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THE^ ■
TE/nPLE COINS OF OLYnPIM
BY
CHARLES T. SELTM/\N
REPRINTED FROM »NOMISMA« VIII. IX. XI
WITH A FOREWORD
BY
SIR WILLIAM RIDGEWAY
Sc.d:, f.b. a,, &c.
disney professor of archyeolooy
in the university of cambridge
CAMBRIDGE
BOWES & BOWES
/ 1921
QforncU Unittcrattg Ctbrarg
JItliara, Nem f nrh
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE
FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND
THE BEQUEST OF
WILLARD FISKE
LIBRARIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY 1668-1883
1905
THE
Cornell University Library
CJ435 .S46
+
Temple coins of Olympla : reprinted from
3 1924 029 779 406
olln Overs
TEMPLE COINS OF OLYMPIA
BY
CH/^RLES T. SELT/n«N
REPRINTED FROM »NOMISMA« VIII. IX. XI
WITH A FOREWORD
BY
SIR WILLIAM RIDGEWAY
Sc.D., F.B.A., &c.
DISNEY PROFESSOR OF ARCHEOLOGY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
CAMBRIDGE
BOWES & BOWES
1921 *
>0-
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029779406
TO MY WIFE
FOEBWORD.
In the following monograph Mr. Charles T. Seltman of Queens' College, Cam-
bridge, has produced one of the most valuable contributions to the study of Greek
numismatics, which has appeared for some years. It is not merely the results
which he has obtained, but the method on which he has worked, that give its
permanent importance to his book on „The Temple Coins of Olympia".
The fame of the great Grames at Olympia in honour of Pan-Hellenic Zeus has
for generations attracted archaeologists and scholars to everything connected with
Elis, and not least to its beautiful series of coins.
The chief articles dealing with the Elean series are (1) the paper by Professor
Percy Gardner, (Numismatic Chronicle, 1879); (2) the section in the same writer's
Introduction to the British Museum Catalogue of the Coins of Peloponnesus (1887)
and (3) M. Babelon's Sections in Vol. I (1907) and Vol. Ill (1914) of the Second
Part (^Description Historique") of his „Trait6 des Monnaies Grecques et Romaines".
Professor Gardner classified the series into fifteen periods according to the political
history of the city, an arrangement approved of and followed by that eminent
scholar and numismatist, the late Dr. B. V. Head, in his „Historia Numorum" ;
whilst M. Babelon in Vol. Ill (1914), in which he refers more than once to
Mr. Seltman's Part I, follows the latter's ascription of the series to Olympia.
Mr. Seltman's study of the Elean coins first led him to doubt the received
view that they had been struck at the city of Elis, then to make the elaborate
researches here embodied, and finally to arrive at the conclusion that these great
series of coins were issued from two mints, of which neither was at Elis, but both
at Olympia. His wide induction, based upon the examination of over 850 specimens,
and on the sequence and interchange of dies, has furnished a new and solid found-
ation for the chronology of the coinage. By this method, once the die-sequence
is established, it has practically the value of a document not much inferior to that
of an ancient text.
WILLIAM RIDGEWAY.
PREFACE.
An interval of eight years has elapsed between the appearance of the first
portion of this study of the Olympian coinage and the publication of the complete
work. The two first parts were printed in 1913 and 1914 in ^Nomisma" VIII
and IX; the third part, which was, like this book, to have emerged in the end of
1914, was indefinitely postponed by the War. It is the long delay that has occa-
sioned a certain difference in the quality of the paper, pages 3 to 74 having been
printed off before the War, the rest of the book since, when the same type of paper
was no longer obtainable. A return to peace, and a home in Cambridge, have now
enabled me to complete my study of the coins of Olympia.
Since 1918 there has come under my observation only one pair of dies of the
Zeus mint as well as a single obverse die and a single reverse die employed in the
mint of Hera, which I had not incorporated in the Plates (cf. Addenda et Corri-
genda) ; but, by the kindness of M. Svoronos, I have had access to most valuable
information concerning the clever fakes of a notorious forger, whose dies are now
in the possession of the Athenian authorities. The older „Becker" coins, or similar
forgeries of wrong weight, (like the one figured in Traits II, 3, no. 1109, PI.
CCXXXII, 12) should deceive no one. But the almost fiendish skill of this modern
coiner lies in the fact that he copies known dies with minute exactitude. M. Svo-
ronos has sent me photographs of this nartist's" work, among them his copies of
PL IX, EPyjoi and PI. XI, EZ, FB, nrj, it, which are admirable imitations; and I
must confess to having myself fallen a victim to his deception in one instance,.
No. 129 (PL IV, [BK]Px) is a modern fake, the work of this' same forger, and
not, as I believed, a coin struck in ancient times from the genuine die px recut.
The dies for both sides of this coin are now in Athens. My plea must be that
I had only seen plaster casts, not the coin itself; and that I have „ erred in good
company"; for M. Babelon, deceived as I was, has published it in his magnificent
^Trait^" (II, 3, no. 1072,' PL CCXXX, 12).
M. Babelon, the third voliune of the second part of whose „Trait6" appeared
in 1914, had seen my work on the mint of Zeus, but not this completed book,
which includes the mint of Hera. Unfortunately he has, in his classification of the
Olympian coinage, fallen into three somewhat serious errors. (1) He has failed to
appreciate the fact that there are two mints. (2) He considers the question of
die-sequence too difficult for solution, „les memes types se r^petent, se copient, se
_ VIII —
modifient, se croisent et s'enchevetrent d'une inextricable fa^on". (3) He still places
his trust solely in that most deceptive criterion — Style, „le classement chrono-
logique des monnaies olympiques des Ellens est extremement difficile parce qu'i]
ne pent reposer que sur Tappr^ciation du style" (Traits II, 3, columns 703 £.).
The existence of the separate Zeus and Hera mints is elucidated in the following
pages and plates. As to die-sequence, it is hardly too much claim that E,egling
in his „Terina" (Berlin 1906), Tudeer in his „Tetradrachmenpragung von Syrakus"
(Zeitschr. f. Num. XXX, 1918), Newell in his able work on the Alexander coinage
(Amer. Journ. Num. 1919, 1920), and the present work on the coins of Olympia
have succeeded in establishing fixed series of die-sequences which amount to „ docu-
ments". Speculations in style cannot disarrange such facts. M. Babelon greatly
overrates the difficulties of a scientific arrangement of die-sequences, which prove
to be anything but „ inextricable". Style, indeed, can never hold its own against
the evidence of documents, inscriptions or the spade ; since there is too much of
the personal element about it, its sole gauge being the judgment and opinion of an
individual. Was it not on grounds of style that the opponents of Schliemann pro-
nounced the Treasures of Troy and Mycene to be Phoenician, and even Byzantine ?
By some misconception M. Babelon (columns 704 f.) accuses me of placing- the
coins with the legend OAVNPIKON some time later than B. C. 472, when the. first
with this legend has actually been dated 471 B. C. (cf. p. 13 below). At the same
time he suggests that the palaeography of the legend is against my dating. In its
support I need merely refer to the inscription on a bronze tablet from Olympia
(„01ympia", vol, V,,p. 45, no. 17) which, having a four-stroke t, can be dated as
late as the end of the 5th century B. C, and which has letters in shape identical
with those on the coins. It is only my respect for M. Babelon' s knowledge and
scholarship that has induced me to discourse at somei length on the, errors into
which he has fallen.
The compilation of these Mint-series from dies has been a work of great in^
terest. One fact has emerged, at least; we must abandon the old notion; which
still tends to prevail, that one rarely meets with more than one Greek, coin struck
from each pair of dies. In the mint of the Temple of Hera, of which I have re-
viewed 349 specimens of staters, there is but a single coin recorded that stands
unrelated to any other coin; in every other instance one die of each coin is pained
with at least two diiferent fellow-dies — obverses or reverses. Isolated pairs of
dies are also of great rarity in the mint of Zeus, if we except the first period
(Group A, PI. 1) of which comparatively few coins have been found. Making this
exception, we find among 207 die-combinations (482 specimens) only 22 isolated
pairs of dies, while 7 of these 22 are represented, by more than one specimen.
My Father has, throughout a large part of my work, been a- kfeen counsellor
and adviser. It is to him I owe my interest in Greek numismatics, an interest
which has been intensified by my studies under Professor Sir WilUam Eidgeway.
My special thanks are due to Br. H. Gaebler for his invaluable assistance while
editing my work on its first appearance in „Nomisma" ; and to Mr. Av B. Gook-.of
my own College, to whom. I owe all a pupil can owe to a. brilliant- andt sympa-
thetic teacher, I am grateful for the facilities he has afi'orded me of studying; the
— IX —
manuscript of his work on „Zeus". My indebtedness is likewise great to the
Keepers and Curators of the coin collections in the Museums of Athens, Berlin,
Boston, Brighton, Brussels, Budapest, Cambridge, Copenhagen, Grlasgow, Grotha, the
Hague, London, Milan, Munich, Naples, New York, Paris, Petrograd, St. Florian
Stift, Stockholm and of Vienna, as well as to the many private collectors, whose
names are set out in the following pages, for supplying me with plaster casts and
weights of their coins of Olympia.
CHARLES T, SELTMAN.
Queens' College, Cambridge.
April 1921.
CONTENTS.
Introduction
Issues from the mint of the temple of Zeus .
Group A (Series I— IV). . . . ca. B. C. 510— 471
Fractions
Group B (Series V— VIII) . . . ca. B. C. 471-452
Fractions
Group C (Series IX— XII) . . . ca. B. C. 452—432
Fractions
Group D (Series XIII. XIV) . . ca. B. C. 432-421
Fractions
Group E (Series XV— XVIII) . ca. B. C. 421—365
Fractions
Group F (Series XIX) . . . . ca. B. C. 364 . .
Group G (Series XX. XXI) . . ca. B. C. 363-343
Fractions
Group H (Series XXII) . . . . ca. B. C. 343-323
Fractions
Group J (Series XXIII) ... ca. B. C. 323— 271
Fractions .
Group K (Series XXIV) . . . ca. B. C. 271—191
Fractions
Group L (Series XXV) . . . . ca. B. C. 191— ?
Fractions.
Issues from the mint of the temple of Hera.
Group W (Series XXVI. XXVII) ca. B. C. 421-385
Fractions.
Group E^ (Series XXVIII) . . . ca. B. C. 385—365
Fractions
Group GH' (Series XXIX. XXX) ca. B. C. 364—323
Fractions
Ancient forgeries of Hera staters
The thunderbolt on the temple coins of Olym
The Olympian standard
A hoard containing coins of Olympia . .
Addenda et corrigenda
Index .........
Plates
I— vin
I
VIII, 3
II
VIII, 4. 5
III. IV
VIII, 6. 7. 11— 13
IV
vm, 14
V
VIII, 15-23
V
VI
VIII, 24. 25. 28 .
VII
VIII, 29
VII
VIII, 30
VII. VIII
35
VIII
VIII. 33—
IX-XII
IX. X
XII, 3—6
X
XII, 7—10
X. XI. XII
XII, 11—29
XII, 1. 2
pia .
Pages
1—6
6—75
6—13
11.12
13—21
20
21—38
33. 35. 37
38-43
42
43-56
62—55
56—58
58—64
62.63
64—67
66
67-70
69
70—73
72
73-75
74
75—105
75—87
84. 85. 86
87—92
91
92-105
102—104
105
106—109
109—111
111-113
114
116—117
THE TEMPLE COINS OF OLYMPIA.
Introduction.
It is only after a very careful study of the matter that I have assigned the
coins usually spoken of as Elean to Olympia. Most of those who have dealt with
the coins have spoken of them as coins of Elis and have tried to connect them with
the history of that city, rather than with the history of Olympia. But I am con-r
vinced, after cataloguing about 850 staters, that the only tenable conclusion is the
one propounded by HilP): „It is not strictly accurate to speak of the coinage of
Elis, as if it were a single city state. It should not be forgotten that the coinage
of the Eleans was especially connected with Oljnnpia, and probably had more of
the character of a temple-coinage than any other considerable series known to us".
Five reasons may, I think, be given for assigning the coinage of the Eleans to
the temple mints of Olympia.
1) The early date of the first coins of the Eleans. The city of Elis was founded
in 471 B. C. If the coins are treated as emanating from the mint of that city, the
earliest must be placed as late as 471 B. C, as has been done only lately by Dr.
Head (Jlistoria Numorum''', p. 419). The two coins of Chalcis in Euboea figured on
I*late VIII, 1 and 2 afford an interesting parallel to the earliest coins of the Eleans.
The earliest Elean piece (PI. I, A a) has an eagle without a serpent, the next (PI. I,
Bp) one with a serpent. The same happens in the case of the Chalcidian pieces
PI. VIII, 1. 2. Now a definite limit can be fixed for the latter coins, none having
been struck later than B. C. 507, when the Athenians conquered Chalcis ^). Probably
they may be put a good deal earlier. And it seems only reasonable to place the
first coins of the Eleans well before 500 B. C. M. Babelon (Traits II, 1, columns
887—890) has even gone so far as to place two pieces (PL II, ABai and PI. Ill, AQjSf)
which I hav6 felt obliged to put at the beginning. of my second and third periods
as early as 500 B. C. This would throw back the earliest coins too far into the
sixth century. But we may safely say that 510 B. C. is not too early a date for
the first coins of the Eleans.
2) The second reason for assigning them to Olympia is the consideration of the
overwhelming need there would be to have coinage and a mint at hand in the Altis.
') Historical Greek Coins (1906), p. 77, together
with footnote 2.
2) Herod. V, 77. Cf. Babelon, Traits H, 1 (1907),
columns 672 ff.; Head, Hist. Num.*, p. 358.
- 2 -
Writers on the numismatics of a ftreek city not unfrequently forget to take into
ace unt the political or the economical conditions of the place they are dealing with.
The religious the national - and therefore the commercial - importance of Olympia
cannot be overestimated^). It was litterally the hub of Hellas". Of course there
was the great festival every four years (a festival to which the com types of Sicilia.
lies, of Macedonian kings, even of distant Cyrene, seem to refer) But there mus
also iave been a daily stream of pilgrims visiting the temple of the Great God oi
the Greeks, the father of gods and mCn. Of these thousand, of yearly pilgrims only e
few would pass through Elis, a hill fortress surrounded by a town ^), some 22 miles
distant. But at Olympia itself money - and therefore a mint - was needed daily
At Olympia itself the priests made^ profit on the exchange of Attic, Aegmetan, oi
Corinthian money for Elean. And at Olympia, the religious, the artistic centre o:
Hellas, the priests issued, what many will agree with the writer m calling, th,
most uniformly beautiful coinage of the Greeks. ^
3) Olympia is directly referred to on three dies of those so far known tons o
the coinage of the Eleans. First there is the coin mentioned above (PL II, ABai
with a striding figure of Zeus and the inscription \\0>inVvVAQ. From a carefu
study of the three known specimens from the same dies I have convinced mysel
that the obverse of this coin bears the inscription \K0I3AA=1 around the eagle. Se
condly, there is the „ restitution « ^) of this piece (no. 73; PL III, AQPt) which, o:
account of the two advanced obverse dies used with the reverse, I would place i:
the subsequent period. Thirdly, there is the stater, struck probably directly afte
the Eleans had regained control of the Altis in B. C. 364, with FAAEION before th
head of Zeus on the obverse and OAYMPIA before the female head on the revers<
Each of these coins falls so naturally into its place in the whole series that w
cannot give them to a separate mint from the rest. The simple explanation is tha
all the Elean coins were minted at Olympia.
4) The types of this coinage refer exclusively to the great deities of Olympii
not of Elis. Pausanias (VI, 24, 6 if.) gives a list of the temples of the city of Eli
. They were dedicated to Apollo ('Axsatoc), Hades, Dionysos (containing a statue b
Praxiteles), Aphrodite (Oupavia), Athena (the two latter containing statues by Phe
dias), and some minor deities. But Zeus and Hera had no sanctuaries in the cit;
This brings us to my fifth reason for assigning the series to Olympia.
5) The coins were issued from two mints: one most probably situated in tl
precincts of the temple of Zeus, the other, opened only towards the end of the fiH
century, in the precincts of the temple of Hera ; the first issuing coins whose typ
refer entirely to Zeus, the second striking pieces whose obverses regularly be;
the head of Hera. It would probably be very difficult to find another series
') Cf. Gardner, Num. Chron, 1879, p. 232. Pau-
sanias devoted one fifth of his whole work to
the description of Olympia only.
^) After 471 B. C. Before that date only a fortress.
^) Deliberate „restitutions" of famous earlier types
occur among Greek coins, though much less
often than among Bomau. One example is the
small gold piece of Syracuse with obv. head
young Heracles, rev. a restitution of the ea
tetradrachm of Syracuse with head of nymph
centre of quadripartite incuse square. Otl
restitutione, in the Elean coinage, are the I
light drachms with types of the staters of (
first three periods^ cf. PI. VUI, 33—35.
3 —
ancient coins whose dies interlace to sncli an extent as the dies of the coinage of
the Eleans. In two cases we have one reverse die being used with five different
obverses; in another case, one obverse die using twelve different reverses. Yet not
once among all the staters I have got together for this work (nor among all the
smaller pieces I have examined) have I found a Zeus obverse with a Hera reverse,
or a Hera obverse with a Zeus reverse, while the crossing of dies within each separate
mint is incessant. Therefore, unless a „mule" turns up which has one die from the
Zeus mint and one from the Hera mint, thereby supplying an argument against
the existence of two mints, this same existence of the two mints furnishes us with
the crowning reason for assigning the coins to the temple mints of Olympia. For
the types of each mint correspond to the temples there; the principal mint to the
great temple ') of Zeus Olympics, the lesser mint to the temple, second in importance,
of Hera.
Incidentally the recognition of the existence of these two mints at Olympia
solves the whole problem of the chronology of the coinage of the Eleans and makes
it comparatively simple and straightforward. The whole difficulty of placing the
series with the heads of Hera vanishes. Professor Gardner in his work on Elis
(Num. Chron. 1879, pp. 221 ff.) placed the earlier ones about B. C. 420—400. Then
after a gap of 38 years he put in a few more, and finally arranged the remainder
in the period B. C. 312 — 271. This arrangement, of course, necessitated a corre-
sponding chopping up of the series with the heads of Zeus. Dr. Head in the new
edition of Historia Numorum (p. 423) has tried to modify this splitting up of the
series with the heads of Hera. But this has resulted in compressing a series, of
which I have been able to catalogue 77 varieties of staters alone, into a period of
some 35 years. Moreover these same 35 years, according to this arrangement, would
separate from each other obverses with the head of Zeus which actually share re-
verse dies between them. Clearly, the difficulties of chronology are great. But
once grant the existence of two mints at Olympia — mints corresponding with the
two chief temples there — and the difficulties vanish. The two coin-series move
smoothly along side by side, while the chronology of each of them unfolds itseK
by the sequence of its die-combinations.
There is only one event in the history of Olympia that has left a definite mark
upon its coinage: the famous seizure of the Altis by the Pisatans in conjunction
with the Arcadians in B. C. 364, the year of the 104th Olympiad. From this event
we have to try to lead our chronology backwards as well as forwards. Except for
that date, then, the dates which I give in the following list are merely, approximate
and tentative. Each „group". A, B, C etc., contains a certain number of staters,
all, in fact, that I have been able to record. The dies of the staters within each
group are (or, as future finds occur, may conceivably be) found to be interchangeable.
') Archaeologists now seem agreed in ascribing the
great Doric temple of Zeus to the period im-
mediately after the Persian "Wars. But whether
Pausanias was right or wrong in telling of the
temple as begun by the architect Libon in the
first half of the previous century, there must,
of course, have existed a great altar to Zeus
Panhellenios (or Olympics) since the institution
of the games ; and it is immaterial for our pur-
pose whether the Zeus mint was at first atta-
ched to the temple, or the altar of the god.
— 4 —
, T w Ucnif T fppl confident tliat there can be little doubt as
*° Zfrtldit«rpeces within eLi group may le open to correction if
arrangement ot tne aineieub p j.- „„n +hci- nail for a re-shnfflp"
future finds bring to light new die-combinations ) that call lor „re shuffle .
Mint of the temple of Zeus Mint of the temple of Hera
A
510—471
33
B
471 452
37
C
452 432
55
D
432 421
15
E
421—365
32
1
364
—
G
364 343
27
H
343-323
12
J
323-271
15
K
271—191
11
L
191- ?
2
2 denominations
E^
E^
GH'
421—385
385—365
364—323
48
17
60
From the above it will be seen that I have treated the mint of the temple of
Hera as having been opened approximately about 420 B. C, and as having been closed
probably during the reign or about the time of the death of Alexander the Great.
My reasons for tentatively assigning these dates are given under groups Jl.,i. and
GH'. In the above table groups E^ and E^ are reckoned as being contemporary
with group E; group GH^ with groups G and H.
In the following text I deal with the whole of the staters issued from the
temple mint of Zeus first: groups A— L; then with the staters issued from the
temple mint of Hera: groups E', E'^ and GH'.
The staters of Olympia are far more numerous than their fractions, which gene-
rally simply reproduce the types of the bigger coins. And since the staters were
by far the most important, it seemed to me to be sufficient to place staters only
on the plates. Reference will, however, be found under each group to the fractions
of the period, and where these are of sufficient importance, their photographs will
be shown on Plates VIII and XII.
The method of „labelling" that I have adopted needs some explanation. Obverse
dies are named with Latin capitals A, B, C etc. ... DA, DB, DC etc.; reverse dies
with Greek small letters a, p, f etc. ... Sa, 8(3, §7 etc. Each die-combination or
,,coin" has a definite number; thus Aa is no. 1, BK^s is no. 133. Then, where
several specimens of a certain die-combination exist, they are lettered a, b, c, d etc.
^) Of course I have been guided, wherever possible,
by signs of dies vfearing. When a die is more
worn when used with one obverse than with an-
other, then that obverse is later than the other.
Thus no. 133,a is the Berlin specimen, 133,b is Sir Arthur Evans', 133,c is Mon-
sieur Jameson's, 133, d and 133,6 the British Museum specimens, etc. On the plates
each die is marked with its name-letters. The obverse die is placed first and followed
by all the different reverse dies that occur with it, they being joined to it by lines.
Each obverse die is only plated once, but reverses are in many instances repeated,
since they recur with other obverses. By this arrangement every known die-com-
bination is recorded upon the plates. Such a scheme seems to me to be of greater
scientific value than the plan of placing obverses alone on one set of plates, reverses
alone on another set. In the catalogue portion of each group it is easy to see which
individual piece is the one plated, since the plate reference is placed in brackets
just after the small letter of the individual piece, thus: a (PL I, Gt]). Berlin. But,
when only the reverse of a particular piece is figured on the plate, then the name-
letter of the obverse die is enclosed in square brackets, e.g. : a (PI. I, [Gr] d). Berlin.
Countermarks,
a) Geometrical and floral (enlarged):
&
[5d
b) The following countermarks also occur on staters, all in incuses of more or
less circular form, except the bunch of grapes which is in an incuse square, and
the F which is itself incuse. After many I have ventured to suggest in brackets
a Peloponnesian or Island mint, which may have stamped on the countermark. ■
Whether the countermarks are really ofiicial stamps of cities, or merely tradesmen's
and bankers' tokens, will perhaps remain an unanswered question. After each counter-
mark I give the numbers of the coin or coins in the following catalogue on which
it occurs.
Sea-turtle (Aegina) 26. 58. 69,e.
115.
Horse's head 1. (Cleitor) 185.
Lion's head r. (Cleonae) 8, a. 28.
Bunch of grapes (Corone) 82.
133, a. 168, d. 172, e.
Athenian helmet r. (Cranii) 25, b.
F (Elis) 161, a. b.
E (Epidaurus) 88, b.
Bear walking I. (Mantinea) 77, c.
Acorn (Mantinea) 124, k. 125, c.
Eagle standing 1. (Olympia) 19, a.
59, a.
Gorgoneion (Tegea) 4,b. 48. 51, b.
70. 76, b. c. 80, a. 86, e. 88, c.
89, b. 93, e. 99. 120, b.c. 123, d.
126. 183, e. 136, a. b. 137, b.
140,0. 152, b. 154, e,
Corinthian helmet 1. (Tegea) 45.
76, b. 77, c. 80, a. 86, b. 89, b.
105. 115. 119,0. 124, h.
Owl 1., head facing (Tegea) 86, e.
93, e. 133, e. 140, a. e.
Head of Apollo (?) r. 8, a. 101, a.
Head of Heracles (?) r. 2.
Hand 8, a. 19, a. 33, d. 102. 120, a.
123, d. 124, g. 125, c.
Scrotum with pubes and penis
28. 63. 78, a. 82. 133,b. 141,c.
155, d. 157, b. 168,0.
Bull's head 1. 21.
Calf's head 1. 16.
Mule's head 1. 8, a. 54, b.
Mule's hind-foot r. 86,b.g. 92, b.
97. 99. 103. 119,0. 126.
Crab 28. 37,a. 59,b. 61, a. 102.
104. 118,b. 119,a.o. 120, a.
Scorpion 92, a. 97. 120, e. 134, a.
136, e. 140, e. 154, f.h.
Bipennis 92,b. 133, d.
Lyre 25, b. 58.
Rosette with six petals 25, a.
Shield (?) 5.'8,b.
Star with six rays 148, h.
Triskeles 8, a. 35. 72.
This apparently very large number of countermarks is actually the product of
a comparatively small number of countermark-dies, as the following list shows.
The first number after each countermark tells the number of dies recorded with
that particular device, while the second number, in brackets, tells how many times
altogether the device occurs.
Sea-turtle (Aegina)
Horse's head 1. (Cleitor)
Lion's head r. (Cleonae)
Bunch of grapes (Corone)
Athenian helmet (Cranii)
F (Elis)
E (Epidaurus)
Bear 1. (Mantinea)
Acorn (Mantinea)
Eagle 1. (Olympia)
dies
2(4)
Ul)
1(2)
1(4)
1(1)
2(2)
1(1)
2(2)
?(2)
1(2)
Gorgoneion (Tegea)
Corinthian helmet (Tegea)
Owl 1., head facing (Tegea)
Head of Apollo (?) r.
Head of Heracles (?) r.
Hand
Scrotum with pubes & penis
Bull's head 1.
Calf's head 1.
Mule's head 1.
dies
3(23)
1(10)
1(5)
1(2)
1(1)
2(8)
1(9)
1(1)
1(1)
1(3)
Mule's hind-foot r.
Crab
Scorpion
Bipennis
Lyre
Rosette with 6 petals 1 (1)
Shield (?) 1 (2)
Star with six rays 1 (i)
Triskeles i (3)
dies
2(8)
1(11)
1(8)
1(2)
2(2)
Exact details as to the recurrence of countermark-dies are given in the cata-
logue. These data show for how long a time many of these Olympian staters must
have circulated. As specially remarkable cases note that the same gorgoneion-die
(the first of the three recorded) has been struck upon staters so far apart in date
as no. 4,b and no. 120, b; the hand (first die of the two recorded) occurs on no.
8, a and no. 123, d; the hand (second die) on nos. 19, a and 125, c; the crab on nos
28 and 120, a; the Corinthian helmet on nos. 45 and 124, h; the gorgoneion (second
die) on nos. 48 and 140, c; the bunch of grapes on nos. 82 and 172, e.
ca.
Obverse dies 23 (A— X).
Reverse dies 29 (a— as).
Coins 33.
Group A (Series J— IV).
B. C. 510 (or earlier) to ca. B. C. 471.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies using more than one reverse 7.
Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 3.
Number of specimens recorded 45.
Series I (Obverse dies A, B).
^' ^^'^ Z\ f^i^\T7 '■ ^°"^°^t^%; wings, one above, the other beneath
row. of^fp tT . T"^' *"^^' '^'''^^''' ^°*ted, band across wings, two
rows ot feathers; fan-like tail.
^'^ deT; oLM^7f':^"^^' ^^"^^ ^^''^ -^"^l^^g '''^^^^^^«' dotted at shoul-
around h'm ^^^*^^^« '• J^l^tes below curling outwards; three mouldings
around handle; six wavy flame-lines above, seven below. Incuse circle.
2 (B) Obv E^lu\^^T''\T-- V''' ' ^'''■' grains). - Countermarks on obverse 2.
^ and hefd ifbeir ' ''' " ^''" ^^^^^^^ '' P^^^^^ -- *-^ -^ -^'
(|3) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt; but a short curlino- tendril sprinein^
upwards from each volute; three mouldings around handle'; three l^yS
— 7 —
lines on either side of central dart above and below respectively. Incuse
circle.
a (PI. I, Bp). London: 11, 80g (182,2 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 3, PI. X, 3 ; B. M. Guide^
PI. 14,26; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XI, la; Lambros, Peloponnesos (Athens 1891), PI.
E, 1 ; Babelon, Traite (1907), PI. XXXIX, 3 ; Head, Hist. Num^. (1911), p. 419, fig. 224. —
Countermark on obverse : on tail, bearded head of Heracles (V) r.
Series II (Obverse dies C — 0).
3. (C) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings, one above, the other beneath
body, bent back towards tail, shoulders dotted, band across wings, one row
of feathers; fan-like tail; in claw serpent 1., passing over tail and neck
and held in beak.
(y) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards; volutes below
curling outwards ; three mouldings around handle ; three wavy flame- lines on
either side of central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle,
a (PI. I, Cy). Cat. Egger XL, May 1912 (Prowe), PI. XX, 1111 : 11, 80 g (182, 1 grains).
— Countermarks on obverse (7) : nos. I, VII, and 5 others.
4. (D) Obv. Similar; serpent striking at eagle's eye.
(S) Rev. F|A Similar; but one straight and one curling tendril springing from
each volute. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Do). Boston : 12,05 g (186, grains) ; Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 906.
b. London: 11,81 g (182,3 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 1, PI. X, 1. — Countermarks on ob-
verse (2): gorgoneion (same die as on nos. 51, b. 120, b) and another.
5. (E) Obv. Similar as on no. 3.
(e) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; volutes above curling outwards; wings below
curling outwards; three mouldings around handle; eight wavy flame-lines
above, seven below. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Ee). Diez, Dresden - Loschwitz : 11., 24 g (173,5 grains); Cat. Ilirsch XXV
(Philipsen), PI. XV, 1242. — Countermarks on obverse (2): shield (?; same die as on
no. 8,b) and another.
6. (F) Obv. Similar; serpent striking at eagle's eye.
{Q Rev. AH Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, dotted at shoul-
ders, one row of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, two tendrils
springing from each ; three mouldings around handle ; three wavy flame-lines
on either side of central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle,
a (PI. I, FQ. Brussels: 11,82 g (182,4 grains), formerly Baron Hirsch.
7. (Gr) Obv. Similar; serpent striking at eagle's upper shoulder.
(vj) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, with two rows
of feathers ; volutes below curling outwards ; three mouldings around handle ;
six flame-lines above, five below. Incuse circle. Cf. no. 26.
a (PL I, Gr)), Berlin: 11,95 g (184,4 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 4 or 5.
8. (G) Obv. Same die.
(■8') Rev. >l=l Similar thunderbolt; but two tendrils springing from each
volute; three mouldings around handle; two wavy flame-lines on either side
of central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 11. 12.
a (PI. I, [G]&). Berlin: 11,28 g (174,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (9 or 10):
no. II, mule's head and neck 1. (same die as on no. 54, b), lion's head r. with tongue
hanging out (same die as on no. 28), triskeles (same die as on nos. 35. 72), hand
with fingers spread asunder (thumb to r. ; same die as on nos. 33, d. 102. 120,a. 128,d),
head of Apollo (?) of transitional style to r. (same die as on no. 101, a), and 3 or 4
others,
b. Hirsch, Munich: 11,48 g (176,4 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (3) : shield
(?; cf. no. 5) and 2 others.
9. (G) Obv. Same die.
(i) Rev. F[A Similar thunderbolt; three wavy flame-lines on either side of
central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, [G]t)- Pozzi, Paris: 19,50 g (162,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 3.
10. (H) Obv. Similar; serpent's head not visible.
(x) Rev. FIA Similar. Incuse circle.
a (Pi. I, H-/.). Pozzi, Paris : 10, 90 g (168, 2 grains).
11. (H) Obv. Same die.
{&) Rev. >R Similar thunderbolt; two wavy flame-lines on either side of
central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 8. 12.
a (Pi. I, [H]))). Athens : 12, 05 g (186, grains).
12. (J) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings, one above, the other beneath
body, bent back towards tail, three rows of feathers ; fan-like tail ; in claw
serpent 1., passing over tail and neck and held in beak, striking back at
eagle's head.
(&) Rev. Same die as nos. 8. 11.
a (PI. I, J8). Berlin: 12,09 g (186,6 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 3 or 4.
13. (J) Obv. Same die.
(X) Rev. AH Nike wearing long chiton running r. ; 1. leg advanced ; chest and
wings facing, rest in profile; wings with two rows of feathers; 1. arm ex-
tended, hand holding wreath ; r. arm downwards, hand holding hem of chiton
above r. ankle. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, [JjX). Berlin: 12, 10 g (186,7 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (5): no. Ill
and 4 others.
14. (K) Obv. Similar; serpent's forked tongue extended.
([i) Rev. PIA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, with three rows
of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, two short tendrils springing
from each ; three mouldings around handle ; three wavy flame-lines on either
side of central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle,
a (PL I, K|j.). Cambridge (McClean Collection): 11,90 g (183,7 grains),
b. Hirsch, Munich: 11,05 g (170,5 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (4): no. XIX
and 8 others.
15. (L) Obv. Similar.
(v) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Lv). Berlin: 11,66 g (180,2 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 2.
16. (L) Obv. Same die.
(?) Rev. [F]iA Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle. Cf. no. 18.
a (Pi. I, [L]i). Count Dessewify, Budapest: 11,60 g (179,0 grains). — Countermarks
.. ... r. °" °^^«^^« (6): nos. I, IV, calf's head and neck 1., and 3 others - on reverse 1.
17. (L) Obv. Same die.
(o) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, [L]o). Athens: 9,35 g (144,3 grains), break at edge on obverse. - Overstruck
on stater of Aegina like B. M. C. Attica etc., PI. XXIII, 4 or 6 (the turtle on obv.
— 9 —
shows head bent towards r., fore-legs curved downwards ; four triangular incuse de-
pressions appear on the reverse).
b. Pozzi, Paris: 10, 15 g (156,6 grains), deep cut in obverse.
18. (M) Obv. Similar; serpent's head not clear.
(i) Rev. F |A Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle. Cf. no. 16.
a (PI. I, Ms). Athens: 8,95 g (138,1 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 2.
19. (N) Obv. Similar; serpent looped above eagle's beak, and striking back at its
head,
(jt) Rev. F|A Nike wearing long chiton running 1., r. leg advanced; chest and
wings facing, rest in' profile; wings dotted above and feathered below; r.
arm extended, hand holding wreath; 1. arm downwards, hand holding hem
of chiton over 1. ankle; hair in queue. Incuse circle.
a. Berlin: 11,82 g (182,4 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): eagle standing 1. (same
die as on no. 59, a) and hand with fingers spread asunder (thumb to r. ; same die as
on nos. 124, g. 125, c).
b (PI. I, Nti). Paris : 12, 22 g (188, 6 grains), formerly due de l.uynes ; Babelon, Tta.it6,
PI. XXXIX, 7. — Countermark on obverse.
20. (N) Obv. Same die.
(p) Rev. F|A Similar. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, [N]p). Pozzi, Paris: 11,73 g (181,0 grains); Cat. Sotheby, May 1897 (Hobart
Smith), PI. 11,96; Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XVIII, 557. — Countermarks
on obverse (6): nos. Ill, V, and 4 others.
21. (0) Obv. Eagle fiying 1. horizontally; wings, one above, the other beneath
body, bent back but not parallel, three rows of feathers; fan-like tail;
large head; in claw serpent 1., passing over tail and neck and held in beak,
with 2 shaped neck.
(a) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards; volutes below
curling outwards; three mouldings around handle; five wavy flame-lines on
either side of central dart above and below (?) respectively. Border of dots.
Shallow incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Oo). Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,85 g (182,9 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philip-
sen), PI. XV, 1241. — Countermarks on obv. (2): bull's head and neck 1. and another.
Series III (Obverse dies P, Q, R).
22. (P) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings, one above, the other beneath
body, bent back towards tail, three rows of feathers; fan-like tail; head
bent down; beak biting neck, claw grasping haunch, of hare upside-down
to 1.; hare's head bent back; ears laid flat; whiskers hanging down ; r. fore-
foot on eagle's neck; 1. fore-foot pawing air.
(t) Rev. A|[^] Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, with three rows
of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, two short tendrils springing
from each ; three mouldings around handle ; eight (?) wavy flame-lines above,
seven below. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Pt). Glasgow: 11,92 g (184,0 grains); Macdonald, Cat. Hunter, vol. II, p. 134,1,
PI. XXXVIII, 5.
23. (Q) Obv. Similar.
(t?) Rev. F|A Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Qu). Berlin: 11,79 g (182,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 2.
— 10 —
24. (R) Obv. Similar; but hare's head bent back more; ears hanging limp.
(cp) Eev. A|=l Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, very curved;
volutes below curling outwards, two short tendrils springing from each ; one
moulding around handle; three wavy flame-lines on either side of central
oval dart spring from thin neck. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, [R](p). Athens: 10,90 g (168,2 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 3 or 4.
25. (R) Obv. Same die.
(■/) Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards; volutes below
curling outwards, two short tendrils springing from each: one moulding
around handle; three wavy flame-lines on either side of central dart above
and below respectively. Incuse circle.
a (Pi. I, Ex)- Boston: 12,08 g (186,4 grains); Cat. Sotheby, March 1896 (Montagu),
PI. VI, 406 ; Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 909. — Countermark on obverse : rosette
with six petals,
b. Copenhagen: 11,70 g (180,5 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (7): nos. VI, VII,
crested Athenian helmet r., lyre, and 3 others.
Series IV (Obverse dies S — X).
26. (S) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings bent back, folded together over
back, the r. one shown as an outline over the 1., shoulder dotted, two rows
of feathers, fan-like tail ; head bent down to neck, claw grasping haunch, of
hare upside-down to 1.; hare's head bent back; ears laid flat.
(■/]) Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, with two rows
of feathers ; volutes below curling outwards ; three mouldings around handle ;
six flame-lines above, five below. Incuse circle Cf. no. 7.
a (PJ. 1, S-/)). Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XV, 1253: 11,82 g (182,4 grains). —
Countermarks on obverse (2): sea-turtle seen from above as on the Aeginetan coins
(other die than on no. 58 etc.) and another.
27. (S) Obv. Same die.
(^1)) Rev. F|A Similar; but two short tendrils springing from each volute. In-
cuse circle.
a (PI. I, [S]'i). Weight, Brighton: 11,55 g (178,2 grains), — Countermarks on obverse 5.
28. (S) Obv. Same die.
(w) Rev. F|[A] Similar thunderbolt; but broader, tendrils not visible. In-
cuse circle.
a (Pi. I, [S]o)). Seltman, Berkhamsted; 11,58 g (178,7 grains). —Countermarks on ob-
verse (9 or 10): lion's head r. with tongue hanging out (cf. no. 8, a), scrotum with
pubes and penis (seen from the front; same die as on nos. 63. 78, a. 82. 141, c. 155, d.
157, b and probably also 133, b. lG8,c), crab (twice; same die as on nos. 37, a. 59, h.
61, a. 102. 104. 118, b. 119, a. c. 120, a), and 5 or G others.
29. (T) Obv. Similar.
(aa) Rev. F|A Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle.
a. Athens: 11,80 g (182,1 grains),
b (PI. I, Ta«). Boston; Catherine P. Perkins Coll. no. 353. — Countermark on obverse.
30. (U) Obv. Similar.
(a|3) Rev. [F]1A Nike wearing long chiton stepping r. ; 1. leg advanced; chest
and wings facing, rest in profile; wings with three rows of feathers; 1. arm
— 11 —
bent, hand holding wreath with which she touches her forehead; r. arm
downwards, hand holding hem of chiton. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Uap). Berlin: 11,70 g (180,5 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 3.
31. (V) Obv. Similar; but eagle's wing with three rows of feathers.
(ttf) E,ev. [F]|A Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards; volutes below
curling outwards, two tendrils springing from each; three mouldings around
handle; three flame-lines on either side of central dart above and below
respectively. Incuse circle.
a (PI. I, Vay). Seltman, Berkhamsted : 10,38 g (160,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Phi-
lipsen), PI. XV, 1254. — Countermarks on obverse (7): nos. Ill, VIII, and 5 others.
32. (W) Obv. Similar ; but hare's ears hanging down, both shown.
(aS) Rev. 'FlA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, with two rows
of feathers ; volutes below curling outwards ; three mouldings around handle ;
two wavy flame -lines on either side of central dart above and below
respectively. Border of dots. Shallow incuse circle.
a. Anderson, Athens: 11,75 g (181,3 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
b (PI. I, Wa8). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,71 g (180,7 grains). — Countermarks
on obverse (4) : nos. Ill, IX, X, and another,
c. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,75 g (181,8 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no. IX.
33. (X) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings bent back, folded together over
back, the r. one shown above the 1., three rows of feathers; fan-like tail;
claw grasping belly of hare upside-down to 1.; hare's neck broken, head
looking down; legs extended,
(as) Rev. F[A Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, with two rows
of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, one short tendril springing
from each; five mouldings around handle; four wavy flame-lines on either
side of central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle.
a. Baltatzes, Athens: 11,30 g (174,4 grains), formerly belonging to Mrs. Helena N,
" Mavrokordatos ; Journ. Intern. XIV (1912), p. 26, no. 1993, PI. C,20.
b (PI. I, Xoce). Berlin: 12,12 g (187,0 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no. XI.
c. Hirsch, Munich: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
d. Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury), lot 1083 = Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson),
PI. XVIII, 556: 12,38g (191,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (6): no. VII, hand
with fingers spread asunder (thumb to r. ; cf. no. 8, a), and 4 others.
The early date of the two staters in Series I has already been referred to in
the introduction. It is only necessary to compare them with the two didrachms of
Chalcis (PL VIII, 1. 2) which must have been struck before B. C. 507 to see that
our two pieces cannot be far removed from them in point of time. Our two staters
have the eagle to the right, while all the coins in the three following series of this
group A have the eagle to the left. They correspond with the Chalcidian di-
drachms, the first of which has an eagle without, the second piece an eagle with
a serpent. With regard to the thunderbolt on the reverse cf. below (after Grroup
GH') on „The Thunderbolt".
Fractions: Obol. B. M. C. Pelop. 4, PI. X, 5; weight: 0,76 g (11,8 grains).
The eagle in Series II closely resembles that of the second coin of series I,
but is to the left throughout. On the reverse of no. 13 (PI. I, X) we for the first
12 —
time come across the figure of Nike. The obverse of no 13 is from the same die
(J) as that of no 12 which has a thunderbolt reverse (PL I, &)■ Nike m the same
attitude but to the left occurs again on nos. 19 and 20 (PL I, :r and p). This the first
representation of Nike on a coin of Greece proper, is of great interest The figure
which is short and dumpy, is in the running attitude, the only attitude by which
flight could be suggested at this primitive age^). The chiton hangs m a semi-circle
between the feet suggesting the support a statue of this type would require^). The
spread wings are treated as formally as those of the eagles on the obverses of our
series. Nos. 19 and 20 both show a decided advance on no. 13, both m the modelhng
and in the treatment of the drapery.
Of the other pieces in this series two call for special comment. No. 17 is
overstruck on an early Aeginetan stater; traces both of the turtle and the incuse
can be seen. No. 21 (PL I, o) is a remarkable piece, which, though undoubtedly
later than the ones before it, I have placed in this series for the sake of harmony.
The coins in both the following series, HI and IV, must be regarded as strictly
contemporary with series II, witness the sharing of reverse dies between no. 7
(PL I, G'^) in this series and no. 26 (PL I, S'^) in series IV. And no. 21, the piece
in question, must be contemporary with no. 33 (PL I, X as), the last coin of series IV.
Fractions : Drachm. Thunderbolt reverse, a (PI. Till, 3 ; wings above, volutes below). Hill, Cat.
Ward, PI. XIII, 531; weight: 5,61 g (86,5 grains). — b (volutes above, wings below).
Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 907; weight: 5,93 g (91,5 grains).
Hemidrachm. Thunderbolt reverse (wings above, volutes below). B. M. C. Pelop. 2,
PL X, 2, plated ; weight : 2,72 g (42,0 grains).
In Series III and the next the serpent is abandoned for the hare, which is
treated with considerable skill. At first (PL I, P— W) it is a living hare which
struggles for freedom kicking the eagle's breast with its hind legs, while the bird
tears its throat. On the last coin of series IV, no. 33 (PL I, X), it is a dead hare
which hangs limply in the eagle's claws. The general characteristics' of the eagle
in this series III resemble those of the last series, save that the head is bent down.
A new method of representing the eagle is introduced in Series IV. The
wings, instead of being set one over the back, one below the breast, are now folded
together over the back of the bird. Otherwise there is no material change in the
design, until we come to no. 33 (PL I, Xas), already referred to, on which the limp
hang of the hare is very well rendered. The eagle on this piece also shows an
advance in draughtsmanship, though still decidedly crude. The reverse of no. 26
(PL I, S-q), as has already been pointed out, is from the same die as that of no. 7
(PL I, Gc-q) in^series II. On no. 30 (PL I, IJa|3) we meet with Nike again, a coarser
Nike than those of series II, but not necessarily an earlier one, though probably
about contemporary. The coarse fabric is due presumably either to hasty or inferior
workmanship. With regard to the thunderbolts cf. below (after Group GH^) on
„The Thunderbolt".
It is noteworthy that in this whole group A we have very few actual dupli-
cates. I have been able to record 46 specimens, and among these 45 there are 33
>) Cf. the important monograph „Die Siegesgottin" -) Of. the famous early Nike of Delos : Studniczka,
by F. Studniczka, Leipsic 1898. op. cit. PI. II 7.
— 13 -
varieties, giving 33 different staters. Future finds may bring to light more pieces
and more varieties. Presumably finds of coins of Olympia of this period have been
scarcer than those of later periods.
Of the history of this period there is nothing to be said. We must generally
seek to connect the coins, when we can connect them at all, with the history of
Olympia rather than of Elis. And it is only in so far as the interests of one
coincide with those of the other that we can expect the little we know of Elean
history to help us in the chronological arrangement of the coinage of Olympia.
Group B (Series V— Yin).
ca. B. C. 471 to ca. B. C. 452.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 15 (Y — AN). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 7.
E-everse dies 20 (aC — ^a). Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 10.
Coins 37. Number of specimens recorded 64.
Series V (Obverse dies Y — AD).
34. (Y) Obv. V^GIIQllAA^ around outwards. Eagle Aying 1. horizontally; wings
outstretched inclining slightly forward, one shown above, the other beneath
body, two rows of feathers; fan-like tail; claw and beak holding scaly
serpent 1. passing over taU, looped twice in an 8 over beak, and striking
down at eagle's head.
(aC) Rev. AR Nike wearing long chiton running r. ; 1. leg advanced; chest and
wings facing, rest in profile ; wings with three rows of feathers ; 1. arm
extended, hand holding wreath ; r. hand holding hem of chiton above r. ankle.
Incuse circle.
a (PI. II, YcQ. London: 12,00 g (185,2 grains);, B. M. C. Pelop. 5, PI. X,4; B. M.
Guide^ PI. 14,27; Num. Chron. 1873, PI. V, 2 ; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XI, 2b; Gardner,
The Types of Greek Coins (1882), PI. Ill, 14 (rev.) ; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. E, 3 ;
Babelon, Trait(5, PL XXXIX, 6; Head, Hist. Num.^, p. 419, fig. 225. — Countermarks
on obverse (3) : no. IV and 2 others.
35. (Z) Obv. No legend (?). Similar.
(ar)) Eev. No legend. Similar. Incuse circle.
a (PI. II, Z«7)). Berlin: 9,05 g (189,7 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2) : triskeles
(cf. no, 8, a) and another.
36. (AA) Obv. Similar; serpent not looped in front of eagle's beak, and striking
at upper wing.
(a&) Rev. Similar. Incuse circle.
a (PI. II, AAaS). Berlin: 11,77 g (181,6 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (3):
no. XII and 2 others.
37. (AB) Obv. W0I]3|A|A^ around inwards. Similar; serpent looped once in front
of eagle's beak, and striking downwards at head,
(at) Rev. \AO>l|n|VvVAO to 1., below, and to r., inwards. Zeus nude striding
r., 1. leg advanced, chest facing, rest in profile; r. hand upraised grasping
thunderbolt (winged at both ends) ; 1. arm outstretched, on fore-arm eagle
seated r., head turned back 1., both wings raised. Incuse square.
3*
— 14 —
a Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 10,18 g (157,1 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos),
PI. XXVIII, 2519 ; Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1917. — Counter-
marks on obverse (2): crab (of. no. 28) and another.
b (PI. II, ABai). Paris: 11,79 g (182,0 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. II (187.5), p. 265;
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XI, 1 ; Cat. Photiades Pacha (Paris 1890), PI. V, 1020; Lam-
bros, Peloponnesos, PI. E, 5 ; Babelon, Traits, PI. XXXIX, 2 ; Revue Numism. 1909,
PI. XI, 24 (rev.). — Countermarks on obverse 2.
c. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XV, 546: 10,80 g (166,7 grains). — Countermarks on
obverse 7.
38. (AC) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings outstretched inclining slightly
forward, one shown above, the other beneath the body, two rows of fea-
thers; fan-like tail; claw grasping haunch of hare, upside-down 1.; beak
touching hare's neck.
(ax) Rev. Nike wearing long chiton running r. ; 1. leg advanced; chest and
wings facing, rest in profile; wings with three rows of feathers; 1. arm
extended, hand holding wreath, r. hand holding hem of chiton above r.
ankle. Incuse circle. Cf. no. 39.
a (PI. 11, AC ax). Berlin: 12,11 g (186,9 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
b. Boston: 12,05 g (186,0 grains); Cat. Photiades Pacha (Paris 1890), lot 1021; Reg-
ling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 912. — Countermarks on obv. (3): no. Ill and 2 others.
c. London: 11,04 g (170,4 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 6, PI. X, 6. — Countermarks on
obverse (4) : no. Ill and 3 others.
39. (AD) Obv. Similar.
(ay.) Rev. Same die as no. 38.
a (PI. II, ADax). Cook, Cambridge: 11,08 g (171,0 grains). — Countermarks on ob-
verse 3(?).
Series VI (Obverse dies AE, AF, AG).
40. (AE) Obv. Eagle flying r. horizontally ; wings outstretched inclining slightly
backwards, one shown above, the other beneath the body, four rows of
feathers; fan-like tail; claw and beak holding serpent r. passing over
tail, looped beneath tail and above head of eagle, striking down at beak.
(aX) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling inwards, one row of
feathers ; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing from
each ; plain handle ; rays springing r. and 1. from darts above and below.
Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 46. 54.
a. Anderson, Athens: 12,05 g (186,0 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no. XIII.
b (PI. II, AEaX). Berlin: 11,70 g (180,5 grains).
41. (AF) Obv. Similar.
(a[j.) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt; but instead of rays each dart melts
mto wavy flame-lines. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 47. 64.
a (PI. II, AFctp.). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,10 g (186,8 grains).
,„ ,, ^, „ ^- ^^'^'g"^*' Brighton: 12,17 g (187,9 grains). - Countermarks on obverse 2 (?).
42. (AF) Obv. Same die.
(ay) Rev. AlAThunderbolt; wings below curling outwards ; tendrils above,
each running upwards and ending in downward hook; one moulding around
handle; branching flame-lines on either side of central dart above and
below. Incuse circle.
— 15 —
a (PI: II, [AFJav). Seltman, Berkhamstcd : 12,14 g (187,3 grains); Cat. Sotheby,
May 1897 (Hobart Smitb), lot 92; Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), lot 555. —
Countermarks on obverse (3): no. X and 2 others.
43. (AF) Obv. Same die.
(a?) Eev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, two rows of
feathers ; volutes below curling outwards, one short tendril springing from
each ; plain handle ; ilame-lines springing from central dart above and below.
Incuse circle. Cf. no. 49.
a. Cat. Eatto (Genoa), Apr. 1909, PI. XII, 2971: 11,84 g (182,7 grains). — Counter-
marks on obverse 3.
b (PI. II, [AFJaS). Cat. Sotheby, 21. Apr. 1909, Pi. 11,105: 11,79 g (182,0 grains).
— Countermarks on obverse 4.
44. (AF) Obv. Same die.
(ao) Rev. A|F Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 50. 63. 65.
a (PI. II,[AF]cco). Vienna: 12,20 g (188,3 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber),
PL XXIV, 1914.
45. (AF) Obv. Same die.
(ait) Rev. F|A Nike wearing long chiton stepping 1.; r. leg advanced ; wings
facing, rest in profile; r. arm extended; 1. arm hanging down. Incuse
circle. Cf. nos. 51. 68.
a (PI. II, [AF]a7i). Berlin: 12,35 g (190,6 grains); Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Gr., p. 167,59,
Choix PI. II, 55. — Countermarks on obverse (5) : nos. XIV, XV, XV, Corinthian
helmet 1. (same die as on nos. 76,b. 77,c. 80,a. 86, b. 89, b. 105. 115. 119,c. 124,h)
and another.
46. (AGr) Obv. Similar; but serpent not looped under tail nor over beak.
(aX) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling inwards, one row of
feathers; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing from
each; plain handle; rays springing r. and 1. from darts above and below.
Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 40. 54.
a (PI. II, [AG]aX). Munich: 11,85 g (182,9 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
no. XVI and another.
47. (AG) Obv. Same die.
(a[j,) Rev. FlA Similar thunderbolt; but instead of rays each dart melts
into wavy flame-lines. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 41. 64.
a. Berlin: 12,18 g (188,0 grains).
b. Newell, New York: 11,31 g (174,5 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
c (PI. II, AGajj.). Paris: 11,65 g (179,8 grains), formerly due de Luynes; Babelon,
Traits, PI. XXXIX, 5.
d. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,39 g (175,8 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 3.
48. (AG) Obv. Same die.
(ap) Rev. F|A Similar thunderbolt; three wavy flame-lines on either side
of central dart above (?) and below respectively. Incuse circle.
a (PI. II, [AG]ap). Anderson, Athens: 11,98 g (184,9 grains). — Countermarks on
obverse (2) : gorgoneion (same die as on nos. 70. 76, b. c. 86, e. 88, c. 89, b. 93, e. 99.
133, e. 137, h. 140, c) and another.
49. (AG) Obv. Same die.
(a?) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, two rows of
feathers; volutes below curling outwards, one short tendril springing from
— 16 —
each; plain handle; flame-lines springing from central dart above and
below. Incnse circle. Cf. no. 43.
a (PI. II, [AG] ay. Sir H. Weber, London: 12,05 g (186,0 grains). — Countermarks
on obverse (2) : no. XIV and another.
50. (AG) Obv. Same die. . , ^r ,. n.
(ao) Eev. A|F Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle. 01. nos. 44. 63. 65.
a (PJ. II, [AG]ao). Copenhagen: 11,81 g (182,3 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
51. (AG) Obv. Same die.
(a;:) Eev. FlA Nike wearing long chiton stepping 1.; r. leg advanced; wings
facing, rest in profile; r. arm extended; 1. arm hanging down. Incuse
circle. Cf. nos. 45. 68.
a. Hirsch, Munich: 10,25 g (158,2 grains).
b (PI. IL [AG] a::). London: 12,12 g (187,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 8, PI. X, 8. -
Countermarks on obverse (3): gorgoneion (cf. no. 4,b) and 2 others,
c. Cat. Hirsch Xm (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXVIII, 2517: 12,00 g (185,2 grains). - Counter-
marks on obverse (4): no. XI and 3 others.
62. (AG) Obv. Same die.
(ao) Rev. F|[A] Similar. Incuse circle.
a (PI. II, [AG]ac). Oman, Oxford: 12,31 g (190,0 grains).
b. Cat. Hirsch XXXII (1912), PI. XIX, 500: 11,00 g (169,7 grains), reverse tooled. -
Countermark on obverse.
53. (AG) Obv. Same die.
(at) Eev. FlA Similar; Nike holds wreath in extended r. hand; 1. hand grasps
chiton. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 60. 69.
a (PI n, [AG] ax). Berlin: 10,98 g (169,4 grains).
b. Hirsch, Munich: 10,80 g (166,7 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 2.
Series VII (Obverse dies AH, A J, AK).
54. (AH) Obv. Eagle flying r. horizontally ; wings outstretched inclining slightly
backwards, one shown above, the other beneath the body, four rows of
feathers ; fan-like tail ; claw holding breast of hare r. upside-down, neck
stretched, hind-legs hanging down.
(aX) Eev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling inwards, one row of
feathers; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing
from each; plain handle; rays springing r. and 1. from darts above and
below. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 40. 46.
a. Hirsch, Munich: 11,72 g (180,9 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
b (PI. II, KEal). London: 11,66 g (180,0 grains); Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bun-
bury), lot 1082. — Countermarks on obverse (2): mule's head and neck L (twice;
cf. no. 8, a).
55. (AH) Obv. Same die.
(au) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, two rows of
feathers; volutes below curling outwards, one short tendril springing
from each; seven flame-lines above, nine below. Incuse circle.
a (Pi. II, [AH] a'j). Brussels: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
b. Hirsch, Munich: 11,77 g (181,6 grains). - Countermark on obverse.
56. (AH) Obv. Same die.
(acp) Eev. FlA Nike wearing long chiton stepping!.; r. leg advanced; wings
— 17 —
facing, rest in profile, three rows of feathers; r. arm extended, hand
holding wreath; 1. arm hanging down. Incuse circle. Of. no. 57.
a (PI. II, [AH] dtp). London: 11,91 g (183,8 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 10, PI. X, 9;
Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. E, 4.
57. (AJ) Obv. Similar.
(atp) Rev. Same die as no. 56.
a (PI. II, AJacp). Jameson, Paris: 11,53 g (177,9 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
b. Newell, New York: 11,26 g (173,8 grains).
58. (AJ) 0b7. Same die.
(a)^) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling inwards, one row of
feathers ; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing from
each; plain handle; each dart melting into wavy flame-lines. Incuse
circle. Cf. nos. 61. 62.
a (PI. II, [AJ] «■/_). Pozzi, Paris; 11,40 g (175,9 grains). — Countermarks on obverse
(3) : sea-turtle seen from above as on the Aeginetan coins (same die as on nos.
69, e. 115), lyre (other die than on no. 25, b), and another.
59. (AK) Obv. Similar; but wings with two rows of feathers; hare bent back
more.
(a<]j) Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings below curling outwards, two rows of
feathers ; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing from
each; three mouldings around handle; seven flame-lines above and below.
Incuse circle. Cf. no. 66.
a (PI. II, [AK]a'i). Berlin: 11,77 g (181,6 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
no. XIII, and eagle standing 1. (cf. no. 19, a). — Flaws in reverse die.
b. Berlin: 12,10 g (186,7 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): crab (cf. no. 28)
and another. — Flaws in reverse die.
c. New York: 11,40 g (175,9 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 532. — Flaws in
reverse die.
60. (AK) Obv. Same die.
(at) Rev. F I A Nike wearing long chiton stepping 1. ; r. leg advanced ; wings
facing, rest in profile; r. hand extended holds wreath; 1. hand holding
chiton. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 53. 69.
a (Pi. II, AKaT). London: 11,69 g (180,4 grains); B. M. C, Pelop. 9. — Counter-
mark on obverse : triangular incuse.
Series VIII (Obverse dies AL, AM, AN).
61. (AL) Obv. Eagle flying r. horizontally ; wings raised over back, the 1. higher
than the r. one, two rows of feathers; fan-like tail; beak touching head,
claw grasping back, of hare r. with legs outstretched in running at-
titude.
(a/) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling inwards, one row of
feathers; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing
from each ; plain handle ; each dart melting into wavy flame-lines. Incuse
circle. Cf. nos. 58. 62.
a (PI. II, ALax). Berlin: 11,52 g (177,8 grains), overstruck. — Countermarks on
obverse (3) : crab (cf. no. 28) and 2 others,
b. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 10,38 g (160,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), no.
1255. — Countermark on obverse.
— 18 —
62. (AM) Obv. Similar.
(ay) Rev. Same die as nos. 58. 61.
a (PL II, AM«x). Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,33 g (174,8 grains).
63. (AM) Obv. Same die.
(ao) Rev. AlF Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, two rows
of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, one short tendril springing
from each; plain handle; flame-lines springing from central dart above
and below. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 44. 50. 65.
a (PI. II, [AM]ao). Anderson, Athens: 12,00 g (185,2 grains). — Countermarks on
obverse (4): no. XIV, scrotum with pubes and penis (seen from the front; cf. no.
28), and 2 others.
64. (AN) Obv. Similar.
(a[j.) Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings below curling inwards, one row of
feathers; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing
from each; plain handle; each dart melts into wavy flame-lines. Incuse
circle. Cf. nos. 41. 47.
a (PI. II, [AN] c([a). Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XV, 555 : 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
65. (AN) Obv. Same die.
(ao) Rev. AlF Thunderbolt as on no. 63 (= 44. 50); same die.
a. Hirsch, Munich: 11,30 g (174,4 grains). — Countermark on obverse,
b (PI. II, [AN]ao). London: 11,99 g (185,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 22, PL XI, 4.
— Countermark on obverse.
66. (AN) Obv. Same die.
(aijj) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling outwards, two rows of
feathers; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril springing
from each; three mouldings around handle; seven flame-lines above and
below. Incuse circle. Cf. no. 59.
a (PL II, [AN]«i). Munich: 12,28 g (189,5 grains).
67. (AN) Obv. Same die.
(aw) Rev. F|A Similar thunderbolt; but wings above, volutes below. In-
cuse circle.
a. Vicomte de Jonghe, Brussels : 12,05 g (186,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 3.
b (PL II, ANcirn). Mathey, Paris: 12,25 g (189,0 grains).
68. (AN) Obv. Same die.
(air) Rev. FlA Nike wearing long chiton stepping 1. ; r. leg advanced; wings
facing, rest in profile; r. arm extended; 1. arm hanging down. Incuse
circle. Cf. nos. 45. 51.
a (PL II, [ANJcit:). A.nderson, Athens: 12,14 g (187,3 grains). — Countermarks on
obverse (4): no. XIV and 3 others.
b. Hirsch, Munich: 11,G7 g (180,1 grains).
69. (AN) Obv. Same die.
(at) Rev. FlA Similar; Nike holds wreath in extended r. hand; 1. hand grasps
chiton. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 53. 60.
a. Copenhagen: 11,18 g (172,5 grains). - Countermarks on obverse 2.
b. Pozzi, Paris: 11,70 g (180,5 grains). - Countermarks on obverse 3.
c (PL II, [AN] at). Sir H. Weber, London : 12,00 g (185,2 grains). — Countermark
on obverse.
d. Sir H. Webe'j London.
— 19 —
e. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XV, 544: 11,96 g (184,6 grains). — Countermarks on
obverse (3): sea-turtle seen from above as on theAeginetan coins (cf. no. 58) and
2 others.
70. (AN) Obv. Same die.
(Pa) Rev. F|[A] Similar; but no wreath in r. hand. Incuse circle.
a (PI. II, [AN] pa). Berlin: 12,27 g (189,3 grains); Friedlaender and von Sallet, Das
Konigliche Miinzkabinet^, PI. 1, 49. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : gorgoneion
(cf. no. 48) and another.
In Series Y a new and more realistic way of representing the flying eagle
is found for the first time. The wings instead of being bent back parallel to the
body are stretched out at right angles to it, their points tending forwards. On the
first four coins (nos. 34 — 37) the bird carries a serpent which is much more elabo-
rately treated than in the former group. On the two others (nos. 38. 39) it car-
ries a hare. There are decided traces of Egyptian influence in the treatment of
these eagles.
The most important piece, however, is no. 37 (PL II, ABat), the much discussed
stater with the inscription ^0>t IT V^V AC and the figure of Zeus. As I have already
said in the introduction, a careful study of the known specimens from these dies
— especially of the one in the McClean Collection at Cambridge (Fitzwilliam-Mu-
seum) — has convinced me that the obverse bears the legend V^0I3AA^, just as the
obverse of no. 34 (PI. II, Y) does. There has been much discussion over the mea-
ning of the word VvO>inVvVAO. I cannot help thinking that the most reasonable
explanation as yet offered is the one mentioned by M. Babelon (Traite II, 1, column
893) following Lambropoulos (Zeitschr. f. Num. XIX, 1895, p. 210), who interprets
it as 'OXovmxtBv ocywvwv (or S8Xci)v) ari\i.a, Tzal^a, xofj-jia, y_apav.zrip). Professor George
Macdonald ') objects to the last omicron of the word being treated as the archaic
equivalent of omega, citing the word $QKIKON and asking „why is there only one
omega in $QKIKON?" But in this he has been mislead by a repeated misprint in
M. Babelon's nTraite". I know of no coin inscribed <E>£5KI[C0N. The first series
of Phocian hemidrachms often bears the legend <E>OKI which must be completed as
$0K1K0N. $QKI never occurs^). Since 4>i2KlKON does not exist, why not regard
the fifth century 4>0KI as equivalent to 4>wxadiv? AAA^IKON, APKAAIKON, 0-
ATNniKON as equivalent to AsXyixwv, 'ApxaStxwv, '0Xu[i.jti5it&v ? Might it not be that
our piece with its double legend NA0I3AA^ V^O>in\AVAO might be interpreted as
follows: FAAEIQN IttI twv OArNIIIKfiN aYcovwv afi^a, „the badge (stamp, ofiicial
guarantee)') of the Elean people for the occasion of the Olympian games"?
M. Babelon, (Traits II, 1, columns 889 f.) considers this Zeus to be a copy of
a famous statue of the god by the sculptor Aristonoos who florished presumably in
the second half of the sixth century. It must have been inspired by it, though
we should not look for a slavish copy. The proportions of the figure have the
^) Proces-verbaux et Mdmoires du Congrfes Inter-
national de Numismatique, tenu k Bruxelles,
Juin 1910, p. 288.
^) $Q is found on the later hemidrachms (4 th
century) vfith head of Apollo. But the con-
temporary copper completes this legend as
(PQKEQN.
3) Macdonald, 1. cit., p. 285.
4
— 20 —
same awkwardness that the figures of Nike have in this group and the former.
The square, instead of circular, incase is due probably to the squareness of the de-
sign. Thunderbolts and Nikes are more or less circular designs.
None of the pieces in this series V have thunderbolts. Perhaps some may yet
turn up. While no. 34 (PL II, YaC) bas a legend on both sides, V\0I3AA=I on the
obverse, A=l on the reverse, the rest of the pieces with Nike have no legend on
either side. The Nikes are very similar to those in the foregoing group, but show
some advance on them, especially in the more natural „hang" of the draperies.
Series VI and 'the two following series, VII and VIII, are contemporary
with each other and all a little later than series V. Their dies interlace to a con-
siderable extent. The eagles in series VI (PI. II, AE— AG) and the next still have
their wings extended at right angles to the body, but they have lost their Egyptian
character, and their points no longer curve forwards. The serpents are elaborately
contorted, writhing round the eagle's tail and above its head. The obverse die AG-
uses no less than eight different reverse dies (nos. 46 — 53). Nike occurs on three
different dies (a;t, aa, az), to the left on all of them, and shows considerable advance
in artistic treatment. The one on no. 52 (aa), especially, is decidedly graceful both
in proportions and action. There is a sudden advance in the treatment of the
thunderbolts, which develop with great variety; cf. below (after Group GH') on
„The Thunderbolt".
In Series VII a dead hare takes the place of the serpent. It hangs limply
with dangling head and hind legs. The eagle is much like the one in the last series
save that his head, by reason of the nature of his prey, is bent downwards.
Fractions: Drachm similar to no. 60 (AKat); obverse suggestive in the treatment of the eagle
of series VIII, hare as on series VII. B. M. C. Pelop. 11, PI. X, 10; weight: 5,86 g
(90,4 grains). — PI. VIII, 4.
Hemidrachm similar to no. 55 (AH au), but eagle to 1. ; obverse suggestive in the
treatment of the bird of series VIII, hare as on series VII. Cat. Sotheby, Feb.
1909 (Benson), PI. XVIII, 563; weight: 3,11 g (48,0 grains). — PI. Till, 5.
In Series VIII a fresh attempt is made to represent the eagle with both
wings over the back just as was done in series IV. This time with much greater
success. The hare, instead of hanging limply, is in a running attitude. It seems to
be bounding along just as the eagle, swooping down from above, seizes it by the
middle of its back. The third obverse die, AN, shows considerable advance on the
other two (AL, AM). The thunderbolts and Nikes are mostly from dies that have
occurred in the two preceeding series. No. 70 (PL II, [AN] pa) calls for some com-
ment. The Nike is more delicately drawn than any of the preceeding ones. The
feathering of her wings is more naturally rendered. She seems to be taking long
steps rather than to be running, and forms a link between those which preceed and
the Nike in the following series (Group C, no. 74; PL III, AE,p§).
Fractions, cf. series VII.
Many more duplicates exist of the coins in this^ group B than of the first group.
While 37 staters fall under this period I have been able to record 64 specimens.
The dates I have assigned to this group are, as already explained in the introduc-
tion, somewhat speculative. But it is tempting to give the coin no. 37 with the
double legend \KOI3AA=i \AO>inVvVAO to the 77th Olympiad, the time of the foun-
— 21 —
dation of the city of Elis in E. C. 471. Such an event would give the priestly
moneyers at Olympia a special occasion for emphasizing the fact that their staters
bore „the badge of the Elean people for the occasion of the Olympian games" (as
suggested above) on no. 37, and even on no. 34 placing the name NKOIBAA^ „of
the Elean people" in full lest FA alone might be mistaken for FAAIC, and the
coin be thought te emanate from the newly built city.
It seems to me that there cannot be much error in making the coins dealt with
under this group extend over a period of 19 years. Most numismatists (e. g. Ba-
belon, Traite II, 1, columns 887 f.), when dealing with Elean coins, have placed the
V\0>inNKVAO piece (no. 37; PI. II, ABat) together with no. 73 (PI. Ill, AQPy) that I,
regarding it as a „ restitution", have placed at the beginning of the following group.
Surely though, the great divergence of the style of their obverses, and the great
superiority of the artistic merit of the latter over the former, quite precludes this
contemporary arrangement. But more of this under the following Group C, where
I have tentatively assigned the piece no. 73 to the period of the 82nd Olympiad.
Group C (Series IX— XII).
ca. B. C. 462 to ca. B. C. 432.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 20 (AO — BH). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 13.
Reverse dies 25 (p|3 — 7P). Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 17.
Coins 55. Number of specimens recorded 118.
Series IX (Obverse dies AO— AR).
71. (AO) Obv. [FlAAEIIO/V to 1. and to r. inwards. Eagle flying 1. horizontally;
wings outstretched points bending forwards, one shown above, the other
beneath the body, three rows of symmetrical feathers ; fan-like tail ; ruffle
of feathers round neck; on claw shown; no prey.
(Pp) Rev. F|A Nike wearing long chiton standing facing, head r. and looking
upwards, hair in knot, band round head; leg shown through drapery in
profile r. ; wings with five rows of feathers ; 1. arm raised, bent at elbow
and wrist, hand holding end of taenia; r. arm — first attempt in front
of body, partly erased, bent towards r. — second attempt in front of
wing, bent to 1., hand holding other end of taenia. Incuse circle.
a (PI. Ill, AOpp). Boaton: 12,09 g (186,6 grains); Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XI, 4;
Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, PI. Ill, 52 + 42 ; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI.
E, 2; Cat. Sotheby, May 1895 (Ashburnham), PI. 111,118; Kegling, Cat. Warren,
PI. XXI, 913. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : no. V twice.
b. Sir H. Weber, London : 11,60 g (179,1 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): no.
XVII and another — on reverse 1.
c. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XV, 547: 11,80 g (182,1 grains). — Countermarks on
obverse 2.
72. (AP) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally ; wings outstretched, one shown above,
the other beneath the body, three rows of feathers; fan-like tail; ser-
pent 1. passing over tail and neck held in claw(?) and beak.
(Py) Rev. \AO>lin|\AvAO to 1., below, and to r. inwards. Zeus nude striding
— 22 —
r., 1. leg advanced, shoulders facing, rest in profile; r. hand upraised
grasping thunderbolt (winged at 1. end); 1. arm outstretched, on hand
eagle seated r., head turned back, both wings raised. Incuse square. Cf.
no. 73.
a (PI. Ill, APpy). Sir H. Weber, London: 12,23 g (188,8 grains). — Countermarks
on obverse (4): nos. IV, VII, triskeles (cf. no. 8, a), and another.
73. (AQ) Obv. Eagle flying up perpendicularly; wings open and bent down to-
wards tail, three rows of feathers; fan-like tail; head r.; beak touching
top, claw grasping side, of carapace of Greek tortoise seen from above,
its legs struggling, its head bent towards 1. ; even markings on carapace.
(j3y) Kev. Same die as no. 72.
a (PI. III,AQPy). Berlin: 12,02 g (185,5 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. XIX (1895), PI.
nil, 1; Babelon, Traite, PI. XXXIX, 1. — Countermarks on obverse (2): no. Ill
and another.
74. (AE,) Obv. Similar; bat eagle holds serpent upwards passing behind tail
and neck, looped once in front of chest, striking down from above at
eagle's eye; both claws shown grasping serpent.
(pS) Rev. A I =1 Nike wearing long chiton running r. ; 1. leg advanced ; wings
and shoulders facing, rest in profile; three rows of feathers; 1. arm raised
bent at elbow and right back at wrist, hand holding wreath inwards; r.
hand holding hem of chiton over r. heel. Incuse circle.
a (PI. III.ARpB). Boston: 11,78 g (181,8 grains); Eegling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI,
911. — Countermarks on obverse 4.
Series X (Obverse dies AS — AY).
75. (AS) Obv. Eagle flying r. horizontally; wings outstretched, one shown above,
the other beneath the body, four rows of feathers; spread tail; claw and
beak holding serpent r. passing round tail, striking back from above
at eagle's eye.
(jBs) Eev. No legend. Thunderbolt; wings below curling outwards, with
two rows of feathers; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril
on each; one moulding around handle; darts merging into flame-lines
above and below. Incuse circle.
a (PI. Ill, [AS] pe). Giesecke, Leipsic : 11,05 g (170,5 grains) ; Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906),
PI. XV, 542. — Countermarks on obverse 3.
b, Gotha: 11,15 g (172,0 grains).
76. (AS) Obv.' Same die.
(PC) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 88. 111.
a. Boston: 12,01 g (185,3 grains); Cat. Sotheby, March 1889 (Moore), lot 296; Reg-
ling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 910. — Countermarks on obverse 2.
b (PI. Ill, [AS] PC). Copenhagen: 11,42 g (176,2 grains). - Countermarks on obverse
(4): no. XIV, Corinthian helmet I. (cf. no. 45), gorgoneion (cf. no. 48), and another.
c. Mathey, Paris: 11,36 g (175,3 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XV, 1248;
Cat. Hirsch XXXII (1912), PI. XIX, 499. - Countermark on obverse: gorgoneion
(cf. no. 48). ^ ^
77. (AS) Obv. Same die.
(pTj) Rev. F|A in tj^g f^^j, corners. Nike wearing long chiton running L;
— 23 —
hair loose; r. leg advanced; wings facing, rest in profile; four rows of
feathers ; r. arm extended, hand holding drooping wreath ; 1. hand clasps
her chlamys which is fastened round waist. Incuse square. Cf. nos. 92.
116.
a (PI. Ill, [AS] Ptj). Berlin: 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
b. Berlin: 11,20 g (172,8 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (3): no. I and 2 others.
c. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,48 g (177,2 grains); Num. Cbron. 1892, p. 192,14. —
Countermarks on obverse (4) : bear walking 1., nose to ground, in oval incuse (twice ;
different dies), Corinthian helmet 1. (cf. no. 45), and another.
78. (AS) Obv. Same die.
(pd) Rev. 6^ in the four corners. Similar. Incuse square. Cf. no. 84.
a. Berlin: 11,84 g (182,7 grains). — Countermark on obverse: scrotum with jjubes
and penis (seen from the front; cf. no. 28).
b (PI. Ill, ASpa). London: 11,96 g (184,6, grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 14, PI. X, 13;
B. M. Guide^ PI. 14,28; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XI, 5; Gardner, The Types of Greek
Coins, PI. VIII, 3 (rev.); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. E, 7; Head, Hist. Num. 2, p. 420,
fig. 226.
79. (AS) Obv. Same die.
(PO Rev. q^ in the four corners. Similar; but hair rolled. Incuse square.
Cf. nos. 85. 103. 107. 122.
a (PI. Ill, [ASJPO- Giesecke, Leipsic: 10,90 g (168,2 grains).
80. (AS) Obv. Same die.
(P%) Rev. E ^ in the four corners. Nike wearing long chiton seated 1. on
square cippus placed upon two steps; hair rolled; r. leg in front of 1.;
wings facing, rest in profile ; r. arm extended, hand resting on lion's head
fountain 1.; 1. hand resting on cippus. Incuse square. Cf. nos. 86. 87.
a (Pi. Ill, [ASJpx). Berlin: 11,76 g (181,5 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
Corinthian helmet 1. (cf. no. 45) and gorgoneion (same die as on nos. 120, c. 123, d.
126. 136, a. b. 152, b. 154, e).
b. Pozzi, Paris: 11,55 g (178,2 grains).
c. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,55 g (178,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI.
XV, 1249. — Countermark on obverse : no, XIV.
81. (AS) Obv. Same die.
(PX) Rev. F|A in field above. Thunderbolt; conventional lily ending in
twisted flame above; large outspread wings, with two rows of feathers,
attached below handle and reaching to upper corners of square; volutes
below curling outwards, one short tendril springing from each ; one wavy
flame-line on either side of the flame-flower above and of the central dart
below. Border of dots. Incuse square. Cf. nos. 89. 90. 97. 123.
a. Pozzi, Paris: 11,10 g (171,3 grains).
b. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,20 g (172,8 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 3.
c (PI. Ill, [AS] pX). Cat. Sotheby, May 1897 (Hobart Smith), PI. II, 94 = Cat. Sotheby,
Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XVIII, 561 (obv.): 11,66 g (180,0 grains). — Countermark
on obverse: no. XVIII.
82. (AS) Obv. Same die.
(P[i,) Rev. F|A Nike wearing long chiton seated r. on topmost of three steps;
hair loose; legs crossed, 1. foot in behind r. heel; wings facing, rest in
— 24 -
profile ; 1. arm raised, bent at elbow, hand holding sceptre point of whi
rests on bottom step; r. hand resting on top step and holding wreai
Incuse square. Cf. nos. 91. 125.
a (PI. Ill, [AS] p.a). Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XV, 1250: 11,22 g (173,1 grain
— Countermarks on obverse (3) : bunch of grapes in incuse square (same die
on nos. 133, a. 168, d. 172, e), scrotum with pubes and penis (seen from the fron
cf. no. 28), and another.
83. (AT) Obv. Eagle flying r. horizontally; wings raised over back, the 1. hight
than the r. one, four rows of feathers; spread tail; one claw shown, grasi
ing back of hare r., with legs outstretched in running attitude.
(Pv) Rev. ^ in the two 1. corners. Nike wearing long chiton running ]
hair loose; r. leg advanced; wings facing, rest in profile; r. arm extendec
hand holding drooping wreath; 1. hand clasping chlamys which is fastener
round waist; between r. wing and r. leg 0V3. Incuse square. Cf. no. 105
a (PI. III,ATpv). London: 11,63 g (179,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 16, PI. X,"i4.
b. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,86 g (183,0 grains).
84. (AT) Obv. Same die.
(pa-) Rev. ^^ in the four corners. Similar; but no letters. Incuse square
Cf. no. 78.
a. Boston: 12,06 g (186,1 grains); Eegling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 914.
b (PI. III,[AT]p&). The Hague: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
c. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,60 g (179,0 grains).
85. (AT) Obv. Same die.
(pi) Rev. ^1^ in the four corners. Similar; but hair rolled. Incuse square.
Cf. nos. 79. 103. 107. 122.
a (PI. Ill, [AT] pi). Berlin: 11,47 g (177,0 grains).
b. Pozzi, Paris: 11,80 g (182,1 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 2
86. (AT) Obv. Same die.
(px) Rev. 3!/^ in the four corners. Nike seated I. as on no. 80 (= 87);
same die.
a (PI. III,[AT]px). Berlin: 11,45 g (176,7 grains).
b. Berlin; 11,50 g (177,5 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): Corinthian helmet
1. (cf. no. 45) and hind-foot of mule to r. (same die as on nos. 86, g. 92, b. 97. 99.
103. 119, c).
c. Boston; Catherine P. Perkins Coll. no. 355.
d. Lederer, Berlin : 10,69 g (165,0 grains).
e. London: 11,66 g (180,0 grains); B. M, C. Pelop. 17, PI. X, 15; Num. Chron. 1879,
1 I u ~ Countermarks on obverse (3): no. XIV, gorgoneion (cf. no. 48), and
owl i head facing (same die as on nos. 93, e. 133, e. 140, a. e).
t. tat. Meletopoulos (Athens 1884), p. 89,40, PI. 111,40: 11,78 g (181,8 grains),
g. tat, Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXXIU, 2521: 11,73 g (181,0 grains). -
Countermarks on obverse (2): no. XIV, and hind-foot of mule to r. (cf. no. 86,1)}.
87 (AU) Obv ?•■ r . ^!''''P""^' ""• '''' ■■ ''>'' S (164.8 grains).
7p p f™'^"""' *'P' °^ ^^°S« fa-^t^er apart.
(pxj Kev. Same die as nos. 80. 86. ' ■
" ra"ob"er[e^^^'"^' ^'' ^"^^ ^^'''"■' ^°^^°^- n,49 g (177,3 grains). - Countermark
— 25 —
88. (AU) Obv. Same die.
(PQ Rev. FIA Thunderbolt as on no. 76 (= 111); same die.
a. Brighton: 11,6G g (180,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 2.
b. HoUschels:, Vienna: 9,97 g (153,9 grains). — Countermark on obverse: E in circular
incuse.
c (PI, III, [AU] PQ. New York: 11,66 g (178,4 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 533.
— Countermark on obverse: gorgoneion (cf. no. 48).
d. RoUin & Feuardent, Paris : 11,50 g (177,5 grains).
e. Sir H. Weber, London: 12,06 g (186,1 grains).
89. (AU) Obv. Same die.
(PX) Eev. FIA in field above. Thunderbolt as on no. 81 (=90. 97. 123);
same die.
a. Cambridge (McClean Coll.) : 11,66 g (179,9 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos),
PI. XXVIII, 2529 ; Cat. Hirsch XX (Hoskier), PI. XII, 338. — Countermark on ob-
verse: no. XIV.
b (PI. Ill, AUpX). Giesecke, Leipsic : 11,87 g (183,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906),
PI. XV, 554. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : Corinthian helmet I. (of. no. 45) and
gorgoneion (cf. no. 48).
c. Newell, New York: 10,77 g (166,2 grains).
d. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,28 g (174,1 grains).
90. (AV) Obv. Similar; but eagle's beak touches hare's head.
(PX) Eev. Same die as nos. 81. 89. 97. 123.
a (PI. Ill, AVpX). Cook, Cambridge: 11,08 g (171,0 grains). — Countermarks (2):
one on obverse, and another on reverse.
91. (AV) Obv. Same die.
(P[j.) E,ev. F|A .Nike seated r. as on no. 82 (= 125); same die.
a (PI. Ill, [AV] P(j.). Anderson, Athens: 9,60 g (148,1 grains). — Countermarks on
obverse 2 (?).
92. (AW) Obv. Similar; but eagle grasps back of sheep r. with legs outstretched
in running attitude.
(Pr)) Rev. £^ in the four corners. Nike running 1. as on no. 77 (= 116);
same die.
a (PI. Ill, [AW] ,3r,). Berlin: 11,80 g (182,1 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
scorpion (same die as on nos. 97. 120, e. 134, a. 136, e. 140, e. 154, f.h) and another.
, : : , b. New York: 11,50 g (177,5 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 534 (rev.). — Counter-
marks on obverse (3): no. XIV, bipennis (same die as on no. 133, d), and mule's
hind-foot to r. (cf. no. 86, b). — Reverse misstruck.
c. Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1918 : 10,42 g (160,8 grains). — Counter-
mark on obverse: no. XXI. — Obverse misstruck.
93. (AW) Obv. Same die.
- - - - ((3^) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, two rows of
feathers; volutes below curling outwards, spiral tendril springing from
■'■'■'■'■'■ each; one moulding around handle; three straight flame-lines on either
, V, V' ^^^® °^ central dart above and below respectively. Incuse circle,
a. Count Dessewffy, Budapest: 11,62 g (179,3 grains).
b (PI. Ill, [AW] p?). The Hague: 11,40 g (175,9 grains), formerly Six. — Counter-
mark on obverse,
c. Pozzi, Paris: 11,65 g (179,8 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): no. XIV
----- twice.
— 26 —
d. St. Petersburg: 11,55 g (178,2 grains).
e. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XV, 552 = Cat. Merzbacher, Nov. 1909, PI. 27, no
2997: 12,09 g (186,6 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): owl 1., head facing
(cf. no. 86, e); and gorgoneion (cf. no. 48).
94. (AW) Obv. Same die.
(po) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt; but three slightly curved flame-lines
on either side of central dart above and below respectively. Incuse
circiG.
a (Pi. Ill, AWpo). Cat. Hirscb XXV (Philipsen), PI. XV, 1256: 12,25 g (189,0 grains).
95. (AW) Obv. Same die.
([Btc) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings above, points curling inwards, three
rows of feathers; volutes below curling outwards; one moulding around
handle; dart above and below merging into wavy flame-lines; in field r.
olive-leaf stem downwards. Incuse square. Cf. no. 96.
a (PI. Ill, [AW] pit). Sir H. Weber, London: 12,35 g (190,6 grains). — Counter-
marks on obverse 2.
96. (AX) Obv. Eagle flying r. horizontally; wings raised over back and bent
back towards tail; 1. shown above the r., five rows of feathers; tail
closed; claws grasping chest of hare upside-down r., legs outstretched,
head bent back.
(Ptc) Rev. Same die as no. 95.
a. Berlin: 11,76 g (181,5 grains).
b. Count DessewiFy, Budapest: 12,29 g (189,7 grains).
e. Jakountcbikoff, St. Petersburg: 11,50 g (177,5 grains).
d (PI. III.AXPt:). London; 12,15 g (187,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 19, PI. XI, 1 ;
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XII, 9a; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. C, 1.
97. (AY) Obv. FIA Similar; but wings more open, three rows of feathers; eagle's
beak fixed in head, claws grasping haunch and back, of fawn in ronning
attitude r.
(PX) Rev. FIA in field above. Thunderbolt as on no. 81 (=89. 90. 123);
same die.
a (PI. III.AYpX). London: 11,57 g (178,5 grains); Num. Chron. 1894, PI. 1,5. -
Countermarks on obverse (2) : hind-foot of mule to r. (cf. no. 86, b) and scorpion
(cf. no. 92, a).
Series XI (Obverse dies AZ, BA).
98. (AZ) Obv. Zeus, naked to waist, wearing himation round legs, seated 1. on
four-legged stool; r. leg in front of 1.; r. arm resting on r. knee, thun-
derbolt in hand; 1. arm raised, bent at elbow, hand holding sceptre behind
him, point of which rests on ground; in field 1. eagle flying 1. horizon-
tally, wings bent back towards tail and shown above and below body.
(|3p) Rev. AA ^ Eagle flying 1., alighting upon ground; wings raised over
^ 01 '^'^^^' J^- shown behind 1., three rows of feathers; tail closed;
claws open. Incuse square. Cf. nos. 100. 112.
a (PI. Ill [AZJPp). London: 11,30 g (174,4 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 12, PI. X,ll;
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XI 2 " ^> v ,
99. (AZ) Obv. Same die.
— 27 —
(i3o) Rev. AIF in the top corners. Nike wearing long chiton, peplos
wrapped round her from waist to feet, seated 1. on top of two steps;
head 1., hair rolled ; wings facing, five rows of feathers ; r. foot on lower
step, 1. on ground; r. arm bent, hand holding long sceptre, end resting
on ground before her; 1. arm hanging down; plain ground line. Incuse
square. Cf. no. 118.
a (PI. Ill, AZpa). Pozzi, Paris: 11,55 g (178,2 grains). — Countermarks on obverse
(3): gorgoneion (cf. no. 48), hind-foot of mule to r. (cf. no. 86, b), and anotlier.
100. (BA) Obv. Similar; but himation round 1. arm and legs and hanging down
over a rock on which he sits; head turned slightly towards front; r. leg
behind 1.; sceptre leaning against r. shoulder, point at 1. toe; r. arm ex-
tended; on the hand eagle 1. about to fly oif; wings raised over back, r.
shown behind 1., tail closed.
(Pp) Rev. Same die as nos. 98. 112.
' a (PI. Ill, [BA]Pp). Seltman, Berkhamsted : 10,37 g (160,0 grains) ; Cat. Hirsch XXV
(Philipsen), PI. XV, 1248.
101. (BA) Obv. Same die.
i^z) Rev. =1
A
Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings, one above, the other
beneath the body, bent back, five rows of feathers; fan-like
tail; claw and beak grasping serpent 1., rearing up in 2 ^^
front of head. Incuse square.
a (PI. Ill, BApx). London: 12,03 g (185,6 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 13, PI. X, 12;
Num. Chron. 1861, PI. VI, 4; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XI, 3; Gardner, The Types of
Greek Coins, PI. 111,41 (obv); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. E, 6. — Countermark
on obverse: head of Apollo (?) of transitional style to r. (cf. no. 8, a).
b. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,42 g (176,2 grains).
102. (BA) Obv. Same die.
(Pv) Rev. A in tte two 1, corners, and in field 0V3 Nike running 1. as on
no. 83 (same die).
a (PI. Ill, [BA](3v). Berlin: 11,77 g (181,6 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
crab (cf no. 28) and hand with lingers spread asunder (thumb to r. ; cf. no. 8, a).
Series XII (Obverse dies BB— BH).
103. (BB) Obv. Eagle 1., horizontally; wings folded down; tail bent down ; claws
grasping back, beak tearing neck, of young buck 1., with neck and hind-
legs extended, fore-legs contracted.
(Pt) Rev. E^ in the four corners. Nike wearing long chiton running 1. ; hair
rolled; r. leg advanced; wings facing, rest in profile, four rows of feathers ;
r. arm extended, hand holding drooping wreath; 1. hand clasps her
chlamys, which is fastened round waist. Incuse square. Cf. nos. 79. 85.
107. 122.
a (PI. Ill, [BBJ^c). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,37 g (175,5 grains). — Counter-
marks on obverse (2): no. XIV, and hind-foot of mule to r. (cf. no. 86, b). — Ob-
verse misstruck; two fractures in the obverse die.
104. (BB) Obv. Same die.
(pu) Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards; volutes below
5
— 28 —
curling outwards, one short tendril springing from each; three mouldings
around handle; three wavy flame-lines on either side of central dart above
on ■obverse: crab (cf. no. 28). - Same two fractures in tbe obverse die as on no. 103.
105. (BB) Obv. Same die.
(Btp) Rev Al=l Thunderb olt; Nike-wmgs above turned downwards towards
volutes three rows of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, one ten-
dril on each- two mouldings around handle; one flarae-lme above, two
below, on either side of central dart. Incuse circle. Cf no. 106.
a (PI III BBp'-») Naples: 12,20 g (188,3 grains); Fiorelli, Cat. del Mus. Naz. I
(1870) no 7523; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIII, 10; Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, Thier-
und Pflanzenbilder (1889), PL IV, 37 (obv.). - Countermarks on obverse (2): Co-
rinthian helmet 1. (cf. no. 45) and another.
106. (BC) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings outstretched, one shown above,
tbe other beneath the body, three rows of feathers; spread tail; claw
grasping back, beak tearing neck, of fawn 1., with neck and legs ex-
tended. In field 1. above eagle's head, corn-grain.
([3(p) Eev. Same die as no. 105.
a (PI. IV, BCpto). Sir H. Weber, London: 10,02 g (15i,7 grains). — Countermark
on obverse.
107. (BD) Obv. Similar; but wings bent back towards tail, four rows of feathers.
In field 1. above eagle's head, cowrie-shell.
(p[) Eev. ql^ in the four corners. Nike running 1. as on no. 103 (= 79. 85.
122) ; same die.
a (PI. IV, BDPO- London: 12,10 g (186,7 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 15.
108. (BD) Obv. Same die.
(j3/) Rev. [FIA] in the two bottom corners. Thunderbolt; conventional
lily ending in twisted flame above ; large outspread wings, with two rows
of feathers, attached below handle and reaching to upper corners of square;
volutes below curling outwards, one short tendril springing from each;
one wavy flame-line on either side of the flame-flower above and of tbe
central dart below. Border of dots. Incase square. Cf. nos. 113. 124.
129 (remade).
a (Pi. IV, [BDJPx)- Ilollin & Feuardent, Paris: 11,45 g (176,7 grains).
109. (BD) Obv. Same die.
(Pijj) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings above curling inwards, with two rows
of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, one tendril on each; moulded
handle; two flame-lines on either side of flame-dart above and below re-
spectively. In field r. vine-leaf on stalk with tendril. In field 1. olive
on stalk between two olive-leaves. Incuse circle.
a (PI. IV, [BD] p-i). Sir H. Weber, London: 12,02 g (185,5 grains). — Countermark
on obverse.
110. (BD) Obv. Same die.
(Pto) Rev. F!> in the top corners. Nike wearing long chiton, peplos wrap-
ped round her from waist to knees, seated 1. on rock; hair rolled, head
facing, three-quarters towards 1.; wings facing, five rows of feathers; r.
— 29 —
toe behind 1. heel ; r. arm raised, bent at elbow, hand holding one end of
taenia; 1. arm hanging down behind, hand holding other end of taenia;
plain ground line. Incuse square. Cf. nos. 114. 117.
a (PI. IV, [BD]pu)). Sir H. "Weber, London: 11,14 g (171,9 grains); Num. Cliron.
1892, PI. XV, 13. — Countermarks on obverse 2.
111. (BE) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings raised over back and bent
back, points curling up, r. wing shown above 1., four rows of feathers ;
spread tail; claw round body of lamb 1. in running attitude. In field 1.
above eagle's head, murex-shell.
(PQ Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings below curling outwards, with two
rows of feathers; volutes above curling outwards, one short tendril on
each: one moulding around handle; darts merging into flame-lines above
and below. Incuse circle. Cf. nos. 76. 88.
a (PI. IV, [BE] PC). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,93 g (184,2 grains); Cat. Ratto
(Genoa), April 1909, PI. XII, 2973.
112. (BE) Obv. Same die.
(Pp) Rev. Legend and eagle flying 1. as on no. 98 (= 100); same die.
a (PI. IV, [BEJPp). London: 10,89 g (168,0 grains); Num. Chron. 1891, p. 127,16;
Num. Chron. 1892, p. 13. — Countermark on obverse.
113. (BE) Obv. Same die.
(Px) Rev. [F|A] in the two bottom corners. Thunderbolt as on no. 108
(= 124 = 129[remade]) ; same die.
a (PI. IV, [BE]p-/). London: 11,75 g (181,4 grains); Num. Chron. 1890, PI. XIX, 10.
— Countermark on obverse : no. XIV.
114. (BE) Obv. Same die.
(Pw) Rev. F|> in the top corners. Nike seated 1. as on no. 110 {= 117);
same die.
a (PI. IV, [BE] P(u). Berlin : 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
115. (BE) Obv. Same die.
(la) Rev. IP in the four corners. Nike wearing long chiton — peplos
draped over 1. shoulder, under r. arm, across body, and over 1. elbow —
standing facing; head L, hair rolled; wings with five rows of feathers; 1.
knee bent ; r. foot turned 1. ; r. arm raised, hand holding end of taenia
which hangs down to ground; 1. arm bent up, hand holding long palm-
branch with fronds at top. Incuse square. Cf. no. 119.
a (PI. IV, BEyo). Paris: 12,14 g (187,3 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
' sea-turtle seen from above as on the Aeginetan coins (cf. no. 58) and Corinthian
helmet 1. (cf. no. 45).
116. (BE) Obv. Eagle standing 1. on short exergual line; wings raised over back,
tip of r. wing below tip of 1., three rows of feathers; small folded tail;
in front on the line, dead crested heron upside-down, head dangling,
wings folded.
(^■q) Rev. ^ V in the four corners. Nike running 1. as on no. 77 (= 92);
same die.
a (PI. IV, [BF]pri). Paris: 11,64 g (179,6 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no.
XIII.
5*
— so-
il?. (BF) Obv. Same die.
(pco) Eev. Fi> in the top corners. Nike seated 1. as on no. 110 (= 114);
same die.
a (PI. IV, [BF] (3(u). Seltman, Berkhamsted : 11,10 g (171,3 grains) ; Cat. Hirsch XXV
(Philipsen), PI. XV, 1252; Cat. Hirsch XXXII (1912), PI. XIX, 501.
118. (BF) Obv. Same die.
(po) Rev. A|F in the top corners. Nike seated 1. as on no. 99 (same die),
a (PI. IV, [BFJpa). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,08 g (171,0 grains); Cat. Hirsch
XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXIX, 2545.
b. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,20 g (172,8 grains); Lambros, Peloponnesos (1891), PL
E, 9; Num. Chron. 1892, p. 194,17. — Countermark on obverse: crab (cf. no. 28).
119. (BF) Obv. Same die.
{'jo.) Rev. ^ p in the four corners. Nike standing facing as on no. 115
(same die).
a (PI. IV, [BFJya). Berlin: 11,84 g (182,7 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (3):
crab (cf. no. 28) and 2 others.
b. Boston ; Catherine P. Perkins Coll. no. 354.
c. London: 11,85 g (182,9 grains); B, M. C. Pelop. 18, PIX, 16; Num. Chron. 1879,
PI. XI, 6. — Countermarks on obverse (4) : Corinthian helmet 1. (cf. no. 45), mule's
hind-foot to r. (cf. no. 86, b), crab (cf. no. 28), and another.
120. (BF) Obv. Same die.
(y(3) Rev. AAEIO/V in field r. dovi^nwards. Nike wearing long chiton, peplos
wrapped round her from waist to feet, seated r. on square block; hair
rolled, head r. but slightly facing and bent downwards; wings facing,
five rows of feathers; knees crossed, r. over 1., .1. foot on ground; 1. arm
bent, elbow on r. knee, hand supporting her head; r. arm hanging down,
hand holding two short laurel twigs; plain ground line. Incuse square.
Cf. no. 121.
a. Jameson, Paris: 11,86 g (183,0 grains); Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury), PI.
VII, 1088; Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XVIII, 558. — Countermarks on
obverse (4) : nos. XIV, XX, crab (cf. no. 28), and hand with fingers spread asunder
(thumb to r. ; cf. no. 8, a).
b. Munich: 11,56 g (178,4 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXVIII, 2520.
— Countermark on obverse : gorgoneion (cf. no. 4, b).
c (Pi. IV,BFyP). Paris: 12,20 g (188,3 grains), formerly due de Luynes; Imhoof-
Blumer and Keller, Thier- und Pflanzenbilder, PI. IV, 38 (obv.) ; Lambros, Pelopon-
nesos, PI. E,^8. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : gorgoneion (cf. no. 80, a) and another.
d. St. Florian Stift; Num. Chron. 1879, PL XI, 7. — Countermark on obverse.
e. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,85 g (182,9 grains); Num. Chron. 1892, PI. XV, 14. —
Countermark on obverse: scorpion (cf. no. 92, a).
f. Cat. Hirsch XH (1904), PL V, 202 : 12,10 g (186,7 grains).
121. (BG-) Obv. Eagle flying 1. horizontally; wings raised over back, r. wing
showing above 1., four rows of feathers; tail slightly spread; claws grasp-
ing haunch of young fallow-deer, with short branching horns, 1.,
its legs in running position. In field 1. above eagle's head, sacrificial axe
on handle upside-down, with blade end to 1., mallet end to r.
(y|3) Rev. Same die as no. 120. i
a (PI. IV,BGyP). Giesecke, Leipsic: 11,57 g (178,5 grains); Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906),
PL XV, 548. ^ ^
- 31 —
122. (BG-) Obv. Same die.
{[3t) Rev. q ^ in the four corners. Nike running I. as on no. 103 (= 79. 85.
107); same die.
a (PI. IV, [BGJPO- Hirsch, Munich: 11,57 g (178,5 grains).
123. (BH) Obv. F|A Eagle flying 1. nearly upright; wings raised together over
back and bent backwards, the r. one higher than the 1., four rows of
feathers; tail closed; claws grasping serpent 1. undulating, with looped
neck, striking upwards at eagle's head.
(PX) Rev. FIA in field above. Thunderbolt as on no. 81 (= 89. 90. 97);
same die.
a. Berlin: 11,67 g (180,1 grains).
b. Boston: 11,80 g (182,1 grains); Cat. Sotheby, Marcli 1889 (Moore), lot 297; Reg-
ling, Cat. Warren, PL XXI, 916 (rev.).
c. Hirsch, Munich: 11,74 g (181,2 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
d (PI. IV, BHpX). Paris: 11,85 g (182,9 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
gorgoneion (cf. no. 80, a) and hand with fingers spread asunder (thumb to r., double-
struck; cf. no. 8, a).
124. (BH) Obv. Same die.
(P/) Rev. F|A in the two bottom corners. Thunderbolt as on no. 108
(^113 =: 129[remade]); same die.
a. Berlin: 11,85 g (182,9 grains); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. C, 2,
b. Berlin: 11,65 g (179,8 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no. XIV. — Flaw in
reverse die.
c (PI. IV, [BH] Px)- Cambridge (McClean Coll.) : 12,03 g (185,7 grains). — Flaw in
reverse die,
d. Copenhagen: 11,38 g (175,6 grains). — Countermark on obverse. — Flaw in re-
verse die.
e. Hirsch, Munich: 11,65 g (179,8 grains). — Countermark on obverse. — Flaw in
reverse die.
f. Jakountchikoff, St. Petersburg: 12,08 g (186,4 grains). — Slight flaw in reverse
die.
g. London: 11,81 g (182,3 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 25, PI. XI, 6; Num. Chron. 1879,
PI. XIII, 8. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : hand with lingers spread asunder
(thumb to r. ; cf. no. 19, a) and another. — Flaw in reverse die.
h. Pozzi, Paris: 11,75 g (181,3 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): Corinthian
helmet 1. (rf. no. 45) and another. — Flaw in reverse die.
i. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 10,10 g (155,9 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), no.
1259.
k. Sir H. Weber, London: 12,09 g (186,6 grains). — Countermark on obverse: acorn.
125. (BH) Obv. Same die.
(Pjj.) Rev. F|A Nike seated r. as on no. 82 (= 91); same die.
a. Boston: 11,97 g (184,7 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 915. — Counter-
marks on obverse 2.
b. London: 11,72 g (180,8 grains); Num. Chron. 1892, PL 1,20 (rev.). — Countermarks
on obverse 3.
c (PI. IV, [BH]Ph.). Paris: 11,65 g (179,8 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (4):
nos. XIII, XIV, acorn, and hand with fingers spread asunder (thumb to r.; cf. no.
19, a).
d. Cat. Sotheby, May 1897 (Hobart Smith), PI. 11,97 = Cat. Sotheby, Febr. 1909
(Benson), PL XVIII, 559: 11,73 g (181,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse 2 or 3.
— 32 —
Series IX contains four remarkable staters. The obverse of the first (no. 71)
and the reverses of the other three (nos. 72. 73. 74) all hark back to coins of series
V struck, I believe, some five Olympiads before. In this way they may be said to
be archaistic restitutions. The artists responsible for these dies were feeling after
an ideal of art, which on the dies of the three following series is suddenly realized.
On the obverse of no. 71 (PL III,AO), on the reverses of nos. 72—74 (PL III, Py,
[35), they allow themselves to be bound by existing conventions. But on the reverse
of no. 71 (PL III,pp) and on the obverses of the others (PL III, AP, AQ,AR) they
have struck out a new line for themselves with strange result on no. 71, and with
decided success on nos. 73. 74.
To take the archaistic dies first: no. 71 (PL III, AO) recalls no. 34 (PL II, Y)
of series V. The full legend FAAEION is on one and the other, while the eagle on
no. 71 has wings resembling those of an Egyptian vulture even more closely than
on no. 34. The bird carries no prey. The figure of Zeus on nos. 72. 73 (PL III,
Py) is, as has been stated above (under Group B), a restitution of the earlier type
no. 37 (PL II, at). Even were it dissociated from its advanced obverse, it would
manifestly strike one as being decidedly later than its prototype. The eye of the
god is, as a close study with a lens will show, no longer drawn in fuU, but cor-
rectly in profile. The anatomy, though somewhat exagerated, is that of a human
figure, not of a primitive wooden idol. To regard these three staters as contem-
porary seems to me an untenable position, to treat nos. 72. 73 as the earlier ones
is, to say the least, fantastic. The Nike on no. 74 (PL III, p§) is from another ar-
chaistic die. The latest Nike of the foregoing series (no. 70 ; PL U, pa) seems almost
to be in advance of her. Careful scrutiny, however, will show that she on no. 74
displays more delicate modelling than any which preceed her. She may be the
work of an older engraver, a workman with more finished technique but more con-
servative notions, than his younger contemporaries who executed dies like pp,
AQ, AR.
This brings us to these three dies which display such marked originality of
treatment. The ambition of the artist who engraved the die of no. 71 (PL III, pp)
has clearly surpassed his capabilities. Apparently he has set out to draw Nike in
profile to right, standing and holding a taenia. Her head was successful, and he
went on to engrave her left arm raised in front of the left wing, her right leg in
profile showing through the drapery, her right shoulder and arm bent at the elbow
just over the right hip; then he came to the filling up of the left side of the field
of this coin with Nike's right wing and the whole thing „stumped" him. It looked
wrong. So he obliterated the right forearm as much as possible by putting in the
taenia, and, having broadened her chest, put in a new right arm in front of
the right wing holding the other end of the said taenia But the unobllterated
upper arm and the right leg in profile remain on this three-armed and one-legged
Nike!
The artist who engraved the obverses of nos. 73. 74 (PL III, AQ, AR) — ■ they
are evidently both by the same hand — has been most successful in rendering his
eagles in a difficult and entirely new attitude. On both dies, instead of flying to
the right or left, the bird flies upwards. On no. 73 it carries a tortoise, by far
— 33 —
the earliest representation of this creature on a Greek coin'). The clever way in
which the feeble struggles of the creature, as it kicks and moves its head from
side to side, are rendered will be apparent to anyone who has ever handled a
^Testudo Graeca". The eagle is drawn with spirit, the wings are outspread, the
feathers more naturally treated than on any preceeding piece. The same may be
said of the bird on no. 74, which carries a serpent instead of the tortoise. Note
how its right wing is raised higher than its left. Unfortunately this die is rather
marred by countermarks.
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. like no. 71 (AO), rev. similar to no. 74 (po). B. M. C. Pelop. 7,
PI. X, 7; weight: 2,95 g (45,5 grains). - PI. VIII, 6.
Just as in the former groups A and B we had three series of staters (II. III.
IV and VI. VII. VIII respectively) which were contemporary with each other and
possessed interchangeable reverse dies, so here in group C we have them again,
viz: X. XL XII.
The obverse dies of Series X have their eagles to the right, those of XII
have them to the left. Shortly before 457 B. C. the majestic pediment groups
of the great temple of Zeus at Olympia had been completed. And, I think, there
is no doubt of the fact that their influence appears to a marked extent on the coins
of these three contemporary series. Reference was made above to a school of young
and ambitious engravers, who, striking out a new line for themselves, seem to have
produced the more advanced dies of the staters in the foregoing series, while their
older and more conservative contemporaries stuck to the conventional and establish-
ed methods of their art. Here, in these series X. XI. XII, we may see this same
new school brought under the influence of the sculptors of the pediments and me-
topes of the temple of Zeus.
It is more in the drapery than in the attitude of the first Nike no. 77 (PL III,
j3yi) of our series that we see the influence of the new school. The big strides
that she takes remind one of the Nikes of a much earlier period (PI. I, X, ;:). But
this is quite redeemed in the two next dies nos. 78. 79 (PI. Ill, ^&, pi) which have
running Nikes unsurpassed for beauty and delicacy of execution in the whole series
of Greek numismatics^). They seem to move along gracefully and lightly without
touching the ground, and in the graceful pose of their heads they remind one of
the Athenian maidens on the Parthenon frieze. Another die closely resembling that
of no. 77 (PI. Ill, p-/)) and of less artistic merit than those of nos. 78. 79 (PI. Ill,
j3&, pt) calls for special mention, viz the reverse of rro. 83 (= no. 102 ; PI. Ill, [3v).
It bears what must almost certainly be an artist's signature, the letters 0V3. It
') On the early coins of Lycia, as on the Aegi-
netan staters, it is a „ leather -backed" turtle.
The tortoise (Testudo Graeca) does not occur
at Aegina before 404 B. C. Imhoof-Blumer and
Keller, Thier- und Pflanzenbilder(1889), PI. VI, 27
show aLycian coin which they describe as bearing
a tortoise. But surely this animal is a „leather-
backed" turtle, just as much as no. 25 of Aegina
on the same plate. It has no „marginal plates"
to its carapace like the tortoise on no. 26.
^) Unfortunately owing, either to carelessness, or
to technical imperfections in the Olympian mint
apparatus, we have no single coin that does
either of these dies justice ; p& however occurs
again as the reverse of our no. 84 (PI. Ill),
where it fortunately shows to advantage that
portion of the coin which is badly struck on
no. 78. pi occurs with no less than five obverse
dies, viz nos. 79. 85. 103. 107. 122 (AS, AT,
BB, BD, BG, cf. Pis. Ill and IV).
- 34 —
has been fancifally suggested') that this E5& . . . • is the same man who engraved
tetradrachms at Syracuse quite thirty years later ^). It is quite inconceivable that
these pieces should have been produced by the same hand, as a glance at their style
will show. The suggestion that this E&& . . . . may have been a magistrate ) can
hardly be supported. Magistrates' names do not begin at Elis till a period about
a hundred years later. So isolated an instance cannot, therefore, well be anything
but an artist's signature, presumably the earliest known on any Greek com.
There is likewise a single instance in this series of the occurrence of a symbol
(olive-leaf stem downwards) on the reverse of nos. 95. 96 (PI. Ill, P^). The use of
symbols appears here for the first time. In series XII it becomes somewhat more
frequent, but is soon discontinued, nor does it recur until a considerably later period.
We now come to the two dies in our series with seated figures of Nike. The
older of the two, which occurs as the reverse of nos. 80. 86. 87 (PL III, ^v.),^ is a
work of art worthy of being ranked with the sculptures of its period. The delicacy
of the work and the fineness of feeling is equal to the most beautiful of the run-
ning Nikes (PI. Ill, P) ; but the pose of the figure, the modelling, and the compo-
sition of the design surpass her. Observe the exquisite modelling of the right arm
and the hand which is laid upon the lion-head fountain. It is this coin, presumably,
that suggested the well-known type which occurs at a later date on a coin of Terina*)
which represents Nike filling a vase at a fountain with a lion's head^). The other
seated Nike (PI. Ill, Pii) belongs strictly speaking rather to series XII, where she
will be mentioned again. The same remark applies to the broad-winged thunderbolt
of nos. 81. 89. 90 (PI. Ill, |3X). The occurrence of these two dies in the series under
consideration can best be accounted for by the supposition that the three obverse
dies with which they occur (PI. Ill, AS, AU, AV) were exceptionally durable, and
having lain idle for several years, were once more made use of by the workmen of
the mint.
This brings us to the consideration of the obverse dies of series X. The first
one, AS, resembles those dies of series VI in the foregoing group in which tbe
eagle is shown with one wing above, the other below the body. It is a fine design,
but too large for the staters. Of the eighteen examples of this obverse that have
come under my observation, not one has the bird completely on the flan. The next
three dies (PI. Ill, AT, AU, AV) are all developments from the obverses of series
VIII in the group B. The die AW resembles them, save that the eagle is stouter
and carries a sheep in its claws in place of a hare. AX shows a further advance
in style. The eagle which is seated on the chest of a dead hare holds its wings
in a very realistic manner. The same remark applies to the bird on AY, which
has just landed upon the back of a running fawn. The engravers of the dies AW
1) Gardner, B. M. C. Peloponnesus, p. XXXYI;
Head, Hist. Num.i (1837), p. 354.
-) The beautiful reverses which have in the exergue
Scylla urging on her own dogs to chase a fish:
Du Chastel, Syracuse (1898), PI. VI, 70—72.
^) Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins
(1899), p. 194, footnote 4 and asterisk.
*) By way of illustrating the superiority of these
Olympian Nikes over those of Terina, it is
interesting to compare their hands. On looking
at the Terinaean coins, it will be seen that
the hands of the figures are almost invariably
disproportionately large, those of the Olympian
ones are not; cf. Regling, Terina (1906), Pis.
H and HI.
=) Regling, op. cit., PI. 11, K-
— 35 —
and AY, in tteir desire for introducing variety into the eagle's prey, have lost
their sense of proportion and have made the sheep and the fawn no bigger than
a hare. Only on the fine die AX do we really get the correct proportions between
bird and beast.
Fractions: Dracbm. Obv. similar to nos. 92ff. (AW), but witb hare; rev. similar to nos. 95. 96
(p-), but thunderbolt reversed; no symbol, a (PI. VIII, 7). Graz Museum: 4,52 g
(69,7 grains). — b (same dies). Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XVIII, 560:
4,41 g (68,0 grains).
Hemidrachm like no. 96 (AX Pit), save that on the rev. the olive-leaf is in field 1. instead
of r. B. M. C. Pelop. 20, PI. XI, 2 : 2,75 g (42,5 grains).
Obol. Obv. like no. 96 (AX); rev. more similar to no. 94 (po), but thunderbolt reversed.
B. M. C. Pelop. 21, PI. XI, 3: 0,68 g (10,5 grains).
Series XI is a very small one, containing only two obverse and two reverse
dies, though two other reverse dies, viz: nos. 99. 102 (PL III, pa, [3v) strictly belong-
ing to the following and the former series respectively, occur in it. For the first
time in the history of the mint there is no eagle on the obverse die. The bird has
been transferred to the reverse, while on the obverse there is a figure of Zeus,
seated, on the earlier die (PL III, AZ) upon a throne, on the later (PL III, BA)
upon a rock. Were it not for the fact that these two dies actually share a re-
verse die, one would be tempted to put an interval of several years between them.
As it is, one must conclude that AZ is the work of an older man, BA the work
of a younger and more ambitious contemporary.
Though new to the coins of Olympia, a seated Zeus was the regular obverse
type of the coinage of the Arcadian League minted at Heraea of which PL VIII, 8
(Paris ; Zeitschr. f . Num. Ill, PL VII, 2) is a beautiful archaic example. The Zeus
on no. 99 (PL ill, AZ) is more or less of a close copy of the figures on the Arca-
dian coins. He holds sceptre and thunderbolt just as they do. The eagle which
flies from him is strangely reminiscent of the very early eagles of series I and 11^).
Zeus is seated on a throne without a back. His head is disproportionately large.
This same fault also goes to show that the other die BA is nearly contemporary
with AZ; for Zeus on it also has too large a head. Otherwise this obverse is a
fine and bold design strangely advanced for the period.
The two reverse dies which actually belong to this series call for some comment.
The eagle on the first (PL HI, pp) carries no prey whatever and is shown in the
action of alighting on the ground. It is used with both the „ seated Zeus" dies,
and after having apparently lain idle for some time and become slightly corroded,
was used again with an obverse die belonging to series XII, viz no. 112 (PL IV,
BEPp). The die bears the full ethnic FAAEION- On the other die the eagle carries
a serpent (PL III, ^z). A very successful attempt has been made at representing the
perspective of the right wing of this bird.
The two Arcadian triobols figured on PL VIII, 9. 10 (both in the Berlin Collec-
tion; Zeitschr. f. Num. Ill, PL VIII, 6. 5) are interesting as showing how the Heraean
mint copied the Olympian, especially in the eagle over the right hand of Zeus.
Note how closely the eagle on PL VIII, 9 resembles that on our die pp ; the bird
•) Cf. B. M. Cat. Peloponnesus, PI. XXXI, 11. 15.
See also 17. 20. 21. 22 and PI. XXXII, 1. 3.5
whose eagles , suggest our Olympian eagles of
series V and VI. , .
6
— ae-
on PI. VIII, 10 that on |3t. In passing it is also worth noting, how the female heads
on the reverses of these two triobols resemble the heads of many of the Nikes which
occur in the group under consideration.
Two dies with the running Nike that strictly belong to series X have been
taken over into Series XII. The die ^-q once, as a reverse to BF (PL IV); the die
Pt three times, with the obverses BB, BD, BG (Pis. III. IV). The Nikes actuaUy
belonging to this series are, with one exception, seated. Owing to classification by
obverses, I have been forced to place what is, presumably, the earliest of these four
seated figures (|3[j.) last; for the obverse with which it most frequently occurs (BH)
is undoubtedly the latest of our series, forming, as it does, a link with the first
obverse die of series XIII in the following group D. However the Nike (PI. IV, p^.)
cannot be much earlier than the other three. She is seated in a graceful attitude
on the topmost of three steps and holds a wreath and a long sceptre. Perhaps she
is the work of the artist who engraved the best of the running Nikes. Another
Nike (PL IV, ^a) on the reverse of no. 118 closely resembles her in attitude, but
is turned to the left. This is the die that has been used with the „enthroned Zeus"
die (PL III, AZ) of the previous series. One is tempted to ascribe a third one (PL
IV, |3<o), which occurs with three different obverses (BD, BE, BF), to the same artist
who engraved the Zeus seated on a rock (PL III, BA) of series XI. Her attitude,
half facing, the rock on which she sits, and her large head all support this suggestion.
She holds the two ends of a long taenia, one in each hand. The fourth .seated Nike
(PL IV, yP), a famous die, shows considerable merit and originality but will not bear
comparison with the beautiful figure of the goddess on coins like uos. 80. 86. 87 (PL
III, j3x). Her position has been described as a mourning attitude (Sir H. Weber,
Num. Chron. 1892, p. 194), but surely such an idea is incompatible with the nature
of the Olympian coinage. A sad or regretable incident would scarcely be recorded
upon what is especially a festival coinage. I would describe her position as a pensive,
rather than a mourning attitude. Sitting upon a square block she holds a wreath
in one hand, while she rests her head upon the other. Both this die y(3 and the one
mentioned before it, pco, show a perspective in the drawing of Nike's wings that
had not occurred before. Fortunately the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris possesses
a really fine example (PL IV, ^a) of the beautiful standing Nike, which had hitherto
only been published in the poor specimen belonging to the British Museum (no. 119, c;
the Berlin specimen, no. 119, a, is also poor). She holds a taenia and a long palm-
branch; and the drapery of her peplos, like her whole attitude, is beautifully
engraved. It seems never to have been noticed before that on the two reverse dies
last described the digamma at the beginning of the ethnic is wanting; die yP reads
AAEION, die y*: AAEI. I believe these are the only instances before Roman times
of this name without its digamma.
Turning now to the eagles of series XII all of which are to the left, we come
to the first instance of an Olympian coin representing the bird with its wings folded
close to the body (PL III, BB). The prey, instead of a hare, is a young buck. On
the two next dies (PL IV, BC, BD) a fawn is carried, and the wings of the eagle
are shown above and below the body. On the second die, BD, they are actually
bent back towards the tail, an obvious archaism like the wide-spread tails on both
— 37 —
these dies. The bird on the die BE (PI. IV) is a clumsy large-headed creature,
clasping a lamb which is much better drawn than the eagle which carries it. Next
we come to an eagle which stands upon a short line, both its wings raised over its
back (PI. IV, BF). In front of it lies a disproportionately small crested heron ')
upside-down with dangling head. The die BGr (PL IV) has an eagle resembling the
one on BE, but a fallow-deer, with short branching borns, has taken the place of the
lamb. The last five dies mentioned (BC to BG) fall naturally together, since they
all have symbols in the iield beside the eagle. These symbols are a corn-grain, a
cowrie-shell, a murex-shell, the crested heron already referred to, and a sacrificial
axe with blade and mallet ends. No. 109 has symbols on the reverse as well (PI.
IV, p(]i), a vine-leaf on a stalk with tendril in the field to r., an olive on a stalk
between two olive-leaves in the field to 1. The last eagle of our series (PI.
IV, BH) is a spirited and finely proportioned bird, whish is fighting in earnest with
the serpent that it grasps in its claws. FA appears on this obverse die alone in this
series. This eagle is used only with two similar thunderbolt-dies (PI. IV, J3X, P)()
— those with the big open wings (cf. below on „The Thunderbolt") — and with the
earliest of the seated Nikes of our series mentioned above (PI. IV, Pfi,). As has already
been pointed out above, three particularly enduring obverse dies from series X have
been used with the reverses (3X and pji, which seem to have belonged strictly to the
die BH. The latter was evidently not a very enduring die, as specimens like no.
125, b and d show.
Fractions: Drachm. Obv. similar to nos. 107 ff. (BD), but with hare, upside-down; symbol, small
two-handled vase; rev. similar to nos. 105. 106 dScp), but volutes above, wings below.
British Museum. — PI. Till, 11.
. Drachm. Obv. same die ; rev. like no. 109 (p'i), but no symbols. Cat. Hirsch XVIIl
(1907'), PI XXXVI, 2408 : 6,05 g (93,4 grains). — PI. VIII, 12 (rev.).
Hemidrachm. Obv. similar to nos. lllff. (BE), but with hare, upside-down; symbol,
an ear of corn over the eagle's tail; rev. like no. 109 (pi), but no symbols. Cat.
Hirsch XVIII (1907), PI. XXXVI, 2409 : 3,08 g (47,5 graius).
Drachm. Obv. like nos. 123 ff. (BH) ; rev. like nos. 95. 96 (Pii), but no symbol. Anderson,
Athens ; 4,95 g (76,4 grains). — PI. VIII, 13.
The proportion of duplicates in this group C of ours is greater than in either
of the proceeding groups. In one instance, I have been able to record as many as
ten specimens struck from one pair of dies. But in most cases only one or two
instances of a certain die-combination are known. The dates I have tentatively
assigned to this group are from the 82nd to the 87th Olympiad, a time which was
without doubt the most prosperous period in the history of Hellas, and therefore of
Olympia, the centre of Hellas. During this period of comparative domestic peace,
Olympia was open to all the Greeks, and the prosperity of the whole of (3^reece
during this time makes it quite justifiable to crowd as many as 55 difi'erent coins
into a period of twenty years. In the second year of the 87th Olympiad (B. C.
431) the Peloponnesian War broke out, and the Athenians and their allies were
1) Sir H. Weber (Num. Chron. 1892, p. 194) has,
very naturally, mistaken this dead crested heron
for a lizard running towards the eagle's feet,
supposing the heron's tail to be the reptile's
head. The incompleteness of his specimen of
the coin, which compare 1. cit., PI. XV, 14, ac-
counts for this error.
6*
— 38 —
excluded by the Spartans from all access to the Altis^- The effect on the coinage
ofte neJten years, during which the Spartans enforced ^t^- -;;;--'^;^^ -\;
nishing. Only 15 different coins can be assigned to the period between the 87th
and 90th Olympiads.
Group D (Series XIII. XIV).
ca. B. C. 432 to ca. B. C. 421.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 5 (BJ-BN). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 4
Eeverse dies 9 (px, TT-T''-)- i^everse dies used with more than one obv. 5.
Coins 15. Number of specimens recorded 42.
Series XIII (Obverse dies BJ, BK, BL).
126 (BJ) Obv. Eagle flying r.; r. wing raised over back, 1. wing drooping below
breast, three rows of feathers; tail spread; beak holding neck, claws
grasping tail, of serpent r., looped beneath tail and at breast of eagle,
striking down at beak.
(7f) Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, two rows of
feathers ; volutes below curling outwards, three acanthus-petals on the
upper side of each; long handle; three flame-lines above, two below on
either side of the central dart. Shallow incuse circle. Cf. nos. 130. 135.
a (PI. IV,BJ-|'y). Sir H. Weber, London: 11,72 g (180,8 grains). — Countermarks
on obverse (2) : gorgoneion (cf. no. 80, a) and mule's hind-foot to r. (other die than
on no. 86, b etc.).
127. (BJ) Obv. Same die.
(fS) Rev. AR Thunderbolt; straight wings below, shoulders fastened at
handle, ends pointing downwards, two rows of feathers, a tendril curving
outwards beneath each; small volutes above curling outwards, three acanthus-
petals on the underside of each; long handle; three flame-lines on either
side of the central dart above and below respectively, the upper dart
spiral. Shallow incuse circle. Cf. no. 131.
a (PI. IV, [BJ]yS). Pozzi, Paris: 10,20 g (157,4 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhouso-
poulos), PI. XXVIII, 2523.
128. (BJ) Obv. Same die.
(7s) Rev. F!A Nike wearing long chiton, peplos wrapped round her from
waist to feet, seated 1. on topmost of two steps; head 1., hair rolled;
wings facing, three rows of feathers ; r. foot behind lower step, 1. foot in
' front of it ; r. hand resting on r. knee holds end of long palm-branch the
top of which passes behind her head; 1. hand resting on corner of upper
step. In exergue olive-twig with five leaves, stalk r. Shallow incuse circle.
Cf. no. 133.
1) Grote, History of Greece^ vol. VII (1851), p. 71 ;
also p. 76, footnote, where it is conclusively
proved that this exclusion existed from the time
of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War down
to the Peace of Nicias in 421 B. C, an exclu-
sion not only of the Athenians, but of their
allies also.
— 39 —
a (PI. IV, [BJ]^s). Berlin: 12,15 g (187,5 grains); Friedlacnder and von Sallet, Das
Konigliche Miinzkabinet^, PI. II, 136.
129. (BK) Obv. Eagle flying r. ; wings raised over back, 1. wing shown above r.,
three rows o£ feathers ; tail open and bent downwards ; beak near nose,
claws grasping back, of hare r., in running attitude, ears laid back.
(Px) liev. [FlA] in the two bottom corners. Thunderbolt as on no. 108
(= 113. 124); same die, but remade and flaw partly corrected,
a (PI. IV, [BK] Px)- Pozzi, Paris: 11,65 g (179,8 grains).
130. (BK) Obv. Same die.
(7Y) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt as on no. 126 {= 135); same die.
a (PI. IV, [BK] yy). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,60 g (179,0 grains); Cat. Hirscli
XVI (1906), PI. XV, 551. — Countermark on obverse: no. XIV.
b. St. Petersburg: 11,50 g (177,5 grains).
131. (BK) Obv. Same die.
(y5) Rev. An Thunderbolt as on no. 127 (same die).
a (PI. IV, [BK]yo). Cambridge (McCiean Coll.): 11,63 g (179,5 grains),
b. Copenhagen: 11,78 g (131,8 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
132. (BK) Obv. Same die.
(yC) Rev. F AAl El 0/V to 1. and to r. inwards. Thunderbolt; straight wings
below, shoulders fastened at handle, ends pointing downwards, two rows
of feathers, a tendril curving outwards beneath each ; small volutes above
curling outwards, four acanthus - petals on the upper side of each; long
handle; one plain and one dotted flame-line on either side of the central
dart above and below, the upper dart spiral. Shallow incuse circle. Of.
no. 134.
a (PI. IV.BKyQ. London: 11,88 g (183,3 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 26, PI. XI, 7;
B. M. Guide= PI. 14,34; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIII, 9; Gardner, The Types of
Greek Coins, PI. VIII, 24 (rev.); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. C, 3; Head, Hist. Num. 2,
p. 420, fig. 227. — Countermarks on obverse 2.
133. (BK) Obv. Same die.
(ye) Rev. F|A Nike seated 1. as on no. 128 (same die).
a. Berlin: 11,54 g (178,1 grains); Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIII, 1; Lambros, Pelopon-
nesos, PI. E, 10. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : no. XIV, and bunch of grapes
in incuse square (cf. no. 82).
b. Sir Arthur Evans, V\^hitebarn: 11,40 g (176,0 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul
Weber), PI. XXIV, 1927. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : no. XIV, and scrotum
vfith pubes and penis (seen from the front; cf. no. 28).
c. Jameson, Paris: 12,18 g (188,0 grains); Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury), PI. VII,
1089; Cat. Christie, May 1908 (Sir R. Knowles), lot 68.
d (PI. IV, [BK]Ye). London: 11,87 g (183,2 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 52, PI. XII, 9 ;
B. M. Guide^ PI. 14,31; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, PI. VIII, 4 (rev.);
Head, Hist. Num.^ p 420, fig. 228 (rev.). — Countermark on obverse: bipennis (cf.
np. 92, b). — Obverse misstruck.
e. London: 11,36 g (175,3 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 53; Head, Hist. Num.^, p. 420,
fig. 228 (obv.). — Countermarks on obverse (3); gorgoneion (cf. no. 48); owl 1., head
facing (cf. no. 86, e) ; and another.
f. Paris: 11,81 g (182,3 grains).
g. Pozzi, Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 564.
h. St. Petersburg: 11,80 g (182,1 grains), overstruck.
— 40 —
134. (BL) Obv. Eagle flying r.; similar, but tail more spread, not bent downwards;
beak touching hare's nose.
(yC) Rev. Same die as no. 132.
a (PI. IV, [BL]yC). Berlin: 12,16 g (187,7 grains). —Countermark on obverse: scor-
pion (cf. no. 92, a),
b. Boston: 11,70 g (180,5 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 919.
135. (BL) Obv. Same die.
(ri) l^ev. F|A Thunderbolt as on no. 126 (= 130); same die.
a (PI. IV,BLyy). Berlin: 11,80 g (182,1 grains),
b. Munich: 11,07 g (170,8 grains).
Series XIV (Obverse dies BM, BN).
136. (BM) Obv. Eagle standing r., looking back 1. ; r. wing raised in front of head;
1. wing stretched slightly forward, three rows of feathers ; tail folded and
bent down; claws placed on thick stem of laurel-branch with mass of
leaves under eagle's tail and r. wing, stem r.
(v*]) Rev. FlA Thunderbolt; wings below curling outwards, one row of
feathers beneath dotted shoulders; volutes above curling outwards, a short
tendril hanging down from each; moulding round handle; two wavy flame-
lines on either side of central dart above and below. Shallow incuse
circle. Cf. no. 137.
a (PI. IV, BMyT)). Berlin: 12,13 g (187,2 graius). — Countermark on obverse: gor-
goneion (cf. no. 80, a).
b. Berlin: 11,92 g (184,0 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): no. XXI, and gor-
goneion (cf. no. 80, a).
c. Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,95 g (184,5 grains).
d. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,70 g (180,5 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI.
XV, 1257.
e. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,97 g (184,7 grains). — Countermark on obverse: scor-
pion (cf no. 92, a). — Rev. die retouched by adding a flame-line on each side above.
f. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,51 g (177,6 grains).
137. (BN) Obv. AIA in field below. Eagle standing r., both wings raised, the r.
one behind, the 1. in front of the body, four rows of feathers; tail spread;
head r., but slightly towards front; beak holding neck of serpent whose
head strikes 1. at top of eagle's head ; serpent passes round eagle's neck,
is grasped by eagle's 1. claw, which is raised off ground, and is looped
under eagle's tail.
(yy]) Rev. Same die as no. 136, but retouched (as in 136, e) by adding a flame-
line on either side of central dart above.
a. Cook, Cambridge: 11,60 g (179,0 grains). — Fracture in reverse die.
b (PI. IV,[BN]y7;). Copenhagen: 10,08 g (155,5 grains), plated (?). — Countermark
on obverse: gorgoneion (cf. no. 48). — Fracture in reverse die.
c. Pozzi, Paris; 10,75 g (165,9 grains). — Fracture in reverse die
138. (BN) Obv. Same die.
('(&) Eev. FlA Thunderbolt; similar, but wings with three rows of feathers.
Circle of dots on raised band around. Incuse circle.
a. Boston: 12,30 g (189,8 grains); Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury), PI, VII, 1084;
Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 917 (rev.).
— 41 -
b (PI. IV.BNra). London: 11,71 g (180,7 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 27, PI. XI, 8;
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIII, 7; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, PI. VIII, 22
(obv.).
c. Oman, Oxford: 10,76 g (166,0 grains).
d. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,51 g (177,6 grains).
139. (BN) Obv. Same die.
(71) Rev. F|A Similar thunderbolt; but wings less curved, two rows of
feathers. Circle of dots slightly narrower. Incuse circle,
a (PI. IV, [BNJyO. Berlin: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
b. Berlin: 10,81 g (166,8 grains); Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Gr., p. 168,61, Choix PI. 11,
56; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI C, 4. — Countermarks on obverse (2): no. XIV and
another.
c. Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,06 g (170,7 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen),
PI. XV, 1260.
140. (BN) Obv. Same die.
(fx) E,ev. FIA Similar thunderbolt; but inversed, i. e. wings above, volutes
below. Incuse circle.
a. Boston: 12,09 g (186,6 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 918. — Countermark
on obverse: owl 1., head facing (cf. no. 86, e).
b. Mathey, Paris: 11,86 g (183,0 grains).
c (PI. ly, [BNJY"/.). Paris: 12,10 g (186,7 grains), formerly. due de Luynes. — Counter-
mark on obverse : gorgoneion (cf. no. 48).
d. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XV, 557: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
e. Cat. Sotheby, May 1897 (Hobart Smith), IT. II, 93 = Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Ben-
son), PI. XVIII, 562 (obv.): 11,89 g (188,5 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2):
scorpion (cf. no. 92, a); and owl 1,, head facing (cf. no. 86, e).
The first eagle of Series XIII (PL IV, BJ) is more or less of a copy of the
last one described in the foregoing group (PI. IV, BH), but it is not equal to its
prototype. The spread tail and the left wing, shown behind the serpent, do not
improve the design. The other two obverses (PL IV, BK, BL) show the latest and
most finished representation of the type which has so often occurred^), the eagle
grasping the back of a running hare. The die BK is particularly effective, and is
certainly one of the masterpieces of the Olj'mpian mint.
Series XIII has 4 reverse dies of its own, three of them with thunderbolts (see
below on „The Thunderbolt"), one with a Nike. This last (PL IV, -(s) is the most
famous of all the Olympian Nikes^); though many will probably agree with the
writer in thinking the figure seated at the fountain with the lion's head (PL III, [3x),
more beautiful. The die 7s is a magnificent piece, the last, and technically the most
perfect, of the Nikes of this mint. The foreshortening of the left leg is beautifully
managed as is the drapery of her chiton and peplos. She is seated on two steps
and holds a long palm-branch. The empty space under the steps is filled with an
olive-twig. It has at various times been remarked that the coinage of the Grreeks
of Sicily is always ahead. of the rest of Hellas in development. I think this may
be allowed, provided that Olympia is excepted. Always bearing in mind the mecha-
nical imperfections of the mint apparatus of Olympia, which so often have prevented
') It first appeared in series VIII (no. 61 ; Pl. II, 1 ^) The reverse of the famous „Waterloo Medal"
AL). ' f has been copied from it.
42 —
coins from being seen to their full advantage owing to bad striking, it cannot be
denied that such a composition as the Nike of nos. 128. 133 (PI. IV, ^s) just referred
to is artistically well in advance of any other contemporary Greek coin. The same
remark applies to the coins of the preceeding group. Nor is this a matter for any
surprise. It seems most natural that the best die-engravers, like the greatest sculptors,
should be attracted to the religious, and therefore the artistic, centre of Hellas.
The die has been found, so far, with two of the three obverses, BJ and BL. The
thunderbolts are also interchangeable among the obverse dies ').
One thunderbolt die calls for special notice, that of no. 129 (PL IV, Px)- I*
was one of the latest to be used in the foregoing period; but there, when used in
conjunction with the obverse die BH, it got badly fractured. Now, when it reappears
in our present period, an attempt has been made to repair the fracture, and the whole
die has besides been touched up and remade. Thus, though the die strictly belongs
to the foregoing period, in another sense it belongs especially to this period,' since
retouching has made another die of it.
Series XIV contains two obverse and four reverse dies. On the first of the
former is an eagle perched on the end of a laurel-branch, raising its wings and
looking back (PI. IV, BM). On the second is a magnificent bird standing upon a
serpent which it tears with its beak, flapping its wings the while (PL IV, BN). The
die has the letters AA in the field, one on each side of the eagle. This is, I think,
an unmistakable artist's signature. The die is worthy of a great artist, but Pro-
fessor Grardner's suggestion of Daedalus of Sicyon'') will hardly fit, since this die
is undoubtedly earlier than the period to which he would assign it, the period when
Daedalus was at work in Olympia (about B. C. 400).
The two dies BM and BN share a reverse die between them (PL IV, yyj), and it
is of interest to note that on five out of the six recorded specimens of no. 136 the
upper dart of the thunderbolt is flanked on either side by two flame-lines, on the
sixth (no. 136, e) by three flame-lines. And, where this same thunderbolt die occurs
again with the obverse BN (no. 137), it also has three flame-lines on either side. The
die 77] was evidently touched up by an engraver and used again. Another instance
of a touched-up die occurs in the preceeding series XIII (no. 129; PL IV, Px); while
in the following group E we have a die which was actually twice repaired and
remade. On the three other reverse dies used with BN (PL IV, y^, y"-, T^t) the thun-
derbolt is surrounded by a border consisting of a circle of dots on a raised band.
This design was found to be so decorative, that in the following period the idea
was improved upon and a wreath placed around the thunderbolt.
Fractions: Hemidrachm like no. 136(BMYr)), but no laurel-branch on obverse. B. M. C. Pelop.
p. 61, no. 23, PI. XI, 5 (here PI. VIII, 14): 2,46 g (38,0 grains) and no. 24: 2,98 g
(46,0 grains).
The coinage of this group D is indicative of a period of comparative poverty at
the mint of Olympia. Not only were few dies made, as compared with the foregoing
') Gardner (botli in his monograph onElis, Num.
Chron. 1879, and in the B. M. Cat. Peloponnesus)
and Head in the first edition of Historia Nu-
morum have overlooked the fact that nos. 132
and 133 share the same obverse die. In the
new edition (p. 420) Head has corrected it.
^) Num. Chron. 1879, p. 243. More dies signed
AA occur in the following group E.
- 43 —
period, but they were used for a long time, very many examples being struck from
them. While recording only 15 coins in this group, I have got together as many as
42 specimens, an average of nearly three examples of each die-combination or coin.
Only a period of considerable commercial depression would account for this compa-
rative scarcity of coinage, and, as was pointed out in the preceeding group, the
first ten years of the Peloponnesian War B. C. 431 — 421 certainly constituted such
a period. The exclusion of Athens and all her allies from all access to Olympia
would come near to halving the number of visitors and the trade of the sacred place.
In the next period we find none of this scarcity in the coinage. „The leading clause"
of the Peace of Nicias in B. C. 421 „had been expressly introduced to guarantee to
all Grreeks free access to the great Pan-hellenic temples, with liberty of sacrificing,
consulting the oracle, and witnessing the matches" ^). As a result of this the output
of the Olympian coinage was, in the next period, practically doubled.
Group E (Series XV— XYIII).
ca. B. C. 421 to ca. B. C. 36B.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 10 (BO — BX). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 8.
Reverse dies 22 (yX — 8&). Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 7.
Coins 32. Number of specimens recorded 133.
Series XV (Obverse dies BO, BP).
141. (BO) Obv. Eagle r. standing on hare; wings closed, three rows of feathers;
tail folded and bent down; beak tearing throat, claws grasping belly, of
hare upside-down r., with broken neck and head bent back; legs out-
stretched.
(yX) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings above curling slightly outwards, nearly
straight, one row of feathers emerging from cuticle; volutes below cur-
ling outwards; one moulding round handle; one flame-line on either side
of central dart below. Around, wreath of two twigs of olive fastened
above, three pairs of leaves on 1., four on r. branch. Shallow circular
incuse.
a. Berlin: 12,42 g (191,7 grains); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. C, 5.
b. London: 12,10 g (186,7 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 29, PI. XI, 9; Num. Chron. 1879,
PI. XIII, 11.
c (PI. V, BOyX). Vienna: 12,04 g (185,8 grains); Cat. Welzl von Wellenheim I (Vienna
1844), no. 4273. — Countermark on obverse: scrotum with pubes and penis (seen
from the front; cf. no. 28).
142. (BO) Obv. Same die.
(y[»-) Rev. F|A Similar thunderbolt, but wings below, volutes above ; over
each wing and under each volute a tendril curving outwards ; two flame-
lines on either side above. Olive twigs fastened below, six pairs of leaves
on 1., six on r. branch. Shallow circular incuse,
a. Athens: 12,02 g (185,5 grains).
■) Grote, History of Greece^ vol. VII (1851), p. 71.
- 44 -
b (PI. Y,[BO]vp.)- London: 11,38 g (175,7 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 28. — Counter-
mark on obverse.
c. Paris: 11,95 g (184,4 grains),
d. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
e. Cat. Hirsch XXXII (1912), PI. XIX, 502: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
143. (BP) Obv. Similar; but hare's neck not broken, head not bent as far back,
ears very short.
(yv) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below straight downwards shaped like
those of a fly, at the root of each C-shaped volute enclosing pellet; two
legs shown at either side of the central dart or abdomen; volutes above
curling outwards, beneath each a small tendril curling outwards; handle
(head of insect) with two curves on either side of pellet. Wreath of
two twigs of wild olive fastened above, eight pairs of leaves oil 1., eight
on r. branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. T, [BPJyv). Cambridge (McCIean Coll.): 11,51 g (177,6 grains),
b. Jameson, Paris: 12,01 g (185,3 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIII, 1230; Cat.
Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury), lot 1086; Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XVIII,'
564. — Slight flaw (at A) in reverse die.
144. (BP) Obv. Same die.
(v?) Eev. F|A Similar thunderbolt, but no insect; wings below curving
slightly outwards, one row of feathers under cuticle; over each wing a
tendril curling outwards ; three wavy flame-lines on either side of central
dart above. Wreath similar, but seven pairs of leaves on 1., nine on r.
branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. V.BPy?). Berlin: 12,41 g (191,5 grains). — Slight flaw in reverse die.
b. Boston: 11,88 g (183,3 grains) ; Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 920. — Flaw almost
invisible.
c. Brussels: 12,28 g (189,5 grains), formerly Baron Hirsch. — Big flaw in reverse die.
d. Paris: 12,10 g (186,7 grains), formerly due de Luynes. — Slight flaw in reverse die.
Series XVI (Obverse dies BQ, BR).
145. (BQ) Obv. Head of Zeus r. bearded; short curly hair, wreath of laurel round
head.
(■to) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings below curving slightly outwards, vo-
lutes outside them, one row of feathers under cuticle; volutes above
curling outwards, beneath each a tendril curling outwards; moulding
round handle; on either side of the central dart below A|A. Wreath of
two twigs of olive fastened below, twisted above, five pairs and two odd
leaves on 1., five pairs and three odd leaves on r. branch. Shallow cir-
cular incuse.
a. Berlin: 12,14 g (187,3 grains); Lambros, :^eloponnesos, PI. c, 8.
b (PI. V,BQyo). Pozzi, Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains)
146. (BQ) Obv. Same die.
i-iz) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt, but reversed - wings etc. above, vo-
lutes etc. below; no letters. Wreath fastened above, twisted below,
eight pairs of leaves on 1., seven on r. branch. Shallow circular incuse.
Of. nos. 147. 148.
— 45 —
a. C^ml3ri4ge (McClean Coll.): 11,60 g (179,1 graips). — Big flaw (below) in re-
verse die.
b (Pi. ^.[BQjyTt). Sir H. Weber, London: 11,72 g (180,9 grains). — Countermark
on obverse: no. XIV.
147. (BR) Obv. Similar.
{'It:) Rev. Same die as nos. 146. 148.
a (PI. V.BRyTt), London: 11,98 g (184,9 grains); B. M. C, Pelop. 54, PI. XII, 10;
B. M. Guide^ PI. 14,29; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XII, 1 ; Gardner, The Types of Greek
Coips, PI. VIII, 6 (obv.); He^d, Hist, Num.', p. 422, fig. 230.
Series XVII (Obverse dies BS— BV).
148. (BS) Obv. Head of eagle 1.; under its beak large ivy-leaf, stalk r., veins
shown, on it beneath the middle vein AA.
(fjt) Rev. Same die as nos. 146. 147.
a (PI. V, [BS]ytt). Berlin: 12,30 g (189,8 grains).
b. Berlin: 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
c. Berlin: 11,50 g (177,5 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no. XIV.
d. Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,00 g (185,2 grains). — Flaw (below) in reverse die-
e. Copenhagen: 11,83 g (182,6 grains).
f. Imhoof-Blumer, Winterthur: 12,06 g (186,1 grains); Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIII, 2;
Imhoof-Blumer, Mopn. Gr., p. 168,65; Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, Thier-und Pflanzen-
bilder, PI, IV, 35 (obv.); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. C,7.
g. London: 10,69 g (165,0 grains).
h. Pozzi, Paris: 11,90 g (183,6 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no. XIV (not
six-rayed star, as was erroneously stated in the tables at the end of the intro-
duction),
i. Sir H. Weber, London: 12,20 g (188,3 grains).
k. Cat. Sotheby, July 1898 (Balmanno), PI. II, 97.
149. (BS) Obv. Saipe die.
(YP) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling slightly outwards, nearly
straight, one row of feathers under cuticle; volutes above curling out-
wards, under each a tendril curling outwards; moulding round handle;
two wavy flame-lines on either side of central dart above. Wreath of
two twigs of wild olive fastened below, twisted above, ten pairs of leaves
on each branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. V, BSyp). Jameson, Paris: 12,11 g (186,9 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIII,
1231; Cat. Sotheby, 20. April 1M09 (Hobart Smith), PI. 1,28. — Flaw (below) in
reverse die.
b. Picard, Paris. — Countermarks on obverse (2) : no. XIV and another. — Flaw (be-
Ipw) in reverse die.
150. (BS) Obv. Same die, worn.
(yo) Rev. C|A Thunderbolt; wings above, almost straight, one row of
feathers under double cuticle; volutes below curling outwards; moulding
round handle ; one flame-line above, two below, on either side of central
dart. In field r. and 1. short olive-twig downwards, four leaves on each.
Shallow circular incuse.
a. Brighton, Municipal Collection: 12,08 g (186,5 grains). — Big flaw (to 1.) in re-
verse die.
b. Earle Fox, London: 11,82 g (182,4 grains). — Big flaw (to 1.) in reverse die.
c. Greene, Providence: 11,76 g (181,5 grains). — Big flaw (to 1.) in reverse die.
7*
— 46 —
d. London: 12,17 g (187,8 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 38. - Countermark on obverse. -
Big flaw (to 1.) in reverse die.
e. London: 10,77 g (166,2 grains). - Small flaw (to 1.) m reverse die.
f (PI. V,[BS]is). Paris: 11,88 g (183,3 grains), formerly due de Luynes. - Slight
flaw (to 1.) in reverse die. ■, n ,r. ^
161. (BS) Obv. Same die, but much worn and partly recut: neck feathers prolon-
ared downwards. , , ,, • , ^ i.
M Eev. FIA Similar thunderbolt as on no. 149, but the point of each
wing below curling outwards. Wreath fastened below, twisted above,
five pairs and three odd leaves on 1., four pairs and four odd leaves on r.
twig. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 152.
a. Athens: 11,80 g (ls2,l grains).
b Hirsch, Munich: 11,39 g (175,8 grains). - Countermark on obverse.
c St. Petersburg: 12,15 g (187,5 grains). - Countermark on obverse: no. XIV.
d (PI V,[BS]yt). Vicomte de Sartiges, Paris: 11,82 g (182,4 grains); Cat. Hirsch
Xlil (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXIX, 2535; Cat. Hirsch XX (Hoskier), PI. XII, 334.
e. Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1921 : 12,20 g- (188,3 grains).
152. (BT') Obv. Similar ; no letters on leaf.
(yt) Rev. Same die as no. 151.
a. Anderson, Athens: 11,45 g (176,7 grains). — Punch in reverse.
b (Pi. V,[Br>]Yi:). Berlin: 12,05 g (186,0 grains); Friedlaender and von Sallet, Das
Konigliche Munzkabinet^ PI. H, 134. — Countermark on obverse: gorgoneion (cf.
no. 80, a).
c. Beste, Bad Nauheim: 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
d. Rollin & Feuardent, Paris: 12,20 g (188,3 grains).
153. (BT') Obv. Same die.
(yd) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings straight, below, one row of feathers
under cuticle, over each a tendril ending in pellet, curling outwards;
volutes above curling outwards; under each, tendril curling inwards;
moulding round handle ; one flame-line on either side of central dart above.
Wreath of two twigs of wild olive, fastened below, twisted above, six (?)
pairs of leaves on each branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. V, BPiyu). Berlin: 12,24 g (188,9 grains). — Small flaw in reverse die.
b. Boston: 12,10 g (186,7 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PL XXI, 922. — Broad flaw
in reverse die.
c. Brussels: 11,95 g (184,4 grains); Cat. Sotheby, May 1894 (Carfrae), lot 172, PI.
VII, 3. — Broad flaw in reverse die.
d. Glasgow: 12,10 g (186,7 grains); Macdonald, Cat. Hunter, vol. II, p. 135,5, PI.
XXXVIII, 6. — Broad flaw in reverse die.
e. Hirsch, Munich: 11,99 g (185,0 grains). — Broad flaw in reverse die.
f. New York: 11,94 g (184,2 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 537. — Broad flaw
in reverse die.
g. Cat. Ratto (Uenoa), April 1909, PI. XII, 2976 = Cat. Merzbacher, Nov. 1910, PI.
10,554: 11,71 g (180,7 grains). — Broad flaw in reverse die.
h. Cat. Sotheby, May 1895 (Ashburnham), PI. IV, 120: 12,12 g (187,0 grains). — Broad
flaw in reverse die.
154. (BT*) Obv. Same die, but worn and partly recut : neck feathers prolonged
slightly downwards.
(Y(p) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings above curling inwards, tips touching
dart, one row of feathers (without cuticle); volutes below curling out-
— 47 —
wards; two tendrils over each volute, one pair rising from them, one
pair curling outwards ; moulding round handle ; one flame-line above, two
below on either side of central dart. Wreath similar, eight (?) pairs of
leaves on each branch. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. V, [BT^Y?)- Berlin: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
b. Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,18 g (172,6 grains).
c. Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,89 g (183,5 grains). — Rev. die recut: big A-
d. Hirsch, Munich: 11,99 g (185,0 grains). — Rev. die recut: big A-
e. London: 11,99 g (185,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 40, PI. Xll, 1 ; B, M. Guide^ PI.
14,32; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins. PI. Vni, 23 (obv.); Head, Hist. Num.^,
p. 421, fig. 229. — Countermark on obverse: gorgoneion (cf. no. 80, a). — Rev. die
recut: big A-
f. Munich: 12,00 g (185,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 560. — Counter-
mark on obverse: scorpion (cf. no. 92, a).
g. Newell, New York: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
h. New York: 12,06 g (186,1 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 536 (obv.). — Counter-
mark on obverse: scorpion (cf. no. 92, a). — Rev. die recut: big A-
i. Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XV, 1263: 12,20 g (188,3 grains). — Rev. die
recut : big A-
k. Cat. RoUin & Feuardent, May 1910, lot 439 : 11,52 g (177,8 grains).
155. (BT''') Obv. Same die, worn and recut as before.
(7X) Hev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling outwards, one row of
feathers under cuticle; volutes above curling outwards; moulding round
handle; dart above melting into wavy iiame-lines; lower dart a spirally
twisted flame between two flame-lines. Wreath similar, seven (?) pairs of
leaves on each branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Hirsch, Munich: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
b. Jakountchikoff, St. Petersburg: 11,72 g (180,9 grains).
c. Vienna: 11,79 g (182,0 grains).
d. Cat. Egger (Vienna), Dec. 1906, PI. XI, 394 = Cat. Bourgey (Paris), 15. Feb. 1911,
lot 6: 11,91 g (183,8 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2): scrotum with pubes
and penis (seen from the front; cf. no. 28) and another.
e (Pi. V, BT^Yx)- Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI. XII, 443: 11,70 g (180,5 grains),
f Cat. Hirsch XXIX (Lambros), PI. IX, 543: 11,60 g (179,0 grains).
156. (BT^) Obv. Same die, worn and recut as before.
(fij)) Eev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, one row of
feathers under cuticle; volutes below curling outwards, over each a ten-
dril curling inwards; moulding round handle; upper dart a spirally
twisted flame; lower dart melting into wavy flame-lines. Wreath similar,
nine pairs of leaves on each branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. V, [BT^JY'i). Berlin: 11,74 g (181,2 grains). — Countermark on obverse.
b. London: 11,91 g (183,8 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 39.
c. Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury), PI. VII, 1087 = Cat. Sotheby, Feb, 1909
(Benson), PI. XVIII, 565 : 12,15 g (187,5 grains),
157. (BT^) Obv. Same die, but much worn and recut for the second time : neck
feathers much prolonged downwards, beak slightly lengthened.
(Y(o) Rev. FlAThunderbolt; wings above curling outwards, the 1. one
springing from front of the dart, the r. one from behind it, one row of
feathers under cuticle; volutes below curling outwards, a tendril rising
— 48 — .
from each, the r. one springs from front of, the 1. one from behind a
twisted aame-dart; screw-handle with three turns; two flame-lines on
either side of central dart above and below. Wreath of two twigs of
wild olive fastened below, twisted above, seven pairs of leaves on each
branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PL V, BT8yu)). Brussels : 12,25 g (189,0 grains), formerly Baron Hirsch.
b. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,36 g (175,3 grains). — Countermarks on obverse (2j :
scrotum with pubes and penis (seen from the front; cf no. 28) and another,
c. Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI. XII, 441i = Cat. Hirsch XXXII (1912), PI. XIX, 504:
11,84 g (182,7 grains).
158. (BT^) Obv. Same die, much worn and recut for the second time as before.
(5a) Eev. F|A Thunderbolt; wings below curling outwards, the 1. one
springing from front of the dart, the r. one from behind it, one row of
feathers under cuticle; volutes above curling outwards, under each a
tendril curling outwards; moulding round handle; two wavy flame-lines
on either side of central dart above. Wreath similar, six pairs of leaves
on each branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Boston : 12,33 g (190,3 grains) ; Eegling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 923. — Slight
flaws in reverse die.
b (PI. V,[BT3]oa). London: 11,68 g (180,2 grains). — Obv. FA, grafSto of dots,
on the ivy-leaf downwards.
159. (BT^) Obv. Same die, much worn and recut for the second time as before.
(Sp) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; wings below curled inwards, the r. one over-
lapping the 1. and the point of the dart, two rows of feathers under
dotted cuticle; volutes above curling outwards; moulding round handle;
two flame-lines on either side of central dart above. Wreath of two
twigs of wild olive fastened by twisting above, six pairs of leaves on
each branch. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Baltatzes, Athens: 12,10 g (186,7 grains), formerly belonging to Mrs. Helena K.
Mavrokordatos ; Journ. Intern. XIV (1912), p. 27, 1998, PI. C, 24. — Big flaw in
reverse die.
b (PI. V, [BT3] Sp). Berlin : 12,17 g (187,8 grains). — Slight flaw in reverse die.
c. Count Dessewffy, Budapest: 11,82 g (182,4 grains), — Big flaw in reverse die.
d. Hess, Frankfort: 12,00 g (185,2 grains),
e. Munich: 12,30 g (189,8 grains).
{. Pozzi, Paris: 11,90 g (183,6 grains),
g, RoUin & Feuardent, Paris : 12,00 g (185,2 grains). — Big flaw in reverse die.
h. Weight, Brighton: 11,73 g (181,0 grains). — Big flaw in reverse die,
160. (BT^) Obv. Same die, much worn and recut for the second time as before.
(§•() Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; flame-mass on either side of central flame-
dart below; volutes above curling outwards on either side of flame-dart;
moulding round handle; flame-line on either side, below springing out
from handle, above to r. and 1. of dart. Wreath as before, fastened
below. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 167.
a, Gotha: 12,12 g (187,0 grains),
b (PI. T,[BT3]By), Hirsch, Munich: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
c. Hirsch, Munich: 11,87 g (183,2 grains). — Countermark on obverse: no XXII.
d. Hirsch, Munich: 11,77 g (181,6 grains), - Countermark on obverse.
e. Hirsch, Munich: 11,75 g (181,3 grains).
- 49 -
Series XVIII (Obverse dies BtJ— BX).
161. (BU) Obv. Round shield with raised rim; on it eagle's head and neck r.
(SS) Rev. F!A On the inside of shield with narrow raised rim and looped
handle shown to r. and to 1. of the letters, thunderbolt; wavy flame-
mass on either side of central dart below ; volutes above curling outwards,
below each a tendril curling outwards; moulding round handle; wavy
flame-line on either side below springing out from handle; two wavy
flame-lines on either side of flame-dart above. Shallow circular incuse.
Cf. no. 162.
a (PI. V, BUo5). Giesecke, Leipsio: 12,02 g (185,5 grains); Cat. Hirsrh XIII (Rhou-
sopoulos), PI. XXIX, 2534 — Countermark on obverse : large incuse F under eagle's
beak. — Reverse double-struck.
b, Sir H. Weber, London: 11,95 g (184,5 grains); Num. Chron, 1892, PI. XV, 16. —
Countermark on obverse; large incuse F as before, but diflferent die.
162. (BV) Obv. Round shield with raised rim; on it eagle 1. standing on ser-
pent; wings closed, four rows of feathers; back rounded; tail folded
and bent down; head bent down, beak holding neck of serpent 1. striking
up at eagle's thrbat, looped at eagle's neck, passing behind it, and under
eagle's claws. Border of dots on shield.
(SS) Rev. Same die as no. 161.
a (PI. V,BVo8). London: 12,05 g (186,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 33, PI. XI, 11;
Num. Cbron. 1879, PI. XIII, 13 a. — Reverse double-struck.
163. (BV) Obv. Same die.
(Ss) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt; two drooping flame-lines on either side of
flame -dart below, two wavy intertwined flames -lines on either side
springing out from handle; volutes above curling outwards, on each a
tendril curling outwards; moulding round handle; two wavy flame-lines
on either side of twisted flame-dart above. Shallow circular incuse. Cf.
no. 168.
a. Boston: 10,40 g (160,5 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 921. — Reverse
double-struck.
b (PI. V,[BV]oe). London: 12,05 g (186,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 31. — Reverse
double-struck.
c. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,66 g (180,0 grains).
164. (BV) Obv. Same die.
(5Q Rev. F|A (the latter incuse). Similar thunderbolt, but no tendrils
on volutes; a drooping blade on either side of central dart below, out-
side each blade two drooping flame-lines; two small flame-lines above,
one below on' either side of the dart. In field above to r. and 1. two
hanging olive-leaves on either side, one straight, one curving inwards.
Double border of dots. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. T, [BV] SQ. Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,05 g (185,9 grains); Cat. Sotheby,
May 1895 (Ashburnham), PI. Ill, 119. — Reverse double-struck.
b. Copenhagen: 11,23 g (173,3 grains).
c. Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI. XII, 440 = XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 569 = XXXII (1912),
PI. XIX, 503: 11,73 g (181,0 grains). — Reverse double-struck.
165. (BV) Obv. Same die.
— 50 —
(Sy)) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; four flame -lines on either side of central
dart above; volutes below curling outwards, over each a tendril curling
outwards; two flame-lines on either side of the dart below; moulding
round handle. Plain border-line. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 169.
a (PI. V, [BV]5ri). Athens: 11,65 g (179,8 grains). — Reverse slightly double-struck
166. (BV) Obv. Same die.
(§&) Rev. FIA (the latter incuse). Thunderbolt; wings above curled in-
wards, the r. one overlapping the 1. and the dart, whose point appears
above, two rows of feathers; volutes below curling outwards, over each
a tendril curling outwards; two flame-lines on either side of the dart
below; moulding round handle. Border of dots. Shallow circular incuse.
Cf. nos. 170-172.
a (Pi. Y, [BV] Sa). Pozzi, Paris: 11,68 g (180,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhonso-
poulos), PI. XXVIII, 2532. — Reverse double-struck.
167. (BW) Obv. Similar, but eagle's beak holds serpent 1. in middle; serpent more
undulating, looped only round eagle's head, passing in front of it and
striking 1. Border of dots on shield.
(S'f) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt within wreath as on no. 160 (same die).
a (PI. V, [BW] Of). Berlin : 12,26 g (189,2 grains).
b. Paris: 12,22 g (188,6 grains).
c. RoUin & Feuardent, Paris: 11,60 g (179,0 grains).
168. (BW) Obv. Same die.
(Se) Rev. F|A Thunderbolt as on no. 163 (same die).
a. Berlin: 11,96 g (184,6 grains); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. C, 6. — Reverse double-
struck.
b. Giesecke, Leipsic: 11,97 g (184,7 grains); Cat. Hirscb XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 558. -
Reverse slightly double-struck.
b'. Jameson, Paris: 11,17 g (172,4 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIII, 1229. -
Countermark on obverse. — Reverse double-struck.
c (PI. V,BWBs). London: 11,89 g (183,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 32. — Counter-
mark on obverse : scrotum with pubes and penis (seen from the front ; cf . no. 28).
— Reverse double-struck.
d. Paris: 11,92 g (184,0 grains). — Countermark on obverse: bunch of grapes in in-
cuse square (cf. no. 82 and no. 258, a).
e. Pozzi, Paris : 12,30 g (189,8 grains).
f. Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XV, 1261: 11,56 g (178,4 grains). — Reverse
double- struck.
g. Cat. Rollin & Feuardent, May 1910, lot 438: 11,50 g (177,5 grains)
169. (BW) Obv. Same die.
(S-/j) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt as on no. 165 (same die).
a (PI. V,[BW]5t)). London: 11,40 g (176,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 35. — Reverse
slightly double-struck.
b. Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXVHI, 2531: 11,90 g (183,6 grains). -Re-
verse slightly double-struck.
170. (BW) Obv. Same die.
(S*) Rev. FIA (the latter incuse). Thunderbolt as on no. 166 (= 171 =
172[remade]) ; same die.
a. Berlin: 12,09 g (186,6 grains). — Reverse double-struck. — Flaw (over top) in re-
verse die.
— 51 —
b. Berlin: 11,96 g (184,6 grains). — Reverse double-struck.
c (PI. V, [BW] 59). London: 11,86 g (183,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 34. — Reverse
double-struck. — Slight flaw (over top) in reverse die.
d. Paris: 11,93 g (184,1 grains), formerly due de Luynes. — Reverse slightly double-
struck. — Flaw (over top) in reverse die.
171. (BX) Obv. Similar, but eagle stands on back of ram recumbent 1., fore-legs
outstretched, head raised, eagle's beak touching ram's throat. Border of
dots on shield.
(§«•) Rev. Same die as no. 166 (= 170 = 172[remade]).
a. Berlin: 11,90 g (183,6 grains). — Reverse double-struck. — Flaw (over top) in re-
verse die.
b (PI. V, [BX] 59). London: 12,36 g (190,8 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 36, PI. XI, 12;
B. M. Guide^ PI. 14,33; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, PI. VIII, 21 (obv.);
Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, Thier- und Pflanzenbilder , PI. IV, 36 (obv.). — Re-
verse double-struck. — Flaw (over top) in reverse die.
c. New York: 11,91 g (183,8 grains); Hill, Cat. W^ard, PI. XIII, 535. — Flaw (over
top) in reverse die.
d. Paris: 12,17 g (187,8 grains), formerly due de Luynes. — Countermark on obverse:
no. XXII. — Reverse slightly double-struck. — Flaw (over top) in reverse die.
e. Pozzi, Paris: 11,51 g (177,6 grains); Cat. Hirseh XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXVIII,
2533. — • Flaw (over top) in reverse die.
f. Cat. Hirseh XIV (1905), PI. XH, 441 = Cat. Hirseh XXV (Philipsen), PI. XV,
1262: 11,61 g (179,2 grains). — Countermark on obverse. — Two ilaws (overtop)
in reverse die.
g. Cat. Hirseh XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1920: 12,05 g (186,0 grains). - Two
flaws (over top) in reverse die.
172. (BX) Obv. Same die.
(d») Eev. FIA (both incuse). Thunderbolt as on no. 166 (= 170. 171);
same die, hut remade and flaws corrected.
a. Berlin: 11,40 g (175,9 grains). — Reverse slightly double-struck,
b (PI. T, BX). Brussels: 12,42 g (191,7 grains), formerly Baron Hirseh. — Reverse
double-struck.
c. Cambridge: 12,04 g (185,8 grains); Leake, Numismata Hellenica (1856), European
Greece p. 49. — Reverse double-struck.
d. Hirseh, Munich: 12,37 g (190,9 grains). — Reverse double-struck.
e (PL V, [BX] 89). London; 12,15 g (187,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 37; Num. Chron.
1879, PI. XIII, 13b. — Countermark on obverse: bunch of grapes in incuse square
(cf. no. 82 and no. 258, a). — Reverse double-struck.
f. Paris: 11,66 g (179,9 grains). — Reverse double-struck.
g. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,70 g (180,6 grains).
It must now be home in mind that we are dealing, in this and several of the
following groups, with one half only of the output of the Olympian mints, since
another mint, one sacred to Hera, was opened presumably about this time.
Series XV has two obverse and four reverse dies. The two obverse dies
(PI. V, BO, BP) recall the earlier type of no. 103 (PL III, BB); indeed their like-
ness led Prof. Gardner to place them together (Num. Chron. 1879, PL XIIl, 10.11).
Our two pieces must, however, be a good deal later than no. 103. A hemidrachm
exists (PL VIII, 15) with obverse exactly like BO, and with reverse closely re-
sembling the reverse die of nos. 136. 137 (PL IV, ^rj) in the foregoing group. I feel
- 52 -
justified, therefore, in placing this series XV at the very beginning of the present
'"'on the last three reverses (PL IV, t*, T, 7^) of the preceeding group the
thunderbolt was surrounded by a raised border. Apparently, the decorative effect
of this induced the engravers to continue the idea and to improve upon it. The
thunderbolt is now for the first time placed within an olive-wreath Although the
general development of the thunderbolt on Olympian coins will be discussed at the
end separately after Group GW, it seems desirable to draw attention here to a
special one, viz: that on the reverse of no. 143 (PI. V, tv)- The whole lower por-
tion of this thunderbolt is shaped like a fly, the wings, legs, shoulder-jomts, and
the end of the abdomen are all characteristic of an insect. Now the primitive Ar-
cadian fly -god, the hero Myiagros ') , was identified at Olympia with Zeus, called
either Mota-rpo?, MoicoSt]?^) or 'ATtoptocS). Following the legendary example of He-
racles, the Eleans of Olympia offered the yearly sacrifice of a bull to Zeus Apo-
myios'), whereupon the flies were supposed to cease molesting them. While on
other thunderbolts we find some portion of them transformed into the^ Olympian
Zeus' eagle, or his sacred lily (lotus-flower), here we find another of his peculiar
attributes — a fly — incorporated in his thunderbolt.
Incidentally, I think, that in this die we have yet another indication that
Olympia, and not Elis, must be the minting place of the Elean coinage (cf. the in-
troduction). "Who but the priestly moneyers of Zeus Olympics, that directed the
ritual of the sacrifice to Zeus Apomyios , would introduce such a type — a type
which we may perhaps describe as emblematical of a swarm of flies sent like a
bolt from Zeus?
Fractions: Heraidrachm. Obv. similar to nos. Ul. 142 (BO); rev. similar to nos. 136. 137 (yiri),
but witb plain border around. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 30, PI. XI, 10 = Num.
Chron. 1879, PI. XIII, 12; weight: 2,91 g (45,0 grains). — Pi. Till, 15.
Obol. Obv. similar; rev. like no. 141 (yX), but no wreath. London; weight: 0,78 g
(12,0 grains). — PI. VIII, 16.
Series XVI and the first obverse die (with its own four reverse dies) of the
next series are contemporary. The artist AA, presumably the same as he who did
the beautiful eagle of no. 137 (PL IV, BN), here surpasses himself. His three ob-
verse dies BQ, BE,, BS are monuments of Hellenic art at its grandest and best.
From a feeling of piety, or artistic fitness, or both, he has not marred his splendid
head of Zeus with a signature. But on the reverse of no. 145 (PL V, fo) on either
side of the lower dart of the thunderbolt he has placed the small letters A'A°).
The other reverse die (PL V, fu) which occurs with these two Zeus-head dies
strictly belongs to the contemporary eagle's head of series XVII (PL V, BS). In-
deed where we find it with nos. 146. 147 it is actually more worn than with most
of the known specimens of no. 148, though not with all. The die was more worn
•) Pausanias VIII, 26,7.
2) Pliny, Nat. Hist. XXIX, 106; see also ibid. X,
75, where the name is „Mysacores".
^) Pausanias V, 14, 1.
*) There is an interesting parallel, if nothing more,
"^) On Professor Pozzi's specimen (no. 145, b) these
letters are exceedingly clear. On the Berlin
example (no. 145, a) the A is not quite clear.
He can hardly be Daedalus of Sicyon, as Prof.
Gardner suggests (Num. Chron. 1879, p. 243).
between this Zeus Apomyios and Baal Zebub. : That sculptor worked at Olympia about 400 B. C
— 53 —
for instance when it struck no. 148, d, than when it struck nos. 147, a and 146, b.
But it was most Worn of all when it struck no. 146, a , as the flaw shows. Evi-
dently the three obverse dies BQ, BR, BS were used indiscriminately with the re-
verse die 77c.
A vivid picture of the work in the sacred apYopoxoTtstov rises before the
mind's eye. The anvil on which lie the obverse dies BQ, BR, BS, held in place,
probably, by being let into sockets ; one artificer , who places the heated blanks
over these three dies; another, ready with his hammer to strike off the coins;
while a third holds the punch bearing the reverse die -(K, which he places over the
blanks that lie on the three obverse dies one after the other. So it goes on until
the flaw or crack in the die 77: has become so big that it is no longer usable,
whereupon another punch bearing the reverse die fa is taken up and used till it
too cracks. The die BS, a very lasting die, which had already been used to strike
no. 149 (BSyp) before it was used contemporaneously with BQ and BR, was now
repaired, and repaired somewhat hurriedly as the coarse lengthening of the neck
feathers shows. After this it was used with a fourth reverse die, 71 (no. 151).
When BS had finally to be discarded it was replaced (cf. no. 152: BT'^t) by the
die BT (of our series XVII), a somewhat inferior copy of the magnificent eagle's
head by the artist AA. This obverse die also proved to be extraordinarily lasting.
It was paired with no fewer than nine different reverses (nos. 162 — 160) and was
recut twice, so that we see it in three different phases , which I have named BT',
BT^, BT'. This repeated and somewhat hasty recutting of the obverse dies, as well
as the continued usage of dies in a very worn condition, points to a state of great
pressure in the business of the mint (cf. below), as also does the system, referred
to above, of having three obverse dies on the anvil at a time.
Series XVII. The magnificent specimen from the collection of Mr. Jameson
figured on PI. V must, I think, put an end to the long debated question whether
the letters on the leaf of the obverse die BS are AA or AA. The letters are evi-
dently AA. The unmistakable reading of AA on the reverse of no. 145 (PL V, 70)
confirms them. Truly, this AA was a master of his craft. It would be hard to
find a coin with a type more beautiful, and yet withal so grand and restrained as
this eagle's head with its piercing eye. The die had a long life (cf, above) but
soon got so worn that the AA was scarcely legible. I have already referred to
the die BT above under Series XVI.
The reverse die of the last coin of series XVII, no. 160 (PL V, [BT'] §7), occurs
again more worn in the next series as the reverse die of no. 167 (PL V, BWS7).
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. like nos. 148 ff. (BS); rev. F> in incuse square. Berlin, formerly
Imhoof-Blumer (Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XII, 12; Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies Grecques,
p. 168,63, Choix PI. II, 58); weight: 2,42 g (37,3 grains).
Tetartemorion. Obv. similar, but FiA above and below; rev. F and olive-spray, in
incuse square. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 51, PI. XII, 8; weight: 0,27 g (4,2 graios).
— PI. VIII, 17.
Hemidrachm. Obv. like nos. 152 ff. (BT) ; rev. similar to nos. 146 ff. (7:1), hut no volu-
tes outside wings, a. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 41, PI. XII, 2 (rev. reversed); weight:
2,55 g (39,4 grains). — b. Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XVI, 1264; weight:
2,70 g (41,7 grains).
Obol. Similar. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 42, PI. XII, 3; weight: 0,68 g (10,5 grains).
8*
— 54 —
Obol. Similar, but on rev. the upper half ^'^^^^^^'^-^^^[^f/^VTS^^^^^ mZ
half of that of nos. 161. 162 (SB). Cat. Hirsch XVIII (1907), PI. XXXVI, 2412,
weight: 0,97 g (15,0 grains).
Later: ^)
Hemidrachm. Obv. eagle's head and neck r.; rev. similar to no. 153 (T")- London;
B. M. C. Pelop. 44, PI. XII, 5; weight: 2,84 g (43,8 grams). - P1-J"I- l^'
Hemidrachm. Obv. similar, but PO below; rev. similar, a. London; B M. C Pelop.
45, PI. XII, 6; weight: 2,70 g (41,7 grains). - b (PI. VIII, 20, obv.) Seltman,
Berkhamsted; weight: 2,71 g (41,8 grains).
Hemidrachm. Similar, but on obv. eagle's head and neck 1. instead of r. Jameson,
Paris- Cat. (1913), vol. I, PL LXIII, 1232; weight: 2,28 g (35,2 grains).
Hemiobol. Obv. eagle's head and neck r.; rev. p | A upper half of thunderbolt. London;
B. ]M. C. Pelop. 50; weight: 0,21 g (3,3 grains). — PL VIII, 21.
Tetartemorion. Obv. similar; rev. large incuse T- Berlin, formerly Imhoof - Blumer
(Imh.-BL, Griechische Munzen, PI I, 11); weight: 0,22 g (8,4 grains).
Tetartemorion. Obv. similar, but A=i below; rev. large T- London; weight: 0,21 g
(3,2 grains). — PI. VIII, 18.
In Series XVIII the obverse types are placed upon a round shield^). It
is curious that on the reverse die 55 (nos. 161. 16-2) the inside of this shield with
its looped handles for carrying is shown. The eagles on the obverse dies BV, BW
and BX are all of a similar design — a design adapted to the circular form of the
shield.
The four obverses of this series* share several reverse dies among them. At-
tention bas already been drawn to no. 167 (PI. V, BWSy) which uses the latest
reverse of the preceeding series in which it appears as no. 160 (PI. V, BT^Sy). The
thunderbolts both on this die Sy, and on 8s and Syj show a copying, perhaps unin-
tentional, of the types of thunderbolt which the Hera mint had adopted as its re-
verse-types. On the die 5C are the last traces of the wreath of wild olive round
the thunderbolt — two leaves only on each side. Henceforth it disappears, though
at the mint of the temple of Hera it was continued to the end. The reverse die
0%' appears first with BV (no. 166), then with BW (no. 170) when it begins to
crack. This flaw, of which no. 170, b shows no sign, becomes visible on no. 170, c
as a very thin crack, while on 170, a. d it is fairly wide. By the time od- was
used with BX a second crack had appeared , as nos. 171, f. g show. Instead of
destroying the die, however, an engraver repaired it. The cracks were filled in,
and, incidentally with them, the F. (The A must have got filled in long ago, for
even on no. 166 a raised A is lacking, nor has any example yet turned up with a
raised A). The engraver then proceeded to work away so much of the field at the
side of the thunderbolt as to leave a raised F on the die even as a raised A had
'■) The influence of the coinage issued from the
mint of Hera shows itself here for the first
time. The upper half of the thunderbolt is
copied from the thunderbolts on the Hera sta-
ters.
-) The following fractions are placed here on ac-
count of their types, but it is possible that they
may have been issued later. It is most unlike-
ly that magistrates would appear on fractions
many years before they appeared on staters. If
no on the hemidrachm PI. VIII, 20 is a ma-
gistrate (he can hardly have been an artist with
so large a signature), the coin may possibly
belong to group G.
Compare the contemporary Electrum-staters of
Cyzicus, which also have as their obverse type
an eagle upon a shield, Nomisma VII, PI. VI,
33. 34.
65
previously been left'). Thus in its third state the die Sd gave coins with F|A
incuse, just as in its second state it had given coins with A incuse. Of its first
state coins we have no examples left.
For the issue of this series XVIII a new method of casting the blanks seems
to have been temporarily adopted. As Gardner (Num. Chron. 1879, p. 245) has
pointed out „the blanks .... were evidently cast in small circular chambers, from
one to another of which a passage was cut for the course of the metal. At the
sides of the coins still remain traces of such casting in series".
The extraordinary number of misstruck reverses in tbis series is perhaps due
to some temporary innovation in the method of striking the coins , an innovation
which proved unsatisfactory, and which was accordingly abandoned. For it can
scarcely be chance that, among the 42 specimens recorded under the numbers 161 —
172, 28 should actually be double-struck.
There has been a tendency among numismatists, when dealing with these coins,
to place them earlier in the series, before the pieces with the eagle's head^). But
the die sequences that I have established make this impossible. One of our shield
coins (no. 167 ; PL V, BW S7) shares the reverse , as mentioned above , with the
eagle's head die BT (no. 160; PL V, BT'S-j). So, if one would place the shield
coins before the eagle's heads, one must reverse the order of the two eagle's head
dies, making the poorer one the earlier, and the magnificent prototype by AA the
later. This would be a perverted sequence. There is nothing forced about our
arrangement. The shield coins must be the last set of staters of the mint before
the Arcadian occupation of Olympia.
Fractions: Drachm. Obv. like no. 161 (BU), but not on a shield; below lizard running r. ; rev.
similar to no. 163 (ce), hut olive-leaves fastened to volutes. London; B. M. C. Pelop.
43, PI. XII, 4; weight: 5,33 g (82,3 grains). — PI. Till, 22.
Hemidrachm. Obv. similar, but F in place of lizard; rev. similar to nos. 161. 162
(80), but no handles. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 46; weight; 2,S5 g (44,0 grains). —
PI. Till, 23.
Obol. Obv. similar, but no letter; rev. similar to no. 164 (3C), but no olive -leaves.
London; B. M. C. Pelop. 49, PI. XII, 7; weight: 0,82 g (12,7 grains).
In this group E of 32 staters I have recorded as many as 133 specimens, a
great number of coins must therefore have been struck from each pair of dies. The
signs of repair in some dies like BS, BT, 7^, S&, of fracture in others like 'ji, 7^,
Yp, Yo, Yo, Sp, go to confirm this. The demand for Olympian staters must at this
period have been very great (cf. above under Series XVI), too great for the one
original mint to cope with. By the first clause of the Peace of Nicias Athens and
her allies were to be once more admitted to the oracle of Zeus and the games ').
Thus the number of visitors and pilgrims would be nearly doubled, and likewise
the trade. Moreover, a serious shortage was now being felt in the staple currency
of the time. Since the year 456 B. C. no Aeginetan staters had been struck, the
island having then become tributary to Athens. The staters would, of course, con-
1) That the Ai and afterwards both letters F|A,
cannot have been added to the individual coins
as a countermark is proved by their identical
position on all known examples, as well as by
the fact that on many specimens, which have a
double-struck reverse, A or F I A are also dou-
ble-struck.
^) Gardner, B. M. Cat. Peloponnesus, pp. 62 f., nos.
31—37 and 38—40. Head, Hist. Num.^, p. 421.
») Grote, History of Greece^ vol. VII (1851), p. 71.
-^ 66 —
tinue to circulate for many years more; but by about 420 B C. must have be-
pome depreciated through wear. The demand for their staters being so great, the
Eleans about this time, seem to have decided on opening another mint, which was
placed 'under the patronage of their second deity, Hera. The staters emanating
from the Hera mint will be described later.
The 55 years comprised in this period were troublous times for the Elean people.
In 421 B. C. they abandoned the Spartan alliance to which they had so long held,
and joined that of the Argives, Athenians and Mantineans. By the year 399 B. C.
the Spartans, who were then at the zenith of their power and pursuing a career
of self-aggrandizement that made them hated throughout Greece, took occasion to
punish the Eleans for their defection of 22 years before. Under king Agis they
invaded the territory of Elis, a battle was fought at Olympia, and the Eleans were
finally forced to become allies of Sparta once more. For 28 years they endured
this forced alliance, until the crushing defeat of the Spartans at Leuctra brought
it to an end. The consequence of this battle was the establishment of a new power
in Greece with a big influence in the Peloponnesus, viz : Thebes, with which state
the Eleans concluded an alliance in the following year. The Olympian coins bear
no traces of these events, nor should we expect them, for, after all, they affected
the city of Elis, rather than Olympia.
Group F (Series XIX).
The Arcadian occupation of Olympia B. C. 366—363.
Series XIX (Obverse dies BY, BZ).
Gold piece equivalent to 1 ^2 silver staters :
173. (BY) Obv. Head of Zeus 1. bearded, short wavy hair, wreath of broad-leaved
laurel around head.
(St) Rev. nUlClA between three half thunderbolts, each consisting of
lotus-like volutes curling outwards, over each a dart, beneath each a
pellet. Shallow circular incuse.
a (Pi. V, BY 61). Berlin: 1,55 g (24,0 grains); Num. Chron. 1S79, PI. SIY, [Pisa] 7;
Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. Z, 11; Zeitschr. f. Num. XXII (1900), p. 10; Hill,
Historical Greek Coins (1906), PI. V, 39.
Gold piece equivalent to one silver stater ;
174. (BZ) Obv. Similar; smaller.
(Sy.) Rev. PII^A Thunderbolt; each half consisting of lotus-like volutes
curling outwards, over each a dart; pellet as handle. Shallow circulai
incuse.
a (PI. V, BZox), London: 1,01 g (16,0 grains); B. M, C. Pelop. 1, PI. XVI, 8; Num.
Chron. 1879, PI. XIV, [Pisa] 8; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. Z, 12; Zeitschr. f.NuE
XXII (1900), p. 10. — Slight flaw (ivt top of thunderbolt) in reverse die.
The first of these two gold coins turned up as long ago as 1848, when it was
found at Gastuni near Elis along with other coins from the Olympian mint, and
was acquired by Baron von Prokesch-Osten, at that time Austrian ambassador at
Athens. The second originally comes from the Wigan collection. R. Weil (Zeit-
schr. f. Num. XXII, 1900, pp, 10 iT.) has dealt with these two coins so throughly,
57
and in such a masterly way, that very little that is new remains to be said about
them.
The influx of Persian gold into Greece at the beginning of the fourth century
had lowered the value of that metal. Whereas formerly it stood at 1 : 13,3, it now
fell to 1 : 12. The second of the two coins weighs 1,04 g (16 grains), the first
half as much again 1,55 g (24 grains). Their reverse types clearly indicate that
they are to pass as equivalent to one and one-and-a-half Olympian silver staters
respectively. This, at the above mentioned ratio of 1 : 12 for gold to silver, gives
a silver stater of 12,44 g (192 grains), a weight which, I think, we may definitely
accept as the Elean standard of that time (cf. below on ,,The Olympian Standard").
Briefly, the history of the years 366 — 363 B. C. is as follows ^). In the year
36B the Arcadians, thirsting for power and territorial expansion, seized Olympia,
fortified the hill Kronion, which dominated the Altis, and garrisoned it. They then
tried to revive the long dormant state of the Pisatans. Since the towns of ancient
Pisatis had been destroyed, the Arcadians united the scattered villagers round
Olympia into a community that received the name of Pisa. These successors of
the ancient Pisatans then took over the presidency of the Olympian games. While
the celebration of the 104th Olympiad (B. C. 364) was in progress, the Eleans
made a gallant attempt to recapture Olympia. But, though they displayed great
valour, their troops were beaten of. The Arcadians, as the absolute masters of
Olympia, had meanwhile annexed much of the sacred treasure to pay the militia
of joint Arcadia (the hza.pizoi), and had doubtless also prompted or empowered the
Pisatans to strike coins from the sacred treasury for the occasion of the 104 th
Olympiad. It is two of these coins that we evidently have before us in nos. 173.
,174, the two small gold pieces^). Curtius (Zeitschr. f. Num. II, 1875, p. 275) has
already accounted for their great rarity, by pointing out how ephemeral was the
existence of this revived state of Pisa. For in the next year, 363, Mantinea, giving
vent to the public feeling about the matter, protested against the perversion of
the Olympian temple treasures to the war-chest of the militia. The Arcadian
..League, after some internal bickerings, accordingly acknowledged the injustice of
its policy, made peace with Elis, and withdrew all claims to, and troops from,
Olympia. Naturally the ephemeral state of Pisa vanished. The circumstance that
the only two pieces of its money , that have so far survived , are in such perfect
preservation is probably to be accounted for by the fact that the Eleans would
. -doubtless proclaim the money with the name of their hated rivals upon it as sacri-
.vegious and accursed. This would put a speedy and efPectual end to its circulation ').
.) Xenophon, Hellen. VII, i, 14. 28 ff.; cf. Pauly-
--■ Wissowa's Real-Encyclopadie, vol. V, 2 (1905),
• ' columns 2403 ff. (Swoboda).
■ ) The small silver piece published in the Numism.
Zeitschr VIII (Vienna 1877), p. 1 is a cast
from the gold piece in the British Museum
tj^ (above no. 174), as has already been rightly
0i supposed by Gardner (Num. Chron. 1879, p. 250).
,■; Cf. Weil, Zeitschr. f. Num. XXII (1900), p. 10,
>i footnote 1.
li'i
^) M. Frankel (Sitzungsberirhte der Berliner Aka-
demie 1898, pp. 635 ff.) has published an in-
scription in the Museum at Argos concerning
which R. Weil has shown that it does not deal
with these Pisan gold coins, as the editor be-
lieves, but most probably with gold staters of
Alexander the Great (Zeitschr. f. Num. XXII,
pp. 15 ff.). Frankel contradicts him on some-
what insufficient grounds; cf. Corpus Inscript.
Peloponnesi etc., I (1902), p. 105 (no. 616).
— 58 —
The types placed by the Pisatans on these coins were a challenge to the Eleans,
for by them the former asserted their right to be the protectors and the admini-
strators of the Olympian Zens. How the Eleans answered this challenge will be
seen in the next group.
Group G (Series XX. XXI).
ca. B. C. 363 to ca. B. C. 343.
Summary of staters :
Obverse dies 14 (CA— CO). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 6.
Reverse dies 22 (Sl—ed-). Eeverse dies used with more than one obv. 5.
Coins 27. ISTumber of specimens recorded 55.
Series XX (Obverse dies CA-CE).
175. (CA) Obv. FAAEIOA/ to 1. outwards. Head of Zeus 1. bearded, beard and
short hair formally curled, wreath of broad -leaved laurel around head.
(SX) Rev. OAYMPIA to r. outwards. Female head r., wavy hair in sphen-
done which is narrow over forehead and broad behind ear, the hair from
the temples waved across it ; single pendant earring. Shallow circular
incuse.
a (PI. VI, [CA] iX). Berlin : 12,14 g (187,3 grains) ; Cat. Photiades Pacha (Paris 1890),
PI. V, 1031 ; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. Z, 1.
b. Jameson, Paris: 12,07 g (186,3 grains); Cat. (1913), vol" I, PL LXIII, 1235; Cat.
Hirscb XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 572.
c. London: 10,34 g (159,6 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 71, PI. XIII, 1; Xum. Chron. 1879,
PI. XIV, [V] 1; Hill, Historical Greek Coins, PL V, 40.
d. London: 12,38 g (191,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 72; Zeitschr. f. Num. II (1875),
p. 266.
e. Pozzi, Paris: 11,98 g (184,9 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV,
1931.
176. (CA) Obv. Same die.
(§[),) Rev. Eagle r., seated on top of capital of Ionic column; wings folded,
four rows of feathers ; tail hanging down. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Berlin; 12,41 g (191,5 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. XV (1887), PI. I, 2 (obv.).
b. The Hague: 11,75 g (181,3 grains), formerly Six. — Both dies worn.
(PI. VI, CA). London: 12,31 g (190,0 grains)'; B. M. C. Pelop. 73, PL XIII, 2; B.
M. Guide^ PL 23,33; Num. Chron. 1879, PL XIV, [V] 2; Gardner, The Types of
Greek Coins, PL VIH, 26 (obv.) ; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PL Z, 2 ; Head, Hist. Num.^
p. 423, fig. 232. — Grafiito A I C on reverse.
d (PI. VI, [CA] 0(a). London: 12,15 g (187,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 74.
.e. Cat. Hirsch VIII (1903), PL VII, 1249.
f. Cat. Sotheby, July 1910, PL I, 24; 12,08 g (186,5 grains).
177. (CB) Obv. No inscription. Similar, but head r.
(5v) Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VI,CB5v). Cambridge (McClean ColL) ; 11,84 g (182,8 grains); Cat. Sotheby,
March 1897 (Montagu), PL III, 209; Cat. Sotheby, Nov. 1902 (Bush), lot 134.
b. Sir H. Weber, London; 12,16 g (187,6 grains).
178. (CC) Obv. Similar, but head 1.
(6|) Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
— 50 -
a (PI. VI, CO 81). Berlin: 11,97 g (184,7 grains); Zeitschr. t. Num. XV (1887), PI.
I, 3 (obv).
179. (CC) Obv. Same die.
(So) Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. VI, [CC] 5o). London: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
180. (CC) Obv. Same die.
(Stt) Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 182.
a. Boston (Bartlett Coll.): 11,60 g (179,0 grains); Cat. Sotheby, May 1894 (Carfrae),
lot 173, PI. VII, 4.
b (PI. VI, [CC] 07t). Brussels : 12,26 g (189,2 grains).
c. Sir H. Thompson, London: 12,06 g (186,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos),
PI. XXIX, 2554.
181. (CD) Obv. Similar; curls of hair and beard rather less formal.
(§p) Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VI, CD). Berlin: 12,26 g (189,2 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. XV (1887), PI. I,
4 (obv.). — Reverse misstruck.
b. Boston: 12,06 g (186,1 grains); Regling, Cat. "Warren, PI. XXI, 928.
c (PL VI, [CD] Sp). Copenhagen: 11,71 g (180,7 grains).
182. (CD) Obv. Same die.
(Sti) Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 180.
a. Anderson, Athens: 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
b. Rollin & Feuardent, Paris: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
c (PI. VI, [CD] 8;:). Sir H. Weber, London: 12,26 g (189,2 grains).
183. (CD) Obv. Same die.
(5a) Rev. FAA|EIQ/V to 1. and r. around inwards. Eagle r., seated on top
of small capital of Ionic column; wings folded, four rows of feathers;
tail bidden. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Berlin: 11,70 g (180,5 grains). — Flaw (in field r.) in obverse die. — Reverse die
worn.
b (PI. TI,[CD]oa). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,13 g (187,2 grains); Cat. Photiades
Pacha (Paris 1890), PI. V, 1033. — Flaw (in field r.) in obverse die.
184. (CD) Obv. Same die.
(St) Rev. FAAIEIQN to 1. and r. around inwards. Similar. Shallow circular
incuse. Cf. no. 186.
a (PI. VI, [CD] 8t). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,02 g (185,5 grains). — Flaw (in
field r.) in obverse die. — Slight flaw (at 1. leg) in reverse die.
b. Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXIX, 2553 = Cat. Hirsch XXIX (Lambros),
PI. IX, 546 (wrongly described as from Photiades sale): 12,20 g (188,3 grains). —
Flaw (in field r.) io obverse die. — Flaw (at 1. leg) in reverse die.
185. (CD) Obv. Same die.
(So) Rev. FAAEIIQ/V to 1. and r. around inwards. Similar, but eagle 1. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. VI, [CD]5u). Berlin: 11,90 g (183,6 grains); Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury),
lot 1092. — Flaw (in field r.) in obverse die. — Countermark on reverse : horse's
head and neck 1. in deep circular incuse.
186. (CE) Obv. Head of Zeus r. bearded, hair wavy, long and flowing, lips parted,
wreath of small pointed laurel-leaves around head.
(St) Rev. FAAIEIQN to 1. and r. around inwards. Similar, but eagle r.
Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 184.
9
- 60 -
a (PI. VI, [CE] 8t). Berlin: 12,27 g (189,3 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. XV (1887), H
I 1 — Flaw (at 1. leg) in reverse die.
b Boston- 12,03 g (185,6 grains); Cat. Photiades Pacha (Paris 1890), lot 1039; Cat
Sotheby, March 1896 (Montagu), lot 411 ; Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 929.--
Flaw (at 1. leg) in reverse die.
c. Paris: 12,13 g (187,2 grains), formerly duo de Luynes. -— Flaw (at 1. leg) in reversi
die.
d. Vicomte de Sartiges, Paris: 12,12 g (187,0 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen),
PI. XVI, 1274. — Flaw (at 1. leg) in reverse die.
e. Cat. Sotheby, May 1895 (Ashburnham), PI. IV, 121: 12,12 g (187,1 grains), - Flan
(at 1. leg) in reverse die.
187. (CE) Obv. Same die.
(Sf) Rev. FAAIEIQN Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. TI,CE3(p). London: 12,18 g (188,0 grains); B.M. C. Pelop. 82, PI, XIII, 8.
b. Sir H. Weber, London: 12,23 g (188,7 grains).
188. (CE) Obv. Same die.
(5x) Rev, FAAIEIQA/ Similar. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. VI,[CE]ox). Berlin: 12,04 g (185,8 grains),
b. Copenhagen: 12,01 g (185,3 grains).
189. (CE) Obv. Same die.
(§(]j) Rev. FAAIEIQN Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VI, [CE] 81!;). Cat. Rollin & Feuardent, May 1910, PL X, 440: 11,50 g (177,o
grains), formerly Hoffmann; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. Z, 4.
Series XXI (Obverse dies CF— CO).
190. (CF) Obv. Head of Zeus r. bearded, beard cuxly, hair fairly short anil
straight, wreath of large pointed laurel-leaves around head.
(Sm) Rev. F| A Eagle r., seated on top of capital of Ionic column (?); wings
'^i^^-) folded, four rows of feathers; tail hanging down. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. VI, CFSiu). Giesecke, Leipsic: 11,97 g (184,7 grains). — Reverse double-struck
191. (CGr) Obv. Similar, but beard and short hair curly, wreath of broad-leaveJ
laurel around head.
(sa) Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
Al
iq9 tnm ni, ^ ^^^ ^'I'CG^")- Berlin: 11,85 g (182,9 grains).
ly^. (bid) IJbv. Similar, but wreath of large pointed laurel-leaves around bead.
(ep) Rev. FIA Similar. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. Ap. 193.
A|r
109 /r(TN r., * '^' ^^'"^^'P)- Pa™: 12,35 g (190,6 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
lyo. (LJ) Obv. Similar.
(eP) Rev. Same die as no. 192.
a (PI. Vl.OJep). Berlin: 12,15 g (187,5 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. XVII (1890), B
iq^ mv\ ni, 'o T, ^'"*" ^'^^ (between eagle's 1. wing and A) in reverse die.
194. (CK Obv. Similar, but hair long and wavy.
(SY) Rev. F|A Eagle similar, but seated on head of ram r. with curleJ
horn. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 195.
a. Allatini, London: 11,47 g (177,0 grains). - Flaw (below truncation of neck) i>
obverse die.
V - 61 -
■b (PI. VI, CK). Jakountchikoff, St. Petersburg: 12,18 g (188,0 grains). — Flaw (below
truncation of neck) in obverse die.
'■■ "• Jameson, Paris: 12,06 g (186,1 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIV, 1244; Cat.
Sotheby, Dec. 1894 (Montagu), PL I, 183. — Flaw (below truncation of neck) in
''.1 obverse die.
d (PI. VI,[CK]eY). Sir H. Weber, London: 11,86 g (183,0 grains). — Flaw (below
-^ truncation of neck) in obverse die.
195. (CL) Obv. Similar.
'■ (sy) Rev. Same die as no. 194.
a (PI. VI.CLey). London: 12,23 g (188,8 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 122, PL XV, 2. —
Flaw (at 1. leg) in reverse die.
196. (CM) Obv. Similar.
;: (sS) Eev. F| A Eagle similar, but seated on top of capital of Ionic column,
five rows of feathers on wings. In field r. below A small thunderbolt
placed horizontally, both ends twisted flame-darts with volutes. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. VI, CM eS). Cambridge: 12,16 g (187,7 grains); Leake, Numismata Hellenica,
Europ. Greece p. 49.
b. Mutiaux, Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains). ~ Slight flaw in reverse die.
197. (CM) Obv. Same die.
(es) Rev. F | A Similar. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. VI,[CM]e£). Paris: 12,03 g (185,6 grains).
198. (CM) Obv. Same die.
(sQ Rev. F|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
i a (PI. VI, [CM] eO. Pozzi, Paris: 12,24 g (188,9 grains); Cat. Hirscli XIII (Rhouso-
poulos), PL XXIX, 2581.
;199. (CN) Obv. Similar.
- (sYj) Rev. F|A Similar, but thunderbolt placed vertically and to 1. under F.
Shallow circular incuse.
J a (PL VI, CN er,). Berlin: 12,32 g (190,1 grains).
200. (CN) Obv. Same die.
{s&) Rev. FIA Similar, but thunderbolt placed vertically and to r. under A.
Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 201.
a (PL VI, [CN]e&). Mathey, Paris: 12,44 g (192,0 grains).
201. (CO) Obv. Similar.
; (ed) Rev. Same die as no. 200.
a (PL VI, COea). London: 12,21 g (188,5 grains); Cat. Photiades Pacha (Paris 1890),
PI, V, 1035; Cat. Sotheby, March 1896 (Montagu), PI. VI, 408; Num. Chron. 1897,
PL IV, 10. — Reverse double-struck.
Series XX. The challenge of the Pisatans was taken up by the Eleans as
soon as they regained possession of the sacred mint. The former had presumed to
put the head of the Olympian Zeus on their money, thereby claiming to be his
administrators. Such a claim could not be allowed to go unchallenged ; so the
head of Zeus appears as the main type of the Elean coins of Olympia. And to
make the contradiction of the Pisan claim sufficiently emphatic, the head of the
nymph Olympia was placed on the reverse of what is, presumably, the first coin
struck after the anolympiad of 364 B. C. (PI. VI, CA SX). FAAEIO/V GAYMPIA, the
9*
- 62 -
coin reads fulfiUbg withal the double purpose of a proclamation and a commemo-
rative medal'). Along with the OAYMPIA die another reverse die (8|.) was used
with the obverse CA, its type a splendid eagle perched on the capital of an Ionic
°° ""The head of Zeus on the die CA and those on the two following dies (PI. VI,
CB CC) fall far short in artistic merit of the grand heads by the artist AA pro-
duced some fifty years earlier (nos. 145-147; PI. V, BQ, BR). Perhaps the com-
paratively poor quality of the work is to be accounted for by the fact that the
engraver was striving after a new conception of the god — a new ideal which sculp-
ture was already attaining — , but was cramped by the tradition which demanded
a head of Zeus of an earlier type on the coinage. For money has always been
one of the most conservative of things. The die CD has been more successful.
Here all the grandeur of the old conception of the ,. Father of Gods" is retained
without any of the archaistic coarseness of the three other dies. And then sud-
denly, without warning, the „new" Zeus appears (PI. VI, CE). The die CD actu-
ally shares a reverse die (St) with CE, and yet the character of the two heads is
utterly different. The former severe, with short crisp hair, crowned with a wreath
of broad-leaved laurel ; the latter genial, with flowing locks, and small-leaved wreath.
The contemporary staters of the Arcadian League show us just the same juxtapo-
sition of the two types — the „old" and the „new", the „severe" and the „leoniae"
Zeus — as may be seen from the two coins on PL VIII, 26. 27 ^). The two heads
actually share the reverse die there fiigured, just as our CD and CE share the re-
verse die 5t. Prof, von Sallet (Zeitschr. f. Num. XV, 1887, p. 9) has already poiated
out that these two obverses (CD and CE) are contemporary; but he seems not
to have known of their mutual reverse die, which confirms his contention.
The reverses of this series XX mark another point of transition, this time an
epigraphic one. On the obverse die CA we have the latest case of used for Q,
on the reverses 8a to Stj) we meet Q for the first time in the coinage of the mint ').
Henceforth the head of Zeus remains the obverse type , the eagle the reverse
type, of the staters of the mint of the temple of Zeus at Olympia.
Fractions: Tritemorion. Obv. similar to no. 177 (CB), but with taenia instead of laurel-wreath;
rev. F lAjA in the intervals between three large T's placed like the spokes of a
wheel, a. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 81, PI. XIII, 7; weight: 0,63 g (9,7 grains). —
b (PI. VIII, 25). Cat. Merzbacher, Nov. 1910, PI. 10, 559 ; weight : 0,56 g (8,6 grains).
") At the mint of the temple of Hera, as will
be seen below in group GH', the head of the
patron goddess is displaced about the same time
by that of the nymph Olympia, by way of com-
memorating the return of the Eleans.
2) No. 26 (obv.) is from the Bunbury collection
(Cat. Sotheby, June 1896, PI. VII. 1 125), no. 27
(obv ) is the British Museum coin Cat. Pelop. 48.
The reverse on the plate is from the Brit. Mus.
coin Cat. Pelop. 49 (with the same obverse die
as 48). This reverse die was likewise used to
strike staters (e. g. in the Berlin and Paris
collections) together with the obverse die of
the Bunbury coin.
") The earliest inscription found at Olympia with
Q in place of the archaic can be dated ex-
actly. It is a Proxeny decree of the Pisatans
issued in the famous 104th Olympiad (B. C. 364)
for two citizens of Sicyon (Olympia, vol. V,
no. 36, columns 73. 74). Epigraphically, inscrip-
tions are usually somewhat in advance of coin-
legends. Therefore, we may rightly expect to
find on the coins for a few years after an
inscription with Q has appeared ; but the change
must be expected soon, and as the dies 85 etc.
show we are not disappointed.
63
Tetartemorion. Obv. head of nymph Ulympia similar to that on rev. of no. 175 (oX) ;
rev. F|A on either side of a large T- London; weight: 0,19 g (3,0 grains). —
Pi. VIII, 24
Series XXI. The heads on the first four coins of this series (nos. 190—193;
PL VI, CF— CJ) seem to hesitate between the old and the new ideals of Zeus. A
finer head of the god than that on no. 192 (PI. VI, CH) would be hard to find ').
On the die CK, however, the new type of Zeus seems clearly defined. The old
ideal does not appear again. CH and CJ share a reverse die, as do CK and CL,
and CN and CO. In the two former cases fractures of the reverse dies show us
the order in which the obverses were used with them. The eagles caU for no
special comment, save that the bird on nos. 194. 195 (sy) is perched on a ram's
head, instead of a capital^).
The first letters of w^hat must be magistrates' names now begin to appear on
the staters. We have KP, Al, AP, and a small thunderbolt — presumably a magi-
strate's signet — on these staters^). In view of the priestly character of the mint,
I am inclined to think that these magistrates were probably priests. It is curious
that on the reverse die of nos. 194. 195 (57) two forms of A occur, that of the mo-
neyer's name having the form A.
Fractions: Hemidi-achm. Obv. similar to nos. 194—201 (CK— GO); rev. like nos. 196—201 (so— 28),
but no thunderbolt. London; B. M. C, Pelop. S3, PI. XIII, 9; weight: 2,64 g
(40,8 grains).
Obol. Obv. similar; rev. F|A eagle r. looking back. London; B. M. C. Pelop., p. 67,
no. 85, PI. XIII, 10: 0,85 g (13,1 grains) and no. 86: 0,86 g (13,3 grains).
Obol. Obv. similar; rev. F|A eagle 1. looking back. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 87, PI.
XIII, 11; weight: 0,82 g (12,7 grains).
Diobol. Obv. similar to no. 196 (CM); rev. eagle's head r. Berlin, formerly Imhoof-
Blumer (Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XVI, 5; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gr., p. 169, 68, Choix
PI. II, 62); weight: 1,49 g (23,0 grains). — PI. VIII, 28.
Of the history of this period little can be said. The Eleans, as has been men-
tioned, regained possession of Olympia in B. C. 363. In the twenty years which
followed, the power of all the Greek states became gradually overshadowed by that
of the king of Macedonia, Philip II. I have already noted the close parallel between
the earlier staters of the present group and those of the Arcadian League. Philip's
coins bear much less resemblance to the Olympian staters, though contemporary,
and though his Zeus is the Olympian Zeus. This, however, is not to be wondered
at. Philip would draw his Grreek die-engravers from the Greek cities nearest to
him, the cities of the Olynthian Confederacy. A glance at the British Museum
Guide^ Plates 21 and 22 (nos. 11 and 17. 18 respectively) will show the remarkable
similarity of feeling and artistic expression between Philip's and the Chalcidian
pieces. This much, however, Philip's heads of Zeus do owe to the Olympian heads :
they represent the new ideal with long hair and wreath of pointed laurel.
') The weU-known stater of Locri Epizephyrii
(Head, Hist. Num.S p. 102, fig. 56) seems to be
a copy of this coin. The head of Zeus is re-
markably like. It is usually dated about 350
B. C, which accords well with the date of our
Olympian piece.
2) What is almost certainly a contemporary piece,
struck, at the mint of the temple of Hera, also
has a ram's head in the same position.
") Possibly no on the hemidrachm PI. VIII, 20,
mentioned at the end of series XVII, belongs
to this series of magistrates.
— 64 -
The coins of this group cannot well be brought down to a later date than B. C.
343 For in the year 84'2 B. C. Alexander the son of Neoptolemus succeeded to
the throne of Epirus, and the head of the Dodonaean Zeus on his silver staters is
most evidently copied from some of the heads on the Olympian staters of our next
group.
Group H (Series XXII).
ea. B. C. 343 to ca. B. C. 323.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 6 (CP— CU). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 2.
Reverse dies 12 (st — so). Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 0.
Coins 12. Number of specimens recorded 22.
Series XXII (Obverse dies CP-CU).
202. (CP) Obv. Head of Zeus in high relief r., bearded, hair wavy, long and
flowing, wreath of broad-leaved laurel around head.
(st) Rev. FiA Eagle r. (wings folded, six rows of feathers, tail hanging
"'° down) standing upon tail of spotted serpent looped once and
rearing, striking up 1. at eagle's head, tongue protruding. In field r.
vertically, small thunderbolt, both ends flame-darts. Shallow circular
incuse.
a (PI. VII, CP £i). Brussels: 12,17 g (187,8 grains).
203. (CQ) Obv. Similar; relief not so high; three rows of leaves on upper part
of wreath, leaves smaller,
(sx) Rev. F|A, and H between eagle's leg and serpent. Similar, but four
rows of feathers. Small vertical thunderbolt in field 1. below F. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. VII, CQex). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,78 g (181,8 grains).
b. Kellner, Hamburg.
c. Paris: 12,12 g (187,0 grains).
204. (CR) Obv. Similar; low relief.
(sX) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Athens; 11,40 g (175,9 grains), formerly Soutzos; Journ. Intern. VII (1904), p. 370,
no. 153, PI. XIV, 6.
b (PI. VII,CReX). Berlin: 11,77 g (181,6 grains).
c. London: 12,01 g (185,3 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 132, PI. XV, 8.
d. Milan, Brera Museum: 12,23 g (1,S8,7 grains).
e. Cat. Patto (Genoa), Nov. 1908, PI. 11,443 = Apr. 1909, PI. XIII, 2986: 12,10 g
(186,7 grains).
205. (CS) Obv. Similar.
(six) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Boston (Bartlett Coll.): 11,97 g (184,8 grains).
one /na\ ^u ^ (^'- '*'"' ^^^^ ^H-)- Brussels: I2,()s g (186,4 grains), formerly Baron Hirsch.
<iUD. (bbj Ubv. bame die.
(sv) Rev. Similar, but with H instead of H. Shallow circular incuse.
207 (CT) nw ^ i-^'J'^'^^t", ^''"°"^ ''''' S (1-^.^ grains).
^u^. (01) Obv. Similar; higher relief; wreath with two rows of leaves only.
— 65 —
(si) Rev. Similar, but with H. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII,CTs|). Cambridge: 11,95 g (184,4 grains); Leake, Numismata Hellenica,
Europ. Greece p. 49.
208. (CT) Obv. Same die.
(so) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII,[CT]et)). Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XIX, 576: 12,31 g (190,0
grains). — Flaw (over head of eagle and A) in reverse die.
209. (CT) Obv. Same die.
(sir) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a. London: 11,74 g (181,2 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 133.
b (PI. VII, [CT]s-). Mathey, Paris: 12,31 g (190,0 grains). — Tested by deep cut.
c. Munich: 11,70 g (180,5 grains); Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVII, 586.
d. Pozzi, Paris: 12,25 g (189,0 grains).
210. (CT) Obv. Same die.
(sp) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII, [CTjep). Berlin: 10,96 g (169,1 grains). — Flaws in reverse die.
211. (CT) Obv. Same die.
(sq) Rev. Similar; bigger vertical thunderbolt with two lines at each side
of each dart. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII, [CTJeo). Copenhagen: 11,96 g (184,6 grains). — Obverse die worn.
212. (CT) Obv. Same die.
(st) Rev. Similar; broad eagle with spread tail; wings with three rows of
feathers. Big thunderbolt with three lines at each side of each dart.
Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII,[CT]£-). Cat. Egger XL (Prowe), PL XX, 1118: 11,89 g (183,5 grains).
— Obverse die worn.
213. (CU) Obv. Similar; high relief; wreath with two rows of leaves and twig
with three leaves on it springing upwards from the middle of it.
(so) Rev. FA in field r. below. Eagle r. standing with feet apart; wings
open, part of 1. wing shown in front of breast, four rows of feathers;
head turned back looking 1.; tail closed. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VILCUeu). London: 11,79 g (182,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 112, PI. XIV,
12; B. M. Guide^ PI. 32,23; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XV, [X] 1 ; Gardner, The Types
of Greek Coins, PI. XII, 25 (obv.); Head, Hist. Num.^ p. 424, fig. 238.
Series XXII. The earliest coin of this group H is a drachm figured on PL
VTTT, 29. The piece forms a distinct link between the preceeding period and the
one we are dealing with. The head of Zeus may almost be said to be of the old
severe type, so strongly reminiscent is it of staters like nos. 181 ff. (PL VI, CD).
The reverse, however, corresponds exactly to the reverses of the staters of this
series XXII. A magnificent head is the one of the die CP, Praxitelean almost in
its feeling, though somewhat effeminate for the „Father of the (rods". The artist
seems to have striven after benevolence and to have lost strength. In the next
die (PI. VII, CQ), the head has more strength, but less benevolence. Perhaps the
combination of the two has been most cleverly attained on the die CU, the last of
our group. Of the other three obverse dies nothing need be said, save that CR
and CS seem to have been the prototypes from which the staters of Alexander,
_ 66 —
.f >J«nn+nlpmus king of Epirus, were copied. Note especially the stater of
Zt LXred'n tl'cat. Hirsch XIII (Ehousopoulos), PI. XX, 1541. The simi-
larity is remarkable. This fact, as pointed out in the previous group, gives us a^
valuable index to the dating of this group. ^ ,, m • • '
The eagle fighting with the serpent is no new type to the Olympian mint,
though it is here treated in a new and somewhat clumsy way. The awkwardness
is not too apparent in the prototype, the die £-, where the eagle stands upon a
considerable portion of the serpent's tail. But on most of the dies which foUow
it becomes absurd, the reptile standing up on the tip of its tail to strike at the
bird. Perhaps it was a feeling for the awkwardness of this type that led to its
abandonment!), and to the substitution of the fine eagle with the outspread wings
of no. 213 (PL VII, so). With regard to this last coin it is difficult to say whether
it should be placed under this group, or the next. Its head forms a link with the
earliest head of the next group. But the attitude of the eagle reminds one of the
bird on the latest staters issued from the mint of the temple of Hera, which mint,
it seems, was closed about 323 B. C. or shortly after. I believe that, in spite o
its being artistically much superior to the latest Hera mint coins (such as B.M.C
Pelop. 101, PI. XIV, 5), it is, nevertheless, contemporary with them. Style at thi,
period is no certain criterion. The Hera mint staters are bad, because they are i
conventionalized type deteriorated by repeated copying ^). The die so is good, be
cause it is an new type to the engraver, and he has had to work carefully.
Fractions: Drachm. Obv. like dos. 181 ff. (CD); rev. similar to no. 202 (ei), but no magistrate'
name nor thunderbolt, a. London; Num. Chron. 1894, PI. I, 6; weight: 2,74 g (42,i
grains). — b (Pi. VIII, 29). Seltman, Berkhamsted; weight: 2,67 g (41,2 grains)
Bronze'), mm 20. Obv. similar to no. 213 (CU), but head 1.; rev. F|A eagle simik
to that of no. 213 (su); but 1. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 115, PI. XIT, 15.
The steady rise of Macedonia, the steady decline of free Hellas, is the mail
theme of the history of the beginning of this period. Philip's connection wltl
Olympia was very close, for it was part of his policy to patronize it. In doing
so he stood forth avowed as the Hellen that he always wished to be thought. Sc
it is not surprising that there is less falling off in the coinage of Olympia*) thar
ia that of any other city of Greece proper^) during the latter part of the reign
of PhUip II. The foundations of the Philippeion, the witness of the Macedonian's
favour, are still to be seen at Olympia.
Then in the second portion of our period came the great ..rush to the east".
The centre of political gravity was entirety shifted. Greece in Asia became of far
more account than Greece in Europe. Even Olympia, the spot that once might
have fitly been termed the „hub of Hellas", was affected by this great change.
Only Athens and Corinth, of all the cities of European Greece, retaiaed some of
') In the next group, J, the serpent is not intro-
'duced. It appears again in group K, but the
sense of beauty and composition seems to have
almost vanished at that period,
') For the same deterioration at the Zeus mint
compare PI. VII, et with PI. VII, ei.
at Olympia.
) In addition to the coins of the present group,
it must not be forgotten that there was also a
large contemporary issue from the Hera mint
') Corinth perhaps is an exception to this state-
ment, but then that great emporium was usually
') This is the tirst appearance of bronze <:uins I unattected by politics
— 67 —
their former prosperity, and that only because they were in close touch with Asia-
tic Greece. And so as the Greeks spread and gradually broke up into rival states
of big dimensions, Olympia which had been a band of union (religious, if nothing
else) between the old city states, lost its old importance. Gradually, it is true,
but surely the Olympiad changed from being the great national and religious festi-
val to a great quadrennial sporting event.
Group J (Series XXIII).
ca. B. C. 323 to ca. B. C. 271.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 5 (CV — CZ). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 3.
Reverse dies 14 (stp — C^)- Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 1.
Coins 15. Number of specimens recorded 21.
Series XXIII (Obverse dies CV— CZ).
214. (CV) Obv. Head of Zeus in high relief r., bearded, aquiline nose, hair wavy,
long and flowing, wreath of pointed laurel-leaves around head.
(s(p) Rev. FlA Eagle r. standing, wings folded, four rows of feathers, tail
^''^ hanging down. In field, 1. olive-wreath stalks upwards, to r.
vertical thunderbolt of darts with flame-lines. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. VII,[CV]Ecp). Vienna: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
215. (CV) Obv. Same die.
(sx) Rev. F A Eagle similar, standing on rough ground. In field, 1. vertical
Al PI thunderbolt of darts with flame-lines, to r. olive-wreath stalks
upwards. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 216.
a (PI. VII, CV ex)- Brussels: 11,96 g (184,6 grains).
216. (CW) Obv. Similar; nose not aquiline, laurel-leaves smaller.
(sx) E,ev. Same die as no. 215.
a. Athens: 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
b (PI. VII, [CW] E-/). London: 12,04 g (185,8 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 120, PI. XV,
1; Num! Chron.'l879, PI. XV, [XI]1.
c. Paris: 12,06 g (186,1 grains).
217. (CW) Obv. Same die. .
(£<()) Rev. Similar; two rows of feathers; no rough ground. Pellet m held
1. between thunderbolt and eagle's back. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII, CW). Berlin: 12,20 g (188,3 grains); Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. Z, 8.
b (PI. VIl! [CW] e'i). Cambridge: 11,97 g (184,8 grains); Leake, Numism. Hellenica,
Europ. Greece p. 49.
218. (CW) Obv. Same die.
' (ew) Rev. Similar. No pellet. Shallow circular ancuse.
a. Munich: 11,40 g (175,9 grains).
b (PI VII [CW]eoj). Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXIX, 2580 = Cat. RoUin
& Feuardent, May 1908, PI. VIII, 312: 11,60 g (179,0 grains),
219. (CW) Obv. Same die. :, . ^u j u it
(Ca) Rev Similar. In field, 1. olive-wreath stalks upwards, to r. thunderbolt,
bigger, twisted flame-dart with four flame-lines and short volutes at each
end. Shallow circular incuse.
_ 68 -
a (PI. VII,[CW]{c<). Jameson, Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI.
LXIV, 1245. „ , , XI
220 (CX) Obv. Similar, but bigger; lower relief, laurel-wreath narrower.
(CS) Rev. Similar, eagle standing on rough ground. In field, 1. thunderbolt,
long and thin, dart with two flame-lines at each end, to r. olive-wreath
stalks upwards. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII,[CX]CP). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,06 g (186,2 grains),
b. Cat. Merzbacher, Nov. 1910, PI. 10,564: 11,71 fr (180,7 grains).
221. (CX) Obv. Same die.
(Ct) Eev. Similar, but dart of thunderbolt with four flame-lines at each end.
Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII,CXCr)- Cat. Sotheby, May 1900 (Late Collector), PL VI, 291 = flat. Hirscli
XXV (Philipsen), PI. XVI, 1293: 11,64 g (179,6 grains).
222. (CX) Obv. Same die.
(C§) Rev. Similar. Thunderbolt short and broad, twisted flame-dart between
flame-lines over short volutes at each end. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Gotba: 11,98 g (184,9 grains),
b (PI. VII, [CX] CS). London: 12,08 g (186,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 121.
223. (CX) Obv. Same die.
(Cs) Rev. FiA Similar; no rough ground. Thunderbolt as before, but longer.
"°' Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VII,[CX]?£), Cat. Sotbeby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XIX, 577: 12,12 g (187,0
grains). — Flaw (touching upper lip) in obverse die.
224. (CX) Obv. Same die.
(CC) Rev. Similar; rough ground. Thunderbolt shorter. Shallow circular
incuse.
a (Pi. VII, [CX] CC). In the trade. — Flaw (touching upper lip) in obverse die. —
Reverse double-struck. — Flaw (over field before eagle) in reverse die.
22B. (CX) Obv. Same die.
(C'r]) Rev. F|A Eagle similar, standing on rough ground. In field, 1. olive-
"' f^' wreath stalks upwards, to r. thunderbolt (as before). Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. VII, [CX] Cii). Cat. Sotheby, May 1908 (O'Hagan), PI. VIII, 463 = CatEgger
XL (Prowe), 1117: 12,11 g (186.9 grains). — Flaw (touching upper lip) in obv. die.
226. (CX) Obv. Same die.
(CO') Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PL VII,[CX]Ca). Berlin: 12,11 g (186,9 grains). — Flaw (touching upper lip) in
obverse die.
227. (CY) Obv. Similar, but bigger; wreath of big, broad, overlapping laurel-leaves.
(CO Rev. Similar; no rough ground; four rows of feathers on wing. In
field, 1. thunderbolt (as before), to r. wreath (?). Shallow circular incuse,
a (PL VII, CY CO. Copenhagen; 11,42 g (176.2 grains). — Flaw (in field r.) in re-
verse die.
228. (CZ) Obv. Similar, coarse head; wreath of big laurel-leaves, a berry between
each pair.
(Cx) Rev. Similar. In field, 1. thunderbolt (as before), to r. olive-wreath
stalks upwards. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PL VII,CZCx). Berlin: 11,78 g (181,8 grains). '
69 —
Series XXIII. There is some similarity between the first two heads (CV,
CW) in this group and the head CU which I have placed at the end of the former
group. Of the two CW is perhaps likest CU. The Zeus of CV has an almost
Jewish cast of face. CV and CW share a reverse die (e/). The other three heads
in this series are larger, in lower relief, and in consequence — apparently — of
poorer style. The die CX must have seen many years of usage, since seven re-
verse dies are recorded as having been used with it alone. The awkwardly designed
serpent which was so prominent in the foregoing group has been dropped in this.
The reverses show a somewhat tedious uniformity of design and lack of originality.
A small thunderbolt, an olive-wreath, and the letters API run through the whole
series. The number of coins recorded here shows that the theory of Prof. Gardner
(Num. Chron. 1879, pp. 259 ff.) that API is Aristotimus, tyrant for five months of
the city of Elis, is untenable. Besides, tine coinage is the money of Olympia not
Elis, a temple, not a state, issue. Had the tyrant recorded his name on coins, it
must have been upon some other than the sacred Olympian money. It has been
suggested by Lambropoulos i) either that API may stand for the officina of a mint
at which Elis, Argos and Corinth all had their coins struck 2), or that the letters
were put upon the coins of these three states because they probably formed a mone-
tary alliance at the same time as their political alliance of B. C. 421, or somewhat
later. He goes on to suggest that they expressed this same monetary alliance by
mutually placing these letters API upon their coins. But the API coins of Olympia
are apparently later in date than the AP'') and API coins of Corinth and Argos.
Besides, calmly to segregate AP and API from the long series of magistrates' names
at these two cities is a very arbitrary proceeding.
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. similar to no. 227 (CY); rev. F|A eagle r. seated on Ionic capital,
in field r. A- New York; Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 547; weight: 2,36 g (36,4
grains). — Pi. VIII, 30.
It has been generally contended*) that the Elean coinage ceased about B. C.
323, as did that of most cities in Grreece, owing to the oppressiveness of the Ma-
cedonian rule. But I see no reason why it should be thought that this coinage
was interrupted. First of all, note the easy unbroken sequence of the staters. It
would be arbitrary to point to one particular piece and say: „here is the last
coin struck in B. C. 323, several years elapsed before this next piece was struck".
And, secondly, would Antipater, Ptolemy, Cassander or any other Macedonian ven-
ture to veto the coinage of the Olympian Zens ? After all, the most absolute ruler
must consider popular sentiment, and especially popular sentiment in regard to re-
ligion. For Antipater to have entirely abolished the issue of the renowned Olym-
pian staters, the sacred money of Zeus, would have been an insult to the god,
rather than to the Eleans, and too great an outrage on Hellenic feeling. With
') 'EccTjfiEpU 'Apyaiokoyiv.ri, vol. Ill (1896), columns
179 ff.
') Head, Hist. Num.^, p. 425 seems to endorse this
suggestion.
') API does not occur at Corinth.
*) Gardner, Num. Chron. 1879, p. 254 ; Head, Hist.
Num.2, p. 425. The number of staters I have
been able to get together shows that the chro-
nology adopted in the latter work is quite im-
possible, To crowd all the pieces, from the
successors of the Pisan gold coinage down to
the last and latest of our group K, into a space
of 40 years is out of the question. Could a
piece like our no. 237 be dated B. C. 823 ?
10*
— 70 —
the coinage of the Hera mint it was different. It was, after all, only a secondary
issue. Antipater, or one of his successors, seems quietly to have closed that mint.
But "such an insult could not be offered by any Philhellenic Macedonian to the
Olympian Zeus. The ubiquity of the Alexandrine tetradrachms, their popularity
and commercial value doubtless injured the staters of the old Elean standard, a
standard which the dignity of the god could not permit to be changed. Henceforth
far fewer staters were struck, because far fewer were wanted.
Telesphorus, a general in the service of Antigonus, king of Asia, rebelled
again.=!t his commander-in-chief, Ptolemy, nephew of Antigonus, and in B. C. 312
established himself in Elis and seized some of the sacred treasure at Olympia to
pay his troops with (Diod. XIX, 87). Naturally we have no numismatic record of
this event on the Olympian coins. Such troops at such a time would only accept
cash of one type — Alexandrine tetradrachms. If such were struck at Olympia
they might probably have been the pieces (MiiUer, Numismatique d'Alex. le Grrand,
nos. 894—896), which have as symbol a thunderbult somewhat resembling the re-
duced drachm PL VIII, 33, or such pieces as Miiller's no. 883, which has in the
field a trophy of arms facing, and under the throne OA in an olive-wreath. Ptolemy,
nephew of Antigonus, marched upon Elis, drove out Telesphorus and restored the
stolen treasure to Olympia.
Group K (Series XXIV).
ca. B. C. 271 to ea. B. C. 191.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 8 (DA— DH). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 3.
Reverse dies 10 (CX— Co). Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 1.
Coins 11. Number of specimens recorded 23.
Series XXIV (Obverse dies DA— DH).
229. (DA) Obv. Head of Zeus r. bearded, hair long, eye staring, wreath of small
pointed laurel-leaves around head.
(CX) Rev. FIA Eagle r. standing, wings folded, three rows of feathers; tail \
I hanging down. In field r. below, vertical thunderbolt of darts
with flame-lines. Shallow circular incuse,
a. Berlin: 11,93 g (184,1 grains).
oon /T^As ^, ^ (PI. VII, DA a). New York: 12,14 g (187,4 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, Pl.Xin,545.
^60. (DA) Obv. Same die.
(C[^) Rev. FIA Eagle as before. In field r. serpent rearing up 1., taU at
eagle's 1. claw, looped once in middle. Shallow circular in-
cuse. Cf. no. 231.
a (PI. TII,[DA]C|x). Berlin: 12,17 g (187,8 grains); Friedlaender and von Sallet,
Das Konigliche Miinzkabinet^, PI. II, 138.
231. (DB) Obv. Similar, but bigger and lower relief; wreath with triple row of
leaves.
(C[J.) Rev. Same die as no. 230.
a (PI. yiI,DB:,.). Berlin: 12,13 g (187,2 grains). - Flaw (between eagle and ser-
pent) in reverse die.
— 71 —
b. London: 11,94 g (184,2 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 131, PI. XV, 7; B. M. Guide^ PI.
43,26; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XVI, [XII] 1 ; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins,
PI. XII, 51 (obv.); Head, Hist. Num.^, p. 42.5, fig. 234. — Flaw (between eagle and
serpent) in reverse die.
232. (DC) Obv. Similar, not so broad; two rows of leaves on wreath.
(Cv) Rev. FIA Similar, eagle broader. Serpent as before. In field 1. broad
vertical thunderbolt, flame -dart between volutes at each end. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. Till, [DC] Cv). Cambridge (McClean Coll.); 11,94 g (184,2 grains).
b. Eollin & Feuardent, Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains). — Flaw (at nose) in obverse
die.
c (PI. VIII, DC). Cat. Sotheby, May 1908 (O'Hagan), PI. VIII, 461 : 12,12 g (187,0
grains). — Flaw (at nose) in obverse die. — Reverse double-struck.
233. (DC) Obv. Same die.
(^i) Rev. [F]|A Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. VIII, [DC] C?). Berlin: 12,04 g (185,8 grains). — Big flaw (at nose) in obverse
die. — Reverse double-struck.
234. (DD) Obv. AP below truncation of neck. Similar head of Zeus, eye not
staring.
(Co) Rev. F|A Similar; broad eagle, point of 1. wing appearing behind r.
wing. No serpent. In field r. vertical thunderbolt, three flame-lines
branching from each side of each dart. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Boston (Bartlett Coll.): 11,74 g (181,2 grains).
b. Vicomte de Jonghe, Brussels : 12,70 g (196,0 grains) ; Cat. Hirsch XXIX (Lambros),
PI. IX, 551.
c (PI. VIII, [DD] Co). London: 11,83 g (182,6 grains).
d (PL VIII, DD). Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
e. Vicomte de Sartiges, Paris: 11,88 g (183,3 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen),
PI. XVI, 1294.
f. Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI. XII, 456 : 10,90 g (168,2 grains).
g. Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1945 = Cat. Hirsch XXXIU (1913),
PL XVII, 777 : 12,07 g (186,8 grains).
235. (DE) Obv. AP below truncation of neck. Similar; laurel-leaves in line.
(Ci:) Rev. F|A Very broad eagle standing 1.; wings folded, four rows of
feathers; broad tail; claws on tail of bearded serpent rearing up r. looped
once in middle. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Berlin: 12,04 g (185,8 grains). — Obverse and reverse double-struck. — Flaw (over
eagle's beak) in reverse die.
b (PL VIII, [DE] Cn). Cat. Hirsch XXVI (1910), PI. XVIII, 528 : 11,82 g (182,4 grains).
— Flaw (over eagle's beak) in reverse die.
236. (DE) Obv. Same die.
(Cp) Rev. F|A Similar type r. ; serpent 1.; coarser work. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PL VIII,DECp). Paris: 11,54 g (178,1 grains).
237. (DF) Obv. Coarse head of Zeus r. bearded, hair long, wreath of laurel-leaves
standing out from stalk around head.
(Co) Rev. F|A Similar, but not so broad. Double loop in middle of serpent.
A If' Shallow circular incuse,
a (PL VIII.DFCs). London: 11,91 g (183,8 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 123; Num.
Chron. 1879, PI. XV, [XI] 3.
— 72 —
T f <.^ro «+flrinff- wreath of small laurel-leaves.
^- <^S Z mSr Wt tj.:r/il.h% ba*. S..^.. ^ped .nee
.S, PH) 0.,. -C„r" :r'rrrrta.dea, ... lo.„ M,. „!«; w.»th of
s„all 'Wf '-f,;::':l"ref "ding on^ck, wings folded, five rows
''"' ^''' I'PI S «heL In Md 1. sn,al fMA. vertical tbnnd.rWt of
darts between volutes, in field r. lanrel-wreath stalks upwards. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI VIII DHCo). Berlin: 12,30 g (189,8 grains).
b. Paris: 12,10 g (186,7 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
Series XXIV. We have now reached a time when „style of the period" as
such does not exist. The characteristic of the art of this period is generally
TeaHng characterless work^). And so we find our first two obverse diesDAand
DB v^it'h heads of Zeus that are complete contrasts. And yet they s^-e a rever e
die m Clearly the engraver who made DA had some old Olympmn s ater before
hm while he who cut DB was copying the Dodonaean Zeus on the Itahan comage
of Pyrrhus. The next three dies (PI. VIII, DC, DD, DE) bear a shaggy type of
head, reminiscent of the head of Poseidon on the Macedonian tetradrachms of An-
tigonus (Head, Hist. Num.^ p. 231, fig. 143). DF and DG /^^ '^^^^f^^^^^^ weak,
and like the last of the series, DH, closely resemble the hemidrachms of the Achaean
League. This last die, with the head to the left, is a curious one, unlike any othe^
Its lateness is shown by the fact that the head on the obverse of one ot the tost
coins of the Achaean League, struck in the name of the Eleans (PI. Vin, 31), has
been deliberately copied from it.
The style of the reverses is naturally as mixed as that of the obverses, home
of the eagles resemble those of earlier periods, others are quite Ptolemaic in their
style. The serpent which occurred in a former series is reintroduced on some ot
the dies, usually in an attitude even more impossible than the attitude it assumed
on the reverses of series XXll.
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. coarse head of Zeus r.; rev. FlA thunderbolt, and A|PI or A|P
or no name; all in olive-wreath. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 125—128. 139. 140, PI.
XV, 4. 5. 12; weight: 2,64— 2,28 g (40,8— 35,2 grains).
Bronze, mm 19. Obv. head of Zeus r.; rev. F|A horse r. trotting or galopping and
AP. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 129. 130, PI. XV, 6.
Bronze, mm 22. Obv. similar; rev. FA liorse trotting 1. London: B. M. C. Pelop.
144, PI. XV, 15.
Bronze, mm 19. Obv. head of Zeus 1.; rev. FA horse trottins' r. London; B. if t-
Pelop. 145.
Bronze, mm 22. Obv. head of Zeus r., behind Al ; rev- F|AA horse galopping r.,
below A. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 146, PI. XV, 16.
') A good example of this lack of definite style
will be found by looking at PI. XIII of Hill's
Coins of Ancient Sicily which coincides roughly
with the present period. Note the medley ot
styles there depicted, Hellenistic reminiscences
of promiscuous earlier periods.
— 73 —
I made it clear in the foregoing group that I attach no significance to the
coincidence that the name of an ephemeral Elean tyrant should begin with the same
three letters as those which appear on the coins of the whole of the last series.
My reason for ending the last group about B. C. 271 — which happens to be the
date of Aristotimus' tyranny — is connected, not with the tyrant, but with Pyrrhus.
The reign of the latter came to an end in B. C. 272, and it seems pretty clear
to me that one of the first dies of the present series, DB, owes its inspiration —
unconsciously perhaps — to the Italian tetradrachms of Pyrrhus. Nearly a century
before, when Olympia was still in all its glory, we found a didrachm of the Epi-
zephyrian Locrians manifestly copied from a stater of Olympia (cf. above on Series
XXI). Now by far the best die-sinking was being done in the West, and so we
find the debt repaid. An Olympian stater is copied from a tetradrachm of the Epi-
rote king struck in the mint of the Epizephyrian Locrians.
There is no event in the history of Olympia during the third century B. C.
which has any bearing upon the coinage. It may be objected that I have spread
the coins of this and the foregoing groups over too large a number of years. But
we know that the Eleans did not join the Achaean League until B. C. 191. And
not tUl B. C. 191 would they reduce their coin standard to the standard of their
enemies. A coin like no. 239 (PI. VIII, DH Co) is of remarkably good weight, since
the two recorded specimens weigh 12,30 and 12,10 g (189,8 and 186,7 grains). Yet
it must be placed quite at the end of this series, both on account of fabric, and
because a League coin is copied from it. So 1 feel justified in placing my last
group L after B. C. 191. Bu.t more of this below.
Group L (Series XXV).
Reduced standard, ca. B. C. 191 to —J
Series XXV (Obverse dies DJ, DK).
240. (DJ) Obv. Head of Zeus r. bearded, coarse work, hair long, wreath of long
thin laurel (?)-leaves around head.
(C<p) Rev. FIA Broad eagle r. standing, wings folded, three rows of feathers;
A I PI tail hanging down. In field r. below, small vertical thunder-
bolt of darts with flame-lines branching from each. Shallow circular
incuse.
a (PI. VIII,DJC!p). Sir H. Weber, London: 10,72 g (165,5 grains).
241. (DK) Obv. Similar.
(Cx) Rev. Q^ Similar. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. VIII, DKCx)- Berlin: 10,56 g (163,0 grains).
b. Jakountchikoif, St. Petersburg: 10,65 g (164,3 grains).
Two obverse dies and two reverse dies are all that are known at present of
this last series of the mint of the temple of Zeus. Both heads are late in style,
weak copies of dies like DC and DD in the foregoing group. The wreath they wear
is hardly like a laurel-wreath, so long and thin are its leaves. Both eagles, on the
reverses, are like birds on the late coins of the Ptolemies.
_ 74 —
Fractions- Reduced drachm. Obv. eagle r., wings raised over back head down beak touching
Fractions, ne ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ .^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^3 ^ . ^„ g^jj j ^^,^^ ^.
i-ev FIA thunderbolt, two volutes on either side of central dart above and below,
bird's wings often attached to middle of handle; in field below ^|Q, in field r.
;vreath. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 136, PI. XV, 10; weight: 4,34 g (67,0 grains).
_ PI. VIII, 33.
Reduced drachm. Obv. similar, but no letter; rev. F|A thunderbolt, two volutes on
either side of central dart above, wings attached to top of lower dart, a (PI. VIII,
34 rev). New York; Hill, Cat. Ward 546; weight: 4,36 g (67,3 grains). — b. Cat,
Hi'rsch XXV (Philipsen), PL XVI, 1297; weight: 4,65 g (71,8) grains).
Reduced drachm. Obv. similar; rev, FlA thunderbolt; upper half, heart-shaped pome-
granate over two large petals, eight wavy flame-lines upwards over it; lower half,
two volutes curling outwards, on them pine-cone and eight wavy flame-lines down-
wards, a (Pi, VIII, 35, rev.). London; B. M. C. Pelop. 134, PI. XV, 9; weight:
4,48 g (69,2 grains). — b, Cambridge (McClean Coll.), weight: 4,70 g (72,1 grains).
Reduced hemidrachm. Obv. coarse head of Zeus r.; rev. F|A eagle r. seated on ca-
pital, in field 1. i.Q. London; B. M. C, Pelop. 137, PL XV, 11; weight; 2,24 g
(.34,6 grains).
The staters of this last group L are evidently struck on the same standard
as the coinage of the Achaean League. Supposing their full weight is 10,70 g (165 j
grains), half staters should weigh 5,35 g (82,5 grains) and quarter staters 2,67 g
(41,25 grains). Now as a fact the heaviest hemidrachm of the Achaean League j
coinage in the British Museum (a triobol of Dyme: B. M. C. Pelop. p. 4, no. 34) )
weighs 2,79 g (43,1 grains). The two next in weight (triobols of Megara and Ca- ,
phyae: ibid. p. 2, no. 11 and p. 10, no. 109) weigh 2,56 g (39,5 grains). Most of j
them, it is true, fall below this weight, but this is only natural in a coinage con-
sisting only of small silver pieces with no larger denominations. Such small pieces j
would not be weighed in market transactions. Our staters, then, are clearly struck
on the Achaean standard, and we can hardly be justified in dating them before the
time that the Eleans actually entered the League. It was in the year B. C. 191 i
that the Eleans under compulsion, and with great reluctance, joined it. Of all the
Peloponnesian states they were its latest members. Before B. C. 191 rivalry of
the strongest kind between the Eleans, members of the Aetolian League, and the
Achaeans forbade an assimilation of standards. A further proof that they are
posterior to B. C. 191 appears on comparing them with the actual League triobols j
of Elis, e.g. PI. VIII, 82, the head of which is an almost exact reproduction of the j
head on the staters (DJ and DK) and points clearly to their contemporaneity.
Whether the Achaean League triobols were struck at Elis or Olympia is uncer-
tain. The existence of this group L consisting of pieces manifestly struck, like :
their predecessors, at Olympia, inclines me to the opinion that the League pieces !
were struck in the city of Elis. And so, superseded by the League coinage, the
Olympian mint quietly closed. Just as the Macedonian monarchs did not dare to
abolish the sacred temple money, so the heads of the Achaean League did not ven-
ture to excite public feeling by closing the mint; hence these few coins of the light
weight, which they did enforce. But they set up a new and flourishing mint pre-
sumably at Ehs itself, and the old temple mint of Olympia died a natural death.
Only the die-sinkers at Elis, from a patriotic feeling, strove at first to make the
heads of Zeus on their League triobols as like the head of the great Olympian god
— 75 —
as possible; witness the triobols PI. VIII. 31. 32, copies of the latest staters struck
at the mint at Olympia.
Dying patriotism is apt to be archaistic. „Let us hide", people say, „the ex-
istence of our present dishonour by a revival of the symbols of our past glory".
And presumably some such motive underlay the curious revival of the oldest types
of the Olympian coinage on the drachms PI. VIII, 33—85, the last of all autonomous
pieces struck from the mint. The eagle with the hare, the thunderbolt of Zeus,
types that the fifth and sixth centuries saw, appear again, and the mint ends with
the types with which it began. There 'is something iine about this. It is like the
last rally in some great battle, this attempt to revive again the ancient splendour
of the coinage that issued, at the time when Hellas was greatest, from the temple
mint of Zeus Olympics.
The three following groups, W, E-, G-H', comprise the coins issued from the
mint of the temple of the Olympian Hera, as has already been explained in the
Introduction. A glance over Plates IX — XII will make it plain what a satisfactory
sec[uence of these staters can be established, a sequence complete in itself and quite
independent of the contemporary issues from the mint of the temple of Zeus,
Among the staters of the principal mint we find an extraordinarily large number
of countermarked examples in groups A— C, rather fewer in group D, fewer still
in group E, while in group Gr one solitary instance only is recorded; and, corre-
sponding to this decrease, in the issues of the auxiliary mint, which are contem-
porary with groups E, Gr, H, the countermarks are also few and far betjsreen.
'Besides a few indistinguishable countermarks (cf. nos. 251, c. 274, c. 275, c. 292, d.
332, a. c) we find three of the countermarks tabulated in the Introduction: no. II
(cf. no. 312, c), the bunch of grapes (cf. no. 258, a), and the E (cf. no. 242, f ). In
addition one new countermark appears: the head of a trident (cf. no. 243, e).
Group W (Series XXVI. XXVII).
ca. B. €. 421 to ca. B. C. 385.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 14 (EA— EO). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 13.
Reverse dies 80 (Tja— S'C). Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 14.
Coins 48. Number of specimens recorded 154.
Series XXVI (Obverse dies EA— EG).
242. (EA) Obv. HP I A over the Stephanos. Head of Hera in high relief r.; hair,
% short and curly, hiding the ear ; wearing tall stephanos rising in centre,
* front and back, hiding crown of head, three palmettos and two tendrils
?, shown on it. In field r. below chin f.
':'"' (Yja) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; thick wavy flame-line on each side of cen-
tral dart above and below. All in wreath of wild olive, fastened below,
touching above, six pairs of leaves on each twig. Circular incuse.
— 76 —
a (PI. IX, EAr)a). Cambridge: 11,86 g (183,1 grains); Leake, Numismata Hellenica,
Europ. Greece p. 49.
b. Gedney-Beatty, New York: 11,80 g (182,2 grains).
c. .Jameson, Paris: 12,04 g (185,8 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIII, 1233.
d. London: 12,28 g (189,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 60, PI. XII, 13; Num. Chron..
1879, PI. XII, 2 c ; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PL C, 10.
e\ Paris: 12,03 g (185,6 grains).
f. Paris: 11,32 g (174,7 grains). — Countermark on obverse: E in circular incuse
(apparently same die as on no. 88, b),
243. (EA) Obv. Same die.
(yjP) Eev. FlA Similar thunderbolt, but double flame-line on each side of
each dart. Wreath as before. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 247.
a. Anderson, Athens: 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
b. Count Dessewffy, Budapest: 12,11 g (186,9 grains); Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI,
XVI, 569.
c (PI. IX, [EA]t)P). London: 12,14 g (187,4 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 61.
d. Newell, New York: 11,92 g (184,0 grains). — Big flaw (over bottom of A) in re
verse die.
e. Vienna: 11,63 g (179,5 grains). — Countermark on obverse: head of trident. -
Big flaw (over bottom of A) in reverse die.
f. Prinz zu Windisch-Gratz, Vienna: 12,00 g (185,2 grains); Cat. V (1899), no. 1247
244. (EA) Obv. Same die.
(•/jy) Rev. F!A Similar thunderbolt, rather bigger. Wreath not touching
above, five pairs and an odd leaf on each twig. Shallow circular incuse
Cf. no. 248.
a. Berlin: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
b. Boston: 12,11 g (186,9 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 926.
c (PI. IX, [EAJrjY). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,56 g (178,4 grains). Cat. Photi
ades Pacha (Paris 1890), lot 1050.
d. Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
e. Pozzi, Paris: 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
f. Thorburn, Godalming: 12,21 g (188,5 grains).
245. (EA) Obv. Same die.
(7)3) Eev. FlA Similar, but wreath touching (?) above, six pairs and an odd
leaf on each (?) twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. IX, [EAJTiS). Berlin: 11,88 g (183,3 grains).
b. Cat. Hirsch VIII (1903), PI. Vn, 1248 = Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI. XII, 446:
11,85 g (182,9 grains).
246. (EA) Obv. Same die.
{■tie) Rev. FlA Similar thunderbolt, still bigger. Wreath not touchiug
above, six pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a. Hirsch, Munich: 11,19 g (172,7 grains).
b (PI. IX„[EA]r,e). Jakountchikoff, St. Petersburg : 12,00 g (186,1 grains); Cat. So-
theby, March 1896 (Montagu), PI. VI, 407.
c. Naples: 12,00 g (185,2 grains); Fiorelli, Cat. del Mus. Naz. I (1870), no. 7522.
d. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,79 g (182,0 grains).
947 /PT^^ nu '■ o".*" m"*^'*'^' ^'^- '^^^ ^^- ^- J°"«^)' 1°' 233: 11,92 g (184,0 grains).
^4/. (JiB) Ubv. Similar head of Hera; Stephanos rather bigger. No letters above
or in field.
(■^P) Rev. Same die as no. 243.
— 77 -
I
a (PI. IX, EByjP). London: 12,21 g (188,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 58; Num. C'hron.
1879, PI. XII, 2 b.-
b. London: 12,18 g (188,0 grains).
c. Mnnich: 12,10 g (186,7 grains). - Big flaw (over bottom of A) in reverse die.
248. (EB) Obv. Same die.
(Yjf) Eev. Same die as no. 244.
a (Pi. IX, [EBJtjy). Cat. Ratto, April 1909, PI. XII, 2978: 11,70 g (180,5 grains).
249. (EB) Obv. Same die.
(tjC) Eev. FIA Similar to no. 253. Shallow circular incuse.
a (Pi. IX, [EB]t)0. Greene, Providence: 12,10 g (186,7 grains); Cat. Egger, Dec.
1906, PI. XI, 395.
260. (EB) Obv. Same die.
(yjtj) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath fastened above, touching be-
low, five pairs and an odd leaf on 1. twig, six pairs on r. Shallow cir-
cular incuse. Cf. nos. 251. 254.
a (PI. IX, [EB]7)iij). Spinl£, London: 12,18 g (188,0 grains).
261. (EC) Obv. Similar head of Hera; crown of head seen over Stephanos, which
is a broad band with lower edge beaded, on it in front and at back a
palmette between which two lilies, in the spaces H|P|A.
(yjy]) Rev. Same die as nos. 250. 254.
a (PI. IX, [EC] rjT)). Berlin : 12,07 g (186,3 grains).
b. Berlin: 11,81 g (182,3 grains).
c. Cambridge: 11,74 g (181,2 grains); Leake, Numisraata Hellenica, Europ. Greece
p. 49. — Countermark on obverse.
,d. Cockerell, London: 12,15 g (187,5 grains),
e. Jaeckel, Leipsic: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
, f. Munich: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
g. Cat. Egger, Dec. 1906, PI. XI, 396: 11,94 g (184,3 grains),
h. Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PL XII, 447: 12,07 g (186,3 grains).
252. (EC) Obv. Same die.
(7]&) Rev. FlA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath fastened below, not touching
above, seven pairs of small leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PL IX, ECr)»). Sangorski, London: 12,22 g (188,6 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV
(Philipsen), PI, XVI, 1268.
263. (EC) Obv. Same die.
(7]i) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath as before, but five pairs of
long leaves on each twig., Shallow circular incuse- Cf. no. 255.
a. Anderson, Athens: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
b. Athens: 12,30 g (189,8 grains).
c. London: 11,92 g (184,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 62.
d (Pi. IX, [ECJTji). Paris: 12,30 g (189,8 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
e. Rollin & Feuardent, Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
254. (ED) Obv. Similar head of Hera, but bigger; higher relief, ear shown, two
^corkscrew" curls hang down behind, and one in front of ear; stephanos
as before, but only one double-lily on it between the two palmettes, in
the spaces HI PA. Upon the neck A.
(yjy]) Rev. Same die as nos. 250. 251.
a (Pi. IX, [EDJrjTi). McEwen, Leith: 11,46 g (176,8 grains).
11*
— 78 —
256. (ED) Obv. Same die.
(m) Rev. Same die as no. 253.
a. The Hague: 11,89 g (183,5 grains), formerly Six.
b Hirsch, Munich: 11,57 g (178,5 grains).
c (PI IX, ED). Paris : 12,01 g (185,3 grains).
d (PI. IX, [ED] 7)0. Sir H. Weber, London : 12,08 g (18G,5 grains).
256. (ED) Obv. Same die. , . ,
(tix^) Eev. FIA Similar thunderbolt, but small. Wreath as before, but
fastened above, touching below. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 259
(same die as nos. 257. 258, but the upper half remade).
a (PI. IX, [ED]yix2). Seltman, Berlthamsted : 12,07 g (186,3 grains). — Flaw (in tlie
wreath to r. below) in reverse die.
257. (EE) Obv. Similar head of Hera; ear shown, no curls; Stephanos as before,
but two single lilies on it between the two palmettes. No letters on
Stephanos or upon the neck.
(tj/I) Eev. Same die as no. 258 and [remade] nos. 256. 259.
a. Glasgow: 12,01 g (185,4 grains); Macdonald, Cat. Hunter, vol. II, p. 135,4.
b (PI. IX, EEri/>). New York: 11,51 g (177,7 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XUI,
539. — Small flaw (in the wreath to r. below) in reverse die.
c. Seltman, Berkhamsted; 12,00 g (185,2 grains). — Very small flaw (in the wreath
to r. below) in reverse die.
d. Cat. Bourgey, April 1908, PI. V, 145.
e. Cat. RoUin & Feuardent, May 1910, PI. X, 441 : 12,10 g (186,7 grains). - Small
flaw (in the wreath to r. below) in reverse die.
258. (EF) Obv. Similar, but relief less high ; two double-lilies on stejjhanos.
(7]y.') Rev. • Same die as no. 257 and [remade] nos. 256. 259. '
a (Pi. IX, [EF]yix»). Boston; 12,09 g (186,6 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI,|
924. — Countermark on obverse : bunch of grapes in incase square (same die as
on nos. 82. 133, a. 168, d. 172, e). :,
h (PI. IX, EF). Jameson, Paris: 11,91 g (183,8 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIH^
1234; Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 566. — Small flaw (in the wreath to r.;
below) in reverse die.
c. Pozzi, Paris: 11,30 g (174,4 grains). — Same flaw (somewhat larger) in reverse die.
259. (EE) Obv. Same die.
(7]x^) Eev. Same die as no. 256 [remade] and nos. 257. 258.
a. Jakountchikoff, St. Petersburg: 12,05 g (186,0 grains). — Flaw (in the wreath to
r. below) in reverse die.
b. Oman, Oxford: 12,08 g (186,5 grains). — Same flaw in reverse die. ;
c (PI. IX, [EF]r,x'^). Paris: 12,07 g (186,3 grains). — Same flaw in reverse die. *
d. Cat. Egger XLI (1912), PI. XIII, 497: 11,73 g (181,0 grains). — Same flaw in re-
verse die.
260. (EF) Obv. Same die. > 1
{'fik) Eev. FIA Similar thunderbolt, but bigger. Wreath of wild oliv^
fastened below, not touching above. Shallow circular incuse. '
a. Budapest.
b. Copenhagen: 11,92 g (184,0 grains). '
c. Gotha: 11,10 g (171,3 grains).
d. Hirsch, Munich: 11,95 g (184,4 grains). -. :
e (PI, IX, [EF]7iX). London: 12,19 g (188,1 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 59.
— 79 —
Series XXVII (Obverse dies EG— EO).
261. (EG) Obv. Head of Hera in low relief r., large, hair short and curly hiding
the ear, wearing Stephanos which is a broad band, both edges plain, four
palmettes and three tendrils shown on it, in the spaces H|P|A.
(•r]|i.) Rev. FIA Thunderbolt; two wavy flame-lines on each side of thick
central dart above and below.. All in wreath of wild olive, fastened
below, six pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Hirsch, Munich: 11,75 g (181,3 grains). — Slight flaw (at nose) in obverse die.
h (PI. IX, [EG]if)(i). Seltman, Berkhamsted : 11,89 g (183,5 grains).
c. Vienna: 12,35 g (190,6 grains).
262. (EG) Obv. Same die.
(yjv) Eev. FIA Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. IX, EGtjv). Berlin: 12,11 g (186,9 grains). — Slight flaw (at nose) in obverse
die.
b. Copenhagen: 11,89 g (183,5 grains). — Slight flaw (at nose) in obverse die.
c. London: 12,18 g (188,0 grains); B. M. C. Polop. 64. — Slight flaw (at nose) in
obverse die.
263. (EG) Obv. Same die.
(t)|) Rev. FiA Similar. Six pairs and an odd leaf on each twig. Shallow
circular incuse. Cf. no. 264.
a (PI. IX, [EG]v)^). Cambridge: 12,51 g (193,0 grains) ; Leake, Numismata Helleuica,
Europ. Greece p. 49. — Slight flawi (at nose) in obverse die.
264. (EH) Obv. Similar head of Hera, ear showing among the curls; Stephanos
; has both edges beaded, on it two palmettes and, between them, two
; single lilies. No letters.
(rji) Eev. Same die as no. 263.
a. Berlin: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
b (PI. IX, EHrjy. London: 12,14 g (187,4 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 55, PI. XII, 11;
!;■ B. M. Guide^ PI. 14,30; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XII, 2a; Gardner, The Types of
'■ ' Greek Coins, PI. VIII, 15 (obv.); Hill, Historical Greek Coins, PI. 111,28; Head,
Hist. Num.S p. 422, fig. 231.
I c. Cat. Sotheby, Feb, 1909 (Benson), PI. XVIII, 569: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
265. (EH) Obv. Same die.
(ifjo) Rev. F I A Similar. Four pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular
incuse. Cf. no. 270.
a. Gedney-Beatty, New York: 11,20 g (172,8 grains).
b (Pi. IX, [EH] 7)0). New York: 11,84 g (182,8 grains); Hill, Cat, Ward, PI, XHI,
538 (obv,), *
c, Seltman, Berkh^-msted : 11,35 g (175,2 grains).
266. (EH) Obv. Same die,
(yjx) Rev. >F(A Similar thunderbolt, but each dart covered and flanked by
wavy flame-lines. Wreath fastened below, four pairs and an odd leaf
on each twig. Shallow circu.lar incuse.
a (PI, IX, [EH]r)ii), Cambridge (McClean Coll,): 11,81 g (182,2 grains).
267. (EH) Obv. Same die.
(7)p) Rev, F I A Similar thunderbolt. Wreath as before, but seven (?) pairs
of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI, IX, [EHJi)p). Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
_ 80 —
268.(EH)Obv. Same^^ thunderbolt, but two wavy flame-lines at each'
^''^ ^lof ach dart Wreath as before. Shallow circular xncuse.
"'r/pi it ml)- St. Petersburg: 11,85 g (182,9 gra.ns,
'''■ ^l^^i Ee;. 'iTs^ilar thunderbolt. Wreath twisted above, fx pairs of
(^TjTj ixBv Shallow circular mcuse. 01. no. ^71.
27,1 (EJ) Obv. Simili head of Hera; .teptaos ha, both edge^ plam.
'^°' ^"\ptTs!m;rM2tu..s. A«,e.s. U,« g (1,5,9 g,....).
271. (EJ) Obv. Same die.
rYiT"! Hev. Same die as no. 269. . s ,,. »» i i. v
^^ ^ a (PI. IX, [EJ]riT). Picard, Paris: 11,98 g (184,9 grams); Cat. Merzbacher, Nov,
1909, PI. 27, 2998.
'''■Z ^- m'sW" th.„a..bolt, but bigger. Wreath fastened b.....
Shallow circular incuse. Cf. nos. 27o. 277.
a (PI. IX, [EJ]y)u). Anderson, Athens: 12,00 g (185,2 grains),
b. Seltmap, Berkhamsted: 11,60 g (179,0 grains).
273. (EJ) Obv. Same die. . , . f.. 07s
(to) Eev. FIA Similar. Shallow circular mcuse. U. no. ^7».
a (PI. IX, [EJ]ri<p). Athens: 11,85 g (182,9 grains).
b. Hirsch, Munich: 11,97 g (184,7 grains).
c. Hirsch, Munich: 11,66 g (179,9 grains).
d Cat. Hirsch XXIX (Lambros), no. 545: 11,22 g (173,1 grains),
e. Cat. Hirsch XXXUI (1913), PI. XVII, 776: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
274. (EJ) Obv. Same die. , . .
(YjX) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath fastened below, six pairs
and an odd leaf on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. IX,lEJ]Y)x). Berlin: 11,94 g (184,3 grains). - Big iiaw (on Stephanos) m
obverse die. .
b (PI. IX, EJ). Cambridge: 11,11 g (171,5 grains); Leake, Numismata HeUemcj,
Europ. Greece p. 49.
c. Hirsch, Munich: 11,90 g (183,6 grains). — Countermark on obverse (on cheek).
d. Naples: 11,82 g (182,4 grains); Fiorelli, Cat. del Mus. Naz. I (1870), no. 7521.
e. Pozzi, Paris: 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
• f. St. Petersburg: 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
g. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,91 g (183,8 grains).
h. Sir H.Weber, London: 11,95 g (184,5 grains).
i. Cat. Hirsch XXIX (Lambros), no. 544: 11,88 g (183,3 grains).
k. Cat. Sotheby, June 1896 (Bunbury), PI. VII, 1090: 12,12 g (187,0 grains).
275. (EK) Obv. Similar head of Hera, higher relief; stephanos narrow, lower edge
beaded, two double-liUes between the palmettes, in the spaces HI PI A. In
the field r. below chin A.
(Tio) Rev. Same die as nos. 272. 277.
a. Athens: 11,90 g (183,6 grains). — Double-struck. ,^
b. Baltatzes, Athens: 11,67 g (180,1 grains), formerly belonging to Mrs. Helena IN
Mavrokordatos ; Journ. Intern. XIV (1912), p. 27, no. 2001, PL C, 27.
— 81 — ■
c Copenhagen: 11,93 g (184,1 grains). - Countermark on obverse (on neck).
V ^^' ™1")- London: 11,96 g (184,6 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 63, PI. XII, 14;
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XII, 2d. i . > ,
e. London : 12,12 g (187,0 grains).
«. ^T^^ ^. ^" ^o'"" ^'°'^' "'^^ ^ ^^^^'^ S''^'"')' ™' Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 541 (obv.).
!7d. (iiK) Ubv. Same die.
(y1<!*) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath with five pairs of leaves on
each twig, an odd one above. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. IX, [EK] 7)4-). Newell, New York : 11,86 g (183,0 grains), formerly Imhoof-
Blumer; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. c, 9.
177. (EL) Obv. Similar head of Hera, very high relief; Stephanos narrow, both
edges plain, no letters.
(■if]i)) Rev.' Same die as nos. 272. 275.
a (Pi. X, [EL] rju). Vicomte de Sartiges, Paris : 12,12 g (187,0 grains) ; Cat. Hirsch
XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 567 ; Cat. Sotheby, 20. April 1909 (Hobart Smith.), PI. I, 30.
!78. (EL) Obv. Same die.
(Tfjip) Rev. Same die as no. 273.
a (PI. X, ELYjtp). Boston: 12,14 g (187,3 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 925.
179. (EL) Obv. Same die.-
(7](o) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath with five pairs of leaves on
each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (Pi. X, [EL]7i(o). Cambridge (MeClean Coll.): 11,95 g (184,5 grains).
80. (EL) Obv. Same die.
(da) Rev. FIA Similar. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 282.
a. Newell, New York.
b. RoUin & Feuardent, Paris: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
c. Rollin & Feuardent, Paris: 11,30 g (174,4 grains).
d. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,76 g (181,5 grains).
e. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI, XVI,' 565: 11,93 g (184,1 grains).
f (Pi. X, [EL]»a). Cat. Sotheby, May 1908 (O'Hagan), PI. VIII, 459: 12,12 g (187,0
grains).
81. (EL) Obv. Same die.
(■S'P) Rev. AT Horizontal thunderbolt, formed as before ," dividing the
wreath of two olive-branches with stalks r.; seven pairs and an odd leaf
on the upper, seven pairs on the lower twig. Shallow circular incuse.
Cf. no. 283.
a. Anderson, Athens: 11,15 g (172,0 grains), — Obverse with big graffito |EPA, re-
verse with big graffito A^-
b (PI. X, [EL]i)p). Cambridge: 11,92 g (184,0 grains); Leake, Numismata Hellenica,
Europ. Greece p. 49,
c, Hirsch, Munich : 11,65 g (179,8 grains),
d, Newell, New York.
e, Rollin & Feuardent, Paris : 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
f, Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,76 g (181,5 grains).
g, Hobart Smith, Brooklyn: 11,77 g (181,7 grains),
i2. (EM) Obv. Similar head of Hera, lower relief; stephanos rather broader, the
palmettes and lilies joined by lines. No letter,
(da) Rev. Same die as no. 280.
a (PI, X, [EM] 8a). Berlin: 11,53 g (177,9 grains). — Obverse slightly double-struck.
_ 82 — •
283. (EM) Obv. Same die.
(dS) Rev. Same die as no. 281.
a (PI. X, [EM] 8,8). Berlin: 11,00 g (109,7 grains).
b. Bieder, Hamburg: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
c. New York: 11,34 g (175,0 grains); Hill, Cat, Ward, PI. XHI, .540.
284. (EBI) Obv. Same die.
(*y) Rev. FIA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath twisted above and points
twining below, five pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a. London; 12,03 g (185,7 grains); B, M. C. Pelop, .57, PI, XH, 12.
b. Munich: 12,50 g (192,9 grains),
c (PI. X, EMSy)- Paris: 12,02 g (185,5 grains).
d. St. Petersburg: 11,85 g (182,9 grains),
e. Seltman, Berkhamsted : 12,05 g (180,0 grains); Cat. Sotheby, July 1911 (Butler
PI. HI, 112.
f. Sheperd, London: 11,72 g (180,9 grains).
g. Cat. Sotheby, March 1897 (Montagu), PI. HI, 207 = Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen]
PI. XVI, 1267: 11,88 g (183,3 grains),
285. (EN) Obv. Similar head of Hera, very high relief; Stephanos without linei
joining the palmettes and lilies.
(d3) Rev. FjA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath twisted below, five pairs ol
leaves On each twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI, X, [EN] 03). Vicomte de Jonghe, Brussels.
b. RoUin & Peuardent, Paris: 11,30 g (174,4 grains).
286. (EN) Obv. Same die.
{^■s) Rev. FjA Similar thunderbolt. Wreath with six pairs and an odd
leaf on 1. twig, five pairs on r. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 288.
a (PI. X, [EN] 8e). Berlin: 11,81 g (1s2,3 grains).
h. Berlin: 11,72 g (180,9 grains).
c. Cook, Cambridge: 11,66 g (180,0 grains).
d. fiedney-Beatty, New York: 11,43 g (176,4 grains).
e. Hirsch, Munich: 11,50 g (177,5 grains).
f. London: 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
g (PI. X, EN). Paris : 12,07 g (186,3 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
h. Rollin & Feuardent Paris: 11,75 g (181,3 grains).
287. (EN) Obv. Same die.
(&C) Rev. F I A Similar thunderbolt. Wreath with longer leaves, five pairs,
on each twig. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 289^
a (Pi. X, [EN]8C). Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1928: 11,89 g (183,5
grains), — Reverse double-struck.
288. (EO) Obv. Similar head of Heva, lower relief; bigger eye and nose. 4
(■fte) Rev. Same die as no. 286.
a (Pi. X, E08e). Berlin: 11,96 g (184,6 grains); Friedlaender and von Sallet, Das
KiJnigliche Miinzkabinet^, PI. II, 140,
b. Cambridge (McClean Coll.); 11,70 g (1S0,.5 grains).
c. Hirsch, Munich: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
, d. London : 12,18 g (188,0 grains).
289. (EO)' Obv. Same die.
{K) Rev. Same die as no. 287.
a (Pi. X, [EO]«C). London: 11,01 g (I8,l,s grains); R. M. C Pelop. 5C
' . — 83 —
I have called this group and the next E^ and E^ because they seem to be
SThtf cltdT^^^^^"' ''-' '-^' °^ ^^^^-' ^--^ ^--'^^^- -^<
h Jr!'' ^^^r T'"" fr^".*^' "'^* ''™^ "^^^"^^ i" *^i«' that its thunder-
bolts are comparatively small and set in closely-leaved wreaths of wild olive, whUe
m series XXVII they are large and surrounded by sparely-leaved wreaths. The
noble head of Hera of the die EA (PL IX) is evidently the first one of the series.
Even if the internal evidence of die sequences and combinations were lacking, it
would be clear that this somewhat archaic head was the earliest. The closely cur-
hng hair the big eye - of which quite three-quarters are shown -, the whole
ms and the heavy lids all point to a date at which the archaic influence had not
yet entirely departed from the die-sinker's art. It has been the custom »), when
arranging Elean coins, to treat the large head of Hera (PL IX, EH) as the earliest
I regarding it as contemporary with the early head of Zeus on a stater of the older
mint (PL V, BR). The probability is that these heads of Hera and Zeus are nearly
contemporary. But our die EA is earlier than either. It seems, therefore, to be
the first die made at Olympia bearing the device of a human head.
Being the first die produced by the new mint of the temple of Hera, the mo-
neyers seem to have thought it desirable that the coins struck from it should be
labelled to show that they were issued under the protection of Hera and not of
Zeus. So above the head, touching the top of the stephanos, they put the letters
HP I A. This must surely have been their motive rather than a wish to prevent any
misconception as to the identity of the goddess. To the Greeks, more even than
to us,^ the head was so unmistakably that of Hera that to name her was quite
gratuitous. But to indicate that the coin had been issued from the mint of Hera
was desirable. Engravers of later dies, however, disregarded the primary object
of the three letters, and, seeing them above the head, thought to improve upon
this first die by putting HPA on the stephanos (PL IX, EC. ED. EG. EK). In the
field below the chin on this die (EA) is a small A, presumably an artist's initial.
This A is particularly clear on nos. 242, e. 243, c. 244, c. d. 246, c.
EB is a die that has' simply been copied by a less accomplished engraver from
the die EA. They share two thunderbolt reverses. One of these reverses (tjP)
shows a flaw on nos. 243, d. e and 247, c, which is absent on nos. 243, a. b. c. f and
247, a. b. The two obverse dies EA and EB must, therefore, have been used simul-
taneously 2) with the reverse die yjP (cf. below).
The next obverse, EO, is, in the writer's opinion, one of the most beautiful
and noble of all Greek coin types. In the Oljrmpian series it is only equalled by '
the famous head PI. IX, EH. Of EH we have unfortunately no specimen in such
heautiful preservation as no. 252, the example of EC shown upon the plate. It is
instructive to compare EC with the head of the world-famous bronze Thorn-Picker^),
') Gardner, Num. Chron. 1879, P- 240, PI. XII,
1. 2a. B. M. Cat. Peloponnesus, PI. XII, 10. 11.
') Cf. the remarks on such a method of working in
the mint of Zeus, above (under Group E, Se-
ries XVI), where I have described how three
dies probably lay upon the anvil at a time,
and the operator struck coins from them alter-
nately.
^) Probably one of the few original Greek bronzes
of the fifth century, B. C. which still remain.
12
- 84
in the Palazzo dei Conservatori at Rome, the- little boy seated with his left- foot
upon his right knee, picking a thorn from the sole of his foot. We see the same
chaste profile in both, the same curly hair parted from the crown of the head.
This head of Hera and the little boy are both great masterpieces of the fifth cen-
tury B. C, the greatest century in the history of art. Upon the Stephanos the
artist has' put the letters H!P|A between two lilies that seem to grow and live.
EC shares a reverse (yiy)) with the preceeding die EB, and two (tjyj and tji) with
the die that follows^).
Of the three next heads (PL IX, ED, EE, EE) ED has the letters H I PA on
the Stephanos, the other two lack them. The curls which hang down on the neck
of the former head give it an attractive appearance. It is the biggest head of the
series. Upon the neck is the letter A^). The other two heads (EE and EF) call
for little comment. They were used simultaneously with the reverse die-Yjx, just
as EA and EB, to which attention has already been dravm above, were in use at
the same time. Proof of this lies in the fact that nos. 257, a. d and 258, a show '
no sign of the flaw which first appears (in the olive-wreath to r. below) slightly
on 257, c, then somewhat larger on 257, b. e and 258,, b, and larger stiU on 258, c.
This same reverse die ■»]% then evidently developed another more serious flaw which
spread over a large part of the upper portion of the die. The first small flaw (to
r. below) was scarcely worth the trouble of repairing, but the second big crack
seems to have been mended hastily and roughly. Then the die was used once
more, first of all with EF again, and afterwards with ED. So we have this re-
verse die in two diff'erent states, which I have distinguished by calling them vjx'
and TjK.^. It has already been remarked above (Series XVI) that such hasty repai-
ring of fractured dies and their reemplojrment, as well as the simultaneous use of
two obverse dies with a mutual reverse die, point to a state of great pressure in
the business of the mint (cf. below).
Two of the six obverse dies -just mentioned are signed by the artist A. They
are EA and ED. In the next series there occurs a third die bearing his initial
(PI. IX, EK). These three heads show an interesting progress in the development
of this particular engraver's technique. EK is free of all archaic influence^) such
as still existed in EA. ED seems just midway between them in point of style.
The wreaths which surround the thunderbolts (which will be dealt with later)
on the reverses of these coins are, on the whole, more decorative and effective than
those appearing on the staters issued from the mint of the temple of Zeus. Never-
theless the reverses are more monotonous than the reverses of the latter, because
the thunderbolts themselves lack variety.
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. similar to nos. 251 £F. (EC), but with HPA across the Stephanos
between two palmettes; rev. F |A thunderbolt with two flame-lines on each side of
the lower dart, and a volute curling outwards on each side of the upper. Border
') So the reverse die v)?) occurs with EB, EC and
ED, with the latter much worn.
■-) This /\ on the neck gives us an interesting pa-
rallel to certain tetradracbms of Syracuse, of
somewhat earlier date than this coin, which
have the letter A
Arethusa , under
on the neck of the nymph
the ear. Cf. Cat. Hirsch
XXXII (1912), PI. IX, 272. 283.
") Whether to its advantage or detriment must
remain a matter of opinion.
.^jiS«i>
— 85 —
Pl.'xn, 3''"'°"' ^- ^- '■ '^'°^' ''' ^'- ^"' ''■' -isht: 2,88 g (44,5 grains), -
'"'doHo?', ^7'''"'/^^: ^''""^^•- ""* '^elow, instead of flame-lines, two wings No
Series XXVII lias,_ generally speaking, larger designs both on the obverse
and reverse than the series which preeeeds it. As yet no die seems to have turned
up that IS common to both. But the internal evidence of die-sequences is as clear
in this series as m the former, so that PL IX, EG must be the first, PI X EO
he ast obverse die of this series. Grounds of style make it clear that it is right
to place series XXVI before XXVII.
_ EG has a strange type of head, somewhat heavy, but, nevertheless, fine and
majestic. It shares one reverse {-q^) with EH, the most famous of all the heads of
Hera on the coins of the ancient Greeks. This wonderful head has been rightiv
associated with the famous head of Zeus (PI. V, BR) to which it forms a fittin-
companion, though actually, it would seem, the coin from the mint of Zeus (PL
V,BR) was issued a few years earlier than this piece i). The simple majesty of
this head is unsurpassed in the die-engraver's art. I have recorded six different
reverses (7]g— tjt) used wth it, of which two (tjo and yjt) were used again, though
m a more worn condition, with the next head EJ. EJ, which I have found with
five different thunderbolts 2), is but a poor imitation — a caricature as it were —
of EH. It is interesting to note in this mint how, every here and there, a die
has been made by some great artist, to be followed by a die done by some infe-
rior man, a die that is sometimes almost a caricature of the one that has gone be-
fore. Examples in thi>; group are EA, ED, EH, EK, done by master-hands, EB,
EE, EJ, EL, the <veaker works of copists. Though the general level of art at
this period stands very high, we nevertheless meet with these unattractive heads,
which are the results of inferior, imitative workmanship, although they unmistak-
ably bear the stamp of the style of the period =').
The next obverse die is EK, signed by A beneath the chin, a die to which
reference has already been made above. EL (PL X), though only a copy of EK,
s of fairly good workmanship, and seems to be the most deeply cut of any die of
;he mint*). It uses five reverses, two of which it shares with the next die EM.
EM and the two last dies of the series (PL X, EN, EO) are more coarsely made
;han any of the others. All three, it would seem, are from the hand of a second-
■ate engraver.
The reverses here call for little comment, since the design gives little scope
) Compare the style of the second head signed
A (PI. IX, ED) with the earlier of the two
heads of Zeus by A A (PI. V, BQ).
) Of its five reverses it shares two,, as mentioned,
with EH, one (iju) with EK, and two (rju, rja)
with EL.
I An interesting parallel is cited by von Fritze,
Nomisma VI, p. 30, where he comes to the
conclusion that „(man) bei Datierungsversuchen
auf Grund des Stiles allein sich der auch dieser
Methode gezogenen Grenzen bewuBt bleiben
(muB), daB (aber) eine sachgemaBe Stil-
kritik das Ziel nur selten verfehlen wird".
The specimen shown on PI. X (no. 278) might
lead one to believe that an engraver's initial
was present in the field before the face. Other
specimens, however, show that it is only a
small flaw in the die,
12*
- 86 -
for variety. Only the die *? (PL X, with EL and EM) stands by itself in that
the thunderbolt is treated as being horizontal mstead of vertical, the letters ^^
'""i£?. tJdraL. Obv. similar to nos. 264 £ (EH) ; rev. similar to „o. 264 (,|), but W.
Fractions. Hem^ ^^^^ _^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^_ ^ ^_ ^ p^j^p ^^^ p, ^n, ig; weighf.
2,70 g (41,7 grains). - b (same dies ; PI. XII, 5). Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen),
PI XVI, 1269; weight: 2,82 g (43,5 grains).
Obol Obv similar; rev. similar, but above, instead of flame-lines, two volates curling
outwards. Cat. Hirsch XVIII (1907), PI. XXXVI, 2413 ; weight: 0,72 g (11,1 grains),
- PI. XII, 6.
My reason for tentatively assigning the first of these coins issued from the
mint of Hera to the year B. C. 421 has no connection whatever with the fact that
in that year incidentally Elis concluded an alliance with Argos and Mantinea. That
was a political event which concerned the city of Elis. But what concerned Olym-
pia was the fact that the next year B. C. 420 was an Olympiad. To the games
there were -coming at least twice as many Greeks as had come for the last ten
years. For ten years, not Athens only but all her allies too, had been denied
access to the great Pan-hellenic temples. The first clause of the Peace of Nicias
had altered that ^). Money had been little in demand, trade had been low at Olym-
pia. Now money would be wanted in „cart-loads", for the strangers who came to
Olympia came on a holiday ; there was peace in the Hellenic world, and they came
to spend. The lack of money caused by ten years of war, years of a much re-
duced output of coins, could not possibly be made up in a few months by the little
mint of the temple of Zeus. The money must be found, or the „Bank of Olympia"
would be „broken". So the only solution was to open another mint; and since
the old mint was under the protection of Zeus, of course, the new one would be
placed under the protection of Hera. Both mints were called upon to turn out a
great quantity of coins within a very short time, in order to meet the enormous
demand;^ and, as we have seen above ia series XVI and series XXVI, there are
abundant traces on the coins of this „ high -pressure" work.
The style of the two parallel issues — group E (Zeus) and group E* (Hera)
— justifies one in making them , contemporary. Reference has already been made
to the artistic similarity existing between the heads of Zeus (PI. V, BQ, BE) and
the heads of Hera (PI. IX, ED, EH). A further similarity of style will be observed
between the reverse of the obol of series XXVI (PL XII, 4) and the reverses of
the last staters struck in the Zeus mint before B. C. 421 (PL IV, -fTj, y*, tO- "^^^^
obol, as well as the hemidrachm PI. XII, 3, the earliest fractions issued from the
Hera mint, cannot have been struck long after B. C. 421.
The fact that Elis concluded an alliance about this time with Argos, and that
both states worshipped Hera, has nothing to do with the placing of the head of
that goddess upon the Olympian coins. It has been customary 2), because the idea
seemed attractive, to date the Argive staters with the head of Hera as early as
B. C. 421. The inscriptions on these staters have been adduced as an argument in
favour of their early date. A for T, R for P are found upon their reverses. But
■) Groote, History of Greece 2, vol. VU (1851), I 2) Gardner, Num. Chron. 1879, pp. 238 f. Head,
p. 71. See above at the end of Group D. ] Hist. Num.'', p. 488. '
— . 87 ^
other reverses, which share the same obverse dies, have upon them Q for '). Now,
archaic forms may persist locally on coins long after their general abandonment,
witness 9 at Cdrinth and F at Olympia. But Q, we do know, did not come to be
generally accepted in Peloponnesus until about B. C. 365 ^). The drachms of Argos,
too, with Q in their legend and Diomede with the Palladium as their type, should,
like the staters, rather be dated after B. C. 365. At that time Argos, as the vic-
torious ally of Thebes fighting against the crippled Lacedaemonians, had good
reason from a patriotic motive to glorify her national hero Diomede upon her coins ').
Finally, let the Argive staters and drachms (B. M. C. Pelop., PL XXVII, 9. 11-13)
be compared with coins issued from the Hera mint at Olympia after B. C. 363 (our
Plate XI, EZ, FB, EC), and a much greater similarity will be observed than that
which exists between the Argive pieces and the Olympian coins of this group E'.
Gronp E^ (Series XXVIII).
ca. B. C. 385 to ca. B. C. 365.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 6 (EP — ETJ), Obverse dies using more than one reverse 4.
Reverse dies 11 (■8-y)— ■&p). Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 4.
Coins 15. Number of specimens recorded 44.
Series XXVIII (Obverse. dies EP— EU).
290. (EP) Obv. FAAEIGNK around. Head of Hera r., hair curly, wearing as Stepha-
nos a band, on which five (?) palmettes with tendrils between them.
(*7j) Rev. Eagle standing r., head 1. ; r. wing raised, five rows of feathers;
tail slightly spread; to r. of it -^. All within wreath of wild olive,
twisted below, ends touching above, ten pairs of leaves on r. twig, nine
on 1. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 291.
a (PI. X, EPSi)). Berlin: 11,81 g (182,3 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. XV (1887), PI.
I, 6 (obv.) = Ibid. XIX (1895), PI. IIII, 2.
291. (EQ) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera; on the Stephanos five palmettes with
tendrils between,
(dy]) Rev. Same die as no. 290.
a (PI. X, [EQ]»»)). Brussels: 12,24 g (188,9 grains).
292. (EQ) Obv. Same die.
{&») Rev. Eagle similar, but four rows of feathers, tail hanging down; in
field, to 1. P, to r. 0. Wreath tied below, points twisted above, five
pairs of leaves on r. twig, six on 1. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 293.
2) Cf. the date of the first appearance of Q at
Olympia : above under Group G of the Zeus
mint.
■■') The Locrians not many years before had set
the fashion in Greece proper of placing the
national hero upon the coins (Head, Hist. Num. 2,
p. 336, fig. 100). The head of the nymph on
the obverse being copied from the Syracusan
decadrachms of Euainetos compels us to place
the Locrian coins after 400 B. C.
') The issue of these Argive staters was a small
one. I have been able to discover only three
dies with the head of Hera, dies v^'hich share
several reverses between them: a) Paris; b)
B. M. C. Pelop., PI. XXVII, 11; c) loc. cit., PI.
XXVII, 9 = Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos),
Pl. XXX, 2676. 2677. The coin no. 2678 is
false, and was condemned when it appeared
again in the Benson sale (Cat. Sotheby, Feb.
1909, lot 579).
a. Berlin: 11,82 g (182,4 grains); Zeitschr. f. Num. XV (1887), Pi. I, 5 (obv.) = Ibid,
XIX (1895), PL nil, 3.
b. Jameson, Paris: 12,12 g (187,0 grains); Cat. (1013), vol. I, PI. LXIII,1238; Cat,_
Hirsch XVI (190G), PI. XVI, 577.
c. (PI. X, EQa»). Paris: 11,72 g (180,9 grains), formerly due de Luynes. ^
(1, Pozzi, Paris: 12,15 g (187,5 grains). — ('ountermark on obverse.
293. (ER) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera, but hair waved; wearing pendant ear-
ring and plain necklace; on the steplianos six palmettes with tendrils
between. [Flaw at back of head].
(■^%) Rev. Same die as no. 292.
a (PI. X, [ER]»a). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,12 g flS7,l grains); Cat. Sotheby,
May 1894 (Carfrae), lot 175, PI. VII, 0.
294. (ER) Obv. Same die. [Flaw at back of head],
{\^i) Rev. Eagle similar; tail slightly spread. Xo letters. Wreath with
five pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. X, [ERjat). London: 12,28 g (189,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 9.-..
b. Newell, New York: 11,73 g (181,0 grains).
c. Spink, London: 11,92 g (184,0 grains).
d. Cat. Bourgey, May 1911, PL VI, 163: 11,60 g (179,0 grains).
e. Cat. Egger XLI (1912), PL XIII, 498: 11,89 g (18.3,5 grains).
f. Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PL XXIX, 2558 = Cat. . Hirsch XX (Hoskier),
PL XII, 337 = Cat. Sotheby, 20. April 1909, PL I, 31: 11,82 g (182,5 grains).
g. Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1911 (C. C. Jones), lot 2.34: 12,18 g (188,0 grains). -
295. (ER) Obv. Same die. [Flaw at' back of head]. . iE^
(&x) Rev. Eagle standing r., head 1.; wings folded, three rows of feathers; s-
tail under wings. All within wreath of wild olive, tied below, five pairs u
of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 296.
a. Berlin: 12,02 g (185,5 grains).
b (PL X, ER»*). London: 12,41 g (191,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 94, PL XIV, 1;
Num. Chron. 1879, PL XIV, 3; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, PL VHI,3i)
(obv.). — Flaws in reverse die.
c, Paris; 11,65 g (179,8 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
d. Cat. Sotheby, Jan. 1898 (Evans), PL VI, 122 = Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), _
PL XVHI, 571: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
296. (ES) Obv. F|A Similar head of Hera; high relief, hair rolled, pendant ear-
ring, necklace ; Stephanos a band on which wreath of olive, six pairs of
leaves shown.
(i>x) Rev. Same die as no. 295.
a (PI. X, [ES] »-/.). Boston: 12,27 g (189,3 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI,
930. — Flaws in reverse die.
297. (ES) Obv. Same die.
(*X) Rev. Similar. Wreath with four pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow
circular incuse.
298 rF<?^ HK ' ^^<J' ""'f^,'.]*'^- «°"'=^^ 12,18 g (188,0 grains).
^y«. (ES) Obv. Same die.
{»\i.) Rev. Eagle similar, tail hanging down. Wreath with six pairs of
leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 300.
a (PI. X, ES})(i.). London: 12,21 g (188,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 88, PL XIII, 12;
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIV, [VI or Vil] 1; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins,
.— 89 —
PI. VIII, 29 (obv.) ; Iinhoof-bluiner and Keller, Thier- und Pflanzenbilder, PI. IV, 40
(rev.).
■m. (ES) Obv. Samt? die.
(dv) E,ev. Eagle similar. Wreath with five pairs of leaves on each twig.
Shallow circular incuse.
a. Berlin: 11,88 g (183,3 grains); Cat. Pliotiades Pacha (Paris 1890), lot 1058; Cat.
Sotheby, March 1897 (Montagu), PL III, 208. — Flaw (on temple) in obverse die.
— Flaws in reverse die.
b (PI. X, [ES]9v). Berlin: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
c. Newell, New York; 12,05 g (186,0 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Khousopoulos), PI.
XXIX, 2556.'
300. (ET) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera, rather bigger; on the stephanos a
wreath of olive, four pairs of leaves shown, in front, and at back, a pal-
f mette. [Flaw at top of head].
I (d(i) Rev. Same die as no. 298.
fe a. Berlin: 12,19 g (188,1 grains).
b. Canibridge (McClean Coll.): 11,94 g (184,2 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Khousopoulos),
PI. XXIX, 2557.
c (PI. X, ETV)- Vienna: 12,06 g (186,1 grains).
301. (EU) Obv. F!A Similar head of Hera, smaller; on the stephanos five pal-
mettes, the two front ones near together, tendrils joining them all, in
the spaces H[P|A.
(H) Rev. Eagle standing 1., head r.; r. wing slightly forward, 1. wing
raised, five rows of feathers. All within wreath of wild olive tied below,
seven pairs of leaves on r. twig, six on 1. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Berlin: 12,14 g (187,3 grains).
b. Berlin: 11,60 g (179,0 grains), pierced.
c. Jameson, Paris: 12,22 g (188,6 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIII, 1239; Cat.
Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 573. — Reverse die retouched.
d (PI. X, EU»c). London: 12,27 g (189,.3 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 90, PI. XIII, 13;
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIV, 2 a. — Reverse die retouched.
e. Meletopoulos, Athens : 12,70 g (196,0 grains). — Reverse die retouched.
f. Paris: 11,93 g (184,1 grains).
g. Rollin & Feuardent, Paris: 11,30 g (174,4 grains). - Reverse die retouched.
h. Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XIX, 570: 12,12 g (187,0 grains).
302. (EU) Obv. Same die.
(■9-0) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. X, [EU]Oo). Munich: 12,12 g (187,0 grains).
b. Oman, Oxford: 12,12 g (187,0 grains).
c. Paris: 11,65 g (179,8 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
d. Cat. Hirsch XXIX (Lambros), PI IX, 548: 12,10 g (186,7 grains).
e. Cat. Hirsch XXXII (1912), PI. XIX, 505: 12,20 g (188,3 grams).
303. (EU) Obv. Same die. ^ ^
(dz) Rev. Eagle similar, but standing r., head 1.; six rows of feathers on
wing. Wreath as before, with six pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow
,, ■ circular incuse,
a. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (Lewis Coll.): 11,92 g (184,0 grams).
b (PI. X, [EU]»;i). London: 12,38 g (191,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 89.
c. Seltman, Berkhamsted : 12,18 g (188,0 grains).
— 90 —
304. (EU) Obv. Same die. ■ n ,. . , ,i
(S'p) Rev. Eagle similar; three rows of leathers; m held above over eagle's
head A! I. Wreath with four pairs of leaves on r. twig, five on 1. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. X, [EU] 8p). Sir H.Weber, London: 12,15 g (187,5 grains); Num. Chron,
18'J2, PI. XVI, 1.
In many mints instances may be found of familiarity breeding contempt among :
engravers for a. certain coin-type, the natural result being that that coin-type dete-
riorates. Such an instance was before us at the end of the preceeding group E'.
The two last coins of that group — nos. 288 and 289 (PI. X, E0*$ and EO»C) -
were poor examples of the engraver's art. "When this sort of thing happens we
may usually expect the introduction .of, either a new tjrpe, or a new way of treat-
ing the type, that brings with it a marked revival of art; This we find here at
the beginning of group El The thunderbolt is replaced by a new type; the head
of Hera is treated in a new manner i).
The head EP (no. 290) is known to us unfortunately from one example only.
It is a beautiful head, as characteristic of the first half of the fourth century B. C,
as the head EA was of the latter half of the fifth. Around the head is the full
ethnic FAAEIOVv. The die EQ shows a remarkable fineness of detail and technique, ;
though the expression of the face is not altogether pleasing. ER, however, has a
head which is beautiful in every respect. It is the earliest head of the goddess i
adorned with an earring. EE shares a reverse die with EQ and another with ES.
The two next heads ES and ET, which share an eagle between them, wear a new
type of Stephanos decorated with a wreath of wild olive. Henceforward the heads l
of Hera all have earrings, down to the period of the closing of the mint. The ,
latest head of this series (EU) is wearing the old type of Stephanos once more,
adorned with palmettes and lilies. EU has borrowed the idea of putting HPA on ;
the Stephanos from the preceeding group of staters with the thunderbolt reverses.
We now come to the eagles, which permanently take the place, within the ;
wreath, of the thunderbolts of the former group. The two first (PI. X, *if], **)
are magnificent birds both from dies which bear the signature PO. It remams an
open question whether these letters are the initials of an artist or those of a magi- ]
strate, as they evidently are on the somewhat later hemidrachms of the Zeus mint
(cf. above Series XVII, Fractions: Later). (Gardner (Num. Chron. 1879, p. 244),]
who favours the former suggestion, thinks of the younger Polycletus. He flourished
at the beginning of the fourth century B. C, and the dies are worthy of him.
More one cannot say. For PO is a common set of initials, and the identification
of artists with similar initials is a very speculative business ^). The die *i is a
1} For a parallel cf. Regling, Terina (1906), where
PI. I, HH and I I of somewhat deteriorated
style are followed by the new heads, treated
in a new manner, PI. I, LL and MM.
Note how at Syracuse we find Euainetos, Eu-
archidas, Eukleidas, Eumenes, Euth , all
artists whose name begins with EY- — In
„01ympia", vol.V, no. 638 = Loewy, Inschriften
griech. Bildhauer (1885), np. 72 we have the
record of another artist PO who worked at
Olympia. It is a fourth century inscription on
a base reading noXu(jivYi5To« 'A87)vaTo; ^mi^S'
We also have the signature of this same artist
preserved in his own horn* on two
— 91 _
good, though inferior, imitation of the iwn rlio^ ,•,,.+ f t j
^ We ^,>es d«ere„tl, treated fro„' ttTsetr. *":„:■ dis"' lUt
standing facing with open wings the bird is seen in r^mfii. -Tr 7 n ^''.®*®^^ ^^
head turn^bach. The disorder of the J^^SZi:^^^ ^':tl?:i ^
head IS adniirably rendered^ There is a great similarity between th s ™!nd L
S 7bV BW EX;"l. ir --^-P--y staters issued from the mint fZu
^ I'-f T-V Y' ^- ^.°^^'*' °^ '^^^'' ^""^^ ^^^ «^^e correct proportions the
same life-like bearing. The our remaining reverse dies of this gro^VSp) al
retum to the type of an eagle with open wings. The first issue! of Voup e' had
borne eagles of this design (^,-^0, a design which, in the following ^series XXIX
of group GH^ falls into the background in favour of an eagle with closed wtgs
(of the 27 reverse dies of series XXIX only 8 have a bird with open wings), whS
m series XXX it once more becomes the standard type. ^5 was an endLing die
or we s il have eight examples struck from it. The olive-wreath, as well as parts'
.f the eagle, were retouched, hence nos. 301, c. d. e. g appear at first sight to be
.truck from a different die to nos. 301, a. b. f. h. The coarsest of these four last
hes IS *p; It bears the letters Ail above the eagle's head, the initials, either of an
nterior engraver, or, as Sir Hermann Weber suggests (Num. Chron. 1892 m 195 f)
those of a magistrate. ' ^' ''''
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. similar to nos. 293 if. (ER), but on Stephanos FIA between three
palmettes; four big loclss of hair across neck and cheek; rev. similar to no 294
(80, but no wreath, a. Berlin; weight: 2,71 g (41,8 grains). — b (PI XII 7)
In the trade; weight: 2,80 g (43,2 grains).
Drachm. Obv. similar to nos. 301 ff. (EU), but on the Stephanos HPA between two
palmettes ; rev. similar to no. 301 (»S), but border of dots instead of olive-wreath
Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XIX, 572; weight: 5,93 g (91,5 grains).
Drachm. Obv. same die; rev. similar, but eagle's feet together, a (PI XII 8) Ja-
meson, Paris; Cat. (1!^3), vol. I, PI. LXIII, 1240; weight: 5,79 g (89,3 grains). -
b (same dies). London; B. M. C. Pelop. 91, PI. XIII, 14; weight: 5,68 g (87 6
grains). '
Hemidrachm. Obv. similar; rev. similar, but eagle's feet apart; no border of dots.
London; B. M. C. Pelop. 92, PL XEI, 15 = Num. Chron. 1879, PL XIV, 2b; weight-
2,99 g (46,2 grains). - PI. XII, 9.
Obol. Obv. similar to nos. 809 ff. (EX), but the Stephanos narrower ; rev. eagle's head
and neck r. in wreath of olive twisted below, a. Berlin, formerly Imhoof-Blumer
(Imh.-BL, Monnaies Grecques, p. 169, 66, Choix PL II, 60) ; weight : 0,93 g (14,3
gfains). — b (same dies; PI. XII, 10). London; B. M. C. Pelop. 100, PL XIV, 4
= Num. Chron. 1879, PL XIV, [VI or VII] 6 ; weight : 0,88 g (13,6 grains).
Hemiobol. Obv. similar; rev. F|A thunderbolt with volutes curling outwards above,
wings and volutes curling outwards below. London ; B. M. C. Pelop. 80, PL XIII, 6
= Num. Chron. 1879, PL XIV, [V]6; weight: 0,38 g (5,9 grains).
Group E^ stands separated from E' by reason of a difference of tjrpes. Some-
here between 421 and 365 B. C. this new reverse type must have started, and I
ive named the year 385 B. C. as its approximate starting point because the pro-
'rtion of dies in group E' to dies in group E^ warrants some such date. As to
e lower date B. C. 365, more will be said about it under the next group. It is
(Loewy, nos. 70. 71). The first of the two I for H (otherwise always H) showing that it is,
Attic inscriptions (no. 70) has in one place E I epigraphically, of a transitional date.
13
— 92 —
tke one date that we can be sure of in arranging the Ol3anpiaH coinage, on acctrant
of the memorable occupation of Olympia by the Arcadians in KG. 365-369.
Gronp GH' (Series XXIX. XXX).
e». B. C. 363 to ea* B. C. 323 or later.
Summary of staters:
Obverse dies 15 (EV— FK). Obverse dies using more than one reverse 11.
Reverse dies 44 (^a — w)- Reverse dies used with more than one obv. 12.
Coins 60. Number of specimens recorded IBl.
Series XXIX (Obverse dies EV— FF).
305. (EV) Obv. F|A Female head r., wavy hair in sphendone, which is narrower
over forehead and broader behind ear, the hair from thfe teftiples waved
across it, a lock of hair hanging down in front of ear; single pendafit
earring, plain necklace.
(du) Rev. Eagle standing 1., head r. ; wings closed, four rows of feathers.
All within wreath of wild olive tied below, five pairs of leaves on r.
twig, six on 1. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 306.
a (PI. X, EV»(3). London: 12,18 g (188,0 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 76, PI, XIII, 4.
306. (EW) Obv. FIA Similar head, but larger; no lock of hair in front of ear.
(fto) Rev. Same die as no. 305.
a. Baltatzes, Athens: 11,55 g (178,2 grains), formerly belonging to Mrs. Helena N.
Mavrokordatos ; Journ. Intern. XIV (1912), p. 27, no. 2002, PI. C, 28.
b. Boston: 12,08 g (186,4 grains); Eegling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 927.
c (PI. X, EW»a). Brussels: 12,11 g (186,9 grains), formerly Baron Hirsch.
d. Cambridge: 12,30 g (189,8 grains); Leake, Numismata Hell., Europ. Greece p. 49.
e. Copenhagen: 11,92 g (184,0 grains).
f. The Hague: 11,62 g (179,3 grains). *
g. Jameson, Paris: 12,22 g (188,6 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIII, 1236; Cat.
Sotheby, June, 1896 (Bunbury), PI. VII, 1091; Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson),
PI. XVIII, 573.
h. London: 12,16 g (187,7 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 75, PI. XIII, 3; Num. ChroD. 1879,
PI. XIV, 4; Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, PI. VIII, 27 + 30; Lambros, Pelo-
ponnesos, PI. Z, 3.
i. Sangorski, London: 11,90 g (183,7 grains)
307. (EW) Obv. Same die.
(&t) Rev. FA (downwards) in front. Eagle standing r. on capital of Ionic
column, very upright; wings closed, two rows of feathers; tail hidden;
m field 1. behind it upright caduceus. Wreath ends twisted above, five
pairs of leaves on each twig. In field above outside the wreath A(?)-
Shallow circular incuse.
qos r^?W^ nu * ^^o ^ f^,^]®"^- ^"^^- Weber, London: 12,17 g (187,9 grains),
ous. (J^^W) Obv. Same die.
(*o) Rev. Eagle standing r., head 1.; wings closed; tall showing. Wreath
tied below, not twisted above, five pairs of leaves on r., four paifs and
an odd leaf on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. X, LEWjau). Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,09 g (185,0 grains). ■
— ya —
309. (EX) Obv. FIA Head of Hera r., hair wavy, the back portion turned up
over the ba^k of the Stephanos, a lock in front of ear, three locks behind
on neck; the Stephanos a narrow band pointed in front, a palmette on
the Iront, a lily on the side; single pendant earring
(dtp) Rev Eagle r head 1.; wings closed; tail hanging down. All within
wreath of wild olive tied below, six (?) pairs of leaves on each twig.
Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XI, [EX]8<p). Berlin: 11,00 g (169,7 grains).
310. (EX) Obv. Same die.
(*X) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XI, [EXJftx). Pozzi, Paris: 12,85 g (190,6 grains).
b. Pozzi, Paris: 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
c. Seltman, Berkhamsted : 11,92 g (184,0 grains).
d (PI. XI, EX). Spink, London; ^1,83 g (182,6 grains); Cat. Sotheby, May 1894
(Carfrae), lot 174, PI. VII, 5; Cat. Sotheby, June 1905 (H. P. Smith), lot 214' PI
II, 218; Cat. Hirsch XX (Hoskier), PL XII, 338.
e. Cat. Hirseh XVI (1906), PI. XVJ, 580 : 12,20 g (188,3 grains)
311. (EX) Obv. Same die.
m) Rev. Eagle similar, but nearly facing, head 1. Wreath with six pairs
of leaves on r., five on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. XI, [EX]»<^). Berlin: 11,92 g (184,0 grains).
b. Copenhagen : 10,50 g (162,0 grains), pierced.
c. The Hague: 11,83 g (182,4 grains); Cat. Egger XL (Prowe), PI. XX, 1114.
312. (EX) Obv. Same die.
(&(!)) Rev. Eagle standing r., very upright; wings closed, two rows of fea-
thers; feet together. Wreath with five pairs of leaves on each twig.
Shallow circular incuse! Cf. nos. 321. 323.
a. Berlin: 11,42 g (176,2 grains).
b. Paris: 11,47 g (177jO grains). — Obverse die recut : letters much larger; reverse
die slightly worn (as on no. 321, a).
c (PI. XI, [EX]»(o). Spink, London: 12,14 g (187,3 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Phi-
lipsen), PI. XVI, 1290. — Obverse die recut : letters much larger ; reverse die
somewhat more worn. — Countermark on obverse: no. II (on cheek).
313. (EX) Obv. Same die. ■
(la) Rev. Eagle standing 1., head r. ; wings closed; tail showing. Wreath
with five pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incttse.
a (PI. XI, [EXjta). Cambridge (McClean Coll.); 11,82 g (182,5 grains). ~ Obv. die
recut: letters much larger,
b. In the trade.
314. (EX) Obv. Same die, recut: letters much larger.
(iP) Rev. Eagle r.; wings open, r. wing raised, five rows of feathers; tail
spread; 1. foot in front of r. Wreath tied below, twisted above, four'
pairs and an odd leaf on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Jameson, Paris: 12,06 g (186,1 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIII, 1241 ; Cat.
Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 579.
b (PI. XI, [EX] ip). London: 12,26 g (189,0 grains); Cat. Photiadfes Pacha (Paris
1890), PI. V, 1056; Cat. Sotheby, March 1896 (Montagu), PI. VI, 409; Num. Chron.
1897, PI. IV, 11.
13*
- 94 —
315 (EX) Obv. Same die, recat as before.
(iy) Rev. Eagle similar, but smaller; four rows of feathers on wings
Wreath with six pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse
a. Anderson, Athens : 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
b. Athens : 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
c (PI. XI, [EX]ir). Berlin: 12,27 g (189,3 grains).
d. Pozzi, Paris: 11,96 g (184,6 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI, XXIX
2565.
e. Sir H. Weber, London: 11,76 g (181,6 grains); Num. Chron. 1892, PI. XVI, 2.
f. Cat. Hess, March 1906 (Berlin Duplicates), PL III, 911 = Cat. Hirsch XXV (Phi
lipsen), PI. XVI, 1286: 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
316. (EX) Obv. Same die, recut as before.
(tS) Rev. Eagle similar, but bigger, more upright, nearly facing and head
turned 1.; feet together. Wreath as before. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. XI, [EX]iS). The Hague: 11,37 g (175,5 grains).
317. (EX) Obv. Same die, recut as before.
(le) Rev. Eagle standing r,, head raised; wings closed, three rows of fea-
thers; 1. foot before r. ; in front of 1. foot \^. All within wreath oi
wild olive tied below, five pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow cir-
cular incuse. Cf. no. 322.
a (PL XI, [EX]ie). Sir H. Weber, London: 12,15 g (187,6 grains).
318. (EX) Obv. Same die, recut as before and worn: flaw at the root of the nose
(tC) Rev. Eagle similar. No letter. Wreath with six pairs of leaves on
each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PL XI, [EX]iC). Berlin: 11,87 g (183,2 grains),
h. Vienna: 12,05 g (186,0 grains).
c. Cat. Ratto (Milan), May 1912, PL XVII, 803: 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
319. (EX) Obv. Same die, recut and worn as before.
(trj) Rev. Eagle similar, but to 1.; feet together. Wreath of wild olive
tied above, four pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
Cf. nos. 324. 327.
a. Athens: 11,85 g (182,9 grains). — Slight flaw (at eagle's neck) in reverse die.
b (PL XI, [EX]ir)). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,17 g (187,8 grains); Cat. Hirsch
XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1938. — Slight fljiw (at eagle's neck) in reverse die.
320. (EX) Obv. Same die, recut and worn as before.
(i*) Rev. Small eagle r., head 1.; wings closed, three rows of feathers;
seated on ram's head r. All within wreath of wild olive tied below, five
pairs of leaves on r., seven on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no.
334.
a (PL XI, [EX] 19). Seltman, Berkhamsted : 11,99 g (185,0 grains).
321. (EY) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera r., but no locks on neck and cheek;
Stephanos not pointed, on it two palmettes with a lily between; single
pendant earring,
(^■w) Rev. Same die as nos. 312. 323.
a (PL XI, [EY] »(o). Copenhagen: 12,02 g (185,5 grains). — Rev. die slightly worn
(as on no. 312, b).
b. New York: 12,06 g (186,1 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 543.
c. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 678: 12,17 g (187,8 grains).
95 -
322. (EY) Obv. Same die.
(ts) Rev. Same die as no. 317.
a (PI. XI, EYie). Athens: 12,10 g (186,7 grains).
b. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 12,12 g (187,0 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber),
PI. XXIV, 1937. "
\m. (EZ) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera; hair hiding most of the Stephanos;
two loose locks on forehead, one on cheek, two on neck; Stephanos poin-
ted, on it a palmette and a lily; single pendant earring,
(dw) Rev. Same die as nos. 312. 321.
a (Pi. XI,EZ»«.). Paris: 12,09 g (186,6 grains). - Flaw (at eagle's beak) in re-
verse die.
b. Cat. Rollin & Feuardent, May 1910, PI. X, 443. - Same flaw in reverse die
,324. (EZ) Obv. Same die.
I (tTj) Rev. Same die as nos. 319. 327.
a (PI. XI, [EZ]tr]). Anderson, Athens: 12,06 g (186,1 grains).
b. Pozzi, Paris: 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
[325. (EZ) Obv. Same die.
p, (ii) Rev. Eagle similar, but with head turned r. Wreath tied below, five
; pairs of leaves on r., six on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse.
\ a. Berlin: 11,67 g (180,1 grains).
b, Jameson, Paris: 11,92 g (184,0 grains); Cat. (1913), vol. I, PI. LXIV, 1242; Cat.
Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVII, 583.
(c. Pozzi, Paris: 12,20 g (188,3 grains).
d. Vicomte de Sartiges, Paris: 11,99 g (185,0 grains),
e (PI. XI, [EZ]t[). Spink, London: 12,18 g (188,0 grains).
I; f. Cat. Bourgey, June 1909, PI. VII, 277.
g. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVI, 581 = Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XVI,
1292: 12,20 g (188,3 grains).
h. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVH, 582 = Cat. Hirsch XXXIV (1914), PI. XIV,
447 ; 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
326. (FA) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera, but coarser.
(ix) Rev. Similar to no. 312 (= 321. 323). Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XI,_FAi-,c). Kollin & Feuardent, Paris: 11,85 g (182,9 grains), pierced. —
Reverse double-struck.
327. (FB) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera; the Stephanos a broad band high on
the head not hidden by hair, but hiding crown of head ; on it sun-flower
design in centre, at either side of it a lily and a palmette over tendrils ;
single drop earring with cross-bar; plain necklace.
(tTfj) Rev. Same die as nos. 319. 324.
a (Pi. XI, FBtr)). Cat. Bourgey, April 1908, PI. V, 144 = Cat. Hirsch XXIX (Lam-
bros), PI. IX, 549: 12,00 g. (185,2 grains).
b. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PI. XVH, 584: 12,25 g (189,0 grains).
328. (FC) Obv. FIA Similar head of Hera, but bigger; two locks on cheek, three
on neck; stephanos a narrow band round the head, on it four palmettes
show; pendant earring; plain necklace.
(tX) Rev. Eagle r., head 1.; wings open, r. ,wing raised, five rows of fea-
thers ; tail downwards. All within wreath of wild olive tied below, four
pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (Pi. XI, FCiX). London: 12,16 g (187,6 grains); B. M. C, Pelop. 96.
— 96 —
329. (FC) Obv. Same die.
(lu.) Rev. Similar, but eagle rather more upright. Shallow circular incuse
a. Athens: 12,05 g {186,0 grains).
b. Boston; Catherine P. Perkins Coll. no. 8B6.
c (PI. XI, [FC] t|j.). Brussels: 12,22 g (188,6 grains), formerly Baron Hirsch.
d. Meletopoulos, Athens: 12,57 g (194,0 grains).
e. Prinz zu Wiudisch-Gratz, Vienna: 12,00 g (185,2 grains); Cat. V (1899), no. '1245
330. (FC) Obv. Same die.
(iv) Rev. Eagle similar. Wreath with six pairs of leaves on each (?) twig
Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. XI, [FC] IV). Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI. Xn, 449 = Cat. Hirsch XXV (Phi
lipsen), PI. XVI, 1280: 11,72 g (180,9 grains).
331. (FC) Obv. Same die. [Flaw at truncation of neck].
(tg) Rev. Eagle similar, but 'to 1., head r. ; claws grasping belly of hare
upside-down r., legs in running attitude, head drooping. All within
wreath of wild olive tied below, seven pairs of leaves on each twig.
Shallow circular incuse.
a. Boston: 12,02 g (185,S grain's) ; Regling, Cat. Warren, p. 147, no. 931 ; Noffl. Chron,
1880, PI, I, 7.
b. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (Lewis Coll.): 11,60 g (179,0 grains).
c (PI. XI, [FC] il). London : 12,16 g (187,6 grains) ; B. M. C. Pelop. 98, PI. XIV, 3.
332. (FC) Obv. Same die. [Flaw at truncation of neck].
(to) Rev. Eagle similar, but claws grasping nose of stag's head with branch-
ing antlers r. Wreath with six pairs of leaves on r., seven on 1. twig.
Shallow circular incuse. Cf. nos. 333. 335. 341.
a (PI. XI, [FC]to). Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,09 g (186,6 grains). — Counter-
mark on obverse.
b. The Hague: 12,00 g (185,2 grains), formerly Six.
c. London: 12,16 g (187,6 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 97, PI. XIV, 2; Lamb'ros, Pelo-
ponnesos, PI. Z, 5. — Countermark on obverse.
d. Munich: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
e. Pozzi, Paris: 12,25 g (189,0 grains).
333. (PD) Obv. F|A Similar head of Hera, but coarser; neck longer; no necklace.
(lo) Rev. Same die as nos. 332. 335. 341.
a (PI. XI, FD to). Cat. Hirsch XXV (Phllipsen), PI. XVI, 1282 : 11,80' g (182,1 grains).
334. (FE) Obv. Similar head of Hera, but to 1., one lock on cheek; stephanos
still narrower, on it three palmettes, between them F| A; pendant eamng.
(i*) Rev. Same die as no. 320,
a (PI. XI, FEt9). Sir H. Weber, London: 12,02 g (185,5 grains); Cat. Photiades
Pacha (Paris 1890), PI. V, 1047.
335. (PE) Obv, Same die.
(lo) Rev. Same die as nos. 332, 333. 341.
a (PI. XI, [PEjto). Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,99 s (185,0 grains).
336. (PE) Obv. Same die.
(in) Rev. Eagle standing r., head slightly raised; wings closed; feet toge-
ther. Wreath of wild olive tied below, five pairs of leaves oli eaA twig.
Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XI, CFE]m). Berlin: 11,90 g (183,6 grains).
— 97 —
337. (FE) Obv. Same die.
(tp) Rev. Eagle mmilar, but 1. ; behind it vertical thunderbolt, with straight
wings with two rows of feathers above, volutes curling outwards below.
club-shaped central darts. All within wreath as before. Shallow circular
incuse.
a (PI. XI, [FE]tp). Berlin; 11,55 g (178,2 grains).
b. J. Hamburger,. Frankfort: 11,35 g (175,1 grains).
c. Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).
d. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,82 g (182,4 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen) no.
1291.
338. (FE) Obv. Same die.
(w) Rev. Eagle similar, but shorter; shorter thunderbolt, wings below, vo-
lutes and flame-lines above, pointed central darts. Wreath with six pairs
of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Berlin: ll,55 g (178,2 grains).
b (PI. XI, [FE]t3). Paris: 12,27 g (189,3 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
c. Pozzi, Paris: 11,85 g (182,9 grains).
339. (PF) Obv.- FIA Similar head of Hera; one lock on forehead, two on neck;
on Stephanos four very small palmettes, tendrils joining them; pendant
earring.
(it) Rev. Eagle similar, but bigger; no thunderbolt. Wreath with five
pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Jameson, Paris : 12,03 g (185,6 grains) ; Cat. (1913), vol. I, Pi. LXIV, 1243.
b. London: 12,08 g (186,5 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 113, PI. XIV, 13; Num. Chron.
1879, PI. XV, 9.
c. Seltman, Berkhamsted: 11,95 g (184,5 grains).
d (PI. XI, FFiT). Vienna: 12,08 g (186,4 grains).
e. Cat. Hirsch XIH (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXIX, 2576 : 12,22 g (188,6 grains).
340. (FF) Obv. Same die.
(to) Rev. Eagle similar; in front of r. leg A. Wreath as before. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PL XI, [FF]iu). Berlin: 12,17 g (187,8 grains).
Series XXX (Obverse dies EG— FK).
341. (FGr) Obv. F|A Head of Hera r. ; hair waved, one lock on cheek; stephanos
a narrow band on which FAAEIQN; triple pendant earring with rosette
in centre; necklace of pearls.
(to) Rev. Eagle 1., head r. ; wings open, five rows of feathers; claws gras-
ping nose of stag's head with branching antlers r. All within wreath of
wild olive tied below, six pairs of leaves on r., seven on 1. twig. Shallow
circular incuse. Same die as nos. 332. 333. 385.
a. Copenhagen : 12,27 g (189,3 grains),
b (Pi. XI, [FG]io). London: 12,38 g (191,0 grains); B, M. C. Pelop. 103, PI. XIV, 6.
342. (m) Obv. Same die.
(if) Rev. Eagle similar; claws grasping oval object; in field before r. leg <.
Wreath as before, seven (?) pairs of leaves on each (?) twig. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (Pi. XI, FGitp). EarleFox, London: 12,19 g (188,1 grains). — Rev. die fractured.
— 98 —
343. (FG) Obv. Same die. [Flaw at tip of nose].
(iX) Rev. Eagle similar; no letter. Wreath with seven pairs of leaves or
r., seven pairs and an odd leaf on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XI, [FG]ix)- Berlin: 11,90 g (183,6 grains); Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, Thier-
und Pflanzenbilder, PI. IV, 39 (rev.) ; Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI. Z, 6.
b. Paris: 11,77 g (181,6 grains).
c. Cat. Sotheby, Feb. 1909 (Benson), PI. XIX, 575: 11,82 g (182,5 grains).
344. (FG-) Obv. Same die. [Flaw at tip of nose].
(((j)) Eev. Eagle similar. Wreath with six pairs of leaves on each twig.
Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 346.
a. Boston: 12,04 g (185,8 grains); Regling, Cat. Warren, PI. XXI, 932,
b (PI. XI, [FG]i'W. Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 12,30 g (189,8 grains).
c. New York: 11,91 g (183,8 grains); Hill, Cat. Ward, PI. XIII, 542.
d. Paris: 12,17 g (187,8 grains).
e. Vienna: 12,14 g (187,3 grains).
f. Vierordt, Leipsic: 12,04 g (185,8 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI. XII, 451.
g. Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PL XXIX, 2561 : 12,17 g (187,8 grains),
h. Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XVI, 1283: 11,88 g (183,3 grains).
345. (FGr) Obv. Same die. [Flaw at tip of nose].
(lo)) Rev. Eagle similar. Wreath with seven pairs of leaves on r., six pairs
and an odd leaf on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 847.
a. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (Lewis Coll.): 11,34 g (175,0 grains).
b. Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains), formerly due de Luynes.
c (Pi. XI, [FG] iio). Pozzi, Paris : 12,20 g (188,3 grains).
d. Stockholm.
e. Cat. Egger XLI (1912), PI. XIII, 499 : 12,20 g (188,3 grains).
f. Cat. Merzbacher, Nov. 1909, PI. 27, 3003: 12,07 g (186,3 grains).
346. (FH) Obv. Similar head of Hera with FAAEIQN on Stephanos, but two locks
on cheek. No letters in field.
(iij)) Rev. Same die as no. 344.
a (PI. XII, [FH] tij;). Milan (BreraColI.): 12,10 g (186,7 grains). — Obverse double-
struck.
347. (FH) Obv. Same die.
(iw) Rev. Same die as no. 345.
a (PI. XII, FHiu)). Glasgow: 12,12 g (187,0 grains); Macdonald, Cat. Hunter, vol. H,
p. 135, 6.
348. (FH) Obv. Same die.
(xa) Rev. Similar. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XII, [FH]xa). EoUin & Feuardent, Paris: 12,15 a (187,5 grains).
349. (FH) Obv. Same die.
(x|3) Rev. Eagle similar. Wreath with nine pairs of leaves on each twig.
.Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 350.
a. Berlin: 12,18 g (187,2 grains).
b. Cambridge (McCIean Coll.): 12,19 g (188,2 grains).
c. London : 12,30 g (189,8 grains).
d (PI. XII, [FH]xp). London: 12,13 g (187,2 grains). - Flaw (under neck) in ob-
verse die.
350. (FJ) ObV. Similar head of Hera as on no. 341. No letters in field.
(it|3) Rev. Same die as no. 349.
f — 99 ^
a. Chapmau, Philadelphia: 12,18 g (188,0 grains); Cat. Hirsch XXXII (1912), PI. XIX
506 (,,17,20" g is a misprint instead of 12,20). '
b (PI. XII, FJxp). London: 12,19 g (188,2 grains); B. M. C. Pelop. 101 PI. XIV 5-
J Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XV, [X] 5; Gardner, Types of Gr. Coins, PI, XII, 26 (obv.)!
e. Picard, Paris: 12,15 g (187,5 grains); Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), no. 2563;
Cat. Sotheby, April 1909 (L. White-King), PI. Ill, 184.
351. (FJ) Obv. Same die.
(xy) Rev. Eagle similar. Wreath with nine pairs of leaves and an odd
leaf on each (?) twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XII, [FJ]xy). Anderson, Athens: 11,42 g (176,2 grains).
352. (FJ) Obv. Same die.
(xS) Rev. Eagle similar. Wreath with six pairs of bigger leaves on each
twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XII, [FJ]x8). Berlin: 11,94 g (184,3 grains).
b. RoUin & Feuardent, Paris: 12,00 g (185,2 grains).,
353. (FJ) Obv. Same die.
(xs) Rev. F in field 1. Eagle similar. Wreath with nine pairs of leaves
^ on r., nine pairs and an odd leaf on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse.
p, a, Baltatzes, Athens: 12,24 g (188,9 grains), formerly belonging to Mrs. Helena N.
&• Mavrokordatos ; Journ. Intern. XIV (1912), p. 27, no. 2003, PI. c, 29.
b. McEwen, Leith: 12,05 g (185,9 grains).
c (PL XII, [FJ]x8). Sir H. Weber, London: 12,04 g (185,8 grains).
d. Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1936: 12,14 g (187,3 grains).
354. (FJ) Obv. Same die.
(xQ Rev. F in field 1. Eagle similar. Wreath with seven pairs and three
odd leaves on r., eight pairs and five odd leaves on 1. twig. Shallow
circular incuse.
a (PI. XII, [FJ] xC). Rollin & Feuardent, Paris: 12,20 g (188,3 grains). — Flaw
(under F) in reverse die.
b. Cat. Photiades Pacha (Paris 1890), Pi. V, 1048 = Cat. Hirsch XIV (1905), PI.
XII, 450: 12,33 g (190,3 grains). — Flaw (under F) in reverse die.
355. (FJ) Obv. Same die.
(xYj) Rev. =1 in field 1. Eagle similar. Wreath with five pairs of leaves
on r., five pairs and an odd leaf (?) on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PL XII, [FJ]x7)). Seltman, Berkhamsted: 12,10 g (186,7 grains).
356. (FJ) Obv. Same die.
(xd) Rev. F in field 1. Eagle similar. Wreath with nine pairs of leaves
on r., seven pairs on 1. twig. Shallow cirqular incuse. Cf. no. 359.
a. Athens: 11,90 g (183,6 grains).
b. Cambridge: 12,00 g (185,2 grains); Leake, Numismata Hell., Europ. Greece p. 49.
c (PL XII, [FJ]x»). Gotha: 12,25 g (189,0 grains).
d. Spink, London: 11,60 g (179,0 grains).
e. Cat. Hirsch XVI (1906), PL XVII, 585 = Cat. Ratto (Genoa), April 1909, PI. XII,
2981; 12,10 g (186,7 grains).
357. (FJ) Obv. Same die.
(xi) Rev. F in field 1. Eagle simUar. Wreath with six pairs of leaves on
r., seven pairs on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse. Cf. no. 360.
a (PL XII, [FJJxt). RoUin & Feuardent, Paris: 12,30 g (189,8 grains),
b. Cat. Hirsch XXV (Philipsen), PI. XVI, 1284: 12,15 g (187,5 grains).
14
— 100 —
RKR iVl) Obv Same die.
(%%) Rev' F in field 1. Eagle similar. Wreath with six pairs of leaves on
each tv^rig. Shallow circular incuse; Cf. no. 361.
a (PI XII, [V3y^.-A). Berlin: 12,19 g (188,1 grains).
359 (FK) Obv FIA Head of Hera r.; hair waved, the back portion turned up
over the back of the stephanos, two locks in front of ear, three behind
on neck; the Stephanos a narrow band pointed in front, a IQy on the
front and on the side; single pendant earring; necklace of pearls.
fx&) Rev. Same die as no. 356.
a (PI XII [FK]vi»). London: 12,17 g (187,9 grains); B.M.C. Pelop. 102.
b. Cat. Rollin & Fcuardent, May 1910, PI. X, 442 : 11,80 g (182,1 grains).
360. (FK) Obv. Same die.
{v.i) Rev. Same die as no. 357.
a. Berlin: 11,12 g (171,6 grains).
b (PI. XII, [FK]/0- Cambridge (McClean Coll.): 11,81 g (182,2 grains).
361. (FK) Obv. Same die.
{%%) Rev. Same die as no. 358.
a. Copenhagen: 12,09 g (186,6 grains).
b (PI. XII, [FK]xx). Seltman, Berkhamsted : 12,34 g (190,4 grains); Cat. Husch
XXV (Philipsen), PI. XVI, 1285.
362. (FK) Obv. Same die. .
(vX) Rev. Eagle similar; no letter in field. Wreath with five (?) pairs of
leaves on each (?) twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XII, [FK]xX). Newell, New York: 11,65 g (179,8 grains).
363. (EK) Obv. Same die.
(%[i) Rev. Eagle similar, but to r., head 1.; nothing in its claws. Wreath
with five (?) pairs of leaves on each twig. Shallow circular incuse,
a (PI. XII, [FK]x[j.). Oman, Oxford: 12,05 g (186,0 grains). — Obyerse die worn,
364. (FK) Obv. Same die.
(xv) Rev. Eagle similar. Wreath with five pairs of leaves on r., six pam
^ on 1. twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a (PI. XII, FK-/.V). Paris: 11,55 g (178,2 grains). — Obverse die worn.
Series XXIX leads ofP with the head of the nymph Olympia even as doei
the contemporary issue from the mint of the temple of Zeus. The same pohtica
motive animated both mints in adopting this type. But at the mint of Hera i
female head had been the standard obverse for many years. And so at this mini
the new type is really no new type. It is instructive to compare the dies Jiv
and EW (PI. XI) with the dies CA and 8X of the mint of Zeus (PL VI). Both thi
latter are types new to the mint which issued them. There -is a certain stifmesi
about them that is the natural outcome of unfamiliarity. On the other hand E\
and EW are executed in the manner and style of the heads of Hera of series XX VH
that have preceeded them. These two dies share a reverse (*a), while two othe
reverses (dt, do) are also used by EW.
The type of the head of Hera on the next obverse die (EX) is clearly Js&u
enced by the heads of the nymph Olympia. The stephanos of Hera has taken th
place of the sphendone of the nj^mph, but the treatment of the latter's back-hai
— 101
lias soggested the idea that a. pretty effect might be obtained by turning Hera's
hair over the back of her Stephanos. This obverse die JEX must have lasted for a
remarkably long time, since we still have records of twelve reverse dies that were
used with it, and as many as thirty staters struck from it survive. It was used
in its first condition (the letters FIA being very small) with five reverses (dip— la:
nos. 309— 311 ; 312, a; 313, b); but, while coupled with the two last (dw, ta), it had
got clogged in the letters (as no. 313, b clearly shows) and so required recutting.
In tiiis, its second condition, the letters are much larger; and in this new form it
continued in use with the reverses &m and la (nos. 312, b. c and 313, a); after which
seven other dies (i^— id: nos. 314—320) were employed in conjunction with it, be-
fore it was finally cast aside, owing to a hurt at the root of the nose, apparent
on nos. 318 — 320. EY is very like EX, though in lower relief. They share two
reverses (*(o, is) between them. Two (dio, itj) of the twelve reverses of EX also
go with the next obverse die EZ which resembles EX closely. There seems to
kave been a small find of staters struck from the die EZ in recent years, since
nine of the twelve specimens recorded (nos. 324, a. b and 325, b — h) have all turned
up recently and are all in about the same condition. PA, though only known
from one poorly preserved specimen, seems to have been a 'prentice's copy of EZ.
FB shares a reverse (it)) with EZ. I have already referred to this die FB
above at the end of Grroup E'. It bears a head that forms a fair parallel to the
'Argive staters and drachms') that most writers have sought to place in the fifth
century. ,The Stephanos upon this somewhat nnpleasing head of Hera (PI. XI, PB)
may well be compared with the Stephanos the goddess wears on the Argive drachms.
"there is something strangely modern in the manner of the hair-dressing.
\ Were it not for die-combinations, which make any other arrangement than that
which I have adopted impracticable, one would be inclined to place the die EC
'lirectly after the die ER of series XXVIII on stylistic grounds. As it is we must
regard it, and its three reverses (PL XI, iX, i(j,, iv), as deliberate copies of coins of
series XXVIII. Por, in addition to being used with the three eagles just mentioned,
it also occurs with the dies li and w. The latter appears again paired with PD
and PE, and again in a more worn state with FGr, the first die of the latest series
of staters of the mint of Hera.
The two dies PE and PP are the only two heads of the goddess turned to the
left instead of to the right. Both heads wear a very narrow stephanos and in this
they resemble PC (and its copy PD) which went before. PE has the letters FIA^)
upon the stephanos, and is thus a fore-runner of the dies in series XXX upon
which the full ethnic FAAEIQN appears.
The first eagle of this group aH^ on the die &o is a very finely executed bird.
Th4 next die &z appears to have an artist's signature, for there seems to be a nu-
tate A outside the wreath at the top. An engraver A has signed the die is which
is paired with the obverses EX and EY, and also the die lo which we find used
with PP, the last head of this series. If *t bears this letter it may be an earlier
') B, M. C. Pelop., PI. XXVII, 9. 11—13.
') Not PA, as has been suggested (Cat. Photiadfes
I Pacha, Paris 1890, p. 81, no. 1047), with the
H imagined round on the other side of the
head. The F is particularly clear on no. 335
(PI. XI, [FE] w).
14*
— 102 —
somewhat clumsy work of the same A. The eagle on this die is perched upon the
capital of an Ionic column, an idea manifestly borrowed from the contempofaryj
staters of the mint of Zeus (Group Gr: PL VI, 8[xfF.). The caduceus which we find.
as symbol behind the eagle is repeated upon the drachm and hemidrachm mentioned
below. This caduceus and the thunderbolt behind the eagle, on the dies ip and la
of this series, are the only instances of sjTubols occurring on staters of the mint
of Hera. The twelve different eagles that have been used with the obverse die EX
call for little comment, save is (to which reference has already been made), iy] and
id. Prom lYj we learn that the die EX, after long usage, was discarded for a time
— EY had been used along with it, both lying upon the anvil together i) — and
EZ, FA and FB brought into service. When they had been abandoned, EX was
taken up again and used with it]. For, where iy] is paired with EZ and FB, there
is no flaw on the eagle's neck; where it appears with EX, there is a flaw. We
cannot regard EX as a latter die than EZ, for ■&(o occurs with EX and EY in good
condition (nos. 312, a; 321, b. c) and slightly worn (nos. 312, b. c; 321, a), ■©■o) worn
and fractured occurs with EZ. On the die i&, which we find again paired with PE,
the eagle is perched upon a ram's head, affording a further interesting parallel (of.
the Ionic capital on dt) with the similar bird upon the contemporary staters nos.
194. 195 of the mint of Zeus (PL VI, s-().
Reference has already been made to the three dies iX, i[j., iv, which are copies
of dies (like PL X, H—»p) in series XXVIII. The type of the fourth reverse (ij)
which FC uses takes us back to the fifth century staters of the mint of Zeus, for
on it the eagle stands upon the belly of a dead hare. An almost identical bird
stands upon the head of a stag on the next die lo. FD and FE also both use'd
this reverse die which was used again in a somewhat worn state with FGr, the
first die of series XXX. The last five reverses of our series (PL XI, iir— lo) are all
much alike. The thunderbolts on ip and la afford another parallel to group Gr of
the Zeus mint, where we also meet with this symbol on some dies (PL VI, e3— s*).
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. and rev. similar to no. 305 (EV Ss). London; B. M. C. Pelop. 77,
PI. XIII, 5; weight: 2,78 g (43,0 grains). — PI. XII, 11.
Obol. Similar, but rev. with FIA, and without wreath. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 78
= Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIV, [V] 5; weight: 0,86 g (13,3 grains).
Hemiohol. Obv. similar; rev. F|A thunderbolt with volutes curling outwards above
and below. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 79s; weight: 0,43 g (6,7 grains), cut. - PL
XII, 12.
Drachm. Obv. facing head of nymph turned slightly to 1., hair loose ; "wearing neck-
lace and collar 2); border of dots; rev. similar to no. 307 (»t), but no letters.
Paris; Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIV, [VI or VII] 7 = Lambros, Peloponnesos, PI.
Z, 7; weight: 5,58 g (86,1 grains). — PI. XII, 13.
Hemidrachm. Similar, but with FA downwards on rev. Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XIV,
[VI or VII] 8 (not Paris as there stated) ; pierced.
Obol. Obv. similar to no. 327 (FB), but the Stephanos more pointed at each end, FA
upon it, no letters in field; rev. similar to no. 33C (m), but no wreath; in front ^ .
London; B. M. C. Pelop. HI, PI. XIV, 11 = Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XV, [IX] 5;
weight: 0,87 g (13,5 grains). — PI. XII, 14.
') Cf. the remarks on such a method of working, ^) The head is, of course, copied from Kimon's
above under Group E, Series XVI
famous Syracusan tetradrachm.
— loa —
. Obol. Obv. head of Hera r.; rev. F|A eagle standing 1., head r.; in field 1. fig-leaf
upwards. Berlin; weight: 0,69 g (10,6 grains). — PI. XII, 15.
Obol. Obv. similar; rev. eagle similar, behind it FA over fig-leaf upwards. London-
B. M. C. Pelop. 109, PI. XIV, 10; weight; 0,86 g (13,3 grains).
Tetartemorion. Obv. similar, but with necklace and pendant earring; rev. eagle's head
and neck r., in field r. A- Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhousopoulos), PI. XXIX, 25.'52 =
Cat. Hirsch XX (Hoskier), PI. XII, 339; weight: 0,27 g (4,2 grains). - PI. XII, 16.
Obol. Obv. head of Hera I.; rev. FA in field 1., eagle standing r. Berlin; weight:
0,91 g (14,0 grains). — Pi. XII, 17.
Obol. Obv. similar, but somewhat coarser; rev. F|A eagle standing!; in field 1. long
f^ narrow leaf, point downwards. Berlin ; weight: 0,86 g (13,3 grains). — PI. XII, 18.
I Hemidrachm. Obv. similar to nos. 334 fi". (FE); rev. F|A eagle r., head 1.; in field r.
cut pomegranate. Berlin; weight: 2,74 g (42,3 grains). — PI. XII, 19 (obv.).
Hemidrachm. Obv. head of Hera r. with pendant earring; rev. same die as before.
Count Dessewffy, Budapest; weight: 2,90 g (44,8 grains). — PI. XII, 20.
Hemidrachm. Obv. same die; rev. "n in field 1., eagle with open wings standing 1.,
head r. Berlin; weight: 2,80 g (43,2 grains).
Series XXX contains four obverse dies only (PG— PK). PGr, PH and PJ are
all very similar. They stand apart because of the Stephanos of the goddess, which,
on all three of them, bears the full ethnic FAAEIQN in place of ornamentation. En-
gravers of heads of Hera had formed the habit of placing the letters FA in the field
of the coin, and on the first die PG (PI. XI) they continued to do so although
it was superfluous, since the full name stands upon the stephanos. On PH and PJ
(PI. XII) the letters in the field have been omitted. PGr shares two reverses with
m, PH one with PJ, and PJ three with. PK. The die PK, which, as far as the
material we at present possess shows, seems to have struck the last staters of the
mint of Hera, abandons the full ethnic FAAEIQN on the stephanos and returns to
• the type of earlier staters, which have a stephanos with ornamentation. It is
clearly a copy of the die EX, and it is interesting to note how PK proclaims it-
self, in the modelling of the features and especially in the treatment of the hair,
to belong to a later period than its prototype of an earlier generation.
The first eagle-die (lo) in series XXX really belongs to the preceeding series,
as has already been pointed out above. The next, i<p, is signed by the engraver A,
» who has placed his initial upwards in front of the bird's right claw. The design
of this eagle is really based upon the magnificent creature of the dies &-q, di (PI. X)
, engraved near the beginning of the 4th century. But though it is only a poor
■ reproduction of this prototjrpe, it is just about as much superior to the last three
i^ eagles of the series as that prototype is superior to it. Indeed, these eagles from
I PI. XI, ly down to PI. XII, w tell a tale of steady decline. The dies %s— /% have
a Fin the field beside the eagle; one of them (PI. XII, urj) has it retrograde. It
is somewhat uncertain what the object grasped by the eagle's claws actually is,
Most probably it is simply a rock, for if the die if is compared with the deca-
drachm of Agrigentum and some of the tetradrachms (Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily.
PI. VII, 15. 16. 18), it will be seen that the treatment of the rocks on these coins
and on the Olympian stater is very similar.
One stater issued from the mint of Zeus (PL VII, CUso) supplies a good pa-
rallel with the staters of the series XXX. The eagle of the Zeus mint is a much
finer bird, the work of a better engraver, than the eagles we are dealing with.
— 104 -
But it stands in the same attitude. And, as far as a male and female head can
be compared, we may compare the obverse (CTJ) with the die FH. . We see the
same big pupil, the same nose and short upper-lip. But this comparison must not
be forced, for, after all, it only points to an approximate contemporaneity. It seems
pretty clear that PL VII, so, although a finer bird than those of series XXX, is
suggested by them, not they by it, for the mint of Hera seems to have been clo-
sed or on the point of closing, when the die so was in service at the other mint.
Fractions: Hemidrachm. Obv. like nos. 341 if. (FG), but no ethnic on Stephanos; rev. FA in field
r., eagle standing 1. ; in field r. vine-branch with bunch of grapes. Cat, Hirsch
XIV (1905), PI. XII, 453; weight: 2,96 g (45,7 grains). - PI. XII, 21.'
Hemidrachm. Obv. head of Hera 1. with pendant earring ; rev. eagle standing l, be-
hind it FA over iig-leaf and vine-branch with leaf and bunch of grapes. London
B. M. C. Pelop. 107, PI. XIV, 8; weight: 2,65 g (40,9 grains). — PI. XII, 22.
Hemidrachm. Obv. similar; rev. F|A eagle standing r., in field 1. bunch of grapes,
Cat. Hirsch XXI (Consul Weber), PI. XXIV, 1940; weight: 2,95 g (45,5 grains)
— Pi. XII, 23.
Obol. Obv. head of Hera r. with long hair and pendant earring; rev. FA in field 1,
downwards, eagle standing r. Berlin ; weight : 0,97 g (15,0 grains). — PI. XII, 24,
Obol. Obv. similar; rev. AT 'n field r. downwards, eagle standing r., head 1.; in field
1. upper half of plain thunderbolt. London ; B. M. C. Pelop. 108, PI. XIV, 9 =
Num. Chron. 1879, PI. XV, 11; weight; 0,93 g (14,8 grains).
Hemidrachm. Obv. head of Hera r. with long neck; rev. FA in field 1., eagle stan-
ding on rock to r., head 1.; in field r. thunderbolt. Berlin; weight: 2,97 g (45,8
grains). - PI. XII, 25.
Hemidrachm. Obv. similar ; rev. FA in field 1. upwards, eagle with open wings stan-
ding on rock to 1., head r. Berlin ; weight : 2,58 g (39,8 grains).
Hemidrachm. Obv. F|A head of Hera r. with Stephanos and pendant earring; rev.
similar, but no letters. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 104, PI. XIV, 7 = Nam. Chron.
1879, PI. XV, 8; weight: 2,56 g (39,5 grains). — PI. XII, 26.
Hemidrachm. Obv. head of Hera r. 'with Stephanos (?) ; rev. F in field 1., eagle with
open wings standing 1., head r. London; B. M. C. Pelop. 114, PI. XIV, 14; weight:
2,73 g (42,2 grains).
Later'):
Hemidrachm. Obv. coarse head of Hera r. with Stephanos and pendant earring; rev.
■^ in field 1., eagle with open wings standing 1., head r. Cat. Hirsch XIII (Rhouso-
poulos), PI. XXIX, 256G; weight: 2,84 g (43,8 grains). - PI. XII, 27.
Hemidrachm. Obv. similar, but no earring; rev. similar. Berlin; weight: 2,35 g (36,3
grains).
Hemidrachm. Obv. same die; rev. eagle with open wings standing r., head 1.; no
letter. Berlin; weight; 2,41 g (37,2 grains). — PI. XII, 28.
Hemidrachm. Obv. head of Hera r. with Stephanos, on which AAEIQN between two
palmettes, and pendant earring; rev. eagle similar. Berlin; Zeitschr. f.'Num. VII
(1880), p, 117; weight: 2,46 g (38,0 grains). ■- PI. XII, 29.
The coinage of this group QH' belongs mainly to the period of the decline of
free Hellas. The upper date I have named (B. C. 363) can be assigned with com-
parative certainty, because the sudden appearance of the head of the nymph Olym-
pia, taken in conjunction with her appearance in the mint of Zeus, can point only
') The following fractions give one the impression
of being somewhat later in style than the coins
of series XXX. It is therefore possible that
the mint of Hera, after ceasing to strike staters,
continued the issue of fractions for a few years
longer, perhaps till shortly before B. C. 300.
— 105 —
'^- to one date. The lower dcate B. C. 323 is not nf „„ . .
= been able to record 15 obverse dies in thi ;;oup an7::i"of' T %• ^l ^^'
I durabmty, that these 15 .ay well have lastfd ^o^. a per od of 40 vTarf 7 '°"^
likely that they lasted very much longer than that TtLl tf ^T "' """
clear ^at the W of Hera was closef down wrbefWe Z f/ f, Tli2
before the end of the f centnry, ^:^:^^;:^ ^^ :Z:^
j^ace when so many mints .n Hellas were closed, jnst after the death oEande
, tiie Great As was pointed ont above (under Group J), the Macedonians would
hardly venture o forkd the issue of coin from the sacred temple of Zeus PanleUe
nios, whose protection Alexander had sought even to the extent of making him ne
^„of bs pnncxpal coxn-types. But with the mint of Hera it was difFerent,\n" h
utL ^ T^r because the increasing popularity of the Alexandrine tetra-
i^-drachms placed the staters of Olympic weight at a discount, and the old mint of
. Ze.. coidd easily turn out sufficient money for local and festival purposes. So the
Bint of Hera came to an end, having lasted for about a century, in which time we
have recorded the use of 35 obverse dies and 85 reverse dies, from which at least
t 7, ™'^* ^*^*«^« ^ere struck. And since I have examined 349 different pieces,
I staters aU struck within a century from one small temple mint, we may gather
some slight impression therefrom of the commercial energy of ancient Hellas.
r Two ancient forgeries of Hera types, evidently not emanating from the official
I temple-nunt, are figured on Plate XII, 1. 2. The first (Colonel Cockerell, London)
weighs 10,54 g (162,7 grains), the second (Berlin; Friedlaender and von SaUet, Das
Komgl. Miinzkabinet^ PL II, 143) weighs 12,13 g (187,2 grains); both are plated.
The Thunderbolt on the Temple Coins of Olympia.
It has been pointed out by JacobsthaP) that the Elean coins are particularly
fflstractive in the matter of gradual development in the design of the conventional
I'thunderbolt, both on account of their exact and beautiful workmanship, and by
reason of their established chronological development. Jacobsthal has treated the
subject very ably in his monograph, but since, in the foregoing pages, I have been
able to establish a more exact chronological sequence of dies and types than any
to which Jacobsthal had access, it seemed to me that perhaps something more might
be learnt about thunderbolts. It was for this reason that I decided to deal with
tae subject as a whole, separately, at the end of the other part of my work.
The thunderbolt originated in the East where it was of two forms, bifurcate
and trifurcate. The Greeks adopted the latter only^). We may say that the
wreeks embodied three separate ideas in the thunderbolt: I. the weapon of Zeus,
II- the flash of lightning, III. the fire.
) P. Jacobsthal, Der Blitz in der orientalischen ^) The bifurcate thunderbolt became among the
und griechischen Kunst (Berlin 1906), p. 24. Greeks the bident of Hades.
— 106 —
Jacobsthal (op. cit., pp. 10 fF.) has pointed out how fire was constantly typified
by a flower (:rop6c avdo?). And this „ fire-flower" becanie in early time a regular
component of the thunderbolt. The lotus was symbolical of the sun, and so of
fire, in Egypt. But the lotus did not grow in Hellas, the nearest thing to it being
the lily. Hence we find the lily being used decoratively instead of the lotus').
The lily, too, when drawn conventionally, naturally appeared trifurcate.
Now the first aim of the engravers of the thunderbolts on the coins of Olym-
pia was to produce a decorative design; any thing, therefore, that was symbohcal
of Zeus might be worked into them. Nevertheless the ^ree essential separate ideas,
which the Grreeks, as I have pointed out, embodied in the thunderbolt, are always,
present; as follows:
I. there is always a dart at one, or both ends (the weapon of Zeus),
II. there are always flame-lines present (the flash of Hghtning),
III. it is always trifurcate (i. e. suggesting the fire-flower).
Next let us analize these three component parts of the thunderbolts on the
coins of Oljrmpia.
I. The dart appears either (a) plain, or (b) twisted.
II. The flame-lines are either (a) straight, (b) waved, (c) twisted, or (d) re-
presented in a mass.
III. The trifurcate design takes six different forms:
(a) an open lily in the form of 1) conventional volutes, 2) wings, 3) two serpents,
4) twisted volutes,
(b) an opening lily-bud in the form of 1) a conventional bud, 2) curved wings, 3) un-
folding wings,
(c) a palmette,
(d) the wings of Nike,
(e) a flying bird,
(f) a fly.
It will be manifest that the third component part of the thunderbolt, the tri- •
furcate design, is the most important and the one from which most can be learnt.
Of course the three parts are really inseparable ; thus on most coins the first part, _
the dart, forms the central prong of the trifurcate lily; on a coin like PI. V, 8s
the dart in the centre below, together with the twisted flame-lines at either side
of it, make up a trifurcate design together.
The thunderbolts of Group A (PL I) arfe all of one pattern, each half consist-
ing of an open lily. The petals of the one lily (the lower one on all examples,!
save PL I, s) are represented by conventional volutes, those of the other lily by ^
curved wings which retain the outline of petals. The volutes have frequently one
or two tendrils springing from them. ; |
Group B (PL II) introduces anew pattern, one half of the thunderbolt having ]
the form of an opening lily-bud (PL II, aX, ajj,, ap, ay.). This opening bud - the
lower half — takes the form of curved wings. The upper half is an open flower ^
represented by spiral volutes. The other thunderbolts in this group (PL II, av, a^
ao, ao, atj;, aw) more or less retain the form of those in group A. One of them,
>) The garment of the Chryselephantine Zeus of | Pausanias V, 11, 1 : tO. hi iixatiV C<i)8«^ « "'"'
Iheidias at Olympia was decorated with lilies. | xuiv dvSOiv xa xpfva iotlv IfiMmqfi^va.
— 107 -
however, calls for special comment (PL II, av). Here the volutes have taken on
the form of the heads and necks of a pair of serpents i). These serpents perhaps
symbolize the serpentine lines of the flashing lightning, the fiery „ serpent" which
shoots from the thnnder-clond.
The original design of an open lily for each half of the thunderbolt is still
freqnent in Group C (PL III, ps, pc, pi, po, pa), but in addition several other mo-
difications appear. Two dies (PL III, pjt and PL IV, p^i) show a development of
the opening bud device which first appeared in group B. The wings, which are
ahove, retain little semblance to the opening petals of a lily. Note how on ptj; the
dart below is twisted, as it also is on the contemporary fraction PL VIII, 11. PL
III, P'f has in its upper half departed, more even than the two last mentioned dies,
from the flower device. Instead of the petal-like wings on either side of the cen-
tral dart we have the wings of Nike attached to it, wings exactly like those which
Nike has on the coins of this group (cf. especially the standing figure PL IV, ya).
Lastly there are the remarkable thunderbolts on px (Pis. III. IV) and Px (PL IV).
Here we have below, the usual open lily in the form of volutes, above, the lily-
bud with twisted central dart turning into flames. But below the handle, to the
voktes are attached two great open wings, which stretch upwards to the top cor-
ners of the design; Whether there are the wings of the eagle or of Nike it is
difficult to say. Extant works of sculpture might incline one to the latter^). One
other thunderbolt in this group calls for a word, the one which the seated Zeus
on PL III, AZ holds in his hand. Unfortunately the only extant examples from
this die are so worn that it is not clear ; as far as we can see, however, it resembles
the weapon on Ptc. The god holds it by the lily-bud end, not by the handle^).
G-roup D (PL IV) owns five reverses which have thunderbolts with the simple
open-lily device of volutes and wings at either end (77, i"/] — 7%). The wings on the
upper half of ■(•( are particularly petal-like. On top of each volute of the lower
half are placed three little petals. PL IV, yS and 7C are two very remarkable
thunderbolts, the upper half of each having been influenced by -,'7 in that it too has
a||etal-design. Indeed, on 7C. — perhaps the most graceful of all the thunderbolts
E«^'the volutes take a subordinate place, the main design of the upper tripartite
device being a palmette. The lower device of both these thunderbolts consists of
a pair of small wings, unlike an eagle's *), that give a fine sense of lightness and
liriftness to the whole bolt.
t The most remarkable reverse in Group E (PL V) is the one already referred
to above (under Series XV : -/v) on which the lower half of the thunderbolt is shaped
lite a fly. This, as already stated, is a reference to Zeus Apomyios, the fly-god,
towhom the yearly sacrifice of a bull was offered at Olympia'^). The dies -jX, .TjJ.,
for ourselves, a sign of raiiij and therefore was
') By an omission this was not mentioned in the
^^iescription of the coin no. 42.
) Cf. F. Studniczka, Die Siegesgottin (Leipsic
^1898), PI. IV, 26. 27 and PI. V.
) Cf. Jacobsthal, op. cit., p. 25 : a bronze frag-
ment from a statue of Zeus found at Olympia.
') JaoobBthal, op. cit., p. 25 calls them swallow's
wings. The swallow was for the Greeks, as
conceivably appropriate to a thunderstorm ; cf.
Thompson, A Glossary of Greek Birds (Oxford
1895), p. 192.
6) A. B. Cook, Zeus (Cambridge), vol. II, § 3 (c),
IV (f). I am indebted to Mr. Cook for drawing
my attention to the passages in Pausanias and
Pliny cited above (under Series XV).
15
— 108 —
'l^—-lo, Tx and T(|) are all of the conventional type: an open lily at either end, the
one made of volutes, the other of wings, 'if has wings above which belong to the
opening bud design, and may well be compared with such early types as PI. II,
aX, «(!, ocp, ax- PI- V, 70) and 8a have both wings with a twist about them, and
the volutes of yw are also twisted, so that the thunderbolt may be thought of as
spinning while it hurtles through the air. Sj3 has an opening lily-bud below in the
form of unfolding wings, S& has a similar device above.
While the old designs were being continued at the old mint of Zeus, a new
way of representing the thunderbolt had come into being at the new mint of Hera.
This new bolt was still really trifurcate at either end, but each end was more
strictly a „fire-flower", and each end was the same. It consisted of a dart flanked;^
by flame-lines, and lacked variety (Pis. IX. X : Grroup E^). This new design had
its effect upon the later coins of group E of the mint of Zeus, for the lower halves :
of PL V, Sy, SS and the upper half of Syj are all influenced by the thunderbolts as
they appear on the reverses of the coins of the newer mint. PI. V, Ss, 8C have a
simple dart below flanked by twisted flame-lines.
The most lotus-like of all the conventional lilies are those which appear on
the small gold coins struck in the name of the Pisatans in B. C. 364 (PI. V, 8t, 8x).
The former, being equivalent to one-and-a-half silver staters, has three half thunder-
bolts, consistiag of three lilies, upon it.
The thunderbolts now take a subordinate place upon the Olympian staters, i
Zeus had become to the Greek mind less and less the impetuous thunderer and
more and more the dignified ruler, the sceptre instead of the bolt becomes his chief
attribute. At the end of group Gr we iind five reverses which have a small thunder-
bolt as a symbol in the field (PL VI, s§ — £&) ; at the same time we find two in
group G-H^ of the Hera mint (PL XI, tp, la). On the former lot the bolts consist of
darts flanked by volutes at either end; on the later the one end consists of wings,,;
A comparatively plain thunderbolt with both ends of the same design, and
varying slightly from those of group Gr, occurs in the field of all the reverses of
group H (save so) and of group J (PL VII). In group K it appears on some dies
(PL VII, CX; PL VIII, Cv, CS, Co, Co) and on both the known reverses, of the latest^
group, L (PL VIII, C<p, Cx)- The half-staters of light weight in this same group 1
are „ restitutions" of the types, of the sixth and fifth centuries B. C. But the
thunderbolts on their reverses (besides their light weight) betray a late date. PI.
VIII, .34 is the one likest to the early types. It has two* pairs of big volutes
above and eagle's wings attached to the big dart below. PL VIII, 33 has a thunder-
bolt like many of those which appear in the field of the reverses of the later coins
from the mint of Zeils (cf . especially PL VII, ea), but with an addition in the form \
of a pair of wings attached to the handle. Such a form of thunderbolt') can only ;
') It should be compared with the late tetradrachm
of Ptolemy Epiphanes (B. C. 205/4—180) : Svo-
ronos, TA vofifsjAaTa xoO xpcttou? xfiv IlToXejjiafujv,
vol. Ill (1904), PI. XLI, 4 = Jacobsthal, op.
cit., Munztafel, no. 14, also with the small gold
piece of Locri Brutt.: Jacobsthal, 1. cit, no. 15,
which seems to be a perfectly genuine coin. \
Jacobsthal suspects its authenticity arguing ^
that, while the reverse is Hellenistic, the obv.
is in the style of about 400 B. C. This latter
conception must be wrong. The coin should
rather be dated ca. B. C. 280-268 or later.
— 109 —
occur at a late date, as Jacobsthal (Der Blitz, p.. 27, and p. 42 footnote 1) has
^pointed out. The third reverse, no. 35 on our PL VIII, is also quite different
from all others. The upper half has a heartshaped pomegranate resting upon a
pair of floral petals, not wings. The volutes of the lower half support a pine-cone.
The pomegranate, as s^onbol of fruitfulness, is associated with Hera rather than
■vsdth Zeus'). Both it and the pine-cone are, however, probably only late Hellenistic
decorations added for the sake of ornament and devoid of any particular significance.
From the foregoing remarks it will be seen that the Olympian coins, extending
as they do over a period of close on three and a half centuries, form the most
valuable of all commentaries on the development of the thunderbolt of Zeus.
J, The Olympian Standard.
I The science of Metrology, always „the least satisfactory department of ancient
N|misniatics'' ^), presents especial difficulties if the student is endeavouring to as-
certain the weight-standard of some mint which issued only silver coins '). In such
, a case some have tried to arrive at the standard by deriving it from one of the
|0riental systems (allowing for certain modifications), some by taking an average of
the weights of a certain number of pieces of the mint, others by regarding „the
weight of the heaviest specimens of any series as the true index of the
normal weight" *). The first method is speculative, the second, of course, pernicious^);
the third seems to be comparatively sure provided that a considerable number of
coios are available. Of course, the weight of the heaviest specimens must be taken,
not only of the heaviest specimen. Sir W. Ridgeway says (p. 218): „the ancient
mint-master was no more inclined than his modern representative to put into coins
of gold or silver a single grain more than the legal amount". This undoubtedly
holds good of gold. With silver, of less value and struck in great quantities, an
o|casional coin above the legal weight might slip through. Therefore, with silver,
if we take the average weight of a few of the heaviest coins of any period we
may expect to arrive at something near an estimate of the legal standard. All
ijthis applies to a mint that issued silver only. Fortunately, in Olympia at one
period — a period at which we know the exact ratio of gold to silver — gold
.was issued. The two gold pieces struck in the name of the Pisatans in B. C. 364
,(when silver : gold was as 12 : 1) point to a silver stater of 12,44 g (192 grains).
If the method, just mentioned, of taking the average weight of a few of the hea-
viest silver coins be adopted, we attain about the same result, as the following
pale shows. In this is tabulated: 1) the heaviest weight recorded in each group.
') The Argive Hera of Polycletus held a pome-
K granate in her right hand. Pausanias II, 17, 4.
7 Hill, A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins
I (London 1899), p. 26.
|) Aegina is an example. We have nothing but
silver to go by (the Electrum stater in Paris :
Babelon, Traits II, 1 (1907), no. 78, PI. Ill, 2
is probably an Asiatic coin, not Aeginetan),
and what exactly is the Aeginetic weight?
Hill, op. cit., p. 35 speaks of an earlier Aegi-
netic stater of ca. 13,08 g (201,8 grains) and
a later one of 12,60 g (194,4 grains); Head,
Hist. Num.^ Introd. p. XLV of a stater of
12,57 g (194 grains).
•») Ridgeway, The Origin of Metallic Currency and
Weight Standards (Cambridge 1892), pp. 217 f.
6) Ridgeway, op. cit., p. 218; cf. also McClean,
Num. Chron. 1910, pp. 220 f.
15*
- 110 —
both (a) above, and (b) within the norm of 1.2,44 g (192 grains) derived, as we saw,
from the gold of group F; 2) the average weight of the heaviest coins, calculated
(a) by taking the heaviest of each group on a basis of ten per cent, (b) by takmg
the ten heaviest coins of each group irrespective of the number of specimens extant
in the group.
Group
ca. B. C.
Specimens
recorded
Heaviest weight
(a) above the
norm
grains
(b) within the
norm
grains
Average weight of
(a) the heaviest 10 %
specimens g grams
(b) the 10
heaviest
g grams
A
B
G
D
E
G
H
J
K
Mint of the temple of Zeus:
510—471
45
12,38
191,0
4
12,20
188,3
12,11
471—452
64
—
—
12,35
190,6
6
12,28
189,5
12,23
452—432
118
—
12,35
190,6
12
12,18
188,0
12,20
432-421
42
—
12,30
189,8
4
12,20
188,3
12,11
421—365
133
—
12,42
191,7
13
12,33
190,2
12,35
363-343'
55
—
—
12,44
192,0
5
12,38
191,0
12,33
343-323
22
—
—
12,31
190,0
2
12,31
190,0
12,15
323^271
21
—
12,20
188,3
2
12,16
187,6
12,08
„„ t
12,70
196,0
2
12,50
192,9
12,18
271-191
23
12,30
189,8
2')
12,23
188,8
12,11
E2
GH'
Mint of the temple of Hera:
12,51
198,0
15
12,26
189,2
12,31
421—385
154
12,35
190,6
15 2)
12,21
188,5
12,24
385-365
44
12,70
196,0
12,41
191,5
4
4')
12,44
12,33
192,0
190,3
12,32
12,27
363-328
151 1
12,57
194,0
12,38
191,0
15
15^)
12,31
12,29
190,0
189,7
12,34
12,31
186,9
188,7
188,3
186,9
190,6
190,2
187,6
186,4
188,0 ,
186,9
189,9
188,9
190,1
189,8
190,5
190,0
The fact that we find the highest average weights in groups E and G of the
mint of Zeus is doubtless explained by the circumstances that, on the one hand,
far fewer coins in fine preservation of groups A to D have survived, while, on the
other hand, of groups H to K, which extend over a century and a half, compara-
tively few coins are extant at all. Among the parallel issues from the mint of
Hera (E^, E^, GrH^), which agree perfectly in their average weights with the aver-
ages in the corresponding groups E and Gr, there are several pieces (nos. 263, a and
284, b in group E'; 301, e in E^; 329, d in GrH^) conspicuous for excessive weight').
Presumably this irregularity must be due to the somewhat hiasty methods of work
in vogue at this mint (cf. above under Series XXVI and Series XXIX).
The silver thus confirms the gold in fixing the standard at 12,44 g (192 grains).
It is, therefore, the Olympian standard, and not the Aeginetan as has been gene-
rally supposed, upon which the Elean coins were struck. As the table above clearly
') Exclusive of the one specimen above the norm,
cited in the fourth and fifth columns.
^) Exclusive of two specimens above the norm,
nos. 263, a (12,51 g = 193,0 grains) and 284, b
(12,50 g = 192,9 grains).
') The single apparent instance in group K of a
coin above weight (no. 234, b) should perhaps
be discounted, as its recorded weight may be
due either to a misprint, or to an oversight in
the weighing.
- Ill —
demonstrates, this standard remains unaltered up to the year 191 B. C. Its reduction
alter B. C. 191 has already been discussed under Group L.
Whatever the Aeginetan standard really was — 12.70 g (196 grains)') or
12,60 g (194,4 grains) 2) - the Olympian standard was rather lighter and pre-
sumably derived from it. The Olympian moneyers seem to have taken the Aegi-
netan standard and made a reduction of about 2 per cent for the cost of working
and also as a protective measure, since „by keeping the intrinsic worth of a coin
a little below its nominal value, the authorities made it more profitable to retain
it as a com than to put it into the crucible" »). Presumably, therefore, in Olympia
the staters were forced to circulate as equivalent to Aeginetans; and, since the
Aeginetan standard stood in a direct relationship to the Euboic-Attic-Corinthian
standard*), the priestly moneyers, by enforcing the use of their own coin in Olympia,
could make a considerable profit on the exchange of Elean staters against the
money of most of the cities of Hellas.
A hoard containing coins of Olympia.
The last portion of this monograph was in the press when information, which
cannot be ignored, came to me concerning a hoard of 133 coins discovered in Greece
in 1920. They were found at Boeotian Orchomenos, whence they passed into the
possession of a dealer in Livadia near by; and from him their present owner ob-
tained them. I am exceedingly grateful to M. Vlasto of Marseilles for collecting
the information personally while in Greece, and to Dr. A. Petsalis of Athens, the
fortunate possessor of the hoard, for allowing M. Ylasto to take impressions of the
principal pieces.
The ten Olympian coins in the find, eight staters and two fractions, are all
of the Hera mint, which in the fourth century was far more active than the mint
of Zeus. They were in company with fifteen Sicyonian obols, as well a? fractional
currency of various Boeotian cities and of Phocis; all the coins being based on
standards approximating to the Aeginetic. Two staters (one worn, one in good
preservation) belong to group E' (ca. B. C. 421 — 385); one stater*) and one hemi-
drachm (both in good preservation) to group E^ (ca. B. C. 385—365); five staters
(two very fine, three about as fresh as when struck) and one obol (very fine) belong
to the, last group GH^ (ca. B. C. 363 — 323). TJius the state of preservation of the
Elean coins in this hoard is in conformity - with the chronology established by
die-sec[uence in- the Hera mint.
Among the coins of the remaining cities only the obols of Sicyon are a fleur
de coin. These last may therefore be regarded as exactly contemporary with the
') Eidgeway, op. cit., p. 217.
') Hill, A Handbook of Greek and Roman coins,
p. 35.
') Hill, op. cit., p. 31 quoting C. F. Lehmann in
Hermes XXVII (1892), p. 535, footnote 2.
') Two Corinthian dracbms probably passed for
ordinary trade purposes as equivalent to one
Aeginetan.
■>) This is the second specimen now known from
the dies of the beautiful coin signed PQ in
the Berlin Collection cf. above no. 290, PI.
X, EPa»j.
— 112 -
three latest uncirculated Olympian staters in the find. Now, another hoard, disco-
vered at Kyparissia only a few months before this Orchomenos hoard, has been
published recently by Mr. E. T. NewelP); and by a fortunate coincidence both
finds contained contemporary Sicyonian silver coins. J'rom the evidence of early
Alexander tetradrachms in the Kyparissia hoard Mr. Newell has proved that it was
buried about B. C. 325, thus providing a confirmation of the late Dr. Head's dating^)
of the triobols and obols of Sicyon, which he believed were not issued after B. C. 323,
From the evidence of the uncirculated Sicyonian obols, supported by the evidence
of the Kyparissia hoard, we may therefore conclude that the Orchomenos find was
buried about, or shortly before, B. C. 323, which is the approximate date already
assigned to the three latest and best preserved Olympian staters in the hoard :
Preservation
Specimens
Date previously assigned
worn
good
good
very fine
very fine
about fl. d. c.
about fl. d. c.
ca. B. C. 421—385
ca. B. C. 385
> ca. B. C. 363—323
about fl. d. c.
)
good
ca. B. C. 385—365
very fine
?
ca. B. C. 363-323
not stated
Head's dates
ca. 421—371
Babelon's dates
ca. 480-421
•>
j ca. 446—426
ca. 456—446
J)
1 ca. 387—374
ca.' 387-371
»
?
ca. 387-374
ca. 387-374
»
1
15
before 323
—
fl. d. c.
Newell's date*)
ca. 325
OLYMPI-A, Hera mint staters
Group E^j"''- 251= EC,,
^ ( no. 280: ELSa^)
Group E', no. 290: EP»r)
/ no. 324: BZir)
I no. 327: FBi,
Group GHi|no. 356: FJx»
ino. 357: FJxt
I no. 361: FKxx
Hera mint fractions
Group E2, PI. XH, 9: hemidrachm
Group GHi, PI. XH, 14: obol
PHOCIS*)
Traits, PI. GOV, 2: obol
BOEOTIA, Thebe?
Traitd, PI. CXCIX, 15: hemidrachm
Traite, PI. CXCIX, 16: obol
Orchomenos
Trait*;, PI. CCIII, 18: hemidrachm
PI. CCIII, 19-22: i-, J-, 3.obol
Plataca
Traite, PI. CCIII, 29 : hemidrachm
Uncertain obol (Coroneia?)
Boeotian shield, rev. head of Athena
SICYONIA, Sicyon
Traite, PI. CCXXH, 1-6: obol
Conceivably the owner of the money was present at an Olympic festival"),
where he accumulated worn coins of about 400 B. C. and new coins of the current
year. On his way back to Orchomenos he acquired small change, fresh from the
') Numismatic Notes and Monographs (published
by the American Numismatic Society) 3 (New
York 1921), pp. 4 if.
2) Hist. Num.2, pp, 409 f.
3) An impression of the obverse of this Hera mint
stater was unfortunately not available, but the
reverse, being Sa, is probably paired with either
EL (no. 280) or EM (no. 282).
*) The references to „Traitd" are those supplied
by M. Vlasto who examined the hoard.
'') A date proved by the triobols of the same
issue in the Kyparissia hoard buried about
B. C. 325. Newell, 1. cit., pp. 14 and 18.
") Perhaps the 114th Olympiad (B. C. 324).
— 113 —
mint, at Sicyon, and buried them ') together with his native Boeotian currency and
some small Phocian pieces. The coins of these two last districts are tabulated
above, and the dates assigned to them by Dr. Head and M. Babelon are added in
the two last columns. The former^) has perhaps formed a more accurate estimate
of the period to which these coins should be assigned.
In this hoard the Theban and Phocian pieces seem about contemporary with
the Oljmipians of group E^; the Orchomenian and Plataean coins with those of
group E^; and the Sicyonian obols with the latest staters of group GrH^. The
importance of the find lies in the fact that it seems to be the first available record
of a hoard containing Elean staters accompanied by other coins which serve as an
aid to fixing the date of any Olympian issues; and it is not without interest to
find that the chronology, based on die-sequence,- should, at this eleventh hour, re-
ceive confirmation.
') The burial might have been occasioned by the
advance of Antipater through Boeotia against
Athens in 322 B. C. ; cf. Grote, History of
Greece^ vol. XII (1870), p. 144.
2) Dr. Head's dates for the issues of Phocis, Or-
■chomenos, Plataea and Thebes are taken from
B. M. C. Central Greece, pp. 18. 54. 68. 70;
M. Babelon's dates from his „Traitd".
ADDENDA ET COERIGENDA.
I. ADDENDA.
p. 54, footnote 3: compare also a bronze coin of Chalcis, B. M. C. Central Greece, p. 116, 105, PI.
XXI, 7.
p. 64, after no. 202 add no. 202i>is:
(CP**") Obv. Head of Zeus r., bearded, hair wavy and short, wreath of
small laurel around head.
(si'"') Rev. FIA Similar, but five rows of feathers; serpent bearded. In
' field 1. below F small thunderbolt, both ends flame-darts,
beside it to 1. a laurel-leaf upwards. Shallow circular incuse,
a. Colonel Cockerell, London: 12,32 g (190,2 grains),
p. 76, after no. 246 add no. 246''":
(EA.^'') Obv. Similar to nos. 247—250 (EB).
(rja) Rev. Same die as no. 242.
a. Cat. Hirscli XXXIV (1914), PI. XIV, 446: 11,81 g (182,3 grains),
p. 82, after no. 284 add no. 284'>is:
(EN) Obv. Same die as nos. 285—287.
(&';^") Rev. Similar to no. 284 (^y)) ^^^ wreath with six (?) pairs of leaves
on each twig. Shallow circular incuse.
a. Cat. Ratto (Genoa), Nov. 1908, PI. II, 441 : 11,95 g (184,4 grains).
II. CORRIGENDA.
p. 4, table of dates: after G for 364—343 read 363—343.
after GH' for 364-323 read 363—323.
after E^ for 17 read 15 in last column,
p. 5, table of countermarks : after „Bunch of grapes (Corone)" add 258, a.
after „E (Epidaurus)" add 242, f.
omit „Star with six rays 148, h."
substitute „Head of trident 243, e."
p. 6, table of countermark dies : after „Buncli of grapes (Corone)" for 1 (4) read 1 (5).
after „E (Epidaurus)" for 1 (1) read 1 (2).
omit „Star with six rays 1 (1)".
substitute „Head of trident 1 (1)".
p. 11, no. 31, a: for ,,10,38 g (100,2 grains)" read ,,11,39 g (175,8 grains)",
p. 23, no. 79, a: for ,,10,90 g (168,2 grains)" read ,,11,90 g (183,6 grains)",
p. 30: delete no. 129 and its description -^ cf. Preface p. VII.
p. 41, no. 140, Rev.: before Jncuse circle." insert „Circle of dots as before."
p. 42: delete line 9 to line 15 inclusive — cf. Preface p. VII.
p. 57, line 20: for „beaten of" read.„beaten off".
INDEX.
I. DEITIES, PERSONS, PLACES.
72—
12. 33,1.
Achaean League
Aegina, Aeginetan
Aetqlian League
Agis, king of Sparta
Agrigentum
Alexander, king of Epirus
Alexander the Great
Altis
Antigonus, king of Asia
Antigonus, king of Macedonia
Antipater
Arcadia, Arcadians 3. 35
Arcadian occupation of Olynppia
Arethusa, head of
Argos, Argives
Aristonoos, sculptor
AristotiiDus, tyrant of Elis
Athens, Athenians l._ 37. 43. 55. 56. 66. 113, i
Baal Zebnb 52, *
Boeotia, Boeotian 111. 112. 113
Chalcis, Chalcidian
Corinth, Corinthian 2. 66
Coroneia
Gyrene
Cyzicns
Daedalus of Sicyon, sculptor 42. 52, 5
Diomede, hero 87
BUs 2. 70. 74. 86
Elis, foundation of 1. 21
„ religious cults of 2
Gastuni near Elis
■74
55
74
56
103
64. 65
4. 57,3. 105
1—3. 38. 57
70
72
69. 70. 113,1
52. 57. 62. 63
65. 56 f. 92
84,2. 87,3. 102,2
56. 69. 87. 101
19
69. 73
1. 11. 114
69. 111,4
112
2
54,3
Hera at Argos
Hera, head of
Heracles
Heraea
Libon, architect
Locri Epizephyrii (Bruttium)
iLocri Opuntii (Central Greece)
Maiitlnea, Mantineans
86. 87,1.
56
109, 1
75 ff.
62
35
3,1
63, 1. 73. 108, 1
87, 3
56. 57. 86
38,1. 43
Myiagros, hero
Nicias, peace of
Nike of Delos
Nike, running
„ seated
„ standing
Olympia, decline of
„ historical events
„ reasons for assigning coins to
Olympia (nymph) 58. 61. 62, i. 63
Olynthian Confederacy
Orchomenos, Orchomenian
Pheidias, sculptor
Philip II., king of Macedonia
Philippeion at Olympia
Phocis, Phocian 111.
52
55. 86
12,2
12. 20. 32-36
34. 36. 41
21. 29. 32. 36
67
3. 56. 57. 70
1—3
100. 102
63
111. 112. 113
62,3.
Pisa, Pisatans 3. 56—58. 61. 62,3.
Plataea, Plataean
Polycletus, sculptor
Polycletus the younger, sculptor
Polyipnestos, sculptor
Poseidon, head of
Praxiteles, sculptor
Ptolemy, nephew of Antigonus
Pyirhus, king of Epirus
Sicily, Sicilian
Sicyop, Sicyonian
Sparta, Spartans
Syracuse, Syracusan
Telesphorus, general of Antigonus
Terina
Thebes, Theban
Zeus Apomyios
„ Dodonaean
„ Myiagros (Myiodes)
Zeus, advancing
„ altar of
„ head of
„ seated
„ temple of
56
2. 106,1
63. 66
66
112. 113
108. 109
112. 113
109,1
90
90,2
72
2
70
72. 73
2. 41
HI. 112. 113
38. 56. 87
2,3. 34. 90,2
70
34
. 87. 112. 113
52. 107
64. 72
52
2. 13. 19. 21. 32
3,1
85. 86
27. 35
3, 1. 33
44. 52. 62.
63.
26.
- 116
II. AUTHORITIES, SUBJECTS.
Achaean League triobols 72. 74
Aeginetic standard 109, 3. 110. Ill
Alexandrine gold staters 57, 3
„ tetradrachms 70. 105. 112
Arcadian staters 62. 63
„ triobols 35
Argive staters and drachms 86. 87. 101
Babelon, E. VII f. 1. 19. 21. 109,3. 112. 113
Brackets ( ) [ ], explanation of the use of 5
Chalcidian didrachms 1. 11
Cook, A. B. 107,5
Corinthian drachms 111,4
Coroneian(?) obol 112
Countermarks and dies for 6. 75
„ illustration and description 5
Curtius, E. 57
Dies, countermark- 6
,, explanation of lettering and numbering 4
„ interchange of
Biodorus
Du Chastel, Count A.
VII. 8
70
34,2
52—54.
63
Eagle, head of 45. 49
objects grasped in its claws :
buck 27. 36
fallow-deer 30. 37
fawn 26. 28. 34. 36
hare 12. 20. 26. 34—37. 74. 96. 102
Ionic capital 58. 61. 63. 69. 74. 102
lamb 29. 37
laurel-branch 40. 42
oval object (rock?) 97 ff. 103
ram's head
60. 63. 94. 102
rock
104
serpent
11. 20. 33, 41. 42. 66. 72
sheep
26. 35
stag's head
96. 97. 102
tortoise
22. 32
Egyptian influence
19. 20
Epigraphical notes
VIII. 62. 86, 87
Fly, thunderbolt shaped as 44. 52. 107
Fountain head
23. 34
Forgeries, ancient
105
„ modern
VII
Fractional currency of
Olympia 4
drachms 12. 20. 35
37. 55. 65. 66. 74. 91. 102
hemidrachms 12. 20. 33. 35. 37. 42. 52—55. 63.
69. 72. 74. 84. 86. 91. 102-^104. 112
diobol g3
obols 11.35. 52—55. 63. 85. 86. 91. 102-^104. 112
hemiobols
tritemorion
tetartemorions
bronze
Frankel, M.
Fritze, H. von
Gardner, P. 2, i.
54. 91. 102
62
53. 54. 63. 103
66. 72
67,3
85,3
34, 1. 51. 52, 5. 55. 57, 2. 69.
83,1. 86,2. 90
Gold coinage of Olympia 56. 109
Gold, Persian 57
48. 58. 81
38,1. 43,1. 55,3. 86,1. 113,1
Graffiti
Grote, G.
Head, B.
1. 3. 34, 1. 42, 1. 55, 2. 63. 69,
72. 86,2. 109,3. 112.
1. 34,3. 72,1. 103. 109,2.3.
Herodotus
Hill, G. F.
Hoard of Kyparissia
„ of Orchomenos
Horse on bronze coins of Olympia
Imhoof-Blumer, F.
Inscriptions
Jacobsthal, P.
2.1.
113
1,2
111,2
112
lllff.
72
51.
53
Lambropoulos
Lehmann, C. F.
Macdonald, 6.
Magistrates
McClean, J. R.
Mint
„ of Hera opened
„ of Hera closed
„ workshops
Miiller, L.
Newell, E. T.
Olympiad, 77th (B. C.
„ 82nd (B. C.
„ 87th (B. C.
„ 90th (B. C.
„ 104th (B. C. 364)
114th (B. C. 324)
Orchomenian fractional currency
Overstruck coins
83, 1
VIII. 57, 3. 62, 3. 90, 2
105, 1. 106. 107, 3. 4. 108, 1. 109
19. 69
1U,3
19'
34. 63. 69. 91
109, 6
2. 3
56. 75. 83. 86
66. 70. 105
55. 83, 2. 102
70
VIII. 112
20
21. 37
37. 38
38
3. 57. 62, s
112,6
112. 'lis
, 8. 12. 39
472)
452)
432)
420)
Pausanias 2. 3, i. 52, i. 3. 106, i, 109, i
Peloponnesian war 37. 38, i. 43
Persian gold, its influx into Greece 57
Phocian hemidrachms 19
„ obols 111. 112. 113
Plataean hemidrachms 112.113
Pliny 52, J
117 —
Begling, K.
BestitutioDs
Ridgeway, Sir W.
Sallet, A. von
Shield with eagle on it
„ with eagle's head on
Sicyonian hemidrachms and
Studniczka, F.
Svoronos, J. N.
Swpboda, H.
Symbols in field:
axe (sacrificial)
bunch of grapes
cadnceus
corn-grain
cowrie-shell
ear of corn
fig-leaf
heron
ivy-leaf
laurel-leaf
laurel- wreath
leaf, long narrow
lizard
VIII. 34, 4. 5. 90, 1
2. 21. 74. 75
109. 111,1
62
49. 64,3 cf. 114
it
obols
49. 54
111—113
12,1. 107,2
VII. 108,1
57, 1
30. 37
104
92. 102
28. 37
28 37
87
1Q3. 104
29. 37
45
114
72
i03
55
murex shell
olive and leaves
olive-leaf
olive-twig
olive- wreath
pomegranate (cut)
29. 37
28. 37
26. 34
38. 41
67. 68. 69
103
thunderbolt 61. 63. 64. 65. 67—69. 70—72.
73. 97. 102. 104. 114
„ upper half of
vase, two-handled
vine-branch
vine-leaf on stalk
wreath
Syracusan decadrachms
„ tetradrachms 2,
Theban hemidrachms and obols
Thompson, D'A. W.
Thorn-Picker,' Greek bronze
Tudeer, 0.
Weber, Sir H.
Weight standards
Weil, R.
Xenophon
104
37
104
28. 37
74
87,3
3. 34. 84,2. 102,2
112. 113
107,4
83
VIII
36. 37,1. 91
57. 73. 74. 109 ff.
56. 57,2.3
57,1
A
Al
AAEI
AAEION
AAEIQN
AP
API
APKAAIKON
h
A
AA 40. 42.
AAA(DIKON
Al
EV0
F (incuse)
FAA
FAAE
69
90. 91
29. 30. 36
30. 36
104
60. 63. 67. 69. 71. 72
67. 68. 69. 72. 73
19
75. 77. 80. 83. 84. 85
III. GREEK.
FAAEION
72. 92. 94.
44. 45. 52. 53
22. 23. 24. 25. 27.
97. 101. 102
55. 62. 85,1
19
60. 63. 70. 72
24. 27. 33
5. 49
27. 62. 72
28. 29. 31
2. 13. 19. 20
FAAEIQN
H
HP
HPA
KP
A
OAYMPIA
OAVNPIKON
PICA
PO
i.
i.9.
cDOKI
75. 77,
. 21. 26.
32.
35.
39.
58.
61
87
90
59. 60. 97. 98. 101.
103
64
65
64.
114
7. 79. 80.
83.
84
89
60
97.
90
63
103
2.
58.
61.
62
VIII. 2.
13.
19.
20.
21
56
54. 63, 3
87
90
. 111,5
74
74
19
73
^m
The Temple Coins of Olympia,
Group A.
Plate !I.
V ' ' ■' ' '^ I
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group B.
Plate HI.
The Temple Coins of Oh'mpi
Group C.
Plate IV.
The Temple Coins of Olympic
Group C (endl. — Group D.
Plate V.
Group F.
XIX. f^«-|^
w
BY
BZ
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group E. — Group F.
Plate VI.
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group G.
riaie vii.
Group H
5.
XXIL
Group K.
5.
XXIV:
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group H. — Group J. — Group K.
Plate VIII.
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group K (endi. — Group L. — Fractions, etc.
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group E'.
Plate X.
Group E-.
S.XXJ-JII:
Group
GH'.
5. XXIX
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group E' (end). — Group El — Group GH'.
rime y\i.
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group GH' (continuation).
Plate XII.
The Temple Coins of Olympia.
Group GH' (end). — Ancient forgeries. — Fractions.
C J
435
S46 +
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