maokean, tailor, there.

Thomas Paulin there.

Adam Macwhan there.

Gabriel Hamilton there.

John Clark there.

Alexander Morton there.

Robert Grier in Lochinkit.

James Mackartney, flesher, in Kircudbright.

William Kevan in Stockin.

226 GALLOWAY AND

Neilson, younger, in Corsack.

Samuel Parker, chapman, in Twinham parish.
Alexander Birnie in Colkegrie.
William Halliday in Glencape.
James Macgowan in Auchingisk.

Martin in Kirchrist.

David Braidson in Quarters.
Thomas Sprout in Over-bar-chapel.

Hallo un in Lairmannoch.

Robert Cadjow in Craig.

Hugh Mitchelson.

Alexander Campbell, weaver, sometime Uroch.

John Charters in Tongland.

Welsh in Scar.

Alexander Campbell, miller, sometime in Uroch.

James Durham in Edgarton.

Anthony Macmillan in Stonebrae.

John Rae in Slachgarrie.

Eichard Machesny in Moit.

John Carsey in Blackmire.

Archibald Machesny in Balhassie.

James Macdoual, servitor to Henry M'CuUoch of

Barholm.
John Auchinleck, son to John Auchinleck elder, in

Balgraden.
Robert Miller in Laigh Risco.
Alexander Dugalston in Lagan.
David M'Culloch, son to the laird of Ardwel.
Gilbert Gie in Marshalton.
John Campbell in Mar brack.
Alexander Porter in Lag.

THE COVENANTERS. 227

John Colton in Nether Third.

George Camphell in Aresalloch.

David Canon in Firmaston.

John Gordon, elder, in Garyhorn.

John M'Call, weaver, in Graigincar.

John Macmillan, sometime servitor to James Fer-
guson in Trostan.

Fergus Grier in Brigmoor.

James Macmillan in Glenlie.

John Macmillan in Strangassie.

James Gordon in Largmore.

Henry Gordon in Lochsprey.

Andrew Macmillan, servant to New Galloway.

John Crawford, apothecary, there.

William Dempster in Armancandie.

Thomas Murdoch in Barnsalloch.

John Tait, tailor, in Balmaclellan.

Alexander Mein in Armancande.

James Hook in Holm.

James Halliday in Fell.

William Macmillan in Areshalloch.

David Mackile in Dalshangan.

James Clark in Marbrack.

Gilbert Macadam in Craigingilton.

William Grier, servitor to Marion Welsh of Glen-
hiU.

James Anderson in Shalloch.

John Wright there.

James Currie in the Glen.

John Maclachrie in Larg.

John Macjore in Keirland.

228 GALLOWAY AND

Edward Gordon in Blacke.

John Hannay at the Bridge end of Dumfries.

John M'Gee there.

Roger Macnaught in Newton of Galloway.

Mr. William Gilchrist,

Mr. James Welsh,

Preachers.

Mr. John Hepburn,
Mr. James Guthrie,
Mr. John Forrester,

Mr. Lennox,

Mr. Thomas Wilkie,

Mr. Thomas Vernor,

Andrew Macmillan who haunts at Monnigaf .

William Schaw in the parish of Borgue.

Mactagart sometime in the said parish.

Robert Gordon in Kilmair.
John Gourley in Mondrogat.

^ , ° ^ ' !• who haunted in Tongland parish.
Robert (Jochran, J

William Macmillan in Bredenoch.

Livingstone in Quintinsepy.

Gilbert Caddel in Borgue parish.

John Richardson there.

John Bryce there.

William M 'Gavin there.

William Campbell there.

Walter and Gilbert M'Gee there.

James Robertson there.

John Clinton there.

Crichton, son to Robert Crichton in Auchin-

shinnoch.

THE COVENANTERS. 229

Macmillan, son to John Macmillan in Glenlie.

Macmillan in Greenan.

Gibson, son to Robert Gibson in Overstranga-

shel.
Gilbert M'Ewen, Carsferry.

Fugitives for rtstt and harbour.

James Maonaught in Newton of Galloway.

Gordon of Garrary.

William M'Call in Holm of Daltanachan.

John Hook in Holm.

Robert Hillow in Hillowton.

Andrew Crock in Iron-crogo.

John Macmin in Fuffock.

William Raifie in Iron ambrie.

Mac j ore in Kirkland.

John Herron, sometime in Earlston, now in Hard-
land.
John Barber, elder, in Over- Barley.
John Barber, younger, there.
John Barber in Nether Barley.
James Girran in Clachan.
James Macadam there.
Alexander Gourley in Greenan-Mill.
James Marmichael in Clachan.
George Douglas there.
Edward Ferguson in Auchinshinoeh.
John Corsan there.
Robert Grier in Region.
William Edgar in Gordonston.

230 GALLOWAY AND

George Macmichael in Carskep.

John Macmillan of Iron-daroch.

Andrew Wilson in Black-craig.

Robert Macmichael in Craiglour.

Alexander Macmillan in Glenrie.

John Brown in Nether Strangassel.

John Macchesny in Hole.

Robert Gordon in Clachan.

Alexander Gordon there.

John Macmillan in Glenlie.

William Houston in Blarney.

John Geddes in Bartagart.

James MuUiken in Knocknoon.

John MuUiken in Barscob.

Samuel Cannon in Barsalloch.

Mr. William M'MiUan of Caldow.

Robert Caa in Knocklie.

James Garmorie in Armanady.

Robert Mackartnie in Quintinspy.

James Edgar in Drumakelly.

John Grier of Blackmark.

William Stuart,

Patrick Macjore,

Gilbert Welsh in Bank.

James Turner in Auchingibbet.

John Collin in Auchingibbet.

James Garmarie in the parish of Corsmichael.

John Garmorie in Trouden.

John Graham in Chapelearn .

Thomas and Robert Grahams in ErnefiUan.

John Gelly in Iron Grogo.

' i both in Crofts.
8. J

THE COVENANTERS. 231

John Clark in Drum.

John Auchinleck in Dalgredan.

Robert Crichton in Auchinshinoch.

John Hislop in Midardes.

John Macmillan in Dunveoch.

Follow the Womtn who are fugitives for reset.

Marion Welsh in Glenhill.

Grizel Richardson in Arnworth.

Margaret Gordon in May field.

Elspeth Anderson in Shaw-head.

Rebecca Macmichael at the Black-craig in the Dairy

parish.
Margaret Tod in Clachan.
Bessie Gordon there.
Jean Thomson at Bridge of Orr.
Grizel Fullarton, good wife of Balmagan.
Grizel Gordon in Over Ardwell in Anworth.

Gordon, widow, in Glenlie.

Mary Chalmers, liferentrix, of Clairbrand.

John Welsh in Drumjowan.
Roger Macnaught in Newton of Kells.
Gilbert M'Ewen in Carsfeiry.
William M'Call in Clachan.
James Chapman there.
John Struthers in Monnigaff.
Robert Gaa, smith, in Clachan.
Henry Gordon in Dundeuch.
Alexander Corsan in Newton of Kells.

232 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXVL

New Justiciary Courts — Appointments for Wigtownshire, the
Stewartry, and Dumfries — Instructions to seize all preachers,
to turn out wives and children of forfeited persons, to im-
pose fines and quarter on the stubborn, to suffer no man to
travel with arms except gentlemen of known loyalty who
have taken the Test; to allow no yeoman to travel three
miles from his house without a pass — Hay of Park sent
prisoner to Blackness — Liberated a year later on Bond for
£1,000 — Courts at Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown —
A " Cheerful " offer to his Majesty of twenty months' cess —
William Martin and James Martin of DuUarg fined at Kirk-
cudbright — Their sufferings — James Martin dies in prison —
The Society's " Apologetical Declaration " — Proclamation
against it — Cruel persecutions — James Graham, Crossmichael,
executed, and William Auchenleck, Buittle, shot dead with-
out any reason — The Laird of Lagg at Dairy — Courts at
Twynholm and Kirkcudbright.

On September 6th, 1684, there was a Commission for
new Justiciary Courts, the Treasurer Principal, Lord
Drumlanrick, and Colonel Graham of Claverhouse
being appointed to Dumfries and Wigtown and the
Stewartries of Annandale and Kirkcudbright with
detailed instructions. Number 3 of these was as
follows: — " You shall seize all preachers, chaplains, or
such as exercise as Chaplains, who are not authorised
by the Bishops, and send them to our Privy Council
to be disposed of as they think fit and see cause."
dumber 12, " You shall turn out all the wives and

THE COVENANTERS. 233

children of the forfeited persons and fugitives from
their habitations if it shall appear that they have
conversed with their parents or husbands, or if they
shall refuse to vindicate themselves by their oaths."
Number 17, " If you find any part of the country,
stubborn or contumacious, you shall impose such lines
upon them as the law will allow, and in case of non-
payment thereof and that you think it fit you are
immediately to quarter our Forces on the stubborn
and contumacious until the fines imposed shall be
exhausted by them." Number 20, "You shall suffer
no man to travel with arms excepting gentlemen of
known loyalty who have taken the Test and no yeoman
to travel three miles from his own house without a
pass from his minister or a Commissioner of the
Excise."

On September 16th, 1684, the Council ordered Hay
of Park and one or two others to be sent to Blackness
and kept close prisoners. The reason for this does not
appear. In August, 1685, Hay was liberated on Bond
for £1,000 sterling to live regularly and orderly.
Upon 2nd October, 1684, Queensberry, his son, and
Claverhouse held Court at Dumfries, having for their
district Dumfries, Galloway, Nithsdale, and Annan-
dale. After some days at Dumfries, they went to
Kirkcudbright, and then to Wigtown. Particular
gentlemen and officers of the soldiers were sent to
parishes at a distance which the judges could not
readily reach, and the inhabitants were obliged to
swear over again though they had satisfied the judges.
The Test was offered to the men and other oaths to

i6

234 GALLOWAY AND

the women, and on refusing they were brought to
Dumfries Prison to await the judges' return. Fines
were also imposed.

On October 13th, the Committee for public affairs
transmitted an address from Kirkcudbright to the
Secretary with the following letter: — " My Lord, We
have this day received an account from my Lord
Treasurer of the procedure of the Committee of
Council sent to the district of Nithsdale and Galloway
here inclosed, whereby you will perceive that by the
diligence and influence of the Lord Treasurer that
place is brought to make a cheerful offer to His
Majesty of twenty months' cess to be paid in four
years beginning at Martinmas next, and that by and
attour the supply granted by the current Parliament.
They have likewise offered themselves to be bound for
their tenants and servants that they shall walk
regularly in time coming. This is a very good
example to the Western and Southern shires, so that
if they can be brought up this length there may be a
considerable addition to His Majesty's Forces."

When the Lords were at Kirkcudbright, they fined
among others William Martin, son of James Martin
of DuUarg in the parish of Parton. Besides the
severities exercised upon his father, Mr. Martin was
put to considerable charges before the Justiciary at
Dumfries, 1679, for alleged accession to Bothwell. In
1682, he was charged by a herald to compear at
Edinburgh, and there seven times pannelled, and no
probation adduced as to ihis being at Bothwell, yet he
was forced judicially to renounce all the lands he was

THE COVENANTERS. 235

infeft in before the year 1679. Queensberry forced
him to dispone lands worth six hundred merks a year
for the sum of five thousand merks, which he reckoned
a loss to him of £6,333 63. 8d. In the beginning of
1684, in his absence, his wife was summoned for his
alleged baptising a child with a Presbyterian minister,
and was forced to give Bond for £100 Scots, which
was paid. At different times he had eight dragoons
quartered upon him for some days. Colonel Douglas
quartered upon him with forty-four horsemen for
some time, and being cited to the Circuit at Kirk-
cudbright, and, knowing the Test was to be offered, he
decided to withdraw, and was fined in absence £700
Scots, which he paid. James Martin, his father, was
also brought to much trouble at this Court. He had
been fined most groundlessly by Middleton's Parlia-
ment in five hundred and ten merks. When he refused
to pay, almost as much more was taken from him by
force, as appears by a discharge under Sir William
Bruce's hands. John Maxwell of Milltoun fined him
a large sum for his wife's nonconformity, and, upon
his refusing to pay, three yoke of oxen and some horses
were taken away. At length, he raised an action of
reduction against Milltoun, which cost him upwards
of £100, and the Council were so sensible of this
persecutor's exorbitancy, that for this and other things
they for a time took away his commission. Being this
year cited before this Court at Kirkcudbright, at the
instigation of Mr. Colin Dalgliesh, curate, he was
fined £1,000 for his wife's not keeping the Churchy
and cast into prison till he paid it. He suffered

236 GALLOWAY AND

severely, and, receiving no attention in his illness, he
died there.

In October, 1684, the Society People, among whom
■were many Gallovidians, met to draw up their
Apologetical Declaration, directed especially against
informers. Renwick was employed to draft it, though
he argued strongly against emitting such a declaration,
hut as the others were clamourous and insisted, he
yielded for the sake of peace. Its import may be
gathered from the following excerpt: — " Call to your
remenibrance all that is in peril is not lost, and aU
that is delayed is not forgiven. Therefore, expect
to be dealt with as ye deal with us, so far as our;
power can reach, not because we are acted by a sinful
spirit of revenge for private and personal injuries,
hut mainly because by our fall reformation suffers
•damage." The Declaration was published on the
church doors and market crosses of Nithsdale,
•Galloway and Ayr. It raised the fury of the
■Government, but, at the same time, the most venomous
malignants were affrighted, informers in the south and
west were for some time deterred from their traffic,
and the most violent and persecuting of the curates
in Nithsdale and Galloway found it convenient to
retire for some time to other places. The Privy
Council, on 31st December, issued a Proclamation that
whoever would own the Society's Declaration, or refuse
to disown it, would be tried and executed. Lieutenant
'General Drummond was instructed to go to the
Southern and Western shires with practically full
power to quarter the army wherever he thought fit.

THE COVENANTERS. 237

A Commission was granted to John, Viscount of
Kenmure, the Laird of Lagg, David Dunbar of Bal-
doon, Sir Godfrey M'CuUoch of Mertoun, and Mr.
David Graham, Sheriff Depute of Galloway for the
shire of Wigtown and Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,
and to the Commanding Officers of the garrisons to
proceed against those guilty of being present at con-
venticles, withdrawing from public ordinances, etc.

Cruel persecution followed.

James Graham, tailor, in the parish of Crossmichael,
returning from his work to his mother's house, was
overtaken by Claverhouse and a party of soldiers.
Searching him, they found a Bible in his pocket,
and at once carried him to Kirkcudbright, then to
Wigtown, and then to Dumfries. Here he was kept
in the irons because he would not answer their in-
terrogatories. He was next taken to Edinburgh and
questioned upon the Declaration of the Societies, and,
refusing to answer, he was found guilty, condemned,
and executed. William Graham, his brother, was
cruelly murdered by Claverhouse himself, as we shall
afterwards see.

William Auchenleck in Buittle parish had been
convoying a friend going to Ireland, and, returning
on horseback, met a company of Douglas' foot coming
from Kirkcudbright, and they called on him to stand.
Auchenleck was a full conformist, but, suspecting the
soldiers would seize his horse, he rode off till he came
to a public house at Carlingwark, where he called for
some ale, and was drinking it on horseback when some
of the soldiers, taking a nearer way, came up and shot

238 GALLOWAY AND

him dead. A boy happened to be at the house, and
was mounting his horse when the shot frightened it
and he was thrown off. The soldiers came up, knocked
him on the head with their pieces, and seized his horse
and what money he had without asking a single
question.

The soldiers exacted considerable sums in the
parish of Dairy as the rest of the Bonds extorted by
Bannatyne and others. The very interest of these
notes and Bonds was reckoned up, cattle taken away,
and houses rifled, merely upon alleged accession to
Pentland. The Laird of Lagg held Courts frequently
in Galloway, obliging those who did compear to declare
on oath what they knew of those who did not compear,
and if they knew where any of the wanderers resorted.
At Dairy, he gathered all the men of the parish into
the Kirk, and surrounded it with soldiers. Then be
forced them to take the Test, and when by fair means
or foul he had prevailed with them, he said, " Now
you are a fold full of clean beasts. You may go
home." Afterwards, getting information from his
spies, he harassed several, and fined them though they
were legally purged by taking the Test. He exacted
upwards of seven hundred merks from three men who
had qualified.

David Graham about the same time held Courts
at Twynholm. His great interrogatory was, if they
kept the Church, and when many could not depone in
terms of law, they were fined and the fines exacted
with all rigour.

THE COVENANTERS. 239

Similar Courts were held at Kirkcudbright, where
the curate caused the whole parish to be cited, sat
in Court and excused and accused as he thought fit.
A private mark was put at the names of those he
alleged were backward in keeping the Church.
Masters were sworn that if their servants did not keep
the Church they should be dismissed, and parents the
same way as to their children.

240 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXVIL

Women as well as men cited and examined on oath — Gavin
M'Clymont, Carsphairn, has seven cows taken away — John
Corson, Borgue, imprisoned and fined 6,000 merks — Intention
to sentence his wife to be drowned at Kirkcudbright — ^Lagg
holds Courts at Carsphairn — ^Peter Pearson, curate of
Carsphairn, sits in Court and informs against the inhabitants
— The Glenkens has one visitation after another — Mrs.
M'Dowall of Gillespie forced to retire to Ireland — Charles
Stewart of Knock apprehended by Claverhouse, and im-
prisoned in Stranraer — ^Auchencloy — The troops' oppressions
in Galloway — John HaUam executed.

In other Galloway parishes similar Courts were set
up. Women as well as men were cited and examined
on oath about themselves and their neighbours, par-
ticularly if they knew where any of their goods and
gear were or any person who had anything that
belonged to them, so that the soldiers could go and
seize it.

Seven cows were taken from Gavin M'Clymont in
Carsphairn upon his refusal after quartering to pay
the cess, amounting to less than £5 Scots.

John Corson of Balmangan, in the parish of Borgue,
was imprisoned for nine months for refusing the bond
of regularity. He was fined six thousand merks, and
paid every farthing as a discharge bears. His lady
had been imprisoned by Colonel Douglas, and for
refusing the Abjuration received an Indictment, and

THE COVENANTERS. 241

it was no secret that they intended to sentence her to
be drowned within the sea mark at the Ferry at
Kirkcudbright, but King Charles' death put a stop
to this and some other processes of the same kind.

Claverhouse summoned the whole parish of Borgue
to give up all the arms they had, and these were carried
to Dumfries and given to the Earl of Nithsdale.

During the harvest of 1684, Lagg held a Court at
Carsphairn Church. On his way from Sanquhar, he
seized a young man, George Lorrimer, at Holm of
Dalwhirran, and would have him drink the King's
health. He refused, and was sent to Dumfries prison,
but broke out and escaped.

Peter Pearson, curate of Carsphairn, sat in Court
with Lagg and informed against those cited, and upon
his information parties were sent out throughout the
parish to harass them, and seize their goods. The
Glenkens district now had one visitation after another,
Livingstone came from Nithsdale to Carsphairn with
a troop of dragoons. Claverhouse followed with five
or six troops, and went through all the hiUs searching
for persons in their hiding. The soldiers often passed
the mouths of the caves where those they sought were
lurking, and the dogs would smell about the stones
under which they were hid, and yet they remained
undiscovered. This was the case with Gavin
M'Clymont at Cairnsmuir Hill, and others.

The son of an old woman of seventy-three years
in Carsphairn had been cited in 1680 for hearing
Mr. Cameron, and, not appearing, was intercommuned,
and the mother's house spoiled. Later, the soldiers,

242 GALLOWAY AND

not finding him, carried his mother to Dumfries.
They offered her the Test, and, when likely to comply,
they would have her swear further that she would
never speak to nor harhour her son. This she refused,
and next market day she was scourged through Dum-
fries, and fined 200 merks before being liberated.

M'Dowall of Gillespie was dead sometime before
this, and his Lady, Janet Ross, liferentrix, enjoyed
the estate. Corporal Murray, with thirteen dragoons
and their horses, was sent to quarter upon her at the
instigation of the curate, and for mere nonconformity.
They stayed several weeks and destroyed almost the
whole crop. They shot the sheep in the fields, and
at length forced her to retire to Ireland for about
twenty months. Her tenants had to appear first at
Ayr and then at Edinburgh as witnesses against her
for nonconformity.

Charles Stuart, Knock, was apprehended by Claver-
house in the harvest, and cast into Stranraer prison,
and had to pay three hundred merks for baptising his
child with Mr. Samuel Arnot. He was summoned to
Edinburgh as a witness against Sir James Dalrymple
of Stair, and his lady for her nonconformity, and had
to remain there seventy-two days at his own expense.

In December, Claverhouse, when ranging up and
down Galloway with a troop, came to the Water of Dee
and at Auchencloy captured six men, as afterwards
related.

On December 3rd, the Council gave orders to the
Lord Advocate to raise a process of forfeiture before
the Parliament by a summons in Latin after the old

THE COVENANTERS. 243

way under the Quarter Seal upon a charge of sixty
days against Thomas Hay of Park, James Dalrymple
of Stair and others. In the beginning of 1685,
Captain Strachan harassed the parish of Dairy. He
had garrison at Earlston, and held Courts in the
neighbourhood. At the same time Courts were held
by Lagg, and such as he deputed, in other parts, and
the Abjuration Oath pressed in several neighbouring
parishes.

Captain Douglas and his soldiers oppressed terribly
in the parish of Twynholm. A poor tenant there took
the oath, so the soldiers left for a little, but after eight
or ten days returned and took him to a neighbouring
parish to assist them in searching for other wanderers.
On the road they met a man who would not answer
their questions nor take the oath, and him the Captain
ordered to be immediately shot. The other country-
man entreated the Captain to examine him further
and give him more time before they despatched him.
For this they beat him and bruised him to such an
extent that in a few weeks he died. The same Captain
came through a good part of Galloway with soldiers,
and they spoiled all places where they came. They
deputed their power to gentlemen in each parish who
harassed at their leisure.

In Tongeland, Lieutenant Livingstone and a party
of dragoons harassed severely. A youth of eighteen,
John Hallam, stepping out of their way, was seized
and carried to Kirkcudbright. Refusing the Abjura-
tion there, he was executed.

244 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXVIIL

Death of Charles — General Election, and members for Galloway
— James grants an Indemnity — Sir James Dalrymple and
others put to the horn — Edward Kyan, from Water of
Minnock, shot dead — Dunbar of Baldoon, M'CuUoch of Myre-
ton, and others, to assist Colonel Douglas to put down rebels
— Five men shot at Ingleston cave — M'Kie of Larg with
the rebels — Andrew M'Quhan shot dead — Second Sanquhar
Declaration — David Halliday and George Short shot dead
— Machermore garrison strengthened — Ochiltree, Earlston,
Craighlaw, and other estates annexed to the Crown.

Charles died on 6fch February, 1685, having received
absolution a few hours before his death, and James
succeeded without taking the Coronation Oath. A
General Election followed his accession. Claverhouse
in Galloway used every exertion to secure the return
of members acceptable to the Government, but, to his
chagrin, Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw and the
Honourable William Stewart of Castle Stewart were
unanimously elected. In the Stewartry, however, the
King's party returned Hugh Wallace of Ingleston,
heritor of the barony of Larg, M'Kie being forfeited
for the time. There was a momentary cheek to the
horrible persecutions. James signalised his accession
by an Indemnity which, however, was so restricted
as to be hardly worthy of the name. It excepted fines
for which already sentence had been pronounced, and
all those guilty of the assassination of archbishop

THE COVENANTERS. 245

Sharp, Pearson of Carsphairn, Thomas Kennedy, and
Duncan Stewart.

On 16th February, 1685, George Brown, tailor,
John Pollock, and John Wallet in Galloway were
before the Council. They refused the abjuration, and
their cases were continued. On March 17th, 1685,
Sir James Dalrymple of Stair and others, being oft
times called, did not compear, though cited according
to law, for being accessory " to the late horrid plot
against the life of his Majesty, and his late brother
Charles II., their Sovereign," being accessory to the
Rebellion, 1679, reset and converse with rebels, and
doing favour to them, were decerned outlaws and
fugitives, and put to the horn, their moveable goods
and gear to be escheat and brought in for his Majesty's
use. The Advocate declared he was satisfied no Act
be extracted against them till May 16th next, when
at his instance they were cited to appear before Parlia-
ment.

On 28th February, 1685, Lieutenant James Douglas
with twenty-four soldiers surrounded the house at
Dalwin, in the parish of Barr, having got information
that there were fugitives there. Edward Kyan, a
youth from Galloway, bargaining to buy corn, fled in
betwixt the gable of one house and the side wall of
another, but they dragged him out and took him
through the yard. He was asked where he lived, and
he told them upon the Water of Minnoch. When one
of the soldiers had him by the arm dragging him away,
Douglas, without any warning, shot him twice through
the head. When lying on the ground, struggling with

246 GALLOWAY AND

death, one of the soldiers shot him a third time. He
was but a youth, and could not have been at Bothwell
or any of the Risings, and they had indeed nothing to
charge him with but his hiding himself.

On 27th March, 1685, there was a special com-
mission to Colonel Douglas to go with horse south and
west, and to be assisted in putting down the rebels
by many others throughout the country, including the
Viscount of Kenmure, Robert Grierson of Lagg, Sir
David Dunbar of Baldoon, Sir Godfrey M'CuUoch
of Myreton, and Mr. David Graham, Sheriff of
Galloway, in the shire of Wigtown and Stewartry of
Kirkcudbright.

On 28th April, Colonel James Douglas and
Lieutenant Livingstone came suddenly to a cave
near Ingliston, in Glencairn, betrayed to them by
Andrew Watson, and surprised in it John Gibson,
brother to James Gibson of Ingliston, heritor of the
ground, James Bennoch in Glencairn parish, Robert
Edgar, Robert Mitchell from the parish of Cumnock
in Ayrshire, and Robert Grierson, a Galloway man.
When the soldiers came up, they shot into the mouth
of the cave and wounded one of them, and then rushed
in. The rest were immediately taken out and shot
dead.*

On 6th May, 1685, John M'Ghie of Larg was found
guilty of being in arms in company with the rebels
at the Standing Stones of Torhouse, and in the town
of Wigtown, when about three score came in there to

* For fuller details see article, " Grierson of Balmaclellan," infra.

THE COVENANTERS. 247

seai-oh for arms in June, 1679. M'Ghie (or M'Kie)
was dead long before the trial, but this had no
restraining effect on the persecutors.

On 10th May, Lieutenant Colonel Douglas came
into a house near Newton of Galloway, and found
Adam M'Quhan lying very ill of a fever. Putting
questions to him which he was unable or unwilling to
answer, the soldiers took him out of bed, carried him
to Newton, and next morning shot him without any
process or assize. He was buried in Kells Churchyard,
where a stone has been erected to his memory.

The Society People published the second Sanquhar
Declaration, 25th May, 1685. Renwiek, with nearly
two hundred supporters, most of them from Galloway,
and many of them armed, rode into Sanquhar, read
the Declaration, and fixed it to the Market Cross. Its
chief interest lay in its protest against the Duke of
York as a Roman Catholic succeeding to the Throne.
It concluded with a paragraph meant to show that
they were not responsible for violence laid to their
charge: —

" Finally, we being misrepresented to many,
as persons of murdering and assassinating prin-
ciples, and which principles and practices we do
hereby declare before God, angels, and men, that
we abhor, renounce, and detest, as also all manner
of robbing of any, whether open enemies or others,
which we are most falsely aspersed with, either
in their gold, their silver, or their gear, or any
household stuff. Their money perish with them-

248 GALLOWAY AND

selves, the Lord knows that our eyes are not after
these things.

"And in like manner we do hereby disclaim
all unwarrantable practices committed by any few
persons reputed to be of us, whereby the Lord
hath been offended, his cause wronged, and we all
made to endure the scourge of tongues, for which
things we have desired to make conscience of
mourning before the Lord, both in public and
private."

On June 10th, Lord Annandale and Grierson of
Lagg, hearing of four wanderers in the parish of
Twynholm, went forth with six score of horse in
different directions. Lord Annandale and his party
fell in with David Halliday in Glengap and George
Short. Upon their surrender, he gave them quarter
till they should be tried. When Lagg came up, he
would have them shot. They begged till to-morrow
to be allowed to prepare for eternity. Lord Annandale
told Lagg he had promised this. Lagg swore no, and
ordered his men to shoot them. For some time they
refused, till he swore he would do so himself. They
were shot as they lay tied together on the ground, and
their bodies allowed to lie till next day.

Argyle's unfortunate attempt on Scotland ended
■disastrously, and several of the Galloway Presbyterians
were implicated. Among the interrogatories put to
Argyle at his trial was this: — " If WiUiam Clelland
was sent by you from any part of Holland, and where
he was sent? and if any person be sent to Galloway

THE COVENANTERS. 249

with arms, or what officers are sent to Galloway or
elsewhere, and what correspondence they have?"

Argyle, as we know, was tried, condemned, and
executed June 13th, 1685.

Colonel Richard Rumbold, Maltster at Rye, who had
been with Argyle, was taken not long afterwards,
tried, condemned, and ordered to he executed, the
sentence containing revolting details as to the cruel
way in which this was to be carried out. His body
was ordered to be quartered, one part to be fixed to
the Port or Tolbooth of Glasgow, another at Jedburgh,
a third at Dumfries, and a fourth at Newtoun of
Galloway.

This year, 1685, the garrisons were strengthened
at Earlston, Waterhead, and Machermore.

By Act of Parliament, the lands of Sir John
Cochrane of Ochiltree, John Porterfield of Duchal,
Mr. William and Alexander Gordon of Earlston, John
Gordon, younger, of Craighlaw, were this year annexed
to the Crown, not to be dissolved from it, but by
Parliament, " and that not upon general narratives,
but particular causes and services to be specified that
it may appear the same is not granted upon impor-
tunity or upon private suggestions, but for true, just,
and reasonable causes of public concern." These had
justice done to them after the Revolution.

After Argyle's attempt on Scotland, parties of
soldiers were continually marching through the west
and south. A good number of them traversed the
Glenkens district as if it had been an enemy's
country. Claverhouse came through Nithsdale into

17

250 GALLOWAY AND

the Stewartry, and forced the people to take what
oaths he pleased. Lieutenant Livingstone and a
company of soldiers continued a good space at New
Galloway, and brought the country under the greatest
hardships by searching and seizing whatever they
found.

THE COVENANTERS. 251

CHAPTER XXIX.

Major Wynram stationed at Wigtown — Barnkirk house stripped
— Tenant's wife imprisoned in Wigtown for eleven weeks
with infant — John Wallace of Knockiebay has his house and
stock despoiled — Eemiesion to Sir James Dalrymple — His son
made King's Advocate — James' Indulgences — The Cameron-
ians hold out — Renwick seized and executed — Invitation to
the Prince of Orange — ^His Declaration for Scotland — ^He
lands at Torbay, accompanied by Sir James Dalrymple — '
Report of 10,000 Irish Papists burning Kirkcudbright— The
Privy Council's proclamation for the defence of religion —
The Galloway Commanders — The Cameronians in arms —
Grierson of Lagg — WiUiam orders a meeting of Scotch
Estates at Edinburgh — ^The Galloway representatives — Thfr
Convention guarded by the Cameronians — Sir John Dal-
rymple refutes the claim of Divine Right put forward for
James — The Crown settled on William and Mary — Parliament
abolishes Prelacy — Synod of Galloway — General Assembly
meets.

Major Wynram was stationed, in the autumn of 1685^
with a company of dragoons at Wigtown, harassing
the neighbourhood, and causing much suffering and
distress. The Burgh Records of Wigtown contain the
following: —

" WiGTODNE, August

twentie thrie, 1686.

" The qlk day the Magistrates and Councell,
considering that Major Wynram his troop of
Dragounes Did eat up the Wholl meadowes o£

252 GALLOWAY AND

the hills and Clay Crops with their horses at
Lambas, 1685 yeirs, they therfoir appoynt the
sd. Lambas teremes rent of the sd. hills to be
allowed to the tenants yrof for the loss of the
sds. meadowes and grass, and for their vyr trouble
they had yranent."

A party of these soldiers came to Barnkirk, near
i^^ewton Stewart, a part of Castle Stewart's lands in
Penninghame parish, and apprehended Sarah Stewart,
spouse to William Kennedy, who for non-compear-
ance had been denounced. They unroofed the house
and seized the plenishing. Then they forced her to go
with them on foot to Wigtown, carrying an infant not
nine months old, and having to leave her other three
children without even a servant to look after theta,
though the eldest was only eight, the next five, and
the other not three years of age. At Wigtown she
was with her infant kept in prison eleven weeks,
though she was not obnoxious to the then laws, being
a conformist. They wanted her to swear she would
never converse with her husband, now put to the horn,
but would inform against him that he might be
apprehended, and this she peremptorily refused.

John Wallace of Knockiebay, in the parish of New
Luce, was seized this year for refusing the abjuration.
A party of Colonel Buchanan's men spoiled his house
and took away everything they wanted, brought in a
number of sheep to the church, and kindled a fire
with the seats and forms of the church, and roasted
ihem there.

THE COVENANTERS. 253

The case of Sir James Dalrymple of Stair was
continued from time to time. In February, his son
was made King's Advocate. The same day that he was
admitted, the father's process was delayed till March
28th, when a remission was granted to free James
Dalrymple of Stair for his resetting, harbouring, and
receiving maill duty from rebels and traitors upon his
ground in the years 1679-80-81-82-83— John Dick in
Banban, Quinton Dick in Dalmellington, and many
others, and for resetting and harbouring Mr. Alex-
ander Lennox, Mr. Alexander Ross, Mr. Alexander
Peden, and Mr. Alexander Hamilton, vagrant
preachers, and suffering them to preach and baptise
children in his house, and for his drawing a petition for
and advising some of the rebels.

In July, 1686, William M'Millan in Barbreck, upon
the promise judicially given never to rise in arms
against the King on pretext of the Covenant or any,
other pretext whatever, that he would orderly keep
his parish church, and owning Bothwell to be rebellion,
was liberated.

James, in order to conceal his real design in favour
of the Roman Catholics, granted at his own hand an
Indulgence to the moderate Presbyterians, but it was
not received with any favour. In 1687, he published
his " Declaration for liberty of Conscience," giving
further concessions, and in July he issued a Pro-
clamation abolishing all laws imposing penalties for
non-conformity, and removing all restrictions except
the prohibition of conventicles. Bishop Atken of
Galloway, an old man aged seventy-four, made a bold

254 GALLOWAY AND

stand against the repealing of the penal laws. He
died shortly afterwards — 28th Octoher, 1687 — other-
wise he would probably have been turned out, for
Bishop Bruce of Dunkeld was freed from his office on
preaching a sermon against the proposals.

Many of the Covenanters accepted the Indulgence,
but the Cameronians still held aloof and boldly
declared that the King's intention was merely to
facilitate the extension of Popery, and they continued
to meet for divine worship in conventicles as before.

The leader of the Cameronians was now James
Renwick, a gentle youth, but an intrepid preacher,
who condemned severely all who accepted the royal
Indulgence. Every effort was made to capture him,
rewards offered for his seizure, and at last, after many
miraculous escapes, he was taken in a house in Edin-
burgh in the beginning of February, 1688. Before
the Privy Council he resolutely disowned the royal
authority, and upheld the lawfulness of attending field
meetings armed for defence. He was condemned and
executed at Edinburgh on the 17th day of February,
aged twenty-six years, and was the last of the Scottish
martyrs.

Events now shaped rapidly for the downfall of
James and his ecclesiastical tyranny. For some time
back, certain of the Scottish Presbyterian leaders had
been putting their grievances before William, the
Prince of Orange, who had married Mary, the eldest
daughter of James, and some of the ministers who had
fled to the Continent had had an opportunity of
meeting him, notably Patrick Warner, one of the

THE COVENANTERS. 255

Galloway preachers. As the despotism of the King
became more pronounced, pressing invitations were
sent to the Prince, desiring his aid in maintaining the
civil and religious liberties of the country. On
10th October, 1688, the Prince issued his famous
" Declaration for Scotland," in which he narrated the
grievances and oppressions of the country, and declared
that " the freeing of the kingdom from all hazard of
Popery and arbitrary power for the future and the
delivering it from what at the present doth expose it
to both, the settling of it by Parliament upon such a
solid basis as to its religious and civil concerns as
may most effectually redress all the above-mentioned
grievances, are the true reasons of our present under-
takings as to that nation." This was published
throughout Scotland in defiance of the Privy Council,
and received with the utmost satisfaction. The Prince
landed at Torbay on 5th November, 1688, with fourteen
thousand men, among his personal attendants being
Sir James Dalrymple of Stair, who had refused the
Test and gone abroad. For about a week it seemed
doubtful whether the country would rise to support
him, but when the Rising did start, the tide flowed full
in his favour. Every day crowds flocked to his
standard, even the King's favourite daughter taking
refuge with the insurgents. James soon realised his
position, and flnally left the kingdom in December,
and on 13th February, 1689, William and Mary were
proclaimed King and Queen of England.

As soon as it was known that William had landed,
the Scotch Council began to change their position, and

256 GALLOWAY AND

a Proclamation was issued on 24th December, 1688,
requiring all Protestant subjects to put themselves in
a state of defence for securing their religious liberties.
This was probably occasioned by an unfounded report
that ten thousand Irish Papists had landed in
Galloway, and burned Kirkcudbright. The following
is a copy of a letter written at this time to Crawford
of Jordanhill, and addressed, " For the Laird of
Jordanhill, in haist, haist."

"Paisley, 21st December, 1688.
" Sir,

" This night, yr came to this place ane express,
signifying that some Irishes have landed at Kirk-
cudbright and burnt the toune; and, as is reported,
are marching towards Ayre. Wherefore, for the
safety of the Shyre, and all concerned yr in, ye
are desyred by all in this place, to be here to-
morrow to consider what is fitt to be done — where
ye shall be attended by

" Sir,

" Your most humble servant, J. Irving,

" Thir news are just now confirmed, wherefore
fail not, for they are burning and destroying as
they come along; and, in the mean tyme, acquaint
your vassals and tenants to be in readiness, and
bring them all along with you."

The heritors of Wigtown were to be commanded
by MacDowall of Logan, with the young Laird of

THE COVENANTERS. 257

Lochnaw as his Lieutenant, and they were to rendez-
vous instantly at Glenluce. In the Stewartry of
Kirkcudbright the command was given to Viscount
Kenmure.

This Act was the last of the Privy Council of
Scotland. How different from the many Acts they
had previously published.

The alarm, as we have said, was unfounded, but the
Cameronians in Galloway at once took to arms and
were joined by many of the Presbyterians of the West,
and prepared for the defence of the country. Some
of the Papists' houses were rifled, and some burned
to the ground, but there was no bloodshed.

Most of the Scottish nobles at once resorted to
London, doubtless in quest of preferment, and in the
meantime the English curates were ejected from
Galloway, but otherwise the Revolution was very
quietly effected.

Grierson of Lagg was naturally far from favourable
to the new regime, and there is a Bond, dated the fyth
day of May vie four scoor nyne years (5th May, 1689),
by which James Stewart of Castle Stewart, under
penalty of £500 sterling, binds himself that Sir Eobert
Grierson of Lagg shall live peaceably with all sub-
mission to the present Government under King
William and Queen Mary, and " shall appear and sigt
himself " before the Estates of Parliament when called
upon. Lord Kenmure, on 2l8t May, 1689, arrested
Lagg in his own house and imprisoned him in Kirk-
cudbright. He was liberated on finding security in a
large sum to appear when called upon. He was again

258 GALLOWAY AND

arrested in July in Edinburgh, and liberated in the
•end of August on finding security for £1,500 sterling
to live peaceably under King William and Queen
Mary. He died on 31st December, 1733, at a very old
age. Naturally, his name was detested in Galloway,
and the most grotesque traditions have been handed
down regarding his death and his funeral. During
his latter years he became an object of curiosity to
many. Among those eager to obtain a glimpse of the
notorious persecutor was the servant of Colonel Vans
of Barnbarroch. He made known his request to the
Colonel when the latter was on a visit to Lagg, and it
was arranged that the servant would carry in an armful
of faggots for the fire of the room where Lagg and the
Colonel sat. Lagg had been informed of the servant's
curiosity, and no sooner did the servant enter the room
than Lagg turned round to him and, with a look that
he never forgot, demanded in a voice of thunder, " Ony
Whigs in Galloway noo, lad?" The terror-stricken
youth dropped his bundle of sticks on the floor and
bolted from the room.

William called the Scottish nobles together in
London early in 1689, and asked their advice, and they
presented an address to him that he would take upon
himself the civil and military administration and call
a meeting of the Estates at Edinburgh for 14th March.
He agreed to this. On 5th March, the Prince's letter,
dated from St. James, was read at the Market Cross
of Wigtown by the Town Clerk, and the barons then
proceeded to the Court House, Sir Andrew Agnew
being chosen preses. The election of two representa-

THE COVENANTERS. 259

tives to the Convention resulted as follows: — Sir
Andrew Agnew, 27; Garthland, 21; Sir John Dal-
rymple, 13; Castle Stewart, 1. The first two were
accordingly declared elected. Sir John Dairy mple
was elected for Stranraer, being the first instance in
Scotland of a baron sitting as a burgess. William
Coltraine was elected for the Burgh of "Wigtown, and
Patrick Murdoch for the Burgh of Whithorn. When
Sir John Dalxymple became Lord Advocate on the
Government being formed, he had a seat in Parliament
ex officio, and Sir Patrick Murray was elected in his
place for Stranraer. In the Stewartry of Kirkcud-
bright, M'Guffog of Eusco and Patrick Dunbar of
Machermore were elected by the Barons, John Ewart
for the Burgh of Kirkcudbright, and Hugh Dalrymple
for New Galloway. The Convention met at Edin-
burgh on 14th March, Lords Cassillis, Galloway, and
Kenmure representing the Galloway nobility. The
Convention was guarded by the Cameronians, who
showed their loyalty by raising in a single day,
without tuck of drum, 1,140 men as a regiment for
King William's service. Their presence undoubtedly
saved the situation, for Edinburgh Castle was still
held by the Duke of Gordon, a staunch Papist, who
refused to surrender, and Claverhouse was also in the
city ready to muster his troopers the moment a
favourable opportunity occurred.

The Estates agreed to put the kingdom in a
posture of defence, and Sir Andrew Agnew, Sir John
Dalrymple, Sir William Maxwell, Sir James Dunbar,
Sir Charles Hay, the Lairds of Garthland, Barnbar-

260 GALLOWAY AND

roch, Castle Stewart, Sheuchan, Dunskey, and Dun-
ragit, were appointed Commissioners for organising
and officering the militia in Galloway.

The Convention declared that James had f orefaulted
the right to the Crown and that the Throne Avas
vacant. A feeble opposition to the vote of forfeiture
was made by bishop Paterson of Glasgow and Sir
George M'Kenzie who maintained that James was an
absolute and irresponsible monarch. All the argu-
ments of these disheartened supporters of the Divine
Right claimed by James were ably refuted by Sir
John Dalrymple and Sir James Montgomery. The
Convention prepared the famous " Claim of Eight ''
and settled the Crown on William and Mary. The
Claim of Right narrated the grievances which the
country had sufltered under James, and declared that
he had forfeited the right to the Crown, and that the
Throne had become vacant. It further declared that
Prelacy and the superiority of any office in the Church
above Presbyters is and hath been a great and in-
supportable grievance and trouble to this nation, and
contrary to the inclinations of the generality of the
236ople ever since the Reformation (they having re-
formed from Popery by Presbyters), and, therefore,
ought to be abolished. It concluded by settling the
Crown on William and Mary and the heirs of the
body of the Queen.

Sir John Dalrymple, Earl of Argyle, and Sir James
Montgomery were selected to proceed to London and
offer the Crown, and a month later they were received
by William and Mary in the Banqueting House,

THE COVENANTERS. 261

Whitehall, and the royal pair repeated the Coronation
Oath of Scotland clause by clause after Argyle.

Parliament abolished Prelacy, ratified the Con-
fession of Faith, settled the Presbyterian Church
Government, and rescinded the fines and forfeitures.

The first meeting of the Presbyterian ministers
within the bounds of the Synod of Galloway took place
at Minnigaff on 14th May, 1689, and the first General
Assembly was held the following year. Civil and
religious liberty had again been secured for the
Presbyterians, and a brighter day had at last dawned
upon Scotland.

262 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXX.

DALRY— THE PENTLANDS— RULLION GREEN.

Sir James Turner sent into Galloway to collect fines — John
M'OleUand of Barscobe, John Maxwell of Monreith, Colonel
Wallace, and another rescue Giier from soldiers near Dairy,
and induce others to join them — Encounter with soldiers at
Balmaclellan — The Covenanters' Rising — March on Dumfries
and seize it. Sir James Turner being taken prisoner — They
return to Dairy, and proceed north — Welsh, Veitch, and
M'Kail join them at Bridge of Doon — Invitation from Clydes-
dale — March to Muirkirk — Henew the Covenants at Lanark^
and issue Declaration — March to Bathgate — Their forlorn
appearance — At Rullion Green — The Royal troops come up
to them (28th November, 1666) and put them to flight —
Proclamation by the Government — John Maxwell's narrow
escape — Excerpt from Glasserton Session Records — ^Document
showing William Maxwell had no accession to the Rebellion
— Eleven prisoners sentenced to be executed, including
M'CuUoch of Barholm, Captain Ainot, and the Gordons of
Knockbrex—Neilson of Corsook executed, though Turner tries
to save him — John Grierson and William Welsh hanged at
Dumfries — Memorial stones and .inscriptions — The Martyrs'
monument and inscription — James Kirk's martyrdom —
William Welsh, John M'Call, James Muirhead, and others
sent to Ayr to be executed — Rather than carry oat the
sentence, the hangman flees from the town — Irvine hangman
refuses to carry out sentence although threatened to be shoi
— A condemned man carries out sentence on his own life
being spared — Extract from Pennicuik Session Records — The
monument near Rullion Green and inscription — Barscobe's
violent death.

As we have seen, Presbyterianism was abolished oa
the restoration of Charles II. in 1660, and Episcopacy
put in its place. Patronage was restored, and all

THE COVENANTERS. 263

ministers ordained since 1649 were required to receive
presentation from the bishop or patron. On October
Ist, 1662, it was enjoined that all ministers who had
not complied were, before 1st November, to remove
with their families twenty miles from their respective
parishes, six miles from Edinburgh or any cathedral
charge, and three miles from any royal burgh, no two
of them were to reside in the same parish, and they
were to be deprived of their stipend for that year.
The ministers of Galloway, almost to a man, refused
to submit, and left their all and went forth into the-
world not knowing where they or their families were
to lay their heads. Many of them, indeed, braved
the fury of the Government, and continued to preach
to the people. The Government issued a series of
proclamations against them. The parishioners were
to attend their own parish churches and not other
religious meetings, under pain of fine and imprison-
ment. Sir James Turner was sent into Dumfriesshire
and Galloway to enforce these orders and to collect
the fines. He had once been a Covenanter himself,
and had displayed no little zeal in the cause, but at
the Restoration he went over and, like most apostates,
was more bitter than those he had joined. A sum of
£41,282 Scots was levied in Galloway, and this
immense sum was the least part of the sufferings
endured. The troops acted as in an enemy's country.
They lived at free quarters, consumed the produce of
the fields and the cattle, and plundered and wasted,
with little distinction between what belonged to those
who had conformed and those who had not.

264 GALLOWAY AND

On Tuesday, November 13th, 1666, John M'Clelland
of Barscobe, whose estates were afterwards forfeited,
ventured into Dah-y along with young John Maxwell
of Monreith, Colonel Wallace, and another, to get
refreshments. As they entered the village they met
Corporal George Deanes and three soldiers of Sir
Alexander Thomson's company of the Guards, then at
Dairy, driving a company of people to thresh the corn
of an old man named Grier, who had some land near
the village, and who fled rather than pay the fines for
non-attendance at the parish church. M'Clelland
and the others would fain have interfered, but they
pressed on to the inn, called Mid-town, in Dairy, and
were at breakfast when they were informed that the
soldiers had caught Grier, and had brought him to his
house and were stripping him, and threatened to set
him on a hot girdle to compel him to tell where some
of the Covenanters were hidden. This roused their
wrath, and they at once set off for the old man's
house. They found him lying bound on the floor, and
earnestly solicited the soldiers to let him go, and this
being refused, they demanded to know why he was
being so treated. The soldiers resented this inter-
ference, and words soon gave place to blows. The
soldiers drew their swords and severely wounded
two of M'Clelland's party, and M'Clelland fired his
pistol, loaded, it is said, only with part of a tobacco
pipe, but one of the soldiers was struck, and fell. The
soldiers were secured, and the old man was set free.
M'Clelland's party soon recognised that they had taken
a step from which there was no turning back. They

THE COVENANTERS. 265

enlisted the sympathy of a few others, and next day
surprised the soldiers quartered at Balmaclellan, and
took about a dozen prisoners, one who resisted being
killed in the encounter. Barscobe then persuaded
John Neilson of Corsock to join him. Neilson had
ali-eady been fined for nonconformity; soldiers had
been quartered on him; himself and his tenants
plundered; and his wife and children turned to the
door. Others who had been similarly treated joined
M'Clelland, and the company soon numbered about
fifty horse and two hundred foot. The command was
given to a man named Andrew Gray of Edinburgh,
who seems to have had no qualifications for the
position. They proceeded rapidly to Irongray —
about six miles from Dumfries. Here they held a
council of war, and Neilson was given command of
the advance party, and, early in the morning, they
marched into Dumfries and captured Sir James Turner
almost before he was aware. So little had he dreamed
of any attack that he had left all the approaches of the
town unguarded. Aroused from sleep by the tramp
of armed men, he shouted in terror from his window
in Bailie Finnie's house, " Quarter, gentlemen, for
God's sake. Quarter, and there will be no resistance."
Neilson replied that he would get quarter if no resist-
ance was made, but when Gray came up he declared,
with that arrogance so characteristic of the man, that
he would get no quarter, and would at once have shot
him had not Neilson prevented him, saying, " You
shall as soon kill me, for I have given him quarter."
Turner was taken prisoner, along with some of his

18

266 GALLOWAY AND

men. The Covenanters also seized some money which
had been sent from Edinburgh to pay the troops, as
well as some fines recently levied. This money was
entrusted to Captain Gray, but he took it with him
when he deserted. The Covenanters proceeded to the
Cross, where a huge crowd gathered, and the leaders
explained to the people that they were only acting in
self-defence, and they were not rebels, and as a proof
of this they drank the King's health amidst the cheers
of the crowd. They swore allegiance to the Covenant,
and upbraided the bishops. The town's people were
asked to bring their arms, and these were handed to
the Covenanters at the Cross.

Increasing numbers joined them, and they retraced
their steps by Glencairn to Daby, taking their
prisoners with them. Mr. Henderson, the minister
of Dumfries, gave Turner such a good dinner at Dairy
that he speaks thus of it in his Memoirs: — " Though
he and I be of different persuasion, yet I will say he
entertained me with real kindness."

Apparently they had not yet decided how to act, and
were waiting to see what support they would get.
Gray now deserted the company. Colonel James
Wallace of Auchans, a soldier of experience, being
placed in command. Galloway did not rise as they
expected, but the company proceeded north, and on
21st November, at Bridge of Doon, near Ayr, they
were joined by three divines, each of whom was yet to
suffer in the coming persecution. These were John
Welsh, William Veitch, and Hugh M'Kail. Here also
they were joined by Major Learmont, Captain Arnot,

THE COVENANTERS. 267

and the veteran Captain John Paton of Meadowhead.
The company were badly armed. " Scythes made
straight and put upon long staffs were the most of
their arms." They got Kttle assistance in Ayrshire,
but there was an earnest invitation from Clydesdale.
They marched to Muirkirk, arriving between seven
and eight in a November night, drenched with rain.
They found no other shelter than the kirk, in which
they lay all night without food or fire. On Saturday
morning, 24th, it was discussed what was to be done,
but word of a reinforcement of three hundred men
encouraged them to go on. On Sunday morning, they
arrived at Lesmahagow, where the reinforcements
reached them, but these were no more than fifty men.
Two sons of Gordon of Knoxbrex, Borgue, overtook
them with others from Galloway, and intimated that
no more assistance need be looked for from there. It
was debated whether Sir James Turner should be put
to death or kept prisoner, and the latter course was
adopted by one vote. On Monday, 26th, they renewed
the Covenants at Lanark, and issued a Declaration
stating the object of their rising: —

Declaration of Those in Akms for the
Covenant, 1666.

" The nature of religion doth sufficiently teach,
and all men almost acknowledge the lawfulness
of sinless self-defence, yet we thought it our duty
at this time to give an account unto the world of
the occasion and design of our being in arms.

268 GALLOWAY AND

since the rise and scope of actions, if faulty, may
render a thing right upon that matter, sinful.

"It is known to all that the King's Majesty
at his coronation, did engage to rule the Nation
according to the revealed will of God, in scrip-
ture; to prosecute the ends of the National and
Solemn League and Covenants, and fully to
establish Presbyterian Government, with the
Directory for Worship; and to approve of all
Acts of Parliament establishing the same; and
thereupon the nobility and others, his subjects,
did swear allegiance; and so religion was com-
mitted to him as a matter of trust, secured by
most solemn indenture between him and his
people.

" Notwithstanding all this, it is soon ordered
that the Covenant be burnt, the tie of it declared
void and null, and men forced to subscribe
a declaration contrary to it; Episcopal govern-
ment in its height of tyranny is established,
and men obliged by law, not to plead, witness,
or petition against these things; grievous fines,
sudden imprisonments, vast quarterings of sol-
diers, and a cruel inquisition by the high
commission court were the reward of all such as
could not comply with the Government by lordly
hierarchy, and adjure the Covenants, and prove
more monstrous to the wasting their conscience
than Nature would have suffered heathens to be.
Those things, in part, have been all Scotland over,
but chiefly in that poor country of Galloway at

THE COVENANTERS. 269

this day; and had not God prevented, it should
have in the same measure undoubtedly befallen
the rest of the Nation ere long.

" The just sense whereof made us choose rather
to betake ourselves to the fields for self-defence
than to stay at home burdened daily with the
calamities of others, and tortured with the fear
of our own approaching misery. And considering
our engagement to assist and defend all those who
entered into this league and covenant with us;
and to the end we may be more vigorous in the
prosecution of this matter, and all men may know
the true state of our cause, we have entered into
the Solemn League and Covenant, and though
it be hardly thought of, renewed the same, to the
end we may be free of the apostacy of our times
and saved from the cruel usages these resolved to
adhere to this have met with; hoping that this
will wipe off the reproach that is upon our Nation,
because of the avowed perjury it lies under. And
being fully persuaded that this league, however
misrepresented, contains nothing in it sinful
before God, derogatory to the King's just
authority, the privileges of Parliament, or
liberty of the people; but on the contrary, is
the surest bond whereby all these are secured,
since a threefold cord is not easily broken, as we
shall make it appear in our next and longer
declaration, which shall contain more fully the
proofs of the lawfulness of entering into Covenant
and the necessity of our taking arms at this time

270 GALLOWAY AND

in defence of it, with a full and true account of
our grief and sorrow for severing from it, and
suffering ourselves to be divided, to the reproach
of our common cause, and saddening the hearts
of the godly, a thing we sorrowfully remember,
and firmly resolve against in all time coming."

They immediately left Lanark, with the Royal troops
imder General John Dalziel almost at their heels, and
hoping for assistance from West Lothian and Edin-
burgh, they marched towards Bathgate. It was night
when they reached it, and rain had fallen in torrents
all the way. No suitable accommodation could be
got, and they were wet and wearied. At eleven
o'clock that night they were alarmed by a report of
the approach of the enemy, and within an hour
they were on the march again. Their numbers were
gradually lessening. Alexander Peden and others had
turned baok at Lanark, and every hour saw others
depart. Before they had entered Lanark they num-
bered nearly two thousand; now at Colinton, only nine
hundred. They got no assistance from Edinburgh,
and hope entirely deserted them.

The following derisive description of their forlorn
appearance is taken from " The Whigs' Supplication,"
a poem by Samuel Colvil (Edinburgh, 1711); —

•' Right well do I the time remember,
It was in Januar or December,
When I did see the out-law Whigs,
Lie scattered up and down the rigs.
Some had hoggars, some straw boots,
Some legs uncovered, some no coats.

THE COVENANTERS. 271

Some had halberts, some had durks.

Some had crooked swords, like Turks,

Some had slings, and some had flails,

Knit with eel and oxen tails,

Some had spears, and some had pikes.

Some had spades which delved dykes.

Some had fiery peats for matches,

Some had guns with rusty ratches.

Some had bows, but wanted arrows,

Some had pistols without marrows.

Some had the coulter of a plough.

Some scythes both men and horse to hough.

And some with a Lochaber ax.

Resolved to give Dalzell his paiks.

Some had cross-bows, some were slingers.

Some had only knives and whingers.

But most of all, believe who lists.

Had naught to fight but with their fists,

They had no colours to display.

They wanted order and array.

Their officers and motion-teachers.

Were very few, beside their preachers.

For martial music, every day.

They used oft to sing and pray,

Which hearts them more, when danger comes.

Than others' trumpets and their drums.

With such provisions as they had,

They were so stout, or else so mad,

As to petition once again.

As if the issue proved in vain.

They were resolved, with one accord.

To fight the battles of the Lord."

They sent a letter to Dalziel, but got no reply.
They passed the east end of the Pentlaad HiUs and
marched to Eullion Green. They had now decided to
disband and go home, but the Royal troops came on
them (28th November, 1666) and forced an engage-
ment, and though at first the Covenanters held their

272 GALLOWAY AND

own and fought bravely, they were ultimately over-
powered and put to flight. Over fifty were killed and
about a hundred and fifty taken prisoners. Colonel
Wallace escaped to Holland and never returned.
Many of the Covenanters believed that their perse-
cutors were so leagued with Satan as to be invulnerable
to any kind of shot except silver bullets. It was
believed by them that the bullets were seen rebounding
like hailstones off the buff coat and boots of General
Dalziel. The Government issued the following
proclamation on 4th December: —

Proclamation Discharging the Keceipt of the
Eebels, December 4th, 1666.

" Charles, by the grace of God, King of Scot-
land, England, France, and Ireland, defender of
the faith, to all and sundry our lieges and loving
subjects whom these presents do or may concern,
greeting: forasmuch as, upon the first notice given
to our privy council, of the rising and gathering
of these disloyal and seditious persons in the west,
who have of late appeared in arms, in a desperate
and avowed rebellion against us, our government,
and laws, we declared them to be traitors, and
discharged all our subjects to assist, reset, supply,
or correspond with any of them, under the pain
of treason; and the said rebels and traitors being
now, by the blessing of God upon our forces,
subdued, dissipated, and scattered, and such of
them as were not either killed or taken in the

THE COVENANTERS. 273

field, being lurking in the country; and we being
unwilling that any of our good subjects should
be ensnared or brought into trouble by them,
have therefore, by the advice of our privy council,
thought fit again hereby to discharge and inhibit
all our subjects, that none of them offer or presume
to harbour, reset, supply, or correspond, hide or
conceal, the persons of Colonel James Wallace,

Major Learmont, Maxwell of Monrief

younger, Maclellan of Barscobe, Gor-
don of Barbreck, Maclellan of Balmageichan,

Cannon of Barnshalloch younger,

Cannon of Barley younger, Cannon of

Mordrochat younger, Welsh of Skar,

Welsh of Cornley, Gordon of Garery in KeUs,
— — Eobert Chalmers brother to Gadgirth, Henry
Grier of BalmacleUan, David Scott in Irongray,
John Gordon in Midton of Dairy, William
Gordon there, John Macnaught there, Robert and

Gilbert Cannons there, Gordon of Bar, elder

in Kirkpatrick-Durham, Patrick Macnaught in

Cumnock, John Macnaught his son, Gordon

of Holm younger, Dempster of Carridow,

Grier of Dalgoner, of Sundywell, Ramsay

in the Mains of Arniston, John Hutchison in

Newbottle, Row, Chaplain to Scotstarbet,

Patrick Liston in Calder, William Listen, his
son, James Wilkie in the Mains of Cliftonhall,
the laird of Caldwell, the goodman of Caldwell,
the laird of Kersland, the laird of Bedland-
cunningham, — — Porterfield of Quarrelton,

274 GALLOWAY AND

Alexander Porterfield his brother, Lockhart

of Wicketshaw, — — - Trail, son to Mr. Eobert
Trail, David Poe in Pokelly, Mr. Gabriel Semple,
John Semple, Mr. John Guthrie, Mr. John
Welsh, Mr. Samuel Arnot, Mr. James Smith,
Mr. Alexander Peden, Mr. Orr, Mr. Wil-
liam Veitch, Mr. Patton, Mr. Cruik-

shanks, Mr. Gabriel Maxwell, Mr. John Car-
stairs, Mr. James Mitchell, Mr. William For-
syth, or any others who concurred or joined in
the late rebellion, or who, upon the account
thereof, have appeared in arms in any part of
that our kingdom; but that they pursue them as
the worst of traitors, and present and deliver such
of them as they shall have within their power,
to the lords of our privy council, the sheriff of
the county, or the magistrates of the next adjacent
burgh royal, to be by them made forthcoming to
law; certifying all such as shall be found to fail
in their duty herein, they shall be esteemed and
punished as favourers of the said rebellion, and
as persons accessory to, and guilty of the same.
And to the end, all our good subjects may have
timeous notice hereof, we do ordain these presents
to be forthwith printed and published at the
market crosses of Edinburgh, Ayr, Lanark,
Glasgow, Irvine, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, Dum-
fries, and remnent market crosses of our said
Kingdom: and we do recommend to the right
reverend our archbishops and bishops, to give
orders that this our proclamation be with all

THE COVENANTERS. 275

possible diligence read on the Lord's Day, in all
the churches within their several dioceses. Given
at Edinburgh, the fourth day of December, and
of our reign the eighteenth year, one thousand
six hundred and sixty six."

John Maxwell of Monreith, when he saw that the
day was irretrievably lost, fled from the field on a
good grey horse, never halting till he reached his
distant home in Galloway. He could not remain here,
of course, and, bidding his family a sorrowful good-
bye, he went forth a wanderer upon the world. The
horse to whose fleetness he owed his life was turned
into a field at Monreith still known as " Pentland,"
and as a reward for having saved its master's life it
was never put to work again. The proverb, " As good
as Pentland," is current in the district to this day.

The Session Records of Glasserton contain the
following entry: — "John Maxwell, brother to Sir
William Maxwell of Monreith, was forfeit in his estate
for going to Pentland and not joining with Prelacy.
He was necessitated to hide himself many a night and
day, and to turn his back upon all that he had, and to
flee to Ireland for the preservation of his life from
bloody persecutors, and died there."

He had many a hairsbreadth escape before he got
away. On one occasion he was in Edinburgh when
the attempt was made by Mitchell on the life of
Archbishop Sharpe, and in consequence of which a
search was made for all concerned in the Rising at
Dairy. He was closely pursued by some soldiers, so

276 GALLOWAY AND

he darted down a close known as the Horse Wynd into
a " change-house " kept by his landlord, Nichol
Moffat, and the landlady put him in a large meal
chest and locked it, keeping the key herself. A
moment later the soldiers hurried in, asserting that the
fugitive was bound to be in the house. " Seek the
hoose as ye will," replied the landlady, " it's no sae
muckle as will keep ye lang." This the soldiers did,
but could find no trace of Maxwell, and then they
called for drink and sat down to it, one of the soldiers
actually seating himself on the lid of the meal chest.
They began to express their wonder as to where the
fugitive could have got to, when the man on the chest

suddenly exclaimed, " I wouldna say but yon d

Whig is in this vera kist. They hide onygate. Guid-
wife, gae us the key till we see for oorsels." Maxwell
could not help but hear this remark, and it must have
caused him the greatest anxiety. However, the land-
lady was equal to the occasion. Going to the foot of
the stairs, she called up, " Jenny lass, rin and ask
the guidman for the key o' the girnel till we see if a
Whig can lie in meal and no' gi' a boast." The
ruse succeeded. The soldiers laughed, finished their
liquor, and then went out, apparently not thinking it
worth while to wait for the key. Maxwell eventually
escaped to Ireland, where he died in 1668, leaving two
children named William and Agnes. The estate went
to his younger brother, of whom the present proprietor
is the direct descendant. In the Charter Chest at
Monreith, the following document is found: —

THE COVENANTERS. 277

" Whereas William Maxwell of Mureith, the
elder, hath by certificate from the noblemen and
clergy in Galloway vindicat himself that he hath
had no accessione to the late rebellione, nor no
hand in his sones accesione thereunto, and having
given sufficient security to me to answer whenso-
ever he shall be called. These are, therefore,
discharging all officers and soldiera under my
command or any other person or persons what-
somever to trouble or molest the person, goods,
or gear of the said William Maxwell, elder of
Mureith, as they shall be answerable. Given
under my hand at Holyrood House this 14th
February, 1667.

" (Sgd.) Rothes."

Orders were given for eleven of the prisoners to be
brought immediately to trial, including Major John
M'Culloch of Barholm, Captain Andrew Arnot, John
Gordon and Eobert Gordon of Knockbrex. They were
found guilty, and sentenced to be executed on 7th
December at Edinburgh. The heads of Major
M'Culloch, John Gordon, and Robert Gordon were
commanded to be sent to Kirkcudbright for exposure
on the principal gate of that burgh, and their bodies
to be buried by the Magistrates of Edinburgh in such
places as were usually assigned to traitors. The
Council ordained that the right arms of Major
M'Culloch, John Gordon of Knockbrex, and his
brother Robert, and Captain Arnot be cut ofE by

278 GALLOWAY AND

the Magistrates of Edinburgh to be sent to the
Magistrates of Lanark, and affixed upon the public
ports of that town, being the place where they took
the Covenant. Before proceeding to the scaffold, the
condemned men subscribed a joint testimony which
will be found in Naphtali, 307. John Gordon and
Robert Gordon, when thrown off the executioner's
ladder, clasped their arms round each other, and thus
met death.

When Neilson of Corsook was brought to trial, he
was questioned as to a settled plan of revolution, but
denied all knowledge of the existence of any organised
conspiracy. Not satisfied with this, the instrument
of torture, called the boot, was used on him, and he
suffered terribly. He was sentenced to be hanged at
the Cross of Edinburgh. Sir James Turner en-
deavoured to save him, moved by the fact no doubt
that on another occasion Neilson had saved him.
Turner's good intentions, however, were frustrated by
Dalgleieh, minister of his parish, who represented
Neilson as the very ringleader of the movement, and
urged the necessity of his execution as an example to
others. His son was outlawed, and went into exile,
and Mrs. Neilson was deprived of all her moveables
by way of fine for communicating with him.

Among the other prisoners were John Grier or
Grierson of Four Merkland, and William Welsh,
Carsphairn. The Court at Ayr, on 24th December,
ordered these men to be hanged at Dumfries on 2nd
January, and charged the Magistrates to have their

THE COVENANTERS. 279

heads and right arms fixed upon the eminent parts
of the burgh. They were accordingly fixed on the
bridge-ports, but owing to information of an attempt
to take them away by night, they were removed to
the top of the Tolbooth. A memorial stone in
St. Michael's Churchyard, Dumfries, has the following
inscription: —

" Here lyes William
Welsh, Pentland
Martyr, for his
Adhering to the
Word of God and
Appearing for
Christ's Kingly
Goverment in His
House and the Co-
-venanded Work
of Reformation
Against Perjury
and prelacie. Exe
-cuted Janr. 2,
1667, Rev. 12, 11.

Stay, Passenger read
Here interr'd doth ly
A witness 'gainst poor
Scotland's perjury
Whose head once flx'd up
On the Bridge Port stood
Proclaiming vengeance
For his guiltless blood."

280 GALLOWAY AND

The inscription on Grierson's stone is as follows:
were re-erected

HERE LYES WILLIAM*
GRIERSON, PENTLAND
MARTYR FOR HIS
ADHERING TO THE
WORD OF GOD AND
APPEARING FOR CHRI

s>

B

P

fl ST'S KINGLIE GOVERME a

I NT IN HIS HOUSE AND

g THE COVENANTED WO 5

- RK OF REFORMATION: A g

GAINST PERJURY AND 3

^ PRELACY EXECUTED *

■g JAN. 3-1667.— REV. 12-11. 3"

•2 <

ri rn i-r^ L^ .^ hpt rr^ rf^ ^^ t^ t-4 ,-4 K

a

3§|i § go «
o 5 §^ a

03 M x! fc)

* This should be "John.'

THE COVENANTERS. 281

The Martyrs' Monument, close beside this stone,
takes the form of a large granite pyramid. It has the
following inscription: —

Near this spot
were deposited the remains

of

WILLIAM GRIERSON*

and

WILLIAM WELSH

who suffered unto death

for their adherence to the

principles of the Reformation

Jany. 2, 1667.

Also of

JAMES KIRK

Shot on the sands of Dumfries,

March, 1685. Rev. 12. 3.

On the other side is the following: —

The Martyi-s'

Monument

erected by the

voluntary contributions

of

persons who revere the memory

and admire the principles

of the sufferers for conscience

sake, during the persecution

in Scotland, aided by a collection made at a

sermon preached on the spot by the Rev.

William Symington of Stranraer.

MDCCCXXXIV.

* The name William has been taken from the tombstone, but
" John " seems correct.

19

282 GALLOWAY AND

The story of Kirk's martyrdom is another example
of the treachery of the " killing times." Kirk was
a gentleman of considerable means belonging to the
parish of Dunscore. After Pentland, he suffered con-
siderable hardships. He was forced to flee the country,
and when in Holywell parish, in Dumfries, a person
showed him a hiding place and then lodged informa-
tion with the soldiers at Dumfries. A company of
dragoons at once went out and had no difficulty in
seizing Kirk. He was offered the Abjuration Oath,
but refused. Then he was offered his life if he would
reveal the haunts of his fellow wanderers, but he again
refused, and he was led to Dumfries sands and
instantly shot.

Among the other Pentland prisoners sent to be tried
by this Court at Ayr and sentenced to death were the
following:— John M'Call, son of John M'Call in
Carsphairn; James Muirhead in the parish of Iron-
gray; John Graham in Midtoun of Old Crachan
(Dairy); James Smith in Old Crachan; Alexander
M'Culloch in Carsphairn; James M'Millan in Mar-
duchat; George M'Cartney in Blairkennie; John
Short in Dairy; and Cornelius Anderson, tailor, in
Ayr. So unjust was the sentence considered that,
before the date of execution, the hangman fled from
the town. The authorities had difiiculty in finding
a substitute. The executioner at Irvine — William
Sutherland — was forcibly brought over, but he refused
to perform the odious duty, although placed in the
stocks and threatened to be shot. At last the
authorities prevailed upon Cornelius Anderson, one of

THE COVENANTERS. 283

the condemned men, to undertake the execution on
condition that his own life would he saved. He, too,
wished to get out of the job, and had to be kept more
or less intoxicated to carry out the execution. After-
wards he went to Ireland, and was burned to death in
his house there.

The Covenanters who fled from Eullion Green had
little mercy shown them as they passed through the
country. Some were said to have been shot, some
died from their wounds, and several were buried in
nameless graves in Pennicuik and Glencorse church-
yards. The Session Minutes of Pennicuik contain the
following entry: — "December 9, 1666, Disbursed to
John Brown, Bellman, for making Westlandman's
graves, 3s. 4d."

A wounded Covenanter sought succour at Blackhill,
Lanarkshire, but the inmates were afraid to receive
him. He asked to be buried within sight of the Ayr-
shire hills. Next morning he was found dead, and his
request was carried out. Many years after, doubters
had the grave opened, and the body was found wrapped
in a red cloak, in which were some Dutch silver coins.
A stone now marks the grave on the hillside near where
the unknown died.

A small monument has been erected to the memory
of those Covenanters who fell. It stands on the hill-
side about seven and a half miles from Edinburgh.
It is some three feet high by about two feet broad, and
is surrounded by a neat iron railing. The inscriptions
are as follows: —

284 GALLOWAY AND

Here
And near to
this place lyes the
Reverend Mr. John Crookshank
and mr Andrew mccormick
ministers of the Gospel and
About fifty other true coven-
anted Presbyterians who were
killed in this place in their own
innocent self defence and de
fence of the covenanted
work of Reformation By
Thomas Dalzeel of Bins
upon the 28 of november
1666. Rev. 12-11. Erected
Sept. 28. 1738.

^ehind-

A Cloud of Witnesses lyes here
Who for Christ's interest did appear,
For to Restore true Liberty
Overturned then by tyranny.
And by proud Prelats who did Rage
Against the Lord's own heritage.
They sacrificed were for the laws
Of Christ their king, his noble cause.
These heroes fought with great renown
And falling got the martyrs crown.

THE COVENANTERS. 285

M'Clelland of Barscobe was captured by Claverhouse
in one of his night raids. He was imprisoned for a
long time, but was released on taking the Oath, which
greatly offended some of the more zealous of the
Covenanting party. The following notice of his death
appears in Law's Memorials, November, 1683: —
" Some of those men of wild principles go into the
house of Barscobe, a gentleman in Galloway, who had
been a long time prisoner for joining with the men
at Pentland and got free upon his taking of the Bond
of Peace (which thing incensed them) and strangles
him in his own house." This, however, is erroneous.
M'Clelland and William Grierson, Millmark, after
attending a funeral, went to a tavern in Dairy,
where a woman became very abusive about William
Grierson's wife. Grierson, in the heat of the moment,
struck her, and M'Clelland interfered to protect the
woman, who was in a delicate state of health.
Grierson, thoroughly roused, attacked M'Clelland, and
in the scuffle the latter fell into the fire and received
fatal injuries. A prosecution followed, but the jury
found that M'Clelland was subject to epileptic fits,
and acquitted the accused.

286 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXXL

SAMUEL RUTHERFURD.

A native of Eoxbaighshire — Professor of Hamanity, 1623 —
Hesigns owing to unfounded rumours — Called to Anwoth,
1627, through influence of Viscount Kenmure— His earnest life
and great enthusiasm — Eutherfurd's witnesses on Mossrobin
farm — Tragic death of dyker — Visit of Archbishop Ussher
and traditions — The eleventh commandment — Rutherfurd
summoned before High Commission Court, 1630 — Publishes
his famous work against Jesuits and Arminians, 1636 —
Summoned before the High Commission Court at Wigtown —
Lord Lome, afterwards Marquis of Argyle, befriends him,
but he is deposed and ordered to confine himself in Aberdeen
— Letters to his parishioners — Returns to Anwoth, 1638—
Attends General Assembly of 1638 at Glasgow — Professor of
Divinity at St. Andrews — Letters to people of Anwoth —
Refuses professorship at Utrecht and Harderwick — Appointed
one of the commission to Westminster Assembly — Publishes
Lex Bex — Indicted for high treason — ^His answer to the
summons — ^Died 19th March, 1661 — Inscription on tombstone
— Monument near Gatehouse and inscription.

No name in the annals of Galloway is held in greater
love and reverence than that of Samuel Rutherfurd,
for though he was not born in our ancient province,
he laboured here so long, so lovingly, and so faithfully
that he may well be claimed as one of Galloway's own.
He was born in 1600, in the parish of Nesbit (now
annexed to Crailing) in Roxburghshire, and after
attending Jedburgh Grammar School, he proceeded
to Edinburgh University in 1617, took his M.A. in

THE COVENANTERS. 287

1621, and while yet a young man was elected Professor
of Humanity in 1623. Two years afterwards, how-
ever, some unfounded reports were made against him,
and though these were immediately shown to be the
work of evil disposed persons, he determined to resign.
He seems to have been licensed to preach while in
Edinburgh, and about 1627 he was called to be
minister of Anwoth, which was then made a separate
parish.

He was entered to this church through the influence
of the then Viscount Kenmure and without any en-
gagement to the bishop. He came to the work of
the ministry with great enthusiasm. He rose every
morning at three o'clock, and spent his whole time
reading, praying, writing, catechising, visiting, and
in the other duties of his high calling. He found
many of the people had little interest in religion, were
careless regarding the Sabbath, and preferred playing
football to attending the house of God. One Sabbath
he proceeded to where they were engaged in their game
on a level piece of ground between the church and
Skyreburn on Mossrobin farm, and, pointing out the
sinfulness of their ways, called on the objects around,
especially three large stones, to witness between him
and them that he had done his duty, whether they had
or not. Mrs. Stewart Monteith tells a weird -like story
about these silent witnesses. A new dyke was being
built on Mossrobin, and at a certain part stones were
wanted. One of the workmen purposed making use
of one of Rutherfurd's witnesses which was at hand,
but his companions rejected the proposal with horror.

288 GALLOWAY AND

He was not to be deterred, however, and with an oath
that the first bite he took might choke him if he did
not build the stone into the dyke before breakfast, he
broke up the stone and used it in the dyke. Shortly,
afterwards, he sat down to his meal, and putting the
first morsel into his mouth, he suddenly turned black
in the face, fell back, and expired. The other two
stones remain untouched to this day.

Eutherfurd's fame as a preacher soon spread, and,
coming to the ears of Archbishop Ussher of Armagh,
the latter resolved to go and hear for himself what
manner of man this Rutherfurd was. There was no
place near the church for the bishop to stay in. So
he came to the Bush of Beild and asked if Mr. Ruther-
furd was at home. Mrs. Rutherfurd said he was.
He said he was a stranger, and wished to wait till
Monday, but could find no place to stay and asked
if he could be put up there. Mrs. Rutherfurd, seeing
he was a gentleman, asked him to alight, and in reply
to her he said his name was James Ussher. She went
and told her husband, but it never occurred to either
of them that it was the Archbishop. Rutherfurd
welcomed him, and nothing transpired that night to
reveal his identity. Early on the Sabbath morning
the stranger went out, and, coming to a thicket, retired
to pray. It was a spot to which Rutherfurd was in
the habit of coming for prayer also, and when Ruther-
furd drew near as usual, he was surprised to hear
someone there before him. Eagerly listening, he
perceived an extraordinary gift of prayer, and waited
till the stranger appeared.

THE COVENANTERS. 289

Then when he saw him, the recollection of his name
flashed across his mind, and he asked: "Are you the
great and learned Doctor Ussher?" " I am he whom
some are pleased to name so," was the reply. Ruther-
furd emhraced him most affectionately, and said, " You
must preach for me to-day." " Nay," said the other,
" I came to hear you preach and to be acquainted with
you, and I will hear you." They arranged that
Rutherfurd would preach in the forenoon and the
Archbishop in the afternoon.

Tradition has preserved another version of the story.
It is as follows: — ^A beggar arrived on a Saturday
at Bush of Beild and craved a night's lodging. He
was given a seat at the kitchen fire, and told he could
lodge in the barn. Mrs. Rutherfurd soon afterwards
came into the kitchen and began to catechise the
servants, her husband meantime preparing for the
Sabbath services. The beggar was asked how many
commandments there were, and on his replying
"eleven," Mrs. Rutherfurd lifted up her hands in
amazement at the ignorance of the man, and said it
was a shame for a man with grey hairs like him and
living in a Christian country not to know how many
commandments there were. To her surprise, however,
he defended his answer by quoting the words of our
Saviour, " A new commandment I give unto you, that
ye love one another." After he had gone to the barn,
he was engaged in prayer when Rutherfurd passed, and
heard and listened. The language soon convinced him
that it was no beggar, but some good and learned man
in disguise. He immediately knocked and entered.

290 GALLOWAY AND

Taking the stranger by the hand, he said, " I am
persuaded that you are none other than Archbishop
Ussher, and you must certainly preach for me to-day."
Ussher explained that, being anxious to see a man of
whom he had heard so much, but fearing he might be
averse to receiving a visit from an Archbishop, he had
been induced to come in disguise. He was cordially
welcomed, and was pressed to go and rest at the Manse,
but preferred to remain where he was till the afternoon,
when he preached to the people, adopting the Presby-
terian form of worship, and taking for his text,
John xiii., 34 — " A new commandment I give unto
you, that ye love one another," remarking that this
might be called the eleventh commandment.

Rutherfurd was summoned in June, 1630, before the
High Commission Court at Edinburgh, but the Arch-
bishop of St. Andrews was unable to attend owing to
the inclemency of the weather, and Mr. Colvil, one of
the judges, having befriended Rutherfurd, the diet
was deserted. About this time, his wife, Euphemia
Hamilton, died, and he himself was very iU for over
three months.

Sydeserf, the bishop of Galloway, was dissatisfied
with his teaching, and more than once threatened a
prosecution. In 1636, Rutherfurd published his
famous work in Latin against the Jesuits and
Arminians, Exercitationts Apologeticae pro Divina
Gratia contra Jesuitas et Arminianos. In July, 1636,
he was summoned to appear before the High Commis-
sion Court at Wigtown because of nonconformity, of
preaching against the Five Articles of Perth, and of

THE COVENANTERS. 291

being the author of Exercitationes de Gratia, which,
it was alleged, reflected on the Church of Scotland,
but the truth was that it reflected on the Episcopal
clergy, and so Bishop Sydeserf could not endure it.
He attended the Court, but declined to recognise
it as a lawful judicatory, and refused to give the
Chancellor and the bishops their titles, and denied
their right or competency, to sit as judges of his
professional conduct or of his principles. The trial
lasted three daysj but the result might have been fore-
seen from the beginning. Lord Lome, afterwards the
famous Marquis of Argyle, used every exertion on his
behalf, but the bishop of Galloway threatened to write
to the King, so Eutherf urd was deposed and prohibited
under pain of rebellion from exercising any part of his
ministerial functions in Scotland, and ordered to
confine himself within the city of Aberdeen during
the King's pleasure. This sentence he had no alterna-
tive but obey. From Aberdeen he wrote many of
his famous letters. The following is an extract from
one written on 7th September, 1637, to his old friend,
Marion M'Knaught, wife of the Provost of Kirkcud-
bright: —

'■ I know the Lord will do for your town. I
hear that the bishop (Sydserff) is afraid to come
amongst you, for so it is spoken in this town,
and many here rejoice now to pen a supplication
to the council for bringing me home to my place
(Anwoth). . . . See if you can procure three
or four hundred in the country (Galloway), noble-

292 GALLOWAY AND

men, gentlemen, countrymen, and citizens to
subscribe it; the more the better. It may affright
the Bishop, but by law no advantage can be taken
against you for it; I have not time to write to
Carletoun and Knockbrex, but I would you did
speak to them in it. . . . There are some
blossomings of Christ's Kingdom in this town
(Aberdeen); the smoke is rising and the ministers
are raging, but I like a rumbling and a roaring
devil best. . . . We have been all over-feared,
and that gave the lowns the ooniidence to shut me
out of GaUoway." *

Writing in 1637 to Kobert Gordon of Knockbrex,
he says: —

" I dare not say that I am a dry tree, or that
I have no room in the vineyard, but yet I often
think that the sparrows are blest, who may resort
to the house of God in Anwoth, from which I am
banished."

The only cause of regret he seems to 'have had in
Aberdeen arose from his being deprived of his clerical
office. His letters, first published in 1664 under the
title of Joshua Bedivivus, have passed through many
editions, and translations have been made into Dutch,
German, and French. Dr. Grosart makes the inter-
esting statement that — " Not long since, a travelling
friend met with two editions among the forsaken towns

* Rutherfurd's Letters, part iii., epistle xxxix.

THE COVENANTERS. 293

of the Zuider Zee. It went to my heart to meet with
a copy under the shadow of Mount Hermon. In the
back woods of the Far West, the book lies side by side
with the Pilgrim's Progress."

Fortunately, circumstances arose which left the way
open for him to bring his banishment to an end.
Having heard that the Privy Council had accepted
a declinature against the Court of High Commission,
he ventured in 1638 to return to Anwoth, where he was
affectionately welcomed. This step might have been
fraught with great danger but for the decisive and
bold stand taken by the venerable Assembly which
met at Glasgow the same year. The Assembly
abolished Episcopacy and established the Presbyterian
form of worship. Rutherfurd attended the Assembly
as representative of the Presbytery of Kirkcudbright,
and gave an account of his former sufferings, his con-
finement, and its causes. He was appointed one of
the Committee to take into consideration the grievances
under which they laboured, and was chosen to draw
up objections to the Service Book, the Book of Canons
and Ordination, and the Court of High Commission,
a work which he performed with the greatest ability.
But a still greater honour was conferred on him when
he was appointed Professor of Divinity in the New
College of St. Andrews. He used every endeavour
against the appointment, being reluctant in those days
of trial and difficulty to abandon his flock, many of
whom were endeared to him by personal ties and
associations, but his objections were over-ruled. The
people of Anwoth continued to have a warm place in

294 GALLOWAY AND

his affections, and he kept up correspondence with his
many friends in the district with whose names we are
familiar, amongst whom are Lady Kenmure, Gordons
of Knockbrex, Cardoness and Eusko, M'CuUoch of
Ardwall, Lennox of Disdow, and Muir of Cassencary.
But even at St. Andrews his oflSce was not without its
difficulties and responsibilities. It was the seat of
the archbishop, the stronghold of Episcopacy, and
the University was the most celebrated and most
numerously attended in Scotland. Here he fulfilled
his duties with that fidelity, enthusiasm, and ability
that had become characteristic of the man.

One of his most noteworthy appearances about this
time was at the Assembly of 1648, when Henry
Guthrie, minister of Stirling, afterwards bishop of
Dunkeld, brought forward a motion against private
religious meetings. Considerable discussion ensued.
Rutherfurd, though not much disposed to speak in
these judicatory Assemblies, threw in this solecism,
and challenged the whole Assembly to answer it,
" What the Scriptures do warrant no Assembly can
discharge, but private meetings for religious exercises
the Scriptures do warrant." — Malachi, iii. 16. " Then
they that feared the Lord spake often one to another,
etc." — James v. 16. " Confess your faults one to an-
other, and pray one for another," things which he said
could not be done in the Church. Although the Earl
of Seaforth and others of Guthrie's party strove hard
against it, Rutherfurd's arguments had such an effect
on the Assembly that his views prevailed, and all that
Guthrie's party could secure was an Act anent the

THE COVENANTERS. 295

order of family worship. Eutherfurd afterwards
wrote a treatise defending the lawfulness and useful-
ness of private religious meetings.

Rutherfurd's reputation had spread so far that the
Magistrates of Utrecht offered him the Divinity Chair
in that University when it fell vacant through the
death of the learned Dematius. This, however, he
declined, as also an invitation to the Chair of Hebrew
and Divinity in the University of Harderwick. In
1643, he was appointed one of the Commission from
the Church of Scotland to the Assembly of Divines
at Westminster, and continued a Commissioner till
the principal business of the Assembly was concluded
in 1647. Their work was to consider and perfect
these four things mentioned in the Solemn League —
A Directory for Worship, a uniform Confession of
Faith, a Form of Church Government and Discipline,
and the public Catechism. While in London, he not
only faithfully discharged his duty at Westminster,
but he found time to write a number of valuable works,
perhaps the most notable of which was Lex Rex. It
excited deep and universal interest on account of the
democratic principles it advanced. The full title of
the book is Lex Bex, the Law and the Prince; a
discourse for the just prerogative of King and People,
containing the reasons and causes of the most necessary
defensive wars of the Kingdom of Scotland, and of
their expedition for the ayd and help of their dear
brethren of England; in which their innocency is
asserted, and a full answer is given to a seditious
pamphlet entitled " Saerasancta Begum Ma jest as,"

296 GALLOWAY AND

under the name of J. A. but penned by Jo. Maxwell,*
the excommunicate P. Prelate ; with a scriptural con-
jutation of the ruinous grounds of W. Barclay,
H. Grotius, H. Arnisasus, Ant. Be Domi, P. Bishop
of Spalato, and of other late Anti-magistratical
Royalists; as the author of Ossorianum, D. Fern,
E. Symmons, the Doctors of Aberdeen, etc., in XLIV.
questions. It struck a deadly blow at the doctrine of
absolute monarchy.

It was condemned at the Restoration as treasonable,
and whoever should retain a copy of it was to be
accounted enemy of the King. King Charles said it
would scarcely ever get an answer, and in this he wae
right. It was ordered to be burned by the hands of
the hangman at Edinburgh Cross and at the gates of
the New College of St. Andrews, where Rutherfurd
was Professor. But, as an old writer remarked,
" Books have souls as well as men, which survive their
martyrdom, and are not burned but crowned by the

* This was John Maxwell, bishop of Ross. He was a son of
the Laird of Cavens, in Kirkbean, in the Stewartry. He aimed
unsuccessfully at the office of Treasurer, then held by the Earl of
Troqueer. He was deposed and excommunicated by the Assem-
bly of 1638 on the ground that he was " a wearer of the cap and
rocket, a deposer of godly ministers, an admitter of fornicators to
the communion, a companion of Papists, an usual player of cards
on Sabbath, and once on communion day, that he had given
absolution to persons in distress, consecrated deacons, robbed his
vassals of forty thousand merks, kept fasts each Friday, journeyed
-ordinarily on Sabbath, that he had been a chief decliner of the
Assembly, and a prime instrument of all the troubles which befel
both Church and State."

THE COVENANTERS. 297

flames that encircle them. ' Probably to please their
worthless King, Parliament indicted him for high
treason. Most of the members must have known that
he was on his deathbed, but notwithstanding this, they
cited him to Edinburgh. When the summons arrived,
he answered, " Tell them I have got a summons already
from a superior Judge, and I behove to answer my
first summons, and ere your day come I will be where
few Kings and great folk come." His physician and
the ministers and magistrates of St. Andrews testified
that he could not obey the summons, yet Parliament,
not satisfied with this, sentenced him to confinement
within his own house till the state of his health might
be seen. It was put to the vote whether or not to let
him die in the College. It was carried " Put him out,"
only a few dissenting. Lord Burley said, " Ye have
voted that honest man out of his College, but ye cannot
vote him out of Heaven." He died on 19th March,
1661, aged 61 years. On the afternoon before his
death he used the beautiful expression which has
become the subject of one of the finest hymns in the
English language, " Glory dwells in Immanuel's
Land." The following is the epitaph on his tombstone
in St. Andrews: —

" What tongue, what pen, or skill of men,
Can famous Rutherfurd commen' ?
His learning justly raised his fame.
True goodness did adorn his name.
He did converse with things above.
Acquainted with Emmanuel's love.
Most orthodox he was, and sound.
And many errors did confound.

298 GALLOWAY AND

For Zion's King and Zion's cause.

And Scotland's Covenanted laws

Most constantly he did contend.

Until his time was at an end.

At last he won to full fruition

Of that which he had seen in vision."

On a hill on the farm of Boreland of Anwoth, near
Gatehouse, and about half a mile from the church,
a monument has been erected to his memory, and is
a prominent object for many miles around. It is a
grey granite obelisk nearly 60 feet high, and was
erected in 1842, at a cost of £200, raised partly
by public subscription, and partly by a collection taken
at a sermon preached by the side of the monument by
the Rev. Dr. Cook, Belfast, in 1838. On the side of
the monument facing the south is the inscription: —

To the memory of

THE REV. SAMUEL RUTHERFURD,

Minister of the parish of Anwoth,

from 1627 to 1639,

when he was appointed Professor of Divinity

in the University of St. Andrews,

where he died in 1661.

This monument was erected a.d. 1842,

in admiration of his eminent talents,

extensive learning, ardent piety,

ministerial faithfulness,

and distinguished public labours

in the cause of civil and religious liberty.

The righteous shall be in everlasting remembrance.

Psalm cxii. 6.

THE COVENANTERS. 299

On the reverse side is an inscription stating that tha
monument was struck by lightning in 1847 and rebuilt
in 1851.

Rutherfurd was small of stature and very fair. He
had a shriU voice which became like a " scraich " when
preaching, and then his hands were never a moment
still. Some of the foregoing incidents show how
intense he was. He was usually mild and gentle, but
when roused his zeal oft outran discretion, and on some
occasions he displayed towards the " Resolutioners "
a bitterness which can hardly be justified.

Note. — George Rutherfurd, a brother of above, waa
appointed schoolmaster and reader of Kirkcudbright
in 1629, mainly through the influence of Provost
Fullerton. He was summoned before the High
Commission Court for nonconformity, and ordered to
resign his charge and remove from Kirkcudbright.
He retired to Ayrshire, but afterwards had charge of
Tongeland parish, where he remained tiU his death.
This fact probably accounts for the tradition men-
tioned by the Rev. James Reid of Newton Stewart in
Memoirs of the Lives of the Westminster Divines
(Vol. II., 345), that Samuel Rutherfurd was " born of
respectable parents in the parish of Tongeland near
Kirkcudbright." Other writers have adopted this, but
there seems nothing to support it.

300 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXXIL

ANWOTH CHURCHYARD— THE MARTYRS OF
KIRKCONNEL MOOR.

Barial place of Galloway families — Martyr's tombstone and in-
scription — Bell of Whiteside, his thrilling adventures and
hairsbreadth escapes — David Halliday of Mayfleld, Robert
Lennox of Irelandton, Andrew M'Robert, Beoch, James
Clement, and Bell surrender on promise of quarter, but are
immediately shot — Viscount Kenmure challenges Lagg for
his barbarities — Tombstone in Balmaghie churchyard to
Halliday and inscription — Tombstone in Twynholm church-
yard to M'Robert and inscription — Tombstone in Girthon
churchyard to Lennox and inscription — Tombstone to
James Clement and inscription — Monument and inscription —
Clement's grave opened and his skull taken away — Poem on
the Martyr's grave.

Anwoth churchyard, near Gatehouse, is the burial-
place of some of the great Galloway families, the
M'CuUochs, Gordons, Maxwells, and Hannays. Here
may still be seen Rutherfurd's little church, now
roofless. It was last used for public worship in 1826,
just two centuries after Rutherfurd came to Anwoth.
His manse. Bush of Beild, was unfortunately razed
to the ground, 1826-27, and the stones were built into
the present church. In the centre of the churchyard
is a martyr's tombstone, with the following in-
scription: —

THE COVENANTERS. 301

OF WHITESYDE WHO WAS BARBAROUSLY SHOT

This Monument Shall Tell Posterity

That Blessed Bell of Whitesyde Here Doth Ly ^

J Who At Command of Bloody Lag Was Shot
K A Murder Strange Which Should Not Be Forgot 2

Douglas of Morton Did Him Quarters Give ^

X Yet Cruel Lag Would Not Let Him Survive "^

O

>-5

This Martyr Sought Some Time To Recommend

* His Soul To God Before His Days Did End hj
^ The Tyrant Said, What, Devil, Ye've Pray'd Enough ^

This Long Seven Years On Mountain And In Cluch htj

* So Instantly Caus'd Him With Other Four PS
E Be Shot To Death Upon Kirkconnel Moor q

So Thus Did End The Lives Of These Dear Saints *
For Their Adhering To The Covenants.

3891 OVT JO aNVKWOO HHl XV ^NV^ONOX RO

Bell was proprietor of Whiteside, and after the death
of his father, his mother married Viscount Kenmure.
Bell was one of the greatest sufferers in the terrible
persecution that ensued after Bothwell. In June,

1680, he was charged with many others with murder-
ing Archbishop Sharp, burning the King's laws, and
with accession to " the rebellion." He was not present
at the trial, but of course he was found guilty. In

1681, Claverhouse quartered his soldiers at Whiteside
till they had eaten all the provisions. Then they
compelled the people of the district to bring them
provisions, and they waited till their horses had
consumed all they could get. Everything of value
which they could carry they took with them, and drove

302 GALLOWAY AND

away the sheep and horses, tore the very timber from
the buildings, and destroyed the plantations, and left
the place utterly desolate. Bell, of course, had been
a fugitive since his trial, and had many miraculous
«8capes. Simpson narrates a number of these.

One day when Bell was at home, a company of
soldiers suddenly appeared near the house. It hap-
pened that a female servant was sorting a quantity
of crockery, and it occurred to her that he should dis-
guise himself and take in his hand a basket filled with
the earthenware and walk slowly away as if he were
a dealer. The stratagem succeeded, and he passed the
soldiers without discovery, and escaped.

At another time Bell, when surprised by the arrival
of dragoons, fled into a retired apartment and hid
himself in a large oak chest. To prevent suffocation,
one of his attendants in closing the lid inserted a piece
of cloth to allow the air to circulate. The soldiers
examined every chamber and groped into every corner.
They entered the place where Bell was concealed, tossed
about the furniture, and pried into every likely retreat
but it never occurred to them to lift the lid of the chest.

He formed a cave in a retired spot within his o^vn
lands where he secreted himself, but a spy set himself
to discover the retreat and betrayed it to the soldiers.
Next day a company of troopers was conducted to
the place in the expectation that Bell would be seized.
At that moment, however, he happened to be in a field
and observed the horsemen rapidly approaching. He
at once left the spot and fled, but, being seen, he was
pursued. He made in the direction of a moss where a

THE COVENANTERS. 303

number of people were casting peats, and when he
approached, one of them told him to throw off his coat,
take a spade, and dig in the hag with him. Bell at
once did this, and when the dragoons approached, all
the labourers, though well aware of what was coming,
were engaged in their work, apparently unconscious
of the presence of the soldiers. The commander of
the party asked if they saw a man pass that way.
One of the workers answered that a short time ago
they saw a man making across the moor in the direction
in which they were marching. On hearing this, the
soldiers continued their pursuit, and Bell was left
undiscovered.

In February, 1685, he and David Halliday of
Mayfield, Robert Lennox of Irelandton, Andrew
M'Robert, Beech, and James Clement were being
searched for by Lagg and his dragoons. They had
taken refuge at Mayfield, but hearing the approach of
the pursuers, they fled in the night, and hid in Kirk-
connel Moor. Lagg got information of their hiding
place and came upon them. Being promised quarter,
they surrendered without resistance, but no sooner had
Lagg got them into his power, than he gave orders
that they were to be shot on the spot. Bell was well
known, and Lagg had met him in society on equal
terms, and been friendly with him. He besought a
short time for prayer, but this was refused, and when
Douglas of Morton, one of Lagg's officers, interceded
for delay, Lagg exclaimed with an oath, " What the
devil! have you not had time enough for preparation
since Bothwell?" They were all immediately shot,

304 GALLOWAY AND

and for a time Lagg would not permit their bodies
to be buried. Sometime afterwards, Viscount Ken-
mure, Claverhouse, and Lagg happened to meet at
Kirkcudbright, when the Viscount challenged Lagg
for his barbarities on one whom he knew to be a
gentleman, and especially for refusing to allow his
body to be buried. Lagg replied with an oath that
he could take him and salt him in his beef -barrel.
The Viscount then drew his sword and would have run
him through had not Claverhouse intervened. Bell,
as we have seen, was buried in Anwoth. Halliday was
buried in Balmaghie. In the same grave was buried
David Halliday in Glengap, who was shot by Lagg
and the Earl of Annandale. The tombstone there has
the following inscrption: —

Here Lyes David Haluday, Portioner of Meifield Who
Was Shot Upon The 20 Of Febr 1685, And
David Halliday Once In Glengape Who Was Likewise
Shot Upon The 11 Of July 1685 For Their Adherence To
The Principles Of Scotlands Covenanted Reformatione.

Beneath This Stone Two David Hallidays

Doe Ly Whose Souls Nou Sing Their Masters Praise

To Knou If Curious Passengers Desyre

For What, By Whome And Hou They Did Expyre

They Did Oppose This Nations Perjurey

Nor Could They Join With Lordly Prelacy

Indulging Favours From Christs Enemies

Quenched Not Their Zeal, This Monument Then Cryes

These Were The Causes Not To Be Forgot

Why They By Lag So Wickedly Were Shot.

One Name, One Cause, One Grave, One Heaven Do Ty

Their Souls To That One God Eternally.

THE COVENANTERS. 305

M'Robert "was buried in Twynholm, and his tomb-
stone has the following inscription: —

MEMEN {Cross-bones) TO MORI.

HERE
LYES ANDREU
McROBERT WHO WAS
SURPRISED AND
SHOT TO DEATH
IN THE PAROCH.

Other side: —

(Skull)

TONGLAND BY
GRIER OF LAGG
FOR HIS ADHERE
ENCE TO SCOT
LANDS REFORMATION
COVENANTS NATION
AL AND SOLEMN
LEAGUE. 1685.

Lennox was buried in Girthon, and his tombstone
bears the following inscription: —

WITHIN THIS TOMB
LYES THE CORPS OF
ROBERT LENNOX SOME
TIME IN IRELAND TOUN
WHO WAS SHOT TO
DEATH BY GRIER OF
LAGG IN THE PAROCH
OF TONGLAND FOR
HIS ADHERENCE TO
SCOTLANDS REFORMATION
COVENANTS NATIONAL
AND SOLEMN LEAGUE
1685.

306 GALLOWAY AND

Clement, who is supposed to have been a fugitive
from Carrick, was buried where he was shot. On the
hillside at Kirkconnel Moor a small tombstone may
be seen with the following inscription: —

HERB LYES
JAMES CLEMENT
WHO WAS SURPRIS
ED AND INSTANTLY SHOT TO
DEATH ON THIS
PLACE BY GRIER
OF LAGG FOR HIS
ADHERENCE TO

Other side: —

(Skull and Cross-bonaa)

SCOTLANDS REFOR
MATION COVENANTS
NATIONAL AND SO
LEMN LEAGUE. 1685.

A monument alongside has the following inscrip-
tion: —

SACRED

TO THE MEMORY OF

DAVID HALLIDAY OF MAYFIELD

JOHN BELL OF WHITESIDE

ROBERT LENNOX

OF IRLANDTON

ANDREW McROBERT AND

JAMES CLEMENT

WHO SUFFERED MARTYRDOM

ON THIS SPOT A.D. 1685

FOR THEIR

ADHERENCE TO THE COVENANTS

AND TRUE PRESBYTERIAN

PRINCIPLES BY THAT WICKED

PERSECUTOR GRIER OF LAG.

THE COVENANTERS. 307

Another inscription tells that on 11th September,
1831, about ten thousand people assembled here, and,
after worship, contributed a fund for the erection of
the monument.

Clement's remains were not allowed to rest in the
grave, though it was not his persecutors who were
responsible for this. In 1828, four men went from
Kirkcudbright in the dead of night for the purpose
of getting his skull, which they believed would prove
by its confirmation that Clement was a reUgioue
fanatic. Just as they secured the skull, they were
startled by a wild screech and fled in terror from the
spot, leaving the grave open. On examining the skull,
they found a hole in the side, showing where the fatal
bullet had entered. Mr. John Morrison, portrait
painter, learned from one of the four what had
happened, and he went and filled up the grave. He
also got possession of the martyr's skull, preserved
it carefully to his death, and it was buried with him
in his cofiin. Morrison wrote a poem on the incident,
and it gave offence to those concerned. The poem is
not without merit, and, as it has never been printed,
we give it here, omitting some of the verses to which
objection was taken. It is entitled: —

THE MARTYR'S GRAVE.

KiRKCOMNELL MoOR, PaHISH OF TONGL.\}JD, GaI.LOWAY.

" And I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain
for the Word of God, and for the testimony which they held ; and
they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and
true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood." — Revelation, vi.
9 and 10.

308 GALLOWAY AND

An hundred and fifty years
Are nearly added to the scroll

Of time, since Scotland was in tears,
And thou wast numbered on the roll

Of Martyrs, in the cause of God,

That slumbered here beneath this sod.

On this lone spot an altar stood,
To every passing pilgrim dear ;

This turf was watered by the blood

Of Martyrs ; those gray rocks that rear

Their peaks, have echoed to the shot

That here consigned their bones to rot,

And their bless'd spirits to the sky.

Oh ! pause, thou passing pilgrim, pause '.
Twas here five martyrs dared to die.

Faithful to heaven and freedom's cause.
This lonely grave, this mossy stone,
Is Caledonia's Marathon.

Alone I loved to wander here

When sank the sun in splendour down,

His parting halo did appear

To me the blessed Martyr's crown

Of Glory, and a still small sound

Whispered — This grave is holy ground.

And I have lingered later still.

When rising from the eastern clime

The yellow moon, o'er heath and hill.
Spread her broad light ; sounds divine

Are sighing, as the night-winds pass

In whispers through the waving grass.

THE COVENANTERS. 309

What are the sculptured tombs of kings
When bats their leathern pinions wave,

The ghastly owl at midnight sings

Their dirge, while from this lonely grave

The lark soars up to heaven's gate

In emblem of the Martyr's fate.

The purest saint that climbs the sky

Not higher sits at God's right hand
Than those who for their country die,

And with their blood reclaim the land.
Revere this patriot's grave, for he
Perish'd that Scotland might be free.

There is also a poem on The Martyr's Grave by
James Murray, author of The Maid of Oalloway.
This poem is now to be found only in the hands of
collectors, and, as will be seen from the following
extracts, it suggests that the martyrs were captured
at worship in the early morning.

Hunted from home and hearth, abroad
On this lone moor above this sod,
Here met five worshippers of God

To join in praise and prayer.
As rose to Heaven their song of love,
It woke a voice in glen and grove,
And Angels listened from above,

Their converse sweet to share.

310 GALLOWAY AND

But scarce the psalm had died away,
Scarce hush'd the lark's responsive lay,
Till other sounds of feud and fray

Rose in the morning gale.
Fierce, furious men the place surround, -
A flash is seen, — a hurling sound —
Then fell upon the blood-dyed ground,

These martyrs mute and pale.

But scarcely had their heaven-ward song,
The golden portals passed along,
Till seated 'mong the martyred throng.
Their praise anew they told.

THE COVENANTERS. 311

CHAPTER XXXni.

TWO CURATES : KIRKWOOD OF SANQUHAR AND
PIERSON OF CARSPHAIRN.

Kirkwood of Sanquhar helps two Galloway Covenanters to escape
— Pierson of Carsphairn a zealous persecutor — Some of the
Covenanters go to reason with him — A souffle — ^Pierson is
shot by M'Miohael — M'Michael responsible for a previous
tragedy, having inflicted a mortal wound on Roan near Dairy
—Engaged in Enteikin Pass rescue — M'Michael killed on
Auchencloy Hill — ^Robert Ferguson, Robert Stuart, and John
Grier shot — Martyrs' tombstone in Dairy churchyard and in-
scription — Tombstone to Ferguson and inscription — Martyrs'
monument and inscription — Tombstone in Kirkcudbright
churchyard to William Hunter and Robert Smith, who were
not allowed to write to their relations, and whose words at
the gibbet were drowned by beating of drums so that they
could not be heard.

Some of the Episcopal curates did not make themselves
so obnoxious to the Covenanters as others, and Simpson
tells the story of James Kirkwood, the curate of
Sanquhar, whose shrewdness and sympathy probably
saved the lives of two persecuted Covenanters from
Galloway. The two were being hotly pursued through
Carsphairn, and dashed into the Nith, emerging on
the opposite side near the manse, where the curate
and some others were playing quoits. "Where shall
we hide?" asked the two in desperation. " Doff your
coats and join in the game," answered the curate.

312 GALLOWAY AND

This was done, and just then the dragoons dashed up
and hurried on in the direction which they supposed
the Covenanters had taken.

Of quite another stamp was Peter Pierson, the curate
of Carsphairn. He had made himself particularly
active in supplying Lagg with all the information he
could, even without being asked for it, and he had been
very zealous in persecuting the Presbyterians. He
lived at the manse alone, without even a servant, and
kept a number of firearms loaded in his chambers.
He was perhaps more a Roman Catholic than an
Episcopalian, and frequently declared that Papists
were much better subjects than Presbyterians.
Matters at last came to such a head that a resolve
was made by some of the Covenanters to reason with
Pierson, and get him to promise that he would not
instigate their enemies against them again. Accord-
ingly, a party of kindred spirits met one night in the
end of 1684 in the house of John Clark of Muirbroke,
some three miles from Carsphairn, to arrange their
plans. The party comprised James M'Michael,
fowler of the Laird of Maxwelton, Roger Padgen of
Sanquhar, Robert Mitchell of New Cumnock, William
Heron, Glencairn, one Watson, and three or four others.
Three of the number, M'Michael, Heron, and Mitchell,
were selected to interview Pierson, and proceeded to
the manse at night, when they knew he would be in.
There are different versions of what happened. One
account says that Heron and Mitchell were admitted,
and delivered their message, which at once put Pierson

THE COVENANTERS. 313

in a rage, and he lifted a gun and threatened to shoot
them, getting between them and the door. They called
•out, and M'Michael then pressed into the room and,
seeing Pierson with the gun raised, and fearful for
the safety of his companions, he at once fired a pistol,
and shot him dead. Another account says that, in
the com'se of a scufile, M'Michael's pistol accidentally
went off and Pierson was killed. Certain it is in any
oase that when the Covenanters went to the manse,
they had no intention of doing the curate any bodily
harm. The Societies held that M'Michael's action was
unjustifiable, and removed his name from the Roll.
This, however, did not interfere with his course of
conduct, but he had now to be more a fugitive than
ever. Unfortunately, he had been responsible for a
previous tragedy. He was a bold fiery man, but a
sincere adherent of the Covenanters. He was asked
with some of the Society People to interview Roan
of Stroanpatrick, near Dairy, whose fidelity as a
Covenanter was suspected. They were not satisfied,
in spite of Roan's assurance, and M'Michael told him
that he was not to attend their meetings till he had
cleared himself of the accusation of being a spy, and
that in the meantime he was to deliver up his arms.
As the interview was proceeding, one of the party,
noticed that M'Michael could hardly control himself,
and, fearing some untoward incident, he secretly ex-
tracted the shot from M'Michael's musket, which was
lying against the wall. Roan invited them to his
house to receive his arms, and they set out. Suddenly

314 GALLOWAY AND

Roan, watching his opportunity, darted aside, crossed
a stream, and made off. M'Michael with drawn sword
pursued, but finding he was not gaining ground, he
threw his sword after Eoan with all his might, and
it struck him and inflicted a mortal wound.

M'Michael is said to have been engaged in the
daring Enterkin Pass rescue, when a number of
countrymen took up a position commanding the
Enterkin Pass in Dumfriesshire, and rescued eight
Covenanters from an escort of twenty-eight soldiers,
killing the commander. The soldiers in the confusion
managed to carry off one of their prisoners, named
John M'Kechnie, belonging to Galloway, " a singu-
larly pious man." They got orders to shoot him soon
after, but the bullet only passed through his arm, and
he was carried to Edinburgh and thrown into prison.
He was refused surgical aid, and tlie wound gangrened,
and he died three months afterwards.

Some of those who had met at Muirbroke the night
of the Carsphairn tragedy were afterwards discovered
to have been playing the part of spies. Watson was
treacherous enough to go over to the persecuting party,
and Padgen became one of Strachan's dragoons. He
had apparently been in the pay of the Government
while associating with the Covenanters. M'Michael,
Heron, and Mitchell, were all slain within the year.
Claverhouse got information that M'Michael and a
few others were hiding somewhere about Auchencloy
Hill, on the northern shore of Loch Skerrow, and his
search there soon proved successful. M'Michael and

THE COVENANTERS. 315

his associates — eight in all— were taken by surprise
on 18th December, 1684. Two managed to get away
in the confusion, but the others had to defend them-
selves. Claverhouse had a hand to hand contest with
M'Michael, and was only saved from M'Michael's
sword by his steel bonnet. As it was, he was getting
the worst of it when he called for assistance.
M'Michael taunted him with these words, " You dare
not bide the issue of single combat. Had your helmet
been like mine — a soft bonnet — your carcase had now
found a bed upon the heath." Meantime a dragoon had
stolen up behind him and cleft his skull with his sword.
Robert Ferguson, Robert Stewart, and John Grrier
were shot. The soldiers then pursued the other two,
and learned that they had been seen to enter a certain
bouse. Rushing into it, they searched it thoroughly,
but the fugitives had never rested in it, yet the soldiers
took all in it prisoners, and burned it to the ground.
A little before this, some prisoners had been rescued
at Kirkcudbright, and this was the pretext for so great
cruelty. Stewart's excellent character must have been,
known to Claverhouse, for he is said to have exclaimed
in derision after he shot him, " Stewart's soul in
Heaven doth sing! " Ferguson was buried in the moor
where he fell. The other three were buried in the
churchyard of Dairy, where there is a martyrs' tomb-
stone to their memory. It is about six feet in length
by three in breadth, lying upon supports that raise it
about a foot from the ground, and has the following
inscription: —

316 GALLOWAY AND

Memento Mori.

Here lieth Robert Stewart

(Son to Major Robert Stewart of Ardoch)

And John Grierson, who were murthered by

Graham of Claverhouse,

Anno 1684, for their adherence to Scotland's

Reformation and Covenants,

National and Solemn League.

This narrative runs round the outer edge of the
stone, forming a framework for the following linee: —

Behold ! Behold 1 a stone's here forced to cry,

Come, see two martyrs under me that ly.

At Water of Dee they ta'en were by the hands

Of cruel Claverhouse and's bloody bands.

No sooner had he done this horrid thing

But's forced to cry, " Stewart's soul in Heaven doth sing " ;

Yet, strange, his rage pursued even such when dead.

And in the tombs of their ancestors laid ;

Causing their corpse be raised out of the same.

Discharging in churchyard to bury them, —

All this they did, 'cause they would not perjure

Our Covenants and Reformation pure ;

Because like faithful Martyrs for to die

They rather chose than treacherously comply

With cursed prelacy, this nation's bane

And with indulgence, our Churches stain

Perjured intelligencers were so rife

Shew'd their cursed loyalty— to take their life.

Robert Stewart was the son of Major Stewart of
Ardoch, about two miles north of Dairy. The in-
scription plainly implies that the bodies of Robert
Stewart and John Grierson had been buried in the
graves of their ancestors, but that Claverhouse had

THE COVENANTERS. 317

ordered them to be disinterred as traitors. They were
re-interred in the most northern part of the church-
yard, the part assigned to criminals.

A small moss grown stone marks the spot where
the dust of Ferguson lies in the loneliest of graves. It
has the following inscription: —

Memento Mori.

Here lyes Robert Ferguson

who was surprised and instantly shot

to death on this place by Graham

of Claverhouse for his adherence

to Scotland's Reformation Covenants,

National and Solemn League,

1684.

A handsome monument has been erected near by,
bearing the following inscription: —

Erected

in memory of the martyrs

R. Ferguson, J. McMichan,

R. Stewart & J. Grierson,

who fell on this spot 18 Dec. 1684,

from a collection made here

on the 18th August, 1835,

and the profits of a sermon, afterwards

published, preached on that day

by the Rev. R. Jeffrey of Girthon,

Daniel 3, 17-18.

318 GALLOWAY AND

Two other prisoners were taken to Kirkcudbright,
and there hanged and beheaded. They were buried in
Kirkcudbright churchyard, and a stone was afterwards
erected to their memory. It is a flat stone about six
feet long by two feet six inches. The inscription on
it shows that they were not allowed to speak when
brought to the gibbet, and they were not allowed to
write to their relations. The following is the inscrip-
tion: —

This monument shall shew posterity
Two headles martyres under it doth lie
By bloody Grahame were taken and surprised
W •*■ Brought to this toun and afterwards were saiz'd
§ 2 ^y unjust law were sentenced to die.
H Them first they hanged then headed cruely

§ K Captans Douglas Bruce Grahame of Claverhouse
O « Were these that caused them to be handled thus
"^ S And when they were unto the Gibbet come
S r^ To stope there speech they did beat up the drum
M ai And all becaus that they would not comply
J § With indulgence and bloody prelacie
S Q In face of cruel Bruce Douglas and Grahame

They did maintaine that Christ was Lord supream

And boldly ouned both the covenants

At Kirkcudbright thus ended these two saints.

THE COVENANTERS. 319

CHAPTER XXXIV.

PEDEN, THE PROPHET.

Born in Ayiahire about 1626 — Minister of New Luce, 1659 —
Ejected by the Drunken Act, 1662 — Farewell services — ^A
wanderer among the wilds of the South-west of Scotland —
Charged with conventicle keeping — Joined Dairy rising but
left them at Lanark — Forfeited by Act, 1669 — ^Miraculous
escapes — ^Arrested by Major Cowburn and sent to Bass
Hock — Transferred to Edinburgh Tolbooth — Sentenced to be
transported to Virginia — Sails from Leith with sixty others
banished — Foretells their delivery — Liberated — Returns to
Scotland — Foretells the Covenanters' defeat at Bothwell —
Preaching in Galloway — Predicts his own death, and that his
body will be raised from the grave — His prophecy of the
death of John Brown fulfilled — His last illness, death, and
burial — His body raised from the grave, and re-interred
by the soldiers at Cunmock — Tombstone and inscription —
■Monument and inscription.

One of the most inspiring patriots of the Covenanting
times was Peden the Prophet. He was born at the
farmhouse of Auchenloich in Sorn, Ayrshire, about
1626. Where he received his earlier education is not
known, but he studied at Glasgow University, and was
afterwards School-master and Precentor and Session
Clerk to the Rev. Mr. Guthrie at Tarbolton.

Having been licensed to preach, he was, in 1659,
appointed minister of New Luce which, twelve years
before, had been separated from Glen Luce.

320 GALLOWAY AND

Here he continued for three years until ejected by.
the Drunken Act of Glasgow in 1662. He was greatly
beloved by his people, and when he preached his fare-
well sermon, they were much affected and could
scarcely drag themselves away, continuing with him
at the church till darkness fell. His farewell sermon
was from Acts xx. 31:— " Therefore, watch and
remember that by the space of three years I ceased not
to warn every one night and day with tears," asserting
that he had declared unto them the whole counsel of
God, and professing that he was free from the blood
of all men. In the afternoon, he preached from the
32nd verse: — "And now, brethren, I commend you to
God and to the word of his grace."

When he left, he closed the door behind him, raised
the Bible and knocked with it three times on the door,
saying in the hearing of them all, " I arrest thee in
my Master's name that none enter thee but such as
come in by the door as I have done." It is remarkable
that no curate or minister who had accepted the hated
Indulgence ever entered the pulpit.

Peden took to wandering among the people of the
South-west of Scotland, preaching, baptising, and
generally carrying out the office of the ministry. He
was cited in 1665 to appear before the Council in
Edinburgh, but paid no attention, and was declared a
rebel. In the preamble of a letter issued against him
by the Council, conventicles are declared to be semin-
aries of rebellion, and the not joining with the public
ordinary meetings for divine worship to be seditious,
and after reciting the names of Welsh, Blackader,

THE COVENANTERS. 321

Peden, and others, their seditious practice and example
is specified. Of Peden it is affirmed — " The said Mr.
Alexander Peden did keep a conventicle at Ralston
in the parish of Kilmarnock, about the 10th of October
last, where he baptised the children of Adam Dickie,
Robert Lymburner, and many others; as also kept a
conventicle in Cragie parish, at the Castle-hill, where
he baptised the children of William Gilmor in Kil-
marnock, and Gabriel Simpson, both in the said parish,
and that besides twenty-three children more; both
wliich conventicles were kept under cloud of night,
with a great deal of confusion: as also the said Mr.
Alexander rides up and down the country with sword
and pistols, in grey cloths."

Peden joined the rising at Dairy, but left them at
Lanark. Afterwards, when one of his friends said
to him, " Sir, you did well that left them, seeing you
were persuaded that they would fall and flee before the
evening," he was offended, and replied, " Glory, glory
to God that he sent me not to hell immediately, for
I should have stayed with them though I had been
cut to pieces."

Though not at Rullion Green, his name was included
amongst those against whom the doom of forfeiture
was pronounced by the Act of Parliament in 1669, as
participators in the outbreak.

About this time he had a wonderful deliverance.
He was riding with Welsh, the Laird of Glenover,
when they met a party of horsemen whom there was
no avoiding. The Laird was terrified, but Peden said,
" Keep up your courage, for God hath laid an arrest on

322 GALLOWAY AND

these men that they shall do us no harm." When they
met, they were courteous, and asked the way. Peden
went oS his road to show them the ford on the water
of Titt. When he returned, the Laird said, " Why
did you go? You might have let the lad go." " They
might have asked the lad questions and might have
discovered us," replied Peden. " As for me I knew
they would be like Egyptian dogs. They could not
move a tongue against me, my time not being yet
come."

Tradition records many of Peden's weary wander-
ings and marvellous and miraculous escapes during
the next seven years. In 1673, however, he was
arrested in the house of Hugh Ferguson of Knockdoon,
Colmonell, Ayrshire. Ferguson was fined a thousand
merks for sheltering him, and Peden was sent to the
Bass Eock, then the State prison, where he remained
till October, 1677, when he was transferred to
Edinburgh Tolbooth. Major Cowburn got £50 for
arresting him. In a petition to the Council on Novem-
ber 14th, 1678, Peden tells that he had lain in
Edinburgh Tolbooth for a long time, and asks per-
mission to go to Ireland, where he had formerly lived
for some years.

He was sentenced to be transported to Virginia.

Along with sixty others, he was sent from Leith in
the 6'^. Michael of Scarborough on the voyage to
London. It was a sad party that set sail from the
Scotch port. Peden, however, assured his fellow
passengers that they would be set at liberty, and, owing

THE COVENANTERS. 323

to some mismanagement in the arrangements, or, as
others state, through the good offices of Lord Shafts-
bm-y, they were all set free when they got to London.
Returning to Scotland in June, 1679, Peden at once set
himself to the work so dear to his heart. On the way
to Scotland, he waited a Sabbath at a Border village,
and kept himself retired till about the middle of the
day, when some of his friends told him they wera
waiting expecting him to preach. He said, " Let the
people go to their prayers. As for me I neither can
nor will preach this day, for our friends are fallen and
fled before the enemy at Hamilton, and they are
hashing and bagging them down, and their blood is
running like water." This was the 22nd of .June,
the day of the Covenanters' defeat at Bothwell.

When he arrived in Galloway, much of his time was
taken up praying earnestly for those taken prisoners
at Bothwell, for with prophetic vision he declared that
" the wild sea billows would be the winding sheet of
many of them." The vessel on which they were sent
to America was wrecked among the Orkney Islands,
and nearly two hundred and fifty souls found a watery
grave.

He also predicted his own death, and that his body
would be taken out of the grave again. " I shall die
in a few days," he said, " but having foretold many
things which will require some time before they are
verified, I will give you a sign which will confirm your
expectation that they shall as truly come to pass as
those you have already seen accomplished before your

324 GALLOWAY AND

eyos. I shall be decently buried by you, but if my
body is suffered to rest in the grave where you will lay
it, then I shall have been a deceiver, and the Lord hath
not spoken by me, whereas if the enemy come a little
time afterwards to take it up and carry it away to bury
it in an ignominious place, then I hope you will
believe that the God Almighty hath spoken by me,
and consequently shall not one word fall to the
ground."

Nothing is better authenticated than that when
John Brown of Priesthill and Marion Weir were
married by Peden, he turned to the latter and said,
" You have got a good man to be your husband, but
you will not enjoy him long. Prize his company and
keep linen by you to be his winding sheet, for you
will need it when you are not looking for it, and it
will be a bloody one."

This was in June, 1682. In the end of April, 1685,
he came to the house of this worthy couple and
remained for the night. In the morning, when taking
farewell, he muttered as if speaking to himself, " Poor
woman, a fearful morning, a dark misty morning,
poor woman!" Next morning, between six and seven
o'clock, Brown was shot by Claverhouse at his door
in presence of his young wife and children. Peden,
who had been out in the fields all that night, was then
eleven or twelve miles distant. Coming to a house in
the morning, he called the family together that he
might pray with them, and in the course of his prayer
he used these words, " Lord, when wilt thou avenge

THE COVENANTERS. 325

Brown's blood, and let Brown's blood be precious in
Thy sight." When he had finished, he was asked what
he meant. " What do I mean?" he replied. " Claver-
house has been at Priesthill this morning, and has
cruelly murdered John Brown. His corpse is lying
at the end of the house, and his poor wife is weeping
by it, and not a soul to speak comfort to her."

Many and varied were the prophecies of Peden that
literally came to pass; many the judgments he pro-
nounced that were fulfilled, and many the prayers he
breathed that seemed to be instantly answered. It has
been said by M 'Gavin in connection with his prophecies
that " sagacious foresight was made to have the appear-
ance of the prophetic spirit," and Dr. John Ker speaks
of " the keen insight of his sayings, which amounted
to foresight," but it requires something far above and
beyond all this to explain many of his prophecies which
undoubtedly happened as he foretold. There was the
prophecy of the martyrdom of John Brown, the
prophecy of his own burial, of his body being raised
again and re-buried, and the sign he spoke of in
connection with it. No sagacious foresight can
possibly account for these, and " although these things
are now made to yield to the force of ridicule, the
sarcasm of the profane, and the fashions of an
atheistical generation, yet one must conclude with the
spirit of God that the secrets of the Lord both have
been, are, and will be with them who fear His name." *

* Scots Worthies, article Peden, p. 517 of fourth edition.

326 GALLOWAY AND

After wandering about through Galloway and Ayr-
shire, he arrived back at his native parish, and near
the Lugar he had a cave dug with a willow bush
covering the mouth of it. This was not far from his
brother's house at Ten Shillingside, and for a while it
proved a safe retreat. At length, however, feeling his
end drawing near, he left the cave and went to his
brother's house, which was only a little distance from
Auchenleok House, the seat of the Boswells. His
brother and family, knowing that he was being
searched for, implored him to return to the cave.
" That," he said, " is discovered, but no matter, for
within forty-eight hours I shall be beyond the reach
of them all." A few hours after this, his pursuers
came, found the cave, but no one in it, and then
advanced to the house, expecting to find him there.
The family, however, had hid him, and the soldiers
did not discover him.

Peden died as he foretold on 26th January, 1680,
and was buried in the churchyard of Auchenleck, but
the soldiers came soon afterwards to the grave, broke
open the coffin, drew off his shirt, and threw it on a
neighbouring bush. They carried his body to Cum-
nock with the intention of hanging it on the gallows
tree, but the Earl of Dumfries told the officers in
command that the gallows had been erected for thieves,
robbers, murderers, and not for men like Peden. His
remains were accordingly buried beside it. This
ground afterwards became the burial-place for the

THE COVENANTERS. 327

parish, and a tombstone was erected over his remains,
with the following inscription: —

Here Lies

Mr. ALEXAISTDER PEDEN,

A Faithful Minister of the

Grospel sometime

of Glenluce

who departed this life

26th. of January 1686,

And was raised after six weeks

out of the grauf,

and buried here,

out of

Contempt.

MEMENTO MORI.

In 1891, a handsome monument of Aberdeen granite
was erected beside the grave, mainly through the
exertions of Mr. A. B. Todd, that Grand Old Man
of Covenanting lore. At the inauguration ceremony,
Mr. Todd said that the corroding tooth of time might
cause that granite pile to crumble into dust, " but even
though such should be the case, or though the thunder-
bolts of the sky should shiver it to pieces, still the
memory of Peden and of the martyrs of the Covenant
can never perish, for they are star-traced in the
heaveuB." The late Professor Blackie took a
prominent part in the proceedings.

328 GALLOWAY AND

The monument has the following inscription : —

In Memory
of

ALEXANDER PEDEN

(A Native of Som)

THAT FAITHFUL MINISTER OF CHRIST, WHO,
FOR HIS UNFLINCHING ADHERENCE TO THE
COVENANTED REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND, WAS
EXPELLED BY TYRANT RULERS FROM HIS PARISH
OF NEW LUCE, IMPRISONED FOR YEARS ON THE
BASS ROCK BY HIS PERSECUTORS, AND HUNTED
FOR HIS LIFE ON THE SURROUNDING MOUNTAINS
AND MOORS, TILL HIS DEATH ON 26th. JANUARY 16S6
IN THE 60th. YEAR OF HIS AGE, AND HERE
AT LAST, HIS DUST REPOSES IN PEACE, AWAITING
THE RESURRECTION OF THE JUST.

^' SUCH WERE THE MEN THESE HILLS WHO TRODE
STRONG IN THE LOVE AND FEAR OF GOD,
DEFYING THROUGH THE LONG DARK HOUR,
ALIKE THE CRAFT AND RAGE OF POWER."

ERECTED

IN

1891.

Peden was never married. His brother's descendants
towever are very numerous, and naturally take a great
interest in all that pertains to the history of Peden the
Prophet.

THE COVENANTERS. 329

CHAPTER XXXV.

LOCHENKIT — IRONGRAY.

Martyrs' tombstone to John Wallace, WiUiam Heron, John
Gordon, and William Stuart — Monument and inscription —
Story of their martyrdom — Edward Gordon and Alexander
M'Cubbin hanged at Irongray — Tombstone and inscription —
Robert Grierson banished to West Indies, and returns after
the Bevolution.

LocHENKiT is a small sheet of water in the parish of
Kirkpatrick-durham, in the Stewartry. About half
a mile to the west is a martyrs' tombstone, with the
following inscription: —

HERE LYES

Four martyrs, John Wallace, William
Heron, John Gordon, and William
Stewart, found out and shot dead
upon this place by Captain Bruce
and Captain Lag for their adhearing
to the Word of God, Christ's Kingly
Government in his house and the
Covenanted work of reformation
against Tyranny, Perjury, Prelacy,

2 March MDCLXXXV.

Rev. Chap. xii. ver. 11.

32

330 GALLOWAY AND

Behold
Here in this wilderness we lie
Four witnesses of hellish cruelty
Our lives and blood could not their ii-e assuage
But when we're dead they did against us rage
That match the like we think ye scarcely can
Except the Turk or Duke de Alva's men.

Repaired by the friends of civil and
religious Liberty.

Close by, a handsome monument has been erected
on an eminence that enables it to be seen from a great
distance. It is a square obelisk of gray granite,
surmounted by a hand pointing to Heaven. On the
side facing the martyrs' tombstone is the following
inscription: —

YONDER LIE

WILLIAM HERON FROM GLENCAIRN
JOHN GORDON \

WILLIAM STEWART [GALLOWAY
JOHN WALLACE J

MEN WHO WERE FOUND OUT AND SHOT
DEAD HERE 2nd MARCH 1685
BY CAPTAIN BRUCE FOR THEIR
ADHERENCE TO SCOTLANDS
COVENANTED REFORMATION.
TO COMMEMORATE THE
PRINCIPLES FOR WHICH THESE
MARTYRS SUFFERED THIS
MONUMENT IS ERECTED BY
SUBSCRIPTION AFTER SERMONS
1843.

THE COVENANTERS. 331

In February, 1685, Captain Bruce and a party of
dragoons, who had been hunting the hills and moors of
Galloway for Covenanters, came upon some at Lochen-
kit. Four of them, John Gordon, William Stewart,
William Heron, and John Wallace, were shot on the
spot. Two others, Edward Gordon and Alexander
M'Cubhin of Glencairn, were taken prisoners, and
carried to the Bridge of Urr, where Lagg was pressing
the abjuration oath upon the country people. These
two refused to take the oath, and Captain Bruce in-
terceded for them and desired that an Assize should
be called at once to try them. Lagg swore he would
seek no Assize, and in a bravado said that all who had
taken the oath had sworn these men's doom. The
Captain, however, got the matter put off till the
morning, and then they marched to Irongray, where
the two were hanged upon a growing tree near
Irongray Church, and left hanging for some time.
They were afterwards buried at the foot of the tree.
Just before his execution, M'Cubhin was asked by a
friend if he had any word to send to his wife. " I will
leave her and the two babes upon the Lord and to His
promise. A father to the fatherless and a judge of
the widows is God in His holy habitation." When
the person employed to carry out the sentence asked
his forgiveness, he replied, " Poor man, I forgive thee
and all men. Thou hast a miserable calling upon
earth."

A stone was afterwards erected to their memory,
with the following inscription: —

332 GALLOWAY AND

Here lyes Edward Go

rdon and Alexander

M'Cubine, Marty res

hanged without

Law by Lag and Cap.

Bruce for adhereing

To the word of God

Christ's Kingly Gover

ment in His House

And the covenanted

Work of Reformation

Against tyranny

Perjury and Prelacy

Rev. xii. 12. March 3. 1685.

As Lagg and bloodie

Bruce command
We were hung up by

Hellish hand
And thus the furio

Us rage to stay
We dyed near Kirk

Of Irongray.
Here now in peace
Sweet rest we take
Once murder'd for

Religion's sake.

Tradition tells us that the reason these men were
executed near Irongray Church was that it might be
within sight of Hallhill, then occupied by a family
named Ferguson, well known for their attachment to
the principles of the Covenanted Reformation. It was

THE COVENANTERS. 333

thought that the sight of the execution would over-awe
the Fergusons. It had quite the opposite effect. A
young daughter of the family came to the martyrs
when they were brought to the place of execution, and
tied a handkerchief over their eyes. For this she was
banished, and went to Lisbon, where she married a
carpenter, and lived to a ripe old age. It is said that
seventy years after the execution, on 1st November,
1755, the day of the great earthquake, when the city
was all but entirely destroyed, and when from thirty to
sixty thousand people lost their lives, she was sitting
on a plank by the riverside when the sea came up,
rising like a mountain. Multitudes of people were
swept back to a watery grave when it retired, but it
carried her on before it, and left her high and dry
on the land.

The two others who were taken prisoners were
banished to the West Indies. One of the two was
Robert Grierson, farmer, in Loehenkit. He had for
long been mourned as dead, but one night after the
Revolution, his wife thought she heard a footstep out-
side the house, and going to the door, the dog left her
and bounded forward. She heard a voice addressing
it, and said to herself, " If my husband had been alive,
I would have said that is he with the dog." In a few
minutes she was in his arms. He lived and died at
Loehenkit, and the late Rev. Alexander Grierson,
M.A., minister of the Free Church, Irongray, was
one of his descendantB.

Mr. James M'Cubbin, Ivy Lodge, Crawford, is a
descendant of Alexander M'Cubbin, and possesses his

334 GALLOWAY AND

Bible. Needless to say, it is carefully preserved. It
is a small folio, dated " Edinburgh. Printed by
Andro Hart, and are to be solde at his Buith, on the
North Side of the Gates, a little beneath the Crosse.
Anno Dom., 1610."

THE COVENANTERS. 335

CHAPTER XXXVI.

THE GORDONS OF AIRDS AND EARLSTON.

Earlston Castle— Bisciples of Wickliffe welcomed to Eailston —
Religions meetinga in Wood of Airds— Alexander Gordon,
refasing to receive curate at Dairy, is fined and banished to
ilontrose — Member of General Assembly of 1638 — The Bishop
unsuccessfully objects to him — Some of Rutherford's letters
addressed to his son William — William refuses to assist
Commission to settle curate at Irongray, and himself claims
the right of patronage — Indicted for conTenticle keeping
and banished — Returns to Scotland — Prepares to join
the Covenanters at Bothwell, but, being delayed, sends his
son and follows later — ]Srot knowing of the Covenanters'
defeat, he encounters a body of English dragoons at Crookit-
stone, and refusing to submit is killed — ^Buried in Glassford
churchyard — Monument to his memory and inscription — ^His
son's narrow escapes — Alexander Gordon elected by the
Societies to advocate their cause abroad — He is apprehended
while setting sail at Newcastle, and casts his papers over-
board — He is taken to London, sent to Scotland, and con-
demned to be beheaded — Intention to torture him to get
confessions and implicate others— Thrice reprieved, and then
sent to Bass Rock — The Revolution sets him free — Lady
EarUton's Soliloquies — Earlston a member of the Convention
which settled the Crown on William and Mary.

Earlston Castle occupies an attractive position in the
Glenkens of Galloway, and is the ancient home of
the Gordons of Earlston, who played a prominent part
in the troublous times in Galloway. They were indeed
among the first in Scotland to imbibe the tenets of the

336 GALLOWAY AND

Reformation. Some of the disciples of Wickliffe were
welcomed to Galloway by Alexander Gordon of Airds
about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and the
Gordons had a copy of the New Testament, which was
read at some of their meetings in the Wood of Airds.
At that time to have a copy of the sacred law wafil
illegal, and entailed severe punishment. Alexander
Gordon was a man of great size and strength. Living
in the same house with his son, grandchildren, and
great-grandchildren till he was over a hundred years
old, he became known as " The Patriarch." When the
Roman Catholics got an Act passed for the better
observance of Saint and other days, prohibiting all
labour, and enacting that beasts of burden, if em-
ployed, would be forfeited, he very shrewdly outwitted
the legislators by yoking one Christmas day ten of
his sons to the plough with the youngest as driver,
he himself holding the stilts, and thus turned over the
soil, breaking the law without forfeiting his team.
He had a family of eleven sons and nine daughters.
He died in 1580, and was succeeded by his son John.

In 1635, Sydeserf, the bishop of Galloway, ap-
pointed a curate to Dairy without consulting the
people. Alexander Gordon of Earlston, great-grand-
son of the Patriarch, refused to receive him, and was
summoned before the Diocesan Commission Court.
He failed to appear, was fined, and banished to Mon-
trose. Although he had the superintendence of Lord
Kenmure's Estate, and Lord Lome, one of Kenmure's
tutors, requested the remission of the sentence, the

THE COVENANTERS. 337

Bishop remained inexorable, and insisted oa it being
carried out. Ever afterwards, Gordon took an active
part with the Covenanters. He was appointed one of
the elders sent by the Presbytery of Kirkcudbright to
the Assembly of 1638. Along with Dickson of Irvine,
and Samuel Rutherfurd of Anwoth, he was objected
to by the bishops as incompetent because lying under
the censure of the Church. These three were heard in
their defence, and Argyle supported Earlston's state-
ment. The result was that the Assembly accepted the
defence, and the three took a prominent part in the
Assembly proceedings. Gordon was one of the Com-
missioners for the Stewartry in the Parliament of
1641. He and his son John were members of the
Covenanters' War Committee for the Stewartry. He
died in 1654, and John having predeceased him, he
was succeeded by his second son William.

It may be noted in passing that five of Rutherfurd's
letters are addressed to William. Indeed, as early as
1637, Rutherfurd thus admonished him: — " Sir, lay
the foundation thus, and ye shall not shrink nor be
shaken; make tight work at the bottom, and your ship
shall ride against aU storms; if withal your anchor be
fastened on good ground, I mean within the vail."

WiUiam was educated for the Church of Scotland.
When the Civil War broke out, he had command of
a company under Leslie. He was fined £3,500 for
his adherence to the Covenanters.

In 1663, when a commission was appointed to
enquire into the question of the settlement of curates

338 GALLOWAY AND

at Irongray aud Kirkcudbright, on account of the
opposition offered by the women of these places,
William Gordon was ordered by the commission to
assist the bishop in settling a curate at Dairy in room
of John M'Michan who was evicted. The letter is in
the following terms: —

" Kirkcudbright, 2l8t May, 1663.
" Sir;

" We doubt not but you heard, that the lords
of his Majesty's privy council have commissioned
us to come to this country, as to take course with
the seditious tumult raised in this place so as to
do everything that may contribute to the settling
of the peace here, and to be assisting to the Bishop
for the planting of other vacant churches, by the
withdrawing of the respective ministers: and
finding the church of Dairy to be one of those,
and that the bishop hath presented an actual
minister, Mr. George Henry, fit and qualified for
the charge, now being, according to the Act of
parliament, fallen into his hand, jure devoluto,
and that the gentleman is to come to your parish
this Sabbath next to preach to that people, and
that you are a person of special interest there;
according to the power and trust committed to us,
we do require you to cause his edict to be served,
and the congregation convene, and to countenance
him so as he be encouraged to prosecute his

THE COVENANTERS. 339

ministry in that Place. In doing whereof, as
you will witness your respect to authority so
oblige us to remain,

" Sir,

Your loving friends and servants,

" Linlithgow, Annandale,
"Galloway, Drumlanerk."

He replied that, as patron, he had with the approval
of the people already taken steps to secure " a truly
worthy and qualified person. I have ever judged it
safest to obey God, and stand at a distance from what-
somever doth not tend to God's glory and the edification
of the souls of his scattered people, of which this con-
gregation is a part. And besides, My Lords, it is
known to many that I pretend to lay claim to the right
of patronage of this parish and have already deter-
mined therein, with the consent of the people, upon a
truly worthy and qualified person and an actual
minister that he may be admitted to exercise his gifts
amongst that people; and for me to condescend to
countenance the bearer of your Lordship's letter were to
procure me most impiously and dishonourably to wrong
the majesty of God, and violently to take away the
Christian liberty of his afflicted people, and enervate
my own right." He was cited to appear before the
Council in July to answer for his seditious and factious
carriage, but nothing seems to have followed, and in

340 GALLOWAY AND

November following he was cited on a charge of
keeping conventicles and private meetings in his house,
" to answer for his contempt under pain of rebellion,"
and the following March an indictment was drawn
up against him, as follows: —

" That he had been at three several conventicles,
where Mr. Gabriel Semple, a deposed minister,
did preach, viz., one in Corsock Wood, and the
other two in the Wood of Airds, at all which there
were great numbers of people; that he did hear
Mr. Kobert Paton, a deposed minister, expound
a text of Scripture, and perform other acts of
Worship in his mother's house; and that Mr.
Thomas Thomson, another deposed minister, did
lecture in his own house to the family on a
Sabbath day; and that being required to enact
himself to abstain from all such meetings in time
coming, and to live peaceably and orderly conform
to law, he refused to do the same."

The punishment was : —

" To be banished, and to depart forth of the
kingdom within a month after date hereof, and
not to return under pain of death; and that he
enact himself to live peaceably and orderly during
the said month under the pain of ten thousand
pounds, or otherwise to enter his person in
prison."

THE COVENANTERS. 341

He seems to have gone into banishment for some
time, but after Pentland he was allowed to return to
Scotland.

Hearing of the rising after Drumclog, he prepared
to join the Covenanters, but was delayed by circum-
stances at home, and sent his son Alexander. He
collected some friends to go with him to join the
Covenanters, and as he was passing the Castle of
Threave with some of them, he said, " Gentlemen, I
was the man that commanded the party which took
this Castle from the late King, who had in it two
hundred of the name Maxwell, of whom the greatest
part being Papists, we put them all to the sword, and
demolished the Castle as you see it, and now (though
an old man) I take up arms against the son, whom
I hope to see go the same way that his father went,
for we can never put trust in a Covenant-breaker; so,
gentlemen, your cause is good — you need not fear to
fight against a foresworn king."

He was met at Crookitstone by a party of English
dragoons, and, unaware of the Covenanters' defeat at
Bothwell, he refused to be sworn, and was shot down.
Permission was denied to have him buried at Earlston,
and he was buried in the churchyard of Glassford, the
parish where he fell. A monument was erected shortly
afterwards, but the times were too troublesome for an
inscription to be put on it, and it remained without
one till 1772, as the inscription shows: —

342 GALLOWAY AND

To the memory of the very Worthy Pillar of the
church, Mr. William Gordon of Earliston in Gallo-
-way, shot by a partie of dragoons on his
way to Bothwellbridge, 22nd June 1679,
aged 65, inscribed by his great grand-
son, Sir John Gordon, Bart, 11 June, 1772.

Silent till now full ninety years hath stood,

This humble Monument of Guiltless Blood,

Tyranick Sway, forbad his fate to name

Least his known worth should prove the Tyrant's shame

On Bothwell road with love of Freedom fir'd

The tyrant's minions boldly him requir'd

To stop and yield, or it his life would cost.

This he disdained not knowing all was lost,

On which they fir'd. Heaven so decreed his doom.

Far from his own laid in this silent Tomb.

How leagu'd with Patriots to maintain the Cause

Of true RELIGIOUS LIBERTY and LAWS,

How learn 'd, how soft his manner, free from Pride,

How clear his Judgment, and how he liv'd and dy'd.

They well could tell who weeping round him stood.

On Strevan plains that drank his Patriot Blood.

REPAIRED

By Sir John Gordon, Bart.,

of Earlston.

His Representative.

1842.

Oa the other side of the monument, facing the road
that runs past the manse, are the lines —

IF A HARD FATE DEMANDS,

OR CLAIMS A TEAR,
STAY, GENTLE PASSENGER.

AND SHED IT HERE.

THE COVENANTERS. 343

His son, Alexander Gordon, had a narrow escape
after the battle. Riding through Hamilton, he was
recognised by one of his tenants and was persuaded
to dismount and disguise himself in female attire,
while the horse's harness was concealed in a dunghill.
In this disguise he betook himself to the rocking of
a cradle in which a child lay asleep, and so escaped
detection; but for several years afterwards he had to
remain in concealment. His house at Earlston was
made a garrison for the soldiers so that he durst not;
enter it, but he found a refuge in a small building in
the thickest part of the woods, not far from his home.

After Bothwell, he had many narrow escapes from
capture. On one occasion when troopers came to the
house, he hastily arrayed himself in the clothes of a
workman, and was busily employed cleaving wood with
the assistance of a female servant. The commander
asked the wood cleavers if Earlston was within, and
receiving an answer in the negative, ordered Gordon
to throw down his axe and assist in the search. Hei
complied with an air of indifference as if it were all
the same to him whether he was splitting firewood or
searching for fugitives. He conducted them through
the house, but their search was in vain.

On another occasion he escaped detection by
climbing an enormous oak tree, to which he had a rope
attached for the purpose, and hiding among its leafyi
branches.

In 1680, the Government made the rising at Both-
well a pretext for persecuting all who refused to
conform to Episcopacy. Galloway was the first to

344 GALLOWAY AND

suffer. On 18th February, Patrick M'DQuall of
Freugh, William Ferguson of Kaitlock, William
Gordon, elder, and Alexander Gordon, younger, of
Earlston, James Gordon, younger, of Craichlaw,
William Gordon of Culvennan, Patrick Dunbar of

Machermore, and M'Ghie of Larg were called

before the Justiciary Court, and hired witnesses having
deponed to their accession to the rebellion, they wera
found guilty, and ordered to be executed when taken,
and their property confiscated to his Majesty's use.
William Gordon of Earlston had been killed after the
action, but the prosecution was conducted against him,
that his estates might be forfeited. Alexander Gordon
and his wife retired to Holland for some time,,
returning in 1681 .

At a general meeting of the Societies, originally
formed to oppose the Test Act, on March 15th, 1682,
Alexander Gordon was elected to go to foreign nations
to represent their case to the Reformed Churches there.
Supplied with money collected by the Societies to
defray the expenses, he went by London to the Nether-
lands.

Earlston was soon associated with Sir Robert Hamil-
ton, who was brother to the Laird of Preston, to whose
sister Earlston was married, and they seem to have
been stationed at Leeward en in Fries-land. One result
of their labours was that James Renwick went over to
Holland, finished his studies for the ministry, and
received ordination.

In 1683, Earlston returned home, and at the eighth
general meeting of the Societies, held in Edinburgh on

THE COVENANTERS. 345

May 8th, he gave an account of his lahours, greatly
to the satisfaction of those present.

He was again elected to be sent abroad, and set sail
from Newcastle for Holland, but just as the ship was
leaving, it went aground and some officers came on
board, and challenged Earlston and his servant,*
travelling under the names of Alexander Pringle and
Edward Livingstone. For some reason, they threw
their papers overboard, and the officers, expecting great
discoveries from these, recovered them at great trouble
and danger. Earlston and his servant were sent to
London, but nothing of any importance was found in
their papers.

Soon afterwards, Earlston was sent back to Scotland,
and was examined by the Council again and again to
see if he had any connection with the Ryehouse Plot,
but nothing was found against him. At last, on 21st
August, they condemned him to be beheaded at the
Cross on the 28th. After sentence, the idea of torture
suggested itself to the Council, but they were in a
difficulty as to whether there was law for torturing a
criminal under sentence of death. As there were only
three members in Edinburgh, they wrote to London
for guidance. A month passed before the answer came
that, although he could not be put to torture for
matters relating to the cause for which he was con-
demned, yet he might be tortured with respect to
conspiracies and crimes that had happened since.
Accordingly, the Council met to examine him, with

* Edward Aitken. See page 209.
*3

346 GALLOWAY AND

the instrument of torture standing by, but it was
not applied, as he satisfied them he would be more full
in his answers without the torture than with it. The
answers contained nothing that implicated either
Earlston or the Society People in any attempt against
the King.

On November 23rd, another letter came from the
King, ordering the Council to put him to the torture,
but when ho was brought in and ordered to the boots,
he became furious and tossed the soldiers about the
room, to the terror of the Council, who bolted till he
was secured. Physicians declared that he was too ill
to undergo torture, and he was afterwards reprieved
three times, and in May was sent to the Bass where
he was kept till the Revolution set him free.

His wife, Janet Hamilton, daughter of Sir Thomas
Hamilton of Preston, was no ordinary woman. She
was a correspondent of James Renwick, and many of
his letters were addressed to her. Her religious
meditations have been frequently published under the
title of Lady Earlston' s Soliloquies.

Earlston was a member of the Scottish Convention
which declared the Throne vacant, and settled the
Crown on William and Mary. He became the com-
mander of the Stewartry Militia, commissioner of
supply, and lived till after 1726.

THE COVENANTERS. 347

CHAPTER XXXVH.

THE M'MILLANS.

William M'Millan. of Caldow persecuted and becomes fugitive —
Goes to Ireland — Licensed to preach — ^Arrested in Galloway —
Extract from Kirkcudbright Burgh Becords, showing an
order for his removal to Edinburgh Tolbooth — Imprisoned
at Dumfries for thirty-five months without any charge —
Liberated — ^Failing to appear is denounced rebel — ^Arrested
and taken to Wigtown — Sent to Kirkcudbright and then to
Dumfries Castle — Imprisoned in Edinburgh and afterwards
at Dnnottar.

William M'Millan of Caldow, in the parish of
Balmaclellan, after the re-introduction of Prelacy, was
persecuted by Mr. Robert Moir, curate of Bal-
maclellan, assisted by Sir James Turner. He was
obliged to leave his mother's house for mere non-
conformity, and to live as a fugitive. He took no part
in the Dairy rising, yet Sir William Bannantyne
quartered his men upon his family, apprehended him-
self, and kept him prisoner for some time in the house
of Earlston then held as a garrison. His goods and
furniture were seized, notwithstanding he had given
bond for £1,000 to answer for anything that could be
laid to his charge. He went frequently to Ireland to
escape persecution, and was prevailed upon by the
Presbyterian ministers of the County of Down to
qualify as a minister, and was licensed to preach about

348 GALLOWAY AND

the year 1673. When in the most peaceable manner he
was preaching in Galloway, he was informed against
by the prelates, and the Earl of Nithsdale sent two
of his militia troop — Alexander Maxwell, afterwards
of Cowheath, and William Glendoning of Parton —
with some other violent Papists, who seized him and
carried him to Kirkcudbright. The following extract
regarding him is taken from the Burgh Eecords of
Kirkcudbright : —

" At Kirkcudbright, the 13th day of November,
1676. The quhilk day, Thomas Lidderdaill of
St. Marie's Isle, Stewart deput of the Stewartrie
of Kirkcudbright, presented to Samuel Carmont,
ane of the bailzies of the said Burgh ane order
direct from the Lords of his Majestie's Privie
Counsell, Quhairby the said Lords doe ordaine
Maister William M'Millan, ane noted keiper of
field conventicles, now prisoner in the tolbooth
of the said Burgh of Kirkcudbright, to be trans-
ported to the tolbooth of Edinburgh. And for
that effect, grants order and warrand to the
Stewart of the Stewartrie of Kirkcudbright and
his deputes, within the boundes of whose juris-
dictione he is incarcerat, to tak the said Mr.
William M'Millan into his custodie, and to carrie
him prisoner to the Sheriff of the next adjacent
shyer, and so furth from shyer to shyer till he
be brought prisoner to the said tolbooth of Edin-
burgh. And ordaines the Magistrates of Edin-
burgh to receive and detain him prisoner therein

THE COVENANTERS. 349

until further order: as the said order subscribed
by Mr. Alexander Gibson, and datit at Edin-
burgh the elevint day of October, now last bypast.
Conforme and in obedience quhairunto the said
Thomas Lidderdaill, Stewart-deput, hes received
from the said Samuel Carmont, Bailzie, the said
Master William M'Millan furth of the said
tolbooth of Kirkcudbright, and the said Stewart
deput hath delyvered him to William Herries of
Cloik, conform to ane order direct from Robert,
Lord Maxwell, principal Stewart. And the said
William Herries with his partie, is to convey the
said Mr. William M'Millan to the Sherff of
Nithisdaill or his deput, who is the next adjacent
Sherff; and to get ane ressait of him from them,
for the said principal Stewart and his deput, their
exoneratione. As witness their following sub-
scriptions.

" Tho. Liddekdaill,

William Herries."

He was taken to Dumfries, where he was kept
prisoner without a charge for nearly three years.
After many applications to the Council, he was
liberated. He was cited to the first Circuit at Dum-
fries after Bothwell for reset and converse. He failed
to appear, and at the Cross of Dumfries was denounced
rebel and fugitive, and his goods confiscated to the
King's use. He was obliged to lurk many months in
the open fields, to the injury of his health, which at
best was infirm. Those hardships brought on fever.

350 GALLOWAY AND

and when still suffering from it, lie was, with his
infirm wife, dragged by the soldiers to the Court at
Dumfries. Refusing the Test, he was ordered to be
carried to Wigtown to abide trial there. The soldiers
forced him to walk till he fainted, and when he fell
down they seized a young wild colt and set him upon
it, without saddle or anything under him, to the great
danger of his life. At Wigtown he had no lodging
but the open guard house, without any bed for eight
days, and no place to retire to. When the Lords came
to Wigtown, he petitioned that he might not have the
guards continually about him, or that he might be
allowed to give bond to appear at Edinburgh, but both
were refused. From Wigtown he was sent to Kirk-
cudbright, where Lagg, by orders, as he said, from
Queensberry, threatened him most severely if he would
not take the Test. He refused, and was sent to
Dumfries Castle, where he was detained with others
from 22nd October till 22nd November. On 22nd
November they were carried to Moffat Kirk, where
they lay all night cold and wet, and then they werei
taken to Leith. By order of the Council, M'Millan
and thirty-four more were distributed to several
prisons in Edinburgh. About 18th May the following
year, they were sent to Dunottar.

A petition was presented to the Privy Council by
" Grizel Cairns and Alison Johnstone in behalf of
Mr. William M'Millan and Robert Young, wright in
Edinburgh, their husbands, and the rest of the
prisoners," setting forth the lamentable condition in
which the prisoners were kept. The Privy Council

THE COVENANTERS. 351

gave orders to the Deputy Governor " to permit meat
and drink and other necessaries to be brought in to
the petitioners at the ordinary easy rates, and to allow
the said Mr. William M'Millan and Kobert Young a
distinct room from the rest."

It would seem that M'Millan took the Oath of
Allegiance, and was liberated on an undertaking to
appear when called on, under penalty of five thousand
merks.

Professor Reid asks the question, " Is Caldow an
error for Caldons?" There is a stone in Minnigaff
churchyard which refers to " James M'Millan and
Anthony, his son, in Caldons," Caldons, of course,
being in Minnigaff parish. It would appear that the
M'Millans were connected with both places, for we
find that, on 10th June, 1674, William M'Millan of
Caldonis had principal sasine of the land of Caldow
in BalmacleUan, and in 1682, Thomas, probably the
son of William, was owner.

The famous John M'Millan was connected with the
same family. On the fly-leaf of an old copy of the
Confession of Faith, in the possession of Mr. John
M'Millan, Glenhead, the following names have been
written, evidently as a f amity register: —

(1) (part destroyed), born 1664.

(2) JohnM'MiUan, do., 1682.

(3) James M'Millan, do., 1692.

(4) Mary M'Millan, do., 1715.

It has been suggested that this John may have been
the future minister, but this is extremely doubtful.

352 GALLOWAY AND

He is believed to have been born at Barncaughla in
Minnigaff parish in 1669, and he became minister of
Balmaghie in 1701. He had, while a student, joined
" the Societies," and he presented a Statement of
Grievances to the Presbytery in 1703, complaining
that The Solemn League and Covenant was ignored,
and that the Church's freedom was invaded by the
State. He was deposed, but continued to occupy the
church. He became the pastor of " The Societies,"
and for nearly half a century discharged the oneroua
duties with matchless zeal and unsurpassed fidelity.
Some of the chief incidents of his life may be gleaned
from the following inscription on his monument at
Dalserf churchyard: —

East side: —

A public tribute to the memory of the Rev. John Macmillan,
minister of Balmaghie in Galloway, and afterwards first
minister to the United Societies in Scotland, adhering at
the Revolution to the whole Covenanted Reformation in
Britain and Ireland, attained between 1638 and 1649. An
exemplary Christian ; a devoted minister ; and a faithful
witness to the Cause of Christ : died December First,
1753, aged eighty-four.

"Look unto Abraham your father; for I called him
alone, and blessed him and increased him." — Isa.

li. 2.

North side: —

Mr. Macmillan acceded to the Societies in 1707. The
Reformed Presbytery was constituted in 1743; and the
Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Scotland
in 1811.

"Hitherto hath the Lord helped us."— I. Sam. vii. 13.

THE COVENANTERS. 353

South side: —

Erected at the grave of Mr. Macmillan by the inhabitants
of the surrounding Country of all denominations, who
testified their respect to his much venerated memory, by
attending and liberally contributing at a Sermon Preached
on the spot, September eighth, 1839, by the Rev. A.
Symington, D.D., Paisley.

" Why should not my countenance be sad, when the
city, the place of my fathers' sepulchres, lieth
waste."— Nehemiah ii. 3.

West side: —

Mr. Macmillan was succeeded in the ministry by his son, the
Rev. John Macmillan of Sandhills, near Glasgow, who
died February Sixth, 1808, aged seventy-nine ; and by his
grand-son, the Rev. John Macmillan, of Stirling, who
died October Twentieth, 1818, aged sixty-eight. These
preached the same Gospel, and ably advocated the same
public cause, adorning it with their lives, and bequeathing
to it their Testimony and the Memory of the Just.

"Instead of thy fathers should be thy children." —
Psalm xli. 16.

In Balmaghie ohurch a memorial brass has been
erected, bearing the following inscription: —

To the Glory of God
and in memory of
JOHN MACMILLAN, A.M..
Born at Barncauchlaw, Minnigaff, 1669 :
Ordained minister of the Parish of Balmaghie ITOl :
Accepted the Pastorate of the United Societies 1706 :
Which office he laboriously discharged for 47 years :
Died at Broomhill, Bothwell, 1753. Buried in
Dalserf Churchyard.

"A Covenanter of the Covenanters:

A Father of the Reformed Presbyterian Church :

A Faithful Minister of Jesus Christ."

This Tablet is placed here by his Great-great-grandson,

John Grieve, M.D., Glasgow, 1895.

354 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

THE STEWARTRY WAR COMMITTEE.

I7ames of Committee and of those who received theii instructions
— CommisBioners — Gold and silver plate surrendered for the
cause — ^List of those delivering up silver work with details —
Assessment imposed, and crops valued — Valuers — ^Definition
of " cold covenanter " — ^Reports by members of Committee
of cold covenanters in their respective parishes.

When the Covenanters found it necessary to resort to
arms, a War Committee was formed, and the chief
covenanting nobleman in each county was placed at
the head of his regiment with the title of " Crowner,"
and the principal gentry were appointed to act under
him. The Minute Book of the War Committee of the
Covenanters in the Stewartry in the year 1640-41 has
been published, and affords much interesting in-
formation. The records show that the following
gentlemen acted on the Committee or received their
instructions: — Sir Patrick M'Kie of Larg; John,
third Viscount Kenmure; Alexander Gordon of Earls-
ton; John Macghie of Balmaghie; William Grierson
of Bargalton; Kobert M'Clelland, first Lord Kirk-
cudbright; John Lennox elder of Cally, and Alexander
Lennox, his son; John FuUerton of Carelton; John
Gordon of Cardoness; Lord Galloway; John Mac-
knaoht of Kilquhennatie; Robert Maxwell of Cavence;

THE COVENANTERS. 355

Richard Muir of Cassincarrie (some of these received
instructions to arrange about providing horses for the
troops, with arms, etc.); John Cutlar of Orroland,
John Reddick of Dalbeattie; William Gordon of
Sherness; William Gordon of Kirkconnel; Thomas
M'Clellane of CoUyn; Lancelot Grier of Dalskearthe;
George Glendonyng in Mochrum; David Arnot of
Barcaple; William Glendonyng, late Provost of Kirk-
cudbright; Alexander Gordon of Knockgray; Alex-
ander Gordon of Garlarge; Robert Gordon of Knock-
brex; John Ewart, bailie of Kirkcudbright; William
Lyndsay in Fairgirthe; Hew Maxwell in Mersheid;
and Robert Gordon, brother germane to John Gordon
of CaronneU. Commissioners were appointed to the
different parishes on behalf of the Committee to
recover payment for the soldiers and otherwise to carry
out the Committee's instructions, and the following
are the names of some of the commissioners: — Thomas
Roney of Irongray, Commissioner for that parish;
William Lindsay for Colvend and the Suddick; Robert
Maxwell of Cavence for Lochrutton; John Stewart of
Shambellie for New Abbey; John Charters of Barne-
cleuche for Terregles; John Brown for Troqueer;
Hugh Maxwell in Torrorie for Kirkbean; David
Cannon of Knocks for Buittle.

The Committee were charged with the raising of
funds, and those who supported them had to lend what
money they had, and when this was not suiBcient they
had to hand in whatever gold and silver plate and
silver work they possessed, and among those who are
entered as delivering up silver work, the weight and

356 GALLOWAY AND

details of which are given, are the following: — John
Lennox of Kellie; Robert Gordon of Knockbrex;
George Glendonyng, Mochrum ; Grissell Gordon, spouse
of Umqle, minister of Urr; Marione M'Clellane, wyff
of late James Ramsay (ordained to present her Bairnes
silver work, and that notwithstanding of any reasones
proponit in the contrair); Erlistoun; Alex. Gordon,
Carstraman; Kirkconnell; Dabtoun — Andro Chalmers
of Watersyde — John Charters of Barnacleuche; Robert
Gordon of Knockbrex, in name of Mrs. Gordon of
Robertoun; George Livingston of Quintenespie; John
FuUarton of Carletoun; William Grierson of Bargal-
toun; Lady Cardyness for her husband.

As a local writer remarks, great indeed must have
been the enthusiasm, and equally great the necessity,
that called for such sacrifice.

A regular assessment was also imposed, and crops
were formally valued to ascertain the proportion pay-
able by the owner to the War Fund.

Among those appointed as valuers of crops we find
the following: — John Martin in Newtoun; Gilbert
Rain in Bishopton; William Rain there; John Robe-
son; Robert Conquhar in Balgreddan; Donald Wilson
in Halkit, Leaths; John Maxwell in Guffogland;
Roger Morrisone in Cassillgour; Adam Wright in
Dundrennan; John Cultrain and James Malcolm
there; William Martin of DuUarg; William Gordon
in Crachie; Alexander M'Kill in Arnemabbock; and
Fergus Neilson in Glenlair; William Clinton in Carle-
ton; John Shaw; John M'Dowall in Barholm; and
Thomas Robeson, Maltman, in Kirkcudbright.

THE COVENANTERS. 357

This Committee carried out its operations in a
thorough, business-like manner, and was undoubtedly
the best organised in Scotland.

The following excerpt from one of the Minutes
shows that they kept an eye on every person in the
Stewartry: —

" The quhilk day, the Committee foirsaid finds
and declares ane cold covenanter to be suche ane
persone quha does not his dewtie in everie
thing committed to his charge, thankfullie and
willinglie, without compulsion for the further-
ance of the publict.

" The quhilk day, Alexander Gordon of Knock-
grey, Captain of the parochen of Carsfarne,
declares no cold or uncovenanters within that
parochen.

"Alexander Gordon of Erlistone declares no
cold or uncovenanters to be within the parochen
of Dairy, whereof he is Captain, except Johne
Newall.

" Alexander Gordon of Gairlarg, Captain of the
parochen of Kelles, declares no cold or uncoven-
anters to be within the said parochen of Kelles.

" William Gordon of Shirmers, Captain of the
parochen of Balmaclellan, declares no cold or
uncovenanters within his parochen.

" George Glendonyng of Mochrum, Captain of
the parochen of Partone, declares the lyke.

" George Livingstone, Captain of the parochen
of Balmaghie, declares the lyke.

358 GALLOWAY AND

" William Gordon of Kirkconnell, Captain of
the parochess of Buittle, Corcemichael, and others,
declares no cold or uncovenanters within his
bounds except John Maxwell of Mylnetone,
William Maxwell of Midkeltone, Gilbert Max-
well of Slognaw, Mr. Patrik Adamsone, sum-
tyme Minister at Buittle, Mr. James Scott,
symtyme Minister at Tungland, George Tait,
Paul Keddik, Johne Browne of MoUance, Robert
Browne, his brother, Johne Maxwell of Colignaw,
James Maxwell of Brekansyde, Thomas M'Gill
of Keltone.

" William Lindsay, Captain of the paroches of
Colvend and Suthik, declares that no cold or non-
covenanters within these parochess, except James
Lindsay of Auchenskeoch; Andro Lindsay, his
sone, Robert Lindsay, his sons, Charles Lindsay,
his oy *; Johne Lindsay of Wachope; Charles
Lindsay, his uncle; Lancelot Lindsay, brother
naturall to Wachope; Johne Lindsay, his brother
naturall; Roger Lindsay of Maynes; Johne and
James Lindsayes, his sones; Charles Murray of
Barnhurrie; David Lindsay, sone to James Lind-
say of Fairgirthe; Richard and William Herreiss,
brethren to Robert Herreis of Barnebaroche; and
the said Robert, late covenanter.

" Robert Maxwell of Cavens, Captain of the
parochen of Lochruttone, declares no cold or un-
covenanters within his bounds except Edward

* Grandson.

THE COVENANTERS. 359

Maxwell of Hills; WiUiam Maxwell, his eone;
Alexander Maxwell, his naturall sone; Lady
Auchenfranko; Richard Herreis, hir sone;
Edward Maxwell, callit of Carswada; Gudewyfe
of Hills; and John Welshe in Langwodheid.

" Johne Cutlar of Orroland, Captain of the
Parochen of Rerrik, declares no cold or un-
covenanters within his bounds except Robert Max-
well of Orchardtone; William Makclellane of
Airds; William Makclellane of Overlaw; Robert
Maxwell of Culnachtrie; Harie Lindsay of Ros-
carrell; John Makclellane of Gregorie; William
Makclellane of Meirfield.

" Lancelot Grier, Captain of the Parochen of
Troqueer, declares no cold or uncovenanters within
his bounds, except Johne Maxwell of Kirk-
connell; Elizabeth Maxwell, his mother; Helene
Maxwell, Lady Mabie; John Herreis of Mabie,
hir sone.

" Captain of the Parochen of Newabbay de-
clares no cold or uncovenanted within his bounds,
except James Maxwell of Littlebar.

" Captain of the Parochen of Kirkbeane de-
clares the lyke, except Johne Sturgeon of
Torrerrie; Johne Sturgeon in Cowcorse.

" James Smithe, Captain of the Parochen of
Irongrey, declares no non-covenanters within his
bounds.

" Johne Reddik of Dalbeattie, Captain of the
Parochen of Urr, declares the lyke.

360 GALLOWAY AND

" Koger Maknacht of Killquhenatie, Captain
of the Parochen of Kirkpatrick, declares the lyke.

" Johne FuUartone of Carletone declares the
lyke.

" David Arnot of Barcaple declares the lyke.

" Kichard Muir of Cassincarrie declares the
lyke."

THE COVENANTERS. 361

CHAPTER XXXIX.

ANDREW FORSYTH.

Blames his father for harbouring Covenanters — Meets Eenwick —
Throws in his lot with the Covenanters — Father's opposition
— Leaves home — Adventures and escapes — Returns to Kirk-
cowan after the Revolution.

Andrew Forsyth, the Galloway drover, belonged to
the parish of Kirkcowan, where his father was a
farmer. Andrew had once regarded the non-con-
formists as fanatics and rebels, but he did not take
any part in persecuting or informing against them,
particularly as his father sympathised with the
Oovenanters, and frequently afforded them shelter.
One day a conventicle had been dispersed in the neigh-
bourhood of Newton Stewart, and the preacher and two
others sought safety in Andrew's father's house.
Andrew was out at the time, but when he returned he
was much displeased to find the fugitives there, and
blamed his father for receiving them and exposing
himself to persecution. His father replied that he
could not find it in his heart to put them away, adding
that he was sure they would make a favourable im-
pression on him. Andrew scouted the idea of such a
thing, but agreed to meet them, and the demeanour of
the youngest arrested his attention. " His countenance
was fair, and suffused with a sweet placidity. His

24

362 GALLOWAY AND

voice was soft and plaintive. His conversation cheer-
ful and full of heavenliness. No man could look on
him without loving him." This was James Renwick,
and after hearing him, Andrew became another man,
and soon afterwards resolved to join the Covenanters.
On returning home from a conventicle, he informed
his father of his resolution but, to his surprise, he met
with the strongest opposition. His father by this time
had become a suspected person through harbouring
the intercommuned, and his laird had let him know
that, unless he desisted, he would have to go. He,
therefore, raised every objection to his son's proposal,
but in vain. The laird had threatened to eject the
father, and now the father threatened to eject the son.
Andrew resolved to move to a distance, so that no
injury might come to his father through him, and he
got employment as a shepherd at Glenlee. He soon
became prominent on the side of the Covenanters, and
Avas in consequence sought after by the persecutors.
On one occasion he was at Fingland when a party of
dragoons came to his house in search of him, and as he
was returning, he met them in the moor. Escape was
impossible, so he assumed an air (of indifference, and
asked if they were in search of the drover. They
replied that they were, and he then informed them that
he had seen him a short time before at Fingland.
They galloped off without further enquiry, and he at
once sought a place of safety till they had left the
neighbourhood. After this he formed a retreat in the
heart of a great moss, to which he retired in time of
danger.

THE COVENANTERS. 363

He was ultimately taken by surprise in the farm
house one night, and placed on horseback behind one
of the troopers, his feet tied together below the horse's
belly with a straw rope. The night was dark and the
track extremely rough. With the violent motions of
the horse in leaping the ditches, the rope broke and
Andrew's feet were free. Immediately afterwards, the
horse fell, and the two riders were thrown to the
ground, but the darkness prevented the others, who
were in advance, from seeing what had happened, and
Andrew made good his escape. He then found a
retreat near Fingland.

He attended a conventicle held by Mr. Eenwick,
and as it was dispersing, the troopers arrived on the
scene. Andrew fled, but was fired at and wounded in
the arm. He managed to escape, and found a hiding
place in the moss. Shortly afterwards, a flock of sheep
losing their way in the mist came near him, followed
by two shepherds, to whom he made known his
situation, and they gave him every assistance. He
had several narrow escapes after this, and at the time
of the Revolution he was hiding in the house of a
shepherd named Ker, who was himself a Covenanter,
When peace was restored, he returned to KirkeowaUr
and lived there to an advanced age.

364 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XL.

PATRICK LAING.

Patrick Laing— John Ferguson of Weewoodhead— John Clark-
Escape from Edinburgh prison — Samuel Clark — John Fraser
— John Clement — John Dempster — Eetribution — David
M'Briar— Bailie Mnirhead of Dumfries— M'Eoy of Half Mark
— The Gordons of Largmore — ^Renwick in Galloway — ^His
adventures and escapes — M'Lurg shoots a spy and wields
the Galloway Flail — Kirkcudbright Burgh Records — Robert
M'Whae — The Kirkandrew Martyr — Alexander Linn — Craig-
moddie, Kirkcowan.

Patrick Laing of Blagannoch, born 1641, enlisted in
the Scots Grey, but, although serving the King, his
sympathies were with the Covenanters. He was sent
with his company to arrest certain Covenanters who
had fled to the north of England. He was not success-
ful, and it was whispered that the affair had been
mismanaged, and that he was to blame. He was
arrested, tried, and sentenced to banishment. Repre-
sentations were made on his behalf, and ultimately he
was liberated after much suffering. He retired to the
Olenkens, where he soon came under the notice of Lagg
through professing covenanting principles and not
attending the services of the curates. Many efforts
were made to apprehend him. Simpson narrates that
on one occasion he was returning home leading hisi
pony, with a load of meal across its back, when he

THE COVENANTERS. 365

noticed a party of dragoons approaching. He at once
dropped the meal, mounted the pony, and fled along
the moor. The dragoons followed. Laing made for
the foot of a precipice called Lorg Craig. It seemed
impossible that any man could climb it, but he made
the attempt and succeeded. When he reached the top
he gave three loud cheers in mockery of his pursuers,
for he knew that they durst not attempt to scale th&
dangerous height. He was declared an outlaw, and
retired to the north of Scotland. He returned to the
Glenkens, and died at Cleuchfoot at the age of eighty-
five, and was buried in the old churchyard of Kirk-
connell.

JOHN FERGUSON OF WEEWOODHEAD.

John Ferguson of Weewoodhead, in Carsphairn
parish, was at Pentland, mounted on a Galloway pony.
He fled, but the pony, wearied with the fatigue of the
previous days, was not making such speed as a man
fleeing for life would desire. A riderless horse be-
longing to the pursuers galloped up, and Ferguson at
once mounted it, and made rapid progress, avoiding
the direct road home. While his horse was drinking
in the water of Clyde, he was surprised to find that his
own pony, now able to go quicker from being free of
a rider, galloped up to him, and thence followed him
home.

On one occasion he was working at the hay in a
meadow alongside the Lane of Carsphairn, when he
noticed at some distance a company of troopers
approaching. He at once plunged into a deep pool,

366 GALLOWAY AND

and kept his head above the water among some bushes.
The troopers searched, but were not successful in
finding him.

JOHN CLARK— ESCAPE FROM EDINBURGH PRISON.

John Clark of Carsphairn is supposed to be the
John Clark mentioned as a frequent companion of
Peden. Once when the two were hiding in a cave in
■Galloway, and had had no food for some time, Peden
said, " John, better be thrust through with a sword
than pine away with hunger. The earth and the ful-
ness thereof belongs to my Master, and I have a right
to as much of it as will keep me from fainting in His
service. Go to such a house and tell them plainly that
I have wanted food so long, and they will give it
willingly." John did as requested, and the food was
readily supplied.

Cannon of Mardrochat frequently lodged informa-
tion against Clark. On one occasion, Clark and John
Fraser of Upper Holm of Dalquhirn, were concealed
in Straquhanah Cave, in the upper valley of the Ken,
when word was taken to Lagg at Carsphairn, and
he at once sent troopers to apprehend them. The
approach of the dragoons was obseTved, and the two
fled. They noticed a man mowing, and as the pursuers
were at that moment out of sight, they hid themselves
beneath the long rows of the new out grass. The
soldiers hurried through the fields, and pressed on in
pursuit.

Clark, Fraser, and others were subsequently captiu'ed
and sent to Edinburgh. There the jails were full,

THE COVENANTERS. 367

and Clark and others were accordingly imprisoned in
the upper storey of a neighbouring house. The wife
of one of them contrived to effect their escape. Having
seen the place where they were kept, she bought a)
rope strong enough to sustain the weight of one man,
and this she coiled as closely together as possible and)
placed it in the heart of a quantity of curds which
she formed into an ordinary sized cheese. This she
carried to Edinburgh, and had it conveyed to her
husband. It was received with much thankfulness,
and of course the rope was found and its purpose
instantly understood. The prisoners watched their
opportunity, and, fixing the rope, speedily descended
to the street. The heaviest of the party came last, as
it was feared the rope might break under his weight.
This indeed happened, but those beneath broke his
fall as weU as they could by stretching out their arms
to catch him, but he was so seriously injured that he
was unable to walk. They carried him to a cottage
and left him there, while they themselves fled to the
south. He was unfortunately discovered, and it is
said was executed the same day.

SAMUEL CLARK.
Samuel Clark of New Luce was one of Peden's flock,
and often accompanied him in his wanderings among
the wilds of Galloway. On one occasion, on the
dispersion of a conventicle, when numbers of the
worshippers were seized, Clark escaped and fled to a
friend's house, where he resided for some time, but
the soldiers found this out, and he was obliged to flee

368 GALLOWAY AND

again. He ran in the direction of Cairnsmore, from
the summit of which the greater part of Galloway can
be seen. He was pursued by the troopers, and being
out of their sight for a moment, he crept in among the
heather to hide himself. The horsemen advanced,
spreading themselves out that they might not miss
him. The main body passed the spot without noticing
him, but a single man, slower in his movements than
the rest, happened to ride up to the spot where Clark
lay. His eyes caught sight of his legs, but he merely
touched him gently on the feet, saying, " Creep further
in for your limbs are seen."

On another occasion, Clark had been at a meeting
at Irlington when the troopers appeared and he was
pursued. At length, wearied out with fatigue and
want of food, he sat down beside a bush, and, taking
off his bonnet, addressed the great Preserver of life
in the following strain, " Oh Thou, who didst shield
Thy servant Peden in the day of his distress when he
called upon Thee, and didst throw over him and me,,
Thy unworthy follower, the misty covering which hid
us from the face of our pursuers, hide me now in thei
hollow of Thine hand from my enemies who are
hunting for my life." The soldiers came up, but they
passed by the other side of the bush, and thus his
prayer was answered.

Hearing that Mr. Peden was at Sorn, he longed to
see him, and set out from his residence in the wilds of
Galloway. As he approached his destination, he
encountered a company of Claverhouse's troopers who
seized him on suspicion as a rebel. They lodged

THE COVENANTERS. 369^

during the night in the Kirk of Sorn, indicating that'
he would be executed next day. In the early hour&
of the morning he heard a great tumult outside the
church, and the soldiers made off. He began to look
round him, and, seeing no soldiers guarding the church,
he stole out and fled with all speed. It appears that
the soldiers had heard of a conventicle being held in
the neighbourhood, and in their eagerness to get to it
they had either forgotten their prisoner or thought
he would be safe till they returned. Clark was often
pursued among the hills, but he evaded his foes, hiding
in the glens and caves of Upper Galloway. He sur-
vived the persecution, and died in peace in 1730.

JOHN FRASER.

John Fraser of Upper Holm of Dalquhirn in Cars-
phairn, and Cannon of Mardrochat, were in their early
life friends and companions, and both were present
at Pentland. Cannon, however, was bought over by
the enemy, and embraced every opportunity to betray
the hiding places of the Covenanters and to give in-
formation when any of them were at home. He was
particularly zealous in seeking the ruin of his former
friends, especially John Fraser and John Clark,,
because of their harbouring Kichard Cameron. On one
occasion when Fraser was surprised in his house by a
company of dragoons, escape seemed impossible, but
he ran into a small closet and got into bed. One of
the inmates quickly heaped a quantity of wet peats
on the fire, which in those days was in the middle of
the kitchen, and immediately the place was filled with

370 GALLOWAY AND

a dense blue smoke, so that it was impossible to see
•clearly anything in the apartment. The smoke pene-
trated to the closet and filled it. The dragoons
searched as well as they could, and one of them found
Fraser in the bed, but was not able to see him
distinctly, and did not disclose his presence to the
others.

Fraser experienced several other narrow escapes.
On one occasion, when surprised in his own house, he
took refuge in " the poor man's bed," reserved in those
■days in almost every house for the wandering poor.
His wife covered him with tattered clothing and an
old rug, and here he lay while the dragoons searched
the house. Once he was seized at dinner and was
bound firmly with ropes and east into one of the stalls
of the stable, while the dragoons returned to the house
and helped themselves to whatever they could get,
having locked the stable door and taken the key with
them. They came upon a quantity of brown ale, which
the houses of the farmers were plentifully supplied
with from their own malt in those days. This the
soldiers drank with right good will, and remained in
the house eating and drinking and enjoying them^
selves all the afternoon. Fraser in the meantime had
managed to creep into a dark corner of the stable.

At length the soldiers prepared to take their depar-
ture, and, staggering and reeling under the influence
of the great quantity of drink they had consumed,
they came into the stable for their horses. They led
them outside, mounted, and rode off in a noisy and
disorderly manner, quite oblivious to the fact that their

THE COVENANTERS. 371

prisoner was left behind. When they had gone some
distance, Fraser's wife came and cut the cords that
bound his hands, and he at once made off. The soldiers
had not gone far on their way when they discovered
their mistake, and returned with aU speed, but by this
time Fraser was nowhere to be seen, and after
searching the house and stable, they had to leave
without him.

JOHN CLEMENT.

John Clement, although a native of Barr, lived most
of his years in the neighbourhood of New Galloway.
A conventicle at Fingland, Carsphairn, which he was
attending was dispersed by the troopers who pursued
him. He fled along the Water of Ken till he came to a
small sheep fold with a plaid across it to keep in a
lamb, and being for the moment out of sight of his
pursuers, he threw the plaid across his shouldex-s, and,
catching a ewe by the horns, was in the act of putting
the lamb to suck as the horsemen galloped up. Theyi
asked him if he had seen a man fleeing past. He
answered that he had not, but advised them to ride to
Holm Glen as a likely place for a fugitive, and they
at once made off in that direction.

On another occasion, when returning from a con-
venticle in Carsphairn, he was hotly pursued. When
out of sight of the pursuers for a moment, he saw m
dead sheep, and instantly doffing his coat, he seized
it by the legs, threw it across his shoulders, and then
leisurely advanced towards the dragoons as if unaware
of their presence. They had not the slightest suspicion

372 GALLOWAY AND

that he was the person they were seeking, and asked
him if he had seen a man crossing the moor. " I did,"
he replied, " but he made a short turn in the hollow
there, and has taken a different road." He advised
them to ride in the direction of Minnigaff, and this
they at once did. He survived the persecution, and
lived to an old and honoured age in the neighbourhood
of New Galloway.

JOHN DEMPSTER.

John Dempster, the tailor of Garrieyard, in Dairy,
fought at Bothwell Bridge, and was ever afterwards
a marked man. Early one morning, he saw a band of
dragoons approach his house, and he at once made off,
the dragoons firing at him and then following as fast
as they could. He fled in the direction of Earndarroch
Wood, about half a mile from his house. A moss lay
between his house and it, and while Dempster was
able to make his way across, the dragoons soon found
their horses sinking into the soft ground, and unable
to proceed. One horseman, however, rode round, and
reached Dempster as he was scrambling over a dyke
into a wood. Dempster was without any weapon, but
he had his scissors in his pocket, and quickly drawing
these out, he drove the sharp points into the horse's
forehead, and it suddenly reared back, throwing its
rider, and thus Dempster was able to escape into the
Avood, and he speedily crossed a ravine and found ai
hiding place on the other side before his pursuers were
in sight. Some time after this, Dempster learned that
his place of retreat had been revealed to the enemy,.

THE COVENANTERS. 373

and he accordingly found refuge in a cave above New
Galloway. While there, he learned that the dragoons
had been informed that he was somewhere in the
neighbourhood, and that an organised search was to be
made. He at once left the cave along with a friend
who was in hiding with him, and just as they did so
they observed the dragoons approaching, guided by
the informer. The two at once made oS in the
direction of Loch Ken, and after running for some
distance, they wheeled towards Balmaclellan. As they
were about to ascend an eminence that leads to the
village, they noticed that they were out of the enemies'
view, and seizing the opportunity, they turned to a,
linn in Garpel Glen, and found safety in a cave there.
The troopers, on reaching Balmaclellan, searched every
house, but, of course, in vain. On another occasion
Dempster was met in the evening by Lagg's men on;
Knockgray Hill, and at once took to flight followed
by the dragoons. The falling darkness, however, was
much to his advantage, and he had no difficulty in
making good his escape for the time. Unfortunately
he remained all night on Craighit, which was in full
view of Garriehorn, where Lagg lay with his troopers.
In the morning Lagg was searching the hill with his
telescope, and saw Dempster hiding behind a rock.
He at once divided his men so as to surround the hill,
and Dempster, noticing his intention, instantly set off.
He crossed the Garrie burn, hurried on towards Bow-
hill, with the intention of getting to Loch Doon, but
when he reached Bowhill, he realised that escape
seemed impossible. He reached Muill Hill, but here

374 GALLOWAY AND

the dragoons closed in on him, and shot him on the
spot.

RETRIBUTION.

About the year 1668, David M'Briar, heritor in
Irongrey, who had accused his minister, John Welsh,
of preaching treason, became a violent persecutor.
Soon afterwards, he found himself in financial diiS-
culties, so he lived in concealment amongst his tenants
lest he should be imprisoned for debt. He was met
by John Gordon, a north country merchant, agent of
a curate who had come from the north to Galloway.
Gordon, observing M'Briar's suspicious movements,
concluded that he was one of the outlawed Covenanters,
and requested him to go as a suspected person with him
to Dumfries. This the other, dreading imprisonment
for his debts, refused to do, and Gordon drew his
sword to compel him. In the struggle M'Briar was
killed. Gordon boasted that he had killed a whig,
but, when the people saw the body, they told him he
had killed a man as loyal as himself. He was seized,
carried to Dumfries, and immediately executed.

BAILIE MUIRHEAD OF DUMFRIES.

Some of the Covenanters found a retreat in the
neighbourhood of Carbelly HiU, on the west side of
the Nith opposite Dumfries. James Muirhead, bailie
of Dumfries, after many narrow escapes in other
places, sought shelter here in 1684, but was discovered
and was taken with about eighy others * to Moffat

* William M'Millan of Caldow was one of this company.

THE COVENANTERS. 375

Kirk, -where they lay all night wet and cold.. The
next day — Sunday — they were removed to Peebles, and
had to wade the water in spate. The following day,
they were carried to Leith Tolbooth, where they were
thronged so closely that they could scarcely stand.
Here Muirhead took ill, no doctor was allowed to see
him, and he died, as much a martyr as those wh»
received their death violently by the hands of the
persecutors.

M'ROY OF HALF MARK.

M'Roy of Half Mark, in the parish of Carsphairn,^
was one Sabbath morning sitting in one of his fields
studying the Word of God when Lagg and his troopers
came upon him before he was aware. Lagg demanded
what he was reading. M'Roy replied, " The Bible."
Lagg exclaimed that his cattle must find another herd,,
and immediately shot him dead .

THE GORDONS OF LARGMORE.

John Gordon of Largmore, in the parish of Kells,
received several wounds at Pentland. He managed to
reach home, but so exhausted that his life was
despaired of. Sir William Bannatyne received in-
formation that he was at home, and at once ordered
him to be brought to him dead or alive. The soldiers
took a cart with them, knowing he would not be able
to ride or walk. He was told he must go with them.
Raising himself a little in his bed, he answered that
he now defied Sir William and all his persecutors,
but he forgave them, and then he added that he would

376 GALLOWAY AND

soon be in better company. He lay down again, and
in a few minutes died. His son, Roger Gordon,
and some friends were at Bothwell, and fled south,
travelling by night and hiding by day. Suddenly
they met a company of troopers sent out to disperse
a conventicle at Craggy Mains. Taking to flight, a
heavy mist hampered the troopers following them, and
they reached Knockalloch on Craigdarroch Water,
where they were heartily welcomed. As they were
about to retire for the night, the sound of horsemen
"vvas heard, and the house was immediately surrounded.
The dairy at Knockalloch was a small apartment
toward the back of the house, and beneath this was]
a cellar, the entrance to which was through a small
trap door in the floor. When the dragoons rode up,
the mistress of the house hastened to show the fugitives
this place of concealment, while her husband met the
soldiers at the door. The latter made a thorough
search, entering even the dairy, but never thought that
there was another apartment under their feet.

On another occasion, when Eoger Gordon with his
wife and some others were proceeding to a conventicle
in the wilds of Minnigafi, they met a company of
soldiers on foot, and a struggle at once began. The
<?ovenanters had neither swords nor fire-arms, but they
made good use of the sticks and clubs they had. Roger
<Tordon, who was a big strong man, assailed the leader,
and a fierce fight ensued, so that the others on both
sides stood to watch it. At length Gordon, having
broken the sword of his opponent with his club, struck
liim a severe blow on the arm, which fell powerless

THE COVENANTERS. 377

by his side. Gordon then seized him and flung him
with such force to the ground that he was quite
stunned. The troopers went to repder what assistance
they could to their chief, and allowed the Covenanters
to go. After this, Gordon was more severely perse-
cuted. On one occasion, a party of dragoons drove
up to the door. He speedily doffed part of his apparel
and arrayed himself in the coarser and more tattered
clothes of a servant, and went to meet the soldiers.
He held their horses while they dismounted, and then
led them to the stable, the soldiers in the dark
supposing that he was a servant. He took the first
opportunity to slip away to a solitary retreat in the
Galloway mountains.

On another occasion, Gordon when pursued sought
refuge in a cave in a deep ravine. The edges of the
ravine seemed even at a short distance to come together
and make a uniform surface, and it was not till the
traveller was almost on the very brink of the descent
that he would suspect that there was any opening.
One of the dragoons, more eager than the others, came
spurring on in his headlong career, eager to catch sight
of Gordon, and not till it was too late did he notice
the yawning gully in front. In vain he tried to pull
up his charger. Horse and rider went crashing over,
right past where Gordon was concealed, and were
dashed to pieces in the rocky stream below.

Gordon survived the persecution, and enjoyed many
happy days of peace and prosperity. He presented
Kells Church with a bell in 1714, and also a pair of
communion cups.

25

378 GALLOWAY AND

In Kells churchyard may be seen a stone with the
following inscription: —

Here lyes the corps of Ro
ger Gordon of Largmore
who dyed March 2nd 1662
aged 72 years and of John
Gordon of Largmore his
grandchild who dyed Jan
uary 6, 1667 of his wounds
got at Pentland in Defence
of the covenanted Refor
mation.

The rest of the inscription refers to other members of
the family. The stone also shows the Gordon motto,
" Dread God," and three boars' heads.

William Gordon of Roberton, in Borgue, who was
connected with the above by marriage, was also a
zealous Covenanter, and in 1640 presented the War
Committee of the Stewartry with " sex silver spoones
and uther work, weght, IX unce, ane drope." He was
killed at Pentland, and his family suffered severely.

RENWICK IN GALLOWAY— ADVENTURES AND
ESCAPES.

Eenwick held many conventicles in Galloway.
Simpson tells the following story regarding him. He
was at a conventicle in the mountainous district, some
distance from Newton Stewart. Information was sent
to the nearest party of dragoons, and they at once set
off in the hope of surprising the meeting and seizing

THE COVENANTERS. 379

Ren wick. The latter, hoAvever, was warned and fled.
Arriving in the evening at Newton Stewart, he found
lodging in the Inn. The leader of the dragoons, after
a tedious and fruitless search, also reached Newton
Stewart, and went to the Inn for the night. It was
winter, and the commander, feeling lonely, asked the
landlord if he could introduce him to anyone with
whom he could spend the evening. The landlord told
Mr. Renwick, and he agreed to spend a few hours in
the company of the trooper. The evening passed
agreeably, and they parted with many expressions of
goodwill on the part of the officer, who retired to rest
with the intention of resuming his search in the
morning. Some hours later, when all was quiet in the
Inn, Renwick took leave of the landlord and went off
to seek some secluded retreat. When morning came,
the commander asked for the intelligent stranger who
had afforded him so much gratification. The landlord
informed him that he had left hours before to seek a
hiding place among the hills. "A hiding place!"
exclaimed the soldier. " Yes, a hiding place," replied
the Innkeeper. " This gentle and inoffensive youth
is no other than the James Renwick you have been
pursuing." "James Renwick! impossible! If he is
James Renwick, I for one will pursue him no longer."
On another occasion, Renwick agreed to hold a
conventicle among the hills near Balmaclellan. In-
formation was given with all possible secrecy, and on
the day appointed a huge assembly gathered from all
parts. The morning was lowering, and heavy showers
were falling on the distant heights. Notwithstanding

380 GALLOWAY AND

the care with which information had been communi-
cated, the enemy learned of the meeting and came upon
the conventicle just as worship was beginning. The
people at once fled in all directions. Renwiek,
accompanied by John M'Millan and David Ferguson,
fled towards the Ken, hoping to escape to the house
of a friend in the parish of Penninghame. They
intended to ford the stream above Dairy village, but
before doing so engaged in prayer among the thick
bushes that grew on its margin. When they rose from
their knees they observed, to their amazement, a party
of dragoons landing on the opposite bank. They had
reached the place in pursuit while the three were
engaged in prayer, and, without noticing them or
hearing their voices, they had rushed into the water,
which was fast rising, and crossed to the other side.
John M'Millan, who used to tell the story, said that
he was never so much impressed as by the remarks
made by Renwiek on that occasion. His two friends
resolved to see him safely to the other side. The
current was becoming more powerful every moment.
They provided themselves with long branches of the
mountain ash, which were grasped by the three at
equal distances, so that if one should be carried off
his feet by the water, the others standing firm might
accomplish his rescue. In this way Renwiek reached
the other side in safety, but no sooner had he crossed
than the flood descended with great violence, covering
the banks on both sides and sweeping every obstacle
before it. Renwiek afterwards got shelter in the
cottage of James M'Culloch, whose wife was a firm

THE COVENANTERS. 381

supporter of the Covenanters. While he slept, she
took his clothes away to dry them, but in the morning
they were not sufficiently dried, and she brought some
of her husband's, which Kenwick put on. In the
morning he threw a shepherd's plaid over his shoulders
and ascended a gentle eminence near the house. From
this he noticed a company of dragoons approaching.
He expected to be instantly seized. The troopers rode
up to him, and, not recognising him in the strange
clothes, asked if he was the master of the cottage.
He replied that he was not, but informed them where
he was to be found. After some further conversation
about rebels and fugitives, they concluded there would
be none on their side of the river as the stream had
been so greatly swollen since the dispersion of the
conventicle, and accordingly they departed without
further enquiry. John M'Millan and David Ferguson,
after they parted from Renwick, were met by a com-
pany of horsemen. David Ferguson concealed himself
near the water's edge, and John M'Millan retreated
to a thicket. The soldiers, observing the latter, pur-
sued him, but he escaped. Ferguson, however, was
never heard of again, but it was supposed that he must
have been drowned by the rising stream.

When Renwick was addressing a conventicle at
Irlington during the night, a dog bounded several
times round the assembly, and then darted in among
the crowd. The preacher expressed his fear of
approaching danger, as the dog seemed to have come
from a distance, and not to be known to anyone there.
Suddenly the watchman gave warning of the approach-

382 GALLOWAY AND

ing enemy. In an instant the company dispersed.
John Paterson of Penyvenie, David Halliday, John
Bell, Robert Lennox, Andrew M'Roberts, and James
M'Clymont took refuge in the barn of Irlington, and
hid themselves in a quantity of wool piled up in a
corner of the building, and thus escaped detection.

M'LURG SHOOTS A SPY, AND WIELDS THE
GALLOWAY FLAIL.

The Sanquhar Declaration of 1685 was supported
by the Covenanters of Galloway. As a company of
the Galloway men proceeded along the Ken to meet
Mr. Ren wick at Sanquhar, they were informed that a
spy named Grier was dogging their footsteps. This
man had formerly been one of the Covenanters, and
was therefore well acquainted with them and their
hiding places. One of the Covenanters, named
M'Lurg, was going along the west side of the Ken,
not having yet joined the others, and observing a spy
lurking about and following, he hid himself behind a
rock. As the spy passed the hiding place full in view,
M'Lurg discovered that he was an old acquaintance
who had deserted and turned their greatest enemy.
He had been the cause of much anxiety and distress
to the non-conformists, and was at that very moment
tracing their steps to do them mischief. M'Lurg
thought this a fitting opportunity to avenge the wrongs
this man had done, and he immediately lifted his gun
and fired, and Grier fell dead. M'Lurg then stripped
him of his armour, which was of great account in those
days. He had a Galloway flail, which was a formid-

THE COVENANTERS. 383

able weapon when wielded by a strong arm. The
handle was of tough ash, about five feet in length,
the soople or part which strikes the barn floor was of
iron, about three feet long, and had three joints.
Thus, when it was vigorously applied, it doubled over
the body of a man like a thong, and crushed the ribs
after the manner of a boa-constrictor. M'Lurg crossed
the stream and joined the others, and shortly after-
wards a company of Lagg's men emerged suddenly
from a glen, and a struggle between the two parties at
once began. M'Lurg with the flail fiercely attacked
the leader of the dragoons, who received a fracture of
the skull and a broken arm. Then M'Lurg turned on
the rest of the soldiers in the same furious manner,
and they soon took to flight, leaving the Covenanters
to pursue their way to Sanquhar.

Similar traditions are related of James M'Michael
of Carsephairn fame, and J. S. M'Culloch, in his poem
on " The Galloway Flail," has the following verse: —

" Our Covenant Fathers got hand o' the Flail,
At the ire o' M'Michael his enemies quail.
When through turncoats an' troopers, heid, helmet an' mail,
Crashed the terrible Galloway Flail."

KIRKCUDBRIGHT BURGH RECORDS.

The Burgh Records of Kirkcudbright bear frequent
reference to the troublous times then prevailing.
Under date 7th September, 1643, the Bailies and
Council elected William Glendonyng their Provost to
be Captain; John Carson, Bailie, to be Lieutenant;
Patrick Carson, ensign; George Callander, Robert

384 GALLOWAY AND

Hughan, John Clark, and George Meik to be
sergeants. Then under date 4th April, 1644, we
have this entry, " The quhilk day, John Ewart and
John Carson, Bailies, and George Meik, merchant,
has undertaken to furnish the town sufficiently in arms,
to wit: — in musket, pike, sword, match, powder, and
ball, and shall bring the same to the said town betwixt

and the day of May next to come." Under date

26th September, 1644, it is statuted and ordained that
John Clark, merchant, "shall go to Edinburgh and
buy for the town's use the ammunition following,
namely: — 3 cwt. of powder, 300 lbs of ball, and 6
owt. of match, and that he goes away upon Monday
next." Under date 29th May, 1645, we have the
following: — " The quhilk day, the Provost, Bailies,
and Council, taking to their consideration the great
danger may befall the town in their dangerous and
troublous times through not keej^ing of a strict watch,
have for preventing thereof statuted and ordained it
that there be ten persons upon the watch ilk four and
twenty hours," and details are then given as to how
the watch is to be kept. On 9th October, 1650, the
Provost, Bailies, and Council " took a list of arms and
nominated the haill fencible persons to be in readiness
on advertisement," and this was done in respect of
the approaching of the Englishmen to this kingdom.

THE KIRKANDREWS MARTYR.

The martyrdom of Eobert M'Whae of Kirkandrews
is one of the few to which no reference whatever will
be found in Wodrow. In the old parish churchyard

THE COVENANTERS. 385

a stone has been erected to his memory, bearing the
following inscription: —

HERE LYES
ROBERT M'WHAE
WHO WAS BARBAROUSLY
SHOT TO DEATH BY
CAPTANE DOUGLAS IN
THIS PAROCH FOR HIS
ADHERENCE TO SCOTLANDS
REFORMATION COVENANTS
NATIONAL AND SOLEMN
LEAGUE 1685.

On other side: —

ERECTED BY THE INHABITANTS
OF THIS PARISH 1855

This stone is a facsimile of an older one which had
fallen down and been broken. It is about three feet
high by two feet six inches in breadth. The inscrip-
tion is given in the appendix of the first edition of
The Cloud of Witnesses. Tradition tells that M'Whae
failed to attend to take the abjuration oath, and had
to flee to the hills and moors for safety. He managed
to escape detection for some months, but, venturing
home, he was surprised in his own house at Kirk-
andrews by Colonel James Douglas and a troop of
dragoons. He fled through a window into the garden,
but was seen by the dragoons, and shot dead. He was
buried in the Kirkandrews churchyard. A window is
pointed out in one of the old cottages from which, it
is said, M'Whae was trying to escape when shot.

386 GALLOWAY AND

In The Laird of Lagg there is a story of a martyr-
dom which probably refers to Mowat, a tailor, of
whom little is known, except that he was shot by
Captain Douglas between Fleet and Dee.

It is narrated that " a party o' Grier o' Lag's
dragoons " met a tailor in the parish of Borgue, which
now includes the old parish of Kirkandrews. He had
no weapon but his needles and ellwand; but he was
closely searched. In those days the tailor made the
clothes of both male and female, and acted as mantua-
maker to the ladies, whose dresses, to be in the fashion,
had pieces of lead at certain parts to make them hang
right. The tailor was found to have his pockets stored
with such pieces of lead, and was instantly charged
with the intention of casting bullets. It was in vain
that he tried to explain the demands of fashion. They
would not hear him, and the proceedings were very
short.

CRAIGMODDIE, KIRKCOWAN.

Craigmoddie is in the upland district of Kirkcowan,
in Wigtownshire, some ten miles from Kirkcowan
village, and is about as lonely and secluded a spot as
could well be imagined. Here may be seen a stone
erected to the memory of a Covenanter who was dis-
covered hiding in the moor and shot down on the spot.
Tradition tells that Alexander Linn was a shepherd
and belonged to Lairis, New Luce. Doubtless he was
one of Peden's parishioners. General Drummond'a
soldiers were crossing from Colmonell to Glenluce, and
had reached Craigmoddie when some of the soldiers

THE COVENANTERS. 387

noticed the peesweeps gyrating and always sweeping
down at one particular spot. This let the soldiers
know that there was something there. Hurrying for-
ward, they found Linn trying to conceal himself, and
without ceremony shot him down. In 1827, a stone
was erected over the lonely grave, to take the place of
an older one which had become damaged and broken.
It is a small erect stone, about three feet high and
about two feet across. The original inscription has
been preserved. It is: —

HERE LYES
THE BODY OF ALEX-
-ANDER LIN, WHO WAS
SURPRISED AND INSTAN-
-TLY SHOT TO DEATH
ON THIS PLACE BY
LIEUTENANT GENERAL
DRUMMOND FOR HIS
ADHERENCE TO SCOT-
LAND'S REFORMATION
COVENANTS NATION-
-AL AND SOLEMN LEAGUE
1685.

A curious tradition has been handed down in con-
nection with the tombstone. A man engaged by the
farmer to mow was passing the grave, and it occurred
to him that as he had no stone with which to sharpen
his scythe, a part of the gravestone was just the thing
he wanted. He accordingly broke off a piece, but the
farmer asked where he got it. He replied, " Oh, I
just took it off Sandy Linn's headstone." " If that is

388 GALLOWAY AND

the way," replied the farmer, " you have got your
scythe stone, you will mow no hay for me. You can
go home as you came." The man saw that the farmer
meant what he said, and that he was greatly displeased
at what he had done. He had, therefore, no alternative
hut to tramp away home. On the way, he was
climhing a dyke and fell, and seriously injured one
of his legs, 80 that he mowed no hay that year.

THE COVENANTERS. 389

CHAPTER XLI.

IRONGRAY COMMUNION.

Awe inspiring circumstances — Difficulties — John Welsh asked to
carry it through — John Blackadder to take part — ^Preliminary
services at Micklewood — Congregation of 3,000 to 6,000 —
Natural surroundings — Sentinels posted — The memorials of
the communion — Samuel Arnot preached in the morning —
Welsh preached " the action sermon," and Blackadder and
John Dickson of Euthergleu took part — Blackadder's simple
and impressive eloquence — " The enemy are coming, make
ready for the attack " — The Clydesdale men form in battle
array — The men of Galloway and Nithsdale follow their
example — Rumours that the enemy are about, but no trace
of them can be got — The assembly disperses, guarded to
different points by horse and foot — Torrential rainfall — ^Huge
conventicle next day with horse and foot on guard — Monu-
ment and inscription — Communion cups amissing — The Old
Jail at Scaur and its tradition — Escape of Welsh of Scaur —
Similar story about John Clark of Drumcloyer — The Bev.
John Blackadder, minister of Troqueer, 1652 — Expelled by
Drunken Act, 1662 — Preaches in the fields — Goes to Holland,
1680 — Returns 1681 — ^Arrested and sent to Bass Rock — Dies
there, 1685 — Boiied in North Berwick churchyard — Tomb-
stone and inscription — Tablet in Troqueer Church with
inscription.

Surely never was Communion observed under more
awe inspiring circumstances than that at Irongray in
1678. It was the outcome of an intense desire on the
part of the Covenanters to meet once more with their
outed ministers to celebrate the Lord's Supper. There
were difficulties in the way, almost insuperable, for
the troops of the enemy were scouring the district,

390 GALLOWAY AND

eager for blood, and any gathering on a large scale
was sure to attract attention, yet it was resolved to
proceed with the arrangements, and John Welsh, the
outed minister of Irongray, was asked to carry it
through. John Blackadder, the outed minister of
Troqueer, was invited to take part, and he rode all
the way from Culross in Fif eshire where he was when
he received the invitation. The preliminary services
were held on a Saturday at Meiklewood, about seven
miles from Dumfries. Blackadder preached from
First Corinthians, xi., 24: — " This do in remembrance
of me," showing that the ceremony was not left
arbitrarily to the Church, but was a divine command
still in force, notwithstanding the laws of man against
it. Welsh preached in the afternoon, and intimated
the Communion to take place next day.

Early on Sabbath morning, the people gathered at
Bishop's Forest of Irongray, their numbers estimated
at from 3,000 to 6,000 people. The difference in the
estimates may arise from some taking the number who
actually took part in the Communion, and others the
number who were present, whether taking part or not.
The place was peculiarly adapted by nature for such a
gathering, for, except to the south, it was surrounded
by high hills, from the summits of which the
surrounding country could be seen for a good distance.
Sentinels, indeed, were posted on Cornlea, on Forest,
and other points to give warning should the enemy be
seen.

The memorials of the Communion, in the sacra-
mental tables, remain to this day, and are the only

THE COVENANTERS. 391

specimens of the kind to be found in Scotland. It is
said that long ago some of the stones were removed,
but for very many years they have not been interfered
with, and are regarded with the greatest reverence all
through the district. They consist of four parallel
rows of large, flat, oblong whinstones, each row some
twenty yards in length, and containing some thirty
seats. Between each two rows there is a large stone
here and there, believed to have been a support for a
plank on which the emblematic bread and wine may,
have been passed along, and at the south end there is
a circular heap of stones a few feet high where the
bread and wine were laid, and beside which the
officiating ministers stood.

Samuel Arnot, the persecuted minister of Tongland,
preached in the morning, and John Welsh then
preached " the action sermon," dwelling on the
sufferings of Christ and the glory that should follow.
Blackadder took part in the services, and also the
Rev. John Dickson of Rutherglen.

The day had been dull and overcast, threatening
rain from morning, but not a drop fell during the
protracted services. They were near a close, and
Blackadder, in a last earnest appeal, was holding his
audience spellbound by his simple but impressive
eloquence. The thoughts of his hearers were lifted
from this world to the glories of the life everlasting.
All was hushed but the voice of the preacher. He had
paused after a powerful exhortation, and ere he could
resume, there burst across the gathering, like a clarion
call, the warning from the sentinels, " The enemy are

392 GALLOWAY AND

coming, make ready for the attack." There was no
panic, no confusion, no fear even, except for the women
and children. These men were made of sterner stuff,
and were prepared for victory or death. The Clydes-
dale men at once took to horse and formed in battle
array. The men of Galloway and Nithsdale did not
at first take up any position, intending to wait till
they saw imminent danger, and believing that the
enemy were some distance away, but they followed the
example of the Clydesdale men. Alexander Gordon
of Earlston, who had served as a captain in the Civil
"War, drew up a large body of Galloway horse, and
Nithsdale's leader also drew up his men. There they
waited, expectant, grim, and determined, ready for
any emergency. Had an attack been made that day,
a greater Drumclog would have been added to the
history of Scotland. The cause of the alarm proved
to be that the Earl of Nithsdale — a keen Koman
Catholic — and Sir Robert Dalziel of Glenae, a great
enemy of these gatherings, had sent some servants to
see what was being done, and these from their numbers
had been taken for the advance of the enemy. Black-
adder resumed and finished his discourse, while careful
guard was kept against surprise. The soldiers sent out
on horseback to enquire returned with the information
that there was a rumour that the enemy were about,
but they could not discover where. The assembly
remained in defensive posture for some time, and then
dispersed, guarded to different points by horse and
foot. As they parted, the rain began to fall in torrents
and continued for hours, to the great discomfort of

THE COVENANTERS. 393

the people, for soon the streams were overflowing their
banks, making travelling dif&eult and dangerous, for
there were no bridges in the neighbourhood.

Nothwithstanding this, the next day there was
another conventicle at the head of the parish, some
four miles from the Sabbath meeting, and the numbers
attending were little less than those of the previous
day. The horse and foot as usual drew round about
the congregation, the horse being on the outside.
Blackadder closed the day by a discourse from Hebrews
xiii. 1 : — " Let brotherly love continue."

Near the Communion stones a beautiful granite
monument has been erected, surmounted by a
Communion Cup. The inscription on the monument
is as follows: —

ERECTED
By Voluntary Subscription in 1870,
To Mark the Spot
Where a large number of Covenanters met in the
summer of 1678 to Worship Godj and where about
3000 Communicants on that occasion celebrated the
Sacrament of THE LORD'S SUPPER. The fol-
lowing ejected Ministers officiated : — John Welsh
of Irongray, John Blackadder of Troqueer, John
Dickson of Rutherglen, and Samuel Arnot of
Tongland — the adjacent Stones being used as the
Communion Table. These Stones are significant
memorials of those troublous times, in which our
FatherSj at the peril of their lives, contended for
the great principles of civil and religious freedom,
26

394 GALLOWAY AND

The last sentence of the inscription greatly dis-
satisfied many of the subscribers, who complained that
it did not set forth explicitly the principles for which
the Covenanters contended even to death.

There is a tradition that the Communion Cups which
originally belonged to the Church were used at this
Communion, and that in the dispersion they were hid
somewhere in the neighbourhood and were lost. In
the Kirk Session Record, dated July 4th, 1697, there
is this reference to them: — " The cups, table cloths,
and other utensils belonging to the Church, being
amissing, and there being need of them because of the
sacrament of the Lord's Supper which shortly is to be
administered, it is laid upon every Elder to lay out
themselves as much as they can in making inquiry!
after them to see if they can be found." The Elders
gave in their report at the next meeting, July Uth,
1697, when it is recorded, " Several members of this'
judicatory having made search after the utensils of
the Church, can hear nothing anent them, only that
they were carried away with Mr. John Welsh his
plenishing."

At the farmhouse of Scaur near by may be seen
a small building called the Old Jail. Its walls are
at least three feet thick, the roof is of stone and arched,
and there is but one window, very small and high up
from the floor. Tradition relates that here a pious
Covenanter was imprisoned and starved to death.
Another tradition tells that the farmer— Mr. Welsh—
who was greatly persecuted for non-conformity, had
a wonderful escape from capture. He was in the field

THE COVENANTERS. 395

with one of his servants named M'Lauchrie, who was
ploughing, when soldiers were seen rapidly advancing.
There was little doubt they were searching for Welsh.
What was to be done? Escape indeed seemed im-
possible, but M'Lauchrie unyoked his horses, bade his
master ride fearlessly home with them, as if he were
the servant, while M'Lauchrie took to the hills in full
view of the soldiers. The latter at once gave chase,
but M'Lauchrie knew the country too well to be
captured even by horsemen. A mist enveloped him
and he not only saved his master's life but escaped
himself. Mr. Welsh repaid him with a favourable
lease of the farm of GlenkiU, which belonged to him.
A somewhat similar anecdote is related by Simpson
regarding John Clark of Drumcloyer, in Irongray
parish. He was frequently sought for by the soldiers.
One day, when at home, he saw dragoons approaching,
and at once fled, but was noticed and pursued. He
entered a field where a servant was ploughing and,
being for the moment out of sight of the dragoons,
he was induced to hold the plough while the ploughman
continued the flight. When the dragoons came in
sight, they never thought but the man they saw fleeing
was Clark, and followed as fast as they could. There
was a cave in the rocks underneath the bridge that
crosses the Scaur. When the stream was in flood,
there was no access to the cave except by seizing the
branch of a tree and swinging oneself down into it.
Even then the effort was full of danger. The plough-
man, however, knew the cave, and was soon safely
within it. The troopers speedily approached, and he

396 GALLOWAY AND

could hear the feet of the horses as they passed along
the hridge in the belief that he was in front. After
going a short distance, the dragoons were satisfied that
he could not be in front, and returned to the thicket
about the bridge and began to search it, now and again
firing a shot at random into the trees. He, however,
felt quite safe. They could not discover the cave unless
they knew it before, and even if they did only one
could attempt to enter it at a time, and he could push
them one by one into the roaring flood beneath, for
in his position one man could master any number.
The soldiers wearied themselves out with their fruit-
less efforts, and the man left the cave at his own
convenience.

The Rev. John Blackadder belonged to the more
moderate section of the Covenanters, yet he was one
of the most zealous preachers of these trying times.
It is said that he belonged to the family of Blackader
of Tullialan, and that he was entitled to the rank of
Baronet. He received his education in Glasgow Uni-
versity, of which the Principal, the Rev. Dr. Strang,
was his uncle. He was ordained minister of Troqueer
in the Stewartry in 1652, and continued there till
expelled by the Drunken Act of 1662. Thereafter
for nearly twenty years he preached in houses and
fields, as opportunity offered, and took a chief part in
many of the great Communions of these times. He
was not present at any of the encounters with the
Royal forces, and did not accept the position taken
up by Cameron in the Sanquhar Declaration. He
went to Holland in 1680, but returned in 1681, and was

THE COVENANTERS. 397

arrested in his house in Edinburgh. He was sentenced
to imprisonment on the Bass Rock, but, his health
failing, efforts were made for his release, and authority
had actually been granted for his return, but before
it could be given effect to, he died on the Bass in 1685.
He was buried in North Berwick churchyard, where
a large flat stone resting on short pillars has been
placed over his grave. It bears the following in-
scription: —

Here lies the body of Mr. John Blackader, minister
of the Gospel at Troqueer, in Galloway, who
died on the Bass^ after five years' imprisonment,
anno Dom., 1685, and of his age sixty-three years.

" Blest John, for Jesus' sake, in Patmos bound.
His prison Bethel, Patmos Pisgah found;
So the blest John on yonder rock confin'd.
His body suffered, but no chain could bind
His heav'n-aspiring soul : while day by day,
As from mount Pisgah top he did survey
The promised Land, and view'd the crown by faith
Laid up for those who faithful are till death :
Grace form'd him in the Christian hero's mould.
Meek in his own concerns, in's Master's bold.
Passions to reason chain'd, prudence did lead,
Zeal warm'd his breast, and reason cool'd his head.
Five years on the bare rock, yet sweet abode.
He Enoch like enjoy'd, and walk'd with God,
Till, by long living on this heavenly food.
His soul by love grew up, too great, too good.
To be confin'd in jail, or flesh, and blood ;
Death broke his fetters, off then svrift he fled
From sin and sorrow, and by angels led.
Entered the mansions of eternal joy.
Blest soul ! thy warfare's o'er ; praise, love, enjoy.
His dust here rests till Jesus come again,
Ev'n so, bless'd Jesus! come, come. Lord! Amen."

398 GALLOWAY AND

Some years ago a mural brass tablet was placed ia
Troqueer Church, bearing the following inscription:—

To the Glory of God and in memory of

THE REV. JOHN BLACKADER

Bom 1615.

Ordained minister of the Parish of Troqueer 1653.

Extruded 1662. Outlawed for preaching in the fields 1674.

Imprisoned on the Bass Rock 1681.

Died after cruel confinement 1685.

" Faithful unto Death."

Erected A.D. 1902.

THE COVENANTERS. 399

CHAPTER XLH.

GLENTROOL MARTYRS.

Tombstone at Caldons Wood and inscription — The fiist erected
by Old Mortality — James and Eobert Dnn, Thomas and John
Stevenson, James M'Clive, and Andrew M'Call — Tiadition
of their martyrdom — Captain Urquhart's dream and death —
Letter from privy council — A romantic story — Narrow escape
— The Dmis of Benwhat.

GrLENTROOL is in the heart of Raiderland, and within
recent years has from the beauty of its surroundings
become well known to all visitors to Galloway. One
of the weekly excursion drives from Newton Stewart
has Glentrool as its destination, and apart from that
it is a place of frequent pilgrimage. At the Caldons
Wood a monument has been erected to the memory of
six Covenanters slain here in 1685.

As Sir Walter Scott tells us in the introduction to
Old Mortality, there is a small monumental stone on
the farm of Caldons, near the House of the Hill in
Wigtownshire,* which is highly venerated as the first
erected by Old Mortality, to the memory of several
persons who fell at that place in defence of their
religious tenets in the Civil War in the reign of
Charles II. The stone stands in a walled enclosure,

' It is, however, on the Stewartry side of the Cree.

400 GALLOWAY AND

and is about two and a half feet high by two feet in
breadth. The inscription is as follows: —

HERE LYES
JAMES AND ROBERT
DUNS. THOMAS AND
JOHN STEVENSONS,
JAMES McCLIVE
ANDREU McCALL WHO
WERE SURPRISED
AT PRAYER IN THIS
HOUSE BY COLONELL
DOUGLAS LIEVTENANT
LIVINGSTON AND

Other side: —

CORNET
JAMES DOUGLAS, AND
BY THEM MOST IMPIOVS
LY AND CRUELLY
MURTHER'D FOR THEIR
ADHERENCE TO SCOT-
-LAND'S REFORMATION
COVENANTS NATIONAL
AND SOLEMN LEAGUE.
1685.

There are also two oblong stones on the wall with
the following inscriptions: —

THE COVENANTERS. 401

IN MEMORY

OF

SIX MARTYRS

WHO

SUFFERED AT THIS SPOT

FOR THEIR

ATTACHMENT TO THE COVENANTED CAUSE

OF CHRIST

IN SCOTLAND

JAN-23. 1685.

ERECTED
BY THE VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS

OF A CONGREGATION

WHO WAITED ON THE MINISTRATIONS

OF THE REV. GAVIN ROWATT OF WHITHORN.

LORD'S DAY AUG. XIX.

MDCCCXXVII.

Little is known about the martyrs. Tradition tells
that a number of Covenanters had gathered one
Sabbath morning in the Caldons Wood, and were
engaged at worship, when they were suddenly surprised
by a company of dragoons under Colonel James
Douglas. A few of the Covenanters had arms and
defended themselves, but were speedily overcome.
Most of them escaped, but the six already mentioned
could not get away, and sought refuge in the Caldons
farmhouse. They were shot dead, and buried where
they fell. One dragoon was killed in the encounter,

402 GALLOWAY AND

besides Captain Urquhart, of whom we read: —
" Tradition asserts that he had dreamed he would be
killed at a place called the Caldons, and whilq
approaching the cottage of a shepherd in search of
the fugitives, he enquired the name of the place. On
being informed, he gave utterance to a fearful oath,
and with the superstitious feeling of the age, drew up
his horse, but ere he could determine whether to
advance or retire, a shot fired from a window brought
him to the ground." At the same time one of the
Covenanters levelled his musket at Colonel Douglas,
but it would not go off, and so that officer had a
providential escape. There were some women among
the Covenanters, and it was probably on their account
that such fierce resistance was offered. From Kir-
kinner Session Records we learn that May Dunbar,
second daughter of Sir David Dunbar of Baldoon, of
known piety all her life, " very providentially and
narrowly escaped the enemy's fury at the Caldons."

In The Cloud of Witnesses and in Wodrow, two of
the names are given as Andrew M'Aulay and John
M'Clude. On the stone they are Andrew M'Call and
James M 'Olive. But for the difference of John and
James it might have been said that these were only
different forms of the same name, but probably, as
another writer suggests, there may be an error in the
first transcription, and the likelihood is that the names
on the tombstone are correct.

On January 28th, 1685, the Council sent the
following letter to those they had commissioned for
Wigtown and Kirkcudbright: —

THE COVENANTERS. 403

" Right Honourable, — His Majesty's Privy
Council, being certainly informed that Captain
Urquhart hath been killed, and some others of
His Majesty's Forces killed and wounded by some
desperate rebels in your bounds, who had the bold-
ness to attack them, whereof three were taken
alive and made prisoners. The Council thinking
it fit that justice may be done upon these
notorious, desperate rebels, upon the place, for
greater terror and example to others, do therefore
require you immediately upon receipt of this to
proceed and do justice upon them according to
your commission, you being first convened to this
purpose by Colonel James Douglas, Colonel of
the Footguards, whom we have added to your
commission, and punish them according to law and
your instructions. And where they shall be found
guilty, you shall forthwith cause burn their houses
and the materials thereof, and secure their goods
for His Majesty's use. And particularly if you
find any of those rebels have been maliciously and
wilfully reset at the Houses of Star or Lochhead
lying towards Kilrine and Craigmalloch, inquire
into it. Your punctual and exact obedience is
required.

" (Signed) Perth."

A romantic story has been handed down regarding
Roger Dun, a brother of the two Duns killed. In
fleeing from the soldiers he made for Loch Trool. For
a few moments the formation of the ground hid him

404 GALLOWAY AND

from view, and he took advantage of this to jump into
the loch and get in among some reeds and bushes,
where he stood with only his head out of the water*.

His pursuers could not see him, and after an un-
successful search, they fired some shots at random and
went away. Dun had to remain in the water for a
considerable time. When he ventured out, he sought
refuge in a house close to the loch, where the inmates
put him to bed while his clothes were being dried at
the iire. Soon, however, he was in a raging fever,
owing to the long wait in the cold water, for it was the
month of January, and for a time his life seemed to be
hanging in the balance. He was carefully nursed by
a young woman in the house, and ultimately recovered,
and the story ends with the marriage of Dun to hie
faithful attendant. The spot where he was concealed
is still pointed out, and retains the name of " Roger's
Bush." M'Kerlie and other writers give a somewhat
different version of the story, and say that Roger was
shot the following day. This, however, is erroneous,
as we shall see.

The three Duns, there is every reason to believe,
were the sons of James Dun, the farmer of Benwhat,
in Dalmellington parish. Roger was born in 1659,
and early identified himself with the cause of the
Covenanters. He was frequently pursued, and had
many narrow escapes. On one occasion, when return-
ing home with his brothers Andrew and Allan from a
conventicle at Craigview, in Carsephairn, a company
of troopers suddenly pounced on them. Andrew and
Allan were captured, but Roger, by a sudden and un-

THE COVENANTERS. 405

expected spring, eluded the grasp of the soldier who
attempted to take him, and got away. He lived till,
after the Revolution, but was killed at Brockloch, a
short distance from Careephairn, having been mistaken
for another man. It appears that the farmers of
Camlar, Carse, and Borland were at enmity with the
Laird of Lochhead, and on the night of Carsephairn,
fair, having imbibed too freely, they formed the design
of murdering Lochhead on his way home. In the
failing light, and mad with drink, they came upon
Roger Dun, and, believing him to be Lochhead, they
stabbed him to death before they realised their
mistake. " Roger Dun's Cairn " still marks the scene
of the tragedy. In Carsephairn churchyard a stone
has the following inscription: —

ERECTED

In Memory of Roger Dun, who was born at Benwhat,
parish of Dalmellington 1659. He suffered much
persecution for the cause of Christ, and was
Killed on the night of Carsephairn Fair, June
1689, on the Farm of Brockloch.

'• Pluck'd from Minerva's breast here am I laid.
Which debt to cruel Atropos I've paid;
Resting my clayey fabric in the dust,
Among the holy ashes of the Just,
My Soul set sail for the celestial shore.
Till the last trump the same with joy restore."

406 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XLIIL

THE WIGTOWN MARTYRS.

Wodrow's narrative — The Wilsons of Glenvernock — Their children
would not conform and fled — Margaret and Agnes Wilson,
venturing to Wigtown, are betrayed and arrested — Margaret
M'Lauchlan seized at worship and imprisoned — Tried before
the Laird of Lagg and others for rebellion — Found guilty
and sentenced to be drowned — Agnes Wilson liberated on a
Bond for £100— The execution on 11th May, 1685— Scenes at
the Bladnoch — Buried in Wigtown churchyard — Tombstones
and inscriptions — Napier's Case for the Crown in re. the
Wigtown Martyrs proved to be Myths — Petition by Margaret
M'Lauchlan for recall of sentence of death — ^A reprieve
granted, but not given effect to — Procedure in another case
showing pardon granted — Wigtown case had no such ending
— Proof of martyrdom shown by (1) Tradition, (2) Early
pamphlets, (3) Earlier Histories, (4) Minutes of local Church
Courts, Kirkinner, Penninghame, and Wigtown, (5) Monu-
mental evidence — Miscellaneous — Singular dream of Margaret
M'Laachlan's daughter re. Provost Coltrain of Drummorral
— The Stirling monument — The Wigtown monument.

No fact connected with " the killing times " in Scot-
land is better known than the story of the Wigtown
martyrs. Various circumstances have contributed to
this result, not the least important of which has been
the fierce but futile attack made on the truthfulness
of the story by Mark Napier, Sheriff of Dumfries, in
The Case for the Crown in re. the Wigtown Martyrs

THE COVENANTERS. 407

proved to he Myths." This bitter and bombastic
pamphlet was answered by the Rev. Dr. Stewart of
Glasserton, Mr. David Guthrie, Stranraer, the Rev.
Dr. Thomas Gordon, Newbattle, and Sir Andrew
Agnew, Bart., of Loehnaw, and many others, with
such an accumulation of proofs, hitherto known only
to the few, that the reality of the martyrdom was for
ever placed beyond the region of doubt. We shall
return to The Case for the Crovm later. Meantime
we give the story of the Wigtown martyrs as narrated
by Wodrow: — " Upon the 11th of May, we meet with
the barbarous and wicked execution of two excellent
women near Wigtown, Margaret M'Lauchlan and
Margaret Wilson. History scarce affords a parallel
to this in all its circumstances; and therefore I shall
give it at the greater length, and the rather, because
the advocates for the cruelty of this period, and our
Jacobites, have the impudence, some of them to deny,
and others to extenuate this matter of fact, which can
be fully evinced by many living witnesses. And I
shall mostly give my narrative of it, from an account
I have from the forementioned Mr. Rowan, now with
the Lord, late minister of Penningham, where
Margaret Wilson lived, who was at pains to have its
circumstances fully vouched by witnesses, whose
attestations are in my hand; and I shall add, to make
the account more full, the sufferings of the said
Margaret's relations, though not unto death, aa coming
in natively enough here, and what will hand me in
to what I. have most in view.

408 GALLOWAY AND

THE WILSONS OF GLENVERNOCK.

" Gilbert Wilson, father to the said Margaret, lived
in Glenvernock, belonging to the laird of Castlestewart,
in the parish of Penningham, and shire of Wigtown,
and was every way conform to episcopacy; and his
wife, without anything to be objected against her as
to her regularity. They were in good circumstances as
to the world, and had a great stock upon a good ground,
and therefore were the fitter prey for the persecutors,
if they could reach them. Their children to be sure,
not from their education but a better principle, would
by no means conform or hear the episcopal incumbent.
This was a good handle to the persecutors; so they
were searched for, but fled to the hills, bogs, and caves,
though they were yet scarce of the age that made them
obnoxious to the law. Meanwhile their parents are
charged at the highest peril not to harbour them,
supply them, or speak to them, or see them without
informing against them, that they might be taken;
and their father was fined for his children's alleged
irregularities and opinions, which he had no share in,
and harassed by frequent quarterings of the soldiers,
sometimes an hundred of them upon him at once, who
lived at discretion, upon anything in the house or field
belonging to him. Those troubles continuing upon
him for some years together, with his attendance upon
courts at Wigton almost once a week, thirteen miles
distant from his house, his going to Edinburgh, and
other harassings, brought him under exceeding great
losses. At a modest calculation, they were about five

THE COVENANTERS. 409

thousand merks, and all for no action or principle of
his own, for he was entirely conformist. He died some
six or eight years ago in great poverty, though one of
the most substantial countrymen in that country. And
his wife (1711) lives a very aged widow, upon the
charity of friends. His son Thomas Wilson, a youth
of sixteen years of age, this February 1685, was forced
to the mountains and continued wandering till the
revolution, at which time he went to the army, and
hore arms under King William in Flanders, and after
that in the castle of Edinburgh. He never had a
farthing from his parents to enter that ground which
they possessed, but having got together somewhat by
his own industry, lives now in his father's room, and
is ready to attest all I am writing.

MARGARET AND AGNES WILSON.

"It is Gilbert's two daughters, who fell into the
hands of the persecutors, Margaret Wilson of eighteen
years of age, and Agnes Wilson a child not thirteen
years, that have led me to this account. Agnes, the
youngest, was condemned with her sister by those
merciless judges, but her father obtained a liberation
from prison, under a bond of 100 pounds sterling to
present her when called. However Gilbert had to go to
Edinburgh before she was let out; but to all on-lookers
and posterity, it will remain an unaccountable thing
to sentence a child of thirteen years to death, for not
hearing and not swearing. In the beginning of this
year, those two sisters for some time were obliged to,

a?

410 GALLOWAY AND

abscond and wander through Carrick, Galloway, and
Nithsdale, with their brothers, and some others. After
the universal severities slackened a little at King
Charles' death, the two sisters ventured to go to
Wigton, to see some of their suffering acquaintances
there, particularly

Margaret M'Lauchlan,

of whom just now. When they came to Wigton, there
was an acquaintance of theirs, Patrick Stuart, whom
they took to be a friend and well-wisher, but he was
really not so, and betrayed them; being in their
company, and seeking an occasion against them, he
proposed drinking the king's health; this they
modestly declined; upon which he went out, informed
against them, and brought in a party of soldiers, and
seized them. As if they had been great malefactors,
they were put in the thieves' hole, and after they had
been there some time, they were removed to the prison
where Margaret M'Lauchlan was, whom I come next
to give some account of.

" This woman was about sixty-three years of age,
relict of John MuUigen, carpenter, a tenant in the
parish of Kirkinner, in the shire of Galloway, in the
farm of Drumjargan, belonging to Colonel Vans of
Barnbarroch; she was a countrywoman of more than
ordinary knowledge, discretion, and prudence, and for
many years of singular piety and devotion; she would
take none of the oaths now pressed upon women as
well as men; neither would she desist from the duties

THE COVENANTERS. 411

she took to be incumbent upon her, hearing presby-
terian ministers when providence gave opportunity,
and joining with her Christian friends and acquaint-
ances in prayer, and supplying her relations and
acquaintances when in straits, though persecuted. It
is a jest to suppose her guilty of rising in arms and
rebellion, though indeed it was a part of her indict-
ment, which she got in common form now used. For
those great crimes and no other, she was seized some
while ago upon the Lord's day, when at family worship
in her own house; which was now an ordinary season
for apprehending honest people. She was imprisoned,
after she had suffered much in her goods and crop
before she was apprehended. In prison she was very
roughly dealt with, and had neither fire, nor bed to
lie upon, and had very little allowed her to live on.

THE TRIAL.

" Jointly with Margaret M'Lauchlan, or M'Lauch-
lison, these two young sisters, after many methods
were taken to corrupt them, and make them swear the
oath now imposed, which they steadily refused, were
brought to their trial before the laird of Lagg, colonel
David Graham, sheriff, major Windram, captain
Strachan, and provost Cultrain, who gave all the three
an indictment for rebellion, Bothwell-bridge, Ayr's
Moss, and being present at twenty field conventicles.
No matter now how false and calumnious poor people's
indictments were. None of the pannels had ever been

412 GALLOWAY AND

within many miles of Bothwell or Ayr's Moss: Agnes
Wilson could be but eight years of age at Ayr's Moss,
and her sister but about twelve or thirteen; and it was
impossible they could have any access to those risings:
Margaret M'Lauchlan was as free as they were. All
the three refused the abjuration oath, and it was un-
accountable it should be put to one of them. The
assize bring them in guilty, and the judges pronounce
their sentence; that upon the 11th instant, all the
three should be tied to stakes fixed within the flood-
mark, in the water of Blednoch near Wigton, where the
sea, flows at high water, there to be drowned. We
have seen, that Agnes Wilson was got out by her
father upon a bond of an hundred pounds sterling,
which, I hear, upon her non-production, was likewise
exacted. Margaret Wilson's friends used all means
to prevail with her to take the abjuration oath, and
to engage to hear the curate, but she stood fast in her
integrity, and would not be shaken. They received
their sentence with a great deal of composure, and
cheerful countenances, reckoning it their honour to
suffer for Christ and His truth. During her imprison-
ment Margaret Wilson wrote a large letter to her
relations full of deep and affecting sense of God's love
to her soul, and an entire resignation to the Lord's
disposal. She likewise added a vindication of her
refusing to save her life by taking the abjuration,
and engaging to conformity; against both she gives
arguments with a solidity and judgment far above
one of her years and education.

THE COVENANTERS. 413

THE EXECUTION.

" This barbarous sentence was executed the foresaid
day, May 11th, and the two women were brought from
Wigtown, with a numerous crowd of spectators to so ex-
traordinary an execution. Major Windram with some
soldiers guarded them to the place of execution. The
old woman's stake was a good way in beyond the other,
and she was first despatched, in order to terrify tlie
other to a compliance with such oaths and conditions,
as they required. But in vain; for she adhered to her
principles with an unshaken steadfastness. When the
■«'ater was overflowing her fellow-martyr, some about
Margaret Wilson asked her, what she thought of the
other now struggling with the pangs of death. She
answered, ' What do I see but Christ (in one of his
members) wrestling there. Think you that we are the
sufferers? No, it is Christ in us, for he sends none
a warfare upon their own charges.' When Margaret
Wilson was at the stake, she sang the 25th Psalm from
verse 7th, downward a good way, and read the 8th
Chapter to the Romans with a great deal of cheerful-
ness, and then prayed. While at prayer, the water
covered her: but before she was quite dead they pulled
her up, and held her out of the water till she waa
recovered, and able to speak; and then by major
Windram's orders, she was asked, if she would pray
for the King. She answered, ' She wished the sal-
vation of all men, and the damnation of none.' One
deeply affected with the death of the other and her
case, said, ' Dear Margaret, say God save the King,

414 GALLOWAY AND

Say God save the King.' She answered in the greatest
steadiness and composure, ' God save him, if he will,
for it is his salvation I desire.' Whereupon some of
her relations near by, desirous to have her life spared
if possible, called out to major Windram, ' Sir, she
hath said it, she hath said it.' Whereupon the major
came near, and offered her the abjuration, charging
her instantly to swear it, otherwise return to the water.
Most deliberately she refused, and said, ' I will not,
I am one of Christ's children, let me go.' Upon which
she was thrust down again into the water, where she,
finished her course with joy. She died a virgin-martyr
about eighteen years of age, and both of them suffered
precisely upon refusing conformity, and the abjuration
oath, and were evidently innocent of anything worthy
of death."

The martyrs were buried in Wigtown old church-
yard at the foot of Bank Street. The ruins of the
old church are to the north-west of the present building
which was erected in 1853, and the martyrs' grave-
stones are to the north of the old church — the place
assigned to criminals. They are enclosed by a neat
iron railing, and are carefully looked after, in agree-
able contrast to some of the martyrs' tombstones we
have seen elsewhere in Galloway. The largest of the
stones is to the memory of Margaret Wilson. It is
a thin flat stone resting upon four pillars about a foot
high, and has the following inscription: —

THE COVENANTERS. 415

HERE LYES MARGARET
WILLSON DOUGHTER
TO GILBERT WILLSON
IN GLENVBRNOCH
WHO WAS DROUND
ANNO 1685 AGED 18.

;3 ^ a a § H K g z 5 g § § g
§ ^ ^ ^ G « P *" § 3 S 2 I §

o ^ ^ 2 2 g H ^ 5 ^ > o ^ c.
^gz«^>HSHSoo^a

a f« g o a ^ ^ 5 ^ 2 § S 3 "
ie ^ ^ '^ o t> wcas

Near to Margaret Wilson's stone is that erected to
the memory of her aged fellow-sufferer — Margaret
Lauchlane. It is of small size, upright, and rests
upon a socket of stone. The top edge is waved, and
at one corner is a terminating scroll, the scroll at the
other corner having apparently been broken off. On

416 GALLOWAY AND

this waved top the words Me Mento Moki are
engraved. On the other side of the stone Ave read: —

HERE LYSE
MARGARET LACHLANE
WHO WAS BY UNJUST
LAW SENTENCED TO
DIE BY LAGG STRACHANE
WIN RAME AND GRHAME
AND TYED TO A
STAKE WITHIN THE
FLOOD FOR HER

On the other side, below a sketch of two bones and
a skull, the inscription is continued thus: —

ADHERENCE
TO SCOTLAND'S RE
FORMATION COVE
NANTS NATIONAL
AND SOLEMN LEAGUE
AGED 63, 1685.

The lettering on the stones is in the antiquated style
of the period of the Revolution, all the letters being
capitals, and many of them being joined together.

NAPIER'S CASE FOR THE CROWN.

The arguments advanced by Sheriff Napier may be
brieiiy noticed. His whole case is built up on the
fact that a reprieve was granted. While Margaret
M'Lauchlan was in prison, a petition was presented
to the privy council on her behalf, for recall of the
sentence of death passed upon her. A copy is given

THE COVENANTERS. 417

below, and it will be noticed from the Notary's docquet
that the petition does not bear to have been read to
her or subscribed in her presence. Neither in form
nor in substance can it be said to be the petition of
Margaret Lauchlan. She may have consented to a
petition being made on her behalf, but never to the
views set forth in this one:—

" Unto his Grace my Lord High Commissioner,
and remanent Lords of his Majesties Most Hon-
ourable Privie Counsell;

" The humble supplication of Margaret Lach-
lisone, and now prisoner in the Tolbuith of
Wigton —

" Sheweth;

" That whereas I being justly condemned to
die, by the Lords Commissioners of his Majesties
Most Honourable Privie Counsell and Justiciore,
in ane Court holden at Wigtoune, the threttein
day of Apryle instant, for my not disowning that
traitorous apollogetical declaration laitlie affixed
at several paroch churches within this kingdom,
and my refusing the oath of abjuration of the
saymein, which was occasioned by my not
perusing the saymein: And now, I having con-
sidered the said declaratione, doe acknowledge the
saymein to be traiterous, and tends to nothing!
but rebeUione and seditione, and to be quyt con-
trair unto the wry tin word of God; and am
content to abjure the same with my whole heart
and soull:

418 GALLOWAY AND

" May it therefoir please your Grace, and
remanent Lords as said is, to take my cais to your
serious consideratione, being about the age of thre
scor ten years, and to take pitie and compassione
on me, and recall the foresaid sentence so justlie
pronouncet against me; and to grant warrant to
any your Grace thinks fit to administrat the oath
of abjuration to me, and upon my taking of it to
order my liberatione; and your supplicant shall
leive, heirafter ane good and faithful subject in
tyme cuming; and shall frequent the ordinances
and live regularly, and give what other obedience
your Grace and remanent Lords sail prescryve
thereanent; and your petitioner shaU ever pray.

" De mandato dictae Margaretae Lauchlisone
scribere necien, ut asseruit, ego Gulielmus Moir,
notarius-publicus, subscribo testante hoc meo
chyrographo.

"William Moir."

"J. Diinboir, witness.

" Will. Gordoun, witness."

Doubtless Margaret Wilson's father, Gilbert Wilson
of Glenvernoch, exerted himself on behalf of his
daughter. Certain it is that a reprieve was granted in
the following terms: —

" Edinburgh, April 30th, 1685. The Lords of
his Majesty's Privy Council do hereby reprieve
the execution of the sentence of death, pronounced
by the Justices against Margaret Wilson and

THE COVENANTERS. 419

Margaret Lauchlison, until the day of

and discharge the magistrates of Edinburgh from
putting of the said sentence to execution against
them until the foresaid day, and recommend the
said Margaret Wilson and Margaret Lauchlison
to the Lords Secretaries of State, to interpose
with his most sacred Majesty for the royal
remission to them."

It will be noticed that the above reprieve leaves the
date blank — significant enough when it is contended
that nothing was done to give effect to it. From the
fact that the magistrates of Edinburgh were discharged
from executing the sentence Sheriff Napier concludes
that the two women must have been removed to Edin-
burgh, and that the drowning at Wigtown in May
could not have occurred. Dr. Stewart points out the
procedure in the case of three men sentenced to be
hanged on 20th April at Cumnock. Their case was
brought before the Council on 9th April, when this
deliverance was granted: — " The Lord Commissioner
his Grace hath reprieved and hereby reprieveth the
execution of the foresaid sentence of death until the
20th day of May next at which time the same to be
put in execution in case there be no further order to
the contrary." Following on this the men took the
abjuration oath, and on 8th May the Council ordained
a letter to be written in their favour to the Lord
Secretaries of State, recommending them to apply to
the King for their pardon. No such letter was written,
and the men again presented an address, and on 15th

420 GALLOWAY AND

June the Council " ordains a letter to be written to
the Secretaries of State recommending them to
mercy." This time the letter is written, and accord-
ingly the minute contains a copy of it. Following on
this, the Council Minute of 30th June shows that his
Majesty's pardon was produced by the Lord Chan-
cellor. As Dr. Stewart says: — " Here, then, is a case
in which a petition for mercy, and an offer to take the
Government oaths, ended in a pardon; and the minutes
of the Privy Council show the steps by which it went
on to this termination. But these minutes show that
the Wigtown case, though it had a beginning, had no
continuation, and had no such ending. It stopped
short, from some cause, at the very first stage — at the
mere permission to administer the oath, and forward
the prisoners. No proof do these minutes furnish that
the oath was administered, as in the case of the
Cumnock men; no proof, deserving the name, that
the women were actually sent to Edinburgh; no proof
that a recommendation to mercy was actually for-
Avarded to London; and, above all, no proof that a
pardon came." In the London State papers there is
no record of the Wigtown case, but there we find the
Cumnock case undergoing its usual course and ending
in a formal pardon. Further, when the Edinburgh
rulers got into a state of panic at Argyle's invasion
and cleared the Edinburgh and Leith jails of "all
the prisoners for religion, especially those from the
South and West," and sent them to Dunottar, we find
the names of the three Cumnock men among the
prisoners, but the names of the Wigtown martyrs do

THE COVENANTERS. 421

not appear. There is not a scrap of evidence to show
that the two women were ever in Edinburgh, and there
is no record to show that the reprieve ever went beyond
the first step.

On the affirmative side of the question the proof
has been arranged by Dr. Stewart, under the following
headings: — (1) Tradition; (2) Early Pamphlets;
(3) Earlier Histories; (4) Minutes of Local Church
Courts; (5) Monumental Evidence.

Tradition has been handed down from sire to son
of the drowning of these two women, pointing to the
very spot where the tragedy took place. The course
of the Bladnoch was different then from what it is
to-day. Then the mouth of the river was near the
Church, and it was in this part that the women were
drowned. In the family of the Wilsons, the fact of
Margaret Wilson's martyrdom has been preserved as
part of the family history. The descendants of
Grilbert Wilson were farmers in Penninghame parish
till within quite recent times.

The Informatory Vindication, published by the
Societies in 1687 undoubtedly refers to the Wigtown
martyrs in these words: — " Drowning women, some
of them very young, and some of exceeding old age."
The Hind Let Loose, first published in 1687, also
refers to the Wigtown martyrs: — " Neither were
women spared, but some were hanged, some drowned,
tied to stakes within the sea-mark, to be devoured
gradually with the growing waves, and some of them
of a very young, some of an old, age."

The following passage from the Prince of Orange's

422 GALLOWAY AND

Declaration for Scotland, dated at The Hague, 10th
October, 1688, shows that he believed that drowning
was one of the barbarities of the Government: —
" Empowering officers and soldiers to act upon the
subject living in quiet and full peace, the greatest
barbarities in destroying them by hanging, shooting,
and drowning them without any form of law or respect
to age or sex." In A Short Memorial of the Sufferings
and Grievances (1690), there is this passage: — " Item,
The said Colonel or Lieutenant-General James
Douglas, together with the Laird of Lagg and Captain
Winram, most illegally condemned and most uncere-
moniously drowned at stakes within the sea-mark, two
women of Wigtown, viz.: — Margaret Lauchlan, up-
wards of sixty years, and Margaret Wilson, about
twenty years of age, the foresaid fatal year 1685."

In A Second Vindication of the Church of Scotland
(1691), by Dr. Gilbert Rule, Principal of the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, and minister of Old Greyfriars,
there is this passage:—" Some gentlemen, whose
names, out of respect for them, I forbear to mention,
took two women — Margaret Lauchland and Margaret
Wilson— the one sixty, the other twenty years, and
caused them to be tied to a stake within the sea-mark
at Wigtown and left there tiU the tide overflowed
them and drowned them, and this was done without
any legal trial, 1685."

A Short Character of the Presbyterian Spirit,
published in 1703, in reply to a pamphlet entitled
Toleration's Fence Removed, by the Eev. James
Eamsay of Eyemouth, afterwards Moderator of the

THE COVENANTERS. 423

General Assembly, has this reference to the Wigtown
case. " He (the author of Toleration's Fence
Bemoved) says: — ' Others were tyed to stakes within
the flood-mark till the sea came up and drowned them,
and this without any form or process of law.' Hef
durst not instance any so treated. I know they gener-
ally talk of two women in Galloway — drowned they
were indeed, but not tyed to stakes within the flood-
mark till the sea came up, as this Malacious Vindicator
misrepresents." Mr. Ramsay replied, " He takes upon
him to deny that the poor women spoken of, T. F. Ft.
p. 8, were tyed to stakes within the flood-mark till the
sea came up and drowned them; and yet I have a paper
from eye and ear witnesses of that abominable fact."
The value of the extract from A Short Character of
the Presbyterian Spirit lies in the fact that it was
written by Mr. Matthias Symson, a son of the Eev.
Andrew Symson, author of A Large Description of
Galloway, etc., and afterwards printer in Edinburgh.
Andrew Symson was the Episcopal minister of Kirk-
inner when the martyrdom took place, and in October,
1684, he had marked the name of Margaret Lauehlison
as disorderly in regard to Church laws in the list of
parishioners over twelve years of age which he had to
send to the authorities. Then this pamphlet written
by Symson, junior, was issued from the press of his
father, who at the time of the execution was living
within three miles of Wigtown. What further proof
than this admission of the martyrdom would any
reasonable man require? — " Drowned they were in-
deed!"

424 GALLOWAY AND

In regard to " Earlier Histories," it need only be
mentioned that the case of the Wigtown martyrs is
fully given in A Cloud of Witnesses, 1714, and in
Defoe's History of the Church of Scotland, 1717.

The Minutes of the Local Church Courts prove the
martyrdom conclusively. In the Minutes of the Kirk
Session of Kirkinner, of 15th April, 1711, there is
this reference to it: — The minister gave in the account
of the " sufferings of honest godly people in the late
times which was read, and is as follows: — Margaret
Laughlison, of known integrity and piety from her
jouth, aged about 80, widow of John Milliken, wright
in Drumjargan, was, in or about the year of God,
1685, in her own house, taken off her knees in prayer,
and carried immediately to prison, and from one prison
to another without the benefit of light to read the
Scriptures; was barbarously treated by dragoons, who
were sent to carry her from Mahirmore to Wigtown;
and being sentenced by Sir Eobert Grier, of Lagg, to
be drowned at a stake within the flood-mark just below
the town of Wigtown, for conventicle keeping and
alleged rebellion was, according to the said sentence,
fixed to the stake till the tide made, and held down
within the water by one of the town-ofiicers by his
halbert at her throat till she died."

The following were the members of the Session
present: — the Eev. William Campbell, minister of
Kirkinner, a Wigtownshire man, and son of the
minister of Stoneykirk; William M'Hafiie, in Kil-
darroch, who was an elder in Kii'kinner when the
Rev. Mr. Campbell came to the parish. From Mr.

THE COVENANTERS. 425

Andrew Symson's list above referred to we learn that
he was living at Kildarroch in 1684, the year before
the martyrdom. Gilbert Milroy, who was a member
of Session before 1702; George Dunn, who was an
elder before 1698; John Martin of Little Aires, who
was ordained in 1703. The Kirkinner Minute of
euSerings states that Andrew Martin of Little Aires —
probably John's father — was declared rebel for going
to Bothwell. Alexander Martin, younger of Cutloy.
He was probably tenant of Meikle Aires, as he repre-
sents the proprietor — Henry Hawthorn — at parish
meetings. He was twelve years of age at the time of
the martyrdom. John Martin elder in Airles. There
is the name of John Martin in Symson's list, but the
residence is different, and he may not be the samel.
John M'Dowall in Ballaird. There are two John
M'Dowall's in Symson's list, but neither of them
resides at Ballaird. John Kirkpatrick, chamberlain to
Hamilton of Baldoon. He was ordained in 1707, and
though he may have had no personal knowledge of the
martyrdom, he was doubtless satisfied of its truth on
the testimony of others; Eobert Heron, Barglass, was
previously an elder in Mochrum, and it is probably his
name which appears on the roll of the synod, 20th
April, 1697; Andrew Gray, ordained Deacon in 1705.
The following is the reference to the case in the
Penninghame records of 19th February, 1711: —

" Gilbert Wilson of Glenvernock, in Castle-
stewart's land, being a man to ane excesse con-
form to the guise of the tymes, and his wife

426 GALLOWAY AND

without challenge for her religion, in a good
condition as to worldly things, with a great stock
on a large ground (fitt to be a prey), was harassed
for his childrene who would not conform. They
being required to take the test, and hear the
curats, refused both; were searched for, fled, and
lived in the wild mountains, bogs, and caves.
Their parents were charged, on their highest peril,
that they should neither harbour them, speak to
them, supplie them, nor see them, and the country
people were obliged by the terror of the law, to
pursue them, as well as the soldiers, with hue and
cry.

" In February, 1685, Thomas Wilson of sixteen
years of age, Margaret Wilson, of eighteen years,
Agnes Wilson of thirteen years, children of the
said Gilbert — the said Thomas keeping the moun-
tains, his two sisters Margaret and Agnes went
secretly to Wigtown to see some friends, were
there discovered, taken prisoners, and instantly
thrust into the thieves hole as the greatest male-
factors; whence they were some tymes brought
up to the tolbooth, after a considerable tyme's
imprisonment, where several others were prisoners
for the like cause, particularly ane Margaret
M'Lauchland of Kirkinner paroch, a woman of
sixty-three years of age.

" After their imprisonment for some consider-
able tyme, Mr. David Graham, sheriff, the laird
of Lagg, Major Winram, Captain Strachan, called
ane assize, indicted these three women, viz.: —

THE COVENANTERS. 427

Margaret M'Lauchlan, Margaret Wilson, Agnes
Wilson, to be guilty of the rebellion at Bothwell-
bridge, Airds Moss, twenty field conventicles, and
twenty house conventicles. Yet it was weel known
that none of these women ever were within twenty
miles of Bothwell or Airds Mosse; and Agnes
Wilson being eight years of age at the time of
Airds Mosse, could not be deep in the rebellion
then, nor her sister of thirteen years of age, and
twelve years at Bothwell-bridge its tyme. The
assize did sitt, and brought them in guilty, and
these judges sentenced them to be tied to
palissados fixed in the sand, within the flood-mark
of the sea, and there to stand till the flood over-
flowed them, and drowned them.

" They received their sentence without the least
discouragement, with a composed smiling coun-
tenance, judging it their honour to suffer for
Christ's truth, that He is alone King and Head
of his Church. Gilbert Wilson, forsaid, got his
youngest daughter, Agnes Wilson, out of prison,
upon his bond of ane hundreth pounds sterling,
to produce her when called for, after the sentence
of death past against her, but was obliged to go
to Edinburgh for this be-fore it could be obtained.
The tyme they were in prison no means was
unessayed with Margaret Wilson to persuade her
to take the oath of abjuration, and hear the curats,
with threatenings and flattery, but without any
success.

428 GALLOWAY AND

" Upon the eleventh day of May 1685, these
two women, Margaret M'Lauchland and Margaret
Wilson, were brought forth to execution. They
did put the old woman first in to the water, and
when the water was over-flowing her, they asked
Margaret Wilson what she thought of her in that
case? She answered, What do I see but Christ
wrestling there? Think ye that we are the
sufferers? No, it is Christ in us, for He sends
none a warfare on their own charges. Margaret
Wilson sang Psalm xxv., from the 7th verse, read
the eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Eomans,
and did pray, and then the water covered her.
But before her breath was quite gone, they pulled
her up, and held her till she could speak, and then
asked her if she would pray for the King. She
answered that she wished the salvation of all men,
but the damnation of none. Some of her relations
being on the place, cried out, She is willing to
conform, being desirous to save her life at any,
rate. Upon which Major Winram offered the oath
of abjuration to her, either to swear it, or return
to the waters. She refused it, saying, ' I will not.
I am one of Christ's children, let me go.' And
then they returned her into the water, where she
finished her warfare, being a virgin martyr of
eighteen years of age, suffering death for her
refusing to swear the oath of abjuration and hear
the curate."

THE COVENANTERS. 429

The members of the Session present were: —

1. Robert Rowan, Minister.

2. John M'Caul, Corsbie. He was at Bothwell, and

was taken and imprisoned. His landlord —
Castle Stewart — gave Olaverhouse a Bond for
1,000 merks for his compearance, and he was
liberated. The list by Mr. Colquhoun, Epis-
copal minister of Penninghame, shows that he
was residing at Corsbie at that time (1684).

3. John Martin, Glenvogie. His wife and son are

in the list, but he had sought safety in flight.

4. John Heron, Grange of Cree. His name appears

in Mr. Colquhoun's list.

5. Alexr. M'GiU, Barvennau. He also is in the list.

6. Thomas M'Caw, Challoch.

7. John M'Keand, Balsalloch. In Mr. Colquhoun's

list there are two of this name resident at
Balsalloch.

8. William Douglas, Balsalloch. He was 17 years

of age at the date of the martyrdom.

9. James M'Geoch, Barwhirran. His name appears

in Mr. Colquhoun's list. He was 18 in 1685.

10. John M'Clelland, bailie in Newton Stewart. He

was previously an elder in Monigaff .

11. Alexander M'Clinger, Barachan. His wife was

at Wigtown sentenced to banishment in 1684
for " converse " with him. In 1684 his resi-
dence was Thrive.

12. Patrick Milroy, Glenhapple.

13. James M'Millan, Fintilloch.

430 GALLOWAY AND

In the Wigtown Session Records, under date 8th
July, 1704, it is minuted: —

" Post preses sederunt, the minister and all the
elders and deacons." Inter alia. " This day
Bailie M'Keand, elder, in Wigtown, addressed
the session for the privilege of the sacrament,
declaring the grief of his heart that he should
have sitten on the seize of these women who were
sentenced to die in this place in the year 1685,
and that it had been frequently his petition to
God for true repentance and forgiveness for that
sin. He being removed, and the session enquiring
into this affair and the carriage of the said bailie
since that time, and being satisfied with his
conversation since, and the present evidence of
repentance now, they granted him the privilege.
He was called in, admonished, and exhorted to
deliberation, and due tenderness in such a solemn
address unto God."

It may be imagined that Bailie M'Keand's " grief
of heart " would not have been so great as it appears
to have been, and that he would not have been denied
the " privilege of the sacrament " for nineteen years,
had the women, at whose condemnation to death he
assisted, not been actually executed.

The inscriptions on the tombstones must have
appeared at the very latest before 1730, as they are
given in the third edition of the Cloud of Witnesses,
published that year, and there is every reason to believe

THE COVENANTERS. 431

that the tombstones with the inscriptions were put up
much earlier. As Dr. Stewart pertinently asks, " Is
it possible to believe anyone capable of ' committing
such an outrage on truth and propriety as to inscribe
on a tombstone in a churchyard visited every Sunday
by the whole population of the County town, what
they all would have known to be a mere fable?' "

There are many other circumstances and incidents
that go to support the truth of the martyrdom. Some
of these we give, not that we think them at all
necessary, but that everything connected with the story
is of interest.

The following declaration was published in 1861: —

" I, Margaret Wilson, residing in Wigtown,
do hereby solemnly and sincerely declare, that the
late Mr. William M'Adam, of Woodside, called
upon me soon after I came to Wigtown, and read
over the annexed paper, and said that his grand-
father gave it to him, saying it was a copy of
the petition written by himself, signed by him
and others, and forwarded to Parliament, against
Sir Robert Grierson of Lagg, as stated therein,
and that his grandfather was married to one of
the Wilsons of Glenvernock.

" (Signed) Margaret Wilson."

" Declared before me at Wigtown this 14th day
of March, 1861..

" (Signed) Thomas Murray,
Sheriff-Substitute of Wigtownshire."

432 GALLOWAY AND

The following is the paper referred to in the above
declaration: —

" Memorandum anent ane Petition to be pre-
sented to the Parliament against Sir Robert
Grierson of Lagge.

" Sir Robert having in the late evill times the
command of several troops of dragoons, and being
Steuart of the Steuartry of Kirkcudbright does,
without any process or sentance of law, cause
comite severall barbrous and inhuman murders,
and that upon no other account but upon Church
irregularities, and does execute his fury against
this poor people in such a manner as cannot well
be expressed. A particular account of all his
barbarities is not designed in this place, but only
such of them as are most notour and deserve best
the consideration of the honourable states of
Parliament, which are as follows: —

" 1st. Sir Robert, after he had apprehended
two women to wit, Margaret Lauchlison and
Margaret Wilson — upon no other account but for
alleged nonconformity, did, without any con-
viction or sentence, cause bind them to a stake
within the sea-mark at Wigtoune till the flood
returning drowned them both, and that without
any consideration of the age of the one or the
youth of the other, and the said Margaret Lauch-
lison being above 63 years of age, and the other
18 years old. This was done in the month of
May, 1685."

THE COVENANTERS. 433

Sir Andrew Agnew in The Hereditary Sheriffs of
Galloway says: — " Local traditions traceable to almost
contemporaneous times, even if they seem childish,
stand in corroboration of the deed, in so far as they
show that the reality of the tragedy was never for a
moment doubted in the district." He gives the
following incidents: —

The man by whose information the women were
arrested was well known, and his memory is execrated
still. One of his descendants, getting into an alter-
cation with a person in the town, was thus taunted,
" I wadna like to have had a forbear who betrayed
the martyrs; I wadna be com'd o' sic folk."

The late Miss Susan Heron, Wigtown, often told
how her grandfather, who had seen the execution, spoke
of it in these words: — " The sands were covered wi'
cluds o' folk, a' gathered into clusters, many offering
up prayers for the women while they were being put
down." Miss Heron died 19th February, 1834, aged
eighty-seven, and her grandfather, James Heron, died
31st October, 1758, aged ninety-four, so that he was
twenty years of age when the women were drowned.
The Herons were buried at the old churchyard of
Penninghame, and these dates are taken from their
tombstones.

A town sergeant, who had been officiously active —
when the women finally refused Lagg to take the test
— pressed down their heads with his halbert, and cried
with savage glee, " Tak' another drink o't, my,
hearties." Hardly had he returned home when he
was troubled by an extraordinary thirst. No amount

434 GALLOWAY AND

of drink could satisfy it. His unnatural craving forced
him, when obliged to go about, to carry a pitcher on
his back. If crossing a stream, he was irresistibly
impelled to kneel down and lap water like a dog.
Medical skiU was of no avail: as the wretch wandered
about the country, now turning to curse a group of
urchins who followed to mock his sufferings, now
sprawUng to moisten his tongue in the gutter, even
his ribald companions shrank from him with horror,
and the people, whose sympathies were with his
victims, pointed to him as a man whose eternal
sufferings had begun.

Still more grotesque is the tradition of the " Cleppie
Bells": — A constable, who was held to have carried
out his orders unfeelingly, as he fastened the women
to the stakes, was asked how the poor creatures behaved
when the cold wave roared and foamed about their
heads. " Oh," he replied jocularly, " they just clepped
roun' the stobs like partons, and prayed." Soon after.
Bell's wife was brought to child-bed, when the mid-
wife exclaimed in horror, "The bairn is clepped!"
(i.e., the fingers grew firmly together). Another child
was born, and yet another, and as each in turn was
seen to be " clepped," the most incredulous were con-
vinced it was a judgment of Providence.

SINGULAR DREAM OF MARGARET LAUCHLANE'S
DAUGHTER.

The Eev. William Campbell, minister of Kirkinner,
in response to a request by Wodrow, inquired into the

THE COVENANTERS. 435

story of a dream of the martyr's daughter, and replied
under date 11th April, 1718, as follows: —

" Rev. Dear Brother, — In compliance with your
desire anent Elizabeth Millikin's dream, know
that I went and discoursed her this day, in order
to give you the genuine account of it. The said
Elizabeth dreamed, some weeks or months before
the quarter sessions that met in November, 1708,
that her mother Margaret M'Lauchlison, came to
her, at the cross of Wigtown, with garb, gesture,
and countenance that she had five minutes before
she was drowned in Blednoch, and said to her,
' Elizabeth, go and warn Provost Cultrain that he
must shortly appear before the tribunal of the
great God to answer for his ways;' and immedi-
ately her sleep was broken, and it made such an
impression upon her, that she resolved, for her
own exoneration, and the Provost's edification,
prudently and meekly to communicate the said
dream to the said William Cultrain of Drum-
morral, with the first convenience; but not
finding or expecting that, she told the dream to
Bailie Lafries, Drummorral's friend, being
married to Lady Drummorral's sister, a man of
age, gravity, and experience, and an elder in
Wigtown; and solemnly desired and engaged him
to signify the said dream to the said Drummorral;
and she doubted not but the said Bailie Lafriee,
did tell the said Drummorral. And, accordingly,

436 GALLOWAY AND

in the beginning of November, 1708, he rode from
Wigton to the quarter session of the justices of
the shire, that met that time at Stranraer, and
there, on the Wednesday, at the court table, was
suddenly struck with a lethargy, was carried to
his quarters, and continued speechless till
Saturday, the 8th of November, and then died."

Coltrain's participation in the persecution was too
deep to escape being handed down to posterity. His
name was so detested that many stories coupled with
superstitious exaggerations were current. One was
that when he died the windows of his house looked as
if they were a blaze of fire, which was understood as
conveying the fact that the Devil had then got
possession of his own. It was also related that for
long after his death to pass after nightfall the door
of the house he had occupied was an undertaking
requiring more than ordinary nerve.

Such are some of the stories that have come down to
us about the Wigtown martyrs — stories strange and
weird, but all going to show that among those on the
spot and in the best position to know, the martyrdom
never was doubted.

THE STIRLING MONUMENT.

In the New Cemetery at Stirling a magnificent
monument has been erected to the memory of the
martyrs. On a large pedestal, there is the figure of
an angel standing beside two figures seated, repre-

THE COVENANTERS. 437

senting the two Wigtown martyrs with the open Bible
before them, and a lamb lying at their feet. This
beautiful piece of sculpture is greatly admired. It
is the work of Handyside Ritchie, Edinburgh. The
figure representing an angel was cut in Rome. In
the front of the pedestal on marble is the following
inscription, with several emblematic designs: —

MARGARET

Virgin-:nartyr of the ocean wave with
her like-minded sister

AGNES

Love many waters cannot quench — God saves

His chaste impearled one in covenant true.

O, Scotia's daughters ! earnest scan the page.

And prize this flower of grace, blood bought for you.

Psalm ix.-xix.

THE WIGTOWN MONUMENT.

On 24th September, 1848, a sermon was preached
in Wigtown Parish Church by the Rev. Dr. William
Symington of Glasgow, in aid of a fund for a
monument to the memory of the martyrs, but it was
not until ten years later that the present monument
was erected on Windy Hill at a cost of £200. The
foundation stone was laid in presence of a large
attendance, by the late James Dodds, Solicitor,
London, author of The Fifty Years' Struggle of the

438 GALLOWAY AND

Covenanters. The following are the inscriptions on
the monument. On the north side: —

This Monument

has been erected

in memory of the noble army of Martyrs in

Galloway and other parts of Scotland, by

whom, during the age of persecution, our

Religion and Liberties, as now established,

were secured,

and

as a lesson to posterity never to

lose or abuse those glorious privileges

planted by their labours, rooted in their

Sufferings, and watered with their blood.

On the west tablet we read: —

A general desire having been manifested to

commemorate by some suitable Monument the

Piety, Constancy and Courage

of the Scottish Martyrs,

especially those whose ashes repose

in the churchyard of Wigtown,

a Committee of Gentlemen of the district

was appointed to carry out this object;

and a considerable fund being raised

by public subscription and otherwise,

the present Monument was erected in the year

1858.

The south side repeats the inscription on the tomb-
stone of Margaret Wilson in the churchyard.

THE COVENANTERS. 439

The inscription on the east side is: — ■

Margaret Wilson, aged 18, daughter

of a farmer in Glenvernock,

and

Margaret M'Lauchlan, aged 63, tenant in

the farm of Drumjargon, both in this County,

were drowned by sentence of the public authorities

in the waters of Bladnoch, near this place,

on the 11th of May, 1685,

because they refused to forsake the principles

of the Scottish Reformation, and to take the

Government oath abjuring the right of the

people to resist the tyranny of their rulers ;

also

William Johnstone, gardener ; and John Milroy,

chapman in Fintilloch ; and Gilbert Walker,*

servant in Kirkala ; all in this County, were

summaiilj' executed in the town of Wigtown in

the same year and for the same cause.

In 1885, the bi-centenary of the martyrdom was
commemorated at Wigtown by an immense concourse
of people.

MARGARET MAXWELL.

The Court which condemned the two women to death
on 13th April, 1685, had also before it Margaret
Maxwell, servant at Barwhannie, in Kirkinner parish,
charged with non -conformity. She was sentenced to
be flogged through Wigtown streets and to be put in

* As will be seen from the inscription on the tombstone, the
name should be " George " Walker.

440 GALLOWAY AND

the jougs for three days. This sentence was carried
out by the Wigtown hangman, but he evidently had no
liking for the work, as may be seen from the following
Minute: —

"WiGTOUNE, Apryle 15th, 1685.

" Councell Extraordinar .

" The qlk Day, the bailzie and Councelors
having convened John Malroy, hangman, befoir
them, and examined him, what was his reason to
absent himself at this tym, when ther was em-
ployment for him, he acknowledged he was in
the Avrong, and was seduced yrto; but now
acknowledged himself the tounes ssrt (servant),
and promised to byd be his service; but aleged
that he had noe benefit or cellarie for his service,
and craved to have some allowance for tyme
coming; Which he refered to the toun councell
at ane frequent meiting efter the provest's
retourne from Edr.; and in the meintym the
bailzie, with advyce and consent of the councell,
appoynts the thessrer to furnish four shilling Scots
ilk day to the sd. John Malroy dureing his abod
in prissone, which shall be alowed to the thessrer
in his compts; as also appoynts the thessrer to
furnish him one beddine of Close, for ye which
he shall be satisfied dureing his imprisonment."

Margaret Maxwell was one of those who afterwards
gave Patrick Walker an account of the martyrdom, as
referred to in his Six Saints.

THE COVENANTERS. 441

CHAPTER XLIV.

OTHER WIGTOWN MARTYRS.

William Johnstoae — John Milioy — George Walker — Peden's pro-
phecy — The Milroys of Kirkoalla, captured and tortured,
mutilated and banished — Gilbert Milioy survives the
Bevolution and returns to Kirkcowan.

There is another martyrs' tombstone in Wigtown
churchyard. It is a little larger than Margaret
M'Lauchlan's, and, like hers, has a waving top with
the words Me Mento Mori. The inscription is as
follows: —

N
HERE LYSE WILLIAM JOHNSTO
JOHN JIILROY GEORGE WALKER
WHO WAS WITHOUT SENTE
NCE OF LAW HANGED BY MA
JOR WINRAM FOR THEIR ADHER
ENCE TO SCOTLAND'S REFOR
MATION COVENANTS NATIO
NAL AND SOLA.^I LEAGWE
1685.

Johnstone was gardener to the Laird of Fintilloeh.
George Walker was servant at Kirkcalla, and John
Milroy Avas a chapman living in Fintilloeh. John-
stone had so far conformed as to take the test, but
changed his views and refused to hear the curate, with

29

442 GALLOWAY AND

the result that the latter informed against him and
he was forced to take to the moors and mountains, and
in this way threw in his lot with the other two.
Tradition narrates that they had many narrow escapes,
and at last they were captured by a party sent out
by Major Winram, and were brought to Wigtown.
Winram questioned them, and, not being satisfied, had
them hanged the next day without even the form oif
a trial.

Among the remarkable sayings ascribed to Peden
the prophet, is one referring to the execution of these
men. When he was praying at Craigmyre, many
miles distant, he suddenly cried out, " There is a
bloody sacrifice put up this day at Wigtown. These
are the lads of Kirkcalla." Those who lived near knew
nothing about it till afterwards, and then they realised
what Peden was referring to.

THE MILROYS OF KIRKCALLA.

In 1684, William Milroy of Kirkcalla took the test,
but his brother Gilbert got off by paying £12. Next
year these two, with a younger brother— Patrick —
rather than take the oath, left their home and hid
among the moors and mountains. In June or July,
the Earl of Hume sent his militia to quarter on them.
The soldiers pillaged their house, drove away all the
cattle they could find, and practically demolished
everything. They took away eighty black cattle,
many young beasts, about five hundred sheep, and
eight horses, some of them of great value. When the
women wanted to retain their clothes, saying men had

THE COVENANTERS. 443

no use for them, some of them were seized and lighted
matches were placed between their fingers. William
and Gilbert were captured and taken before the Earl
of Hume at Minnigaff, and, refusing to disclose who
had sheltered them in their wanderings, lighted
matches were placed between their fingers also, but
without drawing any information. They were tor-
tured, and threatened with immediate death if they
did not tell, but still they refused. Gilbert Milroy's
wife came to Minnigafi to wait upon her husband.
She had gone out to the fields to pray, and one of the
soldiers over-hearing her, came up to her and, drawing
a sword, threatened to kill her, but he was restrained,
and carried her prisoner to the Captain of the Guard,
who saw good to dismiss her. Her husband and his
brother, with several others, were carried under the
guard to the church of Barr, tied together two and
two like beasts of slaughter. They were ultimately
carried to Edinburgh and imprisoned at Holyrood
House, all the jails being filled. Mr. James Col-
quhoun. Episcopal minister at Penninghame, had no
small share in their being thus treated. Gilbert
Milroy found means to treat with him when he was
apprehended, and sent him a good wedder upon his
promise to speak for him. Gilbert's wife afterwards
went to Mr. Colquhoun and asked a line in her
husband's favour. He wrote a letter and sealed it,
giving it to herself to carry to Edinburgh. In this,
instead of writing in the prisoner's favour, he informed
the judges that he was a disloyal person of rebellious

444 GALLOWAY AND

principles. This, together with their refusing to
comply and take the oaths required, brought on their
sentence, which was to have their ears cut off, and to
be banished for ten years. Their ears were accordingly
cut off, with the exception of Gilbert Milroy's, who
was so weak that he was thought to be dying. About
five or six days afterwards, Gilbert Milroy and the
rest of the sentenced prisoners were taken out, and
six and six of them tied together, and such of them as
were not able to walk, as was the case with several,
were carried in carts to Newhaven, put into a ship
lying there, and thrust under deck to the number of
one hundred and ninety. They endured terrible
privations, and when they landed at Port Eoyal in
Jamaica, they were put in an open prison. They had,
however, much friendship shown them from several
people in the island. After ten days in prison,
they were sold as slaves. Gilbert Milroy refused
to work to his master on the Sabbath, and one
day, after the master had ordered him several times,
he drew his sword and had well nigh killed him, but
afterwards, finding him faithful, conscientious, and
diligent, he altered his way, and made him overseer
of all his negroes. The blacks hated him for his
fidelity to his master, and made various attempts to
murder him. One of them struck him on the head
with a long pole, whereby he was stunned for some
time, and lost a great deal of blood, and was ever
afterwards a little paralytic. At another time he was
poisoned by some of the negroes, but was saved by

THE COVENANTERS. 445

the timeous application of antidotes. Many of the
prisoners died in their bondage, but Gilbert lived till
the Revolution, and came safe home to his wife and
relatives, and was a useful member of the Session of
Kirkcowan.

446 GALLOWAY AND

CHAPTER XLV.

THE SUFFERINGS IN PENNINGHAME.

The sufferings in Penninghame — The sufferings in Kirkinner —
William Graham, the Crossmichael Martyr — Grierson of
Balmaclellan— The M'Cartneys of Blaikit— John Gordon,
Viscount Kenmure, and Lady Kenmure — Gabriel Semple —
John Livingstone, minister of Stranraer — Knox in Galloway
—The Coves of Barholm— The Galloway Covenants of 1638
— Borgae Covenant and signatures — Minnigaff Covenants and
signatures.

!Prom Penninghame Session Records we learn that the
Parish suiTered severely after Bothwell. The dragoons
and foot soldiers spoiled the houses and took away the
cattle of those who had been implicated. John Martin,
Glenvogie, James Martin, Glenhapple, and Alexander
M'Clingan, Baltersan, had their goods and cattle
seized, and their wives were apprehended and cast into
prison. The cattle of John Hannay in Penninghame
were driven away, and his house was demolished.
James Gordon of Craighlaw, who was living in
Glasnick had his house spoiled, and his estate was
gifted to Major Main. He bought back his estate at
great expense, pledging it in security, and while others
at the Revolution recovered their estates, there wae
none from whom he could claim, and ultimately the
creditor got possession. John MacTaggart, Hazel-
green, and Alexander Murray, taken at Bothwell, were

THE COVENANTERS. 447

shipped to the West Indies. The ship was lost, and
with it MacTaggart, but Murray was saved, and
returned home. John M'Caul in Corsbie, taken at
Bothwell, was afterwards liberated, but was again
seized and imprisoned in Dumfries, while the soldiers
helped themselves to his goods. He was liberated on
Bond for a thousand merks. Alexander M'CIelland,
Baltersan, taken at Bothwell, and afterwards liberated,
had his whole stock and crop seized and sold by Sheriff
Graham. Gilbert Douglas, Glenrassie, for being at
Bothwell, suffered great loss, estimated at about a
thousand merks. William Kennedy, Barnkirk, and
John Ferguson, Garwachie, were also at Bothwell,
and became marked men afterwards, and suffered
accordingly. John M'Caw, cottar, Kirkcalla, had all
he possessed taken from him, and was forced to flee
for his life. John Stewart, Glenloehoch, suffered to
the extent of over a thousand merks, and fled to
Ireland. Patrick M'CIelland, Baltersan, was im-
prisoned for six months in Wigtown, and was fined
five hundred merks, and his stock and crop were seized
by Sheriff Graham. Thomas M'Keand in Balsalloch,
and Gilbert Heron in Carsenestock, were imprisoned
and only liberated on payment of considerable sums.

THE SUFFERINGS IN KIRKINNER.

The husband of Margaret Lauchlisone, John Milli-
ken, suffered much at the hands of the persecutors.
The soldiers were frequently quartered on him, and he
was obliged to pay six of them eight shillings Scots
each per day for a considerable time. He was taken

448 GALLOWAY AND

prisoner to Dumfries, and fined. Andrew M'Cubbin
and his wife, Elizabeth Milliken, daughter of the above
John Milliken, were stripped of all their goods, their
furniture burned to ashes, and themselves and their
children turned out of their house. Alexander Vaux
of Barwhanny, brother of John Vaux of Barnbarroch,
and Margaret Maxwell, his wife, were harassed,
processed, and fined merely for nonconformity and
receiving outed ministers. William Sproat, Clutag,
to avoid persecution, went to Portpatriok, intending
to cross to Ireland, but was apprehended and brought
back on foot between two dragoons past his own door
to Wigtown prison. He was put in irons, his ears
cut off, and his fingers burned with matches. He was
sentenced to be banished to America, and died on the
way. William Kerr, Boreland, was imprisoned at the
same time as Margaret Lauchlisone, but managed to
escape. John Stewart, Kirkbien, was stripped of all
his goods. John Dunn, Stewarton, was imprisoned
and banished, and died on the voyage. Janet Dunn,
his daughter, had her fingers burned with matches,
and was carried prisoner to Glasgow. Margaret
Middinel, Meikle Airies, was imprisoned. John
M'Eeikie, Newton, and Agnes M'CuUoch, Stewarton,
wife of Anthony Hawthorn, were fined. Andrew
Martin, Little Airies, being at Bothwell, was declared
rebel, and his house was frequently plundered, and
the crop seized by the dragoons. His wife, Margaret
Kennedy, suffered severely, and was forced to flee with
her children. She was taken prisoner, but managed
to escape. " The search after these was so accurate

THE COVENANTERS. 449

that many hundreds of Oaths were taken anent the
said Andrew and his epouse, so that they were obliged
to more close hiding until King James' toleration."

WILLIAM GRAHAM, THE CROSSMICHAEL
MARTYR.

In Crossmichael churchyard there is a martyr's
stone, about three feet high by two feet broad, with
the following inscription: —

HERE LYES
WILLIAM GRAHAM
WHO MAKEING HIS
ESCAPE FROM HIS
MOTHERS HOUSE
WAS PURSUED AND
TAKEN AND INSTANT-
LY SHOT DEAD BY
A PARTY OF CLAVER-
HOUSES TROOP FOR

On other side a skull and crossbones, and

MEMENTO MORI

HIS ADHERENCE
TO SCOTLANDS
REFORMATION CO
VENANTS NATION
AL AND SOLEMN
LEAGUE 1682.

Defoe includes William Graham among those whom
Claverhouse murdered at his own hands. " Claver-
house rode after him and over-took him, and although
the young man offered to surrender, and begged him
to save his life, he shot him dead with his pistol."
He was brother to James Graham referred to at p. 237.

450 GALLOWAY AND

GRIERSON OF BALMACLELLAN.

Many of the Covenanters found for years a safe
retreat in a cave near Ingleston, but in April, 1685,
it was betrayed by "knavish Watson," who had
deserted the Covenanters and become a bitter perse-
cutor. This was the Andrew Watson who is mentioned
with the Covenanters implicated in the tragedy at
Carsphairn Manse. Early in the morning of 28th
April, 1685, acting on Watson's information. Colonel
James Douglas and Lieutenant Livingstone stealthily
came to the cave and captured five fugitives. These
were John Gibson, brother to the Laird of Ingleston;
James Bennoch from Glencairn; Kobert Edgar from
Balmaclellan; Robert Mitchell from Cumnock; and
Robert Grierson, also from Balmaclellan. When the
dragoons came up, they fired into the cave, wounding
one of the fugitives, and then rushed in and seized the
five. They were dragged out and ordered to be shot.
Gibson's mother and sister, hearing of the capture,
came upon the scene and interceded for him, but in
vain. The soldiers, however, allowed him an inter-
view, and Gibson asked them not to grieve for him.
He was allowed to pray, which he did in a way that
impressed even the soldiers. He read part of Psalm 17,
and John 16, and, after praying again, was shot dead.
The other four were not allowed to pray, and were
immediately shot. One of them not dead was thrust
through with a sword, and, as he died, he cried,
" Though every hair of my head were a man, I am
willing to die all these deaths for Christ and His
cause." Gibson, Edgar, Bennoch, and Mitchell were

THE COVENANTERS. 451

buried in Glencairn, where stones were erected to their
memory. G-rierson's body was carried to Balmaclellan
and buried there, and a stone over his grave hae the
following inscription: —

AT INGLESTOUN IN THE PAROCH OF GLENCARN ANNO 1685.

This Monument To Passengers Shall Cry

That Goodly Grierson Under It Doth Ly
<; Betray'd By Knavish Watson To His Foes
Ji Which Made This Martyrs Days By Murther Close ft]

g If Ye Would Know The Nature Of His Chime ttj

Q Then Read The Story Of That Killing Time t^

S§ When Babel's Brats With Hellish Plots Conckald ^

^ Desion'd To Make Our South Their Hunting Field ^

^ Here's One Of Five At Once Were Laid In Dust jj

f^ To Gratify Rome's Execrable Lust §

5 If Carabines With Molten Bullets Could S

^ Have Reached Their Souls These Mighty Nimrods Would *^

'-' Them Have Cut Off ; For There Could No Request
Three Minutes Get To Pray For Future Rest.

JO aNvwwoo Aa Hxvaa ox xohs svav ohav noshsiho

Balmaclellan churchyard also has a stone in memory
of Robert Paterson, stone engraver, well known as
Old Mortality, who died at Bankhead of Caerlaverock,
14th February, 1801, aged 88.

THE M'CARTNEYS OF BLAIKIT.

The M'Cartneys of Blaikit, in the Parish of Urr,
were zealous supporters of the Covenanters, and
suffered accordingly. John M'Cartney, who was an

452 GALLOWAY AND

elder in the Parish Church in 1647, was in 1662 fined
£600 merely for adherence to the Presbyterian
Church. Other fines were subsequently imposed and
he was thrown into Kirkcudbright jDrison, where he
died.

He was succeeded by his son, George M'Cartney.
He was suspected of favouring the Dairy Rising, and,
merely because of this. Maxwell of Milton seized his
horses to the value of £160, spoiled his house,
and carried away his crop. Banna tyne next forced a
Bond from him for five hundred merks. In 1668, a
party of dragoons again plundered the house and took
away horse, and then shortly afterwards Major Cock-
burn arrived from Dumfries garrison with eighty
horse, waited two or three days, eating and destroying
everything about the place. In 1671, Sir Charles
Erskine, Lord Lyon, got a commission from the Lords
of the Treasury to uplift the Estates, goods, and gear
of those in Wigtownshire, Kirkcudbright, and Dum-
friesshire, forfeited for the Rebellion of 1666 for the
crop of 1670. By some means M'Cartney's name was
got into this Commission though he appears to have
been neither forfeited nor an excepted person. The
Lord Lyon wished him to buy back his own estate,
and when he refused, he was carried prisoner to Dum-
fries, and then to Edinburgh. After several petitions,
he at last got his case considered, and it was clearly
shown that his name should not have been in the
Commission at all, and his liberation was ordered on
Bond of one thousand merke to appear when called
upon. Meantime he was taken back to prison. After

THE COVENANTERS. 453

an interval, he made inquiries, and discovered to his
dismay that the clerk had omitted to minute his
liberation. Altogether he remained in prison over 'six
years, and during this time his estate was laid waste
and everything carried away by the Lord Lyon. After
he was liberated and settled down again, David
Graham came with a party of soldiers and kept
garrison in his house for some weeks, seized his horse,
and helped himself to corn and everything else he
wanted. Wodrow says that the total of his losses,
besides being impaired in health, was £9,827 16s.

He afterwards supported the famous John Hepburn,
and was one of those who appeared before the Presby-
tery and asked help to get the Privy Council to give
the stipend of Urr to Mr. Hepburn, " whose preaching
they allow." In 1699, he appears in opposition to
the former Episcopalian curate of the Parish, John
Lyon, who had applied to the General Assembly to be
admitted a Presbyterian minister. M'Cartney died
in 1704, and was buried in Urr churchyard.

JOHN GORDON, VISCOUNT KENMURE, AND
LADY KENMURE.

Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar was born about the
year 1599, and in his student years had the privilege
of living with John Welsh when the latter was an
exile in France. Kenmure's early life was not re-
markable for either good or evil, his chief desire being
for worldly honours. Years afterwards he said to one
of his kinsmen, " I would not have you drown your-
self so much in the concerns of the world as I did."

454 GALLOWAY AND

About the year 1626, he married Lady Jane Campbell,
third daughter of Archibald, seventh Earl of Argyle,
by his first wife, Ann, who was a daughter of William,
sixth Earl of Morton. Sir John was hopeful that the
honours of the house of Gowrie, attainted for high
treason in 1600, would be revived in his person as his
mother was Lady Isabel Euthven, daughter of
William, first Earl of Gowrie. It is said that he sold
the lands of Stitchill, the ancient inheritance of the
family, and gave the price to the Duke of Bucking-
ham the evening before his assassination by Felton
as a bribe to support his claims. His hopes in this
were doomed to disappointment. In 1633, Charles
created him Viscount Kenmure and Lord Gordon of
Lochinvar. He attended the Parliament of 1633, but
when Charles wished to pass laws ratifying the Acts
of Perth Assembly and for advancing the state of
bishops, which he could not support, he feigned illness,
and returned home. In 1634, he was back in Edin-
burgh still endeavouring to be elevated to the earldom
of Gowrie. He took ill, returned home, and died on
12th September, at the early age of thirty-five. On
his death-bed he exhorted Lamb, the bishop of
Galloway, not to molest or remove the Lord's servants,
or enthrall their consciences to receive the Five Articles
of Perth, or do anything against their consciences as
he would wish to have mercy from God. He added,
" Since I did lie down on this bed, the sin that lay
heaviest on my soul and hath burdened my conscience
most was my withdrawing of myseK from Parliament
and not giving my voice for the truth, for in so doing

THE COVENANTERS. 455

I have denied the Lord my God." To Rutherfurd
he said, " I did it with fearful wrestling of conscience,
my light paying me home within, when I seemed to
be glad and joyful before men." Eutherfurd con-
tinued with him in his iUness. A few minutes before
the end, Rutherfurd engaged in prayer, and his
Lordship was observed smiling, his visage became
beautified, and we are told that the expiry of his breath
and the ceasing of his pulse (which the physician was
still holding) corresponded exactly with the close of
the prayer. Rutherfurd has immortalised his fame
in The Last and Heavenly Speeches of Lord Kenmure.
Lady Gordon in her early years was of a delicate
constitution, and Rutherfurd seems to refer to her
sufferings in his letter to her of November 15th, 1633.
" I knew and saw Him (Christ) with you in the
furnace of affliction, for there He wooed you to Him-
self, and chose you to be His." All her children died
young. Her only son, born after Lord Kenmure's
death, died when little more than four years old.
Nearly fifty of Rutherfurd's letters are addressed to
Lady Kenmure, and to her he dedicated The Trial
and Triumph of Faith. When Rutherfurd died, she
extended her beneficence to his widow and daughter,
and the suffering Presbyterian ministers received sub-
stantial tokens of her good-will, for she was warmly
attached to the cause for which they suffered. About a
year after her son's death. Lady Kenmure married
the Honourable Sir Henry Montgomery of Gifien,
second son of Alexander, sixth Earl of Eglinton, but
she was soon left a widow again. The exact date of

456 GALLOWAY AND

her own death is not known, but she was alive in 1672,
for John Livingstone then spoke of her as " the oldest
Christian acquaintance I have now alive." She was,
however, in a very weak state of health, and her end
was believed to be near.

GABRIEL SEMPLE.

Gabriel Semple was second son of Sir Bryce Semple
of Cathcart, Sheriff of Renfrew, and was a great-
great-grandson of John, first Lord Semple. At the
age of twenty-five, he was unanimously called to
Kirkpatrick-durham, as the Records of Dumfries
Presbytery show: —

"At Dumfries, 23 December, 1656, James
Gordon of Bar, William Gordon of MacCartney
with some others of the elders of the Parish of
Kirkpatrick of the Moore, compeiring did present
ane unanimous supplication subscryved by the
heritours, elders, and tennents of that parish
earnestly desyring the Presbytry to present Air.
Gabriell Semple to his tryalls in order to his
settling amongst them conforme to ane cleir and
unanimous call subscryved by them and delivered
to the said Mr. Gabriell Semple."

He was ordained on the 26th May following, when,
" after sermon had by Mr. Walter Gledstaines,
Moderator, the said Mr. Gabriell Semple was solemnly
admitted into the ministry thereof by Invocation of
God's name and Imposition of hands according to the
custom of this Church, and was heartily received by

THE COVENANTERS. 457

the gentlemen, elders and people of the parish, who
gave unto him the right hand of fellowship in
corrohoration of their former call and invitation which
they had formerly and unanimously given."

He was thus the choice of the people, but he was
driven out by the Act of 1662, and with Welsh of
Irongray, took up his abode at Corsook. He joined
the Dairy Rising, and preached to the Covenanters
at Ochiltree and Lanark. Afterwards he left the
country, but, venturing back to Scotland, proclama-
tions were issued against him. He was captured in
1681, and, after three months' imprisonment in Canon-
gate Jail, he was liberated on Bond for ten thousand
merks. He withdrew to England and was afterwards
appointed to Jedburgh, where he remained till his
death in 1706, at the age of seventy-four. He was
married to a daughter of Sir Walter Riddel of Riddel,
and left several children.

JOHN LIVINGSTONE, MINISTER OF STRANRAER.

John Livingstone was born at Kilsyth in January,
1603. His father and grandfather had been ministers
of the parish, and he himself preached his first sermon
there. In 1626, he visited Galloway on the invitation
of Lord Kenmure, who had in view to present him to
the parish of Anwoth, but unforeseen delay occurred
in getting it disjoined, and Livingstone accepted
another call. " At that time in Galloway," he says,
" I got acquaintance with my Lord Kenmure and his
religious Lady and several worthy and experienced
Christians, as Alexander Gordon, Earlston; Alexander

3°

458 GALLOWAY AND

Gordon, Knockgray; Robert Gordon, Knockbrex;
John, his brother, and Alexander of Gairleuch,
FuUerton, laird of Oarleton, John M'Adam and
Christina M'Adam of Waterhead, Marion M'Naught,
Kirkcudbright, and several others, for I preached at
a communion at Borgue where many good people came
out of Kirkcudbright, and I was present at private
meetings with the some of the fore-mentioned at Gair-
leuch, and in the Airds, where Earlston then dwelt."
He was invited to Cumbernauld, the seat of the Earl
of Wigtown, where he preached at intervals till 1630,
when he accepted a charge in the North of Ireland.
There were other Presbyterian congregations in the
neighbourhood, and among his near ministerial
brethren were Josiah Welsh, son of Welsh, the former
minister of Kirkcudbright, Robert Blair and John
M'Clelland, afterwards minister of Kirkcudbright.
These were deposed by the bishop of Down, and had
to flee for their lives. When on a visit to the Earl of
Cassillis, Livingstone accepted a call to Stranraer, and
was inducted in July, 1638. The more serious of
his flock assembled daily, and, after singing a feiw
verses of a Psalm, and reading a portion of Scripture,
he spoke to them for half an hour. He tells that the
neighbouring ministers with whom he kept most
society, by whose counsel and company he profited
most, were John M'Clelland, Kirkcudbright (married
to Mrs. Livingstone's sister); Robert Hamilton, Bal-
lantrae; and George Hutchison, Colmonell; and in the
Presbytery of Stranraer, Alexander TurnbuU, Kirk-
maiden; George Dick, Inch; and John Dick, Glen-

THE COVENANTERS. 459

luce; and in the Presbytery of Wigtown, Andrew
Lauther, Whithorn; and John Park, Mochrum, who
was afterwards appointed to Stranraer. He had been
present at communions with most of these ministers,
and they had been at his communions at Stranraer.
He attended the Glasgow Assembly of 1638, and in
1640 was appointed chaplain to the Earl of Cassillis's
regiment, and was present at Newburn. In 1648, he
was translated to Ancrum. Eef using to take the Oath
of Allegiance in the way desired, he was banished,
and went to Rotterdam, where he died in August,
1672, in the seventieth year of his age.

KNOX IN GALLOWAY.
THE COVES OF BARHOLM.

When Knox found the times too dangerous for him
in Edinburgh after the murder of Rizzio, he fled to
Ayrshire, but it is not generally known that, instead
of remaining there, he came to Galloway about 1566,
and sought safety in Barholm Castle, between Gate-
house and Creetown. His signature was for many
years to be seen on the wall of one of the rooms.
The M'Cullochs of Barholm were zealous supporters
of the principles of the Reformation, and this accounts
for Knox coming here. After Queen Mary's escape
from Lochleven Castle, Knox fled to the Continent,
but, before leaving Scotland, he had his wife and
family removed to Rusco Castle, near Gatehouse, where
he left them in charge of Robert Campbell of Kin-
gancleuch, Ayrshire. Rusco at this time belonged to

460 GALLOWAY AND

Gordon of Lochinvar, and Campbell was probably only
a guest at the castle as Knox was at Barholm.

The caves or coves of Barholm often afforded a safe
retreat to the persecuted Covenanters. Barbour speaks
of three of these caves in his Unique Traditions— the
Cove of Barholm, the Caa's Cave, and the Whig's
Hole. They are in the rocks on the shore opposite
Garlieston, in a line with Barholm Castle. The
"Whig's Hole extended inwards for some thirty yards
and at a little distance from the mouth it became
contracted and at this point could easily be closed by
a stone. This, indeed, was frequently done when the
persecutors sent out by Lagg were searching in the
vicinity. Traditions are current in the neighbourhood
of a woman who lived in a cottage at the Warld's End
watching for favourable opportunities to lower pro-
visions to the Covenanters hiding in the caves. In
Welsh's Life of Dr. Broum, it is said that his grand-
father, the minister of Kirkmabreck, was wont to send
food to some of the persecuted, and that " the cave
is still shown where such people were thus supplied."

THE GALLOWAY COVENANTS OF 1638.
BORGUE COVENANT.

The 1638 Covenant was received with enthusiasm
in Galloway, and widely signed. Every parish in the
province had its copy, but very few of them have
been traced. The Borgue Covenant is preserved in
the Register House, Edinburgh. It is dated 22nd
April, 1638, and measures twenty-five by twenty-seven

THE COVENANTERS. 461

inches. It is in the usual terms and has the Glasgow
Determination on the back. The following are the
signatures: —

" Thomas FuUartone, James Drew, Jon. Drew,
Thomas Tagart, Robert Gordone, Robert Bryce,
James Tagart, Thomas M'Crobert, James Thom-
sone, David Thomsone, James Pauling, James
Tagart, James M'Crobat, Jon. Mertein, Wm.
Thomsone, James M'Kittrick, John Kirkpatrick,
Jon. Tagart, James Carsane, Andro Carsane,
Thomas M'Kinnay, Jon. Hendrie, Ninane
M'llnae, John Hendrie, Wm. Bryce, James
Tagart, Jon. Tagart, Thomas Sproyt, Alexr.
Campbell, Andro Sproyt, Jon. Newall, Jon.
HeucheU, Wm. Clyltane, Alexr. M'Qn. Thomas
Kingane, Thomas Kennie, Thomas Keine, elder
James Kenne, Patrick Tagart, Thomas John-
stone, Jon. Herreis, George Bryce, Andro Kenne,
Jon. Herreis, Wm. M'Crobat, Adame Haffie,
Jon. M'Quhatrok, Wm. M'Cyffie, Jon. Corbie,
Jon. Sproyt, James M'Mine, Jon. Sproyt, Robt.
Thomsone, James Bryce, Symone Clark, Jon.
Gordone, Alexr. Muirhead, Jon. M'Quhitrok,
Jon. Gordone, Mertehe Callane, Jon. M'Kittrik,
George M'Naught, Thomas Clark, Andro Sproyt,
James Gordone, Jon. Cairnes, Jon. M'Kie, Jon.
Comblenie, Robert M'Robat, Jon. Clyltane,
Edward Pauling, Alexr. Clark, James M'Cuffie,
Wm. Cuffie, Jon. Diksone, George Goune, Wm.
M'Mine, Andro Cuffie, Thomas Broun, Jon.

462 GALLOWAY AND

Tagart, John Symsone, Jon. Sproyt, Jon.
M'Goune, George Warnok, Thomas Carsane,
James Bell, James Cliltane, Andro Bell, Wm.
M'Ghie, Thomas Robsone, Alexr. Bryce, Gilbert
Clark, James M'Mine, Thomas Combline, Jon.
Bryce, Jon. Broune, Jon. WmSone, Wm.
M'Callell, Jon. Robisone, John M'Kittrick, Jon.
Tagart, Jon. M'Goune, Jon. Law, Robt. Sproyt,
Jon. M'Alleill, Alexr. M'Murrie, Jon. Bryce,
James Thomsone, Thomas Raen, Wm. Shaw,
Gilbert M'Ghie, Thomas M'Gympsie, Jon.
M'Ghie, Jon. M'CuUreoch, Alexr. WmSone, Jon.
M'MoUane, David M'Quhae, Jon. Porter, Jon.
Kingane, Jon. Sproyt, Jon. Herreis, Andro
Ketrik, Merteine Halline, Symon Killigane, Jon.
Jonstone, James Jonstone, James Cultane, Wm.
Broune, Jon. Gordone, Jon. Hunter, Thomas
Gordone, James Jellie, Thomas Tagart, Patrick
Bryce, Jon. M'Couchtrie, Thomas Robsone, Jon.
Edgar, Jon. Douglas, Andro. M'Kie, Edward
Robinsone, Andro Suord, Andro Goune, James
Goune, Thomas Gone, George Muirheid, Wm.
M'Murrie, Jon. M'Cornok, James Corrie, James
Car, Jon. M'Knische, James DungaUheid, James
M'Goune.

"With our hand at the pen by the Notar
following at our commands because we cannot
wrycht ourselves.

" Ita est Robert M'Henchane Noric pube de
mandato darum personarum scribere nescien ut

THE COVENANTERS.

463

assruerunt manu mea propria Johne Makcac-
hernie, James Reid, Robert Dalzell, Williame and
James Henries, John Dalzell, Thomas Layng,
William Newall, Gilbert Grier, Robert Makgoun,
Johne Makmartine, Andro Corsane, Andro Kair-
noquhen, James Carsane, John Makinsche, John
Jolie, Andro Schaw, William Welsch, Andro
MakcufRe, Johne Carsane, John Cambell, Niniane
Cawdzell, John Cuffeis, Thomas Kinzean, Andro
Carsane, Johne Dowglas, Johne Stewart, John
Thomsone, Thomae Gibson, Robert Hunter? John
Makcurrie, James M'Tagert, Robert Makquhen,
Johne ]\fakhallorn, James Makillnae, John
Carsane, John Sproyt.

1 M. Gaw. Maxwell,

? Minister at Borge.

John Fullartoun of

Carletoun.
James M'Lellane in

Balmagane.
Robert M'Lellane.
James Kirk.
William Arnot.
Roberto Gordovm of

Knokbrex.
Thomas Sproit.
John Pailling.
Robert M'Garmarie.
Thomas Robesone.
James Robisonne.
Johne Sprot.
Robert Makcuffe."

lliomas Lennox of

Plunton.
John Lennox.
Andro Lennox.
A. Cairnis.
Johne Robisoune.
Johne M'Quhene.
Robert Heuchane Notar.
John M'Tagart.
Samuell Arnot.
Thomas Arnot.
Johne Hutcheon.
Georg Gordon.
Andro Sprot.

464

GALLOWAY AND

The following signatures appear to the Ratification
of the Articles of the Glasgow Assembly of December,
1638, endorsed thereon: —

Thomas Lennox.

of Plunton
— ? M'Clellane

of Barmagachein
Walter Hamiltoune
Andro Sproit
Johns Sprot
James Robisone
William Tat

M. Gaw Maxwell. John Gordon.
Minister at Borge Johne M'Quheine.

John FoUarton
of Carletoun
Robert Gordoun
of Robertoun
Robert M'Lellane
Johne Robisone
(James Robi)sone
Thomas Sproit
(Thomas) Arnot

John Pauling.
A. Caimes.

Robert (M') Garmarie
John Gordoun
James Kirk
John Lennox
Robert Lennox
John M'Lellane
Robert Cuife
Georg Gordon.

UNIQUE COVENANT AT CARDONESS.
MINNIGAFF COVENANT.

Until recently it was not thought that the Covenant
had been printed contemporaneously, except in
pamphlet form, but Mr. G. W. Shirley, Dumfries, has
brought to light a printed copy which we have had
the privilege of examining through the favour of
Sir William and Lady Maxwell of Cardoness. It has

THE COVENANTERS. 465

been in the Cardoness Charter Chest for generations,
and was exhibited recently at a meeting of the
Antiquarian Society at Dumfries. We cannot do
better than adopt Mr. Shirley's description of it : —

" The Covenant is of vellum, in three portions,
which have become separated. The three parts
are in an excellent state of preservation, a small
portion of the margin only having been torn away.
The upper portion measures 19f inches by 14|
inches ; the middle part is the longest, 21|- inches,
and of the same width as the upper part. The
third part is the smallest, 5f inches deep, slightly
narrower, and it is of a different and thicker skin.

" The first two parts bear the text. This is
beautifully printed in double columns, the
heading being tastefully set out, and the whole
surrounded by a floreated border, which is of
double breadth at the top and bottom. The text
is continuous on both sheets, running down the
left column to the foot of the second sheet before
passing to the right column, but, though specially
examined, there is nothing to show whether the
sheets were joined before printing or were printed
separately. From border to border the printing
is 11|^ inches broad throughout and 17^ inches
long on the upper sheet and 16| inches long on
the second."

It was probably printed and signed prior to the
Glasgow Assembly of November, 1638, as it does not
bear the Glasgow Determination. There is neither

466 GALLOWAY AND

the name of the printer nor the place of printing on it.
It may have been printed abroad, as many of thei
Covenanters' works were. It is scarcely conceivable
that only one copy of the print was pulled. What has
become of the others?

The holograph signatures leave no doubt that the
printing is contemporaneous. On the left hand margin
of the printing on the first sheet are the signatures: —
Rothess; Montrose; Eglintoun; Cassellis; Lennox;
Wemyss; Lothian; Lindesay; Dalhousie; Tester;
Elcho; Johnstoun; Kirkcudbright.

There are no signatures on the right hand margin,
and there are no signatures on the margins of the
second page, but, joining the two sheets, is the signa-
ture "J. Coupar," and at the foot of the second sheet
are the signatures: — Garthland; Dundas off thatt
ilk; Cunnynghamheid; Erskine off Duns; W. Hig
of Setherney (?); Williame Grahame of Hiltoun;
W. Riddell; J (?) Murray; W. Moore, appearand of
Eowallane; J. Cokburne, Clerkintyne, yr; William
Welche, M.A. (?); Sr. J. (?) Murray; Robert
Hamylton of Binning; Sr. W. (?) Foulis feer of
Colintoun; Sr. W. (?) Rowallane; Alexr. M'dowall
off Logane; W. Cochrane of Cowtoun (?); J. R. off
Merland; Sr. J. (?) Fowstoun (?); Patrick Lissweis
(?); James Hamelton belstene Alexander Mackie;

M'Kie off Larg; Alexander Gordoune of erlis-

towne; M. Gibsone durie; R. Naper of Culcreuche;
J. Griftr (?) off Monzie; Hew M'dowall of Knokglas;
Patrik M'dowell of Creichane; Sr. B. (?) Saming-
toune (?) Mirhurig; Johnne Ker; Johne ;

THE COVENANTERS. 467

Lethun of etheringholm; T. Shaw of Cavers; W.
dowglas of Redheide, Craigdarroughe; G. Douglas of
penzery, Lyon; Sr. E. B. Sempill beltreis J. Dow-
glais Scheref of roxburghe.

The third sheet is all signatures. The parchment
appears to have been cut off some other document,,
parts of the long letters of some signatures being
visible at the top of this sheet. It has the following

signatures: Ogilvy (?) ^^ Inchmartrie; James

Ross of balneill; Johne Ramsay of Edingtoune;

Hamilton; J. Broune off Carseleuthe; Fergus

Kennedy; Gilbert Kennedie; Johnne Gordoun of
Cardynes; David Kennedy; Jon Gordone; J. Turn-
bull of Mynto; William Menteath of Randifurd;

Rutheris (?); Sr. D. CampbeU; Sr. J. (?) Grier;
Jo. Pringill of Stittchell; W. Menzies; Arthur A.

Ersken; Sr. J. Drummond of Machaine; Braco;

Burnett of Leyes; Sr. G. Ramsay ballmeine;

Robert Ker; Ja. Creichtoune; W. Gordoun of
Shirmers; harie Elphinstoune off Caderhall; Kill-

maher, Wmphra Colquhoune of Ballbey; W.

Sandelandes; Patrik hepburne of Wauchtune; Johne

M'Kie of glassoche; Jas. Stewart of corsuall;

of Craig caffie (?); Bancharay; Johne Vansz;

Robert hamiltone; J. Gordoun of Auchlane; M.
H. (?); Charteris; Alexr. Scott; Daniell hay, finla-
mont; J. Knox, wrytter; Alexander M'Kie; R. Scott
of Woll^ Duncan craford off Drumphi (?).

There are other two Covenants preserved in the
Cardoness Charter Chest, one of which is of the
usual vellum type, written locally and signed by the

468 GALLOWAY AND

parishioners of Minnigaff. It measures about 27 by
26 inches, and has altogether 355 signatures. The
first is that of Mr. William Maxwell, minister of
Minnigaff, who, with the other Gallpway ministers,
was turned out in 1662. His son was the gallant
Colonel William Maxwell, a Covenanter of the
Covenanters, who boldly stood by Argyle on the
scaffold, and followed his body to Magdelene Chapel.
He went abroad and returned with William of Orange,
who held him in great esteem and presented him with
a ring containing his hair and with portraits by
Kneller of himself and his Queen, which are still to
be seen at Cardoness. He was Governor of Glasgow
during the Eebellion of 1715, having "left his own
family and countrey, above seventy miles distant from
this place, at the desire of the Magistrates and Chiefs
of the inhabitants." The Town Council presented him
with a service of plate " as a mark of the town's favour
and respect towards him." He married Nicholas
Stewart, grand-daughter of the Earl of Galloway, and
heiress of Cardoness.*

After the minister's signature are the signatures
of the local lairds. These have evidently not been
adhibited at one time.

Then follow the parishioners' names written by
Notaries. There is a considerable space between the
lairds' signatures and those of the parishioners,
showing that it was intended to get other signatures.

* For Memoir of Colonel William Maxwell, see One of King
William's Men, by Professor Reid.

THE COVENANTERS. 469

The parishioners' signatures overilow to the back, and
the Glasgow Determination is also given on the back,
being signed by twelve individuals.

The other Covenant at Cardoness is a long roll of
paper formed of four sheets, each measuring about
14 inches by 12 inches. There has been at least one
other sheet which is, unfortunately, amissing. The
parishioners' signatures on the paper copy almost
duplicate those on the vellum copy, and they are more
distinct. The following are the signatures on the
vellum copy: —

Mr. WiUiam Maxwell, minister at Minigoff;
Arthore Dunbar off machermior; J. Dunbar;
Alexr. Stewart; Patrik M'Kie, baillzie of Mony-
gof ; James Stewart, belze of Mongyf ; Alexander
Roxburghe; Johne Mcquharg; W. Hunter,
notar; Johne Murdoch; Johne Sloane; Johne

Stewart; Thomas Mcquharg; Thomas ;

Johne Mcquecheine; Johne M'Naght; Johne

Mc CO ; M. H. Charteris; Andro Heroune in

Kirouchtrie; Johne Maxwell; James M'Millane;
James Stewart; Patrick Douglas; John
Mc iUoch; Johne Mcquhonnell; robert M'Kie;

John M'Millane; William Mcgowne, ;

Johne Hamiltone; Thomas Mcquhonel;

Stewart of ffisgill; Alexr. Stewart; Johne
Stewart; Johne Mcquharg; Patrik Herroon;
George Bell; Johne M'MiUane; John Cunyng-
hame; John Mcclymount; Thomas M'Kean;
Archibald Makclanie; Patrig Thomsonne; Patrik

470 GALLOWAY AND

M'Cauell; James Muir; Johne Mccoid; Alex-
ander Gray; James Gray.

Signatures on paper copy. — " Wryttene be Patrick

Garroch, wryter in Wigtoune."
Mr. William Maxwell, minister at Minigoff;
Sr. P. M'Kie off Larg; Alexr. Stewart; Andro
Gray; J. Dunbar; Alexr. Steuart; Arthore
Dunbar off Machermuir; Patrik Heron of Kir-
rouchrie; Johne Stewart; Pe Mcquharg; Johne
Cunyghame; Patrik M'Kie, baelzie of Monygoff ;
William Dunbar; Andro heroune in Kirouchtrie;
Williame Mcgowne; Johne Finlaystune; James
M'Millne; Alexander Roxburgh; John M'Mil-
lane; Thomas M'Kean; David Mcculloch; Johne
Mcgauchein; Patrik M'Kie; James Steuart;
John Murdoch; Johne Maxwell; Johne M'Mil-
lane; Robert M'Kie; Johne M'Knocht; Patrik
Douglas; Archibald M'Ciauie; Johne M'Mil-
lane; John Sloane; John M'Coid; John M'Coid;
James Muire; Patrick M'Cawell; Robert
M'Cawell; Johne hamiltoun; W. Hunter; Johne
M'Quharg; Johne Mcquharg; Johne M'Millane;
John Mcquhonnell; John Steuart; Johne Rox-
burght; Johne M'Cornock; George Bell; Thomas
Reid; Patrik Thomsoune; Gilbert Mo cUiver;
Alexr. gray; James Gray.

Paper and vellum.—

We, Jon. Mcclymount and Jon. Gordoune in
Kirrireoche, Johne Mcgowne in Kirrimore;

THE COVENANTERS. 471

George Gordoune in Kirrikenene; Johne Mccly-
mont ther; Thomas MccuUy and Jon. Mctaggirt
in Polgoune; Jon. Mcquhardg in Kirricastell;
Mairteine Mcilroy and Patrick Thomson in Kill-
kerow; Doncane, Andro and John Mcquhardges
in Strone; Andro M'Millane in arshkonchene ;
Thomas, Jon Wm. and Adam gordounes in Inch-
buchaine; Andro and Quinteine findlaysounes in
Kiriachtrie; Gilbert, Alex, and Anchonie
M'Caads in Trostane; Alexr. and findlay
Mcquhardges in Auruch; Jon. aird ther; George
M'MiUane; Jon. M'Kie; John Mcquhennell in
Clechmallock; Thomas Mcilroy and Alexr.
MoquhenneU in Glencaird; Patrik M'Kie; Andro
McquhenneU; Patrik Mctaggirt in Largforag;
Jon Mcgill and Andro Mcgowne in merkcove;
Gilbert and Thos. Cairdes and James Herroune in
Drumjohane; Jon. M'MiUane, and Jon M'Teir
in Lansboy; Jon and george Mcclurges in Carn-
dirrie; Alexr. Douglas in Dalnaw; Jon Mcdowell
in glenrubock; Archibald Heirreane and Jon
Mccanise ther; Jon and patrick M'Kies in bar-
grenane; patrick and James Mc coires ther;
James Campbell in Drummell-wantie; Jon
M'Taggirt in Drumrichloche; Andro douglas
ther, and Jon M'Kie ther; David Shaw and
Andro M'Kie in Monewik; Alexr. Thomsonne
in Brigtoune; Anthone M'Millane in Firrochbae;
Patrik M'Kie in Meikle Caldounes; Quinteinne
findlaysoune in littell caldounes; Johne and Gil-
bert M'Kies; Gilbert Mcgowne, Jon Hendrysonne

472 GALLOWAY AND

and Patrick Mctaggirt in holme; Rot. Tait and
Patrick tait in Borgane; Alexr. Jon. Thomas
Patrik Stewarts and Patrik Mcquhroyters, elder
and younger, in Larg; James Mequhardge and
Alexr. Thomsoune in cammer, Archibald
Douglas, Walter Mctaggirt in Lagbaes; James
Willsone, Rot. Stewart, and Jon Mcquozd in Car-
dorkane; Jon. M'Millan in clonts, peiter Douglas
ther; John Mcquhroyter; thomas Mccoyd, Don-
cane Mcquhroyter; Jon. M'Millane in Toch-
regane; Jon Stewart elder and Jon Stewart
younger; Andro meines; Thomas Mcclellane in
Drongandow; Jon Mccrakane in Barclay; Jon
Watloun and george tait in Barclay; Alexr.
Mcclellane in Dirrigal; Jon. Mcgill in Dirrigal;
Rot. Mccord; Andro Mcgowne; Jon Mcchlauch-
line; Jon Murdoche; Alexr. Stewart; Rot.
Mcgowne; John Davidsonne, elder, in Borland;
Jon Davidsonne ,younger, in Borland; Mungo
herroune in Kirkland; Jon Simpsone; Jon
cunigame; Jon Stewart and Alexr. Stewart in
clauchrie; Jon Mcquhenill, elder, in Glenmalloch;
Jon Sk — — heme and thomas Mccaa in Glen-
malloch; Donnie M'Kie and Jon Mcclurg in
Knockbrex; William Stewart; Jon Campbell in
Glenshalloch; Barnard, thomas, Jon. Alexr.
M'Kies; Jon and Alexr. morrazes and patrick
Stewart in Garlarge; Jon mechrachire, elder and
younger, in Lomoquhen; Andro finlaysonne and
Alexr. Simpsoun in Laggane; Jon and ninean
Mcmillanes; Jon Gordoune and Jon Mccornock

THE COVENANTERS. 473

in Craigginkalzie; Jon Patrick and quinteine
Mcmillanes in Craignell; Thomas mcquhroyter in
fiiToch; Jon and James Mcmillanes in Polbrek-
burg; Mathew and Jon reids in craigde; Wm.
M'Millane in Tonergie; Alexr. and James
M'Millanes in Tonotrie; Jon M'Millane in
Dickitrik; Jon and William M'Millanes; Thomas
and michaell Mcclellanes in corwar; Walter
M'Millane and Andro Mcgauchane in overdai-
ashe; Jon Reid and Jon Steinsonne in Dalashc-
cairnes; Jon M'Kinnell and patrik maxwell in
Barhose; Rot. and Jon cunighame and patrik
heuchane in Bargallie; Jon and Wm. culbert-
sonnes in ardwell; Michaell, Rot., and Jon
M'Clellanes and Jon Campbell in Gredock; Rot.
and Alexr. Mccoskries; Jon and thomas
heuchanes; Jon Mcgill; patrik mccleave; Jon
Ramsay; Jon marteine; Rot. M'Millane; Jon
Mccheitchie; Jon Doncane in Bardrochwood; Jon
Walter and Jon M'Chessnyes in Little-park; Jon
Mcgimpsies, elder and younger, and Jon mur-
doche in Little-park; Quinteine mccleane in
Stron; Donald, Jon and James M'Kies in Black-
craig; Jon mcdowall in — — -outane; Alexr.
conchie; Thomas Steinsonne; Johne heuchane;
thomas heuchane; Andro maillige; patrick edge-
are in cawgell ; James mcquhardy in Glennamore ;
Patrick Stewart in Craignine; Jon murrayes,
elder and younger, in Barncauchall; Jon herroune
in Drumneucht; Jon mcdowall in Corquhinock;
Jon and gilbert modowells and alexr craik in
31

474 GALLOWAY AND

Lesons; andro mcgauchie in Drakmorne; Jon
murray ther; Patrick murrayes, elder and
younger, and peiter murray in Stronbay; Alexr
M'Caa; Jon herroune; Patrick M'Millane; Jon
Mcchessny in auchenlack; adam gordoune;
Thomas Douglas in Risk; Jon ghrame; James
and andro Mccornockes; george findlaysone in
Drumnaquhinzie; Alexr. M'Brydes, younger and
older, in Glenhoise; Jon and Wm. M'Brydes;
Patrick and Wm. M'Cawelles; Walter M'Millane
and Rot. murdoche in Glenhoise; Andro M'Cor-
nook in Kirtrochwod; Donald Thomsone in
Kirochtrie; Jon M'Kie; George herroune; Jon
Roxburghe in Kirochtrie; Johne

Paper copy ends here. Vellum copy proceeds: —
(fourth line from foot, right side)
mcquoyd in Machrimore; Jon Sloane;

Alexr. mcdowalle in machirmore; Alexr.
mcchuchie in Carsnaw; Alexr. Mcclurg in Cars-
naw; Jon Dowane in Carsnaw; William Mccleave
in carsmaneiche; Alexr. Mcclowane in Meikle-
carse; Gilbert and Thomas herrounes in meikle-
carse; George M'Millane; Robert Roxburght;
Andro M'Millane; Alexr. M'Kie; ninean
Bodden; hew menzies; david chalmers; James
M'Millane and Jon Mccoskrie; Rot. good; Jo.
M'Millane; patrick M'Kie; Jon M'Coskie; Jon
Bodden; Alexr. M'Clachie; patrick Wilsone;
William M'Kie; Jon M'Cord; Wm. Mcchachie;

THE COVENANTERS. 475

Wm, Roxburgh; James Murdoche; Andro Ban-
noeh; Jon Mure; Wm. Sloans; Culbert Simp-
sone; Jon Bodden; Patrick Stewart; thomas
Mcilroy; Alexr. Herroune in the toune of mone-
goffe, with our hands at the pen led be the notars
underwritten at or commands becaus we canot
wryt or selffe. Ita est Andreas gray notarius
publicus de mandatur dictarum personarum Sub-
scriptorum scriben nescen asseruit ut premissis
requisitus.

Ita est guillielmus Hunter not. p.

Baclt. —

Alexander Mccleave in bardroohwood; Robert
M'Coskrie ther, and Alexander Heuchane ther;
Alexander heuchane in reddock; Alexr.
Mcchessny in Bargallie; Andro muligane in
Dalaschcairnes; Thomas mcquhreyter in firroch;
William thomsonne in Larg; Robert Stewart and
Johne Mccoyde in Cardorkane; James M'MiUane
in flrrochbae; Gilbert M'Kie, younger, in heliae;
Williame Mezwale in Risk; Docane M'Kie
in Markcove; Patrick M'Millane and John
M'llwayane in Barlarge; William Mcdowall in
Carsdoncane; Robert Mcchouchtie in Culgow;
James Mocaddam in Laggane; Patrick
Mcquhardge in nather Stronbae; John Mcclardge
in glenhoyse; Jon Mcindric (?); Rot. M'Bryde
in glenhoise; Jon. Mcquhardge in crouchlie; Jon.
M'Millane in dricknaw; Andro. coutart in holme;

476 GALLOWAY AND

Jon and Patrick Stewarts in Caruuer; John tait
in Drongaher; Thomas Simpson in Tochreline;
Alexr. Stewart in Garlies; Andro findlay,
younger, in laggane; James Allane Taylor in
Carsnaw; JohnMcclurdge in maggramore; Johne
M'Dowall in Corsuall; Alexander M'Crakane in
Caillgow; John M'Caa in drongandow; Alexr.
Mcmulzerdoch and patrick taite in barony; Jon
Dunell ther; Jon M'Jorrie, elder and younger,
ther; Jon Merewa ther. Ita est Laurence gray
notarius publious.

Glasgow Determination on back signed by —

John Mcquharg; Mr. William Maxwell; Hew

Stewart; J. Dunbar; Stewart; Patrick

M'Kie; Alexr. Stewart; James Steuart; Alexr.
Mcquharg; Andro HeiTon; Alexr. Roxburgh;
Johne Keillie.*

The question in the early part of this article
as to what has become of other printed copies of the
Covenant similar to the one at Cardoness suggests a
like question about the Covenants signed in the
Parishes of Galloway, for there were undoubtedly other

* In endeavouring to decipher the signatures to the Covenants
at Cardoness, the writer had before him the result of the labours
to the same end of Mr. G. W. Shirley, Dumfries, than whom none
is better fitted for such a task. As will be readily understood this
proved of inestimable value, and the opportunitj' is gladly em-
braced to cordially thank Mr. Shirley for his hearty co-operation
in the matter.

THE COVENANTERS. 477

Covenants signed in Galloway besides those at Borgue
and Minnigaff. What has become of them? Probably
some of them were deliberately destroyed by both sides
during the persecution; others may have been carried
abroad by the Covenanters and lost; and there is just
the possibility that one or two may yet be found in
the Charter Chests of the local lairds.

INDEX

Adair, Andrew, of Genoch, 219
Robert, of Kilhilt, 71, 76, 78,

80, 82, 83
Agnew, Alexander, 71, 92
Andrew, 70, 77, 78, 82, 86, 91,

128, U7, 162, 189, 215, 344., 258,

259

James, 71, 77, 215

Patrick, i3, 78, 82, 83

Aitken, Bishop, 176, 254

Alison, Adam, of Balmaghie, 97,

99, 100
Anna, Countess of Wigton, 144
Anwoth, 300

Apologetical Declaration, 236
Archibald, John, Stranraer, 201
Arnot, Captain, 81, 266, 277

David, of Barcaple, 61, 93, 355

Samuel, 97, 99, 108, 114, 124.

126, 153, 157, 158, 166, 274, 391
William, of Little-park, 103,

104
Arrol, John, 154
Auchencloy, 242, 314
Auchenleck, William, shot, 337
Ayr Covenant, 33
Ayrsmoss, 184

Bannatyne, Sir William, 121, 132,

128, 132
Barholm Coves, 459
Barscobe (M-Qelland), 142, 203,

285
Beeth Hill, 143
Bell of Whiteside, 174, 187, 301,

303, 382
Bennock, John, shot, 346
Blackaddar, John, 97, 108, 111, 142,

143, 146, 390, 396
Blair, John, of Dunskey, 153
Borgue Covenant, 460
Bothwell Bridge, 162
Brown, Abbot, 30

Brown of Priesthill, 324
Buglass, John, Crossmichael, 89,
97, 99, 108

Caldwell of Caldwell, 124, 126, 273

Caldons, 351, 400

Cameron, Michael, 179

— - Richard, 179, 184

Cannon, of Mardrochwood, 123,

124, 125, 136, 144, 166, 175, 185
Cant, John, 97, 99, 100, 108, 139,

145, 222
Cardoness, Covenants at, 464, 467
Cardyness, Lady, 356
Cargill, Donald, 162
Carson, John, of Borgue, 87, 101,

104, 140, 240
Carstairs, John, 124, 126, 274
CassiUis, Earl of, 27, 35, 45, 58, 71,

75, 78, 79, 80, 82, 86, 110, 259
Clachan of Penninghame, Court at,

212
Clanochan, John, Stranraer, 201
Clark, John, of Carsphairn, 366

Samuel, of New Luce, 367

Claverhouse, 162, 166, 184, 189,

196, 213, 304
Clement, James, shot, 303, 306
Clement, John, 371
Cochranes, of Waterside and Ochil-
tree, 210, 222, 223, 228, 249
Coltraine, Provost of Wigtown, 215,

259
Conventicle at Glenvogie, 110
Corsan, John, 240
Cowper, Bishop of Galloway, 60
Craighlaw, 249
Craigmoddie, 386

Dairy Rising, 116, 263
Dalrymple, Sir James, 71, 86, 188,

307, 243, 345
Sir John, 193, 306, 359, 360

480

INDEX.

Dempster, John, tailor, 3T2
Douglas, Colonel, at Caldons, 403
Drumclog, 169
Dun, James, 400

Robert, 400

Roger, 403, 405

Dunbar, Archbishop, 27

David, Baldoon, 78, 86, 209,

237, 346

Mot, Baldoon, 402

of Machermore, 157, 174, 187,

324, 344, 359

of Mochrum, 78, 79, 86

Durie, Bishop of Galloway, 28

Earlston Castle, 38, 121, 129, 335

estate, 249

(see Gordon), 356

Edgar, Robert. 346

Ewart, John, Provost of Kirkcud-
bright, 109, 104, 259

William, Provost of Kirkcud-
bright, 102

Ferguson, David, drowned, 380,
381

John, of Weewoodhead, 365

Robert, shot, 315

of Hallhill, 322

Fines in Galloway, 91
Five Articles of Perth, 60
Fleming, Robert, 903
Forsyth, Andrew, 361

William, 124, 126, 374

Fraser, John, 185, 366, 369
Freugh, garrison, 177, 187

House, 83, 151

Fugitive Roll for Galloway, 993
Fullerton of Carlton, 93, 354, 356,

360

GaUoway, Earl of, 62, 71, 75, 77,
82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 106, 197, 128,
147, 189, 259, 354

- flail, 382

horse at Bothwell, 162

Garlics, Lord {see Stewart), 61, 76,

78, 86, 87
Garthland, Laird of, 75, 76, 79, 82,

141, 259
Gibson, John, shot, 246

Glendinning, George, Mochrum,
355-?

Robert, Kirkcudbright, 63

William, Kirkcudbright, 70,

72,78

Gordon, Alexander, of Airds, 26,

75, 87, 93, 155
Gordons of Airds and Earlston,

70, 164. 165, 174, 187, 249, 334,

336, 344, 354
Gordon of Cardoness, 354
Gordons of Craighlaw, 76, 78, 86,

157, 174, 215, 249, 344

of Culvennan, 157, 174, 344

of Dundeugh, 111, 144, 174,

188, 231

Gordons of Garrary, 193, 195, 175,
188, 229, 273

of Holm, 111, 131, 125, 140,

144, 154, 175, 188, 973

Gordon of Kenraure {see Kenmure),

453
Gordons of Knockbrex, 70, 72, 81,

133, 144, 145, 175, 267, 277, 355
■ of Knockgray, 81, 93, 111,

355, 357

of Largmore, 375

Gordon of Shirmers, 87, 94, 111,
357

Edward, hanged, 331

John, Stranraer, 92, 106

■ shot, 399

Graham {see Claverhouse)

David, brother to Claver-
house, 185, 900, 215, 221, 237,
246

James, Crossmichael, martyr,

237

William, Crossmichael, mar-
tyr, 237, 449

— — John, Dairy, executed, 989
Grier of Balmaclellan, 193, 135, 273

John, shot, 315

(son) of Lagg, 75, 186, 909,

246, 257

the spy, 282

(son) John, executed, 278

Grierson, Robert, Lochenkit, 333

of Balmaclellan, 946, 450

Bargattan, 78, 87, 89, 94, 35 1,

356

INDEX.

481

Hallam, John, executed, 243
Halliday. David, Gleneap, mavtvr,
228,348,301.

David, Mayfield, martyr, 303

Hannay, Michael, 219

Harlow, William, 27
Hays of Ariolland, T9, 1+5, 175,
224, 225

of Park, 76, 78, 153, 155, 157,

232, 234, 259

Heron, Barglass, 425

Grange of Cree, 429, 433

of Kirroughtree, 87, 94, 204-7

of Littlepark, 157, 175, 188

William, martyr, 329

Highland Host, 147, 148
Houston, Cutreoch, 79
Hunter, Colquhassan, 175, 224

William, martyr, 318

Indemnity, 81, 91
Indulgence, 139

Inglis, John, Kirkcudbright, 157
Ingleston martyrs, 246, 450
Irongray Communion, 389

rioting, 101

Johnstone, Stranraer, 92, 157
Johnstone, William, Wigtovi^n
martyr, 441

Kay, Adam, minister, Borgue, 81,

97, 99, 100
Kenmure Castle burned, 38, 83

garrison, 177, 222

Lady, 453

Viscount, 62, 75, 77, 82, 87,

128, 189, 237, 246, 257, 259, 287,
354, 453

Kennedy, Quintin, 34

Barnkirk, 224

Kirk's martyrdom, 282
Kirkandrews martyr, 384
Kirkconnel moor, 303
Kirkcudbright Burgh Records, 383

Lord, 62, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77,

81, 82, 87, 89, 102

Presbytery, 89

rioting, 101

Kirkinner sufferings, 447
Kirkwood, curate of Sanquhar, 311

32

Knox, 25, 33, 459

Kyan, Edward, martyr, 245

Kyle, William, captured, 161

Lagg, Laird of, 61, 237, 257, 304
Laing, Patrick, of Blagannoch, 364
Learraont, Major, 123, 124, 125,

203, 266, 273
Lennox of Cally, 354, 356
Robert, of Irelandton, martyr,

174, 188, 303
Lex Rex, 85, 295
Lidderdale, St. Mary's Isle, 48,

186, 203, 212, 221
Linn, Alexander, martyr, 3^6
Listoun in Calder, 123, 124, 126,

273
Livingston of Quintenspie, 95, 338,

356, 357

minister, Stranraer, 68, 70,

81, 83, 457

Lochenkit, 325
Lochinvar, Lord of, 62
Lochnaw, Laird of, 189, 257

and Highland Host, 151

Lome, Lord, favours Rutherfurd,

291
Luce Abbey, 31
Lyon, curate of Urr, 141

Maohermore garrison, 222, 249
Malcolm, John, executed, 185, 188
Martin, Andrew, Little Airies, 124,
425

of DuUarg, 94, 208, 234, 235,

356

Mary, Queen, in Galloway, 32, 38
Maxwell, Gabriel, 124, 126, 274
Lord, 47, 77, 146

Margaret, Barwhannie, 439

of Cavens, 354, 355, 358

Milton, 93, 235

Monreith, 97, 123, 124, 264,

273 375 277

of Munches, 87, 106, 126

William, Monygaff, 97

Milroys of Kirkcalla, 441, 442, 445
Minnigaff Covenant, 464

garrison, 222

Mitchell, Robert, martyr, 246, 312
Mowatt, martyr, 386

482

INDEX.

Muiir of Cassincarrie, 35.5, 360

Henry, Kirkcudbright, 1.53

Muirhead, Bailie, 374

James, executed, 283

Murray of Brmighton, 76, 78, 86,

87, 14.5, 161

Macadam, Gilbert, Waterhead,

111, 133, 141, 143
Macartney of Blackit, 93, 144, 155,

175, 188, 451
M'Briar, John, Cannon, 28

David, IrongTay, 374

M'Bryde, Anthony, Stranraer, 201
M'Call, John, executed, 383

Andrew, martyr, 400

M'Clelland, Balmagaichan, 123,

134, 125, 144, 145, 174, 188, 273

Barscobe, 133, 124, 125, 144,

165, 175, 188, 203, 264

M'Clive, James, Glentrool martyr,

400
M'CuIloch of Ardwell, 78, 86, 91 ,

94, 175, 188, 226

of Barhoira, 93, 144, 145, 164,

277

of Myreton, 45, 78, 210, 215,

237, 246

M'Clurg, the Minnigaff smith, 197,
224

shoots a spy, 382

M'Dowalls of Freugh, 76, 78, 86,

147, 153, 154, 157, 165, 173, 174,

187, 344
M'Dowall of Garthland, 48, 62, 76,

153, 215
M'Dowal of Logan, 76, 86, 256
M'Ewmont, William, banished, 212
M'Ghie, Anthony, Glencaird, 205

of Larg {see M'Kie)

M'Gill, David, Dairy, 131

M'Kie of Larg, 72, 92, 174, 198,

246, 334, 354
M'Kechnie, John, shot, 314
M'Lauchlane, Margaret, Wigtown

martyr, 410
Macleanochan, John, imprisoned,

201
M'Meekan, Miltonise, 153, 154
M'Michael, James, 383

James, 319, 313, 314

M'Michan, John, Dairy, 97, 99,

100, 138, 145, 222, 338
M'Millan, William, Caldow, 230,

347, 351, .374
M'Millans, 347-.353
M'Naught, Cumnock, 125, 273

Dairy, 133, 125, 273

M'Quhan, Adam, shot, 247

M' Robert, Andrew, martyr, 303,

305, 3S2
M'Roy, Half Mark, shot, 375
M'Whae, Robert, martyr, 384

Naismith, minister, Stranraer, 138
Napier, Sheriff, on Wigtown mar-
tyrs, 416
Nelson of Corsock, 144, 154, 175,

188, 225, 265, 278
Newburn, 72

New Galloway, Court at, 178
Nithsdale, Lord, 61,87,128,162,189
Nonconformist ministers in Gallo-
way, 96

Ochiltree estate annexed to the

Crown, 249
Osborne, John, Keir, 114, 115
Outed ministers, 100, 121

Park, John, Stranraer, 88, 98, 1,38,
1.39, 146

Patriarch, The, 336

Peden, 98, 99, 114, 115, 124, 125,
126, 253, 270, 274, 319, 442

Penninghame, 57, 212

suiferings, 446

Pentland (see Dairy rising)

Perth, Articles of, 60

Philiphaugh, 77

Pierson, curate of Carsphairn, 241,
312, 313

Poe, David, Pokelly, 124, 126, 274

Porterfield, John, Duchal, 249

Quarrelton, 123, 124, 126,

223, 274

Presbyteries and Synods fixed, 70

Printed Covenant, 466

Privy Council and Galloway minis-
ters, 98

Proclamation against rebels, 164

Prote.stors, 81

INDEX.

483

Queensberry, Earl of, 62, 72, 176,
189

Ramsay of Boghouse, 92, 157
Ravenston, Laird of, 147, 166
Reddick, John, Dalbeattie, 355,

359
Register of Synod of Galloway, 107
Renwick, 254., 344, 362, 378
Resolutioners, 81
Roan, Stroanpatrick, 313
Ross, minister, Kirkcowan, 97, 98,

253
Row, curate, Balmaclellan, 140, 154
RuUion Green, chapter xxx., 271
Rutherfurd, George, 299

Samuel, 63, 70, 81, 286, 287,

290

Sanquhar Declarations, 179, 247

Scaur, 144, 394

Scott, David, Irongray, 1-23, 125,

273
Semple, Gabriel, 97, 100, 114, 124,

145, 153, 157, 158, 166, 274, 340,

456

John, Carsphairn, 81, 85, 97,

124, 126, 145, 146, 274

Short, George, martyr, 248

John, Dairy, executed, 282

Smith, James, executed, 282

Robert, martyr, 318

SocieHes, The, 178
Spanish Blanks, 50
Stevenson, Glentrool, martyr, 400
Stewart of Castle-Stewart, 86, 244

of Garlies (see Garlies), 26, 27,

40, 48, 83

of Tonderghie, 79, 106

Robert, Ardoch, HI, 315,316

William, martyr, 329

Stewartry War Committee, 354
Sword, Andrew, 167, 188
Sydeserf, Bishop, 64, 65, 69
Synod of Galloway, 88, 261 ; Regis-
ter of, 107

Thomson, Thomas, minister, 97,
99, 145, 340

Thorburn (Torbran), Stranraer,

210, 225
Threave Castle, 341
Turner, Sir James, 115, 128, 132,

136, 263
Twynholra, 213, 238

Urr parishioners fined, 1 10
Urquhart's dream and death, 402
Ussher, Archbishop, 288

Vans, Vaus, Barnbarroch, 48, 76,

78
Vans, Patrick, Sorbie, 113

Robert, Drumblair, 145

Vaus, Patrick, Mochrum, 224

Walker, George, 441

Wallace, Colonel James, 123, 124,

125, 264, 266, 273
John, New-Luce, 201, 252

John, martyr, 329

Warner, Patrick, 254

(Vernor), Thomas, 97, 98, 108,

145, 156, 228
Welsh of Cornice, 123, 125, 144,

175, 188, 273

of Scar, 123, 125, 226, 273,

394

John, Irongray, 97, 114, 115,

124, 126, 145, 146, 153, 157, 163,
274

John, Kirkcudbright, 57

William, martyr, 278, 979,

Whitehead, Millhouse, 93, 175, 188
Wigtown, Countess of, 144

Earl of, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 71,

74, 75, 79, I'M., 157

martyrs, 406, 445

Wigtownshire Lairds refuse the

Test, 215

War Committee, 78

Wilkie, John, 97, 99, 100, 108, 114
Wilson, Agnes, 409

Margaret, 407

Wilsons of Glenvernoch, 408
Wylie, Thomas, Kirkcudbright, 81,

91, 97
Wynram, Major, at Wigtown, 251